,,plato1 ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,companions ,,( ,,sokrates4 ,,plato1 ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,companions ,,( ,,sokrates4 ,,by ,,george ,,grote1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ',,hi/ory ,,( ,,greece'4 ,a ,,new ,,edition4 ,,9 ,,f\r ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet4 #ahhh4 ,! "r ( ,translation is res]v$4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,alkibiades ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,situation suppos$ 9 ! dialogue4 ,p]sons--,sokrates & ,alkibiades #a ,exorbitant hopes & political ambition ( ,alkibiades #b ,que/ions put by ,sokrates1 9 ref]5ce to ,alkibiades 9 8 int5d$ function z advis] ( ! ,a!nians4 ,:at does he int5d to advise !m ^u8 ,:at has he le>nt1 & :at does he "k8 ib4 ,alkibiades int5ds to advise ! ,a!nians on que/ions ( w> & peace4 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates !reupon4 ,we mu/ fight ^? :om x is bett] to fight--to :at /&>d does bett] ref]8 ,to j & unju/ #c ,h[1 or f :om1 has ,alkibiades le>nt to disc]n or di/+ui% ,j & ,unju/8 ,he nev] le>nt x f any "o2 he always knew x1 ev5 z a boy #d ,answ] am5d$4 ,alkibiades le>nt x f ! multitude1 z he le>nt to speak ,greek4--,! multitude _c tea* j & unju/1 = !y are at v>iance among !mselves ab\t x4 ,alkibiades is go+ to advise ! ,a!nians ab\t :at he does n "k himself #e ,answ] f>!r am5d$4 ,! ,a!nians d n g5]ally debate ab\t j or unju/--:i* !y consid] pla9 to e "o--b ab\t exp$i5t & inexp$i5t1 :i* are n co9cid5t ) j & unju/4 ,b nei!r does ,alkibiades "k ! exp$i5t4 ,he asks ,sokrates to expla94 ,sokrates decl9es3 he c d no?+ b "q #f ,comm5t on ! prec$+--,sokratic me?od--! respond5t makes ! discov]ies = himself ib4 ,alkibiades is br\ght to admit t :atev] is j1 is good1 hon\rable1 exp$i5t3 & t :oev] acts hon\rably1 bo? does well1 & procures = himself happ9ess !reby4 ,equivocal reason+ ( ,sokrates #g ,humiliation ( ,alkibiades4 ,o!r ,a!nian /atesm5 are equally ignorant4 ,b ! real oppon5ts1 aga9/ :om ,alkibiades is to measure himself1 are1 ! k+s ( ,sp>ta & ,p]sia4 ,eulogi/ic description ( ^? k+s4 ,to mat* !m1 ,alkibiades mu/ make himself z good z possible #h ,b good--= :at end1 & "u :at circum/ances8 ,abundant illu/rative examples #i ,alkibiades1 puzzl$ & humiliat$1 confesses 8 ignorance4 ,enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,sokrates4 ,x is an advantage to make su* discov]y 9 y\? #aj ,platonic ,dialectic--its actual effect--its anticipat$ effect--applicable to ! season ( y\? #aa ,"k ,?yself--,delphian maxim--its urg5t importance--,:at is myself8 ,my m9d is myself ib4 ,i _c "k myself1 except by look+ into ano!r m9d4 ,self-k is temp]ance4 ,temp]ance & ,ju/ice are ! conditions bo? ( happ9ess & ( fre$om #aa ,alkibiades feels himself unwor?y to be free1 & decl>es t he w nev] quit ,sokrates #ab ,second ,alkibiades--situation suppos$ ib4 ,dang] ( mi/ake 9 pray+ to ! ,gods = gifts :i* may prove mis*iev\s4 ,mo/ m5 are unwise4 ,unwise is ! g5]ic ^w3 madm51 a p>ticul> v>iety "u x ib4 ,relation betwe5 a g5]ic t]m1 & ! specific t]ms compreh5d$ "u x1 0 n !n famili> #ac ,frequ5t cases1 9 :i* m5 pray = suppos$ b5efits1 & f9d t :5 obta9$1 !y are mis=tunes4 ,e "o fancies t he kn[s :at is b5eficial3 mis*iefs ( ignorance #ad ,mi/ake 9 pr$ications ab\t ignorance g5]ally4 ,we mu/ discrim9ate4 ,ignorance ( :at8 ,ignorance ( good1 is always mis*iev\s3 ignorance ( o!r ?+s1 n always ib4 ,wise public c\nsellors are few4 ,^u :at gr\nd d we call ^! few wise8 ,n because !y possess m]ely special arts or accompli%m5ts1 b because !y "k besides1 ^u :at occasions & "u :at limits ea* ( ^! accompli%m5ts ought to be us$ #ae ,special accompli%m5ts1 )\t ! k ( ! good or pr(itable1 are (t5] hurtful ?an b5eficial #af ,x is unsafe = ,alkibiades to proce$ ) 8 sacrifice1 until he has le>nt :at is ! prop] language to address to ! ,gods4 ,he r5\nces 8 sacrifice1 & ?r[s himself ^u ! c\nsel ( ,sokrates ib4 ,diff]5t critical op9ions respect+ ^! two dialogues #ag ,gr\nds = disall[+ !m--less /rong aga9/ ! ,second ?an aga9/ ! ,fir/ #ah ,! suppos$ gr\nds = disall[ance are 9 reality only m>ks ( inf]iority ib4 ,! two dialogues may probably be among ,plato's e>li] compositions #bj ,analogy ) v>i\s dialogues 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia--,purpose ( ,sokrates to humble presumptu\s "y m5 #ba ,fitness ( ! "n & "* ( ,alkibiades = idealis+ ?is feature 9 ,sokrates ib4 ,plato's mann] ( reply+ to ! accus]s ( ,sokrates4 ,magical influ5ce ascrib$ to ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates #bb ,! purpose proclaim$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,apology is foll[$ out 9 ,alkibiades ,i4 ,w>f>e aga9/ ! false p]suasion ( k #bd ,difficulties multipli$ = ! purpose ( br++ ,alkibiades to a conviction ( 8 own ignorance #be ,sokrates furni%es no means ( solv+ ^! difficulties4 ,he exhorts to ,ju/ice & ,virtue--b ^! are ackn[l$g$ ,incognita #bf ,prolixity ( ,alkibiads ,i4--,extreme multiplication ( illu/rative examples--,h[ expla9$ ib4 ,alkibiads ,,ii4 leaves its problem av[$ly undet]m9$ #bg ,sokrates comm5ds ! practice ( pray+ to ! ,gods = fav\rs undef9$--8 views ab\t ! semi-regul>1 semi-irregul> ag5cy ( ! ,gods--he prays to !m = premonitory w>n+s #bh ,comp>ison ( ,alkibiads ,,ii4 ) ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 especially ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,eu?ydemus4 ,sokrates n always consi/5t ) himself #bi ,rem>kable doctr9e ( ,alkibiads ,,ii4--t k is n always ,good4 ,! k ( ,good itself is indisp5sable3 )\t t1 ! k ( o!r ?+s is m hurtful ?an b5eficial ib4 ,k ( ,good--appe>s po/ulat$ & div9$1 9 _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 "u diff]5t titles #ca ,! ,good--! ,pr(itable--:at is x8--,h[ are we to "k x8 ,plato leaves ?is undet]m9$ ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,hippias ,,major--,,hippias ,,m9or4 ,hippias ,major--situation suppos$--"* ( ! dialogue4 ,s>casm & mock]y aga9/ ,hippias #cc ,real debate betwe5 ! hi/orical ,sokrates & ,hippias 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia--subject ( t debate #cd ,op5+ ( ! ,hippias ,major9999--,hippias describes ! successful circuit :i* he _h made ?r\gh ,greece1 & ! r5[n z well z ! ga9 acquir$ by 8 lectures #ce ,hippias _h met ) no success at ,sp>ta4 ,:y ! ,sp>tans did n admit 8 in/ructions--_! law =bids ib4 ,"q1 ,:at is law8 ,! law-mak]s always aim at ! ,pr(itable1 b sometimes fail to atta9 x4 ,:5 !y fail1 !y fail to atta9 law4 ,! lawful is ! ,pr(itable3 ! ,unpr(itable is also unlawful #cf ,comp>ison ( ! argum5t ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates ) t ( ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates #cg ,! ,j or ,good is ! b5eficial or pr(itable4 ,?is is ! only explanation :i* ,plato ev] gives & to ?is he does n always adh]e #ch ,lectures ( ,hippias at ,sp>ta n ^u geometry1 or a/ronomy1 c41 b ^u ! "q--,:at pursuits are beautiful1 f9e1 & hon\rable = y\?8 #ci ,"q put by ,sokrates1 9 ! "n ( a fri5d 9 ! backgr\nd1 :o has j be5 puzzl+ him ) x--,:at is ! ,beautiful8 ib4 ,hippias ?9ks ! "q easy to answ] #dj ,ju/ice1 ,wisdom1 ,beauty mu/ ea* be some?+4 ,:at is ,beauty1 or ! ,beautiful8 ib4 ,hippias does n und]/& ! "q4 ,he answ]s by indicat+ "o p>ticul>ly beautiful object ib4 ,cross-que/ion+ by ,sokrates--,o!r ?+s also are beautiful2 b ea* ?+ is beautiful only by comp>ison1 or "u "s p>ticul> circum/ances--x is sometimes beautiful1 sometimes n beautiful #da ,second answ] ( ,hippias-- ,gold1 is t by ! pres5ce ( :i* all ?+s become beautiful--scrut9y appli$ to ! answ]4 ,compla9t by ,hippias ab\t vulg> analogies ib4 ,?ird answ] ( ,hippias--que/ions ^u x--pro( giv5 t x fails ( univ]sal application #db ,f>!r answ]s1 sugge/$ by ,sokrates himself--#a4 ,! ,suitable or ,becom+--objections !reunto--x is reject$ #dc #b4 ,! useful or pr(itable--objections--x w n hold #dd #c4 ,! ,beautiful is a v>iety ( ! ,pleasurable--t :i* is receiv$ ?r\gh ! eye & ! e> #de ,objections to ?is la/--,:at prop]ty is !re common to bo? sight & he>+1 :i* conf]s ^u ! pleasures ( ^! two s5ses ! exclusive privilege ( be+ beautiful8 ib4 ,answ]--,!re is1 belong+ to ea* & to bo? 9 common1 ! prop]ty ( be+ innocu\s & pr(itable pleasures--^u ?is gr\nd !y are call$ beautiful #df ,?is w n hold--! ,pr(itable is ! cause ( ,good1 & is !re=e diff]5t f ,good--to say t ! beautiful is ! ,pr(itable1 is to say t x is diff]5t f ,good b ?is has be5 already decl>$ inadmissible ib4 ,rem>ks ^u ! ,dialogue--! explanations ascrib$ to ,hippias are special conspicu\s examples3 ^? ascrib$ to ,sokrates are attempts to assign "s g5]al concept #dg ,analogy betwe5 ! explanations "h ascrib$ to ,sokrates1 & ^? giv5 by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates 9 ! ,memorabilia #di ,conclud+ ?ru/ ex*ang$ betwe5 ,hippias & ,sokrates #ea ,rhetoric aga9/ ,dialectic #eb ,m5 :o dealt ) real life1 contra/$ ) ! speculative & analytical philosoph]s ib4 ,concrete ,aggregates--ab/ract or logical ,aggregates4 ,di/9ct aptitudes requir$ by ,ari/otle = ! ,dialectician #ec ,anti!sis ( ,absolute & ,relative1 "h br\ght into debate by ,plato1 9 reg>d to ! ,idea ( ,beauty #ed ,hippias ,m9or--*>act]s & situation suppos$ #ee ,hippias has j deliv]$ a lecture1 9 :i* he extols ,a*illes z bett] ?an ,odysseus--! v]aci\s & /raight=w>d h]o bett] ?an ! m5daci\s & crafty #ef ,?is is conte/$ by ,sokrates4 ,! v]aci\s man & ! m5daci\s man are "o & ! same--! only man :o c answ] truly if he *ooses1 is he :o c also answ] falsely if he *ooses1 i4 e4 ! kn[+ man--! ignorant man _c make sure ( do+ ei!r ! "o or ! o!r #eg ,analogy ( special arts--x is only ! ari?metician :o c speak falsely on a "q ( ari?metic :5 he *ooses ib4 ,view ( ,sokrates respect+ ,a*illes 9 ! ,iliad4 ,he ?9ks t ,a*illes speaks falsehood clev]ly4 ,hippias ma9ta9s t if ,a*illes ev] speaks falsehood1 x is ) an innoc5t purpose1 :]eas ,odysseus does ! l ) fraudul5t purpose #eh ,issue "h tak5--,sokrates cont5ds t ^? :o hurt1 or *eat1 or lie wilfully1 are bett] ?an ^? :o d ! l unwill+ly--he entreats ,hippias to enlight5 him & answ] 8 que/ions ib4 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates--multipli$ analogies ( ! special arts4 ,! unskilful arti/1 :o runs1 wre/les1 or s+s badly1 :e!r he w or n1 is worse ?an ! skilful1 :o c s+ well :5 he *ooses1 b c also s+ badly :5 he *ooses #ei ,x is bett] to h ! m9d ( a b[man :o misses 8 m>k only by design1 ?an t ( "o :o misses ev5 :5 he int5ds to hit #fj ,diss5t & repugnance ( ,hippias ib4 ,conclusion--,t none b ! good man c d evil wilfully3 ! bad man does evil unwill+ly4 ,hippias _c resi/ ! reason+1 b w n accept ! conclusion--,sokrates confesses 8 p]plexity #fa ,rem>ks on ! dialogue4 ,if ! p>ts _h be5 inv]t$1 ! dialogue w\ld h be5 cit$ by critics z a specim5 ( ! sophi/ry & corruption ( ! ,sophi/s #fb ,polemical purpose ( ! dialogue--,hippias humiliat$ by ,sokrates #fc ,philosophical purpose ( ! dialogue--!ory ( ! ,dialogues ( ,se>* g5]ally1 & ( ,k z und]/ood by ,plato ib4 ,! ,hippias is an exemplification ( ?is !ory--,sokrates sets =? a case ( confusion1 & av[s 8 inability to cle> x up4 ,confusion %[n up 9 ! ,less] ,hippias--,error 9 ! ,great] #fd ,! !sis ma9ta9$ "h by ,sokrates1 is also affirm$ by ! hi/orical ,sokrates 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia #ff ,ari/otle combats ! !sis4 ,argum5ts aga9/ x #fg ,mi/ake ( ,sokrates & ,plato 9 dwell+ too exclusively on ! intellectual conditions ( human conduct ib4 ,!y rely too mu* on ! analogy ( ! special arts--!y take no note ( ! tacit assumptions und]ly+ ! epi!ts ( praise & blame #fh ,value ( a ,dialogue ( ,se>*1 t x %all be sugge/ive1 & t x %all br+ be=e u diff]5t aspects ( ! "q "u review #fi ,anti!sis betwe5 ,rhetoric & ,dialectic #gj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,hipp>*us--,,m9os4 ,hipp>*us--,"q--,:at is ! def9ition ( ,lov] ( ,ga98 ,he is "o :o ?9ks x "r to ga9 f ?+s wor? no?+4 ,sokrates cross-exam9es ^u ?is explanation4 ,no man expects to ga9 f ?+s :i* he kn[s to be wor? no?+3 9 ?is s5se1 no man is a lov] ( ga9 #ga ,ga9 is good4 ,e man loves good3 !re=e all m5 are lov]s ( ga9 #gb ,app>5t contradiction4 ,sokrates accuses ! companion ( try+ to deceive him--accusation is retort$ ^u ,sokrates #gc ,precept inscrib$ =m]ly by ,hipp>*us ! ,peisi/ratid--nev] deceive a fri5d4 ,eulogy ( ,hipp>*us by ,sokrates ib4 ,sokrates all[s ! companion to retract "s ( 8 answ]s4 ,! companion affirms t "s ga9 is good1 o!r ga9 is evil #gd ,que/ions by ,sokrates--bad ga9 is ga91 z mu* z good ga94 ,:at is ! common prop]ty1 9 virtue ( :i* bo? are call$ ,ga98 ,e acquisition1 made ) no outlay1 or ) a small] outlay1 is ga94 ,objections--! acquisition may be evil--emb>rassm5t confess$ ib4 ,x is ess5tial to ga91 t ! acquisition made %all be great] n m]ely 9 quantity1 b also 9 value1 ?an ! outlay4 ,! valuable is ! pr(itable--! pr(itable is ! good4 ,conclusion comes back4 ,t ,ga9 is ,good #ge ,recapitulation4 ,! debate has %[n t all ga9 is good1 & t !re is no evil ga9--all m5 are lov]s ( ga9--no man ought to be reproa*$ = be+ s ! companion is compell$ to admit ?is1 ?\gh he decl>es t he is n p]suad$ ib4 ,m9os4 ,"q put by ,sokrates to ! companion4 ,:at is ,law1 or ,! ,law8 ,all law is ! same1 quat5us law3 :at is ! common con/itu5t attribute8 #gf ,answ]--,law is1 #a4 ,! consecrat$ & b9d+ cu/oms4 #b4 ,! decree ( ! city4 #c4 ,social or civic op9ion ib4 ,cross-exam9ation by ,sokrates--j & lawfully-behav+ m5 are s ?r\gh law2 unju/ & lawless m5 are s ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( law4 ,law is highly hon\rable & useful3 lawlessness is ru9\s4 ,accord+ly1 bad decrees ( ! city--or bad social op9ion--_c be law #gg ,sugge/ion by ,sokrates--,law is ! good op9ion ( ! city--b good op9ion is true op9ion1 or ! f9d+ out ( reality4 ,law !re=e wi%es 7t5ds7 to be ! f9d+ out ( reality1 ?\gh x does n always succe$ 9 do+ s #gg ,objection tak5 by ! ,companion--,t !re is great discordance ( laws 9 diff]5t places--he specifies sev]al cases ( su* discordance at "s l5g?4 ,sokrates reproves 8 prolixity1 & reque/s him to conf9e himself to "q or answ] #gh ,f>!r que/ions by ,sokrates--,?+s heavy & light1 j & unju/1 hon\rable & di%on\rable1 c41 are s1 & are acc\nt$ s ev]y:]e4 ,real ?+s are always acc\nt$ real4 ,:oev] fails 9 atta9+ ! real1 fails 9 atta9+ ! lawful ib4 ,!re are laws ( heal? & ( cure1 compos$ by ! few physicians wise ^u ^? subjects1 & unanim\sly decl>$ by !m4 ,s also !re are laws ( f>m+1 g>d5+1 cook]y1 decl>$ by ! few wise 9 ^? respective pursuits4 ,9 l mann]1 ! laws ( a city are ! judgm5ts decl>$ by ! few wise m5 :o "k h[ to rule #gi ,t :i* is "r is ! regal law1 ! only true & real law--t :i* is n "r1 is n law1 b only seems to be law 9 ! eyes ( ! ignorant #hj ,m9os1 ,k+ ( ,krete--8 laws 7 div9e & excell5t1 & h rema9$ un*ang$ f "t immemorial ib4 ,"q ab\t ! "* ( ,m9os--,hom] & ,hesiod decl>e him to h be5 admirable1 ! ,attic trag$ians defame him z a tyrant1 because he 0 an enemy ( ,a!ns #ha ,t ,m9os 0 really admirable--& t he has f\nd out tru? & reality respect+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! city--we may be sure f ! fact t 8 laws h rema9$ s long unalt]$ ib4 ,! "q is made m det]m9ate--,:at is x t ! good lawgiv] prescribes & measures out = ! heal? ( ! m9d1 z ! physician measures out food & ex]cise = ! body8 ,sokrates _c tell4 ,close #ha ,! ,hipp>*us & ,m9os are analog\s to ea* o!r1 & bo? ( !m inf]ior works ( ,plato1 p]haps unf9i%$ #hb ,hipp>*us--d\ble mean+ ( ,greek3 philok]ds & ,greek3 ke_/rdos ib4 ,/ate or m9d ( ! ag5t1 z to k1 frequ5t inquiry 9 ,plato4 ,no t5able def9ition f\nd #hc ,admitt+ t !re is bad ga91 z well z good ga91 :at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w ga999998 ,none is f\nd ib4 ,purpose ( ,plato 9 ! dialogue--to lay b>e ! confusion1 & to =ce ! m9d ( ! respond5t into ef=ts = cle>+ x up #hd ,hi/orical n>rative & comm5ts giv5 9 ! dialogue respect+ ,hipp>*us--af=d no gr\nd = decl>+ ! dialogue to be spuri\s ib4 ,m9os4 ,"q--,:at is ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty connot$ by ! ^w ,greek3 ,no_/mos or law8 #hf ,?is "q 0 discuss$ by ! hi/orical ,sokrates1 ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon ib4 ,def9itions ( law--sugge/$ & refut$4 ,law includes1 z a portion ( its mean+1 ju/ice1 goodness1 usefulness1 c4 ,bad decrees are n laws #hf ,sokrates affirms t law is ev]y:]e ! same--x is ! decl>$ judgm5t & comm& ( ! ,wise man ^u ! subject to :i* x ref]s--x is tru? & reality1 f\nd out & c]tifi$ by him #hg ,reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,m9os is uns\nd1 b ,platonic4 ,! ,good1 ,true1 & ,real1 coalesce 9 ! m9d ( ,plato--he ackn[l$ges no?+ to be ,law1 except :at he ?9ks ought to be ,law #hh ,plato wor%ips ! ,ideal ( 8 own m9d--! "w ( sy/ematic con/ructive !ory by ! ,wise ,man #hi ,diff]5t applications ( ?is g5]al ,platonic view1 9 ! ,m9os1 ,politikus1 ,kratylus1 c4 ,natural ,rectitude ( ,law1 ,gov]nm5t1 ,names1 c ib4 ,eulogy on ,m9os1 z hav+ e/abli%$ laws on ?is div9e type or natural rectitude #ij ,! ,m9os 0 arrang$ by ,ari/ophanes at fir/ 9 a ,trilogy along ) ! ,leges #ia ,explanations ( ! ^w ,law--confusion 9 its mean+ ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,!ages4 ,!ags--has be5 decl>$ spuri\s by "s mod]n critics--gr\nds = su* op9ion n suffici5t #ih ,p]sons ( ! dialogue--,sokrates1 ) ,demodokus & ,!ags1 fa!r & son4 ,!ags 7! son71 eag] to acquire k1 desires to be plac$ "u ! tea*+ ( a ,sophi/ #ii ,sokrates que/ions ,!ags1 invit+ him to specify :at he wants ib4 ,!ags desires to acquire t wisdom by :i* he c gov]n freem5 ) _! own cons5t #ajj ,incompet5ce ( ! be/ practical /atesm5 to tea* any "o else4 ,!ags reque/s t ,sokrates w himself tea* him ib4 ,sokrates decl>es t he is n compet5t to tea*--t he kn[s no?+ except ab\t matt]s ( love4 ,!ags ma9ta9s t _m ( 8 "y fri5ds h pr(it$ l>gely by ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates #aja ,sokrates expla9s h[ ?is has sometimes happ5$--he recites 8 exp]i5ce ( ! div9e sign or ,dmon ib4 ,! ,dmon is fav\rable to "s p]sons1 adv]se to o!rs4 ,^u ?is circum/ance x dep5ds h[ f> any companion pr(its by ! society ( ,sokrates4 ,ari/eides has n le>nt any?+ f ,sokrates1 yet has improv$ mu* by be+ ne> to him #ajb ,!ags expresses 8 anxiety to be receiv$ z ! companion ( ,sokrates #ajc ,rem>ks on ! ,!ags--analogy ) ! ,la*s #ajd ,*ief peculi>ity ( ! ,!ags--/ress laid ^u ! div9e sign or ,dmon ib4 ,plato employs ?is div9e sign "h to r5d] "s explanation ( ! s+ul>ity & ecc5tricity ( ,sokrates1 & ( 8 unequal influ5ce ^u diff]5t companions ib4 ,sokrates1 :ile cont9ually f9d+ fault ) o!r tea*]s1 refus$ to tea* himself--difficulty ( f9d+ an excuse = 8 refusal4 ,! ,!ags furni%es an excuse #ajf ,plato does n always1 nor 9 o!r dialogues1 allude to ! div9e sign 9 ! same way4 ,its "* & work+ ess5tially imp5etrable4 ,sokrates a privileg$ p]son ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,era/ ,,or ,,ant]a/--,,rivales4 ,era/--subject & p]sons ( ! dialogue--dramatic introduction--int]e/+ y\?s 9 ! pal/ra #aaa ,two rival ,era/--"o ( !m lit]>y1 devot$ to philosophy--! o!r gymna/ic1 hat+ philosophy ib4 ,"q put by ,sokrates--,:at is philosophy8 ,x is ! p]petual accumulation ( k1 s z to make ! l>ge/ sum total #aab ,9 ! case ( ! body1 x is n ! maximum ( ex]cise :i* does good1 b ! prop]1 measur$ quantity4 ,= ! m9d also1 x is n ! maximum ( k1 b ! measur$ quantity :i* is good4 ,:o is ! judge to det]m9e ?is measure8 ib4 ,no answ] giv54 ,:at is ! be/ conjecture8 ,answ] ( ! lit]>y ,era/es4 ,a man mu/ le>n t :i* w yield to him ! greate/ reputation z a philosoph]--z mu* z w enable him to talk l an intellig5t critic1 ?\gh n to practise #aac ,! philosoph] is "o :o is second-be/ 9 sev]al diff]5t arts--a ,p5ta?lus--:o talks well ^u ea* ib4 ,on :at occasions c su* second-be/ m5 be useful8 ,!re are always regul> practition]s at h&1 & no "o w call 9 ! second-be/ man :5 he c h ! regul> practition] #aad ,philosophy _c consi/ 9 multiplication ( le>n$ acquirem5ts ib4 ,sokrates *anges 8 c\rse ( exam9ation--que/ions put to %[ t !re is "o special art1 regal & political1 ( adm9i/]+ & discrim9at+ ! bad f ! good #aae ,9 ?is art ! philosoph] mu/ n only be second-be/1 compet5t to talk--b he mu/ be a fully qualifi$ practition]1 compet5t to act ib4 ,close ( ! dialogue--humiliation ( ! lit]>y ,era/es #aaf ,rem>ks--animat$ mann] ( ! dialogue ib4 ,def9ition ( philosophy--"h s\ght = ! fir/ "t--,platonic conception ( measure--ref]ee n discov]$ #aag ,view tak5 ( ! second-be/ critical talk+ man1 z comp>$ ) ! special pr(ici5t & practition] #aah ,plato's view--t ! philosoph] has a prov9ce special to himself1 di/9ct f o!r specialties--dimly indicat$--regal or political art #aai ,philosoph]--! supreme arti/ controll+ o!r arti/s #abj ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ion4 ,ion4 ,p]sons ( ! dialogue4 ,diff]5ce ( op9ion among mod]n critics z to its g5u95ess #abd ,rhapsodes z a class 9 ,greece4 ,!y compet$ = prizes at ! fe/ivals4 ,ion has be5 triumphant #abd ,functions ( ! ,rhapsodes4 ,recitation--exposition ( ! poets--arbitr>y exposition ( ! poets 0 !n frequ5t #abe ,! popul>ity ( ! ,rhapsodes 0 *iefly d]iv$ f _! recitation--p[]ful effect :i* !y produc$ ib4 ,ion bo? recit] & expositor--,hom] 0 consid]$ m z an in/ructor ?an z a poet #abf ,plato disreg>ds & disapproves ! poetic or emotional work+ ib4 ,ion devot$ himself to ,hom] exclusively4 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates to him--,h[ happ5s x t y _c talk equally ^u o!r poets8 ,! poetic art is "o #abg ,explanation giv5 by ,sokrates--bo? ! ,rhapsode & ! ,poet "w1 n by art & sy/em1 b by div9e inspiration--f9e poets are b]eft ( _! reason1 & possess$ by inspiration f "s ,god ib4 ,analogy ( ! ,magnet1 :i* holds up by attraction successive /ages ( iron r+s4 ,! ,gods fir/ inspire ,hom]1 !n act ?r\gh him & ?r\gh ,ion ^u ! auditors #abh ,?is comp>ison =ms ! c5tral po9t ( ! dialogue4 ,x is an expansion ( a judgm5t deliv]$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,apology #abi ,platonic ,anti!sis3 sy/ematic proc$ure di/+ui%$ f unsy/ematic3 :i* latt] 0 ei!r bl9d r\t9e1 or madness inspir$ by ! ,gods4 ,v>ieties ( madness1 good & bad #abi ,special inspiration f ! ,gods 0 a famili> fact 9 ,grecian life--privileg$ communications f ! ,gods to ,sokrates--8 firm belief 9 !m #acj ,condition ( ! inspir$ p]son--8 reason is = ! "t )drawn #aca ,ion does n admit himself to be inspir$ & out ( 8 m9d #acb ,hom] talks ^u all subjects--,is ,ion compet5t to expla9 :at ,hom] says ^u all ( !m8 ,rhapsodic art4 ,:at is its prov9ce8 ib4 ,! ,rhapsode does n "k special matt]s1 su* z ! craft ( ! pilot1 physician1 f>m]1 c41 b he kn[s ! bus9ess ( ! g5]al1 & is compet5t to comm& soldi]s1 hav+ le>nt x f ,hom] #acc ,conclusion4 ,ion exp\nds ,hom]1 n ) any k ( :at he says1 b by div9e inspiration #acd ,! g5]als 9 ,greece usually possess$ no pr(essional exp]i5ce--,hom] & ! poets 7 talk$ ( z ! great tea*]s--,plato's view ( ! poet1 z pret5d+ to "k ev]y?+1 b really kn[+ no?+ ib4 ,k1 oppos$ to div9e inspiration )\t k #acf ,illu/ration ( ,plato's op9ion respect+ ! uselessness ( writt5 geometrical treatises ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,la*es4 ,la*s4 ,subject & p]sons ( ! dialogue--:e!r x is useful t two "y m5 %\ld receive lessons f a ma/] ( arms4 ,nikias & ,la*s diff] 9 op9ion #ach ,sokrates is invit$ to decl>e 8 op9ion--he replies t ! po9t _c be decid$ )\t a compet5t pr(essional judge #aci ,^? :o deliv] an op9ion mu/ beg9 by prov+ _! compet5ce to judge--,sokrates av[s 8 own incompet5ce #adj ,nikias & ,la*s submit to be cross-exam9$ by ,sokrates #ada ,bo? ( !m give op9ions (fh&1 accord+ to _! feel+s on ! special case--,sokrates requires t ! "q %all be g5]alis$1 & exam9$ z a bran* ( education #ada ,appeal ( ,sokrates to ! judgm5t ( ! ,"o ,wise ,man--?is man is nev] se5 or id5tifi$ #adb ,we mu/ "k :at virtue is1 be=e we give an op9ion on education--virtue1 z a :ole1 is too l>ge a "q--we w enquire ab\t "o bran* ( virtue--c\rage ib4 ,"q--:at is c\rage8 ,la*es answ]s by cit+ "o p>ticul>ly manife/ case ( c\rage--mi/ake ( n giv+ a g5]al explanation #adc ,second answ]4 ,c\rage is a sort ( endurance ( ! m9d--,sokrates po9ts out t ! answ] is vague & incorrect--endurance is n always c\rage3 ev5 intellig5t endurance is n always c\rage ib4 ,confusion4 ,new answ] giv5 by ,nikias4 ,c\rage is a sort ( ,intellig5ce--! intellig5ce ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,objections ( ,la*s #add ,que/ions ( ,sokrates to ,nikias4 ,x is only future ev5ts1 n pa/ or pres5t1 :i* are t]rible2 b intellig5ce ( future ev5ts _c be _h )\t intellig5ce ( pa/ or pres5t #ade ,c\rage !re=e mu/ be intellig5ce ( good & evil g5]ally4 ,b ?is def9ition w\ld include ! :ole ( virtue1 & we decl>$ t c\rage 0 only a "p !re(--x w n hold !re=e z a def9ition ( c\rage #adf ,rem>ks4 ,w>f>e ( ,sokrates aga9/ ! false p]suasion ( k4 ,brave g5]als deliv] op9ions confid5tly ab\t c\rage )\t kn[+ :at x is ib4 ,no solution giv5 by ,plato--app>5t t5d5cy ( 8 m9d1 9 look+ = a solution4 ,intellig5ce--_c be und]/ood )\t ref]5ce to "s object or end #adg ,object--is suppli$ 9 ! answ] ( ,nikias4 ,intellig5ce--( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,su* intellig5ce is n possess$ by pr(essional arti/s #adh ,po/ulate ( a ,sci5ce ( ,ends1 or ,teleology1 dimly indicat$ by ,plato4 ,! ,unkn[n ,wise ,man--correlates ) ! undiscov]$ ,sci5ce ( ,ends ib4 ,p]fect condition ( ! intellig5ce--is ! "o suffici5t condition ( virtue #adi ,dramatic contra/ betwe5 ,la*s & ,sokrates1 z cross-exam9]s #aej ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*>mides4 ,sc5e & p]sonages ( ! dialogue4 ,cr[d$ pal/ra4 ,emotions ( ,sokrates #aec ,"q1 ,:at is ,temp]ance8 address$ by ,sokrates to ! temp]ate ,*>mides4 ,answ]1 ,x is a k9d ( s$at5ess or sl[ness #aed ,b ,temp]ance is a f9e or hon\rable ?+1 & sl[ness is1 9 _m or mo/ cases1 n f9e or hon\rable1 b ! contr>y4 ,temp]ance _c be sl[ness ib4 ,second answ]4 ,temp]ance is a v>iety ( ! feel+ ( %ame4 ,refut$ by ,sokrates ib4 ,?ird answ]4 ,temp]ance consi/s 9 do+ "o's own bus9ess4 ,def5d$ by ,kritias4 ,sokrates pron\nces x a riddle1 & refutes x4 ,di/9ction betwe5 mak+ & do+ #aee ,f\r? answ]1 by ,kritias4 ,temp]ance consi/s 9 self-k4 ib4 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates !reupon4 ,:at good does self-k procure = u8 ,:at is ! object kn[n1 9 ?is case8 ,answ]3 ,!re is no object ( k1 di/9ct f ! k itself #aef ,sokrates d\bts ! possibility ( any k1 )\t a giv5 cognitum z its object4 ,analogies to prove t k ( k is impossible #aef ,all k mu/ be relative to "s object #aeg ,all prop]ties are relative--e ?+ 9 nature has its *>act]i/ic prop]ty ) ref]5ce to some?+ else ib4 ,ev5 if cognition ( cognition 7 possible1 cognition ( non-cognition w\ld be impossible4 ,a man may "k :at he kn[s1 b he _c "k :at he is ignorant (4 ,he kn[s ! fact t he kn[s3 b he does n "k h[ mu* he kn[s1 & h[ mu* he does n "k #aeh ,temp]ance1 !re=e1 z ?us def9$1 w\ld be ( little or no value #aei ,b ev5 grant+ ! possibility ( t :i* has j be5 d5i$1 /ill ,temp]ance w\ld be ( little value4 ,suppose t all sep>ate "w 7 well p]=m$1 by special practition]s1 we %\ld n atta9 our end--,happ9ess ib4 ,:i* ( ! v>ieties ( k contributes mo/ to well-do+ or happ9ess8 ,t by :i* we "k good & evil #afj ,)\t ! sci5ce ( good & evil1 ! o!r special sci5ce w be ( little or ( no s]vice4 ,temp]ance is n ! sci5ce ( good & evil1 & is ( little s]vice #afa ,sokrates confesses to entire failure 9 8 rese>*4 ,he _c f9d out :at temp]ance is3 al?\gh sev]al concessions h be5 made :i* _c be ju/ifi$ ib4 ,temp]ance is & mu/ be a good ?+3 b ,*>mides _c tell :e!r he is temp]ate or n2 s9ce :at temp]ance is rema9s unkn[n #afb ,expressions bo? f ,*>mides & ,kritias ( praise & devotion to ,sokrates1 at ! close ( ! dialogue4 ,dramatic ornam5t ?r\gh\t ib4 ,! ,*>mides is an excell5t specim5 ( ,dialogues ( ,se>*4 ,abundance ( guesses & t5tatives1 all ultimately disall[$ #afc ,trial & ,error1 ! natural process ( ! human m9d4 ,plato /&s alone 9 br++ to view & dramatis+ ?is "p ( ! m5tal process4 ,sokrates accepts = himself ! condition ( consci\s ignorance #afd ,famili> words--con/antly us$1 ) mu* e>ne/ feel+1 b nev] und]/ood nor def9$--ord9>y ph5om5on 9 human society #afe ,diff]5t e?ical po9ts ( view 9 diff]5t ,platonic dialogues #afg ,self-k is "h decl>$ to be impossible ib4 ,9 o!r dialogues1 ,sokrates decl>es self-k to be ess5tial & ine/imable4 ,necessity = ! /ud5t to h pres5t$ to him diss5ti5t po9ts ( view ib4 ,c\rage & ,temp]ance are %[n to h no di/9ct mean+1 except z f\nd$ on ! g5]al cognizance ( good & evil #afh ,di/9ction made betwe5 ! special sci5ces & ! sci5ce ( ,good & ,evil4 ,)\t ?is la/1 ! special sci5ces are ( no use ib4 ,k1 always relative to "s object kn[n4 ,po/ulate or div9ation ( a ,sci5ce ( ,teleology #afi ,c\rage & ,temp]ance1 h&l$ bo? by ,plato & by ,ari/otle4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! two #agj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,lysis4 ,analogy betwe5 ,lysis & ,*>mides4 ,ri*ness ( dramatic incid5t 9 bo?4 ,y\?ful beauty #agb ,sc5]y & p]sonages ( ! ,lysis ib4 ,orig9 ( ! conv]sation4 ,sokrates promises to give an example ( ! prop] way ( talk+ to a y\?1 = 8 b5efit #agc ,conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,lysis ib4 ,lysis is humiliat$4 ,di/ress ( ,hippo?als #agg ,lysis entreats ,sokrates to talk 9 ! l /ra9 to ,m5ex5us ib4 ,value ( ! fir/ conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,lysis1 z an illu/ration ( ! ,platonico-,sokratic mann] #agg ,sokrates beg9s to exam9e ,m5ex5us respect+ fri5d%ip4 ,:o is to be call$ a fri5d8 ,halt 9 ! dialogue #agh ,que/ions address$ to ,lysis4 ,appeal to ! maxims ( ! poets4 ,l is ! fri5d ( l4 ,canvass$ & reject$ ib4 ,o!r poets decl>e t lik5ess is a cause ( av]sion2 unlik5ess1 ( fri5d%ip4 ,reasons pro & con4 ,reject$ #agi ,confusion ( ,sokrates4 ,he sugge/s1 ,t ! ,indiff]5t 7nei!r good nor evil7 is fri5d to ! ,good #ahj ,sugge/ion canvass$4 ,if ! ,indiff]5t is fri5d to ! ,good1 x is det]m9$ to become s by ! contact ( felt evil1 f :i* x is anxi\s to escape #ahj ,pr9ciple illu/rat$ by ! philosoph]4 ,8 int]m$iate condition--n wise1 yet pa9fully feel+ 8 own ignorance #aha ,sokrates dissatisfi$4 ,he orig9ates a new sugge/ion4 ,! ,primum ,amabile1 or object orig9ally de> to u1 p] se3 by relation or resemblance to :i* o!r objects become de> ib4 ,! cause ( love is desire4 ,we desire t :i* is ak9 to u or our own #ahb ,good is ( a nature ak9 to e "o1 evil is ali5 to e "o4 ,inconsi/5cy ) :at has be5 previ\sly laid d[n #ahc ,failure ( ! enquiry4 ,close ( ! dialogue #ahd ,rem>ks4 ,no positive result4 ,sokratic purpose 9 analys+ ! famili> words--to expose ! false p]suasion ( k ib4 ,subject ( ,lysis4 ,suit$ = a ,dialogue ( ,se>*4 ,mann] ( ,sokrates1 multiply+ defective explanations1 & %[+ reasons :y ea* is defective #ahe ,! process ( trial & error is bett] illu/rat$ by a se>* )\t result ?an ) result4 ,usefulness ( ! dialogue = self-work+ m9ds #ahf ,subject ( fri5d%ip1 h&l$ bo? by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates1 & by ,ari/otle ib4 ,debate 9 ! ,lysis p>tly v]bal1 p>tly real4 ,assumptions made by ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 que/ionable1 su* z ! real ,sokrates w\ld h f\nd reason = *all5g+ #ahh ,peculi> !ory ab\t fri5d%ip broa*$ by ,sokrates4 ,p]sons nei!r good nor evil by nature1 yet hav+ a sup]ficial t+e ( evil1 & desir+ good to escape f x #ahi ,?is g5]al !ory illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! philosoph] or lov] ( wisdom4 ,pa9ful consci\sness ( ignorance ! attribute ( ! philosoph]4 ,value set by ,sokrates & ,plato ^u ?is attribute #aij ,ano!r !ory ( ,sokrates4 ,! ,primum ,amabile1 or orig9al & prim>y object ( ,love4 ,p>ticul> objects are lov$ ?r\gh association ) ?is4 ,! object is ,good #aia ,/atem5t by ,plato ( ! g5]al law ( m5tal association ib4 ,!ory ( ! ,primum ,amabile1 "h introduc$ by ,sokrates1 ) num]\s d]ivative objects ( love4 ,platonic ,idea4 ,g5]ic communion ( ,ari/otle1 di/+ui%$ by him f ! feebl] analogical communion #aib ,primum ,amabile ( ,plato1 comp>$ ) ! ,prima ,amicitia ( ,ari/otle4 ,ea* ( !m is head ( an analogical aggregate1 n memb] ( a g5]ic family #aid ,! ,good & ,beautiful1 consid]$ z objects ( atta*m5t ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,eu?ydemus4 ,dramatic & comic exub]ance ( ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,judgm5ts ( v>i\s critics #aie ,sc5]y & p]sonages ib4 ,! two ,sophi/s1 ,eu?ydemus & ,dionysodorus3 mann] 9 :i* !y are "h pres5t$ #aif ,conv]sation c>ri$ on ) ,kle9ias1 fir/ by ,sokrates1 next by ! two ,sophi/s ib4 ,contra/ betwe5 ! two diff]5t modes ( int]rogation #aig ,:]e9 ?is contra/ does n consi/ #aih ,:]e9 x does consi/ #aii ,abuse ( fallacies by ! ,sophi/s--_! bidd+ = ! applause ( ! by-/&]s ibid4 ,comp>ison ( ! ,eu?ydmus ) ! ,p>m5ids #bjj ,necessity ( settl+ acc\nts ) ! negative1 be=e we v5ture ^u ! affirmative1 is common to bo?3 9 ! "o ! process is solit>y & s]i\s2 9 ! o!r1 x is vulg>is$ & ludicr\s #bja ,op9ion ( ,/allbaum & o!r critics ab\t ! ,eu?ydmus1 t ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus repres5t ! way 9 :i* ,protagoras & ,gorgias talk$ to _! auditors #bjb ,t op9ion is unf\nd$4 ,sokrates 0 mu* m ,eri/ic ?an ,protagoras1 :o g5]ally manife/$ himself by cont9u\s spee* or lecture ib4 ,sokrates 9 ! ,eu?ydmus is drawn suitably to ! purpose ( t dialogue #bjc ,! two ,sophi/s 9 ! ,eu?ydmus are n to be tak5 z real p]sons1 or repres5tatives ( real p]sons #bjd ,colloquy ( ,sokrates ) ,kle9ias--possession ( good ?+s is useless1 unless we also h intellig5ce h[ to use !m ib4 ,b intellig5ce--( :at8 ,x mu/ be su* intellig5ce1 or su* an art1 z w include bo? ! mak+ ( :at we want1 & ! "r use ( x :5 made #bje ,:]e is su* an art to be f\nd8 ,! regal or political art looks l x2 b :at does ?is art d = u8 ,no answ] c be f\nd4 ,ends 9 puzzle #bjf ,review ( ! cross-exam9ation j pursu$ by ,sokrates4 ,x is v sugge/ive--puts ! m9d ^u :at to look = #bjg ,comp>ison ) o!r dialogues--,republic1 ,philbus1 ,protagoras4 ,! only di/9ct answ] is f\nd 9 ! ,protagoras #bjh ,! talk ( ! two ,sophi/s1 ?\gh ironically admir$ :ile x is go+ on1 is %[n at ! end to produce no real admiration1 b ! contr>y ib4 ,mi/ak5 repres5tations ab\t ! ,sophi/s--,ari/otle's def9ition--no di/+ui%able l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! ,sophi/ & ! ,dialectician #baj ,philosophical purpose ( ! ,eu?ydmus--exposure ( fallacies1 9 ,plato's dramatic mann]1 by multiplication ( p>ticul> examples #baa ,ari/otle 7,soph4 ,el5*47 attempts a classification ( fallacies3 ,plato enum]ates !m )\t classification #bab ,fallacies ( equivocation prop\nd$ by ! two ,sophi/s 9 ! ,eu?ydmus ib4 ,fallacies-- dicto secundum quid1 ad dictum simplicit]--9 ! ,eu?ydmus #bac ,ob/9acy %[n by ! two ,sophi/s 9 _! replies--det]m9ation n to contradict !mselves #bad ,f>!r v]bal equivocations ib4 ,fallacies involv+ deep] logical pr9ciples--contradiction is impossible4--,to speak falsely is impossible #bae ,plato's ,eu?ydmus is ! e>lie/ kn[n attempt to set out & expose fallacies--! only way ( expos+ fallacies is to exemplify ! fallacy by p>ticul> cases1 9 :i* ! conclusion prov$ is kn[n aliunde to be false & absurd #baf ,mi/ake ( suppos+ fallacies to h be5 inv5t$ & propagat$ by ,a!nian ,sophi/s--!y are inh]5t inadv]t5cies & liabilities to error1 9 ! ord9>y process ( ?9k+4 ,=mal debate af=ds ! be/ means ( correct+ !m #bag ,wide-spread preval5ce ( errone\s belief1 misguid$ by "o or o!r ( ^! fallacies1 atte/$ by ,sokrates1 ,plato1 ,bacon1 c41--complete enum]ation ( heads ( fallacies by ,mill #bah ,value ( =mal debate z a means = te/+ & confut+ fallacies #bba ,)\t ! habit ( =mal debate1 ,plato c\ld n h compos$ 8 ,eu?ydmus1 nor ,ari/otle ! treatise ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is ib4 ,probable popul>ity ( ! ,eu?ydmus at ,a!ns--welcom$ by all ! enemies ( ,dialectic #bbb ,epilogue ( ,plato to ! ,dialogue1 try+ to obviate ?is inf]5ce by oppon5ts--,conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,kriton #bbc ,alt]$ tone 9 speak+ ( ,eu?ydmus--,disp>agem5t ( p]sons half-philosoph]s1 half-politicians #bbd ,kriton asks ,sokrates = advice ab\t ! education ( 8 sons--,sokrates _c recomm5d a tea*]--tells him to se>* = himself #bbe ,eu?ydmus is "h cit$ z repres5tative ( ,dialectic & philosophy #bbf ,:o is ! p]son "h int5d$ by ,plato1 half-philosoph]1 half-politician8 ,is x ,isokrates8 #bbg ,v>iable feel+ at diff]5t times1 betwe5 ,plato & ,isokrates #bbh ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,m5on4 ,p]sons ( ! ,dialogue #bcb ,"q put by ,m5on--,is virtue tea*able8 ,sokrates confesses t he does n "k :at virtue is4 ,surprise ( ,m5on ib4 ,sokrates /&s alone 9 ?is confession4 ,unpopul>ity entail$ by x #bcc ,answ] ( ,m5on--plurality ( virtues1 "o belong+ to ea* diff]5t class & condition4 ,sokrates enquires = ! prop]ty common to all ( !m ib4 ,analog\s cases cit$--def9itions ( figure & col\r #bce ,importance at t "t ( br++ into consci\s view1 logical subord9ation & di/9ctions--,nei!r logic nor gramm> _h !n be5 ca/ into sy/em ib4 ,def9ition ( virtue giv5 by ,m5on3 ,sokrates pulls x to pieces #bcf ,m5on compla9s t ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates conf\nds him l an electric %ock--,sokrates replies t he is himself 9 ! same /ate ( confusion & ignorance4 ,he urges cont9uance ( se>* by bo? #bcg ,b h[ is ! process ( se>* available to any purpose8 ,no man se>*es = :at he already kn[s3 & = :at he does n "k1 x is useless to se>*1 = he _c tell :5 he has f\nd x ib4 ,!ory ( rem9isc5ce prop\nd$ by ,sokrates--ant]ior immortality ( ! s\l--:at is call$ tea*+ is ! revival & recognition ( k acquir$ 9 a =m] life1 b =gott5 ib4 ,illu/ration ( ?is !ory--k may be reviv$ by skilful que/ions 9 ! m9d ( a man ?or\ghly untaught4 ,sokrates que/ions ! slave ( ,m5on #bch ,enquiry tak5 up--,:e!r virtue is tea*able8 )\t det]m9+ :at virtue is #bci ,virtue is k--no possessions1 no attributes1 ei!r ( m9d or body1 are good or pr(itable1 except "u ! guidance ( k ib4 ,virtue1 z be+ k1 mu/ be tea*able4 ,yet !re are oppos+ reasons1 %[+ t x _c be tea*able4 ,no tea*]s ( x c be f\nd #bci ,conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,anytus1 :o dete/s ! ,sophi/s1 & affirms t any "o ( ! lead+ politicians c tea* virtue #bdj ,confus$ /ate ( ! discussion4 ,no way ( acquir+ virtue is %[n ib4 ,sokrates modifies 8 premisses--k is n ! only ?+ :i* guides to good results--"r op9ion w d ! same ib4 ,"r op9ion _c be reli$ on = /ay+ 9 ! m9d1 & c nev] give rational explanations1 nor tea* o!rs--good practical /atesm5 receive "r op9ion by inspiration f ! ,gods #bda ,all ! real virtue t !re is1 is communicat$ by special inspiration f ! ,gods #bdb ,b :at virtue itself is1 rema9s unkn[n ib4 ,rem>ks on ! dialogue4 ,prop] ord] = exam9+ ! diff]5t topics1 is po9t$ out by ,sokrates ib4 ,mis*ief ( debat+ ult]ior & second>y que/ions :5 ! fundam5tal notions & ^w are unsettl$ ib4 ,doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,m5on--desire ( good alleg$ to be univ]sally felt--9 :at s5se ?is is true #bdc ,sokrates requires k z ! pr9cipal condition ( virtue1 b does n det]m9e k1 ( :at8 #bdd ,subject ( ,m5on2 same z t ( ! ,protagoras--div]sity ( h&l+--,plato is n anxi\s to settle a "q & get rid ( x #bde ,anxiety ( ,plato to keep up & en=ce ! _s ( rese>* #bdf ,great "q discuss$ among ! ,grecian philosoph]s--crit]ion ( tru?--,:]e9 consi/s ! process ( v]ification8 ib4 ,none ( ! philosoph]s 7 satisfi$ ) ! answ] "h made by ,plato--t v]ification consi/s 9 appeal to pre-natal exp]i5ce #bdg ,plato's view ( ! immortality ( ! s\l--diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,m5on1 ,phdrus1 & ,phdon #bdi ,doctr9e ( ,plato1 t new tru? may be elicit$ by skilful exam9ation out ( ! unlett]$ m9d--h[ f> correct8 ib4 ,plato's doctr9e ab\t priori reason+s--diff]5t f ! mod]n doctr9e #bea ,plato's !ory ab\t pre-natal exp]i5ce4 ,he took no pa9s to asc]ta9 & measure ! ext5t ( po/-natal exp]i5ce #beb ,little or no?+ is said 9 ! ,m5on ab\t ! ,platonic ,ideas or ,=ms #bec ,:at ,plato meant by ,causal ,reason+--8 di/9ction betwe5 k & "r op9ion ib4 ,?is di/9ction comp>$ ) mod]n philosophical views #bed ,manife/ation ( ,anytus--int5se antipa?y to ! ,sophi/s & to philosophy g5]ally #bee ,! enemy ( ,sokrates is also ! enemy ( ! sophi/s--practical /atesm5 #bef ,! ,m5on br+s =w>d ! po9t ( analogy betwe5 ,sokrates & ! ,sophi/s1 9 :i* bo? 7 dislik$ by ! practical /atesm5 #beg ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,protagoras4 ,sc5ic arrangem5t & p]sonages ( ! dialogue #bei ,introduction4 ,eag]ness ( ! y\?ful ,hippokrates to become acqua9t$ ) ,protagoras #bfj ,sokrates que/ions ,hippokrates z to 8 purpose & expectations f ,protagoras ib4 ,dang] ( go+ to imbibe ! in/ruction ( a ,sophi/ )\t kn[+ be=eh& :at he is ab\t to tea* #bfb ,rem>ks on ! ,introduction4 ,false p]suasion ( k br\ght to light #bfc ,sokrates & ,hippokrates g to ! h\se ( ,kallias4 ,company !re94 ,respect %[n to ,protagoras #bfd ,que/ions ( ,sokrates to ,protagoras4 ,answ] ( ! latt]1 decl>+ ! antiquity ( ! sophi/ical pr(ession1 & 8 own op5ness 9 av[+ himself a sophi/ ib4 ,protagoras pref]s to conv]se 9 pres5ce ( ! assembl$ company #bff ,answ]s ( ,protagoras4 ,he int5ds to tra9 "y m5 z virtu\s citiz5s ib4 ,sokrates d\bts :e!r virtue is tea*able4 ,reasons = su* d\bt4 ,protagoras is ask$ to expla9 :e!r x is or n4 ib4 ,explanation ( ,protagoras4 ,he beg9s ) a my! #bfg ,my!4 ,fir/ fabrication ( m5 by ! ,gods4 ,prome!us & ,epime!us4 ,bad di/ribution ( end[m5ts to man by ! latt]4 ,x is p>tly am5d$ by ,prome!us #bfg ,prome!us gave to mank9d skill = ! supply ( individual wants1 b c\ld n give !m ! social art--,mank9d are on ! po9t ( p]i%+1 :5 ,zeus s5ds to !m ! dispositions ess5tial = society #bfh ,protagoras foll[s up 8 my! by a disc\rse4 ,ju/ice & ! s5se ( %ame are n pr(essional attributes1 b are possess$ by all citiz5s & taught by all to all #bfi ,con/ant tea*+ ( virtue4 ,!ory ( puni%m5t #bgj ,:y em95t m5 _c make _! sons em95t #bga ,tea*+ by p>5ts1 s*oolma/]1 h>pi/1 laws1 dika/]y1 c4 ib4 ,all le>n virtue f ! same tea*+ by all4 ,:e!r a le>n] %all acquire m or less ( x1 dep5ds ^u 8 own individual aptitude #bgb ,analogy ( le>n+ v]nacul> ,greek4 ,no special tea*] !re(4 ,protagoras tea*es virtue some:at bett] ?an o!rs #bgc ,! sons ( great arti/s d n !mselves become great arti/s #bgd ,rem>ks ^u ! my! & disc\rse4 ,!y expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! e/abli%$ s5tim5t ( a community propagates & p]petuates itself #bgd ,anti!sis ( ,protagoras & ,sokrates4 ,:e!r virtue is to be assimilat$ to a special art #bge ,proc$ure ( ,sokrates 9 reg>d to ! disc\rse ( ,protagoras--he complim5ts x z an exposition1 & analyses "s ( ! fundam5tal assumptions #bgf ,"o purpose ( ! dialogue4 ,to contra/ cont9u\s disc\rse ) %ort cross-exam9+ "q & answ] #bgg ,que/ions by ,sokrates--,:e!r virtue is "o & indivisible1 or compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts8 ,:e!r ! p>ts are homog5e\s or het]og5e\s8 ib4 ,:e!r ju/ice is j1 & hol9ess holy8 ,h[ f> ju/ice is l to hol9ess8 ,sokrates prote/s aga9/ an answ]1 ,if y please #bgh ,intellig5ce & mod]ation are id5tical1 because !y h ! same contr>y #bgi ,insuffici5t reasons giv5 by ,sokrates4 ,he seldom c>es to di/+ui% diff]5t mean+s ( ! same t]m ib4 ,protagoras is puzzl$1 & becomes irritat$ #bhj ,sokrates presses ,protagoras f>!r4 ,8 purpose is1 to te/ op9ions & n p]sons4 ,protagoras answ]s ) angry prolixity ib4 ,remon/rance ( ,sokrates aga9/ long answ]s z inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( dialogue4 ,protagoras p]si/s4 ,sokrates rises to dep>t #bha ,int]f]5ce ( ,kallias to get ! debate cont9u$4 ,promiscu\s conv]sation4 ,alkibiades decl>es t ,protagoras ought to ackn[l$ge sup]iority ( ,sokrates 9 dialogue #bhb ,claim ( a special locus /&i & pr(essor%ip = ,dialectic1 ap>t f ,rhetoric ib4 ,sokrates is prevail$ ^u to cont9ue1 & invites ,protagoras to "q him ib4 ,protagoras extols ! importance ( kn[+ ! works ( ! poets1 & que/ions ab\t p>ts ( a song ( ,simonides4 ,diss5t+ op9ions ab\t ! int]pretation ( ! song #bhc ,long spee* ( ,sokrates1 exp\nd+ ! purpose ( ! song1 & lay+ d[n an ironical !ory ab\t ! num]\s conceal$ sophi/s at ,krete & ,sp>ta1 ma/]s ( %ort spee* #bhc ,"* ( ?is spee*--its connection ) ! dialogue1 & its g5]al purpose4 ,sokrates inf]ior to ,protagoras 9 cont9u\s spee* #bhd ,sokrates depreciates ! value ( debates on ! poets4 ,_! mean+ is always disput$1 & y c nev] ask f !mselves :at x is4 ,protagoras cons5ts reluctantly to resume ! task ( answ]+ #bhe ,purpose ( ,sokrates to sift difficulties :i* he really feels 9 8 own m9d4 ,importance ( a colloquial companion = ?is purpose #bhg ,! int]rupt$ debate is resum$4 ,protagoras says t c\rage diff]s mat]ially f ! o!r bran*es ( virtue #bhh ,sokrates argues to prove t c\rage consi/s 9 k or intellig5ce4 ,protagoras does n admit ?is4 ,sokrates *anges 8 attack ib4 ,id5tity ( ! pleasurable ) ! good--( ! pa9ful ) ! evil4 ,sokrates ma9ta9s x4 ,protagoras d5ies4 ,debate #bhi ,enquiry ab\t k4 ,is x ! dom9ant ag5cy 9 ! m9d8 ,or is x ov]come frequ5tly by o!r ag5cies1 pleasure or pa98 ,bo? agree t k is dom9ant #bij ,mi/ake ( suppos+ t m5 act contr>y to k4 ,we nev] call pleasures evils1 except :5 !y entail a prepond]ance ( pa91 or a disappo9tm5t ( great] pleasures #bia ,pleasure is ! only good--pa9 ! only evil4 ,no man does evil volunt>ily1 kn[+ x to be evil4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 pleasures pres5t & future--resolves itself into pleasure & pa9 #bib ,necess>y resort to ! measur+ art = *oos+ pleasures rightly--all ! security ( our lives dep5d ^u x #bic ,to d wrong1 ov]come by pleasure1 is only a bad phrase = describ+ :at is really a case ( grave ignorance #bid ,reason+ ( ,sokrates ass5t$ to by all4 ,actions :i* conduct to pleasures or fre$om f pa91 are hon\rable #bie ,explanation ( c\rage4 ,x consi/s 9 a wise e/imate ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible ib4 ,reluctance ( ,protagoras to cont9ue answ]+4 ,close ( ! discussion4 ,sokrates decl>es t ! subject is /ill 9 confusion1 & t he wi%es to debate x aga9 ) ,protagoras4 ,amicable reply ( ,protagoras #big ,rem>ks on ! dialogue4 ,x closes )\t ! lea/ allusion to ,hippokrates #bih ,two di/9ct aspects ( e?ics & politics exhibit$3 "o "u ! "n ( ,protagoras2 ! o!r1 "u t ( ,sokrates #bii ,ord] ( e?ical problems1 z conceiv$ by ,sokrates ib4 ,diff]5ce ( me?od betwe5 him & ,protagoras fl[s f ?is diff]5ce ( ord]4 ,protagoras assumes :at virtue is1 )\t enquiry #cjj ,me?od ( ,protagoras4 ,cont9u\s lectures address$ to e/abli%$ public s5tim5ts ) :i* he is 9 h>mony #cja ,me?od ( ,sokrates4 ,dwells ^u t "p ( ! problem :i* ,protagoras _h left out ib4 ,anti!sis betwe5 ! eloqu5t lectur] & ! analytical cross-exam9] #cjc ,protagoras n int5d$ to be always 9 ! wrong1 ?\gh he is describ$ z br\ght to a contradiction ib4 ,affirmation ( ,protagoras ab\t c\rage is affirm$ by ,plato himself else:]e ib4 ,! h>% epi!ts appli$ by critics to ,protagoras are n borne out by ! dialogue4 ,he /&s on ! same gr\nd z ! common consci\sness #cjd ,av]sion ( ,protagoras = dialectic4 ,int]lude ab\t ! song ( ,simonides #cje ,e?ical view giv5 by ,sokrates work$ out at l5g? cle>ly4 ,good & evil consi/ 9 "r or wrong calculation ( pleasures & pa9s ( ! ag5t ib4 ,protagoras is at fir/ oppos$ to ?is !ory #cjf ,reason+ ( ,sokrates #cjg ,application ( t reason+ to ! case ( c\rage ib4 ,! !ory :i* ,plato "h lays d[n is m di/9ct & specific ?an any !ory laid d[n 9 o!r dialogues #cjh ,rem>ks on ! !ory "h laid d[n by ,sokrates4 ,x is too n>r[1 & exclusively prud5tial #cji ,comp>ison ) ! ,republic #caj ,! disc\rse ( ,protagoras br+s out an important "p ( ! :ole case1 :i* is omitt$ 9 ! analysis by ,sokrates #caa ,! ,e?ical ,end1 z impli$ 9 ! disc\rse ( ,protagoras1 involves a direct reg>d to ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!r p]sons besides ! ag5t himself #cab ,plato's reason+ 9 ! dialogue is n cle> or satisfactory1 especially ab\t c\rage #cac ,doctr9e ( ,/allbaum & o!r critics is n correct4 ,t ! analysis "h ascrib$ to ,sokrates is n int5d$ by ,plato z s]i\s1 b z a mock]y ( ! sophi/s #cad ,gr\nds ( t doctr9e4 ,_! insuffici5cy #cae ,subject is pr(ess$ly /ill left unsettl$ at ! close ( ! dialogue #caf ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,gorgias4 ,p]sons :o debate 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,celebrity ( ! hi/orical ,gorgias #cag ,introductory circum/ances ( ! dialogue4 ,polus & ,kallikls #cah ,purpose ( ,sokrates 9 que/ion+4 ,conditions ( a good def9ition ib4 ,que/ions ab\t ! def9ition ( ,rhetoric4 ,x is ! artisan ( p]suasion #cai ,! ,rhetor produces belief )\t k4 ,^u :at matt]s is he compet5t to advise8 #cai ,! ,rhetor c p]suade ! p ^u any matt]1 ev5 aga9/ ! op9ion ( ! special exp]t4 ,he appe>s to "k1 among ! ignorant #cbj ,gorgias is n[ made to contradict himself4 ,polus takes up ! debate ) ,sokrates #cba ,polemical tone ( ,sokrates4 ,at ! in/ance ( ,polus he gives 8 own def9ition ( rhetoric4 ,x is no art1 b an empirical knack ( cat]+ = ! imm$iate pleasure ( he>]s1 analog\s to cook]y4 ,x is a bran* "u ! g5]al head flatt]y ib4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! true arts :i* aim at ! good ( ! body & m9d--& ! c\nt]feit arts1 :i* pret5d to ! same1 b 9 reality aim at imm$iate pleasure #cbb ,que/ions ( ,polus4 ,sokrates d5ies t ! ,rhetors h any real p[]1 because !y d no?+ :i* !y really wi% #cbc ,all m5 wi% = :at is good = !m4 ,despots & ,rhetors1 :5 !y kill any "o1 d s because !y ?9k x good = !m4 ,if x be really n good1 !y d n d :at !y w1 & !re=e h no real p[] #cbd ,comp>ison ( ,ar*elaus1 usurp+ despot ( ,mac$onia--,polus affirms t ,ar*elaus is happy1 & t e "o ?9ks s--,sokrates admits t e "o ?9ks s1 b nev]!less d5ies x #cbe ,sokrates ma9ta9s--#a4 ,t x is a great] evil to d wrong1 ?an to suff] wrong4 #b4 ,t if a man has done wrong1 x is bett] = him to be puni%$ ?an to rema9 unpuni%$ #cbf ,sokrates (f]s pro(--,def9ition ( ,pul*rum & ,turpe--,pro( ( ! fir/ po9t #cbg ,pro( ( ! second po9t ib4 ,! crim9al lab\rs "u a m5tal di/emp]1 :i* ?\gh n pa9ful1 is a capital evil4 ,puni%m5t is ! only cure = him4 ,to be puni%$ is be/ = him #cbh ,mis]y ( ! ,despot :o is nev] puni%$4 ,if our fri5d has done wrong1 we ought to get him puni%$3 if our enemy1 we ought to keep him unpuni%$ #cbi ,argum5t ( ,sokrates p>adoxical--,d\bt express$ by ,kallikls :e!r he means x s]i\sly #ccj ,pr9ciple laid d[n by ,sokrates--,t e "o acts ) a view to ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess & avoidance ( mis]y ib4 ,peculi> view tak5 by ,plato ( ,good--,evil--,happ9ess #cca ,contra/ ( ! usual mean+ ( ^! words1 ) ! ,platonic mean+ ib4 ,exam9ation ( ! pro( giv5 by ,sokrates--,inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! g5]al answ] ( ,polus & 8 previ\s decl>ations--,law & ,nature #ccb ,! def9ition ( ,pul*rum & ,turpe1 giv5 by ,sokrates1 w n hold #ccd ,worse or bett]--= :om8 ,! argum5t ( ,sokrates does n specify4 ,if und]/ood 9 ! s5se necess>y = 8 inf]5ce1 ! def9ition w\ld be inadmissible ib4 ,plato applies to e "o a /&>d ( happ9ess & mis]y peculi> to himself4 ,8 view ab\t ! conduct ( ,ar*elaus is j1 b he does n give ! true reasons = x #cce ,if ! reason+ ( ,plato 7 true1 ! po9t ( view 9 :i* puni%m5t is consid]$ w\ld be rev]s$ #ccf ,plato pu%es too f> ! analogy betwe5 m5tal di/emp] & bodily di/emp]--,mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two--,di/emp] mu/ be felt by ! di/emp]$ p]sons #ccg ,kallikls beg9s to argue aga9/ ,sokrates--he takes a di/9ction betwe5 ,j by ,law & ,j by nature--,reply ( ,sokrates1 t !re is no v>iance betwe5 ! two1 prop]ly und]/ood #cch ,:at ,kallikls says is n to be tak5 z a sample ( ! tea*+s ( ,a!nian sophi/s4 ,kallikls--rhetor & politician #cci ,unc]ta9ty ( ref]r+ to ,nature z an au?ority4 ,x may be plead$ 9 fav\r ( opposite !ories4 ,! !ory ( ,kallikls is made to appe> repulsive by ! language 9 :i* he expresses x #cdj ,sokrates ma9ta9s t self-comm& & mod]ation is requisite = ! /rong man z well z = o!rs4 ,kallikls def5ds ! negative #cdc ,:e!r ! l>ge/ measure ( desires is good = a man1 provid$ he has ! means ( satisfy+ !m8 ,:e!r all v>ieties ( desire are good8 ,:e!r ! pleasurable & ! good are id5tical8 #cdd ,kallikls ma9ta9s t pleasurable & good are id5tical4 ,sokrates refutes him4 ,"s pleasures are good1 o!rs bad4 ,a sci5tific advis] is requir$ to discrim9ate !m #cde ,contradiction betwe5 ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias1 & ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras ib4 ,views ( critics ab\t ?is contradiction #cdf ,comp>ison & appreciation ( ! reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 bo? dialogues ib4 ,di/9ct /atem5t 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,:at are good & evil1 & ^u :at pr9ciples ! sci5tific advis] is to proce$ 9 discrim9at+ !m4 ,no su* di/9ct /atem5t 9 ! ,gorgias #cdg ,mod]n e?ical !ories4 ,intuition4 ,moral s5se--n recognis$ by ,plato 9 ei!r ( ! dialogues #cdh ,9 bo? dialogues ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates is self-reg>d+ z respects ! ag5t3 n consid]+ ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!r p]sons1 s f> z affect$ by ! ag5t #cdi ,po9ts :]e9 ! doctr9e ( ! two dialogues is 9 sub/ance ! same1 b diff]+ 9 classification ib4 ,kallikls1 :om ,sokrates refutes 9 ! ,gorgias1 ma9ta9s a diff]5t argum5t f t :i* ,sokrates combats 9 ! ,protagoras #cej ,! refutation ( ,kallikls by ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias1 is unsuccessful--x is only s f> successful z he adopts un9t5tionally ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras #cea ,p]man5t elem5ts--& transi5t elem5ts--( human ag5cy--h[ ea* ( !m is appreciat$ 9 ! two dialogues #cec ,9 ! ,protagoras ib4 ,9 ! ,gorgias #ced ,"* ( ! ,gorgias g5]ally--discr$it+ all ! actualities ( life #cee ,argum5t ( ,sokrates resum$--multif>i\s arts ( flatt]y1 aim+ at imm$iate pleasure #ceg ,! ,rhetors aim at only flatt]+ ! public--ev5 ! be/ pa/ ,rhetors h done no?+ else--citation ( ! f\r great ,rhetors by ,kallikles #ceg ,necessity = temp]ance1 regulation1 ord]4 ,?is is ! condition ( virtue & happ9ess #ceh ,impossible to succe$ 9 public life1 unless a man be ?or\ghly ak9 to & 9 h>mony ) ! rul+ =ce #cei ,dang] ( "o :o diss5ts f ! public1 ei!r = bett] or = worse ib4 ,sokrates resolves ^u a s*eme ( life = himself--to /udy p]man5t good1 & n imm$iate satisfaction #cfj ,sokrates ann\nces himself z almo/ ! only man at ,a!ns1 :o foll[s out ! true political art4 ,dang] ( do+ ?is #cfa ,my! respect+ ,hades1 & ! treatm5t ( deceas$ p]sons !re91 accord+ to _! m]its dur+ life--! philosoph] :o /ood alo( f public affairs1 w !n be rew>d$ ib4 ,peculi> e?ical views ( ,sokrates--,rhetorical or dogmatical "* ( ! ,gorgias #cfb ,he m]ges politics 9 ,e?ics--he conceives ! rul]s z spiritual tea*]s & tra9]s ( ! community id4 ,idal ( ,plato--a despotic lawgiv] or man-tra9]1 on sci5tific pr9ciples1 fa%ion+ all *>act]s pursuant to c]ta9 types ( 8 own #cfc ,platonic analogy betwe5 m5tal goodness & bodily heal?--incomplete analogy--circum/ances ( diff]5ce ib4 ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias speaks l a diss5t] among a community ( fix$ op9ions & habits4 ,impossible t a diss5t]1 on important po9ts1 %\ld acquire any public influ5ce #cfd ,sokrates feels 8 own isolation f 8 c\ntrym54 ,he is ?r[n ^u individual speculation & dialectic #cfe ,anti!sis betwe5 philosophy & rhetoric ib4 ,position ( "o :o diss5ts1 ^u mat]ial po9ts1 f ! fix$ op9ions & cre$ ( 8 c\ntrym5 #cff ,probable feel+s ( ,plato on ?is subject--,claim put =w>d 9 ! ,gorgias ( an indep5d5t locus /&i = philosophy1 b )\t ! indiscrim9ate cross-exam9ation pursu$ by ,sokrates #cfg ,importance ( ma9ta9+ ! utmo/ lib]ty ( discussion4 ,t5d5cy ( all rul+ or?odoxy t[>ds intol]ance #cfh ,issue betwe5 philosophy & rhetoric--n satisfactorily h&l$ by ,plato4 ,inju/ice done to rhetoric4 ,ignoble mann] 9 :i* x is pres5t$ by ,polus & ,kallikls #cfi ,p]ikles w\ld h accept$ ! def5ce ( rhetoric1 z ,plato has put x into ! m\? ( ,gorgias #cgj ,! ,a!nian p recognise a di/9ction betwe5 ! pleasurable & ! good3 b n ! same z t :i* ,plato conceiv$ #cga ,rhetoric 0 employ$ at ,a!ns 9 appeal+ to all ! v>i\s e/abli%$ s5tim5ts & op9ions4 ,errone\s inf]5ces rais$ by ! ,kallikls ( ,plato #cgc ,! ,platonic ,idal exacts1 z good1 "s ord]1 sy/em1 discipl9e4 ,b ord] may be direct$ to bad ends z well z to good4 ,div]g5t ideas ab\t virtue #cgd ,h[ to discrim9ate ! "r ord] f ! wrong4 ,plato does n advise u #cge ,! ,gorgias upholds ! indep5d5ce & dignity ( ! diss5t+ philosoph] ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,ph,,don4 ,! ,phdon is affirmative & expository #cgg ,situation & circum/ances assum$ 9 ! ,phdon4 ,pa!tic int]e/ :i* !y inspire ib4 ,simmias & ,kebs1 ! two collocutors ) ,sokrates4 ,_! feel+s & ^? ( ,sokrates #cgh ,emphasis ( ,sokrates 9 insi/+ on fre$om ( debate1 active ex]cise ( reason1 & indep5d5t judgm5t = ea* reason] #cgi ,anxiety ( ,sokrates t 8 fri5ds %all be on _! gu>d aga9/ be+ influ5c$ by 8 au?ority--t !y %all foll[ only ! convictions ( _! own reason #chj ,rem>kable manife/ation ( e>ne/ int]e/ = reason$ tru? & ! lib]ty ( individual diss5t #cha ,phdon & ,symposion--po9ts ( analogy & contra/ #chb ,phdon--comp>$ ) ,republic & ,timu4 ,no recognition ( ! triple or l[] s\ls4 ,anti!sis betwe5 s\l & body #chc ,diff]5t doctr9es ( ,plato ab\t ! s\l4 ,:e!r all ! ?ree s\ls are immortal1 or ! rational s\l alone #che ,! life & "* ( a philosoph] is a con/ant /ruggle to emancipate 8 s\l f 8 body4 ,dea? alone enables him to d ?is completely #chf ,s\ls ( ! ord9>y or unphilosophical m5 pass aft] dea? into ! bodies ( diff]5t animals4 ,! philosoph] alone is reliev$ f all communion ) body #chg ,special privilege claim$ = philosoph]s 9 ! ,phdon ap>t f ! virtu\s m5 :o are n philosoph]s #chh ,simmias & ,kebs d n admit readily ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b are unwill+ to tr\ble ,sokrates by ask+ = pro(4 ,unabat$ int]e/ ( ,sokrates 9 rational debate #cij ,simmias & ,kebs believe fully 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 b n 9 its po/-exi/5ce4 ,doctr9e--,t ! s\l is a sort ( h>mony--refut$ by ,sokrates ib4 ,sokrates unfolds ! intellectual *anges or w&]+s ?r\gh :i* 8 m9d _h pass$ #cia ,fir/ doctr9e ( ,sokrates z to cause4 ,reasons :y he reject$ x ib4 ,second doctr9e4 ,hopes rais$ by ! treatise ( ,anaxagoras #cic ,disappo9tm5t because ,anaxagoras did n foll[ out ! optimi/ic pr9ciple into detail4 ,di/9ction betwe5 causes effici5t & causes co-effici5t #cid ,sokrates c\ld nei!r trace out ! optimi/ic pr9ciple = himself1 nor f9d any tea*] !re(4 ,he r5\nc$ x1 & embrac$ a ?ird doctr9e ab\t cause #cie ,he n[ assumes ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ideas4 ,^! ideas are ! causes :y p>ticul> objects manife/ c]ta9 attributes #cif ,proc$ure ( ,sokrates if 8 hypo!sis 7 impugn$4 ,he insi/s ^u keep+ ap>t ! discussion ( ! hypo!sis & ! discussion ( its consequ5ces #cig ,exposition ( ,sokrates welcom$ by ! he>]s4 ,rem>ks ^u x #cih ,! philosophical *anges 9 ,sokrates all turn$ ^u diff]5t views z to a true cause ib44 ,problems & difficulties ( :i* ,sokrates fir/ s\ght solution #cii ,expectations ent]ta9$ by ,sokrates f ! treatise ( ,anaxagoras4 ,8 disappo9tm5t4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 causes & co-effici5ts #djj ,sokrates imputes to ,anaxagoras ! mi/ake ( sub/itut+ physical ag5cies 9 place ( m5tal4 ,?is is ! same :i* ,ari/ophanes & o!rs imput$ to ,sokrates #dja ,! suppos$ !ory ( ,anaxagoras _c be c>ri$ out1 ei!r by ,sokrates himself or any "o else4 ,sokrates turns to g5]al words1 & adopts ! !ory ( ideas #djc ,vague & diss5ti5t mean+s atta*$ to ! ^w ,cause4 ,t is a cause1 to ea* man1 :i* gives satisfaction to 8 inquisitive feel+s #djd ,diss5sion & p]plexity on ! "q4--,:at is a cause8 reveal$ by ! picture ( ,sokrates--no intuition to guide him #djg ,diff]5t notions ( ,plato & ,ari/otle ab\t causation1 causes regul> & irregul>4 ,inductive !ory ( causation1 elaborat$ 9 mod]n times ib4 ,la/ transition ( ! m9d ( ,sokrates f ?+s to words--to ! adoption ( ! !ory ( ideas4 ,great multitude ( ideas assum$1 ea* fitt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ticul>s #daj ,ultimate appeal to hypo!sis ( extreme g5]ality #daa ,plato's demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l re/s ^u ! assumption ( ! ,platonic ideas4 ,reason+ to prove ?is #dab ,! s\l always br+s life1 & is ess5tially liv+4 ,x _c receive dea?3 9 o!r words1 x is immortal #dac ,! pro( ( immortality includes pre-exi/5ce z well z po/-exi/5ce--animals z well z man--also ! metempsy*osis or translation ( ! s\l f "o body to ano!r #dad ,aft] f9i%+ 8 pro( t ! s\l is immortal1 ,sokrates ent]s into a description1 :at w become ( x aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,he describes a ,greek3 ,nekui_/a #dae ,sokrates expects t 8 s\l is go+ to ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,reply to ,kriton ab\t bury+ 8 body #daf ,prep>ations = adm9i/]+ ! hemlock4 ,sympa?y ( ! gaol]4 ,equanimity ( ,sokrates ib4 ,sokrates swall[s ! poison4 ,conv]sation ) ! gaol] #dag ,ungov]nable sorr[ ( ! fri5ds pres5t4 ,self-comm& ( ,sokrates4 ,la/ words to ,kriton1 & dea? ib4 ,extreme pa?os1 & probable tru/wor?9ess ( ^! p]sonal details #dai ,contra/ betwe5 ! ,platonic ,apology & ! ,phdon ib44 ,abundant dogmatic & poetical inv5tion ( ! ,phdon comp>$ ) ! pr(ession ( ignorance :i* we read 9 ! ,apology #dba ,total r5unciation & discr$it ( ! body 9 ! ,phdon4 ,diff]5t feel+ ab\t ! body 9 o!r ,platonic dialogues #dbb ,plato's argum5t does n prove ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,ev5 if x did prove t1 yet ! mode ( pre-exi/5ce & ! mode ( po/-exi/5ce1 ( ! s\l1 w\ld be q undet]m9$ #dbc ,! philosoph] w enjoy an exi/5ce ( pure s\l unatta*$ to any body #dbe ,plato's demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l did n appe> satisfactory to subsequ5t philosoph]s4 ,! "q rema9$ debat$ & problematical #dbf ,,plato4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,alkibiades ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,,alkibiades ,i4--,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,man4 ,side-note3 ,situation suppos$ 9 ! dialogue4 ,p]sons--,sokrates & ,alkibiades4 ,?is dialogue is c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sokrates & ,alkibiades4 ,x introduces ,alkibiades z ab\t tw5ty ye>s ( age1 hav+ j pass$ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( y\?1 & ab\t to ent] on ! privileges & duties ( a citiz54 ,! real dispositions & circum/ances ( ! hi/orical ,alkibiades 7magnific5t p]sonal beauty1 /ature1 & /r5g?1 high family & connections1 great weal? already possess$1 s9ce 8 fa!r _h di$ :5 he 0 a *ild1--a full measure ( education & accompli%m5ts--toge!r ) exorbitant ambition & insol5ce1 d]iv$ f su* accumulat$ advantages7 are br\ght to view 9 ! op5+ address ( ,sokrates4 ,alkibiades1 dur+ ! ye>s ( y\? :i* he _h j pass$1 _h be5 surr\nd$ by admir]s :o tri$ to r5d] !mselves acceptable to him1 b :om he repell$ ) indiff]5ce1 & ev5 ) scorn4 ,sokrates _h be5 among !m1 con/antly pres5t & ne> to ,alkibiades1 b )\t ev] address+ a ^w to him4 ,! y\?ful beauty be+ n[ ex*ang$ = manhood1 all ^! admir]s _h retir$1 & ,sokrates alone rema9s4 ,8 atta*m5t is to ,alkibiades himself3 to promise ( m9d r ?an to attractions ( p]son4 ,sokrates has be5 always hi!rto re/ra9$1 by 8 div9e sign or ,dmon1 f speak+ to ,alkibiades4 ,b ?is prohibition has n[ be5 remov$2 & he acco/s him = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! full belief t he %all be able to give improv+ c\nsel1 ess5tial to ! success ( t political c>e] ^u :i* ! y\? is ab\t to ent]4#a ,footnote #a3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,p]ikles is suppos$ to be /ill alive & political lead] ( ,a!ns--#ajd ,b4 ,i h briefly sket*$ ! imag9>y situation to :i* ?is dialogue is made to apply4 ,! circum/ances ( x belong to ,a!nian mann]s ( ! ,platonic age4 ,"s ( ! critics1 consid]+ t ! relation suppos$ betwe5 ,sokrates & ,alkibiades is absurd & unnatural1 allege ?is among _! reasons = d5y+ ! au!nticity ( ! dialogue4 ,b if any "o reads ! conclud+ "p ( ! ,symposion--! au!nticity ( :i* has nev] yet be5 d5i$ by any critic--he w f9d some?+ a great deal m abnormal 9 :at is !re rec\nt$ ab\t ,sokrates & ,alkibiades4 ,9 a dialogue compos$ by s*9es ,socraticus 7cit$ by ! rhetor ,ari/eides--,greek3 ,p]i ,r7toriks1 ,or4 xlv4 p4 #bc-bd71 expressions ( int5se love = ,alkibiades are put into ! m\? ( ,sokrates4 s*9es 0 ,greek3 gn_/sios e7tairos ,skra_/t\s1 n less ?an ,plato4 ,! diff]5t companions ( ,sokrates ?us agre$ 9 _! picture ( ! relation betwe5 him & ,alkibiades4 ,side-note3 ,exorbitant hopes & political ambition ( ,alkibiades4 ,y are ab\t to ent] on public life 7says ,sokrates to ,alkibiades7 ) ! mo/ inord9ate aspirations = glory & aggr&isem5t4 ,y n only ?ir/ = ! acquisition ( asc5dancy su* z ,p]ikles possesses at ,a!ns1 b y\r ambition w n be satisfi$ unless y fill ,asia ) y\r r5[n1 & put y\rself ^u a level ) ,cyrus & ,x]xes4 ,n[ su* aspirations _c be gratifi$ except ?r\gh my assi/ance4 ,i d n deal 9 long disc\rses su* z y h be5 accu/om$ to he> f o!rs3 ,i %all put to y only "s %ort int]rogatories1 requir+ no?+ m ?an answ]s to my que/ions4#b ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #ajf ,b4 ,greek3 ,a7ra e7rttas ei7_/ t9a e7_/* ei7pein lo_/gon makro_/n1 oi7_/ous d a7k\_/e9 ei7_/?isai8 ou7 ga_/r e7/i toi\ton to e7mo_/n4 ,i give "h1 z else:]e1 n an exact translation1 b an ab/ract4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions put by ,sokrates1 9 ref]5ce to ,alkibiades 9 8 int5d$ function z advis] ( ! ,a!nians4 ,:at does he int5d to advise !m ^u8 ,:at has he le>nt1 & :at does he "k8 ,sokr4--,y are ab\t to /ep =w>d z advis] ( ! public assembly4 ,^u :at po9ts d y int5d to advise !m8 ,^u po9ts :i* y "k bett] ?an !y8 ,alk4--,( c\rse4 ,sokr4--,all t y "k1 has be5 ei!r le>nt f o!rs or f\nd out by y\rself4 ,alk4--,c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,b y w\ld nei!r h le>nt any ?+1 nor f\nd out any ?+1 )\t ! desire to le>n or f9d out3 & y w\ld h felt no su* desire1 9 respect to t :i* y believ$ y\rself to "k already4 ,t :i* y n[ "k1 !re=e1 !re 0 a "t :5 y believ$ y\rself n to "k8 ,alk4--,necess>ily s4 ,sokr4--,n[ all t y h le>nt1 z ,i am well aw>e1 consi/s ( ?ree ?+s--lett]s1 ! h>p1 gymna/ics4 ,d y int5d to advise ! ,a!nians :5 !y are debat+ ab\t lett]s1 or ab\t h>p-play+1 or ab\t gymna/ics8 ,alk4--,nei!r ( ! ?ree4 ,sokr4--,^u :at occasions1 !n1 d y propose to give advice8 ,surely1 n :5 ! ,a!nians are debat+ ab\t ar*itecture1 or prophetic w>n+s1 or ! public heal?3 = to deliv] op9ions on ea* ( ^! matt]s1 belongs n to y b to pr(essional m5--ar*itects1 prophets1 physicians2 :e!r !y be poor or ri*1 high-born or l[-born8 ,if n !n1 ^u :at o!r occasions w y t5d] y\r c\nsel8 ,alk4--,:5 !y are debat+ ab\t affairs ( _! own4 ,side-note3 ,alkibiades int5ds to advise ! ,a!nians on que/ions ( w> & peace4 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates !reupon4 ,we mu/ fight ^? :om x is bett] to fight--to :at /&>d does bett] ref]8 ,to j & unju/4 ,sokr4--,b ab\t :at affairs ( _! own8 ,n ab\t affairs ( %ipbuild+3 = ( t y "k no?+4 ,alk4--,:5 !y are discuss+ w> & peace1 or any o!r bus9ess conc]n+ ! city4 ,sokr4--,y mean :5 !y are discuss+ ! "q ) :om !y %all make w> or peace1 & 9 :at mann]8 ,b x is c]ta9 t we mu/ fight ^? :om x is be/ to fight--also :5 x is be/--& z long z x is be/4 ,alk4--,c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,n[1 if ! ,a!nians wi%$ to "k :om x 0 be/ to wre/le )1 & :5 or h[ long x 0 be/ :i* ( ! two w\ld be mo/ compet5t to advise !m1 y or ! pr(essional tra9]8 ,alk4--,! tra9]1 und\bt$ly4 ,sokr4--,s1 too1 ab\t play+ ! h>p or s++4 ,b :5 y talk ab\t bett]1 9 wre/l+ or s++1 :at /&>d d y ref] to8 ,is x n to ! gymna/ic or musical art8 ,alk4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,answ] me 9 l mann] ab\t w> or peace1 ! subjects on :i* y are go+ to advise y\r c\ntrym51 :om1 & at :at p]iods1 x is bett] to fight1 & bett] n to fight8 ,:at 9 ?is la/ case d y mean by bett]8 ,to :at /&>d1 or to :at end1 d y ref]8#c ,alk4--,i _c say4 ,sokr4--,b is x n a disgrace1 s9ce y pr(ess to advise y\r c\ntrym5 :5 & aga9/ :om x is bett] = !m to w>1--n to be able to say to :at end y\r bett] ref]s8 ,d n y "k :at are ! usual gr\nds & compla9ts urg$ :5 w> is und]tak58 ,alk4--,yes3 compla9ts ( hav+ be5 *eat$1 or robb$1 or injur$4 ,sokr4--,"u :at circum/ances8 ,alk4--,y mean1 :e!r ju/ly or unju/ly8 ,t makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,sokr4--,d y mean to advise ! ,a!nians to fight ^? :o behave ju/ly1 or ^? :o behave unju/ly8 ,alk4--,! "q is mon/r\s4 ,c]ta9ly n ^? :o behave ju/ly4 ,x w\ld be nei!r lawful nor hon\rable4 ,sokr4--,!n :5 y spoke ab\t bett]1 9 ref]5ce to w> or peace1 :at y meant 0 ju/]--y _h 9 view ju/ice & inju/ice8 ,alk4--,x seems s4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #ajh ,e--#aji ,a4 ,greek3 i7_/?i d_/1 kai to en t polemein be_/ltion kai to en t ei7r_/nn a7_/ge91 t\to to be_/ltion ti_/ o7noma_/zeis8 7_/sp] e7kei e7ph' e7ka_// e7_/leges to a7_/me9on1 o7_/ti m\sik_/t]on1 kai e7pi t e7t]1 o7_/ti gumna/ik_/t]on2 peir d kai e7ntau?a le_/ge9 to be_/ltion 4 4 4 4 4 pros ti_/ te9ei to e7n t ei7r_/nn te a7_/ge9 a7_/me9on kai to e7n t polemein oi7s dei8 ,alkib4 ,greek3 ,a7lla skopn ou7 du_/namai e7nnosai4 ,side-note3 ,h[1 or f :om1 has ,alkibiades le>nt to disc]n or di/+ui% ,j & ,unju/8 ,he nev] le>nt x f any "o2 he always knew x1 ev5 z a boy4 ,sokr4--,h[ is ?is8 ,h[ d y "k1 or :]e h y le>nt1 to di/+ui% j f unju/8 ,h y frequ5t$ "s ma/]1 )\t my k1 to tea* y ?is8 ,if y h1 pray introduce me to him1 t ,i also may le>n x f him4 ,alk4--,y are je/+4 ,sokr4--,n at all3 ,i love y too well to je/4 ,alk4--,b :at if ,i _h no ma/]8 ,_c ,i "k ab\t ju/ice & inju/ice1 )\t a ma/]8 ,sokr4--,c]ta9ly3 y might f9d out = y\rself1 if y made se>* & inve/igat$4 ,b ?is y w\ld n d1 unless y 7 "u ! p]suasion t y did n already "k4 ,alk4--,0 !re n a "t :5 ,i really believ$ myself n to "k x8 ,sokr4--,p]haps !re may h be53 tell me :5 t "t 04 ,0 x la/ ye>8 ,alk4--,no3 la/ ye> ,i ?\ght t ,i knew4 ,sokr4--,well1 !n two ye>s1 ?ree ye>s1 c41 ago8 ,alk4--,no3 ! case 0 ! same !n1 also1 ,i ?\ght t ,i knew4 ,sokr4--,b be=e t1 y 7 a m]e boy2 & dur+ y\r boyhood y c]ta9ly believ$ y\rself to "k :at 0 j & unju/2 = ,i well recollect he>+ y !n compla9 confid5tly ( o!r boys1 = act+ unju/ly t[>ds y4 ,alk4--,c]ta9ly3 ,i 0 n !n ignorant on ! po9t3 ,i knew di/9ctly t !y 7 act+ unju/ly t[>ds me4 ,sokr4--,y knew1 !n1 ev5 9 y\r boyhood1 :at 0 j & :at 0 unju/8 ,alk4--,c]ta9ly3 ,i knew ev5 !n4 ,sokr4--,at :at mom5t did y fir/ f9d x out8 ,n :5 y already believ$ y\rself to "k3 & :at "t 0 !re :5 y did n believe y\rself to "k8 ,alk4--,^u my ^w1 ,i _c say4 ,side-note3 ,answ] am5d$4 ,alkibiades le>nt x f ! multitude1 z he le>nt to speak ,greek4--,! multitude _c tea* j & unju/1 = !y are at v>iance among !mselves ab\t x4 ,alkibiades is go+ to advise ! ,a!nians ab\t :at he does n "k himself4 ,sokr4--,s9ce1 accord+ly1 y nei!r f\nd x out = y\rself1 nor le>nt x f o!rs1 h[ come y to "k ju/ice or inju/ice at all1 or f :at qu>t]8 ,alk4--,i 0 mi/ak5 9 say+ t ,i _h n le>nt x4 ,i le>nt x1 z o!rs d1 f ! multitude4#d ,sokr4--,y\r tea*]s are none ( ! be/3 no "o c le>n f !m ev5 su* small matt]s z play+ at draughts3 mu* less1 :at is j & unju/4 ,alk4--,i le>nt x f !m z ,i le>nt to speak ,greek1 9 :i*1 too1 ,i nev] _h any special tea*]4 ,sokr4--,( t ! multitude are compet5t tea*]s1 = !y are all ( "o m9d4 ,ask :i* is a tree or a /one1--a horse or a man1--y get ! same answ] f e "o4 ,b :5 y ask n simply :i* are horses1 b also :i* horses are fit to run well 9 a race--:5 y ask n m]ely ab\t :i* are m51 b :i* m5 are heal?y or unheal?y--are ! multitude all ( "o m9d1 or all compet5t to answ]8 ,alk4--,assur$ly n4 ,sokr4--,:5 y see ! multitude diff]+ among !mselves1 t is a cle> pro( t !y are n compet5t to tea* o!rs4 ,alk4--,x is s4 ,sokr4--,n[1 ab\t ! "q1 ,:at is j & unju/--are ! multitude all ( "o m9d1 or d !y diff] among !mselves8 ,alk4--,!y diff] prodigi\sly3 !y n only dispute1 b qu>rel & de/roy ea* o!r1 respect+ ju/ice & inju/ice1 f> m ?an ab\t heal? & sickness4#e ,sokr4 ,h[1 !n1 c we say t ! multitude "k :at is j & unju/1 :5 !y ?us fi]cely dispute ab\t x among !mselves8 ,alk4--,i n[ p]ceive t we _c say s4 ,sokr4--,h[ c we say1 !re=e1 t !y are fit to tea* o!rs3 & h[ c y pret5d to "k1 :o h le>nt f no o!r tea*]s8 ,alk4--,f :at y say1 x is impossible4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aaj ,d-,e4 ,greek3 e7_/ma?on1 oi7mai1 kai e7g 7_/sp] kai oi7 a7_/lloi 4 4 4 4 p>a tn polln4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aab ,a4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ti_/ de d8 nun p]i tn dikai_/n kai a7di_/kn a7n?r_/pn kai pragma_/tn1 oi7 polloi dok\si_/ soi o7mologein au7toi e7autois 7 a7ll_/lois8 ,alkib4 ,greek3 7_/ki/a1 n ,di_/'1 7 ,s_/krates4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ti_/ de_/8 ma_/li/a p]i au7tn diaphe_/re/hai8 ,alkib4 ,greek3 polu_/ ge4 ,sokr4--,no3 n f :at ,i say1 b f :at y say y\rself4 ,i m]ely ask que/ions3 x is y :o give all ! answ]s4#f ,& :at y h said am\nts to ?is--t ,alkibiades kn[s no?+ ab\t :at is j & unju/1 b believes himself to "k1 & is go+ to advise ! ,a!nians ab\t :at he does n "k himself8 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aab-aac4 ,side-note3 ,answ] f>!r am5d$4 ,! ,a!nians d n g5]ally debate ab\t j or unju/--:i* !y consid] pla9 to e "o--b ab\t exp$i5t & inexp$i5t1 :i* are n co9cid5t ) j & unju/4 ,b nei!r does ,alkibiades "k ! exp$i5t4 ,he asks ,sokrates to expla94 ,sokrates decl9es3 he c d no?+ b "q4 ,alk4--,b1 ,sokrates1 ! ,a!nians d n (t5 debate ab\t :at is j & unju/4 ,!y ?9k t "q self-evid5t2 !y debate g5]ally ab\t :at is exp$i5t or n exp$i5t4 ,ju/ice & exp$i5cy d n d n always co9cide4 ,_m p]sons commit great crimes1 & are great ga9]s by do+ s3 o!rs aga9 behave ju/ly1 & suff] f x4#g ,sokr--,d y !n pr(ess to "k :at is exp$i5t or inexp$i5t8 ,f :om h y le>nt--or :5 did y f9d out = y\rself8 ,i might ask y ! same r\nd ( que/ions1 & y w\ld be compell$ to answ] 9 ! same mann]4 ,b we w pass to a diff]5t po9t4 ,y say t ju/ice & exp$i5cy are n co9cid5t4 ,p]suade me ( ?is1 by int]rogat+ me z ,i int]rogat$ y4 ,alk4--,t is beyond my p[]4 ,sokr4--,b :5 y rise to address ! assembly1 y w h to p]suade !m4 ,if y c p]suade !m1 y c p]suade me4 ,assume me to be ! assembly1 & practise ^u me4#h ,alk4--,y are too h>d ^u me1 ,sokrates4 ,x is = y to speak & prove ! po9t4 ,sokr--,no3 ,i c only "q3 y mu/ answ]4 ,y w be mo/ surely p]suad$ :5 ! po9t is det]m9$ by y\r own answ]s4#i ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aac ,d4 ,greek3 ,oi7mai men o7liga_/kis ,a7?nai_/ous b\leu_/e/hai po_/t]a dikaio_/t]a 7 a7dikt]a2 ta men gar toiauta 7g\ntai dla ei7nai1 c4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aad ,b-,c4 ,?is same argum5t is address$ by ,sokrates to ,glaukon1 9 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 iii4 #f1 #ad-ae4 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aad ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n ei7 le_/geis o7_/ti tau?' ou7_/ts e7_/*ei1 ma_/li/' a7n ei7_/s pepeisme_/nos8 ,side-note3 ,comm5t on ! prec$+--,sokratic me?od--! respond5t makes ! discov]ies = himself4 ,su* is ! comm5c+ portion 7abbreviat$ or ab/ract$7 ( ,plato's ,fir/ ,alkibiads4 ,x exhibits a v *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! ,sokratico-,platonic me?od3 bo? 9 its negative & positive aspect4 ,by ! negative1 false p]suasion ( k is expos$4 ,alkibiades believes himself compet5t to advise ab\t j & unju/1 :i* he has nei!r le>nt f any tea*] nor inve/igat$ = himself--:i* he has pick$ up f ! multitude1 & supposes to be cle> to e "o1 b ab\t :i* nev]!less !re is s mu* diff]5ce ( appreciation among ! multitude1 t fi]ce & p]petual qu>rels are go+ on4 ,on ! positive side1 ,sokrates re/ricts himself to ! function ( que/ion+3 he nei!r affirms nor d5ies any ?+4 ,x is ,alkibiades :o affirms or d5ies e ?+1 & :o makes all ! discov]ies = himself out ( 8 own m9d1 in/igat$ inde$1 b n taught1 by ! que/ions ( 8 companion4 ,side-note3 ,alkibiades is br\ght to admit t :atev] is j1 is good1 hon\rable1 exp$i5t3 & t :oev] acts hon\rably1 bo? does well1 & procures = himself happ9ess !reby4 ,equivocal reason+ ( ,sokrates4 ,by a f>!r s]ies ( que/ions1 ,sokrates next br+s ,alkibiades to ! admission t :at is j1 is also hon\rable1 good1 exp$i5t--:at is unju/1 is di%on\rable1 evil1 inexp$i5t3 & t :oev] acts ju/ly1 & hon\rably1 !reby acquires happ9ess4 ,admitt+1 fir/1 t an act :i* is good1 hon\rable1 j1 exp$i5t1 c41 consid]$ 9 "o aspect or 9 ref]5ce to "s ( its conditions--may be at ! same "t bad1 di%on\rable1 unju/1 consid]$ 9 ano!r aspect or 9 ref]5ce to o!r conditions2 ,sokrates nev]!less br+s 8 respond5t to admit1 t e act1 9 s f> z x is j & hon\rable1 is also good & exp$i5t4#aj ,& he cont5ds f>!r1 t :oev] acts hon\rably1 does well3 n[ e man :o does well1 becomes happy1 or secures good ?+s !reby3 !re=e ! j1 ! hon\rable1 & ! good or exp$i5t1 co9cide4#aa ,! argum5t1 :]eby ?is conclusion is "h e/abli%$1 is po9t$ out by ,he9dorf1 ,/allbaum1 & ,/e9h>t1 z n m]ely inconclusive1 b z m]e v]bal equivocation & sophi/ry--! l ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we f9d else:]e 9 ,plato4#ab ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aae ,b--#aaf ,a4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n tn toiau_/tn bo!i_/an kaln men le_/geis kata tn e7pi*ei_/rs9 t\ ssai ou7s e7_/dei2 t\to d' e7/in a7ndri_/a2 4 4 4 4 kakn de_/ ge kata t\s ?ana_/t\s te kai ta e7_/lk4 4 4 4 ,ou7k\n 7de di_/kaion prosagoreu_/e9 e7ka_//n tn pra_/xen2 ei7_/p] 7 kakon a7p]ga_/zetai kakn kaleis1 kai 7 a7ga?on a7ga?n klte_/on4 ,a7r' ou7n kai 7 a7ga?on kalo_/n1--7 de kakon ai7s*ro_/n8 ,nai_/4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,republic1 v4 p4 #dgi1 :]e he ma9ta9s t 9 e p>ticul> case1 :at is j1 hon\rable1 virtu\s1 c41 is also unju/1 di%on\rable1 vici\s1 c4 ,no?+ rema9s un*ang$1 nor excludes ! contr>y1 except ! pure1 self-exi/5t1 ,idea or g5]al ,concept4--,greek3 au7to-dikaiosu_/n1 c4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aaf ,e4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! words ,greek3 eu7 pra_/tte9--eu7pragi_/a h a d\ble s5se1 l our do+ well4 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 p4 #age2 ,/e9h>t1 ,e9l4 p4 #adi4 ,we h1 p4 #aaf ,b1 ! equivocation betwe5 ,greek3 kals pra_/tte9 & ,greek3 eu7 pra_/tte91 also ) ,greek3 kaks pra_/tte91 p4 #acd ,a1 #ace ,a2 comp>e ,he9dorf ad ,platon4 ,*>mid4 p4 #agb ,a1 p4 #agd ,b2 also ,platon4 ,gorgias1 p4 #ejg ,c1 :]e simil> equivocal mean+s occur4 ,side-note3 ,humiliation ( ,alkibiades4 ,o!r ,a!nian /atesm5 are equally ignorant4 ,b ! real oppon5ts1 aga9/ :om ,alkibiades is to measure himself1 are1 ! k+s ( ,sp>ta & ,p]sia4 ,eulogi/ic description ( ^? k+s4 ,to mat* !m1 ,alkibiades mu/ make himself z good z possible4 ,alkibiades is ?us r$uc$ to a /ate ( humiliat+ emb>rassm5t1 & /&s convict$1 by 8 own contradictions & confession1 ( ignorance 9 its wor/ =m3 t is1 ( be+ ignorant1 & yet believ+ himself to "k4#ac ,b o!r ,a!nian /atesm5 are no wis]4 ,ev5 ,p]ikles is prov$ to be equally defici5t--by ! fact t he has nev] be5 able to tea* or improve any "o else1 n ev5 8 own sons & ^? :om he lov$ be/4#ad ,at any rate 7cont5ds ,alkibiades7 ,i am z good z my competitors1 & c hold my gr\nd aga9/ !m4 ,b ,sokrates rem9ds him t ! real competitors ) :om he ought to comp>e himself1 are =eign]s1 liable to become ! enemies ( ,a!ns1 & aga9/ :om he1 if he pret5ds to lead ,a!ns1 mu/ be able to cont5d4 ,9 an h>angue ( unusual l5g?1 ,sokrates %[s t ! k+s ( ,sp>ta & ,p]sia are ( nobl] bre$1 z well z m highly & c>efully tra9$1 ?an ! ,a!nian /atesm54#ae ,alkibiades mu/ be rescu$ f 8 pres5t ignorance1 & exalt$1 s z to be capable ( compet+ ) ^! k+s3 :i* object _c be atta9$ except ?r\gh ! auxili>y int]position ( ,sokrates4 ,n t ,sokrates pr(esses to be himself already on ?is elevation1 & to /& 9 ne$ ( no f>!r improvem5t4 ,b he c1 nev]!less1 help o!rs to atta9 x = !mselves1 ?r\gh ! discipl9e & /imulus ( 8 int]rogatories4#af ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #aah-aai4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abj-abd4 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abd4 ,side-note3 ,b good--= :at end1 & "u :at circum/ances8 ,abundant illu/rative examples4 ,! dialogue !n cont9ues4 ,sokr4--,we wi% to become z good z possible4 ,b 9 :at sort ( virtue8 ,alk4--,9 t virtue :i* belongs to good m54 ,sokr4--,yes1 b good1 9 :at matt]s8 ,alk4--,evid5tly1 to m5 :o are good 9 transact+ bus9ess4 ,sokr4--,ay1 b :at k9d ( bus9ess8 bus9ess relat+ to horses1 or to navigation8 ,if t be meant1 we mu/ g & consult horse-tra9]s or m>9]s8 ,alk4--,no1 ,i mean su* bus9ess z is transact$ by ! mo/ e/eem$ lead]s 9 ,a!ns4 ,sokr4--,y mean ! intellig5t m54 ,e man is good1 9 ref]5ce to t :i* he und]/&s3 e man is bad1 9 ref]5ce to t :i* he does n und]/&4 ,alk4--,( c\rse4 ,sokr4--,! cobbl] und]/&s %oemak+1 & is !re=e good at t3 he does n und]/& weav+1 & is !re=e bad at t4 ,! same man ?us1 9 y\r view1 w be bo? good & bad8#ag ,alk4--,no3 t _c be4 ,sokr4--,:om !n d y mean1 :5 y talk ( ! good8 ,alk4--,i mean ^? :o are compet5t to comm& 9 ! city4 ,sokr4--,b to comm& :om or :at--horses or m58 ,alk4--,to comm& m54 ,sokr4--,b :at m51 & "u :at circum/ances8 sick m51 or m5 on %ipbo>d1 or lab\r]s engag$ 9 h>ve/+1 or 9 :at occupations8 ,alk4--,i mean1 m5 liv+ 9 social & comm]cial relation ) ea* o!r1 z we live "h2 m5 :o live 9 common possession ( ! same laws & gov]nm5t4 ,sokr4--,:5 m5 are 9 communion ( a sea voyage & ( ! same %ip1 h[ d we "n ! art ( comm&+ !m1 & to :at purpose does x t5d8 ,alk4--,x is ! art ( ! pilot2 & ! purpose t[>ds :i* x t5ds1 is1 br++ !m safely ?r\gh ! dang]s ( ! sea4 ,sokr4--,:5 m5 are 9 social & political communion1 to :at purpose does ! art ( comm&+ !m t5d8 ,alk4--,t[>ds ! bett] pres]vation & adm9i/ration ( ! city4#ah ,sokr4--,b :at d y mean by bett]8 ,:at is t1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* makes bett] or worse8 ,if 9 reg>d to ! managem5t ( ! body1 y put to me ! same "q1 ,i %\ld reply1 t x is ! pres5ce ( heal?1 & ! abs5ce ( disease4 ,:at reply w y make1 9 ! case ( ! city8 ,alk4--,i %\ld say1 :5 fri5d%ip & unanimity among ! citiz5s are pres5t1 & :5 discord & antipa?y are abs5t4 ,sokr4--,?is unanimity1 ( :at nature is x8 ,respect+ :at subject8 ,:at is ! art or sci5ce = realis+ x8 ,if ,i ask y :at br+s ab\t unanimity respect+ numb]s & measures1 y w say ! ari?metical & ! metrtic art4 ,alk4--,i mean t fri5d%ip & unanimity :i* prevails betwe5 ne> relatives1 fa!r & son1 husb& & wife4 ,sokr4--,b h[ c !re be unanimity betwe5 any two p]sons1 respect+ subjects :i* "o ( !m kn[s1 & ! o!r does n "k8 ,= example1 ab\t sp9n+ & weav+1 :i* ! husb& does n "k1 or ab\t milit>y duties1 :i* ! wife does n "k1 h[ c !re be unanimity betwe5 ! two8 ,alk4--,no3 !re _c be4 ,sokr4--,nor fri5d%ip1 if unanimity & fri5d%ip g toge!r8 ,alk4--,app>5tly !re _c4 ,sokr4--,!n :5 m5 & wom5 ea* p]=m _! own special duties1 !re c be no fri5d%ip betwe5 !m4 ,nor c a city be well adm9i/]$1 :5 ea* citiz5 p]=ms 8 own special duties8 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 :5 ea* citiz5 acts ju/ly8 ,alk4--,n s3 ,i ?9k !re may be fri5d%ip1 :5 ea* p]son p]=ms 8 or h] own bus9ess4 ,sokr4--,j n[ y said ! rev]se4 ,:at is ?is fri5d%ip or unanimity :i* we mu/ und]/& & realise1 9 ord] to become good m58 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abe ,b4 ,greek3 ,o7 au7tos a7_/ra t\_/t ge t lo_/g kako_/s te kai a7ga?o_/s4 ,plato slides unconsci\sly "h1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 reason+s1 dicto secundum quid1 ad dictum simplicit]4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abf ,a4 ,greek3 ti_/ de_/8 7n su kaleis eu7b\li_/an1 ei7s ti_/ e7/98 ,alk4 ,greek3 ,ei7s to a7_/me9on tn po_/l9 dioikein kai s_/ze/hai4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,a7me9on de dioikeitai kai s_/zetai ti_/nos p>agignome_/n\ 7 a7pogignom5\8 ,side-note3 ,alkibiades1 puzzl$ & humiliat$1 confesses 8 ignorance4 ,enc\ragem5t giv5 by ,sokrates4 ,x is an advantage to make su* discov]y 9 y\?4 ,alk4--,9 tru?1 ,i am puzzl$ myself to say4 ,i f9d myself 9 a /ate ( disgraceful ignorance1 ( :i* ,i _h no previ\s suspicion4 ,sokr4--,d n be disc\rag$4 ,if y _h made ?is discov]y :5 y 7 fifty ye>s old1 x w\ld h be5 too late = tak+ c>e ( y\rself & apply+ a rem$y3 b at y\r age1 x is ! "r "t = mak+ ! discov]y4 ,alk4--,:at am ,i to d1 n[ t ,i h made x8 ,sokr4--,y mu/ answ] my que/ions4 ,if my auguries are j1 we %all soon be bo? ( u bett] = ! process4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #abg ,d-,e4 ,alk4 ,greek3 ,a7lla ma t\s !\_/s1 ou7d' au7tos oi7da o7_/ ti le_/g1 k9duneu_/ de kai pa_/lai lel!_/nai e7mauton ai7_/s*i/' e7_/*n4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,a7lla *r ?>7r7ein2 ei7 men gar au7to 7/h\ pepon?s p5tkontae_/ts1 *alepon a7n 7n soi e7pimel?nai saut\2 nun de 7n e7_/*eis 7liki_/an1 au7_/t e7/i_/n1 e7n 7 dei au7to ai7/he_//hai4 ,alk4 ,greek3 ,ti_/ ou7n ton ai7/ho_/m5on *r poiein8 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,a7pokri_/ne/hai ta e7rt_/m5a1 kai e7an t\to pois1 a7n !os e7!_/l1 ei7_/ ti dei kai t e7m mantei_/a pi/eu_/e91 su_/ te ka7g beltio_/ns s*_/som54 ,side-note3 ,platonic ,dialectic--its actual effect--its anticipat$ effect--applicable to ! season ( y\?4 ,"h we h aga91 br\ght into prom95t relief1 ! dialectic me?od ( ,plato1 "u two di/9ct aspects3 #a4 ,its actual effects1 9 expos+ ! false supposition ( k1 9 =c+ ^u ! respond5t ! humiliat+ conviction1 t he does n "k famili> topics :i* he suppos$ to be cle> bo? to himself & to o!rs4 #b4 ,its anticipat$ effects1 if cont9u$1 9 rem$y+ su* defect3 & 9 g5]at+ out ( ! m9d ( ! respond5t1 real & liv+ k4 ,la/ly1 x is pla9ly intimat$ t ?is %ock ( humiliation & mi/ru/1 pa9ful b inevitable1 mu/ be und]gone 9 y\?4 ,side-note3 ,"k ,?yself--,delphian maxim--its urg5t importance--,:at is myself8 ,my m9d is myself4 ,! dialogue cont9ues1 9 %ort que/ions & answ]s1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an ab/ract4 ,sokr4--,:at is meant by a man tak+ c>e ( himself8 ,be=e ,i c take c>e ( myself1 ,i mu/ "k :at myself is3 ,i mu/ "k myself1 accord+ to ! ,delphian motto4 ,i _c make myself bett]1 )\t kn[+ :at myself is4#bj ,t :i* belongs to me is n myself3 my body is n myself1 b an in/rum5t gov]n$ by myself4#ba ,my m9d or s\l only1 is myself4 ,to take c>e ( myself is1 to take c>e ( my m9d4 ,at any rate1 if ?is be n /rictly true1#bb my m9d is ! mo/ important & dom9ant elem5t )9 me4 ,! physician :o kn[s 8 own body1 does n = t reason "k himself3 mu* less d ! husb&man or ! tradesman1 :o "k _! own prop]ties or crafts1 "k !mselves1 or p]=m :at is truly _! own bus9ess4 ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #abi ,b4 ,greek3 ti_/n' a7n tro_/pon eu7re!i_/ au7to to au7to_/8 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #abh-acj4 ,all ?is is greatly exp&$ 9 ! dialogue--p4 #abh ,d3 ,greek3 ,ou7k a7_/ra o7_/tan tn saut\ e7pimel1 saut\ e7pime_/lei8 ,?is same anti!sis is employ$ by ,isokrates1 ,de ,p]mutatione1 sect4 #cji1 p4 #dib1 ,bekk]4 ,he recomm5ds ,greek3 au7t\ pro_/t]on 7 tn au7t\ poiei/hai tn e7pime_/leian4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato consid]s ?is po9t to be n cle>ly made out4 ,alkib4 i4 #acj4 ,side-note3 ,i _c "k myself1 except by look+ into ano!r m9d4 ,self-k is temp]ance4 ,temp]ance & ,ju/ice are ! conditions bo? ( happ9ess & ( fre$om4 ,s9ce temp]ance consi/s 9 self-k1 nei!r ( ^! pr(essional m51 z su*1 is temp]ate3 _! pr(essions are ( a vulg> ca/1 & d n belong to ! virtu\s life4#bc ,h[ are we to "k our own m9ds8 ,we "k x by look+ into ano!r m9d1 & into ! mo/ rational & div9e portion !re(3 j z ! eye c only "k itself by look+ into ano!r eye1 & see+ itself !re9 reflect$4#bd ,x is only 9 ?is way t we c come to "k ourselves1 or become temp]ate3 & if we d n "k ourselves1 we _c ev5 "k :at belongs to ourselves1 or :at belongs to o!rs3 all ^! are bran*es ( "o & ! same cognition4 ,we c h no k ( affairs1 ei!r public or private3 we %all g wrong1 & %all be unable to secure happ9ess ei!r = ourselves or = o!rs4 ,x is n weal? or p[] :i* are ! conditions ( happ9ess1 b ju/ice & temp]ance4 ,bo? = ourselves individually1 & = ! public collectively1 we ought to aim at ju/ice & temp]ance1 n at weal? & p[]4 ,! evil & unju/ man ought to h no p[]1 b to be ! slave ( ^? :o are bett] ?an himself4#be ,he is fit = no?+ b to be a slave3 none des]ve fre$om except ! virtu\s4 ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #aca ,b4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #acc4 ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #acd-ace ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ,prin de_/ ge a7retn e7_/*e91 to a7_/r*e/hai a7_/me9on u7po t\ belti_/onos 7 to a7_/r*e9 a7ndri1 ou7 mo_/non paidi_/ 4 4 4 4 ,pre_/pei a7_/ra t kak d\leu_/e92 a7_/me9on ga_/r4 ,side-note3 ,alkibiades feels himself unwor?y to be free1 & decl>es t he w nev] quit ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,h[ d y feel y\r own condition n[1 ,alkibiades4 ,are y wor?y ( fre$om8 ,alk4--,i feel b too ke5ly t ,i am n4 ,i _c em]ge f ?is degradation except by y\r society & help4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ,i %all nev] leave y4#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 #ace4 ,,alkibiades ,,ii4 ,side-note3 ,second ,alkibiades--situation suppos$4 ,! o!r ,platonic dialogue1 t]m$ ! ,second ,alkibiades1 introduces ,alkibiades z ab\t to (f] pray] & sacrifice to ! ,gods4 ,side-note3 ,dang] ( mi/ake 9 pray+ to ! ,gods = gifts :i* may prove mis*iev\s4 ,mo/ m5 are unwise4 ,unwise is ! g5]ic ^w3 madm51 a p>ticul> v>iety "u x4 ,sokr4--,y seem absorb$ 9 ?\ght1 ,alkibiades1 & n unreasonably4 ,9 supplicat+ ! ,gods1 caution is requir$ n to pray = gifts :i* are really mis*iev\s4 ,! ,gods sometimes grant m5's pray]s1 ev5 :5 ru9\sly de/ructive2 z !y grant$ ! pray]s ( ,o$ipus1 to ! de/ruction ( 8 own sons4 ,alk4--,o$ipus 0 mad3 :at man 9 8 s5ses w\ld put up su* a pray]8 ,sokr4--,y ?9k t madness is ! opposite ( good s5se or wisdom4 ,y recognise m5 wise & unwise3 & y f>!r admit t e man mu/ be "o or o!r ( ! two1--j z e man mu/ be ei!r heal?y or sick3 !re is no ?ird alt]native possible8 ,alk4--,i ?9k s4 ,sokr4--,b ea* ?+ c h b "o opposite3#bg to be unwise1 & to be mad1 are !re=e id5tical8 ,alk4--,!y are4 ,sokr4--,wise m5 are only few1 ! majority ( our citiz5s are unwise3 b d y really ?9k !m mad8 ,h[ c\ld any ( u live safely 9 ! society ( s _m mad-m58 ,alk4--,no3 x _c be s3 ,i 0 mi/ak54 ,sokr4--,"h is ! illu/ration ( y\r mi/ake4 ,all m5 :o h g\t1 or fev]1 or oph?almia are sick2 b all sick m5 h n g\t1 or fev]1 or oph?almia4 ,s1 too1 all c>p5t]s1 or %oemak]s1 or sculptors1 are craftsm52 b all craftsm5 are n c>p5t]s1 or %oemak]s1 or sculptors4 ,9 l mann]1 all mad m5 are unwise2 b all unwise m5 are n mad4 ,unwise comprises _m v>ieties & gradations ( :i* ! extreme is1 be+ mad3 b ^! v>ieties are diff]5t among !mselves1 z "o disease diff]s f ano!r1 ?\gh all agree 9 be+ disease & "o art diff]s f ano!r1 ?\gh all agree 9 be+ art4#bh ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #aci ,b4 ,greek3 ,kai mn du_/o ge u7p5anti_/a e7ni pra_/gmati ps a7n ei7_/8 ,t ea* ?+ has "o opposite1 & no m1 is ass]t$ 9 ! ,protagoras also1 p4 #aib-aic4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #aci-adj ,a-,b4 ,greek3 ,kai gar oi7 pure_/ttontes pa_/ntes nos\s91 ou7 me_/nntoioi7 nos\ntes pa_/ntes pure_/tt\s9 ou7de podagrs9 ou7de_/ ge o7ph?almis92 a7lla no_/sos men pan to toi\to_/n e7/i1 diaphe_/re9 de_/ phas9 ou7s d kal\m5 i7atros tn a7p]gasi_/an au7tn2 ou7 gar pasai ou7_/te o7_/moiai ou7_/te o7moi_/s diapra_/ttontai1 a7lla kata tn au7ts du_/nam9 e7ka_//4 ,side-note3 ,relation betwe5 a g5]ic t]m1 & ! specific t]ms compreh5d$ "u x1 0 n !n famili>4 7,we may rem>k t ,plato "h1 z 9 ! ,eu?yphron1 br+s "u especial notice "o ( ! mo/ important di/9ctions 9 =mal logic--t betwe5 a g5]ic betwe5 a t]m & ! v>i\s specific t]ms compreh5d$ "u x4 ,possess+ z yet no te*nical language = *>act]is+ ?is di/9ction1 he makes x und]/ood by an induction ( sev]al sep>ate b analog\s cases4 ,because ! di/9ction is famili> n[ to in/ruct$ m51 we mu/ n suppose t x 0 famili> !n47 ,side-note3 ,frequ5t cases1 9 :i* m5 pray = suppos$ b5efits1 & f9d t :5 obta9$1 !y are mis=tunes4 ,e "o fancies t he kn[s :at is b5eficial3 mis*iefs ( ignorance4 ,sokr4--,:om d y call wise & unwise8 ,is n ! wise man1 he :o kn[s :at x is prop] to say & d--& ! unwise man1 he :o does n "k8 ,alk4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,! unwise man w ?us (t5 unconsci\sly say or d :at ought n to be said or done8 ,?\gh n mad l ,o$ipus1 he w nev]!less pray to ! ,gods = gifts1 :i* w be hurtful to him if obta9$4 ,y1 = example1 w\ld be ov]joy$ if ! ,gods 7 to promise t y %\ld become despot n only ov] ,a!ns1 b also ov] ,greece4 ,alk4--,d\btless ,i %\ld3 & e "o else w\ld feel z ,i d4 ,sokr4--,b :at if y 7 to pur*ase x ) y\r life1 or to damage y\rself by ! employm5t ( x8 ,alk4--,n on ^? conditions4#bi ,sokr4--,b y are aw>e t _m ambiti\s aspirants1 bo? at ,a!ns & else:]e 7among !m1 ! man :o j n[ kill$ ! ,mac$onian ,k+ ,ar*elaus1 & usurp$ 8 ?rone71 h acquir$ p[] & aggr&isem5t1 s z to be envi$ by e "o3 yet h pres5tly f\nd !mselves br\ght to ru9 & dea? by ! acquisition4 ,s1 also1 _m p]sons pray t !y may become fa!rs2 b discov] pres5tly t _! *ildr5 are ! s\rce ( s mu* grief to !m1 t !y wi% !mselves aga9 *ildless4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh su* rev]ses are p]petually happ5+1 e "o is /ill n only eag] to obta9 ^! suppos$ b5efits1 b importunate ) ! ,gods 9 ask+ = !m4 ,y see t x is n safe ev5 to accept )\t reflection boons (f]$ to y1 mu* less to pray = boons to be conf]r$4#cj ,alk4--,i see n[ h[ mu* mis*ief ignorance produces4 ,e "o ?9ks himself compet5t to pray = :at is b5eficial to himself2 b ignorance makes him unconsci\sly imprecate mis*ief on 8 own head4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #ada-adb4 ,side-note3 ,mi/ake 9 pr$ications ab\t ignorance g5]ally4 ,we mu/ discrim9ate4 ,ignorance ( :at8 ,ignorance ( good1 is always mis*iev\s3 ignorance ( o!r ?+s1 n always4 ,sokr4--,y ought n to d5\nce ignorance 9 ?is unqualifi$ mann]4 ,y mu/ di/+ui% & specify4 ,ignorance ( :at8 & "u :at modifications ( p]sons & circum/ances8 ,alk4--,h[8 ,are !re any matt]s or circum/ances 9 :i* x is bett] = a man to be ignorant1 ?an to "k8 ,sokr4--,y w see t !re are su*4 ,ignorance ( good1 or ignorance ( :at is be/1 is always mis*iev\s3 moreov]1 assum+ t a man kn[s :at is be/1 !n all o!r k w be pr(itable to him4 ,9 8 special case1 ignorance on any subject _c be o!rwise ?an hurtful4 ,b if a man be ignorant ?+s ( good1 or ( :at is be/1 9 8 case k on o!r subjects w be m (t5 hurtful ?an pr(itable4 ,to a man l ,ore/es1 s misguid$ on ! "q1 ,:at is good8 z to resolve to kill 8 "m1 x w\ld be a real b5efit1 if = ! "t he did n "k 8 "m4 ,ignorance on t po9t1 9 8 /ate ( m9d1 w\ld be bett] = him ?an k4#ca ,alk4--,x appe>s s4 ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #add4 ,side-note3 ,wise public c\nsellors are few4 ,^u :at gr\nd d we call ^! few wise8 ,n because !y possess m]ely special arts or accompli%m5ts1 b because !y "k besides1 ^u :at occasions & "u :at limits ea* ( ^! accompli%m5ts ought to be us$4 ,sokr4--,foll[ ! argum5t f>!r4 ,:5 we come =w>d to say or d any ?+1 we ei!r "k :at we are ab\t to say & d1 or at lea/ believe ourselves to "k x4 ,e /atesman :o gives c\nsel to ! public1 does s 9 ! fai? ( su* k4 ,mo/ citiz5s are unwise1 & ignorant ( good z well z ( o!r ?+s4 ,! wise are b few1 & by _! advice ! city is conduct$4 ,n[ ^u :at gr\nd d we call ^! few1 wise & useful public c\nsellors8 ,if a /atesman kn[s w>1 b does n "k :e!r x is be/ to g to w>1 or at :at juncture x is be/--%\ld we call him wise8 ,if he kn[s h[ to kill m51 or dispossess !m1 or drive !m into exile1--b does n "k ^u :om1 or on :at occasions1 x is good to inflict ?is treatm5t--is he a useful c\nsellor8 ,if he c ride1 or %oot1 or wre/le1 well1--we give him an epi!t d]iv$ f ?is special accompli%m5t3 we d n call him wise4 ,:at w\ld be ! condition ( a community compos$ ( b[m51 horsem51 wre/l]s1 rhetors1 c41 accompli%$ & excell5t ea* 9 8 own p>ticul> craft1 yet none ( !m kn[+ :at is good1 nor :51 nor on :at occasions1 x is good to employ _! craft8 ,:5 ea* man pu%es =w>d 8 own art & speciality1 )\t any k :e!r x is good on ! :ole ei!r = himself or = ! city1 w n affairs ?us conduct$ be reckless & disa/r\s8#cb ,alk4--,!y w be v bad inde$4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #ade4 ,side-note3 ,special accompli%m5ts1 )\t ! k ( ! good or pr(itable1 are (t5] hurtful ?an b5eficial4 ,sokr4--,if1 !n1 a man has no k ( good or ( ! bett]--if ^u ?is c>d9al po9t he obeys fancy )\t reason--! possession ( k ^u special subjects w be (t5] hurtful ?an pr(itable to him2 because x w make him m =w>d 9 action1 )\t any good result4 ,possess+ _m arts & accompli%m5ts1 & prosecut+ "o aft] ano!r1 b )\t ! k ( good1--he w only fall into great] tr\ble1 l a %ip sail+ )\t a pilot4 ,k ( good is1 9 o!r words1 k ( :at is useful & pr(itable4 ,9 conjunction ) ?is1 all o!r k is valuable1 & goes to increase a man's compet5ce z a c\nsellor3 ap>t f ?is1 all o!r k w n r5d] a man compet5t z a c\nsellor1 b w be m frequ5tly hurtful ?an b5eficial4#cc ,t[>ds "r liv+1 :at we ne$ is1 ! k ( good3 j z ! sick /& 9 ne$ ( a physician1 & ! %ip's crew ( a pilot4 ,alk4--,i admit y\r reason+4 ,my op9ion is *ang$4 ,i no long] believe myself compet5t to det]m9e :at ,i ought to accept f ! ,gods1 or :at ,i ought to pray =4 ,i incur s]i\s dang] ( err+1 & ( ask+ = mis*iefs1 "u ! belief t !y are b5efits4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 #ade ,c3 ,greek3 ,o7_//is a7_/ra ti tn toi\_/tn oi7d51 e7an men p>e_/ptai au7t 7 t\ belti_//\ e7pi/_/m--au7_/t d' 7n 7 au7t d_/p\ 7_/p] kai 7 t\ 7pheli_/m\--phro_/nimo_/n ge au7ton ph_/som5 kai a7po*rnta xu_/mb\l\ kai t po_/lei kai au7ton au7t2 ton de m toi\ton1 ta7nanti_/a t\_/tn4 7,greek3 ,t\\ton is ,s*neid]'s em5dation = ,greek3 poi\nta47 ,ibid4 #adf ,c3 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n phamen pa_/l9 t\s poll\s dim>tke_/nai t\ belti_//\1 7s ta polla_/ ge1 oi7mai1 a7_/neu n\ d_/x pepi/euko_/tas8 ,ibid4 #adf ,e3 ,greek3 ,o7ras ou7n1 o7_/te g' e7_/phn k9duneu_/e9 to_/ ge tn a7_/lln e7pi/mn ktma1 e7a_/n tis a7_/neu ts t\ belti_//\ e7pi/_/ms kektme_/nos 71 o7liga_/kis men 7phelein bla_/pte9 de ta plei_/ ton e7_/*ont' au7to_/4 ,ibid4 #adg ,a3 ,greek3 ,o7 de d tn kal\me_/nn poluma_/!ia_/n te kai polute*ni_/an kektme_/nos1 o7rphanos de 7n tau_/ts ts e7pi/_/ms1 a7g_/m5os de u7po mias e7ka_//s tn a7_/lln1 a7r' ou7*i t o7_/nti dikai_/s poll *eimni *r_/setai1 a7_/t'1 oi7mai1 a7_/neu kub]n_/t\ diateln e7n pela_/gei1 c4 ,side-note3 ,x is unsafe = ,alkibiades to proce$ ) 8 sacrifice1 until he has le>nt :at is ! prop] language to address to ! ,gods4 ,he r5\nces 8 sacrifice1 & ?r[s himself ^u ! c\nsel ( ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,! ,lac$monians1 :5 !y (f] sacrifice1 pray simply t !y may obta9 :at is hon\rable & good1 )\t f>!r specification4 ,?is language is acceptable to ! ,gods1 m acceptable ?an ! co/ly fe/ivals ( ,a!ns4 ,x has procur$ = ! ,sp>tans m cont9u$ prosp]ity ?an ! ,a!nians h enjoy$4#cd ,! ,gods hon\r wise & j m51 t is1 m5 :o "k :at !y ought to say & d bo? t[>ds ,gods & t[>ds m5--m ?an num]\s & spl5did (f]+s4#ce ,y see1 !re=e1 t x is n safe = y to proce$ ) y\r sacrifice1 until y h le>nt :at is ! prop] language to be us$1 & :at are ! really good gifts to be pray$ =4 ,o!rwise y\r sacrifice w n prove acceptable1 & y may ev5 br+ ^u y\rself positive mis*ief4#cf ,alk4--,:5 %all ,i be able to le>n ?is1 & :o is !re to tea* me8 ,i %all be delight$ to meet him4 ,sokr4--,!re is a p]son at h& mo/ anxi\s = y\r improvem5t4 ,:at he mu/ d is1 fir/ to disp]se ! d>kness f y\r m9d1 next1 to imp>t t :i* w tea* y to discrim9ate evil f good1 :i* at pres5t y are unable to d4 ,alk4--,i %all %r9k f no lab\r to accompli% ?is object4 ,until !n1 ,i po/pone my int5d$ sacrifice3 & ,i t5d] my sacrificial wrea? to y1 9 gratitude = y\r c\nsel4#cg ,sokr4--,i accept ! wrea? z a welcome augury ( future fri5d%ip & conv]sation betwe5 u1 to help u out ( ! pres5t emb>rassm5t4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #aej4 ,footnote #cg3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #aea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,diff]5t critical op9ions respect+ ^! two dialogues4 ,! two dialogues1 call$ ,fir/ & ,second ,alkibiads1 ( :i* ,i h j giv5 "s acc\nt1 resemble ea* o!r m ?an mo/ ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 n m]ely 9 ! p]sonages introduc$1 b 9 g5]al _s1 9 subject1 & ev5 9 illu/rations4 ,! ,fir/ ,alkibiads 0 recognis$ z au!ntic by all critics )\t exception1 until ! days ( ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,nay1 x 0 n only recognis$1 b extoll$ z "o ( ! mo/ valuable & important ( all ! ,platonic compositions2 prop] to be /udi$ fir/1 z a key to all ! re/4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ,jambli*us & ,proklus1 transmitt$ to mod]n times2 until x receiv$ a h>% contradiction f ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o decl>$ ! dialogue to be bo? wor?less & spuri\s4 ,! ,second ,alkibiads 0 also admitt$ bo? by ,?rasyllus1 & by ! g5]al body ( critics 9 anci5t times3 b !re 7 "s p]sons 7z we le>n f ,a!nu7#ch :o consid]$ x to be a "w ( ,x5ophon2 p]ceiv+ probably 7:at is ! fact7 t x be>s mu* analogy to sev]al conv]sations :i* ,x5ophon has set d[n4 ,b ^? :o held ?is op9ion are n to be consid]$ z ( "o m9d ) critics :o reject ! dialogue z a =g]y or imitation ( ,plato4 ,compositions emanat+ f ,x5ophon are j z mu* ,sokratic1 probably ev5 m ,sokratic1 ?an ! mo/ unque/ion$ ,platonic dialogues1 besides t !y mu/ ( necessity be contempor>y also4 ,s*lei]ma*] has gone mu* f>!r3 decl>+ ! ,second z well z ! ,fir/ to be an unwor?y imitation ( ,plato4#ci ,footnote #ch3 ,a!nu1 xi4 p4 #ejf4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ! ,e9leitung ( ,s*lei]ma*] to ,alkib4 i4 "p ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bic seq4 ,e9leitung to ,alkib4 ii4 "p i4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfe seq4 ,8 notes on ! two dialogues conta9 v>i\s additional reasons1 besides :at is urg$ 9 8 ,introduction4 ,side-note3 ,gr\nds = disall[+ !m--less /rong aga9/ ! ,second ?an aga9/ ! ,fir/4 ,"h ,a/ agrees ) ,s*lei]ma*] fully1 includ+ bo? ! ,fir/ & ,second ,alkibiades 9 8 l>ge li/ ( ! spuri\s4 ,mo/ ( ! subsequ5t critics g ) ,s*lei]ma*] only half-way3 ,so*]1 ,h]mann1 ,/allbaum1 ,/e9h>t1 ,susemihl1 recognise ! ,fir/ ,alkibiads1 b disall[ ! ,second4#dj ,9 my judgm5t1 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,a/ are m consi/5tly "r1 or m consi/5tly wrong1 9 reject+ bo?1 ?an ! o!r critics :o f9d or make s capital a di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,! simil>ity ( tone & topics betwe5 ! two is obvi\s1 & is inde$ admitt$ by all4 ,moreov]1 if ,i 7 compell$ to make a *oice1 ,i %\ld say t ! gr\nds = suspicion are r less /rong aga9/ ! ,second ?an aga9/ ! ,fir/2 & t ,s*lei]ma*]1 reason+ ^u ! objections admitt$ by 8 oppon5ts z conclusive aga9/ ! ,second1 w\ld h no difficulty 9 %[+ t 8 own objections aga9/ ! ,fir/ 7 /ill m =cible4 ,! long spee* assign$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,alkibiads to ,sokrates1 ab\t ! privileges ( ! ,sp>tan & ,p]sian k+s1#da includ+ ! m5tion ( ,zoroa/]1 son ( ,oromazes1 & ! ,magian religion1 appe>s to me m unusual ) ,plato ?an any?+ :i* ,i f9d 9 ! ,second ,alkibiads4 ,x is m ,x5ophontic#db ?an ,platonic4 ,footnote #dj3 ,so*]1 ,ueb] ,platon's ,s*rift51 p4 #aab4 ,/allbaum1 ,prolegg4 to ,alkib4 i4 & ii4 vol4 v4 pp4 #aga-cjd4 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 ,ges*4 und ,sy/4 d] ,platon4 ,philos4 p4 #dbj-dci4 ,/e9h>t1 ,e9leitung5 to ,alkib4 i4 & ii4 9 ,hi]onymus ,mll]'s ,ueb]setzung des ,platon's ,w]ke1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ace-eji4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #aba-abd4 ,:oev] reads ! objections 9 ,/e9h>t's ,e9leitung 7p4 #adh-aej7 aga9/ ! ,fir/ ,alkibiads1 w see t !y are q z =cible z :at he urges aga9/ ! ,second2 only1 t 9 ! case ( ! ,fir/1 he gives ^! objections _! legitimate be>+1 all[+ !m to tell aga9/ ! m]it ( ! dialogue1 b n aga9/ its au!nticity4 ,footnote #db3 ,see ,x5oph4 ,oekonom4 c4 #d2 ,cyropd4 vii4 #e1 #eh-fd1 viii4 #a1 #e-h-de2 ,lac$4 ,repub4 c4 #ae4 ,side-note3 ,! suppos$ gr\nds = disall[ance are 9 reality only m>ks ( inf]iority4 ,b ,i mu/ "h repeat1 t because ,i f9d1 9 ?is or any o!r dialogue1 "s peculi>ities n usual ) ,plato1 ,i d n feel w>rant$ !reby 9 decl>+ ! dialogue spuri\s4 ,9 my judgm5t1 we mu/ look = a l>ge measure ( div]sity 9 ! v>i\s dialogues2 & ,i ?9k x an injudici\s novelty1 introduc$ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 to set up a canonical type ( ,platonism1 all deviations f :i* are to be reject$ z =g]ies4 ,bo? ! ,fir/ & ! ,second ,alkibiads appe> to me g5u9e1 ev5 ^u ! %[+ ( ^? v critics :o disall[ !m4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,/allbaum1 & ,/e9h>t1 all admit t !re is 9 bo? ! dialogues a consid]able proportion ( ,sokratic & ,platonic ideas3 b !y ma9ta9 t !re are also o!r ideas :i* are n ,sokratic or ,platonic1 & t ! texture1 /yle1 & prolixity ( ! ,second ,alkibiads 7,s*lei]ma*] ma9ta9s ?is ab\t ! ,fir/ also7 are unwor?y ( ,plato4 ,b if we grant ^! premisses1 ! reasonable inf]5ce w\ld be1 n to disall[ x altoge!r1 b to admit x z a "w by ,plato1 ( inf]ior m]it2 p]haps ( e>li] days1 be=e 8 p[]s ( composition _h atta9$ _! maturity4 ,to presume t because ,plato compos$ _m excell5t dialogues1 !re=e all t he compos$ mu/ h be5 excell5t1 is a pret5sion =mally disclaim$ by _m critics1 & ass]t$ by none4#db ,/e9h>t himself all[s t ! ,second ,alkibiads1 ?\gh n compos$ by ,plato1 is ! "w ( "s o!r au?or contempor>y1 an untra9$ ,sokratic disciple attempt+ to imitate ,plato4#dd ,b we d n "k t !re 7 any contempor>ies :o tri$ to imitate ,plato3 ?\gh ,!opompus accus$ him ( imitat+ o!rs1 & call$ mo/ ( 8 dialogues useless z well z false3 :ile ,plato himself1 9 8 inf]ior works1 w naturally appe> l an imitator ( 8 bett] self4 ,footnote #dc3 ,/allbaum 7,prolegg4 ad ,alcib4 i4 p4 #ahf7 makes ?is g5]al /atem5t v ju/ly1 b he z well z o!r critics are apt to =get x 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,footnote #dd3 ,/e9h>t1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #eaf-eai4 ,/allbaum & ,boeckh inde$ assign ! dialogue to a lat] p]iod4 ,he9dorf 7ad ,lys91 p4 #baa7 ?9ks x ! "w antiqui auctoris1 s$ non ,platonis4 ,/e9h>t & o!rs :o disall[ ! au!nticity ( ! ,second ,alkibiads insi/ mu* 7p4 #eah7 ^u ! enormity ( ! *ronological blund]1 :]eby ,sokrates & ,alkibiads are introduc$ z talk+ ab\t ! dea? ( ,ar*elaus k+ ( ,mac$onia1 :o 0 kill$ 9 #cii ,b4,c41 9 ! same ye> z ,sokrates1 & f\r ye>s aft] ,alkibiades4 ,su* an ana*ronism 7,/e9h>t urges7 ,plato c\ld nev] all[ himself to commit4 ,b :5 we read ! ,symposion1 we f9d ,ari/ophanes 9 a company ( :i* ,sokrates1 ,alkibiades1 & ,aga?on =m a "p1 allud+ to ! ,greek3 dioi_/kisis ( ,mant9eia1 :i* took place 9 #chf ,b4,c4 ,no "o has ev] made ?is gl>+ ana*ronism a gr\nd = disall[+ ! ,symposion4 ,/e9h>t says t ! /yle ( ! ,second ,alkibiads copies ,plato too closely 7die ng/li* platonisir5de ,spra*e des ,dialogs1 p4 #eae71 yet he agrees ) ,/allbaum t 9 sev]al places x dep>ts too widely f ,plato4 ,side-note3 ,! two dialogues may probably be among ,plato's e>li] compositions4 ,i agree ) ,s*lei]ma*] & ! o!r rec5t critics 9 consid]+ ! ,fir/ & ,second ,alkibiads to be inf]ior 9 m]it to ,plato's be/ dialogues2 & ,i cont5d t _! own premisses ju/ify no m4 ,!y may probably be among 8 e>li] productions1 ?\gh ,i d n believe t ! ,fir/ ,alkibiads 0 compos$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,sokrates1 z ,so*]1 ,/e9h>t1 & ,/allbaum endeav\r to %[4#de ,i h already giv5 my reasons1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 = believ+ t ,plato compos$ no dialogues at all dur+ ! lifetime ( ,sokrates2 /ill less 9 t ( ,alkibiads1 :o di$ f\r ye>s e>li]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 ei!r ,alkibiads ,i4 or ,,ii4 to %ake ?is belief4 ,footnote #de3 ,/allbaum ref]s ! composition ( ,alkib4 i4 to a "t n long be=e ! accusation ( ,sokrates1 :5 ! enemies ( ,sokrates 7 calumniat+ him 9 consequ5ce ( 8 pa/ intimacy ) ,alkibiades 7:o _h be=e t "t be5 kill$ 9 #djd ,b4,c47 & :5 ,plato 0 anxi\s to def5d 8 ma/] 7,prolegg4 p4 #ahf74 ,so*] & ,/e9h>t 7p4 #baj7 rem>k t su* writ+s w\ld d little good to ,sokrates "u 8 accusation4 ,!y place ! composition ( ! dialogue e>li]1 9 #djf ,b4,c4 7,/e9h>t1 p4 #aea-aeb71 & !y consid] x ! fir/ ex]cise ( ,plato 9 ! /rict dialectic me?od4 ,bo? ,/e9h>t & ,h]mann 7,ges*4 ,plat4 ,phil4 p4 #ddj7 ?9k t ! dialogue has n only a speculative b a political purpose2 to w>n & am5d ,alkibiades1 & to prev5t him f surr5d]+ himself bl9dly to ! democracy4 ,i _c admit ! hypo!sis t ! dialogue 0 writt5 9 #djf ,b4,c4 7:5 ,plato 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 at mo/ tw5ty-two71 nor t x _h any int5d$ be>+ ^u ! real hi/orical ,alkibiades1 :o left ,a!ns 9 #dae ,b4,c4 at ! head ( ! armam5t aga9/ ,syracuse1 0 bani%$ ?ree mon?s aft]w>ds1 & nev] came back to ,a!ns until ,may #djg ,b4,c4 7,x5oph4 ,hell54 i4 #d1 #ac2 i4 #e1 #ag74 ,he !n enjoy$ f\r mon?s ( great asc5dancy at ,a!ns1 left x at ! head ( ! fleet to ,asia 9 ,oct4 #djg ,b4,c41 rema9$ 9 comm& ( ! fleet = ab\t ?ree mon?s or s1 !n fell into disgrace & retir$ to ,*]sonese1 nev] revisit+ ,a!ns4 ,9 #djf ,b4,c4 ,alkibiades 0 aga9 9 bani%m5t1 out ( ! rea* ( all su* w>n+s z ,h]mann & ,/e9h>t suppose t ,plato int5d$ to address to him 9 ,alkib4 i4 ,/e9h>t says 7p4 #aeb71 ,9 dies] ,zeit also1 w5ige ,jahre na* se9] triumphir5d5 ,rckkehr1 wo ,alkibiades1 c4 ,n[ ,alkibiades left ! ,a!nian s]vice1 irrevocably1 )9 less ?an "o ye> aft] 8 triumphant return4 ,/e9h>t has n realis$ 9 8 m9d ! hi/orical & *ronological conditions ( ! p]iod4 ,side-note3 ,analogy ) v>i\s dialogues 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia--,purpose ( ,sokrates to humble presumptu\s "y m54 ,if we comp>e v>i\s colloquies ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 we %all f9d ,alkibiads ,i4 & ,,ii4 v analog\s to !m bo? 9 purpose & _s4 ,9 ,alkibiads ,i4 ! situation conceiv$ is ! same z t ( ,sokrates & ,glaukon1 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,memorabilia4 ,x5ophon rec\nts h[ ! presumptu\s ,glaukon1 h>dly tw5ty ye>s ( age1 fanci$ himself already fit to play a conspicu\s "p 9 public affairs1 & tri$ to =ce himself1 9 spite ( rebuffs & humiliations1 ^u ! notice ( ! assembly4#df ,no remon/rances ( fri5ds c\ld det] him1 nor c\ld any?+1 except ! +5i\s dialectic ( ,sokrates1 conv9ce him ( 8 own imp]t95t =w>dness & exagg]at$ self-e/imation4 ,probably ,plato 7,glaukon's eld] bro!r7 _h he>d ( ?is conv]sation1 b :e!r ! fact be s or n1 we see ! same situation idealis$ by him 9 ,alkibiads ,i41 & work$ out 9 a way ( 8 own4 ,aga91 we f9d 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia ano!r colloquy1 :]e9 ,sokrates cross-que/ions1 p]plexes1 & humiliates1 ! /udi\s y\? ,eu?ydemus1#dg :om he reg>ds z ov]-confid5t 9 8 p]suasions & too well satisfi$ ) himself4 ,x 0 among ! specialties ( ,sokrates to humiliate confid5t "y m51 ) a view to _! future improvem5t4 ,he made 8 conv]sation an in/rum5t ( *a/isem5t1 9 ! language ( ,x5ophon3 or 7to use a phrase ( ,plato himself 9 ! ,lysis7 he conceiv$4 t ! prop] way ( talk+ to y\? :om y love1 01 n to exalt & puff !m up1 b to subdue & humiliate !m4#dh ,footnote #df3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 iii4 #f4 ,footnote #dg3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 iv4 #b4 ,footnote #dh3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 i4 #d1 #a4 ,greek3 skepsa_/m5oi m mo_/non a7 e7keinos 7,sokrates7 ,greek3 kola/ri_/ou e7_/neka t\_/s pa_/nt' oi7ome_/n\s ei7de_/nai e7rtn 7_/leg*51 a7lla kai a7 le_/gn sunme_/reue tois sundiatri_/b\s91 c4 ,s 9 ! ,platonic ,lysis1 ! y\?ful ,lysis says to ,sokrates ,talk to ,m5ex5us1 ,greek3 i7_/n' au7ton kola_/ss 7,plat4 ,lysis1 #baa ,b74 ,& ,sokrates himself says1 a few l9es be=e 7#baj ,e71 ,greek3 ,ou7_/t *r tois paidikois diale_/ge/hai1 tape9\nta kai su/e_/llonta1 kai m 7_/sp] su *aun\nta kai dia?ru_/ptonta4 ,side-note3 ,fitness ( ! "n & "* ( ,alkibiades = idealis+ ?is feature 9 ,sokrates4 ,if ,plato wi%$ to idealise ?is feature 9 ! "* ( ,sokrates1 no "n c\ld be m suitable to 8 purpose ?an t ( ,alkibiades3 :o1 hav+ possess$ z a y\? ! greate/ p]sonal beauty 7to :i* ,sokrates 0 exquisitely s5sible7 _h become 9 8 mature life di/+ui%$ n less = unpr9cipl$ ambition & insol5ce1 ?an = en]gy & ability4 ,we "k ! real ,alkibiads bo? f ,?ucydides & ,x5ophon1 & we also "k t ,alkibiades _h 9 8 y\? s f> frequ5t$ ! society ( ,sokrates z to cat* "s ( t dialectic +5uity1 :i* ! latt] 0 expect$ & believ$ to imp>t4#di ,! contra/1 z well z ! companion%ip1 betwe5 ,sokrates & ,alkibiades 0 em95tly sugge/ive to ! writ]s ( ,sokratic dialogues1 & ne>ly all ( !m made use ( x1 compos+ dialogues 9 :i* ,alkibiades 0 ! pr9cipal "n & figure4#ej ,x w\ld be surpris+ inde$ if ,plato _h nev] done ! same3 :i* is :at we mu/ suppose1 if we adopt ,s*lei]ma*]'s view1 t bo? ,alkibiads ,i4 & ,,ii4 are spuri\s4 ,9 ! ,protagoras z well z 9 ! ,symposion1 ,alkibiades figures2 b 9 nei!r ( !m is he ! pr9cipal p]son1 or titul> h]o1 ( ! piece4 ,9 ,alkibiads ,i4 & ,,ii41 he is introduc$ z ! solit>y respond5t to ! que/ions ( ,sokrates--,greek3 kola/ri_/ou e7_/neka3 to receive f ,sokrates a lesson ( humiliation su* z ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates adm9i/]s to ,glaukon & ,eu?ydemus1 tak+ c>e to address ! latt] :5 alone4#ea ,footnote #di3 ,! s5sibility ( ,sokrates to y\?ful beauty is z /rongly decl>$ 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia 7i4 #c1 #h-ad71 z 9 ! ,platonic ,lysis1 ,*>mids1 or ,symposion4 ,! conv]sation report$ by ,x5ophon betwe5 ,alkibiades1 :5 n yet tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & 8 gu>dian ,p]ikles1 ! fir/ man 9 ,a!ns--:]e9 ,alkibiades puzzles ,p]ikles by a ,sokratic cross-exam9ation--is likely en\gh to be real1 & 0 probably ! fruit ( 8 su/a9$ society ) ,sokrates 7,x54 ,memor4 i4 #b1 #dj74 ,footnote #ej3 ,/allbaum obs]ves 7,prolegg4 ad ,alcib4 i4 p4 #bae1 #bnd ed471 ,cet]um etiam s*9es1 ,euclides1 ,phdon1 et ,anti/h5es1 dialogos ,alcibiadis nom9e inscriptos composuisse n>rantur4 ,respect+ ! dialogues compos$ by s*9es1 see ! fir/ note to ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #ea3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #h4 ,side-note3 ,plato's mann] ( reply+ to ! accus]s ( ,sokrates4 ,magical influ5ce ascrib$ to ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates4 ,i conceive ,alkibiads ,i4 & ,,ii4 z compos$ by ,plato among 8 e>li] writ+s 7p]haps betwe5 #cii-cij ,b4,c47#eb giv+ an imag9>y picture ( ! way 9 :i* ,sokrates h&l$ e respond5t j z he *ose 7to use ! lit]al phrase ( ,x5ophon#ec73 tam+ ev5 t mo/ ov]be>+ y\?1 :om ,ari/ophanes *>act]ises z ! lion's :elp4#ed ,9 select+ ,alkibiades z ! suff]] "u su* a *a/is+ process1 ,plato rebuts 9 8 own ideal /yle t *>ge :i* ,x5ophon answ]s ) prosaic directness--! *>ge made aga9/ ,sokrates by 8 enemies1 t he taught political craft )\t tea*+ e?ical sobriety2 & t he _h enc\rag$ by 8 tra9+ ! lawless prop5sities ( ,alkibiades4#ee ,:5 ,s*lei]ma*]1 & o!rs :o disall[ ! dialogue1 argue t ! inord9ate insol5ce ascrib$ to ,alkibiades1 & ! submissive def]5ce t[>ds ,sokrates also ascrib$ to him1 are incongru\s & incompatible attributes1--,i reply t su* a conjunction is v improbable 9 any real "*4 ,b ?is does n h9d] ,plato f comb9+ !m 9 "o & ! same ideal "*1 z we %all f>!r see :5 we come to ! manife/ation ( ,alkibiades 9 ! ,symposion3 9 :i* dialogue we f9d a comb9ation ( ! same elem5ts1 /ill m extravagant & high-col\r$4 ,bo? "h & !re we are made to see t ,sokrates1 f> f enc\rag+ ,alkibiades1 is ! only p]son :o ev] succe$$ 9 humbl+ him4 ,plato attributes to ! p]sonality & conv]sation ( ,sokrates an influ5ce magical & almo/ sup]human3 :i* ,cic]o & ,plut>*1 proce$+ probably ^u ! evid5ce ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 describe z if x 7 hi/orical fact4 ,!y repres5t ,alkibiades z %$d+ te>s ( sorr[ & %ame1 & entreat+ ,sokrates to rescue him f a s5se ( degradation insupportably pa9ful4#ef ,n[ ,x5ophon m5tions ,eu?ydemus & o!r "y m5 z hav+ really exp]i5c$ ^! pr(\nd & di/ress+ emotions4#ef ,b he does n at all c]tify ! same ab\t ,alkibiades1 ^: hi/orical c>e] is altoge!r adv]se to ! hypo!sis4 ,! ,platonic picture is an idal1 drawn f :at may h be5 actually true ab\t o!r int]locutors ( ,sokrates1 & calculat$ to reply to ,meltus & 8 allies4 ,footnote #eb3 ,! date :i* ,i "h suppose = ! composition ( ,alkib4 i4 7i4e4 aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates1 b e>ly 9 ! lit]>y c>e] ( ,plato71 is f>!r su/a9$ 7aga9/ ^? critics :o place x 9 #djf ,b4,c4 or #djb ,b4,c4 be=e ! dea? ( ,sokrates7 by ! long disc\rse 7p4 #aba-abd7 ( ,sokrates ab\t ! ,p]sian & ,sp>tan k+s4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! ,p]sian mon>*y ,sokrates says 7p4 #abc ,b71 ,greek3 e7pei_/ pot' e7g 7_/k\sa a7ndros a7xiopi_//\ tn a7nabebko_/tn p>a basile_/a1 o7s e7_/ph p>el!in *_/ran pa_/nu polln kai a7ga?_/n--7n kalein t\s e7pi*ri_/ous z_/nn ts basile_/s gunaiko_/s1 c4 ,olympiodorus & ! ,s*olia/ bo? suppose t ,plato "h ref]s to ,x5ophon & ! ,anabasis1 9 :i* a /atem5t v l ?is is f\nd 7i4 #d1 #i74 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t !y did n consid] ! dialogue to h be5 compos$ be=e ! dea? ( ,sokrates4 ,i ?9k x v probable t ,plato _h 9 8 m9d ,x5ophon 7ei!r 8 ,anabasis1 or p]sonal communications ) him72 b at any rate visits ( ,greeks to ! ,p]sian c\rt became v num]\s betwe5 #cii-cij ,b4,c41 :]eas ,plato c h>dly h se5 any su* visitors at ,a!ns 9 #djf ,b4,c4 7be=e ! close ( ! w>71 nor probably 9 #djb ,b4,c41 :5 ,a!ns1 ?\gh reliev$ f ! olig>*y1 0 /ill 9 a /ate ( great public pro/ration4 ,betwe5 #cii ,b4,c4 & ! peace ( ,antalkidas 7#chg ,b4,c471 visitors f ,greece to ! int]ior ( ,p]sia became m & m frequ5t1 ! ,p]sian k+s int]f]+ v actively 9 ,grecian politics4 ,plato may easily h se5 dur+ ^! ye>s intellig5t ,greeks :o _h be5 up to ! ,p]sian c\rt on milit>y or political bus9ess4 ,bo? ! ,p]sian k+s & ! ,sp>tan k+s 7 !n 9 ! maximum ( p[] & asc5dancy--x is no wond] !re=e t ,sokrates %\ld "h be made to dwell ^u _! prodigi\s dignity 9 8 disc\rse ) ,alkibiades4 ,/e9h>t 7,e9l4 p4 #aej7 feels ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ?is "p ( ! dialogue ) 8 hypo!sis t x 0 compos$ 9 #djf ,b4,c43 yet he & ,/allbaum bo? insi/ t x mu/ h be5 compos$ be=e ! dea? ( ,sokrates1 = :i* !y really produce no gr\nds at all4 ,footnote #ec3 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #b1 #ad4 ,greek3 tois de dialegome_/nois au7t pasi *r_/m5on e7n tois lo_/gois o7_/ps b\_/loito4 ,footnote #ed3 ,ari/oph4 ,ran4 #adca4 ,greek3 ou7 *r le_/ontos sku_/mnon e7n po_/lei tre_/phe94 ,?ucyd4 vi4 #ae4 ,greek3 phob!_/ntes gar au7t\ 7,alkib47 ,greek3 oi7 polloi to me_/ge?os ts te kata to e7aut\ sma p>anomi_/z e7s tn di_/aitan1 kai ts dianoi_/z 7n ka?' e7n e7_/ka/on1 e7n o7_/t gi_/gnoito1 e7_/prass51 7s turanni_/dos e7pi?um\nti pole_/mioi ka!_//asan1 c4 ,footnote #ee3 ,x5oph4 ,memorab4 i4 #b1 #ag4 ,footnote #ef3 ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iii4 #cb1 #gg2 ,plut>*1 ,alkib4 c4 #d-f4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abg ,d1 #ace ,c2 ,symposion1 p4 #bae-baf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 iv4 #b1 #ci-dj4 ,side-note3 ,! purpose proclaim$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,apology is foll[$ out 9 ,alkib4 ,i4 ,w>f>e aga9/ ! false p]suasion ( k4 ,look+ at ,alkibiads ,i4 & ,,ii4 9 ?is po9t ( view1 we %all f9d !m p]fectly ,sokratic bo? 9 topics proclaim$ & 9 mann]--:atev] may be said ab\t unnecess>y prolixity & common-place "h & !re4 ,! lead+ ideas ( ,alkibiads ,i4 may be f\nd1 ne>ly all1 9 ! ,platonic ,apology4 ,t w>f>e1 :i* ,sokrates proclaims 9 ! ,apology z hav+ be5 ! mission ( 8 life1 aga9/ ! false p]suasion ( k1 or aga9/ beliefs e?ical & /hetical1 firmly ent]ta9$ )\t hav+ be5 prec$$ by consci\s /udy or subject$ to s]i\s exam9ation--is exemplifi$ 9 ,alkibiads ,i4 & ,,ii4 z emphatically z 9 any ,platonic composition4 ,9 bo? ^! dialogues1 inde$ 7especially 9 ! fir/71 we f9d an excessive repetition ( specialis+ illu/rations1 (t5 ne$less & sometimes tiresome3 a defect easily intelligible if we assume !m to h be5 writt5 :5 ,plato 0 /ill a novice 9 ! art ( dialogic composition4 ,b bo? dialogues are fully impregnat$ ) ! _s ( ! ,sokratic process1 expos+1 ?\gh ) exub]ant prolixity1 ! firm & univ]sal belief1 held & affirm$ by e "o ev5 at ! age ( boyhood1 )\t any assignable gr\nds or modes ( acquisition1 & amid/ angry discordance betwe5 ! affirmation ( "o man & ano!r4 ,! emphasis too ) :i* ,sokrates insi/s ^u 8 own s+le function ( m]ely que/ion+1 & ^u ! fact t ,alkibiades gives all ! answ]s & pron\nces all ! self-condemnation ) 8 own m\?#eh--;is rem>kable 9 ?is dialogue3 z well z ! confid5ce ) :i* he proclaims ! dialogue z af=d+ ! only1 b effective1 cure4#ei ,! ignorance ( :i* ,alkibiades /&s unexpect$ly convict$1 is expressly decl>$ to be common to him ) ! o!r ,a!nian politicians3 an exception be+ half all[$ to pass 9 fav\r ( ! semi-philosophical ,p]ikles1 :om ,plato judges "h ) less sev]ity ?an else:]e#fj--;& a decid$ sup]iority be+ claim$ = ! ,sp>tan & ,p]sian k+s1 :o are extoll$ z sy/ematically tra9$ f *ildhood4 ,footnote #eh3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #aab-aac4 ,footnote #ei3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abg ,e4 ,footnote #fj3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #aah-abj4 ,side-note3 ,difficulties multipli$ = ! purpose ( br++ ,alkibiades to a conviction ( 8 own ignorance4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ,sokrates is to drive ,alkibiades into self-contradictions1 & to =ce ^u him a pa9ful consci\sness ( ignorance & m5tal defect1 ^u grave & important subjects1 :ile he is yet "y en\gh to am5d x4 ,t[>ds ?is purpose he is made to lay claim to a div9e mission simil> to t :i* ! real ,sokrates ann\nces 9 ! ,apology#fa ,a numb] ( p]plex+ que/ions & difficulties are accumulat$3 x is n meant t ^! difficulties are insoluble1 b t !y _c be solv$ by "o :o has nev] s]i\sly reflect$ on !m--by "o :o 7z ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates says to ,eu?ydemus71#fb is s confid5t ( kn[+ ! subject t he has nev] m$itat$ ^u x at all4 ,! di%e>t5$ ,alkibiades feels ! necessity ( improv+ himself & supplicates ! assi/ance ( ,sokrates3#fc :o rem9ds him t he mu/ fir/ det]m9e :at ,himself is4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ourselves ^u ! track ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,platonic ,apology1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! memorable inscription at ,delphi--,nosce teipsum4 ,y\r m9d is y\rself2 y\r body is a m]e in/rum5t ( y\r m9d3 y\r weal? & p[] are simple appurt5ances or adjuncts4 ,to "k y\rself1 :i* is g5u9e ,sophrosyn or temp]ance1 is to "k y\r m9d3 b ?is c only be done by look+ into ano!r m9d1 & into its mo/ intellig5t comp>tm5t3 j z ! eye c only see itself by look+ into ! c5tre ( vision ( ano!r eye4#fd ,footnote #fa3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abd ,c-#abg ,e4 ,footnote #fb3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #cf4 ,greek3 ,a7lla tauta me_/n1 e7_/ph o7 ,skra_/ts1 i7_/ss1 dia to spho_/dra po/eu_/e9 ei7de_/nai1 ou7d' e7_/skepsai4 ,footnote #fc3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #abh-acb ,a4 ,footnote #fd3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #acc4 ,a ,platonic metaphor1 illu/rat+ ! necessity = two sep>ate m9ds co-op]at+ 9 dialectic colloquy4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates furni%es no means ( solv+ ^! difficulties4 ,he exhorts to ,ju/ice & ,virtue--b ^! are ackn[l$g$ ,incognita4 ,at ! same "t1 :51 aft] hav+ convict$ ,alkibiades ( deplorable ignorance1 ,sokrates is call$ ^u to prescribe rem$ies--all di/9ctness ( indication disappe>s4 ,x is exact$ only :5 ! purpose is to br+ difficulties & contradictions to view3 x is disp5s$ )1 :5 ! purpose is to solve !m4 ,! conclusion is1 t assum+ happ9ess z ! ackn[l$g$ ultimate end1#fe ,alkibiades _c secure ?is ei!r = himself or = 8 city1 by /riv+ = weal? & p[]1 private or public3 he c only secure x by acquir+ = himself1 & implant+ 9 8 c\ntry-m51 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & virtue4 ,?is is p]fectly ,sokratic1 & con=mable to :at is said by ! real ,sokrates 9 ! ,platonic ,apology4 ,b com+ at ! close ( ,alkibiads ,i41 x pres5ts no mean+ & imp>ts no in/ruction3 because ,sokrates _h %[n 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! dialogue1 t nei!r he himself1 nor ,alkibiades1 nor ! g5]al public1 knew :at ju/ice & virtue 74 ,! positive solution :i* ,sokrates pr(esses to give1 is !re=e illusory4 ,he ?r[s u back ^u ^? old1 famili>1 emotional1 associations1 unconsci\s products & unexam9$ transmissions f m9d to m9d--:i* he _h already %[n to repres5t ! fancy ( k )\t ! reality--deep-seat$ belief )\t any assignable intellectual basis1 or outw>d /&>d ( rectitude4 ,footnote #fe3 ,plat4 ,alkibiad4 i4 p4 #acd4 ,side-note3 ,prolixity ( ,alkibiads ,i4--,extreme multiplication ( illu/rative examples--,h[ expla9$4 ,?r\gh\t ! v>i\s ,platonic dialogues1 we f9d alt]nately two di/9ct & opposite me?ods ( h&l+--! g5]alis+ ( ! special1 & ! specialis+ ( ! g5]al4 ,9 ,alkibiads ,i1 ! specialis+ ( ! g5]al prepond]ates--z x does 9 mo/ ( ! conv]sations ( ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia3 ! numb] ( exemplify+ p>ticul>s is unusually great4 ,sokrates does n accept z an answ] a g5]al t]m1 )\t illu/rat+ x by sev]al ( ! specific t]ms compreh5d$ "u x3 & ?is sev]al times on occasions :5 an in/ruct$ read] ?9ks x sup]flu\s & tiresome3 h5ce1 p>tly1 ! incl9ation ( "s mod]n critics to disall[ ! dialogue4 ,b we mu/ recollect t ?\gh a mod]n read] practis$ 9 ! use ( g5]al t]ms may seize ! mean+ at once1 an ,a!nian y\? ( ! ,platonic age w\ld n be sure ( do+ ! same4 ,no consci\s analysis _h yet be5 appli$ to g5]al t]ms3 no gramm> or logic !n ent]$ into education4 ,confid5t affirmation1 )\t fully kn[+ ! mean+ ( :at is affirm$1 is ! besett+ s9 aga9/ :i* ,plato "h makes w>3 & 8 precautions = expos+ x are pu%$ to extreme m9ut5ess4 ,s1 too1 9 ! ,sophi/s & ,politikus1 :5 he wi%es to illu/rate ! process ( logical division & subdivision1 he applies x to cases s trifl+ & s multipli$1 t ,so*] is revolt$ & rejects ! dialogues altoge!r4 ,b ,plato himself =esees & replies to ! objection2 decl>+ expressly t 8 ma9 purpose is1 n to exp\nd ! p>ticul> subject *os51 b to make manife/ & famili> ! /eps & conditions ( ! g5]al classify+ process--& t prolixity _c be avoid$4#ff ,we mu/ reckon ^u a simil> purpose 9 ,alkibiads ,i4 ,! dialogue is a specim5 ( t :i* ,ari/otle calls ,inductive ,dialectic1 z di/+ui%$ f ,syllogi/ic3 ! ,inductive he consid]s to be pla9] & easi]1 suitable :5 y h an ord9>y collocutor--! ,syllogi/ic is ! m cog5t1 :5 y are deal+ ) a practis$ disputant4#fg ,footnote #ff3 ,plato1 ,politikus1 #bhe-bhf4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ari/otel4 ,topic4 i4 #ajd1 a4 #af4 ,greek3 ,po_/sa tn lo_/gn ei7_/d tn dialektikn--e7_//i de to men e7pagg_/1 to de sullogismo_/s 4 4 4 4 e7_//i d' 7 men e7pagg pi?an_/t]on kai saphe_//]on kai kata tn ai7_//hs9 gnrim_/t]on kai tois pollois ko9o_/n2 o7 de sullogismos bia/ik_/t]on kai pros t\s a7ntilogik\s e7n]ge_//]on4 ,side-note3 ,alkibiads ,,ii4 leaves its problem av[$ly undet]m9$4 ,x has be5 se5 t ,alkibiads ,i1 ?\gh pr(ess+ to give some?+ l a solution1 gives :at is really no solution at all4 ,alkibiads ,,ii41 simil> 9 _m respects1 is "h diff]5t1 inasmu* z x does n ev5 pr(ess to solve ! difficulty :i* _h be5 rais$4 ,! g5]al m5tal defect--false p]suasion ( k )\t ! reality--is pres5t$ 9 its application to a p>ticul> case4 ,alkibiades is oblig$ to admit t he does n "k :at he ought to pray to ! ,gods =3 nei!r :at is good1 to be grant$1 nor :at is evil1 to be av]t$4 ,he relies ^u ,sokrates = dispell+ ?is mi/ f 8 m9d3 :i* ,sokrates promises to d1 b adj\rns = ano!r occasion4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates comm5ds ! practice ( pray+ to ! ,gods = fav\rs undef9$--8 views ab\t ! semi-regul>1 semi-irregul> ag5cy ( ! ,gods--he prays to !m = premonitory w>n+s4 ,sokrates "h ascribes to ! ,sp>tans1 & to v>i\s philosoph]s1 ! practice ( putt+ up pray]s 9 undef9$ language1 = good & hon\rable ?+s g5]ally4 ,he comm5ds t practice4 ,x5ophon tells u t ! hi/orical ,sokrates obs]v$ x3#fh b he tells u also t ! hi/orical ,sokrates1 ?\gh n pray+ = any special pres5ts f ! ,gods1 yet pray$ = & believ$ himself to receive special irregul> revelations & advice z to :at 0 good to be done or avoid$ 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,he held t ^! special revelations 7 ess5tial to any tol]able life3 t ! disp5sations ( ! ,gods1 ?\gh adm9i/]$ ^u regul> pr9ciples on c]ta9 subjects & up to a c]ta9 po9t1 7 kept by !m design$ly inscrutable beyond t po9t3 b t ! ,gods w\ld1 if prop]ly solicit$1 af=d premonitory w>n+s to any fav\r$ p]son1 su* z w\ld enable him to keep out ( ! way ( evil1 & put himself 9 ! way ( good4 ,he decl>$ t to consult & obey oracles & prophets 0 n less a maxim ( prud5ce ?an a duty ( piety3 = himself1 he 0 f>!r privileg$ ?r\gh 8 div9e sign or monitor1 :i* he implicitly foll[$4#fi ,su* premonitory w>n+s 7 ! only special fav\r :i* he ?\ght x suitable to pray =--besides good ?+s g5]ally4 ,= special pres5ts he did n pray1 because he pr(ess$ n to "k :e!r any ( ! ord9>y objects ( desire 7 good or bad4 ,he proves 9 8 conv]sation ) ,eu?ydmus1 t all ^? acquisitions :i* are usually acc\nt$ means ( happ9ess--beauty1 /r5g?1 weal?1 reputation1 nay1 ev5 good heal? & wisdom--are sometimes good or causes ( happ9ess1 sometimes evil or causes ( mis]y2 & !re=e _c be consid]$ ei!r z absolutely ! "o or absolutely ! o!r4#gj ,footnote #fh3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 i4 #c1 #b2 ,plat4 ,alk4 ii4 p4 #adc-adh4 ,footnote #fi3 ,^! op9ions ( ,sokrates are ann\nc$ 9 v>i\s passages ( ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 i4 #a1 #a-aj--;,greek3 e7_/ph de dein1 a7 men ma?o_/ntas poiein e7_/dkan oi7 !oi_/1 man?a_/ne92 a7 de m dla tois a7n?r_/pois e7/i_/1 peira/hai dia mantiks p>a tn !n pun?a_/ne/hai2 t\s !\s ga_/r1 oi7s a7n 7s9 i7_/le1 smai_/ne9--i4 #c1 #d2 i4 #d1 #b-ae2 iv4 #c1 #ab2 iv4 #g1 #aj2 iv4 #h1 #e-aa4 ,footnote #gj3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 iv4 #b1 #ca-cb-cf4;,greek3 ,tauta ou7n pote men 7phel\nta pote de bla_/ptonta1 ti_/ mallon a7ga?a 7 kaka_/ e7/98 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison ( ,alkibiads ,,ii4 ) ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 especially ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,eu?ydemus4 ,sokrates n always consi/5t ) himself4 ,?is impossibility ( det]m9+ :at is good & :at is evil1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unc]ta9ty 9 ! disp5sations ( ! ,gods & 9 human affairs--is a doctr9e =cibly insi/$ on by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates 9 8 disc\rse ) ,eu?ydmus1 & mu* ak9 to ! ,platonic ,alkibiads ,,ii41 be+ appli$ to ! special case ( pray]4 ,b we mu/ n suppose t ,sokrates adh]es to ?is doctr9e ?r\gh\t all ! colloquies ( ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia3 on ! contr>y1 we f9d him1 9 o!r places1 reason+ ^u su* matt]s1 z heal?1 /r5g?1 & wisdom1 z if !y 7 decid$ly good4#ga ,! fact is1 t ! argum5ts ( ,sokrates1 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 v>y mat]ially accord+ to ! occasion & ! p]son ) :om he is disc\rs+3 & ! case is simil> ) ! ,platonic dialogues3 illu/rat+ f>!r ! que/ionable evid5ce on :i* ,s*lei]ma*] & o!r critics proce$1 :5 !y decl>e "o dialogue to be spuri\s1 because x conta9s reason+ inconsi/5t ) ano!r4 ,footnote #ga3 ,= example1 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #e1 #f--;,greek3 sophi_/an to me_/gi/on a7ga?o_/n1 c4 ,we f9d 9 ,alkibiads ,,ii4 ano!r doctr9e :i* is also proclaim$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia3 t ! ,gods are n mov$ by co/ly sacrifice m ?an by humble sacrifice1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! (f]]3#gb !y att5d only to ! m9d ( ! (f]]1 :e!r he be j & wise3 t is1 :e!r he kn[s :at ought to be done bo? t[>ds ,gods & t[>ds m54#gc ,footnote #gb3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #adi-aej2 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #c4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,legg4 x4 p4 #hhe2 ,isokrat4 ad ,nikok4 ,footnote #gc3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #adi ,e1 #aej ,b4 ,side-note3 ,rem>kable doctr9e ( ,alkibiads ,,ii4--t k is n always ,good4 ,! k ( ,good itself is indisp5sable3 )\t t1 ! k ( o!r ?+s is m hurtful ?an b5eficial4 ,b we f9d also 9 ,alkibiads ,,ii4 ano!r doctr9e1 m rem>kable4 ,sokrates w n proclaim absolutely t k is good1 & t ignorance is evil4 ,9 "s cases1 he cont5ds1 ignorance is good2 & he discrim9ates :i* ! cases are4 ,t :i* we are pr9cipally int]e/$ 9 kn[+1 is ,good1 or ,! ,be/--,! ,pr(itable3#gd phrases us$ z equival5t4 ,! k ( ?is is good1 & ! ignorance ( x mis*iev\s1 "u all supposable circum/ances4 ,& if a man kn[s good1 ! m he kn[s ( ev]y?+ else1 ! bett]2 s9ce he w sure to make a good use ( 8 k4 ,b if he does n "k good1 ! k ( o!r ?+s w be hurtful r ?an b5eficial to him4 ,to be skilful 9 p>ticul> arts & accompli%m5ts1 "u ! capital m5tal defici5cy suppos$1 w r5d] him an in/rum5t ( evil & n ( good4 ,! m he kn[s--& ! m he believes himself to "k--! m =w>d w he be 9 act+1 & !re=e ! great] am\nt ( h>m w he d4 ,x is bett] t he %\ld act z little z possible4 ,su* a man is n fit to direct 8 own conduct1 l a freeman3 he mu/ be direct$ & controll$ by o!rs1 l a slave4 ,! great] numb] ( mank9d are fools ( ?is description--ignorant ( good3 ! wise m5 :o "k good1 & are fit to direct1 are v few4 ,! wise man alone1 kn[+ good1 foll[s reason3 ! re/ tru/ to op9ion1 )\t reason4#ge ,he alone is compet5t to direct bo? 8 own conduct & t ( ! society4 ,footnote #gd3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #ade ,c4 ,greek3 ,o7_//is a7_/ra ti tn toi\_/tn oi7d51 e7an men p>e_/ptai au7t 7 t\ belti_//\ e7pi/_/m--au7t d' 7n 7 au7t d_/p\ 7p] kai 7 t\ 7pheli_/m\--also #adf ,b4 ,footnote #ge3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #adf ,a-,d4 ,greek3 a7_/neu n\ d_/x pepi/euko_/tas4 ,! /ress :i* is laid "h ^u ! k ( good1 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r v>ieties ( k--! id5tification ( ! good ) ! pr(itable1 & ( ! k ( good ) reason 7,greek3 n\s71 :ile o!r v>ieties ( k are rank$ ) op9ion 7,greek3 d_/xa7--^! are po9ts :i*1 "u "o phraseology or ano!r1 p]vade _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,! old phrase ( ,h]akleitus--,greek3 ,poluma?i_/ no_/on ou7 dida_/skei--mu* le>n+ does n tea* reason--seems to h be5 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,plato 9 compos+ ?is dialogue4 ,! man ( mu* le>n+ & art1 )\t ! k ( good1 & surr5d]+ himself to ! guidance ( "o or o!r among 8 accompli%m5ts1 is l a vessel toss$ ab\t at sea )\t a pilot4#gf ,footnote #gf3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #adg ,a4 ,greek3 o7 de d tn kal\me_/nn poluma_/!ia_/n te kai polute*ni_/an kektme_/nos1 o7rphanos de 7n tau_/ts ts e7pi/_/ms1 a7g_/m5os de u7po mias e7ka_//s tn a7_/lln1 c4 ,side-note3 ,k ( ,good--appe>s po/ulat$ & div9$1 9 _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 "u diff]5t titles4 ,:at ,plato "h calls ! k ( ,good1 or ,reason--! j discrim9ation & comp>ative appreciation ( ,ends & ,means--appe>s 9 ! ,politikus & ,eu?ydmus1 "u ! title ( ! ,regal or ,political ,art1 ( employ+ or direct+#gg ! results ( all o!r arts1 :i* are consid]$ z subord9ate3 9 ! ,protagoras1 "u ! title ( art ( calculation or m5suration3 9 ! ,philbus1 z measure & proportion3 9 ! ,phdrus 79 reg>d to rhetoric7 z ! art ( turn+ to acc\nt1 = ! ma9 purpose ( p]suasion1 all ! special processes1 /ratagems1 decorations1 c41 imp>t$ by pr(essional ma/]s4 ,9 ! ,republic1 x is p]sonifi$ 9 ! few v5]able ,eld]s :o con/itute ! ,reason ( ! society1 & ^: directions all ! re/ 7,gu>dians & ,produc]s7 are b\nd implicitly to foll[3 ! virtue ( ! subord9ates consi/+ 9 ?is implicit ob$i5ce4 ,9 ! ,leges1 x is def9$ z ! complete subjection 9 ! m9d1 ( pleasures & pa9s to "r ,reason1#gh )\t :i*1 no special aptitudes are wor? hav+4 ,9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 x /&s z a ,sokratic au?ority "u ! title ( ,sophrosyn or ,temp]ance3#gi & ! ,pr(itable is decl>$ id5tical ) ! ,good1 z ! direct+ & limit+ pr9ciple = all human pursuits & proce$+s4#hj ,footnote #gg3 ,plato1 ,politikus1 #bib ,b1 #cjd ,b1 #cje ,a2 ,eu?ydmus1 #bia ,b1 #bib ,b4 ,comp>e ,x5ophon1 ,oekonomicus1 i4 #h1 #ac4 ,footnote #gh3 ,leges1 iii4 #fhi ,a-,d1 #fia ,a4 ,footnote #gi3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 i4 #b4 #ag2 iv4 #c4 #a4 ,footnote #hj3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 iv4 #f1 #h2 iv4 #g1 #g4 ,side-note3 ,! ,good--! ,pr(itable--:at is x8--,h[ are we to "k x8 ,plato leaves ?is undet]m9$4 ,b :at are we to und]/& by ! ,good1 ab\t :i* !re are s _m disputes1 accord+ to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,plato z well z ( ,sokrates8 ,& :at are we to und]/& by ! ,pr(itable8 ,9 :at relation does x /& to ! ,pleasurable & ! ,pa9ful8 ,^! are po9ts :i* ,plato "h leaves undet]m9$4 ,we %all f9d him aga9 t\*+ !m1 & try+ diff]5t ways ( det]m9+ !m1 9 ! ,protagoras1 ! ,gorgias1 ! ,republic1 & else:]e4 ,we h "h ! title & ! po/ulate1 b no?+ m1 ( a compreh5sive ,teleology1 or "r comp>ative e/imate ( ends & means "o aga9/ ano!r1 s z to decide :51 h[ f>1 "u :at circum/ances1 c41 ea* ought to be pursu$4 ,we %all see :at ,plato does 9 o!r dialogues to connect ?is title & po/ulate ) a m def9ite mean+4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,hippias ,,major--,,hippias ,,m9or4 ,side-note3 ,hippias ,major--situation suppos$--"* ( ! dialogue4 ,s>casm & mock]y aga9/ ,hippias4 ,bo? ^! two dialogues are c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sokrates & ! ,eleian ,sophi/ ,hippias4 ,! g5]al conception ( ,hippias--describ$ z accompli%$1 eloqu5t1 & successful1 yet made to say va9 & silly ?+s--is ! same 9 bo? dialogues3 9 bo? also ! polemics ( ,sokrates aga9/ him are conduct$ 9 a l _s1 ( affect$ def]5ce m+l$ ) insult+ s>casm4 ,inde$ ! figure assign$ to ,hippias is s contemptible1 t ev5 an admir+ critic l ,/allbaum _c avoid notic+ ! petulans p5e et prot]va 9 ,hippiam oratio1 & intimat+ t ,plato has h&l$ ,hippias m co>sely ?an any "o else4 ,su* petulance ,/allbaum attempts to excuse by say+ t ! dialogue is a y\?ful composition ( ,plato3#a :ile ,s*lei]ma*] numb]s x among ! reasons = suspect+ ! dialogue1 & ,a/1 among ! reasons = decl>+ positively t ,plato is n ! au?or4#b ,?is la/ conclusion ,i d n at all accept3 nor ev5 ! hypo!sis ( ,/allbaum1 if x be t5d]$ z an excuse = improprieties ( tone3 = ,i believe t ! e>lie/ ( ,plato's dialogues 0 compos$ aft] he 0 tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age--t is1 aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates4 ,x is h[ev] n[ay improbable1 t bo? ! ,great] & ,less] ,hippias may h be5 among ,plato's e>li] compositions4 ,we see by ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon t !re 0 repeat$ & acrimoni\s controv]sy betwe5 ,sokrates & ,hippias3 s t we may probably suppose feel+s ( special dislike1 det]m9+ ,plato to compose two di/9ct dialogues1 9 :i* an imag9>y ,hippias is mock$ & sc\rg$ by an imag9>y ,sokrates4 ,footnote #a3 ,/allbaum1 ,prolegg4 9 ,hipp4 ,maj4 p4 #adi-aej2 also ,/e9h>t 7,e9leitung1 p4 #db-dc71 :o says1 aft] an outp\r+ ( 8 usual invective aga9/ ! ,sophi/3 ,nev]!less ! co>se je/+ ( ! dialogue seems almo/ to exce$ ! admissible limit ( comic effect1 c4 ,aga91 p4 #ej1 ,/e9h>t talks ( ! bant] :i* ,sokrates c>ries on ) ,hippias1 9 a way n less cruel 7grausam7 ?an purposeless1 torm5t+ him ) a /r+ ( successive new propositions ab\t ! def9ition ( ! ,beautiful1 :i* propositions1 z fa/ z ,hippias cat*es at !m1 he aga9 )draws ( 8 own accord1 & ?us at la/ dismisses him 7z he _h dismiss$ ,ion7 un9/ruct$ & unimprov$1 )\t ev5 leav+ beh9d 9 him ! /+ ( ang]1 c4 ,x requires a p[]ful hatr$ aga9/ ! p]sons call$ ,sophi/s1 to make a critic take pleasure 9 a com$y :]e9 silly & ridicul\s spee*es are fa/5$ ^u ! "n ( "o ( !m1 9 8 own day n m]ely hon\r$ b ackn[l$g$ z des]v+ hon\r by rem>kable & v>i$ accompli%m5ts--& to make ! critic describe ! hi/orical ,hippias 7:om we only "k f ,plato & ,x5ophon--see ,/e9h>t1 note #g1 p4 #hi2 ,so*]1 p4 #bba7 z if he _h really deliv]$ ^! spee*es1 or some?+ equally absurd4 ,h[ ?is com$y may be appreciat$ is d\btless a matt] ( individual ta/e4 ,= my "p1 ,i agree ) ,a/ 9 ?9k+ x misplac$ & unbecom+3 & ,i am n surpris$ t he wi%es to remove ! dialogue f ! ,platonic canon1 ?\gh ,i d n concur ei!r 9 ?is inf]5ce1 or 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* x proce$s1 viz41 t all objections aga9/ ! composition ( a dialogue are to be held z be+ also objections aga9/ its g5u95ess z a "w ( ,plato4 ,! ,nubes ( ,ari/ophanes1 greatly sup]ior z a com$y to ! ,hippias ( ,plato1 is turn$ to an abusive purpose :5 critics put x into c\rt z evid5ce ab\t ! "* ( ! real ,sokrates4 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 9 my judgm5t1 takes a m rational view ( ! ,hippias ,major 7,ges*4 und ,sy/4 d] ,plat4 ,phil4 p4 #dhg-fdg74 ,in/ead ( expatiat+ on ! glory ( ,plato 9 d]id+ an accompli%$ contempor>y1 he dwells ^u ! logical mi/akes & confusion :i* ! dialogue br+s to view2 & he rem9ds u ju/ly ( ! intellectual condition ( ! age1 :5 ev5 elem5t>y di/9ctions 9 logic & gramm> _h be5 sc>cely att5d$ to4 ,bo? ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann & ,so*] consid] ! ,hippias to be n a juv5ile production ( ,plato1 b to belong to 8 middle age4 ,footnote #b3 ,s*lei]m4 ,e9leitung4 p4 #dja2 ,a/1 ,platon's ,leb5 und ,s*rift51 p4 #deg-dei4 ,side-note3 ,real debate betwe5 ! hi/orical ,sokrates & ,hippias 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia--subject ( t debate4 ,"o consid]able po9t 9 ! ,hippias ,major appe>s to h a be>+ on ! debate betwe5 ,sokrates & ,hippias 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia3 9 :i* debate1 ,hippias taunts ,sokrates ) always combat+ & d]id+ ! op9ions ( o!rs1 :ile evad+ to give op9ions ( 8 own4 ,x appe>s t "s antec$5t debates betwe5 ! two _h turn$ ^u ! def9ition ( ! ,j1 & t on ^! occasions ,hippias _h be5 ! respond5t1 ,sokrates ! objector4 ,hippias pr(esses to h reflect$ ^u ^! debates1 & to be n[ prep>$ ) a def9ition :i* nei!r ,sokrates nor any "o else c successfully assail1 b he w n say :at ! def9ition is1 until ,sokrates has laid d[n "o ( 8 own4 ,9 reply to ?is *all5ge1 ,sokrates decl>es ! ,j to be equival5t to ! ,lawful or ,cu/om>y3 he def5ds ?is aga9/ v>i\s objections ( ,hippias1 :o concludes by admitt+ x4#c ,probably ?is debate1 z report$ by ,x5ophon1 or some?+ v l x1 really took place4 ,if s1 we rem>k ) surprise ! feebl5ess ( ! objections ( ,hippias1 9 a case :]e ,sokrates1 if he _h be5 ! objector1 w\ld h f\nd su* /rong ones--& ! feeble replies giv5 by ,sokrates1 ^: tal5t lay 9 />t+ & en=c+ difficulties1 n 9 solv+ !m4#d ,among ! rem>ks :i* ,sokrates makes 9 illu/ration to ,hippias1 "o is--t ,lykurgus _h ensur$ sup]iority to ,sp>ta by creat+ 9 ! ,sp>tans a habit ( implicit ob$i5ce to ! laws4#e ,su* is ! "* ( ! ,x5ophontic debate4 ,footnote #c3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 iv4 #d1 #ab-be4 ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ! puzzl+ que/ions :i* ,alkibiades :5 a y\? is report$ to h address$ to ,p]ikles1 & :i* he mu/ unque/ionably h he>d f ,sokrates himself1 respect+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,greek3 ,no_/mos 7,x54 ,mem4 i4 #b1 #db74 ,all ! difficulties 9 det]m9+ ! def9ition ( ,greek3 ,no_/mos1 occur also 9 det]m9+ t ( ,greek3 ,no_/mimon1 :i* includes bo? ,jus ,scriptum & ,jus ,moribus ,receptum4 ,footnote #e3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #d1 #ae4 ,side-note3 ,op5+ ( ! ,hippias ,major--,hippias describes ! successful circuit :i* he _h made ?r\gh ,greece1 & ! r5[n z well z ! ga9 acquir$ by 8 lectures4 ,"h1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hippias ,major1 ! ,platonic ,sokrates rem>ks t ,hippias has be5 long abs5t f ,a!ns3 :i* abs5ce1 ! latt] expla9s1 by say+ t he has visit$ _m cities 9 ,greece1 giv+ lectures ) great success1 & receiv+ high pay3 & t especially he has (t5 visit$ ,sp>ta1 p>tly to give lectures1 b p>tly also to transact diplomatic bus9ess = 8 c\ntrym5 ! ,eleians1 :o tru/$ him m ?an any "o else = su* duties4 ,8 lectures 7he says7 7 em95tly in/ructive & valuable = ! tra9+ ( y\?3 moreov] !y 7 s g5]ally approv$1 t ev5 f a small ,sicilian t[n call$ ,inykus1 he obta9$ a consid]able sum 9 fees4 ,side-note3 ,hippias _h met ) no success at ,sp>ta4 ,:y ! ,sp>tans did n admit 8 in/ructions--_! law =bids4 ,^u ?is ,sokrates asks--,9 :i* ( ! cities 7 y\r ga9s ! l>ge/3 probably at ,sp>ta8 ,hip4--,no2 ,i receiv$ no?+ at all at ,sp>ta4 ,sokr4--,h[8 ,y amaze me6 ,7 n y\r lectures calculat$ to improve ! ,sp>tan y\?8 or did n ! ,sp>tans desire to h _! y\? improv$8 or _h !y no money8 ,hip4--,nei!r "o nor ! o!r4 ,! ,sp>tans1 l o!rs1 desire ! improvem5t ( _! y\?3 !y also h pl5ty ( money3 moreov] my lectures 7 v b5eficial to !m z well z to ! re/4#f ,sokr4--,h[ c\ld x happ5 !n1 t at ,sp>ta1 a city great & em95t = its good laws1 y\r valuable in/ructions 7 left unrew>d$2 :ile y receiv$ s mu* at ! inconsid]able t[n ( ,inykus8 ,hip4--,x is n ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 ,sokrates1 = ! ,sp>tans to *ange _! laws1 or to educate _! sons 9 a way diff]5t f _! ord9>y r\t9e4 ,sokr4--,h[ say y8 ,x is n ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry = ! ,sp>tans to d "r1 b to d wrong8 ,hip4--,i %all n say t1 ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,b surely !y w\ld d "r1 9 educat+ _! *ildr5 bett] & n worse8 ,hip4--,yes1 !y w\ld d "r3 b x is n lawful = !m to admit a =eign mode ( education4 ,if any "o c\ld h obta9$ paym5t !re = education1 ,i %\ld h obta9$ a great deal2 = !y li/5 to me ) delight & applaud me3 b1 z ,i told y1 _! law =bids4 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhc-bhd4 ,side-note3 ,"q1 ,:at is law8 ,! law-mak]s always aim at ! ,pr(itable1 b sometimes fail to atta9 x4 ,:5 !y fail1 !y fail to atta9 law4 ,! lawful is ! ,pr(itable3 ! ,unpr(itable is also unlawful4 ,sokr4--,d y call law a hurt or b5efit to ! city8 ,hip4--,law is enact$ ) a view to b5efit3 b x sometimes hurts if x be badly enact$4#g ,sokr4--,b :at8 ,d n ! enactors enact x z ! maximum ( good1 )\t :i* ! citiz5s _c live a regulat$ life8 ,hip4--,c]ta9ly3 !y d s4 ,sokr4--,!re=e1 :5 ^? :o try to enact laws miss ! atta9m5t ( good1 !y also miss ! lawful & law itself4 ,h[ say y8 ,hip4--,!y d s1 if y speak ) /rict propriety3 b su* is n ! language :i* m5 commonly use4 ,sokr4--,:at m58 ! kn[+8 or ! ignorant8 ,hip4--,! ,_m4 ,sokr4--,! ,_m2 is x !y :o "k :at tru? is8 ,hip4--,assur$ly n4 ,sokr4--,b surely ^? :o d "k1 acc\nt ! pr(itable to be 9 tru? m lawful ?an ! unpr(itable1 to all m54 ,don't y admit ?is8 ,hip4--,yes1 ,i admit !y acc\nt x s 9 tru?4 ,sokr4--,well1 & x is s1 too3 ! tru? is z ! kn[+ m5 acc\nt x4 ,hip4--,mo/ c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,n[ y affirm1 t x is m pr(itable to ! ,sp>tans to be educat$ accord+ to y\r s*eme1 =eign z x is1 ?an accord+ to _! own native s*eme4 ,hip4--,i affirm x1 & ) tru? too4 ,sokr4--,y affirm besides1 t ?+s m pr(itable are at ! same "t m lawful8 ,hip4--,i said s4 ,sokr4--,accord+ to y\r reason+1 !n1 x is m lawful = ! ,sp>tan *ildr5 to be educat$ by ,hippias1 & m unlawful = !m to be educat$ by _! fa!rs-- if 9 reality !y w be m b5efit$ by y8 ,hip4--,b !y w be m b5efit$ by me4 ,sokr4--,! ,sp>tans !re=e act unlawfully1 :5 !y refuse to give y money & to confide to y _! sons8 ,hip4--,i admit t !y d3 inde$ y\r reason+ seems to make 9 my fav\r1 s t ,i am n[ay call$ ^u to resi/ x4 ,sokr4--,we f9d !n1 aft] all1 t ! ,sp>tans are enemies ( law1 & t too 9 ! mo/ important matt]s--?\gh !y are e/eem$ ! mo/ exempl>y foll[]s ( law4#h ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhd ,c-,b4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison ( ! argum5t ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates ) t ( ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates4 ,p]haps ,plato int5d$ ! above argum5t z a d]isory taunt aga9/ ! ,sophi/ ,hippias1 = be+ va9 en\gh to ?9k 8 own tuition bett] ?an t ( ! ,sp>tan community4 ,if su* 0 8 int5tion1 ! argum5t might h be5 retort$ aga9/ ,plato himself1 = 8 propositions 9 ! ,republic & ,leges3 & we "k t ! enemies ( ,plato did taunt him ) 8 inability to get ^! s*emes adopt$ 9 any actual community4 ,b ! argum5t becomes int]e/+ :5 we comp>e x ) ! debate be=e ref]r$ to 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia1 :]e ,sokrates ma9ta9s aga9/ ,hippias t ! ,j is equival5t to ! ,lawful4 ,9 t ,x5ophontic dialogue1 all ! difficulties :i* emb>rass ?is explanation are kept out ( sight1 & ,sokrates is repres5t$ z ga9+ an easy victory ov] ,hippias4 ,9 ?is ,platonic dialogue1 ! equivocal use ( ! ^w ,greek3 no_/mimon is expressly adv]t$ to1 & ,sokrates r$uces ,hippias to a suppos$ absurdity1 by mak+ him pron\nce ! ,sp>tans to be enemies ( law3 ,greek3 p>anom\_/s be>+ a d\ble s5se1 & ! proposition be+ true 9 "o s5se1 false 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! argum5t ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 a law :i* does n atta9 its int5d$ purpose ( b5efit+ ! community1 is no law at all1--n lawful3#i s t we are driv5 back aga9 ^u ! objections ( ,alkibiades aga9/ ,p]ikles 79 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia7 9 reg>d to :at con/itutes a law4 ,9 ! argum5t ( ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates1 law means a law actually e/abli%$1 by (ficial au?ority or cu/om--& ! ,sp>tans are produc$ z em95t examples ( a lawfully m9d$ community4 ,z f> z we c assign positive op9ion to ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,hippias ,major1 he decl>es t ! pr(itable or useful 7be+ t :i* m5 always aim at 9 mak+ law7 is ,! ,lawful1 :e!r actually e/abli%$ or n3 & t ! unpr(itable or hurtful 7be+ t :i* m5 always int5d to escape7 is ,! ,unlawful1 :e!r prescrib$ by any liv+ au?ority or n4 ,?is 7he says7 is ! op9ion ( ! wise m5 :o "k3 ?\gh ! ignorant vulg> hold ! contr>y op9ion4 ,! explanation ( ,greek3 to di_/kaion giv5 by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates 7,greek3 to di_/kaion to no_/mimon71 w\ld be equival5t1 if we con/rue ,greek3 to no_/mimon 9 ! s5se ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates 79 ,hippias ,major7 z an affirmation t ,! ,j 0 ! g5]ally useful--,greek3 ,to di_/kaion to ko9 su_/mphoron4 ,footnote #i3 ,comp>e a simil> argum5t ( ,sokrates aga9/ ,?rasyma*us--,republic1 i4 #cci4 ,side-note3 ,! ,j or ,good is ! b5eficial or pr(itable4 ,?is is ! only explanation :i* ,plato ev] gives & to ?is he does n always adh]e4 ,!re exi/s h[ev] 9 all ?is1 a preval5t confusion betwe5 ,law 7or ! ,lawful7 z actually e/abli%$1 & ,law 7or ! ,lawful7 z x ought to be e/abli%$1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! critic1 or ( ^? :om he foll[s3 t is 7to use ! phrase ( ,mr4 ,au/9 9 8 ',prov9ce ( ,jurisprud5ce'7 ,law z x w\ld be1 if x con=m$ to its assum$ measure or te/4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! s5ses1 ,greek3 to no_/mimon is n "o & ! same1 b v>iable accord+ to place & "t--"o ?+ at ,sp>ta1 ano!r ?+ else:]e3 accord+ly x w\ld n satisfy ! dem& ( ,plato's m9d1 :5 he asks = an explanation ( ,greek3 to di_/kaion4 ,x is an explanation 9 ! second ( ! two s5ses :i* ,plato seeks--a common measure or te/ applicable univ]sally1 at all times & places4 ,9 s f> z he ev] f9ds "o1 x is t :i* ,i h m5tion$ above z deliv]$ by ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ?is dialogue3 viz41 ! ,j or ,good1 t :i* ought to be ! measure or te/ ( ,law & ,positive ,morality1 is1 ! b5eficial or pr(itable4 ,?is 7,i repeat7 is ! only approa* to a solution :i* we ev] f9d 9 ,plato4 ,b ?is is seldom cle>ly enunciat$1 nev] sy/ematically foll[$ out1 & sometimes1 9 appe>ance1 ev5 d5i$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,lectures ( ,hippias at ,sp>ta n ^u geometry1 or a/ronomy1 c41 b ^u ! "q--,:at pursuits are beautiful1 f9e1 & hon\rable = y\?4 ,i resume ! ?read ( ! ,hippias ,major4 ,sokrates asks ,hippias :at sort ( lectures !y 7 t he deliv]$ ) s mu* success at ,sp>ta8 ,! ,sp>tans 7,hippias replies7 knew no?+ & c>$ no?+ ab\t lett]s1 geometry1 ari?metic1 a/ronomy3 b !y took delight 9 he>+ tales ab\t h]oes1 e>ly ance/ors1 f\ndation-leg5ds ( cities1 c41 :i* 8 mnemonic artifice enabl$ him to deliv]4#aj ,! ,sp>tans delight 9 y 7obs]ves ,sokrates7 z *ildr5 delight 9 old wom5's tales4 ,yes 7replies ,hippias71 b t is n all3 ,i disc\rs$ to !m also1 rec5tly1 ab\t f9e & hon\rable pursuits1 mu* to _! admiration3 ,i suppos$ a conv]sation betwe5 ,ne/or & ,neoptolemus1 aft] ! capture ( ,troy1 9 :i* ! vet]an1 answ]+ a "q put by 8 y\?ful companion1 enl>g$ ^u ^? pursuits :i* x 0 f9e1 hon\rable1 beautiful = a "y man to engage 94 ,my disc\rse is excell5t1 & obta9$ f ! ,sp>tans great applause4 ,i am go+ to deliv] x aga9 "h at ,a!ns1 9 ! s*ool-room ( ,pheido/ratus1 & ,i invite y1 ,sokrates1 to come & he> x1 ) z _m fri5ds z y c br+4#aa ,footnote #aj3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhe ,e4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhf ,a-,b4 ,side-note3 ,"q put by ,sokrates1 9 ! "n ( a fri5d 9 ! backgr\nd1 :o has j be5 puzzl+ him ) x--,:at is ! ,beautiful8 ,i %all come will+ly 7repli$ ,sokrates74 ,b fir/ answ] me "o small "q1 :i* w rescue me f a pres5t emb>rassm5t4 ,j n[1 ,i 0 %amefully puzzl$ 9 conv]sation ) a fri5d1 to :om ,i _h be5 prais+ "s ?+s z hon\rable & beautiful1--blam+ o!r ?+s z mean & ugly4 ,he surpris$ me by ! int]rogation--,h[ d y "k1 ,sokrates1 :at ?+s are beautiful1 & :at are ugly8 ,come n[1 c y tell me1 ,:at is ! ,beautiful8 ,i1 9 my /upidity1 0 altoge!r puzzl$1 & c\ld n answ] ! "q4 ,b aft] ,i _h p>t$ f him1 ,i became mortifi$ & angry ) myself2 & ,i v[$ t ! next "t ,i met any wise man1 l y1 ,i w\ld put ! "q to him1 & le>n h[ to answ] x2 s t ,i might be able to r5ew ! conv]sation ) my fri5d4 ,y\r com+ "h is mo/ opportune4 ,i entreat y to answ] & expla9 to me cle>ly :at ! ,beautiful is2 9 ord] t ,i may n aga9 incur ! l mortification4 ,y c easily answ]3 x is a small matt] = y1 ) y\r num]\s atta9m5ts4 ,side-note3 ,hippias ?9ks ! "q easy to answ]4 ,oh--yes--a small matt] 7replies ,hippias72 ! "q is easy to answ]4 ,i c\ld tea* y to answ] _m que/ions h>d] ?an t3 s t no man %all be able to convict y 9 dialogue4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhf ,c-,d4 ,sokrates !n proce$s to int]rogate ,hippias1 9 ! "n ( ! abs5tee1 />t+ "o difficulty aft] ano!r z if sugge/$ by ?is unkn[n prompt]1 & pret5d+ to be himself "u awe ( s impracticable a disputant4 ,side-note3 ,ju/ice1 ,wisdom1 ,beauty mu/ ea* be some?+4 ,:at is ,beauty1 or ! ,beautiful8 ,all p]sons are j1 ?r\gh ,ju/ice--wise1 ?r\gh ,wisdom--good1 ?r\gh ,goodness or ! ,good--beautiful1 ?r\gh ,beauty or ! ,beautiful4 ,n[ ,ju/ice1 ,wisdom1 ,goodness1 ,beauty or ! ,beautiful1 mu/ ea* be some?+4 ,tell me :at ! ,beautiful is8 ,side-note3 ,hippias does n und]/& ! "q4 ,he answ]s by indicat+ "o p>ticul>ly beautiful object4 ,hippias does n conceive ! "q4 ,does ! man want to "k :at is a beautiful ?+8 ,sokr4--,no2 he wants to "k :at is ,! ,beautiful4 ,hip4--,i d n see ! diff]5ce4 ,i answ] t a beautiful maid5 is a beautiful ?+4 ,no "o c d5y t4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhg ,a4 ,sokr4--,my disputati\s fri5d w n accept y\r answ]4 ,he wants y to tell him1 ,:at is ! ,self-,beautiful8--t ,some?+ ?r\gh :i* all beautiful ?+s become beautiful4 ,am ,i to tell him1 x is because a beautiful maid5 is a beautiful ?+8 ,he w say--,is n a beautiful m>e a beautiful ?+ also8 & a beautiful lyre z well8 ,hip4--,yes2--bo? ( !m are s4 ,sokr4--,ay1 & a beautiful pot1 my fri5d w add1 well m\ld$ & r\nd$ by a skilful pott]1 is a beautiful ?+ too4 ,hip4--,h[1 ,sokrates8 ,:o c y\r disputati\s fri5d be8 ,"s ill-taught man1 surely2 s9ce he introduces su* trivial names into a dignifi$ debate4 ,sokr4--,yes2 t is 8 "*3 n polite1 b vulg>1 anxi\s = no?+ else b ! tru?4 ,hip4--,a pot1 if x be beautifully made1 mu/ c]ta9ly be call$ beautiful2 yet /ill1 all su* objects are unwor?y to be c\nt$ z beautiful1 if comp>$ ) a maid51 a m>e1 or a lyre4 ,side-note3 ,cross-que/ion+ by ,sokrates--,o!r ?+s also are beautiful2 b ea* ?+ is beautiful only by comp>ison1 or "u "s p>ticul> circum/ances--x is sometimes beautiful1 sometimes n beautiful4 ,sokr4--,i und]/&4 ,y foll[ ! analogy sugge/$ by ,h]akleitus 9 8 dictum--,t ! mo/ beautiful ape is ugly1 if comp>$ ) ! human race4 ,s y say1 ! mo/ beautiful pot is ugly1 :5 comp>$ ) ! race ( maid5s4 ,hip--,yes4 ,t is my mean+4 ,sokr4--,!n my fri5d w ask y 9 return1 :e!r ! race ( maid5s is n z mu* inf]ior to ! race ( ,gods1 z ! pot to ! maid58 :e!r ! mo/ beautiful maid5 w n appe> ugly1 :5 comp>$ to a ,goddess8 :e!r ! wise/ ( m5 w n appe> an ape1 :5 comp>$ to ! ,gods1 ei!r 9 beauty or 9 wisdom4#ad ,hip4--,no "o c dispute x4 ,sokr4--,my fri5d w smile & say--,y =get :at 0 ! "q put4 ,i ask$ y1 ,:at is ! ,beautiful8--! ,self-,beautiful3 & y\r answ] gives me1 z ! ,self-,beautiful1 some?+ :i* y y\rself ackn[l$ge to be no m beautiful ?an ugly8 ,if ,i _h ask$ y1 f ! fir/1 :at x 0 t 0 bo? beautiful & ugly1 y\r answ] w\ld h be5 p]t95t to ! "q4 ,c y /ill ?9k t ! ,self-,beautiful1--t ,some?+1 by ! pres5ce ( :i* all o!r ?+s become beautiful1--is a maid51 or a m>e1 or a lyre8 ,footnote #ad3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhi4 ,side-note3 ,second answ] ( ,hippias--,gold1 is t by ! pres5ce ( :i* all ?+s become beautiful--scrut9y appli$ to ! answ]4 ,compla9t by ,hippias ab\t vulg> analogies4 ,hip4--,i h ano!r answ] to :i* y\r fri5d c take no exception4 ,t1 by ! pres5ce ( :i* all ?+s become beautiful1 is ,gold4 ,:at 0 be=e ugly1 w 7we all "k71 :5 ornam5t$ ) gold1 appe> beautiful4 ,sokr4--,y little "k :at sort ( man my fri5d is4 ,he w laugh at y\r answ]1 & ask y--,d y ?9k1 !n1 t ,pheidias did n "k 8 pr(ession z a sculptor8 ,h[ came he n to make ! /atue ( ,a?n all gold1 in/ead ( mak+ 7z he has done7 ! face1 h&s1 & feet ( ivory1 & ! pupils ( ! eyes ( a p>ticul> /one8 ,is n ivory also beautiful1 & p>ticul> k9ds ( /one8 ,hip4--,yes1 ea* is beautiful1 :]e x is becom+4 ,sokr4--,& ugly1 :]e x is n becom+4#ae ,hip4--,d\btless4 ,i admit t :at is becom+ or suitable1 makes t to :i* x is appli$ appe> beautiful3 t :i* is n becom+ or suitable1 makes x appe> ugly4 ,sokr4--,my fri5d w next ask y1 :5 y are boil+ ! beautiful pot ( :i* we spoke j n[1 full ( beautiful s\p1 :at sort ( ladle w be suitable & becom+--"o made ( gold1 or ( fig-tree wood8 ,w n ! gold5 ladle spoil ! s\p1 & ! wood5 ladle turn x out good8 ,is n ! wood5 ladle1 !re=e1 bett] ?an ! gold58 ,hip4--,by ,hrakls1 ,sokrates6 :at a co>se & /upid fell[ y\r fri5d is6 ,i _c cont9ue to conv]se ) a man :o talks ( su* matt]s4 ,sokr4--,i am n surpris$ t y1 ) y\r f9e attire & l(ty reputation1 are (f5d$ ) ^! l[ allusions4 ,b ,i h no?+ to spoil by int]c\rse ) ?is man2 & ,i entreat y to p]sev]e1 z a fav\r to me4 ,he w ask y :e!r a wood5 s\p-ladle is n m beautiful ?an a ladle ( gold1--s9ce x is m suitable & becom+8 ,s t ?\gh y said--,! ,self-,beautiful is ,gold--y are n[ oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t gold is n m beautiful ?an fig-tree wood8 ,footnote #ae3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bij4 ,side-note3 ,?ird answ] ( ,hippias--que/ions ^u x--pro( giv5 t x fails ( univ]sal application4 ,hip4--,i ackn[l$ge t x is s4 ,b ,i h ano!r answ] ready :i* w sil5ce y\r fri5d4 ,i presume y wi% me to indicate z ,! ,beautiful1 some?+ :i* w nev] appe> ugly to any "o1 at any "t1 or at any place4#af ,sokr4--,t is exactly :at ,i desire4 ,hip4--,well1 ,i affirm1 !n1 t to e man1 always1 & ev]y:]e1 ! foll[+ is mo/ beautiful4 ,a man be+ heal?y1 ri*1 hon\r$ by ! ,greeks1 hav+ come to old age & buri$ 8 own p>5ts well1 to be himself buri$ by 8 own sons well & magnific5tly4 ,sokr4--,y\r answ] s\nds impos+2 b my fri5d w laugh x to scorn1 & w rem9d me aga91 t 8 "q po9t$ to ! ,beautiful itself#ag--some?+ :i*1 be+ pres5t z attribute 9 any subject1 w make t subject 7:e!r /one1 wood1 man1 ,god1 action1 /udy1 c47 beautiful4 ,n[ t :i* y h ass]t$ to be beautiful to e "o ev]y:]e1 0 n beautiful to ,a*illes1 :o accept$ by pref]5ce ! lot ( dy+ be=e 8 fa!r--nor is x s to ! h]oes1 or to ! sons ( ,gods1 :o d n survive or bury _! fa!rs4 ,to "s1 !re=e1 :at y specify is beautiful--to o!rs x is n beautiful b ugly3 t is1 x is bo? beautiful & ugly1 l ! maid51 ! lyre1 ! pot1 on :i* we h already rem>k$4 ,hip4--,i did n speak ab\t ! ,gods or ,h]oes4 ,y\r fri5d is intol]able1 = t\*+ on su* pr(anities4#ah ,sokr4--,h[ev]1 y _c d5y t :at y h indicat$ is beautiful only = ! sons ( m51 & n = ! sons ( ,gods4 ,my fri5d w ?us make good 8 reproa* aga9/ y\r answ]4 ,he w tell me1 t all ! answ]s1 :i* we h z yet giv51 are too absurd4 ,& he may p]haps at ! same "t himself sugge/ ano!r1 z he sometimes does 9 pity = my emb>rassm5t4 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bia ,c-,d4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bib ,d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bic ,b4 ,side-note3 ,f>!r answ]s1 sugge/$ by ,sokrates himself--#a4 ,! ,suitable or ,becom+--objections !reunto--x is reject$4 ,sokrates !n m5tions1 z com+ f h9ts ( ! abs5t fri5d1 ?ree or f\r diff]5t explanations ( ! ,self-,beautiful3 ea* ( :i*1 :5 fir/ introduc$1 he approves1 & ,hippias approves also3 b ea* ( :i* he proce$s successively to te/ & condemn4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t all ( !m are g5]al explanations3 n consi/+ 9 conspicu\s p>ticul> in/ances1 l ^? :i* _h come f ,hippias4 ,8 explanations are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,! suitable or becom+ 7:i* _h be=e be5 glanc$ at74 ,x is ! suitable or becom+ :i* con/itutes ! ,beautiful4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bic ,e4 ,to ?is ,sokrates objects3 ,! suitable1 or becom+1 is :at causes objects to appe> beautiful--n :at causes !m to be really beautiful4 ,n[ ! latt] is t :i* we are seek+4 ,! two conditions d n always g toge!r4 ,^? objects1 in/itutions1 & pursuits :i* are really beautiful 7f9e1 hon\rable7 v (t5 d n appe> s1 ei!r to individuals or to cities collectively2 s t !re is p]petual dispute & fight+ on ! subject4 ,! suitable or becom+1 !re=e1 z x is c]ta9ly :at makes objects appe> beautiful1 s x _c be :at makes !m really beautiful4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bid ,b-,e4 ,side-note3 #b4 ,! useful or pr(itable--objections--x w n hold4 #b4 ,! useful or pr(itable4--,we call objects beautiful1 look+ to ! purpose :i* !y are calculat$ or int5d$ to s]ve3 ! human body1 ) a view to runn+1 wre/l+1 & o!r ex]cises--a horse1 an ox1 a cock1 look+ to ! s]vice requir$ f !m--implem5ts1 vehicles on l& & %ips at sea1 in/rum5ts = music & o!r arts all ^u ! same pr9ciple1 look+ to ! end :i* !y accompli% or help to accompli%4 ,laws & pursuits are *>act]is$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 ea* ( ^!1 we give ! "n ,beautiful to ! useful1 9 s f> z x is useful1 :5 x is useful1 & = ! purpose to :i* x is useful4 ,to t :i* is useless or hurtful1 9 ! same mann]1 we give ! "n ,ugly4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bie ,c-,d4 ,n[ t :i* is capable ( accompli%+ ea* end1 is useful = su* end3 t :i* is incapable1 is useless4 ,x is !re=e capacity1 or p[]1 :i* is beautiful3 incapacity1 or impot5ce1 is ugly4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bie ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n to dunaton e7_/ka/on a7p]ga_/ze/hai1 ei7s o7_/p] dunato_/n1 ei7s t\to kai *r_/simon2 to de a7du_/naton a7_/*r/on8 4 4 4 4 ,du_/namis men a7_/ra kalo_/n--a7dunami_/a de ai7s*ro_/n8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly 7replies ,hippias73 ?is is especially true 9 our cities & communities1 :]e9 political p[] is ! f9e/ ?+ possible1 political impot5ce1 ! meane/4 ,yet1 on clos] inspection 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 su* a !ory w n hold4 ,p[] is employ$ by all m51 ?\gh unwill+ly1 = bad purposes3 & ea* man1 ?r\gh su* employm5t ( 8 p[]1 does mu* m h>m ?an good1 beg9n+ ) 8 *ildhood4 ,n[ p[]1 :i* is useful = ! do+ ( evil1 c nev] be call$ beautiful4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bif ,c-,d4 ,y _c !re=e say t ,p[]1 tak5 absolutely1 is beautiful4 ,y mu/ add ! qualification--,p[] us$ = ! production ( "s good1 is beautiful4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld be ! pr(itable--! cause or g5]ator ( good4#bd ,b ! cause is diff]5t f its effect3 ! g5]ator or fa!r is diff]5t f ! g5]at$ or son4 ,! beautiful w\ld1 ^u ?is view1 be ! cause ( ! good4 ,b !n ! beautiful w\ld be diff]5t f ! good1 & ! good diff]5t f ! beautiful8 ,:o c admit ?is8 ,x is obvi\sly wrong3 x is ! mo/ ridicul\s !ory :i* we h yet hit ^u4#be ,footnote #bd3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #big ,b4 ,footnote #be3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #big ,d-,e4 ,greek3 ei7 oi7o_/n t' e7/i_/n1 e7kei_/nn ei7nai 7k9duneu_/ei7 geloio_/t]os tn pr_/tn4 ,side-note3 #c4 ,! ,beautiful is a v>iety ( ! ,pleasurable--t :i* is receiv$ ?r\gh ! eye & ! e>4 #c4 ,! ,beautiful is a p>ticul> v>iety ( ! agreeable or pleasurable3 t :i* *>act]ises ^? ?+s :i* cause pleasure to u ?r\gh sight & he>+4 ,?us ! m51 ! ornam5ts1 ! works ( pa9t+ or sculpture1 ^u :i* we look ) admiration1#bf are call$ beautiful3 also songs1 music1 poetry1 fable1 disc\rse1 9 l mann]2 nay ev5 laws1 cu/oms1 pursuits1 :i* we consid] beautiful1 might be br\ght "u ! same head4#bg ,footnote #bf3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bih ,a-,b4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bih ,d4 ,pr(essor ,ba9 obs]ves3--,! eye & ! e> are ! great av5ues to ! m9d = ! /hetic class ( influ5ces2 ! o!r s5ses are m or less 9 ! monopoli/ int]e/4 ,! blue sky1 ! gre5 woods1 & all ! beauties ( ! l&scape1 c fill ! vision ( a c\ntless ?rong ( admir]s4 ,s ) ! pleas+ s\nds1 c4 ',! ,emotions & ! ,w4' *4 xiv4 7,! /hetic ,emotions71 sect4 #b1 p4 #bbf1 #crd ed4 ,side-note3 ,objections to ?is la/--,:at prop]ty is !re common to bo? sight & he>+1 :i* conf]s ^u ! pleasures ( ^! two s5ses ! exclusive privilege ( be+ beautiful8 ,! objector1 h[ev]1 mu/ n[ be dealt )4 ,he w ask u--,^u :at gr\nd d y make s m>k$ a di/9ction betwe5 ! pleasures ( sight & he>+1 & o!r pleasures8 ,d y d5y t ^! o!rs 7^? ( ta/e1 smell1 eat+1 dr9k+1 sex7 are really pleasures8 ,no1 surely 7we %all reply72 we admit !m to be pleasures1--b no "o w tol]ate u 9 call+ !m beautiful3 especially ! pleasures ( sex1 :i* z pleasures are ! greate/ ( all1 b :i* are ugly & disgraceful to behold4 ,he w answ]--,i und]/& y3 y are a%am$ to call ^! pleasures beautiful1 because !y d n seem s to ! multitude3 b ,i did n ask y1 :at seems beautiful to ! multitude--,i ask$ y1 :at is beautiful4#bh ,y mean to affirm1 t all pleasures :i* d n belong to sight & he>+1 are n beautiful3 ,d y mean1 all :i* d n belong to bo?8 or all :i* d n belong to "o or ! o!r8 ,we %all reply--,to ei!r "o ( ! two--or to bo? ! two4 ,well6 b1 :y 7he w ask7 d y s+le out ^! pleasures ( sight & he>+1 z beautiful exclusively8 ,:at is !re peculi> 9 !m1 :i* gives !m a title to su* di/9ction8 ,all pleasures are alike1 s f> =? z pleasures1 diff]+ only 9 ! m or less4 ,next1 ! pleasures ( sight _c be consid]$ z beautiful by reason ( _! com+ ?r\gh sight--= t reason w\ld n apply to ! pleasures ( he>+3 nor aga9 c ! pleasures ( he>+ be consid]$ z beautiful by reason ( _! com+ ?r\gh he>+4#bi ,we mu/ f9d some?+ possess$ z well by sight z by he>+1 common to bo?1 & peculi> to !m1--:i* conf]s beauty ^u ! pleasures ( bo? & ( ea*4 ,any attribute ( "o1 :i* does n also belong to ! o!r1 w n be suffici5t = our purpose4#cj ,beauty mu/ dep5d ^u "s ess5tial *>act]i/ic :i* bo? h 9 common4#ca ,we mu/ !re=e look out = "s su* *>act]i/ic1 :i* belongs to bo? z well z to ea* sep>ately4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bih ,e1 #bii ,a4 ,greek3 ,man?a_/n1 a7n i7_/ss phai_/1 kai e7g_/1 o7_/ti pa_/lai ai7s*u_/ne/he tau_/tas tas 7donas pha_/nai kalas ei7nai1 o7_/ti ou7 dokei tois a7n?r_/pois2 a7ll' e7g ou7 t\to 7r_/tn1 o7 dokei tois pollois kalon ei7nai1 a7ll' o71 ti e7_//94 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bii ,d-,e4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjj ,b4 ,a sep>ate argum5t betwe5 ,sokrates & ,hippias is "h z x 7 int]polat$2 ,hippias affirms t he does n see h[ any pr$icate c be true ( bo? :i* is n true ( ei!r sep>ately4 ,sokrates po9ts out t two m5 are ,bo?1 ev5 9 numb]1 :ile ea* is ,"o1 an odd numb]4 ,y _c say ( ! two t !y are "o1 nor c y say ( ei!r t he is ,bo?4 ,!re are two classes ( pr$icates2 "s :i* are true ( ei!r b n true ( ! two toge!r1 or vice v]s2 "s aga9 :i* are true ( ! two & true also ( ea* "o--su* z j1 wise1 h&some1 c4 p4 #cja-cjc ,b4 ,footnote #ca3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjb ,c4 ,greek3 t ou7si_/a t e7p' a7mpho_/t]a e7pome_/n 7mn1 ei7_/p] a7mpho_/t]a_/ e7/i kala_/1 tau_/t dein au7ta kala ei7nai1 t de kata ta e7_/t]a a7poleipome_/n m_/4 kai e7_/ti nun oi7omai4 ,side-note3 ,answ]--,!re is1 belong+ to ea* & to bo? 9 common1 ! prop]ty ( be+ innocu\s & pr(itable pleasures--^u ?is gr\nd !y are call$ beautiful4 ,n[ !re is "o *>act]i/ic :i* may p]haps s]ve4 ,! pleasures ( sight & he>+1 bo? & ea*1 are di/+ui%$ f o!r pleasures by be+ ! mo/ innocu\s & ! be/4#cb ,x is = ?is reason t we call !m beautiful4 ,! ,beautiful1 !n1 is pr(itable pleasure--or pleasure produc+ good--= ! pr(itable is1 t :i* produces good4#cc ,footnote #cb3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjc ,e4 ,greek3 o7_/ti a7s9e_//atai au7tai tn 7donn ei7si kai be_/lti/ai1 kai a7mpho_/t]ai kai e7kate_/ra4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjc ,e4 ,greek3 le_/gete d to kalon ei7nai1 7donn 7phe_/limon4 ,side-note3 ,?is w n hold--! ,pr(itable is ! cause ( ,good1 & is !re=e diff]5t f ,good--to say t ! beautiful is ! ,pr(itable1 is to say t x is diff]5t f ,good b ?is has be5 already decl>$ inadmissible4 ,nev]!less ! objector w n be satisfi$ ev5 ) ?is4 ,he w tell u--,y decl>e ! ,beautiful to be ,pleasure produc+ good4 ,b we be=e agre$1 t ! produc+ ag5t or cause is diff]5t f :at is produc$ or ! effect4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,beautiful is diff]5t f ! good3 or1 9 o!r words1 ! ,beautiful is n good1 nor is ! ,good beautiful--if ea* ( !m is a diff]5t ?+4#cd ,n[ ^! propositions we h already pron\nc$ to be inadmissible1 s t y\r pres5t explanation w n /& bett] ?an ! prec$+4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjc ,e--#cjd ,a4 ,greek3 ,ou7_/k\n 7phe_/limon1 ph_/sei1 to poi\n ta7ga?o_/n1 to de poi\n kai to poi\_/m5on1 e7_/t]on nun d e7pha_/n1 kai ei7s ton pro_/t]on lo_/gon 7_/kei u7min o7 lo_/gos8 ou7_/te gar to a7ga?on a7n ei7_/ kalon ou7_/te to kalon a7ga?o_/n1 ei7_/p] a7_/llo au7tn e7ka_/t]o_/n e7/94 ,^! la/ words des]ve att5tion1 because !y co9cide ) ! doctr9e ascrib$ to ,anti/h5es1 :i* has caus$ s _m h>d words to be appli$ to him 7z well z to ,/ilpon7 by critics1 f ,koltes d[nw>ds4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple "h laid d[n by ,plato is--,a is some?+ diff]5t f ,b1 !re=e ,a is n ,b & ,b is n ,a4 ,9 o!r words1 ,a _c be pr$icat$ ( ,b nor ,b ( ,a4 ,anti/h5es said 9 l mann]--,greek3 ,a7_/n?rpos & ,greek3 ,a7ga?os are diff]5t f ea* o!r1 !re=e y _c say ,greek3 ,a7_/n?rpos e7/9 a7ga?o_/s4 ,y c only say ,greek3 ,a7_/n?rpos e7/9 ,a7_/n?rpos--,a7ga?o_/s e7/9 a7ga?o_/s4 ,i h t\*$ f>!r ^u ?is po9t 9 my *apt] ^u ,anti/h5es & ! o!r ,viri ,sokratici4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks ^u ! ,dialogue--! explanations ascrib$ to ,hippias are special conspicu\s examples3 ^? ascrib$ to ,sokrates are attempts to assign "s g5]al concept4 ,?us f9i% ! ?ree di/9ct explanations ( ,greek3 ,to kalon1 :i* ,plato 9 ?is dialogue causes to be fir/ sugge/$ by ,sokrates1 successively accept$ by ,hippias1 & successively refut$ by ,sokrates4 ,9 comp>+ !m ) ! ?ree explanations :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,hippias1 we note ?is di/9ction3 ,t ! explanations propos$ by ,hippias are conspicu\s p>ticul> exemplifications ( ! ,beautiful1 sub/itut$ 9 place ( ! g5]al concept3 z we rem>k$1 9 ! ,dialogue ,eu?yphron1 t ! explanations ( ! ,holy giv5 by ,eu?yphron 9 reply to ,sokrates1 7 ( ! same exemplify+ "*4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^? sugge/$ by ,sokrates keep 9 ! region ( ab/ractions1 & seek to discov] "s m g5]al concept1 ( :i* ! ,beautiful is only a d]ivative or a modification1 s z to r5d] a def9ition ( x practicable4 ,to illu/rate ?is diff]5ce by ! language ( ,dr4 ,:ewell respect+ _m ( ! classifications 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 we may say--,t accord+ to ! views "h repres5t$ by ,hippias1 ! gr\p ( objects call$ beautiful is giv5 by ,type1 n by ,def9ition3#ce :ile ,sokrates proce$s l "o conv9c$ t "s common *>act]i/ic attribute may be f\nd1 on :i* to re/ a ,def9ition4 ,to se>* = ,def9itions ( g5]al words1 0 7z ,ari/otle rem>ks7 a novelty1 & a valuable novelty1 introduc$ by ,sokrates4 ,8 contempor>ies1 ! ,sophi/s among !m1 7 n accu/om$ to x3 & "h ! ,sophi/ ,hippias 7accord+ to ,plato's frequ5t mann]7 is d]id$ z talk+ nons5se1#cf because1 :5 ask$ = an explanation ( ,! ,self-,beautiful1 he answ]s by cit+ special in/ances ( beautiful objects4 ,b we mu/ rememb]1 fir/1 t ,sokrates1 :o is introduc$ z try+ sev]al g5]al explanations ( ! ,self-,beautiful1 does n f9d "o :i* w /&3 next1 t ev5 if "o su* c\ld be f\nd1 p>ticul> in/ances c nev] be disp5s$ )1 9 ! way ( illu/ration2 la/ly1 t !re are _m g5]al t]ms 7! ,beautiful be+ "o ( !m7 ( :i* no def9itions c be provid$1 & :i* c only be imp]fectly expla9$1 by enum]at+ a v>iety ( objects to :i* ! t]m 9 "q is appli$4#cg ,plato ?\ght himself entitl$ to objectivise e g5]al t]m1 or to assume a sub/antive ,ens1 call$ a ,=m or ,idea1 correspond+ to x4 ,?is 0 a logical mi/ake q z s]i\s z any :i* we "k to h be5 committ$ by ,hippias or any o!r ,sophi/4 ,! assumption t :]ev] !re is a g5]al t]m1 !re mu/ also be a g5]ic attribute correspond+ to x--is "o :i* ,ari/otle takes mu* pa9s to negative3 he recognises t]ms ( transitional analogy1 z well z t]ms equivocal3 :ile he also especially numb]s ! ,beautiful among equivocal t]ms4#ch ,footnote #ce3 ,see ,dr4 ,:ewell's ',hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1' ii4 #abj seq42 & ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's ',sy/em ( ,logic1' iv4 #h1 #c4 ,i %all illu/rate ?is subject f>!r :5 ,i come to ! dialogue call$ ,lysis4 ,footnote #cf3 ,/allbaum1 9 8 notes1 bur/s into exclamations ( wond] at ! incr$ible /upidity ( ,hippias--,en hom9is /uporem prorsus admirabilem1 p4 #bhi ,e4 ,footnote #cg3 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill obs]ves 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 i4 #a1 #e3 ,"o ( ! *ief s\rces ( lax habits ( ?\ght is ! cu/om ( us+ connotative t]ms )\t a di/9ctly asc]ta9$ connotation1 & ) no m precise notion ( _! mean+ ?an c be loosely collect$ f obs]v+ :at objects !y are us$ to d5ote4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t we all acquire1 & inevitably s1 our fir/ k ( our v]nacul> language4 ,a *ild le>ns ! mean+ ( ,man1 ,:ite1 c41 by he>+ !m appli$ to a numb] ( individual objects1 & f9d+ out1 by a process ( g5]alisation ( :i* he is b imp]fectly consci\s1 :at ^? diff]5t objects h 9 common4 ,9 _m cases objects be> a g5]al resemblance to ea* o!r1 :i* leads to _! be+ famili>ly class$ toge!r "u a common "n1 :ile x is n imm$iately app>5t :at are ! p>ticul> attributes ^u ! possession ( :i* 9 common by !m all _! g5]al resemblance dep5ds4 ,9 ?is mann] names creep on f subject to subject until all traces ( a common mean+ sometimes disappe>1 & ! ^w comes to d5ote a numb] ( ?+s n only indep5d5tly ( any common attribute1 b :i* h actually no attribute 9 common1 or none b :at is %>$ by o!r ?+s to :i* ! "n is caprici\sly refus$4 ,x w\ld be well if ?is deg5]acy ( language took place only 9 ! h&s ( ! untaught vulg>2 b "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances are to be f\nd 9 t]ms ( art1 & among te*nically educat$ p]sons1 su* z ,engli% lawy]s4 ,felony1 e4g41 is a law-t]m ) ! s\nd ( :i* all are famili>3 b !re is no lawy] :o w\ld und]take to tell :at a felony is1 o!rwise ?an by enum]at+ ! v>i\s (f5ces s call$4 ,orig9ally ! ^w felony _h a mean+2 x d5ot$ all (f5ces1 ! p5alty ( :i* includ$ =feiture ( l&s or goods1 b subsequ5t ,acts ( ,p>liam5t h decl>$ v>i\s (f5ces to be felonies )\t enjo9+ t p5alty1 & h tak5 away t p5alty f o!rs :i* cont9ue nev]!less to be call$ felonies1 insomu* t ! acts s call$ h n[ no prop]ty :atev] 9 common save t ( be+ unlawful & puni%able4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ari/ot4 ,topic1 i4 #ajf1 a4 #ba4 ,greek3 ,ta polla*s lego_/m5a--ta pleona*s lego_/m5a--are p]petually not$ & di/+ui%$ by ,ari/otle4 ,side-note3 ,analogy betwe5 ! explanations "h ascrib$ to ,sokrates1 & ^? giv5 by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates 9 ! ,memorabilia4 ,we read 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia a dialogue betwe5 ,sokrates & ,ari/ippus1 on ?is same subject--,:at is ! ,beautiful1 :i* af=ds a sort ( contra/ betwe5 ! ,dialogues ( ,se>* & ^? ( ,exposition4 ,9 ! ,hippias ,major1 we h ! problem approa*$ on sev]al diff]5t sides1 v>i\s sugge/ions be+ propos$1 & ea* successively disall[$1 on reasons %[n1 z failures3 :ile 9 ! ,x5ophontic dialogue1 ,sokrates decl>es an affirmative doctr9e1 & /&s to x--b no pa9s are tak5 to br+ out ! objections aga9/ x & rebut !m4 ,! doctr9e is1 t ! ,beautiful is co9cid5t ) ! ,good1 & t bo? ( !m are resolvable into ! ,useful3 ?us all beautiful objects1 unlike z !y may be to ! eye or t\*1 be> t "n because !y h 9 common ! attribute ( conduc+ to "o & ! same purpose--! security1 advantage1 or gratification1 ( man1 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,?is is "o ( ! ?ree explanations broa*$ by ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 & aft]w>ds refut$ by him1 9 ! ,hippias3 :ile 8 decl>ation 7:i* ,hippias puts aside z unseemly7--t a pot & a wood5 s\p-ladle conv5i5tly made are beautiful is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) t ( ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates1 t a basket = c>ry+ dung is beautiful1 if x p]=ms its "w well4#ci ,we mu/ moreov] rem>k1 t ! objections :]eby ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 aft] propos+ ! doctr9e & say+ mu* 9 its fav\r1 f9ds himself compell$ at la/ to disall[ x--^! objections are n produc$ & refut$1 b pass$ ov] )\t notice1 9 ! ,x5ophontic dialogue1 :]e9 ,sokrates affirms x decid$ly4#dj ,! affirm+ ,sokrates1 & ! object+ ,sokrates1 are n on ! /age at once4 ,footnote #ci3 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #f1 #b1 #g2 iv4 #f1 #h4 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhh ,d1 #bij ,d4 ,i am oblig$ to translate ! words ,greek3 to ,kalo_/n by ! ,beautiful or beauty1 to avoid a tiresome p]iphrasis4 ,b 9 reality ! ,greek words include m besides3 !y mean also ! f9e1 ! hon\rable or t :i* is wor?y ( hon\r1 ! exalt$1 c4 ,if we h difficulty 9 f9d+ any common prop]ty connot$ by ! ,engli% ^w1 ! difficulty 9 ! case ( ! ,greek ^w is /ill great]4 ,footnote #dj3 ,9 reg>d to ! "q1 ,:]e9 consi/s ,greek3 ,to ,kalo_/n8 & objections aga9/ ! !ory ( ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates1 x is wor? :ile to comp>e ! views ( mod]n philosoph]s4 ,dugald ,/ew>t says 7on ! ,beautiful1 ',philosophical ,essays1' p4 #bad seq471 ,x has long be5 a fav\rite problem ) philosoph]s to asc]ta9 ! common quality or qualities :i* entitle a ?+ to ! d5om9ation ( ,beautiful4 ,b ! success ( _! speculations has be5 s inconsid]able1 t little c be inf]r$ f !m except ! impossibility ( ! problem to :i* !y h be5 direct$4 ,! speculations :i* h giv5 occasion to ^! rem>ks h evid5tly orig9at$ 9 a prejudice :i* has desc5d$ to mod]n times f ! s*ola/ic ages4 ,t :5 a ^w admits ( a v>iety ( significations1 ^! diff]5t significations mu/ all be species ( ! same g5us1 & mu/ consequ5tly include "s ess5tial idea common to e individual to :i* ! g5]ic t]m c be appli$4 ,( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* has be5 an abundant s\rce ( obscurity & my/]y 9 ! diff]5t sci5ces1 x w\ld be easy to expose ! uns\ndness & futility4 ,socrates1 ^: pla9 good s5se appe>s1 on ?is z on o!r occasions1 to h =tifi$ 8 und]/&+ to a wond]ful degree aga9/ ! metaphysical subtleties :i* misl$ 8 successors1 0 evid5tly appris$ fully ( ! ju/ice ( ! =ego+ rem>ks1 if any reliance c be plac$ on ! acc\nt giv5 by ,x5ophon ( 8 conv]sation ) ,ari/ippus ab\t ! ,good & ! ,beautiful1 c4 ,/ew>t !n proce$s to translate a portion ( ! ,x5ophontic dialogue 7,memorab4 iii4 #h74 ,b un=tunately he does n translate ! :ole ( x4 ,if he _h he w\ld h se5 t he has misconceiv$ ! op9ion ( ,sokrates1 :o ma9ta9s ! v doctr9e "h disall[$ by ,/ew>t1 viz41 ,t !re is an ess5tial idea common to all beautiful objects1 ! fact ( be+ conducive to human security1 com=t1 or enjoym5t4 ,?is is unque/ionably an important common prop]ty1 ?\gh ! multif>i\s objects :i* possess x may be unlike 9 all o!r respects4 ,z to ! g5]al !ory ,i ?9k t ,/ew>t is "r3 x is 8 complim5t to ,sokrates1 on ?is occasion1 :i* ,i consid] misplac$4 ,he c]ta9ly w\ld n h agre$ ) ,sokrates 7nor %\ld ,i agree ) him7 9 call+ by ! epi!t beautiful a basket = c>ry+ dung :5 well made = its own purpose1 or a conv5i5t boil+-pot1 or a s\p-ladle made ( fig-tree wood1 z ! ,platonic ,sokrates affirms 9 ! ,hippias 7#bhh ,d1 #bij ,d74 ,! ,beautiful & ! ,useful sometimes co9cide2 m (t5 or at lea/ v (t51 !y d n4 ,hippias is made to prote/1 9 ?is dialogue1 aga9/ ! m5tion ( su* vulg> objects z ! pot & ! ladle2 & ?is is app>5tly int5d$ by ,plato z a defective po9t 9 8 "*1 d5ot+ silly affectation & conceit1 l 8 f9e app>el4 ,b ,dugald ,/ew>t w\ld h agre$ 9 ! s5tim5t ascrib$ to ,hippias--t vulg> & mean objects h no place 9 an inquiry into ! ,beautiful2 & t !y belong1 :5 well-=m$ = _! respective purposes1 to ! category ( ! ,useful4 ,! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates 9 ! ,memorabilia is mi/ak5 9 conf\nd+ ! ,beautiful ) ! ,good & ! ,useful4 ,b 8 rem>ks are valuable 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 z !y insi/ mo/ =cibly on ! ess5tial relativity bo? ( ! ,beautiful & ! ,good4 ,! doctr9e ( ,dugald ,/ew>t is support$ by ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7',sy/em ( ,logic1' iv4 #d1 #e1 p4 #bbj seq4729999 & ,pr(essor ,ba9 has exp\nd$ ! :ole subject /ill m fully 9 a *apt] 7xiv4 p4 #bbe seq41 on ! /hetic ,emotions7 ( 8 "w on ! ,emotions & ! ,w4 ,! conclud+ obs]vations ( ?is dialogue1 int]*ang$ betwe5 ,hippias & ,sokrates1 are int]e/+ z br++ out ! anti!sis betwe5 rhetoric & dialectic--betwe5 ! concrete & exemplify+1 z contra/$ ) ! ab/ract & analytical4 ,imm$iately aft] ,sokrates has br\ght 8 own ?ird sugge/ion to an inextricable emb>rassm5t1 ,hippias rem>ks-- ,side-note3 ,conclud+ ?ru/ ex*ang$ betwe5 ,hippias & ,sokrates4 ,well1 ,sokrates1 :at d y ?9k n[ ( all ^! reason+s ( y\rs8 ,!y are :at ,i decl>$ !m to be j n[1--scrap+s & p>+s ( disc\rse1 divid$ into m9ute fragm5ts4 ,b ! really beautiful & preci\s acquirem5t is1 to be able to set out well & f9ely a regul> disc\rse be=e ! ,dika/]y or ! public assembly1 to p]suade y\r auditors1 & to dep>t c>ry+ ) y n ! lea/ b ! greate/ ( all prizes--safety = y\rself1 y\r prop]ty1 & y\r fri5ds4 ,^! are ! real objects to /rive =4 ,leave (f y\r petty cavils1 t y may n look l an extreme simpleton1 h&l+ silly trifles z y d at pres5t4#da ,my de> ,hippias1 7replies ,sokrates7 y are a happy man1 s9ce y "k :at pursuits a man ought to foll[1 & h y\rself foll[$ !m1 z y say1 ) good success4 ,b ,i1 z x seems1 am "u ! grasp ( an unacc\ntable =tune3 = ,i am always fluctuat+ & puzzl+ myself1 & :5 ,i lay my puzzle be=e y wise m51 ,i am requit$ by y ) h>d words4 ,i am told j :at y h n[ be5 tell+ me1 t ,i busy myself ab\t matt]s silly1 petty1 & wor?less4 ,:5 on ! contr>y1 ov]borne by y\r au?ority1 ,i decl>e z y d1 t x is ! f9e/ ?+ possible to be able to set out well & beautifully a regul> disc\rse be=e ! public assembly1 & br+ x to successful conclusion--!n !re are o!r m5 at h& :o heap ^u me bitt] reproa*es3 especially t "o man1 my ne>e/ k9sman & inmate1 :o nev] omits to convict me4 ,:5 on my return home he he>s me repeat :at y h told me1 he asks1 if ,i am n a%am$ ( my impud5ce 9 talk+ ab\t beautiful 7hon\rable7 pursuits1 :5 ,i am s manife/ly convict$ ^u ?is subject1 ( n ev5 kn[+ :at ! ,beautiful 7,hon\rable7 is4 ,h[ c y 7he says71 be+ ignorant :at ! ,beautiful is1 "k :o has set out a disc\rse beautifully & :o has n--:o has p]=m$ a beautiful exploit & :o has n8 ,s9ce y are 9 a condition s disgraceful1 c y ?9k life bett] = y ?an dea?8 ,su* !n is my fate--to he> disp>agem5t & reproa*es f y on ! "o side1 & f him on ! o!r4 ,necessity h[ev] p]haps requires t ,i %\ld endure all ^! discom=ts3 = x w be no?+ /range if ,i pr(it by !m4 ,inde$ ,i ?9k t ,i h already pr(it$ bo? by y\r society1 ,hippias1 & by 83 = ,i n[ ?9k t ,i "k :at ! prov]b means--,beautiful 7,hon\rable7 ?+s are difficult4#db ,footnote #da3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjd ,a4 ,footnote #db3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cjd ,d-,e4 ,side-note3 ,rhetoric aga9/ ,dialectic4 ,"h is a suitable t]m9ation = "o ( ! ,dialogues ( ,se>*3 ,my m9d has be5 emb>rass$ by contradictions z yet unreconcil$1 b ?is is a /age indisp5sable to future improvem5t4 ,we h moreov] an int]e/+ passage ( arms betwe5 ,rhetoric & ,dialectic3 two contemporane\s & cont5d+ ag5cies1 among ! /irr+ m9ds ( ,a!ns1 9 ! "t ( ,plato & ,isokrates4 ,! ,rhetor accuses ! ,dialectician ( dep>t+ f ! conditions ( reality--( break+ up ! integrity ( ^? concretes1 :i* occur 9 nature ea* z cont9u\s & indivisible :oles4 ,ea* ( ! analog\s p>ticul> cases =ms a cont9uum or concrete by itself1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 b _c be tak5 to pieces1 & /udi$ 9 sep>ate fragm5ts4#dc ,! ,dialectician on 8 side treats ! ,ab/ract 7,greek3 to kalon7 z ! real ,integ]1 & ! highe/ ab/raction z ! fir/ ( all integ]s1 conta9+ 9 itself & capable ( evolv+ all ! subord9ate integ]s3 ! v>i\s accompanim5ts1 :i* g along ) ea* ,ab/ract to make up a concrete1 he disreg>ds z %ad[y & transi5t disguises4 ,footnote #dc3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #cja ,b4 ,greek3 ,a7lla gar d su_/1 7 ,s_/krates1 ta men o7_/la tn pragma_/tn ou7 skopeis1 ou7d' e7keinoi1 oi7s su ei7_/?as diale_/ge/hai1 kr\_/ete de a7polamba_/nontes to kalon kai e7_/ka/on tn o7_/ntn e7n tois lo_/gois katate_/mnontes2 dia tauta ou7_/t mega_/la u7mas lan?a_/nei kai dianek s_/mata ts ou7si_/z pephuko_/ta4 ,comp>e #cja ,e4 ,! words ,greek3 dianek s_/mata ts ou7si_/z pephuko_/ta correspond z ne>ly z c be to ! logical t]m ,concrete1 oppos$ to ,ab/ract4 ,nature furni%es only ,concreta1 n ,ab/racta4 ,side-note3 ,m5 :o dealt ) real life1 contra/$ ) ! speculative & analytical philosoph]s4 ,hippias accuses ,sokrates ( nev] tak+ into 8 view ,:oles1 & ( conf9+ 8 att5tion to sep>ate p>ts & fragm5ts1 obta9$ by logical analysis & subdivision4 ,ari/ophanes1 :5 he attacks ! ,dialectic ( ,sokrates1 takes ! same gr\nd1 employ+ num]\s comic metaphors to illu/rate ! small & impalpable fragm5ts h&l$1 & ! subtle transpositions :i* !y und]w5t 9 ! reason+4 ,isokrates aga9 deprecates ! ov]-subtlety ( dialectic debate1 contra/+ x ) discussions 79 8 op9ion7 m useful2 :]e9 entire situations1 ea* ) its full clo?+ & assemblage ( circum/ances1 7 review$ & e/imat$4#dd ,all ^! are prote/s1 by p]sons accu/om$ to deal ) real life1 & to talk to auditors bo? num]\s & commonplace1 aga9/ t consci\s analysis & close att5tion to g5]al & ab/ract t]ms1 :i* ,sokrates fir/ insi/$ on & transmitt$ to 8 disciples4 ,on ! o!r side1 we h ! emphatic decl>ation made by ! ,platonic ,sokrates 7& made /ill e>li] by ! ,x5ophontic#de or hi/orical ,sokrates7--,t a man 0 n fit to talk ab\t beautiful ?+s 9 ! concrete--t he _h no "r to affirm or d5y t attribute1 ) respect to any giv5 subject--t he 0 n9999 ev5 fit to live unless he c\ld expla9 :at 0 meant by ,! ,beautiful1 or ,beauty 9 ! ab/ract4 ,"h are two di/9ct & conflict+ intellectual habits1 ! anti!sis betwe5 :i*1 indicat$ 9 ?is dialogue1 is describ$ at l>ge & =cibly 9 ! ,!ttus4#df ,footnote #dd3 ,ari/ophan4 ,nubes1 #acj4 ,greek3 lo_/gn a7kribn s*9dala_/m\s--paipa_/l4 ,nub4 #bfa1 ,aves1 #dcj4 ,greek3 leptota_/tn l_/rn i7ereu1 ,nub4 #cei4 ,greek3 gn_/mais leptais1 ,nub4 #adjd4 ,greek3 sk>iphismoisi l_/rn1 ,ran4 #adig4 ,greek3 smileu_/mata--id4 #hai4 ,isokrates1 ,greek3 ,pros ,nikokle_/a1 s4 #fi1 anti!sis ( ! ,greek3 lo_/goi politikoi & ,greek3 lo_/goi e7ri/ikoi_/--ma_/li/a men kai a7po tn kairn !rein sumb\leu_/ontas1 ei7 de m1 ka?' o7_/ln tn pragma_/tn le_/gontas--:i* is almo/ exactly ! phrase ascrib$ to ,hippias by ,plato 9 ?is ,hippias ,major4 ,also ,isokrates1 ,contra ,sophi/as1 s4 #bd-be1 :]e he contra/s ! useless ,greek3 logi_/dia1 debat$ by ! cont5ti\s dialecticians 7,sokrates & ,plato be+ probably includ$ 9 ?is designation71 ) 8 own ,greek3 lo_/goi politikoi_/4 ,comp>e also ,isokrates1 ,or4 xv4 ,de ,p]mutatione1 s4 #baa-bac-bhe-bhg4 ,footnote #de3 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #a1 #af4 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,!tt4 pp4 #agc-agd-age4 ,side-note3 ,concrete ,aggregates--ab/ract or logical ,aggregates4 ,di/9ct aptitudes requir$ by ,ari/otle = ! ,dialectician4 ,:5 ,hippias accuses ,sokrates ( neglect+ to notice ,:oles or ,aggregates1 ?is is true 9 ! s5se ( ,concrete ,:oles--! ph5om5al sequ5ces & co-exi/5ces1 p]ceiv$ by s5se or imag9$4 ,b ! ,univ]sal 7z ,ari/otle says7#dg is "o k9d ( ,:ole3 a ,logical ,:ole1 hav+ logical p>ts4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ,sokrates & ,plato1 ! ,logical ,:ole sep>able into its logical p>ts & into !m only1 7 prepond]ant4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ari/ot4 ,physic4 i4 #a4 ,greek3 to gar o7_/lon kata tn ai7_//hs9 gnrim_/t]on1 to de ka?o_/l\ o7_/lon ti e7/i2 polla gar p]ilamba_/nei 7s me_/r to ka?o_/l\4 ,comp>e ,simplikius1 ,s*ol4 ,br&is ad loc4 p4 #cbd1 a4 #aj-bf4 ,side-note3 ,anti!sis ( ,absolute & ,relative1 "h br\ght into debate by ,plato1 9 reg>d to ! ,idea ( ,beauty4 ,"o o!r po9t des]ves peculi> notice1 9 ! dialogue "u our review4 ,! problem />t$ is1 ,:at is ! ,beautiful--! ,self-,beautiful1 or ,beauty p] se3 & x is assum$ t ?is mu/ be ,some?+1#dh t f ! accession ( :i*1 ea* p>ticul> beautiful ?+ becomes beautiful4 ,b ,sokrates pres5tly comes to make a di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is really beautiful & t :i* appe>s to be beautiful4 ,"s ?+s 7he says7 appe> beautiful1 b are n s 9 reality3 "s are beautiful1 b d n appe> s4 ,! problem1 z he /ates x1 is1 to f9d1 n :at t is :i* makes objects appe> beautiful1 b :at x is t makes !m really beautiful4 ,?is di/9ction1 z we f9d x 9 ! language ( ,hippias1 is "o ( degree only3#di t is beautiful :i* appe>s s to e "o & at all times4 ,b 9 ! language ( ,sokrates1 ! di/9ction is radical3 to be beautiful is "o ?+1 to appe> beautiful is ano!r2 :atev] makes a ?+ appe> beautiful )\t be+ s 9 reality1 is a m]e eng9e ( deceit1 & n :at ,sokrates is enquir+ =4#ej ,! ,self-,beautiful or real ,beauty is s1 :e!r any "o p]ceives x to be beautiful or n3 x is an ,absolute1 :i* exi/s p] se1 hav+ no relation to any s5ti5t or p]cipi5t subject4#ea ,at any rate1 su* is ! mann] 9 :i* ,plato conceives x1 :5 he />ts "h z a problem to enquire1 ,:at x is4 ,footnote #dh3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bhf ,k4 ,greek3 au7to to kalon o7_/1 ti e7_//94 ,also #bhg ,d1 #bhi ,d4 ,footnote #di3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bia ,d1 #bib ,e4 ,footnote #ej3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,maj4 #bid ,a-,b1 #bii ,a4 ,footnote #ea3 ,dr4 ,hut*eson1 9 8 inquiry into ! ,orig9al ( our ,ideas ( ,beauty & ,virtue1 obs]ves 7sect4 i4 & ii4 p4 #ad-af73-- ,beauty is ei!r orig9al or comp>ative1 or1 if any l ! t]ms bett]1 absolute or relative2 only let x be obs]v$1 t by absolute or orig9al1 is n und]/ood any quality suppos$ to be 9 ! object1 :i* %\ld ( itself be beautiful1 )\t relation to any m9d :i* p]ceives x4 ,= ,beauty1 l o!r names ( s5sible ideas1 prop]ly d5otes ! p]ception ( "s m9d4 4 4 4 4 ,our inquiry is only ab\t ! qualities :i* are beautiful to m51 or ab\t ! f\ndation ( _! s5se ( beauty1 = 7z above h9t$7 ,beauty has always relation to ! s5se ( "s m9d2 & :5 we aft]w>ds %[ h[ g5]ally ! objects t occur to u are beautiful1 we mean t su* objects are agreeable to ! s5se ( m51 c4 ,! same is repeat$1 sect4 iv4 p4 #dj2 sect4 vi4 p4 #gb4 ,h]e9 we note "o ( ! mat]ial po9ts ( disagreem5t betwe5 ,plato & 8 ma/]3 = ,sokrates 79 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia7 affirms di/9ctly t ,beauty is altoge!r relative to human wants & appreciations4 ,! ,real & ,absolute1 on ! "o h&1 :]e9 alone resides tru? & beauty--z aga9/ ! ph5om5al & relative1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _w ( illusion & meanness--?is is an anti!sis :i* we %all f9d (t5 reproduc$ 9 ,plato4 ,i %all take x up m at l>ge1 :5 ,i come to discuss 8 argum5t aga9/ ,protagoras 9 ! ,!ttus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,hippias ,m9or--*>act]s & situation suppos$4 ,i n[ come to ! ,less] ,hippias3 9 :i* 7z we h already se5 9 ! ,great]7 t ,sophi/ is describ$ by epi!ts1 affirm+ v>i$ & ext5sive accompli%m5ts1 z ma/] ( ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 poetry 7especially t ( ,hom]71 leg5d>y lore1 music1 metrical & rhy?mical div]sities1 c4 ,8 memory 0 prodigi\s1 & he _h ev5 inv5t$ = himself a te*nical s*eme = assi/+ memory4 ,he _h compos$ poems1 epic1 lyric1 & tragic1 z well z _m works 9 prose3 he 01 besides1 a spl5did lectur] on e?ical & political subjects1 & pr(ess$ to answ] any "q :i* might be ask$4 ,fur!rmore1 he 0 skilful 9 _m k9ds ( manual dext]ity3 hav+ wov5 8 own g>m5ts1 plait$ 8 own girdle1 made 8 own %oes1 engrav$ 8 own seal-r+1 & fabricat$ = himself a curry-comb & oil-flask4#eb ,la/ly1 he is describ$ z we>+ f9e & %[y app>el4 ,:at he is made to say is r 9 h>mony ) ?is la/ po9t ( "*1 ?an ) ! prec$+4 ,he talks ) sill9ess & presumption1 s z to invite & excuse ! d]isory /+ ( ,sokrates1 ,!re is a ?ird int]locutor1 ,eudikus3 b he says v little1 & o!r auditors are allud$ to g5]ally1 :o say no?+4#ec ,footnote #eb3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cfh4 ,footnote #ec3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cfi ,d1 #cgc ,b4 ,a/ rejects bo? ! dialogues call$ by ! "n ( ,hippias1 z n compos$ by ,plato4 ,s*lei]ma*] d\bts ab\t bo?1 & rejects ! ,hippias ,m9or 7:i* he consid]s z p]haps work$ up by a ,platonic s*ol> f a g5u9e sket* by ,plato himself7 b w n pass ! same s5t5ce ^u ! ,hippias ,major 7,s*lei]m4 ,e9leit4 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bic-bif2 vol4 v4 #cii-djc4 ,a/1 ,platon's ,leb5 und ,s*rift51 pp4 #deg-dfd74 ,/allbaum def5ds bo? ! dialogues z g5u9e works ( ,plato1 & 9 my judgm5t ) good reason 7,prolegg4 ad ,hipp4 ,maj4 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ade-aej2 ad ,hipp4 ,m9or1 pp4 #bbg-bce74 ,/e9h>t 7,e9leit4 p4 #ii7 & ,so*] 7,ueb] ,platon1 p4 #add seq41 #bae seq47 ma9ta9 ! same op9ion on ^! dialogues z ,/allbaum4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,s*lei]ma*] /ates ! reasons bo? = & aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! dialogues2 & ,i ?9k t ev5 9 8 own /atem5t ! reasons = prepond]ate4 ,! reasons :i* bo? ,s*lei]ma*] & ,a/ produce z prov+ ! spuri\sness1 are 9 my view q insuffici5t to su/a9 _! conclusion4 ,!re is bad ta/e1 sophi/ry1 an ov]dose ( bant] & d]ision 7!y say v truly71 9 ! "p assign$ to ,sokrates3 !re are also diff]5ces ( view1 z comp>$ ) ,sokrates 9 o!r dialogues2 v>i\s o!r affirmations 7!y tell u7 are n ,platonic4 ,i admit mu* ( ?is1 b ,i /ill d n accept _! conclusion4 ,^! critics _c be> to admit any ,platonic "w z g5u9e unless x af=ds to !m gr\nd = sup]lative admiration & glorification ( ! au?or4 ,?is po/ulate ,i altoge!r conte/2 & ,i ?9k t diff]5ces ( view1 z betwe5 ,sokrates 9 "o dialogue & ,sokrates 9 ano!r1 are bo? naturally to be expect$ & actually manife/$ 7witness ! ,protagoras & ,gorgias74 ,moreov] ,a/ designates 7p4 #djd7 a doctr9e z dur*aus unsokratis* :i* ,/allbaum ju/ly rem>ks 7p4 #bcc7 to h be5 actually affirm$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia4 ,/allbaum ?9ks t bo? ! two dialogues 7,so*]1 t ! ,hippias ,m9or only7 7 compos$ by ,plato among 8 e>li] works1 & ?is may probably be true4 ,! citation & refutation ( ! ,hippias ,m9or by ,ari/otle 7,metaphys4 ,greek3 ,d4 #ajbe1 a4 #f7 c\nts ) me z a /rong corroborative pro( t ! dialogue is ,plato's "w4 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,a/ set ?is evid5ce aside because ,ari/otle does n "n ,plato z ! au?or4 ,b if ! dialogue _h be5 compos$ by any "o less celebrat$ ?an ,plato1 ,ari/otle w\ld h nam$ ! au?or4 ,m5tion by ,ari/otle1 ?\gh )\t ,plato's "n1 is ( great] value to support ! g5u95ess ?an ! purely int]nal gr\nds /at$ by ,a/ & ,s*lei]ma*] aga9/ x4 ,side-note3 ,hippias has j deliv]$ a lecture1 9 :i* he extols ,a*illes z bett] ?an ,odysseus--! v]aci\s & /raight=w>d h]o bett] ?an ! m5daci\s & crafty4 ,9 ! ,hippias ,m9or1 t ,sophi/ appe>s z hav+ j conclud$ a lecture ^u ,hom]1 9 :i* he _h extoll$ ,a*illes z bett] ?an ,odysseus3 ,a*illes be+ depict$ z v]aci\s & /raight=w>d1 ,odysseus z m5daci\s & full ( tricks4 ,sokrates1 :o _h be5 among ! auditors1 cross-exam9es ,hippias ^u ! subject ( ?is affirmation4 ,hom] 7says ,hippias7 consid]s v]aci\s m51 & m5daci\s m51 to be n m]ely diff]5t1 b opposite3 & ,i agree ) him4 ,p]mit me 7,sokrates rem>ks7 to ask "s que/ions ab\t ! mean+ ( ?is f y1 s9ce ,i _c ask any f ,hom] himself4 ,y w answ] bo? = y\rself & him4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cfe ,c-,d4 ,! rem>k "h made by ,sokrates--,! poet is n "h to answ] = himself1 s t y _c put any que/ions to him is a po9t ( view famili> to ,plato3 insi/$ ^u =cibly 9 ! ,protagoras 7#cdg ,e71 & f>!r g5]alis$ 9 ! ,phdrus1 s z to apply to all writt5 matt] comp>$ ) p]sonal conv]se 7,phdrus1 p4 #bge ,d74 ,?is ought to c\nt1 s f> z x goes1 z a fragm5t ( pro( t ! ,hippias ,m9or is a g5u9e "w ( ,plato1 in/ead ( :i* ,s*lei]ma*] treats x 7p4 #bie7 z ev9c+ a poor copy1 made by "s imitator ( ,plato1 f ! ,protagoras4 ,m5daci\s m5 7answ]s ,hippias1 to a /r+ ( que/ions1 some:at prolix7 are capable1 intellig5t1 wise3 !y are n incapable or ignorant4 ,if a man be incapable ( speak+ falsely1 or ignorant1 he is n m5daci\s4 ,n[ ! capable man is "o :o c make sure ( do+ :at he wi%es to d1 at ! "t & occasion :5 he does wi% x1 )\t let or h9drance4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cff ,b-,c4 ,side-note3 ,?is is conte/$ by ,sokrates4 ,! v]aci\s man & ! m5daci\s man are "o & ! same--! only man :o c answ] truly if he *ooses1 is he :o c also answ] falsely if he *ooses1 i4e4 ! kn[+ man--! ignorant man _c make sure ( do+ ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,y1 ,hippias 7says ,sokrates71 are exp]t on matt]s ( ari?metic3 y c make sure ( answ]+ truly any "q put to y on ! subject4 ,y are bett] on ! subject ?an ! ignorant man1 :o _c make sure ( do+ ! same4 ,b z y c make sure ( answ]+ truly1 s likewise y c make sure ( answ]+ falsely1 :5ev] y *oose to d s4 ,n[ ! ignorant man _c make sure ( answ]+ falsely4 ,he may1 by reason ( 8 ignorance1 :5 he wi%es to answ] falsely1 answ] truly )\t int5d+ x4 ,y1 !re=e1 ! intellig5t man & ! good 9 ari?metic1 are bett] ?an ! ignorant & ! bad = bo? purposes--= speak+ falsely1 & = speak+ truly4#ef ,footnote #ef3 ,plato1 ,hippias ,m9or1 #cff ,e4 ,greek3 ,po_/t]on su a7n ma_/li/a pseu_/doio kai a7ei kata tau7ta pseud le_/gois p]i t\_/tn1 b\lo_/m5os pseu_/de/hai kai mde_/pote a7l? a7pokri_/ne/hai8 7_/ o7 a7ma?s ei7s logism\s du_/nait' a7n s\ mallon pseu_/de/hai b\lome_/n\8 7 o7 men a7ma?s polla_/kis a7n b\lo_/m5os pseud le_/ge9 ta7l? a7n ei7_/poi a7_/kn1 ei7 tu_/*oi1 dia to m ei7de_/nai--su de o7 sopho_/s1 ei7_/p] b\_/loio pseu_/de/hai1 a7ei a7n kata ta au7ta pseu_/doio8 ,side-note3 ,analogy ( special arts--x is only ! ari?metician :o c speak falsely on a "q ( ari?metic :5 he *ooses4 ,:at is true ab\t ari?metic1 is true 9 o!r dep>tm5ts also4 ,! only man :o c speak falsely :5ev] he *ooses is ! man :o c speak truly :5ev] he *ooses4 ,n[1 ! m5daci\s man1 z we agre$1 is ! man :o c speak falsely :5ev] he *ooses4 ,accord+ly1 ! m5daci\s man1 & ! v]aci\s man1 are ! same4 ,!y are n diff]5t1 /ill less opposite3 nay1 ! two epi!ts belong only to "o & ! same p]son4 ,! v]aci\s man is n bett] ?an ! m5daci\s--see+ t he is "o & ! same4#eg ,footnote #eg3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cfg ,c1 #cfh ,e1 #cfi ,a-,b4 ,y see1 !re=e1 ,hippias1 t ! di/9ction1 :i* y drew & :i* y said t ,hom] drew1 betwe5 ,a*illes & ,odysseus1 w n hold4 ,y call$ ,a*illes v]aci\s1 & ,odysseus1 m5daci\s3 b if "o ( ! two epi!ts belongs to ei!r ( !m1 ! o!r mu/ belong to him also4#eh ,footnote #eh3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cfj ,b4 ,side-note3 ,view ( ,sokrates respect+ ,a*illes 9 ! ,iliad4 ,he ?9ks t ,a*illes speaks falsehood clev]ly4 ,hippias ma9ta9s t if ,a*illes ev] speaks falsehood1 x is ) an innoc5t purpose1 :]eas ,odysseus does ! l ) fraudul5t purpose4 ,sokrates !n tries to make out t ,a*illes speaks falsehood 9 ! ,iliad1 & speaks x v clev]ly1 because he does s 9 a way to escape detection f ,odysseus himself4 ,to ?is ,hippias replies1 t if ,a*illes ev] speaks falsehood1 he does x innoc5tly1 )\t any purpose ( *eat+ or injur+ any "o2 :]eas ! falsehoods ( ,odysseus are deliv]$ ) fraudul5t & wick$ int5t4#ei ,x is impossible 7he cont5ds7 t m5 :o deceive & d wrong wilfully & int5tionally1 %\ld be bett] ?an ^? :o d s unwill+ly & )\t design4 ,! laws deal mu* m sev]ely ) ! =m] ?an ) ! latt]4#fj ,footnote #ei3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cgj ,e4 ,footnote #fj3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cgb ,a4 ,side-note3 ,issue "h tak5--,sokrates cont5ds t ^? :o hurt1 or *eat1 or lie wilfully1 are bett] ?an ^? :o d ! l unwill+ly--he entreats ,hippias to enlight5 him & answ] 8 que/ions4 ,^u ?is po9t1 ,hippias 7says ,sokrates71 ,i diss5t f y entirely4 ,i am1 unhappily1 a /upid p]son1 :o _c f9d out ! reality ( ?+s3 & ?is appe>s pla9ly en\gh :5 ,i come to talk ) wise m5 l y1 = ,i always f9d myself diff]+ f y4 ,my only salvation consi/s 9 my e>ne/ anxiety to put que/ions & le>n f y1 & 9 my gratitude = y\r answ]s & tea*+4 ,i ?9k t ^? :o hurt mank9d1 or *eat1 or lie1 or d wrong1 wilfully--are bett] ?an ^? :o d ! same unwill+ly4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 f my /upidity1 ! opposite view pres5ts itself to me1 & ,i become confus$3 b n[1 aft] talk+ ) y1 ! fit ( confid5ce has come r\nd ^u me aga91 to pron\nce & *>act]ise ! p]sons :o d wrong unwill+ly1 z worse ?an ^? :o d wrong wilfully4 ,i entreat y to heal ?is disord] ( my m9d4 ,y w d me mu* m good ?an if y cur$ my body ( a di/emp]4 ,b x w be useless = y to give me "o ( y\r long disc\rses3 = ,i w>n y t ,i _c foll[ x4 ,! only way to conf] ^u me real s]vice1 w be to answ] my que/ions aga91 z y h hi!rto done4 ,assi/ me1 ,eudikus1 9 p]suad+ ,hippias to d s4 ,assi/ance f me 7says ,eudikus7 w h>dly be ne$$1 = ,hippias pr(ess$ himself ready to answ] any man's que/ions4 ,yes--,i did s 7replies ,hippias7--b ,sokrates always br+s tr\ble into ! debate1 & proce$s l "o dispos$ to d mis*ief4 ,eudikus repeats 8 reque/1 & ,hippias1 9 def]5ce to him1 cons5ts to resume ! task ( answ]+4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cgc ,b4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates--multipli$ analogies ( ! special arts4 ,! unskilful arti/1 :o runs1 wre/les1 or s+s badly1 :e!r he w or n1 is worse ?an ! skilful1 :o c s+ well :5 he *ooses1 b c also s+ badly :5 he *ooses4 ,sokrates !n produces a /r+ ( que/ions1 ) a view to %[ t ^? :o d wrong wilfully1 are bett] ?an ^? :o d wrong unwill+ly4 ,he appeals to v>i\s analogies4 ,9 runn+1 ! good runn] is he :o runs quickly1 ! bad runn] is he :o runs sl[ly4 ,:at is evil & base 9 runn+ is1 to run sl[ly4 ,x is ! good runn] :o does ?is evil wilfully3 x is ! bad runn] :o does x unwill+ly4#fb ,! l is true ab\t wre/l+ & o!r bodily ex]cises4 ,he t is good 9 ! body1 c "w ei!r /rongly or feebly1--c d ei!r :at is hon\rable or :at is base2 s t :5 he does :at is base1 he does x wilfully4 ,b he t is bad 9 ! body does :at is base unwill+ly1 n be+ able to help x4#fc ,footnote #fb3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cgc ,d-,e4 ,footnote #fc3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cgd ,b4 ,:at is true ab\t ! bodily movem5ts dep5d+ ^u /r5g?1 is n less true ab\t ^? dep5d+ on grace & elegance4 ,to be wilfully ungraceful1 belongs only to ! well-con/itut$ body3 none b ! badly-con/itut$ body is ungraceful )\t wi%+ x4 ,! same1 also1 ab\t ! feet1 voice1 eyes1 e>s1 nose3 ( ^! organs1 ^? :i* act badly ?r\gh w & int5tion1 are pref]able to ^? :i* act badly )\t w or int5tion4 ,lam5ess ( feet is a mis=tune & disgrace3 feet :i* g lame only by int5tion are mu* to be pref]r$4#fd ,footnote #fd3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cgd ,c-,d4 ,aga91 9 ! in/rum5ts :i* we use1 a rudd] or a b[1--or ! animals ab\t u1 horses or dogs1--^? are bett] ) :i* we "w badly :5 we *oose2 ^? are worse1 ) :i* we "w badly )\t design1 & contr>y to our own wi%es4 ,side-note3 ,x is bett] to h ! m9d ( a b[man :o misses 8 m>k only by design1 ?an t ( "o :o misses ev5 :5 he int5ds to hit4 ,x is bett] to h ! m9d ( a b[man :o misses 8 m>k by design1 ?an t ( "o :o misses :5 he tries to hit4 ,! l ab\t all o!r arts--! physician1 ! h>p]1 ! flute-play]4 ,9 ea* ( ^! arti/s1 t m9d is bett]1 :i* goes wrong only wilfully--t m9d is worse1 :i* goes wrong unwill+ly1 :ile wi%+ to g "r4 ,9 reg>d to ! m9ds ( our slaves1 we %\ld all pref] ^? :i* g wrong only :5 !y *oose1 to ^? :i* g wrong )\t _! own *oice4#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cgf ,b-,d4 ,hav+ c>ri$ 8 exam9ation ?r\gh ?is /r+ ( analog\s p>ticul>s1 & hav+ obta9$ f ,hippias successive answ]s--,yes--true 9 t p>ticul> case1 ,sokrates proce$s to sum up ! result3-- ,sokr4--,well6 %\ld we n wi% to h our own m9ds z good z possible8 ,hip4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,we h se5 t !y w be bett] if !y d mis*ief & g wrong wilfully1 ?an if !y d s unwill+ly8 ,hip4--,b x w be dreadful1 ,sokrates1 if ! will+ wrong-do]s are to pass = bett] m5 ?an ! unwill+4 ,side-note3 ,diss5t & repugnance ( ,hippias4 ,sokr4--,nev]!less--x seems s3 f :at we h said4 ,hip4--,x does n seem s to me4 ,sokr4--,i ?\ght t x w\ld h seem$ s to y1 z x does to me4 ,h[ev]1 answ] me once m--,is n ju/ice ei!r a c]ta9 m5tal capacity8 or else k8 or bo? toge!r8#ff ,hip4--,yes6 x is4 ,sokr4--,if ju/ice be a capacity ( ! m9d1 ! m capable m9d w also be ! ju/]3 & we h already se5 t ! m capable s\l is ! bett]4 ,hip4--,we h4 ,sokr4--,if x be k1 ! m kn[+ or wis] m9d w ( c\rse be ! ju/]3 if x be a comb9ation ( bo? capacity & k1 t m9d :i* is m capable z well z m kn[+1--w be ! ju/] t :i* is less capable & less kn[+1 w be ! m unju/4 ,hip4--,s x appe>s4 ,sokr4--,n[ we h %[n t ! m capable & kn[+ m9d is at once ! bett] m9d1 & m compet5t to ex]t itself bo? ways--to d :at is hon\rable z well z :at is base--9 e employm5t4 ,hip4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,:51 !re=e1 su* a m9d does :at is base1 x does s wilfully1 ?r\gh its capacity or intellig5ce1 :i* we h se5 to be ( ! nature ( ju/ice8 ,hip4--,x seems s4 ,sokr4--,do+ base ?+s1 is act+ unju/ly3 do+ hon\rable ?+s1 is act+ ju/ly4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ?is m capable & bett] m9d acts unju/ly1 x w d s wilfully2 :ile ! less capable & worse m9d w d s )\t will+ x8 ,hip4--,app>5tly4 ,footnote #ff3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cge ,d4 ,greek3 7 dikaiosu_/n ou7*i 7 du_/nami_/s ti_/s e7/91 7 e7pi/_/m1 7 a7mpho_/t]a8 ,side-note3 ,conclusion--,t none b ! good man c d evil wilfully3 ! bad man does evil unwill+ly4 ,hippias _c resi/ ! reason+1 b w n accept ! conclusion--,sokrates confesses 8 p]plexity4 ,sokr4--,n[ ! good man is he t has ! good m9d3 ! bad man is he t has ! bad m9d4 ,x belongs !re=e to ! good man to d wrong wilfully1 to ! bad man1 to d wrong )\t wi%+ x--t is1 if ! good man be he t has ! good m9d8 ,hip4--,b t is unque/ionable--t he has x4 ,sokr4--,accord+ly1 he t goes wrong & does base & unju/ ?+s wilfully1 if !re be any su* "*--c be no o!r ?an ! good man4 ,hip4--,i d n "k h[ to conc$e t to y1 ,sokrates4#fg ,sokr4--,nor ,i1 h[ to conc$e x to myself1 ,hippias3 yet s x mu/ appe> to u1 n[ at lea/1 f ! pa/ debate4 ,z ,i told y long ago1 ,i wav] hi!r & ?i!r ^u ?is matt]2 my conclusions nev] rema9 ! same4 ,no wond] inde$ t ,i & o!r vulg> m5 wav]2 b if y wise m5 wav] also1 t becomes a fe>ful mis*ief ev5 to u1 s9ce we _c ev5 by com+ to y escape f our emb>rassm5t4#fh ,footnote #fg3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cge ,e1 #cgf ,b4 ,footnote #fh3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cgf ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w "h aga9 rem9d ! read]1 t 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r dialogues1 ! real speak] is ,plato ?r\gh\t3 & t x is he alone :o prefixes ! diff]5t names to words det]m9$ by himself4 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks on ! dialogue4 ,if ! p>ts _h be5 inv]t$1 ! dialogue w\ld h be5 cit$ by critics z a specim5 ( ! sophi/ry & corruption ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,n[1 if ! dialogue j conclud$ _h come d[n to u ) ! p>ts inv]t$1 & ) ! reason+ ( ,sokrates assign$ to ,hippias1 mo/ critics w\ld probably h produc$ x z a tissue ( sophi/ry ju/ify+ ! h>% epi!ts :i* !y be/[ ^u ! ,a!nian ,sophi/s--z p]sons :o consid]$ tru? & falsehood to be on a p>--subv]t]s ( morality--& corruptors ( ! y\? ( ,a!ns4#fi ,b z we read x1 all t1 :i* 9 ! m\? ( ,hippias w\ld h pass$ = sophi/ry1 is "h put =w>d by ,sokrates2 :ile ,hippias n only resi/s 8 conclusions1 & adh]es to ! receiv$ e?ical s5tim5t t5aci\sly1 ev5 :5 he is unable to def5d x1 b hates ! propositions =c$ ^u him1 prote/s aga9/ ! p]v]se capti\sness ( ,sokrates1 & requires mu* press+ to induce him to cont9ue ! debate4 ,^u ! views adopt$ by ! critics1 ,hippias ought to receive cr$it = ?is conduct1 z a fri5d ( virtue & morality4 ,to me1 su* reluctance to debate appe>s a defect r ?an a m]it2 b ,i cite ! dialogue z illu/rat+ :at ,i h already said 9 ano!r place--t ,sokrates & ,plato ?rew out m />tl+ novelties 9 e?ical doctr9e1 ?an ei!r ,hippias or ,protagoras1 or any ( ! o!r p]sons d5\nc$ z ,sophi/s4 ,footnote #fi3 ,accord+ly "o ( ! ,platonic critics1 ,s*walbe 7,oeuvres de ,platon1 p4 #aaf71 expla9s ,plato's purpose 9 ! ,hippias ,m9or by say+1 t ,sokrates "h s]ves out to ! ,sophi/s a specim5 ( _! own proc$ure1 & gives !m an example ( sophi/ical dialectic1 by def5d+ a sophi/ical !sis 9 a sophi/ical mann]3 ,t he *ooses & demon/rates at l5g? ! !sis--! li> is n diff]5t f ! tru?-tell]--z an exposure ( ! sophi/ical art ( prov+ ! contr>y ( any giv5 proposition1 & = ! purpose ( d]id+ & unmask+ ! false morality ( ,hippias1 :o 9 ?is dialogue talks reasonably en\gh4 ,s*walbe1 :ile he affirms t ?is is ! purpose ( ,plato1 admits t ! "p "h assign$ to ,sokrates is unwor?y ( him2 & ,/e9h>t ma9ta9s t ,plato nev] c\ld h _h any su* purpose1 h[ev] frequ5tly 7,/e9h>t says71 sophi/ical artifices may occur 9 ?is conv]sation ( ,sokrates1 :i* artifices ,sokrates no m disda9$ to employ ?an any o!r philosoph] or rhetorician ( t day 7s hufig au* 9 se95 ,errt]ung5 sophi/is*e ,kun/griffe vorkomm5 mg51 die ,sokrates eb5 s w5ig v]s*maht hat1 als irg5d e9 ,philosoph od] ,r$ekn/l] dies] ,zeit74 ,/e9h>t1 ,e9leitung zum ,hipp4 ,m9or1 p4 #aji4 ,i d n admit ! purpose "h ascrib$ to ,plato by ,s*walbe1 b ,i ref] to ! passage z illu/rat+ :at ,platonic critics ?9k ( ! reason+ assign$ to ,sokrates 9 ! ,hippias ,m9or1 & ! hypo!ses :i* !y introduce to col\r x4 ,! passage cit$ f ,/e9h>t also--t ,sokrates no m disda9$ to employ sophi/ical artifices ?an any o!r philosoph] or rhetorician ( ! age--is wor?y ( note1 z com+ f "o :o is s v bitt] 9 8 invectives aga9/ ! sophi/ry ( ! p]sons call$ ,sophi/s1 ( :i* we h no specim5s left4 ,side-note3 ,polemical purpose ( ! dialogue--,hippias humiliat$ by ,sokrates4 ,t ,plato int5d$ to repres5t ?is accompli%$ ,sophi/ z humiliat$ by ,sokrates1 is evid5t en\gh3 & ! words put into 8 m\? are suit$ to ?is purpose4 ,! eloqu5t lectur]1 s soon z 8 admir+ cr[d ( auditors has retir$1 proves unable to p>ry ! que/ions ( a s+le exp]t dialectician :o rema9s beh9d1 ^u a matt] :i* appe>s to him almo/ self-evid5t1 & ^u :i* e "o 7f ,hom] d[nw>d7 agrees ) him4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 ,plato is n satisfi$ )\t mak+ him say v simple & absurd ?+s4 ,all ?is is ! p]sonal1 polemical1 comic scope ( ! dialogue4 ,x l5ds 7:e!r well-plac$ or n7 a c]ta9 animation & v>iety1 :i* ! au?or naturally look$ out =1 9 an aggregate ( dialogues all h&l+ analog\s matt]s ab\t man & society4 ,b ?\gh ! polemical purpose ( ! dialogue is ?us pla91 its philosophical purpose p]plexes ! critics consid]ably4 ,!y d n l to see ,sokrates employ+ sophi/ry aga9/ ! ,sophi/s3 t is1 z !y ?9k1 ca/+ out devils by ! help ( ,beelzebub4 ,& c]ta9ly1 ^u ! !ory :i* !y adopt1 respect+ ! relation betwe5 ,plato & ,sokrates on "o side1 & ! ,sophi/s on ! o!r1 ,i ?9k ?is dialogue is v difficult to expla94 ,b ,i d n ?9k x is difficult1 ^u a true !ory ( ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,side-note3 ,philosophical purpose ( ! dialogue--!ory ( ! ,dialogues ( ,se>* g5]ally1 & ( ,k z und]/ood by ,plato4 ,9 a =m] *apt]1 ,i tri$ to elucidate ! g5]al "* & purpose ( ^? ,dialogues ( ,se>*1 :i* occupy m ?an half ! ,?rasyllean ,canon1 & ( :i* we h already review$ two or ?ree specim5s--,eu?yphron1 ,alkibiads1 c4 ,we h se5 t !y are di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( any affirmative conclusion3 t !y prove no?+1 b only1 at ! mo/1 disprove "o or m supposable solutions3 t !y are n processes 9 :i* "o man :o kn[s communicates 8 k to ignorant he>]s1 b 9 :i* all are alike ignorant1 & all are employ$1 ei!r 9 grop+1 or guess+1 or te/+ ! guesses ( ! re/4 ,we h f>!r se5 t ! value ( ^! ,dialogues dep5ds ^u ! ,platonic !ory ab\t k2 t ,plato did n consid] any "o to "k1 :o c\ld n expla9 to o!rs all t he knew1 reply to ! cross-exam9ation ( a ,sokratic ,el5*us1 & cross-exam9e o!rs to te/ _! k3 t k 9 ?is s5se c\ld n be atta9$ by he>+1 or read+1 or committ+ to memory a !orem1 toge!r ) ! /eps ( reason+ :i* directly conduct$ to x3--b t !re 0 requir$1 besides1 an acqua9tance ) _m c\nt]-!orems1 ea* hav+ m or less appe>ance ( tru?2 z well z ) v>i\s emb>rass+ aspects & plausible delusions on ! subject1 :i* an exp]t cross-exam9] w\ld n fail to urge4 ,unless y are practis$ 9 meet+ all ! difficulties :i* he c devise1 y _c be said to "k4 ,moreov]1 x is 9 ?is la/ portion ( ! conditions ( k1 t mo/ aspirants are f\nd want+4 ,side-note3 ,! ,hippias is an exemplification ( ?is !ory--,sokrates sets =? a case ( confusion1 & av[s 8 inability to cle> x up4 ,confusion %[n up 9 ! ,less] ,hippias--,error 9 ! ,great]4 ,n[ ! ,great] & ,less] ,hippias are peculi> specim5s ( ^! ,dialogues ( ,se>*1 & ea* s]ves ! purpose above indicat$4 ,! ,great] ,hippias enum]ates a /r+ ( t5tatives1 ea* "o ( :i* ends 9 ackn[l$g$ failure3 ! ,less] ,hippias enunciates a !sis1 :i* ,sokrates proce$s to demon/rate1 by plausible argum5ts su* z ,hippias is =c$ to admit4 ,b ?\gh ,hippias admits ea* successive /ep1 he /ill mi/ru/s ! conclusion1 & suspects t he has be5 misl$--a feel+ :i* ,plato#gj describes else:]e z be+ frequ5t among ! respond5ts ( ,sokrates4 ,nay1 ,sokrates himself %>es 9 ! mi/ru/--pres5ts himself z an unwill+ prop\nd] ( argum5ts :i* =ce !mselves ^u him1#ga & compla9s ( 8 own m5tal emb>rassm5t4 ,n[ y may call ?is sophi/ry1 if y please2 & y may sil5ce its prop\nd]s by call+ !m h>d names4 ,b su* e?ical prud]y--hid+ all ! uncom=table logical puzzles :i* />t up :5 y beg9 to analyse an e/abli%$ s5tim5t1 & treat+ !m z non-exi/5t because y refuse to look at !m--is n ! way1 to atta9 :at ,plato calls k4 ,if !re be any argum5t1 ! process ( :i* seems indisputable1 :ile yet its conclusion contradicts1 or seems to contradict1 :at is kn[n1 ^u o!r evid5ce--! full & pati5t analysis ( t argum5t is indisp5sable1 be=e y c become ma/] ( ! tru? & able to def5d x4 ,until y h gone ?r\gh su* analysis1 y\r m9d mu/ rema9 9 t /ate ( confusion :i* is indicat$ by ,sokrates at ! end ( ! ,less] ,hippias4 ,z x is a "p ( ! process ( ,se>*1 to travel 9 ! pa? ( ! ,great] ,hippias--t is1 to g ?r\gh a /r+ ( errone\s solutions1 ea* ( :i* c be prov$1 by reasons %[n1 to be errone\s3 s x is an equally important "p ( ! same process1 to travel 9 ! pa? ( ! ,less] ,hippias--t is1 to acqua9t ourselves ) all ^? argum5ts1 be>+ on ! case1 9 :i* two contr>y conclusions appe> to be bo? ( !m plausibly demon/rat$1 & 9 :i* !re=e we _c z yet det]m9e :i* ( !m is errone\s--or :e!r bo? are n errone\s4 ,! ,great] ,hippias exhibits errors1--! ,less] ,hippias puts be=e u confusion4 ,) bo? ^! enemies ! ,se>*] = tru? mu/ cont5d3 & ,bacon tells u1 t confusion is ! wor/ enemy ( ! two--,citius em]git v]itas ex errore1 quam ex confusione4 ,plato1 9 ! ,less] ,hippias1 hav+ 9 h& a g5u9e ,sokratic !sis1 does n disda9 to inve/ ,sokrates ) ! task 7sophi/ical1 z "s call x1 yet n ! less useful & in/ructive7 ( sett+ =? at l>ge ?is case ( confusion1 & av[+ 8 inability to cle> x up4 ,x is en\gh = ,sokrates t he br+s home ! pa9ful s5se ( confusion to ! feel+s ( 8 he>] z well z to 8 own4 ,9 t pa9ful s5tim5t lies ! /imulus provocative ( f>!r intellectual ef=t4#gb ,! dialogue ends b ! process ( se>*1 f> f end+ along ) x1 is emphatically decl>$ to be unf9i%$1 &1 to be 9 a condition n m]ely unsatisfactory b intol]able1 n to be reliev$ except by f>!r inve/igation1 :i* ?us becomes a necess>y sequel4 ,footnote #gj3 ,plato1 ,republ4 vi4 #dhg ,b4 ,greek3 ,kai o7 ,a7dei_/mantos1 7 ,s_/krates1 e7_/ph1 pros men tauta_/ soi ou7deis a7n oi7os t' ei7_/ a7nteipein2 a7lla gar toio_/nde ti pa_/s*\s9 oi7 a7k\_/ontes e7ka_//ote a7 nun le_/geis2 7g\ntai di' a7peiri_/an t\ e7rtan kai a7pokri_/ne/hai u7po t\ lo_/g\ p>' e7_/ka/on to e7r_/tma smikron p>ago_/m5oi1 a7?roi/he_/ntn tn smikrn e7pi teleuts tn lo_/gn1 me_/ga to spha_/lma kai e7nanti_/on tois pr_/tois a7naphai_/ne/hai 4 4 4 e7pei to_/ ge a7l!s ou7de_/n ti mallon tau_/t e7_/*e94 ,?is passage1 atte/+ ! effect ( ! ,sokratic exam9ation ^u ! m9ds ( auditors1 ought to be laid to he>t by ^? ,platonic critics :o d5\nce ! ,sophi/s = g5]at+ scepticism & unc]ta9ty4 ,footnote #ga3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,m9or1 #cgc ,b2 also ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! dialogue4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see ! passage 9 ,republic1 vii4 #ebc-ebd1 :]e ! ,greek3 to p>akltikon kai e7g]tikon ts no_/ses is decl>$ to arise f ! pa9 ( a felt contradiction4 ,!re are two circum/ances :i* l5d p>ticul> int]e/ to ?is dialogue--,hippias ,m9or4 #a4 ,t ! !sis out ( :i* ! confusion arises1 is "o :i* we "k to h be5 laid d[n by ! hi/orical ,sokrates himself4 #b4 ,t ,ari/otle expressly notices ?is !sis1 z well z ! dialogue 9 :i* x is conta9$1 & combats x4 ,side-note3 ,! !sis ma9ta9$ "h by ,sokrates1 is also affirm$ by ! hi/orical ,sokrates 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia4 ,sokrates 9 8 conv]sation ) ! y\?ful ,eu?ydemus 79 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia7 ma9ta9s1 t ( two p]sons1 ea* ( :om deceives 8 fri5ds 9 a mann] to produce mis*ief1 ! "o :o does s wilfully is n s unju/ z ! "o :o does s unwill+ly4#gc ,eu?ydemus 7l ,hippias 9 ?is dialogue7 ma9ta9s ! opposite1 b is refut$ by ,sokrates2 :o argues t ju/ice is a matt] to be le>nt & kn[n l lett]s2 t ! lett]$ man1 :o has le>nt & kn[s lett]s1 c write wrongly :5 he *ooses1 b nev] writes wrongly unless he *ooses--:ile x is only ! unlett]$ man :o writes wrongly unwill+ly & )\t int5d+ x3 t 9 l mann] ! j man1 he t has le>nt & kn[s ju/ice1 nev] commits inju/ice unless :5 he int5ds x--:ile ! unju/ man1 :o has n le>nt & does n "k ju/ice1 commits inju/ice :e!r he w or n4 ,x is ! j man !re=e1 & none b ! j man 7,sokrates ma9ta9s71 :o commits inju/ice kn[+ly & wilfully3 x is ! unju/ man :o commits inju/ice )\t wi%+ or int5d+ x4#gd ,footnote #gc3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #ai4 ,greek3 tn de d t\s phi_/l\s e7xapat_/ntn e7pi blab 7i7_/na mde t\to p>alei_/pm5 a7_/skepton7 po_/t]os a7dik_/t]o_/s e7/91 o7 e7kn 7 o7 a7_/kn8 ,! natural mean+ ( ,greek3 e7pi blab w\ld be1 = ! purpose ( mis*ief2 & ,s*neid]1 9 8 ,index1 gives noc5di caus4 ,b 9 t mean+ ! "q w\ld involve an impossibility1 = ! words ,greek3 o7 a7_/kn exclude any su* purpose4 ,footnote #gd3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #ai-bb4 ,?is is ! same view :i* is work$ out by ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,hippias ,m9or3 beg9n+ ) ! anti!sis betwe5 ! v]aci\s & m5daci\s man 7z ,sokrates beg9s 9 ,x5ophon72 & conclud+ ) ! g5]al result--t x belongs to ! good man to d wrong wilfully1 to ! bad man to d wrong unwill+ly4 ,side-note3 ,ari/otle combats ! !sis4 ,argum5ts aga9/ x4 ,ari/otle1#ge 9 comm5t+ ^u ?is doctr9e ( ! ,hippias ,m9or1 rem>ks ju/ly1 t ,plato und]/&s ! epi!ts v]aci\s & m5daci\s 9 a s5se diff]5t f t :i* !y usually be>4 ,plato und]/&s ! words z designat+ "o :o c tell ! tru? if he *ooses--"o :o c speak falsely if he *ooses3 & 9 ?is s5se he argues plausibly t ! two epi!ts g toge!r1 & t no man c be m5daci\s unless he be also v]aci\s4 ,ari/otle po9ts out t ! epi!ts 9 _! receiv$ mean+ are appli$1 n to ! p[] itself1 b to ! habitual & int5tional use ( t p[]4 ,! p[] itself is d\btless presuppos$ or impli$ z "o condition to ! applicability ( ! epi!ts1 & is "o common condition to ! applicability ( bo? epi!ts3 b ! di/9ction1 :i* !y are int5d$ to draw1 reg>ds ! int5tions & dispositions ) :i* ! p[] is employ$4 ,s also ,ari/otle obs]ves t ,plato's conclusion--,he t does wrong wilfully is a bett] man ?an he t does wrong unwill+ly1 is falsely collect$ f induction or analogy4 ,! analogy ( ! special arts & accompli%m5ts1 ^u :i* ! argum5t is built1 is n applicable4 ,bett] has ref]5ce1 n to ! am\nt ( intellig5ce b to ! dispositions & habitual int5tions2 ?\gh x presupposes a c]ta9 /ate & am\nt ( intellig5ce z indisp5sable4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ari/otel4 ,metaphys4 ,greek3 ,d4 p4 #ajbe1 a4 #h2 comp>e ,e?ic4 ,nikoma*4 iv4 p4 #aabg1 b4 #af4 ,side-note3 ,mi/ake ( ,sokrates & ,plato 9 dwell+ too exclusively on ! intellectual conditions ( human conduct4 ,bo? ,sokrates & ,plato 79 _m ( 8 dialogues7 commit ! error ( :i* ! above is "o p>ticul> manife/ation--t ( dwell+ exclusively on ! intellectual conditions ( human conduct1#gf & omitt+ to give prop] att5tion to ! emotional & volitional1 z ess5tially co-op]at+ or prepond]at+ 9 ! complex mean+ ( e?ical attributes4 ,! reason+ ascrib$ to ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,hippias ,m9or exemplifies ?is "o-sid$ view4 ,:at he says is true1 b x is only a "p ( ! tru?4 ,:5 he speaks ( a p]son :o does wrong unwill+ly1 he seems to h 9 view "o :o does wrong )\t kn[+ t he does s3 "o ^: intellig5ce is s defective t he does n "k :5 he speaks tru? & :5 he speaks falsehood4 ,n[ a p]son ?us unhappily circum/anc$ mu/ be reg>d$ z half-witt$ or imbecile1 com+ "u ! head :i* ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates call$ madness3#gg unfit to p]=m any "p 9 society1 & requir+ to be plac$ "u tutelage4 ,comp>$ ) su* a p]son1 ! op9ion ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates may be def5d$--t ! m5daci\s p]son1 :o c tell tru? :5 he *ooses1 is ! bett] ( ! two 9 ! s5se ( less mis*iev\s or dang]\s4 ,b he is ! object ( a v diff]5t s5tim5t2 moreov]1 ?is is n ! comp>ison pres5t to our m9ds :5 we call "o man v]aci\s1 ano!r man m5daci\s4 ,we always assume1 9 e "o1 a measure ( intellig5ce equal or sup]ior to ! admissible m9imum2 "u su* assumption1 we comp>e two p]sons1 "o ( :om speaks to ! be/ ( 8 k & belief1 ! o!r1 contr>y to 8 k & belief4 ,we approve ! =m] & disapprove ! latt]1 accord+ to ! diff]5t int5tion & purpose ( ea* 7z ,ari/otle obs]ves72 t is1 look+ at !m "u ! po9t ( view ( emotion & volition--:i* is logically di/+ui%able f ! intellig5ce1 ?\gh always act+ 9 conjunction ) x4 ,footnote #gf3 ,ari/otle has v j obs]vations on ^! views ( ,sokrates1 & on ! incomplet5ess ( 8 views :5 he resolv$ all virtue into k1 all vice into ignorance4 ,see1 among o!r passages1 ,ari/ot4 ,e?ica ,magna1 i4 #aahb1 a4 #af2 #aahc1 b4 #i2 #aaij1 b4 #bh2 ,e?ic4 ,eudem4 i4 #abaf1 b1 #d4 ,! rem>ks ( ,ari/otle ^u ,sokrates & ,plato ev9ce a real progress 9 e?ical !ory4 ,footnote #gg3 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #i1 #g4 ,greek3 t\s dim>tko_/tas1 7n oi7 polloi gign_/sk\si1 ma9ome_/n\s kalein1 c4 ,side-note3 ,!y rely too mu* on ! analogy ( ! special arts--,!y take no note ( ! tacit assumptions und]ly+ ! epi!ts ( praise & blame4 ,aga91 ! analogy ( ! special arts1 ^u :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates dwells 9 ! ,hippias ,m9or1 fails 9 su/a9+ 8 inf]5ce4 ,by a good runn]1 wre/l]1 h>p]1 s+]1 speak]1 c41 we und\bt$ly mean "o :o c1 if he pleases1 p]=m "s "o ( ^! op]ations well2 al?\gh he c also1 if he pleases1 p]=m !m badly4 ,b ! epi!ts good or bad1 9 ?is case1 consid] exclusively t elem5t :i* 0 left out1 & leave out t elem5t :i* 0 exclusively consid]$1 9 ! =m] case4 ,! good s+] is decl>$ to /& di/+ui%$ f ! bad s+]1 or f ! ,greek3 i7di_/ts1 :o1 if he s+s at all1 w c]ta9ly s+ badly1 by an attribute belong+ to 8 intellig5ce & vocal organs4 ,to s+ well is a special accompli%m5t1 :i* is possess$ only by a few1 & :i* no man is blam$ = n possess+4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 su* special accompli%m5ts1 & ju/ice or rectitude ( behavi\r1 is well br\ght out 9 ! spee* :i* ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ! ,sophi/ ,protagoras4#gh ,! special arti/s 7he says7 are few 9 numb]3 "o ( !m is suffici5t = _m private citiz5s4 ,b e citiz51 )\t exception1 mu/ possess ju/ice & a s5se ( %ame3 if he does n1 he mu/ be put away z a nuisance--o!rwise1 society c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,! special arti/ is a citiz5 also2 & z su*1 mu/ be subject to ! obligations b9d+ on all citiz5s univ]sally4 ,9 pr$icat+ ( him t he is good or bad z a citiz51 we m]ely assume him to possess ! av]age intellig5ce1 ( ! community2 & ! epi!t decl>es :e!r 8 emotional & volitional attributes exce$1 or fall %ort (1 ! m9imum requir$ 9 ! application ( t intellig5ce to 8 social obligations4 ,x is ?us t ! words good or bad :5 appli$ to him z a citiz51 h a totally diff]5t be>+ f t :i* ! same words h :5 appli$ to him 9 8 "* ( special arti/4 ,footnote #gh3 ,plato1 ,protagoras1 #cbb4 ,side-note3 ,value ( a ,dialogue ( ,se>*1 t x %all be sugge/ive1 & t x %all br+ be=e u diff]5t aspects ( ! "q "u review4 ,! value ( ^! debates 9 ! ,platonic dialogues consi/s 9 _! rais+ que/ions l ! prec$+1 = ! reflection ( ! read]--:e!r ! ,platonic ,sokrates may or may n be repres5t$ z tak+ :at we ?9k ! "r view ( ! "q4 ,= a ,dialogue ( ,se>*1 ! great m]it is1 t x %\ld be sugge/ive2 t x %\ld br+ be=e our att5tion ! conditions requisite = a "r & prop] use ( ^! common e?ical epi!ts1 & ! /ate ( circum/ances :i* is tacitly impli$ :5ev] any "o uses !m4 ,no man ev] le>ns to reflect ^u ! mean+ ( su* famili> epi!ts1 :i* he has be5 us+ all 8 life--unless ! process be =c$ ^u 8 att5tion by "s special conv]sation :i* br+s home to him an uncom=table s5tim5t ( p]plexity & contradiction4 ,if a man int5ds to acquire any grasp ( e?ical or political !ory1 he mu/ r5d] himself ma/]1 n only ( ! s\nd argum5ts & ! guid+ analogies b also ( ! uns\nd argum5ts & ! mislead+ analogies1 :i* be> ^u ea* portion ( x4 ,side-note3 ,anti!sis betwe5 ,rhetoric & ,dialectic4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t ( similitude des]v+ notice1 betwe5 ! ,great] & ,less] ,hippias4 ,9 bo? ( !m1 ,hippias makes special compla9t ( ,sokrates1 = break+ ! "q 9 pieces & pick+ out ! m9ute puzzl+ fragm5ts--in/ead ( keep+ x toge!r z a :ole1 & apply+ to x ! pr$icates :i* x m]its :5 s consid]$4#gi ,"h is ! /&+ anti!sis betwe5 ,rhetoric & ,dialectic3 betwe5 ^? unconsci\sly acquir$ m5tal comb9ations :i* are p\r$ out 9 eloqu5t1 impressive1 unconditional1 & undi/+ui%+ g5]alities--& ! logical analysis :i* resolves ! g5]ality into its specialities1 br++ to view inconsi/5cies1 contradictions1 limits1 qualifications1 c4 ,i h already t\*$ ^u ?is at ! close ( ! ,great] ,hippias4 ,footnote #gi3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ,m94 #cfi ,b-,c4 ,greek3 7 ,s_/krates1 a7ei su_/ t9as toi\_/t\s ple_/keis lo_/g\s1 kai a7polamba_/nn o7_/ a7n 7 dus*]e_//aton t\ lo_/g\1 t\_/t\ e7_/*ei kata smikron e7phapto_/m5os1 kai ou7* o7_/l a7gni_/zei t pra_/gmati1 p]i o7_/t\ a7n o7 lo_/gos 71 c4 ,a rem>k ( ,ari/otle 7,topica1 viii4 #afd1 b4 #b7 illu/rates ?is dissect+ function ( ! ,dialectician4 ,greek3 e7_//i ga_/r1 7s a7pls ei7pein1 dialektikos o7 protatikos kai e7n/atiko_/s2 e7_//i de to men protei_/ne/hai1 e7n poiein ta plei_/ 7dei gar e7n o7_/l lph?nai pros o7 o7 lo_/gos71 to d' e7ni_//a/hai1 to e7n polla_/2 7 gar diairei1 7 a7nairei1 to men did\_/s1 to de ou7_/1 tn prote9ome_/nn4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,hipp>*us--,,m9os4 ,9 ^! two dialogues1 ,plato sets be=e u two f>!r specim5s ( t error & confusion :i* beset ! enquir] dur+ 8 se>* aft] reason$ tru?4 ,sokrates =ces ^u ! att5tion ( a companion two ( ! mo/ famili> words ( ! m>ket-place1 to see :e!r a cle> explanation ( _! mean+ c be obta9$4 ,side-note3 ,hipp>*us--,"q--,:at is ! def9ition ( ,lov] ( ,ga98 ,he is "o :o ?9ks x "r to ga9 f ?+s wor? no?+4 ,sokrates cross-exam9es ^u ?is explanation4 ,no man expects to ga9 f ?+s :i* he kn[s to be wor? no?+3 9 ?is s5se1 no man is a lov] ( ga94 ,9 ! dialogue call$ ,hipp>*us1 ! debate turns on ! def9ition ( ,greek3 to philok]des or ,greek3 o7 philok]d_/s--! love ( ga9 or ! lov] ( ga94 ,sokrates asks 8 ,companion to def9e ! ^w4 ,! ,companion replies--,he is "o :o ?9ks x "r to ga9 f ?+s wor? no?+4#a ,does he d ?is 7asks ,sokrates7 kn[+ t ! ?+s are wor? no?+8 or n kn[+8 ,if ! latt]1 he is simply ignorant4 ,he kn[s x p]fectly well 7is ! reply74 ,he is cunn+ & wick$2 & x is because he _c resi/ ! temptation ( ga91 t he has ! impud5ce to make pr(it by su* ?+s1 ?\gh well aw>e t !y are wor? no?+4 ,sokr4--,suppose a husb&man1 kn[+ t ! plant :i* he is t5d+ is wor?less--& yet ?9k+ t he ought to ga9 by x3 does n t correspond to y\r description ( ! lov] ( ga98 ,comp4--,! lov] ( ga91 ,sokrates1 ?9ks t he ought to ga9 f e ?+4 ,sokr4--,d n answ] 9 t reckless mann]1#b z if y _h be5 wrong$ by any "o2 b answ] ) att5tion4 ,y agree t ! lov] ( ga9 kn[s ! value ( t f :i* he int5ds to d]ive pr(it2 & t ! husb&man is ! p]son cognizant ( ! value ( plants4 ,comp4--,yes3 ,i agree4 ,sokr4--,d n !re=e attempt1 y are s "y1 to deceive an old man l me1 by giv+ answ]s n 9 con=mity ) y\r own admissions2 b tell me pla9ly1 ,d y believe t ! exp]i5c$ husb&man1 :5 he kn[s t he is plant+ a tree wor? no?+1 ?9ks t he %all ga9 by x8 ,comp4--,no1 c]ta9ly3 ,i d n believe x4 ,footnote #a3 ,plato1 ,hipp>*4 #bbe ,a4 ,greek3 oi7 a7n k]dai_/ne9 a7xis9 a7po tn md5os a7xi_/n4 ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,hipp>*4 #bbe ,c4 ,sokrates !n proce$s to multiply illu/rations to ! same g5]al po9t4 ,! good horseman does n expect to ga9 by wor?less food giv5 to 8 horse3 ! good pilot1 by wor?less tackle put into 8 %ip3 ! good comm&]1 by wor?less arms deliv]$ to 8 soldi]s3 ! good fif]1 h>p]1 b[man1 by employ+ wor?less in/rum5ts ( _! respective arts1 if !y "k !m to be wor?less4 ,side-note3 ,ga9 is good4 ,e man loves good3 !re=e all m5 are lov]s ( ga94 ,none ( ^! p]sons 7concludes ,sokrates7 correspond to y\r description ( ! lov] ( ga94 ,:]e !n c y f9d a lov] ( ga98 ,on y\r explanation1 no man is s4#c ,comp4--,i mean1 ,sokrates1 t ! lov]s ( ga9 are ^?1 :o1 ?r\gh gre$9ess1 long eag]ly = ?+s altoge!r petty & wor?less2 & ?us display a love ( ga94#d ,sokr4--,n surely kn[+ !m to be wor?less--= ?is we h %[n to be impossible--b ignorant t !y are wor?less1 & believ+ !m to be valuable4 ,comp4--,x appe>s s4 ,sokr4--,n[ ga9 is ! opposite ( loss3 & loss is evil & hurt to e "o3 !re=e ga9 7z ! opposite ( loss7 is good4 ,comp4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,x appe>s !n t ! lov]s ( good are ^? :om y call lov]s ( ga98 ,comp4--,yes3 x appe>s s4 ,sokr4--,d n y y\rself love good--all good ?+s8 ,comp4--,c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,& ,i too1 & e "o else4 ,all m5 love good ?+s1 & hate evil4 ,n[ we agre$ t ga9 0 a good3 s t by ?is reason+1 x appe>s t all m5 are lov]s ( ga9 :ile by ! =m] reason+1 we made out t none 7 s4#e ,:i* ( ! two %all we adopt1 to avoid error4 ,comp4--,we %all commit no error1 ,sokrates1 if we rightly conceive ! lov] ( ga94 ,he is "o :o busies himself ^u1 & seeks to ga9 f1 ?+s f :i* good m5 d n v5ture to ga94 ,footnote #c3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bbf ,d4 ,footnote #d3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bbf ,d4 ,greek3 ,a7ll' e7g1 7 ,s_/krates1 b\_/lomai le_/ge9 t\_/t\s philok]deis ei7nai1 oi7 e7ka_//ote u7po a7pl/i_/z kai panu smikra kai o7li_/g\ a7_/xia kai ou7d5os gli_/*ontai u7p]phus kai philok]d\s94 ,footnote #e3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bbg ,c4 ,side-note3 ,app>5t contradiction4 ,sokrates accuses ! companion ( try+ to deceive him4 ,accusation is retort$ ^u ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,b1 my fri5d1 we agre$ j n[1 t ga9 0 a good1 & t all m5 always love good4 ,x foll[s !re=e1 t good m5 z well z o!rs love all ga9s1 if ga9s are good ?+s4 ,comp4--,n1 c]ta9ly1 ^? ga9s by :i* !y w aft]w>ds be hurt4 ,sokr4--,be hurt3 y mean1 by :i* !y w become los]s4 ,comp4--,i mean t & no?+ else4 ,sokr4--,d !y become los]s by ga91 or by loss8 ,comp4--,by bo?3 by loss1 & by evil ga94 ,sokr4--,does x appe> to y t any useful & good ?+ is evil8 ,comp4--,no4 ,sokr4--,well6 we agre$ j n[ t ga9 0 ! opposite ( loss1 :i* 0 evil2 & t1 be+ ! opposite ( evil1 ga9 0 good4 ,comp4--,t 0 :at we agre$4 ,sokr4--,y see h[ x is3 y are try+ to deceive me3 y purposely contradict :at we j n[ agre$ ^u4 ,comp4--,n at all1 by ,zeus3 on ! contr>y1 x is y1 ,sokrates1 :o deceive me1 wriggl+ up & d[n 9 y\r talk1 ,i _c tell h[4#f ,sokr4--,be c>eful :at y say3 ,i %\ld be v culpable1 if ,i disobey$ a good & wise monitor4 ,comp4--,:om d y mean3 & :at d y mean8 ,sokr4--,hipp>*us1 son ( ,peisi/ratus4 ,footnote #f3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bbh ,a4 ,sokr4--,greek3 ,o7ras ou7n8 e7pi*eireis me e7xapatan1 e7pi_/tdes e7nanti_/a le_/gn oi7s a7_/rti 7molog_/sam54 ,comp4 ,greek3 ,ou7 ma ,di_/'1 7 ,s_/krates2 a7lla t\7nanti_/on su e7me e7xapatas1 kai ou7k oi7da o7p e7n tois lo_/gois a7_/n kai ka_/t /re_/pheis4 ,side-note3 ,precept inscrib$ =m]ly by ,hipp>*us ! ,peisi/ratid--,nev] deceive a fri5d4 ,eulogy ( ,hipp>*us by ,sokrates4 ,sokrates !n describes at "s l5g? ! excell5t "* ( ,hipp>*us3 8 b5efic5t rule1 8 wisdom1 8 anxiety = ! moral improvem5t ( ! ,a!nians3 ! causes1 diff]5t f :at 0 commonly believ$1 :i* l$ to 8 dea?2 & ! :olesome precepts :i* he dur+ 8 life _h caus$ to be inscrib$ on v>i\s bu/s ( ,h]mes ?r\gh\t ,attica4 ,"o ( ^! bu/s or ,h]m bore ! words--,d n deceive a fri5d4#g ,footnote #g3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bbh ,b-#bbi ,d4 ,! picture "h giv5 ( ,hipp>*us des]ves notice4 ,we are in=m$ t he 0 old] ?an 8 bro!r ,hippias1 :i* 0 ! g5]al belief at ,a!ns1 z ,?ucydides 7i4 #bj1 vi4 #eh7 affirms1 ?\gh himself contradict+ x1 & affirm+ t ,hippias 0 ! eld] bro!r4 ,plato h[ev] agrees ) ,?ucydides 9 ?is po9t1 t ! ?ree ye>s aft] ! assass9ation ( ,hipp>*us1 dur+ :i* ,hippias rul$ alone1 7 ye>s ( oppression & tyranny2 & t ! hateful recollection ( ! ,peisi/ratid1 :i* always surviv$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,a!nians1 0 d]iv$ f ^! ?ree la/ ye>s4 ,! picture :i* ,plato "h gives ( ,hipp>*us is su* z we might expect f a philosoph]4 ,he dwells ^u ! pa9s :i* ,hipp>*us took to h ! recitation ( ! ,hom]ic poems made frequ5t & complete3 also ^u 8 intimacy ) ! poets ,anakreon & ,simonides4 ,! col\r+ :i* ,plato gives to ! intimacy betwe5 ,ari/ogeiton & ,h>modius is also peculi>4 ,! ,greek3 e7ra/s is repres5t$ by ,plato z eag] = ! education & improvem5t ( ! ,greek3 e7r_/m5os2 & ! jeal\sy felt t[>ds ,hipp>*us is describ$ z aris+ f ! di/+ui%$ k & abilities ( ,hipp>*us1 :i* r5d]$ him s mu* sup]ior & m effective z an educator4 ,! ,companion resumes3 ,app>5tly1 ,sokrates1 ei!r y d n acc\nt me y\r fri5d1 or y d n obey ,hipp>*us3 = y are c]ta9ly deceiv+ me 9 "s unacc\ntable way 9 y\r talk4 ,y _c p]suade me to ! contr>y4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates all[s ! companion to retract "s ( 8 answ]s4 ,! companion affirms t "s ga9 is good1 o!r ga9 is evil4 ,sokr4--,well !n6 9 ord] t y may n ?9k y\rself deceiv$1 y may take back any move t y *oose1 z if we 7 play+ at draughts4 ,:i* ( y\r admissions d y wi% to retract--,t all m5 desire good ?+s8 ,t loss 7to be a los]7 is evil8 ,t ga9 is ! opposite ( loss3 t to ga9 is ! opposite ( to lose8 ,t to ga91 z be+ ! opposite ( evil is a good ?+8 ,comp4--,no4 ,i d n retract any "o ( ^!4 ,sokr4--,y ?9k !n1 x appe>s1 t "s ga9 is good1 o!r ga9 evil8 ,comp4--,yes1 t is :at ,i d ?9k4#h ,sokr4--,well1 ,i give y back t move3 let x /& z y say4 ,"s ga9 is good3 o!r ga9 is bad4 ,b surely ! good ga9 is no m ga91 ?an ! bad ga93 bo? are ga91 alike & equally4 ,comp4--,h[ d y mean8 ,footnote #h3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bbi ,e1 #bcj ,a4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions by ,sokrates--bad ga9 is ga91 z mu* z good ga94 ,:at is ! common prop]ty1 9 virtue ( :i* bo? are call$ ,ga98 ,e acquisition1 made ) no outlay1 or ) a small] outlay1 is ga94 ,objections--! acquisition may be evil--emb>rassm5t confess$4 ,sokrates !n illu/rates 8 "q by two or ?ree analogies4 ,bad food is j z mu* food1 z good food3 bad dr9k1 z mu* dr9k z good dr9k3 a good man is no m man ?an a bad man4#i ,footnote #i3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bcj ,c4 ,sokr4--,9 l mann]1 bad ga91 & good ga91 are 7bo? ( !m7 ga9 alike--nei!r ( !m m or less ?an ! o!r4 ,su* be+ ! case1 :at is t common quality possess$ by bo?1 :i* induces y to call !m by ! same "n ,ga98#aj ,w\ld y call ,ga9 any acquisition :i* "o makes ei!r ) a small] outlay or ) no outlay at all8#aa ,comp4--,yes4 ,i %\ld call t ga94 ,sokr4--,= example1 if aft] be+ at a banquet1 n only )\t any outlay1 b receiv+ an excell5t d9n]1 y acquire an illness8 ,comp4--,n at all3 t is no ga94 ,sokr4--,b if f ! banquet y acquire heal?1 w\ld t be ga9 or loss8 ,comp4--,x w\ld be ga94 ,sokr4--,n e acquisition !re=e is ga91 b only su* acquisitions z are good & n evil3 if ! acquisition be evil1 x is loss4 ,comp4--,exactly s4 ,sokr4--,well1 n[1 y see1 y are come r\nd aga9 to ! v same po9t3 ,ga9 is good4 ,loss is evil4 ,comp4--,i am puzzl$ :at to say4#ab ,sokr4--,y h good reason to be puzzl$4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bcj ,e4 ,greek3 dia ti_/ pote a7mpho_/t]a au7ta ke_/rdos kaleis8 ti_/ tau7ton e7n a7mphote_/rois o7rn8 ,footnote #aa3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bca ,a4 ,footnote #ab3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bca ,c4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,o7ras ou7n1 7s pa_/l9 au7 p]itre_/*eis ei7s to au7to--to men ke_/rdos a7ga?on phai_/netai1 7 de zmi_/a kako_/n8 ,comp4 ,greek3 ,a7por e7_/gge o71 ti ei7_/p4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ou7k a7di_/ks ge su a7porn4 ,side-note3 ,x is ess5tial to ga91 t ! acquisition made %all be great] n m]ely 9 quantity1 b also 9 value1 ?an ! outlay4 ,! valuable is ! pr(itable--! pr(itable is ! good4 ,conclusion comes back4 ,t ,ga9 is ,good4 ,b tell me3 y say t if a man lays out little & acquires mu*1 t is ga98 ,comp4--,yes3 b n if x be evil3 x is ga91 if x be good1 l gold or silv]4 ,sokr4--,i w ask y ab\t gold & silv]4 ,suppose a man by lay+ out "o p\nd ( gold acquires two p\nds ( silv]1 is x ga9 or loss8 ,comp4--,x is loss1 decid$ly1 ,sokrates3 gold is twelve times ! value ( silv]4 ,sokr4--,nev]!less he has acquir$ m3 d\ble is m ?an half4 ,comp4--,n 9 value3 d\ble silv] is n m ?an half gold4 ,sokr4--,x appe>s !n t we mu/ include value z ess5tial to ga91 n m]ely quantity4 ,! valuable is ga93 ! valueless is no ga94 ,! valuable is t :i* is valuable to possess3 is t ! pr(itable1 or ! unpr(itable8 ,comp4--,x is ! pr(itable4 ,sokr4--,b ! pr(itable is good8 ,comp4--,yes3 x is4 ,sokr4--,:y !n1 "h1 ! same conclusion comes back to u z agre$1 = ! ?ird or f\r? "t4 ,! ga9ful is good4 ,comp4--,x appe>s s4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,hipp>*4 #bca ,d-,e1 #bcb ,a4 ,side-note3 ,recapitulation4 ,! debate has %[n t all ga9 is good1 & t !re is no evil ga9--all m5 are lov]s ( ga9--no man ought to be reproa*$ = be+ s4 ,! companion is compell$ to admit ?is1 ?\gh he decl>es t he is n p]suad$4 ,sokr4--,let me rem9d y ( :at has pass$4 ,y cont5d$ t good m5 did n wi% to acquire all sorts ( ga91 b only su* z 7 good1 & n su* z 7 evil4 ,b n[1 ! debate has compell$ u to ackn[l$ge t all ga9s are good1 :e!r small or great4 ,comp4--,z = me1 ,sokrates1 ! debate has compell$ me r ?an p]suad$ me4#ad ,sokr4--,pres5tly1 p]haps1 x may ev5 p]suade y4 ,b n[1 :e!r y h be5 p]suad$ or n1 y at lea/ concur ) me 9 affirm+ t all ga9s1 :e!r small or great1 are good4 ,t all good m5 wi% = all good ?+s4 ,comp4--,i d concur4 ,sokr4--,b y y\rself /at$ t evil m5 love all ga9s1 small & great8 ,comp4--,i said s4 ,sokr4--,accord+ to y\r doctr9e !n1 all m5 are lov]s ( ga91 ! good m5 z well z ! evil8 ,comp4--,app>5tly s4 ,sokr4--,x is !re=e wrong to reproa* any man z a lov] ( ga93 = ! p]son :o reproa*es is himself a lov] ( ga91 j z mu*4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plat4 ,hipp>*4 #bcb ,a-,b4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n nun pa_/nta ta ke_/rd o7 lo_/gos 7mas 7na_/gkake kai smikra kai mega_/la o7mologein a7ga?a ei7nai8 ,comp4 ,greek3 7na_/gkake ga_/r1 7 ,s_/krates1 mallon e7me_/ ge 7 pe_/peik54 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,a7ll' i7_/ss meta t\to kai pei_/sei5 a7n4 ,side-note3 ,m9os4 ,"q put by ,sokrates to ! companion4 ,:at is ,law1 or ,! ,law8 ,all law is ! same1 quat5us law3 :at is ! common con/itu5t attribute8 ,! ,m9os1 l ! ,hipp>*us1 is a dialogue c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sokrates & a companion n nam$4 ,x relates to ,law1 or ,! ,law-- ,sokr4--,:at is ,law 7asks ,sokrates78 ,comp4--,respect+ :at sort ( ,law d y enquire 7replies ! ,companion78 ,sokr4--,:at6 is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 "o law & ano!r law1 z to t id5tical circum/ance1 ( be+ ,law8 ,gold does n diff] f gold1 s f> z ! be+ gold is conc]n$--nor /one f /one1 s f> z be+ /one is conc]n$4 ,9 l mann]1 "o law does n diff] f ano!r1 all are ! same1 9 s f> z ea* is ,law alike3--n1 "o ( !m m1 & ano!r less4 ,x is ab\t ?is z a :ole t ,i ask y--,:at is ,law8 ,side-note3 ,answ]--,law is1 #a4 ,! consecrat$ & b9d+ cu/oms4 #b4 ,! decree ( ! city4 #c4 ,social or civic op9ion4 ,comp4--,:at %\ld ,law be1 ,sokrates1 o!r ?an ! v>i\s assemblage ( consecrat$ & b9d+ cu/oms & beliefs8#ae ,sokr4--,d y ?9k1 !n1 t disc\rse is1 ! ?+s spok53 t sight is1 ! ?+s se58 t he>+ is1 ! ?+s he>d8 ,or are !y n di/9ct1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree cases--& is n ,law also "o ?+1 ! v>i\s cu/oms & beliefs ano!r8 ,comp4--,yes6 ,i n[ ?9k t !y are di/9ct4#af ,sokr4--,law is t :]eby ^! b9d+ cu/oms become b9d+4 ,:at is x8 ,comp4--,law c be no?+ else ?an ! public resolutions & decrees promulgat$ among u4 ,law is ! decree ( ! city4#ag ,sokr4--,y mean1 t ,law is social op9ion4 ,comp4--,yes ,i d4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cac ,b4 ,greek3 ,ti_/ ou7n a7_/llo no_/mos ei7_/ a7n a7ll' 7 ta nomizo_/m5a8 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cac ,b-,c4 ,i pass ov] "h an analogy />t$ by ,sokrates 9 8 next "q2 z ,greek3 o7_/psis to ,greek3 ta o7r_/m5a1 s ,greek3 no_/mos to ,greek3 ta nomizo_/m5a1 c4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #had ,a4 ,greek3 e7peid no_/m ta nomizo_/m5a nomi_/zetai1 ti_/ni o7_/nti t no_/m nomi_/zetai8 ,side-note3 ,cross-exam9ation by ,sokrates--j & lawfully-behav+ m5 are s ?r\gh law2 unju/ & lawless m5 are s ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( law4 ,law is highly hon\rable & useful3 lawlessness is ru9\s4 ,accord+ly1 bad decrees ( ! city--or bad social op9ion--_c be law4 ,sokr4--,p]haps y are "r3 b let u exam9e4 ,y call "s p]sons wise3--!y are wise ?r\gh wisdom4 ,y call "s j3--!y are j ?r\gh ju/ice4 ,9 l mann]1 ! lawfully-behav+ m5 are s ?r\gh law3 ! lawless m5 are s ?r\gh lawlessness4 ,n[ ! lawfully-behav+ m5 are j3 ! lawless m5 are unju/4 ,comp4--,x is s4 ,sokr4--,ju/ice & ,law1 are highly hon\rable3 inju/ice & lawlessness1 highly di%on\rable3 ! =m] pres]ves cities1 ! latt] ru9s !m4 ,comp4--,yes--x does4 ,sokr4--,well1 !n6 we mu/ consid] law z some?+ hon\rable2 & seek aft] x1 "u ! assumption t x is a good ?+4 ,y def9$ law to be ! decree ( ! city3 ,are n "s decrees good1 o!rs evil8 ,comp4--,unque/ionably4 ,sokr4--,b we h already said t law is n evil4 ,comp4--,i admit x4 ,sokr4--,x is incorrect !re=e to answ]1 z y did broadly1 t law is ! decree ( ! city4 ,an evil decree _c be law4 ,comp4--,i see t x is incorrect4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cad ,b-,c-,d4 ,side-note3 ,sugge/ion by ,sokrates--,law is ! good op9ion ( ! city--b good op9ion is true op9ion1 or ! f9d+ out ( reality4 ,law !re=e wi%es 7t5ds7 to be ! f9d+ out ( reality1 ?\gh x does n always succe$ 9 do+ s4 ,sokr4--,/ill--,i ?9k1 myself1 t law is op9ion ( "s sort2 & s9ce x is n evil op9ion1 x mu/ be good op9ion4 ,n[ good op9ion is true op9ion3 & true op9ion is1 ! f9d+ out ( reality4 ,comp4--,i admit x4 ,sokr4--,law !re=e wi%es or t5ds to be1 ! f9d+ out ( reality4#ai ,comp4--,b1 ,sokrates1 if law is ! f9d+ out ( reality--if we h !re9 already f\nd out realities--h[ comes x t all communities ( m5 d n use ! same laws respect+ ! same matt]s8 ,sokr4--,! law does n ! less wi% or t5d to f9d out realities2 b x is unable to d s4 ,t is1 if ! fact be true z y /ate--t we *ange our laws1 & d n all ( u use ! same4 ,comp4--,surely1 ! fact z a fact is obvi\s en\gh4#bj ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cae ,a4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n 7 a7l?s d_/xa t\ o7_/ntos e7/9 e7xeu_/resis8 4 4 4 o7 no_/mos a7_/ra b\_/letai t\ o7_/ntos ei7nai e7xeu_/resis8 ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cae ,a-,b4 ,side-note3 ,objection tak5 by ! ,companion--,t !re is great discordance ( laws 9 diff]5t places--he specifies sev]al cases ( su* discordance at "s l5g?4 ,sokrates reproves 8 prolixity1 & reque/s him to conf9e himself to "q or answ]4 7,! ,companion "h enum]ates "s rem>kable local rites1 v5]able 9 "o place1 abhorr5t 9 ano!r1 su* z ! human sacrifices at ,c>?age1 c41 ?us l5g!n+ 8 answ] mu* beyond :at x _h be5 be=e4 ,sokrates !n cont9ues73 ,sokr4--,p]haps y are "r1 & ^! matt]s h escap$ me4 ,b if y & ,i g on mak+ long spee*es ea* = ourselves1 we %all nev] come to an agreem5t4 ,if we are to c>ry on our rese>* toge!r1 we mu/ d s by "q & answ]4 ,"q me1 if y pref]3--if n1 answ] me4 ,comp4--,i am q ready1 ,sokrates1 to answ] :atev] y ask4 ,side-note3 ,f>!r que/ions by ,sokrates--,?+s heavy & light1 j & unju/1 hon\rable & di%on\rable1 c41 are s1 & are acc\nt$ s ev]y:]e4 ,real ?+s are always acc\nt$ real4 ,:oev] fails 9 atta9+ ! real1 fails 9 atta9+ ! lawful4 ,sokr4--,well1 !n6 d y ?9k t j ?+s are j & unju/ ?+s are unju/8 ,comp4--,i ?9k !y are4 ,sokr4--,d n all m5 9 all communities1 among ! ,p]sians z well z "h1 n[ z well z =m]ly1 ?9k s too8 ,comp4--,unque/ionably !y d4 ,sokr4--,are n ?+s :i* weigh m1 acc\nt$ heavi]2 & ?+s :i* weigh less1 acc\nt$ light]1 "h1 at ,c>?age1 & ev]y:]e else8#ba ,comp4--,c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,x seems1 !n1 t hon\rable ?+s are acc\nt$ hon\rable ev]y:]e1 & di%on\rable ?+s di%on\rable8 n ! rev]se4 ,comp4--,yes1 x is s4 ,sokr4--,!n1 speak+ univ]sally1 exi/5t ?+s or realities 7n non-exi/5ts7 are acc\nt$ exi/5t & real1 among u z well z among all o!r m58 ,comp4--,i ?9k !y are4 ,sokr4--,:oev] !re=e fails 9 atta9+ ! real fails 9 atta9+ ! lawful4#bb ,comp4--,z y n[ put x1 ,sokrates1 x w\ld seem t ! same ?+s are acc\nt$ lawful bo? by u at all times1 & by all ! re/ ( mank9d besides4 ,b :5 ,i reflect t we are p]petually *ang+ our laws1 ,i _c p]suade myself ( :at y affirm4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #caf ,a4 ,greek3 ,po_/t]on de ta pleion e7_/lkonta b>u_/t]a nomi_/zetai e7n?a_/de1 ta de e7_/latton1 k\pho_/t]a1 7 t\7nanti_/on8 ,! v]b ,greek3 nomi_/zetai des]ves att5tion "h1 be+ ! same ^w z has be5 employ$ 9 reg>d to law1 & d]iv$ f ,greek3 no_/mos4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #caf ,b4 ,greek3 ou7k\n1 7s kata pa_/ntn ei7pein1 ta o7_/nta nomi_/zetai ei7nai1 ou7 ta m o7_/nta1 kai p>' 7min kai p>a tois a7_/llois a7_/pas94 ,comp4 ,greek3 ,e7_/moige dokei4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,o7s a7n a7_/ra t\ o7_/ntos a7m>ta_/n1 t\ nomi_/m\ a7m>ta_/nei4 ,side-note3 ,!re are laws ( heal? & ( cure1 compos$ by ! few physicians wise ^u ^? subjects1 & unanim\sly decl>$ by !m4 ,s also !re are laws ( f>m+1 g>d5+1 cook]y1 decl>$ by ! few wise 9 ^? respective pursuits4 ,9 l mann]1 ! laws ( a city are ! judgm5ts decl>$ by ! few wise m5 :o "k h[ to rule4 ,sokr4--,p]haps y d n reflect t pieces on ! draught-bo>d1 :5 _! position is *ang$1 /ill rema9 ! same4 ,y "k m$ical treatises3 y "k t physicians are ! really kn[+ ab\t matt]s ( heal?3 & t !y agree ) ea* o!r 9 writ+ ab\t !m4 ,comp4--,yes--,i "k t4 ,sokr4--,! case is ! same :e!r !y be ,greeks or n ,greeks3 ,^? :o "k1 mu/ ( necessity hold ! same op9ion ) ea* o!r1 on matt]s :i* !y "k3 always & ev]y:]e4 ,comp4--,yes--always & ev]y:]e4 ,sokr4--,physicians write respect+ matt]s ( heal? :at !y acc\nt to be true1 & ^! writ+s ( !irs are ! m$ical laws8 ,comp4--,c]ta9ly !y are4 ,sokr4--,! l is true respect+ ! laws ( f>m+--! laws ( g>d5+--! laws ( cook]y4 ,all ^! are ! writ+s ( p]sons1 kn[+ 9 ea* ( ! respective pursuits8 ,comp4--,yes4#bc ,sokr4--,9 l mann]1 :at are ! laws respect+ ! gov]nm5t ( a city8 ,are !y n ! writ+s ( ^? :o "k h[ to gov]n--k+s1 /atesm51 & m5 ( sup]ior excell5ce8 ,comp4--,truly s4 ,sokr4--,kn[+ m5 l ^! w n write diff]5tly f ea* o!r ab\t ! same ?+s1 nor *ange :at !y h once writt54 ,if1 !n1 we see "s do+ ?is1 are we to decl>e !m kn[+ or ignorant8 ,comp4--,ignorant--und\bt$ly4 ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #caf ,d-,e4 ,side-note3 ,t :i* is "r is ! regal law1 ! only true & real law--t :i* is n "r1 is n law1 b only seems to be law 9 ! eyes ( ! ignorant4 ,sokr4--,:atev] is "r1 !re=e1 we may pron\nce to be lawful2 9 m$ic9e1 g>d5+1 or cook]y3 :atev] is n "r1 n to be lawful b lawless4 ,& ! l 9 treatises respect+ j & unju/1 prescrib+ h[ ! city is to be adm9i/]$3 ,t :i* is "r1 is ! regal law--t :i* is n "r1 is n s1 b only seems to be law 9 ! eyes ( ! ignorant--be+ 9 tru? lawless4 ,comp4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,we 7 correct !re=e 9 decl>+ ,law to be ! f9d+ out ( reality4 ,comp4--,x appe>s s4#bd ,sokr4--,x is ! skilful husb&man :o gives "r laws on ! s[+ ( l&3 ! skilful musician on ! t\*+ ( in/rum5ts3 ! skilful tra9]1 respect+ ex]cise ( ! body3 ! skilful k+ or gov]nor1 respect+ ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s4 ,comp4--,yes--x is4#be ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cag ,c4 ,greek3 to men o7r?on no_/mos e7/i basiliko_/s2 to de m o7r?o_/n ou7_/1 o7 dokei no_/mos ei7nai tois ei7d_/s92 e7_//i gar a7_/nomon4 ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cah ,a4 ,side-note3 ,m9os1 ,k+ ( ,krete--8 laws 7 div9e & excell5t1 & h rema9$ un*ang$ f "t immemorial4 ,sokr4--,c y tell me :i* ( ! anci5t k+s has ! glory ( hav+ be5 a good lawgiv]1 s t 8 laws /ill rema9 9 =ce z div9e in/itutions8 ,comp4--,i _c tell4 ,sokr4--,b c y n say :i* among ! ,greeks h ! mo/ anci5t laws8 ,comp4--,p]haps y mean ! ,lac$monians & ,lykurgus8 ,sokr4--,:y1 ! ,lac$monian laws are h>dly m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s old3 besides1 :5ce is x t ! be/ ( !m come8 ,comp4--,f ,krete1 !y say4 ,sokr4--,!n x is ! ,kretans :o h ! mo/ anci5t laws 9 ,greece8 ,comp4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,d y "k ^? good k+s ( ,krete1 f :om ^! laws are d]iv$--,m9os & ,rhadaman?us1 sons ( ,zeus & ,europa8 ,comp4--,rhadaman?us c]ta9ly is said to h be5 a j man1 ,sokrates2 b ,m9os q ! rev]se--savage1 ill-temp]$1 unju/4 ,sokr4--,:at y affirm1 my fri5d1 is a fiction ( ! ,attic trag$ians4 ,x is n /at$ ei!r by ,hom] or ,hesiod1 :o are f> m wor?y ( cr$it ?an all ! trag$ians put toge!r4 ,comp4--,:at is x t ,hom] & ,hesiod say ab\t ,m9os8#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cah ,e4 ,side-note3 ,"q ab\t ! "* ( ,m9os--,hom] & ,hesiod decl>e him to h be5 admirable1 ! ,attic trag$ians defame him z a tyrant1 because he 0 an enemy ( ,a!ns4 ,sokrates replies by cit+1 & comm5t+ ^u1 ! /atem5ts ( ,hom] & ,hesiod respect+ ,m9os1 z ! *]i%$ son1 companion1 & pupil1 ( ,zeus2 :o be/[$ ^u him an admirable tra9+1 tea*+ him wisdom & ju/ice1 & ?us r5d]+ him consummate z a lawgiv] & rul] ( m54 ,x 0 ?r\gh ^! laws1 div9e z emanat+ f ! tea*+ ( ,zeus1 t ,krete 7& ,sp>ta z ! imitator ( ,krete7 _h be5 = s long a p]iod happy & virtu\s4 ,z rul] ( ,krete1 ,m9os _h made w> ^u ,a!ns1 & compell$ ! ,a!nians to pay tribute4 ,h5ce he _h become odi\s to ! ,a!nians1 & especially odi\s to ! tragic poets :o 7 ! great tea*]s & *>m]s ( ! cr[d4 ,^! poets1 :om e "o ought to be cauti\s ( (f5d+1 _h calumniat$ ,m9os z ! old enemy ( ,a!ns4#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cai-cbj4 ,side-note3 ,t ,m9os 0 really admirable--& t he has f\nd out tru? & reality respect+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! city--we may be sure f ! fact t 8 laws h rema9$ s long unalt]$4 ,b t ^! tales are m]e calumny 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 & t ,m9os 0 truly a good lawgiv]1 & a good %eph]d 7,greek3 nomeus a7ga?o_/s7 ( 8 p--we h pro( ?r\gh ! fact1 t 8 laws /ill rema9 un*ang$3 :i* %[s t he has really f\nd out tru? & reality respect+ ! adm9i/ration ( a city4#bh ,comp4--,y\r view seems plausible1 ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,if ,i am "r1 !n1 y ?9k t ! ,kretans h m anci5t laws ?an any o!r ,greeks8 & t ,m9os & ,rhadaman?us are ! be/ ( all anci5t lawgiv]s1 rul]s1 & %eph]ds ( mank9d8 ,comp4--,i ?9k !y are4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cba ,b4 ,greek3 t\to me_/gi/on smeion1 o7_/ti a7ki_/ntoi au7t\ oi7 no_/moi ei7si_/n1 a7_/te t\ o7_/ntos p]i po_/les oi7k_/ses e7xeuro_/ntos eu7 tn a7l_/!ian4 ,side-note3 ,! "q is made m det]m9ate--,:at is x t ! good lawgiv] prescribes & measures out = ! heal? ( ! m9d1 z ! physician measures out food & ex]cise = ! body8 ,sokrates _c tell4 ,close4 ,sokr4--,n[ take ! case ( ! good lawgiv] & good %eph]d = ! body--,if we 7 ask$1 :at x is t he prescribes = ! body1 s z to r5d] x bett]8 we %\ld answ]1 at once1 briefly1 & well1 by say+--food & lab\r3 ! =m] to su/a9 ! body1 ! latt] to ex]cise & consolidate x4 ,comp4--,q correct4 ,sokr4--,& if aft] t we 7 ask$1 ,:at are ^? ?+s :i* ! good lawgiv] prescribes = ! m9d to make x bett]1 :at %\ld we say1 s z to avoid discr$it+ ourselves8 ,comp4--,i really _c tell4 ,sokr4--,b surely x is discr$itable en\gh bo? = y\r m9d & m9e--to confess1 t we d n "k ^u :at x is t good & evil = our m9ds dep5ds1 :ile we c def9e ^u :at x is t ! good or evil ( our bodies dep5ds8#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cba ,c-,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,! ,hipp>*us & ,m9os are analog\s to ea* o!r1 & bo? ( !m inf]ior works ( ,plato1 p]haps unf9i%$4 ,i h put toge!r ! two dialogues ,hipp>*us & ,m9os1 p>tly because ( ! analogy :i* really exi/s betwe5 !m1 p>tly because t analogy is mu* insi/$ on by ,boeckh1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,/allbaum1 & o!r rec5t critics2 :o n only /rike !m bo? out ( ! li/ ( ,platonic works1 b speak ( !m ) contempt z compositions4 ,on ! fir/ po9t1 ,i diss5t f !m altoge!r3 on ! second1 ,i agree ) !m ?us f>--t ,i consid] ! two dialogues inf]ior works ( ,plato3--mu* inf]ior to 8 greate/ & be/ compositions1--c]ta9ly display+ bo? less g5ius & less c>eful elaboration--probably among 8 e>ly p]=mances--p]haps ev5 unf9i%$ projects1 de/9$ = a f>!r elaboration1 :i* !y nev] receiv$1 & n publi%$ until aft] 8 decease4 ,yet 9 ,hipp>*us z well z 9 ,m9os1 ! subjects debat$ are important z reg>ds e?ical !ory4 ,sev]al que/ions are rais$ & p>tially canvass$3 no conclusion is f9ally atta9$4 ,^! *>act]i/ics !y h 9 common ) sev]al ( ! be/ ,platonic dialogues4 ,side-note3 ,hipp>*us--,d\ble mean+ ( ,greek3 philok]ds & ,greek3 ke_/rdos4 ,9 ,hipp>*us1 ! "q put by ,sokrates is1 ab\t ! def9ition ( ,greek3 o7 philok]ds 7! lov] ( ga971 & ( ,greek3 ke_/rdos itself--ga94 ,! fir/ ( ^! two words 7l _m 9 ,greek z well z 9 ,engli%7 is us$ 9 two s5ses4 ,9 its pla91 etymological s5se1 x means an attribute belong+ to all m53 all m5 love ga91 hate loss4 ,b s9ce ?is is pr$icable ( all1 !re is seldom any necessity = pr$icat+ x ( any "o man or knot ( m5 9 p>ticul>4 ,accord+ly1 :5 y employ ! epi!t z a pr$icate ( ,a or ,b1 :at y g5]ally mean is1 to ass]t some?+ m ?an its /rict etymological mean+3 to decl>e t he has ! attribute 9 unusual measure2 or t he has %[n himself1 on v>i\s occasions1 want+ 9 o!r attributes1 :i* on ^? occasions ought1 9 y\r judgm5t1 to h c\nt]vail$ x4 ,! epi!t ?us comes to connote a s5tim5t ( blame or reproa*1 9 ! m9d ( ! speak]4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,ari/otle adv]ts to ?is class ( e?ical epi!ts1 connot+ bo? an attribute 9 ! p]son designat$ & an unfav\rable s5tim5t 9 ! speak] 7,e?ic4 ,nikom4 ii4 #f1 p4 #aajg1 a4 #i74 ,greek3 ,ou7 pasa d' e7pide_/*etai praxis1 ou7de pan pa_/?os1 tn meso_/tta2 e7_/nia gar eu7?us 7no_/ma/ai suneilmme_/na meta ts phaulo_/ttos1 oi7on1 c4 ,side-note3 ,/ate or m9d ( ! ag5t1 z to k1 frequ5t inquiry 9 ,plato4 ,no t5able def9ition f\nd4 ,! ,companion or ,collocutor1 be+ call$ ^u by ,sokrates to expla9 ,greek3 to philok]des1 def9es x 9 ?is la/ s5se1 z convey+ or connot+ a reproa*4 ,he gives ?ree diff]5t explanations ( x 7always 9 ?is s5se71 ea* ( :i* ,sokrates %[s to be unt5able4 ,a v>iety ( p>allel cases are comp>$1 & ! "q is put 7s con/antly recurr+ 9 ,plato's writ+s71 :at is ! /ate ( ! ag5t's m9d z to k8 ,! cross-exam9ation makes out1 t if ! ag5t be suppos$ to "k1--!n !re is no man correspond+ to ! def9ition ( a ,greek3 philok]d_/s3 if ! ag5t be suppos$ n to "k--!n1 on ! contr>y1 e man w come "u ! def9ition4 ,! ,companion is p]suad$ t !re is su* a ?+ z love ( ga9 9 ! blamable s5se4 ,yet he _c f9d any t5able def9ition1 to discrim9ate x f love ( ga9 9 ! ord9>y or innoc5t s5se4 ,side-note3 ,admitt+ t !re is bad ga91 z well z good ga91 :at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w ga98 ,none is f\nd4 ,! same "q comes back 9 ano!r =m1 aft] ,sokrates has giv5 ! lib]ty ( retractation4 ,! ,collocutor ma9ta9s t !re is bad ga91 z well z good ga94 ,b :at is t common1 g5]ic1 quality1 designat$ well z good by ! ^w ga91 ap>t f ^! two di/9ctive epi!ts8 ,he _c f9d x out or describe x4 ,he gives two def9itions1 ea* ( :i* is torn up by ,sokrates4 ,to des]ve ! "n ( ga91 t :i* a man acquires mu/ be good2 & x mu/ surpass1 9 value z well z 9 quantity1 ! loss or outlay :i* he incurs 9 ord] to acquire x4 ,b :5 ?us und]/ood1 all ga9s are good4 ,!re is no mean+ 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 good & bad ga9s3 all m5 are lov]s ( ga94 ,side-note3 ,purpose ( ,plato 9 ! dialogue--to lay b>e ! confusion1 & to =ce ! m9d ( ! respond5t into ef=ts = cle>+ x up4 ,) ?is confusion1 ! dialogue closes4 ,! ,sokratic notion ( good1 z :at e "o loves--evil z :at e "o hates--also ( evil-do+1 z p]=m$ by e evil-do] only ?r\gh ignorance or mi/ake is br\ght out & appli$ to te/ ! e?ical phraseology ( a common-place respond5t4 ,b x only s]ves to lay b>e a /ate ( confusion & p]plexity1 )\t cle>+ up any ?+4 ,h]e91 s f> z ,i c see1 lies ,plato's purpose 9 ! dialogue4 ,! respond5t is made aw>e ( ! confusion1 :i* he did n "k be=e2 & ?is1 9 ,plato's view1 is a progress4 ,! respond5t _c avoid giv+ contradictory answ]s1 "u an acute cross-exam9ation3 b he does n adopt any new belief4 ,he says to ,sokrates at ! close--,! debate has con/ra9$ r ?an p]suad$ me4#ca ,?is is a simple b in/ructive decl>ation ( ! =ce put by ,sokrates ^u 8 collocutors2 & ( ! reaction>y ef=t likely to be provok$ 9 _! m9ds1 ) a view to extricate !mselves f a pa9ful s5se ( contradiction4 ,if su* ef=t be provok$1 ,plato's purpose is atta9$4 ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,hipp>*4 #bcb ,b4 ,greek3 7na_/gkake gar 7o7 lo_/gos7 mallon e7me_/ ge 7 pe_/peik54 ,"o peculi>ity !re is1 analog\s to :at we h already se5 9 ! ,hippias ,major4 ,x is n m]ely ! ,collocutor :o *>ges ,sokrates1 b also ,sokrates :o accuses ! ,collocutor--ea* *>g+ ! o!r ) attempts to deceive a fri5d4#cb ,?is seems int5d$ by ,plato to create an occasion = introduc+ :at he _h to say ab\t ,hipp>*us--apropos ( ! motto on ! ,hipp>*ean ,h]mes--,greek3 m phi_/lon e7xapa_/ta4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,hipp>*4 #bbe ,e1 #bbh ,a4 ,side-note3 ,hi/orical n>rative & comm5ts giv5 9 ! dialogue respect+ ,hipp>*us--af=d no gr\nd = decl>+ ! dialogue to be spuri\s4 ,! mod]n critics1 :o proclaim ! ,hipp>*us n to be ! "w ( ,plato1 allege z "o ( ! pro(s ( spuri\sness1 ! occurr5ce ( ?is long n>rative & comm5t ^u ! hi/orical ,hipp>*us & 8 behavi\r2 :i* n>rative 7! critics ma9ta97 ,plato w\ld nev] h introduc$1 see+ t x contributes no?+ to ! settlem5t ( ! "q debat$4 ,b to ?is we may reply1 fir/1 ,t !re are o!r dialogues#cc 7n to m5tion ! ,m9os7 9 :i* ,plato introduces recitals ( consid]able l5g?1 hi/orical or quasi-hi/orical recitals2 be>+ remotely1 or h>dly be>+ at all1 ^u ! precise "q "u discussion2 next1--,t ev5 if no su* analogies c\ld be cit$1 & if ! case /ood s+le1 no mod]n critic c\ld fairly pret5d to be s ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ,plato's views & ! surr\nd+ circum/ances1 z to put a limit on ! means :i* ,plato might *oose to take1 = r5d]+ 8 dialogues acceptable & int]e/+4 ,plato's political views made him dis9cl9$ to popul> gov]nm5t g5]ally1 & to ! democracy ( ,a!ns 9 p>ticul>4 ,con=mably ) su* s5tim5t1 he is dispos$ to surr\nd ! rule ( ! ,peisi/ratid ) an e?ical & philosophical col\r+3 to depict ,hipp>*us z a wise man busi$ 9 in/ruct+ & elevat+ ! citiz5s2 & to discr$it ! r5[n ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 by affirm+ !m to h be5 envi\s ( ,hipp>*us1 z a philosoph] :o surpass$ !mselves by 8 own m5tal wor?4 ,all ?is lay p]fectly 9 ! ve9 ( ,plato's s5tim5t2 & we may say ! same ab\t ! n>rative 9 ! ,m9os1 respect+ ! div9e p>5tage & tea*+ ( ,m9os1 giv+ rise to 8 sup]human efficacy z a lawgiv] & rul]4 ,x is surely v conceivable1 t ,plato1 z a compos] ( e?ical dialogues or dramas1 might ?9k t su* recitals l5t a *>m or int]e/ to "s ( !m4 ,moreov]1 some?+ l v>iety1 or di/9ctive features z betwe5 "o dialogue & ano!r1 0 a po9t ( no inconsid]able mom5t4 ,i am ( op9ion t ,plato did s conceive ^! n>ratives4 ,b at any rate1 :at ,i "h cont5d is1 t no mod]n critics h a "r to assume z c]ta9 t he did n4 ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,alkibiad4 ii4 pp4 #adb-adi-aej2 ,alkibiad4 i4 pp4 #aba-abb3 ,protagoras1 #cdb-cdd2 ,politikus1 #bfh ,d41 ,greek3 s*$on paidian e7gk]asame_/n\s & ! two or ?ree pages :i* foll[4 ,f4 ,a4 ,wolf1 & v>i\s critics aft] him1 cont5d t ! g5u95ess ( ! ,hipp>*us 0 d\bt$ 9 antiquity1 on ! au?ority ( lian1 ,v4 ,h4 viii4 #b4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 t ?is is n ! mean+ ( ! passage1 unless ^u ! supposition t ! ^w ,greek3 ma?ts is /ruck out ( ! text conjecturally4 ,! passage may be p]fectly well con/ru$1 leav+ ,greek3 ma?ts 9 ! text3 we mu/ und\bt$ly suppose ! au?or to h made an ass]tion hi/orically errone\s3 b ?is is n[ise impossible 9 ! case ( lian4 ,if y con/rue ! passage z x /&s1 )\t su* conjectural alt]ation1 x does n ju/ify ,wolf's inf]5ce4 ,side-note3 ,m9os4 ,"q--,:at is ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty connot$ by ! ^w ,greek3 ,no_/mos or law8 ,i n[ come to ! ,m9os4 ,! subject ( ?is dialogue is1 ! explanation or def9ition ( ,law4 ,sokrates says to 8 ,companion or ,collocutor1--,tell me :at is ! g5]ic con/itu5t ( ,law3 ,all ,laws are alike quat5us ,law4 ,take no note ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o law & ano!r1 b expla9 to me :at *>act]i/ic prop]ty x is1 :i* is common to all ,law1 & is impli$ 9 or connot$ by ! "n ,law4 ,?is "q is logically ! same z t :i* ,sokrates asks 9 ! ,hipp>*us ) ref]5ce to ,greek3 ke_/rdos or ga94 ,side-note3 ,?is "q 0 discuss$ by ! hi/orical ,sokrates1 ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon4 ,t ! def9ition ( ,greek3 ,no_/mos or ,law 0 discuss$ by ,sokrates1 we "k1 n only f ! g5]al description ( 8 debates giv5 9 ,x5ophon1 b also f ! int]e/+ description 79 t au?or7 ( ! conv]sation betwe5 ! y\?ful ,alkibiades & ,p]ikles4#cd ,! int]rogations employ$ by ,alkibiades on t occasion are ,sokratic1 & mu/ h be5 d]iv$1 directly or indirectly1 f ,sokrates4 ,!y are p>tially analog\s to ! que/ions ( ,sokrates 9 ! dialogue ,m9os1 & !y end by driv+ ,p]ikles into a confusion1 left unexpla9$1 betwe5 ,law & ,lawlessness4 ,footnote #cd3 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #a1 #af2 i4 #b1 #db-df4 ,side-note3 ,def9itions ( law--sugge/$ & refut$4 ,law includes1 z a portion ( its mean+1 ju/ice1 goodness1 usefulness1 c4 ,bad decrees are n laws4 ,def9itions ( ,greek3 ,no_/mos are "h giv5 by ! ,companion1 :o und]goes a cross-exam9ation ^u !m4 ,fir/1 he says1 t ,greek3 ,no_/mos ta nomizo_/m5a4 ,b ?is is reject$ by ,sokrates1 :o intimates t ,law is n ! aggregate ( laws enact$ or ( cu/oms held b9d+3 b t :i* lies beh9d ^! laws & cu/oms1 imp>t+ to !m _! b9d+ =ce4#ce ,we are to enquire :at ?is is4 ,! ,companion decl>es t x is ! public decree ( ! city3 political or social op9ion4 ,b ?is aga9 ,sokrates conte/s3 putt+ que/ions to %[ t ,law includes1 z a portion ( its mean+1 ju/ice1 goodness1 beauty1 & pres]vation ( ! city ) its possessions2 :ile lawlessness includes inju/ice1 evil1 ugl9ess1 & de/ruction4 ,!re c be no su* ?+ z bad or wick$ law4#cf ,b among decrees ( ! city1 "s are bad1 "s are good4 ,!re=e to def9e ,law z a decree ( ! city1 ?us g5]ally1 is incorrect4 ,x is only ! good decree1 n ! bad decree1 :i* is ,law4 ,n[ ! good decree or op9ion1 is ! true op9ion3 t is1 x is ! f9d+ out ( reality4 ,law !re=e wi%es or aims to be ! f9d+ out ( reality3 & if !re are diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t nations1 ?is is because ! p[] to f9d out does n always accompany ! wi% to f9d out4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cad ,a4 ,greek3 e7peid no_/m ta nomizo_/m5a nomi_/zetai1 ti_/ni o7_/nti t no_/m nomi_/zetai8 ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cad ,e4 ,greek3 kai mn no_/mos ge ou7k 7n ponro_/s4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates affirms t law is ev]y:]e ! same--x is ! decl>$ judgm5t & comm& ( ! ,wise man ^u ! subject to :i* x ref]s--x is tru? & reality1 f\nd out & c]tifi$ by him4 ,z to ! ass]tion--t ,law is "o ?+ "h1 ano!r ?+ !re1 "o ?+ at "o "t1 ano!r ?+ at ano!r--,sokrates conte/s x4 ,j ?+s are j 7he says7 ev]y:]e & at all times2 unju/ ?+s are unju/ also4 ,heavy ?+s are heavy1 light ?+s light1 at "o "t1 z well z at ano!r4 ,s also hon\rable ?+s are ev]y:]e hon\rable1 base ?+s ev]y:]e base4 ,9 g5]al phrase1 exi/5t ?+s are ev]y:]e exi/5t1#cg non-exi/5t ?+s are n exi/5t4 ,:oev] !re=e fails to atta9 ! exi/5t & real1 fails to atta9 ! lawful & j4 ,x is only ! man ( art & k1 9 ?is or t dep>tm5t1 :o atta9s ! exi/5t1 ! real1 ! "r1 true1 lawful1 j4 ,?us ! au?oritative rescripts or laws 9 matt]s ( m$ic9e1 are ^? laid d[n by practition]s :o "k t subject1 all ( :om agree 9 :at !y lay d[n3 ! laws ( cook]y1 ! laws ( agriculture & ( g>d5+--are rescripts deliv]$ by arti/s :o "k respectively ea* ( ^? subjects4 ,s also ab\t ,j & ,unju/1 ab\t ! political & social arrangem5ts ( ! city--! au?oritative rescripts or laws are1 ^? laid d[n by ! arti/s or m5 ( k 9 t dep>tm5t1 all ( :om agree 9 lay+ d[n ! same3 t is1 all ! m5 ( art call$ k+s or lawgiv]s4 ,x is only ! "r1 ! true1 ! real--t :i* ^! arti/s atta9--:i* is prop]ly a law & is entitl$ to be s call$4 ,t :i* is n "r is n a law1--ought n to be s call$--& is only suppos$ to be a law by ! error ( ignorant m54#ch ,footnote #cg3 ,m4 ,boeckh rem>ks ju/ly 9 8 note on ?is passage--neque enim illud demon/ratum e/1 eadem omnibus legitima esse--s$ tantum1 notionem 7r ! s5tim5t or emotion7 legitimi omnibus e&em esse4 ,s$ omnia scriptor hic confundit4 ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cag ,c4 ,side-note3 ,reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,m9os is uns\nd1 b ,platonic4 ,! ,good1 ,true1 & ,real1 coalesce 9 ! m9d ( ,plato--he ackn[l$ges no?+ to be ,law1 except :at he ?9ks ought to be ,law4 ,t ! reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 ?is dialogue is confus$ & uns\nd 7z ,m4 ,boeckh & o!r critics h rem>k$71 ,i p]fectly agree4 ,b x is n ! less completely ,platonic2 re/+ ^u views & doctr9es mu* *]i%$ & (t5 reproduc$ by ,plato4 ,! dialogue ,m9os pres5ts1 9 a rude & awkw>d mann]1 )\t explanation or amplification1 t wor%ip ( ! ,ab/ract & ! ,ideal1 :i* ,plato1 9 o!r & long] dialogues1 seeks to div]sify z well z to elaborate4 ,! def9itions ( ,law "h combat$ & giv5 by ,sokrates1 illu/rate ?is4 ,! good1 ! true1 ! "r1 ! beautiful1 ! real--all coalesce 9 ! m9d ( ,plato4 ,!re is no?+ 79 8 view7 real1 except ,! ,good1 ,! ,j1 c4 7,greek3 to au7to-a7ga?on2 ,greek3 au7to-di_/kaion--,absolute ,goodness & ,ju/ice73 p>ticul> good & j ?+s h no reality1 !y are no m good & j ?an bad & unju/--!y are "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to circum/ances--!y are ev] v>iable1 float+ midway betwe5 ! real & unreal4#ci ,! real alone is kn[able1 correlat+ ) k or ) ! kn[+ ,intellig5ce ,greek3 ,n\s4 ,z ,sokrates di/+ui%es else:]e ,greek3 to di_/kaion or ,greek3 au7to-di_/kaion f ,greek3 ta di_/kaia--s "h he di/+ui%es 7,greek3 no_/mos f ,greek3 ta nomizo_/m5a7 ,law1 f ! assemblage ( actual comm&s or cu/oms receiv$ z laws among mank9d4 ,^! latt] are v>iable accord+ to "t & place2 b ,law is always "o & ! same4 ,plato w ackn[l$ge no?+ to be ,law1 except t :i* 7he ?9ks7 ought to be ,law3 t :i* emanates f a lawgiv] ( consummate k1 :o aims at ! accompli%m5t ( ! good & ! real1 & kn[s h[ to discov] & realise t end4 ,s f> z ! decree ( ! city co9cides ) :at w\ld h be5 enact$ by ?is lawgiv] 7i4 e4 s f> z x is good & "r71 ,sokrates admits x z a valid explanation ( ,law2 b no f>!r4 ,he consid]s ! phrase bad law to express a logical impossibility1 involv+ a contradiction 9 adjecto4#dj ,:at o!rs call a bad law1 he reg>ds z be+ no real law1 b only a fallaci\s image1 mi/ak5 = su* by ! ignorant4 ,he does n consid] su* ignorant p]sons z qualifi$ to judge3 he recognises only ! judgm5t ( ! kn[+ "o or few1 among :om he affirms t !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,e "o admits j ?+s to be j1--unju/ ?+s to be unju/1--heavy ?+s to be heavy1--! exi/5t & ! real1 to be ! exi/5t & ! real4 ,if !n ! lawgiv] 9 any ( 8 laws fails to atta9 ?is reality1 he fails 9 ! v purpose ess5tial to ! conception ( law3#da i4 e4 8 pret5d$ law is no law at all4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ! rem>kable passage 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,republic1 pp4 #dgi-dhj2 comp>e vii4 #ech ,e4 ,footnote #dj3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cad ,d4 ,! same argum5t is br\ght to be> by ! ,platonic ,sokrates aga9/ ,hippias 9 ! ,hippias ,major1 #bhd-bhe4 ,if ! laws are n really pr(itable1 :i* is ! only real purpose = :i* !y 7 e/abli%$1 !y are no laws at all4 ,! ,sp>tans are ,greek3 p>a_/nomoi4 ,"s ( ! answ]s assign$ to ,hippias 7#bhd ,d7 are p]t95t en\gh2 b he is ov]borne4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #caf ,b4 ,greek3 ,o7s a7n a7_/ra t\ o7_/ntos a7m>ta_/n1 t\ nomi_/m\ a7m>ta_/nei4 ,side-note3 ,plato wor%ips ! ,ideal ( 8 own m9d--! "w ( sy/ematic con/ructive !ory by ! ,wise ,man4 ,by ,law !n1 ,plato means--n ! assemblage ( actual positive rules1 nor any g5]al prop]ty common to & *>act]i/ic ( !m1 nor ! free det]m9ation ( an assembl$ ,demos z di/+ui%$ f ! m&ates ( a despot--b ! ,type ( ,law z x ought to be1 & z x w\ld be1 if prescrib$ by a p]fectly wise rul]1 aim+ at good & kn[+ h[ to realise x4 ,?is1 :i* is ! ideal ( 8 own m9d1 ,plato wor%ips & reasons ^u z if x 7 ! only reality2 z ,law by nature1 or natural ,law1 di/+ui%$ f actual positive laws3 :i* la/ h ei!r be5 set by "s ill-qualifi$ hi/orical rul]1 or h gr[n up ins5sibly4 ,k1 art1 philosophy1 sy/ematic & con/ructive1 appli$ by "s "o or few exalt$ individuals1 is 79 8 view7 ! only cause capable ( produc+ t typical result :i* is true1 good1 real1 p]man5t1 & wor?y ( ! g5]ic "n4 ,side-note3 ,diff]5t applications ( ?is g5]al ,platonic view1 9 ! ,m9os1 ,politikus1 ,kratylus1 c4 ,natural ,rectitude ( ,law1 ,gov]nm5t1 ,names1 c4 ,9 ! ,m9os1 ?is g5]al ,platonic view is appli$ to ,law3 9 ! ,politikus1 to gov]nm5t & social adm9i/ration3 9 ! ,kratylus1 to nam+ or language4 ,9 ! ,politikus1 we f9d ! receiv$ classification ( gov]nm5ts 7mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 & democracy7 disc>d$ z improp]2 & ! ass]tion advanc$1 ,t !re is only "o gov]nm5t "r1 true1 g5u9e1 really exi/+--gov]nm5t by ! uncontroll$ au?ority & sup]9t5d5ce ( ! man ( exalt$ intellig5ce3 he :o is ma/] 9 ! art ( gov]n+1 :e!r su* man d 9 fact hold p[] any:]e or n4 ,all o!r gov]nm5ts are deg5]ate sub/itutes = ?is type1 "s rec$+ f x less1 "s m4#db ,aga91 9 ! ,kratylus1 :]e names & "n-giv+ are discuss$1 ,sokrates#dc ma9ta9s t ?+s c only be nam$ accord+ to _! true & real nature--t !re is1 belong+ to ea* ?+1 "o special & appropriate ,"n-,=m1 disc]nible only by ! sagacity ( ! intellig5t ,lawgiv]3 :o alone is compet5t to be/[ ^u ea* ?+ its "r1 true1 g5u9e1 real "n1 possess+ rectitude by nature 7,greek3 o7r?o_/ts phu_/sei74#dd ,?is ,"n-,=m 7accord+ to ,sokrates7 is ! same 9 all languages 9 s f> z !y are con/ruct$ by diff]5t intellig5t ,lawgiv]s1 al?\gh ! lett]s & syllables 9 :i* !y may clo! ! ,=m are v diff]5t4#de ,if names be n ?us apportion$ by ! sy/ematic purpose ( an intellig5t ,lawgiv]1 b rais$ up by ins5sible & unsy/ematic gr[?--!y w be unwor?y sub/itutes = ! g5u9e type1 ?\gh !y are ! be/ :i* actual societies possess2 accord+ to ! op9ion ann\nc$ by ,kratylus 9 t same dialogue1 !y w n be names at all4#df ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,politikus1 #bic ,c-,e4 ,greek3 tau_/tn o7r?n diaph]o_/nts ei7nai kai mo_/nn politei_/an1 e7n 7 tis a7n eu7_/riskoi t\s a7_/r*ontas a7l?s e7pi/_/monas kai ou7 dok\ntas mo_/non 4 4 4 to_/te kai kata t\s toi\_/t\s o7_/r\s 7min mo_/nn o7r?n politei_/an ei7nai r7te_/on4 o7_/sas de a7_/llas le_/gom51 ou7 gnsi_/z ou7d' o7_/nts ou7_/sas lekte_/on1 a7lla memimme_/nas tau_/tn1 a7_/s men eu7no_/m\s le_/gom51 e7pi ta kalli_/1 tas de a7_/llas e7pi ta ai7s*i_/ona memim/hai4 ,! hi/orical 7,x5ophontic7 ,sokrates ass]ts ?is same position 9 ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia 7iii4 #i1 #aj74 ,sokrates said t ,k+s & ,rul]s 7 ^? :o knew h[ to comm&1 n ^? :o held ! sceptre or 7 *os5 by election or lot1 or _h acquir$ p[] by =ce or fraud1 c4 ,! ,k+s ( ,sp>ta & ,mac$onia1 ! ,greek3 ,b\l & ,greek3 ,dmos ( ,a!ns1 ! ,despot ( ,syracuse or ,ph] are "h decl>$ to be n real rul]s at all4 ,footnote #dc3 ,plato1 ,kratylus1 #chg ,d4 ,footnote #dd3 ,plato1 ,kratyl4 #chh ,a-,e4 ,footnote #de3 ,plato1 ,kratyl4 #chi ,e1 #cij ,a1 #dcb ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n ou7_/ts a7xi_/seis kai ton nomo!_/tn to_/n te e7n?a_/de kai ton e7n tois b>ba_/rois1 e7_/s a7n to t\ o7no_/matos ei7dos a7podid to proskon e7ka_// e7n o7poiais\n sullabais1 ou7den *ei_/r nomo!_/tn ei7nai ton e7n?a_/de 7 ton o7p\\n a7_/llo?i8 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,m9os1 #cae ,e1 #caf ,d1 :]e ,sokrates evades1 by an hypo!sis v simil>1 ! objection made by ! collocutor1 t ! laws 9 "o c\ntry are v diff]5t f ^? 9 ano!r--,greek3 i7_/ss gar ou7k e7nnoeis tauta metapetteuo_/m5a o7_/ti tau7ta_/ e7/94 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,kratyl4 #dcj ,a1 #dcb ,a1 #dcc ,d1 #dce ,c4 ,kratylus says t a "n badly giv5 is no "n at all2 j z ,sokrates says 9 ! ,m9os t a bad law is no law at all4 ,side-note3 ,eulogy on ,m9os1 z hav+ e/abli%$ laws on ?is div9e type or natural rectitude4 ,! ,kretan ,m9os 7we "h f9d x affirm$71 son1 companion1 & pupil ( ,zeus1 has le>nt to e/abli% laws ( ?is div9e type or natural rectitude3 ! pro( ( :i* is1 t ! anci5t ,kretan laws h = immemorial ages rema9$1 & /ill d rema91#dg un*ang$4 ,b :5 ,sokrates tries to det]m9e1 ,:]e9 consi/s ?is ,law-,type8 ,:at is x t ! wise ,lawgiv] prescribes = ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s--z ! wise gymna/ic tra9] prescribes prop] measure ( n\ri%m5t & ex]cise = _! bodies8--! "q is left unansw]$4 ,sokrates confesses ) %ame t he _c answ] x3 & ! dialogue ends 9 a blank4 ,! read]--accord+ to ,plato's mann]--is to be piqu$ & %am$ into ! ef=t ( m$itat+ ! "q = himself4 ,footnote #dg3 ,plato1 ,m9os1 #cai ,b1 #cba ,a4 ,side-note3 ,! ,m9os 0 arrang$ by ,ari/ophanes at fir/ 9 a ,trilogy along ) ! ,leges4 ,an attempt to answ] ?is "q w be f\nd 9 ,plato's ,treatise ,de ,legibus--9 ! project$ ,kretan colony1 ( :i* he !re sket*es ! fundam5tal laws4 ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium v naturally plac$ ?is treatise z sequel to ! ,m9os2 second 9 ! ,trilogy ( :i* ! ,m9os 0 fir/4#dh ,footnote #dh3 ,i res]ve = an ,app5dix "s fur!r rem>ks ^u ! g5u95ess ( ,hipp>*us & ,m9os4 ,side-note3 ,explanations ( ! ^w ,law--confusion 9 its mean+4 ,:oev] has foll[$ ! ab/ract ( ! ,m9os1 :i* ,i h j giv51 w rem>k ! diff]5t explanations ( ! ^w ,law--bo? ^? :i* are disall[$1 & t :i* is pref]r$1 ?\gh left incomplete1 by ,sokrates4 ,on ?is same subject1 !re are 9 _m writ]s1 mod]n z well an anci5t1 two di/9ct modes ( confusion traceable--po9t$ out by em95t rec5t juri/s1 su* z ,mr4 ,b5?am1 ,mr4 ,au/91 & ,mr4 ,ma9e4 #a4 ,betwe5 ,law z x is1 & ,law z x ought to be4 #b4 ,betwe5 ,laws ,imp]ative1 set by intellig5t rul]s1 & en=c$ by p5al sanction--& ,laws signify+ uni=mities ( fact express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 su* z ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 ,cry/allisation1 c4--,we c h>dly say t 9 ! dialogue ,m9os1 ,plato falls into ! fir/ ( ^! two modes ( confusion3 = he expressly says t he only recognises ! ,ideal ( ,law1 or ,law z x ought to be 7actual ,laws ev]y:]e be+ disall[$1 except 9 s f> z !y con=m !reunto74 ,b he does fall into ! second1 :5 he id5tifies ! ,lawful ) ! ,real or ,exi/5t4 ,8 ,ideal /&s 9 place ( g5]alisations ( fact4 ,!re is also mu* confusion1 if we comp>e ! ,m9os ) o!r dialogues2 :]e9 ,plato frequ5tly talks ( ,laws z ! laws & cu/oms actually exi/+ or imp]ative 9 any giv5 /ate--,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 or else:]e 7,greek3 ,no_/mos ta nomizo_/m5a1 accord+ to ! fir/ words 9 ! ,m9os74 ,= example1 9 ! h>angue :i* he supposes to be address$ to ,sokrates 9 ! ,kriton1 & :i* he inve/s ) s impressive a "*--! ,laws ( ,a!ns are introduc$ z speak]s3 b accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,m9os1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,laws ( ,a!ns c\ld n be reg>d$ z laws at all4 ,if !re=e we take ,plato's writ+s ?r\gh\t1 we %all n f9d t he is con/ant to "o uni=m s5se ( ! ^w ,law1 or t he escapes ! frequ5t confusion betwe5 ,law z x actually exi/s & ,law z x ought to be4#di ,footnote #di3 ,! fir/ explanation ( ,greek3 ,no_/mos advanc$ by ! ,companion 9 reply to ,sokrates 7viz4 ,greek3 ,no_/mos ta nomizo_/m5a1 co9cides sub/antially ) ! mean+ ( ,greek3 ,no_/mos basileus 9 ,p9d> & ,h]odotus 7see above1 *ap4 viii471 :o is an imag9>y rul]1 occupy+ a giv5 region1 & en=c+ ,greek3 ta nomizo_/m5a4 ,x co9cides also ) ! precept ,greek3 ,no_/m po_/les1 z prescrib$ by ! ,py?ian prie/ess to applicants :o ask$ advice ab\t ! prop] =ms ( religi\s wor%ip 7,x54 ,mem4 i4 #c1 #a72 ?\gh ?is precept1 :5 ,cic]o comes to report x 7,legg4 ii4 #af1 #dj71 appe>s dive/$ ( its simplicity1 & ov]-cl\d$ ) ! v confusion t\*$ ^u 9 my text4 ,ari/otle does n keep cle> ( ! confusion 7comp>e ,e?ic4 ,nikom4 i4 #a1 #ajid1 b4 #af1 & v4 #e1 #aacj1 b4 #bd74 ,i %all rev]t aga9 to ! di/9ction betwe5 ,greek3 no_/mos & ,greek3 phu_/sis1 9 t\*+ on o!r ,platonic dialogues4 ,cic]o expressly decl>es 7,legg4 ii4 #e1 #aa71 con=mably to :at is said by ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,m9os1 t a bad law1 h[ev] pass$ 9 regul> =m1 is no law at all2 & ?is might be well if he adh]$ consi/5tly to ! same phraseology1 b he p]petually uses1 9 o!r places1 ! words ,lex & ,leges to signify laws actually 9 =ce at ,rome1 good or bad4 ,mr4 ,b5?am gives an explanation ( ,law or ,! ,law1 :i* co9cides ) ,greek3 ,no_/mos ta nomizo_/m5a4 ,he says 7,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 vol4 ii4 *4 #ag1 p4 #beg1 ed4 #ahbc71 ,n[ ,law1 or ,! ,law1 tak5 indef9itely1 is an ab/ract & collective t]m1 :i*1 :5 x means any?+1 c mean nei!r m nor less ?an ! sum total ( a numb] ( individual laws tak5 toge!r4 ,mr4 ,au/9 9 8 ,lectures1 ',! ,prov9ce ( ,jurisprud5ce ,det]m9$'1 has expla9$ m cle>ly & copi\sly ?an any antec$5t au?or1 ! confus$ mean+s ( ! ^w ,law adv]t$ to 9 my text4 ,see especially 8 fir/ lecture & 8 fif?1 pp4 #hh seq4 & #aga seq41 #d? ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix4 ,9 cont9u+ to recognise ,hipp>*us & ,m9os z ,platonic works1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( _m mod]n critics1 ,i h to rem9d ! read]1 n only t bo? are includ$ 9 ! ,canon ( ,?rasyllus1 b t ! ,m9os 0 expressly ackn[l$g$ by ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium1 & includ$ by him among ! ,trilogies3 %[+ t x exi/$ !n 7#bbj ,b4,c47 9 ! ,alex&r9e ,museum z a ,platonic "w4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,hipp>*us & ,m9os is recognis$ by all ! ,platonic critics1 mo/ ( :om decl>e t bo? ( !m are spuri\s4 ,s*lei]ma*] affirms & v9dicates ?is op9ion 9 8 ,e9leitung & notes3 b x w be conv5i5t to take ! argum5ts advanc$ to prove ! spuri\sness1 z !y are set =? by ,m4 ,boeckh1 9 8 ,comm5t4 9 ,platonis qui vulgo f]tur ,m9oem3 9 :i* treatise1 ?\gh among 8 e>ly works1 ! case is argu$ ) all t copi\s le>n+ & critical ability1 :i* usually adorn 8 _m admirable contributions to ! improvem5t ( philology4 ,m4 ,boeckh n only rejects ! pret5sions ( ,hipp>*us & ,m9os to be consid]$ z works ( ,plato1 b advances an affirmative hypo!sis to %[ :at !y are4 ,he consid]s ^! two dialogues1 toge!r ) ^? ,de ,ju/o1 & ,de ,virtute 7two %ort dialogues 9 ! pseudo-,platonic li/1 n recognis$ by ,?rasyllus7 z among ! dialogues publi%$ by ,simon2 an ,a!nian citiz5 & a %oemak] by trade1 9 ^: %op ,sokrates is said to h held _m ( 8 conv]sations4 ,simon is report$ to h made _m notes ( ^! conv]sations1 & to h compos$ & publi%$1 f !m1 a volume ( ?irty-?ree dialogues 7,diog4 ,l4 ii4 #abb71 among ! titles ( :i* !re are two--,greek3 ,p]i ,philk]d\s & ,greek3 ,p]i ,no_/m\4 ,simon 01 ( c\rse1 contempor>y ) ,plato2 b some:at old] 9 ye>s4 ,) ?is "p ( ,m4 ,boeckh's treatise1 respect+ ! suppos$ au?or%ip ( ,simon1 ,i h no?+ to d4 ,i only notice ! argum5ts by :i* he proposes to %[ t ,hipp>*us & ,m9os are n works ( ,plato4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i notice t ,m4 ,boeckh explicitly recognises !m z works ( an au?or contempor>y ) ,plato1 n lat] ?an #chj ,b4,c4 7p4 #df74 ,h]eby _m ( ! te/s1 :]eby we usually detect spuri\s works1 become inapplicable4 ,9 ! second place1 he admits t ! dialogues are compos$ 9 good ,attic ,greek1 suitable to ! ,platonic age bo? 9 "* & mann]s--,at vet]is esse et ,attici scriptoris1 probus s]mo1 antiqui mores1 totus d5ique "*1 spondeat1 p4 #cb4 ,! reasons urg$ by ,m4 ,boeckh to prove ! spuri\sness ( ! ,m9os1 are fir/1 t x is unlike ,plato--next1 t x is too mu* l ,plato4 ,duplicit] dialogus a ,platonis +5io discrepat3 p>tim quod p>um1 p>tim quod nimium1 similis cet]is ejusdem scriptis sit4 ,p>um similis e/ 9 rebus p]multis4 ,nam cum ,plato adhuc vivos ac vid5tes aut nup] defunctos notosque hom9es1 ut sc5icus poeta actores1 moribus +5iisque accurate descriptis1 nom9atim producat 9 m$ium--9 i/o opusculo cum ,socrate colloqu5s p]sona plan inc]ta e/ ac nom9e c>5s3 quippe cum imp]itus scriptor esset artis illius colloquiis suis dulcissimas v5]es illas inf]5di1 qu ex peculi>ibus p]son>um moribus p+5dis r$undant1 atque ,platone ut flores p] amplos dialogorum hortos sunt dissem9at 7pp4 #g-h73 aga91 p4 #i1 x is compla9$ t !re is an inf9itus secund>ius collocutor 9 ! ,hipp>*us4 ,n[ ! s5t5ce1 j transcrib$ f ,m4 ,boeckh1 %[s t he _h 9 8 m9d z /&>d ( comp>ison1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ,platonic works1 b t he did n take acc\nt ( all ( !m4 ,! ,platonic ,protagoras beg9s ) a dialogue betwe5 ,sokrates & an unkn[n1 nameless p]son2 to :om ,sokrates1 aft] a page ( conv]sation ) him1 rec\nts :at has j pass$ betwe5 himself1 ,protagoras1 & o!rs4 ,next1 if we turn to ! ,sophi/s & ,politikus1 we f9d t 9 bo? ( !m1 n simply ! secund>ius collocutor1 b ev5 ! pr9cipal speak]1 is an unkn[n & nameless p]son1 describ$ only z a ,/rang] f ,elea1 & nev] be=e se5 by ,sokrates4 ,aga91 9 ! ,leges1 ! pr9cipal speak] is only an ,greek3 ,a7?naios xe_/nos1 )\t a "n4 ,9 ! face ( su* analogies1 x is unsafe to lay d[n a p]emptory rule1 t no dialogue c be ! "w ( ,plato1 :i* ackn[l$ges z collocutor an unnam$ p]son4 ,!n aga9--:5 ,m4 ,boeckh compla9s t ! ,hipp>*us & ,m9os are de/itute ( ^? flores et dulcissim ,v5]es :i* ,plato is accu/om$ to spread ?r\gh 8 dialogues--,i ask1 ,:]e are ! dulcissim ,v5]es 9 ! ,p>m5ids1 ,sophi/s1 ,politikus1 ,leges1 ,timu1 ,kritias8 ,i f9d none4 ,! pres5ce ( dulcissim ,v5]es is n a condition s9e qu non1 9 e composition :i* pret5ds to ,plato z its au?or3 nor c ! abs5ce ( !m be admitt$ z a reason = disall[+ ,hipp>*us & ,m9os4 ,! analogy ( ! ,sophi/s & ,politikus 7besides ,symposium1 ,republic1 & ,leges7 f>!r %[s1 t !re is no?+ wond]ful 9 f9d+ ! titles ( ,hipp>*us & ,m9os d]iv$ f ! subjects 7,greek3 ,p]i ,philk]d\s & ,greek3 ,p]i ,no_/m\71 n f ! "n ( "o ( ! collocutors3--:e!r we suppose ! titles to h be5 be/[$ by ,plato himself1 or by "s subsequ5t editor 7,boeckh1 p4 #aj74 ,to illu/rate 8 fir/ gr\nd ( objection--,dissimil>ity betwe5 ! ,m9os & ! true ,platonic writ+s--,m4 ,boeckh enum]ates 7pp4 #ab-bc7 sev]al passages ( ! dialogue :i* he consid]s unplatonic4 ,moreov]1 he includes among !m 7p4 #ab7 examples ( confus$ & illogical reason+4 ,i confess t to me ?is evid5ce is n[ay suffici5t to prove t ,plato is n ! au?or4 ,t c]ta9 passages may be pick$ out :i* are obscure1 confus$1 inelegant--is c]ta9ly no suffici5t evid5ce4 ,if ,i ?\ght s1 ,i %\ld g along ) ,a/ 9 reject+ ! ,eu?ydmus1 ,m5on1 ,la*s1 ,*>mids1 ,lysis1 c41 aga9/ all :i* ,a/ argues z spuri\s1 ^u evid5ce ( ! same k9d4 ,x is n too mu* to say1 t aga9/ almo/ e "o ( ! dialogues1 tak5 sev]ally1 a case ( ! same k9d1 m or less plausible1 might be made out4 ,y might 9 ea* ( !m f9d passages peculi>1 c>eless1 awkw>dly express$4 ,! expression ,greek3 tn a7n?rpei_/an a7ge_/ln t\ s_/matos1 :i* ,m4 ,boeckh insi/s ^u s mu* z improp]1 w\ld probably h be5 consid]$ z a m]e case ( faulty text1 if x _h occurr$ 9 any o!r dialogue3 & s x may fairly be consid]$ 9 ! ,m9os4 ,moreov] z to faults ( logic & consi/5cy 9 ! reason+1 mo/ c]ta9ly ^! _c be held z prov+ ! ,m9os n to be ,plato's "w4 ,i w\ld engage to produce1 f mo/ ( 8 dialogues1 defects ( reason+ q z grave z any :i* ! ,m9os exhibits4 ,on ! pr9ciple assum$ by ,m4 ,boeckh1 e "o :o agre$ ) ,pantius 9 consid]+ ! elaborate pro( giv5 9 ! ,phdon1 ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 z illogical & delusive--w\ld also agree ) ,pantius 9 decl>+ t ! ,phdon 0 n ! "w ( ,plato4 ,x is "o "q1 :e!r ! reason+ 9 any dialogue be good or bad3 x is ano!r "q1 :e!r ! dialogue be writt5 by ,plato or n4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,platonic critics (t5 treat ! fir/ "q z if x det]m9$ ! second4 ,m4 ,boeckh himself consid]s t ! evid5ce aris+ f dissimil>ity 7^u :i* ,i h j dwelt7 is n ! /ronge/ "p ( 8 case4 ,he relies m ^u ! evid5ce aris+ f too mu* simil>ity1 z prov+ /ill m cle>ly ! spuri\sness ( ! ,m9os4 ,jam p]gamus ad alt]am p>tem no/r argum5tationis1 eamque etiam firmiorem1 de nimia similitud9e ,platonicorum aliquot locorum1 qu imitationem doceat subesse4 ,nam de hoc quidem conv5iet int] omnes doctos et indoctos1 ,platonem se ipsum haud posse imit>i3 nisi si quis dubitet de san ejus m5te 7p4 #bc74 ,aga91 p4 #bf1 ,jam v]o 9 no/ro colloquio ,symposium1 ,politicum1 ,eu?yphronem1 ,protagoram1 ,gorgiam1 ,cratylum1 ,philbum1 dialogos expressos ac tantum non compilatos rep]ies4 ,& ,m4 ,boeckh goes on to specify v>i\s passages ( ! ,m9os1 :i* he consid]s to h be5 imitat$1 & badly imitat$1 f "o or o!r ( ^! dialogues4 ,i _c agree ) ,m4 ,boeckh 9 reg>d+ ?is nimia similitudo z ! /ronge/ "p ( 8 case4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i consid] x z ! weake/3 because 8 own premisses 79 my judgm5t7 n only d n prove 8 conclusion1 b g f> to prove ! opposite4 ,:5 we f9d him insi/+1 9 su* /rong language1 ^u ! great analogy :i* subsi/s betwe5 ! ,m9os & sev5 ( ! inconte/able ,platonic dialogues1 ?is is surely a fair pro( t its au?or is ! same z _! au?or4 ,to me x appe>s z conclusive z int]nal evid5ce ev] c be2 unless !re be "s dispro( aliunde to ov]?r[ x4 ,b ,m4 ,boeckh produces no su* dispro(4 ,he conv]ts ^! analogies into te/imony 9 8 own fav\r1 simply by be/[+ ^u !m ! "n imitatio1--/ulta imitatio 7p4 #bg74 ,?is ^w involves an hypo!sis1 :]eby ! po9t to be prov$ is assum$--viz43 diff]5ce ( au?or%ip4 ,plato _c h imitat$ himself 7,m4 ,boeckh obs]ves74 ,i _c admit su* impossibility1 ev5 if y describe ! fact 9 t phrase3 b if y say ,plato 9 "o dialogue ?\ght & wrote l ,plato 9 ano!r--y describe ! same fact 9 a diff]5t phrase1 & x !n appe>s n m]ely possible b natural & probable4 ,^? v real analogies1 to :i* ,m4 ,boeckh po9ts 9 ! ^w imitatio1 are 9 my judgm5t cases ( ! ,platonic ?\ght 9 "o dialogue be+ l ! ,platonic ?\ght 9 ano!r4 ,! similitudo1 betwe5 ,m9os & ^! o!r dialogues1 c h>dly be call$ nimia1 = ,m4 ,boeckh himself po9ts out t x is accompani$ ) mu* diff]5ce4 ,x is a similitude1 su* z we %\ld expect betwe5 "o ,platonic dialogue & ano!r3 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :]eas1 9 ! ,m9os1 ,plato gives ! same g5]al views 9 a mann] m brief1 crude1 abrupt--9 ! o!r dialogues he works !m out ) great] fulness ( explanation & illu/ration1 & "s degree ( *ange n unimportant4 ,t !re %\ld be ?is am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 "o dialogue ( ,plato & ano!r appe>s to me p]fectly natural4 ,on ! o!r h&--t !re %\ld h be5 a contempor>y fals>ius 7scriptor mis]1 insulsus1 vilissimus1 to use phrases ( ,m4 ,boeckh71 :o /udi$ & pillag$ ! be/ dialogues ( ,plato1 = ! purpose ( putt+ toge!r a %ort & p]v]t$ abbreviation ( !m--& :o contriv$ to get 8 mis]able abbreviation recognis$ by ! ,byzant9e ,ari/ophanes among ! g5u9e dialogues not)/&+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,platonic s*ool--?is1 ,i ?9k highly improbable4 ,i _c !re=e agree ) ,m4 ,boeckh 9 ?9k+1 t ubique se prod5s ,platonis imitatio 7p4 #ca7 is an irresi/ible pro( ( spuri\sness3 nor c ,i ?9k t 8 hypo!sis %[s itself to advantage1 :5 he says1 p4 #aj--;,ipse autem dialogus 7,m9os7 quum po/ ,politicum compositus sit1 quod qudam 9 eo dicta rebus ibi expositis manife/ nitantur1 ut paullo po/ o/5demus--quis e/ qui artificiosissimum philosophum1 po/quam ibi 79 ,politico7 accuratius de natur legis egisset1 de e it]um putet neglig5t] egisse8--,i d n ?9k x s impossible z x appe>s to ,m4 ,boeckh1 t a philosoph]1 aft] hav+ writt5 ^u a giv5 subject accuratius1 %\ld subsequ5tly write ^u x neglig5t]4 ,b if ,i grant$ ?is ev] s fully1 ,i %\ld /ill cont5d t !re rema9s ano!r alt]native4 ,! neglig5t workman%ip may h prec$$ ! accurate3 an alt]native :i* ,i ?9k is probably ! tru?1 & :i* has no?+ to exclude x except ,m4 ,boeckh's pure hypo!sis1 t ! ,m9os mu/ h be5 copi$ f ! ,politikus4 ,:ile ,i admit !n t ! ,hipp>*us & ,m9os are among ! inf]ior & e>li] compositions ( ,plato1 ,i /ill cont5d t !re is no gr\nd = exclud+ !m f ! li/ ( 8 works4 ,?\gh ! ,platonic critics ( ?is c5tury are = ! mo/ "p ( an adv]se op9ion1 ,i h ) me ! g5]al au?ority ( ! critics ant]ior to ?is c5tury--f ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium d[n to ,b5tley & ,ruhnk5--see ,boeckh1 pp4 #g-cb4 ,yxem def5ds ! g5u95ess ( ! ,hipp>*us--7,ueb] ,platon's ,kleitophon1 p4 #h4 ,b]l91 #ahdf74 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,!ages4 ,side-note3 ,!ags--has be5 decl>$ spuri\s by "s mod]n critics--gr\nds = su* op9ion n suffici5t4 ,?is is among ! dialogues decl>$ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,a/1 ,/allbaum1 & v>i\s o!r mod]n critics1 to be spuri\s & unwor?y ( ,plato3 ! production ( "o :o 0 n m]ely an imitator1 b a bad & silly imitator4#a ,so*] on ! o!r h& def5ds ! dialogue aga9/ !m1 reckon+ x z a juv5ile production ( ,plato4#b ,! argum5ts :i* are adduc$ to prove its spuri\sness appe> to me altoge!r insuffici5t4 ,x has "s features ( dissimil>ity ) t :i* we read 9 o!r dialogues--^! ! above-m5tion$ critics call un-,platonic3 x has o!r features ( simil>ity--^! !y call bad imitation by a fals>ius3 la/ly1 x is inf]ior1 z a p]=mance1 to ! be/ ( ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,b ,i am prep>$ to expect 7& h ev5 ! au?ority ( ,s*lei]ma*] = expect+7 t "s dialogues w be inf]ior to o!rs4 ,i also reckon ) c]ta9ty1 t betwe5 two dialogues1 bo? g5u9e1 !re w be po9ts ( simil>ity z well z po9ts ( dissimil>ity4 ,la/ly1 ! critics f9d m>ks ( a bad1 rec5t1 un-,platonic /yle3 b ,dionysius ( ,halik>nassus--a judge at lea/ equally compet5t ^u su* a matt]--f\nd no su* m>ks4 ,he expressly cites ! dialogue z ! "w ( ,plato1#c & expla9s ! peculi> phraseology assign$ to ,demodokus by rem>k+1 t ! latt] is pres5t$ z a p]son ( rural habits & occupations4 ,footnote #a3 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 pp4 #bbj-bbe1 ineptus t5ebrio1 c4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,e9leitung1 "p ii4 v4 iii4 pp4 #bdg-beb4 ,a/1 ,platon's ,leb5 und ,s*rift51 pp4 #die-dig4 ,a/ speaks ) respect 7diff]+ 9 ?is respect f ! o!r two7 ( ! ,!ags z a composition1 ?\gh he does n believe x to be ! "w ( ,plato4 ,s*lei]ma*] also admits 7see ! end ( 8 ,e9leitung7 t ! /yle 9 g5]al has a good ,platonic col\r+1 ?\gh he consid]s "s p>ticul> phrases z un-,platonic4 ,footnote #b3 ,so*]1 ,ueb] ,platon1 pp4 #ib-ajb4 ,m4 ,cobet also speaks ( x z a "w ( ,plato 7,nov ,lectiones1 c41 p4 #fbd4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #aheh74 ,footnote #c3 ,dionys4 ,hal4 ,ars ,rhetor4 p4 #dje1 ,reiske4 ,comp>e ,!ags1 #aba ,d4 ,greek3 ei7s to a7_//u katabai_/nontes4 ,9 g5]al1 9 discussions on ! g5u95ess ( any ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 ,i c d no?+ b reply to ! argum5ts ( ^? critics :o consid] !m spuri\s4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,!ags !re is "o argum5t :i* t5ds to m>k ,plato positively z ! au?or4 ,9 ! ,!ags1 p4 #abe1 ! s5>ius ,greek3 sophoi tu_/rannoi tn sophn sun\si_/a is cit$ z a v]se ( ,euripides4 ,n[ x appe>s t ?is is an error ( memory1 & t ! v]se really belongs to ,sophokles1 ,greek3 e7n ,ai7_/anti ,lokr4 ,if ! error _h only appe>$ 9 ?is dialogue1 ,/allbaum w\ld probably h cit$ x z "o m in/ance ( /upidity on ! "p ( ! ineptus t5ebrio :om he supposes to h writt5 ! dialogue4 ,b un=tunately ! error does n belong to ! ,!ags alone4 ,x is f\nd also 9 ! ,republic 7viii4 #efh ,b71 ! mo/ unque/ionable ( all ! ,platonic compositions4 ,accord+ly1 ,s*lei]ma*] tells u 9 8 note t ! fals>ius ( ! ,!ags has copi$ ?is error out ( ! above-nam$ passage ( ! ,republic ( ,plato 7notes1 p4 #ejj74 ,?is la/ supposition ( ,s*lei]ma*] appe>s to me highly improbable4 ,s9ce we "k t ! mi/ake is "o made by ,plato himself1 surely we ought r to believe t he made x 9 two di/9ct compositions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! occurr5ce ( ! same exact mi/ake 9 ! ,republic & ! ,!ags af=ds /rong presumption t bo? are by ! same au?or--,plato4 ,side-note3 ,p]sons ( ! dialogue--,sokrates1 ) ,demodokus & ,!ags1 fa!r & son4 ,!ags 7! son71 eag] to acquire k1 desires to be plac$ "u ! tea*+ ( a ,sophi/4 ,demodokus1 an eld]ly man 7( rank & l&$ prop]ty71 & 8 y\?ful son ,!ags1 h come f _! ,deme to ,a!ns1 & ent] into conv]sation ) ,sokrates3 to :om ! fa!r expla9s1 t ,!ags has contract$1 f ! conv]sation ( y\?ful companions1 an extraord9>y ard\r = ! acquisition ( wisdom4 ,! son has importun$ 8 fa!r to put him "u ! tuition ( "o ( ! ,sophi/s1 :o pr(ess to tea* wisdom4 ,! fa!r1 ?\gh n unwill+ to comply ) ! reque/1 is det]r$ by ! difficulty ( f9d+ a good tea*] & avoid+ a bad "o4 ,he entreats ! advice ( ,sokrates1 :o invites ! "y man to expla9 :at x is t he wants1 ov] & above ! usual education ( an ,a!nian y\? ( good family 7lett]s1 ! h>p1 wre/l+1 c471 :i* he has already gone ?r\gh4#d ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abb4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates que/ions ,!ags1 invit+ him to specify :at he wants4 ,sokr4--,y desire wisdom3 b :at k9d ( wisdom8 ,t by :i* m5 manage *>iots8 or gov]n horses8 or pilot %ips8 ,!ag4--,no3 t by :i* m5 are gov]n$4 ,sokr4--,b :at m58 ^? 9 a /ate ( sickness--or ^? :o are s++ 9 a *orus--or ^? :o are "u gymna/ic tra9+8 ,ea* ( ^! classes has its own gov]nor1 :o be>s a special title1 & belongs to a special art by itself--! m$ical1 musical1 gymna/ic1 c4 ,!ag4--,no3 ,i mean t wisdom by :i* we gov]n1 n ^! classes alone1 b all ! o!r resid5ts 9 ! city along ) !m--pr(essional z well z private--m5 z well z wom54#e ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abd ,a-,b4 ,s*lei]ma*] 7,e9leit4 p4 #bej7 c5sures ! prolixity ( ! inductive process 9 ?is dialogue1 & ! multitude ( examples "h accumulat$ to prove a g5]al proposition obvi\s en\gh )\t pro(4 ,let u grant ?is to be true2 we _c inf] f x t ! dialogue is n ! "w ( ,plato4 ,by v simil> argum5ts ,so*] endeav\rs to %[ t ! ,sophi/s & ! ,politikus are n works ( ,plato1 because 9 bo? ^! dialogues logical division & diff]5tiation is accumulat$ ) tiresome prolixity1 & appli$ to mo/ trivial subjects4 ,b ,plato himself 79 ,politikus1 pp4 #bhe-bhf7 expla9s :y he does s1 & tells u t he wi%es to famili>ise 8 read]s ) logical subdivision & classification z a process4 ,9 l mann] ,i ma9ta9 t prolixity 9 ! ,greek3 lo_/goi e7paktikoi_/ is n to be held z pro( ( spuri\s au?or%ip1 any m ?an prolixity 9 ! process ( logical subdivision & classification4 ,i notic$ ! same objection 9 ! case ( ! ,fir/ ,alkibiads4 ,side-note3 ,!ags desires to acquire t wisdom by :i* he c gov]n freem5 ) _! own cons5t4 ,sokrates n[ proves to ,!ags1 t ?is function & p[] :i* he is desir\s ( obta9+1 is1 ! function & p[] ( a despot3 & t no "o c aid him 9 s culpable a project4 ,i might ye>n 7says ,!ags7 = su* despotic p[] ov] all3 s probably w\ld y & e o!r man4 ,b x is n t to :i* ,i n[ aspire4 ,i aspire to gov]n freem51 ) _! own cons5t2 z 0 done by ,!mi/okles1 ,p]ikles1 ,kimon1 & o!r illu/ri\s /atesm51#f :o h be5 accompli%$ 9 ! political art4 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abf ,a4 ,sokr4--,well1 if y wi%$ to become accompli%$ 9 ! art ( horseman%ip1 y w\ld put y\rself "u able horsem53 if 9 ! art ( d>t+ ! javel91 "u able d>t]s4 ,by p>ity ( reason+1 s9ce y seek to le>n ! art ( /atesman%ip1 y mu/ frequ5t able /atesm54#g ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abf ,c4 ,side-note3 ,incompet5ce ( ! be/ practical /atesm5 to tea* any "o else4 ,!ags reque/s t ,sokrates w himself tea* him4 ,!ag4--,no1 ,sokrates4 ,i h he>d ( ! language :i* y are 9 ! habit ( us+ to o!rs4 ,y po9t$ out to !m t ^! em95t /atesm5 _c tra9 _! own sons to be at all bett] ?an curri]s3 ( c\rse !re=e !y _c d me any good4#h ,sokr4--,b :at c y\r fa!r d = y bett] ?an ?is1 ,!ags8 ,:at gr\nd h y = compla9+ ( him8 ,he is prep>$ to place y "u any "o ( ! be/ & mo/ excell5t m5 ( ,a!ns1 :i*ev] ( !m y pref]4 ,!ag4--,:y w n y take me y\rself1 ,sokrates8 ,i look ^u y z "o ( ^! m51 & ,i desire no?+ bett]4#i ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abf ,d4 ,"h aga9 ,/allbaum 7p4 #bbb7 urges1 among 8 reasons = believ+ ! dialogue to be spuri\s--,h[ absurd to repres5t ! y\?ful ,!ags z kn[+ :at argum5ts ,sokrates _h address$ to o!rs6 ,b ! y\?ful ,!ttus is also repres5t$ z hav+ he>d f o!rs ! cross-exam9ations made by ,sokrates 7,!tt4 #adh ,e74 ,s likewise ! y\?ful sons ( ,lysima*us--7,la*s1 #aha ,a72 comp>e also ,lysis1 #baa ,a4 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abg ,a4 ,demodokus jo9s 8 entreaties ) ^? ( ,!ags to prevail ^u ,sokrates to und]take ?is function4 ,b ,sokrates 9 reply says t he is less fit = x ?an ,demodokus himself1 :o has ex]cis$ high political duties1 ) ! e/eem ( e "o2 & t if practical /atesm5 are consid]$ unfit1 !re are ! pr(essional ,sophi/s1 ,prodikus1 ,gorgias1 ,polus1 :o tea* _m pupils1 & e>n n m]ely good pay1 b also ! admiration & gratitude ( e "o--( ! pupils z well z _! s5ior relatives4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abg ,d-,e1 #abh ,a4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates decl>es t he is n compet5t to tea*--t he kn[s no?+ except ab\t matt]s ( love4 ,!ags ma9ta9s t _m ( 8 "y fri5ds h pr(it$ l>gely by ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,i "k no?+ ( ! f9e ?+s :i* ^! ,sophi/s tea*3 ,i wi% ,i did "k4 ,i decl>e ev]y:]e1 t ,i "k no?+ :atev] except "o small matt]--:at belongs to love4 ,9 t1 ,i surpass e "o else1 pa/ z well z pres5t4#aa ,!ag4--,sokrates is only mock+ u4 ,i "k y\?s 7( my own age & some:at old]71 :o 7 altoge!r wor?less & inf]ior to e "o1 be=e !y w5t to him2 b :o1 aft] !y _h frequ5t$ 8 society1 became 9 a %ort "t sup]ior to all _! =m] rivals4 ,! l w happ5 ) me1 if he w only cons5t to receive me4#ab ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abh ,b4 ,greek3 a7lla kai le_/g d_/p\ a7ei_/1 o7_/ti e7g tug*a_/n1 7s e7_/pos ei7pein1 ou7den e7pi/a_/m5os pl_/n ge smikr\ t9os ma?_/matos1 tn e7rtikn1 t\to me_/ntoi to ma_/?ma p>' o7nt9\n poi\mai de9os ei7nai1 kai tn progegono_/tn a7n?r_/pn kai tn nun4 ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abh ,c4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates expla9s h[ ?is has sometimes happ5$--he recites 8 exp]i5ce ( ! div9e sign or ,dmon4 ,sokr4--,y d n "k h[ ?is happ5s2 ,i w expla9 x to y4 ,f my *ildhood1 ,i h _h a peculi> sup]human some?+ atta*$ to me by div9e appo9tm5t3 a voice1 :i*1 :5ev] x occurs1 w>ns me to ab/a9 f t :i* ,i am ab\t to d1 b nev] impels me4#ac ,moreov]1 :5 any "o ( my fri5ds m5tions to me :at he is ab\t to d1 if ! voice %all !n occur to me x is a w>n+ = him to ab/a94 ,! examples ( ,*>mides & ,tim>*us 7"h detail$ by ,sokrates7 prove :at ,i say3 & _m p]sons w tell y h[ truly ,i =ew>n$ !m ( ! ru9 ( ! ,a!nian armam5t at ,syracuse4#ad ,my "y fri5d ,sannion is n[ abs5t1 s]v+ on ! exp$ition "u ,?rasyllus to ,ionia3 on 8 dep>ture1 ! div9e sign manife/$ itself to me1 & ,i am p]suad$ t "s grave calamity w befall him4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abh ,d4 ,greek3 e7/i ga_/r ti !i_/a moi_/ra p>epo_/m5on e7moi e7k paidos a7rxa_/m5on daimo_/nion2 e7_//i de t\to phn_/1 7 o7_/tan ge_/ntai1 a7ei_/ moi smai_/nei1 o7 a7n me_/ll pra_/tte91 t\_/t\ a7potrop_/n1 protre_/pei de ou7de_/pote4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #abi4 ,side-note3 ,! ,dmon is fav\rable to "s p]sons1 adv]se to o!rs4 ,^u ?is circum/ance x dep5ds h[ f> any companion pr(its by ! society ( ,sokrates4 ,ari/eides has n le>nt any?+ f ,sokrates1 yet has improv$ mu* by be+ ne> to him4 ,^! facts ,i m5tion to y 7,sokrates cont9ues7 because x is t same div9e p[] :i* ex]cises p>am\nt influ5ce ov] my int]c\rse ) companions4#ae ,t[>ds _m1 x is positively adv]se2 s t ,i _c ev5 ent] into companion%ip ) !m4 ,t[>ds o!rs1 x does n =bid1 yet nei!r does x co-op]ate3 s t !y d]ive no b5efit f me4 ,!re are o!rs aga9 9 ^: case x co-op]ates2 ^! are ! p]sons to :om y allude1 :o make rapid progress4#af ,) "s1 su* improvem5t is la/+3 o!rs1 ?\gh !y improve wond]fully :ile 9 my society1 yet relapse into commonplace m5 :5 !y leave me4 ,ari/eides1 = example 7gr&son ( ,ari/eides ! ,j71 0 "o ( ^? :o made rapid progress :ile he 0 ) me4 ,b he 0 =c$ to abs5t himself on milit>y s]vice2 & on return+1 he f\nd z my companion ,?ucydides 7son ( ,melesias71 :o h[ev] _h qu>rell$ ) me = "s debate ( ! day be=e4 ,i und]/& 7said ,ari/eides to me7 t ,?ucydides has tak5 (f5ce & gives himself airs2 he =gets :at a poor creature he 01 be=e he came to y4#ag ,i myself1 too1 h fall5 into a despicable condition4 ,:5 ,i left y1 ,i 0 compet5t to discuss ) any "o & make a good figure1 s t ,i c\rt$ debate ) ! mo/ accompli%$ m54 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 ,i avoid !m altoge!r--s ?or\ghly am ,i a%am$ ( my own incapacity4 ,did ! capacity 7,i1 ,sokrates1 ask$ ,ari/eides7 =sake y all at once1 or little by little8 ,little by little1 he repli$4 ,& :5 y possess$ x 7,i ask$71 did y get x by le>n+ f me8 or 9 :at o!r way8 ,i w tell y1 ,sokrates 7he answ]$71 :at seems incr$ible1 yet is nev]!less true4#ah ,i nev] le>nt f y any ?+ at all4 ,y y\rself well "k ?is4 ,b ,i always made progress1 :5ev] ,i 0 along ) y1 ev5 if ,i 7 only 9 ! same h\se )\t be+ 9 ! same room2 b ,i made great] progress1 if ,i 0 9 ! same room--great] /ill1 if ,i look$ 9 y\r face1 in/ead ( turn+ my eyes else:]e--& ! greate/ ( all1 by f>1 if ,i sat close & t\*+ y4 ,b n[ 7cont9u$ ,ari/eides7 all t ,i !n acquir$ has dribbl$ out ( me4#ai ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,!ags1 #abi ,e4 ,greek3 tauta d pa_/nta ei7_/rka_/ soi1 o7_/ti 7 du_/namis au7_/t t\ daimoni_/ou t\_/t\ kai ei7s tas sun\si_/z tn met' e7m\ sundiatribo_/ntn to a7_/pan du_/natai4 pollois men gar e7nanti\tai1 kai ou7k e7_//i t\_/tois 7phel?nai met' e7m\ diatri_/b\s94 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #abi ,e4 ,greek3 oi7s d' a7n sulla_/btai ts sun\si_/z 7 t\ daimo_/ni\ du_/namis1 ou7toi ei7s9 7n kai su 7_//hsai2 ta*u gar p>a*rma e7pidido_/as94 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #acj ,a-,b4 ,greek3 ,ti_/ dai_/8 ou7k oi7d51 e7_/ph1 prin soi sugg5e_//hai1 oi7on 7n to a7ndra_/podon8 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #acj ,d4 ,greek3 7ni_/ka de_/ soi p>ege_/neto 77 du_/namis71 po_/t]on ma?o_/nti p>' e7m\ ti p>ege_/neto1 7_/ t9i a7_/ll tro_/p8 ,e7g_/ soi1 e7_/ph1 e7r1 7 ,s_/krates1 a7_/pi/on men n t\s !\_/s1 a7l!s de_/4 e7g gar e7_/ma?on men p>a s\ ou7den p_/pote1 7s au7tos oi7/ha2 e7p$i_/d\n de o7pote soi sunei_/n1 ka7n ei7 e7n t au7t mo_/non oi7ki_/a ei7_/n1 m e7n t au7t de oi7k_/mati1 c4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #acj ,e4 ,greek3 polu de ma_/li/a kai plei/on e7p$i_/d\n1 o7po_/te p>' au7to_/n se ka?oi_/mn e7*o_/m5o_/s s\ kai a7pto_/m5os4 nun de_/1 7 d' o7_/s1 pasa e7kei_/n 7 e7_/xis e7x]7r7u_/k54 ,side-note3 ,!ags expresses 8 anxiety to be receiv$ z ! companion ( ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,i h n[ expla9$ to y1 ,!ags1 :at x is to become my companion4 ,if x be ! pleasure ( ! ,god1 y w make great & rapid progress3 if n1 n4 ,consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r x is n saf] = y to seek in/ruction f "s ( ^? :o are !mselves ma/]s ( ! b5efits :i* !y imp>t1 r ?an to take y\r *ance ( ! result ) me4#bj ,!ag4--,i %all be glad1 ,sokrates1 to become y\r companion1 & to make trial ( ?is div9e coadjutor4 ,if he %[s himself propiti\s1 t w be ! be/ ( all3 if n1 we c !n take c\nsel1 :e!r ,i %all try to propitiate him by pray]1 sacrifice1 or any o!r means :i* ! prophets may recomm5d or :e!r ,i %all g to "s o!r tea*]4#ba ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #acj ,e4 ,greek3 o7_/ra ou7n m_/ soi a7sphale_//]on 7 p>' e7kei_/nn t9i paideu_/e/hai1 oi7 e7gkrateis au7toi_/ ei7si ts 7phelei_/z1 7n 7phel\si t\s a7n?r_/p\s1 mallon 7 p>' e7m\ o7_/1 ti a7n tu_/*1 t\to praxai4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,!ag4 #aca ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks on ! ,!ags--analogy ) ! ,la*s4 ,! ,!ags figur$ 9 ! li/ ( ,?rasyllus z fir/ 9 ! fif? ,tetralogy3 ! o!r ?ree memb]s ( ! same ,tetralogy be+ ,*>mids1 ,la*s1 ,lysis4 ,"s p]sons consid]$ x suitable to read z fir/ dialogue ( all4#bb ,!re are sev]al po9ts ( analogy betwe5 ! ,!ags & ! ,la*s1 ?\gh ) a diff]5t turn giv5 to !m4 ,ari/eides & ,?ucydides are m5tion$ 9 bo? ( !m3 ,sokrates also is solicit$ to und]take ! duty ( tea*]4 ,! ard\r ( ! "y ,!ags to acquire wisdom rem9ds u ( ,hippokrates at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,protagoras4 ,! /r+ ( que/ions put by ,sokrates to ,!ags1 requir+ t :at is call$ wisdom %all be cle>ly def9$ & specialis$1 has its p>allel 9 _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,moreov] ! decl>ation ( ,sokrates1 t he kn[s no?+ except ab\t matt]s ( love1 b t 9 !m he is a consummate ma/]--is ! same z :at he explicitly decl>es bo? 9 ! ,symposion & o!r dialogues4#bc ,footnote #bb3 ,diog4 ,l4 iii4 #ei-fa4 ,footnote #bc3 ,symposion1 #agg ,e4 ,greek3 ou7_/te gar a7_/n p\ e7g a7poph_/saimi1 o7s ou7de_/n phmi a7_/llo e7pi_//a/hai 7 ta e7rtika_/4 ,comp>e ! same dialogue1 p4 #bab ,b1 #baf ,c4 ,phdrus1 #bbg ,e1 #beg ,a2 ,lysis1 #bjd ,b4 ,comp>e also ,x5oph4 ,memor4 ii4 #f1 #bh2 ,x5oph4 ,sympos4 iv4 #bg4 ,x is n reasonable to treat ?is decl>ation ( ,sokrates1 9 ! ,!ags1 z an evid5ce t ! dialogue is ! "w ( a fals>ius1 :5 a decl>ation q simil> is ascrib$ to ,sokrates 9 o!r ,platonic dialogues4 ,side-note3 ,*ief peculi>ity ( ! ,!ags--/ress laid ^u ! div9e sign or ,dmon4 ,b ! *ief peculi>ity ( ! ,!ags consi/s 9 ! /ress :i* is laid ^u ! ,dmon1 ! div9e voice1 ! inspiration ( ,sokrates4 ,?is div9e auxili>y is "h describ$1 n only z giv+ a timely *eck or w>n+ to ,sokrates1 :5 ei!r he or 8 fri5ds contemplat$ any inauspici\s project--b also z int]v5+1 9 ! case ( ^? y\?ful companions ) :om he conv]s$1 to promote ! improvem5t ( "o1 to ob/ruct t ( o!rs2 s t :e!r ,sokrates w produce any effect or n 9 improv+ any "o1 dep5ds nei!r ^u 8 own ef=ts nor ^u ^? ( ! recipi5t1 b ^u ! unpr$ictable concurr5ce ( a div9e ag5cy4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,see "s rem>ks on ?is po9t 9 ,app5dix4 ,side-note3 ,plato employs ?is div9e sign "h to r5d] "s explanation ( ! s+ul>ity & ecc5tricity ( ,sokrates1 & ( 8 unequal influ5ce ^u diff]5t companions4 ,plato employs ! ,sokratic ,dmon1 9 ! ,!ags1 = a philosophical purpose1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 admits ( reasonable explanation4 ,dur+ ! eight 7p]haps t57 ye>s ( 8 p]sonal communion ) ,sokrates1 he _h _h l>ge exp]i5ce ( ! v>iable & unacc\ntable effect produc$ by ! ,sokratic conv]sation ^u diff]5t he>]s3 a fact :i* is also atte/$ by ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia4 ,?is diff]5ce ( effect 0 9 no way comm5surate to ! unequal intellig5ce ( ! he>]s4 ,*rephon1 ,apollodrus1 ,kriton1 seem to h be5 ord9>y m53--#be :ile ,kritias & ,alkibiades1 :o br\ght s mu* discr$it bo? ^u ,sokrates & 8 tea*+1 pr(it$ little by him1 ?\gh !y 7 among ! able/ pupils t he ev] address$3 moreov] ,anti/h5es1 & ,ari/ippus1 probably did n appe> to ,plato 7s9ce he greatly diss5t$ f _! philosophical views7 to h pr(it$ mu* by ! common companion%ip ) ,sokrates4 ,o!r companions !re mu/ h be5 also p]sonally kn[n to ,plato1 ?\gh n to u3 = we mu/ rememb] t ,sokrates pass$ 8 :ole day 9 talk+ ) all li/5]s4 ,n[ :5 ,plato 9 aft] life came to ca/ ! m9i/ry ( ,sokrates into dramatic sc5es1 & to make ea* sc5e subs]vi5t to ! illu/ration ( "s philosophical po9t ( view1 at lea/ a negative--he 0 naturally l$ to adv]t to ! ,dmon or div9e inspiration1 :i* =m$ s m>k$ a feature 9 ! "* ( 8 ma/]4 ,! concurr5ce or prohibition ( ?is div9e auxili>y s]v$ to expla9 :y x 0 t ! se$1 s[n broadca/ by ,sokrates1 sometimes fructifi$1 & sometimes did n fructify1 or spe$ily p]i%$ aft]w>ds--:5 no suffici5t explanatory peculi>ity c\ld be po9t$ out 9 ! gr\nd on :i* x fell4 ,x gave an app>5t reason = ! p]fect s+ul>ity ( ! c\rse pursu$ by ,sokrates3 = 8 pret]natural acut5ess 9 "o direction1 & 8 av[$ incapacity 9 ano!r3 = 8 ma/]y ( ! ,el5*us1 convict+ m5 ( ignorance1 & 8 inability to supply !m ) k3 = 8 refusal to und]take ! duties ( a tea*]4 ,all ^! are my/]i\s features ( ! ,sokratic "*4 ,! int]v5tion ( ! ,dmon appe>s to af=d an explanation1 by conv]t+ !m into religi\s my/]ies3 :i*1 ?\gh x be no explanation at all1 yet is equally efficaci\s by /opp+ ! m\? ( ! que/ion]1 & by mak+ him believe t x is guilt & impiety to ask = explanation--z ,sokrates himself decl>$ 9 reg>d to a/ronomical ph5om5a1 & z ,h]odotus feels1 :5 8 n>rative is cross$ by /range religi\s leg5ds4#bf ,footnote #be3 ,x5ophon1 ,apol4 ,sokr4 #bh4 ,greek3 ,a7pollo_/dros--e7pi?um_/ts men i7s*urs au7t\1 a7_/lls d' eu7_/?s4--,plat4 ,phdon1 #aag ,d4 ,footnote #bf3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #g1 #e-f2 ,h]odot4 ii4 #c1 #de-df4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates1 :ile cont9ually f9d+ fault ) o!r tea*]s1 refus$ to tea* himself--difficulty ( f9d+ an excuse = 8 refusal4 ,! ,!ags furni%es an excuse4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! ,!ags is made by ,plato to exhibit "o way ( p>ry+ ! difficulty frequ5tly address$ to ,sokrates by v>i\s he>]s3 ,y tell u t ! lead+ citiz5s _c ev5 tea* _! own sons1 & t ! ,sophi/s tea* no?+ wor? hav+3 y p]petually call ^u u to seek = bett] tea*]s1 )\t tell+ u :]e su* are to be f\nd4 ,we entreat y to tea* u y\rself1 con=mably to y\r own views4 ,if a lead] ( political opposition1 aft] ye>s employ$ 9 d5\nc+ successive adm9i/rators z ignorant & iniquit\s1 refuses1 :5 invit$1 to take ^u himself ! bus9ess ( adm9i/ration--an intellig5t admir] mu/ f9d "s dec5t pret5ce to col\r ! refusal4 ,su* a pret5ce is f\nd = ,sokrates 9 ! ,!ags3 ,i am n my own ma/] on ?is po9t4 ,i am ! in/rum5t ( a div9e ally1 )\t ^: active work+ ,i c accompli% no?+3 :o =bids altoge!r my tea*+ ( "o man--tol]ates1 )\t assi/+1 my unavail+ lessons to ano!r--assi/s efficaci\sly 9 my tea*+ ( a ?ird1 9 :i* case alone ! pupil receives any real b5efit4 ,! assi/ance ( ?is div9e ally is giv5 or )held accord+ to motives ( 8 own1 :i* ,i _c ev5 =etell1 mu* less influ5ce4 ,i %\ld deceive y !re=e if ,i und]took to tea*1 :5 ,i _c tell :e!r ,i %all d good or h>m4 ,! reply ( ,!ags meets ?is scruple4 ,he asks p]mission to make ! exp]im5t1 & promises to propitiate ! div9e auxili>y by pray] & sacrifice2 "u :i* res]ve ,sokrates gives cons5t4 ,side-note3 ,plato does n always1 nor 9 o!r dialogues1 allude to ! div9e sign 9 ! same way4 ,its "* & work+ ess5tially imp5etrable4 ,sokrates a privileg$ p]son4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! ,dmon or div9e auxili>y s]ves ! purpose ( reconcil+ :at w\ld o!rwise be an inconsi/5cy 9 ! proce$+s ( ,sokrates4 ,i mean1 t su* is ! purpose s]v$ 9 ?is dialogue3 ,i "k p]fectly t ,plato deals ) ! case diff]5tly else:]e3 b ,i am n b\nd 7z ,i h said m ?an once7 to =ce ^u all ! dialogues "o & ! same po9t ( view4 ,t ! ag5cy ( ! ,gods 0 (t5 & 9 ! mo/ important cases1 ess5tially undiscov]able & unpr$ictable1 & t 9 su* cases !y might sometimes be prevail$ on to give special w>n+s to fav\r$ p]sons--7 doctr9es :i* ! hi/orical ,sokrates 9 ,x5ophon ass]ts ) emphasis4#bg ,! ,dmon ( ,sokrates 0 believ$1 bo? by himself & 8 fri5ds1 to be a special privilege & an extreme case ( div9e fav\r & communication to him4#bh ,x 0 p]fectly applicable to ! scope ( ! ,!ags1 ?\gh ,plato might n *oose always to make ! same employm5t ( x4 ,x is us$ 9 ! same g5]al way 9 ! ,!ttus2#bi d\btless ) less expansion1 & bl5d$ ) ano!r analogy 7t ( ! mid-wife7 :i* introduces a consid]able diff]5ce4#cj ,footnote #bg3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 i4 #a1 #h-i-ai4 ,euripid4 ,hecub4 #idd4 ,greek3 phu_/r\si d' au7ta !oi pa_/l9 te kai pro_/s1 t>agmon e7nti!_/ntes1 7s a7gnsi_/a se_/bm5 au7t\_/s4 ,footnote #bh3 ,x5oph4 ,mem4 iv4 #c1 #ab4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,!tt4 #aej ,d-,e4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,apolog4 ,sokr4 #cc ,c4 ,greek3 e7moi de t\to1 7s e7g_/ phmi1 pro/e_/taktai u7po to\ !\ pra_/tte9 kai e7k mantein kai e7x e7nupni_/n kai panti tro_/p1 7pe_/r ti_/s pote kai a7_/ll !i_/a moio_/ra a7n?r_/p kai o7ti\n prose_/taxe pra_/tte94 #dj ,a4 ,greek3 7 gar ei7?uia_/ moi mantik 7 t\ daimoni_/ou e7n men t pro_//h5 *ro_/n panti pa_/nu pukn a7ei 7n kai pa_/nu e7pi smikrois e7nanti\me_/n1 ei7_/ ti me_/lloimi m o7r?s pra_/xe94 ,comp>e ,x5ophon1 ,memor4 iv4 #h1 #e2 ,apol4 ,sokr4 c4 #ac4 ,,app5dix4 ,greek3 ,to daimo_/nion smeion4 ,"h is "o ( ! po9ts mo/ insi/$ on by ,s*lei]ma*] & ,/allbaum1 z prov+ t ! ,!ags is n ! "w ( ,plato4 ,^! critics affirm 7to use ! language ( ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 p4 #bbj7 ,quam ,plato alias de ,socratis dmonio prodidit s5t5tiam1 ea longissim rec$it ab ill ratione1 qu 9 hoc s]mone exposita e/4 ,he says t ! repres5tation ( ! ,dmon ( ,sokrates1 giv5 9 ! ,!ags1 has be5 copi$ f a passage 9 ! ,!ttus1 by an imitator :o has n und]/ood ! passage1 p4 #aej1 ,d1 ,e4 ,b ,so*] 7p4 #ig7 appe>s to me to h %[n satisfactorily1 t !re is no su* mat]ial diff]5ce z ^! critics affirm betwe5 ?is passage ( ! ,!ttus & ! ,!ags4 ,9 ! ,!ttus1 ,sokrates decl>es1 t none ( 8 companions le>nt any ?+ f him1 b t all ( !m ,greek3 oi7sp] a7n o7 !os p>ei_/k 7! v same t]m is us$ at ! close ( ! ,!ags--#aca ,a1 ,greek3 e7an men p>ei_/k 7min--to daimo_/nion7 made a/oni%+ progress & improvem5t 9 8 company4 ,/allbaum says1 ,itaque ,greek3 o7 !os1 qui ibi memoratur1 non e/ ,socratis dmonium1 s$ potius deus i4e4 sors div9a4 ,quod non p]spici5s no/] t5ebrio prot5us illud dmonium1 quod ,socrates sibi semp] adesse dictitabat1 ad eum dignitatis et pot5ti gradum evexit1 ut1 c4 ,i agree ) ,so*] 9 ?9k+ t ! phrase ,greek3 o7 !os 9 ! ,!ttus has sub/antially ! same mean+ z ,greek3 to daimo_/nion 9 ! ,!ags4 ,bo? ,s*lei]ma*] 7,notes on ! ,apology1 p4 #dcb7 & ,a/ 7p4 #dhb71 h notes on ! phrase ,greek3 to daimo_/nion--& ,i ?9k ! note ( ,a/ is ! m in/ructive ( ! two4 ,9 ,plato & ,x5ophon1 ! words ,greek3 to daimo_/nion1 ,greek3 to !ion1 are 9 _m cases undi/+ui%able 9 mean+ f ,greek3 o7 dai_/mn1 ,greek3 o7 !o_/s4 ,comp>e ! ,phdrus1 #bdb ,e1 ab\t ,greek3 !os & ,greek3 !io_/n ti4 ,sokrates1 9 8 argum5t aga9/ ,meletus 9 ! ,apology 7p4 #bg7 emphatically argues t no man c\ld believe 9 any ?+ ,greek3 daimo_/nion1 )\t also believ+ 9 ,greek3 daimo_/nes4 ,! special ,greek3 !io_/n ti kai daimo_/nion 7,apol4 p4 #ca ,c71 :i* pres5t$ itself 9 reg>d to him & 8 proce$+s1 0 only "o ( ! _m modes 9 :i* 7z he believ$7 ,greek3 o7 !o_/s comm&$ & /imulat$ him to "w ^u ! m9ds ( ! ,a!nians3--,greek3 e7moi de t\to1 7s e7g_/ phmi1 pro/e_/taktai u7po t\ !\ pra_/tte9 kai e7k mantein kai e7x e7nupni_/n kai panti tro_/p1 7pe_/r ti_/s pote kai a7_/ll !i_/a moira a7n?r_/p kai o7ti\n prose_/taxe pra_/tte9 7,apol4 p4 #cc ,c74 ,s aga9 9 ,apol4 p4 #dj ,a1 ,b1 ,greek3 7 ei7?uia_/ moi mantik 7 t\ daimoni_/ou--& f\r l9es aft]w>ds we read ! v same fact intimat$ 9 ! words1 ,greek3 to t\ !\ smeion1 :]e ,sokratis dmonium--& ,deus--are id5tifi$3 ?us refut+ ! argum5t above cit$ f ,/allbaum4 ,!re is !re=e no su* discrepancy1 9 ref]5ce to ,greek3 to daimo_/nion1 z ,/allbaum & ,s*lei]ma*] cont5d =4 ,we p]ceive inde$ ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m--t 9 ! ,!ttus1 ! simile ( ! ob/etric art is l>gely employ$1 :ile x is n notic$ 9 ! ,!ags4 ,b we %\ld impose an unw>rantable re/riction ^u ,plato's fancy1 if we h9d]$ him f work+ out 8 v>iety & exub]ance ( metaphors1 & f accommodat+ ea* dialogue to ! metaphor pr$om9ant ) him at ! "t4 ,moreov]1 9 respect to :at is call$ ! ,dmon ( ,sokrates1 we ought h>dly to expect t ei!r ,plato or ,x5ophon w\ld always be consi/5t ev5 ) !mselves4 ,x is unsafe = a mod]n critic to det]m9e be=eh&1 by reason or feel+s ( 8 own1 9 :at mann] ei!r ( !m w\ld speak ^u ?is my/]i\s subject4 ,! belief & feel+ ( a div9e int]v5tion 0 v real on ! "p ( bo?1 b _! mann] ( conceiv+ x might naturally fluctuate3 & !re 01 ?r\gh\t all ! proce$+s ( ,sokrates1 a mixture ( ! s]i\s & ! playful1 ( ! sublime & ! ecc5tric1 ( ratioc9ative acut5ess ) impulsive sup]/ition--:i* x is difficult to br+ into h>moni\s int]pretation4 ,su* het]og5e\s mixture is =cibly describ$ 9 ! ,platonic ,symposium1 pp4 #bae-bbb4 ,:5 we consid] h[ undef9$1 & undef9able1 ! idea ( ?is ,greek3 daimo_/nion 01 we _c wond] if ,plato ascribes to x diff]5t work+s & manife/ations at diff]5t times4 ,/allbaum affirms t x is made ridicul\s 9 ! ,!ags3 & ,khn] decl>es t ,plut>* makes x ridicul\s1 9 8 treatise ,de ,g5io ,sokratia 7,comm4 ad4 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 p4 #bc74 ,b ?is is because its ag5cy is describ$ m 9 detail4 ,y c easily pres5t x 9 a ridicul\s aspect1 by introduc+ x z int]v5+ on petty & insignificant matt]s4 ,n[ x is rem>kable1 t 9 ! ,apology1 we are expressly told t x actually did int]v5e on ! mo/ trifl+ occasions--,greek3 pa_/nu e7pi smikrois e7nanti\me_/n4 ,! bus9ess ( an hi/orian ( philosophy is1 to describe x z x 0 really felt & believ$ by ,sokrates & ,plato--:e!r a mod]n critic may consid] ! description ridicul\s or n4 ,:5 ,s*lei]ma*] says 7,e9leitung1 p4 #bdh71 respect+ ! fals>ius :om he supposes to h writt5 ! ,!ags--,damit i/ ihm begegnet1 auf e9e h*/ v]kehrte ,art wund]b> zusamm5zurhr5 diese gttli*e ,s*ickung1 und j5es p]snli*e ,vorgefhl wel*es dem ,sokrates zur gttli*5 ,/imme w>d4--,i cont5d t ! mi/ake is *>geable to ,s*lei]ma*] himself1 = bisect+ into two ph5om5a t :i* appe>s 9 ! ,apology z ! same ph5om5on "u two diff]5t names--,greek3 to daimo_/nion--,greek3 to t\ !\ smeion4 ,besides1 to treat ! ,dmon z a m]e p]sonal pres5tim5t ( ,sokrates1 may be a true view3--b x is ! view ( "o :o does n inhale ! same religi\s atmosph]e z ,sokrates1 ,plato1 & ,x5ophon4 ,x _c !re=e be prop]ly appli$ 9 expla9+ _! say+s or do+s4 ,khn]1 :o treats ! ,!ags z n compos$ by ,plato1 gr\nds ?is belief p>tly on ! ass]tion1 t ! ,greek3 daimo_/nion ( ,sokrates is describ$ !re9 z some?+ peculi> to ,sokrates2 :i*1 accord+ to ,khn]1 0 ! fiction ( a subsequ5t "t4 ,by ,sokrates & 8 contempor>ies 7,khn] says7 x 0 consid]$ non sibi soli tanquam proprium quoddam b5eficium a ,diis tributum1 s$ commune sibi esse cum ct]is hom9ibus 7pp4 #bj-ba74 ,i diss5t entirely f ?is view1 :i* is contradict$ by mo/ ( ! passages notic$ ev5 by ,khn] himself4 ,x is at v>iance ) ! ,platonic ,apology1 z well z ) ! ,!ttus 7#aej ,d71 & ,republic 7vi4 #dif ,c74 ,x5ophon does inde$ try1 9 ! fir/ ,*apt] ( ! ,memorabilia1 z ! def5d] ( ,sokrates1 to s(t5 ! invidia aga9/ ,sokrates1 by intimat+ t o!r p]sons _h communications f ! ,gods z well z he4 ,b we see pla9ly1 ev5 f o!r passages ( ! ,memorabilia1 t ?is 0 n ! p]suasion ( ,sokrates himself1 nor ( 8 fri5ds1 nor ( 8 enemies4 ,!y all consid]$ x 7z x is depict$ 9 ! ,!ags also7 to be a special privilege & revelation4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,era/ ,,or ,,ant]a/--,,rivales4 ,! ma9 subject ( ?is %ort dialogue is--,:at is philosophy8 ,greek3 7 philosophi_/a--to philosophein4 ,h[ are we to expla9 or def9e x8 ,:at is its prov9ce & purport8 ,side-note3 ,era/--subject & p]sons ( ! dialogue--dramatic introduction--int]e/+ y\?s 9 ! pal/ra4 ,in/ead ( ! simple1 nak$1 self-introduc+1 conv]sation1 :i* we read 9 ! ,m5on1 ,hipp>*us1 ,m9os1 c4 ,sokrates rec\nts a sc5e & colloquy1 :i* occurr$ :5 he w5t into ! h\se ( ,dionysius ! grammati/ or s*ool-ma/]1#a frequ5t$ by _m elegant & high-born y\?s z pupils4 ,two ( ^! y\?s 7 engag$ 9 animat$ debate ^u "s geometrical or a/ronomical problem1 9 ! pres5ce ( v>i\s spectators2 & especially ( two "y m51 rivals = ! affection ( "o ( !m4 ,( ^! rivals1 ! "o is a p]son devot$ to music1 lett]s1 disc\rse1 philosophy3--! o!r hates & despises ^! pursuits1 devot+ himself to gymna/ic ex]cise1 & b5t on acquir+ ! maximum ( a?letic =ce4#b ,x is mu* ! same contra/ z t betwe5 ! bro!rs ,amphion & ,ze?us 9 ! ,antiop ( ,euripides--:i* is beautifully employ$ z an illu/ration by ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias4#c ,footnote #a3 ,plato1 ,era/1 #acb4 ,greek3 ei7s ,dionusi_/ou t\ grammati/\ ei7sl?on1 kai ei7don au7to_/?i tn te ne_/n t\s e7pieike/a_/t\s dok\ntas ei7nai tn i7de_/an kai pate_/rn eu7doki_/mn kai t\_/tn e7ra/a_/s4 ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #acb ,e4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 #dhe-dhf4 ,comp>e ,cic]o ,de ,oratore1 ii4 #cg1 #aef4 ,side-note3 ,two rival ,era/--"o ( !m lit]>y1 devot$ to philosophy--! o!r gymna/ic1 hat+ philosophy4 ,z soon z ,sokrates beg9s 8 int]rogatories1 ! two y\?s rel9qui%#d _! geometrical talk1 & turn to him z att5tive li/5]s4 ,_! approa* affects 8 emotions h>dly less ?an ^? ( ! ,era/es4 ,he fir/ enquires f ! a?letic ,era/es1 ,:at is x t ^! two y\?s are s int5tly engag$ ^u8 ,x mu/ surely be some?+ v f9e1 to judge by ! eag]ness :i* !y display8 ,h[ d y mean f9e 7replies ! a?lete78 ,!y are only pros+ ab\t a/ronomical matt]s--talk+ nons5se--philosophis+6 ,! lit]>y rival1 on ! contr>y1 treats ?is a?lete z unwor?y ( att5tion1 speaks ) en?usia/ic admiration ( philosophy1 & decl>es t all ^? to :om x is repugnant are degrad$ specim5s ( humanity4 ,footnote #d3 ,! p[]ful s5tim5t ( admiration ascrib$ to ,sokrates 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! beautiful y\?s des]ves notice z a po9t 9 8 "*4 ,comp>e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*>mids & ! ,lysis4 ,side-note3 ,"q put by ,sokrates--,:at is philosophy8 ,x is ! p]petual accumulation ( k1 s z to make ! l>ge/ sum total4 ,sokr4--,y ?9k philosophy a f9e ?+8 ,b y _c tell :e!r x is f9e or n1 unless y "k :at x is4#e ,pray expla9 to me :at philosophy is4 ,era/4--,i w d s readily4 ,philosophy consi/s 9 ! p]petual gr[? ( a man's k--9 8 go+ on p]petually acquir+ some?+ new1 bo? 9 y\? & 9 old age1 s t he may le>n z mu* z possible dur+ life4 ,philosophy is polyma?y4#f ,sokr4--,y ?9k philosophy n only a f9e ?+1 b good8 ,era/4--,yes--v good4 ,sokr4--,b is ! case simil> 9 reg>d to gymna/ic8 ,is a man's bodily condition b5efit$ by tak+ z mu* ex]cise1 or z mu* n\ri%m5t1 z possible8 ,is su* v great quantity good = ! body8#g ,footnote #e3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #acc ,a-,b4 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #acc ,d4 ,greek3 tn philosophi_/an--poluma_/!ian4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #acc ,e4 ,side-note3 ,9 ! case ( ! body1 x is n ! maximum ( ex]cise :i* does good1 b ! prop]1 measur$ quantity4 ,= ! m9d also1 x is n ! maximum ( k1 b ! measur$ quantity :i* is good4 ,:o is ! judge to det]m9e ?is measure8 ,x appe>s aft] "s debate 79 :i* ! o!r or a?letic ,era/es sides ) ,sokrates#h7 t 9 reg>d to ex]cise & food x is n ! great quantity or ! small quantity1 :i* is good = ! body--b ! mod]ate or measur$ quantity4#i ,= ! m9d1 ! case is admitt$ to be simil>4 ,n ! mu*1 nor ! little1 ( le>n+ is good = x b ! "r or measur$ am\nt4 ,sokr4--,& :o is ! compet5t judge1 h[ mu* ( ei!r is "r measure = ! body8 ,era/4--,! physician & ! gymna/ic tra9]4 ,sokr4--,:o is ! compet5t judge1 h[ mu* se$ is "r measure = s[+ a field8 ,era/4--,! f>m]4 ,sokr4--,:o is ! compet5t judge1 9 ref]5ce to ! s[+ & plant+ ( k 9 ! m9d1 :i* v>ieties are good1 & h[ mu* ( ea* is "r measure8 ,footnote #h3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #acd ,b-,c4 ,! lit]>y ,era/es says to ,sokrates1 ,to y1 ,i h no objection to conc$e ?is po9t1 & to admit t my previ\s answ] mu/ be modifi$4 ,b if ,i 7 to debate ! po9t only ) him 7! a?letic rival71 ,i c\ld p]fectly well h def5d$ my answ]1 & ev5 worse answ] /ill1 = he is q wor?less 7,greek3 ou7den ga_/r e7/i74 ,?is is a curi\s passage1 illu/rat+ ! dialectic habits ( ! day1 & ! pride felt 9 ma9ta9+ an answ] once giv54 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,era/1 #acd ,b-,d4 ,greek3 ta me_/tria ma_/li/a 7phelein1 a7lla m ta polla mde ta o7li_/ga4 ,side-note3 ,no answ] giv54 ,:at is ! be/ conjecture8 ,answ] ( ! lit]>y ,era/es4 ,a man mu/ le>n t :i* w yield to him ! greate/ reputation z a philosoph]--z mu* z w enable him to talk l an intellig5t critic1 ?\gh n to practise4 ,! "q is "o :i* none ( ! p]sons pres5t c answ]4#aj ,none ( !m c tell :o is ! special ref]ee1 ab\t tra9+ ( m9d2 correspond+ to ! physician or ! f>m] 9 ! analog\s cases4 ,sokrates !n puts a "q some:at diff]5t3 ,sokr4--,s9ce we h agre$1 t ! man :o prosecutes philosophy ought n to le>n _m ?+s1 /ill less all ?+s--:at is ! be/ conjecture t we c make1 respect+ ! matt]s :i* he ought to le>n8 ,era/4--,! f9e/ & mo/ suitable acquirem5ts = him to aim at1 are ^? :i* w yield to him ! greate/ reputation z a philosoph]4 ,he ought to appe> accompli%$ 9 e v>iety ( sci5ce1 or at lea/ 9 all ! m important2 & ) t view1 to le>n z mu* ( ea* z becomes a freeman to "k3--t is1 :at belongs to ! intellig5t critic1 z di/+ui%$ f ! manual op]ative3 to ! plann+ & sup]9t5d+ ar*itect1 z di/+ui%$ f ! work+ c>p5t]4#aa ,sokr4--,b y _c le>n ev5 two diff]5t arts to ?is ext5t--mu* less sev]al consid]able arts4 ,era/4--,i d n ( c\rse mean t ! philosoph] c be suppos$ to "k ea* ( !m accurately1 l ! arti/ himself--b only z mu* z may be expect$ f ! free & cultivat$ citiz54 ,t is1 he %all be able to appreciate1 bett] ?an o!r he>]s1 ! obs]vations made by ! arti/3 & f>!r to deliv] a reasonable op9ion ( 8 own1 s z to be acc\nt$1 by all ! he>]s1 m accompli%$ 9 ! affairs ( ! art ?an !mselves4#ab ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #acd ,e1 #ace ,a4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #ace ,b4 ,greek3 o7_/sa xune_/ses e7_/*etai1 m o7_/sa *eir\rgi_/z4 ,footnote #ab3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #ace ,d4 ,side-note3 ,! philosoph] is "o :o is second-be/ 9 sev]al diff]5t arts--a ,p5ta?lus--:o talks well ^u ea*4 ,sokr4--,y mean t ! philosoph] is to be second-be/ 9 sev]al di/9ct pursuits3 l ! ,p5ta?lus1 :o is n expect$ to equal ei!r ! runn] or ! wre/l] 9 _! own sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 b only to surpass competitors 9 ! five mat*es tak5 toge!r4#ac ,era/4--,yes--,i mean :at y say4 ,he is "o :o does n enslave himself to any "o matt]1 nor works out any "o ) su* /rictness z to neglect all o!rs3 he att5ds to all ( !m 9 reasonable measure4#ad ,footnote #ac3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #ace ,e1 #acf ,a4 ,greek3 kai ou7_/ts gi_/gne/hai p]i pa_/nta u7_/pakro_/n t9a a7_/ndra ton pephilosophko_/ta4 ,! five mat*es 7 leap+1 runn+1 ?r[+ ! quoit & ! javel91 wre/l+4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #acf ,b4 ,greek3 a7lla pa_/ntn metri_/s e7phph?ai4 ,side-note3 ,on :at occasions c su* second-be/ m5 be useful8 ,!re are always regul> practition]s at h&1 & no "o w call 9 ! second-be/ man :5 he c h ! regul> practition]4 ,^u ?is answ] ,sokrates proce$s to cross-exam9e3 ,sokr4--,d y ?9k t good m5 are useful1 bad m5 useless8 ,era/4--,yes ,i d4 ,sokr4--,y ?9k t philosoph]s1 z y describe !m1 are useful8 ,era/4--,c]ta9ly3 extremely useful4 ,sokr4--,b tell me on :at occasions su* second-be/ m5 are useful3 = obvi\sly !y are inf]ior to ea* sep>ate arti/4 ,if y fall sick w y s5d = "o ( !m1 or = a pr(essional physician8 ,era/4--,i %\ld s5d = bo?4 ,sokr4--,t is no answ]3 ,i wi% to "k1 :i* ( ! two y w s5d = fir/ & by pref]5ce8 ,era/4--,no d\bt ,i %all s5d = ! pr(essional physician4 ,sokr4--,! l also1 if y are 9 dang] on %ipbo>d1 y w entru/ y\r life to ! pilot r ?an to ! philosoph]3 & s z to all o!r matt]s1 z long z a pr(essional man is to be f\nd1 ! philosoph] is ( no use8 ,era/4--,s x appe>s4 ,sokr4--,our philosoph] !n is "o ( ! useless p]sons3 = we assur$ly h pr(essional m5 at h&4 ,n[ we agre$ be=e1 t good m5 7 useful1 bad m5 useless4#ae ,era/4--,yes2 t 0 agre$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plat4 ,era/4 #acf ,c-,d4 ,side-note3 ,philosophy _c consi/ 9 multiplication ( le>n$ acquirem5ts4 ,sokr4--,if !n y h correctly def9$ a philosoph] to be "o :o has a second-rate k on _m subjects1 he is useless s long z !re exi/ pr(essional arti/s on ea* subject4 ,y\r def9ition _c !re=e be correct4 ,philosophy mu/ be some?+ q ap>t f ?is multif>i\s & busy m$dl+ ) diff]5t pr(essional subjects1 or ?is multiplication ( le>n$ acquirem5ts4 ,inde$ ,i fanci$1 t to be absorb$ 9 pr(essional subjects & 9 v>iety ( /udies1 0 vulg> & discr$itable r ?an o!rwise4#af ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #acg ,b4 ,let u n[1 h[ev] 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 take up ! matt] 9 ano!r way4 ,9 reg>d to horses & dogs1 ^? :o puni% rightly are also ^? :o "k h[ to make !m bett]1 & to discrim9ate ) mo/ exactness ! good f ! bad8 ,era/4--,yes3 su* is ! fact4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates *anges 8 c\rse ( exam9ation--que/ions put to %[ t !re is "o special art1 regal & political1 ( adm9i/]+ & discrim9at+ ! bad f ! good4 ,sokr4--,is n ! case simil> ) m58 ,is x n ! same art1 :i* puni%es m5 rightly1 makes !m bett]1 & be/ di/+ui%es ! good f ! bad8 :e!r appli$ to "o1 few1 or _m8 ,era/4--,x is s4#ag ,sokr4--,! art or sci5ce1 :]eby m5 puni% evil-do]s rightly1 is ! judicial or ju/ice3 & x is by ! same t !y "k ! good ap>t f ! bad1 ei!r "o or _m4 ,if any man be a /rang] to ?is art1 s z n to "k good m5 ap>t f bad1 is he n also ignorant ( himself1 :e!r he be a good or a bad man8 ,era/4--,yes3 he is4 ,sokr4--,to be ignorant ( y\rself1 is to be want+ 9 sobriety or temp]ance2 to "k y\rself is to be sob] or temp]ate4 ,b ?is is ! same art z t by :i* we puni% rightly--or ju/ice4 ,!re=e ju/ice & temp]ance are ! same3 & ! ,delphian rescript1 ,"k ?yself1 does 9 fact enjo9 ! practice bo? ( ju/ice & ( sobriety4#ah ,era/4--,s x appe>s4 ,sokr4--,n[ x is by ?is same art1 :5 practis$ by a k+1 rightly puni%+ evil-do]s1 t cities are well gov]n$2 x is by ! same art practis$ by a private citiz5 or h\se-ma/]1 t ! h\se is well-gov]n$3 s t ?is art1 ju/ice or sobriety1 is at ! same "t political1 regal1 economical2 & ! j & sob] man is at once ! true k+1 /atesman1 h\se-ma/]4#ai ,era/4--,i admit x4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #acg ,c-,d4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #ach ,a4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #ach ,c4 ,side-note3 ,9 ?is art ! philosoph] mu/ n only be second-be/1 compet5t to talk--b he mu/ be a fully qualifi$ practition]1 compet5t to act4 ,sokr4--,n[ let me ask y4 ,y said t x 0 discr$itable = ! philosoph]1 :5 9 company ) a physician or any o!r craftsman talk+ ab\t matt]s ( 8 own craft1 n to be able to foll[ :at he said & comm5t ^u x4 ,w\ld x n also be discr$itable to ! philosoph]1 :5 li/5+ to any k+1 judge1 or h\se-ma/]1 ab\t pr(essional affairs1 n to be able to und]/& & comm5t8 ,era/4--,assur$ly x w\ld be mo/ discr$itable ^u matt]s ( su* grave mom5t4 ,sokr4--,%all we say !n1 t ^u ^! matt]s also1 z well z all o!rs1 ! philosoph] ought to be a ,p5ta?lus or second-rate p]=m]1 useless s long z ! special craftsman is at h&8 or %all we n r affirm1 t he mu/ n confide 8 own h\se to any "o else1 nor be ! second-be/ )9 x1 b mu/ himself judge & puni% rightly1 if 8 h\se is to be well adm9i/]$8 ,era/4--,t too ,i admit4#bj ,sokr4--,f>!r1 if 8 fri5ds %all entru/ to him ! arbitration ( _! disputes1--if ! city %all comm& him to act z ,dika/ or to settle any difficulty1--9 ^? cases also x w be disgraceful = him to /& second or ?ird1 & n to be fir/-rate8 ,era/4--,i ?9k x w be4 ,sokr4--,y see !n1 my fri5d1 philosophy is some?+ v diff]5t f mu* le>n+ & acqua9tance ) multif>i\s arts or sci5ces4#ba ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #ach ,e4 ,greek3 ,po_/t]on ou7n kai p]i tauta le_/gm51 pe_/nta?lon au7ton dein ei7nai kai u7_/pakron1 ta deut]eia e7_/*onta pa_/ntn1 ton philo_/sophon1 kai a7*reion ei7nai1 e7_/s a7n t\_/tn tis 78 7 prton men tn au7t\ oi7ki_/an ou7k a7ll e7pitrepte_/on ou7de ta deut]eia e7n t\_/t e7kte_/on1 a7ll' au7ton kola/e_/on dika_/zonta o7r?s1 ei7 me_/llei eu7 oi7kei/hai au7t\ 7 oi7ki_/a8 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,era/4 #aci ,a4 ,greek3 ,poll\ a7_/ra dei 7min1 7 be_/lti/e1 to philosophein poluma_/!ia_/ te ei7nai kai 7 p]i tas te_/*nas pragmatei_/a4 ,side-note3 ,close ( ! dialogue--humiliation ( ! lit]>y ,era/es4 ,^u my say+ ?is 7s ,sokrates concludes 8 recital ( ! conv]sation7 ! lit]>y "o ( ! two rivals 0 a%am$ & held 8 peace2 :ile ! gymna/ic rival decl>$ t ,i 0 9 ! "r1 & ! o!r he>]s also comm5d$ :at ,i _h said4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks--animat$ mann] ( ! dialogue4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ! philo-gymna/1 hat] ( philosophy1--& ! en?usia/ic admir] ( philosophy1 :o nev]!less _c expla9 :at x is--gives mu* po9t & vivacity to ?is %ort dialogue4 ,?is la/ p]son is exhibit$ z some:at presumptu\s & confid5t2 ?us af=d+ a sort ( excuse = ! humiliat+ cross-exam9ation put ^u him by ,sokrates to ! satisfaction ( 8 /upid rival4 ,moreov]1 ! dramatic introduction is full ( animation1 l t ( ! ,*>mids & ,lysis4 ,besides ! animat$ /yle ( ! dialogue1 ! po9ts rais$ = discussion 9 x are ( mu* int]e/4 ,! ^w philosophy has at all times be5 vague & ambigu\s4 ,c]ta9ly no "o be=e ,sokrates--probably no "o be=e ,plato--ev] s\ght a def9ition ( x4 ,9 no o!r ,platonic dialogue ?an ?is1 is ! def9ition ( x made a special topic ( rese>*4 ,side-note3 ,def9ition ( philosophy--"h s\ght = ! fir/ "t--,platonic conception ( measure--ref]ee n discov]$4 ,x is "h h&l$ 9 ,plato's negative1 el5*tic1 t5tative1 mann]4 ,by "s ( 8 contempor>ies1 philosophy 0 really consid]$ z equival5t to polyma?y1 or to mu* & v>i$ k3 s at lea/ ,plato repres5ts x z be+ consid]$ by ,hippias ! ,sophi/1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( ,protagoras4#bb ,! exception tak5 by ,sokrates to a def9ition f\nd$ on simple quantity1 )\t any /&>d po9t ( suffici5cy by :i* mu* or little is to be measur$1 introduces t gov]n+ idea ( ,greek3 to me_/trion 7! mod]ate1 t :i* con=ms to a /&>d measure7 ^u :i* ,plato insi/s s mu* 9 o!r m elaborate dialogues4 ,! conception ( a measure1 ( a /&>d ( measurem5t--& ( con=mity !reunto1 z ! ma9 con/itu5t ( :at is good & desirable--/&s prom95t 9 8 m9d1#bc ?\gh x is n always h&l$ 9 ! same way4 ,we h se5 x1 9 ! ,second ,alkibiads1 indicat$ "u ano!r "n z k ( ,good or ( ! ,be/3 )\t :i*1 k on special matt]s 0 decl>$ to be hurtful r ?an useful4#bd ,plato consid]s t ?is ,measure is nei!r disc]nible nor applicable except by a specially tra9$ intellig5ce4 ,9 ! ,era/ z else:]e1 su* an intellig5ce is call$ = 9 g5]al t]ms3 b :5 x is ask$1 ,:]e is ! p]son possess+ su* intellig5ce1 available 9 ! case ( m5tal tra9+--nei!r ,sokrates nor any "o else c po9t him out4 ,to sugge/ a "q1 & direct att5tion to x1 yet /ill to leave x unansw]$--is a practice famili> ) ,plato4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,era/ is l o!r dialogues4 ,! answ]1 if any1 int5d$ to be und]/ood or div9$1 is1 t su* an intellig5ce is ! philosoph] himself4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 #cah ,e4 ,comp>e too1 ! ,platonic dialogues1 ,hippias ,major & ,m9or4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ab\t ,greek3 7 t\ metri_/ou phu_/sis z ,greek3 ou7si_/a--z ,greek3 o7_/nts gigno_/m5on4--,plato1 ,politikus1 #bhc-bhd4 ,comp>e also ! ,philbus1 p4 #fd ,d1 & ! ,protagoras1 pp4 #cef-ceg1 :]e ,greek3 7 metrtik te_/*n is decl>$ to be ! pr9cipal savi\r ( life & happ9ess4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 #ade-adf2 supra1 *4 xii4 p4 #af4 ,side-note3 ,view tak5 ( ! second-be/ critical talk+ man1 z comp>$ ) ! special pr(ici5t & practition]4 ,! second explanation ( philosophy "h giv5--t ! philosoph] is "o :o is second-be/ 9 _m dep>tm5ts1 & a good talk] ^u all1 b inf]ior to ! special ma/] 9 ea*--0 suppos$ by ,?rasyllus 9 anci5t times to be po9t$ at ,demokritus4 ,by _m ,platonic critics1 x is ref]r$ to ^? p]sons :om !y s+le out to be call$ ,sophi/s4 ,i conceive x to be applicable 7:e!r int5d$ or n7 to ! lit]>y m5 g5]ally ( t age1 ! p]sons call$ ,sophi/s includ$4 ,t :i* ,p]ikles express$ by ! ^w1 :5 he claim$ ! love ( wisdom & ! love ( beauty z *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,a!nian citiz5--ref]r$ *iefly to ! free & abundant discussion1 ! necessity felt by e "o = talk+ ov] e ?+ be=e x 0 done1 yet accompani$ ) full en]gy 9 action z soon z ! resolution 0 tak5 to act4#be ,spee*1 ready & p]t95t1 free conflict ( op9ion on _m diff]5t topics--0 ! manife/ation & ! measure ( k acquir$4 ,sokrates pass$ 8 life 9 talk+1 ) e "o indiscrim9ately1 & ^u ea* man's p>ticul> subject2 (t5 p]plex+ ! arti/ himself4 ,x5ophon rec\nts conv]sations ) v>i\s pr(essional m5--a pa9t]1 a sculptor1 an arm\r]--& in=ms u t x 0 in/ructive to all ( !m1 ?\gh ,sokrates 0 no practition] 9 any craft4#bf ,x 0 n m]ely ,demokritus1 b ,plato & ,ari/otle also1 :o talk$ or wrote ^u almo/ e subject includ$ 9 contempor>y obs]vation4 ,! volum9\s works ( ,ari/otle1--! ,timu1 ,republic1 & ,leges1 ( ,plato1--embrace a l>ge v>iety ( subjects1 on ea* ( :i*1 sev]ally tak51 ^! two great m5 7 second-be/ or inf]ior to "s special pr(ici5t4 ,yet bo? ( !m _h judgm5ts to give1 :i* x 0 important to he>1 ^u all subjects3#bg & bo? ( !m c\ld probably talk bett] ^u ea* ?an ! special pr(ici5t himself4 ,ari/otle1 = example1 w\ld write bett] ^u rhetoric ?an ,demo/h5es--^u trag$y1 ?an ,sophokles4 ,und\bt$ly1 if an oration or a trag$y 7 to be compos$--if resolution or action 7 requir$ on any real /ate ( p>ticul> circum/ances--! special pr(ici5t w\ld be call$ ^u to act3 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to inf] f h5ce1 z ! ,platonic ,sokrates intimates 9 ! ,era/1 t ! second-be/1 or !oriz+ reason]1 0 a useless man4 ,! !oretical & critical po9t ( view1 ) ! comm& ( language apt = expla9+ & def5d+ x1 has a value ( its own2 di/9ct f1 yet ultimately modify+ & improv+1 ! practical4 ,& su* compreh5sive survey & comp>ison ( num]\s objects1 )\t hav+ ! att5tion exclusively fa/5$ or enslav$ to any "o ( !m1 des]ves to rank high z a v>iety ( intellig5ce :e!r x be adopt$ z ! def9ition ( a philosoph]1 or n4 ,footnote #be3 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #ci f94--#dj4 ,greek3 kai e7_/n te t\_/tois tn po_/l9 a7xi_/an ei7nai ?auma_/ze/hai1 kai e7_/ti e7n a7_/llois4 philokal\m5 gar met' eu7telei_/z kai philosoph\m5 a7_/neu malaki_/z1 c41 & ! rem>kable sequel ( ! same *apt] ab\t ! intimate conjunction ( abundant spee* ) en]getic action 9 ! ,a!nian "*4 ,footnote #bf3 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #aj2 iii4 #aa2 iii4 #ab4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! ,greek3 pe_/nta?los or ,greek3 u7_/pakros :om ,plato criticises 9 ?is dialogue1 co9cides ) :at ,ari/otle calls ! man ( univ]sal education or culture4--,e?ic4 ,nikom4 ,i4 i4 #ajie1 a4 #a4 ,greek3 e7_/ka/os de kri_/nei kals a7 gign_/skei1 kai t\_/tn e7/in a7ga?os krit_/s2 ka?' e7_/ka/on a7_/ra1 o7 pepaideume_/nos2 a7pls de_/1 o7 p]i pan pepaideume_/nos4 ,side-note3 ,plato's view--t ! philosoph] has a prov9ce special to himself1 di/9ct f o!r specialties--dimly indicat$--regal or political art4 ,plato und\bt$ly did n conceive ! def9ition ( ! philosoph] 9 ! same way z ,sokrates4 ,! close ( ! ,era/ is employ$ 9 op5+ a di/ant & dim view ( ! ,platonic conception4 ,we are giv5 to und]/&1 t ! philosoph] has a prov9ce ( 8 own1 :]e9 he is n second-be/1 b a fir/-rate actor & advis]4 ,to indicate1 9 _m diff]5t ways1 t !re is or mu/ be su* a peculi>1 app]ta9+ to philosophy--di/9ct f1 ?\gh analog\s to1 ! peculi> ( ea* sev]al art--is "o lead+ purpose 9 _m ,platonic dialogues4 ,b :at is ! peculi> ( ! philosoph]8 ,"h1 z else:]e1 x is m>k$ out 9 a sort ( mi/y outl9e1 n z by "o :o already kn[s & is famili> ) x1 b z "o :o is try+ to f9d x )\t be+ sure t he has succe$$4 ,"h1 we h x describ$ z ! art ( discrim9at+ good f evil1 gov]n+1 & apply+ p5al sanctions rightly4 ,?is is ! supreme art or sci5ce1 ( :i* ! philosoph] is ! pr(essor2 & 9 :i*1 f> f requir+ advice f o!rs1 he is ! only p]son compet5t bo? to advise & to act3 ! art :i* ex]cises control ov] all o!r special arts1 direct+ h[ f>1 & on :at occasions1 ea* ( !m comes into appliance4 ,x is philosophy1 look$ at 9 "o ( its two aspects3 n z a body ( speculative tru?1 to be debat$1 prov$1 & discrim9at$ f :at _c be prov$ or c be disprov$--b z a critical judgm5t be>+ on actual life1 prescrib+ rules or giv+ directions 9 p>ticul> cases1 ) a view to ! atta9m5t ( =ekn[n ends1 recognis$ z expet5da4#bh ,?is is :at ,plato und]/&s by ! measur+ or calculat+ art1 ! regal or political art1 accord+ z we use ! language ( ! ,protagoras1 ,politikus1 ,eu?ydmus1 ,republic4 ,bo? ju/ice & sobriety are bran*es ( ?is art2 & ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two loses its importance :5 ! art is consid]$ z a :ole--z we f9d bo? 9 ! ,era/ & 9 ! ,republic4#bi ,footnote #bh3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! second explanation ( philosophy & ! ?ird explanation1 sugge/$ 9 ! ,era/1 w be f\nd to co9cide pretty ne>ly ) ! di/9ction :i* ,ari/otle takes mu* pa9s to draw betwe5 ,greek3 sophi_/a & ,greek3 phro_/nsis4--,e?ic4 ,nikoma*4 vi4 #e1 pp4 #aadj-aada2 also ,e?ic4 ,magn4 i4 pp4 #aaig-aaih4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ,republic1 iv4 #dcc ,a2 ,gorgias1 #ebf ,c2 ,*>mids #afd ,b2 & ,he9dorf's note on ! passage 9 ! ,*>mids4 ,side-note3 ,philosoph]--! supreme arti/ controll+ o!r arti/s4 ,"h1 9 ! ,era/1 ?is conception ( ! philosoph] z ! supreme arti/ controll+ all o!r arti/s1 is d>kly indicat$ & crudely sket*$4 ,we %all f9d ! same conception m elaborately illu/rat$ 9 o!r dialogues2 yet nev] pass+ out ( t /ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix4 ,?is is "o ( ! dialogues decl>$ to be spuri\s by ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,a/1 ,so*]1 & ,/allbaum1 all ( !m critics ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 my judgm5t1 _! gr\nds = su* decl>ation are altoge!r inconclusive4 ,!y ?9k ! dialogue an inf]ior composition1 unwor?y ( ,plato2 & !y accord+ly f9d reasons1 m or less +5i\s1 = reliev+ ,plato f ! discr$it ( x4 ,i d n ?9k s meanly ( ! dialogue z !y d2 b ev5 if ,i did1 ,i %\ld n pron\nce x to be spuri\s1 )\t "s evid5ce be>+ ^u t special "q4 ,no su* evid5ce1 ( any value1 is produc$4 ,x is inde$ cont5d$1 on ! au?ority ( a passage 9 ,diog5es 7ix4 #cg71 t ,?rasyllus himself d\bt$ ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,era/4 ,! passage is z foll[s1 9 8 life ( ,demokritus--,greek3 ei7_/p] oi7 ,a7nt]a/ai ,pla_/tno_/s ei7si1 phsi ,?ra_/sullos1 ou7tos a7n ei7_/ o7 p>ag5o_/m5os a7n_/numos1 tn p]i ,oi7nopi_/dn kai ,a7naxago_/ran e7_/t]os1 e7n t pros ,skra_/tn o7mili_/a dialego_/m5os p]i philosophi_/z2 71 phsi_/n1 7s p5ta_/?l e7_/oik5 o7 philo_/sophos2 kai 7n 7s a7l?s e7n philosophi_/a pe_/nta?los 7,demokritus74 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place1 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,/allbaum bo? decl>e t ,?rasyllus c nev] h said t :i* ,diog5es "h makes him say 7,s*lei]m4 p4 #eaj2 ,/allbaum1 ,prolegg4 ad4 ,era/4 p4 #bff1 & n4 p4 #bgc74 ,next1 x is c]ta9 t ,?rasyllus did consid] x ! und\bt$ "w ( ,plato1 = he enroll$ x 9 8 classification1 z ! ?ird dialogue 9 ! f\r? tetralogy 7,diog4 ,l4 iii4 #ei74 ,yxem1 :o def5ds ! g5u95ess ( ! ,era/ 7,ueb] ,platon's ,kleitophon1 pp4 #f-g1 ,b]l91 #ahdf71 insi/s v prop]ly on ?is po9t2 n m]ely z an important fact 9 itself1 b z det]m9+ ! s5se ( ! words ,greek3 ei7_/p] oi7 ,a7nt]a/ai ,pla_/tno_/s ei7si1 & z %[+ t ! words r affirm1 ?an d5y1 ! au!nticity ( ! dialogue4 ,if ! ,ant]a/ are ! "w ( ,plato1 z !y are univ]sally admitt$ to be4 ,y mu/ supply ! p>5!sis 9 ?is way1 9 ord] to make ,?rasyllus consi/5t ) himself4 ,yxem cites a passage f ,gal51 9 :i* ,greek3 ei7_/p] is us$1 & 9 :i* ! p>5!sis mu/ be suppli$ 9 ! way indicat$3 no d\bt at all be+ meant to be h9t$4 ,& ,i w produce ano!r passage out ( ,diog5es himself1 :]e ,greek3 ei7_/p] is us$ 9 ! same way2 n z int5d$ to convey ! smalle/ d\bt1 b m]ely introduc+ ! premiss = a conclusion imm$iately foll[+4 ,diog5es says1 respect+ ! ,platonic ,ideas1 ,greek3 ei7_/p] e7/i mn_/m1 tas i7de_/z e7n tois ou7s9 u7pa_/r*e9 7iii4 #ae74 ,he does n int5d to sugge/ any d\bt :e!r !re be su* a fact z memory4 ,greek3 ,ei7_/p] is sometimes ! equival5t ( ,greek3 e7peid_/p]3 z we le>n f ,h]mann ad ,vig]4 ,,viii4 #f1 p4 #eab4 ,!re is !re=e no fair gr\nd = suppos+ t ,?rasyllus d\bt$ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,era/4 ,& :5 ,i read :at mod]n critics say 9 support ( _! v]dict ( condemnation1 ,i feel ! m au?oris$ 9 diss5t+ f x4 ,i w cite a passage or two f ,/allbaum4 ,/allbaum beg9s 8 ,prolegom5a z foll[s1 pp4 #bje-bjf3 ,quanquam hic libellus g5us dic5di habet purum1 ca/um1 elegans1 nihil ut inv5iri queat quod ,platonis aut ,x5ophontis eleganti1 abhorreat--tam5 qu9 ,boeckhio1 ,s*lei]ma*]o1 ,a/io1 ,so*]o1 ,knebelio1 aliis jure m]itoque pro suppositicio habitus sit1 haudquaquam dubitamus4 ,e/ enim mat]ia op]is adeo non ad ,platonis m5tem rationemque elaborata1 ut potius cuivis alii ,socraticorum quam huic rect adscribi posse videatur4 ,aft] /at+ t ! ,era/ may be divid$ into two pr9cipal sections1 ,/allbaum proce$s3--,neutra h>um p>tium ita tractata e/1 ut nihil desid]etur1 quod ad ju/am argum5ti explicationem m]ito requiras--nihil inculcatum rep]iatur1 quod vel alio modo illu/ratum vel omn9o omissum esse cupias4 ,i call att5tion to ?is s5t5ce z a fair specim5 ( ! gr\nds ^u :i* ! ,platonic critics proce$ :5 !y /rike dialogues out ( ! ,platonic ,canon4 ,if !re be any?+ want+ 9 x :i* is requir$ = :at !y consid] a prop] sett+ =? ( ! argum5t--if !re be any?+ :i* !y w\ld desire to see omitt$ or o!rwise illu/rat$--?is is ) !m a reason = decid+ t x is n ,plato's "w4 ,t is1 if !re be any defects 9 x ( any k9d1 x _c be admitt$ z ,plato's "w2--8 g5u9e works h no defects4 ,i prote/ altoge!r aga9/ ?is ratio decid5di4 ,if ,i ackn[l$g$ x & appli$ x consi/5tly ,i %\ld /rike out e dialogue 9 ! ,canon4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! presumption 9 fav\r ( ! ,catalogue ( ,?rasyllus mu/ be c\nt$ z nil1 if x w n outweigh su* feeble c\nt]-argum5ts z ^!4 ,"o reason giv5 by ,/allbaum = consid]+ ! ,era/ z spuri\s is1 t ! ,sophi/s are n d]id$ 9 x4 ,quis e/ igitur1 qui ,platonem sibi p]suadeat illos non fuisse ca/igaturum1 et omn9o non significaturum1 qu9am illi ess5t1 adv]sus quos hanc disputationem in/ituisset8 ,x is /range to be call$ on by le>n$ m5 to /rike out all dialogues f ! ,canon 9 :i* !re is no d]ision ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,su* d]ision exi/s already 9 excess3 we he> until we are tir$ h[ mean x is to receive money = lectur+4 ,aga91 ,/allbaum says t ! p]sons ^: op9ions are "h attack$ are n specifi$ by "n4 ,b :o are ! ,greek3 ei7dn phi_/loi1 attack$ 9 ! ,sophi/s8 ,!y are n specifi$ by "n1 & critics diff] z to ! p]sons int5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ion4 ,side-note3 ,ion4 ,p]sons ( ! dialogue4 ,diff]5ce ( op9ion among mod]n critics z to its g5u95ess4 ,! dialogue call$ ,ion is c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sokrates & ! ,ephesian rhapsode ,ion4 ,x is among ^? disall[$ by ,a/1 fir/ fa9tly def5d$1 aft]w>ds disall[$1 by ,s*lei]ma*]1#a & treat$ contemptu\sly by bo?4 ,subsequ5t critics1 ,h]mann1#b ,/allbaum1 ,/e9h>t1 consid] x z g5u9e1 yet z an inf]ior production1 ( little wor?1 & belong+ to ,plato's e>lie/ ye>s4 ,footnote #a3 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,e9leit4 zum ,ion1 p4 #bfa-bff2 ,a/1 ,leb5 und ,s*rift5 des ,platon1 p4 #djf4 ,footnote #b3 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 ,ges*4 und ,sy/4 d] ,plat4 ,phil4 pp4 #dcg-dch2 ,/e9h>t1 ,e9leitung1 p4 #ae4 ,side-note3 ,rhapsodes z a class 9 ,greece4 ,!y compet$ = prizes at ! fe/ivals4 ,ion has be5 triumphant4 ,i hold x to be g5u9e1 & x may be comp>atively e>ly2 b ,i see no gr\nd = ! disp>ag+ criticism :i* has (t5 be5 appli$ to x4 ,! p]sonage :om x introduces to u z subject$ to ! cross-exam9ation ( ,sokrates is a rhapsode ( celebrity2 "o among a class ( arti/s at t "t bo? useful & e/eem$4 ,!y recit$ or sang1#c ) appropriate acc5t & ge/ure1 ! compositions ( ,hom] & ( o!r epic poets3 ?us s]v+ to ! ,grecian epic1 ! same purpose z ! actors s]v$ to ! dramatic1 & ! h>p-s+]s 7,greek3 ki?>doi7 to ! lyric4 ,!re 7 v>i\s solemn fe/ivals su* z t ( sculapius at ,epidaurus1 & 7mo/ especially7 ! ,pana!na at ,a!ns1 :]e prizes 7 aw>d$ = ! competition ( ! rhapsodes4 ,ion is describ$ z hav+ compet$ triumphantly 9 ! fe/ival at ,epidaurus1 & c>ri$ (f ! fir/ prize4 ,he appe>$ !re 9 a spl5did co/ume1 cr[n$ ) a gold5 wrea?1 amid/ a cr[d :i* is describ$ z conta9+ m ?an #bj1jjj p]sons4#d ,footnote #c3 ,! ^w ,greek3 a7_/de9 is 9 ?is v dialogue 7#ecb ,d1 #ece ,a7 appli$ to ! rhapsod+ ( ,ion4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ece ,d4 ,side-note3 ,functions ( ! ,rhapsodes4 ,recitation--,exposition ( ! poets4 ,arbitr>y exposition ( ! poets 0 !n frequ5t4 ,mu* ( ! acqua9tance ( cultivat$ ,greeks ) ,hom] & ! o!r epic poets 0 bo? acquir$ & ma9ta9$ ?r\gh su* rhapsodes2 ! be/ ( :om cont5d$ at ! fe/ivals1 :ile o!rs1 less highly gift$ z to vocal p[] & ge/iculation1 gave sep>ate declamations & lectures ( _! own1 & ev5 private lessons to individuals4#e ,eu?ydmus1 9 "o ( ! ,x5ophontic conv]sations ) ,sokrates1 & ,anti/h5es 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,symposion1 are made to decl>e t ! rhapsodes z a class 7 extremely silly4 ,?is1 if true at all1 c apply only to ! expositions & comm5ts ) :i* !y accompani$ _! recital ( ,hom] & o!r poets4 ,moreov] we _c reasonably set x d[n 7?\gh "s mod]n critics d s7 z s mu* inconte/able tru?3 we mu/ consid] x z an op9ion deliv]$ by "o ( ! speak]s 9 ! conv]sation1 b n necess>ily well f\nd$4#f ,unque/ionably1 ! comm5ts made ^u ,hom] 7bo? 9 t age & aft]w>ds7 7 (t5 fanciful & mislead+4 ,metrodorus1 ,anaxagoras1 & o!rs1 resolv$ ! ,hom]ic n>rative into v>i\s allegories1 physical1 e?ical1 & !ological3 & mo/ m5 :o _h an op9ion to def5d1 rejoic$ to be able to support or en=ce x by "s passages ( ,hom]1 well or ill-expla9$--j z texts ( ! ,bible are quot$ 9 mod]n times4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ,hom] 0 press$ into ! s]vice ( e disputant2 & ! ,hom]ic poems 7 pres5t$ z conta9+1 or at lea/ z imply+1 doctr9es q =eign to ! age 9 :i* !y 7 compos$4#g ,footnote #e3 ,x54 ,sympos4 iii4 #f4 ,nikratus says t he he>d ! rhapsodes ne>ly e day4 ,he pr(esses to be able to repeat bo? ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey f memory4 ,footnote #f3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #aj2 ,sympos4 iii4 #f2 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecj ,e4 ,/e9h>t cites ?is judgm5t ab\t ! rhapsodes z if x _h be5 pron\nc$ by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates himself1 :i* is n ! fact 7,/e9h>t1 ,e9leitung p4 #c74 ,footnote #g3 ,diog5es ,la]t4 ii4 #aa2 ,nitzs*1 ,die ,held5sage des ,grie*51 pp4 #gd-gh2 ,lobeck1 ,agloaphamus1 p4 #aeg4 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ol4 #hh3 modo ,/oicum ,hom]um faciunt--modo ,epicureum 4 4 4 modo ,p]ipateticum1 tria g5]a bonorum induc5tem3 modo ,academicum1 inc]ta omnia dic5tem4 ,app>et nihil horum esse 9 illo1 cui omnia insunt3 i/a enim int] se dissid5t4 ,side-note3 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,rhapsodes 0 *iefly d]iv$ f _! recitation4 ,p[]ful effect :i* !y produc$4 ,! ,rhapsodes1 9 s f> z !y int]pret$ ,hom]1 7 probably n less dispos$ ?an o!rs to discov] 9 him _! own fancies4 ,b ! "* 9 :i* !y acquir$ mo/ popul>ity1 01 n z expositors1 b z recit]s1 ( ! poems4 ,! p[]ful emotion :i*1 9 ! process ( recit+1 !y bo? felt !mselves & communicat$ to _! auditors1 is decl>$ 9 ?is dialogue3 ,:5 t :i* ,i recite is pa!tic 7says ,ion71 my eyes are fill$ ) te>s3 :5 x is awful or t]rible1 my hair /&s on end1 & my he>t leaps4 ,moreov] ,i see ! spectators also weep+1 sympa?is+ ) my emotions1 & look+ agha/ at :at !y he>4#h ,?is ass]tion ( ! vehem5t emotional effect produc$ by ! words ( ! poet z declaim$ or sung by ! rhapsode1 des]ves all ! m cr$it--because ,plato himself1 f> f look+ ^u x fav\rably1 ei!r d]ides or disapproves x4 ,accept+ x z a matt] ( fact1 we see t ! influ5ce ( rhapsodes1 among auditors g5]ally1 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ m f _! efficacy z actors ?an f _! ability z expositors4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ece ,c-,e4 ,! description "h giv5 is ! m int]e/+ because x is ! only intimation rema9+ ( ! /rong effect produc$ by ^! rhapsodic repres5tations4 ,side-note3 ,ion bo? recit] & expositor--,hom] 0 consid]$ m z an in/ructor ?an z a poet4 ,ion h[ev] is describ$ 9 ?is dialogue z comb9+ ! two functions ( recit] & expositor3 a p>tn]%ip l t ( ,g>rick & ,johnson1 9 reg>d to ,%akspe>e4 ,x is 9 ! la/ ( ! two functions1 t ,sokrates "h exam9es him3 consid]+ ,hom]1 n z a poet appeal+ to ! emotions ( he>]s1 b z a tea*] adm9i/]+ lessons & imp>t+ in/ruction4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ,hom] ent]ta9$ by a l>ge proportion ( ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,9 t capacity1 8 poems s]v$ z a !me = rhapsodes1 z well z = v>i\s philosoph]s & ,sophi/s :o 7 n rhapsodes1 nor accompli%$ recit]s4 ,side-note3 ,plato disreg>ds & disapproves ! poetic or emotional work+4 ,! read] mu/ keep 9 m9d1 9 foll[+ ! que/ions put by ,sokrates1 t ?is pdagogic & edify+ view ( ,hom] is ! only "o pres5t to ! m5 ( ! ,sokratic s*ool--& especially to ,plato4 ,( ! g5u9e functions ( ! gift$ poet1 :o t\*es ! *ords ( /rong & div]sifi$ emotion--qui pectus inanit] angit1 ,irritat1 mulcet1 falsis t]roribus implet 7,horat4 ,epi/4 ,,ii4 #a1 #bab7--,plato takes no acc\nt3 or r1 he decl>es op5 w> aga9/ !m1 ei!r z *ildi% delusions#i1 or z mis*iev\s /imulants1 t5d+ to exalt ! unruly elem5ts ( ! m9d1 & to ov]?r[ ! sov]eign au?ority ( reason4 ,we %all f9d f>!r manife/ations on ?is po9t 9 ! ,republic & ,leges4 ,footnote #i3 ,! "q ( ,sokrates 7,ion1 #ece ,d71 ab\t ! emotion produc$ 9 ! he>]s by ! recital ( ,hom]'s poetry1 be>s out :at is "h ass]t$4 ,side-note3 ,ion devot$ himself to ,hom] exclusively4 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates to him--,h[ happ5s x t y _c talk equally ^u o!r poets8 ,! poetic art is "o4 ,ion pr(esses to h devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,hom] exclusively1 neglect+ o!r poets3 s t he c int]pret ! ?\ghts1 & furni% reflections ^u !m1 bett] ?an any o!r expositor4#aj ,h[ does x happ5 7ask$ ,sokrates7 t y h s mu* to say ab\t ,hom]1 & no?+ at all ab\t o!r poets8 ,hom] may be ! be/ ( all poets3 b he is /ill only "o ( ^? :o ex]cise ! poetic art1 & he mu/ necess>ily talk ab\t ! same subjects z o!r poets4 ,n[ ! art ( poetry is ,"o altoge!r--l t ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 play+ on ! flute1 play+ on ! h>p1 rhapsodiz+1 c4#aa ,:oev] is compet5t to judge & expla9 "o arti/1--:at he has done well & :at he has done ill1--is compet5t also to judge any o!r arti/ 9 ! same pr(ession4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecf ,e4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #eca ,a1 #ecb ,c-,d4 ,greek3 poitik p\_/ e7/i to o7_/lon4 4 4 ,ou7k\n e7peidan la_/b tis kai a7_/lln te_/*nn 7nt9\n o7_/ln1 o7 au7tos tro_/pos ts ske_/pse_/s e7/i p]i a7pasn tn te*nn8 #ecc ,a4 ,i _c expla9 to y h[ x happ5s 7replies ,ion73 ,i only "k ! fact inconte/ably--t :5 ,i talk ab\t ,hom]1 my ?\ghts fl[ abundantly1 & e "o tells me t my disc\rse is excell5t4 ,q ! rev]se1 :5 ,i talk ( any o!r poet4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecc ,c4 ,side-note3 ,explanation giv5 by ,sokrates4 ,bo? ! ,rhapsode & ! ,poet "w1 n by art & sy/em1 b by div9e inspiration4 ,f9e poets are b]eft ( _! reason1 & possess$ by inspiration f "s ,god4 ,i c expla9 x 7says ,sokrates74 ,y\r tal5t 9 exp\nd+ ,hom] is n an art1 acquir$ by sy/em & me?od--o!rwise x w\ld h be5 applicable to o!r poets besides4 ,x is a special gift1 imp>t$ to y by div9e p[] & inspiration4 ,! l is true ( ! poet :om y exp\nd4 ,8 g5ius does n spr+ f art1 sy/em1 or me?od3 x is a special gift emanat+ f ! inspiration ( ! ,muses4#ac ,a poet is a light1 airy1 holy1 p]son1 :o _c compose v]ses at all s long z 8 reason rema9s )9 him4#ad ,! ,muses take away 8 reason1 sub/itut+ 9 place ( x _! own div9e inspiration & special impulse1 ei!r t[>ds epic1 di?yramb1 encomia/ic hymns1 hypor*emata1 c41 "o or o!r ( ^!4 ,ea* poet receives "o ( ^! special gifts1 b is incompet5t = any ( ! o!rs3 :]eas1 if _! ability _h be5 me?odical or arti/ic1 x w\ld h display$ itself 9 all ( !m alike4 ,l prophets1 & deliv]]s ( oracles1 ^! poets h _! reason tak5 away1 & become s]vants ( ! ,gods4#ae ,x is n !y :o1 b]eft ( _! reason1 speak 9 su* sublime /ra9s3 x is ! ,god :o speaks to u1 & speaks ?r\gh !m4 ,y may see ?is by ,tynni*us ( ,*alkis2 :o compos$ 8 ,pan1 ! f9e/ ( all ,pans1 :i* is 9 e "o's m\?1 tell+ u himself1 t x 0 ! inv5tion ( ! ,muses--b :o nev] compos$ any?+ else wor? he>+4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is wor?less poet t ! ,god has sung ! mo/ sublime hymn3#af = ! express purpose ( %[+ u t ^! f9e compositions are n human p]=mances at all1 b div9e3 & t ! poet is only an int]pret] ( ! ,gods1 possess$ by "o or o!r ( !m1 z ! case may be4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecc ,e--#ecd ,a4 ,greek3 pa_/ntes gar oi7_/ te tn e7pn poitai oi7 a7ga?oi ou7k e7k te_/*ns a7ll' e7_/n!oi o7_/ntes kai kate*o_/m5oi pa_/nta tauta ta kala le_/g\si poi_/mata1 kai oi7 melopoioi oi7 a7ga?oi 7sau_/ts2 7_/sp] oi7 korubant9tites ou7k e7_/mphrones o7_/ntes o7r*\ntai1 ou7_/t kai oi7 melopoioi ou7k e7_/mphrones o7_/ntes ta kala me_/l tauta poi\s91 c4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecd ,b4 ,greek3 k\phon gar *rma poit_/s e7/i kai ptnon kai i7ero_/n1 kai ou7 pro_/t]on oi7o_/s te poiein prin a7n e7_/n!o_/s te ge_/ntai kai e7_/kphrn kai o7 n\s mke_/ti e7n au7t e7n2 e7_/s d' a7n t\ti e7_/* to ktma1 a7du_/natos pas poiein e7/9 a7_/n?rpos kai *rsmdein4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato4 ,ion1 #ecd ,c-,d4 ,greek3 dia tauta de o7 !os e7xair\_/m5os t\_/tn ton n\n t\_/tois *rtai u7pre_/tais kai tois *rsmdois kai tois ma_/ntesi tois !i_/ois1 i7_/na 7meis oi7 a7k\_/ontes ei7dm51 o7_/ti ou7* ou7toi_/ ei7s9 oi7 tauta le_/gontes ou7_/t poll\ a7_/xia1 a7ll' o7 !os au7to_/s e7/9 o7 le_/gn1 dia t\_/tn de ph!_/ggetai pros 7mas4 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,ion4 #ecd ,e4 ,greek3 tauta e7ndeiknu_/m5os o7 !os e7xepi_/tdes dia t\ phaulota_/t\ poit\ to ka_/lli/on me_/los 7s54 ,side-note3 ,analogy ( ! ,magnet1 :i* holds up by attraction successive /ages ( iron r+s4 ,! ,gods fir/ inspire ,hom]1 !n act ?r\gh him & ?r\gh ,ion ^u ! auditors4 ,hom] is ?us 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 n a man ( art or reason1 b ! int]pret] ( ! ,gods2 depriv$ ( 8 reason1 b possess$1 inspir$1 by !m4 ,y1 ,ion1 are ! int]pret] ( ,hom]3 & ! div9e inspiration1 c>ry+ away y\r reason1 is ex]cis$ ov] y ?r\gh him4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! influ5ce ( ! ,magnet is %[n1 attract+ & hold+ up successive /ages ( iron r+s4#ag ,! fir/ r+ is 9 contact ) ! ,magnet itself3 ! second is susp5d$ to ! fir/1 ! ?ird to ! second1 & s on4 ,! attractive influ5ce ( ! ,magnet is ?us transmitt$ ?r\gh a succession ( diff]5t r+s1 s z to keep susp5d$ sev]al :i* are a good way remov$ f itself4 ,s ! influ5ce ( ! ,gods is ex]t$ directly & imm$iately ^u ,hom]3 ?r\gh him1 x passes by a second /age to y3 ?r\gh him & y1 x passes by a ?ird /age to ^? auditors :om y s p[]fully affect & delight1 becom+ h[ev] comp>atively enfeebl$ at ea* /age ( transition4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecc ,d-,e4 ,side-note3 ,?is comp>ison =ms ! c5tral po9t ( ! dialogue4 ,x is an expansion ( a judgm5t deliv]$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,apology4 ,! passage & comp>ison "h giv5 by ,sokrates--rem>kable z an e>ly description ( ! work+ ( ! ,magnet--=ms ! c5tral po9t or k]nel ( ! dialogue call$ ,ion4 ,x is an expansion ( a judgm5t deliv]$ by ,sokrates himself 9 8 ,apology to ! ,dika/s1 & x is repeat$ 9 m ?an "o place by ,plato4#ah ,sokrates decl>es 9 8 ,apology t he _h appli$ 8 te/+ cross-exam9ation to sev]al excell5t poets2 & t f9d+ !m unable to give any rational acc\nt ( _! own compositions1 he conclud$ t !y compos$ )\t any wisdom ( _! own1 "u ! same inspiration z prophets & decl>]s ( oracles4 ,9 ! dialogue be=e u1 ?is ?\ght is /rik+ly illu/rat$ & amplifi$4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,sokr4 p4 #bb ,d2 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ii ,d4 ,side-note3 ,platonic ,anti!sis3 sy/ematic proc$ure di/+ui%$ f unsy/ematic3 :i* latt] 0 ei!r bl9d r\t9e1 or madness inspir$ by ! ,gods4 ,v>ieties ( madness1 good & bad4 ,! contra/ betwe5 sy/ematic1 pr(essional1 proc$ure1 delib]ately taught & consci\sly acquir$1 capable ( be+ def5d$ at e /ep by appeal to intelligible rules f\nd$ ^u sci5tific !ory1 & enabl+ ! p]son s qualifi$ to imp>t 8 qualification to o!rs--& a diff]5t proc$ure purely impulsive & un?9k+1 :]eby ! ag5t1 hav+ 9 8 m9d a conception ( ! end aim$ at1 proce$s f "o int]m$iate /ep to ano!r1 )\t kn[+ :y he does s or h[ he has come to d s1 & )\t be+ able to expla9 8 practice if que/ion$ or to imp>t x to o!rs--?is contra/ is a fav\rite "o ) ,plato4 ,! la/-m5tion$ proc$ure--! unphilosophical or irrational--he conceives "u diff]5t aspects3 sometimes z a bl9d r\t9e or ins5sibly acquir$ habit1#ai sometimes z a /imulus appli$ f )\t by "s ,god1 sup]s$+ ! reason ( ! individual4 ,su* a condition ,plato calls madness1 & he consid]s ^? "u x z p]sons out ( _! s5ses4 ,b he recognises diff]5t v>ieties ( madness1 accord+ to ! ,god f :om x came3 ! bad madness 0 a disa/r\s visitation & di/emp]--! good madness 0 a privilege & bless+1 an inspiration sup]ior to human reason4 ,among ^! privileg$ madm5 he reckon$ prophets & poets2 ano!r v>iety "u ! same g5us1 is1 t m5tal love1 betwe5 a well-tra9$ adult1 & a beautiful1 intellig5t1 y\?1 :i* he reg>ds z ! mo/ exalt$ ( all human emotions4#bj ,9 ! ,ion1 ?is idea ( a privileg$ madness--inspiration f ! ,gods sup]s$+ reason--is appli$ n only to ! poet1 b also to ! rhapsode :o recites ! poem1 & ev5 to ! auditors :om he addresses4 ,! poet receives ! inspiration directly f ! ,gods3 he inoculates ! rhapsode ) x1 :o aga9 inoculates ! auditors--! f]v\r is1 at ea* successive communication1 dim9i%$4 ,! auditor repres5ts ! la/ ( ! r+s2 held 9 susp5sion1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate ag5cy ( o!r r+s1 by ! inh]5t =ce ( ! magnet4#ba ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 #hb ,a2 ,gorgias1 #dfc ,a1 #dhf ,a4 ,footnote #bj3 ,?is doctr9e is set =? at l5g? by ,sokrates 9 ! ,platonic ,phdrus1 9 ! second disc\rse ( ,sokrates ab\t ,eros1 pp4 #bdd-bde-bdi ,d4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ece ,e4 ,greek3 ou7to_/s e7/9 o7 !ats tn daktuli_/n o7 e7_/s*atos 4 4 4 4 o7 de me_/sos su o7 r7apsds kai u7pokrits1 o7 de prtos1 au7tos o7 poit_/s4 ,side-note3 ,special inspiration f ! ,gods 0 a famili> fact 9 ,grecian life4 ,privileg$ communications f ! ,gods to ,sokrates--8 firm belief 9 !m4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 t privileg$ communications f ! ,gods to m51 & special p]sons recipi5t !re(1 7 ackn[l$g$ & witness$ ev]y:]e z a con/ant ph5om5on ( ,grecian life4 ,!re 7 n only num]\s oracul> temples1 :i* e "o c\ld visit to ask que/ions 9 matt]s ( d\bt--b also fav\r$ p]sons :o _h receiv$ f ! ,gods ! gift ( pr$ict+ ! future1 ( int]pret+ om5s1 ( det]m9+ ! good or bad indications furni%$ by animals sacrific$4#bb ,9 e t[n or village--or :]ev] any body ( m5 7 assembl$--!re 7 always p]sons :o prophesi$ or deliv]$ oracles1 & to :om special revelations 7 believ$ to be v\*saf$1 dur+ p]iods ( anxiety4 ,no "o 0 m famili> ) ?is fact ?an ! ,sokratic disciples3 = ,sokrates himself _h p]haps a great] numb] ( special communications f ! ,gods ?an any man ( 8 age3 8 div9e sign hav+ begun :5 he 0 a *ild1 & cont9u+ to move him frequ5tly1 ev5 ^u small matt]s1 until 8 dea?3 ?\gh ! revelations 7 = ! mo/ "p negative1 n affirmative--tell+ him (t5 :at 0 n to be done--seldom :at 0 to be done--resembl+ 9 ?is respect 8 own dialogues ) o!r p]sons4 ,moreov] ,sokrates inculcat$ ^u 8 fri5ds emphatically1 t !y ought to h con/ant rec\rse to prophecy3 t none b impi\s m5 neglect$ to d s3 t ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,gods 0 n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 _! furni%+ su* special revelations & w>n+s1 to p]sons :om !y fav\r$3 t ! ,gods adm9i/]$ ! affairs ( ! _w p>tly ^u pr9ciples ( regul> sequ5ce1 s t m5 by dilig5t /udy might le>n :at !y 7 to expect1--b p>tly also1 & by design1 9 a mann] irregul> & undecyph]able1 su* t x c\ld n be fa?om$ by any human /udy1 & c\ld n be und]/ood except ?r\gh direct & special revelation f !mselves4#bc ,footnote #bb3 ,n only ! ,greek3 *rsmolo_/goi1 ma_/nteis oracul> temples1 c41 are (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,x5ophon1 c41 b ,ari/otle also recognises ,greek3 oi7 numpho_/lptoi kai !o_/lptoi tn a7n?r_/pn1 e7pipnoi_/a daimoni_/ou t9os 7_/sp] e7n?\sia_/zontes1 z a real & kn[n class ( p]sons4 ,see ,e?ic4 ,eudem4 i4 p4 #abad1 a4 #bc2 ,e?ic4 ,magna1 ii4 p4 #abjg1 b4 #h4 ,! ,greek3 ma_/ntis is a recognis$ pr(ession1 ! gift ( ,apollo1 n m]ely accord+ to ,hom]1 b accord+ to ,solon 7,frag4 xi4 #eb1 ,s*n473 ,greek3 ,a7_/llon ma_/nt9 e7_/?k5 a7_/nax e7ka_/ergos ,a7po_/lln1 e7_/gn d' a7ndri kakon tlo_/!n e7r*o_/m5on1 c4 ,footnote #bc3 ,^! views ( ,sokrates are decl>$ 9 ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon1 i4 #a1 #f-aj2 i4 #d1 #b-ah2 iv4 #c1 #ab4 ,x is pla9 f ,x5ophon 7,mem4 i4 #a1 #c7 t _m p]sons 7 (f5d$ ) ,sokrates because !y believ$1--or at lea/ because he affirm$--t he receiv$ m num]\s & special revelations f ! ,gods ?an any "o else4 ,side-note3 ,condition ( ! inspir$ p]son--8 reason is = ! "t )drawn4 ,"h1 z well z else:]e1 ,plato places inspiration1 bo? ( ! prophet & ! poet1 9 m>k$ contra/ ) reason & intellig5ce4 ,reason is suppos$ to be = ! "t )drawn or aboli%$1 & inspiration is introduc$ by ! ,gods into its place4 ,:5 ,mon>* ,reason sleeps1 ?is mimic wakes4 ,! p]son inspir$ 7prophet or poet7 becomes = ! "t ! organ ( an extrane\s ag5cy1 speak+ :at he nei!r orig9ates nor und]/&s4 ,! g5u9e gift ( prophecy#bd 7,plato says7 atta*es only to a disabl$1 enfeebl$1 di/emp]$1 condition ( ! intellig5ce2 ! gift ( poetry is conf]r$ by ! ,gods ^u ! mo/ inf]ior m51 z we see by ! case ( ,tynni*us--^: sublime pan %[s u1 t x is ! ,gods alone :o utt] f9e poetry ?r\gh ! organs ( a p]son himself ?or\ghly incompet5t4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,timu1 #ga ,e4 ,greek3 i7kanon de smeion 7s mantikn a7phrosu_/n !os a7n?rpi_/n de_/dk52 ou7deis gar e7_/nn\s e7pha_/ptetai mantiks e7n!_/ou kai a7l?\s1 a7ll' 7 ka?' u7_/pnon tn ts phron_/ses p$!is du_/nam91 7 dia no_/son 7_/ t9a e7n?\siasmon p>alla_/xas4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,m5on1 pp4 #ii-ajj4 ,greek3 oi7 *rsmdoi_/ te kai oi7 !oma_/nteis 4 4 4 4 le_/g\si men a7l? kai polla i7_/sasi de ou7den 7n le_/g\si4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,legg4 iv4 #gai4 ,side-note3 ,ion does n admit himself to be inspir$ & out ( 8 m9d4 ,x is ?us t ,plato1 sett+ be=e himself a process ( sy/ematis$ reason1--orig9at+ 9 a sup]ior intellect1 lay+ d[n univ]sal pr9ciples & d$uc+ consequ5ces f !m--capable ( be+ consi/5tly appli$1 design$ly taught1 & def5d$ aga9/ objections--enum]ates ! v>i\s m5tal conditions oppos$ to x1 & ranks inspiration z "o ( !m4 ,9 ?is dialogue1 ,sokrates seeks to prove t ! success ( ,ion z a rhapsode dep5ds ^u 8 be+ out ( 8 m9d or inspir$4 ,b ,ion does n accept ! complim5t3 ,ion4--,y speak well1 ,sokrates2 b ,i %\ld be surpris$ if y spoke well en\gh to create 9 me ! new conviction1 t ,i am possess$ & mad :5 ,i eulogize ,hom]4 ,i d n ?9k t y w\ld ev5 y\rself say s1 if y he>d me disc\rse on ! subject4#be ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ecf ,e4 ,side-note3 ,hom] talks ^u all subjects--,is ,ion compet5t to expla9 :at ,hom] says ^u all ( !m8 ,rhapsodic art4 ,:at is its prov9ce8 ,sokr4--,b ,hom] talks ^u all subjects4 ,^u :i* ( !m c y disc\rse8 ,ion4--,^u all4 ,sokr4--,n surely on su* z belong to special arts1 pr(essions4 ,ea* portion ( ! matt] ( k is includ$ "u "s special art1 & is kn[n ?r\gh t art by ^? :o possess x4 ,?us1 y & ,i1 bo? ( u1 "k ! numb] ( our f+]s2 we "k x ?r\gh ! same art1 :i* bo? ( u possess--! ari?metical4 ,b ,hom] talks ( matt]s belong+ to _m diff]5t arts or occupations1 t ( ! physician1 ! *>iote]1 ! fi%]man1 c4 ,y _c "k ^!2 s9ce y d n belong to any ( ^! pr(essions1 b are a rhapsode4 ,describe to me :at are ! matt]s includ$ 9 ! rhapsodic art4 ,! rhapsodic art is "o art by itself1 di/9ct f ! m$ical & o!rs3 x _c "k e ?+2 tell me :at matt]s come "u its special prov9ce4#bf ,ion4--,! rhapsodic art does n "k :at belongs to any "o ( ! o!r special arts3 b t ( :i* x takes cognizance1 & t :i* ,i "k1 is1 :at is becom+ & suitable to ea* v>iety ( "* describ$ by ,hom]3 to a man or woman--to a freeman or slave--to ! comm&] :o gives ord]s or to ! subord9ate :o obeys !m1 c4 ,?is is :at belongs to ! peculi> prov9ce ( ! rhapsode to appreciate & und]/&4#bg ,sokr4--,w ! rhapsode "k :at is suitable = ! comm&] ( a %ip to say to 8 seam51 dur+ a dang]\s /orm1 bett] ?an ! pilot8 ,w ! rhapsode "k :at is suitable = "o :o gives directions ab\t ! treatm5t ( a sick man1 bett] ?an ! physician8 ,w ! rhapsode "k :at is suitable to be said by ! h]dsman :5 ! cattle are savage & di/ract$1 or to ! female slaves :5 busy 9 sp9n+8 ,ion4--,no3 ! rhapsode w n "k ^! ?+s s well z ! pilot1 ! physician1 ! grazi]1 ! mi/ress1 c4#bh ,sokr4--,w ! rhapsode "k :at is suitable = ! milit>y comm&] to say1 :5 he is exhort+ 8 soldi]s8 ,ion4--,yes3 ! rhapsode w "k ?is well3 at lea/ ,i "k x well4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #ech-eci4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #edj ,a4 ,greek3 a7 t r7apsd pros_/kei kai skopei/hai kai diakri_/ne9 p>a t\s a7_/ll\s a7n?r_/p\s1 #eci ,e4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #edj ,b-,c4 ,side-note3 ,! ,rhapsode does n "k special matt]s1 su* z ! craft ( ! pilot1 physician1 f>m]1 c41 b he kn[s ! bus9ess ( ! g5]al1 & is compet5t to comm& soldi]s1 hav+ le>nt x f ,hom]4 ,sokr4--,p]haps1 ,ion1 y are n m]ely a rhapsode1 b possess also ! compet5ce = be+ a g5]al4 ,if y "k matt]s belong+ to milit>y comm&1 d y "k !m 9 y\r capacity ( g5]al1 or 9 y\r capacity ( rhapsode8 ,ion4--,i ?9k !re is no diff]5ce4 ,sokr4--,h[ say y8 ,d y affirm t ! rhapsodic art1 & ! /rategic art1 are "o8 ,ion4--,i ?9k !y are "o4 ,sokr4--,!n :osoev] is a good rhapsode1 is also a good g5]al8 ,ion4--,unque/ionably4 ,sokr4--,& ( c\rse1 :oev] is a good g5]al1 is also a good rhapsode8 ,ion4--,no3 ,i d n ?9k t4 ,sokr4--,b y d ma9ta91 t :osoev] is a good rhapsode1 is also a good g5]al8 ,ion4--,decid$ly4 ,sokr4--,y are y\rself ! be/ rhapsode 9 ,greece8 ,ion4--,by f>4 ,sokr4--,are y !n also ! be/ g5]al 9 ,greece8 ,ion4--,c]ta9ly ,i am1 ,sokrates3 & t too1 by hav+ le>nt x f ,hom]4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #edj ,d--#eda ,b4 ,aft] putt+ a "q or two1 n v =cible1 to ask h[ x happ5s t ,ion1 be+ an excell5t g5]al1 does n obta9 a milit>y appo9tm5t f ,a!ns1 ,sp>ta1 or "s o!r city1 ,sokrates w9ds up ! dialogue z foll[s3-- ,side-note3 ,conclusion4 ,ion exp\nds ,hom]1 n ) any k ( :at he says1 b by div9e inspiration4 ,well1 ,ion1 if x be really true t y possess a rational & intellig5t compet5ce to illu/rate ! beauties ( ,hom]1 y wrong & deceive me1 because aft] promis+ to deliv] to me a f9e disc\rse ab\t ,hom]1 y w n ev5 comply ) my prelim9>y entreaty--t y w fir/ tell me :at ^? matt]s are1 on :i* y\r sup]iority be>s4 ,y twi/ e way l ,proteus1 until at la/ y slip ?r\gh my f+]s & appe> z a g5]al4 ,if y\r p[]s ( exp\nd+ ,hom] dep5d on art & intellig5ce1 y are a wrong-do] & deceiv]1 = n fulfill+9999 y\r promise to me4 ,b y are n *>geable ) wrong1 if ! fact be z ,i say2 t is1 if y "k no?+ ab\t ,hom]1 b are only able to disc\rse ^u him f9ely & abundantly1 ?r\gh a div9e inspiration ) :i* y are possess$ by him4 ,*oose :e!r y wi% me to reg>d y z a promise-break]1 or z a div9e man4 ,ion4--,i *oose ! la/3 x is mu* bett] to be reg>d$ z a div9e man4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,ion1 #eda ,e--#edb ,a4 ,greek3 ei7 men a7l?_/ le_/geis1 7s te_/*n kai e7pi/_/m oi7o_/s te ei7 ,o7_/mr\ e7pa9ein1 a7dikeis 4 4 4 ei7 de m te*nikos ei71 a7lla !i_/a moi_/ra kate*o_/m5os e7x ,o7m_/r\ mden ei7ds polla kai kala le_/geis p]i t\ poit\1 7_/sp] e7g ei7pon p]i s\1 ou7den a7dikeis2 e7l\ ou7n1 po_/t]a b\_/lei nomi_/ze/hai u7ph' 7mn a7_/dikos a7nr ei7nai 7 !ios4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,! g5]als 9 ,greece usually possess$ no pr(essional exp]i5ce--,hom] & ! poets 7 talk$ ( z ! great tea*]s--,plato's view ( ! poet1 z pret5d+ to "k ev]y?+1 b really kn[+ no?+4 ,x seems /range to read su* language put into ,ion's m\? 7we are n w>rant$ 9 reg>d+ x z :at any rhapsode ev] did say71 z ! affirmation--t e good rhapsode 0 also a good g5]al1 & t he _h become ! be/ ( g5]als simply ?r\gh complete acqua9tance ) ,hom]4 ,b ?is is only a c>icature ( a s5tim5t l>gely preval5t at ,a!ns1 accord+ to :i* ! works ( ! poets1 especially ! ,hom]ic poems1 7 suppos$ to be a m9e ( v>i$ in/ruction1 & 7 taught z su* to y\?4#ca ,9 ,greece1 ! g5]al 0 n (t5 requir$ 7except at ,sp>ta1 & n always ev5 !re7 to possess pr(essional exp]i5ce4#cb ,sokrates1 9 "o ( ! ,x5ophontic conv]sations1 tries to p]suade ,nikoma*ides1 a practis$ soldi] 7:o _h fail$ 9 gett+ himself elect$ g5]al1 because a successful ,*orgus _h be5 pref]r$ to him71 h[ mu* ! qualities ( an effective ,*orgus co9cid$ ) ^? ( an effective g5]al4#cc ,! poet ,sophokles 0 nam$ by ! ,a!nians "o ( ! g5]als ( ! v important armam5t = reconqu]+ ,samos3 ?\gh ,p]ikles1 "o ( 8 colleagues1 z well z 8 contempor>y decl>$ t he 0 an excell5t poet1 b knew no?+ ( g5]al%ip4#cd ,plato frequ5tly seeks to make x evid5t h[ little ! qualities requir$ = gov]n+ numb]s1 ei!r civil or milit>y1 7 made matt] ( pr(essional /udy or special tea*+4 ,! picture ( ,hom] convey$ 9 ! t5? book ( ! ,platonic ,republic is1 t ( a man :o pret5ds to "k ev]y?+1 b really kn[s no?+3 an imitative arti/1 remov$ by two /ages f tru? & reality1--:o gives ! %ad[s ( %ad[s1 resembl+ only en\gh to satisfy an ignorant cr[d4 ,?is is ! picture !re pres5t$ ( poets g5]ally1 & ( ,hom] z ! be/ among !m4 ,! rhapsode ,ion is "h br\ght "u ! same category z ! poet ,hom]1 :om he has by he>t & recites4 ,! :ole field ( k is assum$ to be di/ribut$ among v>i\s specialties1 n "o ( :i* ei!r ( ! two c claim4 ,accord+ly1 bo? ( !m "u ! mask ( univ]sal k1 conceal ! reality ( univ]sal ignorance4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ari/ophan4 ,ran1 #ajcb4 ,greek3 ,o7rpheus men gar teleta_/s ?' 7min kate_/deixe pho_/nn t' a7pe_/*e/hai ,m\saios d' e7xake_/seis te no_/sn kai *rsm\_/s1 7si_/odos de ,gs e7rgasi_/z1 k>pn 7_/ras1 a7ro_/t\s2 o7 de !ios ,o7_/mros ,a7po t\ timn kai kle_/os e7_/s*e91 pln t\d'1 o7_/ti *r_//' e7di_/daxe4 ,ta_/xeis1 a7reta_/s1 o7pli_/seis a7ndrn8 4 4 4 4 ,a7ll' a7_/ll\s toi poll\s a7ga?\s 7e7di_/dax571 7n 7n kai ,la_/ma*os 7_/rs4 ,see ^! views combat$ by ,plato1 ,republ4 x4 #eii-fjj-fjf ,e4 ,! exagg]at$ pret5sion "h ascrib$ to ,ion makes him look contemptible--l ! s5tim5t ascrib$ to him1 #ece ,e1 ,if ,i make ! auditors weep1 ,i myself %all laugh & pocket money1 c4 ,footnote #cb3 ,x5oph4 ,memor4 iii4 #e1 #ba1 9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ! y\ng] ,p]ikles & ,sokrates--,greek3 tn de /ratgn oi7 plei/oi au7tos*$ia_/z\s94 ,also iii4 #e1 #bd4 ,comp>e1 respect+ ! g5]als1 ! /rik+ l9es ( ,euripides1 ,&rom4 #fih1 & ! encomium ( ,cic]o 7,academ4 ,prior4 #b1 #a7 respect+ ! quickness & facility ) :i* ,lucullus made himself an excell5t g5]al4 ,footnote #cc3 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #d1 especially iii4 #d1 #f1 :]e ,nikoma*ides asks ) surprise1 ,greek3 le_/geis su_/1 7 ,s_/krates1 7s t\ au7t\ a7ndro_/s e7/i *orgein te kals kai /ratgein8 ,footnote #cd3 ,see ! v curi\s extract f ! contempor>y ,ion ( ,*ios1 9 ,a!nu1 xiii4 #fjd4 ,ari/ophanes ( ,byzantium says t ! appo9tm5t ( ,sophokles to ?is milit>y function arose f ! extra-ord9>y popul>ity ( 8 trag$y ,antigon1 exhibit$ a little "t be=e4 ,see ,boeckh's valuable ',diss]tation on ! ,antigon1' app5d$ to 8 edition !re(1 pp4 #aba-abd4 ,side-note3 ,k1 oppos$ to div9e inspiration )\t k4 ,ion is will+ en\gh 7z he promises7 to exhibit be=e ,sokrates "o ( 8 eloqu5t disc\rses ^u ,hom]4 ,b ,sokrates nev] p]mits him to arrive at x3 arre/+ him always by prelim9>y que/ions1 & requir+ him to furni% an intelligible description ( ! matt] :i* 8 disc\rse is int5d$ to embrace1 & ?us to di/+ui% x f o!r matt]s left unt\*$4 ,a man :o _c comply ) ?is requisition1--:o _c 7to repeat :at ,i said 9 a previ\s *apt]7 /& a ,sokratic cross-exam9ation on ! subject--possesses no rational intellig5ce ( 8 own proce$+s3 no art1 sci5ce1 k1 sy/em1 or me?od4 ,if z a practition] he executes well :at he promises 7:i* is (t5 ! case71 & atta9s success--he does s ei!r by bl9d imitation ( "s ma/]1 or else "u ! /imulus & guidance ( "s ag5cy =eign to himself--( ! ,gods or ,=tune4 ,?is is ! ,platonic po9t ( view2 develop$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways & diff]5t dialogues1 b h>dly any:]e m conspicu\sly ?an 9 ! ,ion4 ,side-note3 ,illu/ration ( ,plato's op9ion respect+ ! uselessness ( writt5 geometrical treatises4 ,i h obs]v$ t 9 ?is dialogue1 ,ion is anxi\s to emb>k on 8 eloqu5t expository disc\rse1 b ,sokrates w n all[ him to beg93 requir+ z a prelim9>y /age t c]ta9 prelim9>y difficulties %all fir/ be cle>$ up4 ,"h we h an illu/ration ( ,plato's doctr9e1 to :i* ,i adv]t$ 9 a =m] *apt]1#ce--t no writt5 geometrical treatise c\ld imp>t a k ( geometry to "o ignorant !re(4 ,! geometrical writ] beg9s by lay+ d[n a /r+ ( def9itions & axioms2 & !n /rikes out boldly 9 demon/rat+ 8 !orems4 ,b ,plato w\ld refuse him ! lib]ty ( /rik+ out1 until he %\ld h cle>$ up ! prelim9>y difficulties ab\t ! def9itions & axioms !mselves4 ,?is ! geometrical treatise does n ev5 attempt4#cf ,footnote #ce3 ,*ap4 viii4 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #cf3 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,republic1 vi4 #eaj ,c2 vii4 #ech ,c-,d4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,la*es4 ,! ma9 sub/ance ( ?is dialogue consi/s ( a discussion1 c>ri$ on by ,sokrates ) ,nikias & ,la*s1 respect+ ,c\rage4 ,ea* ( ! two latt] proposes an explanation ( ,c\rage3 ,sokrats criticises bo? ( !m1 & r$uces ea* to a confess$ contradiction4 ,side-note3 ,la*s4 ,subject & p]sons ( ! dialogue1 ,:e!r x is useful t two "y m5 %\ld receive lessons f a ma/] ( arms4 ,nikias & ,la*s diff] 9 op9ion4 ,! discussion is invit$1 or at lea/ dramatically introduc$1 by two eld]ly m5--,lysima*us1 son ( ,ari/eides ! ,j1--& ,melsias1 son ( ,?ucydides ! rival ( ,p]ikles4 ,lysima*us & ,melsias1 confess+ ) %ame t !y are inf]ior to _! fa!rs1 because _! education has be5 neglect$1 wi% to gu>d aga9/ ! same mis=tune 9 ! case ( _! own sons3 respect+ ! education ( :om1 !y ask ! advice ( ,nikias & ,la*s4 ,! "q turns especially ^u ! propriety ( caus+ _! sons to receive lessons f a ma/] ( arms j !n 9 vogue4 ,nikias & ,la*s1 bo? ( !m n m]ely di/+ui%$ citiz5s b also comm&]s ( ,a!nian armies1 are assum$ to be well qualifi$ to give advice4 ,accord+ly !y deliv] _! op9ions3 ,nikias approv+ su* lessons z b5eficial1 9 exalt+ ! c\rage ( a "y man1 & r5d]+ him effective on ! field ( battle3 :ile ,la*s takes an opposite view1 disp>ages ! ma/]s ( arms z be+ no soldi]s1 & adds t !y are despis$ by ! ,lac$monians1 to ^: au?ority on milit>y matt]s g5]al def]5ce 0 paid 9 ,greece4#a ,sokrats1--comm5d$ greatly by ,nikias = 8 acut5ess & sagacity1 by ,la*s = 8 c\rage 9 ! battle ( ,delium1--is invit$ to take "p 9 ! consultation4 ,be+ y\ng] ?an bo?1 he waits till !y h deliv]$ _! op9ions1 & is !n call$ ^u to decl>e ) :i* ( ! two 8 own judgm5t w concur4#b ,footnote #a3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahb-ahc4 ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahd ,d4 ,nikias is made to say t ,sokrates has rec5tly recomm5d$ to him ,damon1 z a tea*] ( ,greek3 m\sik to 8 sons1 & t ,damon _h prov$ an admirable tea*] z well z companion 7#ahj ,d74 ,damon is m5tion$ by ,plato g5]ally ) mu* eulogy4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates is invit$ to decl>e 8 op9ion4 ,he replies t ! po9t _c be decid$ )\t a compet5t pr(essional judge4 ,sokr4--,! "q mu/ n be det]m9$ by a plurality ( votes1 b by sup]iority ( k4#c ,if we 7 debat+ ab\t ! prop] gymna/ic discipl9e = ^! "y m51 we %\ld consult a kn[n arti/ or pr(essional tra9]1 or at lea/ "s "o :o _h gone ?r\gh a c\rse ( tea*+ & practice "u ! tra9]4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be enquir$ !re=e is1 :e!r1 9 ref]5ce to ! po9t n[ "u discussion1 !re be any "o ( u pr(essionally or te*nically compet5t1 :o has /udi$ "u good ma/]s1 & has prov$ 8 own compet5ce z a ma/] by produc+ well-tra9$ pupils4 ,! next ?+ is1 to und]/& cle>ly :at x is1 ) ref]5ce to :i* su* compet5ce is requir$4#d ,nikias4--,surely ! po9t be=e u is1 :e!r x be wise to put ^! "y m5 "u ! lessons ( ! ma/] ( arms8 ,t is :at we want to "k4 ,sokr4--,d\btless x is3 b t is only "o p>ticul> bran* ( a wid] & m compreh5sive enquiry4 ,:5 y are consid]+ :e!r a p>ticul> o9tm5t is good = y\r eyes1 x is y\r eyes1 & _! g5]al b5efit1 :i* =m ! subject ( inve/igation--n ! o9tm5t simply4 ,! p]son to assi/ y w be1 he :o und]/&s pr(essionally ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! eyes4 ,s 9 ?is case1 y are enquir+ :e!r lessons 9 arms w be improv+ = ! m9ds & "* ( y\r sons4 ,look out !re=e = "s "o :o is pr(essionally compet5t1 f hav+ /udi$ "u good ma/]s1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al treatm5t ( ! m9d4#e ,la*s4--,b !re are v>i\s p]sons :o1 )\t ev] hav+ /udi$ "u ma/]s1 possess great] te*nical compet5ce ?an o!rs :o h s /udi$4 ,sokr4--,!re are su* p]sons3 b y w nev] believe x ^u _! own assurance1 unless !y c %[ y "s good special "w actually p]=m$ by !mselves4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahd ,e4 ,greek3 e7pi/_/m dei kri_/ne/hai a7ll' ou7 pl_/!i to me_/llon kals kri?_/se/hai4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahe ,c4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahe ,e4 ,greek3 ei7_/ tis 7mn te*nikos p]i psu*s !rapei_/an1 kai oi7o_/s te kals t\to !rapeusai1 kai o7_/t dida_/skaloi a7ga?oi gego_/nasi1 t\to skepte_/on4 ,side-note3 ,^? :o deliv] an op9ion mu/ beg9 by prov+ _! compet5ce to judge--,sokrates av[s 8 own incompet5ce4 ,sokr4--,n[ !n1 ,lysima*us1 s9ce y h invit$ ,la*s & ,nikias1 z well z me1 to advise y on ! means ( mo/ effectively improv+ ! m9d ( y\r son1 x is = u to %[ y t we possess compet5t pr(essional skill respect+ ! treatm5t ( ! y\?ful m9d4 ,we mu/ decl>e to y :o are ! ma/]s f :om we h le>nt1 & we mu/ prove _! qualifications4 ,or if we h _h no ma/]s1 we mu/ demon/rate to y our own compet5ce by cit+ cases ( individuals1 :om we h successfully tra9$1 & :o h become inconte/ably good "u our c>e4 ,if we c fulfil nei!r ( ^! two conditions1 we ought to confess our incompet5ce & decl9e advis+ y4 ,we mu/ n beg9 to try our h&s ^u s preci\s a subject z ! son ( a fri5d1 at ! haz>d ( do+ him m h>m ?an good4#f ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahf ,b4 ,z to myself1 ,i frankly confess t ,i h nei!r _h any ma/] to imp>t to me su* compet5ce1 nor h ,i be5 able to acquire x by my own ef=ts4 ,i am n ri* en\gh to pay ! ,sophi/s1 :o pr(ess to tea* x4 ,b z to ,nikias & ,la*s1 !y are bo? old] & ri*] ?an ,i am3 s t !y may well h le>nt x f o!rs1 or acquir$ x = !mselves4 ,!y mu/ be ?or\ghly satisfi$ ( _! own k on ! "w ( education2 o!rwise !y w\ld h>dly h giv5 su* confid5t op9ions1 pron\nc+ :at pursuits are good or bad = y\?4 ,= my "p1 ,i tru/ !m implicitly3 ! only ?+ :i* surprises me1 is1 t !y diss5t f ea* o!r4#g ,x is = y !re=e1 ,lysima*us1 to ask ,nikias & ,la*s1--,:o h be5 _! ma/]s8 ,:o h be5 _! fell[-pupils8 ,if !y h be5 _! own ma/]s1 :at pro( c !y produce ( previ\s success 9 tea*+1 & :at examples c !y cite ( pupils :om !y h conv]t$ f bad to good8#h ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahf ,c-,d4 ,greek3 dok\si d_/ moi dunatoi ei7nai paideusai a7_/n?rpon2 ou7 gar a7n pote a7des a7pephai_/nonto p]i e7pitdeuma_/tn ne_/ *r/n te kai ponrn1 ei7 m au7tois e7pi_//euon i7kans ei7de_/nai4 ta men ou7n a7_/lla1 e7_/gge t\_/tois pi/eu_/1 o7_/ti de diaphe_/re/hon a7ll_/lo91 e7?au_/masa4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahf-ahg4 ,side-note3 ,nikias & ,la*s submit to be cross-exam9$ by ,sokrates4 ,nikias4--,i knew f ! beg9n+ t we %\ld bo? ( u fall "u ! cross-exam9ation ( ,sokrates1 & be compell$ to give acc\nt ( our pa/ lives4 ,= my "p1 ,i h already gone ?r\gh ?is scrut9y be=e1 & am n av]se to und]go x aga94 ,la*s4--,& ,i1 ?\gh ,i h nev] exp]i5c$ x be=e1 %all will+ly submit to le>n f ,sokrates1 :om ,i "k to be a man ?or\ghly c\rage\s & hone/ 9 8 actions4 ,i hate m5 ^: lives are inconsi/5t ) _! talk4#i--,?us speak bo? ( !m4 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahh4 ,ego odi hom9es ignav op] et philosophi s5t5ti1 is a l9e cit$ by ,cic]o out ( "o ( ! ,lat9 comic writ]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,bo? ( !m give op9ions (fh&1 accord+ to _! feel+s on ! special case--,sokrates requires t ! "q %all be g5]alis$1 & exam9$ z a bran* ( education4 ,?is portion ( ! dialogue1 :i* =ms a sort ( preamble to ! ma9 discussion1 br+s out =cibly "s ( ! ,platonic po9ts ( view4 ,we h se5 x laid d[n 9 ! ,kriton--,t 9 que/ions ab\t "r & wrong1 good & evil1 c41 we ought n to tru/ ! decision ( ! ,_m1 b only t ( ! ,"o ,wise ,man4 ,"h we le>n some?+ ab\t ! crit]ia by :i* ?is ,"o man may be kn[n4 ,he mu/ be "o :o has gone ?r\gh a regul> tra9+ "u "s ma/] approv$ 9 e?ical or educational tea*+3 or1 if he _c produce su* a c]tificate1 he mu/ at lea/ cite suffici5t examples ( m5 :om he has taught well himself4 ,?is is ! ,sokratic comp>ison1 assimilat+ ! g5]al art ( liv+ well to ! requirem5ts ( a special pr(ession1 :i* a man mu/ le>n ?r\gh express tea*+1 f a ma/] :o has prov$ 8 ability1 & ?r\gh consci\s application ( 8 own4 ,nikias & ,la*s give _! op9ions (fh& & confid5tly1 ^u ! "q :e!r lessons f ! ma/] ( arms be pr(itable to y\? or n4 ,plato1 on ! contr>y1 speak+ ?r\gh ,sokrates1 po9ts out t ?is is only "o bran* ( ! m compreh5sive "q z to education g5]ally--,:at are ! qualities & habits prop] to be imp>t$ to y\? by tra9+8 ,:at is ! prop] treatm5t ( ! m9d8 ,no "o is compet5t to decide ! special "q1 except he :o has pr(essionally /udi$ ! treatm5t ( ! m9d4 ,to deal ) ! special "q1 )\t su* prelim9>y g5]al prep>ation1 involves ra% & unv]ifi$ assumptions1 :i* r5d] any op9ion s giv5 dang]\s to act ^u4 ,su* is ! judgm5t ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 insi/+ on ! necessity ( tak+ up e?ical que/ions 9 _! mo/ compreh5sive aspect4 ,side-note3 ,appeal ( ,sokrates to ! judgm5t ( ! ,"o ,wise ,man--?is man is nev] se5 or id5tifi$4 ,consequ5t ^u ?is preamble1 we %\ld expect t ,la*s & ,nikias w\ld be made to cite ! names ( ^? :o _h be5 _! ma/]s2 or to produce "s examples ( p]sons effectively taught by !mselves4 ,?is w\ld br+ u a /ep ne>] to t ,"o ,wise ,man--(t5 d>kly indicat$1 b n[h]e nam$ or br\ght into daylight--f :om alone we c receive a tru/wor?y judgm5t4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! ,kriton & s _m o!r ,platonic dialogues1 we get only a ,pisgah view ( our promis$ advis]--no?+ m4 ,! discussion takes a diff]5t turn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,we mu/ "k :at virtue is1 be=e we give an op9ion on education4 ,virtue1 z a :ole1 is too l>ge a "q4 ,we w enquire ab\t "o bran* ( virtue--c\rage4 ,sokr4--,we w pursue a l9e ( enquiry :i* conducts to ! same result2 & :i* />ts ev5 m decid$ly f ! beg9n+4#aj ,we are call$ ^u to advise by :at means virtue c be imp>t$ to ^! y\?s1 s z to make !m bett] m54 ,( c\rse1 ?is implies t we "k :at virtue is3 o!rwise h[ c we give advice z to ! means ( acquir+ x8 ,la*s4--,we c\ld give no advice at all4 ,sokr4--,we affirm ourselves !re=e to "k :at virtue is8 ,la*s4--,we d4 ,sokr4--,s9ce !re=e we "k1 we c f>!r decl>e :at x is4#aa ,la*s4--,( c\rse we c4 ,sokr4--,/ill1 we w n at once enquire z to ! :ole ( virtue1 :i* might be an ardu\s task1 b z to a "p ( x--,c\rage3 t "p to :i* ! lessons ( ! ma/] ( arms are suppos$ to t5d4 ,we w fir/ enquire :at c\rage is3 aft] t has be5 det]m9$1 we w !n consid] h[ x c be/ be imp>t$ to ^! y\?s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #ahi ,e4 ,greek3 kai 7 toia_/de ske_/psis ei7s tau7ton phe_/rei1 s*$on de_/ ti kai mallon e7x a7r*s ei7_/ a7n4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aij ,c4 ,greek3 phamen a7_/ra1 7 ,la_/*s1 ei7de_/nai au7to 7tn a7retn7 o7_/1 ti e7_//i4 ,phamen me_/ntoi4 ,ou7k\n o7_/ ge i7_/sm51 ka7n ei7_/poim5 d_/p\1 ti_/ e7_//i4 ,ps gar ou7_/8 ,try !n if y c tell me1 ,la*s1 :at c\rage is4 ,la*s4--,!re is no difficulty 9 tell+ y t4 ,:oev] keeps 8 place 9 ! rank1 repels ! enemy1 & does n run away1 is a c\rage\s man4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aij ,d-,e4 ,side-note3 ,"q--:at is c\rage8 ,la*s answ]s by cit+ "o p>ticul>ly manife/ case ( c\rage4 ,mi/ake ( n giv+ a g5]al explanation4 ,"h is ! same error 9 reply+1 z 0 committ$ by ,eu?yphron :5 ask$1 ,:at is ! ,holy8 & by ,hippias1 ab\t ! ,beautiful4 ,"o p>ticul> case ( c\rage\s behavi\r1 among _m1 is indicat$1 z if x 7 an explanation ( ! :ole3 b ! g5]al feature common to all acts ( c\rage is n decl>$4 ,sokrates po9ts out t m5 are c\rage\s1 n m]ely among hoplites :o keep _! rank & fight1 b also among ! ,scy?ian horsem5 :o fight :ile runn+ away2 o!rs also are c\rage\s aga9/ disease1 pov]ty1 political adv]sity1 pa9 & fe> ( e sort2 o!rs moreov]1 aga9/ desires & pleasures4 ,:at is ! common attribute :i* 9 all ^! cases con/itutes ,c\rage8 ,if y ask$ me :at is quickness--common to all ^? cases :5 a man runs1 speaks1 plays1 le>ns1 c41 quickly--,i %\ld tell y t x 0 t :i* accompli%$ mu* 9 a little "t4 ,tell me 9 l mann]1 :at is ! common fact or attribute p]vad+ all cases ( c\rage8 ,la*s at fir/ does n und]/& ! "q3#ac & ,sokrates elucidates x by giv+ ! p>allel explanation ( quickness4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ,plato takes great pa9s to impress ! conception 9 its full g5]ality1 & he seems to h f\nd difficulty 9 mak+ o!rs foll[ him4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aia-aib4 ,greek3 pa_/l9 ou7n peir ei7pein a7ndrei_/an prton1 ti_/ o7n e7n pasi t\_/tois tau7to_/n e7/94 7 ou7_/p kataman?a_/neis o7 le_/g8 ,la*s4 ,greek3 ,ou7 pa_/nu ti4 4 4 4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 peir d tn a7ndrei_/an ou7_/ts ei7pe91 ti_/s ou7sa du_/namis 7 au7t e7n 7don kai e7n lu_/p kai e7n a7_/pas9 oi7s nun d e7le_/gom5 au7tn ei7nai1 e7_/peit' a7ndrei_/a ke_/kltai4 ,side-note3 ,second answ]4 ,c\rage is a sort ( endurance ( ! m9d4 ,sokrates po9ts out t ! answ] is vague & incorrect4 ,endurance is n always c\rage3 ev5 intellig5t endurance is n always c\rage4 ,la*s !n gives a g5]al def9ition ( c\rage4 ,x is a sort ( endurance ( ! m9d4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aib ,b4 ,greek3 k>t]i_/a tis ts psu*s4 ,surely n all endurance 7rejo9s ,sokrates78 ,y admit t c\rage is a f9e & hon\rable ?+4 ,b endurance )\t intellig5ce is hurtful & di%on\rable3 x _c !re=e be c\rage4 ,only intellig5t endurance1 !re=e1 c be c\rage4 ,& !n :at is meant by intellig5t8 ,intellig5t--( :at--or to :at end8 ,a man1 :o endures ! loss ( money1 und]/&+ well t he w !reby ga9 a l>g] sum1 is he c\rage\s8 ,no4 ,he :o endures fight+1 kn[+ t he has sup]ior skill1 numb]s1 & all o!r advantages on 8 side1 manife/s m ( intellig5t endurance1 ?an 8 adv]s>y :o kn[s t he has all ^! advantages aga9/ him1 yet :o nev]!less endures fight+4 ,nev]!less ?is latt] is ! mo/ c\rage\s ( ! two4#ae ,un9tellig5t endurance is 9 ?is case c\rage3 b un9tellig5t endurance 0 ackn[l$g$ to be bad & hurtful1 & c\rage to be a f9e ?+4 ,we h entangl$ ourselves 9 a contradiction4 ,we mu/ at lea/ %[ our own c\rage1 by endur+ until we c get "r4 ,= my "p 7replies ,la*s7 ,i am q prep>$ = su* endurance4 ,i am piqu$ & angry t ,i _c express :at ,i conceive4 ,i seem to h 9 my m9d cle>ly :at c\rage is3 b x escapes me someh[ or o!r1 :5 ,i try to put x 9 words4#af ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aib ,d-,e4 ,greek3 7 phro_/nimos k>t]i_/a 4 4 4 i7_/dm5 d_/1 7 ei7s ti_/ phro_/nimos2 7 7 ei7s a7_/panta kai ta mega_/la kai ta smikra_/8 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aic ,c1 #aid ,b4 ,sokrates n[ asks aid f ,nikias4 ,nikias4--,my explanation ( c\rage is1 t x is a sort ( k or intellig5ce4 ,sokr4--,b :at sort ( intellig5ce8 ,n c]ta9ly intellig5ce ( pip+ or play+ ! h>p4 ,intellig5ce ( :at8 ,side-note3 ,confusion4 ,new answ] giv5 by ,nikias4 ,c\rage is a sort ( intellig5ce--! intellig5ce ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,objections ( ,la*s4 ,nikias4--,c\rage is intellig5ce ( ?+s t]rible1 & ?+s n t]rible1 bo? 9 w> & 9 all o!r conjunctures4 ,la*s4--,:at nons5se6 ,c\rage is a ?+ totally ap>t f k or intellig5ce4#ag ,! intellig5t physician kn[s be/ :at is t]rible1 & :at is n t]rible1 9 ref]5ce to disease3 ! husb&man1 9 ref]5ce to agriculture4 ,b !y are n = t reason c\rage\s4 ,nikias4--,!y are n2 b nei!r d !y "k :at is t]rible1 or :at is n t]rible4 ,physicians c pr$ict ! result ( a pati5t's case3 !y c tell :at may cure him1 or :at w kill him4 ,b :e!r x be bett] = him to die or to recov]--t !y d n "k1 & _c tell him4 ,to "s p]sons1 dea? is a less evil ?an life3--defeat1 ?an victory3--loss ( weal?1 ?an ga94 ,none except ! p]son :o c discrim9ate ^! cases1 kn[s :at is really t]rible & :at is n s4 ,he alone is really c\rage\s4#ah ,la*s4--,:]e is !re any su* man8 ,x c be only "s ,god4 ,nikias feels himself 9 a puzzle1 & in/ead ( confess+ x frankly z ,i h done1 he is try+ to help himself out by evasions m fit = a plead] be=e ! ,dika/]y4#ai ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aie ,a4 ,greek3 tn tn de9n kai ?>7r7ale_/n e7pi/_/mn kai e7n pole_/m kai e7n tois a7_/llois a7_/pas94 ,la*s4--,greek3 7s a7_/topa le_/gei6--*ris d_/ p\ sophi_/a e7/in a7ndrei_/z4 ,x appe>s f two o!r passages 7#aie ,e1 & #aih ,b7 t ,greek3 ?>7r7a_/leos "h is simply ! negation ( ,greek3 de9os & _c be translat$ by any affirmative ^w4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aie-aif4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aif ,b4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates to ,nikias4 ,x is only future ev5ts1 n pa/ or pres5t1 :i* are t]rible2 b intellig5ce ( future ev5ts _c be _h )\t intellig5ce ( pa/ or pres5t4 ,sokr4--,y d n admit1 !n1 ,nikias1 t lions1 tig]s1 bo>s1 c41 & su* animals1 are c\rage\s8 ,nikias4--,no3 !y are )\t fe>--simply f n kn[+ ! dang]--l *ildr53 b !y are n c\rage\s1 ?\gh mo/ p call !m s4 ,i may call !m bold1 b ,i res]ve ! epi!t c\rage\s = ! intellig5t4 ,la*s4--,see h[ ,nikias /rips ^?1 :om e "o admits to be c\rage\s1 ( ?is hon\rable appellation6 ,nikias4--,n altoge!r1 ,la*s3 ,i admit y1 & ,lama*us1 & _m o!r ,a!nians1 to be c\rage\s1 & ( c\rse !re=e intellig5t4 ,la*s4--,i feel ! complim5t3 b su* subtle di/9ctions befit a ,sophi/ r ?an a g5]al 9 high comm&4#bj ,sokr4--,! highe/ measure ( intellig5ce befits "o 9 ! highe/ comm&4 ,:at y h said1 ,nikias1 des]ves c>eful exam9ation4 ,y rememb] t 9 tak+ up ! inve/igation ( c\rage1 we reckon$ x only z a portion ( virtue3 y are aw>e t !re are o!r portions ( virtue1 su* z ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & ! l4 ,n[ y def9e c\rage to be1 intellig5ce ( :at is t]rible or n t]rible3 ( t :i* causes fe>1 or does n cause fe>4 ,b no?+ causes fe>1 except future or appreh5d$ evils3 pres5t or pa/ evils cause no fe>4 ,h5ce c\rage1 z y def9e x1 is intellig5ce respect+ future evils1 & future ev5ts n evil4 ,b h[ c !re be intellig5ce respect+ ! future1 except 9 conjunction ) intellig5ce respect+ ! pres5t & ! pa/8 ,9 e special dep>tm5t1 su* z m$ic9e1 milit>y proce$+s1 agriculture1 c41 does n ! same man1 :o kn[s ! ph5om5a ( ! future1 "k also ! ph5om5a ( pres5t & pa/8 ,are !y n all insep>able acquirem5ts ( "o & ! same intellig5t m9d8#ba ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aig4 ,greek3 ,kai gar pre_/pei1 7 ,s_/krates1 sophi/ ta toiauta mallon kompseu_/e/hai 7 a7ndri o7n 7 po_/lis a7xioi au7ts proi/a_/nai4 ,assur$ly ! di/9ctions :i* "h ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,nikias are n[ise m subtle ?an ^? :i* he is p]petually putt+ into ! m\? ( ,sokrates4 ,he _c "h mean to di/+ui% ! ,sophi/s f ,sokrates1 b to di/+ui% ! dialectic talk]s1 includ+ bo? "o & ! o!r1 f ! active political lead]s4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aih ,d4 ,greek3 p]i o7_/sn e7/in e7pi/_/m1 ou7k a7_/ll men ei7nai p]i gegono_/tos1 ei7de_/nai o7_/p ge_/gon51 a7_/ll de p]i gignome_/nn1 o7_/p gi_/gnetai1 a7_/ll de o7_/p a7n ka_/lli/a ge_/noito kai g5_/setai to m_/p gegono_/s--a7ll' 7 au7t_/4 oi7on p]i to u7gie9on ei7s a7_/pantas t\s *ro_/n\s ou7k a7_/ll tis 7 7 i7atrik_/1 mi_/a ou7sa1 e7phora kai gigno_/m5a kai gegono_/ta kai g5s_/m5a1 o7_/p g5_/setai4 #aii ,b4 ,greek3 7 de_/ g' au7t e7pi/_/m tn au7tn kai mello_/ntn kai pa_/nts e7*o_/ntn ei7nai 7molo_/gtai4 ,side-note3 ,c\rage !re=e mu/ be intellig5ce ( good & evil g5]ally4 ,b ?is def9ition w\ld include ! :ole ( virtue1 & we decl>$ t c\rage 0 only a "p !re(4 ,x w n hold !re=e z a def9ition ( c\rage4 ,s9ce !re=e c\rage1 accord+ to y\r def9ition1 is ! k ( futurities evil & n evil1 or future evil & good--& s9ce su* k _c exi/ )\t ! k ( good & evil g5]ally--x foll[s t c\rage is ! k ( good & evil g5]ally4#bb ,b a man :o kn[s ?us mu*1 _c be de/itute ( any "p ( virtue4 ,he mu/ possess temp]ance & ju/ice z well z c\rage4 ,c\rage1 !re=e1 accord+ to y\r def9ition1 is n only a "p ( virtue1 x is ! :ole4 ,n[ we began ! enquiry by /at+ t x 0 only a "p ( virtue1 & t !re 7 o!r p>ts ( virtue :i* x did n comprise4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t y\r def9ition ( c\rage is n precise1 & _c be su/a9$4 ,we h n yet discov]$ :at c\rage is4#bc ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aii ,c4 ,greek3 kata ton sn lo_/gon ou7 mo_/non de9n te kai ?>7r7ale_/n 7 e7pi/_/m a7ndrei_/a e7/i_/n1 a7lla s*$o_/n ti 7 p]i pa_/ntn a7ga?n te kai kakn kai pa_/nts e7*o_/ntn1 c4 ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aii ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k a7_/ra eu7r_/kam51 a7ndrei_/a o7_/1 ti e7_//94 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks4 ,w>f>e ( ,sokrates aga9/ ! false p]suasion ( k4 ,brave g5]als deliv] op9ions confid5tly ab\t c\rage )\t kn[+ :at x is4 ,"h ends ! dialogue call$ ,la*s1 )\t any positive result4 ,no?+ is prov$ except ! ignorance ( two brave & em95t g5]als respect+ ! moral attribute kn[n by ! "n ,c\rage3 :i* nev]!less !y are kn[n to possess1 & h ! full s5tim5t & p]suasion ( kn[+ p]fectly2 s t !y give confid5t advice z to ! means ( imp>t+ x4 ,i am unaccu/om$ to debates l ^! 7says ,la*s73 b ,i am piqu$ & mortifi$--because ,i feel t ,i "k well :at ,c\rage is1 yet someh[ or o!r ,i _c /ate my own ?\ghts 9 words4 ,"h is a description#bd ( ! intellectual defici5cy :i* ,sokrates seeks to r5d] conspicu\s to ! consci\sness1 in/ead ( suff]+ x to rema9 lat5t & unkn[n1 z x is 9 ! ord9>y m9d4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 he impugns ! false p]suasion ( k1 & ! unconsci\s presumption ( e/imable m5 9 deliv]+ op9ions ^u e?ical & social subjects1 :i* h become famili> & int]wov5 ) deeply root$ associations1 b h nev] be5 /udi$ "u a ma/]1 nor c>efully analys$ & discuss$1 nor look$ at 9 _! full g5]ality4 ,?is is a m5tal defect :i* he pron\nces to be univ]sal3 belong+ n less to m5 ( action l ,nikias & ,la*s1 ?an to ,sophi/s & ,rhetors l ,protagoras & ,gorgias4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aid4 ,greek3 ,kai_/toi a7_/?s g' ei7mi 7,la*s7 ,greek3 tn toi\_/tn lo_/gn2 a7lla_/ ti_/s me kai philoneiki_/a ei7_/lphe pros ta ei7rme_/na1 kai 7s a7l?s a7ganakt1 ei7 ou7tsi a7 no m oi7o_/s t' ei7mi ei7pein2 noein men gar e7_/moige dok p]i a7ndrei_/z o7_/1 ti e7_//91 ou7k oi7da d' o7_/p me a7_/rti die_/phug51 7_//e m xullabein t lo_/g au7tn kai ei7pein o7_/1 ti e7_//94 ,comp>e ! ,*>mids p4 #aei ,a1 #afj ,d1 :]e ,sokrates pr(esses to tell ,*>mides1 ,if temp]ance is really 9 y1 y c ( c\rse in=m u :at x is4 ,side-note3 ,no solution giv5 by ,plato4 ,app>5t t5d5cy ( 8 m9d1 9 look+ = a solution4 ,intellig5ce--_c be und]/ood )\t ref]5ce to "s object or end4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ,plato 7or ! ,platonic ,sokrates7 exposes ! faulty solutions ( o!rs1 b proposes no bett] solution ( 8 own1 & ev5 disclaims all ability to d s4 ,we may nev]!less trace1 9 ! refutation :i* he gives ( ! two unsatisfactory explanations1 h9ts guid+ ! m9d into t direction 9 :i* ,plato looks to supply ! defici5cy4 ,?us :5 ,la*s1 aft] hav+ giv5 z 8 fir/ answ] 7to ! "q1 ,:at is ,c\rage87 a def9ition n ev5 =mally suffici5t1 is put by ,sokrates ^u giv+ 8 second answ]1--,t ,c\rage is intellig5t endurance3 ,sokrates asks him#be--,yes1 intellig5t3 b intellig5t to :at end8 ,d y mean1 to all ?+s alike1 great z well z little8 ,we are "h rem9d$ t intellig5ce1 simply tak51 is altoge!r undef9$2 t intellig5ce mu/ relate to some?+--& :5 human conduct is 9 "q1 mu/ relate to "s end2 & t ! ,some?+1 & ! ,end1 to :i* x relates1 mu/ be set =?1 be=e ! proposition c be cle>ly und]/ood4 ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,la*s1 #aib ,d4 ,greek3 7 phro_/nimos k>t]i_/a 4 4 4 i7_/dm5 d_/1 7 ei7s ti phro_/nimos2 7 7 ei7s a7_/panta kai ta mega_/la kai ta smikra_/8 ,side-note3 ,object--is suppli$ 9 ! answ] ( ,nikias4 ,intellig5ce--( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,su* intellig5ce is n possess$ by pr(essional arti/s4 ,com+ to ! answ] giv5 by ,nikias1 we p]ceive t ?is defici5cy is 9 a c]ta9 mann] suppli$4 ,c\rage is said to consi/ 9 k3 9 k ( ?+s t]rible1 & ?+s n t]rible4 ,:5 ,la*s applies 8 cross-exam9ation to ! answ]1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,nikias def5ds x puts u ^u a di/9ction (t5 br\ght to view1 ?\gh n always adh]$ to1 9 ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t dea?1 di/emp]1 loss ( weal?1 defeat1 c4 are t]rible ?+s 7i4e4 ! prospect ( !m inspires fe>7 9 ! e/imation ( mank9d g5]ally4 ,correct =esight ( su* cont+5cies1 & ( ! antec$5ts t5d+ to produce or av]t !m1 is possess$ by ! physician & o!r pr(essional p]sons3 :o w\ld !re=e1 x %\ld seem1 possess ! k ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,b ,nikias d5ies ?is4 ,he does n admit t ! cont+5cies "h enum]at$ are1 always or necess>ily1 prop] objects ( fe>4 ,9 "s cases1 he cont5ds1 !y are ! lea/ ( two evils4 ,be=e y c be said to possess ! k ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible1 y mu/ be able to take correct measure n only ( ! int]v5+ antec$5ts or means1 b also ( ! end itself z comp>$ ) o!r alt]native ends3 :e!r1 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 x be ! end mo/ to be fe>$1 or ! real evil "u ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,! pr(essional man c d ! =m]1 b he _c d ! latt]4 ,he advises z to means1 & executes3 b he assumes 8 own "o end z an indisputable datum4 ,! physician seeks to cure 8 pati5t1 )\t ev] enquir+ :e!r x may n be a less evil = su* pati5t to die ?an to survive4 ,side-note3 ,po/ulate ( a ,sci5ce ( ,ends1 or ,teleology1 dimly indicat$ by ,plato4 ,! ,unkn[n ,wise ,man--correlates ) ! undiscov]$ ,sci5ce ( ,ends4 ,! ult]ior1 yet n less important1 e/imate ( ! comp>ative wor? ( diff]5t ends1 is res]v$ = t unkn[n ma/] :om ,nikias himself does n f>!r specify1 & :om ,la*s sets aside z n[h]e to be f\nd1 "u ! peculi> phrase ( "s ,god4 ,subjectively consid]$1 ?is is an appeal to ! judgm5t ( t ,"o ,wise ,man1 (t5 allud$ to by ,plato z an abs5t ,exp]t :o might be call$ into c\rt--yet nev] to be f\nd at ! exact mom5t1 nor produc$ 9 visible pres5ce3 ,objectively consid]$1 x is a po/ulate or div9ation ( "s yet undiscov]$ ,teleology or ,sci5ce ( ,ends3 t ,sci5ce ( ! ,good1 :i* 7z we h already notic$ 9 ,alkibiads ,,ii47 ,plato pron\nces to be ! cr[n+ & capital sci5ce ( all--& )\t :i* he !re decl>$1 t k on all o!r topics 0 useless & ev5 worse ?an useless4#bf ,! ,"o ,wise ,man--! ,sci5ce ( ,good--are ! ,subject & ,object correspond+ to ea* o!r1 & po/ulat$ by ,plato4 ,none b ! ,"o ,wise ,man c measure ?+s t]rible & n t]rible3 none else c e/imate ! good or evil1 or ! comp>ative value ( two alt]native evils1 9 ea* individual case4 ,! items "h direct$ to be tak5 into ! calculation1 correspond ) :at is laid d[n by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 n ) t laid d[n 9 ! ,gorgias3 we f9d "h none ( t m>k$ anti!sis betwe5 pleasure & good--betwe5 pa9 & evil--^u :i* ,sokrates expatiates 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,alkib4 ii4 #adf-adg4 ,see above1 *4 xii4 p4 #af4 ,side-note3 ,p]fect condition ( ! intellig5ce--is ! "o suffici5t condition ( virtue4 ,?is appe>s /ill f>!r :5 ! cross-exam9ation is tak5 up by ,sokrates in/ead ( by ,la*s4 ,we are !n made to p]ceive1 t ! k ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible is a "p1 b an insep>able "p1 ( ! k ( good & evil g5]ally3 ! less] _c be _h )\t ! great]--& ! great] c>ries ) x n m]ely c\rage1 b all ! o!r virtues besides4 ,none c "k good or evil g5]ally except ! p]fectly ,wise ,man4 ,! p]fect condition ( ! ,intellig5ce1 is ! sole & all-suffici5t condition ( virtue4 ,none c possess "o mode ( virtue sep>ately4 ,?is is ! doctr9e to :i* ! conclusion ( ! ,la*s po9ts1 ?\gh ! "q debat$ is confess$ly left )\t solution4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* seems to h be5 really ma9ta9$ by ! hi/orical ,sokrates1 & is (t5 impli$ 9 ! reason+s ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 b n always nor consi/5tly4 ,side-note3 ,dramatic contra/ betwe5 ,la*s & ,sokrates1 z cross-exam9]s4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is dialogue1 ! dramatic contra/ is v =cible1 betwe5 ! cross-exam9ation c>ri$ on by ,la*s1 & t c>ri$ on by ,sokrates4 ,! =m] is petti% & impati5t1 br++ out no result1 & accus+ ! respond5t ( cavil & dis+5u\sness3 ! latt] takes up ! same answ] pati5tly1 exp&s x into ! full g5]ality wrapp$ up 9 x1 & r5d]s palpable its inconsi/5cy ) previ\s admissions4 ,,app5dix4 ,a/ is ! only critic :o decl>es ! ,la*s n to be ,plato's "w 7,platon's ,leb5 und ,s*r4 pp4 #dea-def74 ,he inde$ ev5 f9ds x difficult to imag9e h[ ,s*lei]ma*] c accept x z g5u9e 7p4 #ded74 ,he ju/ifies ?is op9ion by num]\s reasons--po9t+ out :at he ?9ks gl>+ defects1 absurdity1 & bad ta/e1 bo? 9 ! ratioc9ation & 9 ! dramatic h&l+1 also dicta alleg$ to be un-,platonic4 ,comp>e ,s*lei]ma*]'s ,e9leitung zum ,la*s1 p4 #cbd seq4 ,i d n concur ) ,a/ 9 ! e/imation ( ^? passages :i* s]ve z premisses to 8 conclusion4 ,b ev5 if ,i admitt$ 8 premisses1 ,i /ill %\ld n admit 8 conclusion4 ,i %\ld conclude t ! dialogue 0 an inf]ior "w ( ,plato1 b ,i %\ld conclude no?+ beyond4 ,/allbaum 7,prolegg4 ad ,la*et4 p4 #bi-cj1 #bnd ed47 & ,so*] discov] adolesc5ti ve/igia 9 x1 :i* are n app>5t to me4 ,so*]1 ,/allbaum1 & ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann pass lightly ov] ! objections ( ,a/2 & ,/e9h>t 7,e9leit4 p4 #cee7 decl>es !m to be unwor?y ( a s]i\s answ]4 ,= my "p1 ,i draw f ^! diss5sions among ! ,platonic critics a conviction ( ! unc]ta9 evid5ce ^u :i* all ( !m proce$4 ,ea* has 8 own belief z to :at ,plato mu/ say1 ought to say1 & c\ld n h said2 & ea* adjudicates !reupon ) a degree ( confid5ce :i* surprises me4 ,! gr\nds ^u :i* ,a/ rejects ,la*s1 ,*>mids1 & ,lysis1 ?\gh inconclusive1 appe> to me n m inconclusive ?an ^? on :i* he & o!r critics reject ! ,era/1 ,!ags4 ,hippias ,major1 ,alkibiads ,,ii41 c4 ,! dates :i* ,/allbaum1 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,so*]1 & ,/e9h>t assign to ! ,la*s 7ab\t #djf-djd ,b4,c47 are 9 my judgm5t errone\s4 ,i h already %[n my reasons = believ+ t n "o ( ! ,platonic dialogues 0 compos$ until aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates4 ,! hypo!ses also ( ,/e9h>t 7p4 #ceg7 z to ! special purposes ( ,plato 9 compos+ ! dialogue are unsupport$ by any evid5ce2 & are all imag9$ s z to fit 8 supposition z to ! date4 ,s also ,s*lei]ma*] tells u t a portion ( ! ,la*s is int5d$ by ,plato z a def5ce ( himself aga9/ accusations :i* _h be5 br\ght aga9/ him1 a "y man1 = imp]t95ce 9 hav+ attack$ ,lysias 9 ! ,phdrus1 & ,protagoras 9 ! ,protagoras1 bo? ( !m mu* old] ?an ,plato4 ,b ,/e9h>t ju/ly rem>ks t ?is explanation c only be valid if we admit ,s*lei]ma*]'s !ory t ! ,phdrus & ! ,protagoras are e>li] compositions ?an ! ,la*s1 :i* !ory ,/e9h>t & mo/ ( ! o!rs d5y4 ,/e9h>t himself adapts 8 hypo!ses to 8 own idea ( ! date ( ! ,la*s3 & he is op5 to ! same rem>k z he himself makes ^u ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*>mides4 ,z 9 ,la*s1 we h pursu$ an enquiry into ! nature ( ,c\rage--s 9 ,*>mids1 we f9d an exam9ation ( ,temp]ance1 ,sobriety1 ,mod]ation4#a ,bo? dialogues conclude )\t provid+ any t5able explanation4 ,9 bo? !re is an abundant introduction--9 ,*>mids1 !re is ev5 ! bu/le ( a cr[d$ pal/ra1 ) mu* dramatic incid5t--prelud+ to ! sub/antive discussion4 ,i omit ! notice ( ?is dramatic incid5t1 ?\gh x is highly int]e/+ to read4 ,footnote #a3 ,i translate ,greek3 sphrosu_/n ,temp]ance1 ?\gh x is v inadequate1 b ,i "k no s+le ,engli% ^w bett] suit$4 ,side-note3 ,sc5e & p]sonages ( ! dialogue4 ,cr[d$ pal/ra4 ,emotions ( ,sokrates4 ,! two p]sons ) :om ,sokrates "h c>ries on ! discussion1 are ,*>mides & ,kritias2 bo? ( :om1 z hi/orical p]sons1 7 active mov]s 9 ! olig>*ical gov]nm5t ( ! ,?irty1 ) its num]\s enormities4 ,9 ?is dialogue1 ,*>mides appe>s z a y\? j ris+ into manhood1 /rik+ly beautiful bo? 9 face & /ature3 ,kritias 8 c\s9 is an accompli%$ lit]>y man ( mature age4 ,! p[]ful emotion :i* ,sokrates describes himself z exp]i5c+1#b f ! sight & close neighb\rhood ( ! beautiful ,*>mides1 is rem>kable1 z a manife/ation ( ,hell5ic s5tim5t4 ,! same exaltation ( ! feel+s & imag9ation1 :i* is n[ produc$ only by beautiful wom51 0 !n excit$ *iefly by f9e y\?s4 ,*>mides is describ$ by ,kritias z exhibit+ dispositions at once philosophical & poetical3#c illu/rat+ ! aff9ity ( ^! two intellectual ve9s1 z ,plato conceiv$ !m4 ,he is also describ$ z em95tly temp]ate & mode/3#d f :5ce ! que/ions ( ,sokrates take _! dep>ture4 ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aed ,c4 ,fic9us1 9 8 ,argum5tum to ?is dialogue 7p4 #gfg71 consid]s x z ma9ly allegorical1 especially ! w>m expressions ( erotic s5tim5t conta9$ !re91 :i* he comp>es to ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,etsi omnia 9 hoc dialogo mirificam habeant allegoriam1 amatoria maxime1 non alit] quam ,cantica ,salomonis--mutavi tam5 nonnihil--nonnihil etiam prt]misi4 ,qu enim consonabant ca/igatissimis auribus ,atticorum1 rudioribus =t auribus m9im conson>5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aee ,a4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aeg ,d4 ,ab\t ! diffid5ce ( ,*>mides 9 8 y\ng] ye>s1 see ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #g1 #a4 ,side-note3 ,"q1 ,:at is ,temp]ance8 address$ by ,sokrates to ! temp]ate ,*>mides4 ,answ]1 ,x is a k9d ( s$at5ess or sl[ness4 ,y are said to be temp]ate1 ,*>mides 7says ,sokrates74 ,if s1 y\r temp]ance w surely manife/ itself )9 y 9 "s way1 s z to enable y to =m & deliv] an op9ion1 ,:at ,temp]ance is4 ,tell u 9 pla9 language :at y conceive x to be4 ,temp]ance1 replies ,*>mides 7aft] "s hesitation71#e consi/s 9 do+ e ?+ 9 an ord]ly & s$ate mann]1 :5 we walk 9 ! highway1 or talk1 or p]=m o!r matt]s 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 a k9d ( s$at5ess or sl[ness4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aei ,b4 ,greek3 to kosmi_/s pa_/nta pra_/tte9 kai 7su*1 e7_/n te tais o7dois badi_/ze9 kai diale_/ge/hai 4 4 4 sull_/bdn 7su*io_/ts tis4 ,side-note3 ,b ,temp]ance is a f9e or hon\rable ?+1 & sl[ness is1 9 _m or mo/ cases1 n f9e or hon\rable1 b ! contr>y4 ,temp]ance _c be sl[ness4 ,sokrates beg9s 8 cross-exam9ation ^u ?is answ]1 9 ! same mann] z he _h begun x ) ,la*es 9 respect to c\rage4 ,sokr4--,is n temp]ance a f9e & hon\rable ?+8 ,does x n p>take ( ! ess5ce & come "u ! def9ition1 ( :at is f9e or & hon\rable8#f ,*>4--,und\bt$ly x does4 ,sokr4--,b if we specify 9 detail our v>i\s op]ations1 ei!r ( body or m9d--su* z writ+1 read+1 play+ on ! h>p1 box+1 runn+1 jump+1 le>n+1 tea*+1 recollect+1 compreh5d+1 delib]at+1 det]m9+1 c4--we %all f9d t to d !m quickly is m f9e & hon\rable ?an to d !m sl[ly4 ,sl[ness does n1 except by accid5t1 belong to ! f9e & hon\rable3 !re=e temp]ance1 :i* does s belong to x1 _c be a k9d ( sl[ness4#g ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aei ,c--#afj ,d4 ,greek3 ou7 tn kaln me_/ntoi 7 sphrosu_/n e7/i_/n8 4 4 4 e7peid e7n t lo_/g tn kaln ti 7min 7 sphrosu_/n u7pete_/?4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afj ,c4 ,side-note3 ,second answ]4 ,temp]ance is a v>iety ( ! feel+ ( %ame4 ,refut$ by ,sokrates4 ,*>mides next decl>es ,temp]ance to be a v>iety ( ! feel+ ( %ame or mode/y4 ,b ?is 7obs]ves ,sokrates7 w n hold m ?an ! =m] explanation3 s9ce ,hom] has pron\nc$ %ame n to be good1 = c]ta9 p]sons & "u c]ta9 circum/ances4#h ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afa ,a4 ,side-note3 ,?ird answ]4 ,temp]ance consi/s 9 do+ "o's own bus9ess4 ,def5d$ by ,kritias4 ,sokrates pron\nces x a riddle1 & refutes x4 ,di/9ction betwe5 mak+ & do+4 ,temp]ance consi/s 9 do+ "o's own bus9ess4 ,"h we h a ?ird explanation1 propos$ by ,*>mides & pres5tly esp\s$ by ,kritias4 ,sokrates pr(esses n to und]/& x1 & pron\nces x to be l a riddle4#i ,e tradesman or artisan does ! bus9ess ( o!rs z well z 8 own4 ,are we to say = t reason t he is n temp]ate8 ,i di/+ui% 7says ,kritias7 betwe5 mak+ & do+3 ! artisan makes = o!rs1 b he does n d = o!rs1 & (t5 _c be said to d at all4 ,to d1 implies hon\rable1 pr(itable1 good1 occupation3 ?is alone is a man's own bus9ess1 & ?is ,i call temp]ance4 ,:5 a man acts s z to h>m himself1 he does n d 8 own bus9ess4#aj ,! do+ ( good ?+s1 is temp]ance4#aa ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afa ,c--#afb ,b4 ,greek3 sphrosu_/n--to ta au7t\ pra_/tte9 4 4 4 ai7ni_/gmati_/ t9i e7_/oik54 ,!re is "h a good deal ( playful vivacity 9 ! dialogue3 ,*>mids gives ?is la/ answ]1 :i* he has he>d f ,kritias1 :o is at fir/ n =w>d to def5d x1 until ,*>mides =ces him to come =w>d1 by h9ts & side-ins9uations4 ,?is is ! dramatic art & v>iety ( ,plato1 *>m+ to read1 b n be>+ ^u him z a philosoph]4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afc ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ta kals kai 7pheli_/ms poi\_/m5a 4 4 4 oi7keia mo_/na ta toiauta 7gei/hai1 ta de blab]a pa_/nta a7llo_/tria 4 4 4 o7_/ti ta oi7keia te kai ta au7t\ a7ga?a kaloi_/s1 kai tas tn a7ga?n poi_/seis pra_/xeis4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afc ,e4 ,greek3 tn tn a7ga?n prax9 sphrosu_/nn ei7nai saphs soi diori_/zomai4 ,side-note3 ,f\r? answ]1 by ,kritias4 ,temp]ance consi/s 9 self-k4 ,sokr4--,p]haps x is4 ,b does ! well-do] always & c]ta9ly "k t he is do+ well8 ,does ! temp]ate man "k 8 own temp]ance8 ,krit4--,he c]ta9ly mu/4 ,inde$ ,i ?9k t ! ess5ce ( temp]ance is1 ,self-k4 ,"k ?yself is ! precept ( ! ,delphian ,god1 :o means !reby ! same z if he _h said--,be temp]ate4 ,i n[ put aside all t ,i h said be=e1 & take up ?is new position1 ,t temp]ance consi/s 9 a man's kn[+ himself4 ,if y d n admit x1 ,i *all5ge y\r cross-exam9ation4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afd-afe4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates !reupon4 ,:at good does self-k procure = u8 ,:at is ! object kn[n1 9 ?is case8 ,answ]3 ,!re is no object ( k1 di/9ct f ! k itself4 ,sokr4--,i _c tell y :e!r ,i admit x or n1 until ,i h inve/igat$4 ,y address me z if ,i pr(ess$ to "k ! subject3 b x is because ,i d n "k1 t ,i exam9e1 9 conjunction ) y1 ea* successive answ]4#ac ,if temp]ance consi/s 9 kn[+1 x mu/ be a k ( some?+4 ,krit4--,x is s3 x is k ( a man's self4 ,sokr4--,:at good does ?is k procure = u8 z m$ical k procures = u heal?--ar*itectural k1 build+s1 c48 ,krit4--,x has no object positive result ( analog\s "*3 b nei!r h ari?metic nor geometry4 ,sokr4--,true1 b 9 ari?metic & geometry1 we c at lea/ indicate a some?+ kn[n1 di/9ct f ! k4 ,numb] & proportion are di/9ct f ari?metic1 ! sci5ce :i* takes cognizance ( !m4 ,n[ :at is t1 ( :i* temp]ance is ! k1--di/9ct f temp]ance itself8 ,krit4--,x is on ?is v po9t t temp]ance diff]s f all ! o!r cognitions4 ,ea* ( ! o!rs is k ( some?+ diff]5t f itself1 b n k ( itself3 :ile temp]ance is k ( all ! o!r sci5ces & ( itself also4#ad ,sokr4--,if ?is be s1 x w ( c\rse be a k ( ignorance1 z well z a k ( k8 ,krit4--,c]ta9ly4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afe ,c4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aff ,c4 ,greek3 ai7 men a7_/llai pasai a7_/ll\ ei7sin e7pi/mai1 e7autn d' ou7_/2 7 de mo_/n tn te a7_/lln e7pi/mn e7pi/_/m e7/i kai au7t e7auts4 ,s also #aff ,e4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates d\bts ! possibility ( any k1 )\t a giv5 cognitum z its object4 ,analogies to prove t k ( k is impossible4 ,sokr4--,accord+ to y\r explanation1 !n1 x is only ! temp]ate man :o kn[s himself4 ,he alone is able to exam9e himself1 & ?us to f9d out :at he really kn[s & does n "k3 he alone is able to exam9e o!rs1 & ?us to f9d out :at ea* man kn[s1 or :at ea* man only believes himself to "k )\t really kn[+4 ,temp]ance1 or self-k1 is ! k :at a man kn[s1 & :at he does n "k4#ae ,n[ two que/ions arise ^u ?is3 ,fir/1 is x possible = a man to "k1 t he kn[s :at he does "k1 & t he does n "k :at he does n "k8 ,next1 grant+ x to be possible1 9 :at way d we ga9 by x8 ,! fir/ ( ^! two que/ions involves mu* difficulty4 ,h[ c !re be any cognition1 :i* is n cognition ( a giv5 cognitum1 b cognition m]ely ( o!r cognitions & non-cognitions8 ,!re is no vision except ( "s col\r1 no audition except ( "s s\nd3 !re c be no vision ( visions1 or audition ( auditions4 ,s likewise1 all desire is desire ( "s pleasure2 !re is no desire ( desires4 ,all volition is volition ( "s good2 !re is no volition ( volitions3 all love applies to some?+ beautiful--!re is no love ( o!r loves4 ,! l is true ( fe>1 op9ion1 c4 ,x w\ld be s+ul> !re=e1 if contr>y to all ^! analogies1 !re 7 any cognition n ( "s cognitum1 b ( itself & o!r cognitions4#af ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afg ,a4 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afg-afh4 ,side-note3 ,all k mu/ be relative to "s object4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( cognition to be cognition ( some?+1 & to h its *>act]i/ic prop]ty ) ref]5ce to "s correlate4#ag ,:at is great]1 has its prop]ty ( be+ great] 9 relation to some?+ else1 :i* is less--n 9 relation to itself4 ,x _c be great] ?an itself1 = !n x w\ld also be less ?an itself4 ,x _c include 9 itself ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ! correlatum z well z t ( ! relatum4 ,s too ab\t :at is old]1 y\ng]1 heavi]1 light]3 !re is always a some?+ di/9ct1 to :i* ref]5ce is made4 ,vision does n include 9 itself bo? ! prop]ty ( see+1 & t ( be+ se53 ! vid5s is di/9ct f ! visum4 ,a movem5t implies some?+ else to be mov$3 a heat] some?+ else to be heat$4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afh ,b4 ,greek3 e7_//i men au7t 7 e7pi/_/m t9os e7pi/_/m1 kai e7_/*ei t9a toiau_/tn du_/nam9 7_//e t9os ei7nai4 ,side-note3 ,all prop]ties are relative--e ?+ 9 nature has its *>act]i/ic prop]ty ) ref]5ce to some?+ else4 ,9 all ^! cases 7concludes ,sokrates7 ! *>act]i/ic prop]ty is ess5tially relative1 imply+ some?+ di/+ui%able f1 yet correlat+ )1 itself4 ,may we g5]alise ! proposition1 & affirm1 ,t all prop]ties are relative1 & t e ?+ 9 nature has its *>act]i/ic prop]ty ) ref]5ce1 n to itself1 b to some?+ else8 ,or is ?is true only ( "s ?+s & n ( all--s t cognition may be some?+ 9 ! latt] category8 ,?is is an emb>rass+ "q1 :i* ,i d n feel qualifi$ to decide3 nei!r ! g5]al "q1 :e!r !re be any cases ( *>act]i/ic prop]ties hav+ no ref]5ce to any ?+ beyond !mselves1 & !re=e n relative1 b absolute--nor ! p>ticul> "q1 :e!r cognition be "o ( ^? cases1 imply+ no sep>ate cognitum1 b be+ itself bo? relatum & correlatum--cognition ( cognition4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afh-afi4 #afi ,a3 ,greek3 mega_/l\ d_/ t9os a7ndros dei1 o7_//is t\to kata pa_/ntn i7kans diair_/setai1 po_/t]on ou7den tn o7_/ntn tn au7t\ du_/nam9 au7to pros e7auto pe_/phuk5 e7_/*e91 a7lla pros a7llo--7 ta men1 ta d' ou7_/2 kai ei7 e7_//9 au7 a7_/t9a au7ta pros e7auta e7_/*ei1 a7r' e7n t\_/tois e7/in e7pi/_/m1 7n d 7meis sphrosu_/nn phamen ei7nai4 e7g men ou7 pi/eu_/ e7maut i7kanos ei7nai tauta diele_//htai4 ,b ev5 if cognition ( cognition be possible1 ,i %all n admit x z an explanation ( :at temp]ance is1 until ,i h satisfi$ myself t x is b5eficial4 ,= ,i h a pres5tim5t t temp]ance mu/ be some?+ b5eficial & good4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afi ,b4 ,greek3 7phelimo_/n ti ka7ga?on manteu_/omai ei7nai4 ,side-note3 ,ev5 if cognition ( cognition 7 possible1 cognition ( non-cognition w\ld be impossible4 ,a man may "k :at he kn[s1 b he _c "k :at he is ignorant (4 ,he kn[s ! fact t he kn[s3 b he does n "k h[ mu* he kn[s1 & h[ mu* he does n "k4 ,let u conc$e = ! pres5t discussion 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 t cognition ( cognition is possible4 ,/ill h[ does ?is prove t !re c be cognition ( non-cognition8 t a man c "k bo? :at he kn[s & :at he does n "k8 ,= ?is is :at we decl>$ self-k & temp]ance to be4#bj ,to h cognition ( cognition is "o ?+3 to h cognition ( non-cognition is a diff]5t ?+1 n necess>ily connect$ ) x4 ,if y h cognition ( cognition1 y w be enabl$ to di/+ui% t :i* is cognition f t :i* is n--b no m4 ,n[ ! k or ignorance ( ! matt] ( heal? is kn[n by m$ical sci5ce3 t ( ju/ice kn[n by political sci5ce4 ,! k ( k simply--cognition ( cognition--is diff]5t f bo?4 ,! p]son :o possesses ?is la/ only1 )\t kn[+ ei!r m$ic9e or politics1 w become aw>e t he kn[s some?+ & possesses "s sort ( k1 & w be able to v]ify s mu* ) reg>d to o!rs4 ,b :at x is t he himself kn[s1 or t o!rs "k1 he w n !reby be enabl$ to f9d out3 he w n di/+ui% :e!r t :i* is kn[n belong to physiology or to politics2 to d ?is1 special acquirem5ts are ne$$4 ,y1 a temp]ate man !re=e1 z su*1 d n "k :at y "k & :at y d n "k2 y "k ! b>e fact1 t y "k & t y d n "k4 ,y w n be compet5t to cross-exam9e any "o :o pr(esses to "k m$ic9e or any o!r p>ticul> subject1 s z to asc]ta9 :e!r ! man really possesses :at he pret5ds to possess4 ,!re w be no po9t 9 common betwe5 y & him4 ,y1 z a temp]ate man1 possess cognition ( cognition1 b y d n "k any special cognitum3 ! special man kn[s 8 own special cognitum b is a /rang] to cognition g5]ally4 ,y _c "q him1 nor criticise :at he says or p]=ms1 9 8 own specialty--= ( t y are ignorant3--no "o c d x except "s fell[ exp]t4 ,y c asc]ta9 t he possesses "s k3 b :e!r he possesses t p>ticul> k to :i* he lays claim1 or :e!r he falsely pret5ds to x1 y _c asc]ta93--s9ce1 z a temp]ate man1 y "k only cognition & non-cognition g5]ally4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is po9t1 y mu/ be n only a temp]ate man1 b a man ( special cognition besides4#ba ,y c "q & te/ no "o1 except ano!r temp]ate man l y\rself4 ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #afi ,d4 ,greek3 nun men t\to xug*r_/sm51 dunaton ei7nai g5e_//hai e7pi/_/mn e7pi/_/ms--i7_/?i d ou7n1 ei7 o7_/1 ti ma_/li/a dunaton t\to1 ti_/ mallon oi7o_/n te_/ e7/9 ei7de_/nai a7_/ te_/ tis oi7de kai a7 m_/8 t\to gar d_/p\ e7_/pham5 ei7nai to gign_/ske9 au7ton kai sphronein4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agj-aga4 #aga ,c3 ,greek3 ,pantos a7_/ra mallon1 ei7 7 sphrosu_/n e7pi/_/ms e7pis_/m mo_/non e7/i kai a7nepi/mosu_/ns1 ou7_/te i7atron diakrinai oi7_/a te e7_//ai e7pi/a_/m5on ta ts te_/*ns1 7 m e7pi/a_/m5on prospoi\_/m5on de 7 oi7o_/m5on1 ou7_/te a7_/_/lon ou7de_/na tn e7pi/ame_/nn kai o7ti\n1 pl_/n ge ton au7t\ o7mo_/te*non1 7_/sp] oi7 a7_/lloi dmi\rgoi_/4 ,side-note3 ,temp]ance1 !re=e1 z ?us def9$1 w\ld be ( little or no value4 ,b if ?is be all t temp]ance c d1 ( :at use is x to u 7cont9ues ,sokrates78 ,x is inde$ a great b5efit to "k h[ mu* we "k1 & h[ mu* we d n "k3 x is also a great b5efit to "k respect+ o!rs1 h[ mu* !y "k1 & h[ mu* !y d n "k4 ,if ?us in/ruct$1 we %\ld make few] mi/akes3 we %\ld d by ourselves only :at we knew h[ to d1--we %\ld commit to o!rs t :i* !y knew h[ to d1 & :i* we did n "k4 ,b temp]ance 7mean+ !reby cognition ( cognition & ( non-cognition g5]ally7 does n conf] su* in/ruction1 nor h we f\nd any sci5ce :i* does4#bb ,h[ temp]ance b5efits u1 does n yet appe>4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agb ,a4 ,greek3 o7ras1 o7_/ti ou7dam\ e7pi/_/m ou7demi_/a toiau_/t ou7sa pe_/phantai4 ,side-note3 ,b ev5 grant+ ! possibility ( t :i* has j be5 d5i$1 /ill ,temp]ance w\ld be ( little value4 ,suppose t all sep>ate "w 7 well p]=m$1 by special practition]s1 we %\ld n atta9 our end--,happ9ess4 ,b let u ev5 conc$e--:at has be5 j %[n to be impossible--t ?r\gh temp]ance we become aw>e ( :at we d "k & :at we d n "k4 ,ev5 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 x w be ( little s]vice to u4 ,we h be5 too ha/y 9 conc$+ t x w\ld be a great b5efit if ea* ( u did only :at he knew1 committ+ to o!rs to d only :at !y knew4 ,i h an awkw>d suspicion 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 t aft] all1 ?is w\ld be no great b5efit4#bc ,x is true t ^u ?is hypo!sis1 all op]ations 9 society w\ld be conduct$ sci5tifically & skilfully4 ,we %\ld h none b compet5t pilots1 physicians1 g5]als1 c41 act+ = u1 ea* ( !m do+ ! "w = :i* he 0 fit4 ,! sup]vision ex]cis$ by temp]ance 79 ! s5se above def9$7 w\ld gu>d u aga9/ all pret5d]s4 ,let u ev5 admit t z to pr$iction ( ! future1 we %\ld h none b compet5t & g5u9e prophets to advise u2 *>latans be+ kept alo( by ?is same sup]vision4 ,we %\ld ?us h e ?+ done sci5tifically & 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,b %\ld we = t reason d well & be happy8 ,c t be made out1 ,kritias8#bd ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agb-agc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agc ,c-,d4 ,greek3 kateskeuasme_/non d ou7_/t to a7n?r_/p9on ge_/nos o7_/ti men e7pi/mo_/ns a7n pra_/ttoi kai z1 e7_/pomai--o7_/ti d' e7pi/mo_/ns a7n pra_/ttontes eu7 a7n pra_/ttoim5 kai eu7daimonoim51 t\to de ou7_/p duna_/me?a ma!in1 7 phi_/le ,kriti_/a4 ,side-note3 ,:i* ( ! v>ieties ( k contributes mo/ to well-do+ or happ9ess8 ,t by :i* we "k good & evil4 ,krit4--,y w h>dly f9d ! end ( well-do+ any:]e else1 if y d5y t x foll[s on do+ sci5tifically or accord+ to k4#be ,sokr4--,b accord+ to k1 ( :at8 ,( lea!r-cutt+1 braz5 "w1 wool1 wood1 c48 ,krit4--,no1 none ( ^!4 ,sokr4--,well !n1 y see1 we d n foll[ out consi/5tly y\r doctr9e--,t ! happy man is he :o lives sci5tifically1 or accord+ to k4 ,= all ^! m5 live accord+ to k1 & /ill y d n admit !m to be happy4 ,y\r def9ition ( happ9ess applies only to "s portion ( ^? :o live accord+ to k1 b n to all4 ,h[ are we to di/+ui% :i* ( !m8 ,suppose a man to "k e ?+ pa/1 pres5t1 & future2 :i* among ! fractions ( su* omnisci5ce w\ld contribute mo/ to make him happy8 ,w\ld !y all contribute equally8 ,krit4--,by no means4 ,sokr4--,:i* ( !m !n w\ld contribute mo/8 ,w\ld x be t by :i* he knew ! art ( gam+8 ,krit4--,c]ta9ly n4 ,sokr4--,or t by :i* he knew ! art ( comput+8 ,krit4--,no4 ,sokr4--,or t by :i* he knew ! conditions ( heal?8 ,krit4--,t w suit bett]4 ,sokr4--,b :i* ( !m mo/ ( all8 ,krit4--,t by :i* he knew good & evil4#bf ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agc ,d4 ,greek3 ,a7lla me_/ntoi1 7 d' o7_/s1 ou7 r7adi_/s eu7r_/seis a7_/llo ti te_/los t\ eu7 pra_/tte9 e7an to e7pi/mo_/ns a7tima_/ss4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agd4 ,side-note3 ,)\t ! sci5ce ( good & evil1 ! o!r special sci5ce w be ( little or ( no s]vice4 ,temp]ance is n ! sci5ce ( good & evil1 & is ( little s]vice4 ,sokr4--,"h !n1 y h be5 long dragg+ me r\nd 9 a circle1 keep+ back ! fact1 t well-do+ & happ9ess does n arise f liv+ accord+ to sci5ce g5]ally1 n ( all o!r matt]s tak5 toge!r--b f liv+ accord+ to ! sci5ce ( ?is "o s+le matt]1 good & evil4 ,if y exclude ?is la/1 & leave only ! o!r sci5ces1 ea* ( ^! o!rs w "w z be=e3 ! m$ical man w heal1 ! weav] w prep>e clo!s1 ! pilot w navigate 8 vessel1 ! g5]al w conduct 8 army--ea* ( !m sci5tifically4 ,nev]!less1 t ea* ( ^! ?+s %all conduce to our well-be+ & pr(it1 w be an impossibility1 if ! sci5ce ( good & evil be want+4#bg ,n[ ?is sci5ce ( good & evil1 ! special purpose ( :i* is to b5efit u1#bh is altoge!r diff]5t f temp]ance2 :i* y h def9$ z ! sci5ce ( cognition & non-cognition1 & :i* appe>s n to b5efit u at all4 ,krit4--,surely x does b5efit u3 = x presides ov] & regulates all ! o!r sci5ces1 & ( c\rse regulates ?is v sci5ce1 ( good & evil1 among ! re/4 ,sokr4--,9 :at way c x b5efit u8 ,x does n procure = u any special s]vice1 su* z good heal?3 t is ! prov9ce ( m$ic9e3 9 l mann]1 ea* sep>ate result arises f its own produc+ art4 ,to conf] b5efit is1 z we h j laid d[n1 ! special prov9ce ( ! sci5ce ( good & evil4#bi ,temp]ance1 z ! sci5ce ( cognition & non-cognition1 _c "w any b5efit at all4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agd ,c-,d4 ,greek3 e7pei ei7 !_/leis e7xelein tau_/tn tn e7pi/_/mn 7( good & evil7 ,greek3 e7k tn a7_/lln e7pi/mn1 7tto_/n ti 7 men i7atrik u7giai_/ne9 poi_/sei1 7 de skutik u7pod$e_//hai1 7 de u7phantik 7mphie_//hai1 7 de kubb]ntik klu_/sei e7n t ?ala_/tt a7po?n_/ske9 kai 7 /ratgik e7n pole_/m8 ,ou7den 7tton1 e7_/ph4 ,a7lla to eu7 te t\_/tn e7_/ka/a gi_/gne/hai kai 7pheli_/ms a7poleloipos 7mas e7_//ai tau_/ts a7p\_/ss4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agd ,d4 ,greek3 7s e7_/rgon e7/i to 7phelein 7mas1 c4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #age ,a4 ,greek3 ,ou7k a7_/ra u7giei_/z e7_//ai dmi\rgo_/s 77 sphrosu_/n74 ,ou7 dta4 ,a7_/lls gar 7n te_/*ns u7giei_/a1 7 ou7_/8 ,a7_/lls4 ,ou7d' a7_/ra 7phelei_/z1 7 e7_/taire2 a7_/ll gar au7 a7pe_/dom5 t\to to e7_/rgon te_/*n nun d_/2 7 ga_/r8 ,pa_/nu ge4 ,ps ou7n 7phe_/limos e7_//ai 7 sphrosu_/n1 ou7demias 7phelei_/z ou7sa dmi\rgo_/s8 ,ou7dams1 7 ,s_/krates1 e7_/oike_/ ge4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates confesses to entire failure 9 8 rese>*4 ,he _c f9d out :at temp]ance is3 al?\gh sev]al concessions h be5 made :i* _c be ju/ifi$4 ,?us !n1 concludes ,sokrates1 we are baffl$ 9 e way3 we _c f9d out :at temp]ance is1 nor :at t "n has be5 int5d$ to designate4 ,all our t5tatives h fail$2 al?\gh1 9 our anxiety to secure "s result1 we h accept$ m ?an "o inadmissible hypo!sis4 ,?us we h admitt$ t !re might exi/ cognition ( cognition1 ?\gh our discussion t5d$ to negative su* a possibility4 ,we h f>!r grant$1 t ?is cognition ( cognition1 or sci5ce ( sci5ce1 might "k all ! op]ations ( ea* sep>ate & special sci5ce3 s t ! temp]ate man 7i4e4 he :o possesses cognition ( cognition7 might "k bo? :at he kn[s & :at he does n "k3 might "k1 namely1 t he kn[s ! =m] & t he does n "k ! latt]4 ,we h grant$ ?is1 ?\gh x is really an absurdity to say1 t :at a man does n "k at all1 he nev]!less does "k aft] a c]ta9 fa%ion4#cj ,yet aft] ^! multipli$ concessions aga9/ /rict tru?1 we h /ill be5 unable to e/abli% our def9ition ( temp]ance3 = temp]ance z we def9$ x has1 aft] all1 turn$ out to be ?or\ghly unpr(itable4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #age ,b4 ,greek3 kai gar e7pi/_/mn e7pi/_/ms ei7nai xune*r_/sam51 ou7k e7ntos t\ lo_/g\ ou7de pha_/skontos ei7nai2 kai tau_/t au7 t e7pi/_/m kai ta tn a7_/lln e7pi/mn e7_/rga gign_/ske9 xune*r_/sam51 ou7de t\t' e7ntos t\ lo_/g\1 i7_/na d 7min ge_/noito o7 s_/phrn e7pi/_/mn 7n te oi7d51 o7_/ti oi7de1 kai 7n m oi7d51 o7_/ti ou7k oi7de4 t\to men d kai panta_/pasi megalopreps xune*r_/sam51 ou7d' e7piskepsa_/m5oi to a7du_/naton ei7nai a7_/ tis m oi7de mdams1 tauta ei7de_/nai a7ms ge_/ ps2 o7_/ti gar ou7k oi7de1 phsin au7ta ei7de_/nai 7 7mete_/ra o7mologi_/a4 kai_/toi1 7s e7gmai1 ou7d5os o7_/t\ ou7*i a7log_/t]on t\t' a7n phanei_/4 ,?is w\ld n appe> an absurdity to ,ari/otle4 ,see ,analyt4 ,priora1 ii4 p4 #fg1 a4 #ba2 ,anal4 ,po/4 i4 #ga1 a4 #bh4 ,side-note3 ,temp]ance is & mu/ be a good ?+3 b ,*>mides _c tell :e!r he is temp]ate or n2 s9ce :at temp]ance is rema9s unkn[n4 ,x is pla9 t we h tak5 ! wrong road1 & t ,i 7,sokrates7 d n "k h[ to conduct ! enquiry4 ,= temp]ance1 :atev] x may consi/ 91 mu/ assur$ly be a great b5efit3 & y1 ,*>mides1 are happy if y possess x4 ,h[ c ,i tell 7rejo9s ,*>mides7 :e!r ,i possess x or n3 s9ce ev5 m5 l y & ,kritias _c discov] :at x is8#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agf ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,expressions bo? f ,*>mides & ,kritias ( praise & devotion to ,sokrates1 at ! close ( ! dialogue4 ,dramatic ornam5t ?r\gh\t4 ,"h ends ! dialogue call$ ,*>mids#cb aft] ! int]*ange ( a few conclud+ complim5ts1 =m+ "p ( ! great dramatic ri*ness :i* *>act]ises ?is dialogue f ! beg9n+4 ,i make no attempt to reproduce ?is latt] attribute2 ?\gh x is "o ( ! peculi> m]its ( ,plato 9 ref]5ce to e?ical enquiry1 imp>t+ to ! subject a *>m :i* does n naturally belong to x4 ,i conf9e myself to ! philosophical be>+ ( ! dialogue4 ,accord+ to ! express decl>ation ( ,sokrates1 x ends 9 no?+ b disappo9tm5t4 ,no positive result is atta9$4 ,! problem--,:at is ,temp]ance8--rema9s unsolv$1 aft] f\r or five diff]5t solutions h be5 successively te/$ & repudiat$4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see ,app5dix at end ( *apt]4 ,side-note3 ,! ,*>mides is an excell5t specim5 ( ,dialogues ( ,se>*4 ,abundance ( guesses & t5tatives1 all ultimately disall[$4 ,! ,*>mids 7l ! ,la*s7 is a good illu/rative specim5 ( ^? ,dialogues ( ,se>*1 ! g5]al "* & purpose ( :i* ,i h expla9$ 9 my eigh?9999 *apt]4 ,x proves no?+3 x disproves sev]al hypo!ses3 b x exhibits 7& !re9 consi/s its value7 ! anticipat+1 guess+1 t5tative1 & elim9at+ process1 )\t :i* no def5sible conclusions c be obta9$--)\t :i*1 ev5 if su* be f\nd1 no advocate c be =m$ capable ( def5d+ !m aga9/ an acute cross-exam9]4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?is t5tative process is =gott5 or ignor$3 ev5 :5 recognis$ z a reality1 x is set aside ) indiff]5ce1 (t5 ) ridicule4 ,a writ] :o believes himself to h solv$ any problem1 publi%es 8 solution toge!r ) ! pro(s2 & acquires des]v$ cr$it = x1 if ^? pro(s give satisfaction4 ,b he does n c>e to pres]ve1 nor d ! public c>e to "k1 ! /eps by :i* su* solution has be5 rea*$4 ,nev]!less 9 mo/ cases1 & 9 all cases involv+ mu* difficulty1 !re has be5 a process1 m or less t$i\s1 ( t5tative & grop+--( guesses at fir/ hail$ z promis+1 !n foll[$ out to a c]ta9 ext5t1 la/ly discov]$ to be unt5able4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce1#cc a/ronomical1 physical1 *emical1 physiological1 c41 :]ev] x has be5 at all record$1 atte/s ?is con/ant antec$5ce ( a p]iod ( ignorance1 confusion1 & dispute1 ev5 9 cases :]e ultimately a solution has be5 f\nd comm&+ ! ne>ly unanim\s adhesion ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,b on subjects connect$ ) man & society1 ?is p]iod ( dispute & confusion cont9ues to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,no unanimity has ev] be5 approa*$1 among nations at once active 9 intellect & enjoy+ tol]able lib]ty ( diss5t4 ,moreov]--ap>t f ! condition ( diff]5t sci5ces among mature m5--we mu/ rememb] t ! transitive process1 above describ$1 repres5ts ! successive /ages by :i* e adult m9d has be5 gradually built up f infancy4 ,trial & error--alt]nate guess & rejection1 g5]ation & de/ruction ( s5tim5ts & beliefs--is among ! mo/ widespread facts ( human intellig5ce4#cd ,ev5 ^? ord9>y m9ds1 :i* 9 mature life h>d5 ) ! mo/ exempl>y fidelity into ! locally preval5t type ( or?odoxy1--h all 9 _! e>li] ye>s gone ?r\gh t semi-fluid & indet]m9ate p]iod1 9 :i* ! type to come is yet a matt] ( d\bt--9 :i* ! head might h be5 p]man5tly l5g!n$ or p]man5tly flatt5$1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* pressure 0 appli$4 ,footnote #cc3 ,x is n (t5 t hi/orians ( sci5ce take mu* pa9s to pres]ve & br+ toge!r ! mi/ak5 guesses & t5tatives :i* h prec$$ great physical discov]ies4 ,"o in/ance 9 :i* ?is has be5 ably & c>efully done is 9 ! ',biography ( ,cav5di%1' ! *emi/ & natural philosoph]1 by ,dr4 ,geo4 ,wilson4 ,! great *emical discov]y ( ! composition ( wat]1 accompli%$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 has be5 claim$ z ! privilege ( ?ree em95t sci5tific m5--,cav5di%1 ,watt1 & ,lavoisi]4 ,! controv]sy on ! subject1 volum9\s & bitt]1 has be5 ! means ( record+ ea* successive sci5tific phase & po9t ( view4 ,x w be f\nd admirably exp\nd$ 9 ?is biography4 ,wilson sets =? ! misconceptions1 confusion ( ideas1 approximations to tru? se5 b n foll[$ out1 c41 :i* prevail$ ^u ! sci5tific m5 ( t day1 especially "u ! mislead+ influ5ce ( ! phlogi/on !ory1 !n univ]sally receiv$4 ,to ,plato su* a p]iod ( m5tal confusion w\ld h be5 9 itself an int]e/+ object = contemplation & description4 ,he might h dramatis$ x "u ! names ( v>i\s disputants1 ) ! cross-exam9+ ,el5*us1 p]sonifi$ 9 ,sokrates1 introduc$ to /ir up ! debate1 ei!r by fir/ advocat+1 !n refut+1 a /r+ ( successive guesses & dreams 7,*>mids1 #agc ,a7 ( 8 own1 or by expos+ simil> sugge/ions emanat+ f o!rs2 especially 9 reg>d to ! def9ition ( phlogi/on1 an entity :i* !n ov]spread & d>k5$ all *emical speculation1 b :i* e !ori/ ?\ght himself oblig$ to def9e4 ,! dialogues w\ld h end$ 7z ! ,protagoras1 ,lysis1 ,*>mids1 c41 n[ end7 by ,sokrates d]id+ ! ill success :i* _h att5d$ !m 9 ! se>* = an explanation1 & by 8 po9t+ out t :ile all ! !ori/s talk$ famili>ly ab\t phlogi/on z a p[]ful ag5t1 none ( !m c\ld agree :at x 04 ,see ,dr4 ,wilson's ',biography ( ,cav5di%1' pp4 #cf-aih-cbj-cbe1 & else:]e4 ,footnote #cd3 ,x is /rik+ly describ$ by ,plato 9 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable passages ( ! spee* ( ,diotima 9 ! ,symposion1 pp4 #bjg-bjh4 ,side-note3 ,trial & ,error1 ! natural process ( ! human m9d4 ,plato /&s alone 9 br++ to view & dramatis+ ?is "p ( ! m5tal process4 ,sokrates accepts = himself ! condition ( consci\s ignorance4 ,we %all foll[ ,plato t[>ds ! close ( 8 c>e] 7,treatise ,de ,legibus71 into an imp]ative & /ation>y or?odoxy ( 8 own3 b 9 ! dialogues :i* ,i h already review$1 z well z 9 sev]al o!rs :i* ,i %all pres5tly notice1 no m5tion is made ( any giv5 affirmative doctr9e z indisp5sable to arrive at ultimately4 ,plato "h conc5trates 8 att5tion ^u ! indet]m9ate p]iod ( ! m9d3 look+ ^u ! m9d n z an empty vessel1 requir+ to be fill$ by ready-made matt] f )\t--nor z a blank %eet1 await+ a =eign h& to write *>act]s ^u x--b z an assemblage ( lat5t capacities1 :i* mu/ be call$ into action by /imulus & example1 b :i* c only atta9 improvem5t ?r\gh multipli$ trials & multipli$ failures4 ,:]eas 9 mo/ cases ^! failures are =gott51 ! peculi>ity ( ,plato consi/s 9 8 br++ !m to view ) full detail1 expla9+ ! reasons ( ea*4 ,he illu/rates abundantly1 & dramatises ) ! greate/ vivacity1 ! intellectual process :]eby op9ions are broa*$1 at fir/ adopt$1 !n mi/ru/$1 unmade1 & re-made--or p]haps n re-made at all1 b ex*ang$ = a /ate ( consci\s ignorance4 ,! great h]o & op]ator 9 ?is process is ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 :o accepts = himself ?is condition ( consci\s ignorance1 & ev5 makes x a matt] ( comp>ative pride1 t he /&s ne>ly alone 9 su* confession4#ce ,8 colloquial influ5ce1 work+ p[]fully & almo/ pret]naturally1#cf n only s]ves bo? to spur & to direct ! activity ( he>]s /ill y\?ful & undecid$1 b also exposes ^? :o h already made up _! m9ds & confid5tly believe !mselves to "k4 ,sokrates br+s back ^! latt] f ! false p]suasion ( k to ! /ate ( consci\s ignorance1 & to ! prior indet]m9ate condition ( m9d1 9 :i* _! op9ions h aga9 to be put toge!r by ! t5tative & guess+ process4 ,?is t5tative process1 prosecut$ "u ! drill ( ,sokrates1 is 9 itself full ( *>m & int]e/ = ,plato1 :e!r x ends by f9d+ a good solution or only by disc>d+ a bad "o4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,apolog4 ,sokr4 pp4 #ba-bb-bc4 ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,symposion1 #bac ,e1 #bae-baf2 ,m5on1 #hj ,a-,b4 ,side-note3 ,famili> words--con/antly us$1 ) mu* e>ne/ feel+1 b nev] und]/ood nor def9$--ord9>y ph5om5on 9 human society4 ,! ,*>mids is "o ( ! _m ,platonic dialogues :]e9 su* intellectual exp]im5tation appe>s depict$ )\t any positive result3 except z x adds fre% matt] to illu/rate t wide-spread m5tal fact1--7:i* has already come be=e ! read]1 9 ,eu?yphron1 ,alkibiads1 ,hippias1 ,era/1 ,la*s1 c41 z to hol9ess1 beauty1 philosophy1 c\rage1 c41 & is n[ br\ght to view 9 ! case ( temp]ance also2 all ( !m words 9 e "o's m\?1 & tacitly assum$ by e "o z kn[n quantities7 ! p]petual & confid5t judgm5ts :i* mank9d are 9 ! habit ( deliv]+--_! apportionm5t ( praise & blame1 z well z ( rew>d & puni%m5t consequ5t on praise & blame--)\t any bett] basis ?an t ( /rong emotion imbib$ !y "k n h[1 & )\t be+ able to r5d] any rational explanation ev5 ( ! famili> words r\nd :i* su* emotions are gr\p$4 ,no philosoph] has done s mu* z ,plato to depict 9 detail ?is important fact--! habitual condition ( human society1 mod]n z well z anci5t1 & = t v reason g5]ally unnotic$4#cg ,! emotional or subjective value ( temp]ance is all t ,sokrates det]m9es1 & :i* inde$ he makes 8 po9t ( dep>ture4 ,temp]ance is ess5tially among ! f9e1 beautiful1 hon\rable1 ?+s3#ch b its rational or objective value 7i4e41 :at is ! common object *>act]is+ all temp]ate acts or p]sons71 he _c det]m9e4 ,"h inde$ ,plato is n always consi/5t ) himself3 = we %all come to o!r dialogues :]e9 he pr(esses himself incompet5t to say :e!r a ?+ be beautiful or n1 until x be det]m9$ :at ! ?+ is3#ci & we h already f\nd ,sokrates decl>+ 79 ! ,hippias ,major71 t we _c det]m9e :e!r any p>ticul> object is beautiful or n1 until we h fir/ det]m9$1 ,:at is ,beauty 9 ! ,absolute1 or ! ,self-,beautiful8 a problem n[h]e solv$ by ,plato4 ,footnote #cg3 ,:oev] has reflect$ on ! g5]ation ( ideas 9 8 own m9d1 or has inve/igat$ ! causes ( misund]/&+s among mank9d1 w be oblig$ to proclaim z a fact deeply seat$ 9 human nature--,t mo/ ( ! misund]/&+s & contradictions among m51 mo/ ( ! controv]sies & errors bo? 9 sci5ce & 9 society1 arise usually f our assum+ 7consci\sly or unconsci\sly7 fundam5tal maxims & fundam5tal facts z if !y 7 self-evid5t1 & z if !y mu/ be assum$ by e "o else besides4 ,accord+ly we nev] ?9k ( closely exam9+ !m1 until at l5g? exp]i5ce has taught u t ^! self-evid5t matt]s are exactly :at /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( pro(1 & :at =m ! special root ( div]g5t op9ions4--7,l4 ,o4 ,brck]--,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,glaubwrdigkeit d] alt-,rmis*5 ,ges*i*te1 p4 #dij47 ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aei ,b1 #afj ,d4 ,greek3 7 sphrosu_/n--tn kaln ti--e7n t lo_/g tn kaln ti4 ,s also ,sokrates 9 ! ,la*s 7#aib ,c71 assumes t c\rage is ,greek3 tn pa_/nu kaln pragma_/tn1 ?\gh he pr(esses n to "k nor to be able to discov] :at c\rage is4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see ,gorgias1 #dfb ,b1 #ddh ,e2 ,m5on1 #gj ,b4 ,side-note3 ,diff]5t e?ical po9ts ( view 9 diff]5t ,platonic dialogues4 ,among ! v>i\s unsuccessful def9itions ( temp]ance prop\nd$1 !re is m ?an "o :i* af=ds f>!r example to %[ h[ diff]5tly ,plato deals ) ! same subject 9 diff]5t dialogues4 ,"h we h ! phrase--to d "o's own bus9ess--treat$ z an unmean+ puzzle1 & exhibit$ z if x 7 analog\s to v>i\s o!r phrases1 ) :i* ! analogy is m v]bal ?an real4 ,b 9 ! ,republic1 ,plato admits ?is phrase z well und]/ood1 & sets x =? z ! con/itu5t elem5t ( ju/ice2 9 ! ,gorgias1 z ! lead+ m>k ( philosophical life4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,plato1 ,republ4 iv4 #dcc1 vi4 #dif ,c1 viii4 #eej ,a2 ,gorgias1 #ebf ,c4 ,comp>e also ,timu1 #gb ,a1 ,x51 ,mem4 ii4 #i1 #a4 ,side-note3 ,self-k is "h decl>$ to be impossible4 ,aga91 ano!r def9ition giv5 by ,kritias is1 ,t temp]ance consi/s 9 kn[+ y\rself1 or 9 self-k4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ?is def9ition1 ,sokrates makes out--fir/1 t self-k is impossible3 next1 t if possible1 x w\ld be useless4 ,y _c "k y\rself1 he argues3 y _c "k :at y "k1 & :at y d n "k3 to say t y "k :at y "k1 is ei!r tautological or untrue--to say t y "k :at y d n "k1 is a contradiction4 ,all cognition mu/ be cognition ( some?+ di/9ct f y\rself3 x is a relative t]m :i* mu/ h "s correlate1 & _c be its own correlate3 y _c h cognition ( cognition1 /ill less cognition ( non-cognition4 ,side-note3 ,9 o!r dialogues1 ,sokrates decl>es self-k to be ess5tial & ine/imable4 ,necessity = ! /ud5t to h pres5t$ to him diss5ti5t po9ts ( view4 ,?is is an important po9t ( view1 :i* ,i %all discuss m at l5g? :5 ,i come to ! ,platonic ,!tetus4 ,i br+ x to view "h only z contra/+ ) diff]5t language held by ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 o!r dialogues2 :]e he insi/s on ! great value & indisp5sable necessity ( self-k1 z a prelim9>y to all o!r k--^u ! duty ( eradicat+ f m5's m9ds t false p]suasion ( _! own k :i* !y univ]sally *]i%$--& ^u ! importance ( =c+ !m to "k _! own ignorance z well z _! own k4 ,9 ! face ( ?is la/ purpose1 s frequ5tly av[$ by ! ,platonic ,sokrates 7indirectly ev5 9 ?is v dialogue71#da we rem>k a mat]ial discrepancy1 :5 he "h proclaims self-k to be impossible4 ,we mu/ judge e dialogue by itself1 illu/rat+ x :5 practicable by comp>ison ) o!rs1 b n assum+ consi/5ce betwe5 !m z a po/ulate priori4 ,x is a "p ( ,plato's dramatic & t5tative mode ( philosophis+ to "w out diff]5t e?ical po9ts ( view1 & to h pres5t to 8 m9d "o or o!r ( !m1 ) peculi> =ce 9 ea* diff]5t dialogue4 ,! subject is ?us br\ght be=e u on all its sides1 & ! read] is famili>is$ ) :at a dialectician might say1 :e!r capable ( be+ refut$ or n4 ,inconsi/5cy betwe5 "o dialogue & ano!r is n a fault 9 ! ,platonic dialogues ( ,se>*2 b is1 on ! contr>y1 a "p ( ! tra9+ process1 = any /ud5t :o is de/9$ to acquire t full ma/]y ( "q & answ] :i* ,plato reg>ds z ! *>act]i/ic te/ ( k4 ,x is a puzzle & provocative to ! int]nal m$itation ( ! /ud5t4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #aff ,d4 ,side-note3 ,c\rage & ,temp]ance are %[n to h no di/9ct mean+1 except z f\nd$ on ! g5]al cognizance ( good & evil4 ,9 analyz+ ! ,la*s1 we obs]v$ t ! def9ition ( c\rage giv5 by ,nikias 0 %[n by ,sokrates to h no mean+1 except 9 s f> z x co9cid$ ) ! g5]al k or cognition ( good & evil4 ,"h1 too1 9 ! ,*>mids1 we are br\ght 9 ! la/ result to ! same t]m9us--! g5]al cognition ( good & evil4 ,b ,temp]ance1 z previ\sly good & def9$1 is n compreh5d$ "u t cognition1 & is !re=e pron\nc$ to be unpr(itable4 ,side-note3 ,di/9ction made betwe5 ! special sci5ces & ! sci5ce ( ,good & ,evil4 ,)\t ?is la/1 ! special sci5ces are ( no use4 ,?is cognition ( good & evil--! sci5ce ( ! pr(itable--is "h 79 ! ,*>mids7 proclaim$ by ,sokrates to h a place ( its own among ! o!r sci5ces2 & ev5 to be fir/ among !m1 ess5tially necess>y to sup]vise & direct !m1 z x _h be5 decl>$ 9 ,alkibiads ,,ii4 ,n[ ! same sup]vis+ place & director%ip _h be5 claim$ by ,kritias = ,temp]ance z he def9es x--t is1 self-k1 or ! cognition ( our cognitions & non-cognitions4 ,b ,sokrates d\bts ev5 ! reality ( su* self-k3 & grant+ = argum5t's sake t x exi/s1 he /ill does n see h[ x c be pr(itable4 ,= ! utmo/ :i* its sup]vision c ensure w\ld be1 t ea* description ( "w %all be sci5tifically done1 by ! skilful man1 & n by ! unskilful4 ,b x is n true1 absolutely speak+ 7he argues71 t act+ sci5tifically or ) k is suffici5t = well do+ or = happ9ess3 = ! "q mu/ next be ask$--,k--( :at8 ,n k ( lea!r-cutt+1 c>p5t]'s or brazi]'s "w1 ari?metic1 or ev5 m$ic9e3 ^!1 & _m o!rs1 a man may possess1 & may act accord+ to !m2 b /ill he w n atta9 ! end ( be+ happy4 ,all cognitions contribute 9 great] or less proportion t[>ds t end3 b :at contributes mo/1 & mo/ ess5tially1 is ! cognition ( good & evil1 )\t :i* all ! re/ are insuffici5t4 ,( ?is la/-m5tion$ cognition or sci5ce1 x is ! special object to ensure pr(it or b5efit3#db to take c>e t ev]y?+ done by ! o!r sci5ces %all be done well or 9 a mann] conduc+ t[>ds ! end ,happ9ess4 ,aft] ?is1 !re is no prov9ce left = temp]ance--i4e41 self-k1 or ! k ( cognitions & non-cognitions3 no assignable way 9 :i* x c yield any b5efit4#dc ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agd ,d4 ,greek3 ,ou7* au7_/t de_/ ge1 7s e7_/oik51 e7/in 7 sphrosu_/n1 a7ll' 7s e7_/rgon e7/i to 7phelein 7mas4 ,ou7 gar e7pi/mn ge kai a7nepi/mosunn 7 e7pi/_/m e7/i_/n1 a7lla a7ga?\ te kai kak\4 ,footnote #dc3 ,plato1 ,*>m4 #agd ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k a7_/ra u7giei_/z e7_//ai dmi\rgo_/s8 ,ou7 dta4 ,a7_/lls gar 7n te_/*ns u7gi_/eia8 7 ou7_/8 ,a7_/lls2 ,ou7d' a7_/ra 7phelei_/z1 7 e7taire2 a7_/ll gar au7 a7pe_/dom5 t\to to e7_/rgon te_/*n nun d_/2 7 gar8 ,pa_/nu ge4 ,ps ou7n 7phe_/limos e7_//ai 7sphrosu_/n1 ou7demias 7phelei_/z ou7sa dmi\rgo_/s8 ,ou7dams1 7 ,s_/krates1 e7_/oike_/ ge4 ,side-note3 ,k1 always relative to "s object kn[n4 ,po/ulate or div9ation ( a ,sci5ce ( ,teleology4 ,two po9ts are "h to be not$1 z conta9$ & debat$ 9 ! h&l+ ( ?is dialogue4 #a4 ,k absolutely1 is a ^w )\t mean+3 all k is relative1 & has a def9ite object or cognitum3 !re c be no sci5tia sci5ti>um4 #b4 ,among ! v>i\s objects ( k 7cognita or cognosc5da71 "o is1 good & evil4 ,!re is a sci5ce ( good & evil1 ! function ( :i* is1 to wat* ov] & comp>e ! results ( ! o!r sci5ces1 9 ord] to promote results ( happ9ess1 & to prev5t results ( mis]y3 )\t ! sup]vision ( ?is latt] sci5ce1 ! o!r sci5ces might be all exactly foll[$ out1 b no rational comp>ison c\ld be _h betwe5 !m4#dd ,9 o!r words1 !re is a sci5ce ( ,ends1 e/imat+ ! comp>ative wor? ( ea* ,end 9 relation to o!r ,ends 7,teleology73 di/9ct f ^? o!r m special sci5ces1 :i* /udy ! means ea* t[>ds a sep>ate ,end ( its own4 ,"h we fall into ! same track z we h already indicat$ 9 ,la*s & ,alkibiads ,,ii4 ,footnote #dd3 ,comp>e :at has be5 said ^u ! same subject 9 my rem>ks on ,alkib4 i4 & ii4 p4 #ca49999 ,side-note3 ,c\rage & ,temp]ance1 h&l$ bo? by ,plato & by ,ari/otle4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! two4 ,^! matt]s ,i %all rev]t to 9 o!r dialogues1 :]e we %all f9d !m turn$ ov] & canvass$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,"o f>!r obs]vation rema9s to be made on ! ,la*s & ,*>mids1 discuss+ z !y d ,c\rage 7:i* is also aga9 discuss$ 9 ! ,protagoras7 & ,temp]ance4 ,an int]e/+ comp>ison may be made betwe5 !m & ! ?ird book ( ! ,nikoma*ean ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1#de :]e ! same two subjects are h&l$ 9 ! ,ari/otelian mann]4 ,! direct1 didactic1 sy/ematis+1 brevity ( ,ari/otle contra/s rem>kably ) ! indirect & circuit\s prolixity1 ! multipli$ sugge/ive comp>isons1 ! %ift+ po9ts ( view1 :i* we f9d 9 ,plato4 ,ea* has its advantages3 & bo? toge!r w be f\nd n m ?an suffici5t1 = any "o :o is s]i\sly b5t on acquir+ :at ,plato calls k1 ) ! cross-exam9+ p[] includ$ 9 x4 ,ari/otle is greatly sup]ior to ,plato 9 "o important attribute ( a philosoph]3 9 ! c>e :i* he takes to discrim9ate ! diff]5t significations ( ! same ^w3 ! univocal & ! equivocal1 ! g5]ically id5tical f ! remotely analogical1 ! prop] f ! improp]1 ! lit]al f ! metaphorical4 ,( su* precautions we discov] little or no trace 9 ,plato1 :o sometimes seems n m]ely to neglect1 b ev5 to d]ide !m4 ,yet ,ari/otle1 assi/$ z he 0 by all ,plato's speculations be=e u1 is n to be und]/ood z hav+ sup]s$$ ! necessity = t negative ,el5*us :i* animates ! ,platonic dialogues ( ,se>*3 nor w\ld 8 affirmative doctr9es h held _! gr\nds be=e a cross-exam9+ ,sokrates4 ,footnote #de3 ,ari/ot4 ,e?ic4 ,nikom4 iii4 p4 #aaae1 #aaai2 also ,e?ic4 ,eudem4 iii4 #abbi-abca4 ,! comm5ts ( ,ari/otle ^u ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates respect+ ,c\rage seem to relate r to ! ,protagoras ?an to ! ,la*s ( ,plato4 ,see ,e?4 ,nik4 #aaaf1 #f1 #d2 ,e?4 ,eud4 #abbi1 a4 #ae4 ,,app5dix4 ,! dialogue ,*>mids is decl>$ to be spuri\s1 n only by ,a/1 b also by ,so*] 7,a/1 ,platon's ,leb4 pp4 #dai-dbh2 ,so*]1 ,ueb] ,platon1 pp4 #acj-acg74 ,/e9h>t ma9ta9s ! g5u95ess ( ! dialogue aga9/ !m2 decl>+ 7z 9 reg>d to ! ,la*s7 t he c h>dly conceive h[ critics c mi/ake ! truly ,platonic "* ( x1 ?\gh "h too1 z 9 ! ,la*s1 he detects adolesc5ti ve/igia 7,/e9h>t1 ,e9leit4 zum ,*>mids1 pp4 #bij-bic74 ,s*lei]ma*] consid]s ,*>mids z well z ,la*s to be app5dixes to ! ,protagoras1 :i* op9ion bo? ,/allbaum 7,proleg4 ad ,*>m1 p4 #aba2 ,proleg4 ad ,la*et4 p4 #cj1 #bnd ed47 & ,/e9h>t controv]t4 ,! views ( ,/allbaum respect+ ! ,*>mids are decl>$ by ,/e9h>t 7p4 #bij7 to be re*t uss]li* und ob]fl*li*4 ,to me !y appe> mu* ne>] ! tru? ?an ! pr(\nd & recondite mean+s1 ! f>-sight$ indirect h9ts1 :i* ,/e9h>t himself p]ceives or supposes 9 ! words ( ,plato4 ,^! critics consid] ! dialogue z compos$ dur+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,?irty at ,a!ns1 9 :i* op9ion ,i d n concur4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,lysis4 ,side-note3 ,analogy betwe5 ,lysis & ,*>mids4 ,ri*ness ( dramatic incid5t 9 bo?4 ,y\?ful beauty4 ,! ,lysis1 z well z ! ,*>mids1 is a dialogue rec\nt$ by ,sokrates himself1 describ+ bo? incid5ts & a conv]sation 9 a cr[d$ ,pal/ra2 :]e9 n m]ely bodily ex]cises 7 habitually practis$1 b debate 0 c>ri$ on & intellectual in/ruction giv5 by a ,sophi/ nam$ ,mikkus1 companion & admir] ( ,sokrates4 ,!re is a lively dramatic comm5cem5t1 introduc+ ,sokrates into ! ,pal/ra1 & detail+ ! prep>ation & sc5ic arrangem5ts1 be=e ! real discussion op5s4 ,x is ! day ( ! ,h]ma1 or fe/ival ( ,h]mes1 celebrat$ by sacrifice & its accompany+ banquets among ! frequ5t]s ( gymnasia4 ,side-note3 ,sc5]y & p]sonages ( ! ,lysis4 ,lysis1 l ,*>mids1 is an ,a!nian y\?1 ( conspicu\s beauty1 mode/y1 & promise4 ,8 fa!r ,demokrates repres5ts an anci5t family ( ! xonian ,deme 9 ,attica1 & is said to be desc5d$ f ,zeus & ! daught] ( ! ,ar*gets or ,h]oic ,f\nd] ( t ,deme4 ,! family moreov] are s weal?y1 t !y h ga9$ _m victories at ! ,py?ian1 ,i/hmian1 & ,nemean games1 bo? ) horses & ) *>iots & f\r4 ,m5ex5us1 companion ( ,lysis1 is some:at old]1 & is 8 affectionate fri5d4 ,! p]sons :o invite ,sokrates into ! pal/ra1 & give occasion to ! debate1 are ,ktesippus & ,hippo?als3 bo? ( !m adults1 yet 9 ! vig\r ( age4 ,hippo?als is ! ,era/es ( ,lysis1 passionately atta*$ to him4 ,he is ridicul$ by ,ktesippus = p]petually talk+ ab\t ,lysis1 z well z = address+ to him compositions bo? 9 prose & v]se1 full ( praise & flatt]y2 extoll+ n only 8 p]sonal beauty1 b also 8 spl5did ance/ry & position4#a ,footnote #a3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bjc-bje4 ,side-note3 ,orig9 ( ! conv]sation4 ,sokrates promises to give an example ( ! prop] way ( talk+ to a y\?1 = 8 b5efit4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! addresses1 ,sokrates remon/rates ) ,hippo?als on ! imprud5ce & mis*ief ( address+ to a y\? flatt]ies calculat$ to turn 8 head4 ,he is himself !n invit$ by ,hippo?als to exhibit a specim5 ( ! prop] mode ( talk+ to y\?2 su* z %all be at once acceptable to ! p]son address$1 & unobjectionable4 ,sokrates agrees to d s1 if an opportunity be af=d$ him ( conv]s+ ) ,lysis4#b ,accord+ly aft] "s well-imag9$ incid5ts1 int]e/+ z m>ks ( ,greek mann]s--,sokrates & ,ktesippus ) o!rs seat !mselves 9 ! pal/ra1 amid/ a cr[d ( li/5]s4#c ,lysis1 too mode/ at fir/ to approa*1 is embold5$ to sit d[n by see+ ,m5ex5us seat$ by ! side ( ,sokrates3 :ile ,hippo?als1 n d>+ to put himself :]e ,lysis c see him1 li/5s1 b conceals himself beh9d "s ( ! cr[d4 ,sokrates beg9s ! conv]sation ) ,m5ex5us & ,lysis jo9tly3 b pres5tly ,m5ex5us is call$ away = a mom5t1 & he talks ) ,lysis s+ly4 ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bjf4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bjf-bjg4 ,side-note3 ,conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,lysis4 ,sokr4--,well--,lysis--y\r fa!r & "m love y extremely4 ,lysis4--,assur$ly !y d4 ,sokr4--,!y w\ld wi% y !re=e to be z happy z possible4 ,lysis4--,und\bt$ly4 ,sokr4--,d y ?9k any man happy1 :o is a slave1 & :o is n all[$ to d any ?+ t he desires8 ,lysis4--,i d n ?9k him happy at all4 ,sokr4--,s9ce !re=e y\r fa!r & "m are s anxi\s t y %\ld be happy1 !y ( c\rse all[ y to d ! ?+s :i* y desire1 & nev] reprove nor =bid y4 ,lysis4--,n at all1 by ,zeus1 ,sokrates3 !re are a great _m ?+s t !y =bid me4 ,sokr4--,h[ say y6 !y wi% y to be happy--& !y h9d] y f do+ :at y wi%6 ,tell me1 = example1 :5 "o ( y\r fa!r's *>iots is go+ to run a race1 if y wi%$ to m\nt & take ! re9s1 w\ld n !y all[ y to d s8 ,lysis4--,no--c]ta9ly3 !y w\ld n all[ me4 ,sokr4--,b :om d !y all[1 !n8 ,lysis4--,my fa!r employs a paid *>iote]4 ,sokr4--,:at6 d !y p]mit a hirel+1 9 pref]5ce to y1 to d :at he wi%es ) ! horses8 & d !y give him pay besides = do+ s8 ,lysis4--,:y--to be sure4 ,sokr4--,b d\btless1 ,i imag9e1 !y tru/ ! team ( mules to y\r direction2 & if y *ose to take ! :ip & flog1 !y w\ld all[ y8 ,lysis4--,all[ me8 n at all4 ,sokr4--,:at6 is no "o all[$ to flog !m8 ,lysis4--,yes--c]ta9ly--! mule-groom4 ,sokr4--,is he a slave or free8 ,lysis4--,a slave4 ,sokr4--,!n1 x seems1 !y e/eem a slave high] ?an y _! son2 tru/+ _! prop]ty to him r ?an to y1 lett+ him d :at he pleases1 :ile !y =bid y4 ,b tell me f>!r3 d !y all[ y to direct y\rself--or d n !y ev5 tru/ y s f> z t8 ,lysis4--,h[ c y imag9e t !y tru/ me8 ,sokr4--,b does any "o else direct y8 ,lysis4--,yes--?is tutor "h4 ,sokr4--,is he a slave8 ,lysis4--,to be sure3 belong+ to our family4 ,sokr4--,t is %ock+3 "o ( free bir? to be "u ! direction ( a slave6 ,b :at is x t he does1 z y\r director8 ,lysis4--,he conducts me to my tea*]'s h\se4 ,sokr4--,:at6 d !y gov]n y also1 ^! tea*]s8 ,lysis4--,und\bt$ly !y d4 ,sokr4--,!n y\r fa!r c]ta9ly is b5t on putt+ ov] y pl5ty ( directors & gov]nors4 ,b surely1 :5 y come home to y\r "m1 %e at lea/1 anxi\s t y %\ld be happy z f> z %e is conc]n$1 lets y d :at y please ab\t ! wool or ! web1 :5 %e is weav+3 %e does n =bid y to m$dle ) ! bodk9 or any ( ! o!r in/rum5ts ( h] "w8 ,lysis4--,ridicul\s6 n only does %e =bid me1 b ,i %\ld be beat5 if ,i did m$dle4 ,sokr4--,h[ is ?is1 by ,h]akls8 ,h y done any wrong to y\r fa!r & "m8 ,lysis4--,nev] at all1 by ,zeus4 ,sokr4--,f :at provocation is x1 !n1 t !y prev5t y 9 ?is t]rible way1 f be+ happy & do+ :at y wi%8 keep+ y ! :ole day 9 s]vitude to "s "o1 & nev] y\r own ma/]8 s t y d]ive no b5efit ei!r f ! great weal? ( ! family1 :i* is manag$ by e "o else r ?an by y--or f y\r own body1 noble z x is4 ,ev5 t is consign$ to ! wat* & direction ( ano!r3 :ile y1 ,lysis1 are ma/] ( no?+1 nor c d any "o ?+ ( :at y desire4 ,lysis4--,! reason is1 ,sokrates1 t ,i am n yet old en\gh4 ,sokr4--,t c h>dly be ! reason2 = to a c]ta9 ext5t y\r fa!r & "m d tru/ y1 )\t wait+ = y to gr[ old]4 ,if !y want any ?+ to be writt5 or read = !m1 !y employ y = t purpose 9 pref]5ce to any "o 9 ! h\se3 & y are !n all[$ to write or read fir/1 :i*ev] ( ! lett]s y ?9k prop]4 ,aga91 :5 y take up ! lyre1 nei!r fa!r nor "m h9d] y f tight5+ or relax+ ! /r+s1 or /rik+ !m ei!r ) y\r f+] or ) ! plectrum4 ,lysis4--,!y d n4 ,sokr4--,:y is x1 !n1 t !y d n h9d] y 9 ?is la/ case1 z !y did 9 ! cases be=e m5tion$8 ,lysis4--,i suppose x is because ,i "k ?is la/1 b did n "k ! o!rs4 ,sokr4--,well1 my good fri5d1 y see t x is n y\r increase ( ye>s t y\r fa!r waits =2 b on ! v day t he becomes conv9c$ t y "k bett] ?an he1 he w entru/ bo? himself & 8 prop]ty to y\r managem5t4 ,lysis4--,i suppose t he w4 ,sokr4--,ay--& y\r neighb\r too w judge 9 ! same way z y\r fa!r4 ,z soon z he is satisfi$ t y und]/& h\se-managem5t bett] ?an he does1 :i* d y ?9k he w r d--confide 8 h\se to y1 or cont9ue to manage x himself8 ,lysis4--,i ?9k he w confide x to me4 ,sokr4--,! ,a!nians too3 d n y ?9k t !y also w put _! affairs into y\r managem5t1 z soon z !y p]ceive t y h intellig5ce adequate to ! task8 ,lysis4--,yes3 ,i d4 ,sokr4--,:at d y say ab\t ! ,great ,k+ also1 by ,zeus6 ,:5 8 meat is be+ boil$1 w\ld he p]mit 8 elde/ son :o is to succe$ to ! rule ( ,asia1 to ?r[ 9 any ?+ t he pleases into ! sauce1 r ?an u1 if we come & prove to him t we "k bett] ?an 8 son ! way ( prep>+ sauce8 ,lysis4--,cle>ly1 he w r p]mit u4 ,sokr4--,! ,great ,k+ w n let 8 son ?r[ 9 ev5 a p9* ( salt3 :ile we1 if we *ose to take up an entire h&ful1 %\ld be all[$ to ?r[ x 94 ,lysis4--,no d\bt4 ,sokr4--,:at if 8 son has a compla9t 9 8 eyes2 w\ld ! ,great ,k+1 kn[+ him to be ignorant ( m$ic9e1 all[ him ev5 to t\* 8 own eyes or w\ld he =bid him8 ,lysis4--,he w\ld =bid him4 ,sokr4--,z to u1 on ! contr>y1 if he acc\nt$ u good physicians1 & if we desir$ ev5 to op5 ! eyes & drop a p[d] into !m1 he w\ld n h9d] u1 9 ! conviction t we und]/ood :at we 7 do+4 ,lysis4--,y speak truly4 ,sokr4--,all o!r matt]s1 9 %ort1 on :i* he believ$ u to be wis] ?an himself or 8 son1 he w\ld entru/ to u r ?an to himself or 8 son8 ,lysis4--,necess>ily s1 ,sokrates4 ,sokr4--,?is is ! /ate ( ! case1 !n1 my de> ,lysis3 ,on ^? matt]s on :i* we %all h become intellig5t1 all p]sons w put tru/ 9 u--,greeks z well z b>b>ians1 m5 z well z wom54 ,we %all d :atev] we please respect+ !m3 no "o w be at all incl9$ to int]f]e ) u on su* matt]s2 n only we %all be ourselves free1 b we %all h comm& ov] o!rs besides4 ,^! matt]s w be really ours1 because we %all d]ive real good f !m4#d ,z to ^? subjects1 on ! contr>y1 on :i* we %all n h acquir$ intellig5ce1 no "o w tru/ u to d :at we ?9k "r3 e "o1--n m]ely /rang]s1 b fa!r & "m & ne>] relatives if !re 7 any1--w ob/ruct u z mu* z !y c3 we %all be 9 s]vitude s f> z ^! subjects are conc]n$2 & !y w be really ali5 to u1 = we %all d]ive no real good f !m4 ,d y admit t ?is is ! case8#e ,lysis4--,i d admit x4 ,sokr4--,%all we !n be fri5ds to any "o1 or w any "o love u1 on ^? matt]s on :i* we are unpr(itable ,lysis4--,c]ta9ly n4 ,sokr4--,y see t nei!r does y\r fa!r love y1 nor does any man love ano!r1 9 s f> z he is useless8 ,lysis4--,app>5tly n4 ,sokr4--,if !n y become intellig5t1 my boy1 all p]sons w be y\r fri5ds & all p]sons w be y\r k9sm53 = y w be useful & good3 if y d n1 no "o w be y\r fri5d1--n ev5 y\r fa!r nor y\r "m nor y\r o!r relatives4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baj ,b4 ,greek3 kai ou7deis 7mas e7kn ei7nai e7mpodiei1 a7ll' au7toi_/ te e7leu_/!roi e7s_/me?a e7n au7tois kai a7_/lln a7_/r*ontes1 7me_/t]a_/ te tauta e7_//ai2 o7ns_/me?a gar a7p' au7tn4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baj ,c4 ,greek3 au7toi_/ te e7n au7tois e7s_/me?a a7_/lln u7pkooi1 kai 7min e7_//ai a7llo_/tria2 ou7den gar a7p' au7tn o7ns_/me?a4 ,sug*reis ou7_/ts e7_/*e98 ,sug*r4 ,is x possible !n1 ,lysis1 = a man to ?9k highly ( himself on ^? matt]s on :i* he does n yet ?9k aright8 ,lysis4--,h[ c x be possible8 ,sokr4--,if y /& 9 ne$ ( a tea*]1 y d n yet ?9k aright8 ,lysis4--,true4 ,sokr4--,accord+ly1 y are n presumptu\s on ! score ( intellig5ce1 s9ce y are /ill )\t intellig5ce4 ,lysis4--,by ,zeus1 ,sokrates1 ,i ?9k n4#f ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baj ,d4 ,greek3 ,oi7o_/n te ou7n e7pi t\_/tois1 7 ,lu_/si1 me_/ga phronein1 e7n oi7s tis m_/p phronei8 ,kai ps a7n8 e7_/ph4 ,ei7 d' a7_/ra su didaska_/l\ de_/ei1 ou7_/p phroneis4 ,a7l?4 ,ou7d' a7_/ra megalo_/phrn ei71 ei7_/p] a7_/phrn e7_/ti4 ,ma ,di_/'1 e7_/ph1 7 ,s_/krates1 ou7_/ moi dokei4 ,!re is "h a d\ble s5se ( ,greek3 me_/ga phronein1 megalo_/phrn1 :i* _c easily be made to pass into any o!r language4 ,side-note3 ,lysis is humiliat$4 ,di/ress ( ,hippo?als4 ,:5 ,i he>d ,lysis speak ?us 7cont9ues ,sokrates1 :o is "h ! n>rator71 ,i look$ t[>ds ,hippo?als & ,i 0 on ! po9t ( committ+ a blund]3 = x occurr$ to me to say1 ,t is ! way1 ,hippo?als1 to address a y\? :om y love3 y ought to *eck & humble him1 n puff him up & spoil him1 z y h hi!rto done4 ,b :5 ,i saw him agitat$ & di/ress$ by :at _h be5 said1 ,i call$ to m9d t1 ?\gh /&+ close by1 he wi%$ n to be se5 by ,lysis4 ,accord+ly1 ,i re/ra9$ myself & said no?+ ( ! k9d4#g ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baj ,e4 ,side-note3 ,lysis entreats ,sokrates to talk 9 ! l /ra9 to ,m5ex5us4 ,lysis accepts ?is z a fri5dly lesson1 inculcat+ humility3 & see+ ,m5ex5us j !n com+ back1 he says aside to ,sokrates1 ,talk to ,m5ex5us1 z y h be5 talk+ to me4 ,y c tell him y\rself 7replies ,sokrates7 :at y h he>d f me3 y li/5$ v att5tively4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ,i %all tell him 7says ,lysis73 b mean:ile pray address to him y\rself "s o!r que/ions1 = me to he>4 ,y mu/ engage to help me if ,i require x 7answ]s ,sokrates73 = ,m5ex5us is a =midable disputant1 s*ol> ( our fri5d ,ktesippus1 :o is "h ready to assi/ him4 ,i "k he is 7rejo9$ ,lysis71 & x is = t v reason t ,i want y to talk to him--t y may *a/5 & puni% him4#h ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baa ,b-,c4 ,greek3 a7ll' o7_/ra o7_/ps e7pik\r_/seis moi1 e7a_/n me e7le_/g*e9 e7pi*eir o7 ,m5e_/x5os4 7 ou7k oi7/ha o7_/ti e7ri/iko_/s e7/i8 ,nai ma ,di_/a1 e7_/ph1 spho_/dra ge4 dia tauta_/ toi kai b\_/lomai_/ se au7t diale_/ge/hai--i7_/n' au7ton kola_/ss4 ,comp>e ,x5ophon1 ,memor4 i4 #d1 #a1 :]e he speaks ( ! *a/is+ purpose (t5 contemplat$ by ,sokrates 9 8 conv]sation--,greek3 a7 e7keinos kola/ri_/ou e7_/neka t\s pa_/nt' oi7ome_/n\s ei7de_/nai e7rtn 7_/leg*54 ,side-note3 ,value ( ! fir/ conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,lysis1 z an illu/ration ( ! ,platonico-,sokratic mann]4 ,i h giv5 at l5g?1 & almo/ lit]ally 7) "s few abbreviations71 ?is fir/ conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,lysis1 because x is a v *>act]i/ic passage1 exhibit+ conspicu\sly sev]al peculi> features ( ! ,platonico-,sokratic int]rogation4 ,facts common & famili> are plac$ 9 a novel po9t ( view1 +5i\sly contra/$1 & introduc$ z /epp+-/ones to a v wide g5]ality4 ,wisdom or k is exalt$ into ! rul+ =ce ) lib]ty ( action n admissible except "u its guidance3 ! que/ions are put 9 an inv]t$ half-ironical tone 7n uncommon ) ! hi/orical ,sokrates#i71 z if an affirmative answ] 7 expect$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 :ile 9 tru? ! answ] is sure to be negative3 la/ly1 ! purpose ( *eck+ undue self-e/eem is proclaim$4 ,! re/ ( ! dialogue1 :i* conta9s ! ma9 sub/antive "q inve/igat$1 ,i c report only 9 brief abridgm5t1 ) a few rem>ks foll[+4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,glaukon 9 ,x5ophon1 ,memor4 iii4 #f2 also ! conv]sation ) ,p]ikles1 iii4 #e1 #bc-bd4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates beg9s to exam9e ,m5ex5us respect+ fri5d%ip4 ,:o is to be call$ a fri5d8 ,halt 9 ! dialogue4 ,sokrates beg9s1 z ,lysis reque/s1 to int]rogate ,m5ex5us--fir/ premis+--,diff]5t m5 h diff]5t ta/es3 "s love horses & dogs1 o!rs weal? or hon\rs4 ,= my "p1 ,i c>e little ab\t all su* acquisitions3 b ,i ard5tly desire to possess fri5ds1 & ,i w\ld r h a good fri5d ?an all ! treasures ( ,p]sia4 ,y two1 ,m5ex5us & ,lysis1 are mu* to be envi$1 because at y\r e>ly age1 ea* ( y has made an atta*$ fri5d ( ! o!r4 ,b ,i am s f> f any su* good =tune1 t ,i d n ev5 "k h[ any man becomes ! fri5d ( ano!r4 ,?is is :at ,i want to ask f y1 ,m5ex5us1 z "o :o mu/ "k1#aj hav+ acquir$ su* a fri5d already4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baa-bab4 ,:5 "o man loves ano!r1 :i* becomes ! fri5d ( :i*8 ,does he :o loves1 become ! fri5d ( him :om he loves1 :e!r ! latt] returns ! affection or n8 ,or is ! p]son lov$1 :atev] be 8 own dispositions1 ! fri5d ( ! p]son :o loves him8 ,or is reciprocity ( affection necess>y1 9 ord] t ei!r %all be ! fri5d ( ! o!r8 ,! speak]s _c satisfy !mselves t ! title ( fri5d fits ei!r ( ! ?ree cases2#aa s t ?is l9e ( int]rogat+ comes to a dead lock4 ,m5ex5us av[s 8 emb>rassm5t1 :ile ,lysis expresses himself m hopefully4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bab-bac4 #bac ,c3--,greek3 ei7 m_/te oi7 phil\ntes 7#a7 phi_/loi e7_/sontai1 m_/?' oi7 phil\_/m5oi 7#b71 m_/?' oi7 phil\nte_/s te kai phil\_/m5oi 7#c71 c4 ,sokrates "h pr(esses to h %[n gr\nds = reject+ all ^! ?ree suppositions4 ,b if we foll[ ! prec$+ argum5t1 we %all see t he has %[n gr\nds only aga9/ ! fir/ two1 n aga9/ ! ?ird4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions address$ to ,lysis4 ,appeal to ! maxims ( ! poets4 ,l is ! fri5d ( l4 ,canvass$ & reject$4 ,sokrates n[ takes up a diff]5t aspect ( ! "q1 & turns to ,lysis1 invit+ him to consid] :at has be5 laid d[n by ! poets1 our fa!rs & guides 9 respect ( wisdom4#ab ,hom] says t ! ,gods orig9ate fri5d%ip1 by br++ ! l man to 8 l3 ,emp$okles & o!r physical philosoph]s h also ass]t$1 t l mu/ always & ( necessity be ! fri5d ( l4 ,^! wise tea*]s _c mean 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 t bad m5 are fri5ds ( ea* o!r4 ,! bad man c be no "o's fri5d4 ,he is n ev5 l himself1 b ev] wayw>d & insane3--mu* less c he be l to any "o else1 ev5 to ano!r bad man4 ,!y mean t ! good alone are l to ea* o!r1 & fri5ds to ea* o!r4#ac ,b is ?is true8 ,:at good1 or :at h>m1 c l d to l1 :i* x does n also d to itself8 ,h[ c !re be reciprocal love betwe5 p>ties :o r5d] to ea* o!r no reciprocal aid8 ,is n ! good man1 s f> =? z good1 suffici5t to himself1--/&+ 9 ne$ ( no "o--& !re=e lov+ no "o8 ,h[ c good m5 c>e mu* = ea* o!r1 see+ t !y ?us nei!r regret ea* o!r :5 abs5t1 nor h ne$ ( ea* o!r :5 pres5t8#ad ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bac ,e3 ,greek3 skop\nta kata t\s poita_/s2 ou7toi gar 7min 7_/sp] pate_/res ts sophi_/z ei7si kai 7gemo_/nes4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bad4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,lysis #bae ,b3 ,greek3 ,o7 de m_/ t\ deo_/m5os1 ou7de_/ ti a7gap_/ a7n4 4 4 4 ,o7 de m a7gap_/1 ou7d' a7n philoi4 4 4 4 ,ps ou7n oi7 a7ga?oi tois a7ga?ois 7min phi_/loi e7_/sontai tn a7r*_/n1 oi7 m_/te a7po_/ntes po!9oi a7ll_/lois--i7kanoi gar e7autois kai *ris o7_/ntes--m_/te p>o_/ntes *rei_/an au7tn e7_/*\si8 t\s d toi\_/t\s ti_/s m*an p]i poll\ poiei/hai a7lll\s8 ,side-note3 ,o!r poets decl>e t lik5ess is a cause ( av]sion2 unlik5ess1 ( fri5d%ip4 ,reasons pro & con4 ,reject$4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 ,lysis 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 t we are travell+ 9 ! wrong road1 & mu/ try ano!r direction4 ,i n[ rememb] to h rec5tly he>d "s "o affirm+--contr>y to :at we h j said--t lik5ess is a cause ( av]sion1 &9999 unlik5ess a cause ( fri5d%ip4 ,he too produc$ evid5ce f ! poets3 = ,hesiod tells u1 t pott] is jeal\s ( pott]1 & b>d ( b>d4 ,?+s mo/ alike are mo/ full ( envy1 jeal\sy & hatr$ to ea* o!r3 ?+s mo/ unlike1 are mo/ full ( fri5d%ip4 ,?us ! poor man is ( necessity a fri5d to ! ri*1 ! weak man to ! /rong1 = ! sake ( protection3 ! sick man1 = simil> reason1 to ! physician4 ,9 g5]al1 e ignorant man loves1 & is a fri5d to1 ! man ( k4 ,nay1 !re are also physical philosoph]s1 :o ass]t t ?is pr9ciple p]vades all nature2 t dry is ! fri5d ( moi/1 cold ( hot1 & s =?3 t all contr>ies s]ve z n\ri%m5t to _! contr>ies4 ,^! are +5i\s tea*]s3 b if we foll[ !m1 we %all h ! clev]e/ disputants attack+ u imm$iately1 & ask+--,:at6 is ! opposite ess5tially a fri5d to its opposite8 ,d y mean t unju/ is ess5tially ! fri5d ( j--temp]ate ( intemp]ate--good ( evil8 ,impossible3 ! doctr9e _c be ma9ta9$4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bae-baf4 ,side-note3 ,confusion ( ,sokrates4 ,he sugge/s1 ,t ! ,indiff]5t 7nei!r good nor evil7 is fri5d to ! ,good4 ,my head turns 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 ) ?is confusion & puzzle--s9ce nei!r l is ! fri5d ( l1 nor contr>y ( contr>y4 ,b ,i w n[ haz>d a diff]5t guess ( my own4#af ,!re are ?ree g5]a 9 all3 ! good--! evil--& t :i* is nei!r good nor evil1 ! indiff]5t4 ,n[ we h f\nd t good is n a fri5d to good--nor evil to evil--nor good to evil--nor evil to good4 ,if !re=e !re exi/ any fri5d%ip at all1 x mu/ be ! indiff]5t t is fri5d1 ei!r to its l1 or to ! good3 = no?+ :atev] c be a fri5d to evil4 ,b if ! indiff]5t be a fri5d at all1 x _c be a fri5d to its own l2 s9ce we h already %[n t l g5]ally is n fri5d to l4 ,x rema9s !re=e1 t ! indiff]5t1 9 itself nei!r good nor evil1 is fri5d to ! good4#ag ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baf ,c-,d3 ,greek3 t o7_/nti au7tos i7liggi u7po ts t\ lo_/g\ a7pori_/z--,le_/g toi_/nun a7pomanteuo_/m5os1 c4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baf ,d4 ,side-note3 ,sugge/ion canvass$4 ,if ! ,indiff]5t is fri5d to ! ,good1 x is det]m9$ to become s by ! contact ( felt evil1 f :i* x is anxi\s to escape4 ,yet hold6 ,are we on ! "r sc5t8 ,:at reason is !re to det]m9e1 on ! "p ( ! indiff]5t1 atta*m5t to ! good8 ,x w only h su* atta*m5t "u c]ta9 giv5 circum/ances3 :51 ?\gh nei!r good nor evil 9 itself1 x has nev]!less evil associat$ ) x1 ( :i* x desires to be rid4 ,?us ! body 9 itself is nei!r good nor evil3 b :5 diseas$1 x has evil cl++ to x1 & becomes 9 consequ5ce ( ?is evil1 fri5dly to ! m$ical art z a rem$y4 ,b ?is is true only s long z ! evil is only app>5t1 & n real3 s long z x is a m]e sup]ficial app5dage1 & has n become incorporat$ ) ! ess5tial nature ( ! body4 ,:5 evil has become engra9$1 ! body ceases to be indiff]5t 7i4e41 nei!r good nor evil71 & loses all its atta*m5t to good4 ,?us t :i* det]m9es ! indiff]5t to become fri5d ( ! good1 is1 ! contact & pressure ( accessory evil n 9 h>mony ) its own nature1 accompani$ by a desire = ! cure ( su* evil4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bag ,e3 ,greek3 ,to m_/te kakon a7_/ra m_/t' a7ga?on e7ni_/ote kak\ p>o_/ntos ou7_/p kako_/n e7/91 e7_//i d' o7_/te 7_/d to toi\ton ge_/gon54 ,pa_/nu ge4 ,ou7k\n o7_/tan m_/p lalon 7 kak\ p>o_/ntos1 au7t men 7 p>\si_/a a7ga?\ au7to poiei e7pi?umein1 7 de kakon poi\sa a7po/]ei au7to ts t' e7pi?umi_/z a7_/ma kai ts phili_/z ta7ga?\4 ,ou7 gar e7_/ti e7/in ou7_/te kakon ou7_/t' a7ga?o_/n1 a7lla kako_/n2 phi_/lon de a7ga? kakon ou7k 7n4 ,side-note3 ,pr9ciple illu/rat$ by ! philosoph]4 ,8 int]m$iate condition--n wise1 yet pa9fully feel+ 8 own ignorance4 ,"u ?is head comes ! explanation ( ! philosoph]--! fri5d or lov] ( wisdom4 ,! man already wise is n a lov] ( wisdom3 nor ! man ?or\ghly bad & /upid1 ) ^: nature ignorance is engra9$4 ,l does n love l1 nor does contr>y love contr>y4 ,! philosoph] is int]m$iate betwe5 ! two3 he is n wise1 b nei!r has he yet become radically /upid & untea*able4 ,he has ignorance cleav+ to him z an evil1 b he kn[s 8 own ignorance1 & ye>ns = wisdom z a cure = x4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bah ,a4 ,greek3 dia tauta d phaim5 a7n kai t\s 7_/d soph\s mke_/ti philosophein1 ei7_/te !oi ei7_/te a7_/n?rpoi_/ ei7s9 ou7toi2 ou7d' au7 e7kei_/n\s philosophein t\s ou7_/ts a7_/gnoian e7_/*ontas 7_//e kak\s ei7nai2 kakon gar kai a7ma? ou7de_/na philosophein4 lei_/pontai d oi7 e7_/*ontes men to kakon t\to1 tn a7_/gnoian1 m_/p de u7p' au7t\ o7_/ntes a7gn_/mones md' a7ma!is1 a7ll' e7_/ti 7g\_/m5oi m ei7de_/nai a7 m i7_/sas94 dio d philosoph\s9 oi7 ou7_/te a7ga?oi ou7_/te kakoi_/ p o7_/ntes4 o7_/soi de kakoi1 ou7 philosoph\s91 ou7de oi7 a7ga?oi_/4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,symposion1 #bjd4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates dissatisfi$4 ,he orig9ates a new sugge/ion4 ,! ,primum ,amabile1 or object orig9ally de> to u1 p] se3 by relation or resemblance to :i* o!r objects become de>4 ,! two "y collocutors ) ,sokrates welcome ?is explanation he>tily1 & ,sokrates himself appe>s = ! mom5t satisfi$ ) x4 ,b he pres5tly be?9ks himself1 & exclaims1 ,ah6 ,lysis & ,m5ex5us1 our weal? is all a dream6 we h be5 yield+ aga9 to delusions6 ,let u once m exam9e4 ,y w admit t all fri5d%ip is on acc\nt ( some?+ & = ! sake ( some?+3 x is relative bo? to "s produc+ cause1 & to "s prospective end4 ,?us ! body1 :i* is 9 itself nei!r good nor evil1 becomes :5 sick a fri5d to ! m$ical art3 on acc\nt ( sickness1 :i* is an evil--& = ! sake ( heal?1 :i* is a good4 ,! m$ical art is de> to u1 because heal? is de>3 b is !re any ?+ beh9d1 = ! sake ( :i* heal? also is de>8 ,x is pla9 t we _c pu% ! s]ies ( ref]5ces onw>d = ev]1 & t we mu/ come ultimately to some?+ :i* is de> p] se1 n f ref]5ce to any ult]ior aliud4 ,we mu/ come to "s primum amabile1 de> by its own nature1 to :i* all o!r de> ?+s ref]1 & f :i* !y are d]ivatives4#bj ,x is ?is primum amabile :i* is ! primitive1 ess5tial1 & con/ant1 object ( our affections3 we love o!r ?+s only f _! be+ associat$ ) x4 ,?us suppose a fa!r t5d]ly atta*$ to 8 son1 & t ! son has drunk hemlock1 = :i* w9e is an antidote2 ! fa!r w come by association to prize highly1 n m]ely ! w9e :i* saves 8 son's life1 b ev5 ! cup 9 :i* ! w9e is conta9$4 ,yet x w\ld be wrong to say t he prizes ! w9e or ! cup z mu* z 8 son3 = ! tru? is1 t all 8 solicitude is really on behalf ( 8 son1 & ext5ds only 9 a d]ivative & second>y way to ! w9e & ! cup4 ,s ab\t gold & silv]3 we talk ( priz+ highly gold & silv]--b ?is is incorrect1 = :at we really prize is n gold1 b ! ult]ior some?+1 :atev] x be1 = ! atta9m5t ( :i* gold & o!r in/rum5tal means are accumulat$4 ,9 g5]al t]ms--:5 we say t ,b is de> on acc\nt ( ,a1 we are really speak+ ( ,a "u ! "n ( ,b4 ,:at is really de>1 is t primitive object ( love1 primum amabile1 t[>ds :i* all ! affections :i* we be> to o!r ?+s1 ref] & t5d4#ba ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bai ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ,a7r' ou7n ou7k a7na_/gk a7peipein 7mas ou7_/ts i7o_/ntas1 kai a7phike_//hai e7pi_/ t9a a7r*n1 7 ou7ke_/t' e7panoi_/sei e7p' a7_/llo phi_/lon1 a7ll' 7_/xei e7p' e7keino o7_/ e7/i prton phi_/lon1 ou7 e7_/neka kai ta7_/lla phamen pa_/nta phi_/la ei7nai8 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 c4 #cg1 p4 #bbj ,b4 ,greek3 ,o7_/sa ga_/r pham5 phi_/la ei7nai 7min e7_/neka phi_/l\ t9o_/s1 e7te_/r r7_/mati pha9o_/me?a le_/gontes au7to_/2 phi_/lon de t o7_/nti k9duneu_/ei e7keino au7to1 ei7s o7 pasai au7tai ai7 lego_/m5ai phili_/ai teleuts94 ,side-note3 ,! cause ( love is desire4 ,we desire t :i* is ak9 to u or our own4 ,is x !n true 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 t good is our primum amabile1 & de> to u 9 itself8 ,if s1 is x de> to u on acc\nt ( evil8 t is1 only z a rem$y = evil2 s t if evil 7 totally bani%$1 good w\ld cease to be priz$8 ,is x true t evil is ! cause :y any ?+ is de> to u8#bb ,?is _c be3 because ev5 if all evil 7 bani%$1 ! appetites & desires1 su* ( !m z 7 nei!r good nor evil1 w\ld /ill rema93 & ! ?+s :i* gratify ^? appetites w be de> to u4 ,x is n !re=e true t evil is ! cause ( ?+s be+ de> to u4 ,we h j f\nd out ano!r cause = lov+ & be+ lov$--desire4 ,he :o desires1 loves :at he desires & z long z he desires3 he desires moreov] t ( :i* he is 9 want1 & he is 9 want ( t :i* has be5 tak5 away f him--( 8 own4#bc ,x is !re=e ?is own :i* is ! appropriate object ( desire1 fri5d%ip1 & love4 ,if y two1 ,lysis & ,m5ex5us1 love ea* o!r1 x is because y are someh[ ( k9dr$ nature ) ea* o!r4 ,! lov] w\ld n become a lov]1 unless !re 71 betwe5 him & 8 belov$1 a c]ta9 k9%ip or aff9ity 9 m9d1 disposition1 ta/es1 or =m4 ,we love1 by necess>y law1 t :i* has a natural aff9ity to u2 s t ! real & g5u9e lov] may be c]ta9 ( a return ( affection f 8 belov$4#bd ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bbj ,d4 ,we may see t 9 ?is *apt] ,plato runs into a confusion betwe5 ,greek3 to dia_/ ti & ,greek3 to e7_/neka_/ t\1 :i* two he began by c>efully di/+ui%+4 ,?us 9 #bah ,d he says1 ,greek3 o7 phi_/los e7/i t phi_/los--e7_/neka_/ t\ kai dia_/ ti4 ,aga9 #bai ,a1 he says--,greek3 to sma ts i7atriks phi_/lon e7/i_/n1 dia tn no_/son1 e7_/neka ts u7giei_/z4 ,?is is a v cle> & important di/9ction4 ,x is cont9u$ 9 #bbj ,d--,greek3 o7_/ti dia to kakon ta7ga?on 7gapm5 kai e7phil\m51 7s pha_/rmakon o7n t\ kak\ to a7ga?o_/n1 to de kako_/n no_/sma4 ,b 9 #bbj ,e--,greek3 to de t o7_/nti phi_/lon pan t\7nanti_/on t\_/t\ phai_/netai pephuko_/s2 phi_/lon gar 7min a7nepha_/n o7n e7*?r\ e7_/neka4 ,to make ! reason+ consi/5t ) :at _h gone be=e1 ^! two la/ words ought to be ex*ang$ = ,greek3 dia to e7*?ro_/n4 ,plato _h laid d[n ! doctr9e t good is lov$--,greek3 dia to kako_/n1 n ,greek3 e7_/neka t\ kak\4 ,good is lov$ on acc\nt ( evil1 b = ! sake ( obta9+ a rem$y to or cessation ( ! evil4 ,/e9h>t 79 8 note on ,hi]on4 ,mll]'s translation ( ,plato1 p4 #bfh7 calls ?is a sophi/is*es ,r?selspiel2 & he notes o!r portions ( ! dialogue :i* rem9d u ( ! deceptive tricks ( ! ,sophi/s 7die ,trugspiele d] ,sophi/51 see p4 #bbb-bbd-bbg-bcj74 ,he praises ,plato "h = 8 f9e pleasantry on ! deceptive arts ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,admitt+ t ,plato puts =w>d sophi/ical quibbles ) ! ^w ,greek3 phi_/los1 he tells u t ?is is suitable = ! purpose ( puzzl+ ! cont5ti\s "y man ,m5ex5us4 ,! confusion betwe5 ,greek3 e7_/neka_/ t\ & ,greek3 dia_/ ti 7notic$ above7 appe>s to be numb]$ by ,/e9h>t among ! f9e je/s aga9/ ,protagoras1 ,prodikus1 or "s ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,i c see no?+ 9 x except an unconsci\s inaccuracy 9 ,plato's reason+4 ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bba ,e4 ,greek3 ,to e7pi?um\n ou7 a7n e7ndees 71 t\_/t\ e7pi?umei--e7ndees de gi_/gnetai ou7 a7_/n tis a7phairtai--t\ oi7kei_/ou d_/1 7s e7_/oik51 o7_/ te e7_/rs kai 7 phili_/a kai 7 e7pi?umi_/a tug*a_/nei ou7sa4 ,?is is ! same doctr9e z t :i* we read1 exp&$ & ca/ into a my? ) comic turn1 9 ! spee* ( ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,symposion1 pp4 #aia-aib-aic4 ,greek3 e7_/ka/os ou7n 7mn e7_//9 a7n?r_/p\ su_/mbolon1 a7_/te tetmme_/nos 7_/sp] ai7 psttai e7x e7nos du_/o4 ztei d a7ei to au7t\ e7_/ka/os xu_/mbolon 7#aia ,d7--,greek3 dikai_/s a7n u7mnoim5 ,e7_/rta1 o7s e7_/n te t p>o_/nti plei/a 7mas o7ni_/ns9 ei7s to oi7keion a7_/gn1 c4 7#aic ,d74 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bba-bbb4 ,side-note3 ,good is ( a nature ak9 to e "o1 evil is ali5 to e "o4 ,inconsi/5cy ) :at has be5 previ\sly laid d[n4 ,b is !re any real diff]5ce betwe5 :at is ak9 & :at is l8 ,we mu/ assume t !re is3 = we %[$ be=e1 t l 0 useless to l1 & !re=e n de> to l4 ,%all we say t good is ( a nature ak9 to e "o1 & evil ( a nature =eign to e "o8 ,if s1 !n !re c be no fri5d%ip except betwe5 "o good man & ano!r good man4 ,b ?is too has be5 prov$ to be impossible4 ,all our t5tatives h be5 alike unsuccessful4 ,side-note3 ,failure ( ! enquiry4 ,close ( ! dialogue4 ,9 ?is dilemma 7cont9ues ,sokrates1 ! n>rator7 ,i 0 ab\t to ask assi/ance f "s ( ! old] m5 ar\nd4 ,b ! tutors ( ,m5ex5us & ,lysis came up to u & insi/$ on convey+ _! pupils home--! h\r be+ late4 ,z ! y\?s 7 dep>t+ ,i said to !m--,well1 we mu/ close our dialogue ) ! confession1 t we h all ?ree made a ridicul\s figure 9 x3 ,i1 an old man1 z well z y two y\?s4 ,our he>]s w g away decl>+1 t we fancy ourselves to be fri5ds ea* to ! o!r two2 b t we h n yet be5 able to f9d out :at a fri5d is4#be ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bbc ,b4 ,greek3 ,nun men katage_/la/oi gego_/nam5 e7g_/ te1 g]n a7n_/r1 kai u7meis1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks4 ,no positive result4 ,sokratic purpose 9 analys+ ! famili> words--to expose ! false p]suasion ( k4 ,?us ends ! ma9 discussion ( ! ,lysis3 n only )\t any positive result1 b ) speak]s & he>]s m puzzl$ ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+3 hav+ be5 made to feel a great _m difficulties :i* !y nev] felt be=e4 ,nor c ,i p]ceive any g5]al purpose runn+ ?r\gh ! dialogue1 except t truly ,sokratic & ,platonic purpose--,to %[1 by cross-exam9ation on ! commone/ words t :at e "o appe>s to "k1 & talks ab\t mo/ confid5tly1 no "o really kn[s or c di/9ctly expla94#bf ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! f9al decl>ation put into ! m\? ( ,sokrates4 ,we believe ourselves to be ea* o!r's fri5ds1 yet we none ( u "k :at a fri5d is4 ,! "q is "o1 :i* no "o _h ev] tr\bl$ himself to inve/igate1 or ?\ght x requisite to ask f o!rs4 ,e "o suppos$ himself to "k1 & e "o _h 9 8 memory an aggregate ( conceptions & beliefs :i* he acc\nt$ tantam\nt to k3 an aggregate g5]at$ by ! unconsci\s addition ( a ?\s& facts & associations1 ea* sep>ately unimportant & (t5 inconsi/5t ) ! rema9d]3 :ile no rational analysis _h ev] be5 appli$ to v]ify ! consi/5cy ( ?is spontane\s product1 or to def9e ! famili> words 9 :i* x is express$4 ,! read] is "h involv$ 9 a cl\d ( confusion respect+ ,fri5d%ip4 ,no way out ( x is %[n1 & h[ is he to f9d "o8 ,he mu/ take ! matt] into 8 own active & /udi\s m$itation3 :i* he has nev] yet done1 ?\gh ! ^w is always 9 8 m\?1 & ?\gh ! topic is among ! mo/ common & famili>1 ^u :i* ! swa9 treads daily ) 8 cl\t$ %oon4 ,footnote #bf3 ,among ! _m po9ts ( analogy betwe5 ! ,lysis & ! ,*>mids1 "o is1 ,t bo? ( !m are decl>$ to be spuri\s & unwor?y ( ,plato1 by ,so*] z well z by ,a/ 7,a/1 ,platon's ,leb51 pp4 #dbi-dcd2 ,so*]1 ,ueb] ,platon1 pp4 #acg-add74 ,s*lei]ma*] ranks ! ,lysis z second 9 8 ,platonic s]ies ( dialogues1 an app5dix to ! ,phdrus 7,e9l4 p4 #agd seq472 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 ,/allbaum1 & ne>ly all ! o!r critics diss5t f ?is view3 !y place ! ,lysis z an e>ly dialogue1 along ) ,*>mids & ,la*s1 ant]ior to ! ,protagoras 7,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 ,ges*4 und ,sy/4 ,plat4 ,phil4 pp4 #ddg-ddh2 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 ad ,lys4 p4 #ij 7#aaj #bnd ed472 ,/e9h>t1 ,e9l4 p4 #bba7 ne> to or dur+ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,?irty4 ,all ( !m pr(ess to discov] 9 ! ,lysis adolesc5ti ve/igia4 ,a/ & ,so*] *>act]ise ! dialogue z a tissue ( subtle sophi/ry & eri/ic contradiction1 su* z 79 _! op9ion7 ,plato _c h compos$4 ,/allbaum conc$es ! sophi/ry1 b cont5ds t x is put by ,plato int5tionally1 = ! purpose ( d]id+1 expos+1 disgrac+1 ! ,sophi/s & _! dialectical tricks3 ludibrii caus 7p4 #hh72 ut illu/ri aliquo exemplo demon/retur dialecticam i/am1 quam adolesc5tes magno quodam /udio sectabantur1 nihil esse aliud1 nisi inanem qu&am arguti>um captatricem1 c4 7p4 #hg74 ,nev]!less he cont5ds t along ) ?is d]isory matt] !re is int]m+l$ s]i\s reason+ :i* may be easily di/+ui%$ 7p4 #hg71 b :i* c]ta9ly he does n cle>ly po9t out4 7,comp>e pp4 #ajh-i-ad-ae1 #bnd ed47 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,/e9h>t also 7pp4 #bbb-bbd-bbg7 admit ! sophi/ry 9 :i* ,sokrates is "h made to indulge4 ,b ,/e9h>t ma9ta9s t !re is an assignable philosophical purpose 9 ! dialogue1 :i* ,plato purposely wrapp$ up 9 enigmatical language1 b ( :i* he 7,/e9h>t7 pr(esses to give ! solution 7p4 #bbh74 ,side-note3 ,subject ( ,lysis4 ,suit$ = a ,dialogue ( ,se>*4 ,mann] ( ,sokrates1 multiply+ defective explanations1 & %[+ reasons :y ea* is defective4 ,?is 0 a prop] subject = a dialogue ( ,se>*4 ,9 ! dialogue ,lysis1 ,plato describes ,sokrates z engag$ 9 "o ( ^! se>*es1 h&l+1 te/+1 & dropp+1 "o po9t ( view aft] ano!r1 respect+ ! idea & f\ndation ( fri5d%ip4 ,he speaks1 pr(ess$ly1 z a div9] or guess]2 foll[+ out obscure prompt+s :i* he does n yet und]/& himself4#bg ,9 ?is "*1 he sugge/s sev]al diff]5t explanations1 n only di/9ct b inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r2 ea* ( !m true to a c]ta9 ext5t1 "u c]ta9 conditions & circum/ances3 b ea* ( !m untrue1 :5 we travel beyond ^? limits3 o!r contradictory consid]ations !n int]f]+4 ,to multiply defective explanations1 & to indicate :y ea* is defective1 is ! :ole bus9ess ( ! dialogue4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baf ,d4 ,greek3 le_/g toi_/nun a7pomanteuo_/m5os1 c4 ,side-note3 ,! process ( trial & error is bett] illu/rat$ by a se>* )\t result ?an ) result4 ,usefulness ( ! dialogue = self-work+ m9ds4 ,s*lei]ma*] discov]s 9 ?is dialogue indications ( a positive result n pla9ly enunciat$3 b he admits t ,ari/otle did n discov] !m--nor c ,i believe !m to h be5 int5d$ by ! au?or4#bh ,b mo/ critics speak slight+ly ( x1 z alike sceptical & sophi/ical3 & "s ev5 d5y its au!nticity on ^! gr\nds4 ,plato might h repli$ by say+ t he int5d$ x z a specim5 illu/rat+ ! process ( se>* = an unkn[n qusitum2 & z an exposition ( :at c be said =1 z well z aga9/1 _m diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,! process ( trial & error1 ! mo/ g5]al fact ( human intellig5ce1 is ev5 bett] illu/rat$ :5 ! se>* is unsuccessful3 because :5 a result is once obta9$1 mo/ p]sons c>e = no?+ else & =get ! antec$5t blund]s4 ,to ^? inde$1 :o ask only to he> ! result z soon z x is f\nd1 & :o wait = o!rs to look = x--su* a dialogue z ! ,lysis w appe> ( little value4 ,b to any "o :o int5ds to se>* = x himself1 or to /udy ! same problem = himself1 ! report ?us pres5t$ ( a previ\s unsuccessful se>*1 is useful bo? z guidance & w>n+4 ,e "o ( ! t5tative solutions indicat$ 9 ! ,lysis has some?+ 9 its fav\r1 yet is nev]!less inadmissible4 ,to le>n ! gr\nds :i* ultimately compel u to reject :at at fir/ appe>s admissible1 is in/ruction n to be despis$2 at ! v lea/1 x helps to pres]ve u f mi/ake1 & to /ate ! problem 9 ! mann] mo/ suitable = obta9+ a solution4 ,footnote #bh3 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,e9leitung zum ,lysis1 i4 p4 #agg4 ,side-note3 ,subject ( fri5d%ip1 h&l$ bo? by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates1 & by ,ari/otle4 ,9 tru?1 no "o g5]al solution is atta9able1 su* z ,plato "h pr(esses to se>* =4#bi ,9 "o ( ! ?ree ,x5ophontic dialogues :]e9 ! subject ( fri5d%ip is discuss$ we f9d ! real ,sokrates pres5t+ x ) a ju/] view ( its real complications4#cj ,! same rem>k may be made ^u ,ari/otle's mann] ( h&l+ fri5d%ip 9 ! ,e?ics4 ,he seems pla9ly to allude to ! ,lysis 7?\gh n m5tion+ x by "n72 & to pr(it by x at lea/ 9 :at he puts out ( consid]ation1 if n 9 :at he br+s =w>d4#ca ,he disc>ds ! physical & cosmical analogies1 :i* ,plato borr[s f ,emp$okles & ,h]akleitus1 z too remote & inapplicable3 he consid]s t ! "q mu/ be det]m9$ by facts & pr9ciples relat+ to human dispositions & conduct4 ,9 o!r ways1 he circumscribes ! problem1 by sett+ aside 7:at ,plato includes7 all objects ( atta*m5t :i* are n capable ( reciprocat+ atta*m5t4#cb ,! problem1 z set =? "h by ,plato1 is conceiv$ 9 great g5]ality4 ,9 :at mann] does "o man become ! fri5d ( ano!r8#cc ,h[ does a man become ! object ( fri5d%ip or love f ano!r8 ,:at is t object t[>ds :i* our love or fri5d%ip is det]m9$8 ,^! t]ms are s l>ge1 t !y include ev]y?+ belong+ to ! ,t5d] ,emotion g5]ally4#cd ,footnote #bi3 ,turgot has "s excell5t rem>ks on ! hopelessness ( su* problems z t :i* ,plato prop\nds1 "h well z 9 o!r dialogues1 to f9d def9itions ( common & vague t]ms4 ,we read 9 8 article ,etymologie1 9 ! ,encyclopdie 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #gj-gb ( 8 ,oeuvres ,complets73 ,qu'on se rpres5te la f\le des acceptions du mot esprit1 depuis son s5s primitif spiritus1 hale9e1 jusqu' ceux qu'on lui donne dans la *imie1 dans la littrature1 dans la jurisprud5ce1 esprit acide1 esprit de ,montaigne1 esprit des loix1 c4--qu'on essaie d'extraire de t\tes ces acceptions une ide qui soit commune t\tes--on v]ra s'van\ir t\s les c>actres qui di/+u5t l'esprit de t\te autre *ose1 dans quelque s5s qu'on le pr5ne4 4 4 4 ,la multitude et l'incompatibilit des acceptions du mot esprit1 sont telles1 que p]sonne n'a t t5t de les compr5dre t\tes dans une seule df9ition1 et de df9ir l'esprit en gnral4 ,mais le vice de cette m?ode n'e/ pas mo9s rel lorsqu'il n'e/ pas assez s5sible p\r emp*] qu'on ne la suive4 ,a mesure que le nombre et la div]sit des acceptions dim9ue1 l'absurdit s'affoiblit3 et qu& elle disp>oit1 il re/e encore l'erreur4 ,j'ose dire1 que presque t\tes les df9itions o l'on annonce qu'on va df9ir les *oses dans le s5s le plus gnral1 ont ce dfaut1 et ne df9iss5t vritablem5t ri53 p>ceque leurs auteurs1 en v\lant r5f]m] t\tes les acceptions d'un mot1 ont entrepris une *ose impossible3 je veux dire1 de rassembl] s\s une seule ide gnrale des ides trs diffr5tes entre elles1 et qu'un mme nom n'a jamais pu dsign] que successivem5t1 en cessant en quelque sorte d'tre le mme mot4 ,see also ! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill on ! same subject4 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ,book ,,iv4 *ap4 #d1 s4 #e4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,x5ophon1 ,memor4 ii4 #d-e-f4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! ?ree conv]sations 7s4 #ba-bb71 ,sokrates says to ,kritobulus ,greek3 ,a7ll' e7_/*ei men poiki_/ls ps tauta1 7 ,krito_/b\le2 phu_/sei gar e7_/*\s9 oi7 a7_/n?rpoi ta men philika_/2 de_/ontai te gar a7ll_/ln1 kai e7le\si1 kai sun]g\ntes 7phel\si1 kai t\to sunie_/ntes *a_/r9 e7_/*\s9 a7ll_/lois1 ta de polemika_/2 ta_/ te gar au7ta kala kai 7de_/a nomi_/zontes u7per t\_/tn ma_/*ontai1 kai di*ognmon\ntes e7nanti\ntai2 polemikon de kai e7_/ris kai o7rg_/2 kai dusm5es men o7 t\ pleonektein e7_/rs1 miston de o7 ph?o_/nos4 ,?is obs]vation ( ,sokrates is v true & valuable--t ! causes ( fri5d%ip & ! causes ( enmity are bo? ( !m equally natural1 i4e4 equally int]wov5 ) ! con/ant conditions ( individual & social life4 ,?is is v diff]5t f ! vague1 p>tial1 & encomia/ic pr$icates ) :i* ,greek3 to phu_/sei is (t5 decorat$ else:]e by ,sokrates himself1 z well z by ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,footnote #ca3 ,ari/ot4 ,e?4 ,nikom4 viii4 #a1 p4 #aaee b4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bad ,a--#bae ,e4 ,footnote #cb3 ,ari/ot4 ,e?ic4 ,nik4 viii4 #b1 p4 #aaee1 b4 #bh2 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bab ,d4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bab ,a3 ,greek3 o7_/nt9a tro_/pon gi_/gnetai phi_/los e7_/t]os e7te_/r\4 #bbc ad f943 ,greek3 o7_/1 ti e7/in o7 phi_/los4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see ! *apt] on ,t5d] ,emotion 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's elaborate classification & description ( ! ,emotions4 ',! ,emotions & ! ,w1' *4 vii4 p4 #id seq4 7#crd ed41 p4 #abd74 ,9 ! ,lysis1 #baf ,c-,d1 we read1 among ! suppositions ?r[n out by ,sokrates1 ab\t ,greek3 to phi_/lon--k9duneu_/ei kata tn a7r*ai_/an p>oimi_/an to kalon phi_/lon ei7nai4 e7_/oike g\n malak t9i kailei_/ kai lip>2 dio kai i7_/ss r7adi_/s dioli/hai_/nei kai diadu_/etai 7mas1 a7_/te toi\ton o7_/n2 le_/g gar ta7ga?on kalon ei7nai4 ,?is allusion to ! s(t & ! smoo? is n v cle>2 a passage 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's *apt] s]ves to illu/rate x4 ,among ! s5sations ( ! s5ses we f9d "s t h ! p[] ( awak5+ t5d] emotion4 ,! s5sations t incl9e to t5d]ness are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! effects ( v g5tle or s(t /imulants1 su* z s(t t\*es1 g5tle s\nds1 sl[ movem5ts1 temp]ate w>m?1 mild sun%9e4 ,^! s5sations mu/ be felt 9 ord] to produce ! effect1 :i* is m5tal & n simply organic4 ,we h se5 t an acute s5sation raises a vigor\s muscul> expression1 z 9 wond]2 a contra/ to ?is is exhibit$ by g5tle pressure or mild radiance4 ,h5ce t5d]ness is passive emotion by pre-em95ce3 we see x fl\ri%+ be/ 9 ! quiesc5ce ( ! mov+ memb]s4 ,remotely !re may be a l>ge am\nt ( action /imulat$ by x1 b ! prop] outgo+ accompanim5t ( x is organic n muscul>4 ,t ! s5sations ( ! s(t & ! smoo? dispose to ! ,t5d] ,emotion is "h po9t$ out z a fact 9 human nature1 agreeably to ! comp>ison ( ,plato4 ,mr4 ,ba9's treatise has ! r>e m]it ( describ+ fully ! physical z well z ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ea* sep>ate emotion4 ,side-note3 ,debate 9 ! ,lysis p>tly v]bal1 p>tly real4 ,assumptions made by ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 que/ionable1 su* z ! real ,sokrates w\ld h f\nd reason = *all5g+4 ,! debate 9 ! ,lysis is p>tly v]bal3 i4e41 respect+ ! ^w ,greek3 phi_/los1 :e!r x means ! p]son lov+1 or ! p]son lov$1 or :e!r x %all be conf9$ to ^? cases 9 :i* ! love is reciprocal1 & !n appli$ to bo?4 ,h]e9 ! "q is ab\t ! mean+ ( words--a ^w & no?+ m4 ,! foll[+ portions ( ! dialogue ent] ^u que/ions n v]bal b real--,:e!r we are dispos$ to love :at is l to ourselves1 or :at is unlike or opposite to ourselves8 ,?\gh bo? ^! are occasionally true1 x is %[n t z g5]al explanations nei!r ( !m w hold4 ,b ?is is %[n by means ( ! foll[+ assumptions1 :i* n only ^? :om ,plato "h calls ! v clev] ,disputants1#ce b ,sokrates himself at o!r times1 w\ld h call$ 9 "q1 viz43 ,t bad m5 _c be fri5ds to ea* o!r--t m5 l to ea* o!r 7!re=e good m5 z well z bad7 c be ( no use to ea* o!r1 & !re=e !re c be no basis ( fri5d%ip betwe5 !m--t ! good man is self-suffic+1 /&s 9 ne$ ( no "o1 & !re=e w n love any "o4#cf ,all ^! assumptions ,sokrates w\ld h f\nd suffici5t reason = *all5g+1 if !y _h be5 advanc$ by ,protagoras or any o!r oppon5ts4 ,!y /& "h z affirm$ by him2 b "h1 z else:]e 9 ,plato1 ! read] mu/ apply 8 own critical intellect1 & te/ :at he reads = himself4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baf ,a43 ,greek3 oi7 pa_/nsophoi a7_/ndres oi7 a7ntilogikoi_/1 c4 ,yet ,plato1 9 ! ,phdrus & ,symposion1 indicates colloquial debate z ! great g5]at+ cause ( ! mo/ int5se & durable fri5d%ip4 ,ari/eides ! ,rhetor says1 ,orat4 xlvii4 7,greek3 ,pros ,kapi_/tna71 p4 #dah1 ,d9dorf1 ,greek3 e7pei kai ,pla_/tn to a7l!s a7panta*\ tima1 kai tas e7n tois lo_/gois sun\si_/z a7phormn phili_/z a7l?9s u7polamba_/nei4 ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bad-bae4 ,! disc\rse ( ,cic]o1 ,de ,amiciti1 is compos$ 9 a /yle ( pleas+ rhetoric2 suitable to ,llius1 an anci5t ,roman s5ator & active politician1 :o expressly r5\nces ! accurate subtlety ( ,grecian philosoph]s 7v4 #ah74 ,!re is little 9 x :i* we c comp>e ) ! ,platonic ,lysis2 b ,i obs]ve t he too1 giv+ expression to 8 own feel+s1 ma9ta9s t !re c be no fri5d%ip except betwe5 ! good & virtu\s3 a position :i* is refut$ by ! nef>ia vox1 cit$ by himself z spok5 by ,c4 ,blossius1 xi4 #cg4 ,side-note3 ,peculi> !ory ab\t fri5d%ip broa*$ by ,sokrates4 ,p]sons nei!r good nor evil by nature1 yet hav+ a sup]ficial t+e ( evil1 & desir+ good to escape f x4 ,x is ?us %[n1 or suppos$ to be %[n1 t ! p]sons :o love are nei!r ! ,good1 nor ! ,bad3 & t ! objects lov$1 are nei!r ?+s or p]sons simil>1 nor opposite1 to ! p]sons lov+4 ,sokrates n[ adv]ts to ! exi/5ce ( a ?ird category--,p]sons :o are nei!r good1 nor bad1 b int]m$iate betwe5 ! two--,objects :i* are int]m$iate betwe5 lik5ess & opposition4 ,he ann\nces z 8 own conjecture1#cg t ! ,subject ( fri5dly or lov+ feel+1 is1 t :i* is nei!r good nor evil3 ! ,object ( ! feel+1 ,good3 & ! cause ( ! feel+1 ! sup]ficial pres5ce ( evil1 :i* ! subject desires to see remov$4#ch ,! evil mu/ be pres5t 9 a sup]ficial & removable mann]--l :it5ess 9 ! hair caus$ by :ite pa9t1 n by ! grey col\r ( old age4 ,sokrates applies ?is to ! /ate ( m9d ( ! philosoph]1 or lov] ( k3 :o is n yet ei!r ?or\ghly good or ?or\ghly bad1--ei!r ?or\ghly wise or ?or\ghly unwise--b 9 a /ate int]m$iate betwe5 ! two3 ignorant1 yet consci\s ( 8 own ignorance1 & feel+ x z a mis=tune :i* he 0 anxi\s to %ake (f4#ci ,footnote #cg3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baf ,d4 ,greek3 le_/g toi_/nun a7pomanteuo_/m5os1 c4 ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #baf-bag4 ,footnote #ci3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bah ,c4 ,greek3 lei_/pontai d oi7 e7_/*ontes men to kako t\to1 tn a7_/gnoian1 m_/p de u7p' au7t\ o7_/ntes a7gn_/mones md' a7ma!is1 a7ll' e7_/ti 7g\_/m5oi m ei7de_/nai a7 m i7_/sasi2 dio d philosoph\s9 oi7 ou7_/te a7ga?oi ou7_/te kakoi_/ p o7_/ntes2 o7_/soi de kakoi_/1 ou7 philosoph\s91 ou7de oi7 a7ga?oi_/4 ,comp>e ! phrase ( ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 #ei1 p4 #baa1 ,gronov43 ,elui difficile e/3 non enim inqu9ati sumus1 s$ infecti4 ,side-note3 ,?is g5]al !ory illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! philosoph] or lov] ( wisdom4 ,pa9ful consci\sness ( ignorance ! attribute ( ! philosoph]4 ,value set by ,sokrates & ,plato ^u ?is attribute4 ,?is mean+ ( philosophy1 ?\gh x is n always & consi/5tly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ,platonic writ+s1 is important z exp&+ & br++ into sy/em ! position laid d[n by ,sokrates 9 ! ,apology4 ,he !re disclaim$ all pret5sions to wisdom1 b he ann\nc$ himself z a philosoph]1 9 ! above lit]al s5se3 t is1 z ignorant1 yet z pa9fully consci\s ( 8 own ignorance1 & anxi\sly se>*+ = wisdom z a corrective to x3 :ile mo/ m5 7 equally ignorant1 b 7 unconsci\s ( _! own ignorance1 believ$ !mselves to be already wise1 & deliv]$ confid5t op9ions )\t ev] hav+ analys$ ! matt]s on :i* !y spoke4 ,! conv]sation ( ,sokrates 7z ,i h be=e rem>k$7 0 int5d$1 n to tea* wisdom1 b to raise m5 out ( ?is false p]suasion ( wisdom1 :i* he believ$ to be ! natural /ate ( ! human m9d1 into t m5tal condition :i* he call$ philosophy4 ,8 ,el5*us made !m consci\s ( _! ignorance1 anxi\s to escape f x1 & prep>$ = m5tal ef=ts 9 se>* ( k3 9 :i* se>* ,sokrates assi/$ !m1 b )\t decl>+1 & ev5 pr(ess+ inability to decl>e1 :]e t tru? lay 9 :i* ! se>* 0 to end4 ,he consid]$ t ?is *ange 0 9 itself a great & s]i\s improvem5t1 conv]t+ :at 0 evil1 radical1 & engra9$--into evil sup]ficial & removable2 :i* 0 a prelim9>y condition to any positive acquirem5t4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 0 to create se>*]s aft] tru?1 m5 :o w\ld look at ! subject = !mselves ) e>ne/ att5tion1 & make up _! own individual convictions4 ,ev5 if no?+ ult]ior 7 a*iev$1 t alone w\ld be a great deal4 ,su* 0 ! scope ( ! ,sokratic conv]sation2 & su* ! conception ( philosophy 7! capital peculi>ity :i* ,plato borr[$ f ,sokrates71 :i* is briefly not$ 9 ?is passage ( ! ,lysis1 & develop$ 9 o!r ,platonic dialogues1 especially 9 ! ,symposion1#dj :i* we %all rea* pres5tly4 ,footnote #dj3 ,plato1 ,sympos4 #bjb-bjc-bjd4 ,phdrus1 #bgh ,d4 ,side-note3 ,ano!r !ory ( ,sokrates4 ,! ,primum ,amabile1 or orig9al & prim>y object ( ,love4 ,p>ticul> objects are lov$ ?r\gh association ) ?is4 ,! object is1 ,good4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,sokrates is n fully satisfi$ ) ?is hypo!sis1 b passes on to ano!r4 ,if we love any?+1 we mu/ love x 7he says7 = ! sake ( some?+4 ,?is implies t !re mu/ exi/1 9 ! backgr\nd1 a some?+ :i* is ! primitive & real object ( affection4 ,! v>i\s ?+s :i* we actually love1 are n lov$ = _! own sake1 b = ! sake ( ?is primum amabile1 & z %ad[s project$ by x3 j z a man :o loves 8 son1 comes to love by association :at is salut>y or com=t+ to 8 son--or z he loves money = ! sake ( :at money w pur*ase4 ,! primum amabile1 9 ! view ( ,sokrates1 is ,good2 p>ticul> ?+s lov$1 are lov$ z %ad[s ( good4 ,side-note3 ,/atem5t by ,plato ( ! g5]al law ( m5tal association4 ,?is is a doctr9e :i* we %all f9d reproduc$ 9 o!r dialogues4 ,we note ) int]e/ "h1 t x appe>s illu/rat$1 by a /atem5t ( ! g5]al law ( m5tal association--! call+ up ( "o idea by o!r ideas or by s5sations1 & ! transf]5ce ( affections f "o object to o!rs :i* h be5 appreh5d$ 9 conjunction ) x1 ei!r z antec$5ts or consequ5ts4 ,plato /ates ?is law cle>ly 9 ! ,phdon & else:]e3#da b he "h conceives x imp]fectly3 = he seems to believe t1 if an affection be transf]r$ by association f a primitive object ,a1 to o!r objects1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 ,a always cont9ues to be ! only real object ( affection1 :ile ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 op]ate ^u ! m9d m]ely by c>ry+ x back to ,a4 ,! affection t[>ds ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 !re=e is1 9 ! view ( ,plato1 only ! affection = ,a "u o!r d5om9ations & disguises4#db ,n[ ?is is d\btless (t5 ! case2 b (t5 also1 p]haps ev5 m g5]ally1 x is n ! case4 ,aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( repetition & habit1 all consci\s ref]5ce to ! primitive object ( affection w commonly be left out1 & ! affection t[>ds ! second>y object w become a feel+ bo? sub/antive & imm$iate4 ,:at 0 orig9ally lov$ z means1 = ! sake ( an ult]ior end1 w 9 "t come to be lov$ z an end = itself2 & to con/itute a new c5tre ( =ce1 f :5ce d]ivatives may bran* out4 ,x may ev5 come to be lov$ m vehem5tly ?an any primitive object ( affection1 if x *ance to accumulate 9 itself d]ivative influ5ces f _m ( ^? objects4#dc ,?is rem>k naturally pres5ts itself1 :5 we meet "h = ! fir/ "t1 di/9ctly /at$ by ,plato1 ! important psy*ological doctr9e ( ! transf]5ce ( affections by association f "o object to o!rs4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 #gc-gd4 ,x is decl>$ diff]5tly1 & m cle>ly1 by ,ari/otle 9 ! treatise ,greek3 ,p]i ,mn_/ms kai ,a7namn_/ses1 pp4 #dea-deb4 ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,lysis1 #bbj ,b4 ,greek3 o7_/sa ga_/r pham5 phi_/la ei7nai 7min e7_/neka phi_/l\ t9o_/s1 e7te_/r r7_/mati pha9o_/me?a le_/gontes au7to_/2 phi_/lon de t o7_/nti k9duneu_/ei e7keino au7to ei7nai1 ei7s o7 pasai au7tai ai7 lego_/m5ai phili_/ai teleuts94 ,footnote #dc3 ,!re is no /rong] illu/ration ( ?is ?an ! love ( money1 :i* is ! v example t ,plato himself "h cites4 ,! important po9t to :i* ,i "h call att5tion1 9 respect to ! law ( ,m5tal ,association1 is =cibly illu/rat$ by ,mr4 ,james ,mill 9 8 ',analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1' *apt]s xxi4 & xxii41 & by ,pr(essor ,ba9 9 8 works on ! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect1--,intellect1 *ap4 i4 sect4 #dg-dh1 p4 #djd seq4 ed4 #c2 & on ! ,emotions & ! ,w1 *ap4 iv4 sect4 #d-e1 p4 #dbh seq4 7#crd ed4 p4 #cfc seq474 ,side-note3 ,!ory ( ! ,primum ,amabile1 "h introduc$ by ,sokrates1 ) num]\s d]ivative objects ( love4 ,platonic ,idea4 ,g5]ic communion ( ,ari/otle1 di/+ui%$ by him f ! feebl] analogical communion4 ,! primum amabile1 "h introduc$ by ,sokrates1 is describ$ 9 re/rict$ t]ms1 z valuable m]ely to correct evil1 & z hav+ no value p] se1 if evil 7 assum$ n to exi/4 ,9 consequ5ce *iefly ( ?is re/riction1 ,sokrates disc>ds x z unsatisfactory4 ,su* re/riction1 h[ev]1 is n[ay ess5tial to ! doctr9e3 :i* approa*es to1 b is n co9cid5t )1 ! ,ideal ,good or ,idea ( ,good1 describ$ 9 o!r dialogues z :at e "o ye>ns aft] & aspires to1 ?\gh )\t ev] atta9+ x & )\t ev5 kn[+ :at x is4#dd ,! ,platonic ,idea 0 conceiv$ z a sub/antive1 intelligible1 ,ens1 di/9ct 9 its nature f all ! p>ticul>s be>+ ! same "n1 & sep>at$ f !m all by a gulf :i* admitt$ no gradations ( ne>] & f>!r--yet communicat+ itself to1 or p>tak5 by1 all ( !m1 9 "s inexplicable way4 ,ari/otle combat$ ?is doctr9e1 d5y+ ! sep>ate reality ( ! ,idea1 & admitt+ only a common g5]ic ess5ce1 dwell+ 9 & p]vad+ ! p>ticul>s1 b p]vad+ !m all equally4 ,! g5]al ^w connot+ ?is g5]ic unity 0 said by ,ari/otle 7reta9+ ! ,platonic phraseology7 to be ,greek3 lego_/m5on kata mi_/an i7de_/an or ,greek3 ka?' e7_/n4 ,footnote #dd3 ,plato1 ,republ4 vi4 pp4 #eje-ejf4 ,b ap>t f & beyond su* g5]ic unity1 :i* impli$ a common ess5ce belong+ to all1 ,ari/otle recognis$ a loos]1 m imp]fect1 yet m ext5sive1 communion1 f\nd$ ^u common relation%ip t[>ds "s ,greek3 ,a7r*--,fir/ ,pr9ciple or ,fir/ ,object4 ,su* relation%ip 0 n always ! same 9 k9d3 x might be ei!r resemblance1 concomitance1 antec$5ce or consequ5ce1 c43 x might also be diff]5t 9 degree1 clos] or m remote1 direct or indirect4 ,"h1 !n1 !re 0 room = graduation1 or ord9ation ( objects z =m] & latt]1 fir/1 second1 ?ird1 c41 accord+ z1 :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 !y 7 m or less relat$ to ! common root4 ,?is imp]fect communion 0 designat$ by ,ari/otle "u ! title ,greek3 kat' a7nalogi_/an1 z contra/$ ) ,greek3 kata ge_/nos3 ! pr$icate :i* affirm$ x 0 said to be appli$1 n ,greek3 kata mi_/an i7de_/an or ,greek3 ka?' e7_/n1 b ,greek3 pros mi_/an phu_/s9 or ,greek3 pros e7_/n3#de x 0 affirm$ nei!r entirely ,greek3 sunnu_/ms 7:i* w\ld imply g5]ic communion71 nor entirely ,greek3 o7mnu_/ms 7:i* w\ld be casual & imply no communion at all71 b midway betwe5 ! two1 s z to admit ( a graduat$ communion1 & an arrangem5t z =m] & lat]1 fir/ c\s91 or second1 ?ird c\s94 ,memb]s ( ! same ,g5us 7 consid]$ to be bro!rs1 all on a p>3 b :]ev] !re 0 ?is graduat$ c\s9%ip or communion 7signifi$ by ! words ,=m] & ,lat]1 m or less 9 degree ( relation%ip71 ,ari/otle did n admit a common ,g5us1 nor did ,plato admit a ,sub/antive ,idea4#df ,footnote #de3 ,ari/4 ,metaphys4 ,a4 #ajgb1 a4 #bf-bi2 ,bonitz1 ,comm4 p4 #dig id4 ,greek3 ,prton o7rekto_/n--,prton voto_/n 7prton o7rekton--quod p] se appetibile e/ et concupiscitur74 ,quod autem primum e/ 9 aliqu s]ie1 id prcipue etiam habet qualitatem1 qu 9 reliqu c]nitur s]ie1 c4 a4 #iic1 b4 #bd3 ergo prima illa sub/antia e/ ,greek3 to a7_/ri/on--also ,greek3 ,g #ajjd1 a4 #be-bf1 #ajje1 a4 #g1 ab\t ! ,greek3 prton e7_/n--prton o7_/n4 ,^! 7 ,greek3 ta polla*s lego_/m5a--ta pleona*s lego_/m5a--:i* 7 some?+ less ?an ,greek3 sun_/numa & m ?an ,greek3 o7m_/numa2 int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 hav+ no common ,greek3 lo_/gos or g5]ical unity1 & yet n entirely equivocal1 b designat+ a ,greek3 ko9on kat' a7nalogi_/an3 n ,greek3 kata mi_/an i7de_/an lego_/m5a1 b ,greek3 pros e7n or ,greek3 pros mi_/an phu_/s92 hav+ a c]ta9 relation to "o common ,greek3 phu_/sis call$ ,greek3 to prton4 ,see ! ,metaphys4 ,greek3 ,g4 #ajjc1 a4 #cc--;,greek3 to_/ de o7_/n le_/getai men polla*s1 a7lla pros e7_/n kai mi_/an t9a phu_/s91 kai ou7* o7mnu_/ms1 a7ll' 7_/sp] to u7gie9on a7_/pan pros u7giei_/an1 to men t phula_/tte91 to de t poiein1 to de t smeion ei7nai ts u7giei_/z1 to d' o7_/ti dektikon au7ts--kai to i7atrikon pros i7atrik_/n1 c4 ,! ,s*olion ( ,alex&] ^u ?is passage is in/ructive 7p4 #fch1 a4 ,br&is72 & a v copi\s explanation ( ! :ole doctr9e is giv5 by ,m4 ,br5tano1 9 8 valuable treatise1 ',von d] mannigfa*5 ,b$eutung des ,sei5d5 na* ,ari/oteles1' ,freiburg1 #ahfb1 pp4 #he-ajh-adg4 ,comp>e ,ari/otel4 ,politic4 ,,iii4 i4 #i1 p4 #abge1 a4 #ce4 ,! di/9ction drawn by ,ari/otle betwe5 ,greek3 to ko9on kat' i7de_/an & ,greek3 to ko9on kat' a7nalogi_/an--betwe5 ,greek3 ta kata mi_/an i7de_/an lego_/m5a1 & ,greek3 ta pros e7n or ,greek3 pros mi_/an phu_/s9 lego_/m5a--?is di/9ction corresponds 9 "p to t :i* is drawn by ,dr4 ,:ewell betwe5 classes :i* are giv5 by ,def9ition1 & natural gr\ps :i* are giv5 by ,type4 ,su* a natural gr\p 7says ,dr4 ,:ewell7 is /eadily fix$1 ?\gh n precisely limit$2 x is giv51 ?\gh n circumscrib$2 x is det]m9$1 n by a b\nd>y b by a c5tral po9t )91 c4 ,! co9cid5ce betwe5 ?is doctr9e & ! ,ari/otelian is real1 ?\gh only p>tial3 ,greek3 to prton phi_/lon1 to prton o7rekto_/n1 may be consid]$ z types ( objects loveable1 objects desirable1 c41 b ,greek3 7 u7giei_/a _c be consid]$ z a type ( ,greek3 ta u7gie9a nor ,greek3 7 i7atrik z a type ( ,greek3 ta i7atrika_/1 ?\gh x is ! c5tral po9t to :i* all ?+s s call$ are ref]r$4 ,see ,dr4 ,:ewell's doctr9e /at$ 9 ! ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 i4 #dgf-dgg2 & ! comm5ts ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill on ! doctr9e--',sy/em ( ,logic1' ,book iv4 *4 #g4 ,i h adv]t$ to ?is same doctr9e 9 rem>k+ on ! ,hippias ,major1 supra1 p4 #dg2 also on ! ,philbus1 infra1 *ap4 #cb1 vol4 ,,iii4 ,footnote #df3 ,?is is atte/$ by ,ari/otle1 ,e?4 ,nik4 i4 #fd1 p4 #ajif1 a4 #af4 ,greek3 ,oi7 de komi_/santes tn d_/xan tau_/tn1 ou7k e7poi_/oun i7de_/z e7n oi7s to pro_/t]on kai to u7_//]on e7_/legon2 dio_/p] ou7de tn a7ri?mn i7de_/an kateskeu_/azon3 comp>e ,e?ic4 ,eudem4 i4 #h1 #abah1 a4 #b4 ,he goes on to object t ,plato1 hav+ laid ?is d[n z a g5]al pr9ciple1 dep>t$ f x 9 recogniz+ an ,greek3 i7de_/an a7ga?\1 because ,greek3 ta7ga?on 0 pr$icat$ 9 all ! categories1 9 t ( ,greek3 ou7si_/a z well z 9 t ( ,greek3 pro_/s ti--to de ka?' au7to kai 7 ou7si_/a pro_/t]on t phu_/sei t\ pro_/s ti--7_//e ou7k a7n ei7_/ ko9_/ tis e7pi t\_/tn i7de_/a4 ,side-note3 ,primum ,amabile ( ,plato1 comp>$ ) ! ,prima ,amicitia ( ,ari/otle4 ,ea* ( !m is head ( an analogical aggregate1 n memb] ( a g5]ic family4 ,n[ ! ,greek3 ,prton phi_/lon or ,primum ,amabile :i* we f9d 9 ! ,lysis1 is describ$ z ! pr9cipium or initial root ( "o ( ^! imp]fectly unit$ aggregates2 ramify+ into _m bran*es m or less di/ant1 9 ob$i5ce to "o or o!r ( ! diff]5t laws ( association4 ,ari/otle expresses ! same idea 9 ano!r =m ( words3 in/ead ( a ,primum ,amabile1 he gives u a ,prima ,amicitia--affirm+ t ! div]sities ( fri5d%ip are n species compreh5d$ "u ! same g5us1 b gradations or deg5]acies dep>t+ 9 "o direction or o!r f ! ,fir/ or pure ,fri5d%ip4 ,! ,primum ,amabile1 9 ,plato's view1 appe>s to be ! ,good1 ?\gh he does n explicitly decl>e x3 ! ,prima ,amicitia1 ) ,ari/otle1 is fri5d%ip subsi/+ betwe5 two good p]sons1 :o h _h suffici5t exp]i5ce to "k1 e/eem1 & tru/1 ea* o!r4#dg ,footnote #dg3 ,ari/otel4 ,e?4 ,nikom4 viii4 #b1 #aaee1 b4 #ab1 viii4 #e1 #aaeg1 a4 #cj1 viii4 #d2 ,e?4 ,eudem4 vii4 #b1 #abcf1 a4 #ae4 ,! /atem5t is m full 9 ! ,eudemian ,e?ics ?an 9 ! ,nikoma*ean2 he beg9s ! sev5? book by say+ t ,greek3 phili_/a is n said ,greek3 mona*s b ,greek3 pleona*s2 & 9 p4 #abcf he says ,greek3 ,a7na_/gk a7_/ra tri_/a phili_/z ei7_/d ei7nai1 kai mte ka?' e7n a7pa_/sas m?' 7s ei7_/d e7nos ge_/n\s1 m_/te pa_/mpan le_/ge/hai o7mnu_/ms2 pros mi_/an ga_/r t9a le_/gontai kai pr_/tn1 7_/sp] to i7atriko_/n1 c4 ,! :ole passage is in/ructive1 b is too long to cite4 ,bonitz gives "s good explanations ( ^! passages4 ,obs]vationes ,critic 9 ,ari/otelis qu f]untur ,magna ,moralia et ,eudemia1 pp4 #ee-eg4 ,side-note3 ,! ,good & ,beautiful1 consid]$ z objects ( atta*m5t4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,platonic ,lysis1 ,i h already obs]v$ t no positive result c be f\nd 9 x1 & t all ! hypo!ses broa*$ are successively negativ$4 ,:at is kept be=e ! read]'s m9d1 h[ev]1 m ?an any?+ else1 ?\gh n embodi$ 9 any di/9ct =mula1 is--,! ,good & ! ,beautiful consid]$ z objects ( love or atta*m5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,eu?ydemus4 ,side-note3 ,dramatic & comic exub]ance ( ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,judgm5ts ( v>i\s critics4 ,dramatic vivacity1 & comic =ce1 hold+ up v>i\s p]sons to ridicule or contempt1 are attributes :i* ,plato manife/s (t5 & abundantly4 ,b ! dialogue 9 :i* ^! qualities rea* _! maximum1 is1 ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,"s portions ( x approa* to ! ,nubes ( ,ari/ophanes3 s t ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,/allbaum1 & o!r admir+ critics h "s difficulty 9 expla9+1 to _! own satisfaction1#a h[ ,plato1 ! sublime morali/ & lawgiv]1 c "h h admitt$ s mu* trifl+ & buffoon]y4 ,a/ ev5 rejects ! dialogue z spuri\s2 decl>+ x to be unwor?y ( ,plato & insi/+ on v>i\s peculi>ities1 defects1 & ev5 absurdities1 :i* (f5d 8 critical ta/e4 ,8 conclusion 9 ?is case has f\nd no fav\r3 yet ,i ?9k x is bas$ on reasons q z =cible z ^? ^u :i* o!r dialogues h be5 condemn$3#b ^u reasons1 :i*1 ev5 if admitt$1 might prove t ! dialogue 0 an inf]ior p]=mance1 b w\ld n prove t ,plato 0 n ! au?or4 ,footnote #a3 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,e9leitung zum ,eu?ydemos1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #djj-djc-djg2 ,/allbaum4 ,proleg4 9 ,eu?ydem4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #b3 ,a/1 ,platon's ,leb5 und ,s*rift51 pp4 #djh-dah4 ,side-note3 ,sc5]y & p]sonages4 ,sokrates rec\nts 7to ,kriton7 a conv]sation 9 :i* he has j be5 engag$ ) two ,sophi/s1 ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus1 9 ! undress+-room belong+ to ! gymnasium ( ! ,lykeium4 ,!re 7 pres5t1 besides1 ,kle9ias1 a y\? ( rem>kable beauty & intellig5ce1 c\s9 ( ! great ,alkibiades--,ktesippus1 an adult man1 yet /ill "y1 fri5d ( ,sokrates & devot$ly atta*$ to ,kle9ias--& a cr[d ( unnam$ p]sons1 p>tly fri5ds ( ,kle9ias1 p>tly admir]s & support]s ( ! two ,sophi/s4 ,side-note3 ,! two ,sophi/s1 ,eu?ydemus & ,dionysodorus3 mann] 9 :i* !y are "h pres5t$4 ,?is c\ple are describ$ & treat$ ?r\gh\t by ,sokrates1 ) ! utmo/ admiration & respect3 t is1 9 t]ms designat+ su* feel+s1 b int5d$ z ! extreme ( irony or c>icature4 ,!y are ma/]s ( ! art ( ,cont5tion1 9 its ?ree v>ieties#c--a4 ,arms1 & ! comm& ( soldi]s4 #b4 ,judicial & political rhetoric1 fight+ an oppon5t be=e ! assembl$ ,dika/s or p4 #c4 ,cont5ti\s ,dialectic--!y c r$uce e respond5t to a contradiction1 if he w only cont9ue to answ] _! que/ions--:e!r :at he says be true or false4#d ,all or ea* ( ^! accompli%m5ts !y are prep>$ to tea* to any pupil :o w pay ! requir$ fee3 ! /&+ s>casm ( ,plato aga9/ ! paid tea*]1 occurr+ "h z 9 s _m o!r places4 ,la/ly1 !y are bro!rs1 old & almo/ too?less--natives ( ,*ios1 coloni/s f !nce to ,?urii1 & exiles f ,?urii & resid5t at ,a!ns1 yet visit+ o!r cities = ! purpose ( giv+ lessons4#e ,_! dialectic skill is describ$ z a rec5t acquisition1--made dur+ _! old age1 only 9 ! prec$+ ye>1--& complet+ _! excell5ce z pr(essors ( ! trip>tite ,eri/ic4 ,b !y n[ devote !mselves to x m ?an to ! o!r two p>ts4 ,moreov] !y adv]tise !mselves z tea*]s ( virtue4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 pp4 #bga-bgb4 ,footnote #d3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bgb ,b4 ,greek3 e7xele_/g*e9 to a7ei lego_/m5on1 o7moi_/s e7a_/n te pseudos e7a_/n t' a7l!s 73 p4 #bge ,c4 ,greek3 ou7den diaphe_/rei1 e7an mo_/non e7!_/l a7pokri_/ne/hai o7 neani_/skos4 ,footnote #e3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bgc ,b-,c4 quamvis ess5t tate gr&iores et ed5tuli says ,/allbaum 9 8 ,proleg4 p4 #aj4 ,he seems to inf] ?is f page #bid ,c2 ! inf]5ce1 ?\gh n v c]ta91 is plausible4 ,/e9h>t1 9 8 ,e9leitung zum ,eu?ydemos 7vol4 ii4 p4 #b ( ,hi]onym4 ,mll]'s translation ( ,plato7 repeats ^! antec$5ts ( ,eu?ydemus & ,dionysodorus1 z recit$ 9 ! dialogue be=e u1 z if !y 7 matt] ( real hi/ory1 exemplifications ( ! "* ( ! class call$ ,sophi/s4 ,he might j z well produce :at is said by ! comic poets ,eupolis & ,ari/ophanes--! proce$+s z rec\nt$ by ! ,sokratic disciple 9 ! ,greek3 phronti/_/rion 7,nubes7--z evid5ce ab\t ! "* ( ,sokrates4 ,side-note3 ,conv]sation c>ri$ on ) ,kle9ias1 fir/ by ,sokrates1 next by ! two ,sophi/s4 ,! two ,sophi/s1 hav+ ann\nc$ !mselves z compet5t to tea* virtue & /imulate pupils to a virtu\s life1 are entreat$ by ,sokrates to ex]cise _! b5efic5t influ5ce ^u ! y\? ,kle9ias1 9 ^: improvem5t he z well z ,ktesippus feels ! w>me/ int]e/4 ,sokrates gives a specim5 ( :at he wi%es by putt+ a s]ies ( que/ions himself4 ,eu?ydmus foll[s1 & beg9s que/ion+ ,kle9ias2 :o1 aft] answ]+ ?ree or f\r successive que/ions1 is =c$ to contradict himself4 ,dionysodorus !n takes up ! la/ answ] ( ,kle9ias1 puts him ?r\gh ano!r s]ies ( int]rogations1 & makes him contradict himself aga94 ,9 ?is mann] ! two ,sophi/s toss ! y\?ful respond5t backw>ds & =w>ds to ea* o!r1 ea* contriv+ to entangle him 9 "s puzzle & contradiction4 ,!y ev5 apply ! same process to ,sokrates1 :o _c avoid be+ entangl$ 9 ! net2 & to ,ktesippus1 :o becomes exasp]at$1 & retorts ^u !m ) contemptu\s asp]ity4 ,! alt]nate int]f]5ce ( ! two ,sophi/s is describ$ ) great sm>tness & animation2 :i* is promot$ by ! use ( ! dual numb]1 peculi> to ! ,greek language1 employ$ by ,plato 9 speak+ ( !m4 ,side-note3 ,contra/ betwe5 ! two diff]5t modes ( int]rogation4 ,?is mode ( dialectic1 conduct$ by ! two ,sophi/s1 is int]rupt$ on two sev]al occasions by a c\nt]-exhibition ( dialectic on ! "p ( ,sokrates3 :o1 "u col\r ( aga9 %[+ to ! c\ple a specim5 ( t :i* he wi%es !m to d1 puts two successive bat*es ( que/ions to ,kle9ias 9 8 own mann]4#f ,! contra/ betwe5 ,sokrates & ! two ,sophi/s1 9 ! same "w1 c>ri$ on respectively by him & by !m1 ( int]rogat+ ,kle9ias1 is evid5tly meant z "o ( ! special matt]s to arre/ att5tion 9 ! dialogue4 ,! que/ions put by ! c\ple are made to turn *iefly on v]bal quibbles & ambiguities3 !y are purposely design$ to make ! respond5t contradict himself1 & are proclaim$ to be c]ta9 ( br++ ab\t ?is result1 provid$ ! respond5t w con=m to ! laws ( dialectic--by conf9+ 8 answ] to ! special po9t ( ! "q1 )\t add+ any qualification ( 8 own1 or ask+ = f>!r explanation f ! que/ion]1 or rev]t+ to any antec$5t answ] ly+ ap>t f ! actual "q ( ! mom5t4#g ,sokrates1 on ! contr>y1 addresses int]rogations1 ea* ( :i* has a cle> & sub/antive mean+1 & mo/ ( :i* ,kle9ias is able to answ] )\t emb>rassm5t3 he pr(esses no o!r design except t ( enc\rag+ ,kle9ias to virtue1 & assi/+ him to det]m9e 9 :at virtue consi/s3 he resorts to no kn[n quibbles or words ( equivocal import4 ,! effect ( ! int]rogations is repres5t$ z be+1 n to conf\nd & sil5ce ! y\?1 b to quick5 & /imulate 8 m9d & to call =? an unexpect$ am\nt ( lat5t k3 insomu* t he makes "o or two answ]s v mu* beyond 8 ye>s1 excit+ ! greate/ a/oni%m5t & admiration1 9 ,sokrates z well z 9 ,kriton4#h ,9 ?is respect1 ! y\? ,kle9ias s]ves ! same illu/rative purpose z ! y\?ful slave 9 ! ,m5on3#i ea* is suppos$ to be quick5$ by ! int]rogatory ( ,sokrates1 into a manife/ation ( k n[ay expect$1 nor traceable to any tea*+4 ,b 9 ! ,m5on1 ?is magical evocation ( k f an untaught y\? is expla9$ by ! !ory ( rem9isc5ce1 pre-exi/5ce1 & omnisci5ce1 ( ! s\l3 :ile 9 ! ,eu?ydmus1 no allusion is made to any su* !ory1 nor to any o!r cause except ! /imulus ( ! ,sokratic cross-que/ion+4 ,footnote #f3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bgi-bhh4 ,footnote #g3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 pp4 #bge ,e--#bgf ,e4 ,greek3 ,pa_/nta toiauta 7meis e7rtm5 a7_/phukta1 pp4 #bhg ,b--#bie ,b--#bif ,a1 c4 ,footnote #h3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bij-bia4 ,! unexpect$ wisdom1 exhibit$ by ! y\? ,kle9ias 9 8 conclud+ answ]1 c be und]/ood only z illu/rat+ ! ob/etric efficacy ( ,sokratic int]rogations4 ,see ,w9ckelmann1 ,proleg4 ad ,eu?yd4 pp4 xxxiii4 xxxiv4 ,! words ,greek3 tn kreitto_/nn mu/ h ! usual signification1 z recognis$ by ,r\? & ,he9dorf1 ?\gh ,s*lei]ma*] treats x z absurd1 p4 #eeb1 notes4 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 pp4 #hb-he4 ,side-note3 ,:]e9 ?is contra/ does n consi/4 ,9 ! dialogue ,eu?ydmus1 !n1 "o ma9 purpose ( ,plato is to exhibit 9 contra/ two di/9ct modes ( que/ion+3 "o practis$ by ,eu?ydemus & ,dionysodorus2 ! o!r1 by ,sokrates4 ,( ^! two1 x is ! fir/ :i* is %[n up 9 ! mo/ copi\s & elaborate mann]3 ! second is made subord9ate1 s]v+ ma9ly z a /&>d ( comp>ison ) ! fir/4 ,we mu/ take c>e h[ev] to und]/& 9 :at ! contra/ betwe5 ! two consi/s1 & 9 :at x does n consi/4 ,! contra/ does n consi/ 9 ?is--t ,sokrates s contrives 8 /r+ ( que/ions z to br+ out "s e/abli%$ & positive conclusion1 :ile ,eu?ydemus & 8 bro!r leave ev]y?+ 9 p]plexity4 ,su* is n ! fact4 ,sokrates ends )\t any result1 & ) a confession ( 8 inability to f9d any4 ,pr(ess+ e>ne/ anxiety to /imulate ,kle9ias 9 ! pa? ( virtue1 he is at ! same "t unable to def9e :at ! capital condition ( virtue is4#aj ,on ?is po9t1 !n1 !re is no contra/ betwe5 ,sokrates & 8 competitors3 if !y l& _! pupil 9 emb>rassm5t1 s does he4 ,nor1 aga91 does ,sokrates /& di/+ui%$ f !m by affirm+ 7or r imply+ 9 8 que/ions7 no?+ b :at is true & indisputable4#aa ,footnote #aj3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bia ,a--#bic ,a2 ,plat4 ,kleitophon1 pp4 #dji-daj4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bha ,c-,d1 :]e und\bt$ly ! positions laid d[n by ,sokrates w\ld n h pass$ )\t contradiction by an oppon5t4 ,side-note3 ,:]e9 x does consi/4 ,! real contra/ betwe5 ! competitors1 consi/s1 fir/ 9 ! pret5sions--next 9 ! me?od4 ,! two ,sophi/s are describ$ z p]sons ( exorbitant arrogance1 pr(ess+ to tea* virtue1#ab & claim+ a fee z if !y did tea* x3 ,sokrates disda9s ! fee1 d\bts :e!r su* tea*+ is possible1 & pr(esses only to enc\rage or help =w>d on ! road a will+ pupil4 ,! pupil 9 ?is case is a giv5 subject1 ,kle9ias1 a mode/ & intellig5t y\?3 & ! :ole sc5e passes 9 public be=e an indiscrim9ate audi5ce4 ,to su* a pupil1 :at is ne$$ is1 enc\ragem5t & guidance4 ,bo? ( ^! are really adm9i/]$ by ! que/ions ( ,sokrates1 :i* are all sugge/ive & p]t95t to ! matt] 9 h&1 ?\gh fail+ to rea* a satisfactory result3 moreov]1 ,sokrates att5ds only to ,kle9ias1 & is indiff]5t to ! effect on ! audi5ce ar\nd4 ,! two ,sophi/s1 on ! contr>y1 d n say a ^w p]t95t to ! object desir$4 ,f> f seek+ 7z !y promis$7 to enc\rage ,kle9ias1#ac !y confuse & humiliate him f ! beg9n+3 all _! implem5ts = tea*+ consi/ only ( logical puzzles2 la/ly1 _! ma9 purpose is to elicit applause f ! by-/&]s1 by r$uc+ bo? ! mode/ ,kle9ias & e o!r respond5t to contradiction & /&-/ill4 ,footnote #ab3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bgc ,d1 #bge ,a1 #cjd ,b4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bgh ,c4 ,greek3 e7pha_/tn gar e7pidei_/xa/hai tn protreptikn sophi_/an4 ,side-note3 ,abuse ( fallacies by ! ,sophi/s--_! bidd+ = ! applause ( ! by-/&]s4 ,su* is ! real contra/ betwe5 ,sokrates & ! two ,sophi/s1 & su* is ! real sc5e :i* we read 9 ! dialogue4 ,! pres5ce1 z well z ! l\d manife/ations ( an indiscrim9ate cr[d 9 ! ,lykeium1 are ess5tial features ( ! drama4#ad ,! po9t ( view :i* ,plato is work+ out1 is1 ! abusive employm5t1 ! excess1 & ! misplacem5t1 ( logical puzzles3 :i* he br+s be=e u z adm9i/]$ = ! humiliation ( a y\? :o requires opposite treatm5t1 9 ! prosecution ( an object :i* !y d n really promote & be=e undisc]n+ auditors1 = ^: applause ! two ,sophi/s are bidd+4#ae ,! :ole debate ^u ^! fallacies is r5d]$ ridicul\s2 & :5 conduct$ ) ,ktesippus1 deg5]ates into wrangl+ & ribaldry4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,greek3 o7_/*los 7surr\nd+ multitude7 is especially insi/$ on 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! dialogue1 & is p]petually adv]t$ to ?r\gh\t all ! recital ( ,sokrates to ,kriton1 pp4 #bgf ,b-,d1 #cjc ,b4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #cjc ,b4 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison ( ! ,eu?ydmus ) ! ,p>m5ids4 ,! be>+ ( ! ,eu?ydmus1 z ,i "h /ate x1 w be bett] und]/ood if we contra/ x ) ! ,p>m5ids4 ,9 ?is la/-m5tion$ dialogue1 ! am\nt ( negative dialectic & contradiction is great] & m s]i\s ?an t :i* we read 9 ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,"o s+le case ( x is elaborately built up 9 ! long ,ant9omies at ! close ( ! ,p>m5ids 7:i* occupy z mu* space1 & conta9 ne>ly z mu* sophi/ry1 z ! spee*es assign$ to ! two ,sophi/s 9 ,eu?ydmus71 :ile we are giv5 to und]/& t _m m rema9 beh9d4#af ,^! p]plex+ ,ant9omies 7address$ by ! vet]an ,p>m5ides to ,sokrates z 8 junior71 aft] a v>iety ( o!r objections aga9/ ! ,platonic !ory ( ,ideas1 :i* !ory ,sokrates has be5 introduc$ z affirm+1--are drawn up = ! av[$ purpose ( *eck+ premature affirmation1 & ( illu/rat+ ! difficult ex]cises & problems :i* mu/ be solv$1 be=e affirmation c become ju/ifiable4 ,?is task1 ?\gh long & labori\s1 _c be evad$ 7we are "h told7 by aspirants 9 philosophy4 ,b x is a task :i* ought only to be und]tak5 9 conjunction ) a few select companions4 ,be=e any l>ge audi5ce1 x w\ld be unseemly & inadmissible3 = ! public are n aw>e t )\t su* r\ndab\t & devi\s j\rney 9 all directions1 no man c hit ^u tru? or acquire intellig5ce4#ag ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,p>m5id4 p4 #acf ,b4 ,i %all rev]t to ?is po9t :5 ,i notice ! ,p>m5ids4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plat4 ,p>m54 pp4 #ace-acf4 ,greek3 e7_/lkuson de sauton kai gu_/mnasai mallon dia ts dok\_/ss a7*r_//\ ei7nai kai kal\me_/ns u7po tn polln a7doles*i_/z1 e7_/s e7_/ti ne_/os ei7--ei7 men ou7n plei_/ous 7m51 ou7k a7n a7_/xion 7n dei/hai1 7to reque/ ,p>m5ides to give a specim5 ( dialectic7 ,greek3 a7prep gar ta toiauta polln e7nanti_/on le_/ge91 a7_/lls te kai tlik\_/t2 a7gno\si gar oi7 polloi o7_/ti a7_/neu tau_/ts ts dia pa_/ntn diexo_/d\ te kai pla_/ns1 a7du_/naton e7ntu*o_/nta t a7l!i n\n s*ein4 ,side-note3 ,necessity ( settl+ acc\nts ) ! negative1 be=e we v5ture ^u ! affirmative1 is common to bo?3 9 ! "o ! process is solit>y & s]i\s2 9 ! o!r1 x is vulg>is$ & ludicr\s4 ,?is important proposition--,t be=e a man c be entitl$ to lay d[n ) confid5ce any affirmative !ory1 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy or reason$ tru?1 he mu/ h _h be=e him ! v>i\s knots ti$ by negative dialectic1 & mu/ f9d out ! way ( unty+ !m--is a po/ulate :i* lies at ! bottom ( ,plato's ,dialogues ( ,se>*1 z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ?is "w4 ,b !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ! "t1 mann]1 & circum/ances1 "u :i* su* knots are br\ght be=e ! /ud5t = solution4 ,9 ! ,p>m5ids ! process is pres5t$ z "o bo? s]i\s & indisp5sable1 yet requir+ "s precautions3 ! public mu/ be exclud$1 = !y d n und]/& ! purpose3 & ! /ud5t "u exam9ation mu/ be "o :o is compet5t or m ?an compet5t to be> ! heavy bur!n put ^u him1 z ,sokrates is repres5t$ to be 9 ! ,p>m5ids4#ah ,9 ! ,eu?ydmus1 on ! contr>y1 ! process is int5d$ to be made ridicul\s2 accord+ly ^! precautions are disreg>d$4 ,! cr[d ( indiscrim9ate auditors are n only pres5t1 b are ! p]sons ^: feel+s ! two ,sophi/s address--& :o ei!r admire :at is said z dext]\s leg]dema91 or laugh at ! int]*ange ( ?ru/s1 z ! duel becomes w>m]3 9 fact1 ! debate ends ) g5]al mir?1 9 :i* ! c\ple !mselves are among ! l\de/4#ai ,la/ly1 ,kle9ias1 ! y\? "u int]rogation1 is a mode/ novice2 n repres5t$1 l ,lysis 9 ! dialogue j review$1 z 9 dang] ( corruption f ! exorbitant flatt]ies ( an ,era/es1 nor z requir+ a l[]+ m$ic9e to be adm9i/]$ by a judici\s fri5d4 ,:5 ! ,x5ophontic 7hi/orical7 ,sokrates cross-exam9es & humiliates ,eu?ydmus 7a y\?1 b nev]!less m advanc$ ?an ,kle9ias 9 ! ,platonic ,eu?ydmus is repres5t$ to be71 we %all see t he n only lays a tra9 = ! process by antec$5t sugge/ions1 b takes especial c>e to attack ,eu?ydmus :5 alone4#bj ,! cross-exam9ation pursu$ by ,sokrates inflicts ^u ?is accompli%$ "y man ! sev]e/ di/ress & humiliation1 & w\ld h be5 utt]ly intol]able1 if !re _h be5 by-/&]s clapp+ _! h&s 7z we read 9 ! ,platonic ,eu?ydmus7 :5ev] ! respond5t 0 driv5 into a corn]4 ,we see t x 0 h>dly tol]able ev5 :5 ! respond5t 0 alone ) ,sokrates2 = ?\gh ,eu?ydmus bore up aga9/ ! tempor>y suff]+1 cultivat$ ! society ( ,sokrates1 & 0 h&l$ by him m g5tly aft]w>ds2 yet !re 7 _m o!r y\?s :om ,sokrates cross-exam9$ 9 ! same way1 & :o suff]$ s mu* humiliation f ! fir/ solit>y colloquy1 t !y nev] aga9 came ne> him 7s ,x5ophon expressly tells u7#ba = a second4 ,?is is q en\gh to %[ u h[ important is ! injunction deliv]$ 9 ! ,platonic ,p>m5ids--to c>ry on ^! te/+ colloquies ap>t f indiscrim9ate auditors1 9 ! pres5ce1 at mo/1 ( a few select companions4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see ! complim5ts to ,sokrates1 on 8 /r5u\s ard\r & vocation = philosophy1 address$ by ,p>m5ides1 p4 #ace ,d4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cjc ,b4 ,greek3 ,e7ntau?a me_/ntoi1 7 phi_/le ,kri_/tn1 ou7deis o7_//is ou7 tn p>o_/ntn u7p]ep_/nese ton lo_/gon1 kai t a7_/ndre 7,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus7 ,greek3 gelnte kai krot\nte kai *ai_/ronte o7li_/g\ p>eta_/?san4 ,footnote #bj3 ,x5ophon4 ,memor4 iv4 #b1 #e-h4 ,greek3 7s d' 7_//heto 7,sokrates7 ,greek3 au7ton e7toimo_/t]on u7pome_/nonta1 o7_/te diale_/goito1 kai pro?umo_/t]on a7k\_/onta1 mo_/nos 7l!n ei7s to 7niopoieion2 p>aka!zome_/non d' au7t t\ ,eu7?ud_/m\1 ,ei7pe_/ moi1 e7_/ph1 c4 ,footnote #ba3 ,x54 ,mem4 iv4 #b1 #ci-dj4 ,comp>e ! rem>ks ( ,sokrates 9 ,plato1 ,!ttus1 p4 #aea ,c4 ,side-note3 ,op9ion ( ,/allbaum & o!r critics ab\t ! ,eu?ydmus1 t ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus repres5t ! way 9 :i* ,protagoras & ,gorgias talk$ to _! auditors4 ,/allbaum1 ,/e9h>t1 & o!r comm5tators d5\nce 9 sev]e t]ms ! ,eri/ics or controv]sial ,sophi/s ( ,a!ns1 z disciples ( ,protagoras & ,gorgias1 infect$ ) ! mania ( que/ion+ & disput+ e ?+1 & !reby corrupt+ ! m9ds ( y\?4 ,!y tell u t ,sokrates 0 ! con/ant enemy ( ?is s*ool1 b t nev]!less he 0 unju/ly conf\nd$ ) !m by ! comic poets1 & o!rs2 f :i* confusion alone 8 unpopul>ity ) ! ,a!nian p arose4#bb ,9 ! ,platonic dialogue ( ,eu?ydmus ! two ,sophi/s 7accord+ to ^! comm5tators7 repres5t ! way 9 :i* ,protagoras & ,gorgias ) _! disciples reason$3 & ! purpose ( ! dialogue is to contra/ ?is ) ! way 9 :i* ,sokrates reason$4 ,footnote #bb3 ,/allbaum1 ,prolegg4 ad ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #i-aa-ac2 ,w9ckelmann1 ,proleg4 ad eundem1 pp4 xxxiii4-xxxiv4 ,side-note3 ,t op9ion is unf\nd$4 ,sokrates 0 mu* m ,eri/ic ?an ,protagoras1 :o g5]ally manife/$ himself by cont9u\s spee* or lecture4 ,n[1 9 ?is op9ion1 ,i ?9k t !re is mu* ( unf\nd$ assumption1 z well z a misconception ( ! real contra/ int5d$ 9 ! ,platonic ,eu?ydmus4 ,comp>+ ,protagoras ) ,sokrates1 ,i ma9ta9 t ,sokrates 0 decid$ly ! m ,eri/ic ( ! two1 & left beh9d him a great] numb] ( active disciples4 ,9 s f> z we c tru/ ! picture giv5 by ,plato 9 ! dialogue call$ ,protagoras1 we le>n t ! ,sophi/ ( t "n *iefly manife/$ himself 9 long cont9u\s spee*es or rhetoric2 & ?\gh he also pr(ess$1 if requir$1 to ent] into dialectic colloquy1 9 ?is art he 0 no mat* = ,sokrates4#bc ,moreov]1 we "k by ! evid5ce ( ,sokrates himself1 t he 0 an ,eri/ic n only by ta/e1 b on pr9ciple1 & by a s5se ( duty4 ,he tells u1 9 ! ,platonic ,apology1 t he felt himself "u a div9e mission to g ab\t convict+ m5 ( ignorance1 & t he _h prosecut$ ?is vocation ?r\gh\t _m ye>s ( a long life4 ,e "o ( ^! convictions mu/ h be5 br\ght ab\t by "o or m disputes ( 8 own seek+3 e su* dispute1 ) occasional exceptions1 made him unpopul>1 9 ! outset at lea/1 ) ! p]son convict$3 ! r1 z 8 ability 9 ! process is kn[n1 ^u ! te/imony ( ,x5ophon#bd z well z ( ,plato1 to h be5 consummate4 ,x is !re=e a mi/ake to decry ,protagoras & ! ,protagoreans 7if !re 7 any7 z ! special ,eri/ics1 & to repres5t ,sokrates z a tutel>y g5ius1 ! oppon5t ( su* habits4 ,if ! comm5tators are "r 7:i* ,i d n ?9k !y are7 9 decl>+ ! ,a!nian m9d to h be5 p]v]t$ by ,eri/ic1 ,sokrates is mu* m *>geable ) ! mis*ief ?an ,protagoras4 ,& ! comic poets1 :5 !y treat$ ,sokrates z a specim5 & tea*] ( ,eri/ic1 proce$$ v naturally ^u :at !y actually saw or he>d ( him4#be ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,plat4 ,protag41 especially pp4 #cbi & #ccf4 ,ab\t ! eri/ic disposition ( ,sokrates1 see ! /rik+ passage 9 ,plato1 ,!tt4 #afi ,b-,c2 also ,la*s1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,footnote #bd3 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #b4 ,footnote #be3 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 9 ,platon4 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #ej-ea4 ,s$ hoc utcunque se habet1 illud quidem ex ,ari/ophane p>it] atque ex ipso ,platone evid5t] app>et1 ,socratem non tantum ab orationum scriptoribus1 s$ etiam ab aliis1 9 vanissimorum sophi/>am loco habitum fuisse4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates 9 ! ,eu?ydmus is drawn suitably to ! purpose ( t dialogue4 ,! fact is1 t ! ,platonic ,sokrates :5 he talks ) ! two ,sophi/s 9 ! dialogue ,eu?ydmus1 is a "* drawn by ,plato = ! purpose ( t dialogue1 & is v diff]5t f ! real hi/orical ,sokrates1 :om ! public ( ,a!ns saw & he>d 9 ! m>ket-place or gymnasia4 ,he is depict$ z a g5tle1 soo?+1 enc\rag+ talk]1 ) 8 claws drawn 91 & affect+ inability ev5 to hold 8 own aga9/ ! two ,sophi/s3 su* inde$ z he sometimes may h be5 9 conv]s+ ) p>ticul> p]sons 7s ,x5ophon#bf takes pa9s to rem9d 8 read]s 9 ! ,memorabilia71 b ) entire elim9ation ( t *>act]i/ic aggressive ,el5*us = :i* he himself 79 ! ,platonic ,apology7 takes cr$it1 & :i* ! auditors usually he>d him exhibit4 ,footnote #bf3 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #d1 #a2 iv4 #b1 #dj4 ,side-note3 ,! two ,sophi/s 9 ! ,eu?ydmus are n to be tak5 z real p]sons1 or repres5tatives ( real p]sons4 ,?is picture1 accurate or n1 suit$ ! dramatic s*eme ( ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,su*1 9 my judgm5t1 is ! value & mean+ ( ! ,eu?ydmus1 z f> z reg>ds p]sonal contra/s4 ,"o /yle ( reason+ is repres5t$ by ,sokrates1 ! o!r by ! two ,sophi/s3 bo? are ! creatures ( ,plato1 hav+ ! same dramatic reality z ,sokrates & ,/repsiades1 or ! ,greek3 ,di_/kaios ,lo_/gos & ,greek3 ,a7_/dikos ,lo_/gos1 ( ,ari/ophanes1 b no m4 ,t !y correspond to any actual p]sons at ,a!ns1 is nei!r prov$ nor probable4 ,! comic poets introduce ,sokrates z talk+ :at 0 ei!r nons5sical1 or (f5sive to ! feel+s ( ! ,a!nians3 & ,sokrates 79 ! ,platonic ,apology7 compla9s t ! ,dika/s judg$ him1 n accord+ to :at he _h really said or done1 b accord+ to ! impression made on !m by ?is dramatic picture4 ,! ,a!nian ,sophi/s w\ld h equal "r to compla9 ( ^? critics1 :o n only speak ( ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus ) a degree ( acrimony applicable only to hi/orical p]sons1 b also describe !m z repres5tative types ( ,protagoras1 ,gorgias1 & _! disciples4#bg ,footnote #bg3 ,! language ( ,s*lei]ma*] is m mod]ate ?an t ( ,/allbaum1 ,/e9h>t1 & o!rs4 ,he ?9ks moreov]1 t ! polemical purpose ( ?is dialogue is direct$ n aga9/ ,protagoras or ,gorgias1 b aga9/ ! ,meg>ics & aga9/ ,anti/h5es1 :o 7s ,s*lei]ma*] supposes7 _h br\ght ! attack ^u !mselves by attack+ ,plato fir/ 7,e9leitung zum ,eu?yd4 p4 #djd seq474 ,s*lei]ma*] _c make out :o ! two ,sophi/s 7 p]sonally1 b he conceives !m z obscure p]sons1 des]v+ no notice4 ,?is is a conjecture :i* admits ( no pro(2 b if any real victim is "h int5d$ by ,plato1 we may j z reasonably suppose ,anti/h5es z ,protagoras4 ,side-note3 ,colloquy ( ,sokrates ) ,kle9ias--possession ( good ?+s is useless1 unless we also h intellig5ce h[ to use !m4 ,! conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ! y\? ,kle9ias is rem>kable = its pla9ness & simplicity4 ,8 purpose is to implant or inflame 9 ! y\? ! aspiration & ef=t t[>ds wisdom or k 7,greek3 philosophi_/a1 9 its etymological s5se74 ,y1 l e "o else1 wi% to d well or to be happy4 ,! way to be happy is1 to h _m good ?+s4 ,e "o kn[s ?is3 e "o kn[s too1 t among ^! good ?+s1 weal? is an indisputable item3#bh likewise heal?1 beauty1 bodily activity1 good bir?1 p[] ov] o!rs1 hon\r 9 our city1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 c\rage1 wisdom1 c4 ,good =tune does n c\nt z a di/9ct item1 because x resolves itself into wisdom4#bi--;,b x is n en\gh to h all ^! good ?+s3 we mu/ n only h !m b use !m3 moreov]1 we mu/ use !m n wrongly1 b rightly4 ,if we use !m wrongly1 !y w n produce _! appropriate consequ5ces4 ,!y w ev5 make u m mis]able ?an if we _h !m n1 because ! possession ( !m w prompt u to be active & m$dlesome3 :]eas1 if we h !m n1 we %all keep 9 ! back-gr\nd & d little4#cj ,b to use ^! good ?+s rightly1 dep5ds ^u wisdom1 k1 intellig5ce4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! enum]at$ items are n really good1 except on ! assumption t !y are "u ! guidance ( intellig5ce3 if !y are "u ! guidance ( ignorance1 !y are n good2 nay1 !y ev5 produce m h>m ?an good1 s9ce !y are active in/rum5ts 9 ! s]vice ( a fooli% ma/]4#ca ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bgi ,a4 ,greek3 a7ga?a de poia a7_/ra tn o7_/ntn tug*a_/nei 7min o7_/nta8 7 ou7 *alepon ou7de semn\ a7ndros pa_/nu ti ou7de t\to e7_/oik5 ei7nai eu7rein8 pas gar a7n 7min ei7_/poi o7_/ti to pl\tein a7ga?o_/n8 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bgi-bhj4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bha ,c4 ,greek3 7tton de kaks pra_/ttn1 a7_/?lios 7tton a7n ei7_/4 ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bhb ,e4 ,if we comp>e ?is ) p4 #bgi ,c-,d we %all see t ! argum5t ( ,sokrates is op5 to ! exception :i* he himself takes 9 ! case ( ,greek3 eu7tu*i_/a--dis tau7ta le_/ge94 ,wisdom is c\nt$ twice ov]4 ,side-note3 ,b intellig5ce--( :at8 ,x mu/ be su* intellig5ce1 or su* an art1 z w include bo? ! mak+ ( :at we want1 & ! "r use ( x :5 made4 ,b :at intellig5ce d we want = ! purpose8 ,is x all intellig5ce8 ,or is !re any "o s+le v>iety ( intellig5ce1 by ! possession ( :i* we %all become good & happy8#cb ,obvi\sly1 x mu/ be mu/ be su* z w be pr(itable to u4#cc ,we h se5 t !re is no good 9 possess+ weal?--t we %\ld ga9 no?+ by kn[+ h[ to acquire weal? or ev5 to turn /ones into gold1 unless we at ! same "t knew h[ to use x rightly4 ,nor %\ld we ga9 any ?+ by kn[+ h[ to make ourselves heal?y1 or ev5 immortal1 unless we knew h[ to employ rightly our heal? or immortality4 ,we want k or intellig5ce1 ( su* a nature1 z to include bo? act+1 mak+1 or con/ruction & rightly us+ :at we h done1 made1 or con/ruct$4#cd ,! mak]s ( lyres & flutes may be m5 ( skill1 b !y _c play ^u ! in/rum5ts :i* !y h made3 ! logograph]s compose f9e disc\rses1 b h& !m ov] = o!rs to deliv]4 ,ev5 ma/]s 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ arts--su* z milit>y comm&]s1 geomet]s1 ari?meticians1 a/ronom]s1 c41 d n come up to our requirem5t4 ,!y are all ( !m v>ieties "u ! g5]al class hunt]s3 !y f9d & seize1 b h& ov] :at !y h seiz$ = o!rs to use4 ,! hunt]1 :5 he has caught or kill$ game1 h&s x ov] to ! cook2 ! g5]al1 :5 he has tak5 a t[n1 deliv]s x to ! political lead] or m9i/]3 ! geomet] makes ov] 8 !orems to be employ$ by ! dialectician or compreh5sive philosoph]4#ce ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bhb ,e4 ,sokrates "h breaks (f ! /r+ ( que/ions to ,kle9ias1 b resumes !m1 p4 #bhh ,d4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bhh ,d4 ,greek3 ti_/na pot' ou7n a7n ktsa_/m5oi e7pi/_/mn o7r?s ktsai_/me?a8 a7r' ou7 t\to men a7pl\n1 o7_/ti tau_/tn 7_/tis 7mas o7n_/sei8 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bhi ,b4 ,greek3 toiau_/ts t9os a7_/r' 7min e7pi/_/ms dei1 e7n 7 sumpe_/ptk5 a7_/ma to_/ te poiein kai to e7pi_//a/hai *r/hai 7 a7n poi4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4#bij ,c-,d4 ,side-note3 ,:]e is su* an art to be f\nd8 ,! regal or political art looks l x2 b :at does ?is art d = u8 ,no answ] c be f\nd4 ,ends 9 puzzle4 ,:]e !n c we f9d su* an art--su* a v>iety ( k or intellig5ce--z we are seek+8 ,! regal or political art looks l x3 t art :i* regulates & en=ces all ! arrangem5ts ( ! city4 ,b :at is ! "w :i* ?is art p]=ms8 ,:at product does x yield1 z ! m$ical art supplies good heal?1 & ! f>m]'s art1 provision8 ,:at good does x effect8 ,y may say t x makes ! citiz5s weal?y1 free1 h>moni\s 9 _! int]c\rse4 ,b we h already se5 t ^! acquisitions are n good1 unless !y be "u ! guidance ( intellig5ce3 t no?+ is really good1 except "s v>iety ( intellig5ce4#cf ,does ! regal art !n conf] k8 ,if s1 does x conf] e v>iety ( k--t ( ! c>p5t]1 curri]1 c41 z well z o!rs8 ,n c]ta9ly any ( ^!1 = we h already settl$ t !y are 9 !mselves nei!r good nor bad4 ,! regal art c ?us imp>t no k except itself2 & :at is itself8 h[ are we to use x8 ,if we say1 t we %all r5d] o!r m5 good--! "q aga9 recurs1 ,good--9 :at respect8 useful--= :at purpose8#cg ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bib ,b4 ,greek3 ,a7ga?on de_/ ge_/ p\ 7molog_/sam5 a7ll_/lois--ou7den ei7nai a7_/llo 7 e7pi/_/mn t9a_/4 ,footnote #cg3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bib ,d4 ,greek3 ,a7lla ti_/na d e7pi/_/mn8 7 ti_/ *rs_/me?a8 tn men gar e7_/rgn ou7d5os dei au7tn dmi\rgon ei7nai tn m_/te kakn m_/te a7ga?n1 e7pi/_/mn de p>adido_/nai mdemi_/an a7_/lln 7 au7tn e7aut_/n2 le_/gm5 d ou7n1 ti_/s pote e7_//9 au7t 7 ti_/ *rs_/me?a8 ,"h !n 7concludes ,sokrates71 we come to a dead lock3 we c f9d no issue4#ch ,we _c discov] :at ! regal art does = u or gives u3 yet ?is is ! art :i* is to make u happy4 ,9 ?is difficulty1 ,sokrates turns to ! two ,sophi/s1 & implores _! help4 ,! contra/ betwe5 him & !m is ?us br\ght out4 ,footnote #ch3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bib ,e4 ,side-note3 ,review ( ! cross-exam9ation j pursu$ by ,sokrates4 ,x is v sugge/ive--puts ! m9d ^u :at to look =4 ,! argum5t ( ,sokrates1 :i* ,i h ?us abridg$ f ! ,eu?ydmus1 arrives at no solution3 b x is nev]!less em95tly sugge/ive1 & puts ! "q 9 a way to receive solution4 ,:at is ! regal or political art :i* directs or regulates all o!rs8 ,a man has _m diff]5t impulses1 dispositions1 qualities1 aptitudes1 advantages1 possessions1 c41 :i* we describe by say+ t he is an arti/1 a g5]al1 a tradesman1 clev]1 j1 temp]ate1 brave1 /rong1 ri*1 p[]ful1 c4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( life1 ea* p>ticul> situation has its diff]5t exig5cies1 :ile ! prospective future has its exig5cies also4 ,! :ole man is "o1 ) all ^! di/9ct & sometimes conflict+ attributes3 9 foll[+ "o impulse1 he mu/ resi/ o!rs--9 turn+ 8 aptitudes to "o object1 he mu/ turn !m away f o!rs--he mu/1 z ,plato says1 di/+ui% ! "r use ( 8 =ce f ! wrong1 by virtue ( k1 intellig5ce1 reason4 ,su* discrim9at+ intellig5ce1 :i* 9 ?is dialogue is call$ ! ,regal or political art1--:at is ! object ( x8 ,x is intellig5ce or k1--,b ( :at8 ,n c]ta9ly ( ! way h[ ea* p>ticul> act is to be p]=m$--h[ ea* p>ticul> end is to be atta9$4 ,ea* ( ^! sep>ately is ! object ( "s special k4 ,b ! :ole ( a man's life is pass$ 9 a s]ies ( su* p>ticul> acts1 ea* ( :i* is ! object ( "s special k3 :at !n rema9s z ! object ( ,regal or political intellig5ce1 ^u :i* our happ9ess is said to dep5d8 ,or h[ c x h any object at all8 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison ) o!r dialogues--,republic1 ,philbus1 ,protagoras4 ,! only di/9ct answ] is f\nd 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,! "q "h rais$ is pres5t to ,plato's m9d 9 o!r dialogues1 & occurs "u o!r words1 z = example1 ,:at is good8 ,good is ! object ( ! ,regal or political intellig5ce2 b :at is ,good8 ,9 ! ,republic he raises ?is "q1 b decl9es to answ] x1 confess+ t he c\ld n make x intelligible to 8 he>]s3#ci 9 ! ,gorgias1 he takes pa9s to tell u :at x is n3 9 ! ,philbus1 he does inde$ tell u :at x is1 b 9 t]ms :i* ne$ explanation q z mu* z ! t]m :i* !y are br\ght to expla94 ,!re is only "o dialogue 9 :i* ! "q is answ]$ affirmatively1 9 cle> & unmi/akable language1 & ) consid]able developm5t--& t is1 ! ,protagoras3 :]e ,sokrates ass]ts & proves at l5g?1 t ,good is at ! bottom id5tical ) pleasure1 & ,evil ) pa93 t ! measur+ or calculat+ intellig5ce is ! truly regal art ( life1 ^u :i* ! atta9m5t ( ,good dep5ds3 & t ! object ( t intellig5ce--! items :i* we are to measure1 calculate1 & comp>e--is pleasures & pa9s1 s z to secure to ourselves z mu* z possible ( ! =m]1 & escape z mu* z possible ( ! latt]4 ,footnote #ci3 ,plato1 ,republic1 vi4 pp4 #eje-ejf4 ,9 my rem>ks on ! ,protagoras1 ,i %all /ate ! view :i* ,i take ( ! doctr9e laid d[n 9 t dialogue by ,sokrates4 ,p]sons may ?9k ! answ] insuffici5t3 mo/ ( ! ,platonic critics decl>e x to be absolutely wrong4 ,b at any rate x is ! only di/9ct answ] :i* ,plato ev] gives1 to ! "q rais$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,eu?ydmus & else:]e4 ,side-note3 ,! talk ( ! two ,sophi/s1 ?\gh ironically admir$ :ile x is go+ on1 is %[n at ! end to produce no real admiration1 b ! contr>y4 ,f ! ab/ract j giv5 ( ! argum5t ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,eu?ydmus1 x w be se5 to be s]i\s & p]t95t1 ?\gh end+ ) a confession ( failure4 ,! obs]vations plac$ 9 contra/ ) x & ascrib$ to ! two ,sophi/s1 are di/+ui%$ by be+ nei!r s]i\s nor p]t95t2 b p>odies ( debate = ! mo/ "p1 put toge!r = ! express purpose ( appe>+ obvi\sly silly to ! read]4 ,plato keeps up ! dramatic or ironical appe>ance1 t !y are admir$ & welcom$ n only by ! he>]s1 b ev5 by ,sokrates himself4 ,nev]!less1 x is made cle> at ! end t all ?is is no?+ b irony1 & t ! talk :i* ,plato ascribes to ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus produc$1 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 no s5tim5t ( e/eem = _! abilities among ! by-/&]s1 b q ! rev]se4 ,:e!r !re 7 individual ,sophi/s at ,a!ns :o talk$ 9 t /yle1 we c nei!r affirm nor d5y3 b t !re 7 an e/abli%$ class ( p]sons :o did s1 & made bo? money & reputation by x1 we c securely d5y4 ,x is ! m surpris+ t ! ,platonic comm5tators %\ld desire u to reg>d ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus z repres5tative samples ( a special class nam$ ,sophi/s1 s9ce "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ^? comm5tators 7,/allbaum71#dj bo? admits t ,sokrates himself 0 g5]ally numb]$ 9 ! class & call$ by ! "n & affirms also 7incorrectly1 9 my op9ion7 t ! int]rogations ( ,sokrates1 :i* 9 ?is dialogue /& contra/$ ) ^? ( ! two ,sophi/s1 d n enunciate ! op9ions ei!r ( ,sokrates or ( ,plato himself1 b ! op9ions ( ^! v ,sophi/s1 :i* ,plato adopts & utt]s = ! occasion4#da ,footnote #dj3 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 9 ,platon4 ,eu?ydem4 p4 #ej4 ,illud quidem ex ,ari/ophane p>it] atque ipso ,platone evid5t] app>et1 ,socratem non tantum ab orationum scriptoribus1 s$ etiam ab aliis 9 vanissimorum sophi/>um num]o habitum fuisse4 ,ib4 p4 #di 7cit$ 9 a previ\s note74 ,videtur p]vulgata fuisse hom9um op9io1 qu ,socratem int] vanos sophi/as num]&um esse exi/imabant4 ,aga9 p4 #dd1 :]e ,/allbaum tells u t ,sokrates 0 consid]$ by _m to belong misellorum ,sophi/>um gregi4 ,footnote #da3 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 ad ,plat4 ,eu?ydem4 p4 #cj4 ,cav5dum e/ magnop]e1 ne qu hic ,socrate disputantur1 pro ipsius decretis habeamus3 sunt enim omnia ad m5tem ,sophi/>um disputata1 quos ille1 repreh5sis eorum op9ionibus1 sp]at eo adductum iri1 ut gravem prud5temque e>um def5sionem suscipiant4 ,comp>e p4 #ff4 ,/allbaum says t ,plato (t5 reasons1 adopt+ = ! occasion ! doctr9e ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,see 8 ,prolegg4 to ! ,la*s & ,*>mids1 & /ill m 8 ,proleg4 to ! ,protagoras1 :]e he tells u t ,plato introduces 8 spokesman ,sokrates n only z argu+ ex m5te ,sophi/>um1 b also z employ+ capti\s & delusive artifice1 su* z 9 ?is dialogue is ascrib$ to ,eu?ydemus & ,dionysodorus4--pp4 #bc-bd4 ,itaque ,socrates1 miss hujus rei disputatione1 rep5t ad alia progr$itur1 scilicet similibus loqueis hom9em d5uo irretiturus4 ,nem9i facil obscurum erit1 hoc quoque loco ,protagoram argutis conclusiunculis deludi 7i4e4 by ,sokrates7 atque callid eo p]mov]i1 c4 ,quanquam nemo erit1 qu9 videat1 callid deludi ,protagoram1 ubi ex eo1 quod qui inju/ faciat1 is neutiquam agat ,greek3 sphro_/ns1 prot9us colligitur ju/itiam et ,greek3 sphrosu_/n unum idemque esse4--p4 #be4 ,disputat enim ,socrates pl]aque omnia ad m5tem ipsius ,protagor4--p4 #cj4 ,platonem ipsum hc non probsse1 s$ e vulgi op9ione et m5te explicasse1 vel illud non obscur significat1 c4--p4 #cc4 ,side-note3 ,mi/ak5 repres5tations ab\t ! ,sophi/s--,ari/otle's def9ition--no di/+ui%able l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! ,sophi/ & ! ,dialectician4 ,! receiv$ supposition t !re 7 at ,a!ns a class ( m5 call$ ,sophi/s :o made money & reputation by obvi\s fallacies employ$ to br+ ab\t contradictions 9 dialogue--appe>s to me to p]v]t ! repres5tations giv5 ( anci5t philosophy4 ,ari/otle def9es a ,sophi/ to be "o :o seeks to make money by app>5t wisdom :i* is n real wisdom3--! ,sophi/ 7he says7 is an ,eri/ic :o1 besides money-mak+1 seeks = no?+ b victory 9 debate & humiliation ( 8 oppon5t3--,di/+ui%+ ! ,dialectician f ! ,sophi/ 7he says71 ! ,dialectician impugns or def5ds1 by probable argum5ts1 probable t5ets--t is1 t5ets :i* are believ$ by a num]\s public or by a few wise & em95t individuals3--:ile ! ,sophi/ deals ) t5ets :i* are probable only 9 appe>ance & n 9 reality--t is to say1 t5ets :i* almo/ e "o by ! slighte/ att5tion recognises z false4#db ,?is def9ition is f\nd$1 p>tly on ! p]sonal "* & purpose ascrib$ to ! ,sophi/3 p>tly ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 app>5t & real wisdom1 assum$ to be kn[n & p]man5t4 ,n[ su* pseudo-wisdom 0 decl>$ by ,sokrates to be ! natural /ate ( all mank9d1 ev5 ! mo/ em95t1 :i* x 0 8 mission to expose3 moreov]1 ! det]m9ation1 :at is to be compris$ 9 ?is description1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! judges to :om x is submitt$1 s9ce mu* ( ! works ( ,ari/otle & ,plato w\ld come "u ! category1 9 ! judgm5t ( mod]n read]s bo? vulg> & in/ruct$4 ,b ap>t f ?is relative & v>iable "* ( ! def9ition1 :5 appli$ to philosophy g5]ally--we may confid5tly ass]t1 t !re nev] 0 any real class ( intellectual m51 9 a giv5 "t or place1 to :om x c\ld possibly apply4 ,( individuals1 ! v>ieties are innum]able3 b no pr(essional body ( m5 ev] acquir$ ga9 or celebrity by ma9ta9+ !ses1 & employ+ argum5ts1 :i* e "o c\ld easily detect z false4 ,e man employs sophisms m or less2 e man does s inadv]t5tly1 "s d x by design also2 moreov]1 almo/ e reason] does x l>gely1 9 ! e/imation ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,no di/9ct l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! ,sophi/ & ! ,dialectician3 ! def9ition giv5 by ,ari/otle applies to an ideal 9 8 own m9d1 b to no reality )\t3 ,protagoras & ,prodikus no m correspond to x ?an ,sokrates & ,plato4 ,ari/otle obs]ves1 ) great tru?1 t all m5 are dialecticians & te/]s ( reason+1 up to a c]ta9 po9t3 he might h add$ t !y are all ,sophi/s also1 up to a c]ta9 po9t4#dc ,moreov]1 :5 he attempts to f\nd a sci5tific classification ( intellectual processes ^u a diff]5ce 9 ! purposes ( diff]5t practition]s--:e!r !y employ ! same process = money or display1 or b5efic5ce1 or m5tal satisfaction to !mselves--?is is altoge!r unphilosophical4 ,! m$ical art is ! same1 :e!r employ$ to advise gratis1 or 9 ex*ange = a fee4#dd ,footnote #db3 ,ari/otel4 ,topic1 i4 #a1 p4 #ajj1 b4 #ba4 ,greek3 e7_/ndoxa de ta dok\nta pas9 7 tois plei_//ois 7 tois sophois1 kai t\_/tois 7 pas9 7 tois plei_//ois 7 tois ma_/li/a gnri_/mois kai e7ndo_/xois4 ,e7ri/ikos de e7_//i sullogismos o7 e7k pha9ome_/nn e7ndo_/xn1 m o7_/ntn de--kai o7 e7x e7ndo_/xn 7 pha9ome_/nn e7ndo_/xn pha9o_/m5os4 ,ou7!n gar tn legome_/nn e7ndo_/xn e7pipolai_/on e7_/*ei pantels tn phantasi_/an1 ka?a_/p] p]i tas tn e7ri/ikn lo_/gn a7r*as sumbe_/bk5 e7_/*e94 ,p>a*rma gar kai 7s e7pi to polu tois kai mikra sunoran duname_/nois1 kata_/dlos e7n au7tois 7 t\ pseu_/d\s e7_//i phu_/sis4 ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is1 i4 p4 #afe1 a4 #ba4 ,greek3 e7_//i gar 7 sophi/ik pha9ome_/n sophi_/a1 ou7sa d' ou7_/2 kai o7 sophi/s *rmati/s a7po pha9ome_/ns sophi_/z1 a7ll' ou7k ou7_/ss1 p4 #afe1 b4 #aj1 p4 #aga1 b4 #h-bg4 ,greek3 ,oi7 phile_/rides1 e7ri/ikoi1 a7gni/ikoi1 are p]sons :o break ! rules ( dialectic 7,greek3 a7dikoma*i_/a7 = ! purpose ( ga9+ victory2 ,greek3 oi7 sophi/ai are ^? :o d ! same ?+ = ! purpose ( gett+ money4 ,see also ,metaphys4 iii4 #ajjd1 b4 #ag4 ,footnote #dc3 ,ari/ot4 ,sophi/4 ,el5*4 p4 #agb1 a4 #cj4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ari/ot4 ,rhetor1 i4 #a1 #acee1 b4 #ah4 ,he "h admits t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,dialectician & ! ,sophi/ lies 9 _! purposes--t ! m5tal activity employ$ by bo? is ! same4 ,greek3 o7 gar sophi/ikos ou7k e7n t duna_/mei a7ll' e7n t proaire_/sei2 pln e7ntau?a men 79 ,rhetoric7 ,greek3 e7_//ai o7 men kata tn e7pi/_/mn o7 de kata tn proai_/res91 r7_/tr1 e7kei de 79 ,dialectic7 ,greek3 sophi/s men kata tn proai_/res91 dialektikos de ou7 kata tn proai_/res91 a7lla kata tn du_/nam94 ,side-note3 ,philosophical purpose ( ! ,eu?ydmus--exposure ( fallacies1 9 ,plato's dramatic mann]1 by multiplication ( p>ticul> examples4 ,?\gh ,i ma9ta9 t no class ( pr(essional ,sophi/s 79 ! mean+ giv5 to t t]m by ! ,platonic critics aft] ,plato & ,ari/otle7 ev] exi/$--& ?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 ! paid & ! gratuit\s disc\rs] is altoge!r unwor?y to ent] into ! hi/ory ( philosophy--yet ,i am n ! less p]suad$ t ! ,platonic dialogue ,eu?ydmus1 & ! treatise ( ,ari/otle ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is1 are v /rik+ & useful compositions4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ treatise 0 compos$ by ,ari/otle v mu* "u ! /imulus ( ! ,platonic dialogue ,eu?ydmus1 to :i* x ref]s sev]al times--& = ! purpose ( di/ribut+ ! v>iety ( possible fallacies "u a limit$ numb] ( g5]al heads1 ea* describ$ by its appropriate *>act]i/ic1 & repres5t$ by its illu/rative type4 ,su* attempt at arrangem5t--"o ( ! _m valuable contributions ( ,ari/otle to ! !ory ( reason+--is expressly claim$ by him z 8 own4 ,he takes a j pride 9 hav+ be5 ! fir/ to introduce sy/em :]e none _h introduc$ x be=e4#de ,no su* sy/em 0 kn[n to ,plato1 :o 79 ! ,eu?ydmus7 enum]ates a /r+ ( fallacies "o aft] ano!r )\t any project ( classify+ !m1 & :o pres5ts !m z x 7 9 concrete1 z appli$ by c]ta9 disputants 9 an imag9>y dialogue4 ,! purpose is1 to make ^! fallacies appe> conspicu\sly 9 _! "* ( fallacies3 a purpose :i* is assi/$ by pres5t+ ! prop\nd]s ( !m z ridicul\s & contemptible4 ,! lively fancy ( ,plato atta*es suitable accessories to ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus4 ,!y are old m51 :o h be5 all _! lives engag$ 9 tea*+ rhetoric & tactics1 b h rec5tly tak5 to dialectic1 & acquir$ p]fect ma/]y !re( )\t any tr\ble--:o make extravagant promises--& :o z talk]s play into ea* o!r's h&s1 mak+ a %uttlecock ( ! respond5t1 a mode/ novice e way unsuitable = su* treatm5t4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ! la/ *apt] ( ! treatise ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is4 ,side-note3 ,ari/otle 7,soph4 ,el5*47 attempts a classification ( fallacies3 ,plato enum]ates !m )\t classification4 ,?us diff]5t is ! ,platonic mann]1 f ! ,ari/otelian mann]1 ( expos+ fallacies4 ,b ^? exhibit$ 9 ! =m] appe> z memb]s ( "o or m among ! classes fram$ by ! latt]4 ,! fallacies :i* we read 9 ! ,eu?ydmus are *iefly v]bal3 b "s are v]bal1 & some?+ beyond4 ,side-note3 ,fallacies ( equivocation prop\nd$ by ! two ,sophi/s 9 ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,?us1 = example1 if we take ! fir/ sophism introduc$ by ! two exhibitors1 ^u :i* !y br+ ! y\? ,kle9ias1 by suitable que/ions1 to decl>e successively bo? sides ( ! alt]native--,:i* ( ! two is x t le>ns1 ! wise or ! ignorant8--,sokrates himself elucidates x by po9t+ out t ! t]ms us$ are equivocal3#df ,y might answ] x by us+ ! language ascrib$ to ,dionysodorus 9 ano!r "p ( ?is dialogue--,nei!r & ,bo?4#dg ,! l may be said ab\t ! fallacy 9 page #bhd ,d--,are !re p]sons :o speak ( ?+s z !y are8 ,good m5 speak ( ?+s z !y are3 !y speak ( good m5 well1 ( bad m5 badly3 !re=e1 ( c\rse1 !y speak ( /\t m5 /\tly1 & ( hot m5 hotly4 ,ay6 rejo9s ! respond5t ,ktesippus1 angrily--!y speak ( cold m5 coldly1 & say t !y talk coldly4#dh ,^! are fallacies ( d\ble mean+ ( words--or d\ble con/ruction ( phrases3 z we read also 9 page #bhg ,d1 :]e ! same ,greek v]b 7,greek3 noein7 may be con/ru$ ei!r to ?9k or to mean3 s t :5 ,sokrates talks ab\t :at a pr$ication means--! ,sophi/s ask him--,does any?+ ?9k1 except ?+s hav+ a s\l8 ,did y ev] "k any pr$ication t _h a s\l8 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bge ,d--#bgh ,d4 ,ari/otle also adv]ts to ?is fallacy1 b )\t nam+ ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,see ,soph4 ,el4 #d1 #afe1 b4 #cj4 ,footnote #dg3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #cjj ,d4 ,greek3 ,ou7de_/t]a kai a7mpho_/t]a ,footnote #dh3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bhd ,e4 ,greek3 t\s g\n psu*r\s psu*rs le_/g\si_/ te kai phasi diale_/ge/hai4 ,! metaphorical s5se ( ,greek3 psu*ros is po9tless1 /upid1 out ( ta/e1 out ( place1 c4 ,side-note3 ,fallacies-- dicto secundum quid1 ad dictum simplicit]--9 ! ,eu?ydmus4 ,aga91 ! two ,sophi/s und]take to prove t ,sokrates1 z well z ! y\? ,kle9ias & inde$ e "o else1 kn[s ev]y?+4 ,c any exi/+ ?+ be t :i* x is1 & at ! same "t n be t :i* x is8--,no4--,y "k "s ?+s8--,yes4--,!n if y "k1 y are kn[+8--,c]ta9ly4 ,i am kn[+ ( ^? p>ticul> ?+s4--,t makes no diff]5ce3 if y are kn[+1 y necess>ily "k ev]y?+4--,oh6 no3 = !re are _m ?+s :i* ,i d n "k4--,!n if !re be any?+ :i* y d n "k1 y are n kn[+8--,yes1 d\btless--( t p>ticul> ?+4--,/ill y are n kn[+3 & j n[ y said t y 7 kn[+3 & ?us1 at "o & ! same "t1 y are :at y are1 & y are n :at y are4#di ,footnote #di3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bic ,c4 ,ari/otle consid]s "k to be an equivocal ^w2 he admits t 9 c]ta9 s5ses y may bo? "k & n "k ! same ?+4 ,anal4 ,prior4 ii4 #fg1 b4 #h4 ,anal4 ,po/4 i4 #ga1 a4 #be4 ,b y also 7retorts ,sokrates ^u ! c\ple71 d n y also "k "s ?+s1 n "k o!rs8--,by no means4--,:at6 d y "k no?+8--,f> f x4--,!n y "k all ?+s8--,c]ta9ly we d1--& y too3 if y "k "o ?+1 y "k all ?+s4--,:at6 d y "k ! art ( ! c>p5t]1 ! curri]1 ! cobbl]--! numb] ( />s 9 ! heav51 & ( gra9s ( s& 9 ! des]t1 c48--,yes3 we "k all ^! ?+s4 ,side-note3 ,ob/9acy %[n by ! two ,sophi/s 9 _! replies--det]m9ation n to contradict !mselves4 ,! two ,sophi/s ma9ta9 _! consi/5cy by mak+ reply 9 ! affirmative to ea* ( ^! successive que/ions3 ?\gh ,ktesippus pu%es !m h>d by enquiries z to a /r+ ( mean & div]se specialties4#ej ,?is is "o ( ! purposes ( ! dialogue3 to repres5t ! two ,sophi/s z will+ to answ] any ?+1 h[ev] obvi\sly wrong & false1 = ! purpose ( avoid+ defeat 9 ! dispute--z us+ _! be/ ef=ts to pres]ve !mselves 9 ! position ( que/ion]s1 & to evade ! position ( respond5ts--& z exact+ a categorical answ]--,yes or ,no--to e "q :i* !y put )\t any qualify+ words1 & )\t any assurance t ! mean+ ( ! "q 0 und]/ood4#ea ,footnote #ej3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bic-bid4 ,footnote #ea3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bie-bif4 ,! base ( ^! fallaci\s inf]5ces is1 ,t respect+ ! same subject1 y _c bo? affirm & d5y ! same pr$icate3 y _c say1 ,a is kn[+--,a is n kn[+ 7,greek3 e7pi/_/mn74 ,?is is a fallacy m ?an v]bal3 x is recognis$ by ,ari/otle 7& by all subsequ5t logicians7 "u ! "n-- dicto secundum quid1 ad dictum simplicit]4 ,x is v c]ta9 t ?is fallacy is (t5 inadv]t5tly committ$ by v compet5t reason]s1 includ+ bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,side-note3 ,f>!r v]bal equivocations4 ,aga9--,sophroniskus 0 my fa!r--,*r$emus 0 ! fa!r ( ,patrokles4--,!n ,sophroniskus 0 diff]5t f a fa!r3 !re=e he 0 n a fa!r4 ,y are diff]5t f a /one1 !re=e y are n a /one3 y are diff]5t f gold1 !re=e y are n gold4 ,by p>ity ( reason+1 ,sophroniskus is diff]5t f a fa!r--!re=e he is n a fa!r4 ,accord+ly1 y1 ,sokrates1 h no fa!r4#eb ,footnote #eb3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #big-bih4 ,b 7retorts ,ktesippus ^u ! c\ple7 y\r fa!r is diff]5t f my fa!r4--,n at all4--,h[ c t be8--,:at6 is y\r fa!r1 !n1 ! fa!r ( all m5 & ( all animals8--,c]ta9ly he is4 ,a man _c be at ! same "t a fa!r1 & n a fa!r4 ,he _c be at ! same "t a man1 & n a man--gold1 & n gold4#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #bih4 ,"s ( ! fallacies 9 ! dialogue 7,greek3 ,po_/t]on o7rs9 oi7 a7_/n?rpoi ta dunata o7ran 7 ta a7du_/nata8 4 4 4 7 ou7* oi7o_/n te signta le_/ge98 p4 #cjj ,a7 are h>dly translatable into ,engli%1 s9ce !y dep5d ^u equivocal con/ructions peculi> to ! ,greek language4 ,ari/otle ref]s !m to ! g5]al head ,greek3 p>' a7mphiboli_/an4 ,! same ab\t ,greek3 pros_/kei ton ma_/geiron katako_/pte91 p4 #cja ,d4 ,y h got a dog 7,eu?ydmus says to ,ktesippus74--,yes4--,! dog is ! fa!r ( puppies8--,yes4--,! dog1 be+ a fa!r1 is y\rs8--,c]ta9ly4--,!n y\r fa!r is a dog1 & y are bro!r ( ! puppies4 ,y beat y\r dog sometimes8 ,!n y beat y\r fa!r4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #bih4 ,^? animals1 & ^? alone are y\rs 7%eep1 ox51 c471 :i* y c give away1 or sell1 or sacrifice at pleasure4 ,b ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,a?n are y\r ,gods4 ,! ,gods h a s\l & are animals4 ,!re=e y\r ,gods are y\r animals4 ,n[ y told u t ^? alone 7 y\r animals1 :i* y c\ld give away1 or sell1 or sacrifice at pleasure4 ,!re=e y c give away1 or sell1 or sacrifice at pleasure1 ,zeus1 ,apollo1 & ,a?n4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,plat4 ,eu?ydm4 p4 #cjb4 ,?is same fallacy1 9 sub/ance1 is giv5 by ,ari/otle1 ,de ,sophi/4 ,el4 #ag1 #agf a4 #c1 #agi1 a4 #e1 b ) diff]5t exemplify+ names & p]sons4 ,?is fallacy dep5ds ^u ! d\ble & equivocal mean+ ( y\rs--"o ( its diff]5t explanations be+ treat$ z if x 7 ! only "o4 ,side-note3 ,fallacies involv+ deep] logical pr9ciples--contradiction is impossible4--,to speak falsely is impossible4 ,o!r puzzles cit$ 9 ?is dialogue g deep]3--,contradiction is impossible--,to speak falsely is impossible4#ef ,^! p>adoxes 7 ma9ta9$ by ,anti/h5es & o!rs1 & appe> to h be5 matt]s ( dialectic debate ?r\gh\t ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies4 ,i %all say m ( !m :5 ,i speak ab\t ! ,meg>ics & ,anti/h5es4 ,"h ,i only note1 t 9 ?is dialogue1 ,ktesippus is repres5t$ z put to sil5ce by !m1 & ,sokrates z mak+ an answ] :i* is no answ] at all4#eg ,we see h[ mu* tr\ble ^! p>adoxes gave to ,plato1 :5 we read ! ,sophi/s1 9 :i* he h&les ! la/ ( ! two 9 a mann] elaborate1 b 7to my judgm5t7 unsatisfactory4 ,footnote #ef3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bhe-bhf4 ,footnote #eg3 ,plato1 ,eu?ydm4 pp4 #bhf ,b--#bhg ,a4 ,side-note3 ,plato's ,eu?ydmus is ! e>lie/ kn[n attempt to set out & expose fallacies--! only way ( expos+ fallacies is to exemplify ! fallacy by p>ticul> cases1 9 :i* ! conclusion prov$ is kn[n aliunde to be false & absurd4 ,! ,eu?ydmus ( ,plato is memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy z ! e>lie/ kn[n attempt to set out1 & exhibit to att5tion1 a /r+ ( fallaci\s modes ( reason+4 ,plato makes !m all absurd & ridicul\s4 ,he gives a c>icature ( a dialectic debate1 n unwor?y ( 8 namesake ,plato ,comicus--or ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,swift1 or ,voltaire4 ,! sophisms appe> = ! mo/ "p s silly1 z he puts !m1 t ! read] asks himself h[ any "o c\ld h be5 ev] impos$ ^u by su* a palpable delusion8 ,yet su* confid5ce is by no means ju/ifi$4 ,a sophism1 p]fectly analog\s 9 "* to ^? :i* ,plato "h exposes to ridicule1 may1 9 ano!r case1 easily escape detection f ! he>]1 & ev5 f ! reason] himself4 ,p are con/antly misl$ by fallacies aris+ f ! same ^w be>+ two s5ses1 f d\ble con/ruction ( ! same phrase1 f unconsci\s application ( a dictum secundum quid1 z if x 7 a dictum simplicit]2 f ,petitio ,pr9cipii1 c41 ,ignoratio ,el5*i1 c4 ,nei!r ,plato himself1 nor ,ari/otle1 c boa/ ( escap+ !m4#eh ,if ^! fallacies appe>1 9 ! examples *os5 by ,plato = ! ,eu?ydmus1 s obvi\sly inconclusive t !y c deceive no "o--! reason lies n 9 ! premisses !mselves1 b 9 ! p>ticul> conclusions to :i* !y lead3 :i* conclusions are kn[n on o!r gr\nds to be false1 & nev] to be s]i\sly ma9ta9able by any p]son4 ,su* conclusions z--,sokrates _h no fa!r3 ,sophroniskus1 if fa!r ( ,sokrates1 0 fa!r ( all m5 & all animals3 ,9 beat+ y\r dog1 y beat y\r fa!r3 ,if y "k "o ?+1 y "k ev]y?+1 c41 be+ kn[n aliunde to be false1 prove t !re has be5 "s fallacy 9 ! premisses :]eby !y h be5 e/abli%$4 ,su* cases s]ve z a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! antec$5t process4 ,!y make u aw>e ( "o mode ( liability to error1 & put u on our gu>d aga9/ x 9 analog\s cases4 ,?is is a valuable s]vice1 & all ! m valuable1 because ! liability to error is real & widespread1 ev5 f fallacies p]fectly analog\s to ^? :i* seem s silly "u ! p>ticul> exemplifications :i* ,plato selects & exposes4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations ( ! ,platonic ,eu?ydmus are reproduc$ by ,ari/otle 9 ! ,treatise de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is1 toge!r ) o!r fallacies1 discrim9at$ ) a c]ta9 me?od & sy/em4#ei ,footnote #eh3 ,see a passage 9 ,plato's ,*>mids1 :]e ,he9dorf rem>ks ) propriety ^u 8 equivocal use ( ! words ,greek3 eu7 zn & ,greek3 eu7 pra_/tte9--also ! ,gorgias1 p4 #ejg ,d1 ) ! notes ( ,r\? & ,he9dorf4 ,i h notic$ bo? passages 9 discuss+ ^! two dialogues4 ,footnote #ei3 ,ari/otle1 ,de ,sophi/4 ,el5*42 also ,ari/4 ,rhet4 ii4 p4 #adja1 a-b4 ,side-note3 ,mi/ake ( suppos+ fallacies to h be5 inv5t$ & propagat$ by ,a!nian ,sophi/s--!y are inh]5t inadv]t5cies & liabilities to error1 9 ! ord9>y process ( ?9k+4 ,=mal debate af=ds ! be/ means ( correct+ !m4 ,! true "* ( ^! fallacies is v g5]ally ov]look$ by ! ,platonic critics1 9 _! appreciation ( ! ,eu?ydmus2 :5 !y po9t our att5tion to ! suppos$ tricks & frauds ( ! p]sons :om !y call$ ,sophi/s1 z well z to mis*iev\s corruptions alleg$ to arise f ,eri/ic or =mal cont5ti\s debate4 ,^! critics speak z if !y ?\ght t su* fallacies 7 ! special inv5tions ( ,a!nian ,sophi/s = ! purposes ( ,a!nian ,eri/ic3 z if su* causes ( error 7 inop]ative on p]sons ( ord9>y hone/y or intellig5ce1 :o nev] consult$ or he>d ! ,sophi/s4 ,x has be5 ! practice ( writ]s on logic1 f ,ari/otle d[n to ,:ately1 to repres5t logical fallacies z frauds devis$ & ma9ta9$ by di%one/ practition]s1 ^: art ,:ately assimilates to t ( juggl]s4 ,?is view ( ! case appe>s to me incomplete & mislead+4 ,x sub/itutes ! r>e & accid5tal 9 place ( ! con/ant & ess5tial4 ,! v>i\s sophisms1 ( :i* ,plato 9 ! ,eu?ydmus gives ! r$uctio ad absurdum1 are n ! inv5tions ( ,sophi/s4 ,!y are errone\s t5d5cies ( ! reason+ process1 frequ5tly incid5t to human ?\ght & spee*3 specim5s ( ^? ev]-r5ew$ inadv]t5cies ( ord9>y ?9k+ 7to recur to a phrase cit$ 9 my preface71 :i* x is ! peculi> mission ( philosophy or reason$ tru? to rectify4 ,moreov] ! practice ( =mal debate1 :i* is usually d5\nc$ ) s mu* asp]ity--if x af=ds on "s occasions opportunity to produce su* fallacies1 pres5ts n m]ely equal opportunity1 b ! only effective means1 = expos+ & confut+ !m4 ,:ately 9 8 ,logic1#fj l ,plato 9 ! ,eu?ydmus1 :5 br++ ^! fallacies into op5 daylight 9 ord] t e "o may detect !m1 may enliv5 ! !me by pres5t+ !m z ! delib]ate tricks ( a ,sophi/4 ,d\btless !y are s by accid5t3 yet _! ess5tial "* is t ( infirmities incid5t to ! intellectus sibi p]missus3 op]ative at ,a!ns be=e ,a!nian ,sophi/s exi/$1 & 9 o!r regions also1 :]e ^! p]sons nev] p5etrat$4 ,footnote #fj3 ,:ately's ,logic1 *4 v4 sect4 #e4 ,?\gh ,:ately1 l o!r logicians1 keeps ! ,sophi/s 9 ! =egr\nd1 z ! fraudul5t enemy :o s[ t>es among t :i* w\ld o!rwise come up z a clean crop ( :eat--yet he intimates also incid5tally h[ widespread & frequ5t su* fallacies are1 q ap>t f di%one/ design4 ,he says--,x seems by mo/ p]sons to be tak5 = grant$1 t a ,fallacy is to be dread$ m]ely z a weapon fa%ion$ & wield$ by a skilful ,sophi/3 or1 if !y all[ t a man may ) hone/ int5tions slide into "o1 unconsci\sly1 9 ! heat ( argum5t--/ill !y seem to suppose1 t :]e !re is no dispute1 !re is no cause to dread ,fallacy4 ,:]eas !re is mu* dang]1 ev5 9 :at may be call$ solit>y reason+1 ( slid+ unaw>es into "s ,fallacy1 by :i* "o may be s f> deceiv$ z ev5 to act ^u ! conclusion s obta9$4 ,by solit>y reason+1 is meant ! case 9 :i* we are n seek+ = argum5ts to prove a giv5 "q1 b lab\r+ to elicit f our previ\s /ock ( k "s useful inf]5ce4 ,to speak ( all ! ,fallacies t h ev] be5 enum]at$1 z too gl>+ & obvi\s to ne$ ev5 be+ m5tion$--because ! simple in/ances giv5 9 books1 & !re /at$ 9 ! pla9e/ & consequ5tly mo/ easily detect$ =m1 are su* z 79 t =m7 w\ld deceive no "o--?is1 surely1 %[s ei!r extreme weakness or extreme unfairness4--,ari/otle himself makes ! same rem>k z ,:ately--,t ! man :o is easily tak5 9 by a ,fallacy advanc$ by ano!r1 w be easily misl$ by ! l ,fallacy 9 8 own solit>y reason+4 ,sophi/4 ,el5*4 #af1 #age1 a4 #aj4 ,side-note3 ,wide-spread preval5ce ( errone\s belief1 misguid$ by "o or o!r ( ^! fallacies1 atte/$ by ,sokrates1 ,plato1 ,bacon1 c41--complete enum]ation ( heads ( fallacies by ,mill4 ,! wide diffusion & con/ant preval5ce ( su* infirmities is atte/$ n less by ,sokrates 9 8 la/ spee*1 :]e9 he decl>es real want ( k & false p]suasion ( k1 to be univ]sal1 ! mission ( 8 life be+ to expose !m1 ?\gh he c\ld n correct !m--?an by ,bacon 9 8 re=matory projects1 :]e he enum]ates ! v>i\s ,idola wor%ipp$ by ! human intellect1 & ! false t5d5cies acquir$ 9 prim dige/ione m5tis4 ,! psy*ological analysis ( ! s5tim5t ( belief ) its diff]5t s\rces1 giv5 9 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba9's "w on ! ,emotions & ! ,w1 %[s h[ ?is takes place2 & exhibits true or s\nd belief1 9 s f> z x ev] is acquir$1 z an acquisition only atta9$ aft] expulsion ( e>li] antec$5t error4#fa ,( su* error1 & ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* app>5t evid5ce is mi/ak5 = real evid5ce1 a compreh5sive philosophical exposition is f>!r giv5 by ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 ! fif? book ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 devot$ to ! subject ( ,fallacies4 ,e v>iety ( errone\s proc$ure is ref]able to "s "o or m ( ! g5]al heads ( ,fallacy !re enum]at$4 ,x is ! ,fallacies ( ,ratioc9ation1 ( :i* ! two ,sophi/s1 9 ! ,platonic ,eu?ydmus1 are made to exhibit specim5s3 & :5 we reg>d su* ,fallacies1 z "o bran* among sev]al 9 a complete logical s*eme1 we %all see at once t !y are n inv5tions ( ! ,a!nian ,sophi/s--/ill less inv5tions = ! purpose ( ,eri/ic or =mal debate4 ,= e "o ( ^! ,fallacies is ( a nature to ensn>e m51 & ev5 to ensn>e !m m easily1 9 ! common1 in=mal1 conv]sation ( life--or 9 _! sep>ate ?\ghts4 ,besides mi/akes on matt]s ( fact1 ! two ma9 causes :i* promote ! success & enc\rage ! multiplication ( ,fallacies g5]ally1 are fir/1 ! emotional bias t[>ds p>ticul> conclusions1 :i* disposes p]sons to accept any app>5t evid5ce1 fav\rable to su* conclusion1 z if x1 7 real evid5ce3 next1 ! c>eless & elliptical "* ( common spee*1 9 :i* "s p>ts ( ! evid5ce are m]ely ins9uat$1 & o!r p>ts altoge!r left out4 ,x is ?is la/ circum/ance :i* gives occasion to ! v ext5sive class ( ,fallacies call$ by ,mr4 ,mill ,fallacies ( ,confusion3 a class s l>ge1 t ! great] numb] ( ,fallacies might plausibly be br\ght "u x4#fb ,footnote #fa3 ,see ! in/ructive & orig9al *apt] on ! g5]ation1 s\rces1 & gr[? ( ,belief1 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's "w1 ',emotions & ,w1' p4 #efh seq4 ,aft] lay+ d[n ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ,belief1 z ref]able altoge!r to int5d$ action1 ei!r c]ta9 to come1 or cont+5t "u suppos$ circum/ances1 & aft] enum]at+ ! diff]5t ,s\rces ( ,belief4--#a4 ,intuitive or ,in/9ctive4 #b4 ,exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,emotions 7sect4 x4 p4 #egi7--,mr4 ,ba9 says3 ,hav+ 9 our con/itution primordial f\nta9s ( activity 9 ! spontane\s & volunt>y impulses1 we foll[ ! fir/ clue t exp]i5ce gives u1 & accept ! indication ) ! :ole =ce ( ^! natural prompt+s4 ,be+ "u ! /ronge/ impulses to act someh[1 an animal accepts any lead t is pres5t$1 & if successful1 abides by t lead ) un%ak5 confid5ce4 ,?is is t in/9ct ( cr$ulity s commonly attribut$ to ! infant m9d4 ,x is n ! s+le in/ance1 or ! repetition ( two or ?ree1 t makes up ! /rong tone ( confid5ce2 x is ! m9d's own active det]m9ation1 f9d+ "s def9ite v5t 9 ! gratification ( its ends1 & abid+ by ! discov]y ) ! :ole en]gy ( ! "*1 until ! occurr5ce ( "s *eck1 failure1 or contradiction4 ,! =ce ( belief1 !re=e1 is n "o ris+ f z]o to a full developm5t by sl[ degrees1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ treat x r z a /rong primitive manife/ation1 d]iv$ f ! natural activity ( ! sy/em1 & tak+ its direction & rectification f exp]i5ce 7p4 #ehc74 ,! anticipation ( nature1 s /r5u\sly repudiat$ by ,bacon1 is ! (fspr+ ( ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! m5tal sy/em4 ,) ! active t5d5cy at its maximum1 & ! ex]cise ( intellig5ce & acquir$ k at ! m9imum1 !re c issue no?+ b a quantity ( ra% ent]prises4 ,! respectable "n g5]alisation1 imply+ ! be/ products ( enlight5$ sci5tific rese>*1 has also a diff]5t mean+1 express+ "o ( ! mo/ errone\s impulses & crude/ det]m9ations ( untutor$ human nature4 ,to ext5d "s famili> & n>r[ exp]i5ce1 s z to compreh5d cases ! mo/ di/ant1 is a piece ( m]e reckless in/9ct1 dem&+ sev]e discipl9e = its correction4 ,i h m5tion$ ! case ( our suppos+ all o!r m9ds con/itut$ l our own4 ,! v]ie/ infant has got ?is l5g? 9 ! c>e] ( fallacy4 ,s\nd belief1 in/ead ( be+ a pacific & g5tle gr[?1 is 9 reality ! batt]+ ( a s]ies ( /rongholds1 ! conqu]+ ( a c\ntry 9 ho/ile occupation4 ,?is is a fact common bo? to ! individual & to ! race4 ,obs]vation is unanim\s on ! po9t4 ,x w probably be long ere ! la/ ( ! delusions attributable to ?is me?od ( believ+ fir/ & prov+ aft]w>ds c be eradicat$ f humanity4 #crd ed41 p4 #eje seq4 ,footnote #fb3 ,mill1 ',sy/em ( ,logic1' ,book ,v41 to :i* is prefix$ ! foll[+ citation f ,hobbes's ',logica'4 ,err>e non modo affirm&o et neg&o1 s$ etiam 9 s5ti5do1 et 9 tacit hom9um cogitatione1 cont+it4 ,mr4 ,mill po9ts out =cibly bo? ! op]ation ( moral or emotional bias 9 p]v]t+ ! intellect1 & caus+ sophisms or fallacies to produce conviction2 & ! increas$ *ance af=d$ = ! success ( a sophism by ! suppression ( "p ( ! premisses1 :i* is unavoidable 9 in=mal discussions4 ,bias is n a direct s\rce ( wrong conclusions 7v4 #a-c74 ,we _c believe a proposition only by wi%+1 or only by dread+1 to believe x4 ,bias acts indirectly by plac+ ! intellectual gr\nds ( belief 9 an incomplete or di/ort$ %ape be=e a man's eyes4 ,x makes him %r9k f ! irksome lab\r ( a rigor\s induction4 ,x op]ates too by mak+ him look out eag]ly = reasons1 or app>5t reasons1 to support op9ions :i* are con=mable1 or resi/ ^? :i* are repugnant1 to 8 int]e/s or feel+s2 & :5 ! int]e/s or feel+s are common to great numb]s ( p]sons1 reasons are accept$ or pass curr5t :i* w\ld n = a mom5t be li/5$ to 9 t "*1 if ! conclusion _h no?+ m p[]ful ?an its reasons to speak 9 its behalf4 ,! natural or acquir$ prejudices ( mank9d are p]petually ?r[+ up philosophical !ories1 ! sole recomm5dation ( :i* consi/s 9 ! premisses :i* !y af=d = prov+ *]i%$ doctr9es1 or ju/ify+ fav\rite feel+s2 & :5 any "o ( ^! !ories has become s ?or\ghly discr$it$ z no long] to s]ve ! purpose1 ano!r is always ready to take its place4--,?\gh ! op9ions ( ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 :5 n dep5d5t ^u m]e habit & inculcation1 h _! root mu* m 9 ! incl9ations ?an 9 ! intellect1 x is a necess>y condition to ! triumph ( ! moral bias t x %\ld fir/ p]v]t ! und]/&+4 ,aga9 9 v4 #b1 #c4 ,x is n 9 ! nature ( bad reason+ to express itself unambigu\sly4 ,:5 a sophi/1 :e!r he is impos+ ^u himself or attempt+ to impose ^u o!rs1 c be con/ra9$ to ?r[ 8 argum5t into s di/9ct a =m1 x ne$s1 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 no f>!r exposure4 ,9 all argum5ts1 ev]y:]e b 9 ! s*ools1 "s ( ! l9ks are suppress$3 =tiori1 :5 ! argu] ei!r int5ds to deceive1 or is a lame & inexp]t ?9k]1 little accu/om$ to br+ 8 reason+ processes to any te/2 & x is 9 ^? /eps ( ! reason+ :i* are made 9 ?is tacit & half-consci\s1 or ev5 :olly unconsci\s1 mann]1 t ! error (t5e/ lurks4 ,9 ord] to detect ! fallacy ! proposition ?us sil5tly assum$ mu/ be suppli$1 b ! reason]1 mo/ likely1 has nev] really ask$ himself :at he 0 assum+2 8 confut]1 unless p]mitt$ to extort x f him by ! ,socratic mode ( int]rogation1 mu/ himself judge :at ! suppress$ premiss ought to be1 9 ord] to support ! conclusion4 ,mr4 ,mill proce$s to illu/rate ?is confusion by an excell5t passage cit$ f ,:ately's ',logic'4 ,i may add1 t ,ari/otle himself makes a rem>k sub/antially ! same--,t ! same fallacy may be ref]r$ to "o g5]al head or to ano!r1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,sophi/4 ,el5*4 #cc1 #ahb1 b4 #aj4 ,side-note3 ,value ( =mal debate z a means = te/+ & confut+ fallacies4 ,we ?us see n only t ! fallaci\s ag5cies are self-op]ative1 g5]at+ _! own we$s 9 ! common soil ( human ?\ght & spee*1 )\t be+ plant$ by ,a!nian ,sophi/s or wat]$ by ,eri/ic--b t ?is v ,eri/ic af=ds ! be/ means ( re/ra9+ _! diffusion4 ,x is only 9 =mal debate t ! disputant c be =c$ to make cle> to himself & decl>e explicitly to o!rs1 )\t res]ve or omission1 all ! premisses ^u :i* 8 conclusion re/s--t e "p ( ^! premisses becomes liable to imm$iate *all5ge by an oppon5t--t ! "q comes di/9ctly "u consid]ation1 :at is or is n suffici5t evid5ce--t ! premisses ( "o argum5t c be comp>$ ) ! premisses ( ano!r1 s t if 9 ! =m] y are tempt$ to acquiesce 9 !m z suffici5t because y h a bias fav\rable to ! conclusion1 9 ! latt] y may be made to feel t !y are insuffici5t1 because ! conclusion :i* !y prove is "o :i* y "k to be untrue 7r$uctio ad absurdum74 ,! habit ( =mal debate 7call$ by ^? :o d n l x1 ,eri/ic#fc7 is ?us an indisp5sable condition bo? = ! exposure & confutation ( fallacies1 :i* exi/ q indep5d5t ( t habit--ow+ _! rise & preval5ce to deep-seat$ psy*ological causes4 ,footnote #fc3 ,! ,platonic critics talk ab\t ! ,eri/ics 7z !y d ab\t ! ,sophi/s7 z if t "n designat$ a kn[n & def9ite class ( p]sons4 ,?is is altoge!r mislead+4 ,! t]m is vitup]ative1 & 0 appli$ by diff]5t p]sons accord+ to _! own ta/es4 ,ueb]weg rem>ks ) great ju/ice1 t ,isokrates call$ all speculators on philosophy by ! "n ( ,eri/ics4 ,als ob j5] ,rhetor ni*t 7wie ja do* ,sp5gel selb/ gut na*gewies5 hat7 alle und j$e ,spekulation mit dem ,nahm5 d] ,eri/ik bezei*nete4 7,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,zeitfolge d] ,plat4 ,s*rift51 p4 #beg47 ,9 ref]5ce to ! di/9ction :i* ,ari/otle attempts to draw betwe5 ,dialectic & ,eri/ic--! =m] legitimate1 ! latt] illegitimate--we mu/ rem>k t ev5 9 ! legitimate ,dialectic ! purpose prom95t 9 8 m9d is t ( victory ov] an oppon5t4 ,he enjo9s t y are n only to gu>d aga9/ y\r oppon5t1 le/ he %\ld out-manoeuvre y1 b y are to conceal & disguise ! sequ5ce ( y\r que/ions s z to out-manoeuvre him4 ,greek3 ,*r d' o7_/p] phula_/tte/hai p>agge_/llom5 a7pokr9ome_/n\s1 au7t\s e7pi*eir\ntas peira/hai lan?a_/ne94 ,anal4 ,prior4 ii4 #ff1 a4 #cb4 ,comp>e ,topic4 #ajh1 a4 #be1 #aef1 a4 #bc1 #afd1 b4 #ce4 ,side-note3 ,)\t ! habit ( =mal debate1 ,plato c\ld n h compos$ 8 ,eu?ydmus1 nor ,ari/otle ! treatise ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is4 ,)\t ! exp]i5ce acquir$ by ?is habit ( dialectic debate at ,a!ns1 ,plato c\ld n h compos$ 8 ,eu?ydmus1 exhibit+ a r$uctio ad absurdum ( sev]al v]bal fallacies--nor c\ld we h _h ! logical !ories ( ,ari/otle1 embodi$ 9 ! ,analytica & ,topica ) its annex$ treatise ,de ,sophi/icis ,el5*is1 9 :i* v>i\s fallacies are discrim9at$ & classifi$4 ,^! !ories1 & ! coroll>ies connect$ ) !m1 d inf9ite hon\r to ! compreh5sive intellect ( ,ari/otle3 b he c\ld n h conceiv$ !m )\t previ\s /udy ( ! ratioc9ative process4 ,he1 z ! fir/ !oriz]1 mu/ h _h be=e him abundant argum5ts explicitly laid out1 & conte/$1 or op5 to be conte/$1 at e /ep by an oppon5t4#fd ,t[>ds su* habit ( =mal argum5tation1 a /rong repugnance 0 felt by _m ( ! ,a!nian public1 z !re is among mod]n read]s g5]ally3 b ^? :o felt ?us1 _h probably little int]e/ 9 ! speculations ei!r ( ,plato or ( ,ari/otle4 ,t ! ,platonic critics %\ld !mselves feel ?is same repugnance1 seems to me n consi/5t ) _! admiration = ! great dialectician & logician ( antiquity3 nor c ,i at all subscribe to _! view1 :5 !y pres5t to u ! inh]5t infirmities ( ! human intellect z factiti\s di/emp]s g5]at$ by ! habit ( =mal debate1 & by ! rapacity ( ,protagoras1 ,prodikus1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #fd3 ,mill1 ',sy/em ( ,logic4' ,book ,,vi4 #a1 #a4 ,pr9ciples ( ,evid5ce & ,!ories ( ,me?od1 are n to be con/ruct$ priori4 ,! laws ( our rational faculty1 l ^? ( e o!r natural ag5cy1 are only got by see+ ! ag5t at "w4 ,side-note3 ,probable popul>ity ( ! ,eu?ydmus at ,a!ns--welcom$ by all ! enemies ( ,dialectic4 ,i ?9k x probable t ! dialogue ( ,eu?ydmus1 z f> z ! po9t to :i* ,i h br\ght x 7i4e41 :]e ,sokrates f9i%es 8 recital to ,kriton ( ! conv]sation :i* he _h _h ) ! two ,sophi/s71 0 among ! mo/ popul> ( all ! ,platonic dialogues3 n m]ely because ( its dramatic vivacity & *>m ( expression1 b because x w\ld be he>tily welcom$ by ! num]\s enemies ( ,dialectic at ,a!ns4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! e/imation ( mo/ p]sons at ,a!ns1 ,dialectic includ$ ,sokrates & all ! viri ,sokratici 7,plato among !m71 j z mu* z ! p]sons call$ ,sophi/s4 ,! discr$itable picture "h giv5 ( ,eu?ydmus & ,dionysodorus1 w\ld be consid]$ z tell+ aga9/ ,dialectic & ! ,sokratic ,el5*us g5]ally3 :ile ! rhetors1 & o!rs :o dealt 9 long cont9u\s disc\rse1 w\ld treat x z a bl[ inflict$ ^u ! rival art ( dialogue1 by ! pr(essor ( ! dialogue himself4 ,9 ,plato's view1 ! dialogue 0 ! special & appropriate manife/ation ( philosophy4 ,side-note3 ,epilogue ( ,plato to ! ,dialogue1 try+ to obviate ?is inf]5ce by oppon5ts--,conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,kriton4 ,t ! natural effect ( ! picture "h drawn by ,plato1 01 to ju/ify ! antipa?y ( ^? :o hat$ philosophy--we may see by ! epilogue :i* ,plato has ?\ght fit to annex3 an epilogue s little 9 h>mony ) :at has prec$$1 t we might almo/ imag9e x to be an aft]?\ght--yet obvi\sly int5d$ to protect philosophy aga9/ imputations4 ,sokrates hav+ conclud$ ! recital1 9 8 ironical way1 by say+ t he int5d$ to become a pupil "u ! two ,sophi/s1 & by invit+ ,kriton to be a pupil along ) him--,kriton replies by say+ t he is anxi\s to obta9 in/ruction f any "o :o c give x1 b t he has no sympa?y ) ,eu?ydmus1 & w\ld r be refut$ by him1 ?an le>n f him to refute 9 su* a mann]4 ,kriton proce$s to report to ,sokrates ! rem>ks ( a by-/&] 7an able writ] ( disc\rses = ! ,dika/]y7 :o _h he>d all t pass$2 & :o express$ 8 surprise t ,sokrates c\ld h rema9$ s long li/5+ to su* nons5se1 & manife/+ s mu* def]5ce = a c\ple ( fooli% m54 ,nev]!less 7cont9u$ ! by-/&]7 ?is c\ple are among ! mo/ p[]ful talk]s ( ! day ^u philosophy4 ,?is %[s y h[ wor?less a ?+ philosophy is3 prodigi\s fuss1 ) contemptible result--m5 c>eless :at !y say1 & c>p+ at e ^w t !y he>4#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 pp4 #cjd-cje4 ,n[1 ,sokrates 7concludes ,kriton71 ?is man is wrong = depreciat+ philosophy1 & all o!rs :o depreciate x are wrong also4 ,b he 0 "r 9 blam+ y1 = disput+ ) su* a c\ple be=e a l>ge cr[d4 ,sokr4--,:at k9d ( p]son is ?is c5sor ( philosophy8 ,is he a p[]ful speak] himself 9 ! ,dika/]y8 ,or is he only a compos] ( disc\rses to be spok5 by o!rs8 ,krit4--,! latt]4 ,i d n ?9k t he has ev] spok5 9 c\rt3 b e "o says t he kn[s judicial practice well1 & t he composes admirable spee*es4#ff ,footnote #ff3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cje4 ,side-note3 ,alt]$ tone 9 speak+ ( ,eu?ydmus--,disp>agem5t ( p]sons half-philosoph]s1 half-politicians4 ,sokr4--,i und]/& ! man4 ,he belongs to t class :om ,prodikus describes z ! bord]-m5 betwe5 philosophy & politics4 ,p]sons ( ?is class acc\nt !mselves ! wise/ ( mank9d1 & ?9k f>!r t besides be+ su* 9 reality1 !y are also admir$ z su* by _m3 insomu* t ! admiration = !m w\ld be univ]sal1 if x 7 n = ! pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,accord+ly !y fancy1 t if !y c\ld once discr$it ^! philosoph]s1 ! prize ( glory w\ld be aw>d$ to !mselves1 )\t controv]sy1 by e "o3 !y be+ 9 tru? ! wise/ m5 9 society1 ?\gh liable1 if ev] !y are caught 9 dialectic debate1 to be ov]p[]$ & humbl$ by m5 l ,eu?ydmus4#fg ,!y h v plausible gr\nds = believ+ 9 _! own wisdom1 s9ce !y pursue bo? philosophy & politics to a mod]ate ext5t1 z f> z propriety enjo9s2 & ?us pluck ! fruit ( wisdom )\t enc\nt]+ ei!r dang]s or conte/s4 ,krit4--,:at d y say to _! reason+1 ,sokrates8 ,x seems to me speci\s4 ,sokr4--,yes1 x is speci\s1 b n well f\nd$4 ,y _c easily p]suade !m1 ?\gh nev]!less x is true1 t m5 :o take a l9e mid-way betwe5 two pursuits1 are bett] ?an ei!r1 if bo? pursuits be bad--worse ?an ei!r1 if bo? pursuits be good1 b t5d+ to diff]5t ends--bett] ?an "o & worse ?an ! o!r1 if "o ( ! pursuits be bad & ! o!r good--bett] ?an bo?1 if bo? be bad1 b t5d+ to diff]5t ends4 ,su* be+ ! case1 if ! pursuit ( philosophy & t ( active politics be bo? ( !m good1 b t5d+ to diff]5t objects1 ^! m5 are inf]ior to ! pursu]s ( "o z well z ( ! o!r3 if "o be good1 ! o!r bad1 !y are worse ?an ! pursu]s ( ! =m]1 bett] ?an ! pursu]s ( ! latt]3 if bo? be bad1 !y are bett] ?an ei!r4 ,n[ ,i am sure t ^! m5 !mselves acc\nt bo? philosophy & politics to be good4 ,accord+ly1 !y are inf]ior bo? to philosoph]s & politicians3#fh !y occupy only ! ?ird rank1 ?\gh !y pret5d to be 9 ! fir/4 ,:ile we p>don su* a pret5sion1 & refra9 f judg+ ^! m5 sev]ely1 we mu/ nev]!less recognise !m = su* z !y really are4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) e "o1 :o ann\nces any s*eme ( life1 :atev] x be1 com+ )9 ! limits ( intellig5ce1 & :o pursues 8 "w ) p]sev]+ resolution4#fi ,footnote #fg3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cje ,d4 ,greek3 ei7nai men gar t a7l!i_/a sphas sophta_/t\s1 e7n de tois i7di_/ois lo_/gois o7_/tan a7polph?s91 u7po tn a7mphi ,eu7?u_/dmon kol\_/e/hai4 ,greek3 ,oi7 a7mphi ,eu7?u_/dmon may mean ,eu?ydmus himself & alone2 yet ,i incl9e to ?9k t x "h means ,eu?ydmus & 8 l4 ,footnote #fh3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cjf ,b4 ,footnote #fi3 ,plat4 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cjf ,c4 ,greek3 suggign_/ske9 men ou7n au7tois *r ts e7pi?umi_/z kai m *alepai_/ne91 7gei/hai me_/ntoi toi\_/t\s ei7nai oi7oi_/ ei7si2 pa_/nta gar a7_/ndra *r a7gapan1 o7_//is kai o7ti\n le_/gei e7*o_/m5on phron_/ses pragma1 kai a7ndrei_/s diaponeitai4 ,side-note3 ,kriton asks ,sokrates = advice ab\t ! education ( 8 sons--,sokrates _c recomm5d a tea*]--tells him to se>* = himself4 ,krit4 ,i am always tell+ y1 ,sokrates1 t ,i too am emb>rass$ :]e to seek in/ructors = my sons4 ,conv]sation ) y has satisfi$ me1 t x is madness to be/[ s mu* c>e ^u ! =tune & position ( sons1 & s little ^u _! in/ruction4 ,yet :5 ,i turn my eyes to ! m5 :o make pr(ession ( in/ruct+1 ,i am really a/oni%$4 ,to tell y ! tru?1 e "o ( !m appe>s to me extravagantly absurd1#gj s t ,i "k n h[ to help =w>d my son t[>ds philosophy4 ,sokr4--,don't y "k1 ,kriton1 t 9 e diff]5t pursuit1 mo/ ( ! pr(essors are fooli% & wor?less1 & t a few only are excell5t & above price8 ,is n ?is ! case ) gymna/ic1 comm]cial bus9ess1 rhetoric1 milit>y comm&8 ,are n mo/ ( ^? :o und]take ^! pursuits ridicul\sly silly8#ga ,krit4--,unque/ionably3 no?+ c be m true4 ,sokr4--,d y ?9k t a suffici5t reason = avoid+ all ^! pursuits y\rself1 & keep+ y\r son out ( !m also8 ,krit4 ,no3 x w\ld be wrong to d s4 ,sokr4--,well !n1 don't d s4 ,take no he$ ab\t ! pr(essors ( philosophy1 :e!r !y are good or bad2 b te/ philosophy itself1 well & c>efully4 ,if x %all appe> to y wor?less1 dissuade n m]ely y\r sons1 b e "o else also1 f foll[+ x4#gb ,b if x %all appe> to y z valuable z ,i consid] x to be1 !n take c\rage to pursue & practise x1 y & y\r *ildr5 bo?1 accord+ to ! prov]b4-- ,footnote #gj3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cjf ,e4 ,greek3 kai_/ moi dokei ei7s e7_/ka/os au7tn skop\nti pa_/nu a7llo_/kotos ei7nai1 c4 ,footnote #ga3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cjg ,b4 ,greek3 e7n e7ka_// t\_/tn t\s poll\s pros e7_/ka/on to e7_/rgon ou7 katagela_//\s o7ras8 ,footnote #gb3 ,plato1 ,eu?yd4 p4 #cjg ,b4 ,greek3 e7a_/sas *ai_/re9 t\s e7pitdeu_/ontas philosophi_/an1 ei7_/te *r/oi_/ ei7s9 ei7_/te ponroi_/1 au7to to pragma basani_/sas kals te kai eu71 e7an me_/n soi phai_/ntai phaulon o7_/n1 c4 ,side-note3 ,eu?ydmus is "h cit$ z repres5tative ( ,dialectic & philosophy4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is epilogue1 :i* ,i h "h giv5 9 abridgm5t1 has a be>+ v diff]5t f ! re/ ( ! dialogue1 & diff]5t also f mo/ ( ! o!r ,platonic dialogues4 ,9 ! epilogue1 ,eu?ydmus is cit$ z ! repres5tative ( true dialectic & philosophy3 ! oppon5ts ( philosophy are repres5t$ z afraid ( be+ put d[n by ,eu?ydmus3 :]eas1 previ\sly1 he _h be5 depict$ z contemptible1--z a man ^: mann] ( refut+ oppon5ts 0 m discr$itable to himself ?an to ! oppon5t refut$2 & :o _h no *ance ( success except among he>]s l himself4 ,we are n "h told t ,eu?ydmus 0 a bad specim5 ( philosoph]s1 & t !re 7 o!rs bett]1 by ! /&>d ( :om philosophy ought to be judg$4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d him "h ann\nc$ by ,sokrates z among ^? dread$ by m5 adv]se to philosophy1--& z n undes]v+ ( t epi!t :i* ! semi-philosoph] cit$ by ,kriton applies to "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful *ampions ( ! day4 ,plato1 !re=e1 aft] hav+ appli$ 8 great dramatic tal5t to make dialectic debate ridicul\s1 & ?us said mu* to gratify its enemies--*anges 8 batt]y1 & says some?+ aga9/ ^! enemies1 )\t reflect+ :e!r x is consi/5t or no ) :at _h prec$$4 ,be=e ! close1 h[ev]1 he comes aga9 into consi/5cy ) ! tone ( ! e>li] "p1 9 ! obs]vation :i* he assigns to ,kriton1 t mo/ ( ! pr(essors ( philosophy are wor?less2 to :i* ,sokrates rejo9s t ?is is n less true ( all o!r pr(essions4 ,! conclud+ inf]5ce is1 t philosophy is to be judg$1 n by its pr(essors b by itself2 & t ,kriton mu/ exam9e x = himself1 & ei!r pursue x or leave x alone1 accord+ z 8 own convictions dictat$4 ,?is is a valuable admonition1 & wor?y ( ,sokrates1 lay+ full /ress z x does ^u ! consci5ti\s conviction :i* ! p]son exam9+ may =m = himself4 ,b x is no answ] to ! "q ( ,kriton2 :o says t he _h already he>d f ,sokrates1 & 0 himself conv9c$1 t philosophy 0 ( fir/-rate importance--& t he only desir$ to le>n :]e he c\ld f9d tea*]s to =w>d ! progress ( 8 son 9 x4 ,z 9 s _m o!r dialogues1 ,plato leaves ! problem />t$1 b unsolv$4 ,! impulse t[>ds philosophy be+ assur$1 ^? :o feel x ask ,plato 9 :at direction !y are to move t[>ds x4 ,he gives no answ]4 ,he c nei!r p]=m ! s]vice himself1 nor recomm5d any "o else1 z compet5t4 ,we %all f9d su* sil5ce made matt] ( po9t$ animadv]sion1 9 ! fragm5t call$ ,kleitophon4 ,side-note3 ,:o is ! p]son "h int5d$ by ,plato1 half-philosoph]1 half-politician8 ,is x ,isokrates8 ,! p]son1 :om ,kriton "h br+s =w>d z ! c5sor ( ,sokrates & ! enemy ( philosophy1 is peculi>ly m>k$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! p]sons :om ,plato ranks z enemies ( philosophy are ! rhetors & politicians3 b ! example "h *os5 is n compris$ 9 ei!r ( ^! classes3 x is a semi-philosoph]1 yet a writ] ( disc\rses = o!rs4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,he9dorf1 & ,sp5gel1 suppose t ,isokrates is ! p]son int5d$3 ,w9ckelmann ?9ks x is ,?rasyma*us3 o!rs ref] x to ,lysias1 or ,!odorus ( ,byzantium3#gc ,so*] & ,/allbaum d\bt :e!r any special p]son is int5d$1 or any ?+ beyond "s suppos$ repres5tative ( a class describ$ by attributes4 ,i r agree ) ^? :o ref] ! passage to ,isokrates4 ,he might naturally be describ$ z "o /e]+ a middle c\rse betwe5 philosophy & rhetoric3 :i* 9 fact he himself proclaims 9 ! ,oration ,de ,p]mutatione1 & :i* agrees ) ! language ( ,plato 9 ! dialogue ,phdrus1 :]e ,isokrates is m5tion$ by "n along ) ,lysias4 ,9 ! ,phdrus1 moreov]1 ,plato speaks ( ,isokrates ) unusual e/eem1 especially z a fav\rable contra/ ) ,lysias1 & z a p]son :o1 ?\gh n yet a philosoph]1 may be expect$ to improve1 s z 9 no long "t to des]ve t appellation4#gd ,we mu/ rememb] t ,plato 9 ! ,phdrus attacks by "n1 & ) consid]able asp]ity1 fir/ ,lysias1 next ,!odorus & ,?rasyma*us ! rhetors--all ?ree p]sons liv+ & ( note4 ,be+ sure to (f5d all ^!1 ,plato might well feel dispos$ to avoid mak+ an enemy ( ,isokrates at ! same "t1 & to except him hon\rably by "n f ! vulg> pr(essors ( rhetoric4 ,9 ! ,eu?ydmus 7:]e ! satire is direct$ n aga9/ ! rhetors1 b aga9/ _! competitors ! dialecticians or pseudo-dialecticians7 he _h no simil> motive to address complim5ts to ,isokrates3 respect+ :om he speaks 9 a mann] probably m con=mable to 8 real s5tim5ts1 z ! unnam$ repres5tative ( a c]ta9 type ( "*--a semi-philosoph]1 fancy+ himself among ! fir/ m5 9 ,a!ns1 & assum+ unw>rantable sup]iority ov] ! g5u9e philosoph]2 b entitl$ to no?+ m ?an a dec5t measure ( e/eem1 su* z belong$ to s9c]e m$iocrity ( intellig5ce4 ,footnote #gc3 ,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 ad ,eu?yd4 p4 #dg2 ,w9ckelmann4 ,proleg4 p4 xxxv4 ,he9dorf1 9 endeav\r+ to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato's language 9 ! ,phdrus & 9 ! ,eu?ydmus respect+ ,isokrates1 assumes z a matt] beyond "q ! !ory ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 t ! ,phdrus 0 compos$ dur+ ,plato's e>ly ye>s4 ,i h already intimat$ my may diss5t f ?is !ory4 ,footnote #gd3 ,plato1 ,phdrus1 p4 #bgh ,e4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ,i d n agree ) ,s*lei]ma*] & ! o!r critics :o rank ! ,phdrus z ! e>lie/ or ev5 among ! e>lie/ compositions ( ,plato4 ,t x is ( mu* lat] composition ,i am p]suad$1 b ( :at p>ticul> date c only be conjectur$4 ,! op9ion ( ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 ,/allbaum1 & o!rs1 t x 0 compos$ ab\t ! "t :5 ,plato began 8 s*ool at ,a!ns 7#chg-chf ,b4,c47 is suffici5tly probable4 ,! ,eu?ydmus may be e>li] or may be lat] ?an ! ,phdrus4 ,i incl9e to ?9k x lat]4 ,! op9ion ( ,/allbaum 7re/+ ^u ! m5tion ( ,alkibiads1 p4 #bge ,a71 t x 0 compos$ 9 or be=e #djd ,b4,c41 appe>s to me unt5able 7,/allbaum1 ,proleg4 p4 #fd74 ,plato w\ld n be likely to introduce ,sokrates speak+ ( ,alkibiads z a deceas$ p]son1 :atev] "t ! dialogue 0 compos$4 ,nor c ,i agree ) ,/e9h>t1 :o ref]s x to #djb ,b4,c4 7,e9leitung1 p4 #bf74 ,ueb]weg 7,unt]su*4 b] die ,zeitfolge d] ,plat4 ,s*r4 pp4 #bfe-bfg7 consid]s ! ,eu?ydmus lat] 7b n mu* lat]7 ?an ! ,phdrus1 subsequ5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,platonic s*ool at ,a!ns 7#chg-chf ,b4,c47 ,?is seems to me m probable ?an ! contr>y4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 9 arrang+ ! ,platonic dialogues1 ranks ! ,eu?ydmus z an imm$iate sequel to ! ,m5on1 & z presuppos+ bo? ,gorgias & ,!ttus 7,e9l4 pp4 #djj-dja74 ,so*] agrees 9 ?is op9ion1 b ,/e9h>t rejects x 7,e9leit4 p4 #bf71 plac+ ! ,eu?ydmus imm$iately aft] ! ,protagoras1 & imm$iately be=e ! ,m5on & ! ,gorgias2 accord+ to him1 ,eu?ydmus1 ,m5on1 & ,gorgias1 =m a well m>k$ ,trilogy4 ,nei!r ( ^! arrangem5ts re/s ^u any suffici5t reasons4 ,! *ronological ord] _c be det]m9$4 ,side-note3 ,v>iable feel+ at diff]5t times1 betwe5 ,plato & ,isokrates4 ,t !re prevail$ at diff]5t times diff]5t s5tim5ts1 m or less ( reciprocal e/eem or reciprocal jeal\sy1 betwe5 ,plato & ,isokrates1 ought n to be matt] ( surprise4 ,bo? ( !m 7 celebrat$ tea*]s ( ,a!ns1 ea* 9 8 own mann]1 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ( ,plato's life3 bo? ( !m enjoy$ ! fav\r ( =eign pr9ces1 & receiv$ pupils f outly+1 sometimes di/ant1 cities--f ,bosphorus & ,cyprus 9 ! ,ea/1 & f ,sicily 9 ! ,we/4 ,we "k moreov] t dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ,plato's dea? 7#cdg ,b4,c471 8 pupil ,ari/otle1 !n ris+ into importance z a tea*] ( rhetoric1 0 engag$ 9 acrimoni\s lit]>y w>f>e1 seem+ly ( 8 own seek+1 ) ,isokrates 7!n advanc$ 9 ye>s7 & "s ( ! ,isokratean pupils4 ,! little :i* we le>n conc]n+ ! lit]>y & philosophical _w ( ,a!ns1 repres5ts x z mu* di/ract$ by feuds & jeal\sies4 ,isokrates on 8 "p has 9 8 compositions v>i\s passages :i* appe> to allude 7no "n be+ m5tion$7 to ,plato among o!rs1 9 a tone ( depreciation4#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,isokrates1 ad ,philipp4 ,or4 v4 s4 #ad1 p4 #hd2 contra ,sophi/as1 ,or4 xiii42 ,or4 xiii4 s4 #b-bd1 pp4 #bia-bie2 ,encom4 ,hel51 ,or4 x4 init42 ,pana!naic4 ,or4 xii4 s4 #abf1 p4 #beg2 ,or4 xv4 ,de ,p]mutatione1 s4 #ij1 p4 #ddj1 ,bekk4 ,isokrates seems1 z f> z we c make out1 to h be5 9 e>ly life1 l ,lysias1 a compos] ( spee*es to be spok5 by cli5ts 9 ! ,dika/]y4 ,?is lucrative pr(ession 0 tempt+1 s9ce 8 family _h be5 ne>ly ru9$ dur+ ! mis=tunes ( ,a!ns at ! close ( ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,hav+ ga9$ reputation by su* means1 ,isokrates became 9 8 mature age a tea*] ( ,rhetoric1 & a compos] ( disc\rses1 n = private use by cli5ts1 b = ! g5]al read]1 on political or educational topics4 ,9 ?is "*1 he correspond$ to ! description giv5 by ,plato 9 ! ,eu?ydmus3 be+ p>tly a public advis]1 p>tly a philosoph]4 ,b ! g5]al pr9ciple "u :i* ,plato "h attacks him1 ?\gh con=m+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,platonic ,republic1 is contr>y to t ( ,plato 9 o!r dialogues1 ,y mu/ devote y\rself ei!r :olly to philosophy1 or :olly to politics3 a mixture ( ! two is worse ?an ei!r--?is agrees ) ! ,republic1 :]e9 ,plato enjo9s ^u ea* man "o special & exclusive pursuit1 z well z ) ! doctr9e ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,kallikls 9 ! ,gorgias--b x diff]s f ! ,phdrus1 :]e he ascribes ! excell5ce ( ,p]ikles z a /atesm5 & rhetor1 to ! fact ( 8 hav+ acquir$ a l>ge t9cture ( philosophy4#gf ,cic]o quotes ?is la/ passage z applicable to 8 own di/+ui%$ c>e]1 a comb9ation ( philosophy ) politics4#gg ,he diss5t$ altoge!r f ! doctr9e "h laid d[n by ,plato 9 ! ,eu?ydmus1 & _m o!r em95t m5 w\ld h diss5t$ f x also4 ,footnote #gf3 ,see ! facts ab\t ,isokrates 9 a good ,diss]tation by ,h4 ,p4 ,s*rd]1 ,utre*t1 #ahei1 ,qu/iones ,isocrate1 p4 #ea1 seq4 ,plato1 ,phdrus1 p4 #bgj2 ,plut>*1 ,p]ikls1 c4 #bc2 ,plato1 ,republic1 iii4 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #gg3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,orator4 iii4 #cd1 #ach2 ,orator4 iv4 #ad2 ,brutus1 #aa1 #dd4 ,z a doctr9e ( univ]sal application1 9 fact1 x _c be def5d$4 ,! opposite s*eme ( life 7:i* is ma9ta9$ by ,isokrates 9 ,de ,p]mutatione & by ,kallikls 9 ! ,platonic ,gorgias7#gh--t philosophy is to be att5tively /udi$ 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( life z an intellectual tra9+1 to arm ! m9d ) k & capacities :i* may aft]w>ds be appli$ to ! active duties ( life--is at lea/ equally def5sible1 & suits bett] = o!r m9ds ( a v high ord]4 ,n only ,x5ophon & o!r di/+ui%$ ,greeks1 b also mo/ ( ! be/ ,roman citiz5s1 held ! op9ion :i* ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias ascribes to ,kallikls & reprobates ?r\gh ! organ ( ,sokrates--,t philosophical /udy1 if prolong$ beyond :at 0 necess>y = ?is purpose ( adequate intellectual tra9+1 & if made ! p]man5t occupation ( life1 0 m hurtful ?an b5eficial4#gi ,c]ta9ly1 a man may (t5 fail 9 ! attempt to comb9e philosophy ) active politics4 ,no "o fail$ 9 su* a c>e] m lam5tably ?an ,dion1 ! fri5d ( ,plato--& ,plato himself1 :5 he visit$ ,sicily to second ,dion4 ,moreov] ,alkibiads & ,kritias 7 cit$ by ,anytus & ! o!r accus]s ( ,sokrates z examples ( ! l mis*iev\s conjunction4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ,ar*ytas at ,t>5tum 7ano!r fri5d ( ,plato & philosoph]7 adm9i/]$ 8 native city ) success1 z long 7seem+ly7 z ,p]ikls adm9i/]$ ,a!ns4 ,su* m5 z ^! two are n[ise inf]ior ei!r to ! special philosoph] or to ! special politician4 ,plato has laid d[n an unt5able g5]ality1 9 ?is passage ( ! ,eu?ydmus1 9 ord] to suit a p>ticul> po9t :i* he wi%$ to make aga9/ ,isokrates1 or aga9/ ! semi-philosoph] indicat$1 :oev] else he may h be54 ,footnote #gh3 ,isokrates1 ,de ,p]mutatione1 ,or4 xv4 sect4 #bgh-bhh1 pp4 #dhe-dhj1 ,bekk42 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dhd-dhe4 ,footnote #gi3 ,! half-philosoph]s & half-politicians to :om ,sokrates "h alludes1 are *>act]is$ by "o ( ! ,platonic critics z j5e ob]fl*li*5 und s*w*li*5 ,natur5 die si* zwis*5 beid5 ,ri*tung5 /ell51 und zur ,errei*ung selb/s*tig] und bes*rnkt] ,zwecke von beid5 aufnehm5 0 sie v]/eh5 und 0 ihn5 gefllt 7,/e9h>t1 ,e9leit4 p4 #be74 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d 9 ,tacitus a /rik+ passage respect+ ! /udies ( ,agricola 9 8 y\? at ,massilia4 ,memori t5eo1 solitum ipsum n>r>e1 se 9 prim juv5t /udium philosophi acrius1 ultra quam concessum ,romano ac s5atori1 hausisse--ni prud5tia matris inc5sum ac flagrantem animum ex]cuisset3 ,scilicet sublime et erectum +5ium1 pul*ritud9em ac speciem excels magnque glori vehem5tius quam laut appetebat3 ret9uitque1 quod e/ difficillimum1 ex sapi5ti modum 7,vit4 ,agr4 c4 #d74 ,tacitus expresses himself 9 ! same mann] ab\t ! purpose ) :i* ,helvidius ,priscus appli$ himself to philosophy 7,hi/4 iv4 #f73 non1 ut pl]ique1 ut nom9e magnifico segne otium vel>et1 s$ quo con/antior adv]sus =tuita rempublicam capess]et4 ,comp>e also ! memorable passage 9 ! ,fun]al ,oration pron\nc$ by ,p]ikls 7,?uc4 ii4 #dj7--;,greek3 philosoph\m5 a7_/neu malaki_/z1 c41 :i* exhibits ! l views4 ,aulus ,gellius 7x4 #bb71 :o cites ! doctr9e :i* ,plato ascribes to ,kallikls 9 ! ,gorgias 7ab\t ! propriety ( conf9+ philosophy to ! function ( tra9+ & prep>ation = active pursuits71 tries to make out t ?is 0 ,plato's own op9ion4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,m5on4 ,side-note3 ,p]sons ( ! ,dialogue4 ,?is dialogue is c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sokrates & ,m5on1 a man ( noble family1 weal?1 & political influ5ce1 9 ! ,!ssalian city ( ,l>issa4 ,he is suppos$ to h previ\sly frequ5t$1 9 8 native city1 ! lectures & society ( ! rhetor ,gorgias4#a ,! "n & g5]al features ( ,m5on are probably borr[$ f ! ,!ssalian milit>y (fic]1 :o comm&$ a division ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& ,greeks1 & ^: "* ,x5ophon depicts 9 ! ,anabasis3 b !re is no?+ 9 ! ,platonic dialogue to m>k t meanness & p]fidy :i* ! ,x5ophontic picture indicates4 ,! conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,m5on is int]rupt$ by two episodes3 9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 ,sokrates que/ions an unlett]$ y\?1 ! slave ( ,m5on3 9 ! second1 he is br\ght into conflict ) ,anytus1 ! hi/orical accus] ( ! hi/orical ,sokrates4 ,footnote #a3 ,cic]o notices ,isokrates z hav+ he>d ,gorgias 9 ,!ssaly 7,orator4 #ec1 #agf74 ,! dialogue is begun by ,m5on1 9 a mann] q z abrupt z ! ,hipp>*us & ,m9os3 ,side-note3 ,"q put by ,m5on--,is virtue tea*able8 ,sokrates confesses t he does n "k :at virtue is4 ,surprise ( ,m5on4 ,m5on4--,c y tell me1 ,sokrates1 :e!r virtue is tea*able--or acquirable by ex]cise--or :e!r x comes by nature--or 9 :at o!r mann] x comes8 ,sokr4--,i _c answ] y\r "q4 ,i am a%am$ to say t ,i d n ev5 "k :at virtue is3 & :5 ,i d n "k :at a ?+ is1 h[ c ,i "k any ?+ ab\t its attributes or accessories8 ,a man :o does n "k1 ,m5on1 _c tell :e!r he is h&some1 ri*1 c41 or ! contr>y4 ,m5on4--,c]ta9ly n4 ,b is x really true1 ,sokrates1 t y d n "k :at virtue is8 ,am ,i to proclaim ?is respect+ y1 :5 ,i g home8#b ,sokr4--,yes--und\bt$ly3 & proclaim besides t ,i h nev] yet met ) any "o :o did "k4 ,m5on4--,:at6 h y n se5 ,gorgias at ,a!ns1 & did n he appe> to y to "k8 ,sokr4--,i h met him1 b ,i d n q recollect :at he said4 ,we ne$ n consid] :at he said1 s9ce he is n "h to answ] = himself4#c ,b y d\btless recollect1 & c tell me1 bo? f y\rself1 & f him1 :at virtue is8 ,m5on4--,!re is no difficulty 9 tell+ y4#d ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ga ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ,a7lla su_/1 7 ,s_/krates1 ou7d' o7_/ ti a7ret_/ e7/9 oi7/ha1 a7lla tauta p]i s\ kai oi7_/kade a7pagge_/llm58 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ga ,d4 ,greek3 a7keinon me_/ntoi nun e7m51 e7peid kai a7_/pe/94 ,sokrates sets little value ^u op9ions unless :]e ! p]son giv+ !m is pres5t to expla9 & def5d3 comp>e :at he says ab\t ! uselessness ( citation f poets1 f :om y c ask no que/ions1 ,plato1 ,protagor4 p4 #cdg ,e4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ga ,e4 ,greek3 ,a7ll' ou7 *alepo_/n1 7 ,s_/krates1 ei7pein1 c4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates /&s alone 9 ?is confession4 ,unpopul>ity entail$ by x4 ,_m comm5tators "h speak z if su* disclaim] on ! "p ( ,sokrates _h ref]5ce m]ely to c]ta9 impud5t pret5sions to univ]sal k on ! "p ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,b ?is 7z ,i h be=e rem>k$7 is a misconception ( ! ,sokratic or ,platonic po9t ( view4 ,! matt] :i* ,sokrates proclaims t he does n "k1 is1 :at1 n ,sophi/s alone1 b e "o else also1 pr(esses to "k well4 ,sokrates /&s alone 9 av[+ t he does n "k x1 & t he c f9d no "o else :o kn[s4 ,m5on treats ! "q z "o ( no difficulty--"o on :i* confess$ ignorance 0 discr$itable4 ,:at6 says ,m5on1 am ,i really to /ate respect+ y1 t y d n "k :at virtue is8 ,! man :o makes su* a confession w be look$ ^u by 8 neighb\rs ) surprise & displeasure--n to speak ( probable consequ5ces yet worse4 ,he is "o :om ! multif>i\s ag5cies employ$ by ,k+ ,nomos 7:i* we %all f9d describ$ m at l5g? 9 ! ,protagoras7 h fail$ to m\ld into p]fect & un9quir+ con=mity1 & he is /ill 9 process ( exam9ation to =m a judgm5t = himself4 ,side-note3 ,answ] ( ,m5on--plurality ( virtues1 "o belong+ to ea* diff]5t class & condition4 ,sokrates enquires = ! prop]ty common to all ( !m4 ,m5on proce$s to answ] t !re are _m virtues3 ! virtue ( a man--compet5ce to transact ! bus9ess ( ! city1 & 9 su* bus9ess to b5efit 8 fri5ds & injure 8 enemies3 ! virtue ( a woman--to adm9i/] ! h\se well1 pres]v+ e ?+ )9 x & obey+ h] husb&3 ! virtue ( a *ild1 ( an old man1 a slave1 c4 ,!re is 9 %ort a virtue--& its contr>y1 a vice--belong+ to ea* ( u 9 e "w1 pr(ession1 & age4#e ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gb ,a4 ,greek3 ka?' e7ka_//n gar tn pra_/xen kai tn 7likn pros e7_/ka/on e7_/rgon e7ka_// 7mn 7 a7ret_/ e7/94 7sau_/ts de kai 7 kaki_/a4 ,?\gh ,sokrates disapproves ?is me?od ( answ]+--,greek3 to e7x>i?mein tas a7reta_/s 7to use ! expression ( ,ari/otle7--yet ,ari/otle seems to ?9k x bett] ?an se>*+ = "o g5]al def9ition4 ,see ,politica1 i4 #ac1 p4 #abfj1 a4 #ae-cj1 :]e he has ! ,platonic ,m5on 9 8 m9d4 ,b 7replies ,sokrates7 are !y n all ! same1 quat5us virtue8 ,heal?1 quat5us ,heal?1 is ! same 9 a man or a woman3 is n ! case simil> ) virtue8 ,m5on4--,n exactly simil>4 ,sokr4--,h[ s8 ,?\gh !re are _m div]se virtues1 h n all ( !m "o & ! same =m 9 common1 ?r\gh ! communion ( :i* !y are virtues8 ,9 answ] to my "q1 y ought to decl>e :at ?is common =m is4 ,?us1 bo? ! man :o adm9i/]s ! city1 & ! woman :o adm9i/]s ! h\se1 mu/ act bo? ( !m ) ju/ice & mod]ation4 ,?r\gh ! same qualities1 bo? ! "o & ! o!r are good4 ,!re is ?us "s common con/itu5t3 tell me :at x is1 accord+ to y & ,gorgias8 ,m5on4--,x is to be compet5t to ex]cise comm& ov] m54#f ,sokr4--,b t w n suit = ! virtue ( a *ild or a slave4 ,moreov]1 mu/ we n sup]add ! condition1 to comm& ju/ly1 & n unju/ly8 ,m5on4--,i ?9k s3 ju/ice is virtue4 ,sokr4--,is x virtue--or is x "o p>ticul> v>iety ( virtue8#g ,m5on4--,h[ d y mean8 ,sokr4--,j z if ,i 7 to say ab\t r\ndness1 t x is n figure1 b a p>ticul> v>iety ( figure3 because !re are o!r figures besides r\ndness4 ,m5on4--,v true3 ,i say too1 t !re are o!r virtues besides ju/ice--namely1 c\rage1 mod]ation1 wisdom1 magnanimity1 & sev]al o!rs also4 ,sokr4--,we are ?us /ill 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,9 look+ = "o virtue1 we h f\nd _m2 b we _c f9d t "o =m :i* runs ?r\gh !m all4 ,m5on4--,i _c at pres5t tell :at t "o is4#h ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gc ,d4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gc ,e4 ,greek3 ,po_/t]on a7ret_/1 7 ,me_/nn1 7 a7ret_/ tis8 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gd ,a4 ,greek3 ou7 gar du_/namai_/ p1 7 ,s_/krates1 7s su zteis1 mi_/an a7retn labein kata pa_/ntn4 ,side-note3 ,analog\s cases cit$--def9itions ( figure & col\r4 ,sokrates proce$s to illu/rate 8 mean+ by ! analogies ( figure & col\r4 ,y call r\nd a figure1 & squ>e a figure3 y call :ite & black bo? col\r1 ! "o z mu* z ! o!r1 ?\gh !y are unlike & ev5 opposite4#i ,tell me1 ,:at is ?is same common figure & prop]ty 9 bo?1 :i* makes y call bo? ( !m figure--bo? ( !m col\r8 ,take ?is z a prelim9>y ex]cise1 9 ord] to help y 9 answ]+ my enquiry ab\t virtue4#aj ,m5on _c answ]1 & ,sokrates answ]s 8 own "q4 ,he gives a g5]al def9ition1 fir/ ( figure1 next ( col\r4 ,he fir/ def9es figure 9 a way :i* implies col\r to be kn[n4 ,?is is po9t$ out2 & he !n admits t 9 a good def9ition1 suitable to g5u9e dialectical inve/igation1 no?+ %\ld be impli$ z kn[n1 except :at ! respond5t admits himself to "k4 ,figure & col\r are bo? def9$ suitably to ?is condition4#aa ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gd ,d4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 c4 #g1 pp4 #gd-ge4 ,greek3 ,peir ei7pein1 i7_/na kai ge_/ntai_/ soi mele_/t pros tn p]i ts a7rets a7po_/kris9 7#ge ,a74 ,! purpose ( practis+ ! respond5t is "h di/9ctly ann\nc$4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ge ,c-,e4 ,side-note3 ,importance at t "t ( br++ into consci\s view1 logical subord9ation & di/9ctions--,nei!r logic nor gramm> _h !n be5 ca/ into sy/em4 ,all ?is prelim9>y matt] seems to be int5d$ = ! purpose ( gett+ ! "q cle>ly conceiv$ z a g5]al "q--( exhibit+ & elim9at+ ! n>r[ & p>tial conceptions :i* unconsci\sly sub/itute !mselves 9 ! m9d1 9 place ( t :i* ought to be conceiv$ z a g5]ic :ole--& ( cle>+ up :at is requir$ 9 a good def9ition4 ,a g5]ic :ole1 includ+ v>i\s specific portions di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 0 at t "t little und]/ood by any "o4 ,!re exi/$ no gramm>1 nor any rules ( logic f\nd$ on analysis ( ! intellectual processes4 ,to pr$icate ( ! g5us :at 0 true only ( ! species--to pr$icate z di/9ctively *>act]iz+ ! species1 :at is true ( ! :ole g5us 9 :i* x is conta9$--to lose ! integrity ( ! g5us 9 its sep>ate p>cels or fragm5ts#ab--^! 7 errors :i* m5 _h nev] yet be5 expressly taught to avoid4 ,to assign ! "o common mean+1 con/itu5t ( or connot$ by a g5]ic t]m1 _h nev] yet be5 put be=e !m z a problem4 ,su* prelim9>y cle>+ ( ! gr\nd is in/ructive ev5 n[1 :5 =mal & sy/ematic logic has become m or less famili>3 b 9 ! "t ( ,plato1 x mu/ h be5 indisp5sably requir$1 to arrive at a full conception ( any g5]al "q4#ac ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gi ,a4 ,greek3 e7m\ de!_/ntos s\ m katagnu_/mai mde k]mati_/ze9 tn a7retn1 c4 #gi ,b3 ,greek3 e7m\ de!_/ntos o7_/ln ei7pein tn a7ret_/n1 c4 ,footnote #ac3 ,^! examples ( trial1 error1 & exposure1 h great value & reflect high cr$it on ,plato1 :5 we reg>d !m z an intellectual or propdeutic discipl9e1 =c+ ^u he>]s an att5tion to useful logical di/9ctions at a "t :5 !re exi/$ no sy/ematic gramm> or logic4 ,b surely !y mu/ appe> degrad$1 z !y are pres5t$ 9 ! ,prolegom5a ( ,/allbaum1 & by "s o!r critics4 ,we are !re told t ,plato's ma9 purpose 9 ?is dialogue 0 to mock & je] ! ,sophi/s & _! pupil1 & t = ?is purpose ,sokrates is made to employ n 8 own argum5ts b argum5ts borr[$ f ! ,sophi/s !mselves--ut callid suam ipsius rationem occult>e exi/im&us sit1 quo magis illudat ,sophi/>um alumnum 7p4 #ae74 ,qu quidem argum5tatio 7t ( ,sokrates7 admodum cav5dum e/ ne pro ,socratic vel ,platonic accipiatur4 ,e/ enim prorsus ad m5tem ,sophi/>um aliorumque id g5us hom9um comp>ata1 c4 7p4 #af74 ,comp>e pp4 #ab-ac seq4 ,! ,sophi/s und\bt$ly _h no di/9ct consci\sness1 any m ?an o!r p]sons1 ( ^! logical di/9ctions1 :i* 7 !n = ! fir/ press$ =cibly ^u att5tion4 ,side-note3 ,def9ition ( virtue giv5 by ,m5on3 ,sokrates pulls x to pieces4 ,m5on hav+ be5 ?us made to und]/& ! =mal requisites = a def9ition1 gives z 8 def9ition ( virtue ! phrase ( "s lyric poet--,to delight 91 or desire1 ?+s beautiful1 f9e1 hon\rable--& to h ! p[] ( gett+ !m4 ,b ,sokrates rem>ks t hon\rable ?+s are good ?+s1 & t e "o )\t exception desires good4 ,no "o desires evil except :5 he mi/akes x = good4 ,on ?is po9t all m5 are alike2 ! di/9ctive feature ( virtue mu/ !n consi/ 9 ! second half ( ! def9ition--9 ! p[] ( acquir+ good ?+s1 su* z heal?1 weal?1 money1 p[]1 dignities1 c4#ad ,b ! acquisition ( ^! ?+s is n virtu\s1 unless x be made consi/5tly ) ju/ice & mod]ation3 moreov] ! man :o acts ju/ly is virtu\s1 ev5 ?\gh he does n acquire !m4 ,x appe>s !n t e ag5t :o acts ) ju/ice & mod]ation is virtu\s4 ,b ?is is nugatory z a def9ition ( virtue3 = ju/ice & mod]ation are only kn[n z p>ts ( virtue1 & require to be !mselves def9$4 ,no man c "k :at a "p ( virtue is1 unless he kn[s :at virtue itself is4#ae ,m5on mu/ look = a bett] def9ition1 includ+ no?+ b :at is already kn[n or admitt$4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gg ,b4 ,greek3 dokei toi_/nun moi a7ret ei7nai1 ka?a_/p] o7 poits le_/gei1 *ai_/re9 te kaloisi kai du_/na/hai4 ,kai e7g t\to le_/g a7retn e7pi?um\nta tn kaln dunaton ei7nai pori_/ze/hai4 ,:oev] ?is lyric poet 01 8 real mean+ is some:at twi/$ by ,sokrates 9 ord] to furni% a basis = e?ical criticism1 z ! song ( ,simonides is 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,a p]son hav+ p[]1 & tak+ delight 9 hon\rable or beautiful ?+s--is a v intelligible ,hell5ic idal1 z an object ( envy & admiration4 ,comp>e ,protagoras1 p4 #cea ,c3 ,greek3 ei7_/p] tois kalois z_/ 7d_/m5os4 ,a poor man may be ,greek3 philo_/kalos z well z a ri* man3 ,greek3 philokal\m5 met' eu7telei_/z1 is ! boa/ ( ,p]ikls 9 ! "n ( ! ,a!nians1 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #dj4 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gh ,c4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,a7ga?a de kaleis ou7*i oi7on u7gi_/eia_/n te kai pl\ton8 kai *rusi_/on le_/g kai a7rgu_/rion kta/hai kai timas e7n po_/lei kai a7r*a_/s8 m a7_/ll' a7_/tta le_/geis ta7ga?a 7 ta toiauta8 ,m5on4 ,greek3 ,ou7k2 a7lla pa_/nta le_/g ta toiauta4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gi4 ,side-note3 ,m5on compla9s t ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates conf\nds him l an electric %ock--,sokrates replies t he is himself 9 ! same /ate ( confusion & ignorance4 ,he urges cont9uance ( se>* by bo?4 ,m5on4--,y\r conv]sation1 ,sokrates1 produces ! effect ( ! %ock ( ! torp$o3 y /un & conf\nd me3 y ?r[ me into inextricable p]plexity1 s t ,i c make no answ]4 ,i h (t5 disc\rs$ copi\sly--&1 z ,i ?\ght1 effectively--^u virtue2 b n[ y h %[n t ,i d n ev5 "k :at virtue is4 ,sokr4--,if ,i ?r[ y into p]plexity1 x is only because ,i am myself 9 ! l p]plexity & ignorance4 ,i d n "k :at virtue is1 any m ?an y3 & ,i %all be glad to cont9ue ! se>* = f9d+ x1 if y w assi/ me4 ,side-note3 ,b h[ is ! process ( se>* available to any purpose8 ,no man se>*es = :at he already kn[s3 & = :at he does n "k1 x is useless to se>*1 = he _c tell :5 he has f\nd x4 ,m5on4--,b h[ are y to se>* = t ( :i* y are altoge!r ignorant8 ,ev5 if y d f9d x1 h[ c y ev] "k t y h f\nd x8 ,sokr4--,y are n[ introduc+ a tr\blesome doctr9e1 laid d[n by ^? :o are av]se to ! lab\r ( ?\ght4 ,!y tell u t a man _c se>* ei!r = :at he kn[s1 or = :at he does n "k4 ,= ! =m]1 rese>* is sup]flu\s3 = ! latt] x is unpr(itable & purposeless1 s9ce ! se>*] does n "k :at he is look+ =4 ,side-note3 ,!ory ( rem9isc5ce prop\nd$ by ,sokrates--ant]ior immortality ( ! s\l--:at is call$ tea*+ is ! revival & recognition ( k acquir$ 9 a =m] life1 b =gott54 ,i d n believe ?is doctr9e 7cont9ues ,sokrates74 ,prie/s1 prie/esses1 & poets 7,p9d> among !m7 tell u1 t ! m9d ( man is immortal & has exi/$ ?r\gh\t all pa/ "t1 9 conjunction ) successive bodies2 alt]nately ab&on+ "o body1 or dy+--& tak+ up new life or reviv+ 9 ano!r body4 ,9 ?is p]petual succession ( exi/5ces1 x has se5 e ?+1--bo? "h & 9 ,hades & ev]y:]e else--& has le>nt e ?+4 ,b ?\gh ?us omnisci5t1 x has =gott5 ! l>g] portion ( its k4 ,yet :at has be5 ?us =gott5 may aga9 be reviv$4 ,:at we call le>n+1 is su* revival4 ,x is rem9isc5ce ( some?+ :i* ! m9d _h se5 9 a =m] /ate ( exi/5ce1 & knew1 b _h =gott54 ,s9ce !n all ! p>ts ( nature are analog\s1 or cognate--& s9ce ! m9d has gone ?r\gh & le>nt !m all--we _c wond] t ! revival ( any "o "p %\ld put x ^u ! track ( recov]+ = itself all ! re/1 bo? ab\t virtue & ab\t e ?+ else1 if a man w only p]sev]e 9 int5t m$itation4 ,all rese>* & all le>n+ is ?us no?+ b rem9isc5ce4 ,9 our rese>*es1 we are n look+ = :at we d n "k3 we are look+ = :at we d "k1 b h =gott54 ,!re is !re=e ample motive1 & ample remun]ation1 = prosecut+ enquiries3 & y\r doctr9e :i* pron\nces !m to be unpr(itable1 is incorrect4#af ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 pp4 #ha ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ,a7te ou7n 7 psu* a7?a_/nato_/s te ou7sa kai polla_/kis gegonuia1 kai e7rakuia kai ta e7n?a_/de kai ta e7n ,ai7_/d\ kai pa_/nta *r_/mata1 ou7k e7_//9 o7_/ ti ou7 mema_/?k52 7_//e ou7den ?auma/on kai p]i a7rets kai p]i a7_/lln oi7o_/n te ei7nai au7tn a7namn/hnai a7_/ ge kai pro_/t]on 7pi_//ato4 ,a7te gar ts phu_/ses a7pa_/ss sugg5\s ou7_/ss kai mema?kui_/z ts psu*s a7_/panta1 ou7den klu_/ei e7n mo_/non a7namn/he_/nta1 o7 d ma_/?s9 kal\s9 a7_/n?rpoi1 ta7_/lla pa_/nta au7ton a7neurein1 e7a_/n tis a7ndreios 7 kai m a7poka_/mn ztn4 ,to gar ztein a7_/ra kai to man?a_/ne9 a7na_/mnsis o7_/lon e7/i_/n4 ,side-note3 ,illu/ration ( ?is !ory--k may be reviv$ by skilful que/ions 9 ! m9d ( a man ?or\ghly untaught4 ,sokrates que/ions ! slave ( ,m5on4 ,sokrates proce$s to illu/rate ! position1 j laid d[n1 by cross-exam9+ ,m5on's y\?ful slave1 :o1 ?\gh :olly untaught & hav+ nev] he>d any m5tion ( geometry1 is br\ght by a prop] s]ies ( que/ions to give answ]s out ( 8 own m9d1 furni%+ ! solution ( a geometrical problem4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! exam9ation br+s him to a p]ception ( ! difficulty1 & makes him feel a pa9ful p]plexity1 f :i* he desires to obta9 relief3#ag ! second "p guides 8 m9d 9 ! ef=ts necess>y = fi%+ up a solution out ( its own pre-exi/+1 b =gott51 /ores4 ,true op9ions1 :i* he _h long _h )9 him )\t kn[+ x1 are awak5$ by int]rogation1 & become cognitions4 ,f ! fact t ! m9d ?us possesses ! tru? ( ?+s :i* x has n acquir$ 9 ?is life1 ,sokrates inf]s t x mu/ h gone ?r\gh a pre-exi/5ce ( indef9ite duration1 or mu/ be immortal4#ah ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hd ,c4 ,greek3 ,oi7_/ei ou7n a7n au7ton pro_/t]on e7pi*eirsai ztein 7 man?a_/ne9 t\to o7 7eto ei7de_/nai ou7k ei7d_/s1 prin ei7s a7pori_/an kate_/pes5 7gsa_/m5os m ei7de_/nai1 kai e7po_/?se to ei7de_/nai8 ,ou7_/ moi dokei4 7_/nto a7_/ra n>k_/sas8 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hf4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n ei7 a7ei 7 a7l_/!ia 7min tn o7_/ntn e7/in e7n t psu*1 a7?a_/natos a7n 7 psu* ei7_/8 ,side-note3 ,enquiry tak5 up--,:e!r virtue is tea*able8 )\t det]m9+ :at virtue is4 ,! =m] topic ( enquiry is n[ resum$3 b at ! in/ance ( ,m5on1 ! "q tak5 up1 is n--,:at is virtue8 b--,is virtue tea*able or n8 ,sokrates1 aft] r5ew+ 8 objection aga9/ ! inv]sion ( philosophical ord] by discuss+ ! second "q )\t hav+ det]m9$ ! fir/1 ent]s ^u ! discussion hypo!tically1 assum+ z a po/ulate1 t no?+ c be taught except k4 ,! "q !n /&s ?us--,is virtue k8 ,if x be1 x c be taught3 if n1 x _c be taught4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hg4 ,side-note3 ,virtue is k--no possessions1 no attributes1 ei!r ( m9d or body1 are good or pr(itable1 except "u ! guidance ( k4 ,sokrates proce$s to prove t virtue is k1 or a mode ( k4 ,virtue is good3 all good ?+s are pr(itable4 ,b none ( ! ?+s acc\nt$ good are pr(itable1 unless !y be rightly employ$2 t is1 employ$ ) k or intellig5ce4 ,?is is true n only ( heal?1 weal?1 beauty1 /r5g?1 p[]1 c41 b also ( ! m5tal attributes ju/ice1 mod]ation1 c\rage1 quick appreh5sion1 c4 ,all ( ^! are pr(itable1 & !re=e good1 if br\ght into action "u k or "r intellig5ce2 none ( !m are pr(itable or good1 )\t ?is condition--:i* is !re=e ! di/9ctive con/itu5t ( virtue4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hi4 ,virtue1 !re=e1 be+ k or a mode ( k1 _c come by nature1 b mu/ be tea*able4 ,side-note3 ,virtue1 z be+ k1 mu/ be tea*able4 ,yet !re are oppos+ reasons1 %[+ t x _c be tea*able4 ,no tea*]s ( x c be f\nd4 ,yet aga9 !re are o!r contr>y reasons 7he proce$s7 :i* prove t x _c be tea*able4 ,= if x 7 s1 !re w\ld be di/9ct & assignable tea*]s & le>n]s ( x1 & ! times & places c\ld be po9t$ out :]e x is taught & le>nt4 ,we see t ?is is ! case ) all arts & pr(essions4 ,b 9 reg>d to virtue1 !re are nei!r recognis$ tea*]s1 nor le>n]s1 nor ye>s ( le>n+4 ,! ,sophi/s pret5d to be tea*]s ( x1 b are n3#ba ! lead+ & e/eem$ citiz5s ( ! community d n pret5d to be tea*]s ( x1 & are inde$ incompet5t to tea* x ev5 to _! own sons--z ! "* ( ^? sons suffici5tly proves4#bb ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ig4 ,isokrates 7adv4 ,sophi/as1 s4 #be1 p4 #dja7 expressly decl>es t he does n believe ,greek3 7_/s e7/i dikaiosu_/n didakto_/n4 ,!re is no ,greek3 te_/*n :i* c tea* x1 if a man be ,greek3 kaks pephuk_/s4 ,b if a man be well-dispos$1 !n education 9 ,greek3 lo_/goi politikoi_/ w s]ve ,greek3 sump>akeleu_/sa/hai_/ ge kai sunasksai4 ,= a man to ann\nce himself z a tea*] ( ju/ice or virtue1 0 an unpopul> & invidi\s pret5sion4 ,isokrates is anxi\s to gu>d himself aga9/ su* unpopul>ity4 ,side-note3 ,conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,anytus1 :o dete/s ! ,sophi/s1 & affirms t any "o ( ! lead+ politicians c tea* virtue4 ,"h1 a new speak] is introduc$ into ! dialogue--,anytus1 "o ( ! accus]s ( ,sokrates be=e ! ,dika/]y4 ,! conv]sation is c>ri$ on = "s "t betwe5 ,sokrates & him4 ,anytus d5ies altoge!r t ! ,sophi/s are tea*]s ( virtue1 & ev5 d5\nces !m ) bitt] contempt & wra?4 ,b he ma9ta9s t ! lead+ & e/eem$ citiz5s ( ! /ate d really tea* x4 ,anytus h[ev] pres5tly breaks (f 9 a tone ( displeasure & m5ace t[>ds ,sokrates himself4#bc ,! conv]sation is !n r5ew$ ) ,m5on1 & x is %[n t ! lead+ politicians _c be consid]$ z tea*]s ( virtue1 any m ?an ! ,sophi/s4 ,!re exi/ no tea*]s ( x2 & !re=e we mu/ conclude t x is n tea*able4 ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #id ,e4 ,side-note3 ,confus$ /ate ( ! discussion4 ,no way ( acquir+ virtue is %[n4 ,! /ate ( ! discussion z x /&s n[1 is repres5t$ by two hypo!tical syllogisms1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,if virtue is k1 x is tea*able3 ,b virtue is k3 ,!re=e virtue is tea*able4 #b4 ,if virtue is k1 x is tea*able3 ,b virtue is n tea*able3 ,!re=e virtue is n k4 ,! premisses ( ea* ( ^! two syllogisms contradict ! conclusion ( ! o!r4 ,bo? _c be true4 ,if virtue is n acquir$ by tea*+ & does n come by nature1 h[ are !re any virtu\s m58 ,side-note3 ,sokrates modifies 8 premisses--k is n ! only ?+ :i* guides to good results--"r op9ion w d ! same4 ,sokrates cont9ues 8 argum5t3 ,! second premiss ( ! fir/ syllogism--t virtue is k--is true1 b n ! :ole tru?4 ,9 prov+ x we assum$ t !re 0 no?+ except k :i* guid$ u to useful & pr(itable consequ5ces4 ,b ?is assumption w n hold4 ,!re is some?+ else besides k1 :i* also guides u to ! same useful results4 ,t some?+ is "r op9ion1 :i* is q diff]5t f k4 ,! man :o holds "r op9ions is j z pr(itable to u1 & guides u q z well to "r actions1 z if he knew4 ,"r op9ions1 s long z !y /ay 9 ! m9d1 are z good z k1 = ! purpose ( guidance 9 practice4 ,b ! diff]5ce is1 t !y are evanesc5t & w n /ay 9 ! m9d3 :ile k is p]man5t & ineffaceable4 ,!y are exalt$ into k1 :5 b\nd 9 ! m9d by a *a9 ( causal reason+3#bd t is1 by ! process ( rem9isc5ce1 be=e describ$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 pp4 #ig ,e--#ih ,a4 ,greek3 kai gar ai7 d_/xai ai7 a7l!is1 o7_/son men a7n *ro_/non p>ame_/ns91 kalo_/n ti *rma kai pa_/nta ta7ga?a e7rga_/zontai2 polun de *ro_/non ou7k e7!_/l\si p>ame_/ne91 a7lla drapeteu_/ous9 e7k ts psu*s t\ a7n?r_/p\4 7_//e ou7 poll\ a7_/xiai_/ ei7s91 e7_/s a7n tis au7tas d_/s ai7ti_/z logism2 t\to d' e7/in a7na_/mnsis1 7s e7n tois pro_//h5 7min 7molo_/gtai4 ,side-note3 ,"r op9ion _c be reli$ on = /ay+ 9 ! m9d1 & c nev] give rational explanations1 nor tea* o!rs--good practical /atesm5 receive "r op9ion by inspiration f ! ,gods4 ,virtue !n 7cont9ues ,sokrates7--t :i* con/itutes ! virtu\s "* & ! p]man5t1 tru/wor?y1 useful guide--consi/s 9 k4 ,b !re is also "r op9ion1 a sort ( quasi-k1 :i* produces 9 practice effects z good z k1 only t x is n deeply or p]man5tly fix$ 9 ! m9d4#be ,x is ?is "r op9ion1 or quasi-k1 :i* e/eem$ & di/+ui%$ citiz5s possess1 & by means ( :i* !y r5d] useful s]vice to ! city4 ,t !y d n possess k1 is c]ta92 = if !y did1 !y w\ld be able to tea* x to o!rs1 & especially to _! own sons3 & ?is x has be5 %[n t !y _c d4#bf ,!y deliv] true op9ions & pr$ictions1 & excell5t advice1 l prophets & oracul> m9i/]s1 by div9e inspiration & possession1 )\t k or wisdom ( _! own4 ,!y are div9e & inspir$ p]sons1 b n wise or kn[+4#bg ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ii ,a4 ,greek3 7 de a7_/n?rpos 7gem_/n e7/9 e7pi to o7r?o_/n1 du_/o tauta1 d_/xa a7l?s kai e7pi/_/m4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ii ,b4 ,greek3 ,ou7k a7_/ra sophi_/a t9i ou7de sophoi o7_/ntes oi7 toi\toi a7_/ndres 7g\nto tais po_/les91 oi7 a7mphi ,!mi/okle_/a4 4 4 4 dio kai ou7* oi7oi_/ te a7_/ll\s poiein toi\_/t\s oi7oi au7toi_/ ei7s91 a7_/te ou7 di' e7pi/_/mn o7_/ntes toi\toi4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ii ,d4 ,greek3 kai t\s politik\s ou7* 7_/ki/a t\_/tn phaim51 a7n !i_/ous te ei7nai kai e7n?\sia_/ze91 e7pi_/pn\s o7_/ntas kai kate*ome_/n\s e7k t\ !\1 o7_/tan kator?si le_/gontes polla kai mega_/la pra_/gmata1 mden ei7d_/tes 7n le_/g\s94 ,side-note3 ,all ! real virtue t !re is1 is communicat$ by special inspiration f ! ,gods4 ,& ?us 7concludes ,sokrates7 ! answ] to ! "q orig9ally />t$ by ,m5on--,:e!r virtue is tea*able8--is z foll[s4 ,virtue 9 its highe/ s5se1 9 :i* x is equival5t to or co9cid5t ) k1 is tea*able3 b no su* virtue exi/s4 ,t :i* exi/s 9 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ citiz5s "u ! "n ( virtue1--or at lea/ produc+ ! results ( virtue 9 practice--is n tea*able4 ,nor does x come by nature1 b by special inspiration f ! ,gods4 ,! be/ /atesm5 n[ exi/+ _c make any o!r p]son l !mselves3 if any "o ( !m c\ld d ?is1 he w\ld be1 9 comp>ison ) ! re/1 l a real ?+ comp>$ ) a %ad[4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ajj4 ,side-note3 ,b :at virtue itself is1 rema9s unkn[n4 ,nev]!less ! "q :i* we h j discuss$--,h[ virtue arises or is g5]at$8--mu/ be reg>d$ z second>y & dep5d5t1 n capable ( be+ cle>ly und]/ood until ! prim>y & pr9cipal "q--,:at is virtue8--has be5 inve/igat$ & br\ght to a solution4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ajj ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks on ! dialogue4 ,prop] ord] = exam9+ ! diff]5t topics1 is po9t$ out by ,sokrates4 ,?is la/ obs]vation is repeat$ by ,sokrates at ! end--z x _h be5 /at$ at ! beg9n+1 & 9 m ?an "o place dur+ ! cont9uance--( ! dialogue4 ,9 fact1 ,sokrates seems at fir/ resolv$ to en=ce ! natural & necess>y priority ( ! latt] "q3 b is induc$ by ! solicitation ( ,m5on to inv]t ! ord]4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hf4 ,side-note3 ,mis*ief ( debat+ ult]ior & second>y que/ions :5 ! fundam5tal notions & ^w are unsettl$4 ,! propriety ( ! ord] m>k$ out1 b n pursu$1 by ,sokrates is indisputable4 ,be=e y c enquire h[ virtue is g5]at$ or communicat$1 y mu/ be satisfi$ t y "k :at virtue is4 ,y mu/ "k ! ess5ce ( ! subject--or ^? pr$icates :i* ! ^w connotes 7 ! mean+ ( ! t]m7 be=e y inve/igate its accid5ts & antec$5ts4#ca ,m5on beg9s by be+ satisfi$ t he kn[s :at virtue is3 s satisfi$1 t he acc\nts x discr$itable = a man n to "k3 al?\gh he is made to answ] l "o :o has nev] ?\ght ^u ! subject1 & does n ev5 und]/& ! "q4 ,sokrates1 on ! o!r h&1 n only confesses t he does n himself "k1 b ass]ts t he nev] yet met ) a man :o did "k4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important lessons 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r ,platonic dialogues1 is ! mis*ief ( proce$+ to debate ult]ior & second>y que/ions1 )\t hav+ settl$ ! fundam5tal words & notions3 ! false p]suasion ( k1 common to almo/ e "o1 respect+ ^! famili> e?ical & social ideas4 ,m5on repres5ts ! common /ate ( m9d4 ,he beg9s ) ! false p]suasion t he z well z e "o else kn[s :at virtue is3 & ev5 :5 he is prov$ to be ignorant1 he /ill feels no int]e/ 9 ! fundam5tal enquiry1 b turns aside to 8 orig9al object ( curiosity--,:e!r virtue is tea*able4 ,no?+ c be m repugnant to an ord9>y m9d ?an ! ?or\gh sift+ ( deep-seat$1 long famili>is$1 notions--,greek3 to gar o7r?\/hai gn_/man1 o7duna4 ,footnote #ca3 ,to use ! phrase ( ,plato himself 9 ! ,eu?yphron1 p4 #aa ,a1 ! ,greek3 ou7si_/a mu/ be kn[n be=e ! ,greek3 pa_/? are s\ght--,greek3 k9duneu_/eis1 7 ,eu7?u_/phron1 e7rt_/m5os to o7_/sion1 o7_/1 ti_/ pot' e7/i1 tn men ou7si_/an moi au7t\ ou7 b\_/le/hai dlsai1 pa_/?os de_/ ti p]i au7t\ le_/ge91 o7_/1 ti pe_/pon! t\to to o7_/sion1 philei/hai u7po pa_/ntn !n2 o7_/ ti de o7_/n1 ou7_/p ei7pes4 ,comp>e ,la*s1 p4 #aij ,b & ,gorgias1 pp4 #ddh ,e1 #dfb ,c4 ,side-note3 ,doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,m5on--desire ( good alleg$ to be univ]sally felt--9 :at s5se ?is is true4 ,! confession ( ,sokrates t nei!r he nor any o!r p]son 9 8 exp]i5ce kn[s :at virtue is--t x mu/ be made a subject ( special & delib]ate inve/igation--& t no man c "k :at ju/ice1 or any o!r "p ( virtue is1 unless he fir/ kn[s :at virtue z a :ole is#cb--;are matt]s to be kept 9 m9d also1 z contra/+ ) o!r portions ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 :]e9 virtue1 ju/ice1 c41 are tacitly assum$ 7accord+ to ! receiv$ habit7 z matt]s kn[n & und]/ood4 ,! contributions :i* we obta9 f ! ,m5on t[>ds f9d+ out ! ,platonic notion ( virtue1 are negative r ?an positive4 ,! comm5ts ( ,sokrates ^u ,m5on's fir/ def9ition include ! doctr9e (t5 ann\nc$ 9 ,plato--,t no man by nature desires suff]+ or evil2 e man desires good3 if he seeks or pursues suff]+ or evil1 he does s m]ely f error or ignorance1 mi/ak+ x = good4#cc ,?is is true1 und\bt$ly1 if we mean :at is good or evil = himself3 & if by good or evil we mean 7accord+ to ! doctr9e en=c$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras7 ! result ( items ( pleasure & pa91 rightly e/imat$ & comp>$ by ! ,measur+ ,reason4 ,e man naturally desires pleasure1 & ! means ( acquir+ pleasure1 = himself3 e man naturally %r9ks f pa91 or ! causes ( pa91 to himself3 e "o comp>es & measures ! items ( ea* ) m or less wisdom & imp>tiality4 ,b ! proposition is n true1 if we mean :at is good or evil = o!rs3 & if by good we mean 7z ,sokrates is made to decl>e 9 ! ,gorgias7 some?+ ap>t f pleasure1 & by evil some?+ ap>t f pa9 7und]/&+ pleasure & pa9 9 _! l>ge/ s5se74 ,a man sometimes desires :at is good = o!rs1 sometimes :at is evil = o!rs1 z ! case may be4 ,plato's obs]vation !re=e _c be admitt$--,t z to ! wi% or desire1 all m5 are alike3 "o man is no bett] ?an ano!r4#cd ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gi ,b-,c4 ,greek3 tn gar dikaiosu_/nn mo_/rion ph a7rets ei7nai kai e7_/ka/a t\_/tn4 4 4 4 oi7_/ei t9a ei7de_/nai mo_/rion a7rets o7_/ ti e7_//91 au7tn m ei7d_/ta8 ,ou7k e7_/moige dokei4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gg4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #gh ,b4 ,greek3 to men b\_/le/hai pas9 u7pa_/r*ei1 kai tau_/t ge ou7den o7 e7_/t]os t\ e7te_/r\ belti_/n4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates requires k z ! pr9cipal condition ( virtue1 b does n det]m9e k1 ( :at8 ,! second portion ( ,plato's !ory1 advanc$ to expla9 :at virtue is1 pres5ts no?+ m satisfactory4 ,virtue is useful or pr(itable3 b nei!r heal?1 /r5g?1 beauty1 weal?1 p[]1 c41 are pr(itable1 unless rightly us$3 nor are ju/ice1 mod]ation1 c\rage1 quick appreh5sion1 good memory1 c41 pr(itable1 unless !y are accompani$ & guid$ by k or prud5ce4#ce ,n[ if by pr(itable we h ref]5ce n to ! individual ag5t alone1 b to o!r p]sons conc]n$ also1 ! proposition is true1 b n in/ructive or di/9ct4 ,= :at is meant by "r use8 ,to :at ends are ! gifts "h enum]at$ to be turn$1 9 ord] to con/itute "r use8 ,:at aga9 is meant by k8 k ( :at8#cf ,?is is a "q put by ,sokrates 9 _m o!r dialogues1 & necess>y to be put "h also4 ,moreov]1 k is a t]m :i* requires to be det]m9$1 n m]ely to "s assignable object1 b also 9 its g5]al import1 no less ?an virtue4 ,we %all come pres5tly to an elaborate dialogue 7,!ttus7 9 :i* ,plato makes _m attempts to det]m9e k g5]ally1 b ends 9 a confess$ failure4 ,k mu/ be k possess$ by "s "o1 & mu/ be k ( some?+4 ,:at is x1 t a man mu/ "k1 9 ord] t 8 ju/ice or c\rage may become pr(itable8 ,is x pleasures & pa9s1 ) _! causes1 & ! comp>ative magnitude ( ea* 7z ,sokrates decl>es 9 ! ,protagoras71 9 ord] t he may contribute to dim9i% ! sum ( pa9s1 increase t ( pleasures1 to himself or to ! society8 ,if ?is be :at he is requir$ to "k1 ,plato %\ld h said s--or if n1 :at else--9 ord] t ! requirem5t ( k might be made an intelligible condition4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 pp4 #hg-hh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ,republic1 vi4 p4 #eje ,b1 :]e ?is "q is put1 b n answ]$1 respect+ ,greek3 phro_/nsis4 ,side-note3 ,subject ( ,m5on2 same z t ( ! ,protagoras--div]sity ( h&l+--,plato is n anxi\s to settle a "q & get rid ( x4 ,?\gh ! subject ( direct debate 9 ! ,m5on is ! same z t 9 ! ,protagoras 7:e!r virtue be tea*able87 yet ! mann] ( treat+ ?is subject is v diff]5t 9 ! two4 ,"o po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two has be5 j notic$4 ,ano!r diff]5ce is1 t :]eas 9 ,m5on ! tea*ability ( virtue is assum$ to be disprov$1 because !re are no recognis$ tea*]s or le>n]s ( x--9 ! ,protagoras ?is argum5t is produc$ by ,sokrates1 b is combat$ at l5g? 7z we %all pres5tly see7 by a c\nt]-argum5t on ! "p ( ! ,sophi/s1 )\t any rejo9d] f ,sokrates4 ,( ?is c\nt]-argum5t no notice is tak5 9 ! ,m5on3 al?\gh1 if x be well-f\nd$1 x w\ld h s]v$ ,anytus no less ?an ,protagoras1 z a solution ( ! difficulties rais$ by ,sokrates4 ,su* div]sity ( h&l+ & argum5tative f]tility1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,platonic proc$ure4 ,i h already rem>k$1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( positive conclusions1 capable ( be+ sev]$ f _! premisses1 regi/]$ 9 ! memory1 & us$ z pr9ciples = d$uction--is =eign to ! _s ( ^! ,dialogues ( ,se>*4 ,to settle a "q & f9i% ) x--to get rid ( ! debate1 z if x 7 a tr\blesome tempor>y necessity--is n :at ,plato desires4 ,8 purpose is1 to provoke ! _s ( enquiry--to /imulate responsive ef=ts ( ! m9d by a pa9ful %ock ( expos$ ignorance--& to op5 be=e x a multiplicity ( new roads ) v>i$ po9ts ( view4 ,side-note3 ,anxiety ( ,plato to keep up & en=ce ! _s ( rese>*4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,platonic writ+s is ?is provocative %ock m vividly illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! ,m5on1 by ! simile ( ! electrical fi%3 a simile z /rik+ z t ( ! magnet 9 ,ion4#cg ,n[h]e1 aga91 is ! true "* ( ! ,sokratic intellect m cle>ly enunciat$4 ,y compla91 ,m5on1 t ,i plunge y\r m9d into no?+ b d\bt1 & puzzle1 & consci\s ignorance4 ,if ,i d ?is1 x is only because my own m9d is already 9 t same condition4#ch ,! only way out ( x is1 ?r\gh jo9t dialectical colloquy & se>*2 9 :i* ,i invite y to accompany me1 ?\gh ,i d n "k :5 or :]e x w end4 ,& !n1 = ! purpose ( ju/ify+ z well z enc\rag+ su* prolong$ se>*1 ,sokrates proce$s to unfold 8 rem>kable hypo!sis--et]nal pre-exi/5ce1 b\ndless pa/ exp]i5ce1 & omnisci5ce1 ( ! m9d--id5tity ( cognition ) recognition1 dep5d5t on rem9isc5ce4 ,rese>* or enquiry 7said "s7 is fruitless4 ,y mu/ se>* ei!r = t :i* y "k1 or = t :i* y d n "k4 ,! fir/ is sup]flu\s--! second impossible3 = if y d n "k :at a ?+ is1 h[ are y to be satisfi$ t ! answ] :i* y f9d is t :i* y are look+ =8 ,h[ c y di/+ui% a true solution f ano!r :i* is untrue1 b plausible8 ,footnote #cg3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hj ,a4 ,greek3 na_/rk ?alassi_/a4 ,comp>e :at ,i h said above ab\t ! ,ion1 *4 ,,xvii41 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hj ,d4 ,side-note3 ,great "q discuss$ among ! ,grecian philosoph]s--crit]ion ( tru?--,:]e9 consi/s ! process ( v]ification8 ,"h we f9d explicitly rais$1 = ! fir/ "t1 t difficulty :i* emb>rass$ ! diff]5t philosophical s*ools 9 ,greece = ! subsequ5t ?ree c5turies--,:at is ! crit]ion ( tru?8 ,:]e9 consi/s ! process call$ v]ification & pro(1 ( t :i* is fir/ pres5t$ z an hypo!sis8 ,?is 0 "o ( ! great problems debat$ betwe5 ! ,academics1 ! ,/oics1 & ! ,sceptics1 until ! ext9ction ( ! s*ools ( philosophy4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,sokrates "h calls ?is problem an ,greek3 e7ri/ikos lo_/gos4 ,/allbaum 79 8 ,prolegom4 to ! ,m5on1 p4 #ad7 describes x z a qu/iunculam1 haud dubie e sophi/>um discipl9 arreptam4 ,if ! ,sophi/s 7 ! fir/ to raise ?is "q1 ,i ?9k t by do+ s !y r5d]$ s]vice to ! int]e/s ( philosophy4 ,! "q is among ! fir/ :i* ought to be ?or\ghly debat$ & sift$1 if we are to h a body ( reason$ tru? call$ philosophy4 ,i diss5t f ! op9ion ( ,/allbaum 7p4 #bj71 ?\gh x is adopt$ bo? by ,so*] 7,ueb] ,platon1 p4 #ahe7 & by ,/e9h>t 7,e9leitung zum ,m5on1 p4 #abc71 t ! ,m5on 0 compos$ by ,plato dur+ ! lifetime ( ,sokrates4 ,s*lei]ma*] 7,e9leitung zum ,gorgias1 p4 #bb2 ,e9leitung zum ,m5on1 pp4 #cbi-ccj71 ,ueb]weg 7,ae*?4 ,plat4 ,s*r4 p4 #bbf71 & ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d ! ,m5on z compos$ aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates1 & on ?is po9t ,i agree ) !m1 ?\gh :e!r x 0 compos$ n long aft] t ev5t 7z ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann ?9ks7 or ?irte5 ye>s aft] x 7z ,s*lei]ma*] ?9ks71 ,i see no suffici5t gr\nds = decid+4 ,i incl9e to ! belief t its composition is consid]ably lat] ?an ,h]mann supposes2 ! m5tion ( ! ,!ban ,ism5ias is "o among ! reasons r5d]+ su* lat] orig9 probable4 ,plato probably borr[$ f ! ,x5ophontic ,anabasis ! "n1 c\ntry1 & social position ( ,m5on1 :o may h receiv$ tea*+ f ,gorgias1 z we "k t ,prox5us did1 ,x54 ,anab4 ii4 #f1 #af4 ,! read] c comp>e ! ,e9leitung ( ,s*lei]ma*] 79 :i* he pr(esses to prove t ! ,m5on is a coroll>y to ! ,!ttus & ,gorgias1 & an imm$iate antec$5t to ! ,eu?ydmus1--t x solves ! riddle ( ! ,protagoras--& t x presupposes & ref]s back to ! ,phdrus7 ) ! ,e9leitung ( ,/e9h>t 7p4 #abj seq471 :o conte/s all ^! propositions1 say+ t ! ,m5on is decid$ly lat] ?an ! ,eu?ydmus1 & decid$ly e>li] ?an ! ,!ttus1 ,gorgias1 & ,phdrus2 ) ! op9ions ( ,/allbaum & ,h]mann1 :o recognise an ord] diff]5t f t ei!r ( ,/e9h>t or ,s*lei]ma*]2 & ) t ( ,a/1 :o rejects ! ,m5on altoge!r z unwor?y ( ,plato4 ,e "o ( ^! diss5ti5t critics has some?+ to say = 8 op9ion1 :ile none ( !m 79 my judgm5t7 c make out any?+ l a conclusive case4 ,! mi/ake consi/s 9 assum+ t !re mu/ h be5 a p]emptory ord] & int5tional int]dep5d5ce among ! ,platonic ,dialogues1 & next 9 try+ to %[ by int]nal evid5ce :at t ord] 04 ,side-note3 ,none ( ! philosoph]s 7 satisfi$ ) ! answ] "h made by ,plato--t v]ification consi/s 9 appeal to pre-natal exp]i5ce4 ,n "o ( ^! s*ools 0 satisfi$ ) ! v peculi> answ] :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates "h gives to ! "q4 ,:5 tru? is pres5t$ to u 7he intimates71 we recognise x z an old fri5d aft] a long abs5ce4 ,we "k x by reason ( its con=mity to our antec$5t1 pre-natal1 exp]i5ce 79 ! ,phdon1 su* pre-natal exp]i5ce is re/rict$ to comm]ce ) ! sub/antial1 intelligible1 ,ideas1 :i* are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,m5on73 ! s\l or m9d is immortal1 has gone ?r\gh an indef9ite succession ( tempor>y lives prior to ! pres5t1 & w g ?r\gh an indef9ite succession ( tempor>y lives po/]ior to ! pres5t--long1 canitis si cognita1 vit ,mors m$ia e/4 ,! m9d has ?us become omnisci5t1 hav+ se51 he>d1 & le>nt e ?+1 bo? on e>? & 9 ,hades3 b su* k exi/s z a confus$ & unavailable mass1 hav+ be5 buri$ & =gott5 on ! comm5cem5t ( its actual life4 ,s9ce all nature is 9 univ]sal k9dr$1 communion1 or int]dep5d5ce1 t :i* we he> or see "h1 recalls to ! memory1 by association1 portions ( our prior =gott5 omnisci5ce4#dj ,x is 9 ?is recall or rem9isc5ce t se>*1 le>n+1 acquisition ( k1 consi/s4 ,tea*+ & le>n+ are words )\t mean+3 ! only process really in/ructive is t ( dialectic debate1 :i*1 if indefatigably prosecut$1 w dig out ! omnisci5ce buri$ )94#da ,s va/ is ! !ory g5]at$ 9 ,plato's m9d1 by 8 wor%ip ( dialectic1 respect+ t process ( se>* to :i* m ?an half ( 8 dialogues are devot$4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! doctr9e ( communion or int]dep5d5ce p]vad+ all ,nature1 ) "o cont9u\s cosmical s\l p5etrat+ ev]y:]e1 w be f\nd set =? 9 ! kosmology ( ! ,timu1 pp4 #cg-db-dc4 ,x 0 held1 ) v>i\s modifications1 bo? by ! ,py?agoreans & ! ,/oics4 ,comp>e ,cic]o1 ,div9at4 ii4 #ad-ae2 ,virgil1 neid vi4 #gae seqq42 ,georgic4 iv4 #bbj2 ,sextus ,empir4 adv4 ,ma!m4 ix4 #abg2 ,ekphantus ,py?agoreus ap4 ,/obum1 ,tit4 #dh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbj1 ,gais=d4 ,! view "h tak5 by ,plato1 t all nature is cognate & int]dep5d5t--,greek3 a7_/te gar ts phu_/ses a7pa_/ss sugg5\s ou7_/ss--is v simil> to ! !ory ( ,leibnitz3--,ubique p] mat]iam dissem9ata /atuo pr9cipia vitalia seu p]cipi5tia4 ,omnia 9 natur sunt analogica 7,leibnitz1 ,epi/4 ad ,wagn]um1 p4 #dff2 ,leibn4 ,opp4 ,erdmann74 ,f>!r1 t ! human m9d by virtue ( its int]dep5d5ce or k9dr$ ) all nature1 includes a confus$ omnisci5ce1 is also a ,leibnitzian view4 ,c> comme t\t e/ ple9 7ce qui r5d t\te la matire lie7 et comme dans le ple9 t\t m\vem5t fait quelqu' effet sur les corps di/ans mesure de la di/ance1 de sorte que *aque corps e/ affect non seulem5t p> ceux qui le t\*5t1 et se ress5t en quelque faon de t\t ce qui leur arrive--mais aussi p> leur moy5 se ress5t de ceux qui t\*5t les premi]s dont il e/ t\* immdiatem5t4 ,il s'ensuit que cette communication va quelque di/ance que ce soit4 ,et p> consequ5t t\t corps se ress5t de t\t ce qui se fait dans l',univ]s3 tellem5t que celui1 qui voit t\t1 p\rroit lire dans *acun ce qui se fait p>t\t et mme ce qui s'e/ fait et se f]a1 en rem>quant dans le prs5t ce qui e/ loign tant selon les temps que selon les lieux3 ,greek3 su_/mpnoia pa_/nta1 disoit ,hippocrate4 ,mais une me ne peut lire en elle mme que ce qui y e/ repres5t di/9ctem5t3 elle ne sauroit developp] t\t d'un c\p ses rgles1 c> elles vont l'inf9i4 ,a9si quoique *aque monade cre reprs5te t\t l',univ]s1 elle reprs5te plus di/9ctem5t le corps qui lui e/ p>ticulirem5t affect1 et dont elle fait l',entl*ie4 ,et comme ce corps exprime t\t l',univ]s p> la connexion de t\te la matire dans le ple91 l'me reprs5te aussi t\t l',univ]s en reprs5tant ce corps qui lui app>ti5t d'une manire p>ticulire 7,leibnitz1 ,monadologie1 sect4 #fa-fb1 ,no4 #hh1 p4 #gaj2 ,opp4 ,leibn4 ed4 ,erdmann74 ,aga91 ,leibnitz1 9 ano!r ,diss]tation3 ,comme cause de la plnitude du monde t\t e/ li1 et *aque corps agit sur *aque autre corps1 plus ou mo9s1 selon la di/ance1 et en e/ affect p> la raction--il s'ensuit que *aque monade e/ un miroir vivant1 ou d\ d'action int]ne1 reprs5tatif de l',univ]s1 suivant son po9t de vue1 et aussi rgl que l',univ]s mme 7,pr9cipes de la ,nature et de la ,grace1 p4 #gad1 ed4 ,erdmann2 also ,sy/me ,n\veau1 p4 #abh1 a4 #cf74 ,leibnitz expresses m ?an once h[ mu* 8 own metaphysical views agre$ ) ^? ( ,plato4 ,lettre ,m4 ,b\rguet1 pp4 #gbc-gbe4 ,he expresses 8 belief 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l3 ,t\t ce que je crois p\voir assur]1 e/1 que l'me de t\t animal a prexi/1 et a t dans un corps organique3 qui enf91 p> beauc\p de *angem5s1 involutions1 et volutions1 e/ dev5u l'animal prs5t 7,lettre ,m4 ,b\rguet1 p4 #gca74 ,& 9 ! ,platonic doctr9e ( rem9isc5ce to a c]ta9 po9t3 ,,ii y a quelque *ose de solide dans ce que dit ,platon de la rm9isc5ce 7p4 #acg1 b4 #aj74 ,also ,leibnitz's ,n\veaux ,essais sur l',ent5dem5t ,huma91 p4 #aif1 b4 #bh2 & ,epi/ol4 ad ,hans*ium1 p4 #ddf1 a4 #ab4 ,see ! elaborate acc\nt ( ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz by ,dr4 ,kuno ,fis*]--,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,philosophie1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbf-bcb4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ha ,d4 ,greek3 e7a_/n tis a7ndreios 71 kai m a7poka_/mn ztn4 ,comp>e also p4 #hf ,b4 ,side-note3 ,plato's view ( ! immortality ( ! s\l--diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,m5on1 ,phdrus1 & ,phdon4 ,9 v>i\s o!r dialogues ( ,plato1 ! same hypo!sis is f\nd repeat$4 ,8 conception ( ! immortality ( ! s\l or m9d1 includes pre-exi/5ce z well z po/-exi/5ce3 a p]petual succession ( tempor>y lives1 ea* 9 a di/9ct body1 ea* t]m9at$ by dea?1 & ea* foll[$ by r5ew$ life = a "t 9 ano!r body4 ,9 fact1 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! m9d =m$ ! mo/ important "p ( ,plato's !ory ab\t immortality3 = he employ$ x z ! means ( expla9+ h[ ! m9d became possess$ ( g5]al notions4 ,z ! doctr9e is /at$ 9 ! ,m5on1 x is made applicable to all m9ds 7in/ead ( be+ conf9$1 z 9 ,phdrus1 ,phdon1 & else:]e1 to a few highly gift$ m9ds1 & to comm]ce ) ! intelligible sub/ances call$ ,ideas74 ,?is appe>s f ! p]son *os5 to illu/rate ! alleg$ possibility ( /imulat+ artificial rem9isc5ce3 t p]son is an unlett]$ y\?1 tak5 at haz>d f among ! num]\s slaves ( ,m5on4#db ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 pp4 #hb ,a1 #he ,e4 ,greek3 proska_/leson tn polln a7kol\_/?n t\tni tn saut\ e7_/na1 o7_/nt9a b\_/lei1 i7_/na e7n t\_/t soi e7pidei_/xmai4 ,/allbaum says t ?is allusion to ! num]\s slaves 9 att5dance is int5d$ to illu/rate conspicu\sly ! weal? & nobility ( ,m5on4 ,9 my judgm5t1 x is r int5d$ to illu/rate ! op]ation ( pure accid5t--! p]fectly ord9>y "* ( ! m9d work$ ^u--"o among _m1 :i* y please4 ,side-note3 ,doctr9e ( ,plato1 t new tru? may be elicit$ by skilful exam9ation out ( ! unlett]$ m9d--h[ f> correct8 ,x is true1 inde$ 7z ,s*lei]ma*] obs]ves71 t ! que/ions put by ,sokrates to ?is y\? are 9 great proportion lead+ que/ions1 sugge/+ _! own answ]s4 ,!y w\ld n h s]v$ _! purpose unless !y _h be5 su*4 ,! illu/ration "h furni%$1 ( ! ,sokratic int]rogatory process1 is highly int]e/+1 & 8 !ory is 9 a great degree true4#dc ,n all le>n+1 b an important "p ( le>n+1 consi/s 9 rem9isc5ce--n inde$ ( acquisitions made 9 an antec$5t life1 b ( pa/ exp]i5ce & judgm5ts 9 ?is life4 ,( su* exp]i5ce & judgm5ts e "o has travell$ ?r\gh a l>ge c\rse2 :i* has disappe>$ f 8 memory1 yet n irrevocably4 ,portions ( x may be reviv$1 if new matt] be pres5t$ to ! m9d1 fitt$ to excite ! recollection ( !m by ! laws ( association4 ,by suitable int]rogations1 a tea*] may ?us recall to ! memory ( 8 pupils _m facts & judgm5ts :i* h be5 hi!rto =gott53 he may br+ into juxtaposition ^? :i* h nev] be=e be5 put toge!r 9 ! m9d3 & he may ?us make !m elicit in/ructive comp>isons & inf]5ces4 ,he may provoke ! pupils to /rike out new results = !mselves1 or to foll[1 by means ( _! own /ock ( k1 9 ! pa? sugge/$ by ! que/ions4 ,he may f>!r lead !m to p]ceive ! fallacy ( errone\s analogies :i* at fir/ pres5t$ !mselves z plausible2 & to become pa9fully s5sible ( emb>rassm5t & p]plex+ ignorance1 be=e he puts ^? que/ions :i* indicate ! way ( escape f x4 ,^u ! necessity ( produc+ su* pa9ful consci\sness ( ignorance ,plato insi/s emphatically1 z is 8 cu/om4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,plut>* 7,fragm5t4 ,greek3 ,p]i psu*s74 ,ei7 a7ph' e7te_/r\ e7_/t]on e7nno\m58 ou7k a7_/n1 ei7 m proe_/gn/o4 ,to e7pi*ei_/rma ,platniko_/n4 ,ei7 pro/i_/!m5 to e7_/lleipon tois ai7/htois8--kai au7to ,platniko_/n4 ,plut>*1 9 ! same fragm5t1 indicates "s ( ! objections made by ,bion & ,/raton aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,greek3 a7na_/mnsis4 ,h[ 7!y ask$7 does x happ5 t ?is rem9isc5ce br+s up (t5 :at is false or absurd8 7ask$ ,bion74 ,if su* rem9isc5ce exi/s 7ask$ ,/raton7 h[ comes x t we require demon/rations to conduct u to k8 & h[ is x t no man c play on ! flute or ! h>p )\t practice8 ,greek3 ,o7_/ti ,bi_/n 7po_/rei p]i t\ pseu_/d\s1 ei7 kai au7to kat' a7na_/mns91 7s to e7nanti_/on ge1 7 ou7_/8 kai ti_/ 7 a7logi_/a8 ,o7_/ti ,/ra_/tn 7po_/rei1 ei7 e7_//9 a7namnsis1 ps a7_/neu a7podei_/xen ou7 gigno_/me?a e7pi/_/mones8 ps de ou7deis au7lts 7 ki?>i/s ge_/gon5 a7_/neu mele_/ts8 ,footnote #dd3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #hd4 ,! sixte5? ,diss]tation ( ,maximus ,tyrius pres5ts a rhetorical amplification ( ?is doctr9e--,greek3 pasa ma_/?sis1 a7na_/mnsis--9 :i* he ent]s fully into ! _s ( ! ,m5on & ! ,phdon--,greek3 au7todi_/dakto_/n ti *rma 7 psu*_/--7 psu*s eu7_/resis1 au7tog5_/s tis ou7sa1 kai au7tophus1 kai xu_/mphutos1 ti_/ a7_/llo e7_//9 7 d_/xai a7l!is e7geiro_/m5ai1 7n t e7pege_/rsei te kai xunta_/xei e7pi/_/m o7_/noma8 7c4 #f74 ,comp>e also ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 ,d4 i4 #bd4 ,! doctr9e has furni%$ a !me = v elegant poetry3 bo? 9 ! ,consolatio ,philosophi ( ,boe?ius--! piece :i* ends ) ,ac si ,platonis ,musa p]sonat v]um1 ,quod quisque discit1 immemor recordatur-- & 9 ,wordswor?--,our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+1 c4 ,on ! o!r h& ,ari/otle alludes also to ! same doctr9e & criticises x2 b he does n seem 7s f> z ,i c und]/& ?is brief allusion7 to seize exactly ,plato's mean+4 ,?is is ! rem>k ( ! ,s*olia/ on ,ari/otle3 & ,i ?9k x j4 ,x is curi\s to comp>e ! way 9 :i* ,greek3 a7na_/mnsis is h&l$ by ,plato 9 ! ,m5on & ,phdon1 & by ,ari/otle 9 ! valuable little tract--,greek3 ,p]i mn_/ns kai a7namn_/ses 7p4 #dea1 b474 ,ari/otle has 8 own way ( reply+ to ! difficulty rais$ 9 ! "q ( ,m5on1 & tries to %[ t sometimes we "k 9 "o s5se & d n "k 9 ano!r4 ,see ,ari/otel4 ,anal4 ,prior41 ii4 p4 #fg1 a4 #bb2 ,anal4 ,po/]4 i4 p4 #ga1 a4 #bg2 & ! ,s*olia on ! =m] passage1 p4 #aic1 b4 #ba1 ed4 ,br&is4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 9 "o ( ! ,app5dixes to 8 edition ( ,reid's ,works 7,app5d4 ,d4 p4 #hij seq471 has giv5 a le>n$ & valuable translation & illu/ration ( ! treatise ( ,ari/otle ,greek3 ,p]i ,a7namn_/ses4 ,i note1 h[ev]1 ) "s surprise1 t :ile collect+ _m int]e/+ comm5ts f writ]s :o liv$ aft] ,ari/otle1 he has n adv]t$ to :at 0 said ^u ?is same subject by ,plato1 be=e ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 ! m to be expect$ t he w\ld d ?is1 s9ce he insi/s s emphatically ^u ! complete orig9ality ( ,ari/otle4 ,side-note3 ,plato's doctr9e ab\t priori reason+s--,diff]5t f ! mod]n doctr9e4 ,plato does n int5d "h to di/+ui% 7z _m mod]n writ]s di/+ui%7 geometry f o!r sci5ces1 z if geometry 7 kn[n priori1 & o!r sci5ces kn[n po/]iori or f exp]i5ce4 ,he does n suppose t geometrical tru?s are su* t no man c possibly believe ! contr>y ( !m2 or t !y are diff]5t 9 ?is respect f ! tru?s ( any o!r sci5ce4 ,he "h ma9ta9s t all ! sci5ces lie equally 9 ! untaught m9d1#de b buri$1 =gott51 & confus$3 s z to require ! skill ( ! que/ion] n m]ely to recall !m into consci\sness1 b to dis5tangle tru? f error4 ,f> f suppos+ t ! untaught m9d has a natural t5d5cy to answ] correctly geometrical que/ions1 he treats errone\s answ]s z spr++ up m naturally ?an true answ]s1 & z requir+ a process ( pa9ful exposure be=e ! m9d c be put ^u ! "r track4 ,! que/ion]1 )\t possess+ any k himself1 7s ,plato ?9ks17 c nev]!less ex]cise an influ5ce at once /imulat+1 corrective1 & directive4 ,he /imulates ! action ( ! associative process1 to call up facts1 comp>isons1 & analogies1 be>+ on ! "q3 he arre/s ! respond5t on a wrong answ]1 creat+ )9 him a pa9ful s5se ( ignorance & emb>rassm5t3 he directs him by 8 subsequ5t que/ions into ! pa? ( "r answ]s4 ,8 ob/etric aid 7to use ! simile 9 ,plato's ,!tetus71 ?\gh presuppos+ ! pregnancy ( ! respond5t m9d1 is indisp5sable bo? to =w>d ! *ildbir?1 & to ?r[ away any (fspr+ :i* may happ5 to be de=m$4 ,9 ! ,!tetus1 ! ma9 /ress is laid on t "p ( ! dialogue :i* is p]=m$ by ! que/ion]3 9 ! ,m5on1 ^u ! lat5t compet5ce & l>ge dead /ock ( an untaught respond5t4 ,footnote #de3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #he ,e4 ,greek3 ou7tos gar 7! untaught slave7 ,greek3 poi_/sei p]i pa_/ss gemetri_/z tau7ta tauta1 kai tn a7_/lln ma?ma_/tn a7pa_/ntn4 ,! m9d ( ! slave que/ion$ by ,sokrates is discov]$ to be pregnant4 ,?\gh he has receiv$ no tea*+ f any pr(ess$ geomet]1 he is nev]!less f\nd compet5t1 :5 subject$ to a skilful int]rogatory1 to arrive at la/1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( mi/akes1 at correct answ]s1 det]m9+ c]ta9 simple problems ( geometry4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t geometry3 nev]!less !re exi/ 9 8 m9d true op9ions respect+ t :i* he does n "k4 ,^! op9ions are call$ up l a dream by ! int]rogatories3 :i*1 if repeat$ & div]sifi$1 conv]t ! op9ions into k1 tak5 up by ! respond5t out ( himself4#df ,! op9ions are inh]it$ f an antec$5t life & born ) him1 s9ce !y h nev] be5 taught to him dur+ ?is life4 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #he4 ,greek3 t ou7k eido_/ti a7_/ra p]i 7n a7n m ei7d e7_/neis9 a7l!is d_/xai4 4 4 4 kai nun me_/n ge au7t 7_/sp] o7_/n> a7_/rti a7nakeki_/nntai ai7 d_/xai au7tai2 ei7 de au7to_/n tis a7n]_/setai polla_/kis ta au7ta tauta kai polla*1 oi7/h' o7_/ti teleutn ou7d5os 7tton a7kribs e7pi/_/setai p]i au7tn4 4 4 4 ,ou7k\n ou7d5os dida_/xantos a7ll' e7rt_/santos e7pi/_/setai1 a7nalabn au7tos e7x au7t\ tn e7pi/_/mn8 ,side-note3 ,plato's !ory ab\t pre-natal exp]i5ce4 ,he took no pa9s to asc]ta9 & measure ! ext5t ( po/-natal exp]i5ce4 ,x is ?us t ,plato applies to philosophical !ory ! doctr9e 7borr[$ f ! ,py?agoreans7 ( pre-natal exp]i5ce & cognitions3 :i* he consid]s1 n z inh]5t appurt5ances ( ! m9d1 b z acquisitions made by ! m9d dur+ v>i\s antec$5t lives4 ,^! ideas 7,plato argues7 _c h be5 acquir$ dur+ ! pres5t life1 because ! y\? has receiv$ no special tea*+ 9 geometry4 ,b ,plato "h takes no acc\nt ( ! multiplicity & div]sity ( exp]i5ces gone ?r\gh1 comp>isons made1 & acquirem5ts lodg$1 9 ! m9d ( a y\?ful adult h[ev] unlett]$4 ,he recognises no acquisition ( k except ?r\gh special tea*+4 ,s1 too1 9 ! ,protagoras1 we %all f9d him putt+ into ! m\? ( ,sokrates ! doctr9e--,t virtue is n taught & _c be taught1 because !re 7 no special ma/]s or times ( tea*+4 ,b 9 t dialogue we %all also see ,plato furni%+ an elaborate reply to ?is doctr9e 9 ! spee* ( ,protagoras2 :o indicates ! multif>i\s & p[]ful influ5ces :i* are p]petually op]ative1 ev5 )\t special pr(essors1 9 creat+ & en=c+ e?ical s5tim5t4 ,if ,plato _h tak5 pa9s to /udy ! e>ly life ( ! untaught slave1 ) its /ock ( facts1 judgm5ts1 comp>isons1 & inf]5ces sugge/$ by analogy1 c41 he might easily h f\nd en\gh to expla9 ! compet5ce ( ! slave to answ] ! que/ions appe>+ 9 ! dialogue4 ,& ev5 if en\gh c\ld n h be5 f\nd1 to af=d a direct & specific explanation--we mu/ rememb] t only a v small proportion ( ! long s]ies ( m5tal ph5om5a realis$ 9 ! infant1 ! *ild1 ! y\?1 ev] comes to be rememb]$ or record$4 ,to assume t ! l>ge unkn[n rema9d] w\ld be insuffici5t1 if kn[n1 to af=d ! explanation s\ght1 is nei!r philosophical nor reasonable4 ,?is is assum$ 9 e =m ( ! doctr9e ( innate ideas3 & assum$ by ,plato "h )\t ev5 try+ any explanation to disp5se ) ! hypo!sis3 simply because ! y\? int]rogat$ _h nev] receiv$ any special in/ruction 9 geometry4 ,side-note3 ,little or no?+ is said 9 ! ,m5on ab\t ! ,platonic ,ideas or ,=ms4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t ?\gh great /ress is laid 9 ?is dialogue ^u ! doctr9e ( op9ions & k inh]it$ f an antec$5t life--^u ! di/9ction betwe5 true op9ion & k--& ^u ! id5tity ( ! process ( le>n+ ) rem9isc5ce--yet no?+ is said ab\t univ]sal ,ideas or ,=ms1 s mu* dwelt ^u 9 o!r dialogues4 ,9 ! ,phdrus & ,phdon1 x is ) ^! univ]sal ,ideas t ! m9d is affirm$ to h _h communion dur+ its prior exi/5ce1 z contra/$ ) ! p>ticul>s ( s5se appreh5d$ dur+ ! pres5t life3 :ile 9 ! ,m5on1 ! diff]5ce po9t$ out betwe5 true op9ions & k is some?+ mu* less m>k$ & decisive4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r are said to be1 n acquir$ dur+ ?is life1 b inh]it$ f antec$5t life3 to be innate1 yet unp]ceiv$--reviv$ by way ( rem9isc5ce & int]rogation4 ,true op9ions are affirm$ to r5d] z mu* s]vice z k1 9 ref]5ce to practice4 ,!re is only ?is di/9ction betwe5 !m--t true op9ions are transi5t1 & w n rema9 9 ! m9d until !y are b\nd 9 x by causal reason+1 or become k4 ,side-note3 ,:at ,plato meant by ,causal ,reason+--8 di/9ction betwe5 k & "r op9ion4 ,:at ,plato meant by ?is causal reason+1 or computation ( cause1 is n cle>ly expla9$4 ,b he affirms v unequivocally1 fir/1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 true op9ion & k is "o ( ! few ?+s ( :i* he feels assur$#dg--next1 ) some:at less confid5ce1 t ! di/9ction consi/s only 9 ! great] security :i* k af=ds = p]man5t 9-dwell+ 9 ! m9d4 ,?is appe>s sub/antially ! same di/9ction z :at is laid d[n 9 o!r words t[>ds ! close ( ! dialogue--,t ^?1 :o h only true op9ions & n k1 judge rightly )\t kn[+ h[ or :y2 by an aptitude n _! own b suppli$ to !m f )\t = ! occasion1 9 ! nature ( inspiration or prophetic oe/rus4 ,h5ce !y are unable to tea* o!rs1 or to transf] ?is occasional inspiration to any "o else4 ,!y _c give acc\nt ( :at !y affect to "k1 nor answ] scrut9iz+ que/ions to te/ x4 ,?is p[] ( answ]+ & adm9i/]+ cross-exam9ation1 is ,plato's *>act]i/ic te/ ( real k--z ,i h already obs]v$ 9 my eigh?9999 *apt]4 ,footnote #dg3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ih ,b4 ,greek3 o7_/ti de_/ e7/i_/ ti a7lloion o7r? d_/xa kai e7pi/_/m1 ou7 pa_/nu moi dok t\to ei7ka_/ze92 a7ll' ei7_/p] ti a7_/llo phai_/n a7n ei7de_/nai1 o7li_/ga d' a7n phai_/n1 e7n d' ou7n kai t\to e7kei_/nn !i_/n a7n 7n oi7da4 ,side-note3 ,?is di/9ction comp>$ ) mod]n philosophical views4 ,to translate ! views ( ,plato into analog\s views ( a mod]n philosoph]1 we may say--,t "r op9ion1 z contra/$ ) k1 is a discrim9at+ & acute empirical judgm5t3 inf]r+ only f old p>ticul>s to new p>ticul>s 7)\t ! int]m$iate help & gu>antee ( g5]al propositions di/9ctly enunciat$ & int]pret$71 b select+ = e new case ! appropriate analogies out ( ! pa/1 ) :i* x ought to be comp>$4 ,_m p]sons judge 9 ?is mann] fairly well1 & "s ) extreme success4 ,b let !m be ev] s successful 9 practice1 !y proce$ )\t any consci\s me?od2 !y are unable to communicate ! gr\nds ( _! inf]5ces to o!rs3 & :5 !y are "r1 x is only by haphaz>d--t is 7to use ,plato's language71 ?r\gh special inspiration v\*saf$ to !m by ! ,gods4 ,b :5 !y asc5d to k1 & come to judge sci5tifically1 !y !n di/ribute ^! p>ticul> facts into classes--note ! con/ant sequ5ces z di/+ui%$ f ! occasional--& draw _! inf]5ces 9 e new case accord+ to su* g5]al laws or uni=mities ( antec$5t & consequ5t4 ,su* uni=m & unconditional antec$5ts are ! only causes ( :i* we h cognizance4 ,!y admit ( be+ describ$ 9 ! language :i* ,plato "h uses 7,greek3 ai7ti_/z logism71 & !y also s]ve z reasons = ju/ify+ or expla9+ our inf]5ces to o!rs4#dh ,footnote #dh3 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,m5on ,plato d5ies all ,greek3 dida*_/1 & recognises no?+ b ,greek3 a7na_/mnsis4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,timu 7p4 #ea ,d-,e7 is v diff]5t4 ,he !re lays especial /ress on ! di/9ction betwe5 ,greek3 dida* & ,greek3 pei?_/--! fir/ belong+ to ,greek3 e7pi/_/m1 ! second to ,greek3 d_/xa4 ,also 9 ,gorgias1 #ded1 & 9 ,republic1 v4 pp4 #dgg-dgi1 ab\t ,greek3 d_/xa & ,greek3 e7pi/_/m4 ,9 ^? dialogues ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is pres5t$ z m>k$ & fundam5tal1 z if ,greek3 d_/xa alone 0 fallible & ,greek3 e7pi/_/m infallible4 ,9 ! ,m5on ! di/9ction appe>s z important1 b n fundam5tal2 ! ,platonic ,ideas or ,univ]sals be+ n recognis$ z con/itut+ a sub/antive _w by !mselves4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,m5on is ne>] to ! tru? 9 describ+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek3 o7r? d_/xa & ,greek3 e7pi/_/m4 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 79 ! *apt] ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,logic :]e9 ! true !ory ( ! ,syllogism is = ! fir/ "t exp\nd$7 has cle>ly expla9$ :at t diff]5ce am\nts to4 ,all our inf]5ces are f p>ticul>s1 sometimes to new p>ticul>s directly & at once 7,greek3 d_/xa71 sometimes to g5]als 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ?r\gh !m to new p>ticul>s2 :i* latt]1 or sci5tific process1 is highly valuable z a security = correctness 7,greek3 e7pi/_/m74 ,n only 7says ,mr4 ,mill7 may we reason f p>ticul>s to p>ticul>s )\t pass+ ?r\gh g5]als1 b we p]petually d s reason4 ,all our e>lie/ inf]5ces are ( ?is nature4 ,f ! fir/ dawn ( intellig5ce we draw inf]5ces1 b ye>s elapse be=e we le>n ! use ( g5]al language4 ,we are con/antly reason+ f ourselves to o!r p1 or f "o p]son to ano!r1 )\t giv+ ourselves ! tr\ble to erect our obs]vations into g5]al maxims ( human or ext]nal nature4 ,if we h an ext5sive exp]i5ce & reta9 its impressions /rongly1 we may acquire 9 ?is mann] a v consid]able p[] ( accurate judgm5t1 :i* we may be utt]ly incapable ( ju/ify+ or ( communicat+ to o!rs4 ,among ! high] ord] ( practical intellects1 !re h be5 _m ( :om x 0 rem>k$ h[ admirably !y suit$ _! means to _! ends1 )\t be+ able to give any suffici5t acc\nt ( :at !y did2 & appli$1 or seem$ to apply1 recondite pr9ciples :i* !y 7 :olly unable to /ate4 ,?is is a natural consequ5ce ( hav+ a m9d /or$ ) appropriate p>ticul>s1 & hav+ be5 accu/om$ to reason at once f ^! to fre% p>ticul>s1 )\t practis+ ! habit ( /at+ to "o's self or o!rs ! correspond+ g5]al propositions4 ,! cases ( m5 ( tal5t p]=m+ wond]ful ?+s !y "k n h[1 are examples ( ! rude/ & mo/ spontane\s =ms ( ! op]ations ( sup]ior m9ds4 ,x is a defect 9 !m1 & (t5 a s\rce ( errors1 n to h g5]alis$ z !y w5t on2 b g5]alisation1 ?\gh a help1 ! mo/ important inde$ ( all helps1 is n an ess5tial 7,mill1 ,sy/4 ( ,logic1 ,book ,,ii4 *4 iii474 ,comp>e ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,metaphysica ( ,ari/otle1 p4 #ihj1 a4 #ae1 b4 #g4 ,side-note3 ,manife/ation ( ,anytus--int5se antipa?y to ! ,sophi/s & to philosophy g5]ally4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,anytus1 ! accus] ( ,sokrates be=e ! ,dika/]y1 is introduc$ into ?is dialogue1 des]ves notice4 ,! que/ions are put to him by ,sokrates--,is virtue tea*able8 ,h[ is ,m5on to le>n virtue1 & f :om8 ,ought he n to d z he w\ld d if he wi%$ to le>n m$ic9e or music3 to put himself "u "s paid pr(essional man z tea*]8 ,anytus answ]s ^! que/ions 9 ! affirmative3 b asks1 :]e su* pr(essional tea*]s ( virtue are to be f\nd4 ,!re are ! ,sophi/s1 replies ,sokrates4 ,^u ?is ,anytus breaks out into a bur/ ( angry invective aga9/ ! ,sophi/s2 d5\nc+ !m z corruptors ( y\?1 :om none b a madman w\ld consult1 & :o ought to be bani%$ by public au?ority4 ,:y are y s bitt] aga9/ ! ,sophi/s8 asks ,sokrates4 ,h any ( !m ev] injur$ y8 ,anyt4--,no2 nev]3 ,i h nev] be5 9 ! company ( any "o ( !m1 nor w\ld ,i ev] suff] any ( my family to be s4 ,sokr4--,!n y h no exp]i5ce :atev] ab\t ! ,sophi/s8 ,anyt4--,none3 & ,i hope t ,i nev] may h4 ,sokr4--,h[ !n c y "k ab\t ?is matt]1 h[ f> x is good or bad1 if y h no exp]i5ce :atev] ab\t x8 ,anyt4--,easily4 ,i "k :at sort ( m5 ! ,sophi/s are1 :e!r ,i h exp]i5ce ( !m or n4 ,sokr4--,p]haps y are a prophet1 ,anytus3 = h[ else y c "k ab\t !m1 ,i d n und]/&1 ev5 on y\r own /atem5t4#di ,footnote #di3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 p4 #ib4 ,anytus !n decl>es1 t ! p]sons f :om ,m5on ought to le>n virtue are ! lead+ practical politicians2 & t any "o ( !m c tea* x4 ,b ,sokrates puts a s]ies ( que/ions1 %[+ t ! lead+ ,a!nian politicians1 ,!mi/okls1 ,p]ikls1 c41 h n be5 able to tea* virtue ev5 to _! own sons3 =tiori1 !re=e1 !y _c tea* x to any "o else4 ,anytus treats ?is s]ies ( que/ions z disp>ag+ & calumni\s t[>ds ! great m5 ( ,a!ns4 ,he breaks (f ! conv]sation abruptly1 ) an angry w>n+ to ,sokrates to be cauti\s ab\t 8 language1 & to take c>e ( 8 own safety4 ,! dialogue is !n prosecut$ & f9i%$ betwe5 ,sokrates & ,m5on3 & at ! close ( x1 ,sokrates says--,talk to ,anytus1 & communicate to him t p]suasion :i* y h y\rself contract$1#ej 9 ord] t he may be m mildly dispos$3 =1 if y p]suade him1 y w d "s good to ! ,a!nians z well z to himself4 ,footnote #ej3 ,plato1 ,m5on1 ad f94 ,greek3 su de tauta a7_/p] au7tos pe_/peisai1 pei! kai ton xe_/non to_/nde ,a7_/nuton1 i7_/na prao_/t]os 72 7s e7an pei_/ss t\ton1 e7_//9 o7_/1 ti kai ,a7?nai_/ous o7n_/seis4 ,side-note3 ,! enemy ( ,sokrates is also ! enemy ( ! sophi/s--,practical /atesm54 ,! enemy & accus] ( ,sokrates is "h depict$ z ! bitt] enemy ( ! ,sophi/s also4 ,& ,plato takes pa9s to exhibit ! enmity ( ,anytus to ! ,sophi/s z f\nd$ on no facts or exp]i5ce4 ,)\t hav+ se5 or asc]ta9$ any?+ ab\t !m1 ,anytus hates !m z viol5tly z if he _h su/a9$ f !m "s p]sonal injury2 a s5tim5t :i* _m ,platonic critics & _m hi/orians ( philosophy h inh]it$ f him4#ea ,:e!r ! corruption :i* ^! ,sophi/s 7 accus$ ( br++ ab\t 9 ! m9ds ( y\?1 0 int5tional or n int5tional on _! "p--h[ su* corruption c\ld h be5 p]petually cont9u$1 :ile at ! same "t ! em95t ,sophi/s enjoy$ long & unabat$ e/eem f ! y\? !mselves & f _! relatives--are difficulties :i* ,anytus does n attempt to expla91 ?\gh !y are />t$ "h by ,sokrates4 ,inde$ we f9d ! same topics employ$ by ,sokrates himself1 9 8 def5ce be=e ! ,dika/s aga9/ ! same *>ge4#eb ,anytus has confid5ce 9 no "o except ! practical /atesm53 & :5 a "q is rais$ ab\t _! p[] to imp>t _! own excell5ce to o!rs1 he pres5tly takes (f5ce aga9/ ,sokrates also4 ,! same causes :i* h det]m9$ 8 furi\s antipa?y aga9/ ! ,sophi/s1 make him ready to transf] ! l antipa?y to ,sokrates4 ,he is a man ( pla9 s5se1 practical habits1 & cons]vative patriotism--:o wor%ips :at he f9ds accr$it$ z virtue1 & dislikes ! talk]s & !oris]s ab\t virtue 9 g5]al3 :e!r !y debat$ 9 subtle int]rogation & dialectics1 l ,sokrates--or lectur$ 9 eloqu5t cont9u\s disc\rse1 l ,protagoras4 ,he accuses ! ,sophi/s1 9 ?is dialogue1 ( corrupt+ ! y\?2 j z he & ,meltus1 be=e ! ,dika/]y1 accus$ ,sokrates ( ! same (f5ce4 ,he und]/&s ! use ( words1 to discuss actual bus9ess be=e ! assembly or dika/]y2 b he hates disc\rse on ! g5]alities ( e?ics or philosophy4 ,he is ess5tially ,greek3 miso_/logos4 ,! po9t :i* he condemns 9 ! ,sophi/s1 is t :i* !y h 9 common ) ,sokrates4 ,footnote #ea3 ,^u ! bitt] antipa?y "h express$ by ,anytus aga9/ ! ,sophi/s1 :om nev]!less he admits t he does n at all "k1 ,/e9h>t rem>ks z foll[s3--,g]ade s hab5 zu all5 ,zeit5 ,or?odoxe und ,fanatik] all] ,art5 b] ihre ,gegn] abgeur!ilt1 ohne sie zu k5n5 od] au* nur k5n5 l]n5 zu woll5 7,e9leit4 zum ,m5on1 n4 #ae1 p4 #agc74 ,c]ta9ly or?odox & fanatical p]sons (t5 d :at is "h imput$ to !m4 ,b ,/e9h>t might h f\nd a /ill clos] p>allel ) ,anytus1 9 8 own criticisms1 & 9 ^? ( _m o!r ,platonic critics on ! ,sophi/s2 ! same expressions ( bitt]ness & sev]ity1 ) ! same sl5d] k ( ! p]sons ^u :om !y be>4 ,footnote #eb3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,sokr4 pp4 #bf ,a1 #cc ,d1 #cd ,b4 ,side-note3 ,! ,m5on br+s =w>d ! po9t ( analogy betwe5 ,sokrates & ! ,sophi/s1 9 :i* bo? 7 dislik$ by ! practical /atesm54 ,9 _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues we h ! anti!sis betwe5 ,sokrates & ! ,sophi/s br\ght out1 z to ! diff]5t po9t ( view f :i* ! "o & ! o!r approa*$ e?ical que/ions4 ,b 9 ?is portion ( ! ,m5on1 we f9d exhibit$ ! feature ( analogy betwe5 !m1 9 :i* bo? "o & ! o!r /ood ^u gr\nd obnoxi\s to ! m]ely practical politicians4 ,f> f reg>d+ hatr$ aga9/ ! ,sophi/s z a m>k ( virtue 9 ,anytus1 ,sokrates deprecates x z unw>rant$ & z m5ac+ to philosophy 9 all h] manife/ations4 ,! la/ decl>ation ascrib$ to ,anytus1 c\pl$ ) ! la/ spee* ( ,sokrates 9 ! dialogue1 %[ u t ,plato conceives ! anti-,sophi/ic antipa?y z be+ anti-,sokratic also1 9 its natural consequ5ces4 ,t ,sokrates 0 9 common p>lance a ,sophi/1 dislik$ by a l>ge portion ( ! g5]al public1 & ridicul$ by ,ari/ophanes1 on ! same gr\nds z ^? :om ,plato calls ,sophi/s--is a po9t :i* ,i h notic$ else:]e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,protagoras4 ,side-note3 ,sc5ic arrangem5t & p]sonages ( ! dialogue4 ,! dialogue call$ ,protagoras pres5ts a l>g] assemblage ( v>i$ & celebrat$ *>act]s1 ) m ( dramatic w9d+1 & m frequ5t breaks & resumptions 9 ! conv]sation1 ?an any dialogue ( ,plato--n except+ ev5 ,symposion & ,republic4 ,x exhibits ,sokrates 9 controv]sy ) ! celebrat$ ,sophi/ ,protagoras1 9 ! pres5ce ( a di/+ui%$ society1 mo/ ( :om take occasional "p 9 ! dialogue4 ,?is controv]sy is prec$$ by a /rik+ conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,hippokrates--a y\? ( di/+ui%$ family1 eag] to pr(it by ! in/ructions ( ,protagoras4 ,! two ,sophi/s ,prodikus & ,hippias1 toge!r ) ,kallias1 ,kritias1 ,alkibiades1 ,eryxima*us1 ,phdrus1 ,pausanias1 ,aga?on1 ! two sons ( ,p]ikls 7,p>alus & ,xan?ippus71 ,*>mides1 son ( ,glaukon1 ,antimo]us ( ,m5de1 a promis+ pupil ( ,protagoras1 :o is 9 tra9+ = ! pr(ession ( a ,sophi/--^! & o!rs are all pres5t at ! meet+1 :i* is held 9 ! h\se ( ,kallias4#a ,sokrates himself rec\nts ! :ole--bo? 8 conv]sation ) ,hippokrates & t ) ,protagoras--to a nameless fri5d4 ,footnote #a3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cae4 ,?is dialogue ent]s ^u a l>g] & m compreh5sive e?ical !ory ?an any?+ 9 ! o!rs hi!rto notic$4 ,b x conta9s also a great deal 9 :i* we h>dly recognise1 or at lea/ _c v]ify1 any di/9ct purpose1 ei!r ( se>* or exposition4 ,mu* ( x seems to be compos$ ) a lit]>y or poetical view1 to enhance ! *>m or int]e/ ( ! composition4 ,! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ea* speak]--! intellectual peculi>ities ( ,prodikus & ,hippias--! ard5t p>tisan%ip ( ,alkibiades--are br\ght out z 9 a real drama4 ,b ! great & m>k$ anti!sis is t betwe5 ! ,sophi/ ,protagoras & ,sokrates--! ,hektor & ,ajax ( ! piece3 :o /& =w>d 9 s+le combat1 ex*ange "s s]i\s bl[s1 yet ultimately "p z fri5ds4 ,side-note3 ,introduction4 ,eag]ness ( ! y\?ful ,hippokrates to become acqua9t$ ) ,protagoras4 ,an introduction ( "s l5g? impresses ^u u =cibly ! celebrity ( ! ,great ,sophi/1 & ! e>ne/ int]e/ excit$ by 8 visit to ,a!ns4 ,hippokrates1 a "y man ( noble family & eag] aspirations = improvem5t1 hav+ j le>nt ! arrival ( ,protagoras1 comes to ! h\se ( ,sokrates & awak5s him be=e daylight1 entreat+ t ,sokrates w introduce him to ! new-com]4 ,he is ready to give all t he possesses 9 ord] t he may become wise l ,protagoras4#b ,:ile !y are await+ a suitable h\r = su* introduction1 ,sokrates puts a s]ies ( que/ions to te/ ! =ce ( ,hippokrates4#c ,footnote #b3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #caj-caa ,a4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #caa ,b4 ,greek3 kai e7g popeir_/m5os t\ ,i7ppokra_/t\s ts r7_/ms diesko_/p\n au7ton kai 7r_/tn1 c4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates que/ions ,hippokrates z to 8 purpose & expectations f ,protagoras4 ,sokr4--,y are n[ int5d+ to visit ,protagoras1 & to pay him = some?+ to be done = y--tell me :at mann] ( man x is t y are go+ to visit--& :at mann] ( man d y wi% to become8 ,if y 7 go+ 9 l mann] to pay a fee = in/ruction to y\r namesake ,hippokrates ( ,kos1 y w\ld tell me t y 7 go+ to him z to a physician--& t y wi%$ to qualify y\rself = becom+ a physician4 ,if y 7 address+ y\rself ) ! l view to ,pheidias or ,polykleitus1 y w\ld g to !m z to sculptors1 & = ! purpose ( becom+ y\rself a sculptor4 ,n[ !n t we are to g 9 all ?is hurry to ,protagoras1 tell me :o he is & :at title he be>s1 z we call$ ,pheidias a sculptor8 ,hipp4--,!y call him a ,sophi/4#d ,sokr4--,we are go+ to pay him !n z a ,sophi/8 ,hipp4--,c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,& :at are y to become by go+ to him8 ,hipp4--,:y1 judg+ f ! prec$+ analogies1 ,i am to become a ,sophi/4 ,sokr4--,b w\ld n y be a%am$ ( pres5t+ y\rself to ! ,grecian public z a ,sophi/8 ,hipp4--,yes3 if ,i am to tell y my real op9ion4#e ,sokr4--,p]haps h[ev] y only propose to visit ,protagoras1 z y visit$ y\r s*oolma/] & y\r musical or gymna/ical tea*]3 n = ! purpose ( ent]+ t c>e] z a pr(essional man1 b to acquire su* in/ruction z is suitable = a private citiz5 & a freeman8 ,hipp4--,t is m ! in/ruction :i* ,i seek f ,protagoras4 ,sokr4--,d y "k !n :at y are go+ to d8 ,y are consign+ y\r m9d to be treat$ by "o :om y call a ,sophi/3 b ,i %all be surpris$ if y "k :at a ,sophi/ is#f--;& if y d n "k1 nei!r d y "k :at x is--good or evil--to :i* y are consign+ y\r m9d4 ,hipp4--,i ?9k ,i d "k4 ,! ,sophi/ is1 z ! "n implies1 "o cognizant ( matt]s wise & able4#g ,sokr4--,t may be said also ( pa9t]s & c>p5t]s4 ,if we 7 ask$ 9 :at special dep>tm5t are pa9t]s cognizant ( matt]s wise & able1 we %\ld specify t x 0 9 ! workman%ip ( portraits4 ,answ] me ! same "q ab\t ! ,sophi/4 ,:at sort ( workman%ip does he direct8 ,hipp4--,t ( =m+ able speak]s4#h ,sokr4--,y\r answ] may be correct1 b x is n specific en\gh3 = we mu/ /ill ask1 ,ab\t :at is x t ! ,sophi/ =ms able speak]s8 j z ! h>p-ma/] makes a man an able speak] ab\t h>p+1 at ! same "t t he tea*es him h>p+4 ,ab\t :at is x t ! ,sophi/ =ms able speak]s3 ( c\rse ab\t t :i* he himself kn[s8#i ,hipp4--,probably4 ,sokr4--,:at !n is t1 ab\t :i* ! ,sophi/ is himself cognizant1 & makes 8 pupil cognizant8 ,hipp4--,by ,zeus1 ,i _c give y any f>!r answ]4#aj ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,protagoras1 p4 #caa4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cab ,a4 ,greek3 su de_/1 7n d' e7g_/1 pros !n1 ou7k a7n ai7s*u_/noio ei7s t\s ,e7_/llnas sauton sophi/n p>e_/*n8 ,n ton ,di_/'1 7 ,s_/krates1 ei7_/p] ge a7 diano\mai *r le_/ge94 ,a/ 7,platon's ,leb51 p4 #gh7 & o!r ,platonic critics treat ?is ,sophi/omanie 7z !y call x7 ( an ,a!nian y\? z some?+ ludicr\s & contemptible3 all ! m ludicr\s because 7!y say7 none ( !m goes to qualify himself = becom+ a ,sophi/1 b w\ld ev5 be a%am$ ( ! title4 ,yet if we suppose ! same "q address$ to a "y ,engli%man ( rank & =tune 7z ,hippokrates 0 at ,a!ns71 ,:y d y put y\rself "u ! tea*+ ( ,dr4 ---- at ,eton or ,pr(essor ---- at ,ox=d8 ,d y int5d to qualify y\rself = becom+ a s*oolma/] or a pr(essor8 ,he w laugh at y = ! "q2 if he answ]s x s]i\sly1 he w probably answ] z ,hippokrates does4 ,b !re is no?+ at all 9 ! "q to imply t ! s*oolma/] or ! pr(essor is a wor?less pret5d]--or ! y\? fooli%1 = be+ anxi\s to obta9 in/ruction f him2 :i* is ! inf]5ce t ,a/ & o!r ,platonic critics desire u to draw ab\t ! ,a!nian ,sophi/s4 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cab ,c4 ,greek3 o7_/1 ti de_/ pote o7 sophi/_/s e7/i1 ?auma_/zoim' a7n ei7 oi7/ha1 c4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cab ,c4 ,greek3 7_/s p] t\7_/noma le_/gei1 ton tn sophn e7pi/_/mona4 7,quasi sophi/es sit--,greek3 o7 tn sophn i7_//s1 ,he9dorf47 ,if ?is supposition ( ,he9dorf be j1 we may see 9 x an illu/ration ( ! etymological views ( ,plato1 :i* ,i %all notice :5 ,i come to ! ,kratylus4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cab ,d4 ,greek3 poi_/z e7rgasi_/z e7pi/a_/ts8 e7pi/a_/tn t\ poisai de9on le_/ge94 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cab ,d-,e4 ,greek3 e7rt_/ses gar e7_/ti 7 a7po_/krisis 7min deitai1 p]i o7_/t\ o7 sophi/s de9on poiei le_/ge92 7_/sp] o7 ki?>i/s de9on d_/p\ poiei le_/ge9 p]i ou7p] kai e7pi/_/mona1 p]i ki?>i_/ses4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cab ,e4 ,side-note3 ,dang] ( go+ to imbibe ! in/ruction ( a ,sophi/ )\t kn[+ be=eh& :at he is ab\t to tea*4 ,sokr4--,d y see !n to :at dang] y are go+ to submit y\r m9d8 ,if ! "q 7 ab\t go+ to tru/+ y\r body to any "o1 ) ! risk :e!r x %\ld become s\nd or uns\nd1 y w\ld h ?\ght long1 & tak5 mu* advice1 be=e y decid$4 ,b n[1 :5 x is ab\t y\r m9d1 :i* y value m ?an y\r body1 & ^u ! good or evil ( :i* all y\r affairs turn#aa--y are ha/5+ )\t reflection & )\t advice1 y are ready to pay all ! money t y possess or c obta91 ) a firm resolution already tak5 to put y\rself at all haz>d "u ,protagoras3 :om y d n "k--) :om y h nev] once talk$--:om y call a ,sophi/1 )\t kn[+ :at a ,sophi/ is8 ,hipp4--,i mu/ admit ! case to be z y say4#ab ,sokr4--,p]haps ! ,sophi/ is a man :o br+s = sale ^? transportable commodities1 in/ruction or doctr9e1 :i* =m ! n\ri%m5t ( ! m9d4 ,n[ ! trad]s 9 food = ! body praise indiscrim9ately all t !y h to sell1 ?\gh nei!r !y nor _! pur*as]s "k :e!r x is good = ! body2 unless by *ance any "o ( !m be a gymna/ic tra9] or a physician4#ac ,s1 too1 ^! ,sophi/s1 :o c>ry ab\t food = ! m9d1 praise all t !y h to sell3 b p]haps "s ( !m are ignorant1 & assur$ly _! pur*as]s are ignorant1 :e!r x be good or bad = ! m9d3 unless by accid5t any "o possess m$ical k ab\t ! m9d4 ,n[ if y1 ,hippokrates1 happ5 to possess su* k ( :at is good or bad = ! m9d1 y may safely pur*ase doctr9e f ,protagoras or f any "o else3#ad b if n1 y are haz>d+ & putt+ at /ake y\r de>e/ int]e/s4 ,! pur*ase ( doctr9es is f> m dang]\s ?an t ( eatables or dr9kables4 ,z to ^! latt]1 y may c>ry !m away ) y 9 sep>ate vessels1 & be=e y take !m into y\r body y may invoke ! ,exp]t1 to tell y :at y may safely eat & dr9k1 & :51 & h[ mu*4 ,b ?is _c be done ) doctr9es4 ,y _c c>ry away !m 9 a sep>ate vessel to be te/$2 y le>n !m & take !m into ! m9d itself2 s t y g away1 aft] hav+ paid y\r money1 actually damag$ or actually b5efit$1 z ! case may be4#ae ,we w consid] ^! matt]s 9 conjunction ) our eld]s4 ,b fir/ let u g & talk ) ,protagoras--we c consult ! o!rs aft]w>ds4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cac ,a4 ,greek3 o7 de p]i plei_/onos t\ s_/matos 7gei1 tn psu*n1 kai e7n 7 pa_/nt' e7/i ta sa 7 eu7 7 kals pra_/tte91 *r/\ 7 ponr\ au7t\ g5ome_/n\1 c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cac ,c4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cac ,d4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cac ,e4 ,greek3 e7an m_/ tis tu_/* p]i tn psu*n au7 i7atrikos 7_/n4 ei7 men ou7n su tug*a_/neis e7pi/_/mn t\_/tn ti_/ *r/on kai ponro_/n1 a7sphale_/s soi 7nei/hai ma?_/mata kai p>a ,prtago_/r\ kai p>' a7_/ll\ o7t\n\n2 ei7 de m_/1 o7_/ra1 7 phi_/ltate1 m p]i tois philta_/tois kubeu_/s te kai k9duneu_/s4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cad ,a4 ,greek3 siti_/a men gar kai pota pria_/m5on e7_/xe/9 e7n a7_/llois a7ggei_/ois a7pophe_/re91 kai prin de_/xa/hai au7ta e7s to sma pio_/nta 7 phago_/nta1 kata!_/m5on oi7_/kade e7_/xe/i sumb\leu_/sa/hai p>akale_/santa ton e7pai_/onta1 o7_/1 ti te e7de/e_/on 7 pote_/on kai o7_/1 ti m_/1 kai o7po_/son1 kai o7po_/te2 4 4 4 4 ma?_/mata de ou7k e7_//9 e7n a7_/ll a7ggei_/ a7p5egkein1 a7ll' a7na_/gk kata!_/nta tn timn to ma_/?ma e7n au7t t psu* labo_/nta kai ma?o_/nta a7pie_/nai 7 beblamme_/non 7 7phelme_/non4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks on ! ,introduction4 ,false p]suasion ( k br\ght to light4 ,su* is ! prelim9>y conv]sation ( ,sokrates ) ,hippokrates1 be=e ! int]view ) ,protagoras4 ,i h giv5 x 7l ! introduction to ! ,lysis7 at consid]able l5g?1 because x is a v *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! ,sokratico-,platonic po9t ( view4 ,x br+s to light t false p]suasion ( k1 "u :i* m5 unconsci\sly act1 especially 9 :at conc]ns ! m9d & its treatm5t4 ,common fame & celebrity suffice to det]m9e ! mo/ vehem5t aspirations t[>ds a lectur]1 9 "o :o has nev] /opp$ to reflect or enquire :at ! lectur] does4 ,! pressure appli$ by ,sokrates 9 8 successive que/ions1 to get beyond vague g5]alities into def9ite p>ticul>s--! insuffici5cy1 !reby expos$1 ( ! conceptions ) :i* m5 usually re/ satisfi$--exhibit ! work+ ( 8 ,el5*us 9 "o ( its mo/ in/ructive ways4 ,! p>allel drawn betwe5 ! body & ! m9d--! con/ant precaution tak5 9 ! case ( ! =m] to consult ! pr(essional man & to foll[ 8 advice 9 respect bo? to discipl9e & n\ri%m5t--are 9 ! same ve9 ( s5tim5t :i* we h already foll[$ 9 o!r dialogues4 ,"h too1 z else:]e1 "s simil> ,exp]t1 9 ref]5ce to ! e?ical & intellectual tra9+ ( m9d1 is desid]at$1 z /ill m imp]atively necess>y4 ,yet :]e is he to be f\nd8 ,h[ is ! bus9ess ( m5tal tra9+ to be br\ght to a b5eficial issue )\t him8 ,or is ,protagoras ! man to supply su* a dem&8 ,we %all pres5tly see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,sokrates & ,hippokrates g to ! h\se ( ,kallias4 ,company !re94 ,respect %[n to ,protagoras4 ,sokrates & ,hippokrates proce$ to ! h\se ( ,kallias1 & f9d him walk+ ab\t 9 ! =e-c\rt ) ,protagoras1 & "s ( ! o!r company2 all ( :om are describ$ z treat+ ! ,sophi/ ) almo/ o/5tati\s respect4 ,prodikus & ,hippias h ea* _! sep>ate he>]s1 9 or adjo9+ to ! c\rt4 ,sokrates addresses ,protagoras4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions ( ,sokrates to ,protagoras4 ,answ] ( ! latt]1 decl>+ ! antiquity ( ! sophi/ical pr(ession1 & 8 own op5ness 9 av[+ himself a sophi/4 ,sokr4--,protagoras1 ,i & ,hippokrates "h are come to talk to y ab\t some?+4 ,prot4--,d y wi% to tak to me alone1 or 9 pres5ce ( ! re/8 ,sokr4--,to u x is indiff]5t3 b ,i w tell y :at we come ab\t1 & y may !n det]m9e = y\rself4 ,?is ,hippokrates is a "y man ( noble family1 & fully equal to 8 contempor>ies 9 capacity4 ,he wi%es to become di/+ui%$ 9 ! city2 & he ?9ks he %all be/ atta9 t object ?r\gh y\r society4 ,consid] :e!r y w\ld l bett] to talk ) him alone1 or 9 pres5ce ( ! re/4#af ,prot4--,y\r consid]ation on my behalf1 ,sokrates1 is reasonable4 ,a p]son ( my pr(ession mu/ be cauti\s 9 8 proce$+s4 ,i1 a =eign]1 visit l>ge cities1 p]suad+ ! y\? ( be/ family to frequ5t my society 9 pref]5ce to t ( _! k9sm5 & all o!rs2 9 ! conviction t ,i %all d !m good4 ,i ?us inevitably become expos$ to mu* jeal\sy & ev5 to ho/ile conspiracies4#ag ,! sophi/ical art is an old "o2#ah b its old] pr(essors1 be+ afraid ( enmity if !y proclaim$ :at !y really 71 h always disguis$ !mselves "u o!r titles4 ,"s1 l ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 & ,simonides1 call$ !mselves poets3 o!rs1 ,orpheus1 ,musu1 c41 pr(ess$ to prescribe religi\s rites & my/]ies3 o!rs ann\nc$ !mselves z gymna/ic tra9]s or tea*]s ( music4 ,b ,i h dep>t$ altoge!r f ?is policy2 :i* inde$ did n succe$ 9 really deceiv+ any lead+ m5--:om alone x 0 int5d$ to deceive--& :i*1 :5 f\nd out1 entail$ ^u its au?ors ! additional disgrace ( be+ consid]$ deceiv]s4 ,! true caution consi/s 9 op5 deal+2 & ?is is :at ,i h always adopt$4 ,i av[ myself a ,sophi/1 educat+ m54 ,i am n[ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 old en\gh to be ! fa!r ( any ( y1 & h gr[n old 9 ! pr(ession3 yet dur+ all ^! ye>s1 ?ank ,god1 ,i h suff]$ no h>m ei!r f my practice or my title4#ai ,if !re=e y desire to conv]se ) me1 x w be f> m agreeable to me to conv]se 9 pres5ce ( all :o are n[ 9 ! h\se4#bj ,footnote #af3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #caf4 ,! motive assign$ by ,hippokrates1 = putt+ himself "u ! tea*+ ( ,protagoras1 is j ! same z t :i* ,x5ophon assigns to 8 fri5d ,prox5us = tak+ lessons & pay+ fees to ! ,leont9e ,gorgias 7,x54 ,anab4 ii4 #f1 #af74 ,footnote #ag3 ,! jeal\sy felt by fa!rs1 mo!rs1 & relatives aga9/ a tea*] or conv]s] :o acquir$ great influ5ce ov] _! y\?ful relatives1 is allud$ to by ,sokrates 9 ! ,platonic ,apology 7p4 #cg ,e71 & is illu/rat$ by a tragical incid5t 9 ! ,cyropdia ( ,x5ophon1 iii4 #a4 #ad-ch4 ,comp>e also ,x5ophon1 ,memorab4 i4 #b1 #eb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #caf ,d4 ,greek3 e7g de tn sophi/ikn te_/*nn phmi men ei7nai palaia_/n4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cag ,c4 ,greek3 7_//e sun ! ei7pein mden de9on pa_/s*e9 dia to o7mologein sophi/s ei7nai4 ,footnote #bj3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cag ,d4 ,9 ! ,m5on1 ! ,platonic ,sokrates is made to say t ,protagoras di$ at ! age ( sev5ty2 t he _h practis$ =ty ye>s z a ,sophi/2 & t dur+ all t long "t he _h enjoy$ ! highe/ e/eem & reputation1 ev5 aft] 8 dea?1 d[n to ! pres5t day 7,m5on1 p4 #ia ,e74 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! spee*1 ( :i* ,i h j giv5 an ab/ract1 is deliv]$ n by ! hi/orical1 real1 ,protagoras1 b by ! "* nam$ ,protagoras1 depict$ by ,plato 9 ?is dialogue3 i4e4 ! spee* is compos$ by ,plato himself4 ,i read1 !re=e1 ) mu* surprise1 a note ( ,he9dorf 7ad p4 #caf ,d71 :]e9 he says ab\t ,protagoras3 ,callid 9 po/remis reticet1 quod add]e pot]at1 ,greek3 *r_/mata dido_/ntas4 ,protagoras cunn+ly keeps back1 :at he might h "h add$1 t p gave him money = 8 tea*+4 ,he9dorf mu/ surely h suppos$ t he 0 comm5t+ ^u a real spee*1 deliv]$ by ! hi/orical p]son call$ ,protagoras4 ,o!rwise :at c be meant by ?is *>ge ( cunn+ retic5ce or keep+ back8 ,protagoras "h speaks :at ,plato puts into 8 m\?2 nei!r m nor less4 ,:at makes ! rem>k ( ,he9dorf ! m prepo/]\s is1 t 9 page #cbh ,b ! v fact1 :i* ,protagoras is "h said cunn+ly to keep back1 appe>s m5tion$ by ,protagoras2 & m5tion$ 9 ! same _s ( hon\rable frankness & fair-deal+ z t :i* p]vades ! disc\rse :i* ,i h j 7freely7 translat$4 ,inde$ no?+ c be m m>k$ ?an ! way 9 :i* ,plato makes ,protagoras dwell ) emphasis on ! frankness & op5ness ( 8 deal+3 no?+ c be m at v>iance ) ! "* :i* critics give u ( ! ,sophi/s1 z *eats1 :o defraud$ pupils ( _! money :ile tea*+ !m no?+ at all1 or :at !y !mselves knew to be false4 ,side-note3 ,protagoras pref]s to conv]se 9 pres5ce ( ! assembl$ company4 ,on he>+ ?is1 ,sokrates--"u ! suspicion 7he tells u7 t ,protagoras want$ to %[ (f 9 ! pres5ce ( ,prodikus & ,hippias--proposes to conv5e all ! disp]s$ gue/s1 & to talk 9 _! he>+4 ,?is is accord+ly done1 & ! conv]sation recomm5ces--,sokrates repeat+ ! introductory reque/ :i* he _h pref]r$ on behalf ( ,hippokrates4 ,side-note3 ,answ]s ( ,protagoras4 ,he int5ds to tra9 "y m5 z virtu\s citiz5s4 ,sokr4--,hippokrates is anxi\s to di/+ui% himself 9 ! city1 & ?9ks t he %all be/ atta9 ?is end by plac+ himself "u y\r in/ruction4 ,he w\ld gladly le>n1 ,protagoras1 :at w happ5 to him1 if he comes into int]c\rse ) y4 ,prot4--,"y man1 if y come to me1 on ! day ( y\r fir/ visit1 y w g home bett] ?an y came1 & on ! next day ! l3 ea* successive day y w make progress = ! bett]4#ba ,sokr4--,( c\rse he w2 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 t3 b t[>ds :at1 & ab\t :at1 w he make progress8 ,prot4--,y\r "q is a reasonable "o1 & ,i am glad to reply to x4 ,i %all n ?r[ him back--z o!r ,sophi/s d1 ) mis*iev\s effect--into ! special sci5ces1 geometry1 ari?metic1 a/ronomy1 music1 c41 j aft] he has complet$ 8 c\rse 9 !m4 ,i %all tea* him :at he really comes to le>n3 wisdom & good c\nsel1 bo? respect+ 8 dome/ic affairs1 t he may manage 8 own family well--& respect+ ! affairs ( ! city1 t he may address himself to !m mo/ efficaci\sly1 bo? 9 spee* & act4 ,sokr4--,y speak ( political or social sci5ce4 ,y engage to make m5 good citiz5s4 ,prot4--,exactly s4#bb ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cah ,a4 ,qui ad philosophorum s*olas v5it1 quotidie secum aliquid boni f]at3 aut sanior domum r$eat1 aut sanabilior4 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ol4 #ajh1 p4 #ecj4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cah-cai4 ,! decl>ation made by ,protagoras--t he w n ?r[ back 8 pupils into ! special arts--is repres5t$ by ,plato z int5d$ to be an indirect c5sure on ,hippias1 !n sitt+ by4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates d\bts :e!r virtue is tea*able4 ,reasons = su* d\bt4 ,protagoras is ask$ to expla9 :e!r x is or n4 ,sokr4--,t is a f9e tal5t inde$1 :i* y possess1 if y d possess x2 = 7to speak frankly7 ,i ?\ght t ! ?+ _h n be5 tea*able1 nor int5tionally communicable1 by man to man4#bc ,i w tell y :y ,i ?9k s4 ,! ,a!nians are univ]sally recognis$ z intellig5t m54 ,n[ :5 our public assembly is conv5$1 if ! subject ( debate be =tification1 %ip-build+1 or any o!r specialty :i* !y reg>d z le>nable & tea*able1 !y w li/5 to no "o except a pr(essional arti/ or craftsman4#bd ,if any non-pr(essional man presumes to advise !m on ! subject1 !y refuse to he> him1 h[ev] ri* & well-born he may be4 ,x is ?us t !y act 9 matt]s ( any special art2#be b :5 ! debate turns ^u ! g5]al adm9i/ration ( ! city1 !y he> e man alike--! brass-work]1 lea!r-cutt]1 m]*ant1 navigator1 ri*1 poor1 well-born1 l[-born1 c4 ,aga9/ none ( !m is any exception tak51 z 9 ! =m] case--t he comes to give advice on t :i* he has n le>nt1 & on :i* he has _h no ma/]4#bf ,x is pla9 t ! public g5]ally ?9k x n tea*able4 ,moreov] our be/ & wise/ citiz5s1 ^? :o possess civic virtue 9 ! highe/ measure1 _c communicate to _! own *ildr5 ?is same virtue1 ?\gh !y cause !m to be taught all ^? accompli%m5ts :i* paid ma/]s c imp>t4 ,p]ikls & o!rs1 excell5t citiz5s !mselves1 h nev] be5 able to make any "o else excell5t1 ei!r 9 or out ( _! own family4 ,^! reasons make me conclude t social or political virtue is n tea*able4 ,i %all be glad if y c %[ me t x is s4#bg ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cai ,b4 ,greek3 ou7 didakton ei7nai1 md' u7p' a7n?r_/pn p>askeua/on a7n?r_/pois4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cai ,c4 ,greek3 kai ta7_/lla pa_/nta ou7_/ts1 o7_/sa 7g\ntai ma?ta_/ te kai didakta ei7nai4 e7a_/n de_/ tis a7_/llos e7pi*eir au7tois sumb\leu_/e9 o7n e7keinoi m oi7_/ontai dmi\rgon ei7nai1 c4 ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cai ,d4 ,greek3 ,p]i men ou7n 7n oi7_/ontai e7n te_/*n ei7nai1 ou7_/t diapra_/ttontai4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cai ,d4 ,greek3 kai t\_/tois ou7deis t\to e7pipl_/ssei 7sp] tois pro_/t]on1 o7_/ti ou7damo_/!n ma?_/n1 ou7de o7_/ntos didaska_/l\ ou7d5os au7t1 e7_/peita sumb\leu_/e9 e7pi*eirei2 dlon gar o7_/ti ou7* 7g\ntai didakton ei7nai4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cai-cbj4 ,side-note3 ,explanation ( ,protagoras4 ,he beg9s ) a my!4 ,prot4--,i w readily %[ y4 ,b %all ,i1 l an old man address+ 8 juniors1 rec\nt to y an illu/rative my!8#bh or %all ,i g ?r\gh an expository disc\rse8 ,! my! p]haps w be ! m acceptable ( ! two4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbj ,c4 ,greek3 po_/t]on u7min1 7s presbu_/t]os nete_/rois1 mu?on le_/gn e7pidei_/x1 7 lo_/g diexel?_/n8 ,x is probable t ! ,sophi/s (t5 deliv]$ illu/rative my!s or fables z a m int]e/+ way ( h&l+ social matt]s be=e an audi5ce4 ,su* 0 ! memorable fable call$ ! *oice ( ,hrakls by ,prodikus4 ,side-note3 ,my!4 ,fir/ fabrication ( m5 by ! ,gods4 ,prome!us & ,epime!us4 ,bad di/ribution ( end[m5ts to man by ! latt]4 ,x is p>tly am5d$ by ,prome!us4 ,!re 0 once a "t :5 ,gods exi/$1 b nei!r m5 nor animals _h yet come into exi/5ce4 ,at ! epo* prescrib$ by ,fate1 ! ,gods fabricat$ m5 & animals 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 out ( e>?1 fire1 & o!r +r$i5ts3 direct+ ! bro!rs ,prome!us & ,epime!us to fit !m out ) suitable end[m5ts4 ,epime!us1 hav+ be5 all[$ by 8 bro!r to und]take ! task ( di/ribut+ ^! end[m5ts1 did 8 "w v improvid5tly1 wa/$ all 8 gifts ^u ! inf]ior animals1 & left no?+ = man4 ,:5 ,prome!us came to inspect :at _h be5 done1 he f\nd t o!r animals 7 adequately equipp$1 b t man _h no natural provision = clo?+1 %oe+1 b$d+1 or def5ce4 ,! only way :]eby ,prome!us c\ld supply ! defect 01 by break+ into ! common work%op ( ,a?n & ,heph/us1 & /eal+ f !nce _! arti/ic skill1 toge!r ) fire4#bi ,bo? ( ^! he pres5t$ to man1 :o 0 ?us enabl$ to con/ruct = himself1 by art1 all t o!r animals receiv$ f nature & m besides4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cba-cbb4 ,greek3 a7pori_/a ou7n e7*o_/m5os o7 ,prom!us 7_/nt9a stri_/an t a7n?r_/p eu7_/roi1 kle_/ptei 7phai_//\ kai ,a7?nas tn e7_/nte*non sophi_/an sun puri_/4 4 4 4 ,tn men ou7n p]i ton bi_/on sophi_/an a7_/n?rpos tau_/t e7_/s*e1 tn de politikn ou7k ei7*52 7n gar p>a t ,di_/i1 c4 ,if ! read] w comp>e ?is ) ! doctr9e deliv]$ 9 ! ,platonic ,timu--t ! inf]ior animals spr+ f deg5]ate m5--he w p]ceive ! entire v>iance betwe5 ! two 7,timu1 pp4 #ia-ib74 ,side-note3 ,prome!us gave to mank9d skill = ! supply ( individual wants1 b c\ld n give !m ! social art4 ,mank9d are on ! po9t ( p]i%+1 :5 ,zeus s5ds to !m ! dispositions ess5tial = society4 ,/ill h[ev]1 mank9d did n possess ! political or social art2 :i* ,zeus kept 9 8 own cu/ody1 :]e ,prome!us c\ld n rea* x4 ,accord+ly1 ?\gh mank9d c\ld provide = !mselves z individuals1 yet :5 !y attempt$ to =m !mselves into communities1 !y wrong$ ea* o!r s mu*1 f be+ de/itute ( ! political or social art1 t !y 7 pres5tly =c$ aga9 into disp]sion4#cj ,! art ( w>1 too1 be+ a "p ( ! political art1 :i* mank9d did n possess--!y c\ld n get up a common def5ce aga9/ ho/ile animals3 s t ! human race w\ld h be5 pres5tly de/roy$1 _h n ,zeus int]pos$ to av]t su* a consummation4 ,he s5t ,h]ms to mank9d1 be>+ ) him ,ju/ice & ! s5se ( ,%ame 7or ,mod]ation71 z ! bonds & ornam5ts ( civic society1 c\pl+ m5 9 fri5d%ip4#ca ,h]ms ask$ ,zeus--,^u :at pr9ciple %all ,i di/ribute ^! gifts among mank9d8 ,%all ,i di/ribute !m 9 ! same way z arti/ic skill is di/ribut$1 only to a small numb]--a few accompli%$ physicians1 navigators1 c41 be+ adequate to supply ! wants ( ! entire community8 ,or are !y to be apportion$ 9 a c]ta9 dose to e man8 ,und\bt$ly1 to e man 70 ! comm& ( ,zeus74 ,all )\t exception mu/ be p>tak]s 9 !m4 ,if !y are conf9$ exclusively to a few1 l arti/ic or pr(essional skill1 no community c exi/4#cb ,orda91 by my au?ority1 t e man1 :o _c take a %>e ( 8 own 9 ju/ice & ! s5se ( %ame1 %all be sla91 z a nuisance to ! community4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbb ,b4 ,greek3 e7z_/t\n d a7?roi_/ze/hai kai s_/ze/hai kti_/zontes po_/leis2 o7_/t' ou7n a7?roi/heien1 7di_/k\n a7ll_/l\s1 a7_/te ou7k e7_/*ontes tn politikn te_/*nn1 7_//e pa_/l9 sk$annu_/m5oi dieph!i_/ronto4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,republic1 i4 p4 #cea ,c1 p4 #ceb ,b1 :]e ,sokrates sets =? a simil> argum5t4 ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,protagor4 p4 #cbb ,c4 ,greek3 ,e7rmn pe_/mpei a7_/gonta ei7s a7n?r_/p\s ai7d te kai di_/kn1 i7_/n' ei7en po_/len ko_/smoi te kai desmoi phili_/z sunaggoi_/4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbb ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ei7s e7_/*n i7atrikn pollois i7kanos i7di_/tais1 kai oi7 a7_/lloi dmi\rgoi_/4 kai di_/kn d kai ai7d ou7_/t ? e7n tois a7n?r_/pois1 7 e7pi pa_/ntas nei_/m8 ,e7pi pa_/ntas1 e7_/ph o7 ,zeu_/s1 kai pa_/ntes mete*o_/ntn2 ou7 gar a7n ge_/no9to po_/leis1 ei7 o7li_/goi au7tn mete_/*oi5 7_/sp] a7_/lln te*nn4 kai no_/mon ge !s p>' e7m\1 ton m duna_/m5on ai7do\s kai di_/ks mete_/*e91 ktei_/ne9 7s no_/son po_/les4 ,we see by p4 #cbc ,a t ,greek3 sphrosu_/n is employ$ z sub/itute or equival5t = ,greek3 ai7d_/s3 yet /ill ,greek3 ai7ds is ! prop] ^w to express ,plato's mean+1 z x d5otes a di/9ct & positive reg>d to ! feel+s ( o!rs--a feel+ ( pa9 9 ea* man's m9d1 :5 he discov]s or believes t he is disapprov$ by 8 comrades4 ,hom4 ,il4 ,o4 #efa--;,greek3 ai7d !_//h' e7ni ?um ,a7ll_/l\s t' ai7dei/he kata krat]as u7smi_/nas4 ,side-note3 ,protagoras foll[s up 8 my! by a disc\rse4 ,ju/ice & ! s5se ( %ame are n pr(essional attributes1 b are possess$ by all citiz5s & taught by all to all4 ,?is fable w %[ y1 !re=e1 ,sokrates 7cont9ues ,protagoras71 t ! ,a!nians h good reason = mak+ ! di/9ction to :i* y adv]t4 ,:5 !y are discuss+ matt]s ( special art1 !y w he> only ! few to :om su* matt]s are kn[n4 ,b :5 !y are tak+ c\nsel ab\t social or political virtue1 :i* consi/s altoge!r 9 ju/ice & mod]ation1 !y naturally he> e "o2 s9ce e "o is presum$1 z a condition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! commonweal?1 to be a p>tak] !re94#cc ,moreov]1 ev5 ?\gh !y "k a man n to h ^! virtues 9 reality1 !y treat him z insane if he does n proclaim himself to h !m1 & make pr(ession ( virtue3 :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! special arts1 if a man makes proclamation ( 8 own skill z a physician or musician1 !y c5sure or ridicule him4#cd ,footnote #cc3 ,plat4 ,prot4 pp4 #cbb-cbc4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbc ,c4 ,side-note3 ,con/ant tea*+ ( virtue4 ,!ory ( puni%m5t4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh !y acc\nt ?is political or social virtue an univ]sal end[m5t1 !y are f> f ?9k+ t x comes spontane\sly or by nature4 ,!y conceive x to be g5]at$ by c>e & tea*+4 ,= 9 respect ( all ^? qualities :i* come by nature or by accid5t1 no "o is ev] angry ) ano!r or blames ano!r = be+ f\nd want+4 ,an ugly1 dw>fi%1 or sickly man is look$ ^u simply ) pity1 because 8 defects are su* z he _c help4 ,b :5 any "o manife/s inju/ice or o!r qualities ! opposite ( political virtue1 !n all 8 neighb\rs visit him ) indignation1 c5sure1 & p]haps puni%m5t3 imply+ cle>ly _! belief t ?is virtue is an acquirem5t obta9$ by c>e & le>n+4#ce ,inde$ ! :ole in/itution ( puni%m5t has no o!r mean+4 ,x is 9 itself a pro( t m5 ?9k social virtue to be acquirable & acquir$4 ,= no rational man ev] puni%es malefactors because !y h done wrong1 or simply ) a view to ! pa/3--s9ce :at is already done _c be undone4 ,he puni%es ) a view to ! future1 9 ord] t nei!r ! same man1 nor o!rs :o see him puni%$1 may be aga9 guilty ( simil> wrong4 ,?is op9ion pla9ly implies ! belief1 t virtue is producible by tra9+1 s9ce m5 puni% = ! purpose ( prev5tion4#cf ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cbc-cbd4 ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbd ,a-,b4 ,greek3 ou7deis gar kola_/zei t\s a7dik\ntas pros t\_/t ton n\n e7_/*n kai t\_/t\ e7_/neka o7_/ti 7di_/ks51 o7_//is m 7_/sp] ?ri_/on a7logi_//s timreitai2 o7 de meta lo_/g\ e7pi*eirn kola_/ze9 ou7 t\ p>ellu?o_/tos e7_/neka a7dik_/matos timreitai--ou7 gar a7n to_/ ge pra*!n a7ge_/nton !i_/--a7lla t\ me_/llontos *a_/r91 i7_/na m au7?is a7dik_/s m_/te au7tos ou7tos m_/te a7_/llos o7 t\ton i7dn kola/he_/nta4 kai toiau_/tn ei7nai a7ret_/n2 a7potrops g\n e7_/neka kola_/zei4 ,?is cle> & /rik+ exposition ( ! !ory ( puni%m5t is "o ( ! mo/ memorable passages 9 ,plato1 or 9 any anci5t au?or4 ,& if we are to believe ! words :i* imm$iately foll[1 x 0 ! !ory univ]sally accept$ at t "t--,greek3 tau_/tn ou7n tn d_/xan pa_/ntes e7_/*\s91 o7_/soi p] timr\ntai kai i7di_/a kai dmosi_/a4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,legg4 xi4 p4 #icc1 :]e ! same doctr9e is ann\nc$3 ,s5eca1 ,de ,ir1 i4 #af4 ,nam1 ut ,plato ait1 nemo prud5s punit1 quia peccatum e/1 s$ ne peccetur4 ,revoc>i enim prt]ita non possunt3 futura prohib5tur4 ,/e9h>t 7,e9leit4 zum ,protag4 p4 #dbc7 pron\nces a j encomium ^u ?is !ory ( puni%m5t1 :i*1 z he truly obs]ves1 comb9es toge!r ! purposes decl>$ 9 ! two mod]n !ories--,re=m+ & ,det]r+4 ,he says fur!r1 h[ev]1 t ! same !ory ( puni%m5t reappe>s 9 ! ,gorgias1 :i* ,i d n ?9k exact4 ,! purpose ( puni%m5t1 z giv5 9 ! ,gorgias1 is simply to cure a di/emp]$ pati5t ( a t]rible di/emp]1 & ?us to conf] great b5efit on him--b )\t any allusion to tutel>y results z reg>ds society4 ,side-note3 ,:y em95t m5 _c make _! sons em95t4 ,i come n[ to y\r rema9+ argum5t1 ,sokrates4 ,y urge t citiz5s ( em95t civil virtue _c communicate t virtue to _! own sons1 to :om nev]!less !y secure all ! accompli%m5ts :i* ma/]s c tea*4 ,n[ ,i h already %[n y t civil virtue is ! "o accompli%m5t ne$ful1#cg :i* e man )\t exception mu/ possess1 on pa9 ( puni%m5t or f9al expulsion1 if he be )\t x4 ,i h %[n y1 moreov] t e "o believes x to be communicable by tea*+ & att5tion4 ,h[ c y believe !n t ^! excell5t fa!rs tea* _! sons o!r ?+s1 b d n tea* !m ?is1 ! want ( :i* entails su* t]rible p5alties8 ,footnote #cg3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbd ,e4 ,greek3 ,po_/t]on e7_//i ti e7_/n1 7 ou7k e7_//91 ou7 a7nagkaion pa_/ntas t\s poli_/tas mete_/*e91 ei7_/p] me_/llei po_/lis ei7nai8 e7n t\_/t gar au7_/t lu_/etai 7 a7pori_/a 7n su a7poreis4 ,side-note3 ,tea*+ by p>5ts1 s*oolma/]1 h>pi/1 laws1 dika/]y1 c4 ,! fact is1 !y d tea* x3 & t too ) great pa9s4#ch ,!y beg9 to admoni% & lecture _! *ildr51 f ! e>lie/ ye>s4 ,fa!r1 "m1 tutor1 nurse1 all vie ) ea* o!r to make ! *ild z good z possible3 by con/antly tell+ him on e occasion :i* arises1 ,?is is "r--,t is wrong--,?is is hon\rable--,t is mean--,?is is holy--,t is unholy--,d ^! ?+s1 ab/a9 f ^?4#ci ,if ! *ild obeys !m1 x is well3 if he d n1 !y /raight5 or rectify him1 l a crook$ piece ( wood1 by repro( & flogg+4 ,next1 !y s5d him to a s*oolma/]1 :o tea*es him lett]s & ! h>p2 b :o is enjo9$ to take /ill great] pa9s 9 wat*+ ov] 8 ord]ly behavi\r4 ,"h ! y\? is put to read1 le>n by he>t1 & recite1 ! compositions ( able poets2 full ( exhortations to excell5ce & ( /irr+ examples f ! good m5 ( pa/ times4#dj ,on ! h>p also1 he le>ns ! be/ songs1 8 conduct is /rictly wat*$1 & 8 emotions are discipl9$ by ! influ5ce ( rhy?mical & regul> measure4 ,:ile 8 m9d is ?us tra9$ to good1 he is s5t besides to ! gymna/ic tra9]1 to r5d] 8 body a suitable in/rum5t = x1#da & to gu>d aga9/ failure ( en]gy "u ! obligations ( milit>y s]vice4 ,if he be ! son ( a weal?y man1 he is s5t to su* tra9+ soon]1 & rema9s 9 x long]4 ,z soon z he is releas$ f 8 ma/]s1 ! city publicly takes him 9 h&1 compell+ him to le>n ! laws prescrib$ by old & good lawgiv]s1#db to live accord+ to _! prescriptions1 & to le>n bo? comm& & ob$i5ce1 on pa9 ( be+ puni%$4 ,su* !n be+ ! c>e be/[$1 bo? publicly & privately1 to fo/] virtue1 c y really d\bt1 ,sokrates1 :e!r x be tea*able8 ,y might mu* r wond] if x 7 n s4#dc ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbe ,b4 ,footnote #ci3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbe ,d4 ,greek3 p>' e7_/ka/on kai e7_/rgon kai lo_/gon dida_/skontes kai e7ndeiknu_/m5oi o7_/ti to men di_/kaion1 to de a7_/dikon1 kai to_/de men kalo_/n1 to_/de de ai7s*ro_/n1 c4 ,footnote #dj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbe ,e--#cbf ,a4 ,greek3 p>ati!_/as9 au7tois e7pi tn ba_/?rn a7nag9_/ske9 poitn a7ga?n poi_/mata kai e7kman?a_/ne9 a7nagka_/z\s91 e7n oi7s pollai men n\!t_/seis e7_/neisi1 pollai de die_/xodoi kai e7_/pa9oi kai e7gk_/mia palain a7ndrn a7ga?n1 i7_/na o7 pais zln mimtai kai o7re_/gtai toi\tos g5e_//hai4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbf ,b4 ,greek3 i7_/na ta s_/mata belti_/ e7_/*ontes u7pretsi t dianoi_/a *r/ ou7_/s1 c4 ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbf ,d4 ,greek3 no_/m\s u7pogra_/psasa1 a7ga?n kai palain nomo!tn eu7r_/mata1 c4 ,footnote #dc3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbf ,e4 ,side-note3 ,all le>n virtue f ! same tea*+ by all4 ,:e!r a le>n] %all acquire m or less ( x1 dep5ds ^u 8 own individual aptitude4 ,h[ does x happ51 !n1 y ask1 t excell5t m5 s frequ5tly h wor?less sons1 to :om1 ev5 ) all virtue f ^! precautions1 !y _c tea* _! own virtue8 ,?is is n surpris+1 :5 y recollect :at ,i h j said--,t 9 reg>d to social virtue1 e man mu/ be a craftsman & produc]2 !re mu/ be no non-pr(essional consum]s4#dd ,all ( u are int]e/$ 9 r5d]+ our neighb\rs j & virtu\s1 z well z 9 keep+ !m s4 ,accord+ly1 e "o1 in/ead ( be+ jeal\s1 l a pr(essional arti/1 ( see+ 8 own accompli%m5ts diffus$1 /&s =w>d zeal\sly 9 tea*+ ju/ice & virtue to e "o else1 & 9 reprov+ all %ort-com]s4#de ,e man is a tea*] ( virtue to o!rs3 e man le>ns 8 virtue f su* g5]al tea*+1 public & private4 ,! sons ( ! be/ m5 le>n x 9 ?is way1 z well z o!rs4 ,! in/ruction ( _! fa!rs c\nts = comp>atively little1 amid/ su* univ]sal & p>am\nt extrane\s influ5ce2 s t x dep5ds ^u ! aptitude & pr$ispositions ( ! sons !mselves1 :e!r !y turn out bett] or worse ?an o!rs4 ,! son ( a sup]ior man w (t5 turn out ill2 :ile ! son ( a wor?less man w prove m]itori\s4 ,s ! case w\ld be1 if play+ on ! flute 7 ! "o ?+ ne$ful = all citiz5s2 if e "o taught & en=c$ flute-play+ ^u all o!rs1 & e "o le>nt x f ! tea*+ ( all o!rs4#df ,y w\ld f9d t ! sons ( good or bad flute-play]s w\ld turn out good or bad1 n 9 proportion to ! skill ( _! fa!rs1 b accord+ to _! own natural aptitudes4 ,y w\ld f9d h[ev] also1 t all ( !m1 ev5 ! mo/ unskilful1 w\ld be accompli%$ flute-play]s1 if comp>$ ) m5 absolutely untaught1 :o _h gone ?r\gh no su* social tra9+4 ,s too1 9 reg>d to ju/ice & virtue4#dg ,! v wor/ man br\ght up 9 y\r society & its public & private tra9+1 w\ld appe> to y a craftsman 9 ^! end[m5ts1 if y comp>$ him ) m5 :o _h be5 br\ght up )\t education1 )\t laws1 )\t dika/]ies1 )\t any g5]al social pressure be>+ on !m1 to en=ce virtue3 su* m5 z ! savages exhibit$ la/ ye> 9 ! com$y ( ,ph]ekrates at ! ,l5an fe/ival4 ,if y 7 ?r[n among su* m51 y1 l ! *orus ( misan?ropes 9 t play1 w\ld look back ) regret ev5 ^u ! wor/ crim9als ( ! society :i* y _h left1 su* z ,eurybatus & ,phrynondas4#dh ,footnote #dd3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbf ,e4 ,greek3 o7_/ti t\_/t\ t\ pra_/gmatos1 ts a7rets1 ei7 me_/llei po_/lis ei7nai1 ou7de_/na dei i7diteu_/e94 ,x is to be regrett$ t !re is no precise ^w to translate exactly ! useful anti!sis betwe5 ,greek3 i7di_/ts & ,greek3 te*ni_/ts or ,greek3 dmi\rgo_/s4 ,footnote #de3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbg ,a4 ,greek3 ei7 kai t\to kai i7di_/a kai dmosi_/a pas pa_/nta kai e7di_/daske kai e7pe_/pltte ton m kals au7l\nta1 kai m e7ph?o_/nei t\_/t\1 7_/sp] nun tn dikai_/n kai tn nomi_/mn ou7deis ph?onei ou7d' a7pokru_/ptetai1 7_/sp] tn a7_/lln te*nma_/tn--lusitelei gar1 oi7mai1 7min 7 a7ll_/ln dikaiosu_/n kai a7ret2 dia tauta pas panti pro?u_/ms le_/gei kai dida_/skei kai ta di_/kaia kai ta no_/mima4 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbg ,c4 ,footnote #dg3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbg ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ,o7_//is soi a7dik_/tatos phai_/netai a7_/n?rpos tn e7n no_/mois kai a7n?r_/pois te?ramme_/nn1 di_/kaion au7ton ei7nai kai dmi\rgon t\_/t\ t\ pra_/gmatos1 ei7 de_/oi au7ton kri_/ne/hai pros a7n?r_/p\s1 oi7s m_/te paidei_/a e7/i m_/te dika/_/ria m_/te no_/moi m_/te a7na_/gk mdemi_/a dia pantos a7nagka_/zo\sa a7rets e7pimelei/hai4 ,footnote #dh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbg ,d4 ,side-note3 ,analogy ( le>n+ v]nacul> ,greek4 ,no special tea*] !re(4 ,protagoras tea*es virtue some:at bett] ?an o!rs4 ,b n[1 ,sokrates1 y are ov]-nice1 because all ( u are tea*]s ( virtue1 to ! be/ ( e man's p[]2 :ile no p>ticul> individual appe>s to tea* x specially & ex pr(esso#di ,by ! same analogy1 if y ask$ :o 0 ! tea*] = speak+ our v]nacul> ,greek1 no "o special p]son c\ld be po9t$ out3#ej nor w\ld y f9d out :o 0 ! f9i%+ tea*] = ^? sons ( craftsm5 :o le>nt ! rudim5ts ( _! art f _! own fa!rs--:ile if ! son ( any non-pr(essional p]son le>ns a craft1 x is easy to assign ! p]son by :om he 0 taught4#ea ,s x is 9 respect to virtue4 ,all ( u tea* & en=ce virtue to ! be/ ( our p[]2 & we ought to be satisfi$ if !re be any "o ( u ev] s little sup]ior to ! re/1 9 ! p[] ( tea*+ x4 ,( su* m5 ,i believe myself to be "o4#eb ,i c tra9 a man into an excell5t citiz51 bett] ?an o!rs1 & 9 a mann] wor?y n only ( ! fee :i* ,i ask1 b ev5 ( a /ill great] remun]ation1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! pupil himself4 ,?is is ! /ipulation :i* ,i make ) him3 :5 he has complet$ 8 c\rse1 he is ei!r to pay me ! fee :i* ,i %all dem&--or if he pref]s1 he may g into a temple1 make oa? z to 8 own e/imate ( ! in/ruction imp>t$ to him1 & pay me accord+ to t e/imate4#ec ,footnote #di3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbg ,e4 ,greek3 nun de truphas1 7 ,s_/krates1 dio_/ti pa_/ntes dida_/skaloi_/ ei7s9 a7rets1 ka?' o7_/son du_/natai e7_/ka/os1 kai ou7dei_/s soi phai_/netai4 ,footnote #ej3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbg ,e4 ,greek3 ei7?' 7_/s p] a7n ei7 ztois ti_/s dida_/skalos t\ e7llni_/ze91 ou7d' a7n ei7s phanei_/4 ,footnote #ea3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbh ,a4 ,footnote #eb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbh ,b4 ,greek3 ,a7lla ka7n ei7 o7li_/gon e7_//i tis o7_//is diaphe_/rei 7mn probiba_/sai ei7s a7ret_/n1 a7gapto_/n4 7n d e7g oi7mai ei7s ei7nai1 c4 ,footnote #ec3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbh ,b4 ,side-note3 ,! sons ( great arti/s d n !mselves become great arti/s4 ,i h ?us prov$ to y1 ,sokrates--,t virtue is tea*able--,t ! ,a!nians acc\nt x to be tea*able--,t !re is no?+ wond]ful 9 f9d+ ! sons ( good m5 wor?less1 & ! sons ( wor?less m5 good4 ,inde$ ?is is true no less ab\t ! special pr(essions1 ?an ab\t ! common accompli%m5t1 virtue4 ,! sons ( ,polykltus ! /atu>y1 & ( _m o!r arti/s1 are no?+ z comp>$ ) _! fa!rs4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbh ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks ^u ! my! & disc\rse4 ,!y expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! e/abli%$ s5tim5t ( a community propagates & p]petuates itself4 ,su* is ! disc\rse compos$ by ,plato & attribut$ to ! ,platonic ,protagoras--%[+ t virtue is tea*able1 & int5d$ to remove ! difficulties propos$ by ,sokrates4 ,x is an exposition ( "s l5g?3 & because x is put into ! m\? ( a ,sophi/1 _m comm5tators presume1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t x mu/ be a manife/ation ( "s wor?less quality3#ee t x is ei!r empty v]biage1 or o/5tati\s self-praise1 or l[-m9d$ immorality4 ,i am unable to p]ceive 9 ! disc\rse any ( ^! dem]its4 ,i ?9k x "o ( ! be/ p>ts ( ! ,platonic writ+s1 z an exposition ( ! gr[? & propagation ( common s5se--! common1 e/abli%$1 e?ical & social s5tim5t1 among a community3 s5tim5t nei!r dictat$ 9 ! beg9n+1 by any sci5tific or arti/ic lawgiv]1 nor p]sonifi$ 9 any special guild ( craftsm5 ap>t f ! rema9+ community--nor inculcat$ by any =mal pr(essional tea*]s--nor te/$ by analysis--nor v]ifi$ by comp>ison ) any objective /&>d3 b self-s[n & self-ass]t+1 /amp$1 multipli$1 & kept 9 circulation1 by ! unprem$itat$ conspiracy ( ! g5]al#ef public--! omnipres5t ag5cy ( ,k+ ,nomos & 8 num]\s volunte]s4 ,footnote #ee3 ,s ,s]ranus 7ad #cbf ,e71 :o has be5 foll[$ by _m lat] critics4 ,qu/io e/1 ,virtusne doc]i possit8 ,quod in/ituit demon/r>e ,sophi/a1 s$ ineptissimis argum5tis et qu contra seipsum faciant4 ,to me ?is appe>s ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,b ev5 if x 7 true1 no blame c\ld fall on ,protagoras4 ,we %\ld only be w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t x suit$ ! s*eme ( ,plato "h to make him talk nons5se4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?is is :at ! ,platonic ,sokrates alludes to 9 ! ,phdon & else:]e4 ,greek3 oi7 tn dmotikn te kai politikn a7retn e7pitetdeuko_/tes1 7n d kal\si sphrosu_/nn te kai dikaiosu_/nv1 e7x e7_/?\s te kai mele_/ts gegonuian1 a7_/neu philosophi_/z te kai n\4 ,phdon1 p4 #hb ,b2 comp>e ! same dialogue1 p4 #fh ,c2 also ,republic1 x4 p4 #fai ,c--,greek3 e7_/!i a7_/neu philosophi_/z a7rets meteilpho_/ta4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,mr4 ,james ,mill 7,fragm5t on ,mack9to%1 p4 #bei-bfj7 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! e/abli%$ morality ( a society is transmitt$ & p]petuat$1 co9cides completely ) ! disc\rse ( ! ,platonic ,protagoras4 ,! passage is too long to be cit$3 ,i give "h only ! conclud+ words1 :i* describe ! ,greek3 dmotik a7ret a7_/neu philosophi_/z-- ,9 ?is mann] x is t m51 9 ! social /ate1 acquire ! habits ( moral act+1 & c]ta9 affections connect$ ) x1 be=e !y are capable ( reflect+ ^u ! gr\nds :i* recomm5d ! acts ei!r to praise or blame4 ,ne>ly at ?is po9t ! great] "p ( !m rema93 cont9u+ to p]=m moral acts & to ab/a9 f ! contr>y1 *iefly f ! habits :i* !y h acquir$1 & ! au?ority ^u :i* !y orig9ally act$3 ?\gh x is n possible t any man %\ld come to ! ye>s & bless+ ( reason1 )\t p]ceiv+ at lea/ 9 an indi/9ct & g5]al way1 ! advantage :i* mank9d d]ive f _! act+ t[>ds "o ano!r 9 "o way r ?an ano!r4 ,side-note3 ,anti!sis ( ,protagoras & ,sokrates4 ,:e!r virtue is to be assimilat$ to a special art4 ,9 _m ( ! ,platonic dialogues1 ,sokrates is made to dwell ^u ! fact t !re are no recognis$ pr(essional tea*]s ( virtue2 & to gr\nd ^u ?is fact a d\bt1 :e!r virtue be really tea*able4 ,b ! pres5t dialogue is ! only "o 9 :i* ! fact is acc\nt$ =1 & ! d\bt =mally answ]$4 ,!re are nei!r special tea*]s1 nor pr(ess$ pupils1 nor det]m9ate p]iods ( /udy1 nor def9ite lessons or /adia1 = ! acquirem5t ( virtue1 z !re are = a p>ticul> art or craft3 ! reason be+1 t 9 t dep>tm5t e man mu/ ( necessity be a practition]1 m or less p]fectly3 e man has an int]e/ 9 communicat+ x to 8 neighb\r3 h5ce e man is con/antly bo? tea*] & le>n]4 ,h]e9 consi/s "o ma9 & real di/9ction betwe5 virtue & ! special arts2 an answ] to ! view mo/ frequ5tly esp\s$ by ! ,platonic ,sokrates1 assimilat+ virtue to a pr(essional craft1 :i* ought to h special tea*]s1 & a special season ( appr5tice%ip1 if x is to be acquir$ at all4 ,! spee* is c5sur$ by "s critics z prolix4 ,b to me x seems full ( matt] & argum5t1 exce$+ly free f sup]flu\s rhetoric4 ,! fable ) :i* x op5s pres5ts ( c\rse ! poetical ornam5t :i* belongs to t mann] ( h&l+4 ,x is h[ev] fully equal1 9 po9t ( p]spicuity z well z *>m--9 my judgm5t1 x is ev5 sup]ior to any o!r fable 9 ,plato4 ,side-note3 ,proc$ure ( ,sokrates 9 reg>d to ! disc\rse ( ,protagoras--he complim5ts x z an exposition1 & analyses "s ( ! fundam5tal assumptions4 ,:5 ! h>angue1 lecture1 or s]mon1 ( ,protagoras is conclud$1 ,sokrates bo? expresses 8 pr(\nd admiration ( x1 & admits ! conclusion--,t virtue is tea*able--to be made out1 z well z x c be made out by any cont9u\s exposition4#eg ,9 fact1 ! speak] has done all t c\ld be done by ,p]ikles or ! be/ orator ( ! assembly4 ,he has giv5 a long s]ies ( reason+s 9 support ( 8 own case1 )\t /opp+ to he> ! d\bts ( oppon5ts4 ,he has sail$ along triumphantly ^u ! /ream ( public s5tim5t1 accept+ all ! e/abli%$ beliefs--appeal+ to 8 he>]s ) all ^? famili> phrases1 r\nd :i* ! mo/ p[]ful associations are gr\p$--& tak+ = grant$ t ju/ice1 virtue1 good1 evil1 c41 are kn[n1 indisputable1 det]m9ate data1 fully und]/ood1 & unanim\sly int]pret$4 ,he has %[n t ! community take great pa9s1 bo? publicly & privately1 to inculcate & en=ce virtue3 t is1 :at !y believe 9 & e/eem z virtue4 ,b is _! belief well f\nd$8 ,is t :i* !y e/eem1 really virtue8 ,d !y & _! elegant spokesman ,protagoras1 "k :at virtue is8 ,if s1 h[ d !y "k x1 & c !y expla9 x8 ,footnote #eg3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cbh-cbi4 ,v diff]5t inde$ is ! s5tim5t ( ! pr9cipal ,platonic comm5tators4 ,s*lei]ma*] w n all[ ! my?us ( ,protagoras to be c\nt$ among ! ,platonic my!s3 he says t x is compos$ 9 ! /yle ( ,protagoras1 & p]haps copi$ f "s real composition ( t ,sophi/4 ,he f9ds 9 x no?+ b a grobmat]iali/i*e ,d5kungs>t1 die b] die s9nli*e ,erfahrung ni*t h9aus philosophirt 7,e9leitung zum ,protagoras1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcc-bcd74 ,to ! l purpose ,a/ 7,plat4 ,leb4 p4 #ga7--:o tells u t :at is express$ 9 ! my?us is1 ! vulg> & mean s5tim5t & mann] ( ?\ght ( ! ,sophi/3 = x d$uces e ?+1 bo? arts & ! social union itself1 f human wants & necessity4 ,app>5tly ^! critics1 :5 !y treat ?is z a pro( ( meanness & vulg>ity1 h =gott5 t ! ,platonic ,sokrates himself does exactly ! same ?+ 9 ! ,republic--d]iv+ ! entire social union f human necessities 7,republ4 ii4 #cfi ,c74 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann is h>dly less sev]e ^u ! ,protagorean disc\rse 7,ges*4 und ,sy/4 d] ,plat4 ,phil4 p4 #dfj74 ,= my "p1 ,i take a view altoge!r oppos$ to ^! le>n$ p]sons4 ,i ?9k ! disc\rse "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & in/ructive portions ( ! ,platonic writ+s3 & if ,i c\ld believe t x 0 ! composition ( ,protagoras himself1 my e/imation ( him w\ld be consid]ably rais$4 ,/e9h>t pron\nces a mu* m rational & equitable judgm5t ?an ,a/ & ,s*lei]ma*]1 ^u ! disc\rse ( ,protagoras 7,e9leitung zum ,prot4 pp4 #dbb-dbc74 ,side-note3 ,"o purpose ( ! dialogue4 ,to contra/ cont9u\s disc\rse ) %ort cross-exam9+ "q & answ]4 ,?is is ! po9t ^u :i* ,sokrates n[ br+s 8 ,el5*us to be>3 8 me?od ( %ort "q & answ]4 ,we h se5 :at long cont9u\s speak+ c d3 we h n[ to see :at %ort cross-que/ion+ c d4 ,! anti!sis betwe5 ! two is at lea/ "o ma9 purpose ( ,plato--if x be n ev5 ! purpose 7z ,s*lei]ma*] supposes x to be7 9 ?is memorable dialogue4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions by ,sokrates--,:e!r virtue is "o & indivisible1 or compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts8 ,:e!r ! p>ts are homog5e\s or het]og5e\s8 ,aft] y\r copi\s exposition1 ,protagoras 7says ,sokrates71 ,i h only "o little d\bt rema9+1 :i* y w easily expla94#eh ,y h sev]al times spok5 ( ju/ice1 mod]ation1 hol9ess1 c41 z if !y all1 tak5 collectively1 made up virtue4 ,d y mean t virtue is a ,:ole1 & t ^! ?ree names d5ote di/9ct p>ts ( x8 ,or are ! ?ree names all equival5t to virtue1 diff]5t names = "o & are ! same ?+8 ,prot4--,!y are names signify+ di/9ct p>ts ( virtue4 ,sokr4--,are ^! p>ts l ! p>ts ( ! face1--eyes1 nose1 m\?1 e>s--ea* "p n only di/9ct f ! re/1 b hav+ its own peculi> prop]ties8 ,or are !y l ! p>ts ( gold1 homog5e\s ) ea* o!r & ) ! :ole1 diff]+ only 9 magnitude8 ,prot4--,! =m]4 ,sokr4--,!n "s m5 may possess "o "p1 "s ano!r4 ,or is x necess>y t he :o possesses "o "p1 %\ld possess all8 ,prot4--,by no means necess>y4 ,"s m5 are c\rage\s1 b unju/3 o!rs are j1 b n intellig5t4 ,sokr4--,wisdom & c\rage !n1 bo? ( !m1 are p>ts ( virtue8 ,prot4--,!y are s4 ,wisdom is ! greate/ ( ! p>ts3 b no "o ( ! p>ts is ! exact lik5ess ( ano!r3 ea* ( !m has its own peculi> prop]ty4#ei ,footnote #eh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cbh ,e--#cbi ,b4 ,greek3 pln smikro_/n ti_/ moi e7mpod_/n1 o7 dlon o7_/ti ,prtago_/ras r7adi_/s e7pekdida_/xei4 4 4 4 smikr\ t9os e7nde_/s ei7mi pa_/nt' e7_/*e91 c4 ,footnote #ei3 ,plato1 ,protag1 pp4 #cbi-ccj4 ,side-note3 ,:e!r ju/ice is j1 & hol9ess holy8 ,h[ f> ju/ice is l to hol9ess8 ,sokrates prote/s aga9/ an answ]1 ,if y please4 ,sokr4--,n[ let u exam9e :at sort ( ?+ ea* ( ^! p>ts is4 ,tell me--is ju/ice "s ?+1 or no ?+8 ,i ?9k x is "s ?+3 are y ( ! same op9ion8#fj ,prot4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,n[ ?is ?+ :i* y call ju/ice3 is x itself j or unju/8 ,i %\ld say t x 0 j3 :at d y say8#fa ,prot4--,i ?9k s too4 ,sokr4--,hol9ess also is "s ?+3 is ! ?+ call$ hol9ess1 itself holy or unholy8 ,z = me1 if any "o 7 to ask me ! "q1 ,i %\ld reply--,( c\rse x is3 no?+ else c well be holy1 if hol9ess itself be n holy4 ,w\ld y say ! same8 ,prot4--,unque/ionably4 ,sokr4--,ju/ice be+ admitt$ to be j1 & hol9ess to be holy--d n y ?9k t ju/ice also is holy1 & t hol9ess is j8 ,if s1 h[ c y reconcile t ) y\r =m] decl>ation1 t no "o ( ! p>ts ( virtue is l any o!r "p8 ,prot4--,i d n altoge!r admit t ju/ice is holy1 & t hol9ess is j4 ,b ! matt] is ( little mom5t3 if y please1 let bo? ( !m /& z admitt$4 ,sokr4--,n s3#fb ,i d n want ! debate to turn ^u an ,if y please3 ,y & ,i are ! debat]s1 & we %all det]m9e ! debate be/ )\t ,ifs4 ,prot4--,i say !n t ju/ice & hol9ess are inde$1 9 a c]ta9 way1 l ea* o!r2 s also !re is a po9t ( analogy betwe5 :ite & black1#fc h>d & s(t1 & betwe5 _m o!r ?+s :i* no "o w\ld pron\nce to be l g5]ally4 ,sokr4--,d y ?9k !n t ju/ice & hol9ess h only a small po9t ( analogy betwe5 !m8 ,prot4--,n exactly s3 b ,i d n concur ) y :5 y decl>e t "o is l ! o!r4 ,sokr4--,well !n6 s9ce y seem to foll[ ) "s repugnance ?is l9e ( argum5t1 let u ent] ^u ano!r4#fd ,footnote #fj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccj ,b4 ,greek3 ko9 skeps_/me?a poio_/n ti au7tn e7/9 e7_/ka/on4 prton men to toio_/nde2 7 dikaiosu_/n pragma_/ ti_/ e7/98 7 ou7den pragma8 e7moi men gar dokei2 ti_/ de soi_/8 ,footnote #fa3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccj ,c4 ,greek3 t\to to pragma o7_/ 7noma_/sate a7_/rti1 7 dikaiosu_/n1 au7to t\to di_/kaio_/n e7/9 7 a7_/dikon8 ,footnote #fb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cca ,c4 ,greek3 ei7 gar b\_/lei1 e7_// 7min kai dikaiosu_/n o7_/sion kai o7sio_/ts di_/kaion4 ,m_/ moi1 7n d' e7g_/2 ou7den gar de_/omai to ei_/ b\_/lei t\to kai ei7 soi dokei e7le_/g*e/hai1 a7ll' e7me_/ te kai se_/4 ,?is passage seems int5d$ to illu/rate ! indiff]5ce ( ,protagoras = dialectic =ms & /rict accuracy ( discussion4 ,! ,greek3 a7kribologi_/a ( ,sokrates & ,plato 0 n m]ely unfamili> b ev5 di/a/eful to rhetorical & practical m54 ,protagoras is made to exhibit himself z ?9k+ ! di/9ctions drawn by ,sokrates too nice1 n wor? att5d+ to4 ,_m ( ! contempor>ies ( bo? %>$ ?is op9ion4 ,"o purpose ( our dialogue is to br+ su* anti!ses into view4 ,footnote #fc3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cca ,d4 ,footnote #fd3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #ccb ,a4 ,side-note3 ,intellig5ce & mod]ation are id5tical1 because !y h ! same contr>y4 ,sokrates !n attempts to %[ t intellig5ce & mod]ation are id5tical ) ea* o!r 7,greek3 sophi_/a & ,greek3 sphrosu_/n74 ,! pro( :i* he produces1 elicit$ by sev]al que/ions1 is--t bo? ! "o & ! o!r are contr>y to folly 7,greek3 a7phrosu_/n71 &1 t z a g5]al rule1 no?+ c h m ?an "o s+le contr>y4#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,plat4 ,protag4 p4 #ccb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,insuffici5t reasons giv5 by ,sokrates4 ,he seldom c>es to di/+ui% diff]5t mean+s ( ! same t]m4 ,sokrates ?us seems to himself to h made mu* progress 9 prov+ all ! names ( diff]5t virtues to be names ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,mod]ation & intellig5ce are %[n to be ! same3 ju/ice & hol9ess _h be=e be5 %[n to be ne>ly ! same3#ff ?\gh we mu/ recollect t ?is la/ po9t _h n be5 admitt$ by ,protagoras4 ,x mu/ be confess$ h[ev] t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is prov$ by any conclusive reasons4 ,9 lay+ d[n ! maxim--t no?+ c h m ?an "o s+le contr>y--,plato seems to h =gott5 t ! same t]m may be us$ 9 two diff]5t s5ses4 ,because ! t]m folly 7,greek3 a7phrosu_/n71 is us$ sometimes to d5ote ! opposite ( mod]ation 7,greek3 sphrosu_/n71 sometimes ! opposite ( intellig5ce 7,greek3 sophi_/a71 x does n foll[ t mod]ation & intellig5ce are ! same ?+4#fg ,nor does he furni% m satisfactory pro( ( ! o!r po9t1 viz43 ,t hol9ess & ju/ice are ! same1 or z mu* alike z possible4 ,! int]m$iate position :i* is assum$ to =m ! pro(1 viz43 ,t hol9ess is holy1 & t ju/ice is j--is ei!r tautological1 or unmean+2 & _c s]ve z a real pro( ( any ?+4 ,x is inde$ s futile1 t if x 7 f\nd 9 ! m\? ( ,protagoras & n 9 t ( ,sokrates1 comm5tators w\ld probably h cit$ x z an illu/ration ( ! futilities ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,z yet !re=e little has be5 done to elucidate ! important "q to :i* ,sokrates addresses himself--,:at is ! ext5t ( analogy betwe5 ! diff]5t virtues8 ,are !y at bottom "o & ! same ?+ "u diff]5t names8 ,9 :at does ! analogy or ! sam5ess consi/8 ,footnote #ff3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cch ,b4 ,greek3 s*e_/don ti tau7ton o7_/n4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ari/otle w\ld probably h avoid$ su* a mi/ake z ?is4 ,"o important po9t 7z ,i h already rem>k$1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agj7 9 :i* he is sup]ior to ,plato is1 9 be+ f> m c>eful to di/+ui% ! diff]5t mean+s ( ! same ^w--,greek3 ta polla*s lego_/m5a4 ,plato r>ely tr\bles himself to notice su* di/9ction1 & seems inde$ g5]ally unaw>e ( x4 ,he con/antly ridicules ,prodikus1 :o tri$ to di/+ui% words app>5tly synonym\s4 ,side-note3 ,protagoras is puzzl$1 & becomes irritat$4 ,b ?\gh little progress has be5 made 9 det]m9+ ! "q moot$ by ,sokrates1 en\gh has be5 done to discompose & mortify ,protagoras4 ,! g5]al t5or ( ! dialogue is1 to depict ?is man1 s eloqu5t 9 popul> & cont9u\s exposition1 z de/itute ( ! analytical acum5 requisite to meet cross-exam9ation1 & ( promptitude = deal+ ) new aspects ( ! case1 on ! v subjects :i* =m ! !me ( 8 eloqu5ce4 ,he f9ds himself br\ght r\nd1 by a s]ies ( %ort que/ions1 to a conclusion :i*--:e!r conclusively prov$ or n--is prov$ 9 a mann] b9d+ ^u him1 s9ce he has admitt$ all ! antec$5t premisses4 ,he becomes dissatisfi$ ) himself1 answ]s ) increas+ reluctance1#fh & is at la/ s provok$ z to break out ( ! limits impos$ ^u a respond5t4 ,footnote #fh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #ccc ,b1 #cce ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,sokrates presses ,protagoras f>!r4 ,8 purpose is1 to te/ op9ions & n p]sons4 ,protagoras answ]s ) angry prolixity4 ,mean:ile ,sokrates pursues 8 exam9ation1 ) int5t to prove t ju/ice 7,greek3 dikaiosu_/n7 & mod]ation 7,greek3 sphrosu_/n7 are id5tical4 ,does a man :o acts unju/ly conduct himself ) mod]ation8 ,i %\ld be a%am$ 7replies ,protagoras7 to answ] 9 ! affirmative1 ?\gh _m p say s4 ,sokr4--,x is indiff]5t to me :e!r y y\rself ?9k s or n1 provid$ only y cons5t to make answ]4 ,:at ,i pr9cipally exam9e is ! op9ion itself3 ?\gh x foll[s p]haps z a consequ5ce1 t ,i ! que/ion]1 & ! respond5t along ) me1 und]go exam9ation at ! same "t4#fi ,y answ] !n 7?\gh )\t adopt+ ! op9ion7 t m5 :o act unju/ly sometimes behave ) mod]ation1 or ) intellig5ce3 t is1 t !y foll[ a wise policy 9 committ+ inju/ice4 ,prot4--,be x s4 ,sokr4--,y admit too t !re exi/ c]ta9 ?+s call$ good ?+s4 ,are ^? ?+s good1 :i* are pr(itable to mank9d8 ,prot4--,by ,zeus1 ,i call "s ?+s good1 ev5 ?\gh !y be n pr(itable to m5 7replies ,protagoras1 ) increas+ acrimony74#gj ,sokr4--,d y mean ^? ?+s :i* are n pr(itable to any man1 or ^? :i* are n pr(itable to any creature :atev]8 ,d y call ^! latt] good also8 ,prot4--,n at all3 b !re are _m ?+s pr(itable to m51 yet unpr(itable or hurtful to diff]5t animals4 ,good is ( a "* exce$+ly div]sifi$ & het]og5e\s4#ga ,footnote #fi3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccc ,c4 ,greek3 ton gar lo_/gon e7_/gge ma_/li/a e7xeta_/z1 sumbai_/nei me_/ntoi i7_/ss kai e7me ton e7rtnta kai ton e7rt_/m5on e7xeta_/ze/hai4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ,plato draw+ special att5tion to ! conditions ( dialectic debate4 ,footnote #gj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccc ,e4 ,footnote #ga3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccd ,b4 ,greek3 ,ou7_/t de poiki_/lon ti_/ e7/i to a7ga?on kai pantodapo_/n1 c4 ,! explanation "h giv5 by ,protagoras ( good is ! same z t :i* is giv5 by ! hi/orical ,sokrates himself 9 ! ,x5ophontic ,memorabilia 7iii4 #h74 ,?+s call$ good are div]se 9 ! highe/ degree2 b !y are all call$ good because !y all contribute 9 "s way to human security1 relief1 com=t1 or prosp]ity4 ,to "o or o!r ( ^! ends good1 9 all its multif>i\s =ms1 is relative4 ,side-note3 ,remon/rance ( ,sokrates aga9/ long answ]s z inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( dialogue4 ,protagoras p]si/s4 ,sokrates rises to dep>t4 ,protagoras is repres5t$ z giv+ ?is answ] at consid]able l5g?1 & 9 a rhetorical mann]1 s z to elicit applause f ! he>]s4#gb ,^u ?is ,sokrates replies1 ,i am a man ( %ort memory1 & if any "o speaks at l5g?1 ,i =get :at he has said4 ,if y wi% me to foll[ y1 ,i mu/ entreat y to make %ort] answ]s4 ,prot4--,:at d y mean by ask+ me to make %ort] answ]s8 ,d y mean %ort] ?an ! case requires8 ,sokr4--,no1 c]ta9ly n4 ,prot4--,b :o is to be judge ( ! brevity necess>y1 y or ,i8 ,sokr4--,i h und]/ood t y pr(ess to be ma/] & tea*] bo? ( long spee* & ( %ort spee*3 :at ,i beg is1 t y w employ only %ort spee*1 if y expect me to foll[ y4 ,prot4--,:y1 ,sokrates1 ,i h c>ri$ on _m debates 9 my "t2 & if1 z y ask me n[1 ,i _h always talk$ j z my oppon5t wi%$1 ,i %\ld nev] h acquir$ any reputation at all4 ,sokr4--,be x s3 9 t case ,i mu/ retire2 = z to long speak+1 ,i am incompet5t3 ,i c nei!r make long spee*es1 nor foll[ !m4#gc ,footnote #gb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccd ,d4 ,footnote #gc3 ,plato1 ,prot4 pp4 #ccd ,e1 #cce ,a-,c4 ,side-note3 ,int]f]5ce ( ,kallias to get ! debate cont9u$4 ,promiscu\s conv]sation4 ,alkibiades decl>es t ,protagoras ought to ackn[l$ge sup]iority ( ,sokrates 9 dialogue4 ,"h ,sokrates rises to dep>t2 b ,kallias1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 deta9s him1 & expresses an e>ne/ wi% t ! debate may be cont9u$4 ,a promiscu\s conv]sation ensues1 9 :i* mo/ p]sons pres5t take "p4 ,alkibiades1 z ! *ampion ( ,sokrates1 gives1 :at seems really to be ! key ( ! dialogue1 :5 he says--,sokrates admits t he has no capacity = long speak+1 & t he is no mat* !re9 = ,protagoras4 ,b z to dialectic debate1 or adm9i/]+ & resi/+ cross-exam9ation1 ,i %\ld be surpris$ if any "o 7 a mat* = him4 ,if ,protagoras admits t on ?is po9t he is inf]ior1 ,sokrates requires no m3 if he does n1 let him cont9ue ! debate3 b he mu/ n l5g!n 8 answ]s s t he>]s lose ! ?read ( ! subject4 ,side-note3 ,claim ( a special locus /&i & pr(essor%ip = ,dialectic1 ap>t f ,rhetoric4 ,?is rem>k ( ,alkibiades1 speak+ altoge!r z a vehem5t p>tisan ( ,sokrates1 br+s to view at lea/ "o purpose--if n ! ma9 purpose--( ,plato 9 ! dialogue4 ,sokrates ackn[l$ges ! sup]iority ( ,protagoras 9 rhetoric3 if ,protagoras ackn[l$ges ! sup]iority ( ,sokrates 9 dialectic1 ,sokrates is satisfi$4#gd ,an express locus /&i is "h claim$ = dialectic1 & a recognis$ sup]iority = its pr(essors on _! own gr\nd4 ,protagoras pr(esses to be ma/] bo? ( long spee* & ( %ort spee*3 b 9 ! la/ he mu/ recognise a sup]ior4 ,footnote #gd3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #ccf ,c-,d4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates is prevail$ ^u to cont9ue1 & invites ,protagoras to "q him4 ,kritias1 ,prodikus1 & ,hippias all speak 7ea* 9 a mann] ( 8 own7 deprecat+ m>k$ p>tisan%ip on ei!r side1 exhort+ bo? p>ties to mod]ation1 & insi/+ t ! conv]sation %all be cont9u$4 ,at l5g? ,sokrates cons5ts to rema91 yet on condition t ,protagoras %all conf9e himself )9 ! limits ( ! dialectic proc$ure4 ,protagoras 7he says7 %all fir/ "q me z long z he pleases3 :5 he has f9i%$1 ,i w "q him4 ,! ,sophi/1 ?\gh at fir/ reluctant1 is con/ra9$1 by ! in/ance ( ^? ar\nd1 to acc$e to ?is proposition4#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,plat4 ,prot4 pp4 #ccg-cch4 ,side-note3 ,protagoras extols ! importance ( kn[+ ! works ( ! poets1 & que/ions ab\t p>ts ( a song ( ,simonides4 ,diss5t+ op9ions ab\t ! int]pretation ( ! song4 ,= ! purpose ( que/ion+1 ,protagoras selects a song ( ,simonides3 prefac+ x ) a rem>k1 t ! mo/ important accompli%m5t ( a cultivat$ man consi/s 9 be+ ?or\gh ma/] ( ! works ( ! poets1 s z to und]/& & appreciate !m correctly1 & answ] all que/ions respect+ !m4#gf ,sokrates intimates t he kn[s & admires ! song3 ^u :i* ,protagoras proce$s to po9t out two passages 9 x :i* contradict ea* o!r1 & asks h[ ,sokrates c expla9 or ju/ify su* contradiction4#gg ,! latt] is at fir/ emb>rass$1 & invokes ! aid ( ,prodikus2 :o int]f]es to uphold ! consi/5cy ( 8 fell[-citiz5 ,simonides1 b is made to speak 7z else:]e by ,plato7 9 a /upid & ridicul\s mann]4 ,aft] a desultory /r+ ( rem>ks1#gh ) disput$ int]pretation ( p>ticul> phrases & passages ( ! song1 b )\t promise ( any result--,sokrates (f]s to give an exposition ( ! g5]al purpose ( ! :ole song1 9 ord] t ! company may see h[ f> he has advanc$ 9 t accompli%m5t :i* ,protagoras _h s emphatically extoll$--complete ma/]y ( ! works ( ! poets4#gi ,footnote #gf3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cci ,a4 ,greek3 7g\mai e7g a7ndri paidei_/z me_/gi/on me_/ros ei7nai1 p]i e7pn de9on ei7nai4 ,footnote #gg3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cci ,c-,d4 ,footnote #gh3 ,plat4 ,prot4 pp4 #cdj-cda4 ,footnote #gi3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cdb ,a4 ,greek3 ei7 b\_/lei labein m\ peiran o7_/ps e7_/*1 o7 su le_/geis t\to1 p]i e7pn4 ,side-note3 ,long spee* ( ,sokrates1 exp\nd+ ! purpose ( ! song1 & lay+ d[n an ironical !ory ab\t ! num]\s conceal$ sophi/s at ,krete & ,sp>ta1 ma/]s ( %ort spee*4 ,he !n proce$s to deliv] a long h>angue1 ! comm5cem5t ( :i* appe>s to be a sort ( c\nt]-"p & p>ody ( ! fir/ spee* deliv]$ by ,protagoras 9 ?is dialogue4 ,t ,sophi/ _h repres5t$ t ! sophi/ical art 0 anci5t3#hj & t ! poets1 f ,hom] d[nw>d1 7 ,sophi/s1 b dread$ ! odium ( ! "n1 & pr(ess$ a diff]5t avocation ) ano!r title4 ,sokrates "h tells u t philosophy 0 m anci5t /ill 9 ,krete & ,sp>ta1 & t !re 7 m ,sophi/s 7he does n di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,sophi/ & ! philosoph]71 female z well z male1 9 ^? regions1 ?an any:]e else3 b t !y conceal$ _! "n & pr(ession1 = fe> t o!rs %\ld copy !m & acquire ! l em95ce3#ha t !y pret5d$ to devote !mselves altoge!r to arms & gymna/ic--a pret5ce :]eby 7he says7 all ! o!r ,greeks 7 really delud$4 ,! special *>act]i/ic ( ^! philosoph]s or ,sophi/s 01 %ort & emphatic spee*--epigram %ot 9 at ! seasonable mom5t1 & ?or\ghly pro/rat+ an oppon5t4#hb ,! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 among :om ,pittakus 0 "o1 7 philosoph]s on ?is type1 ( supreme excell5ce3 :i* !y %[$ by inscrib+ _! memorable brief aphorisms at ,delphi4 ,s great 0 ! celebrity :i* ,pittakus acquir$ by 8 aphorism1 t ,simonides ! poet became jeal\s1 & compos$ ?is song altoge!r = ! purpose ( discr$it+ him4 ,hav+ /at$ ?is g5]al view1 ,sokrates illu/rates x by go+ ?r\gh ! song1 ) exposition & criticism ( sev]al diff]5t passages4#hc ,z soon z ,sokrates has conclud$1 ,hippias#hd complim5ts him1 & says t he too has a lecture ready prep>$ on ! same song3 :i* he w\ld will+ly deliv]3 b ,alkibiades & ! re/ beg him to po/pone x4 ,footnote #hj3 ,plat4 ,prot4 pp4 #caf-cag4 ,footnote #ha3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cdb4 ,footnote #hb3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cdb ,e1 #cdc ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ,o7_/ti ou7tos o7 tro_/pos 7n tn palain ts philosophi_/z1 bra*ulogi_/a tis ,laknik_/4 ,footnote #hc3 ,plat4 ,prot4 pp4 #cdd-cdg4 ,footnote #hd3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cdg4 ,side-note3 ,"* ( ?is spee*--its connection ) ! dialogue1 & its g5]al purpose4 ,sokrates inf]ior to ,protagoras 9 cont9u\s spee*4 ,no rem>k is made by any "o pres5t1 ei!r ^u ! circum/ance t ,sokrates1 aft] prote/+ aga9/ long spee*es1 has "h deliv]$ "o long] by f> ?an ! fir/ spee* ( ,protagoras1 & m ?an half z long z ! second1 :i* conta9s a l>ge !ory--nor ^u ! sort ( int]pretation t he be/[s ^u ! ,simonidean song4 ,t int]pretation is s /range & =c$--s viol5t 9 di/ort+ ! mean+ ( ! poet--s evid5tly pr$et]m9$ by ! resolution to f9d ,platonic metaphysics 9 a lyric effusion address$ to a ,!ssalian pr9ce#he--t if su* an exposition _h be5 f\nd "u ! "n ( ,protagoras1 critics w\ld h dwelt ^u x z an additional pro( ( di%one/ p]v]sions by ! ,sophi/s4#hf ,x appe>s z if ,plato1 int5d+ 9 ?is dialogue to set out ! contra/ betwe5 long or cont9u\s spee* 7sophi/ical1 rhetorical1 poetical7 repres5t$ by ,protagoras1 & %ort1 int]rogatory spee* 7dialectical7 repres5t$ by ,sokrates--hav+ moreov] compos$ = ,protagoras 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! dialogue1 an h>angue claim+ v5]able antiquity = 8 own accompli%m5t--has ?\ght x "r to compose = ,sokrates a plead+ ) l purpose1 to put ! two accompli%m5ts on a p>4 ,& if t plead+ includes bo? po9tless irony & misplac$ comp>isons 7especially :at is said ab\t ! ,sp>tans7--we mu/ rememb] t ,sokrates has expressly r5\nc$ all competition ) ,protagoras 9 cont9u\s spee*1 & t he is "h h&l+ ! weapon 9 :i* he is confess$ly inf]ior4 ,plato secures a decisive triumph to dialectic1 & to ,sokrates z repres5t+ x3 b he seems cont5t "h to leave ,sokrates on ! l[] gr\nd z a rhetorician4 ,footnote #he3 ,especially 8 explanation ( ,greek3 e7kn e7rd 7p4 #cde ,d474 ,heyne 7,opuscula1 i4 p4 #afj7 rem>ks ^u ! /range int]pretation giv5 by ,sokrates ( ! ,simonidean song4 ,comp>e ,plato 9 ,lysis1 p4 #bab ,e1 & 9 ,alkib4 ii4 p4 #adg ,d4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 ,sokrates cites passages ( poetry1 assign+ to !m a s5se :i* _! au?ors pla9ly did n int5d !m to be>4 ,he9dorf 9 8 note on ! ,lysis 7l4 c47 obs]ves--,videlicet1 ut exeat s5t5tia1 quam ,solon ne somniavit quidem1 v]suum horum /ructuram1 neglecto plan s]monis usu1 hanc /atuit4--,cujusmodi int]pretationis aliud e/ lucul5tum exemplum 9 ,alcib4 ii4 p4 #adg ,d4 ,see also ,he9dorf's notes on ! ,*>mids1 p4 #afc ,b2 ,la*s1 p4 #aia ,b2 & ,lysis1 p4 #bad ,d4 ,m4 ,boeckh obs]ves 7ad ,p9d>4 ,i/hm4 v4 p4 #ebh7 respect+ an allusion made by ,p9d> to ,hesiod-- ,num mal intellexit poeta intellig5tissimus p]spicua v]ba ,hesiodi8 ,non cr$o3 s$ b5e sci5s1 consulto alium s5sum intulit1 suo consilio accommodatum6 ,simile exemplum (f]t gravissimus auctor ,plato ,!tet4 p4 #aee ,d4 ,/allbaum 9 8 note on ! ,!ttus adopts ?is rem>k ( ,boeckh4 ,gro5 van ,pr9/]] gives a simil> op9ion4 7,prosopographia ,platonica1 p4 #ag47 ,footnote #hf3 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann obs]ves 7,ges*4 d] ,plat4 ,philos1 p4 #dfj7 t ,sokrates1 9 8 int]pretation ( ! ,simonidean song1 %[s t he c play ! ,sophi/ z well z o!r p c4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates depreciates ! value ( debates on ! poets4 ,_! mean+ is always disput$1 & y c nev] ask f !mselves :at x is4 ,protagoras cons5ts reluctantly to resume ! task ( answ]+4 ,moreov]1 :5 ,sokrates int5ds to %[ himself (f z a ma/] ( poetical lore 7,greek3 p]i e7pn de9os71 he at ! same "t claims a "r ( int]pret+ ! poets 9 8 own way4 ,he consid]s ! poets ei!r z p]sons div9ely inspir$1 :o speak f9e ?+s )\t rational und]/&+ 7we h se5 ?is 9 ! ,apology & ! ,ion7--or z m5 ( sup]ior wisdom1 :o deliv] valuable tru? ly+ b5ea? ! surface1 & n disc]nible by vulg> eyes4 ,bo? ^! views diff] f t ( lit]al int]pretation1 :i* is "h repres5t$ by ,protagoras & ,prodikus4 ,& ^! two ,sophi/s are "h contra/$ ) ,sokrates z int]pret]s ( ! poets4 ,protagoras & ,prodikus look ^u poetical compositions z s\rces ( in/ruction3 & seek to int]pret !m lit]ally1 z an intellig5t he>] w\ld h und]/ood !m :5 !y 7 sung or recit$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,t[>ds t end1 discrim9ation ( ! usual or grammatical mean+ ( words 0 indisp5sable4 ,sokrates1 on ! contr>y1 disreg>ds ! lit]al int]pretation1 d]ides v]bal di/9ctions z useless1 or twi/s !m into h>mony ) 8 own purpose3 ,simonides & o!r poets are consid]$ z sup]ior m51 & ev5 z inspir$ m5 9 ^: v]ses wisdom & virtue mu/ be embodi$ & discov]able#hg--only t !y are giv5 9 an obscure & enigmatical mann]3 requir+ to be extract$ by ! div9ation ( ! philosoph]1 :o alone kn[s :at wisdom & virtue are4 ,x is = ! philosoph] to %[ 8 +5uity by detect+ ! traces ( !m4 ,?is is :at ,sokrates does ) ! song ( ,simonides4 ,he discov]s 9 x suppos$ und]ly+ ?\ghts 7,greek3 u7ponoi_/z73#hh di/9ctions ( ,platonic ,metaphysics 7betwe5 ,greek3 ei7nai & ,greek3 g5e_//hai71 & pr9ciples ( ,platonic ,e?ics 7,greek3 ou7deis e7_/k kako_/s7--he proce$s to po9t out passages 9 :i* !y are to be f\nd1 & expla9s ! song con=mably to !m1 9 spite ( mu* viol5ce to ! obvi\s mean+ & v]bal /ructure4#hi ,b ?\gh ,sokrates accepts1 :5 requir$1 ! task ( discuss+ :at is said by ! poets1 & deals ) !m accord+ to 8 own po9t ( view--yet he pres5tly lets u see t !y are witnesses call$ into c\rt by 8 oppon5t & n by himself4 ,alkibiades urges t ! debate :i* _h be5 int]rupt$ %all be resum$ & ,sokrates himself reque/s ,protagoras to cons5t4 ,to debate ab\t ! compositions ( poets 7says ,sokrates71 is to proce$ z silly & common-place m5 d at _! banquets3 :]e !y _c pass ! "t )\t hir+ musical or danc+ girls4 ,noble & well-educat$ gue/s1 on ! contr>y1 c f9d en\gh to int]e/ !m 9 _! own conv]sation1 ev5 if !y dr9k ev] s mu* w9e4#ij ,m5 su* z we are1 d n require to be amus$ by s+]s nor to talk ab\t ! poets1 :om no "o c ask :at !y mean2 & :o1 :5 cit$ by diff]5t speak]s1 are affirm$ by "o to mean "o ?+1 & by ano!r to mean some?+ else1 )\t any decisive au?ority to appeal to4 ,su* m5 z y & ,i ought to lay aside ! poets1 & te/ ea* o!r by colloquy ( our own4 ,if y wi% to p]si/ 9 que/ion+1 ,i am ready to answ]3 if n1 cons5t to answ] me1 & let u br+ ! int]rupt$ debate to a close4#ia ,footnote #hg3 ,see ,plato1 ,phdrus1 p4 #bde ,a-,b2 ,apol4 p4 #bb ,b-,c2 ,ion1 pp4 #ecc-ecd4 ,comp>e ! di/9ction drawn 9 ,timu1 p4 #gb ,a-,b1 betwe5 ! ,greek3 ma_/ntis & ! ,greek3 proph_/ts4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ab\t ! ,greek3 u7po_/noiai ascrib$ to ! poets1 see ,repub4 ii4 p4 #cgh ,d42 ,x54 ,sympos4 iii4 #f2 & ,f4 ,a4 ,wolf1 ,prolegom4 ,hom]4 p4 clxii4-clxiv4 ,f4 ,a4 ,wolf rem>ks1 respect+ ! v>i\s allegorical int]pretations ( ,hom] & o!r ,greek poets-- ,s$ nec prioribus illis1 sive allegorica et anagogica somnia sua ipsi cr$id]unt1 sive ab aliis duntaxat cr$i volu]unt1 idonea dee/ excusatio4 ,ita enim ratio comp>ata e/1 ut libris1 quos a t5]is /atim annis cognoscimus1 omnes prop no/ras no/rque tatis op9iones subjiciamus3 ac si illi jampridem popul>i usu consecrati sunt1 ipsa ob/at v5]atio1 quom9us 9 iis absurda et ridicula inesse cr$amus4 ,l5imus ergo atque adeo ornamus int]pret&o1 quicquid proprio s5su non f]5dum videtur4 ,atque ita factum e/ omni tempore 9 libris iis1 qui pro sacris habiti sunt4 ,! di/9ction 0 simil> 9 "*1 & ev5 m m>k$ 9 respect ( e>ne/ reciprocal antipa?y1 betwe5 ! diff]5t s*ools ( ! ,jews 9 ,alex&ria & ,pale/9e ab\t ! int]pretation ( ! ,p5tateu*4 #a4 ,^? :o int]pret$ lit]ally1 ,greek3 kata tn r7tn dia_/noian4 #b4 ,^? :o set aside ! lit]al int]pretation1 & expla9$ ! text ^u a philosophy ( _! own1 above ! rea* ( ! vulg> 7,eusebius1 ,prp4 ,ev4 viii4 #aj74 ,"s admitt$ bo? ! two int]pretations1 side by side4 ,respect+ ^! allegoris+ s*ools ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,jews1 f ,ari/obulus 7#aej ,b4,c47 d[n to ,philo1 see ! le>n$ & valuable "w ( ,gfrr]--,philo und die ,jdis*4-,alex&r4 ,!osophie1 vol4 i4 pp4 #hd-hf1 ii4 p4 #cef seq4 ,footnote #hi3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #ij3 ,plato1 ,prot4 p4 #cdg ,d4 ,greek3 ka7n ma_/nu polun oi7non pi_/s9--a phrase :i* w be f\nd suitably illu/rat$ by ! p]si/5t dialectic ( ,sokrates1 ev5 at ! close ( ! ,platonic ,symposion1 aft] he has swall[$ an incr$ible quantity ( w9e4 ,footnote #ia3 ,plat4 ,prot4 pp4 #cdg-cdh4 ,?is rem>k--t ! poet may be int]pret$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 & t y _c produce him 9 c\rt to decl>e or def5d 8 own mean+--is highly significant1 9 reg>d to ! value set by ,sokrates on liv+ conv]sation & dialectic4 ,side-note3 ,purpose ( ,sokrates to sift difficulties :i* he really feels 9 8 own m9d4 ,importance ( a colloquial companion = ?is purpose4 ,9 spite ( ?is appeal1 ,protagoras is /ill unwill+ to resume1 & is only =c$ to d s by a /++ taunt f ,alkibiades1 en=c$ by reque/s f ,kallias & o!rs4 ,he is depict$ z afraid ( ,sokrates1 :o1 z soon z cons5t is giv51 recomm5ces ! discussion by say+--,d n ?9k1 ,protagoras1 t ,i h any o!r purpose 9 debat+1 except to sift ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 9 conjunction ) y1 difficulties :i* puzzle my own m9d4 ,two ( u toge!r c d m 9 ?is way ?an any "o s+ly4#ib ,footnote #ib3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cdh ,c4 ,greek3 m oi7_/ou diale_/ge/hai me_/ soi a7_/llo ti b\lo_/m5on 7 a7 au7tos a7por1 e7ka_//ote tauta diaske_/psa/hai4 ,! rem>k "h giv5 %\ld be c>efully not$ 9 appreciat+ ! ,sokratic frame ( m9d4 ,! cross-exam9ation :i* he be/[s1 is n t ( "o :o himself kn[s--& :o only gets up artificial difficulties to asc]ta9 :e!r o!rs "k z mu* z he does4 ,on ! contr>y1 x proce$s f "o :o is himself puzzl$2 & t :i* puzzles him he /ates to o!rs1 & debates ) o!rs1 z af=d+ ! be/ *ance ( cle>+ up 8 own ideas & obta9+ a solution4 ,! gr& purpose ) ,sokrates is to br+ into cle> daylight ! difficulties :i* imp$e ! con/ruction ( philosophy or reason$ tru?1 & to sift !m ?or\ghly1 in/ead ( slurr+ !m ov] or hid+ !m4 ,we are all m f]tile & sugge/ive1 ) reg>d to ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$1 :5 we act 9 c\ples4 ,if a man /rikes out any?+ new by himself1 he imm$iately goes ab\t look+ = a companion to :om he c communicate x1 & ) :om he c jo9tly review x4 ,moreov]1 y are ! be/ man t ,i "k = ?is purpose1 especially on ! subject ( virtue3 = y are n only virtu\s y\rself1 b y c make o!rs s likewise1 & y proclaim y\rself a tea*] ( virtue m publicly ?an any "o has ev] done be=e4 ,:om c ,i f9d s compet5t z y1 = que/ion+ & communication on ^! v subjects8#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cdh-cdi4 ,side-note3 ,! int]rupt$ debate is resum$4 ,protagoras says t c\rage diff]s mat]ially f ! o!r bran*es ( virtue4 ,aft] ?is eulogy on dialectic conv]sation 7illu/rat+ /ill f>!r ! ma9 purpose ( ! dialogue71 ,sokrates resumes ! argum5t z x /ood :5 int]rupt$4 ,sokr4--,y1 ,protagoras1 said t intellig5ce1 mod]ation1 ju/ice1 hol9ess1 c\rage1 7 all p>ts ( virtue2 b ea* diff]5t f ! o!rs1 & ea* hav+ a sep>ate ess5ce & prop]ties ( its own4 ,d y /ill adh]e to t op9ion8 ,prot4--,i n[ ?9k t ! fir/ f\r are tol]ably l & ak9 to ea* o!r1 b t c\rage is v greatly diff]5t f all ! f\r4 ,! pro( is1 t y w f9d _m m5 pre-em95t = c\rage1 b ?or\ghly unju/1 unholy1 intemp]ate1 & /upid4#id ,sokr4--,d y consid] t all virtue1 & ea* sep>ate "p ( x1 is f9e & hon\rable8 ,prot4--,i consid] x 9 ! highe/ degree f9e & hon\rable3 ,i mu/ be mad to ?9k o!rwise4#ie ,footnote #id3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p1 #cdi ,d4 ,greek3 ta men te_/tt>a au7tn e7pieiks p>apl_/sia a7ll_/lois e7/i_/n1 7 de a7ndrei_/a pa_/nu polu diaphe_/ron pa_/ntn t\_/tn4 ,footnote #ie3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cdi ,e4 ,greek3 ka_/lli/on men ou7n1 ei7 m mai_/nomai_/ ge4 o7_/lon p\ kalon 7s oi7o_/n te ma_/li/a4 ,x is n unimportant to notice su* decl>ations z ?is1 put by ,plato into ! m\? ( ,protagoras4 ,!y t5d to %[ t ,plato did n seek 7z _m ( 8 comm5tators d7 to depict ,protagoras z a corruptor ( ! public m9d4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates argues to prove t c\rage consi/s 9 k or intellig5ce4 ,protagoras does n admit ?is4 ,sokrates *anges 8 attack4 ,sokrates !n %[s t ! c\rage\s m5 are confid5t m51 =w>d 9 da%+ at dang]s1 :i* p 9 g5]al w n affront3 t m5 :o dive ) confid5ce into ! wat]1 are ^? :o "k h[ to swim2 m5 :o g into battle ) confid5ce z horse-soldi]s or light infantry1 are ^? :o und]/& _! pr(ession z su*4 ,if any m5 emb>k 9 ^! dang]s1 )\t su* prelim9>y k1 d y consid] !m m5 ( c\rage8 ,n at all 7says ,protagoras71 !y are madm53 c\rage w\ld be a di%on\rable ?+1 if !y 7 reckon$ c\rage\s4#if ,!n 7replies ,sokrates7 ^u ?is reason+1 ^? :o face dang]s confid5tly1 ) prelim9>y k1 are c\rage\s3 ^? :o d s )\t x1 are madm54 ,c\rage !re=e mu/ consi/ 9 k or intellig5ce8#ig ,protagoras decl9es to admit ?is1 draw+ a di/9ction some:at confus$3#ih ^u :i* ,sokrates approa*es ! same argum5t f a diff]5t po9t4 ,footnote #if3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cej ,b4 ,greek3 ,ai7s*ron me_/nt' a7n1 e7_/ph1 ei7_/1 7 a7ndrei_/a2 e7pei ou7toi_/ ge ma9o_/m5oi_/ ei7s94 ,footnote #ig3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cej ,c4 ,footnote #ih3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cej-cea4 ,side-note3 ,id5tity ( ! pleasurable ) ! good--( ! pa9ful ) ! evil4 ,sokrates ma9ta9s x4 ,protagoras d5ies4 ,debate4 ,sokr4--,y say t "s m5 live well1 o!rs badly4 ,d y ?9k t a man lives well if he lives 9 pa9 & di/ress8 ,prot4--,no4 ,sokr4--,b if he passes 8 life pleasurably until its close1 does he n !n appe> to y to h liv$ well8 ,prot4--,i ?9k s4 ,sokr4--,to live pleasurably !re=e is good3 to live disagreeably is evil4 ,prot4--,yes3 at lea/ provid$ he lives tak+ pleasure 9 f9e or hon\rable ?+s4#ii ,sokr4--,:at6 d y concur ) ! g5]ality ( p 9 call+ "s pleasurable ?+s evil1 & "s pa9ful ?+s good8 ,prot4--,t is my op9ion4 ,sokr4--,b are n all pleasurable ?+s1 s f> =? z pleasurable1 to t ext5t good1 unless "s consequ5ces ( a diff]5t sort result f !m8 ,& aga91 subject to ! l limitation1 are n all pa9ful ?+s evil1 s f> =? z !y are pa9ful8 ,prot4--,to t "q1 absolutely z y put x1 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i c reply affirmatively--t all pleasurable ?+s are good1 & all pa9ful ?+s evil4 ,i ?9k x saf]--) ref]5ce n m]ely to ! pres5t answ]1 b to my mann] ( life g5]ally--to say1 t !re are "s pleasurable ?+s :i* are good1 o!rs :i* are n good--"s pa9ful ?+s :i* are evil1 o!rs :i* are n evil3 aga91 "s :i* are nei!r1 nei!r good nor evil4#ajj ,sokr4--,y call ^? ?+s pleasurable1 :i* ei!r p>take ( ! nature ( pleasure1 or cause pleasure8 ,prot4--,unque/ionably4 ,sokr4--,:5 ,i ask :e!r pleasurable ?+s are n good1 9 s f> =? z pleasurable--,i ask 9 o!r words1 :e!r pleasure itself be n good8 ,prot4--,z y obs]v$ be=e1 ,sokrates1#aja let u exam9e ! "q on ea* side1 to see :e!r ! pleasurable & ! good be really ! same4 ,footnote #ii3 ,plat4 ,prot4 p4 #cea ,c4 ,greek3 ,to men a7_/ra 7de_/s zn1 a7ga?o_/n1 to d' a7ds1 kako_/n8 ,ei7_/p] tois kalois g'1 e7_/ph1 z_/ 7d_/m5os4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cea ,d4 ,greek3 a7lla_/ moi dokei ou7 mo_/non pros tn nun a7po_/kris9 e7moi a7sphale_//]on ei7nai a7pokri_/na/htai1 a7lla kai pros pa_/nta ton a7_/llon bi_/on ton e7mo_/n1 o7_/ti e7_//i men a7 tn 7de_/n ou7k e7_//9 a7ga?a_/1 e7_//i d' au7 kai a7 tn a7ni>n ou7k e7/i kaka_/1 e7_//i d' a7 e7_//i1 kai tri_/ton a7 ou7de_/t]a1 ou7_/te kaka ou7_/t' a7ga?a_/4 ,^! words /r5g!n f>!r :at ,i rem>k$ 9 a rec5t note1 ab\t ! "* :i* ,plato wi%$ to depict 9 ,protagoras1 s diff]5t f :at is imput$ to t ,sophi/ by ! ,platonic comm5tators4 ,footnote #aja3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cea ,e4 ,greek3 7_/sp] su le_/geis1 e7ka_//ote1 7 ,s_/krates1 skop_/me?a au7to_/4 ,?is is an allusion to ! words us$ by ,sokrates n long be=e1--,greek3 a7 au7tos a7por e7ka_//ote tauta diaske_/psa/hai1 p4 #cdh ,c4 ,side-note3 ,enquiry ab\t k4 ,is x ! dom9ant ag5cy 9 ! m9d8 ,or is x ov]come frequ5tly by o!r ag5cies1 pleasure or pa98 ,bo? agree t k is dom9ant4 ,sokr4--,let u p5etrate f ! surface to ! int]ior ( ! "q4#ajb ,:at is y\r op9ion ab\t k8 ,d y %>e ! op9ion ( mank9d g5]ally ab\t x1 z y d ab\t pleasure & pa98 ,mank9d reg>d k z some?+ nei!r /rong nor directive nor dom9ant4 ,(t5 7!y say71 :5 k is 9 a man1 x is n k :i* gov]ns him1 b some?+ else--passion1 pleasure1 pa91 love1 fe>--all or any ( :i* ov]p[] k1 & drag x r\nd ab\t 9 _! tra9 l a slave4 ,are y ( ! common op9ion on ?is po9t also8#ajc ,or d y believe t k is an hon\rable ?+1 & made to gov]n man3 & t :5 once a man kn[s :at good & evil ?+s are1 he w n be ov]-rul$ by any o!r motive :atev]1 s z to d o!r ?+s ?an :at are enjo9$ by su* k--8 own intellig5ce be+ a suffici5t def5ce to him8#ajd ,prot4--,! la/ op9ion is :at ,i hold4 ,to me1 above all o!rs1 x w\ld be disgraceful n to proclaim t k or intellig5ce 0 ! gov]n+ elem5t ( human affairs4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceb ,a4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceb ,b-,c4 ,greek3 po_/t]on kai t\to_/ soi dokei 7_/sp] tois pollois a7n?r_/pois 7 a7_/lls8 4 4 4 diano\_/m5oi p]i ts e7pi/_/ms 7_/sp] p]i a7ndrapo_/don1 p]ielkome_/ns u7po tn a7_/lln a7pa_/ntn4 ,ari/otle 9 ! ,nikoma*ean ,e?ics cites & criticises ! op9ion ( ,sokrates1 :]e9 ! latt] affirm$ ! irresi/ible supremacy ( k1 :5 really possess$1 ov] all passions & desires4 ,ari/otle cites x ) ! express phraseology & illu/ration conta9$ 9 ?is passage ( ! ,protagoras4 ,greek3 ,e7pi/a_/m5on men ou7n ou7_/ phasi_/ t9es oi7o_/n te ei7nai a7krateu_/e/hai4 de9on ga_/r1 e7pi/_/ms e7n\_/ss1 7s 7_/eto ,skra_/ts1 a7_/llo ti kratein1 kai p]ie_/lke9 au7tn 7_/sp] a7ndra_/podon4 ,skra_/ts men gar o7_/ls e7ma_/*eto pros ton lo_/gon1 7s ou7k ou7_/ss a7krasi_/z2 ou7!_/na gar u7polamba_/nonta1 pra_/tte9 p>a to be_/lti/on1 a7lla di' a7_/gnoian 7,e?ic4 ,n4 vii4 #b1 vii4 #c1 p4 #aade1 b4 #bd74 ,! same metaphor ,greek3 p]ie_/lketai e7pi/_/m is aga9 ascrib$ to ,sokrates by ,ari/otle1 a little f>!r on 9 ! same treatise1 p4 #aadg1 b4 #ae4 ,we see f h5ce t :5 ,ari/otle comm5ts ^u ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates1 :at he "h means is1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras2 ! citation ( ?is p>ticul> metaphor e/abli%es ! id5tity4 ,9 ano!r passage ( ! ,nikom4 ,e?41 ,ari/otle also cites a fact respect+ ! ,sophi/ ,protagoras1 :i* fact is m5tion$ 9 ! ,platonic dialogue ,protagoras--respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* t ,sophi/ all[$ 8 pupils to assess _! own fee = 8 tea*+ 7,e?ic4 ,nik4 ix4 #a1 #aafd1 a4 #be74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceb ,c4 ,greek3 a7ll' i7kann ei7nai tn phro_/ns9 bo!in t a7n?r_/p4 ,side-note3 ,mi/ake ( suppos+ t m5 act contr>y to k4 ,we nev] call pleasures evils1 except :5 !y entail a prepond]ance ( pa91 or a disappo9tm5t ( great] pleasures4 ,sokr4--,y speak well & truly4 ,b y are aw>e t mo/ m5 are ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,!y affirm t _m :o "k :at is be/1 act aga9/ _! own k1 ov]come by pleasure or by pa94 ,prot4--,mo/ m5 ?9k s3 incorrectly1 9 my judgm5t1 z !y say _m o!r ?+s besides4#aje ,sokr4--,:5 !y say t a man1 be+ ov]come by food or dr9k or o!r temptations1 w d ?+s :i* he kn[s to be evil1 we mu/ ask !m1 ,on :at gr\nd d y call ^! ?+s evil8 ,is x because !y imp>t pleasure at ! mom5t1 or because !y prep>e disease1 pov]ty1 & o!r su* ?+s1 = ! future8#ajf ,mo/ m5 w\ld reply1 ,i ?9k1 t !y call$ ^! ?+s evil n on acc\nt ( ! pres5t pleasure :i* ! ?+s produc$1 b on acc\nt ( _! ult]ior consequ5ces--pov]ty & disease be+ bo? ( !m di/ress+8 ,prot4--,mo/ m5 w\ld say ?is4 ,sokr4--,x w\ld be admitt$ !n t ^! ?+s 7 evil = no o!r reason1 ?an because !y end$ 9 pa9 & 9 privation ( pleasure4#ajg ,prot4--,c]ta9ly4 ,sokr4--,aga91 :5 x is said t "s good ?+s are pa9ful1 su* ?+s are meant z gymna/ic ex]cises1 milit>y exp$itions1 m$ical treatm5t4 ,n[ no "o w say t ^! ?+s are good because ( ! imm$iate suff]+ :i* !y occasion1 b because ( ! ult]ior results ( heal?1 weal?1 & security1 :i* we obta9 by !m4 ,?us1 ^! also are good = no o!r reason1 ?an because !y end 9 pleasures1 or 9 relief or prev5tion ( pa94#ajh ,or c y indicate any o!r end1 to :i* m5 look :5 !y call ^! matt]s evil8 ,prot4--,no o!r end c be indicat$4 ,footnote #aje3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #ceb-cec4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cec ,d4 ,greek3 ponra de au7ta p phate ei7nai8 po_/t]on o7_/ti tn 7donn tau_/tn e7n t p>a*rma p>e_/*ei kai 7du_/ e7/9 e7_/ka/on au7tn1 7 o7_/ti ei7s ton u7_//]on *ro_/non no_/s\s te poiei kai p5i_/z kai a7_/lla toiauta polla p>askeua_/zei8 ,footnote #ajg3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cec ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n phai_/netai4 4 4 4 di' ou7den a7_/llo tauta kaka o7_/nta1 7 dio_/ti ei7s a7ni_/z te a7poteleuta kai a7_/lln 7donn a7po/]ei8 ,footnote #ajh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ced ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ,tauta de a7ga?a_/ e7/i di' a7_/llo ti 7 o7_/ti ei7s 7donas a7poteleuta kai lupn a7pallagas kai a7potropa_/s8 7 e7_/*ete_/ ti a7_/llo te_/los le_/ge91 ei7s o7 a7poble_/psantes au7ta a7ga?a kaleite1 a7ll' 7 7dona_/s te kai lu_/pas8 ou7k a7n phaien1 7s e7g7mai4 4 4 4 ,ou7k\n tn men 7donn di_/kete 7s a7ga?on o7_/n1 tn de lu_/pn pheu_/gete 7s kako_/n8 ,side-note3 ,pleasure is ! only good--pa9 ! only evil4 ,no man does evil volunt>ily1 kn[+ x to be evil4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 pleasures pres5t & future--resolves itself into pleasure & pa94 ,sokr4--,x ?us appe>s t y pursue pleasure z good1 & avoid pa9 z evil4 ,pleasure is :at y ?9k good3 pa9 is :at y ?9k evil3 = ev5 pleasure itself appe>s to y evil1 :5 x ei!r deprives y ( pleasures great] ?an itself1 or entails ^u y pa9s outweigh+ itself4 ,is !re any o!r reason1 or any o!r ult]ior end1 to :i* y look :5 y pron\nce pleasure to be evil8 ,if !re be any o!r betwe5 reason1 or any o!r end1 tell u :at x is4#aji ,prot4--,!re is none :atev]4 ,sokr4--,! case is simil> ab\t pa9s3 y call pa9 good1 :5 x pres]ves y f great] pa9s1 or procures = y a future balance ( pleasure4 ,if !re be any o!r end to :i* y look :5 y call pa9 good1 tell u :at x is4 ,prot4--,y speak truly4 ,sokr4--,if ,i am ask$ :y ,i insi/ s mu* on ! topic n[ be=e u1 ,i %all reply1 t x is no easy matt] to expla9 :at is meant by be+ ov]come by pleasure2 & t ! :ole pro( h+es ^u ?is po9t--:e!r !re is any o!r good ?an pleasure1 or any o!r evil ?an pa92 & :e!r x be n suffici5t1 t we %\ld g ?r\gh life pleasurably & )\t pa9s4#aaj ,if ?is be suffici5t1 & if no o!r good or evil c be po9t$ out1 :i* does n end 9 pleasures & pa9s1 m>k ! consequ5ces4 ,good & evil be+ id5tical ) pleasurable & pa9ful1 x is ridicul\s to say t a man does evil volunt>ily1 kn[+ x to be evil1 "u ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( pleasure3 t is1 "u ! ov]p[]+ influ5ce ( good4#aaa ,h[ c x be wrong1 t a man %\ld yield to ! influ5ce ( good8 ,x nev] c be wrong1 except 9 ?is case--:5 ! good obta9$ is ( small] am\nt ?an ! consequ5t good =feit$ or ! consequ5t evil entail$4 ,:at o!r ex*angeable value c !re be betwe5 pleasures & pa9s1 except 9 ! ratio ( quantity--great] or less1 m or few]8#aab ,if an objector tells me t !re is a mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 pleasures & pa9s ( ! mom5t1 & pleasures & pa9s po/pon$ to a future "t1 ,i ask him 9 reply1 ,is !re any o!r diff]5ce1 except 9 pleasure & pa98 ,an intellig5t man ought to put !m bo? 9 ! scale1 ! pleasures & ! pa9s1 ! pres5t & ! future1 s z to det]m9e ! balance4 ,weigh+ pleasures aga9/ pleasures1 he ought to pref] ! m & ! great]3 weigh+ pa9s aga9/ pa9s1 ! few] & ! less4 ,if pleasures aga9/ pa9s1 !n :5 ! latt] outweigh ! =m]1 reckon+ di/ant z well z ne>1 he ought to ab/a9 f ! act3 :5 ! pleasures outweigh1 he ought to d x4 ,prot4--,! objectors c\ld h no?+ to say aga9/ ?is4#aac ,footnote #aji3 ,plato1 ,protag1 p4 #ced ,d4 ,greek3 e7pei ei7 kat' a7_/llo ti au7to to *ai_/re9 kakon kaleite kai ei7s a7_/llo ti te_/los a7poble_/psantes1 e7_/*oite a7n kai 7min ei7pein2 a7ll' ou7* e7_/xete4 ,ou7d' e7moi dok\s91 e7_/ph o7 ,prtago_/ras4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ced ,e4 ,greek3 e7_/peita e7n t\_/t ei7si pasai ai7 a7podei_/xeis2 a7ll' e7_/ti kai nun a7na!_//hai e7_/xe/91 ei7 p e7_/*ete a7_/llo ti pha_/nai ei7nai to a7ga?on 7 tn 7don_/n1 7 to kakon a7_/llo ti 7 tn a7ni_/an1 7 a7rkei u7min to 7de_/s katabinai ton bi_/on a7_/neu lupn8 ,footnote #aaa3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cee ,c4 ,footnote #aab3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cef ,a4 ,greek3 kai ti_/s a7_/ll a7xi_/a 7don pros lu_/pn e7/in a7ll' 7 u7p]bol a7ll_/ln kai e7_/lleipsis8 tauta d' e7/i mei_/z te kai smikro_/t]a gigno_/m5a a7ll_/ln1 kai plei_/ kai e7la_/tt1 kai mallon kai 7tton4 ,footnote #aac3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cef ,c4 ,side-note3 ,necess>y resort to ! measur+ art = *oos+ pleasures rightly--all ! security ( our lives dep5d ^u x4 ,sokr4--,well !n--,i %all tell !m f>!r--y "k t ! same magnitude1 & ! same voice1 appe>s to y great] :5 ne> ?an :5 di/ant4 ,n[1 if all our well-do+ dep5d$ ^u our *oos+ ! magnitudes really great] & avoid+ ^? really less1 :]e w\ld ! security ( our life be f\nd8 ,9 ! art ( m5suration1 or 9 ! app>5t impression8#aad ,w\ld n ! latt] lead u a/ray1 caus+ u to vacillate & judge badly 9 our *oice betwe5 great & little1 ) frequ5t rep5tance aft]w>ds8 ,w\ld n ! art ( m5suration set aside ^! false appe>ances1 & by reveal+ to u ! tru?1 imp>t tranquillity to our m9ds & security to our lives8 ,w\ld n ! objectors !mselves ackn[l$ge t !re 0 no o!r safety1 except 9 ! art ( m5suration8 ,prot4--,!y w\ld ackn[l$ge x4 ,sokr4--,aga91 ,if ! good conduct ( our lives dep5d$ on ! *oice ( odd & ev51 & 9 di/+ui%+ rightly ! great] f ! less1 :e!r f> or ne>1 w\ld n our safety reside 9 k1 & 9 a c]ta9 k ( m5suration too1 9 ,ari?metic8 ,prot4--,!y w\ld conc$e to y t also4 ,sokr4--,well !n1 my fri5ds1 s9ce ! security ( our lives has be5 f\nd to dep5d on ! "r *oice ( pleasure & pa9--betwe5 ! m & few]1 great] & less1 ne>] & f>!r--does x n come to a simple e/imate ( excess1 defici5cy1 & equality betwe5 !m8 9 o!r words1 to m5suration1 art1 or sci5ce8#aae ,:at k9d ( art or sci5ce x is1 we w enquire ano!r "t3 = ! purpose ( our argum5t1 en\gh has be5 done :5 we h %[n t x is sci5ce4 ,footnote #aad3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cef ,d4 ,greek3 ei7 ou7n e7n t\_/t 7min 7n to eu7 pra_/tte91 e7n t ta men mega_/la m_/k kai pra_/tte9 kai lamba_/ne91 ta de smikra kai pheu_/ge9 kai m pra_/tte91 ti_/s a7n 7min stri_/a e7pha_/n t\ bi_/ou8 a7ra 7 metrtik te_/*n1 7 7 t\ pha9ome_/n\ du_/namis8 4 4 4 ,a7r' a7n o7mologoien oi7 a7_/n?rpoi pros tauta 7mas tn metrtikn s_/ze9 a7n te_/*nn1 7 a7_/lln8 ,footnote #aae3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceg ,a-v4 ,greek3 e7peid de 7dons te kai lu_/ps e7n o7r? t ai7re_/sei e7pha_/n 7min 7 stri_/a t\ bi_/ou ou7sa1 t\ te ple_/onos kai e7la_/ttonos kai mei_/zonos kai smikrote_/ron kai por7r7te_/r kai e7ggute_/r1 a7ra prton men ou7 metrtik phai_/netai1 u7p]bols te kai e7ndei_/z ou7sa kai i7s_/ttos pros a7ll_/las ske_/psis8 ,a7ll' a7na_/gk4 ,e7pei de metrtik_/1 a7na_/gk d_/p\ te_/*n kai e7pi/_/m4 ,side-note3 ,to d wrong1 ov]come by pleasure1 is only a bad phrase = describ+ :at is really a case ( grave ignorance4 ,= :5 we 7,protagoras & ,sokrates7 affirm$1 t no?+ 0 m p[]ful ?an sci5ce or k1 & t ?is1 9 :atsoev] m9ds x exi/$1 prevail$ ov] pleasure & e ?+ else--y 7! suppos$ objectors7 ma9ta9$1 on ! contr>y1 t pleasure (t5 prevail$ ov] k ev5 9 ! in/ruct$ man3 & y call$ ^u u to expla91 ^u our pr9ciples1 :at t m5tal affection 01 :i* p call$1 be+ ov]come by ! s$uction ( pleasure4 ,we h n[ %[n y t ?is m5tal affection is no?+ else b ignorance1 & ! grave/ ignorance4 ,y h admitt$ t ^? :o g wrong 9 ! *oice ( pleasures & pa9s--t is1 9 ! *oice ( good & evil ?+s--g wrong f want ( k1 ( ! k or sci5ce ( m5suration4 ,! wrong de$ done f want ( k1 is done ?r\gh ignorance4 ,:at y call be+ ov]come by pleasure is ?us1 ! grave/ ignorance2 :i* ^! ,sophi/s1 ,protagoras1 ,prodikus1 & ,hippias1 engage to cure3 b y 7! objectors :om we n[ address7 n believ+ x to be ignorance1 or p]haps unwill+ to pay !m _! fees1 refuse to visit !m1 & !re=e g on do+ ill1 bo? privately & publicly4#aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceg ,e4 ,side-note3 ,reason+ ( ,sokrates ass5t$ to by all4 ,actions :i* conduct to pleasures or fre$om f pa91 are hon\rable4 ,n[ !n1 ,protagoras1 ,prodikus1 & ,hippias 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 ,i turn to y1 & ask1 :e!r y acc\nt my reason+ true or false8 7,all ( !m pron\nc$ x to be surpass+ly true47 ,sokr4--,y all agree1 !n1 all ?ree1 t ! pleasurable is good1 & t ! pa9ful is evil3#aag = ,i take no acc\nt at pres5t ( ! v]bal di/9ctions ( ,prodikus1 discrim9at+ betwe5 ! pleasurable1 ! delightful1 & ! enjoyable4 ,if ?is be s1 are n all ^? actions1 :i* conduct to a life ( pleasure or to a life free f pa91 hon\rable8 & is n ! hon\rable de$1 good & pr(itable8#aah 7,9 ?is1 all p]sons pres5t concurr$47 ,if !n ! pleasurable is good1 no "o ev] does any?+1 :5 he ei!r kn[s or believes o!r ?+s 9 8 p[] to be bett]4 ,to be inf]ior to y\rself is no?+ else ?an ignorance3 to be sup]ior to y\rself1 is no?+ else ?an wisdom4 ,ignorance consi/s 9 hold+ false op9ions1 & 9 be+ deceiv$ respect+ matt]s ( high importance4 7,agre$ by all47 ,accord+ly1 no "o will+ly ent]s ^u c\rses :i* are evil1 or :i* he believes to be evil2 nor is x 9 ! nature ( man to ent] ^u :at he ?9ks evil c\rses1 9 pref]5ce to good4 ,:5 a man is compell$ to make *oice betwe5 two evils1 no "o w take ! great] :5 he might take ! less4#aai 7,agre$ to by all ?ree47 ,f>!r1 no "o w affront ?+s ( :i* he is afraid1 :5 o!r ?+s are op5 to him1 ( :i* he is n afraid3 = fe> is an expectation ( evil1 s t :at a man fe>s1 he ( c\rse ?9ks to be an evil1--& w n approa* x will+ly4 7,agre$47#abj ,footnote #aag3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceh ,a4 ,greek3 u7p]phus e7d_/kei a7_/pas9 a7l? ei7nai ta ei7rme_/na4 ,o7mologeite a7_/ra1 7n d' e7g_/1 to men 7du a7ga?on ei7nai1 to de a7ni>on kako_/n4 ,footnote #aah3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceh ,b4 ,greek3 ai7 e7pi t\_/t\ pra_/xeis a7_/pasai e7pi t\ a7lu_/ps zn kai 7de_/s1 a7r' ou7 kalai_/8 kai to kalon e7_/rgon1 a7ga?o_/n te kai 7phe_/limon8 ,footnote #aai3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceh ,c-,d4 ,greek3 e7pi_/ ge ta kaka ou7deis e7kn e7_/r*etai1 ou7de e7pi a7 oi7_/etai kaka ei7nai1 ou7d' e7/i t\to1 7s e7_/oik51 e7n a7n?r_/p\ phu_/sei1 e7pi a7 oi7_/etai kaka ei7nai e7!_/le9 i7e_/nai a7nti tn a7ga?n2 o7_/tan te a7nagka_//h duoin kakoin to e7_/t]on ai7rei/hai1 ou7deis to meizon ai7r_/setai1 e7xon to e7_/latton4 ,footnote #abj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceh ,e4 ,side-note3 ,explanation ( c\rage4 ,x consi/s 9 a wise e/imate ( ?+s t]rible & n t]rible4 ,sokr4--,let u n[ rev]t to ! explanation ( c\rage1 giv5 by ,protagoras4 ,he said t f\r out ( ! five p>ts ( virtue 7 tol]ably simil>2 b t c\rage diff]$ greatly f all ( !m4 ,& he affirm$ t !re 7 m5 di/+ui%$ = c\rage2 yet at ! same "t em95tly unju/1 immod]ate1 unholy1 & /upid4 ,he said1 too1 t ! c\rage\s m5 7 m5 to attempt ?+s :i* timid m5 w\ld n approa*4 ,n[1 ,protagoras1 :at are ^! ?+s :i* ! c\rage\s m5 alone are prep>$ to attempt8 ,w !y attempt t]rible ?+s1 believ+ !m to be t]rible8 ,prot4--,t is impossible1 z y h %[n j n[4 ,sokr4--,no "o w ent] ^u t :i* he believes to be t]rible1--or1 9 o!r words1 w g into evil kn[+ x to be evil3 a man :o does s is inf]ior to himself--& ?is1 z we h agre$1 is ignorance1 or ! contr>y ( k4 ,all m51 bo? timid & brave1 attempt ?+s ^u :i* !y h a good he>t3 9 ?is respect1 ! ?+s :i* ! timid & ! brave g at1 are ! same4#aba ,prot4--,h[ c ?is be8 ,! ?+s :i* ! timid & ! brave g at or affront1 are q contr>y3 = example1 ! latt] are will+ to g to w>1 :i* ! =m] are n4 ,sokr4--,is x hon\rable to g to w>1 or di%on\rable8 ,prot4--,hon\rable4 ,sokr4--,if x be hon\rable1 x mu/ also be good3#abb = we h agre$1 9 ! prec$+ debate1 t all hon\rable ?+s 7 good4 ,prot4--,y speak truly4#abc ,i at lea/ always p]si/ 9 ?9k+ s4 ,sokr4--,:i* ( ! two is x1 :o 7y say7 are unwill+ to g into w>2 x be+ an hon\rable & good ?+8 ,prot4--,! c[>ds4 ,sokr4--,b if go+ to w> be an hon\rable & good ?+1 x is also pleasurable8 ,prot4--,c]ta9ly t has be5 admitt$4#abd ,sokr4--,is x !n kn[+ly t c[>ds refuse to g into w>1 :i* is bo? m hon\rable1 bett]1 & m pleasurable8 ,prot4--,we _c say s1 )\t contradict+ our prec$+ admissions4 ,sokr4--,:at ab\t ! c\rage\s man8 does n he affront or g at :at is m hon\rable1 bett]1 & m pleasurable8 ,prot4--,x _c be d5i$4 ,sokr4--,c\rage\s m5 !n1 g5]ally1 are ^? ^: fe>s1 :5 !y are afraid1 are hon\rable & good--n di%on\rable or bad3 & ^: confid5ce1 :5 !y feel confid5t1 is also hon\rable & good8#abe ,on ! contr>y1 c[>ds1 impud5t m51 & madm51 bo? fe>1 & feel confid5ce1 on di%on\rable occasions8 ,prot4--,agre$4 ,sokr4--,:5 !y ?us view ) confid5ce ?+s di%on\rable & evil1 is x f any o!r reason ?an f ignorance & /upidity8 ,are !y n c[>ds f /upidity1 or a /upid e/imate ( ?+s t]rible8 ,& is x n 9 ?is ignorance1 or /upid e/imate ( ?+s t]rible1 & ?+s n t]rible--t c[>dice consi/s8 ,la/ly1#abf--;c\rage be+ ! opposite ( c[>dice--is x n 9 ! k1 or wise e/imate1 ( ?+s t]rible & ?+s n t]rible1 t c\rage consi/s8 ,footnote #aba3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cei ,d4 ,greek3 e7pi men a7 de9a 7geitai ei7nai ou7deis e7_/r*etai1 e7peid to 7_/tt ei7nai e7aut\ eu7re_/? a7ma?i_/a ou7sa4 7molo_/gei4 ,a7lla mn e7pi a7_/ ge ?>7r7ousi pa_/ntes au7 e7_/r*ontai1 kai deiloi kai a7ndreioi1 kai tau_/t ge e7pi ta au7ta e7_/r*ontai oi7 deiloi_/ te kai oi7 a7ndreioi4 ,footnote #abb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cei ,e4 ,greek3 po_/t]on kalon o7n i7e_/nai 7ei7s ton po_/lemon7 7 ai7s*ro_/n8 ,kalo_/n1 e7_/ph4 ,ou7k\n1 ei7_/p] kalo_/n1 kai a7ga?on 7molog_/sam5 e7n tois e7_/mpro/h52 tas gar kalas pra_/xeis a7pa_/sas a7ga?as 7molog_/sam58 ,footnote #abc3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cei ,e4 ,greek3 ,a7l? le_/geis1 kai a7ei e7_/moige dokei ou7_/ts4 ,?is answ]1 put into ! m\? ( ,protagoras1 af=ds ano!r pro( t ,plato did n int5d to impute to him ! "* :i* _m comm5tators impute4 ,footnote #abd3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfj ,a4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n1 7n d' e7g_/1 ei7_/p] kalon kai a7ga?o_/n1 kai 7du_/8 7molo_/gtai g\n1 e7_/ph4 ,footnote #abe3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfj ,b4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n o7_/ls oi7 a7ndreioi ou7k ai7s*r\s pho_/b\s phob\ntai1 o7_/tav phobntai1 ou7de ai7s*ra ?a_/r7r7 ?a_/r7r7ous98 4 4 4 ,ei7 de m ai7s*ra_/1 a7r' ou7 kala_/8 4 4 4 ,ei7 de kala_/1 kai a7ga?a_/8 ,footnote #abf3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfj ,d4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n 7 tn de9n kai m de9n a7ma?i_/a deili_/a a7n ei7_/8 4 4 4 7 sophi_/a a7_/ra tn de9n kai m de9n1 a7ndrei_/a e7/i_/n1 e7nanti_/a ou7sa t t\_/tn a7ma?i_/a8 ,side-note3 ,reluctance ( ,protagoras to cont9ue answ]+4 ,close ( ! discussion4 ,sokrates decl>es t ! subject is /ill 9 confusion1 & t he wi%es to debate x aga9 ) ,protagoras4 ,amicable reply ( ,protagoras4 ,protagoras is describ$ z answ]+ ! la/ few que/ions ) increas+ reluctance4 ,b at ?is f9al "q1 he decl9es altoge!r to answ]1 or ev5 to imply ass5t by a ge/ure4#abg ,sokr4--,:y w y n answ] my "q1 ei!r affirmatively or negatively8 ,prot4--,f9i% ! exposition by y\rself4 ,sokr4--,i w only ask y "o m "q4 ,d y /ill ?9k1 z y said be=e1 t !re are "s m5 extremely /upid1 b extremely c\rage\s8 ,prot4--,y seem to be ob/9ately b5t on mak+ me answ]3 ,i w !re=e comply ) y\r wi%3 ,i say t accord+ to our previ\s admissions1 x appe>s to me impossible4 ,sokr4--,i h no o!r motive = que/ion+ y ?us1 except ! wi% to inve/igate h[ ! tru? /&s respect+ virtue & :at virtue is 9 itself4#abh ,to det]m9e ?is1 is ! way to elucidate ! "q :i* y & ,i fir/ debat$ at l5g?3--,i1 affirm+ t virtue 0 n tea*able--y1 t x 0 tea*able4 ,! issue ( our conv]sation r5d]s bo? ( u ridicul\s4 ,= ,i1 :o d5i$ virtue to be tea*able1 h %[n t x consi/s altoge!r 9 k1 :i* is ! mo/ tea*able ( all ?+s3 :ile ,protagoras1 :o affirm$ t x 0 tea*able1 has tri$ to %[ t x consi/$ 9 e ?+ r ?an k3 on :i* supposition x w\ld be h>dly tea*able at all4 ,i !re=e1 see+ all ^! que/ions sadly confus$ & turn$ upside d[n1 am beyond measure anxi\s to cle> !m up2#abi & %\ld be glad1 conjo9tly ) y1 to g ?r\gh ! :ole inve/igation--,fir/1 :at ,virtue is1--,next1 :e!r x is tea*able or n4 ,x is ) a provid5t anxiety = ! conduct ( my own life t ,i und]take ?is rese>*1 & ,i %\ld be delight$ to h y z a coadjutor4#acj ,prot4--,i comm5d y\r e>ne/ness1 ,sokrates1 & y\r mann] ( conduct+ discussion4 ,i ?9k myself n a bad man 9 o!r respects3 & z to jeal\sy1 ,i h z little ( x z any "o4 ,= ,i h always said ( y1 t ,i admire y mu* m ?an any man ( my acqua9tance--decid$ly m ?an any man ( y\r own age4 ,x w\ld n surprise me1 if y became "o day illu/ri\s = wisdom4 ,footnote #abg3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfj ,d4 ,greek3 ou7ke_/ti e7ntau?a ou7_/t' e7p9eusai 7!_/ls51 e7si_/ga te4 ,footnote #abh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfj-cfa4 ,greek3 ,ou7_/toi a7_/ll\ e7_/neka e7rt pa_/nta tauta1 7 ske_/psa/hai b\lo_/m5os ps pot' e7_/*ei ta p]i ts a7rets1 kai ti_/ pot' e7/in au7to 7 a7ret_/4 ,oi7da gar o7_/ti t\_/t\ phan]\ g5ome_/n\ ma_/li/' a7n kata_/dlon ge_/noito e7keino1 p]i ou7 e7g_/ te kai su makron lo_/gon e7ka_/t]os a7petei_/nam51 e7g men le_/gn1 7s ou7 didakton a7ret_/1 su d'1 7s didakto_/n4 ,footnote #abi3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfa ,c4 ,greek3 e7g ou7n pa_/nta tauta ka?orn a7_/n ka_/t t>atto_/m5a de9s1 pasan pro?umi_/an e7_/* kataphan au7ta g5e_//hai1 kai b\loi_/mn a7n tauta diexel?o_/ntas 7mas e7xel!in kai e7pi tn a7retn o7_/ ti e7_//94 ,footnote #acj3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfa ,d4 ,greek3 prom?\_/m5os u7per t\ bi_/ou t\ e7maut\ panto_/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks on ! dialogue4 ,x closes )\t ! lea/ allusion to ,hippokrates4 ,su* is ! end ( ?is long & int]e/+ dialogue4#aca ,we rem>k ) "s surprise t x closes )\t any m5tion ( ,hippokrates1 & )\t a ^w address$ to him respect+ 8 anxi\s reque/ = admission to ! society ( ,protagoras3 ?\gh su* reque/ _h be5 pres5t$ at ! beg9n+1 ) mu* emphasis1 z ! sole motive = ! int]v5tion ( ,sokrates4 ,^u ?is po9t#acb ! dialogue is op5 to ! same criticism z t :i* ,plato 79 ! ,phdrus7 be/[s on ! disc\rse ( ,lysias3 requir+ t e disc\rse %all be l a liv+ organism1 nei!r headless nor footless1 b hav+ extremities & a middle piece adapt$ to ea* o!r4 ,footnote #aca3 ,mo/ critics treat ! ,protagoras z a composition ( ,plato's y\ng] ye>s--:at !y call 8 fir/ p]iod--be=e ! dea? ( ,sokrates4 ,!y fix diff]5t ye>s1 f #djg ,b4,c4 7,a/7 d[n to #djb ,b4,c4 ,i d n agree ) ?is view4 ,i c admit no dialogue e>li] ?an #cii ,b4,c43 & ,i consid] ! ,protagoras to belong to ,plato's full maturity4 ,footnote #acb3 ,plato1 ,phdrus1 p4 #bfd ,c4 ,greek3 dein pa_/nta lo_/gon 7_/sp] zon sune/a_/nai1 sma_/ ti e7_/*onta au7ton au7t\1 _//e m_/te a7ke_/phalon ei7nai m_/te a7_/p\n1 c4 ,side-note3 ,two di/9ct aspects ( e?ics & politics exhibit$3 "o "u ! "n ( ,protagoras2 ! o!r1 "u t ( ,sokrates4 ,9 our review ( ?is dialogue1 we h f\nd fir/1 t[>ds ! beg9n+1 an expository disc\rse f ,protagoras1 describ+ ! ma9t5ance & propagation ( virtue 9 an e/abli%$ community3 next1 t[>ds ! close1 an expository /r+ ( int]rogatories by ,sokrates1 de/9$ to e/abli% ! id5tity ( ,good ) ,pleasurable1 ,evil ) ,pa9ful2 & ! indisp5sable supremacy ( ! calculat+ or measur+ sci5ce1 z ! tutel>y guide ( human life4 ,( ! fir/1 ,i speak 7l o!r critics7 z ! disc\rse ( ,protagoras3 ( ! second1 z ! !ory ( ,sokrates4 ,b ,i mu/ aga9 rem9d ! read]1 t bo? ! "o & ! o!r are compositions ( ,plato2 bo? alike are (fspr+ ( 8 +5i\s & productive imag9ation4 ,protagoras is n ! au?or ( t :i* appe>s "h "u 8 "n3 & :5 we read ! disp>ag+ epi!ts :i* _m critics affix to 8 disc\rse1 we mu/ recollect t ^! epi!ts1 if !y 7 well-f\nd$1 w\ld h no real application to ! hi/orical ,protagoras1 b only to ,plato himself4 ,he has set =? two aspects1 di/9ct & 9 "p oppos+1 ( e?ics & politics3 & he has provid$ a wor?y *ampion = ea*4 ,philosophy1 or reason$ tru?1 if x be atta9able at all1 _c mo/ c]ta9ly be atta9$ )\t su* _m-sid$ h&l+3 /ill less c t :i* ,plato calls k be atta9$--or su* comm& ( philosophy z w enable a man to /& a ,sokratic cross-exam9ation 9 x4 ,side-note3 ,ord] ( e?ical problems1 z conceiv$ by ,sokrates4 ,9 ! la/ spee* ( ,sokrates 9 ! dialogue1#acc we f9d him proclaim+1 t ! fir/ ( all problems to be solv$ 01 ,:at virtue really is8 ^u :i* !re prevails s]i\s confusion ( op9ions4 ,x 0 a second "q--important1 yet /ill second & presuppos+ ! solution ( ! fir/--,:e!r virtue is tea*able8 ,we notic$ ! same judgm5t z to ! ord] ( ! two que/ions deliv]$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,m5on4#acd ,footnote #acc3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cfa ,c4 ,footnote #acd3 ,see ! la/ prec$+ *apt] ( ?is volume1 p4 #bdb49999 ,^u ?is ord]1 necess>ily requir$1 ( ! two que/ions1 ,s*lei]ma*] has a p]t95t rem>k 9 8 g5]al ,e9leitung to ! works ( ,plato1 p4 #bf4 ,eb]h>d 7he says7 affirms t ! end propos$ by ,plato 9 8 dialogues 0 to =m ! m9ds ( ! noble ,a!nian y\?1 s z to make !m virtu\s citiz5s4 ,s*lei]ma*] controv]ts ! position ( ,eb]h>d2 ma9ta9+ t ?is is f> too subord9ate a /&+-po9t = philosophy1--besides t x is reason+ 9 a circle1 s9ce philosophy has fir/ to det]m9e :at ! virtue ( a citiz5 is4 ,side-note3 ,diff]5ce ( me?od betwe5 him & ,protagoras fl[s f ?is diff]5ce ( ord]4 ,protagoras assumes :at virtue is1 )\t enquiry4 ,n[ ! conception ( e?ical que/ions 9 ?is ord]--! reluctance to deal ) ! second until ! fir/ has be5 fully debat$ & settl$--is "o fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ,sokrates4 ,! diff]5ce ( me?od1 betwe5 him & ,protagoras1 fl[s f ?is prior diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 fundam5tal conception4 ,:at virtue is1 ,protagoras nei!r def9es nor analyses1 nor submits to debate4 ,he manife/s no consci\sness ( ! necessity ( analysis3 he accepts ! gr\nd already prep>$ = him by ,k+ ,nomos3 he ?us proce$s z if ! fir/ /ep _h be5 made sure1 & takes 8 dep>ture f hypo!ses ( :i* he r5d]s no acc\nt--z ! ,platonic ,sokrates compla9s ( ! geomet]s = do+4#ace ,to ,protagoras1 social or political virtue is a kn[n & famili> datum1 ab\t :i* no "o c mi/ake3 :i* mu/ be possess$1 9 great] or less measure1 by e man1 z a condition ( ! exi/5ce ( society3 :i* e individual has an int]e/ 9 promot+ 9 all 8 neighb\rs3 & :i* e "o !re=e tea*es & en=ces ^u e "o else4 ,x is a matt] ( common s5se or common s5tim5t1 & ?us /&s 9 contra/ ) ! special pr(essional accompli%m5ts2 :i* are conf9$ only to a few--& ! possessors1 tea*]s1 & le>n]s ( :i* are ea* an assignable section ( ! society4 ,! p>ts or bran*es ( virtue are1 9 l mann]1 assum$ by him z kn[n1 9 _! relations to ea* o!r & to ! :ole4 ,?is p]suasion ( k1 )\t prelim9>y inve/igation1 he adopts f ! g5]al public1 ) :om he is 9 communion ( s5tim5t4 ,:at !y accept & en=ce z virtue1 he accepts & en=ces also4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see supr1 vol4 i4 *4 viii4 p4 #ceh & *4 xvii49999 p4 #acf1 respect+ ^! rem>ks ( ,plato on ! geomet]s4 ,side-note3 ,me?od ( ,protagoras4 ,cont9u\s lectures address$ to e/abli%$ public s5tim5ts ) :i* he is 9 h>mony4 ,aga91 ! me?od pursu$ by ,protagoras1 is "o suitable to a tea*] :o has jump$ ov] ?is fir/ /ep2 :o assumes virtue1 z some?+ fix$ 9 ! public s5tim5ts--& addresses himself to ^? s5tim5ts1 ready-made z he f9ds !m4 ,he exp&s & illu/rates !m 9 cont9u\s lectures ( "s l5g?1 :i* fill bo? ! e>s & m9ds ( ! li/5]--,sp>tam nactus es1 hanc exorna3 he describes _! gr[?1 propagation1 & work+ 9 ! community3 he gives int]e/+ comm5ts on ! poets1 eulogis+ ! admir$ h]oes :o =m ! !me ( _! v]ses1 & enl>g+ on _! admonitions4 ,moreov]1 :ile re/+ altoge!r ^u ! au?ority ( ,k+ ,nomos1 he po9ts out ! be/ jewel 9 ! cr[n ( t pot5tate2 ! great social fact ( puni%m5t prospective1 rationally apportion$1 & employ$ altoge!r = prev5t+ & det]r+--in/ead ( be+ a m]e retrospective impulse1 v9dictive or retributive = ! pa/4 ,he describes in/ructively ! ma*9]y op]ative 9 ! community = ensur+ ob$i5ce to :at !y ?9k "r3 he tea*es1 9 8 eloqu5t expositions & int]pretations1 ! same morality1 public & private1 t e "o else tea*es3 :ile he c p]=m ! "w ( tea*+1 some:at m effectively ?an !y4 ,la/ly1 8 me?od is ess5tially %[y & popul>2 int5d$ = num]\s assemblies1 reproduc+ ! e/abli%$ cre$s & s5tim5ts ( ^? assemblies1 to _! satisfaction & admiration4 ,he is prep>$ to be met & answ]$ 9 8 own way1 by oppos+ speak]s2 & he conceives himself m ?an a mat* = su* rivals4 ,he pr(esses also to possess ! art ( %ort conv]sation or discussion4 ,b 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is art1 he runs almo/ involunt>ily into 8 m *>act]i/ic end[m5t ( cont9u\s spee*3 besides t ! po9ts :i* he raises = discussion assume all ! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & turn only ^u su* applications ( ^? pr9ciples z are admitt$ by mo/ p]sons to be op5 que/ions1 n =eclos$ by a p]emptory or?odoxy4 ,side-note3 ,me?od ( ,sokrates4 ,dwells ^u t "p ( ! problem :i* ,protagoras _h left out4 ,^u all ^! po9ts1 ,sokrates is ! =mal anti!sis ( ,protagoras4 ,he disclaims altoge!r ! capacities to :i* t ,sophi/ lays claim4 ,n only he _c tea* virtue1 b he pr(esses n to "k :at x is1 nor :e!r x be tea*able at all1 ,he />ts f a diff]5t po9t ( view3 n consid]+ virtue z a kn[n datum1 or z an univ]sal po/ulate1 b assimilat+ x to a special craft or accompli%m5t1 9 :i* a few practition]s suffice = ! entire public3 requir+ t 9 ?is capacity x %all be def9$1 & its practition]s & tea*]s po9t$ out4 ,he has no common gr\nd ) ,protagoras2 = ! difficulties :i* he moots are j su* z ! common consci\sness 7& ,protagoras along ) x7 ov]leaps or supposes to be settl$4 ,8 fir/ requirem5t1 advanc$ "u ! mode/ guise ( a small d\bt#acf :i* ,protagoras mu/ c]ta9ly be compet5t to remove1 is1 to "k--,:at virtue is8 ,:at are ! sep>ate p>ts ( virtue--ju/ice1 mod]ation1 hol9ess1 c48 ,:at is ! relation :i* !y be> to ea* o!r & to ! :ole--virtue8 ,are !y homog5e\s1 diff]+ only 9 quantity or has ea* ( !m its own specific ess5ce & peculi>ity8#acg ,respect+ virtue z a :ole1 we mu/ recollect1 ,protagoras _h disc\rs$ eloqu5tly & confid5tly1 z ( a matt] p]fectly kn[n4 ,he is n[ call$ back z x 7 to meet an attack 9 ! re>3 to answ] que/ions :i* he _h nev] consid]$1 & :i* _h nev] ev5 pres5t$ !mselves to him z que/ions4 ,at fir/ he replies z if ! que/ions (f]$ no difficulty2#ach sometimes he does n feel _! importance1 s t x seems to him a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r he replies 9 ! affirmative or negative4#aci ,b he f9ds himself br\ght r\nd1 by a s]ies ( que/ions1 to ass5t to conclusions :i* he nev]!less ?9ks untrue1 & :i* are c]ta9ly unwelcome4 ,accord+ly1 he becomes m & m disgu/$ ) ! process ( analytical int]rogation3 & at l5g? answ]s ) su* impati5ce & prolixity1 t ! int]rogation c no long] be prosecut$4 ,"h comes 9 ! break--! remon/rance ( ,sokrates--& ! m$iation ( ! by-/&]s4 ,footnote #acf3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbh ,e4 ,greek3 pln smikro_/n ti_/ moi e7mpod_/n1 o7_/ dlon o7_/ti ,prtago_/ras r7adi_/s e7pekdida_/xei1 c4 ,footnote #acg3 ,respect+ ,ari/on ( ,*ios1 ,diog5es ,la]tius tells u--,greek3 ,a7retas d' ou7_/te pollas ei7sg51 7s o7 ,z_/nn1 ou7_/te mi_/an pollois o7no_/mas9 kal\me_/nn--a7lla kai to pros ti_/ ps e7_/*e9 7,diog4 ,la]t4 vii4 #afa74 ,footnote #ach3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbi ,d4 ,greek3 ,a7lla r7a_/dion t\to_/ g'1 e7_/ph1 a7pokri_/na/hai1 c4 ,footnote #aci3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cba ,d4 ,greek3 ei7 gar b\_/lei1 e7_// 7min kai dikaiosu_/n o7_/sion kai o7sio_/ts di_/kaion4 ,m_/ moi1 7n d' e7g_/2 ou7den gar de_/omai to ei7 b\_/lei t\to kai ei7 soi dokei e7le_/g*e/hai1 a7ll' e7me_/ te kai se_/4 ,side-note3 ,anti!sis betwe5 ! eloqu5t lectur] & ! analytical cross-exam9]4 ,x is ?is anti!sis betwe5 ! eloqu5t popul> lectur]1 & ! analytical enquir] & cross-exam9]1 :i* ! dialogue seems ma9ly int5d$ to set =?4 ,protagoras pr(esses to "k t :i* he nei!r kn[s1 nor has ev] tri$ to probe to ! bottom4 ,^u ?is false p]suasion ( k1 ! ,sokratic ,el5*us is br\ght to be>4 ,we are made to see h[ /range1 repugnant1 & p]plex+1 is ! process ( analysis to ?is eloqu5t expositor3 h[ incompet5t he is to g ?r\gh x )\t confusion3 h[ little he c def9e 8 own t]ms1 or det]m9e ! limits ( ^? notions on :i* he is p]petually descant+4 ,side-note3 ,protagoras n int5d$ to be always 9 ! wrong1 ?\gh he is describ$ z br\ght to a contradiction4 ,x is n t ,protagoras is prov$ to be wrong 7,i speak n[ ( ?is e>ly "p ( ! conv]sation1 betwe5 *apt]s #ea-fb--pp4 #cbi-cce7 9 ! sub/antive gr\nd :i* he takes4 ,i d n at all believe 7z _m critics ei!r affirm or imply7 t ,plato int5d$ all :i* he 9 ! compos$ "u ! "n ( ,protagoras to be vile p]v]sion ( tru?1 ) no?+ b empty words & exorbitant pret5sions4 ,i d n ev5 believe t ,plato int5d$ all ^? obs]vations1 to :i* ! "n ( ,protagoras is prefix$1 to be acc\nt$ silly--:ile all t is assign$ to ,sokrates1#adj is admirable s5se & acut5ess4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ,plato int5d$ to be und]/ood z himself endors+ ! op9ions :i* he ascribes ev]y:]e to ,sokrates3 & x is q c]ta9 t he does n always make ! ,sokrates ( "o dialogue consi/5t ) ! ,sokrates ( ano!r4 ,= ! purpose ( %[+ ! incapacity ( ! respond5t to satisfy ! exig5cies ( analysis1 we ne$ n necess>ily suppose t ! conclusion to :i* ! que/ions conduct %\ld be a true "o4 ,if ! respond5t be br\ght1 ?r\gh 8 own admissions1 to a contradiction1 ?is is en\gh to prove t he did n "k ! subject deeply en\gh to make ! prop] answ]s & di/9ctions4 ,footnote #adj3 ,s*ne1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,protagoras1 is ( op9ion t a good "p ( ,plato's own doctr9e is giv5 "u ! "n ( ,protagoras 7,ueb] d5 ,protag4 von ,platon1 p4 #ahj seq474 ,side-note3 ,affirmation ( ,protagoras ab\t c\rage is affirm$ by ,plato himself else:]e4 ,b :atev] may h be5 ! int5tion ( ,plato1 if we look at ! fact1 we %all f9d t :at he has assign$ to ,sokrates is n always true1 nor :at he has giv5 to ,protagoras1 always false4 ,! positions laid d[n by ! latt]--,t _m m5 are c\rage\s1 b unju/3 t v>i\s p]sons are j1 )\t be+ wise & intellig5t3 t he :o possesses "o virtue1 does n ( necessity possess all3#ada--;are n only 9 con=mity ) ! common op9ion1 b are q true1 ?\gh ,sokrates is made to dispute !m4 ,moreov]1 ! argum5ts employ$ by ,sokrates 7includ+ 9 ^? argum5ts ! /range propositions t ju/ice is j1 & t hol9ess is holy7 are c]ta9ly n[ay conclusive4#adb ,?\gh ,protagoras1 becom+ entangl$ 9 difficulties1 & incapable ( ma9ta9+ 8 consi/5cy aga9/ an emb>rass+ cross-exam9ation1 is ( c\rse exhibit$ z ignorant ( t :i* he pr(esses to "k--! doctr9e :i* he ma9ta9s is nei!r untrue 9 itself1 nor ev5 %[n to be app>5tly untrue4 ,footnote #ada3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbi ,e4 ,protagoras is "h made to affirm t _m m5 are c\rage\s :o are nei!r j1 nor temp]ate1 nor virtu\s 9 o!r respects4 ,sokrates contradicts ! position4 ,b 9 ! ,treatise ,de ,legibus 7i4 p4 #fcj ,b71 ,plato himself says same ?+ z ,protagoras is "h made to say3 at lea/ assum+ t ! ,a!nian speak] 9 ,de ,legg4 repres5ts ! s5tim5t ( ,plato himself at ! "t :5 he compos$ t treatise4 ,footnote #adb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ccj ,c1 p4 #ccc ,b4 ,to say ,ju/ice is j1 or ,hol9ess is holy1 is inde$ ei!r m]e tautology1 or else an impropriety ( spee*4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson obs]ves on an analog\s case3 ,none c apply moral attributes to ! v faculty ( p]ceiv+ moral qualities3 or call 8 moral ,s5se morally ,good or ,evil1 any m ?an he calls ! p[] ( ta/+1 sweet or bitt]--or ! p[] ( see+1 /raight or crook$1 :ite or black 7,hut*eson on ! ,passions1 sect4 i4 p4 #bcd74 ,side-note3 ,! h>% epi!ts appli$ by critics to ,protagoras are n borne out by ! dialogue4 ,he /&s on ! same gr\nd z ! common consci\sness4 ,z to ! arrogant & exorbitant pret5sions :i* ! ,platonic comm5tators ascribe to ,protagoras1 m is said ?an ! reality ju/ifies4 ,he pret5ds to "k :at virtue1 ju/ice1 mod]ation1 c\rage1 c41 are1 & he is prov$ n to "k4 ,b ?is is :at e "o else pret5ds to "k also1 & :at e body else tea*es z well z he--,hc ,janus summus ab imo ,p]docet3 hc rec9unt juv5es dictata s5esque4 ,:at he pret5ds to d1 beyond ! g5]al public1 he really c d4 ,he c disc\rse1 le>n$ly & eloqu5tly1 ^u ^! receiv$ doctr9es & s5tim5ts3 he c enli/ ! feel+s & sympa?ies ( ! public 9 fav\r ( t :i* he1 9 common ) ! public1 believes to be good--& aga9/ t :i* he & !y believe to be bad3 he c ?us tea* virtue m effectively ?an o!rs4 ,b :e!r t :i* is receiv$ z virtue1 be really su*--he has nev] analys$ or v]ifi$3 nor does he will+ly submit to ! process ( analysis4 ,"h aga9 he is 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al public2 = !y hate1 z mu* z he does1 to be dragg$ back to fundam5tals1 & =c$ to expla91 def5d1 revise1 or modify1 _! e/abli%$ s5tim5ts & maxims3 :i* !y apply z pr9cipia = d$uction to p>ticul> cases1 & :i* !y recognise z axioms :]eby o!r ?+s are to be tri$1 n z liable to be tri$ !mselves4 ,protagoras is "o ( ! g5]al public1 9 dislike (1 & inaptitude =1 analysis & dialectic discussion3 :ile he /&s above !m 9 8 eloqu5ce & 8 p[] ( comb9+1 illu/rat+1 & adorn+1 receiv$ doctr9es4 ,^! are po9ts ( sup]iority1 n pret5d$1 b real4 ,side-note3 ,av]sion ( ,protagoras = dialectic4 ,int]lude ab\t ! song ( ,simonides4 ,! av]sion ( ,protagoras = dialectic discussion--aft] caus+ an int]ruption ( ! e?ical argum5t1 & an int]lude ( comm5t on ! poet ,simonides--is at l5g? ) difficulty ov]come1 & ! argum5t is !n resum$4 ,! "q /ill cont9ues1 ,:at is virtue8 ,:at are ! five diff]5t p>ts ( virtue8 ,yet x is s f> alt]$ t ,protagoras n[ admits t ! f\r p>ts ( virtue :i* ,sokrates pr(ess$ to h %[n to be ne>ly id5tical1 really are tol]ably alike3 b he nev]!less cont5ds t c\rage is v diff]5t f all ( !m1 repeat+ 8 decl>ation t _m m5 are c\rage\s1 b unju/ & /upid at ! same "t4 ,?is position ,sokrates und]takes to refute4 ,9 do+ s1 he lays out "o ( ! l>ge/1 mo/ di/9ct1 & mo/ positive !ories ( virtue1 :i* c be f\nd 9 ! ,platonic writ+s4 ,side-note3 ,e?ical view giv5 by ,sokrates work$ out at l5g? cle>ly4 ,good & evil consi/ 9 "r or wrong calculation ( pleasures & pa9s ( ! ag5t4 ,virtue1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 consi/s 9 a "r measurem5t & *oice ( pleasures & pa9s3 9 decid+ correctly1 :]ev] we h an alt]native1 on :i* side lies ! l>ge/ pleasure or ! lea/ pa9--& *oos+ ! side :i* pres5ts ?is balance4 ,to live pleasurably1 is pron\nc$ to be good3 to live )\t pleasure or 9 pa91 is evil4 ,moreov]1 no?+ b pleasure1 or comp>ative mitigation ( pa91 is good3 no?+ b pa9 is evil4#adc ,good1 is id5tical ) ! greate/ pleasure or lea/ pa93 evil1 ) greate/ pa93 mean+ !reby ea* pleasure & ea* pa9 :5 look$ at along ) its consequ5ces & concomitants4 ,! gr& det]m9+ cause & condition ( virtue is k3 ! k1 sci5ce1 or art1 ( correctly measur+ ! comp>ative value ( diff]5t pleasures & pa9s4 ,su* k 7! !ory affirms71 :]ev] x is possess$1 w be sure to comm& ! :ole man1 to dictate all 8 conduct1 & to prevail ov] e temptation ( special appetite or av]sion4 ,to say t a man :o kn[s on :i* side ! greate/ pleasure or ! lea/ pa9 lies1 w act aga9/ 8 k--is a mi/ake4 ,if he acts 9 ?is way1 x is pla9 t he does n possess ! k1 & t he s9s ?r\gh ignorance4 ,footnote #adc3 ,! sub/antial id5tity ( ,good ) ,pleasure1 ( ,evil ) ,pa91 0 ! doctr9e ( ! hi/orical ,sokrates z decl>$ 9 ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia4 ,see1 among o!r passages1 i4 #f1 #h4 ,greek3 ,t\ de m d\leu_/e9 ga/ri mde u7_/pn kai lagnei_/a1 oi7_/ei ti a7_/llo ai7ti_/t]on ei7nai1 7 to e7_/t]a e7_/*e9 t\_/tn 7di_/1 a7 ou7 mo_/non e7n *rei_/a o7_/nta eu7phrai_/nei1 a7lla kai e7lpi_/das p>e_/*onta 7phel_/se9 a7ei_/8 ,kai mn t\to_/ ge oi7/ha1 o7_/ti oi7 men oi7o_/m5oi mden eu7 pra_/tte9 ou7k eu7phrai_/nontai1 oi7 de 7g\_/m5oi kals pro*rein e7autois1 7 gergi_/an 7 nauklri_/an 7 a7_/ll' o7_/1 ti a7n tug*a_/ns9 e7rgazo_/m5oi1 7s eu7 pra_/ttontes eu7phrai_/nontai4 ,oi7_/ei ou7n a7po pa_/ntn t\_/tn tosau_/tn 7donn ei7nai1 o7_/sn a7po t\ e7auto_/n te 7gei/hai belti_/ gi_/gne/hai kai phi_/l\s a7mei_/n\s kta/hai8 ,e7g toi_/nun diatel tauta nomi_/zn4 ,locke says1 ',essay on ,human ,und]/&+1' ,book ii4 *4 #bh1 ,good or ,evil is no?+ b pleasure or pa9 to u--or t :i* procures pleasure or pa9 to u4 ,moral good or evil !n is only ! con=mity or disagreem5t ( our volunt>y actions to "s law1 :]eby good or evil is drawn on u by ! w & p[] ( ! law-mak]2 :i* good or evil1 pleasure or pa91 att5d+ our obs]vance or brea* ( ! law1 is t we call rew>d or puni%m5t4 ,! =mal di/9ction "h tak5 by ,locke betwe5 pleasure & t :i* procures pleasure--bo? ! "o & ! o!r be+ call$ ,good--7! l 9 reg>d to pa9 & evil7 is n di/9ctly /at$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 ?\gh he says no?+ inconsi/5t ) x3 b x is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! ,republic1 ii4 p4 #ceg1 :]e ,good is di/ribut$ "u ?ree heads4 #a4 ,t :i* we desire imm$iately & = itself--su* z ,enjoym5t1 ,innocu\s pleasure4 #b4 ,t :i* we desire bo? = itself & = its consequ5ces--heal?1 intellig5ce1 good sight or he>+1 c4 #c4 ,t :i* we d n desire 7p]haps ev5 %un7 = itself1 b :i* we accept by reason ( its consequ5ces 9 av]t+ great] pa9s or procur+ great] pleasures4 ,?is discrim9ation ( ! v>ieties ( ,good1 giv5 9 ! ,republic1 is q consi/5t ) :at is /at$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 ?\gh x is m full & precise4 ,b x is n consi/5t ) :at ,sokrates says 9 ! ,gorgias1 :]e he ass]ts a radical dissimil>ity ( nature betwe5 ,greek3 7du & ,greek3 a7ga?o_/n4 ,side-note3 ,protagoras is at fir/ oppos$ to ?is !ory4 ,protagoras agrees ) ,sokrates 9 ! encomiums be/[$ on ! p>am\nt importance & asc5dancy ( k3 b does n at fir/ agree ) him 9 id5tify+ good ) pleasure1 & evil ) pa94 ,^u ?is po9t1 too1 he is repres5t$ z agree+ 9 op9ion ) ! ,_m4 ,he does n admit t to live pleasurably is good1 unless :]e a man takes 8 pleasure 9 hon\rable ?+s4 ,he ?9ks x saf]1 & m consi/5t ) 8 own :ole life1 to ma9ta9--,t pleasurable ?+s1 or pa9ful ?+s1 may be ei!r good1 or evil1 or indiff]5t1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> case4 ,side-note3 ,reason+ ( ,sokrates4 ,?is doctr9e ,sokrates takes mu* pa9s to refute4 ,he cont5ds t pleasurable ?+s1 s f> =? z pleasurable1 are always good--& pa9ful ?+s1 s f> =? z pa9ful1 always evil4 ,:5 "s pleasures are call$ evil1 t is n on acc\nt ( any ?+ belong+ to ! pleasure itself1 b because ( its ult]ior consequ5ces & concomitants1 :i* are pa9ful or di/ress+ 9 a degree m ?an c\nt]vail+ ! pleasure4 ,s too1 :5 "s pa9s are pron\nc$ to be good1 ?is is n f any peculi>ity 9 ! pa9 itself1 b because ( its consequ5ces & concomitants3 su* pa9 be+ requir$ z a condition to ! atta9m5t ( heal?1 security1 weal?1 & o!r pleasures or satisfactions m ?an c\nt]-balanc+4 ,sokrates *all5ges oppon5ts to "n any o!r end1 ) ref]5ce to :i* ?+s are call$ good1 except _! t5d5cy to prev5t or relieve pa9s & to ensure a balance ( pleasure3 he *all5ges !m to "n any o!r end1 ) ref]5ce to :i* ?+s are call$ evil1 except _! t5d5cy to produce pa9s & to int]cept or de/roy pleasures4 ,9 measur+ pleasures & pa9s aga9/ ea* o!r1 !re is no o!r diff]5ce to be reckon$ except t ( great] or less1 m or few]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ne> & di/ant1 does inde$ obtrude itself ^u u z a mislead+ elem5t4 ,b x is ! special task ( ! measur+ sci5ce to correct ?is illusion--& to comp>e pleasures or pa9s1 :e!r ne> or di/ant1 accord+ to _! real wor?3 j z we le>n to rectify ! illusions ( ! sight 9 reg>d to ne> & di/ant objects4 ,side-note3 ,application ( t reason+ to ! case ( c\rage4 ,sokrates proce$s to apply ?is g5]al pr9ciple 9 correct+ ! explanation ( c\rage giv5 by ,protagoras4 ,he %[s1 or tries to %[1 t c\rage1 l all ! o!r bran*es ( virtue1 consi/s 9 act+ on a j e/imate ( comp>ative pleasures & pa9s4 ,no man affronts evil1 or ! alt]native ( great] pa91 kn[+ x to be su*3 no man !re=e adv5tures himself 9 any t]rible ent]prise1 kn[+ x to be s3 nei!r ! brave nor ! timid d ?is4 ,bo? ! brave & ! timid affront t :i* !y ?9k n t]rible1 or ! lea/ t]rible ( two alt]natives3 b !y e/imate diff]5tly :at is su*4 ,! =m] g readily to w> :5 requir$1 ! latt] evade x4 ,n[ to g into w> :5 requir$1 is hon\rable3 be+ hon\rable1 x is good3 be+ hon\rable & good1 x is pleasurable4 ,! brave "k ?is1 & ent] ^u x will+ly3 ! timid n only d n "k x1 b ent]ta9 ! contr>y op9ion1 look+ ^u w> z pa9ful & t]rible1 & !re=e keep+ alo(4 ,! brave m5 fe> :at x is hon\rable to fe>1 ! c[>ds :at x is di%on\rable to fe>3 ! =m] act ^u ! k ( :at is really t]rible1 ! latt] are misl$ by _! ignorance ( x4 ,c\rage is ?us1 l ! o!r virtues1 a case ( accurate k ( comp>ative pleasures & pa9s1 or ( good & evil4#add ,footnote #add3 ,comp>e1 respect+ ,c\rage1 a passage 9 ! ,republic1 iv4 pp4 #dbi ,c1 #dcj ,b1 :i* is bett] /at$ !re 7?\gh sub/antially ! same op9ion7 ?an "h 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,platonic ,sokrates may be illu/rat$ by a s5t5ce f ! fun]al oration deliv]$ by ,p]ikls1 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #dc1 f94 ,greek3 ,a7lge9ote_/ra gar a7ndri_/ ge phro_/nma e7_/*onti 7 e7n t meta t\ malaki/hnai ka_/ksis1 7 o7 meta r7_/ms kai ko9s e7lpi_/dos a7_/ma gigno_/m5os a7nai_//htos ?a_/natos--:i* ,dr4 ,arnold ?us translates 9 8 note3 ,= m griev\s to a man ( noble m9d is ! mis]y :i* comes toge!r ) c[>dice1 ?an ! unfelt dea? :i* befalls him 9 ! mid/ ( 8 /r5g? & hopes = ! common welf>e4 ,s aga9 9 ! ,phdon 7p4 #fh7 ,sokrates describes ! c\rage ( ! ord9>y unphilosophical citiz5 to consi/ 9 brav+ dea? f fe> ( great] evils 7:i* is ! same view z t ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras71 :ile ! philosoph] is c\rage\s on a diff]5t pr9ciple2 aspir+ only to reason & intellig5ce1 ) ! pleasures att5d+ x1 he welcomes dea? z releas+ 8 m9d f ! ob/ructive companion%ip ( ! body4 ,! fe> ( disgrace & di%on\r1 9 8 own eyes & 9 ^? ( o!rs1 is m intol]able to ! brave man ?an ! fe> ( w\nds & dea? 9 ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,see ,plato1 ,leg4 i4 pp4 #fdf-fdg4 ,he is ,greek3 phob]os meta no_/m\1 meta di_/ks1 p4 #fdg ,e4 ,su* is ! way 9 :i* bo? ,plato & ,?ucydides conceive ! "* ( ! brave citiz5 z comp>$ ) ! c[>d4 ,x is pla9 t ?is resolves itself ultimately into a diff]5t e/imate ( prospective pa9s2 ! case be+ "o 9 :i* pleasure is n conc]n$4 ,t ! pa9s ( self-reproa* & infamy 9 ! eyes ( o!rs are among ! mo/ agonis+ 9 ! human bosom1 ne$ h>dly be rem>k$4 ,at ! same "t ! s5tim5ts "h conceiv$ embrace a wide field ( sympa?y1 compris+ ! int]e/s1 hon\r1 & security1 ( o!rs z well z ( ! individual ag5t4 ,side-note3 ,! !ory :i* ,plato "h lays d[n is m di/9ct & specific ?an any !ory laid d[n 9 o!r dialogues4 ,su* is ! e?ical !ory :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates enunciates 9 ?is dialogue1 & :i* ,protagoras & o!rs accept4 ,x is positive & di/9ct1 to a degree v unusual ) ,plato4 ,we %all f9d t he !orises diff]5tly 9 o!r dialogues2 :e!r = ! bett] or ! worse1 w be h]eaft] se54 ,he decl>es "h explicitly t pleasure1 or happ9ess1 is ! end to be pursu$2 & pa91 or mis]y1 ! end to be avoid$3 & t !re is no o!r end1 9 ref]5ce to :i* ?+s c be call$ good or evil1 except z !y t5d to promote pleasure or mitigate suff]+1 on ! "o side--to entail pa9 or suff]+ on ! o!r4 ,he *all5ges objectors to assign any o!r end4 ,& ?us mu* is c]ta9--t 9 ^? o!r dialogues :]e he himself dep>ts f ! pres5t doctr9e1 he has n compli$ ) 8 own *all5ge4 ,n[h]e has he specifi$ a diff]5t end4 ,9 o!r dialogues1 z well z 9 ! ,protagoras1 ,plato has insi/$ on ! necessity ( a sci5ce or art ( calculation3 b 9 no o!r dialogue has he told u di/9ctly :at are ! items to be calculat$4 ,side-note3 ,rem>ks on ! !ory "h laid d[n by ,sokrates4 ,x is too n>r[1 & exclusively prud5tial4 ,i p]fectly agree ) ! doctr9e laid d[n by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 t pa9 or suff]+ is ! ,end to be avoid$ or less5$ z f> z possible--& pleasure or happ9ess ! ,end to be pursu$ z f> z atta9able--by intellig5t =e?\ght & comp>ison3 t !re is no o!r intelligible /&>d ( ref]5ce1 = application ( ! t]ms ,good & ,evil1 except ! t5d5cy to produce happ9ess or mis]y3 & t if ?is /&>d be reject$1 e?ical debate loses all /&>d = rational discussion1 & becomes only an enunciation ( ! diff]5t s5tim5ts1 au?oritative & self-ju/ify+1 preval5t 9 ea* community4 ,b ! ,end j m5tion$ is highly complex1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to conceive x 9 its full compreh5sion4 ,h]e9 ,i conceive ! argum5t ( ,sokrates 79 ! ,protagoras7 to be incomplete4 ,x c>ries att5tion only to a "p ( ! tru?1 keep+ out ( sight1 ?\gh n exclud+1 ! rema9d]4 ,x consid]s ea* man z an individual1 det]m9+ good or evil = himself by calculat+ 8 own pleasures & pa9s3 z a prud5t1 temp]ate1 & c\rage\s ag5t1 b nei!r z j nor b5efic5t4 ,x omits to take acc\nt ( him z a memb] ( a society1 compos$ ( _m o!rs ak9 or co-ord9ate ) himself4 ,n[ x is ! purpose ( an e?ical or political reason] 7su* z ,plato bo? pr(esses to be & really is7 to /udy ! means ( happ9ess1 n simply = ! ag5t himself1 b = t ag5t toge!r ) o!rs ar\nd him--= ! memb]s ( ! community g5]ally4#ade ,! ,platonic ,sokrates says ?is himself 9 ! ,republic3 & accord+ly1 he !re treats ( o!r po9ts :i* are n t\*$ ^u by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,he proclaims t ! happ9ess ( ea* citiz5 mu/ be s\ght only by means consi/5t ) ! security1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! happ9ess1 ( o!rs3 he provides z f> z practicable t all %all d]ive _! pleasures & pa9s f ! same causes3 common pleasures1 & common pa9s1 to all4#adf ,! doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras requires to be enl>g$ s z to compreh5d ^! o!r important elem5ts4 ,s9ce ! conduct ( e ag5t affects ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 he mu/ be call$ ^u to take acc\nt ( its consequ5ces "u bo? aspects1 especially :]e x goes to inflict hurt or privation ^u o!rs4 ,good & evil dep5d ^u t sci5tific computation & comp>ison ( pleasures & pa9s :i* ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras prescribes3 b ! computation mu/ include1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! pleasures & pa9s 7security & rightful expectations7 ( o!rs besides ! ag5t himself1 implicat$ 9 ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts4#adg ,footnote #ade3 ,plato1 ,republ4 iv4 pp4 #dbj-dba1 v4 p4 #dff ,a4 ,footnote #adf3 ,plato1 ,republ4 v4 pp4 #dfb ,a-,b-,d1 #dfd ,a-,d4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ ( ^! passages we see ,greek3 a7ga?on us$ z ! equival5t ( ,greek3 7don_/1 ,greek3 kakon z ! equival5t ( ,greek3 lu_/p4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see1 especially on ?is po9t1 ! brief b valuable ,tract on ,utilit>ianism by ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,9 page #af ( t "w att5tion is call$ to ! fact1 t 9 ,utilit>ianism ! /&>d is n ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! ag5t himself alone1 b ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess altoge!r4 ,s t we _c ) exactness call ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates1 9 8 conv]sation ) ,protagoras1 ! !ory ( ,utilit>ianism1 z ,mr4 ,mill calls x 9 page #a4 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison ) ! ,republic4 ,z to ?is po9t1 we %all f9d ! ,platonic ,sokrates n always correct1 nor ev5 consi/5t ) himself4 ,?is w appe> especially :5 we come to see ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ,ju/ice 9 ! ,republic4 ,9 t bran* ( ! ,e?ical ,end1 a direct reg>d to ! security ( o!rs comes into ! =egr\nd4 ,= 9 an act ( inju/ice1 ! prom95t *>act]i/ic is t ( h>m1 done to o!rs--?\gh t is n ! :ole1 s9ce ! security ( ! ag5t himself is implicat$ ) t ( o!rs 9 ! g5]al fulfilm5t ( ^! obligations4 ,x is ?is prim>y reg>d to o!rs1 & second>y reg>d to self1 implicat$ 9 "o complex feel+--:i* di/+ui%es ju/ice f prud5ce4 ,! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,republic 7?\gh 8 language is n always cle>7 does n admit ?is2 b consid]s ju/ice z a bran* ( prud5ce1 necess>y to ensure ! happ9ess ( ! individual ag5t himself4 ,side-note3 ,! disc\rse ( ,protagoras br+s out an important "p ( ! :ole case1 :i* is omitt$ 9 ! analysis by ,sokrates4 ,n[ 9 ! ,protagoras1 :at ! ,platonic ,sokrates dwells ^u 79 ! argum5t :i* ,i h be5 consid]+7 is prud5ce1 temp]ance1 c\rage3 little or no?+ is said ab\t ju/ice3 !re 0 !re=e ! less necessity = insi/+ on t prom95t ref]5ce to ! security ( o!rs 7besides ! ag5t himself7 :i* ju/ice involves4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn back to ! e>li] "p ( ! dialogue1 to ! spee* deliv]$ by ,protagoras1 we see ju/ice br\ght into ! =egr\nd4 ,x is n inde$ h&l$ analytically 7:i* is n ! mann] ( t ,sophi/71 nor is x resolv$ into reg>d to pleasure & pa91 happ9ess & mis]y3 b x is ann\nc$ z a social s5tim5t indisp5sably & reciprocally necess>y f e man t[>ds e o!r 7,greek3 di_/k--ai7ds71 di/+ui%able f ^? end[m5ts :i* supply ! wants & multiply ! com=ts ( ! individual himself4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! social union requires1 t ea* man %\ld feel a s5tim5t ( duties on 8 "p t[>ds o!rs1 & duties on _! p>ts t[>ds him3 or 79 o!r words7 ( rights on 8 "p to h 8 int]e/s consid]$ by o!rs1 & rights on _! p>ts to h _! int]e/s consid]$ by him4 ,unless ?is s5tim5t ( reciprocity--reciprocal duty & "r--exi/ 9 ! bosom ( ea* individual citiz51 or at lea/ 9 ! l>ge majority--no social union c\ld subsi/4 ,!re are d\btless diff]5t degrees ( ! s5tim5t3 moreov] ! rights & duties may be apportion$ bett] or worse1 m or less fairly1 among ! individuals ( a society2 ?us r5d]+ ! society m or less e/imable & com=table4 ,b )\t a c]ta9 m9imum ( ! s5tim5t 9 ea* individual bosom1 ev5 ! wor/ con/itut$ society c\ld n hold toge!r4 ,& x is ?is s5tim5t ( reciprocity :i* ,protagoras 79 ! dialogue be=e u7 is introduc$ z po/ulat+ 9 8 decl>ation1 t ju/ice & ! s5se ( %ame 7unlike to pr(essional aptitudes7 mu/ be di/ribut$ univ]sally & )\t exception among all ! memb]s ( a community4 ,ea* man mu/ feel !m1 9 8 conduct t[>ds o!rs3 ea* man mu/ also be able to reckon t o!rs w feel ! l1 9 _! behavi\r t[>ds him4#adh ,footnote #adh3 ,pr(essor ,ba9 79 8 "w on ! ,emotions & ! ,w1 *4 xv4 ,on ! ,e?ical ,emotions1 pp4 #bga-c7 has giv5 rem>ks extremely p]t95t to ! illu/ration ( t doctr9e :i* ,plato has "h plac$ "u ! "n ( ,protagoras4 ,! suppos$ uni=mity ( moral di/9ctions resolves itself into ! two foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,fir/1 ! common end ( public security1 :i* is also individual pres]vation1 dem&s c]ta9 precautions t are ev]y:]e v mu* alike1 & c 9 no case be disp5s$ )4 ,"s sort ( con/itut$ au?ority to control ! individual impulses & to protect ea* man's p]son & prop]ty1 mu/ exi/ :]ev] a numb] ( human be+s live toge!r4 ,! duties spr++ out ( ?is necess>y arrangem5t are ess5tially ! same 9 all societies4 4 4 ,!y h a pretty uni=m "* all ov] ! globe4 ,if ! s5se ( ! common safety 7 n suffici5tly /rong to con/itute ! social tie ( ob$i5ce to "s common regulations1 society c\ld n exi/4 4 4 4 ,x is no pro( ( ! univ]sal spread ( a special innate faculty ( moral di/9ctions1 b ( a c]ta9 rational appreciation ( :at is necess>y = ! v exi/5ce ( e human be+ liv+ 9 ! company ( o!rs3 ,d\btless1 if ! sad hi/ory ( ! human race _h be5 pres]v$ 9 all its details1 we %\ld h _m examples ( tribes t p]i%$ f be+ unequal to ! conception ( a social sy/em1 or to ! re/ra9ts impos$ by x4 ,we "k en\gh ( ! records ( an>*y1 to see h[ difficult x is = human nature to comply 9 full ) ! social conditions ( security2 b if ?is 7 n compli$ ) at all1 ! result w\ld be mutual & swift de/ruction4 4 4 4 ,9 ! second place1 mank9d h be5 s+ul>ly unanim\s 9 ! practice ( impos+ ^u individual memb]s ( societies "s obs]vances or re/ra9ts ( purely s5tim5tal orig91 hav+ no ref]5ce1 direct or indirect1 to ! ma9t5ance ( ! social tie1 ) all ! safegu>ds impli$ 9 x4 ,c]ta9 maxims f\nd$ 9 ta/e1 lik+1 av]sion1 or fancy1 h1 9 e community kn[n to u1 be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( au?oritative morality2 be+ r5d]$ 7s to speak7 't]ms ( communion1' & h be5 en=c$ by puni%m5t4 4 4 4 ,9 ! rules1 f\nd$ on m5's s5tim5ts1 lik+s1 av]sions1 & antipa?ies1 !re is no?+ common b ! fact t "s "o or o!r ( ^! are c>ri$ to ! l5g? ( public requirem5t1 & mix$ up 9 "o code ) ! imp]ative duties t hold society toge!r4 ,! po/ulate ( ! ,platonic ,protagoras--t ,greek3 di_/k & ,greek3 ai7ds mu/ be felt to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ea* man's bosom1 z a condition to ! v exi/5ce ( society--agrees ) ! fir/ ( ! two elem5ts "h di/+ui%$ by ,mr4 ,ba91 & does n necess>ily g beyond x4 ,b ! unsy/ematic tea*+ & univ]sal propag&ism1 :i* ,protagoras describes z ! ag5cy :]eby virtue is communicat$1 applies alike to bo? ! two elem5ts di/+ui%$ by ,mr4 ,ba93 to ! factiti\s exig5cies ( ,k+ ,nomos1 z well z to 8 tutel>y control4 ,x is ?is mix$ mass t ! ,sokratic analysis is br\ght to exam9e4 ,side-note3 ,! ,e?ical ,end1 z impli$ 9 ! disc\rse ( ,protagoras1 involves a direct reg>d to ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!r p]sons besides ! ag5t himself4 ,if we ?us comp>e ! ,e?ical ,end1 z impli$1 ?\gh n explicitly laid d[n1 by ,protagoras 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! dialogue1--& z laid d[n by ,sokrates 9 ! lat] "p--we %all see t :ile ,sokrates re/ricts x to a true comp>ative e/imate ( ! pa9s & pleasures ( ! ag5t himself1 ,protagoras enl>ges x s z to include a direct ref]5ce to ^? ( o!rs also1 c\pl$ ) an expectation ( ! l ref]5ce on ! "p ( o!rs4#adi ,sokrates is satisfi$ ) requir+ f ea* p]son calculat+ prud5ce = 8 own pleasures & pa9s3 :ile ,protagoras proclaims t aft] ?is attribute _h be5 obta9$ by man1 & individual wants suppli$1 /ill !re 0 a f>!r elem5t necess>y 9 ! calculation--! social s5tim5t or reciprocity ( reg>d implant$ 9 e "o's bosom3 )\t ?is ! human race w\ld h p]i%$4 ,prud5ce & skill w suffice = an isolat$ exi/5ce2 b if m5 are to live & act 9 social communion1 ! s]vices z well z ! requirem5ts ( ea* man mu/ be %ap$1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 ) a direct view to ! security ( o!rs z well z to 8 own4 ,footnote #adi3 ,plato1 ,protag4 pp4 #cba-cbb4 ,9 my judgm5t1 ! ,e?ical ,end1 exclusively self-reg>d+1 "h laid d[n by ,sokrates1 is too n>r[4 ,& if we turn to o!r ,platonic dialogues1 we %all f9d ,sokrates /ill repres5t$ z proclaim+ a self-reg>d+ ,e?ical ,end1 ?\gh n ! same z :at we read 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 ,republic1 ,phdon1 c41 we %all f9d him disc\nt5anc+ ! calculation 7recomm5d$ 9 ! ,protagoras7 ( pleasures & pa9s aga9/ ea* o!r1 z great]1 m c]ta91 durable1 c41 & insi/+ t all %all be e/imat$ accord+ z !y be> on ! g5]al condition or heal? ( ! m9d1 :i* he assimilates to ! g5]al condition or heal? ( ! body4 ,! heal? ( ! body1 consid]$ z an ,end to be pursu$1 is ess5tially self-reg>d+3 s also is ! heal? ( ! m9d4 ,i %all t\* ^u ?is f>!r :5 ,i consid] ! above-m5tion$ dialogues3 at pres5t1 ,i only rem>k t !y agree ) ! ,sokrates ( ! ,protagoras 9 assum+ a self-reg>d+ ,e?ical ,end1 ?\gh !y d n agree ) him 9 describ+ :at t ,end %\ld be4 ,side-note3 ,plato's reason+ 9 ! dialogue is n cle> or satisfactory1 especially ab\t c\rage4 ,! application :i* ,sokrates makes 79 ! ,protagoras7 ( 8 own assum$ ,e?ical ,end to ! explanation ( c\rage1 is c]ta9ly confus$ & unsatisfactory4 ,& inde$1 we may f>!r rem>k t ! g5]al result at :i* ,plato seems to be aim+ 9 ?is dialogue1 viz43 ,t all ! diff]5t virtues are at ! bottom "o & ! same1 & t he :o possesses "o ( !m mu/ also possess ! rema9d]--_c be made out ev5 ^u 8 own assumptions4 ,?\gh x be true t all ! virtues dep5d ^u correct calculation1 yet z ea* ( !m applies to a diff]5t set ( circum/ances & diff]5t di/urb+ & mislead+ causes1 ! same man :o calculates well "u "o set ( circum/ances1 may calculate badly "u o!rs4 ,! position laid d[n by ,protagoras1 t m5 are (t5 c\rage\s b unju/--j1 b n wise--is n[ay refut$ by ,plato4 ,nor is x ev5 inconsi/5t ) ,plato's own !ory1 ?\gh he seems to ?9k x s4 ,side-note3 ,doctr9e ( ,/allbaum & o!r critics is n correct4 ,t ! analysis "h ascrib$ to ,sokrates is n int5d$ by ,plato z s]i\s1 b z a mock]y ( ! sophi/s4 ,"s ( ! ,platonic comm5tators ma9ta91#aej t ! doctr9e "h explicitly laid d[n & illu/rat$ by ,sokrates1 viz43 ! ess5tial id5tity ( ! pleasurable ) ! good1 ( ! pa9ful ) ! evil--is to be reg>d$ z n s]i\s1 b z tak5 up 9 je/ = ! purpose ( mock+ & humiliat+ ,protagoras4 ,su* an hypo!sis appe>s to me unt5able2 contradict$ by ! :ole t5or ( ! dialogue4 ,?r\gh\t all ! ,platonic compositions1 !re is n[h]e to be f\nd any tra9 ( argum5t m direct1 m s]i\s1 & m elaborate1 ?an t by :i* ,sokrates "h proves ! id5tity ( good ) pleasure1 ( pa9 ) evil 7p4 #cea to end74 ,protagoras beg9s by d5y+ x1 & is only compell$ to accept ! conclusion aga9/ 8 own w1 by ! s]ies ( que/ions :i* he _c o!rwise answ]4#aea ,sokrates admits t ! bulk ( mank9d are also oppos$ to x3 b he e/abli%es x ) an +5uity :i* is pron\nc$ to be triumphant by all ! he>]s ar\nd4#aeb ,! comm5tators are at lib]ty to impea* ! reason+ z uns\nd2 b to set x aside z m]e bant] & mock]y1 is prepo/]\s4 ,assume x ev5 to be int5d$ z mock]y--assume t ,sokrates is my/ify+ ! he>]s1 by a /r+ ( delusive qu]ies1 to make out a !sis :i* he kn[s to be untrue & silly--h[ c ! mock]y fall ^u ,protagoras1 :o d5ies ! !sis f ! beg9n+8#aec ,! irony1 if x 7 irony1 w\ld be misplac$ & absurd4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see ,br&is1 ,ges*4 d4 ,grie*4-,rm41 ,phil4 ,"p ii4 sect4 #aad1 note #c p4 #deh2 ,/allbaum1 ,prolegom4 ad ,protag4 pp4 #ae-cc-cd4 ,s too ,fic9us says 9 8 ,argum5tum to ! ,protagoras3 7p4 #gfe7 ,tum v]o de bono et malo multa tractantur4 ,siquidem prud5tia e/ sci5tia elig5di boni1 malique vit&i4 ,ambigitur autem utrum bonum malumque idem sit p5itus quod et voluptas et dolor4 ,neque affirmatur id quidem omn9o1 neque manife/ omn9o negatur4 ,de hoc enim 9 ,gorgi ,phileboque et alibi1 c4 ,:5 a critic composes an ,argum5t to ! ,protagoras1 he is surely "u obligation to report fai?fully & exactly :at is decl>$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 :e!r x be consi/5t or n ) ! ,gorgias & ,philbus4 ,yet "h we f9d ,fic9us misrepres5t+ ! ,protagoras1 9 ord] to =ce x into h>mony ) ! o!r two4 ,footnote #aea3 ,?is is s directly /at$ t ,i am surpris$ to f9d ,zell] 7among _m o!r critics7 ann\nc+ t ,plato "h accepts = ! occasion ! ,/&punkt ( 8 enemies 7,philos4 d] ,grie*4 vol4 ii4 p4 #chj1 ed4 #bnd74 ,footnote #aeb3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceh ,a4 ,greek3 u7p]phus e7d_/kei a7_/pas9 a7l? ei7nai ta ei7rme_/na4 ,footnote #aec3 ,:5 ,/allbaum ass]ts t ! !sis is tak5 up by ,sokrates z "o :i* 0 ma9ta9$ by ,protagoras & ! o!r ,sophi/s 7,proleg4 p4 #cc71 he says :at is di/9ctly at v>iance ) ! dialogue1 p4 #cea4 ,s*lei]ma*] ma9ta9s t ?is same !sis 7! fundam5tal id5tity ( good ) pleasure1 evil ) pa97 is altoge!r unsokratic & unplatonic2 t x is h&l$ "h by ,sokrates 9 a mann] visibly ironical 7si*tb> ironis*72 t ! purpose ( ! argum5t is to %[ ! /upidity ( ,protagoras1 :o is puzzl$ & impos$ ^u by su* obvi\s fallacies 7,e9leitung zum ,protag4 #bcj1 bottom ( p4 #bcb71 & :o is made to exhibit 7s ,s*lei]ma*] says1 ,e9l4 zum ,gorgias1 p4 #ad7 a /r+ ( ludicr\s absurdities4 ,^u ?is ,i h to rem>k fir/1 t if ! /upidity ( ,protagoras is int5d$ to be %[n up1 t ( all ! o!r p]sons pres5t mu/ be equally manife/$2 = all ( !m ass5t emphatically1 at ! close1 to ! !sis z hav+ be5 prov$ 7,prot4 p4 #ceh ,a73 next1 t ,i am unable to see ei!r ! absurdities ( ,protagoras or ! irony ( ,sokrates1 :i* ,s*lei]ma*] ass]ts to be s visible4 ,! argum5t ( ,sokrates is z s]i\s & elaborate z any ?+ :i* we read 9 ,plato4 ,s*lei]ma*] seems to me to misconceive altoge!r 7n only "h b also 9 8 ,e9leitung zum ,gorgias1 p4 #aj7 ! conclud+ argum5t ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,to describe ! id5tity betwe5 ,greek3 7du & ,greek3 a7ga?on z a s*e9b>e ,voraussetzung is to dep>t f ! pla9 mean+ ( words4 ,aga91 ,/e9h>t cont5ds t ,sokrates assumes ?is doctr9e 7id5tity ( pleasure ) good1 pa9 ) evil71 n z 8 own op9ion1 b only hypo!tically1 ) a s>ca/ic side-glance at ! absurd consequ5ces :i* _m d$uc$ f x--only z ! receiv$ _w-morality1 z ! op9ion ( ! majority 7,e9leit4 zum ,protag4 p4 #dai74 ,h[ ,/e9h>t c f9d pro( ( ?is 9 ! dialogue1 ,i am at a loss to und]/&4 ,! dialogue pres5ts to u ,sokrates introduc+ ! op9ion z 8 own1 aga9/ t ( ,protagoras & aga9/ t ( ! multitude 7p4 #cea ,c74 ,on he>+ ?is opposition f ,protagoras1 ,sokrates invites him to an inve/igation1 :e!r ! op9ion be j2 ,sokrates !n conducts ! inve/igation himself1 along ) ,protagoras1 at consid]able l5g?1 & ultimately br+s out ! doctr9e z prov$1 ) ! ass5t ( all pres5t4 ,^! =c$ int]pretations are resort$ to1 because ! critics _c be> to see ! ,platonic ,sokrates ma9ta9+ a !sis sub/antially ! same z t ( ,eudoxus & ,epikurus4 ,^u ?is po9t1 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann is m mod]ate ?an ! o!rs2 he admits ! !sis to be s]i\sly ma9ta9$ 9 ! dialogue--/ates t x 0 really ! op9ion ( ! hi/orical ,sokrates--& adds t x 0 also ! op9ion ( ,plato himself dur+ 8 e>ly ,sokratic /adium1 :5 ! ,protagoras 7z he ?9ks7 0 compos$ 7,ges*4 und ,sy/4 d] ,plat4 ,phil4 pp4 #dfb-dfc74 ,mo/ ( ! critics agree 9 consid]+ ! ,protagoras to be "o ( ,plato's e>li] dialogues1 ab\t #djc ,b4,c4 ,a/ ev5 ref]s x to #djg ,b4,c4 :5 ,plato 0 ab\t tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,i h already giv5 my reasons = believ+ t none ( ! ,platonic dialogues 7 compos$ be=e #cii ,b4,c4 ,! ,protagoras belongs1 9 my op9ion1 to ,plato's mo/ p]fect & mature p]iod4 ,side-note3 ,gr\nds ( t doctr9e4 ,_! insuffici5cy4 ,! comm5tators resort to ?is hypo!sis1 p>tly because ! doctr9e 9 "q is "o :i* !y disapprove--p>tly because doctr9es inconsi/5t ) x are ma9ta9$ 9 o!r ,platonic dialogues4 ,^! are ! same two reasons ^u :i*1 9 o!r cases1 v>i\s dialogues h be5 reject$ z n g5u9e works ( ,plato4 ,! fir/ ( ! two reasons is pla9ly irrelevant3 we mu/ accept :at ,plato gives u1 :e!r we ass5t to x or n4 ,! second reason also1 ,i ?9k1 proves little4 ,! dialogues are di/9ct compositions1 writt5 ea* ) its own circum/ances & purpose3 we h no "r to require t !y %all be all consi/5t ) ea* o!r 9 doctr9e1 especially :5 we look to ! long philosophical c>e] ( ,plato4 ,to suppose t ! elaborate reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 ! latt] portion ( ! ,protagoras is m]e irony1 int5d$ to my/ify bo? ,protagoras himself & all ! by-/&]s1 :o accept x z e>ne/ & conv9c+--appe>s to me f> less reasonable ?an ! admission1 t ! dialectic plead+ ascrib$ to ,sokrates 9 "o dialogue is inconsi/5t ) t assign$ to him 9 ano!r4 ,side-note3 ,subject is pr(ess$ly /ill left unsettl$ at ! close ( ! dialogue4 ,?\gh !re is e m>k ( s]i\sness1 & no m>k ( irony1 9 ?is reason+ ( ,sokrates1 yet we mu/ rememb] t he does n pr(ess to leave ! subject settl$ at ! close ( ! dialogue4 ,on ! contr>y1 he decl>es himself to be 9 a /ate ( puzzle & p]plexity4 ,! "q1 propos$ at ! outset1 ,:e!r virtue is tea*able8 rema9s undecid$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,gorgias4 ,side-note3 ,p]sons :o debate 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,celebrity ( ! hi/orical ,gorgias4 ,ari/otle1 9 "o ( 8 lo/ dialogues1 made hon\rable m5tion ( a ,cor9?ian cultivator1 :o1 on read+ ! ,platonic ,gorgias1 0 smitt5 ) su* vehem5t admiration1 t he ab&on$ 8 fields & 8 v9es1 came to ,a!ns =?)1 & committ$ himself to ! tuition ( ,plato4#a ,h[ mu* ( reality !re may be 9 ?is anecdote1 we _c say3 b ! ,gorgias itself is well calculat$ to ju/ify su* w>m admiration4 ,x op5s ) a discussion on ! nature & purpose ( ,rhetoric1 b is gradually enl>g$ s z to include a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s s*emes ( life1 & an outl9e ( positive e?ical !ory4 ,x is c>ri$ on by ,sokrates ) ?ree di/9ct int]locutors--,gorgias1 ,polus1 & ,kallikls2 b ,i mu/ aga9 rem9d ! read] t all ! f\r are only spokesm5 prompt$ by ,plato himself4#b ,x may inde$ be consid]$ almo/ z ?ree di/9ct dialogues1 connect$ by a loose ?read4 ,! hi/orical ,gorgias1 a native ( ,leont9i 9 ,sicily1 0 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! ,grecian rhetors2 an eld]ly man dur+ ,plato's y\?4 ,he paid visits to diff]5t cities 9 all p>ts ( ,greece1 & gave lessons 9 rhetoric to num]\s pupils1 *iefly "y m5 ( ambiti\s aspirations4#c ,footnote #a3 ,!mi/ius1 ,or4 xxiii4 p4 #cef1 ,d9dorf4 ,greek3 ,o7 de gergos o7 ,kori_/n?ios t ,gorgi_/a xugg5o_/m5os--ou7k au7t e7kei_/n ,gorgi_/a1 a7lla t lo_/g o7n ,pla_/tn e7_/graps5 e7p' e7le_/g* t\ sophi/\--au7ti_/ka a7pheis ton a7_/gron kai t\s a7mpe_/l\s1 ,pla_/tni u7pe_/?ke tn psu*n kai ta e7kei_/n\ e7spei_/reto kai e7phuteu_/eto2 kai ou7to_/s e7/9 o7n tima ,a7ri/ote_/ls e7n t dialo_/g t ,kor9?i_/4 ,footnote #b3 ,ari/eides1 ,orat4 xlvi4 p4 #chg1 ,d9dorf4 ,greek3 ,ti_/s gar ou7k oi7d51 o7_/ti kai o7 ,skra_/ts kai o7 ,kallikls kai o7 ,gorgi_/z kai o7 ,plos1 pa_/nta taut' e7/i ,pla_/tn1 pros to dok\n au7t tre_/pn t\s lo_/g\s8 ,?\gh ,ari/eides asks reasonably en\gh1 ,:o is ignorant ( ?is8--! rem>ks ( ,/allbaum & o!rs (t5 imply =getfulness ( x4 ,footnote #c3 ,s*lei]ma*] 7,e9leitung zum ,gorgias1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bb7 is ( op9ion t ,plato compos$ ! ,gorgias %ortly aft] return+ f 8 fir/ voyage to ,sicily1 #chg ,b4,c4 ,i %all n contradict ?is3 b ,i see no?+ to prove x4 ,at ! same "t1 ,s*lei]ma*] assumes z c]ta9 t ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,ekklesiazus alludes to ! doctr9es publi%$ by ,plato 9 8 ,republic 7,e9leitung zum ,gorgias1 p4 #bj74 ,putt+ ^! two /atem5ts toge!r1 ! ,gorgias w\ld be lat] 9 date ( composition ?an ! ,republic1 :i* ,i h>dly ?9k probable4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n at all believe t ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,ekklesiazus makes any allusion to ! ,republic ( ,plato4 ,nor %all ,i believe1 until "s evid5ce is produc$1 t ! ,republic 0 compos$ at s e>ly a date z #cij ,b4,c4 ,side-note3 ,introductory circum/ances ( ! dialogue4 ,polus & ,kallikls4 ,sokrates & ,*rephon are describ$ z int5d+ to come to a rhetorical lecture ( ,gorgias1 b z hav+ be5 accid5tally deta9$ s z n to arrive until j aft] x has be5 f9i%$1 ) brilliant success4 ,kallikls1 h[ev]1 ! ho/ & fri5d ( ,gorgias1 promises t ! rhetor w readily answ] any que/ions put by ,sokrates2 :i* ,gorgias himself confirms1 obs]v+ at ! same "t t no "o _h ask$ him any new "q = _m ye>s pa/4#d ,sokrates accord+ly asks ,gorgias :at 8 pr(ession is8 :at x is t he tea*es8 :at is ! def9ition ( rhetoric8 ,n receiv+ a satisfactory answ]1 ,sokrates furni%es a def9ition ( 8 own3 out ( :i* gr[ two argum5ts ( wide e?ical be>+3 c>ri$ on by ,sokrates1 ! fir/ aga9/ ,polus1 ! second aga9/ ,kallikls4 ,bo? ^! two are repres5t$ z voluble speak]s1 ( confid5t temp]1 reg>d+ ! acquisition ( political p[] & oratorical celebrity z ! gr& objects ( life4 ,polus _h ev5 compos$ a "w on ,rhetoric1 ( :i* we "k no?+3 b ! tone ( ?is dialogue w\ld seem to indicate 7z f> z we c judge f su* evid5ce7 t ! /yle ( ! "w 0 affect$1 & ! temp] ( ! au?or flippant4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,gorg4 pp4 #ddg-ddh ,a4 ,! dialogue is suppos$ to be c>ri$ on 9 ! pres5ce ( _m p]sons1 seem+ly belong+ to ! auditory ( ! lecture :i* ,gorgias has j f9i%$1 p4 #dee ,c4 ,side-note3 ,purpose ( ,sokrates 9 que/ion+4 ,conditions ( a good def9ition4 ,"h1 z 9 ! o!r dialogues above notic$1 ! av[$ aim ( ,sokrates is--fir/1 to exclude long speak+--next1 to get ! "q accurately conceiv$1 & answ]$ 9 an appropriate mann]4 ,specim5s are giv5 ( unsuitable & inaccurate answ]s1 :i* ,sokrates corrects4 ,! conditions ( a good def9ition are made pla9 by contra/ ) bad ones2 :i* ei!r include mu* m ?an ! ?+ def9$1 or set =? :at is accessory & occasional 9 place ( :at is ess5tial & con/ant4 ,^! t5tatives & grop+s to f9d a def9ition are always in/ructive1 & mu/ h be5 especially s 9 ! ,platonic age1 :5 logical di/9ctions _h nev] yet be5 made a subject ( sep>ate att5tion or analysis4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions ab\t ! def9ition ( ,rhetoric4 ,x is ! artisan ( p]suasion4 ,ab\t :at is ,rhetoric z a cognition conc]n$1 ,gorgias8 ,gorg4--,ab\t words or disc\rses4 ,sokr4--,ab\t :at disc\rses8 su* z in=m sick m5 h[ !y are to get well8 ,gorg4--,no4 ,sokr4--,x is n ab\t all disc\rses8 ,gorg4--,x makes m5 compet5t to speak3 ( c\rse !re=e also to ?9k1 ^u ! matt]s on :i* !y speak4#e ,sokr4--,b ! m$ical & gymna/ic arts d ?is likewise1 ea* ) ref]5ce to its respective subject3 :at !n is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ,rhetoric8 ,gorg4--,! diff]5ce is1 t ea* ( ^! o!r arts t5ds ma9ly t[>ds "s actual "w or p]=mance1 to :i* ! disc\rses1 :5 requir$ at all1 are subsidi>y3 b ,rhetoric accompli%es e ?+ by disc\rses alone4#f ,sokr4--,b ! same may be said ab\t ari?metic1 geometry1 & o!r sci5ces4 ,h[ are !y di/+ui%$ f ,rhetoric8 ,y mu/ tell me ^u :at matt]s ! disc\rses ) :i* ,rhetoric is conv]sant turn2 j z y w\ld tell me1 if ,i ask$ ! l "q ab\t ari?metic or a/ronomy4 ,gorg4--,! disc\rses1 ) :i* ,rhetoric is conv]sant1 turn ^u ! greate/ ( all human affairs4 ,sokr4--,b ?is too1 ,gorgias1 is indi/9ct & equivocal4 ,e man1 ! physician1 ! gymna/1 ! money-mak]1 ?9ks 8 own object & 8 own affairs ! greate/ ( all4#g ,gorg4--,! function ( ,rhetoric1 is to p]suade assembl$ multitudes1 & ?us to secure :at are 9 tru? ! greate/ b5efits3 fre$om to ! city1 political comm& to ! speak]4#h ,sokr4--,rhetoric is !n ! artisan ( p]suasion4 ,its s+le purpose is to produce p]suasion 9 ! m9ds ( he>]s8 ,gorg4--,x is s4 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ddi ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n p]i 7np] le_/ge91 kai phronein8 ,ps gar ou7_/8 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dej ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ts r7toriks 4 4 4 4 pasa 7 praxis kai 7 ku_/rsis dia lo_/gn e7/i_/n 4 4 4 4 ,footnote #g3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dea-deb4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #deb ,d4 ,greek3 ,o7_/p] e7_//i t a7l!i_/a me_/gi/on a7ga?o_/n1 kai ai7_/tion1 a7_/ma men e7leu!ri_/z au7tois tois a7n?r_/pois1 a7_/ma de t\ a7_/lln a7_/r*e9 e7n t au7t\ po_/lei e7ka_//4 ,side-note3 ,! ,rhetor produces belief )\t k4 ,^u :at matt]s is he compet5t to advise8 ,sokr4--,b are !re n o!r p]sons besides ! ,rhetor1 :o produce p]suasion8 ,does n ! ari?metical tea*]1 & e o!r tea*]1 produce p]suasion8 ,h[ does ! ,rhetor diff] f !m8 ,:at mode ( p]suasion does he br+ ab\t8 ,p]suasion ab\t :at8 ,gorg4--,i reply--x is t p]suasion :i* is br\ght ab\t 9 ,dika/]ies1 & o!r assembl$ multitudes--& :i* relates to j & unju/4#i ,sokr4--,y recognise t to h le>nt & to "k any matt]1 is "o ?+--to believe x1 is ano!r3 t k & belief are diff]5t--k be+ always true1 belief sometimes false8 ,gorg4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,we mu/ !n di/+ui% two sorts ( p]suasion3 "o c>ry+ ) x k--! o!r belief )\t k4 ,:i* ( ! two does ! ,rhetor br+ ab\t8 ,gorg4--,t :i* produces belief )\t k4 ,he c tea* no?+4 ,sokr4--,well1 !n1 ,gorgias1 on :at matt]s w ! ,rhetor be compet5t to advise8 ,:5 ! p are delib]at+ ab\t ! *oice ( g5]als or physicians1 ab\t ! con/ruction ( docks1 ab\t practical que/ions ( any k9d--!re w be 9 ea* case a special man in=m$ & compet5t to tea* or give c\nsel1 :ile ! ,rhetor is n compet5t4 ,^u :at !n c ! ,rhetor advise--^u j & unju/--no?+ else8#aj ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ded ,b4 ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dee ,d4 ,side-note3 ,! ,rhetor c p]suade ! p ^u any matt]1 ev5 aga9/ ! op9ion ( ! special exp]t4 ,he appe>s to "k1 among ! ignorant4 ,! ,rhetor 7says ,gorgias7 or accompli%$ public speak]1 w give advice ab\t all ! matt]s t y "n1 & o!rs besides4 ,he w p]suade ! p & c>ry !m along ) him1 ev5 aga9/ ! op9ion ( ! special ,exp]t4 ,he w talk m p]suasively ?an ! craftsman ab\t matt]s ( ! craftsman's own bus9ess4 ,! p[] ( ! ,rhetor is ?us v great3 b he ought to use x1 l all o!r p[]s1 = j & hone/ purposes2 n to abuse x = wrong & oppression4 ,if he does ! latt]1 ! misde$ is 8 own1 & n ! fault ( 8 tea*]1 :o gave 8 lessons ) a view t !y %\ld be turn$ to prop] use4 ,if a man1 :o has le>nt ! use ( arms1 employs !m to commit murd]1 ?is abuse ought n to be imput$ to 8 ma/] ( arms4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #def-deg4 ,y mean 7replies ,sokrates7 t he1 :o has le>nt ,rhetoric f y1 w become compet5t n to tea*1 b to p]suade ! multitude3--t is1 compet5t among ! ignorant4 ,he has acquir$ an eng9e ( p]suasion2 s t he w appe>1 :5 address+ ! ignorant1 to "k m ?an ^? :o really d "k4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dei ,b4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n kai p]i tas a7_/llas a7pa_/sas te_/*nas 7sau_/ts e7_/*ei o7 r7_/tr kai 7 r7torik_/2 au7ta men ta pra_/gmata ou7den dei au7tn ei7de_/nai o7_/ps e7_/*ei1 m*ann de_/ t9a pei?\s eu7rke_/nai1 7_//e phai_/ne/hai tois ou7k ei7d_/si mallon ei7de_/nai tn ei7d_/tn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,gorgias is n[ made to contradict himself4 ,polus takes up ! debate ) ,sokrates4 ,?us f>1 ! conv]sation is c>ri$ on betwe5 ,sokrates & ,gorgias4 ,b ! latt] is n[ made to contradict himself--app>5tly r ?an really--= ! argum5t :]eby ,sokrates r$uces him to a contradiction1 is n t5able1 unless we admit ! ,platonic doctr9e t ! man :o has le>nt j & unju/1 may be reli$ on to act z a j man2#ac 9 o!r words1 t virtue consi/s 9 k4 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfj ,b4 ,greek3 o7 ta di_/kaia mema?k_/s1 di_/kaios4 ,ari/otle notices ?is confusion ( ,sokrates1 :o falls into x also 9 ! conv]sation ) ,eu?ydemus1 ,x5oph4 ,memorab4 iv4 #b1 #bj1 iii4 #i1 #e4 ,side-note3 ,polemical tone ( ,sokrates4 ,at ! in/ance ( ,polus he gives 8 own def9ition ( rhetoric4 ,x is no art1 b an empirical knack ( cat]+ = ! imm$iate pleasure ( he>]s1 analog\s to cook]y4 ,x is a bran* "u ! g5]al head flatt]y4 ,polus n[ int]f]es & takes up ! conv]sation3 *all5g+ ,sokrates to furni% :at he ?9ks ! prop] def9ition ( ,rhetoric4 ,sokrates obeys1 9 a tone ( pung5t polemic4 ,rhetoric 7he says7 is no art at all1 b an empirical knack ( cat]+ = ! pleasure & fav\r ( he>]s2 analog\s to cook]y4#ad ,x is a tal5t fall+ "u ! g5]al aptitude call$ ,flatt]y2 possess$ by "s bold spirits1 :o are =w>d 9 div9+ & adapt+ !mselves to ! temp] ( ! public4#ae ,x is n hon\rable1 b a mean pursuit1 l cook]y4 ,x is ! %ad[ or false imitation ( a bran* ( ! political art4#af ,9 ref]5ce bo? to ! body & ! m9d1 !re are two diff]5t conditions3 "o1 a condition really & truly good--! o!r1 good only 9 fallaci\s appe>ance1 & n s 9 reality4 ,to produce1 & to v]ify1 ! really good condition ( ! body1 !re are two specially qualifi$ pr(essions1 ! gymna/ or tra9] & ! physician3 9 reg>d to ! m9d1 ! function ( ! tra9] is p]=m$ by ! law-giv+ p[]1 t ( ! physician by ! judicial p[]4 ,law-mak+1 & adjudicat+1 are bo? bran*es ( ! political art1 & :5 put toge!r make up ! :ole ( x4 ,gymna/ic & m$ic9e tra9 & doctor ! body t[>ds its really be/ condition3 law-mak+ & adjudicat+ d ! same 9 reg>d to ! m9d4 ,to ea* ( ! f\r1 !re corresponds a %am c\nt]p>t or mimic1 a bran* "u ! g5]al head flatt]y--tak+ no acc\nt ( :at is really be/1 b only ( t :i* is mo/ agreeable = ! mom5t1 & by ?is trick recomm5d+ itself to a fallaci\s e/eem4#ag ,?us ,cosmetic1 or ,ornam5tal ,trick]y1 is ! c\nt]feit ( ,gymna/ic2 & ,cook]y ! c\nt]feit ( ,m$ic9e4 ,cook]y /udies only :at is imm$iately agreeable to ! body1 )\t consid]+ :e!r x be good or :olesome3 & does ?is moreov]1 )\t any truly sci5tific process ( obs]vation or inf]5ce1 b simply by an empirical process ( memory or analogy4 ,b ,m$ic9e exam9es1 & t too by sci5tific me?od1 only :at is good & :olesome = ! body1 :e!r agreeable or n4 ,amid/ ignorant m51 ,cook]y slips 9 z ! c\nt]feit ( m$ic9e2 pret5d+ to "k :at food is good = ! body1 :ile x really kn[s only :at food is agreeable4 ,9 l mann]1 ! artifices ( ornam5t dress up ! body to a false appe>ance ( t vig\r & symmetry1 :i* ,gymna/ics imp>t to x really & intr9sically4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfb ,c4 ,greek3 e7mpeiri_/a 4 4 4 4 *a_/rito_/s t9os kai 7dons a7p]gasi_/z4 ,9 ! ,philbus 7pp4 #ee-ef7 ,sokrates treats ,greek3 i7atrik diff]5tly1 z fall+ %ort ( ! idea ( ,greek3 te_/*n1 & com+ mu* ne>] to :at is "h call$ ,greek3 e7mpeiri_/a or ,greek3 /o*a/ik_/4 ,asklepiades 0 displeas$ ) ! ,?racian ,dionysius = call+ ,greek3 grammatik by ! "n ( ,greek3 e7mpeiri_/a in/ead ( ,greek3 te_/*n3 see ,sextus ,empiric4 adv4 ,grammat4 s4 #eg-gb1 p4 #fae1 ,bekk4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfc ,a4 ,greek3 dokei moi ei7nai_/ ti e7pit_/deuma1 te*nikon men ou7_/1 psu*s de /o*a/iks kai a7ndrei_/z kai phu_/sei de9s prosomilein tois a7n?r_/pois2 kal de au7t\ e7g to kepha_/laion kolakei_/an4 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfc ,d4 ,greek3 politiks mori_/ou ei7_/dlon4 ,footnote #ag3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfd ,c4 ,greek3 tetta_/rn d t\_/tn ou7sn1 kai a7ei pros to be_/lti/on !rapeu\sn1 tn men to sma1 tn de tn psu*_/n1 7 kolakeutik ai7/home_/n1 ou7 gn\sa le_/g a7lla /o*asame_/n1 te_/tra*a e7autn dianei_/masa1 u7podusa u7po e7_/ka/on tn mori_/n1 prospoieitai ei7nai t\to o7_/p] u7pe_/du2 kai t\ men belti_//\ ou7den phronti_/zei1 t de a7ei 7di_// ?reu_/etai tn a7_/noian kai e7xapata1 7_//e dokei plei_//\ a7xi_/a ei7nai4 ,side-note3 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! true arts :i* aim at ! good ( ! body & m9d--& ! c\nt]feit arts1 :i* pret5d to ! same1 b 9 reality aim at imm$iate pleasure4 ,! same analogies hold 9 reg>d to ! m9d4 ,sophi/ic is ! %ad[ or c\nt]feit ( law-giv+3 ,rhetoric1 ( judg+ or adjudicat+4 ,! lawgiv] & ! judge aim at :at is good = ! m9d3 ! ,sophi/ & ! ,rhetor aim at :at is agreeable to x4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 !m 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 is true & real3 ?\gh x (t5 happ5s t ! ,sophi/ is1 bo? by himself & by o!rs1 conf\nd$ ) & mi/ak5 = ! lawgiv]1 because he deals ) ! same topics & occurr5ces3 & ! ,rhetor1 9 ! same mann]1 is conf\nd$ ) ! judge4#ah ,! ,sophi/ & ! ,rhetor1 address+ !mselves to ! pres5t reli% ( an undisc]n+ public1 are enabl$ to usurp ! functions & ! cr$it ( _! m sev]e & f>-sight$ rivals4 ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfe ,c4 ,greek3 die_//ke men ou7_/t phu_/sei2 a7_/te de e7ggus o7_/ntn1 phu_/rontai e7n t au7t kai p]i tau7ta sophi/ai kai r7_/tores1 kai ou7k e7_/*\s9 o7_/1 ti *r_/sntai ou7_/te au7toi e7autois ou7_/te oi7 a7_/lloi a7_/n?rpoi t\_/tois4 ,x seems to me t ! p]sons :om ,plato "h designates z be+ conf\nd$ toge!r are1 ! ,sophi/ ) ! lawgiv]1 ! ,rhetor ) ! judge or dika/2 :i* is %[n by ! allusion1 ?ree l9es f>!r on1 to ! confusion betwe5 ! cook & ! physician4 ,he9dorf supposes t ! p]sons designat$ z be+ conf\nd$ are1 ! ,sophi/ ) ! ,rhetor2 :i* ,i _c ?9k to be ! mean+ ( ,plato4 ,side-note3 ,que/ions ( ,polus4 ,sokrates d5ies t ! ,rhetors h any real p[]1 because !y d no?+ :i* !y really wi%4 ,?is is ! def9ition giv5 by ,sokrates ( ,rhetoric & ( ! ,rhetor4 ,polus !n asks him3 ,y say t ,rhetoric is a bran* ( ,flatt]y3 ,d y ?9k t good ,rhetors are consid]$ z flatt]]s 9 _! respective cities8 ,sokr4--,i d n ?9k t#ai !y are consid]$ at all4 ,polus4--,h[6 n consid]$8 ,d n good ,rhetors possess great p[] 9 _! respective cities8 ,sokr4--,no3 if y und]/& ! possession ( p[] z a good ?+ = ! possessor4 ,polus4--,i d und]/& x s4 ,sokr4--,!n ,i say t ! ,rhetors possess no?+ beyond ! v m9imum ( p[]4 ,polus4--,h[ c t be8 ,d n !y1 l despots1 kill1 impov]i%1 & expel any "o :om !y please8 ,sokr4--,i admit t bo? ,rhetors & ,despots c d :at seems good to !mselves1 & c br+ p5alties ( dea?1 pov]ty1 or exile ^u o!rs3 b ,i say t nev]!less !y h no p[]1 because !y c d no?+ :i* !y really wi%4#bj ,footnote #ai3 ,plat4 ,gorg4 p4 #dff ,b4 ,polus4 ,greek3 ,a7r' ou7n dok\si_/ soi 7s ko_/lakes e7n tais po_/lesi phauloi nomi_/ze/hai oi7 a7ga?oi r7_/tores8 4 4 4 4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ou7de nomi_/ze/hai e7_/moige dok\s94 ,! play on words "h--= ,i see no?+ else 9 x--c be express$ 9 ,engli% z well z 9 ,greek4 ,x has v little p]t95ce2 because1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,rhetors c]ta9ly _h consid]able importance1 :e!r !y des]v$ x or n4 ,h[ little ,plato c>$ to make 8 comp>isons h>monise ) ! fact1 may be se5 by :at imm$iately foll[s--:]e he comp>es ! ,rhetors to ,despots8 & puts 9 ! m\? ( ,polus ! ass]tion t !y kill or bani% any "o :om !y *oose4 ,footnote #bj3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dff ,e4 ,greek3 ou7den gar poiein 7n b\_/lontai1 7s e7_/pos ei7pein2 poiein me_/ntoi o71 ti a7n au7tois d_/x be_/lti/on ei7nai4 ,side-note3 ,all m5 wi% = :at is good = !m4 ,despots & ,rhetors1 :5 !y kill any "o1 d s because !y ?9k x good = !m4 ,if x be really n good1 !y d n d :at !y w1 & !re=e h no real p[]4 ,t :i* m5 wi% 7,sokrates lays d[n z a g5]al proposition7 is to obta9 good1 & to escape evil4 ,ea* sep>ate act :i* !y p]=m1 is p]=m$ n ) a view to its own special result1 b ) a view to ^! con/ant & p>am\nt ends4 ,good ?+s1 or pr(itable ?+s 7= ,sokrates alt]nates ! phrases z equival5t71 are wisdom1 heal?1 weal?1 & o!r su* ?+s4 ,evil ?+s are ! contr>ies ( ^!4#ba ,_m ?+s are 9 !mselves nei!r good nor evil1 b may become "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to circum/ances--su* z /ones1 wood1 ! acts ( sitt+ /ill or mov+1 c4 ,:5 we d any ( ^! indiff]5t acts1 x is ) a view to ! pursuit ( good1 or to ! avoidance ( evil3 we d n wi% = ! act1 we wi% = its good or pr(itable results4 ,we d e ?+ = ! sake ( good3 & if ! results are really good or pr(itable1 we accompli% :at we wi%3 if ! contr>y1 n4 ,n[1 ,despots & ,rhetors1 :5 !y kill or bani% or impov]i% any "o1 d s because !y ?9k x w be bett] = !m1 or pr(itable4#bb ,if x be good = !m1 !y d :at !y wi%3 if evil = !m1 !y d ! contr>y ( :at !y wi% & !re=e h no p[]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfg ,e4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n le_/geis ei7nai a7ga?on men sophi_/an te kai u7gi_/eian kai pl\ton kai ta7_/lla ta toiauta1 kaka de ta7nanti_/a t\_/tn8 ,e7_/gge4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfh ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ou7k\n kai a7pokti_/nnum51 ei7_/ t9' a7pokti_/nnum51 4 4 4 4 oi7o_/m5oi a7_/me9on ei7nai 7min tauta 7 m_/8 4 4 4 e7_/nek' a7_/ra t\ a7ga?\ a7_/panta tauta poi\s9 oi7 poi\ntes 4 4 4 4 e7an men 7phe_/lima 7 tauta1 b\lo_/me?a pra_/tte9 au7ta_/2 blab]a de o7_/nta1 ou7 b\lo_/me?a4 4 4 4 4 ta gar a7ga?a b\lo_/me?a1 7s phs su_/1 c4 ,to d evil 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 is ! wor/ ?+ t c happ5 to any "o2 ! evil-do] is ! mo/ mis]able & pitiable ( m54 ,! p]son :o suff]s evil is un=tunate1 & is to be piti$2 b mu* less un=tunate & less to be piti$ ?an ! evil-do]4 ,if ,i h a conceal$ dagg] 9 ! public m>ket-place1 ,i c kill any "o :om ,i *oose3 b ?is is no good to me1 nor is x a pro( ( great p[]1 because ,i %all be =?) tak5 up & puni%$4 ,! result is n pr(itable1 b hurtful3 !re=e ! act is n good1 nor is ! p[] to d x ei!r good or desirable4#bc ,x is sometimes good to kill1 bani%1 or impov]i%--sometimes bad4 ,x is good :5 y d x ju/ly3 bad1 :5 y d x unju/ly4#bd ,footnote #bc3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dfi-dgj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgj ,c4 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison ( ,ar*elaus1 usurp+ despot ( ,mac$onia--,polus affirms t ,ar*elaus is happy1 & t e "o ?9ks s--,sokrates admits t e "o ?9ks s1 b nev]!less d5ies x4 ,polus4--,a *ild c refute su* doctr9e4 ,y h he>d ( ,ar*elaus ,k+ ( ,mac$onia4 ,is he1 9 y\r op9ion1 happy or mis]able8 ,sokr4--,i d n "k3 ,i h nev] be5 9 8 society4 ,polus4--,_c y tell )\t t1 :e!r he is happy or n8 ,sokr4--,no1 c]ta9ly n4 ,polus4--,!n y w n call ev5 ! ,great ,k+ happy8 ,sokr4--,no3 ,i d n "k h[ he /&s 9 respect to education & ju/ice4 ,polus4--,:at6 does all happ9ess consi/ 9 t8 ,sokr4--,i say t x does4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! good & hon\rable man or woman is happy3 ! unju/ & wick$1 mis]able4#be ,polus4--,!n ,ar*elaus is mis]able1 accord+ to y\r doctr9e8 ,sokr4--,assur$ly1 if he is wick$4 ,polus4--,wick$1 ( c\rse2 s9ce he has committ$ enorm\s crimes3 b he has obta9$ complete k+ly p[] 9 ,mac$onia4 ,is !re any ,a!nian1 y\rself includ$1 :o w\ld n r be ,ar*elaus ?an any o!r man 9 ,mac$onia8#bf ,sokr4--,all ! public1 ) ,nikias1 ,p]ikles1 & ! mo/ em95t m5 among !m1 w agree ) y 9 decl>+ ,ar*elaus to be happy4 ,i alone d n agree ) y4 ,y1 l a ,rhetor1 int5d to ov]:elm me & ga9 y\r cause1 by call+ a multitude ( witnesses3 ,i %all prove my case )\t call+ any o!r witness ?an y\rself4#bg ,d y ?9k t ,ar*elaus w\ld h be5 a happy man1 if he _h be5 defeat$ 9 8 conspiracy & puni%$8 ,polus4--,c]ta9ly n3 he w\ld !n h be5 v mis]able4 ,sokr4--,"h aga9 ,i diff] f y3 ,i ?9k t ,ar*elaus1 or any o!r wick$ man1 is "u all circum/ances mis]able2 b he is less mis]able1 if aft]w>ds puni%$1 ?an he w\ld be if unpuni%$ & successful4#bh ,polus4--,h[ say y8 ,if a man1 unju/ly conspir+ to become despot1 be captur$1 subject$ to torture1 mutilat$1 ) 8 eyes burnt out & ) _m o!r outrages inflict$1 n only ^u himself b ^u 8 wife & *ildr5--d y say t he w be m happy ?an if he succe$$ 9 8 ent]prise1 & pass$ 8 life 9 possession ( undisput$ au?ority ov] 8 city--envi$ & extoll$ z happy1 by citiz5s & /rang]s alike8#bi ,sokr4--,m happy1 ,i %all n say3 = 9 bo? cases he w be mis]able2 b he w be less mis]able on ! =m] supposition4 ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgj ,e4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dga ,b-,c4 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgb ,b4 ,greek3 ,a7ll' e7g_/ soi ei7s 7n ou7* o7molog4 4 4 4 e7g de a7n m se au7ton e7_/na o7_/nta ma_/rtura p>a_/s*mai o7molog\nta p]i 7n le_/g1 ou7den oi7mai a7_/xion lo_/g\ pep]a_/n?ai p]i 7n a7n 7min o7 lo_/gos 72 oi7mai de ou7de soi_/1 e7an m e7g_/ soi m>tur ei7s 7n mo_/nos1 t\s d' a7_/ll\s pa_/ntas t\_/t\s *ai_/re9 e7as4 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgc ,c4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgc ,d4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates ma9ta9s--#a4 ,t x is a great] evil to d wrong1 ?an to suff] wrong4 #b4 ,t if a man has done wrong1 x is bett] = him to be puni%$ ?an to rema9 unpuni%$4 ,sokr4--,:i* ( ! two is wor/3 to d wrong1 or to suff] wrong8 ,polus4--,to suff] wrong4 ,sokr4--,:i* ( ! two is ! mo/ disgraceful8 ,polus4--,to d wrong4 ,sokr4--,if m ugly & disgraceful1 is x n !n worse8 ,polus4--,by no means4 ,sokr4--,y d n ?9k !n t ! good--& ! f9e or hon\rable--are "o & ! same2 nor ! bad--& ! ugly or disgraceful8 ,polus4--,no3 c]ta9ly n4 ,sokr4--,h[ is ?is8 ,are n all f9e or hon\rable ?+s1 su* z bodies1 col\rs1 figures1 voices1 pursuits1 c41 s d5om9at$ f "s common prop]ty8 ,are n f9e bodies said to be f9e1 ei!r f r5d]+ "s useful s]vice1 or f af=d+ "s pleasure to ! spectator :o contemplates !m8#cj ,& are n figures1 col\rs1 voices1 laws1 sci5ces1 c41 call$ f9e or hon\rable = ! same reason1 ei!r = _! agreeabl5ess or _! usefulness1 or bo?8 ,polus4--,c]ta9ly3 y\r def9ition ( ! f9e or hon\rable1 by ref]5ce to pleasure1 or to good1 is satisfactory4 ,sokr4--,( c\rse !re=e ! ugly or disgraceful mu/ be def9$ by ! contr>y1 by ref]5ce to pa9 or to evil8 ,polus4--,d\btless4#ca ,sokr4--,if !re=e "o ?+ be f9] or m hon\rable ?an ano!r1 ?is is because x surpasses ! o!r ei!r 9 pleasure1 or 9 pr(it3 if "o ?+ be m ugly or disgraceful ?an ano!r1 x mu/ surpass t o!r ei!r 9 pa91 or 9 evil8 ,polus4--,yes4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plat4 ,gorg4 p4 #dgd ,d4 ,greek3 e7an e7n t !rei/hai *ai_/re9 poi t\s !r\ntas8 ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgd ,e4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,kai mn ta_/ ge kata t\s no_/m\s kai ta e7pitdeu_/mata1 ou7 d_/p\ e7ktos t\_/tn e7/i ta kala_/1 t\ 7 7phe_/lima ei7nai 7 7de_/a 7 a7mpho_/t]a4 ,pol4 ,greek3 ,ou7k e7_/moige dokei4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n kai tn ma?ma_/tn ka_/llos 7sau_/ts8 ,pol4 ,greek3 ,pa_/nu ge2 kai kals ge nun o7rizei1 7don te kai a7ga? o7rizo_/m5os to kalo_/n4 ,sokr4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n to ai7s*ron t e7nanti_/1 lu_/p te kai kak8 ,pol4 ,greek3 ,a7na_/gk4 ,a little f>!r on ,greek3 blab is us$ z equival5t to ,greek3 kako_/n4 ,^! words--,greek3 kalo_/n1 ai7s*ro_/n--7v difficult to translate prop]ly7 introduce a ref]5ce to ! feel+ or judgm5t ( spectators1 or ( an undef9$ public1 n conc]n$ ei!r z ag5ts or suff]]s4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates (f]s pro(--,def9ition ( ,pul*rum & ,turpe--,pro( ( ! fir/ po9t4 ,sokr4--,well1 !n6 :at did y say ab\t do+ wrong & suff]+ wrong8 ,y said t to suff] wrong 0 ! wor/ ( ! two1 b to d wrong 0 ! mo/ ugly or disgraceful4 ,n[1 if to d wrong be m disgraceful ?an to suff] wrong1 ?is mu/ be because x has a prepond]ance ei!r ( pa9 or ( evil8 ,polus4--,und\bt$ly4 ,sokr4--,has x a prepond]ance ( pa98 ,does ! do] ( wrong endure m pa9 ?an ! suff]]8 ,polus4--,c]ta9ly n4 ,sokr4--,!n x mu/ h a prepond]ance ( evil8 ,polus4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,to d wrong !re=e is worse ?an to suff] wrong1 z well z m disgraceful8 ,polus4--,x appe>s s4 ,sokr4--,s9ce !re=e x is bo? worse & m disgraceful1 ,i 0 "r 9 affirm+ t nei!r y1 nor ,i1 nor any "o else1 w\ld *oose to d wrong 9 pref]5ce to suff]+ wrong4 ,polus4--,s x seems4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dge ,c-,d4 ,side-note3 ,pro( ( ! second po9t4 ,sokr4--,n[ let u take ! second po9t--,:e!r x be ! greate/ evil = ! wrong-do] to be puni%$1 or :e!r x be n a /ill great] evil = him to rema9 unpuni%$4 ,if puni%$1 ! wrong-do] is ( c\rse puni%$ ju/ly2 & are n all j ?+s f9e or hon\rable1 9 s f> z !y are j8 ,polus4--,i ?9k s4 ,sokr4--,:5 a man does any?+1 mu/ !re n be "s correlate :i* suff]s2 & mu/ x n suff] 9 a way correspond+ to :at ! do] does8 ,?us if any "o /rikes1 !re mu/ also be some?+ /rick53 & if he /rikes quickly or viol5tly1 !re mu/ be some?+ :i* is /rick5 quickly or viol5tly4 ,& s1 if any "o burns or cuts1 !re mu/ be some?+ burnt or cut4 ,z ! ag5t acts1 s ! pati5t suff]s4 ,polus4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,n[ if a man be puni%$ = wrong do+1 he suff]s :at is j1 & ! puni%] does :at is j8 ,polus4--,he does4 ,sokr4--,y admitt$ t all j ?+s 7 hon\rable3 !re=e ! ag5t does :at is hon\rable1 ! pati5t suff]s :at is hon\rable4#cc ,b if hon\rable1 x mu/ be ei!r agreeable--or good & pr(itable4 ,9 ?is case1 x is c]ta9ly n agreeable3 x mu/ !re=e be good & pr(itable4 ,! wrong-do] !re=e1 :5 puni%$1 suff]s :at is good & is pr(it$4 ,polus4--,yes4#cd ,sokr4--,9 :at mann] is he pr(it$8 ,x is1 z ,i presume1 by becom+ bett] 9 8 m9d--by be+ reliev$ f badness ( m9d4 ,polus4--,probably4 ,sokr4--,is n ?is badness ( m9d ! greate/ evil8 ,9 reg>d to weal?1 ! special badness is pov]ty3 9 reg>d to ! body1 x is weakness1 sickness1 de=mity1 c43 9 reg>d to ! m9d1 x is ignorance1 inju/ice1 c[>dice1 c4 ,is n inju/ice1 & o!r badness ( m9d1 ! mo/ disgraceful ( ! ?ree8 ,polus4--,decid$ly4 ,sokr4--,if x be mo/ disgraceful1 x mu/ !re=e be ! wor/4 ,polus4--,h[8 ,sokr4--,x mu/ 7z we be=e agre$7 h ! greate/ prepond]ance ei!r ( pa91 or ( hurt & evil4 ,b ! prepond]ance is n 9 pa93 = no "o w say t ! be+ unju/ & intemp]ate & ignorant1 is m pa9ful ?an be+ poor & sick4 ,! prepond]ance mu/ !re=e be great 9 hurt & evil4 ,m5tal badness is !re=e a great] evil ?an ei!r pov]ty1 or disease & bodily de=mity4 ,x is ! greate/ ( human evils4 ,polus4--,x appe>s s4#ce ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,ari/otle1 ,rhet4 i4 #i1 p4 #acff1 b4 #cj1 :]e ! contr>y ( ?is op9ion is ma9ta9$1 & ma9ta9$ ) tru?4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgf ,d-,e4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgg ,e4 ,side-note3 ,! crim9al lab\rs "u a m5tal di/emp]1 :i* ?\gh n pa9ful1 is a capital evil4 ,puni%m5t is ! only cure = him4 ,to be puni%$ is be/ = him4 ,sokr4--,! money-mak+ art is1 t :i* relieves u f pov]ty3 ! m$ical art1 f sickness & weakness3 ! judicial or punitory1 f inju/ice & wick$ness ( m9d4 ,( ^! ?ree reliev+ =ces1 :i* is ! mo/ hon\rable8 ,polus4--,! la/1 by f>4 ,sokr4--,if mo/ hon\rable1 x conf]s ei!r mo/ pleasure or mo/ pr(it8 ,polus4--,yes4 ,sokr4--,n[1 to g ?r\gh m$ical treatm5t is n agreeable2 b x answ]s to a man to und]go ! pa91 9 ord] to get rid ( a great evil1 & to become well4 ,he w\ld be a happi] man1 if he 7 nev] sick3 he is less mis]able by und]go+ ! pa9ful treatm5t & becom+ well1 ?an if he und]w5t no treatm5t & rema9$ sick4 ,j s ! man :o is m5tally bad3 ! happie/ man is he :o nev] becomes s2 b if a man has become s1 ! next be/ c\rse = him is1 to und]go puni%m5t & to get rid ( ! evil4 ,! wor/ lot ( all is1 t ( him :o rema9s m5tally bad1 )\t ev] gett+ rid ( badness4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgh ,d-,e4 ,side-note3 ,mis]y ( ! ,despot :o is nev] puni%$4 ,if our fri5d has done wrong1 we ought to get him puni%$3 if our enemy1 we ought to keep him unpuni%$4 ,?is la/1 ,polus 7cont9ues ,sokrates71 is ! condition ( ,ar*elaus1 & ( despots & ,rhetors g5]ally4 ,!y possess p[] :i* enables !m1 aft] !y h committ$ inju/ice1 to gu>d !mselves aga9/ be+ puni%$3 :i* is j z if a sick man 7 to pride himself ^u hav+ tak5 precautions aga9/ be+ cur$4 ,!y see ! pa9 ( ! cure1 b !y are bl9d to ! pr(it ( x2 !y are ignorant h[ mu* m mis]able x is to h an unheal?y & unju/ m9d ?an an unheal?y body4#cg ,!re is !re=e little use 9 ,rhetoric3 = our fir/ object ought to be1 to avoid do+ wrong3 our next object1 if we h done wrong1 n to resi/ or elude puni%m5t by skilful def5ce1 b to pres5t ourselves volunt>ily & invite x3 & if our fri5ds or relatives h done wrong1 f> f help+ to def5d !m1 we ought ourselves to accuse !m1 & to invoke puni%m5t ^u !m also4#ch ,on ! o!r h&1 z to our enemy1 we ought und\bt$ly to take precautions aga9/ suff]+ any wrong f him ourselves3 b if he has done wrong to o!rs1 we ought to d all we c1 by ^w or de$1 n to br+ him to puni%m5t1 b to prev5t him f suff]+ puni%m5t or mak+ comp5sation3 s t he may live z long z possible 9 impunity4#ci ,^! are ! purposes t[>ds :i* rhetoric is s]viceable4 ,= "o :o int5ds to d no wrong1 x seems ( no great use4#dj ,footnote #cg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dgi ,b4 ,greek3 to a7lge9on au7t\ ka?oran1 pros de to 7phe_/limon tuphls e7_/*e91 kai a7gnoein o7_/s a7?li_/t]o_/n e7/i m u7gi\s s_/matos m u7giei psu* sunoikein1 a7lla sa?ra kai a7di_/k kai a7nosi_/4 ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dhj ,c1 #ejh ,b4 ,greek3 katgorte_/on ei7_/ kai au7t\ kai ui7e_/os kai e7tai_/ron1 e7a_/n ti a7dik1 c4 ,plato might h put ?is argum5t into ! m\? ( ,eu?yphron z a reason = indict+ 8 own fa!r on ! *>ge ( murd]3 z ,i h already obs]v$ 9 review+ ! ,eu?yphron1 :i* see above1 vol4 i4 *4 xi41 p4 #ddb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dha ,a4 ,greek3 e7an de a7_/llon a7dik o7 e7*?ro_/s1 panti tro_/p p>askeua/e_/on kai pra_/ttonta kai le_/gonta1 o7_/ps m d di_/kn4 4 4 4 e7a_/n te *rusi_/on 7rpaks 7 polu_/1 m a7podid t\to1 a7ll' e7_/*n a7nali_/sktai 4 4 4 a7di_/ks kai a7!_/s1 c4 ,footnote #dj3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is dialogue betwe5 ,sokrates & ,polus exhibits a repres5tation ( ,platonic ,e?ics long] & m cont9u\s ?an is usual 9 ! dialogues4 ,i h !re=e giv5 a tol]ably copi\s abridgm5t ( x1 & %all n[ proce$ to comm5t ^u its reason+4 ,side-note3 ,argum5t ( ,sokrates p>adoxical--,d\bt express$ by ,kallikles :e!r he means x s]i\sly4 ,! :ole t5or ( its assumptions1 z well z ! conclusions 9 :i* x ends1 are s repugnant to receiv$ op9ions1 t ,polus1 ev5 :ile compell$ to ass5t1 treats x z a p>adox3 :ile ,kallikles1 :o n[ takes up ! argum5t1 beg9s by ask+ f ,*rephon--,is ,sokrates really 9 e>ne/1 or is he only je/+8#da ,sokrates himself admits t he /&s almo/ alone4 ,he has no?+ to rely ^u1 except ! consi/5cy ( 8 dialectics--& ! v]dict ( philosophy4#db ,?is h[ev] is a matt] ( little mom5t1 9 discuss+ ! tru? & value ( ! reason+1 except 9 s f> z x involves an appeal to ! judgm5t ( ! public z a matt] ( fact4 ,plato foll[s out ! tra9 ( reason+--:i* at ! "t pres5ts itself to 8 m9d z conclusive1 or at lea/ z plausible--:e!r he may agree or disagree ) o!rs4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dha4 ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhb4 ,side-note3 ,pr9ciple laid d[n by ,sokrates--,t e "o acts ) a view to ! atta9m5t ( happ9ess & avoidance ( mis]y4 ,plato has rank$ ! ,rhetor 9 ! same category z ! ,despot3 a classification ^u :i* ,i %all say some?+ pres5tly4 ,b ?r\gh\t ! "p ( ! dialogue j extract$1 he treats ! orig9al "q ab\t ,rhetoric z "p ( a mu* l>g] e?ical "q4#dc ,e "o 7argues ,sokrates7 wi%es = ! atta9m5t ( good & = ! avoidance ( evil4 ,e "o p]=ms ea* sep>ate act ) a view n to its own imm$iate end1 b to "o or o!r ( ^! p]man5t ends4 ,9 s f> z he atta9s !m1 he is happy3 9 s f> z he ei!r fails 9 atta9+ ! good1 or incurs ! evil1 he is unhappy or mis]able4 ,! good & hon\rable man or woman is happy1 ! unju/ & wick$ is mis]able4 ,p[] acquir$ or employ$ unju/ly1 is no boon to ! possessor3 = he does n !reby obta9 :at he really wi%es1 good or happ9ess2 b incurs ! contr>y1 evil & mis]y4 ,! man :o does wrong is m mis]able ?an he :o suff]s wrong3 b ! mo/ mis]able ( all is he :o does wrong & !n rema9s unpuni%$ = x4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,i may be told t ?is comp>ison is fir/ made by ,polus 7p4 #dff ,c71 & t ,sokrates only takes x up f him to comm5t ^u4 ,true1 b ! spee* ( ,polus is j z mu* ! composition ( ,plato z t ( ,sokrates4 ,_m read]s ( ,plato are apt to =get ?is4 ,footnote #dd3 ,isokrates1 9 8 ,pana!naic ,oration 7,or4 xii4 sect4 #abf1 pp4 #beg-cdg71 alludes to ! same !sis z ?is "h advanc$ by ,plato1 treat+ x z "o :i* all m5 ( s5se w\ld reject1 & :i* none b a few m5 pret5d+ to be wise w\ld proclaim--,greek3 a7_/p] a7_/pantes men a7n oi7 n\n e7_/*ontes e7_/lo9to kai b\l!ien1 o7li_/goi de_/ t9es tn prospoi\me_/nn ei7nai sophn1 e7rt!_/ntes ou7k a7n ph_/sai54 ,9 ?is la/ phrase ,isokrates probably has ,plato 9 8 m9d1 ?\gh )\t pron\nc+ ! "n4 ,polus1 on ! o!r h&1 cont5ds1 t ,ar*elaus1 :o has wad$ ?r\gh slaught] to ! ?rone ( ,mac$onia1 is a happy man bo? 9 8 own feel+s & 9 ^? ( e "o else1 envi$ & admir$ by ! _w g5]ally3 ,t to say--,ar*elaus w\ld h be5 m happy1 or less mis]able1 if he _h fail$ 9 8 ent]prise & _h be5 put to dea? "u cruel torture--is an unt5able p>adox4 ,side-note3 ,peculi> view tak5 by ,plato ( ,good--,evil--,happ9ess4 ,! issue "h turns1 & ! =ce ( ,plato's argum5t re/s 7assum+ ,sokrates to speak ! real s5tim5ts ( ,plato71 ^u ! peculi> s5se :i* he gives to ! words ,good--,evil--,happ9ess3--diff]5t f ! s5se 9 :i* !y are conceiv$ by mank9d g5]ally1 & :i* is "h foll[$ by ,polus4 ,x is possible t to m9ds l ,sokrates & ,plato1 ! idea ( !mselves committ+ enorm\s crimes = ambiti\s purposes might be ! mo/ intol]able ( all ideas1 worse to contemplate ?an any am\nt ( suff]+3 moreov]1 t if !y c\ld conceive !mselves z hav+ be5 ?us guilty1 ! sequel ! lea/ intol]able = !m to imag9e w\ld be "o ( expiatory pa94 ,?is1 tak5 z ! p]sonal s5tim5t ( ,plato1 admits ( no reply4 ,b :5 he attempts to conv]t ?is subjective judgm5t into an objective conclusion b9d+ on all1 he fails ( success1 & misleads himself by equivocal language4 ,side-note3 ,contra/ ( ! usual mean+ ( ^! words1 ) ! ,platonic mean+4 ,plato di/+ui%es two g5]al objects ( human desire1 & two ( human av]sion4 #a4 ,! imm$iate1 & g5]ally transi5t1 object--,pleasure or ! ,pleasurable--,pa9 or ! ,pa9ful4 #b4 ,! di/ant1 ult]ior1 & m p]man5t object--,good or ! pr(itable--,evil or ! hurtful4--,9 ! atta9m5t ( ,good & avoidance ( ,evil consi/s happ9ess4 ,b n[ comes ! important "q--,9 :at s5se are we to und]/& ! words ,good & ,evil8 ,:at did ,plato mean by !m8 ,did he mean ! same z mank9d g5]ally8 ,h mank9d g5]ally "o uni=m mean+8 ,9 answ] to ?is "q1 we mu/ say1 t nei!r ,plato1 nor mank9d g5]ally1 are consi/5t or unanim\s 9 _! use ( ! words3 & t ,plato sometimes approximates to1 sometimes div]ges f1 ! m usual mean+4 ,plato does n "h tell u cle>ly :at he himself means by ,good & ,evil3 he specifies no objective or ext]nal m>k by :i* we may "k x3 we le>n only1 t ,good is a m5tal p]fection--,evil a m5tal ta9t--answ]+ to indescribable b *>act]i/ic s5tim5ts 9 ,plato's own m9d1 & only negatively det]m9$ by ?is circum/ance--,t !y h no ref]5ce ei!r to pleasure or pa94 ,9 ! vulg> s5se1 ,good /&s di/+ui%$ f pleasure 7or relief f pa971 & ,evil f pa9 7or loss ( pleasure71 z ! remote1 ! causal1 ! la/+ f ! pres5t1 ! product1 ! transi5t4 ,good & ,evil are expla9$ by enum]at+ all ! ?+s s call$1 ( :i* enum]ation ,plato gives a p>tial specim5 9 ?is dialogue3 else:]e he dwells ^u :at he calls ! ,idea ( ,good1 ( :i* ,i %all speak m fully h]eaft]4 ,hav+ said t all m5 aim at good1 he gives1 z examples ( good ?+s--,wisdom1 ,heal?1 ,weal?1 & o!r su* ?+s3 :ile ! contr>y ( ^!1 ,/upidity1 ,sickness1 ,pov]ty1 are evil ?+s3 ! li/ ( c\rse might be mu* enl>g$4 ,tak+ ,good & ,evil g5]ally to d5ote ! common prop]ty ( ea* ( ^! li/s1 x is true t m5 p]=m a l>ge portion ( _! acts ) a view to atta9 ! =m] & avoid ! latt]3--t ! approa* :i* !y make to happ9ess dep5ds1 speak+ g5]ally1 ^u ! success :i* att5ds _! ex]tions = ! atta9m5t ( & avoidance ( ^! p]man5t ends3 & moreov] t ^! ends h _! ultimate ref]5ce to ea* man's own feel+s4 ,b ?is mean+ ( ,good is no long] pres]v$1 :5 ,sokrates proce$s to prove t ! triumphant usurp] ,ar*elaus is ! mo/ mis]able ( m51 & t to d wrong ) impunity is ! greate/ ( all evils4 ,side-note3 ,exam9ation ( ! pro( giv5 by ,sokrates--,inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! g5]al answ] ( ,polus & 8 previ\s decl>ations--,law & ,nature4 ,sokrates provides a basis = 8 int5d$ pro( by ask+ ,polus1#de :i* ( ! two is mo/ disgraceful--,to d wrong--or to suff] wrong8 ,polus answ]s--,to d wrong3 & ?is answ] is inconsi/5t ) :at he _h previ\sly said ab\t ,ar*elaus4 ,t pr9ce1 ?\gh a wrong-do] on ! l>ge/ scale1 has be5 decl>$ by ,polus to be an object ( 8 supreme envy & admiration3 :ile ,sokrates also admits t ?is is ! s5tim5t ( almo/ all mank9d1 except himself4 ,to be consi/5t ) su* an ass]tion1 ,polus ought to h answ]$ ! contr>y ( :at he does answ]1 :5 ! g5]al "q is aft]w>ds put to him3 or at lea/ he ought to h said--,sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r4 ,b ?is he is a%am$ to d1 z we %all f9d ,kallikles intimat+ at a subsequ5t /age ( ! dialogue3#df because ( ,k+ ,nomos1 or ! e/abli%$ habit ( ! community--:o feel t society re/s ^u a s5tim5t ( reciprocal "r & obligation animat+ e "o1 & require t violations ( t s5tim5t %all be m>k$ ) c5sure 9 g5]al words1 h[ev] widely ! critical feel+ may dep>t f su* c5sure 9 p>ticul> cases4#dg ,polus is =c$ to make pr(ession ( a fai?1 :i* nei!r he nor o!rs 7except ,sokrates ) a few companions7 univ]sally or consi/5tly apply4 ,to br+ su* a =ce to be> ^u ! oppon5t1 0 "o ( ! kn[n artifices ( dialecticians3#dh & ,sokrates makes x 8 po9t ( dep>ture1 to prove ! unp>allel$ mis]y ( ,ar*elaus4 ,footnote #de3 ,plat4 ,gorg4 p4 #dgd ,c4 ,footnote #df3 ,plat4 ,gorg4 p4 #dhb ,c4 ,to ma9ta9 t ,greek3 to a7dikein be_/ltion t\ a7dikei/hai 0 an ,greek3 a7_/doxos u7po_/!sis--"o :i* x 0 ,greek3 *ei_/ronos 7_/?\s e7le_//hai3 :i* !re=e ,ari/otle advises ! dialectician n to def5d 7,ari/ot4 ,topic4 viii4 #aef1 #f-ae74 ,footnote #dg3 ,?is portion ( ! ,gorgias may receive illu/ration f ! ?ird *apt] 7pp4 #ii-aja7 ( ,adam ,smi?'s ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 entitl$1 ,( ! corruption ( our moral s5tim5ts1 :i* is occasion$ by ! disposition to admire ! ri* & great1 & to neglect or despise p]sons ( poor & mean condition4 ,he says--,! disposition to admire & almo/ to wor%ip ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 & to despise1 or at lea/ to neglect1 p]sons ( poor & mean condition1 ?\gh necess>y bo? to e/abli% & ma9ta9 ! di/9ction ( ranks & ! ord] ( society1 is1 at ! same "t1 ! great & mo/ univ]sal cause ( ! corruption ( our moral s5tim5ts4 4 4 4 ,!y are ! wise & ! virtu\s *iefly--a select1 ?\gh ,i am afraid1 a small p>ty--:o are ! real & /eady admir]s ( wisdom & virtue4 ,! great mob ( mank9d are ! admir]s & wor%ipp]s--& :at may seem m extraord9>y1 mo/ frequ5tly ! dis9t]e/$ admir]s & wor%ipp]s--( weal? & greatness4 4 4 4 4 ,x is sc>ce agreeable to good morals1 or ev5 to good language1 p]haps1 to say t m]e weal? & greatness1 ab/ract$ f m]it & virtue1 des]ve our respect4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev]1 t !y almo/ con/antly obta9 x3 & t !y may !re=e 9 a c]ta9 s5se be consid]$ z ! natural objects ( x4 ,n[ ,ar*elaus is a mo/ conspicu\s example ( ?is disposition ( ! mass ( mank9d to wor%ip & admire1 dis9t]e/$ly1 p[] & greatness3 & ! language us$ by ,adam ,smi? 9 ! la/ s5t5ce illu/rates ! conv]sation ( ,sokrates1 ,polus1 & ,kallikls4 ,adam ,smi? admits t en]getic proce$+s1 end+ 9 great p[]1 su* z ^? ( ,ar*elaus1 obta9 hon\r & wor%ip f ! va/ majority ( dis9t]e/$ spectators3 & t1 !re=e !y are 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! natural objects ( su* a s5tim5t 7,greek3 kata phu_/s974 ,b if ! "q be put to him1 ,:e!r su* proce$+s1 ) su* a position1 are wor?y ( hon\r1 he is con/ra9$ by good morals 7,greek3 kata no_/mon7 to reply 9 ! negative4 ,x is true t ,adam ,smi? numb]s himself ) ! small m9ority1 :ile ,polus %>es ! op9ion ( ! l>ge majority4 ,b :at is requir$ by ,k+ ,nomos mu/ be pr(ess$ ev5 by diss5ti5ts1 unless !y possess ! unb5d+ resolution ( ,sokrates4 ,footnote #dh3 ,ari/ot4 ,de ,soph4 ,el5*4 pp4 #agb-agc1 :]e he contra/s ! op9ions :i* m5 mu/ make a %[ ( hold+1 ) ^? :i* !y really d--,greek3 ai7 phan]ai d_/xai--ai7 a7phaneis1 a7pokekrumme_/nai1 d_/xai4 ,side-note3 ,! def9ition ( ,pul*rum & ,turpe1 giv5 by ,sokrates1 w n hold4 ,he proce$s to def9e ,pul*rum & ,turpe 7,greek3 kalon-ai7s*ro_/n74 ,:5 we recollect ! ,hippias ,major1 9 :i* dialogue _m def9itions ( ,pul*rum 7 canvass$ & all reject$1 s t ! se>* end$ 9 total disappo9tm5t--we are surpris$ to see t ,sokrates hits (f at once a def9ition satisfactory bo? to himself & ,polus3 & we are ! m surpris$1 because ! def9ition "h admitt$ )\t a rem>k1 is 9 sub/ance "o ( ^? %[n to be unt5able 9 ! ,hippias ,major4#di ,x dep5ds ^u ! actual argum5tative purpose :i* ,plato has 9 h&1 :e!r he *ooses to multiply objections & give !m effect--or to ignore !m altoge!r4 ,b ! def9ition :i* he "h proposes1 ev5 if assum$ z inconte/able1 fails altoge!r to su/a9 ! conclusion t he draws f x4 ,he def9es ,pul*rum to be t :i* ei!r conf]s pleasure ^u ! spectator :5 he contemplates x1 or produces ult]ior pr(it or good--we mu/ presume pr(it to ! spectator1 or to him along ) o!rs--at any rate x is n said to :om4 ,he next def9es ! ugly & disgraceful 7,greek3 to ai7s*ron7 z compreh5d+ bo? ! pa9ful & ! hurtful or evil4 ,if !n 7he argues7 to d wrong is m ugly & disgraceful ?an to suff] wrong1 ?is mu/ be ei!r because x is m pa9ful--or because x is m hurtful1 m evil 7worse74 ,x c]ta9ly is n m pa9ful3 !re=e x mu/ be worse4 ,footnote #di3 ,plat4 ,hipp4 ,maj4 pp4 #de-df4 ,see above1 vol4 ii4 *4 xiii4 ,side-note3 ,worse or bett]--= :om8 ,! argum5t ( ,sokrates does n specify4 ,if und]/ood 9 ! s5se necess>y = 8 inf]5ce1 ! def9ition w\ld be inadmissible4 ,b worse1 = :om8 ,= ! spectators1 :o decl>e ! proce$+s ( ,ar*elaus to be disgraceful8 ,= ! p]sons :o suff] by 8 proce$+s8 ,or = ,ar*elaus himself8 ,x is ! la/ ( ! ?ree :i* ,sokrates und]takes to prove3 b 8 def9ition does n help him to ! pro(4 ,turpe is def9$ to be ei!r :at causes imm$iate pa9 to ! spectator1 or ult]ior hurt--to :om8 ,if we say to ! spectator--! def9ition w n s]ve z a gr\nd ( inf]5ce to ! condition ( ! ag5t contemplat$4 ,if on ! o!r h&1 we say--to ! ag5t--! def9ition s und]/ood becomes inadmissible3 z well = o!r reasons1 z because !re are a great _m ,turpia :i* are n ag5ts at all1 & :i* ! def9ition !re=e w\ld n include4 ,ei!r !re=e ! def9ition giv5 by ,sokrates is a bad "o--or x w n su/a9 8 conclusion4 ,& ?us1 on ?is v important argum5t1 :]e ,sokrates admits t he /&s alone1 & :]e !re=e ! pro( w\ld ne$ to be d\bly cog5t--an argum5t too :]e ! great cause 7s ,adam ,smi? t]ms x7 ( ! corruption ( m5's moral s5tim5ts has to be combat$--,sokrates has no?+ to produce except premisses alike f>-fet*$ & irrelevant4 ,:at increases our regret is1 t ! real argum5ts e/abli%+ ! turpitude ( ,ar*elaus & 8 acts are obvi\s en\gh1 if y look = !m 9 ! "r direction4 ,y discov] no?+ :ile y\r eye is fix$ on ,ar*elaus himself3 f> f pres5t+ any indications ( mis]y1 :i* ,sokrates pr(esses to discov]1 he has ga9$ mu* ( :at m5 admire z good :]ev] !y see x4 ,b :5 y turn to ! p]sons :om he has kill$1 bani%$1 or ru9$--to ! mass ( suff]+ :i* he has inflict$--& to ! widespread insecurity :i* su* acts ( successful iniquity spread ?r\gh all societies :]e !y become kn[n--!re is no lack ( argum5t to ju/ify t s5tim5t :i* prompts a reflect+ spectator to br& him z a disgraceful man4 ,?is argum5t h[ev] is "h altoge!r neglect$ by ,plato4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 he looks only at ! self-reg>d+ side ( ,e?ics4 ,side-note3 ,plato applies to e "o a /&>d ( happ9ess & mis]y peculi> to himself4 ,8 view ab\t ! conduct ( ,ar*elaus is j1 b he does n give ! true reasons = x4 ,sokrates proce$s next to prove--,t ! wrong-do] :o rema9s unpuni%$ is m mis]able ?an if he 7 puni%$4 ,! wrong-do] 7he argues7 :5 puni%$ suff]s :at is j3 b all j ?+s are hon\rable3 !re=e he suff]s :at is hon\rable4 ,b all hon\rable ?+s are s call$ because !y are ei!r agreeable1 or pr(itable1 or bo? toge!r4 ,puni%m5t is c]ta9ly n agreeable3 x mu/ !re=e be pr(itable or good4 ,accord+ly ! wrong-do] :5 ju/ly puni%$ suff]s :at is pr(itable or good4 ,he is b5efit$1 by be+ reliev$ ( m5tal evil or wick$ness1 :i* is a worse evil ?an ei!r bodily sickness or pov]ty4 ,9 proportion to ! magnitude ( ?is evil1 is ! value ( ! relief :i* removes x1 & ! sup]ior mis]y ( ! unpuni%$ wrong-do] :o cont9ues to live "u x4#ej ,footnote #ej3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dgg-dgh4 ,^u ?is argum5t1 ,i make ! same rem>k z ^u t imm$iately prec$+4 ,we are n expressly told1 :e!r good1 evil1 happ9ess1 mis]y1 c41 ref] to ! ag5t alone or to o!rs also3 b ! g5]al t5or implies t ! ag5t alone is meant4 ,& 9 ?is s5se1 ,plato does n make out 8 case4 ,he e/abli%es an arbitr>y /&>d ( 8 own1 recognis$ only by a few foll[]s1 & altoge!r diff]+ f ! ord9>y /&>d1 to te/ & comp>e happ9ess & mis]y4 ,! successful crim9al1 ,ar*elaus himself1 f> f feel+ any su* int5se mis]y z ,plato describes1 is satisfi$ & pr\d ( 8 position1 :i* mo/ o!rs also acc\nt an object ( envy4 ,?is is n disput$ by ,plato himself4 ,& 9 ! face ( ?is fact1 x is fruitless z well z illogical to attempt to prove1 by an elaborate process ( d$uctive reason+1 t ,ar*elaus mu/ be mis]able4 ,t /ep ( ,plato's reason+1 9 :i* he ass]ts1 t ! wrong-do] :5 ju/ly puni%$ suff]s :at is pr(itable or good--is only true if y take 9 7:at ,plato omits to m5tion7 ! int]e/s ( society z well z ^? ( ! ag5t4 ,8 puni%m5t is c]ta9ly pr(itable to 7conducive to ! security & well be+ (7 society3 x may possibly be also pr(itable to himself1 b v frequ5tly x is n s4 ,! conclusion br\ght out by ,plato1 !re=e1 :ile contradict$ by ! fact1 involves also a fallacy 9 ! reason+ process4 ,side-note3 ,if ! reason+ ( ,plato 7 true1 ! po9t ( view 9 :i* puni%m5t is consid]$ w\ld be rev]s$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is dialogue1 ,plato intimates decid$ly h[ great a p>adox ! doctr9e ma9ta9$ by ,sokrates mu/ appe>3 h[ diametrically x 0 oppos$ to ! op9ion n m]ely ( ! less in=m$ multitude1 b ( ! wis] & m reflect+ citiz5--ev5 su* a man z ,nikias4 ,inde$ x is lit]ally exact--:at ,plato "h puts into ! m\? ( ,kallikles--t if ! doctr9e "h advocat$ by ,sokrates 7 true1 ! :ole ( social life w\ld be turn$ upside d[n4#ea ,if1 = example1 x 7 true1 z ,plato cont5ds1--,t e man :o commits a crime1 takes ^u him !reby a t]rible & la/+ di/emp]1 incurable except by ! application ( puni%m5t1 :i* is ! specific rem$y 9 ! case--e !ory ( puni%m5t w\ld1 lit]ally speak+1 be turn$ upside d[n4 ,! great disc\ragem5t f crime w\ld !n consi/ 9 ! fe> ( t =midable di/emp] ) :i* ! crim9al 0 sure to inoculate himself3 & puni%m5t1 in/ead ( be+ 7z x is n[ consid]$1 & z ,plato himself repres5ts x 9 ! ,protagoras7 ! great disc\ragem5t to ! commission ( crime1 w\ld op]ate 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,x w\ld be ! means ( remov+ or impair+ ! great real disc\ragem5t to crime3 & a wise legislator w\ld hesitate to inflict x4 ,?is w\ld be no?+ less ?an a rev]sal ( ! mo/ univ]sally accept$ political or social precepts 7z ,kallikles is made to express himself74 ,footnote #ea3 ,plato1 ,gorg4 p4 #dha ,c4 ,kall4--,greek3 ei7 men gar sp\da_/zeis te kai tug*a_/nei tauta a7l? o7_/nta a7 le_/geis1 a7_/llo ti 7 7mn o7 bi_/os a7natetramme_/nos a7n ei7_/ tn a7n?r_/pn1 kai pa_/nta ta e7nanti_/a pra_/ttom51 7 a7 dei8 ,side-note3 ,plato pu%es too f> ! analogy betwe5 m5tal di/emp] & bodily di/emp]--,mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two--,di/emp] mu/ be felt by ! di/emp]$ p]sons4 ,x w inde$ be at once se51 t ! ta9t or di/emp] ) :i* ,ar*elaus is suppos$ to inoculate himself1 :5 he commits signal crime--is a pure fancy or poetical metaphor on ! "p ( ,plato himself4#eb ,a di/emp] mu/ imply some?+ pa9ful1 enfeebl+1 disabl+1 to ! individual :o feels x3 !re is no o!r mean+3 we _c recognise a di/emp]1 :i* does n make itself felt 9 any way by ! di/emp]$ p]son4 ,plato is misl$ by 8 ev]-repeat$ analogy betwe5 bodily heal? & m5tal heal?3 real1 on "s po9ts--n real on o!rs4 ,:5 a man is 9 bad bodily heal?1 8 s5sations w>n him ( x at once4 ,he suff]s pa91 discom=t1 or disabilities1 :i* leave no d\bt z to ! fact3 ?\gh he may n "k ei!r ! precise cause1 or ! appropriate rem$y4 ,conv]sely1 9 ! abs5ce ( any su* w>n+s1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 positive s5sations1 he kn[s himself to be 9 tol]able or good heal?4 ,if ,sokrates & ,ar*elaus 7 bo? 9 good bodily heal?1 or bo? 9 bad bodily heal?1 ea* w\ld be made aw>e ( ! fact by analog\s evid5ces4 ,b by :at measure are we to det]m9e :5 a man is 9 a good or bad m5tal /ate8 ,by 8 own feel+s8 ,9 t case1 ,ar*elaus & ,sokrates are 9 a m5tal /ate equally good3 ea* is satisfi$ ) 8 own4 ,by ! judgm5t ( by-/&]s8 ,ar*elaus w !n be ! bett] ( ! two3 at lea/ 8 admir]s & envi]s w outnumb] ^? ( ,sokrates4 ,by my judgm5t8 ,if my op9ion is ask$1 ,i agree ) ,sokrates3 ?\gh n on ! gr\nds :i* he "h urges1 b on o!r gr\nds4 ,:o is to be ! ultimate ref]ee--! int]e/s or security ( o!r p]sons1 :o h suff]$ or are likely to suff] by ,ar*elaus1 be+ by ! supposition left out ( view8 ,footnote #eb3 ,! disposition ( ,plato to build argum5t on a metaphor is (t5 %[n4 ,ari/otle rem>ks x ( him 9 respect to 8 !ory ( ,ideas2 & ,ari/otle 9 8 ,topica gives sev]al precepts 9 reg>d to ! g5]al t5d5cy--precepts enjo9+ disputants to be on _! gu>d aga9/ x 9 dialectic discussion 7,topica1 iv4 #abc1 a4 #cc1 vi4 #aci-adj7--;,greek3 pan gar a7saphes to kata metaphoran lego_/m5on1 c4 ,polus is n[ dismiss$ z vanqui%$1 aft] hav+ be5 =c$1 aga9/ 8 w1 to conc$e--,t ! do] ( wrong is m mis]able ?an ! suff]]3 ,t he is m mis]able1 if unpuni%$1--less s1 if puni%$3 ,t a triumphant crim9al on a great scale1 l ,ar*elaus1 is ! mo/ mis]able ( m54 ,side-note3 ,kallikles beg9s to argue aga9/ ,sokrates--he takes a di/9ction betwe5 ,j by ,law & ,j by nature--,reply ( ,sokrates1 t !re is no v>iance betwe5 ! two1 prop]ly und]/ood4 ,"h1 !n1 we comm5ce ) ,kallikles3 :o int]poses1 to take up ! debate ) ,sokrates4 ,polus 7says ,kallikles71 f def]5ce to ! op9ions ( mank9d1 has errone\sly conc$$ ! po9t--,t x is m disgraceful to d wrong1 ?an to suff] wrong4 ,?is is inde$ true 7cont9ues ,kallikles71 accord+ to :at is j by law or conv5tion1 t is1 accord+ to ! g5]al s5tim5t ( mank9d3 b x is n true1 accord+ to ju/ice by nature1 or natural ju/ice4 ,nature & ,law are "h oppos$4#ec ,! ju/ice ( ,nature is1 t among m5 7z among o!r animals7 ! /rong individual %\ld gov]n & /rip ! weak1 tak+ & keep+ z mu* z he c grasp4 ,b ?is ju/ice w n suit ! weak1 :o are ! _m1 & :o defeat x by e/abli%+ a diff]5t ju/ice--ju/ice accord+ to law--to curb ! /rong man1 & prev5t him f hav+ m ?an 8 fair %>e4#ed ,! _m1 feel+ _! own weakness1 & ?ankful if !y c only secure a fair & equal division1 make laws & turn ! curr5t ( praise & blame = _! own protection1 9 ord] to det] ! /rong man f t encroa*m5t & oppression to :i* he is dispos$4 ,! j accord+ to law is ?us a tutel>y in/itution1 e/abli%$ by ! weak to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! j accord+ to nature4 ,nature measures "r by might1 & by no?+ else3 s t accord+ to ! "r ( nature1 suff]+ wrong is m disgraceful ?an do+ wrong4 ,hrakls takes f ,g]yon 8 cattle1 by ! "r ( nature or ( ! /ronge/1 )\t ei!r sale or gift4#ee ,footnote #ec3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhb ,e4 ,greek3 7s ta polla de tauta e7nanti_/a a7ll_/lois e7/i_/n1 7_/ te phu_/sis kai o7 no_/mos4 ,footnote #ed3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhc ,b4 ,greek3 a7ll'1 oi7mai1 oi7 ti!_/m5oi t\s no_/m\s oi7 a7/h5eis a7_/n?rpoi_/ ei7si kai oi7 polloi4 ,pros au7t\s ou7n kai to au7tois sumphe_/ron t\_/s te no_/m\s ti_/!ntai kai t\s e7pai_/n\s e7pa9\si kai t\s pso_/g\s pse_/g\s91 e7kphob\nte_/s te t\s e7r7r7m5e/e_/r\s tn a7n?r_/pn kai dunat\s o7_/ntas ple_/on e7_/*e91 i7_/na m au7tn ple_/on e7_/*s91 le_/g\s9 7s ai7s*ron kai a7_/dikon to pleonektein1 kai t\to e7/i to a7dikein1 to ztein tn a7_/lln ple_/on e7_/*e92 a7gapsi ga_/r1 oi7mai1 au7toi a7n to i7_/son e7_/*si phaulo_/t]oi o7_/ntes4 ,footnote #ee3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dhd-dhh4 ,b 7rejo9s ,sokrates7 ! _m are by nature /rong] ?an ! "o2 s9ce1 z y y\rself say1 !y make & en=ce laws to re/ra9 him & defeat 8 projects4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! _m are ! /ronge/1 ! "r :i* !y e/abli% is ! "r ( 7or by7 nature4 ,& ! _m1 z y admit1 decl>e !mselves 9 fav\r ( ! answ] giv5 by ,polus--,t to d wrong is m disgraceful ?an to suff] wrong4#ef ,"r by nature1 & "r by in/itution1 sanction x alike4 ,footnote #ef3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhh ,d-,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,:at ,kallikls says is n to be tak5 z a sample ( ! tea*+s ( ,a!nian sophi/s4 ,kallikls--rhetor & politician4 ,sev]al comm5tators h cont5d$1 t ! doctr9e :i* ,plato "h puts into ! m\? ( ,kallikls 0 taught by ! ,sophi/s at ,a!ns3 :o are said to h inculcat$ on _! he>]s t true wisdom & morality consi/$ 9 act+ ^u ! "r ( ! /ronge/ & tak+ :atev] !y c\ld get1 )\t any reg>d to law or ju/ice4 ,i h already endeav\r$ to %[1 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 t ! ,sophi/s _c be %[n to h taught ei!r ?is doctr9e1 or any o!r common doctr9e3 t "o at lea/ among !m 7,prodikus7 taught a doctr9e inconsi/5t ) x3 & t :ile all ( !m agre$ 9 try+ to imp>t rhetorical accompli%m5ts1 or ! p[] ( h&l+ political1 e?ical1 judicial1 matt]s 9 a mann] suitable = ! ,a!nian public--ea* _h 8 own way ( do+ ?is4 ,kallikls is n pres5t$ by ,plato z a ,sophi/1 b z a ,rhetor aspir+ to active political influ5ce2 & tak+ a small dose ( philosophy1 among ! prep>ations = t end4#eg ,he depreciates ! ,sophi/s z mu* z ! philosoph]s1 & 9 fact r m4#eh ,moreov] ,plato repres5ts him z adapt+ himself1 ) accommodat+ subs]vi5ce1 to ! ,a!nian public assembly1 & say+ or unsay+ exactly z !y manife/$ _! op9ion4#ei ,n[ ! ,a!nian public assembly w\ld repudiate indignantly all ?is pret5d$ "r ( ! /ronge/1 if any orator ?\ght fit to put x =w>d z ov]-rul+ e/abli%$ "r & law4 ,any aspir+ or subs]vi5t orator1 su* z ,kallikls is describ$1 w\ld "k bett] ?an to address !m 9 ?is /ra94 ,! language :i* ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,kallikls is n[ay consi/5t ) ! attribute :i* he also ascribes to him--slavi% def]5ce to ! judgm5ts ( ! ,a!nian ,dmos4 ,footnote #eg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhg ,c1 #dhe4 ,footnote #eh3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ebj ,a4 ,footnote #ei3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dha-dhb4 ,side-note3 ,unc]ta9ty ( ref]r+ to ,nature z an au?ority4 ,x may be plead$ 9 fav\r ( opposite !ories4 ,! !ory ( ,kallikls is made to appe> repulsive by ! language 9 :i* he expresses x4 ,kallikls is made to speak l "o :o sympa?ises ) ! "r ( ! /ronge/1 & :o decorates su* iniquity ) ! "n & au?ority ( t :i* he calls ,nature4 ,b ?is only %[s ! unc]ta9ty ( ref]r+ to ,nature z an au?ority4#fj ,x may be plead$ 9 fav\r ( diff]5t & opposite !ories4 ,nature prompts ! /rong man to take f weak] m5 :at w gratify 8 desires3 ,nature also prompts ^! weak] m5 to defeat him & protect !mselves by ! be/ means 9 _! p[]4 ,! _m are weak]1 tak5 individually--/rong] tak5 collectively3 h5ce !y resort to def5sive comb9ation1 e/abli%$ rules1 & collective au?ority4#fa ,! "r creat$ on "o side1 & ! opposite "r creat$ on ! o!r1 fl[ alike f ,nature3 t is1 f prop5sities & pr9ciples natural1 & deeply seat$1 9 ! human m9d4 ,! au?ority ( ,nature1 consid]$ z an enunciation ( actual & wide-spread facts1 may be plead$ = bo? alike4 ,b a man's sympa?y & approbation may g ei!r ) ! "o or ! o!r2 & he may *oose to /amp t :i* he approves1 ) ! "n ( ,nature z a p]sonifi$ law-mak]4 ,?is is :at is "h done by ,kallikls z ,plato exhibits him4#fb ,he sympa?ises )1 & approves1 ! p[]ful individual4 ,n[ ! great] portion ( mank9d are1 & always h be51 gov]n$ ^u ?is despotic pr9ciple1 & br\ght up to respect x3 :ile _m1 ev5 ( ^? :o dislike ,kallikls because !y reg>d him z ! repres5tative ( ,a!nian democracy 7to :i* h[ev] 8 proclaim$ s5tim5ts /& po9t$ly oppos$71 :5 !y come across a great man or s-call$ h]o1 su* z ,alex&] or ,napoleon1 applaud ! mo/ exorbitant ambition if successful1 & if accompani$ by milit>y g5ius & en]gy--reg>d+ communities z made = little else except to s]ve z 8 in/rum5ts1 subjects1 & wor%ipp]s4 ,su* are repres5t$ z ! sympa?ies ( ,kallikls3 b ^? ( ! ,a!nians w5t ) ! second ( ! two rights--& m9e g ) x also4 ,& ?\gh ! language :i* ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,kallikls1 9 describ+ ?is second "r1 ab\nds 9 contemptu\s rhetoric1 proclaim+ (f5sively ! individual weakness ( ! multitude#fc--yet ?is v fact is at once ! mo/ solid & mo/ respectable f\ndation on :i* rights & obligations c be bas$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( !m is indisp5sable1 & is felt z indisp5sable1 to procure security = ! community3 :]eby ! /rong man :om ,kallikls extols z ! fav\rite ( ,nature1 may be tam$ by discipl9e & c5sure1 s z to accommodate 8 own behavi\r to ?is equitable arrangem5t4#fd ,plato himself1 9 8 ,republic1#fe traces ! g5]ation ( a city to ! fact t ea* man individually tak5 is n self-suffic+1 b /&s 9 ne$ ( _m ?+s3 x is no less true1 t ea* man /&s also 9 fe> ( _m ?+s1 especially ( depr$ations f animals1 & depr$ations f p[]ful individuals ( 8 own species4 ,9 ! my! ( ,protagoras1#ff we h fe>s f ho/ile animals--9 ! spee* "h ascrib$ to ,kallikls1 we h fe>s f ho/ile /rong m5--assign$ z ! g5]at+ cause1 bo? ( political communion & ( e/abli%$ rights & obligations to protect x4 ,footnote #fj3 ,ari/otle 7,sophi/4 ,el5*4 #ab1 p4 #agc1 a4 #aj7 makes allusion to ?is argum5t ( ,kallikls 9 ! ,gorgias1 & notices x z a frequ5t po9t made by disputants 9 ,dialectics--to insi/ on ! contradiction betwe5 ! ,j accord+ to ,nature & ! ,j accord+ to ,law3 :i* contradiction 7,ari/otle says7 all ! anci5ts recognis$ z a real "o 7,greek3 oi7 a7r*aioi pa_/ntes 7_/onto sumbai_/ne974 ,x 0 d\btless a po9t on :i* ! ,dialectician might f9d mu* to say on ei!r side4 ,footnote #fa3 ,9 ! conv]sation betwe5 ,sokrates & ,kritobulus1 "o ( ! be/ 9 ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia 7ii4 #f1 #ba71 respect+ ! conditions on :i* fri5d%ip dep5ds1 we f9d ,sokrates cle>ly /at+ t ! causes ( fri5d%ip & ! causes ( enmity1 ?\gh diff]5t & opposite1 nev]!less bo? exi/ by nature4 ,greek3 ,a7ll' e7_/*ei me_/n1 e7_/ph o7 ,skra_/ts1 poiki_/ls ps tauta3 ,phu_/sei gar e7_/*\s9 oi7 a7_/n?rpoi ta men philika_/--de_/ontai_/ te gar a7ll_/ln1 kai e7le\si1 kai sun]g\ntes 7phel\ntai1 kai t\to sunie_/ntes *a_/r9 e7_/*\s9 a7ll_/lois--ta de polemika_/--ta_/ te gar au7ta kala kai 7de_/a nomi_/zontes u7per t\_/tn ma_/*ontai kai di*ognmon\ntes e7nanti\ntai2 polemikon de kai e7_/ris kai o7rg_/1 kai dusm5es men o7 t\ pleonektein e7_/rs1 miston de o7 ph?o_/nos4 ,a7ll' o7_/ms dia t\_/tn pa_/ntn 7 phili_/a diaduome_/n suna_/ptei t\s kal\_/s te ka7ga?\_/s1 c4 ,we read 9 ! spee* ( ,h]mokrates ! ,syracusan1 at ! congress ( ,gela 9 ,sicily1 :5 exhort+ ! ,sicilians to unite = ! purpose ( repell+ ! ambiti\s s*emes ( ,a!ns1 ,?ucyd4 iv4 #fa3 ,greek3 kai t\s men ,a7?nai_/ous tauta pleonektein te kai pronoei/hai poll xuggn_/m1 kai ou7 tois a7_/r*e9 b\lome_/nois me_/mphomai a7lla tois u7pak\_/e9 e7toimote_/rois ou7si2 pe_/phuke gar to a7n?r_/peion dia pantos a7_/r*e9 men t\ ei7_/kontos1 phula_/sse/hai de to e7pio_/n4 o7_/soi de gign_/skontes au7ta m o7r?s proskop\m51 mde t\to_/ tis presbu_/taton 7_/kei kri_/nas1 to ko9s phob]on a7_/pantas eu7 !_//hai1 a7m>ta_/nom54 ,a l s5tim5t is pron\nc$ by ! ,a!nian envoys 9 _! debate ) ! ,melians1 ,?uc4 v4 #aje3 ,greek3 7g\_/me?a gar to_/ te !ion d_/x1 to a7n?r_/peio_/n te saphs dia panto_/s1 u7po phu_/ses a7nagkai_/z1 ou7 a7n krat1 a7_/r*e94 ,"s ( ! ,platonic critics w\ld h u believe t ?is la/-cit$ s5tim5t emanates f ! corrupt tea*+ ( ,a!nian ,sophi/s3 b ,h]mokrates ! ,syracusan _h no?+ to d ) ,a!nian ,sophi/s4 ,footnote #fb3 ,respect+ ! vague & indet]m9ate phrases--,natural ,ju/ice1 ,natural ,"r1 ,law ( ,nature--see ,mr4 ,au/9's ,prov9ce ( ,jurisprud5ce ,det]m9$1 p4 #afj1 ed4 #bnd4 ,jurisp41 #d? ed1 pp4 #agi1 #eia-b1 & ,sir ,h4 ,s4 ,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law1 *apt]s iii4 & iv4 ,among ! ass]tions made ab\t ! ,a!nian ,sophi/s1 x is said by "s comm5tators t !y d5i$ altoge!r any ,j or ,unju/ by nature--t !y recognis$ no ,j or ,unju/1 except by law or conv5tion4 ,to say t ! ,sophi/s 7speak+ ( !m collectively7 ei!r affirm$ or d5i$ any?+1 is1 9 my judgm5t1 incorrect4 ,c]ta9 p]sons are allud$ to by ,plato 7,!tt4 #agb ,b7 z adopt+ p>tially ! doctr9e ( ,protagoras 7,homo ,m5sura7 & z d5y+ altoge!r ! ,j by nature4 ,9 ano!r ,platonic passage 7,protagor4 #ccg7 :i* is also cit$ z contribut+ to prove t ! ,sophi/s d5i$ ,greek3 to di_/kaion phu_/sei--no?+ at all is said ab\t ,greek3 to di_/kaion4 ,hippias ! ,sophi/ is !re introduc$ z endeav\r+ to appease ! angry feel+ betwe5 ,protagoras & ,sokrates by rem9d+ !m1 ,i am ( op9ion t we all 7i4e4 m5 ( lit]ature & /udy7 are k9sm51 fri5ds1 & fell[-citiz5s by nature ?\gh n by law3 = law1 ! despot ( mank9d1 c>ries _m ?+s by =ce1 contr>y to nature4 ,! rem>k is v appropriate f "o :o is try+ to re/ore good feel+ betwe5 lit]>y disputants3 & ! cosmopolitan "* ( lit]ature is n[ s famili> a !me1 t ,i am surpris$ to f9d ,he9dorf 79 8 note7 mak+ x an occasion = ?r[+ ! usual c5sure ^u ! ,sophi/1 because "s ( !m di/+ui%$ ,nature f ! ,laws1 & despis$ ! latt] 9 comp>ison ) ! =m]4 ,kallikls "h1 9 ! ,gorgias1 ma9ta9s an op9ion n only diff]5t f1 b inconsi/5t )1 ! op9ion allud$ to above 9 ! ,!ttus1 #agb ,b4 ,! p]sons notic$ 9 ! ,!ttus said--,!re is no ,natural ,ju/ice3 no ,ju/ice1 except ,ju/ice by ,law4 ,kallikls says--,!re is a ,natural ,ju/ice q di/9ct f 7& :i* he e/eems m ?an7 ,ju/ice by ,law3 he !n expla9s :at he believes ,natural ,ju/ice to be--,t ! /rong man %\ld take :at he pleases f ! weak4 ,?\gh ^! two op9ions are really inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r1 yet we see ,plato 9 ! ,leges 7x4 #hhi ,e1 #hij ,a7 allud+ to !m bo? z ! same cre$1 held & def5d$ by ! same m52 :om he d5\nces ) extreme acrimony4 ,:o !y 71 he does n "n2 he does n m5tion ,greek3 sophi/ai_/1 b calls !m ,greek3 a7ndrn sophn1 i7ditn te kai poitn4 ,we see1 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,sir ,h4 ,s4 ,ma9e's excell5t "w on ,anci5t ,law1 ! mean+ ( ^! phrases--,natural ,ju/ice1 ,law ( ,nature4 ,x designat$ or includ$ a set ( legal pr9ciples entitl$ to sup]s$e ! exi/+ laws1 on ! gr\nd ( intr9sic sup]iority4 ,x d5ot$ an ideal condition ( society1 suppos$ to be mu* bett] ?an :at actually prevail$4 ,?is at lea/ seems to h be5 ! mean+ :i* began to atta* to x 9 ! "t ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,:at ?is ideal p]fection ( human society 01 v>i$ 9 ! m9ds ( diff]5t speak]s4 ,9 ea* speak]'s m9d ! ^w & s5tim5t 0 mu* ! same1 ?\gh ! objects to :i* x atta*$ 7 (t5 diff]5t4 ,emp$okles proclaims 9 solemn & emphatic language t ! ,law ( ,nature p]emptorily =bids u to kill any animal4 7,ari/ot4 ,rhetor4 i4 #ac1 #acgc b4 #ae47 ,plato makes out to 8 own satisfaction1 t 8 ,republic is ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) ! ,law ( ,nature3 & he insi/s especially on ?is h>mony1 9 ! v po9t :i* ev5 ! ,platonic critics admit to be wrong--t is1 9 reg>d to ! tra9+ ( wom5 & ! relations ( ! sexes 7,republic1 v4 #def ,c1 #dff ,d74 ,we le>n f ,plato himself t ! propositions ( ! ,republic 7 ?or\ghly adv]se to :at o!r p]sons rev]5c$ z ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,9 ! notes ( ,beck & ,he9dorf on ,protagor4 p4 #ccg we read1 ,hippias pr ct]is ,sophi/is contempsit leges1 iisque opposuit ,naturam4 ,naturam legibus plures c]t ,sophi/>um opposuisse1 easque pr ill contempsisse1 multis vet]um locis con/at4 ,n[ ?is allegation is m applicable to ,plato ?an to ! ,sophi/s4 ,plato speaks ) ! mo/ unmeasur$ contempt ( exi/+ communities & _! laws3 ! s*eme ( 8 ,republic1 radically dep>t+ f !m z x does1 %[s :at he consid]$ z requir$ by ! exig5cies ( human nature4 ,bo? ! ,/oics & ! ,epikureans extoll$ :at !y call$ ! ,law ( ,nature above any laws actually exi/+4 ,! o!r *>ge made aga9/ ! ,sophi/s 7q opposite1 yet sometimes advanc$ by ! same critics7 is1 t !y recognis$ no ,j by ,nature1 b only ,j by ,law3 i4e4 all ! actual laws & cu/oms consid]$ z b9d+ 9 ea* diff]5t community4 ,?is is :at ,plato ascribes to "s p]sons 7,sophi/s or n7 9 ! ,!ttus1 p4 #agb4 ,b 9 ?is s5se x is n exact to call ,kallikls 7z ,he9dorf does1 ,protagor4 p4 #ccg7 g]manus ille ,sophi/>um alumnus 9 ,gorgi ,callicles1 nor to affirm 7) ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,e9leit4 zum ,!tt4 p4 #ahc7 t ,plato meant to refute ,ari/ippus "u ! "n ( ,kallikles1 ,ari/ippus ma9ta9+ t !re 0 no ,j by ,nature1 b only ,j by ,law or ,conv5tion4 ,footnote #fc3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhc ,b1 p4 #dib ,a4 ,greek3 oi7 polloi1 a7pokrupto_/m5oi tn e7autn a7dunami_/an1 c4 ,footnote #fd3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhc ,e4 ,footnote #fe3 ,plato1 ,republic1 ii4 p4 #cfi ,b4 ,greek3 o7_/ti tug*a_/nei 7mn e7_/ka/os ou7k au7t>ks 7_/n1 a7lla polln e7nde_/s4 ,footnote #ff3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #cbb ,b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,sokrates ma9ta9s t self-comm& & mod]ation is requisite = ! /rong man z well z = o!rs4 ,kallikls def5ds ! negative4 ,kallikls n[ expla9s1 t by /rong] m51 he means bett]1 wis]1 brav] m54 ,x is !y 7he says7 :o ought1 accord+ to "r by nature1 to rule ov] o!rs & to h l>g] %>es ?an o!rs4 ,sokr4--,ought !y n to rule !mselves z well z o!rs3#fg to control _! own pleasures & desires3 to be sob] & temp]ate8 ,kall4--,no1 !y w\ld be fooli% if !y did4 ,! weak multitude mu/ d s2 & !re gr[s up accord+ly among !m a s5tim5t :i* requires su* self-re/ra9t f all4 ,b x is ! privilege ( ! sup]ior few to be exempt f ?is necessity4 ,! "r ( nature au?orises !m to h ! l>ge/ desires1 s9ce _! c\rage & ability furni% means to satisfy ! desires4 ,x w\ld be silly if a k+'s son or a despot 7 to limit himself to ! same measure ( enjoym5t ) :i* a poor citiz5 mu/ be cont5t2 & worse ?an silly if he did n enri* 8 fri5ds 9 pref]5ce to 8 enemies4 ,he ne$ n c>e = t public law & c5sure :i* mu/ reign p>am\nt ov] ea* man among ! _m4 ,a full sw+ ( enjoym5t1 if a man has p[] to procure & ma9ta9 x1 is virtue z well z happ9ess4#fh ,footnote #fg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dia ,d4 ,footnote #fh3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dib ,a-,c4 ,side-note3 ,:e!r ! l>ge/ measure ( desires is good = a man1 provid$ he has ! means ( satisfy+ !m8 ,:e!r all v>ieties ( desire are good8 ,:e!r ! pleasurable & ! good are id5tical8 ,sokr4--,i ?9k on ! contr>y t a sob] & mod]ate life1 regulat$ accord+ to pres5t means & circum/ances1 is bett] ?an a life ( immod]ate indulg5ce4#fi ,kall4--,! man :o has no desires w h no pleasure1 & w live l a /one4 ,! m ! desires1 provid$ !y c all be satisfi$1 ! happi] a man w be4 ,sokr4--,y mean t a man %all be cont9ually hungry1 & cont9ually satisfy+ 8 hung]3 cont9ually ?ir/y1 & satisfy+ 8 ?ir/2 & s =?4 ,kall4--,by hav+ & by satisfy+ ^? & all o!r desires1 a man w enjoy happ9ess4 ,sokr4--,d y mean to include all v>ieties ( desire & satisfaction ( desire3 su* = example z it*+ & scrat*+ y\rself3#gj & o!r bodily appetites :i* might be nam$8 ,kall4--,su* ?+s are n fit = discussion4 ,sokr4--,x is y :o drive me to m5tion !m1 by lay+ d[n ! pr9ciple1 t m5 :o enjoy1 be ! enjoym5t ( :at sort x may1 are happy2 & by n di/+ui%+ :at pleasures are good & :at are evil4 ,tell me aga91 d y ?9k t ! pleasurable & ! good are id5tical8 ,or are !re any pleasurable ?+s :i* are n good8#ga ,kall4--,i ?9k t ! pleasurable & ! good are ! same4 ,footnote #fi3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dic ,c4 ,greek3 e7a_/n ps oi7o_/s t' 7 peisai meta!_//hai kai a7nti t\ a7pl_//s kai a7kola_//s e7_/*ontos bi_/ou ton kosmi_/s kai tois a7ei p>\s9 i7kans kai e7x>k\_/nts e7_/*onta bi_/on e7le_//hai4 ,footnote #gj3 ,plato1 ,gorg4 p4 #did ,e4 ,footnote #ga3 ,plato1 ,gorg4 pp4 #did-die4 ,greek3 7 gar e7g a7_/g e7ntau?a1 7 e7keinos o7s a7n ph a7ne_/dn ou7_/t t\s *ai_/rontas1 o7_/ps a7n *airs91 eu7dai_/monas ei7nai1 kai m diori_/ztai tn 7donn o7poiai a7ga?ai kai kakai_/8 a7ll' e7_/ti kai nun le_/ge1 po_/t]on ph ei7nai to au7to 7du kai a7ga?o_/n1 7 ei7nai ti tn 7de_/n o7 ou7k e7_//9 a7ga?o_/n8 ,side-note3 ,kallikls ma9ta9s t pleasurable & good are id5tical4 ,sokrates refutes him4 ,"s pleasures are good1 o!rs bad4 ,a sci5tific advis] is requir$ to discrim9ate !m4 ,^u ?is "q ! discussion n[ turns3 :e!r pleasure & good are ! same1 or :e!r !re are n "s pleasures good1 o!rs bad4 ,by a /r+ ( que/ions mu* protract$1 b subtle r ?an conclusive1 ,sokrates proves t pleasure is n ! same z good--t !re are su* ?+s z bad pleasures & good pa9s4 ,& ,kallikls admits t "s pleasures are bett]1 o!rs worse4#gb ,pr(itable pleasures are good3 hurtful pleasures are bad4 ,?us ! pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+ are good1 if !y imp>t to u heal? & /r5g?--bad1 if !y produce sickness & weakness4 ,we ought to *oose ! good pleasures & pa9s1 & avoid ! bad ones4 ,x is n e man :o is compet5t to di/+ui% :at pleasures are good1 & :at are bad4 ,a sci5tific & skilful advis]1 judg+ ^u g5]al pr9ciples1 is requir$ to make ?is di/9ction4#gc ,footnote #gb3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dif-dii4 ,footnote #gc3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dii-ejj4 ,greek3 ,a7r' ou7n pantos a7ndro_/s e7/9 e7kle_/xa/hai poia a7ga?a tn 7de_/n e7/i kai o7poia kaka_/1 7 te*nik\ dei ei7s e7_/ka/on8 ,te*nik\4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,contradiction betwe5 ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias1 & ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,?is debate betwe5 ,sokrates & ,kallikls1 respect+ ! ,quomodo viv5dum e/1#gd des]ves att5tion on m ?an "o acc\nt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! relation :i* ,sokrates is "h made to decl>e betwe5 ! two pairs ( g5]al t]ms1 ,pleasurable--,good3 ,pa9ful--,evil3 is ! direct rev]se ( t :i* he bo? decl>es & demon/rates 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,9 t dialogue1 ! ,sophi/ ,protagoras is repres5t$ z hold+ an op9ion v l t :i* is ma9ta9$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,b ,sokrates 79 ! ,protagoras7 refutes him by an elaborate argum5t2 & demon/rates t pleasure & good 7also pa9 & evil7 are names = ! same fundam5tal ideas "u diff]5t circum/ances3 pleasurable & pa9ful ref]r+ only to ! s5sation ( ! pres5t mom5t--:ile good & evil include1 besides1 an e/imate ( its future consequ5ces & accompanim5ts1 bo? pleasurable & pa9ful1 & repres5t ! result ( su* calculation4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 ,sokrates demon/rates ! contr>y1 by an argum5t equally elaborate b n equally conv9c+4 ,he impugns a doctr9e advocat$ by ,kallikls1 & 9 impugn+ x1 proclaims a m>k$ anti!sis & ev5 repugnance betwe5 ! pleasurable & ! good1 ! pa9ful & ! evil3 reject+ ! fundam5tal id5tity ( ! two1 :i* he advocates 9 ! ,protagoras1 z if x 7 a disgraceful h]esy4 ,footnote #gd3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dib ,d4 ,greek3 i7_/na t o7_/nti kata_/dlon ge_/ntai1 ps bite_/on1 c4 #ejj ,c3 ,greek3 o7_/nt9a *r tro_/pon zn4 ,side-note3 ,views ( critics ab\t ?is contradiction4 ,! subject evid5tly pres5t$ itself to ,plato 9 two diff]5t ways at diff]5t times4 ,:i* ( ! two is e>lie/1 we h no means ( decid+4 ,! comm5tators1 :o fav\r g5]ally ! view tak5 9 ! ,gorgias1 treat ! ,protagoras z a juv5ile & errone\s production3 sometimes1 ) /ill less reason1 !y repres5t ,sokrates z argu+ 9 t dialogue1 f ! pr9ciples ( 8 oppon5ts1 n f 8 own4 ,= my "p1 )\t kn[+ :e!r ! ,protagoras or ! ,gorgias is ! e>lie/1 ,i ?9k ! ,protagoras an equally f9i%$ composition1 & ,i consid] t ! views :i* ,sokrates is made to prop\nd 9 x1 respect+ pleasure & good1 are decid$ly ne>] to ! tru?4 ,side-note3 ,comp>ison & appreciation ( ! reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 bo? dialogues4 ,t 9 ! li/ ( pleasures !re are "s :i* x is prop] to avoid1--& 9 ! li/ ( pa9s1 "s :i* x is prop] to accept or invite--is a doctr9e ma9ta9$ by ,sokrates alike 9 bo? ! dialogues4 ,:y8 ,because "s pleasures are good1 o!rs bad3 "s pa9s bad1 o!rs good--says ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,! same too is said by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras2 b !n1 he !re expla9s :at he means by ! appellation4 ,all pleasure 7he !re says71 s f> z x goes1 is good--all pa9 is bad4 ,b !re are "s pleasures :i* _c be enjoy$ )\t deb>r+ u f great] pleasures or entail+ ^u u great] pa9s3 on t gr\nd !re=e1 su* pleasures are bad4 ,s aga91 !re are "s pa9s1 ! suff]+ ( :i* is a condition indisp5sable to our escap+ great] pa9s1 or to our enjoy+ great] pleasures3 su* pa9s !re=e are good4 ,?us ?is app>5t exception does n really contradict1 b confirms1 ! g5]al doctr9e--,t !re is no good b ! pleasurable1 & ! elim9ation ( pa9--& no evil except ! pa9ful1 or ! privation ( pleasure4 ,good & evil h no ref]5ce except to pleasures & pa9s2 b ! t]ms imply1 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 an e/imate & comp>ison ( future pleasurable & pa9ful consequ5ces1 & express ! result ( su* comp>ison4 ,y call enjoym5t itself evil 7says ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras71#ge :5 x deprives u ( great] pleasures or entails ^u u great] pa9s4 ,if y h any o!r gr\nd1 or look to any o!r end1 9 call+ x evil1 y may tell u :at t end is2 b y w n be able to tell u4 ,s too1 y say t pa9 is a good1 :5 x relieves u f great] pa9s1 or :5 x is necess>y z ! antec$5t cause ( great] pleasures4 ,if y h any o!r end 9 view1 :5 y call pa9 good1 y may tell u :at t end is2 b y w n be able to tell u4#gf ,footnote #ge3 ,plato1 ,protagoras19999 p4 #ced ,d4 ,greek3 e7pei_/1 ei7 kat' a7_/llo ti au7to to *ai_/re9 kakon kaleite kai ei7s a7_/llo ti te_/los a7poble_/psantes1 e7_/*oite a7n kai 7min ei7pein2 a7ll' ou7* e7_/xete4 4 4 4 e7pei ei7 pros a7_/llo ti te_/los a7poble_/pete1 o7_/tan kalte au7to to lupei/hai a7ga?o_/n1 7 pros o7 e7g le_/g1 e7_/*ete 7min ei7pe92 a7ll' ou7* e7_/xete4 ,footnote #gf3 ,9 a rem>kable passage ( ! ,de ,legibus1 ,plato d5ies all ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,good & ,pleasure1 & all reality ( ,good ap>t f ,pleasure 7,legg4 ii4 pp4 #ffb-ffc74 ,greek3 ei7 d' au7 ton dikaio_/taton eu7daimone_//aton a7pophai_/noito bi_/on ei7nai1 ztoi p\ pas a7n o7 a7k\_/n1 oi7mai1 ti_/ pot' e7n au7t to ts 7dons kreitton a7ga?o_/n te kai kalon o7 no_/mos e7non e7pa9ei8 ti_/ gar d dikai_/ *rizo_/m5on 7dons a7ga?on a7n ge_/noito8 ,plato goes on to argue z foll[s3 ,ev5 ?\gh x 7 n true1 z ,i affirm x to be1 t ! life ( ju/ice is a life ( pleasure1 & ! life ( inju/ice a life ( pa9--/ill ! law-giv] mu/ proclaim ?is proposition z a useful falsehood1 & compel e "o to *ime 9 ) x4 ,o!rwise ! y\? w h no motive to j conduct4 ,= no "o w will+ly cons5t to obey any recomm5dation f :i* he does n expect m pleasure ?an pa92 ,greek3 ou7deis gar a7n e7_/kn e7_/!loi pei_/!/hai pra_/tte9 t\to o7_/1 t m to *ai_/re9 t\ lupei/hai ple_/on e7_/petai 7#ffc ,b74 ,side-note3 ,di/9ct /atem5t 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,:at are good & evil1 & ^u :at pr9ciples ! sci5tific advis] is to proce$ 9 discrim9at+ !m4 ,no su* di/9ct /atem5t 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 too1 ,sokrates decl>es t "s pleasures are good1 o!rs bad--"s pa9s bad1 o!rs good4 ,b "h he /ops4 ,he does n fulfil ! reasonable dem& urg$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras--,if y make su* a di/9ction1 expla9 ! gr\nd on :i* y make x1 & ! end to :i* y look4 ,! di/9ction 9 ! ,gorgias /&s )\t any assign$ gr\nd or end to re/ ^u4 ,& ?is want is ! m s5sibly felt1 :5 we read 9 ! same dialogue1 t--,x is n e man :o c di/+ui% ! good pleasures f ! bad3 a sci5tific man1 proce$+ on pr9ciple1 is ne$$ = ! purpose4#gg ,b ^u :at crit]ion is ! sci5tific man to proce$8 ,( :at prop]ties is he to take acc\nt1 9 pron\nc+ "o pleasure to be bad1 ano!r good--or "o pa9 to be bad & ano!r good--! e/imate ( consequ5ces1 measur$ 9 future pleasures & pa9s1 be+ by ! supposition exclud$8 ,no in=mation is giv54 ,! problem set to ! sci5tific man is "o ( :i* all ! quantities are unkn[n4 ,n[ ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras#gh also lays x d[n1 t a sci5tific or rational calculation mu/ be _h1 & a m9d compet5t to su* calculation mu/ be po/ulat$1 to decide :i* pleasures are bad or fit to be reject$--:i* pa9s are good1 or prop] to be endur$4 ,b !n he cle>ly specifies ! elem5ts :i* alone are to be tak5 into ! calculation--viz41 ! future pleasures & pa9s accompany+ or dep5d5t ^u ea* ) ! e/imate ( _! comp>ative magnitude & durability4 ,! !ory ( ?is calculation is cle> & intelligible3 ?\gh 9 _m p>ticul> cases1 ! data necess>y = mak+ x1 & ! means ( comp>+ !m1 may be v imp]fectly accessible4 ,footnote #gg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ejj ,a4 ,greek3 ,a7r' ou7n pantos a7ndro_/s9999 e7/9 e7kle_/xa/hai poia a7_/ga?a tn 7de_/n e7/i kai o7poia kaka_/8 7 te*nik\ dei ei7s e7_/ka/on8 ,te*nik\4 ,footnote #gh3 ,plato1 ,protagoras1 pp4 #ceg ,b1 #cef ,e4 ,side-note3 ,mod]n e?ical !ories4 ,intuition4 ,moral s5se--n recognis$ by ,plato 9 ei!r ( ! dialogues4 ,accord+ to v>i\s e?ical !ories1 :i* h *iefly obta9$ curr5cy 9 mod]n times1 ! di/9ction--betwe5 pleasures good or fit to be enjoy$1 & pleasures bad or unfit to be enjoy$--is det]m9$ = u by a moral s5se or intuition3 by a simple1 peculi>1 s5tim5t ( "r & wrong1 or a consci5ce1 :i* spr+s up )9 u ready-made1 & decides on su* matt]s )\t appeal2 s t a man has only to look into 8 own he>t = a solution4 ,we ne$ n take acc\nt ( ?is hypo!sis1 9 review+ ,plato's philosophy3 = he evid5tly does n proce$ ^u x4 ,he expressly affirms1 9 ! ,gorgias z well z 9 ! ,protagoras1 t ! "q is "o requir+ sci5ce or k to det]m9e x1 & ^u :i* none b ! man ( sci5ce or exp]t 7,greek3 te*nikos7 is a compet5t judge4 ,side-note3 ,9 bo? dialogues ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates is self-reg>d+ z respects ! ag5t3 n consid]+ ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!r p]sons1 s f> z affect$ by ! ag5t4 ,moreov]1 !re is ano!r po9t common to bo? ! two dialogues1 des]v+ ( notice4 ,i h already rem>k$ :5 review+ ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 t x appe>s to me s]i\sly defective1 inasmu* z x takes into acc\nt ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! ag5t only1 & omits ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!r p]sons affect$ by 8 conduct4 ,b ?is is n less true respect+ ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias3 = :atev] crit]ion he may !re h 9 8 m9d to det]m9e :i* among our pleasures are bad1 x is c]ta9ly n ?is--t ! ag5t 9 procur+ !m is oblig$ to hurt o!rs4 ,= ! example :i* ,sokrates cites z specially illu/rat+ ! class ( bad pleasures--viz41 ! pleasure ( scrat*+ an it*+ "p ( ! body#gi--;is "o 9 :i* no o!rs besides ! ag5t are conc]n$4 ,z 9 ! ,protagoras1 s 9 ! ,gorgias--,plato 9 lay+ d[n 8 rule ( life1 admits into ! !ory only :at conc]ns ! ag5t himself1 & makes no direct ref]5ce to ! happ9ess ( o!rs z affect$ by ! ag5t's behavi\r4 ,footnote #gi3 ,! ,sokrates ( ! ,protagoras w\ld h reckon$ ?is among ! bad pleasures1 because ! discom=t & di/ress ( body out ( :i* x arises m ?an c\nt]vail ! pleasure4 ,side-note3 ,po9ts :]e9 ! doctr9e ( ! two dialogues is 9 sub/ance ! same1 b diff]+ 9 classification4 ,!re are h[ev] v>i\s po9ts ( analogy betwe5 ! ,protagoras & ! ,gorgias1 :i* w enable u1 aft] trac+ !m out1 to measure ! am\nt ( sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 ,i speak ( ! reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 ea*4 ,?us1 9 ! ,protagoras1#hj ,sokrates ranks heal?1 /r5g?1 pres]vation ( ! community1 weal?1 comm&1 c41 "u ! g5]al head ( ,good ?+s1 b expressly on ! gr\nd t !y are ! produc+ causes & conditions ( pleasures & ( exemption f pa9s3 he also ranks sickness & pov]ty "u ! head ( ,evil ?+s1 z productive causes ( pa9 & suff]+4 ,9 ! ,gorgias also1 he numb]s wisdom1 heal?1 /r5g?1 p]fection ( body1 ri*es1 c41 among ,good ?+s or pr(itable ?+s#ha--7:i* two words he treats z equival5t7--& _! contr>ies z ,evil ?+s4 ,n[ he does n expressly say "h 7z 9 ! ,protagoras7 t ^! ?+s are good1 because !y are productive causes ( pleasure or exemption f pa93 b su* assumption mu/ evid5tly be suppli$ 9 ord] to make ! reason+ valid4 ,= ^u :at pret5ce c any "o pron\nce /r5g?1 heal?1 ri*es1 to be good--& helplessness1 sickness1 pov]ty1 to be evil--if no ref]5ce be admitt$ to pleasures & pa9s8 ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias#hb decl>es t ! pleasures ( eat+ & dr9k+ are good1 9 s f> z !y imp>t heal? & /r5g? to ! body--evil1 9 s f> z !y produce a contr>y effect4 ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras reasons 9 ! same way--b ) ?is diff]5ce--t he w\ld c\nt ! pleasure ( ! repa/ itself z "o item ( good3 enhanc+ ! am\nt ( good :]e ! future consequ5ces are b5eficial1 dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( evil :]e ! future consequ5ces are ,unfav\rable3 :ile ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias excludes imm$iate pleasure f ! li/ ( good ?+s1 & imm$iate pa9 f ! li/ ( evil ?+s4 ,footnote #hj3 ,plato1 ,protagor4 pp4 #cec ,d1 #ced ,a4 ,footnote #ha3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dfg-dfh-dii4 ,footnote #hb3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dii ,d4 ,?is la/ exclusion r5d]s ! !ory 9 ! ,gorgias unt5able & inconsi/5t4 ,if pres5t pleasure be n admitt$ z an item ( good s f> z x goes--!n nei!r c ! future & consequ5t aggregates ( pleasure1 nor ! causes ( !m1 be admitt$ z good4 ,s likewise1 if pres5t pa9 be no evil1 future pa9 _c be all[$ to rank z an evil4#hc ,footnote #hc3 ,comp>e a passage 9 ! ,republic 7ii4 p4 #ceg7 :]e ,sokrates gives 7or accepts1 z giv5 by ,glaukon7 a description ( ,good mu* m co9cid5t ) ! ,protagoras ?an ) ! ,gorgias4 ,! common prop]ty ( all ,good is to be desir$ or lov$2 & !re are ?ree v>ieties ( x--#a4 ,t :i* we desire = itself1 & = its own sake1 ap>t f all ult]ior consequ5ces1 su* z innocu\s pleasures or enjoym5ts4 #b4 ,t :i* we desire bo? = itself & = its ult]ior consequ5ces1 su* z good heal?1 good vision1 good s5se1 c4 #c4 ,t :i* we d n desire--nay1 :i* we p]haps hate or %un1 p] se3 b :i* we nev]!less desire & invite1 9 connection ) & = ! sake ( ult]ior consequ5ces3 su* z gymna/ic tra9+1 m$ical treatm5t :5 we are sick1 lab\r 9 our trade or pr(ession4 ,"h ,plato admits ! imm$iately pleasurable p] se z "o v>iety ( good1 always assum+ t x is n c\nt]vail$ by consequ5ces or accompanim5ts ( a pa9ful "*4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,protagoras1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,gorgias1 :]e ,sokrates sets pleasure 9 m>k$ opposition to good4 ,side-note3 ,kallikls1 :om ,sokrates refutes 9 ! ,gorgias1 ma9ta9s a diff]5t argum5t f t :i* ,sokrates combats 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,ea* ( ! two dialogues1 :i* ,i am n[ comp>+1 is 9 tru? an indep5d5t composition3 9 ea*1 ,sokrates has a di/9ct argum5t to combat2 & 9 ! late/ ( ! two 7:i*ev] t 071 no he$ is tak5 ( ! argum5tation 9 ! e>li]4 ,9 ! ,protagoras1 he exalts ! dignity & p>am\nt =ce ( k or prud5ce3 if a man kn[s h[ to calculate pleasures & pa9s1 he w be sure to *oose ! result :i* involves ! great] pleasure or ! less pa91 on ! :ole3 to say t he is ov]p[]$ by imm$iate pleasure or pa9 into mak+ a bad *oice1 is a wrong description--! real fact be+1 t he is defici5t 9 ! prop] k h[ to *oose4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 ! doctr9e assign$ to ,kallikls & impugn$ by ,sokrates is some?+ v diff]5t4 ,t ju/ice1 temp]ance1 self-re/ra9t1 are inde$ indisp5sable to ! happ9ess ( ord9>y m52 b if !re be any "o individual1 s imm5sely sup]ior 9 =ce z to trample d[n & make slaves ( ! re/1 ?is "o man w\ld be a fool if he re/ra9$ himself3 hav+ ! means ( gratify+ all 8 appetites1 ! m appetites he has1 ! m enjoym5ts w he h & ! great] happ9ess4#hd ,obs]ve--t ,kallikls applies ?is doctr9e only to ! "o omnipot5t despot3 to all o!r memb]s ( society1 he ma9ta9s t self-re/ra9t is ess5tial4 ,?is is ! doctr9e :i* ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias und]takes to refute1 by d5y+ community ( nature betwe5 ! pleasurable & ! good--betwe5 ! pa9ful & ! evil4 ,footnote #hd3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dib ,b4 ,side-note3 ,! refutation ( ,kallikls by ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias1 is unsuccessful--x is only s f> successful z he adopts un9t5tionally ! doctr9e ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras4 ,to me 8 refutation appe>s altoge!r unsuccessful1 & ! position ^u :i* he re/s x incorrect4 ,! only p>ts ( ! refutation really =cible1 are ^? 9 :i* he unconsci\sly rel9qui%es ?is position1 & slides into ! doctr9e ( ! ,protagoras4 ,^u ?is latt] doctr9e1 a refutation might be gr\nd$3 y may %[ t ev5 an omnipot5t despot 7reg>d = ! com=t ( o!rs be+ exclud$ by ! hypo!sis7 w ga9 by limit+ ! gratification ( 8 appetites to-day s z n to spoil 8 appetites ( tomorr[4 ,ev5 9 8 case1 prud5tial re/ra9t is requir$1 ?\gh 8 motives = x w\ld be mu* less ?an 9 ! case ( ord9>y social m54 ,b ,good1 z laid d[n by ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias1 entirely disconnect$ f pleasure--& ,evil1 entirely disconnect$ f pa9--h no application to ?is suppos$ despot4 ,he has no desire = su* ,platonic ,good--no av]sion = su* ,platonic ,evil4 ,8 happ9ess is n dim9i%$ by miss+ ! =m] or incurr+ ! latt]4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( ,plato's e?ical philosophy1 :i* he frequ5tly ass]ts bo? 9 ?is dialogue & else:]e1#he--,t e man desires ,good1 & acts = ! sake ( obta9+ ,good1 & avoid+ ,evil--becomes untrue1 if y conceive ,good & ,evil accord+ to ! ,gorgias1 z hav+ no ref]5ce to pleasure or ! avoidance ( pa93 untrue1 n m]ely 9 reg>d to a despot "u ^! exceptional conditions1 b 9 reg>d to ! l>ge majority ( social m54 ,!y desire to obta9 ,good & avoid ,evil1 9 ! s5se ( ! ,protagoras3 b n 9 ! s5se ( ! ,gorgias4#hf ,sokrates himself proclaims 9 ?is dialogue3 ,i & philosophy /& oppos$ to ,kallikls & ! ,a!nian public4 ,:at ,i desire is1 to reason consi/5tly ) myself4 ,t is1 to speak ! language ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras--,to me1 ,sokrates1 ! consci\sness ( inconsi/5cy ) myself & ( an unwor?y "*1 ! loss ( my own self-e/eem & ! pung5cy ( my own self-reproa*1 are ! greate/ ( all pa9s3 great] ?an ^? :i* y1 ,kallikls1 & ! ,a!nians g5]ally1 seek to avoid at all price & urge me also to avoid at all price--pov]ty1 political nullity1 exposure to false accusation1 c4#hg ,! noble s*eme ( life1 "h recomm5d$ by ,sokrates1 may be correctly describ$ accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,protagoras3 )\t any resort to ! p>adox ( ! ,gorgias1 t ,good has no k9dr$ or ref]5ce to ,pleasure1 nor ,evil to ,pa94 ,footnote #he3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dfg ,c1 #dii ,e4 ,footnote #hf3 ,! reason+ ( ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias1 respect+ ?is matt]1 re/s ^u an equivocal phrase4 ,! ,greek phrase ,greek3 eu7 pra_/tte9 has two mean+s2 x means rect ag]e1 to act rightly2 & x also means felicem esse1 to be happy4 ,!re is a correspond+ d\ble s5se 9 ,greek3 kaks pra_/tte94 ,he9dorf has well notic$ ! fallaci\s reason+ f\nd$ by ,plato on ?is d\ble s5se4 ,we read 9 ! ,gorgias1 p4 #ejg ,c3 ,greek3 a7na_/gk ton s_/phrona1 di_/kaion o7_/nta kai a7ndreion kai o7_/sion1 a7ga?on a7_/ndra ei7nai tele_/s1 ton de a7ga?on ei7 te kai kals pra_/tte9 a7 a7n pra_/tt1 ton d' eu7 pra_/ttonta maka_/rio_/n te kai eu7dai_/mona ei7nai1 ton de ponron kai kaks pra_/ttonta a7_/?lion4 ,^u :i* ,he9dorf rem>ks1 cit+ a note ( ,r\?1 :o says1 ,vix enim pote/ cr$i1 ,platonem duplici s5su v]borum ,greek3 eu7 pra_/tte9 ad argum5tum prob&um abuti voluisse1 qu fallacia esset amphiboli4 ,non mem9]at 7says ,he9dorf7 vir doctus cet]os 9 ,platone locos1 ubi eodem modo ex duplici ill pote/ate argum5tatio ducitur1 cujusmodi plura attulimus ad ,*>midem1 #db1 p4 #agb ,a4 ,he9dorf obs]ves1 on ! ,*>mids l4 c43 ,argum5ti hujus vim positam app>et 9 duplici dictionis ,greek3 eu7 pra_/tte9 significatu3 quum vulgo sit felicem esse1 non rect fac]e4 ,hoc aliaque ejusdem g5]is spius sic ansam prbu]unt sophismatis magis quam ju/i syllogismi4 ,he9dorf !n ref]s to analog\s passages 9 ,plato1 ,repub4 i4 p4 #ced ,a3 ,alkib4 i4 p4 #aaf ,b1 p4 #acd ,a4 ,a simil> fallacy is f\nd 9 ,ari/otle1 ,politic4 vii4 i4 p4 #acbc1 a4 #ag1 b4 #cb--;,greek3 a7_/ri/a gar pra_/tte9 pros_/kei t\s a7_/ri/a politeuome_/n\s--a7du_/naton de kals pra_/tte9 tois m ta kala pra_/tt\s94 ,?is fallacy is recognis$ & prop]ly comm5t$ on z a logis*es ,wortspiel1 by ,b]nays1 9 8 in/ructive volume1 ,die9999 ,dialoge des ,ari/oteles1 pp4 #hj-ha 7,b]l91 #ahfc74 ,footnote #hg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #dha ,d1 #dhb ,b4 ,side-note3 ,p]man5t elem5ts--& transi5t elem5ts--( human ag5cy--h[ ea* ( !m is appreciat$ 9 ! two dialogues4 ,la/ly ,i w comp>e ! ,protagoras & ! ,gorgias 7mean+ always1 ! reason+ ( ,sokrates 9 ea* ( !m7 "u "o m po9t ( view4 ,h[ does ea* ( !m describe & di/+ui% ! p]man5t elem5ts1 & ! transi5t elem5ts1 involv$ 9 human ag5cy8 ,:at function does ea* ( !m assign to ! p]man5t elem5t8 ,! di/9ction ( ^! two is important 9 its e?ical be>+4 ,! :ole life bo? ( ! individual & ( society consi/s ( successive mom5ts ( action or feel+4 ,b ea* individual 7& ! society z an aggregate ( individuals7 has )9 him embodi$ & realis$ an elem5t m or less p]man5t--an e/abli%$ "*1 habits1 dispositions1 intellectual acquirem5ts1 c4--a sort ( capital accumulat$ f ! pa/4 ,?is p]man5t elem5t is ( extreme importance4 ,x /&s to ! transi5t elem5t 9 ! same relation z ! fix$ capital ( a trad] or manufactur] to 8 annual produce4 ,! :ole use & value ( ! fix$ capital1 ( :i* ! skill & en]gy ( ! trad] himself make an important "p1 consi/s 9 ! am\nt ( produce :i* x w yield3 b at ! same "t ! trad] mu/ keep x up 9 its condition ( fix$ capital1 9 ord] to obta9 su* am\nt3 he mu/ set ap>t1 & ab/a9 f devot+ to imm$iate enjoym5t1 z mu* ( ! annual produce z w suffice to ma9ta9 ! fix$ capital unimpair$--& m1 if he desires to improve 8 condition4 ,! capital _c be commut$ into int]e/2 yet nev]!less its :ole value dep5ds ^u1 & is measur$ by1 ! int]e/ :i* x yields4 ,d\btless ! m]e idea ( possess+ ! capital is pleasurable to ! possessor1 because he kn[s t x c & w be pr(itably employ$1 s long z he *ooses4 ,side-note3 ,9 ! ,protagoras4 ,n[ 9 ! ,protagoras1 ! p]man5t elem5t is v po9t$ly di/+ui%$ f ! transi5t1 & is call$ ,k--! ,sci5ce or ,art ( ,calculation4 ,its function also is cle>ly ann\nc$--to take comp>ative e/imate & measurem5t ( ! transi5t elem5ts2 :i* are /at$ to consi/ ( pleasures & pa9s1 pres5t & future--ne> & di/ant--c]ta9 & unc]ta9--fa9t & /rong4 ,to ^! elem5ts1 manifold yet comm5surable1 ! calculation is to apply4 ,! safety ( life 7says ,sokrates#hh7 resides 9 our keep+ up ?is sci5ce or art ( calculation4 ,no pres5t enjoym5t mu/ be admitt$1 :i* w\ld impair x2 no pres5t pa9 mu/ be %unn$1 :i* is ess5tial to uphold x4 ,yet ! :ole ( its value resides 9 its application to ! comp>ison ( ! pleasures & pa9s4 ,footnote #hh3 ,plato1 ,protag4 p4 #ceg ,a4 ,greek3 e7peid de 7dons te kai lu_/ps e7n o7r? t ai7re_/sei e7pha_/n 7min 7 stri_/a t\ bi_/ou ou7sa1 t\ te ple_/onos kai e7lattonos kai mei_/zonos kai smikrote_/r\ kai por7r7te_/r kai e7ggute_/r1 c4 ,side-note3 ,9 ! ,gorgias4 ,9 ! ,gorgias ! same two elem5ts are diff]5tly describ$1 & less cle>ly expla9$4 ,! p]man5t is t]m$1 ,ord]1 arrangem5t1 discipl9e1 a lawful1 j1 & temp]ate1 ca/ ( m9d 7oppos$ to ! doctr9e ascrib$ to ,kallikls1 :i* negativ$ ?is elem5t altoge!r1 9 ! m9d ( ! despot71 p>allel to heal? & /r5g? ( body3 ! unord]$ m9d is aga9 ! p>allel ( ! corrupt1 di/emp]$1 helpless1 body2 life is n wor? hav+ until ?is is cur$4#hi ,?is corresponds to ! k or ,calculat+ ,sci5ce 9 ! ,protagoras2 b we _c und]/& :at its function is1 9 ! ,gorgias1 because ! calculable elem5ts are incompletely enum]at$4 ,footnote #hi3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #ejd ,b-,c1 #ejf ,d-,e4 ,greek3 ,ta_/xis--ko_/smos--psu* kosmi_/a a7mei_/nn t\ a7kosm_/t\4 ,9 ! ,protagoras1 ^! calculable elem5ts are two-fold--imm$iate pleasures & pa9s--& future or di/ant pleasures & pa9s4 ,betwe5 ^! two !re is int]community ( nature1 s t !y are q comm5surable2 & ! function ( ! calculat+ reason is1 to make a "r e/imate ( ! "o aga9/ ! o!r4#ij ,b 9 ! ,gorgias1 no m5tion is made ( future or di/ant pleasures & pa9s3 ! calculable elem5t is repres5t$ only by imm$iate pleasure or pa9--& f !nce we pass at once to ! p]man5t calculator--! m9d1 s\nd or corrupt4 ,y mu/ ab/a9 f a p>ticul> enjoym5t1 because x w ta9t ! s\ndness ( y\r m9d3 ?is is a p]t95t reason 7& w\ld be admitt$ z su* by ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras1 :o in/ead ( s\nd m9d w\ld say1 calculat+ intellig5ce71 b x is nei!r ! ultimate reason 7s9ce ?is s\ndness ( m9d is itself valuable ) a view to future calculations71 nor ! only reason3 = y mu/ also ab/a91 if x w br+ ^u y\rself 7or ^u o!rs7 prepond]at+ pa9s 9 ! p>ticul> case--if ! future pa9s w\ld prepond]ate ov] ! pres5t pleasure4 ,( ?is la/ calculation no notice is tak5 9 ! ,gorgias3 :i* exhibits only ! anti!sis 7n m]ely m>k$ b ev5 ov]-done#ia7 betwe5 ! imm$iate pleasure or pa9 & ! calculat+ efficacy ( m9d1 b leaves out ! true function :i* gives value to ! s\nd m9d z di/+ui%$ f ! uns\nd & corrupt4 ,t function consi/s 9 its application to p>ticul> cases3 9 "r deal+ ) actual life1 z reg>ds ! ag5t himself & o!rs3 9 ,greek3 e7n]gei_/a1 z di/+ui%$ f ,greek3 e7_/xis1 to use ,ari/otelian language4#ib ,i am f> f suppos+ t ?is "p ( ! case 0 abs5t f ,plato's m9d4 ,b ! !ory laid out 9 ! ,gorgias 7z comp>$ ) t 9 ! ,protagoras7 leaves no room = x2 giv+ exclusive prom95ce to ! o!r elem5ts1 & ackn[l$g+ only ! pres5t pleasure or pa91 to be set aga9/ ! p]man5t condition ( m9d1 bad or good z x may be4 ,footnote #ij3 ,!re w\ld be also ! l int]community ( nature1 if along ) ! pa9s & pleasures ( ! ag5t himself 7:i* alone are reg>d$ 9 ! calculation ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,protagoras7 y admit into ! calculation ! pleasures & pa9s ( o!rs conc]n$1 & ! rules e/abli%$ ) a view to bo? ! two toge!r ) a view to ! jo9t int]e/ bo? ( ! ag5t & ( o!rs4 ,footnote #ia3 ,epikurus & 8 foll[]s assign$ ! greate/ value1 9 _! e?ical !ory1 to ! p]man5t elem5t1 or e/abli%$ "* ( ! ag5t1 intellectual & emotional4 ,b great z !y reckon$ ?is value to be1 !y resolv$ x all into ! dim9ution or mitigation ( pa9s1 &1 9 a c]ta9 ?\gh inf]ior degree1 ! multiplication ( pleasures4 ,!y did n put x 9 a sep>ate category ( its own1 altoge!r disp>ate & =eign to pleasures & pa9s4 ,see ! lett] ( ,epikurus to ,m5oekeus1 ,diog4 ,l4 x4 #abh-acb2 ,lucretius1 v4 #ah-de1 vi4 #ab-be2 ,horat4 ,epi/4 i4 #b1 #dh-fj4 ,footnote #ib3 ,ari/ot4 ,e?ic4 ,nikom4 i4 #g4 ,! rem>k ( ,ari/otle 9 ! same treatise1 i4 #e--;,greek3 dokei gar e7nde_/*e/hai kai ka!u_/de9 e7_/*onta tn a7ret_/n1 7 a7praktein dia bi_/ou--might be appli$ to ! !ory ( ! ,gorgias4 ,comp>e also ,e?ic4 ,nik4 vii4 #c 7vii4 #d1 p4 #aadf1 b4 #ca1 p4 #aadg1 a4 #ab74 ,side-note3 ,"* ( ! ,gorgias g5]ally--discr$it+ all ! actualities ( life4 ,inde$ !re is no?+ m rem>kable 9 ! ,gorgias1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ,sokrates n only condemns ! unmeasur$1 exorbitant1 malefic5t desires1 b also depreciates & degrades all ! actualities ( life--all ! recreative & elegant arts1 includ+ music & poetry1 tragic z well z di?yrambic--all provision = ! mo/ ess5tial wants1 all protection aga9/ p>ticul> suff]+s & dang]s1 ev5 all s]vice r5d]$ to ano!r p]son 9 ! way ( relief or ( rescue#ic--;all ! effective ma9t5ance ( public organis$ =ce1 su* z %ips1 docks1 walls1 arms1 c4 ,imm$iate satisfaction or relief1 & ^? :o conf] x1 are treat$ ) contempt1 & pres5t$ z 9 ho/ility to ! p]fection ( ! m5tal /ructure4 ,& x is 9 ?is po9t ( view t v>i\s ,platonic comm5tators extol 9 an especial mann] ! ,gorgias3 z recognis+ an ,idea ( ,good sup]human & sup]natural1 radically disp>ate f pleasures & pa9s ( any human be+1 & incomm5surable ) !m3 an ,univ]sal ,idea1 :i*1 ?\gh x is suppos$ to ca/ a di/ant light ^u its p>ticul>s1 is sep>at$ f !m by an incalculable space1 & is disc]nible only by ! ,platonic telescope4 ,footnote #ic3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #eja-ejb-eaa-eab-eag-eai4 ,greek3 a7_/neu gar dikaiosu_/ns kai sphrosu_/ns lime_/nn kai neri_/n kai tei*n kai pho_/rn kai toi\_/tn phlu>in e7mpepl_/kasi tn po_/l94 ,?is is appli$ to ! provision ( food1 dr9k1 clo?+1 b$d+1 = ! hung]1 ?ir/1 c41 ( ! community 7p4 #eag ,d71 to ! sav+ ( life 7p4 #eaa ,d74 ,! boatman betwe5 g9a & ,peiru 7says ,plato7 br+s ov] 8 pass5g]s 9 safety1 toge!r ) _! families & prop]ty1 pres]v+ !m f all ! dang]s ( ! sea4 ,! eng9e]1 :o con/ructs good =tifications1 pres]ves f dang] & de/ruction all ! citiz5s ) _! families & _! prop]ty 7p4 #eab ,b74 ,b nei!r ( ^! p]sons takes cr$it = ?is s]vice3 because bo? ( !m "k t x is d\btful :e!r !y h done any real s]vice to ! p]sons pres]v$1 s9ce !y h n r5d]$ !m any bett]2 & t x is ev5 d\btful :e!r !y may n h done !m an actual mis*ief4 ,p]haps ^! p]sons may be wick$ & corrupt2 9 t case x is a mis=tune to !m t _! lives %\ld be prolong$2 x w\ld be bett] = !m to die4 ,x is "u ?is conviction 7says ,plato7 t ! boatman & ! eng9e]1 ?\gh !y d pres]ve our lives1 take to !mselves no cr$it = x4 ,we %all h>dly f9d any great] rhetorical exagg]ation ?an ?is1 among all ! compositions ( ! rhetors aga9/ :om ,plato decl>es w> 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,moreov]1 x is a specim5 ( ! way 9 :i* ,plato col\rs & mis9t]prets ! facts ( social life1 9 ord] to s]ve ! purpose ( ! argum5t ( ! mom5t4 ,he says truly t :5 ! passage boat f g9a to ,peiru has rea*$ its de/9ation1 ! /e]sman receives 8 f>e & walks ab\t on ! %ore1 )\t tak+ any great cr$it to himself1 z if he _h p]=m$ a brilliant de$ or conf]r$ an important s]vice4 ,b h[ does ,plato expla9 ?is8 ,by suppos+ 9 ! /e]sman's m9d feel+s :i* nev] ent] into ! m9d ( a real ag5t2 feel+s :i* are put into words only :5 a morali/ or a satiri/ is anxi\s to en=ce a s5tim5t4 ,! s]vice :i* ! /e]sman p]=ms is n only adequately remun]at$1 b is1 on mo/ days1 a regul> & easy "o1 su* z e man :o has gone ?r\gh a dec5t appr5tice%ip c p]=m4 ,b suppose an exceptional day--suppose a sudd5 & t]rible /orm to sup]v5e on ! passage--suppose ! boat full ( pass5g]s1 ) e prospect ( all on bo>d be+ dr[n$--suppose %e is only sav$ by ! extraord9>y skill1 vigilance1 & ef=ts ( ! /e]sman4 ,9 t case he w1 on rea*+ ! l&1 walk ab\t full ( elate self-congratulation & pride3 ! pass5g]s w enc\rage ?is s5tim5t by expressions ( ! deepe/ gratitude2 :ile fri5ds z well z competitors w praise 8 successful exploit4 ,h[ _m ( ! pass5g]s !re are = :om ! pres]vation ( life may be a curse r ?an a bless+--is a "q :i* nei!r !y !mselves1 nor ! /e]sman1 nor ! public1 w ev] dream ( ask+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,argum5t ( ,sokrates resum$--multif>i\s arts ( flatt]y1 aim+ at imm$iate pleasure4 ,we h n[ e/abli%$ 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 t pleasure is ess5tially diff]5t f good1 & pa9 f evil3 also1 t to obta9 good & avoid evil1 a sci5tific *oice is requir$--:ile to obta9 pleasure & avoid pa91 is no?+ m ?an bl9d imitation or irrational knack4 ,!re are "s arts & pursuits :i* aim only at procur+ imm$iate pleasure--o!rs :i* aim at atta9+ good or ! be/2#id "s arts1 = a s+le p]son1--o!rs = a multitude4 ,arts & pursuits :i* aim only at imm$iate pleasure1 ei!r ( "o or ( a multitude1 belong to ! g5]al head ( ,flatt]y4 ,among !m are all ! musical1 *oric1 & di?yrambic repres5tations at ! fe/ivals--trag$y z well z com$y--also political & judicial rhetoric4 ,none ( ^! arts aim at any ?+ except to gratify ! public to :om !y are address$3 none ( !m aim at ! p]man5t good3 none seek to bett] ! "* ( ! public4 ,!y adapt !mselves to ! preval5t desires3 b :e!r ^? desires are su* z1 if realis$1 w make ! public worse or bett]1 !y nev] enquire4#ie ,footnote #id3 ,! ,sokrates ( ! ,protagoras w\ld h admitt$ a tw(old di/9ction ( aims1 b w\ld h /at$ ! di/9ction o!rwise4 ,two ?+s 7he w\ld say7 may be look$ at 9 reg>d to any c\rse ( conduct3 fir/1 ! imm$iate pleasure or pa9 :i* x yields2 secondly1 ?is item1 n alone1 b comb9$ ) all ! o!r pleasures & pa9s :i* c be =ese5 z its conditions1 consequ5ces1 or concomitants4 ,to obey ! desire ( imm$iate pleasure1 or ! fe> ( imm$iate pa91 requires no sci5ce2 to =esee1 e/imate1 & comp>e ! consequ5ces1 requires a sci5tific calculation (t5 v difficult & complicat$--a ,greek3 te_/*n or ,greek3 e7pi/_/m metrtik_/4 ,?us we are told n only 9 :at cases ! calculation is requir$1 b :at are ! elem5ts to be tak5 into ! calculation4 ,9 ! ,gorgias1 we are n told on :at elem5ts ! calculation ( good & evil is to be bas$3 we are told t !re mu/ be sci5ce1 b we le>n no?+ m4 ,footnote #ie3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #ejb-ejc4 ,side-note3 ,! ,rhetors aim at only flatt]+ ! public--ev5 ! be/ pa/ ,rhetors h done no?+ else--citation ( ! f\r great ,rhetors by ,kallikles4 ,sokr4--,d y "k any public speak]s :o aim at any?+ m ?an gratify+ ! public1 or :o c>e to make ! public bett]8 ,kall4--,!re are "s :o d1 & o!rs :o d n4 ,sokr4--,:i* are ^? :o d8 & :i* ( !m has ev] made ! public bett]8#if ,kall4--,at any rate1 =m] /atesm5 did s2 su* z ,miltiades1 ,!mi/okles1 ,kimon1 ,p]ikles4 ,sokr4--,none ( !m4 ,if !y _h1 y w\ld h se5 !m devot+ !mselves sy/ematically & obvi\sly to _! "o end4 ,z a build] lab\rs to con/ruct a %ip or a h\se1 by putt+ toge!r its v>i\s p>ts ) ord] & symmetry--s ^! /atesm5 w\ld h lab\r$ to implant ord] & symmetry 9 ! m9ds & bodies ( ! citiz5s3 t is1 ju/ice & temp]ance 9 _! m9ds1 heal? & /r5g? 9 _! bodies4#ig ,unless ! /atesman c d ?is1 x is fruitless to supply ! wants1 to fulfil ! desires & requirem5ts1 to uphold or enl>ge ! p[]1 ( ! citiz5s4 ,?is is l supply+ ample n\ri%m5t to a di/emp]$ body3 ! m su* a body takes 91 ! worse x becomes4 ,! citiz5s mu/ be treat$ ) refusal ( _! wi%es & ) puni%m5t1 until _! vices are heal$1 & !y become good4#ih ,footnote #if3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ejc ,c4 ,footnote #ig3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ejd ,d4 ,footnote #ih3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eje ,b4 ,side-note3 ,necessity = temp]ance1 regulation1 ord]4 ,?is is ! condition ( virtue & happ9ess4 ,we ought to d 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 :at is pleas+ = ! sake ( :at is good3 n vice v]s4 ,b e ?+ becomes good by possess+ its appropriate virtue or regulation4 ,! regulation appropriate to ! m9d is to be temp]ate4 ,! temp]ate man w d :at is j--8 duty t[>ds m53 & :at is holy--8 duty t[>ds ! ,gods4 ,he w be j & holy4 ,he w !re=e also be c\rage\s3 = he w seek only su* pleasures z duty p]mits1 & he w endure all su* pa9s z duty requires4 ,be+ ?us temp]ate1 j1 brave1 holy1 he w be a p]fectly good man1 do+ well & hon\rably ?r\gh\t4 ,! man :o does well1 w be happy3 ! man :o does ill & is wick$1 w be mis]able4#ii ,x ought to be our pr9cipal aim1 bo? = ourselves individually & = ! city1 to atta9 temp]ance & to keep cle> ( intemp]ance3 n to let our desires run immod]ately 7z y1 ,kallikles1 advise71 & !n seek repletion = !m3 :i* is an endless mis*ief1 ! life ( a pirate4 ,he :o pursues ?is plan c nei!r be ! fri5d ( any o!r man1 nor ( ! ,gods3 = he is incapable ( communion1 & !re=e ( fri5d%ip4#ajj ,footnote #ii3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p1 #ejg ,d 7) ,r\? & ,he9dorf's notes74 ,footnote #ajj3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ejg ,e4 ,greek3 ko9nein gar a7du_/natos2 o7_/t de m e7_/ni ko9ni_/a1 phili_/a ou7k a7n ei7_/4 ,side-note3 ,impossible to succe$ 9 public life1 unless a man be ?or\ghly ak9 to & 9 h>mony ) ! rul+ =ce4 ,n[1 ,kallikles 7pursues ,sokrates71 y h reproa*$ me ) /&+ alo( f public life 9 ord] to pursue philosophy4 ,y tell me t by n cultivat+ public speak+ & public action1 ,i am at ! m]cy ( any "o :o *ooses to accuse me unju/ly & to br+ ^u me sev]e p5alties4 ,b ,i tell y1 t x is a great] evil to d wrong ?an to suff] wrong2 & t my fir/ bus9ess is1 to provide = myself su* p[] & su* skill z %all gu>d me aga9/ do+ wrong4#aja ,next1 z to suff]+ wrong1 !re is only "o way ( tak+ precautions aga9/ x4 ,y mu/ y\rself rule 9 ! city3 or y mu/ be a fri5d ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,l is ! fri5d ( l3#ajb a cruel despot on ! ?rone w hate & de/roy any "o :o is bett] ?an himself1 & w despise any "o worse ?an himself4 ,! only p]son :o w h influ5ce is1 "o ( ! same dispositions z ! despot3 n only submitt+ to him ) good w1 b prais+ & blam+ ! same ?+s z he does--accu/om$ f y\? upw>ds to %>e 9 8 pref]5ces & av]sions1 & assimilat$ to him z mu* z possible4#ajc ,n[ if ! despot be a wrong-do]1 he :o lik5s himself to ! despot w become a wrong-do] also4 ,& ?us1 9 tak+ precautions aga9/ suff]+ wrong1 he w incur ! /ill great] mis*ief & corruption ( do+ wrong1 & w be worse (f in/ead ( bett]4 ,footnote #aja3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eji ,c4 ,comp>e ,leges1 viii4 #hbi ,a1 :]e ,greek3 to m a7dikein is describ$ z easy ( atta9m5t2 ,greek3 to m a7dikei/hai1 z be+ ,greek3 pag*a_/lepon3 & bo? equally necess>y ,greek3 pros to eu7daimo_/ns zn4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,plat4 ,gorg4 #eaj ,b4 ,greek3 phi_/los--o7 o7_/moios t o7moi_/4 ,we h already se5 ?is pr9ciple discuss$ & reject$ 9 ! ,lysis1 p4 #bad4 ,see above1 *4 xx41 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eaj ,c4 ,greek3 lei_/petai d e7keinos mo_/nos a7_/xios lo_/g\ phi_/los t toi\_/t1 o7s a7n1 o7mo_/?s 7_/n1 tau7ta pse_/gn kai e7pa9n1 e7!_/l a7_/r*e/hai kai u7pokei/hai t a7_/r*onti4 ,ou7tos me_/ga e7n tau_/t t po_/lei dun_/setai1 t\ton ou7deis *ai_/rn a7dik_/sei4 4 4 4 ,au7_/t o7d_/s e7/91 eu7?us e7k ve_/ou e7?i_/ze9 au7ton tois au7tois *ai_/re9 kai a7_/*!/htai t despo_/t1 kai p>askeua_/ze9 o7_/ps o7_/ ti ma_/li/a o7_/moios e7_//ai e7kei_/n4 ,side-note3 ,dang] ( "o :o diss5ts f ! public1 ei!r = bett] or = worse4 ,kall4--,b if he does n lik5 himself to ! despot1 ! despot may put him to dea?1 if he *ooses8 ,sokr4--,p]haps he may3 b x w be dea? inflict$ by a bad man ^u a good man4#ajd ,to prolong life is n ! =emo/ consid]ation1 b to decide by rational ?\ght :at is ! be/ way ( pass+ t l5g? ( life :i* ! ,fates allot4#aje ,is x my be/ plan to d z y recomm5d1 & to lik5 myself z mu* z possible to ! ,a!nian p--9 ord] t ,i may become popul> & may acquire p[] 9 ! city8 ,= x w be impossible = y to acquire p[] 9 ! city1 if y diss5t f ! preval5t political "* & practice1 be x = ! bett] or = ! worse4 ,ev5 imitation w n be suffici5t3 y mu/ be1 by natural disposition1 homog5e\s ) ! ,a!nians1 if y int5d to acquire mu* fav\r ) !m4 ,:oev] makes y mo/ l to !m1 w help y =w>d mo/ t[>ds becom+ an effective /atesman & speak]3 = e assembly delight 9 spee*es suit$ to _! own dispositions1 & reject spee*es ( an opposite t5or4#ajf ,footnote #ajd3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eaa ,b4 ,footnote #aje3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #eaa ,b1 #eab ,e4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eac ,a4 ,greek3 kai nun de a7_/ra dei se 7s o7moio_/taton gi_/gne/hai t dm t ,a7?nai_/n1 ei7 me_/lleis t\_/t prosphils ei7nai kai me_/ga du_/na/hai e7n t po_/lei4 4 4 4 ei7 de_/ soi oi7_/ei o7nt9\n a7n?r_/pn p>ad_/se9 te_/*nn t9a toiau_/tn1 7_/ ti_/s se poi_/sei me_/ga du_/na/hai e7n t po_/lei tde1 a7no_/moion o7_/nta t politei_/a ei7_/t' e7pi to be_/ltion ei7_/t' e7pi to *eiron1 ou7k o7r?s b\leu_/ei2 ou7 gar mimtn dei ei7nai1 a7ll' au7tophus o7_/moion to\_/tois1 ei7 me_/lleis ti gn_/sion a7p]ga_/ze/hai ei7s phili_/an t ,a7?nai_/n d_/m4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates resolves ^u a s*eme ( life = himself--to /udy p]man5t good1 & n imm$iate satisfaction4 ,su* are ! ess5tial conditions ( political success & popul>ity4 ,b ,i1 ,kallikls1 h already di/+ui%$ two s*emes ( life2 "o aim+ at pleasure1 ! o!r aim+ at good3 "o1 t ( ! /atesman :o /udies ! felt wants1 wi%es1 & impulses ( ! p1 display+ 8 g5ius 9 provid+ = !m effective satisfaction--! o!r1 ! /atesman :o makes x 8 *ief or sole object to am5d ! "* & disposition ( ! p4 ,! la/ s*eme is ! only "o :i* ,i approve3 & if x be t to :i* y invite me1 we mu/ exam9e :e!r ei!r y1 ,kallikles1 or ,i1 h ev] yet succe$$ 9 am5d+ or improv+ ! "* ( any individuals privately1 be=e we und]take ! task ( am5d+ ! citiz5s collectively4#ajg ,none ( ! pa/ /atesm5 :om y extol1 ,miltiades1 ,kimon1 ,!mi/okles1 ,p]ikles1 has produc$ any su* am5dm5t4#ajh ,consid]$ z m9i/]s1 inde$1 !y 7 skilful & effective2 bett] ?an ! pres5t /atesm54 ,!y 7 successful 9 furni%+ satisfaction to ! preval5t wants & desires ( ! citiz5s3 !y provid$ docks1 walls1 %ips1 tribute1 & o!r su* follies1 abundantly3#aji b !y did no?+ to am5d ! "* ( ! p--to transf] ! desires ( ! p f worse ?+s to bett] ?+s--or to create 9 !m ju/ice & temp]ance4 ,!y ?us did no real good by fe$+ ! desires ( ! p3 no m good ?an w\ld be done by a skilful cook = a sick man1 9 cook+ = him a sumptu\s meal be=e ! physician _h cur$ him4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eae ,a4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #eaf1 #eag4 ,footnote #aji3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #eag1 #eai4 ,greek3 a7_/neu gar sphrosu_/ns kai dikaiosu_/ns lime_/nn kai neri_/n kai tei*n kai pho_/rn kai toi\_/tn phlu>in e7mpepl_/kasi tn po_/l94 ,side-note3 ,sokrates ann\nces himself z almo/ ! only man at ,a!ns1 :o foll[s out ! true political art4 ,dang] ( do+ ?is4 ,i believe myself 7cont9ues ,sokrates7 to be ! only man 9 ,a!ns1--or c]ta9ly "o among a v few1--:o am a true /atesman1 foll[+ out ! g5u9e purposes ( ! political art4#aaj ,i aim at :at is be/ = ! p1 n at :at is mo/ agreeable4 ,i d n value ^? captivat+ accompli%m5ts :i* tell 9 ! ,dika/]y4 ,if ,i am tri$1 ,i %all be l a physician arraign$ by ! confection] be=e a jury ( *ildr54 ,i %all n be able to ref] to any pleasures provid$ = !m by me3 pleasures :i* !y call b5efits1 b :i* ,i reg>d z wor?less4 ,if any "o accuses me ( corrupt+ ! y\? by mak+ !m sceptical1 or ( libell+ ! old] m5 9 my private & public talk--x w be 9 va9 = me to ju/ify myself by say+ ! real tru?4--,dika/s1 ,i d & say all ^! ?+s ju/ly1 = y\r real b5efit4 ,i %all n be believ$ :5 ,i say ?is1 & ,i h no?+ else to say3 s t ,i d n "k :at s5t5ce may be pass$ on me4#aaa ,my only refuge & def5ce w be1 ! innoc5ce ( my life4 ,z = dea?1 no "o except a fool or a c[>d fe>s t3 ! real evil1 & ! greate/ ( all evils1 is to pass into ,hades ) a corrupt & pollut$ m9d4#aab ,footnote #aaj3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eba ,d4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #eba-ebb4 ,footnote #aab3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ebb ,e4 ,greek3 au7to men gar to a7po?n_/ske9 ou7deis phobeitai1 o7_//is m panta_/pas9 a7lo_/gi/o_/s te kai a7_/n&ro_/s e7/i1 to de a7dikein phobeitai1 c4 ,side-note3 ,my! respect+ ,hades1 & ! treatm5t ( deceas$ p]sons !re91 accord+ to _! m]its dur+ life--! philosoph] :o /ood alo( f public affairs1 w !n be rew>d$4 ,sokrates !n w9ds up ! dialogue1 by recit+ a ,greek3 ,ne_/kuia1 a my! or hypo!sis ab\t judgm5t 9 ,hades aft] dea?1 & rew>ds & puni%m5ts to be apportion$ to deceas$ m51 accord+ to _! m]its dur+ life1 by ,rhadaman?us & ,m9os4 ,! greate/ suff]]s by ^! judgm5ts 7he says7 w be ! k+s1 despots1 & m5 politically p[]ful1 :o h dur+ _! lives committ$ ! greate/ inju/ices1--:i* inde$ few ( !m avoid4#aac ,! man mo/ likely to f>e well & to be rew>d$1 w be ! philosoph]1 :o has pass$ ?r\gh life m9d+ 8 own bus9ess1 & n m$dl+ ) ! affairs ( o!rs4#aad ,footnote #aac3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #ebe-ebf4 ,footnote #aad3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ebf ,c4 ,greek3 philoso_/ph\ ta au7t\ pra_/xantos1 kai ou7 polupragmon_/santos e7n t bi_/4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ^! t]ms d n correspond to ! life ( ,sokrates1 z he himself describes x 9 ! ,platonic ,apology4 ,he seems to h fanci$ t no "o 0 ,greek3 polupra_/gmn except ^? :o spoke habitually 9 ! ,ekklesia & ! ,dika/]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,side-note3 ,peculi> e?ical views ( ,sokrates--,rhetorical or dogmatical "* ( ! ,gorgias4 ,dicuntur i/a magnifice1#aae--we may exclaim1 9 ,cic]onian words1 on rea*+ ! close ( ! ,gorgias4 ,x is pre-em95tly solemn & impressive2 all ! m s1 f ! emphasis ( ,sokrates1 :5 proclaim+ ! isolation 9 :i* he /&s at ,a!ns1 & ! contradiction betwe5 8 e?ico-political views & ^? ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,9 ?is respect x h>monises ) ! ,apology1 ! ,kriton1 ,republic1 & ,leges3 9 all :i*1 ! peculi>ity ( 8 e?ical po9ts ( view /&s proclaim$--especially 9 ! ,kriton1 :]e he decl>es t 8 diff]5ce ) 8 oppon5ts is fundam5tal1 & t !re c be betwe5 !m no common gr\nd = debate--no?+ b reciprocal contempt4#aaf ,footnote #aae3 ,cic]o1 ,de ,f9ib4 iii4 #c1 #aa4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,plato1 ,kriton1 p4 #di ,d4 ,side-note3 ,he m]ges politics 9 ,e?ics--he conceives ! rul]s z spiritual tea*]s & tra9]s ( ! community4 ,! argum5t ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias is int]e/+1 n m]ely z extoll+ ! value ( e?ical self-re/ra9t1 b also z consid]+ political ph5om5a "u ?is po9t ( view3 t is1 m]g+ politics 9 e?ics4 ,! prop] & p>am\nt function ( /atesm5 7we f9d x eloqu5tly proclaim$7 is to s]ve z spiritual tea*]s 9 ! community3 = ! purpose ( am5d+ ! lives & *>act]s ( ! citiz5s1 & ( conv]t+ !m f bad dispositions to good4 ,we are admoni%$ t until ?is is effect$1 m is lo/ ?an ga9$ by realis+ ! actual wants & wi%es ( ! community1 :i* are disord]ly & di/emp]$3 l ! /ate ( a sick man1 :o w\ld receive h>m & n b5efit f a sumptu\s banquet4 ,side-note3 ,idal ( ,plato--a despotic lawgiv] or man-tra9]1 on sci5tific pr9ciples1 fa%ion+ all *>act]s pursuant to c]ta9 types ( 8 own4 ,?is is ! conception ( ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias1 speak+ ?r\gh ! p]son ( ,sokrates1 respect+ ! ends = :i* ! political magi/rate ought to employ 8 p[]4 ,! magi/rate1 z adm9i/]+ law & ju/ice1 is to ! m9ds ( ! community :at ! tra9] & ! physician are to _! bodies3 he produces goodness ( m9d1 z ! two latt] produce heal? & /r5g? ( body4 ,! ,platonic idal is t ( a despotic law-giv] & man-tra9]1 wield+ ! compulsory =ce ( ! secul> arm = :at he believes to be spiritual improvem5t4 ,h[ev] in/ructive x is to /udy ! mann] 9 :i* a m9d l t ( ,plato works out su* a purpose 9 !ory1 !re is no reason = regret t he nev] _h an opportunity ( c>ry+ x into practice4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he always keeps 9 view ! /&+ m5tal "*1 z an object ( capital importance to be att5d$ to1 & z ! analogon ( heal? 9 ! body--des]ves all e/eem4 ,b :5 he assumes ! sceptre ( ,k+ ,nomos 7z 9 ,republic & ,leges7 to fix by un*angeable au?ority :at %all be ! or?odox type ( "*1 & to suppress all ! v>ieties ( emotion & intellect1 except su* z w run into a few pr$et]m9$ m\lds--he ov]/eps all ! reasonable aims & b\nd>ies ( ! political (fice4 ,side-note3 ,platonic analogy betwe5 m5tal goodness & bodily heal?--incomplete analogy--circum/ances ( diff]5ce4 ,plato =gets two important po9ts ( diff]5ce1 9 t fav\rite & v in/ructive analogy :i* he p]petually reproduces1 betwe5 m5tal goodness & bodily heal?4 ,fir/1 good heal? & /r5g? ( ! body 7z ,i h obs]v$ already7 are /ates :i* e man kn[s :5 he has got !m4 ,?\gh !re is mu* d\bt & dispute ab\t causes1 pres]vative1 de/ructive1 & re/orative1 !re is none ab\t ! pres5t fact4 ,e sick man d]ives f 8 own s5sations an anxiety to get well4 ,b virtue is n a po9t ?us fix$1 undisput$1 indubitable3 x is diff]5tly conceiv$ by diff]5t p]sons1 & mu/ fir/ be discov]$ & settl$ by a process ( enquiry2 ! ,platonic ,sokrates himself1 9 _m ( ! dialogues--aft] decl>+ t nei!r he nor any "o else )9 8 k1 kn[s :at x is--tries to f9d x out )\t success4 ,next1 ! physician1 :o is ! p]son actively conc]n$ 9 imp>t+ heal? & /r5g?1 ex]cises no co]cive p[] ov] any "o3 ^? :o consult him h ! option :e!r !y w foll[ ! advice giv51 or n4 ,to put himself ^u ! same foot+ ) ! physician1 ! political magi/rate ought to conf9e himself to ! function ( advice2 a function highly useful1 b 9 :i* he w be call$ ^u to meet argum5tative opposition1 & frequ5t failure1 toge!r ) ! mortification ( leav+ ^? :om he _c conv9ce1 to foll[ _! own mode ( life4 ,"h are two mat]ial diff]5ces1 modify+ ! applicability ( t v analogy on :i* ,plato s frequ5tly re/s 8 pro(4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias speaks l a diss5t] among a community ( fix$ op9ions & habits4 ,impossible t a diss5t]1 on important po9ts1 %\ld acquire any public influ5ce4 ,9 ,plato's two imag9>y commonweal?s1 :]e he is himself despotic law-giv]1 !re w\ld h be5 no tol]able exi/5ce possible = any "o n %ap$ ^u ! ,platonic spiritual model4 ,b 9 ! ,gorgias1 ,plato 7speak+ 9 ! p]son ( ,sokrates7 is call$ ^u to def9e 8 plan ( life 9 a free /ate1 :]e he 0 m]ely a private citiz54 ,sokrates receives f ,kallikles ! advice1 to =ego philosophy & to aspire to ! influ5ce & celebrity ( an active public speak]4 ,8 reply is in/ructive1 z reveal+ ! int]ior work+s ( e political society4 ,no man 7he says7 c f9d fav\r z an advis]--ei!r ( a despot1 :]e !re is "o1 or ( a p :]e !re is free gov]nm5t--unless he be 9 h>mony ) ! s5tim5ts & ideas preval5t1 ei!r ) ! rul+ ,_m or ! rul+ ,"o4 ,he mu/ be m\ld$1 f y\? upw>ds1 on ! same spiritual patt]n z !y are3#aag 8 love & hate1 8 praise & blame1 mu/ turn t[>ds ! same ?+s3 he mu/ h ! same ta/es1 ! same morality1 ! same idal1 z !irs3 he mu/ be no imitator1 b a *ip ( ! same block4 ,if he be ei!r bett] ?an !y or worse ?an !y1#aah he w fail 9 acquir+ popul>ity1 & 8 ef=ts z a competitor = public influ5ce w be n only abortive1 b p]haps dang]\s to himself4 ,footnote #aag3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eaj ,c-,d4 ,greek3 o7mo_/?s 7_/n1 tau7ta pse_/gn kai e7pa9n t a7_/r*onti4 4 4 4 eu7?us e7k ne_/ou e7?i_/ze9 au7ton tois au7tois *ai_/re9 kai a7_/*!/hai t despo_/t1 kai p>askeua_/ze9 o7_/ps o7_/ ti ma_/li/a o7_/moios e7_//ai e7kei_/n4 #eac ,b3 ,greek3 ou7 mimtn dei ei7nai a7ll' au7tophus o7_/moion t\_/tois4 ,footnote #aah3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #eac ,a4 ,greek3 ei7_/t' e7pi to be_/ltion ei7_/t' e7pi to *eiron4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates feels 8 own isolation f 8 c\ntrym54 ,he is ?r[n ^u individual speculation & dialectic4 ,! reasons :i* ,sokrates gives "h 7z well z 9 ! ,apology1 & p>tly also 9 ! ,republic7 = n emb>k+ 9 ! competition ( political aspirants1 are ( v g5]al application4 ,he is an innovator 9 religion2 & a diss5t] f ! receiv$ e?ics1 politics1 social s5tim5t1 & e/imate ( life & conduct4#aai ,:oev] diss5ts ^u ^! matt]s f ! gov]n+ =ce 79 :atev] h&s t may happ5 to reside7 has no *ance ( be+ li/5$ to z a political c\nsellor1 & may ?9k himself =tunate if he escapes )\t p]sonal hurt or loss4 ,:e!r 8 diss5t be = ! bett] or = ! worse1 is a matt] ( little mom5t3 ! rul+ body always ?9k x worse1 & ! consequ5ces to ! diss5t] are ! same4 ,footnote #aai3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ebb ,b2 ,!ttus1 p4 #agi2 ,m5on1 p4 #gi4 ,side-note3 ,anti!sis betwe5 philosophy & rhetoric4 ,h]e9 consi/s ! real anti!sis betwe5 ,sokrates1 ,plato1 & philosophy1 on ! "o side--,p]ikles1 ,nikias1 ,kleon1 ,demo/h5es1 & rhetoric1 on ! o!r4 ,y1 7says ,sokrates to ,kallikls71#abj are 9 love ) ! ,a!nian p1 & take up or r5\nce su* op9ions z !y approve or disc\nt5ance3 ,i am 9 love ) philosophy1 & foll[ h] guidance4 ,y & o!r active politicians d n wi% to h m ?an a smatt]+ ( philosophy2 y are afraid ( becom+ unconsci\sly corrupt$1 if y c>ry x beyond su* elem5t>y /age4#aba ,ea* ( ^! orators1 discuss+ political measures be=e ! public assembly1 appeal$ to g5]al maxims borr[$ f ! receiv$ cre$ ( morality1 religion1 ta/e1 politics1 c4 ,8 success dep5d$ ma9ly on ! emphasis :i* 8 eloqu5ce c\ld l5d to su* maxims1 & on ! skill ) :i* he c\ld apply !m to ! case 9 h&4 ,b ,sokrates c\ld n foll[ su* an example4 ,anxi\s 9 8 rese>* aft] tru?1 he appli$ ! te/ ( analysis to ! preval5t op9ions--f\nd !m1 9 8 judgm5t1 nei!r consi/5t nor rational--con/ra9$ _m p]sons to feel ?is1 by an humiliat+ cross-exam9ation--b became disqualifi$ f address+1 ) any *ance ( ass5t1 ! assembl$ public4 ,footnote #abj3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p1 #dha ,e4 ,footnote #aba3 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #dhg ,c4 ,greek3 e7ni_/ka e7s u7min toia_/de tis d_/xa1 m pro?umei/hai ei7s tn a7kribei_/an philosophein1 a7lla eu7labei/hai4 4 4 4 o7_/ps m pe_/ra t\ de_/ontos soph_/t]oi g5o_/m5oi l_/sete diaph?>e_/ntes4 ,! view "h advocat$ by ,kallikles3--,t philosophy is good & useful1 to be /udi$ up to a po9t 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( life1 9 ord] to qualify p]sons = effective dis*>ge ( ! duties ( active citiz5%ip1 b t x ought n to be made ! ma9 occupation ( mature life1 nor be prosecut$ up to ! pit* ( accurate !oris+3 ?is view1 s9ce ,plato "h assigns x to ,kallikles1 is d5\nc$ by mo/ ( ! ,platonic critics z if x 7 l[ & wor?less4 ,yet x 0 held by _m ( ! mo/ respectable citiz5s ( antiquity2 & ! "q is1 9 po9t ( fact1 t :i* has always be5 9 debate betwe5 ! life ( !oretical speculation & ! life ( action4 ,isokrates urges ! same view bo? 9 ,orat4 xv4 ,de ,p]mutatione1 sect4 #bhb-bhg1 pp4 #dhe-dhf1 ,bekk]2 & ,orat4 xii4 ,pana!naic4 sect4 #bi-cb1 p4 #cba1 ,bekk]4 ,greek3 diatri_/psai men ou7n p]i tas paidei_/z tau_/tas *ro_/non t9a sumb\leu_/saim' a7n tois nete_/rois1 m me_/ntoi p]iidein tn phu_/s9 tn au7tn kataskeleteu!isan e7pi t\_/tois1 c4 ,cic]o quotes a simil> op9ion put by ,ennius ! poet into ! m\? ( ,neoptolemus1 ,tusc4 ,d4 ii4 #a1 #a2 ,aulus ,gell4 v4 #af--;degu/&um ex philosophi c5set1 non 9 eam +urgit&um4 ,tacitus1 9 describ+ ! education ( ,agricola1 :o 0 tak5 by 8 "m 9 8 e>li] ye>s to /udy at ,massilia1 says1 c4 #d3--,memori t5eo1 solitum ipsum n>r>e1 se 9 prim juv5t /udium philosophi1 ultra quam concessum ,romano et s5atori1 hausisse2 ni prud5tia matris inc5sum ac flagrantem animum co]cuisset4 ,i h already cit$ ?is la/ passage1 & comm5t$ ^u ! same po9t1 9 my notes at ! end ( ! ,eu?ydmus1 p4 #bcj4 ,side-note3 ,position ( "o :o diss5ts1 ^u mat]ial po9ts1 f ! fix$ op9ions & cre$ ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,t 9 ord] to succe$ politically1 a man mu/ be a g5u9e believ] 9 ! cre$ ( ,k+ ,nomos or ! rul+ =ce--ca/ 9 ! same spiritual m\ld--7,i "h take ! ^w cre$ n z conf9$ to religion1 b z embrac+ ! :ole ( a man's critical idal1 on moral or social practice1 politics1 or ta/e--! ends :i* he deems wor?y ( be+ aspir$ to1 or prop] to be %unn$1 by himself or o!rs7 is laid d[n by ,sokrates z a g5]al position3 & ) p]fect tru?4 ,9 dispos+ ( ! =ce or influ5ce ( gov]nm5t1 :oev] possesses t =ce w use x con=mably to 8 own maxims4 ,a man :o diss5ts f ^! maxims w f9d no fav\r 9 ! public assembly2 nor1 probably1 if 8 diss5t be grave & wide1 w he ev] be able to speak out 8 convictions al\d 9 x1 )\t incurr+ dang]\s antipa?y4 ,b :at is to become ( su* a diss5t]#abb--! man :o frequ5ts ! same porticos ) ! p1 b does n hold ! same cre$1 nor %>e _! judgm5ts respect+ social expet5da & fugi5da8 ,h[ is he to be treat$ by ! gov]nm5t1 or by ! or?odox majority ( society 9 _! individual capacity8 ,deb>r$1 by ! necessity ( ! case1 f influ5ce ov] ! public c\ncils--:at latitude ( pursuit1 pr(ession1 or conduct1 is to be left to him z a citiz58 ,h[ f> is he to "q1 or expose1 or require to be prov$1 t :i* ! majority believe )\t pro(8 ,%all he be requir$ to pr(ess1 or to obey1 or to refra9 f contradict+1 religi\s or e?ical doctr9es :i* he has exam9$ & reject$8 ,%all su* requirem5t be en=c$ by ?reat ( legal p5alties1 or ( ill-treatm5t f individuals1 :i* is n less intol]able ?an legal p5alties8 ,:at is likely to be 8 "*1 if compell$ to suppress all decl>ation ( 8 own cre$1 & to act & speak z if he 7 believ] 9 ano!r8 ,footnote #abb3 ,horat4 ,epi/4 i4 #a1 #gj-- ,quod si me populus ,romanus =t roget1 cur ,non ut porticibus1 sic judiciis fru> iisdem1 ,nec sequ> aut fugiam qu diligit ipse vel odit3 ,olim quod vulpes groto cauta leoni ,respondit1 ref]am3 ,quia me ve/igia t]r5t ,omnia te adv]sum spectantia1 nulla retrorsum4 ,side-note3 ,probable feel+s ( ,plato on ?is subject4 ,claim put =w>d 9 ! ,gorgias ( an indep5d5t locus /&i = philosophy1 b )\t ! indiscrim9ate cross-exam9ation pursu$ by ,sokrates4 ,! que/ions "h sugge/$ mu/ h impress$ !mselves =cibly on ! m9d ( ,plato :5 he recollect$ ! fate ( ,sokrates4 ,9 spite ( a blameless life1 ,sokrates _h be5 judicially condemn$ & execut$ = publicly que/ion+ receiv$ op9ions1 innovat+ ^u ! e/abli%$ religion1 & in/ill+ into "y p]sons habits ( d\bt4 ,to diss5t only = ! bett]1 af=d$ no assurance ( safety3 & ,plato knew well t 8 own diss5t f ! ,a!nian public 0 ev5 wid] & m sy/ematic ?an t ( 8 ma/]4 ,! position & plan ( life = an active-m9d$ reason]1 diss5t+ f ! e/abli%$ op9ions ( ! public1 c\ld n b be an object ( int]e/+ reflection to him4#abc ,! ,gorgias 7writt51 9 my judgm5t1 long aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates1 probably aft] ! ,platonic s*ool 0 e/abli%$7 ann\nces ! vocation ( ! philosoph]1 & claims an op5 field = speculation1 ap>t f ! actualities ( politics--= ! self-act+ reason ( ! individual d\bt] & inve/igator1 aga9/ ! au?ority ( numb]s & ! pressure ( inh]it$ tradition4 ,a =mal ass]tion to ?is effect 0 wor?y ( ! f\nd] ( ! ,academy--! e>lie/ philosophical s*ool at ,a!ns4 ,yet we may obs]ve t :ile ! ,platonic ,sokrates 9 ! ,gorgias adopts ! life ( philosophy1 he does n r5ew t f>!r dem& ) :i* ! hi/orical ,sokrates _h c\pl$ x 9 8 ,apology--! lib]ty ( oral & aggressive cross-exam9ation1 address$ to individuals p]sonally & indiscrim9ately#abd--to ! primores populi z well z to ! populum tributim4 ,! fate ( ,sokrates r5d]$ ,plato m cauti\s1 & induc$ him to utt] 8 e?ical int]rogations & novelties ( op9ion 9 no o!r way except t ( lectures to *os5 he>]s & writt5 dialogue3 borr[+ ! "n ( ,sokrates or "s o!r speak]1 & refra9+ ^u sy/em 7z 8 lett]s#abe tell u t he did7 f publi%+ any doctr9es 9 8 own "n4 ,footnote #abc3 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! treatise ( ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill ,on ,lib]ty1 :]e ?is important topic is discuss$ 9 a mann] equally pr(\nd & enlight5$4 ,! co-exi/5ce ( individual reason]s enquir+ & philosophis+ = !mselves1 ) ! fix$ op9ions ( ! majority1 is "o ( ! ma9 conditions :i* di/+ui% a progressive f a /ation>y community4 ,footnote #abd3 ,plat4 ,apol4 ,sokr4 pp4 #ba-bb-bc-bh ,e4 ,greek3 t\ de !\ ta_/ttontos1 7s e7g 7_/?n te kai u7pe_/labon1 philoph\nta me dein zn kai e7xeta_/zonta e7mauto_/n te kai t\s a7_/ll\s1 c4 ,footnote #abe3 ,plat4 ,epi/4 ii4 #cad ,b4 ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann 7,ueb] ,platon's ,s*rift/ell]is*e ,motive1 p4 #bij7 treats any su* prud5tial discretion1 9 respect to ! =m & mode ( putt+ =w>d unpopul> op9ions1 z unwor?y ( ,plato1 & wor?y only ( ,protagoras & o!r ,sophi/s4 ,i diss5t f ?is op9ion altoge!r4 ,we "k t ,protagoras 0 v circumspect z to =m 7,timon ap4 ,sext4 ,emp4 adv4 ,ma!mat4 ix4 s4 #eg72 b ! passage ( ,plato cit$ by ,h]mann does n prove x4 ,side-note3 ,importance ( ma9ta9+ ! utmo/ lib]ty ( discussion4 ,t5d5cy ( all rul+ or?odoxy t[>ds intol]ance4 ,z a man diss5t+ f receiv$ op9ions1 ,sokrates _h 8 pa? m>k$ out 9 ! field ( philosophy or individual speculation4 ,to su* a m9d z 81 ! fulle/ lib]ty ought to be left1 ( pr(ess+ & def5d+ 8 own op9ions1 z well z ( combat+ o!r op9ions1 accr$it$ or n1 :i* he may consid] false or unc]tifi$4#abf ,! public guidance ( ! /ate ?us falls to "o class ( m9ds1 ! activity ( speculative discussion to ano!r2 ?\gh accid5t may produce1 "h & !re1 a sup]ior individual1 compreh5sive or dext]\s en\gh to suffice = bo?4 ,b ! ma9 desid]atum is t ?is fre$om ( discussion %\ld exi/3 t room %all be made1 & enc\ragem5t held out1 to ! claims ( individual reason1 & to ! full publication ( all d\bts or op9ions1 be !y :at !y may3 t ! natural t5d5cy ( all rul+ =ce1 :e!r 9 few or 9 _m h&s1 to p]petuate _! own dogmas by proscrib+ or sil5c+ all h]etics & que/ion]s1 may be neutralis$ z f> z possible4 ,! great expansive vig\r ( ! ,greek m9d--! sympa?y felt among ! be/ v>ieties ( ,greeks = intellectual sup]iority 9 all its =ms--& ! privilege ( free spee* 7,greek3 p>7r7si_/a71 on :i* ! democratical citiz5s ( ,a!ns prid$ !mselves--did 9 fact neutralise v consid]ably ^! t5d5cies 9 ,a!ns4 ,a great] & m durable lib]ty ( philosophis+ 0 procur$ = ,a!ns1 & ?r\gh ,a!ns = ,greece g5]ally1 ?an _h ev] be5 kn[n be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,footnote #abf3 ,s ,sokrates also says 9 ! ,platonic ,apology1 pp4 #ca-cb4 ,greek3 ,ou7 gar e7_//9 o7_//is a7n?r_/pn s?_/setai ou7_/te u7min ou7_/te a7_/ll pl_/!i ou7d5i gnsi_/s e7nanti\_/m5os1 kai diaklu_/n polla a7_/dika kai p>a_/noma e7n t po_/lei gi_/gne/hai2 a7ll' a7nagkaio_/n e7/i ton t o7_/nti ma*\_/m5on u7per t\ dikai_/ou1 kai ei7 me_/llei o7li_/gon *ro_/non s?_/se/hai1 i7diteu_/e9 a7lla m dmosieu_/e94 ,! read] w f9d ! speculative individuality ( ,sokrates illu/rat$ 9 ! sixty-eigh? *apt] ( my ,hi/ory ( ,greece4 ,! anti!sis ( ! philosophis+ or speculative life1 aga9/ ! rhetorical1 political1 =5sic life--:i* is put s mu* to ! advantage ( ! =m] by ,plato 9 ! ,gorgias1 ,!ttus 7p4 #agc1 seq471 & else:]e 0 ! !me ( ,cic]o's lo/ dialogue call$ ,hort5sius3 :]e9 ,hort5sius 0 introduc$ plead+ ! cause aga9/ philosophy1 7see ,orelli1 ,fragm4 ,cic]on4 pp4 #dgi-dhj71 :ile ! o!r speak]s 7 provid$ by ,cic]o ) argum5ts ma9ly 9 def5ce ( philosophy1 p>tly also aga9/ rhetoric4 ,! competition betwe5 ! tea*]s ( rhetoric & ! tea*]s ( philosophy cont9u$ to be n m]ely animat$ b bitt]1 f ,plato d[nw>d ?r\gh\t ! ,cic]onian age4 7,cic]o1 ,de ,orat4 i4 #de-df-dg-ge1 c47 ,we read 9 ! treatise ( ,plut>* aga9/ ! ,epikurean ,koltes1 an acrimoni\s invective aga9/ ,epikurus & 8 foll[]s1 = recomm5d+ a s*eme ( life su* z to )draw m5 f active political functions 7,plut>*1 adv4 ,kolt4 pp4 #aabe ,c1 #aabg-aabh72 ! l also 9 8 o!r treatise1 ,non ,posse ,suavit] ,vivi secundum ,epicurum4 ,b ,plut>* at ! same "t speaks z if ,epikurus 7 ! only philosoph] :o _h recomm5d$ ?is1 & z if all ! o!r philosoph]s _h recomm5d$ an active life2 nay1 he talks ( ,plato among ! philosoph]s actively engag$ 9 practical re=matory legislation1 ?r\gh ,dion & ! pupils ( ! ,academy 7p4 #aabf1 ,b1 ,c74 ,"h ,plut>* mi/akes3 ! ,platonic t5d5cies 7 q diff]5t f :at he supposes4 ,! ,gorgias & ,!ttus en=ce ^u ! philosoph] a life q ap>t f politics1 pursu+ 8 own c\rse1 & n m$dl+ ) o!rs--,greek3 philoso_/ph\ ta au7t\ pra_/xantos kai ou7 polupragmon_/santos e7n t bi_/ 7,gorg4 #ebf ,c72 :i* is ! same advice z ,epikurus gave4 ,x is set =? eloqu5tly 9 ! poetry ( ,lucretius1 b x _h be5 set =? previ\sly1 n less eloqu5tly1 9 ! rhetoric ( ,plato4 ,side-note3 ,issue betwe5 philosophy & rhetoric--n satisfactorily h&l$ by ,plato4 ,inju/ice done to rhetoric4 ,ignoble mann] 9 :i* x is pres5t$ by ,polus & ,kallikls4 ,?is anti!sis ( ! philosophical life to ! rhetorical or political1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! ,platonic ,gorgias4 ,b :5 we foll[ ! plead+s ^u :i* ,plato re/s ?is gr& issue1 & ! l9e :i* he draws betwe5 ! two functions1 we f9d mu* t is unsatisfactory4 ,s9ce ,plato himself pleads bo? sides ( ! case1 he is b\nd 9 fairness to set =? ! case :i* he attacks 7t ( rhetoric71 z x w\ld be put by compet5t & hon\rable advocates--by ,p]ikles1 = example1 or ,demo/h5es1 or ,isokrates1 or ,qu9tilian4 ,he does ?is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! dialogue1 c>ri$ on by ,sokrates ) ,gorgias4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ portions--c>ri$ on ) ,plus & ,kallikls1 & occupy+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole--he alt]s ! "* ( ! def5ce1 & m]ges x 9 e?ical !ories :i* ,p]ikles1 _h he be5 ! def5d]1 w\ld n only h put aside z misplac$1 b disav[$ z untrue4 ,p]ikles w\ld h li/5$ ) mix$ surprise & ang]1 if he _h he>d any "o utt] ! mon/r\s ass]tion :i* ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,polus--,t rhetors1 l despots1 kill1 impov]i%1 or expel any citiz5 at _! pleasure4 ,?\gh ,p]ikles 0 ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ,a!nian rhetors1 yet he _h to cont5d all 8 life aga9/ fi]ce opposition f o!rs1 & 0 ev5 f9$ dur+ 8 la/ ye>s4 ,he w\ld h>dly h und]/ood h[ an ,a!nian citiz5 c\ld h made any ass]tion s completely falsifi$ by all ! hi/ory ( ,a!ns1 respect+ ! omnipot5ce ( ! rhetors4 ,aga91 if he _h he>d ,kallikls proclaim+ t ! /rong giant _h a natural "r to satiate all 8 desires at ! co/ ( ! weak] ,_m--& t ^! latt] s9n$ aga9/ ,nature :5 !y took precautions to prev5t him--,p]ikles w\ld h prote/$ aga9/ ! proclamation z emphatically z ,plato4#abg ,footnote #abg3 ,p]ikles might inde$ h ref]r$ to 8 own panegyrical oration 9 ,?ucydides1 ii4 #cg4 ,side-note3 ,p]ikles w\ld h accept$ ! def5ce ( rhetoric1 z ,plato has put x into ! m\? ( ,gorgias4 ,if we suppose ,p]ikles to h und]tak5 ! def5ce ( ! rhetorical elem5t at ,a!ns1 aga9/ ! dialectic elem5t repres5t$ by ,sokrates1 he w\ld h accept$ x1 ?\gh n a position ( 8 own *oos+1 on ! foot+ on :i* ,plato places x 9 ! m\? ( ,gorgias3 ,rhetoric is an eng9e ( p]suasion address$ to num]\s assembl$ auditors3 x ensures fre$om to ! city 7?r\gh ! free ex]cise ( su* a gift by _m compet+ orators7 & political asc5d5cy or comm& to ! able/ rhetor4 ,x ?us conf]s great p[] on him :o possesses x 9 ! highe/ measure3 b he ought by no means to employ t p[] = unju/ purposes4 ,x is v probable t ,p]ikles might h recomm5d$ rhetorical /udy to ,sokrates1 z a means ( def5d+ himself aga9/ unju/ accusations1 & ( acquir+ a c]ta9 measure ( influ5ce on public affairs4#abh ,b he w\ld h di/+ui%$ c>efully 7z ,horace does7 betwe5 def5d+ y\rself aga9/ unju/ attacks1 & mak+ unju/ attacks ^u o!rs3 ?\gh ! same weapon may suit = bo?4 ,footnote #abh3 ,horat4 ,satir4 ii4 #a1 #ci-- ,hic /ilus haud petet ultro ,quemquam animantem2 et me veluti cu/odiet ensis ,vag9 tectus2 quem cur de/r+]e con]1 ,tutus ab infe/is latronibus8 ,oh pat] et rex ,jupit]6 ut p]eat positum rubig9e telum1 ,nec quisquam noceat cupido mihi pacis6 ,at ille ,qui me commrit 7melius non tang]e6 clamo7 ,flebit1 et insignis tot cantabitur urbe4 ,we ne$ only read ! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon 7ii4 #i71 to see t ! hi/orical ,sokrates judg$ ( ^! matt]s diff]5tly f ! ,platonic ,sokrates ( ! ,gorgias4 ,kriton compla9$ to ,sokrates t life 0 difficult at ,a!ns = a quiet man :o wi%$ only to m9d 8 own bus9ess 7,greek3 ta e7aut\ pra_/tte972 because !re 7 p]sons :o br\ght unju/ actions at law aga9/ him1 = ! purpose ( extort+ money to buy !m (f4 ,! ,platonic ,sokrates ( ! ,gorgias w\ld h repli$ to him3 ,nev] m9d3 y are j1 & ^! assailants are unju/3 !y are by _! own conduct entail+ ^u !mselves a t]rible di/emp]1 f :i*1 if y leave !m unpuni%$1 !y w suff] all _! lives3 !y injure !mselves m ?an !y injure y4 ,b ! hi/orical ,sokrates 9 ,x5ophon replies 9 q ano!r _s4 ,he advises ,kriton to look out = a clev] & active fri5d1 to atta* ?is p]son to 8 int]e/ by att5tion & fav\rs1 & to tru/ to him = keep+ (f ! assailants4 ,accord+ly1 a poor b en]getic man nam$ ,ar*$emus is f\nd1 :o takes ,kriton's "p aga9/ ! assailants1 & ev5 br+s c\nt]attacks aga9/ !m1 :i* =ce !m to leave ,kriton alone1 & to give money to ,ar*$emus himself4 ,! advice giv5 by ! ,x5ophontic ,sokrates to ,kriton is ! same 9 pr9ciple z ! advice giv5 by ,kallikles to ! ,platonic ,sokrates4 ,side-note3 ,! ,a!nian p recognise a di/9ction betwe5 ! pleasurable & ! good3 b n ! same z t :i* ,plato conceiv$4 ,f>!r1 nei!r ,p]ikles1 nor any def5d] ( free spee*1 w\ld ass5t to ! def9ition ( rhetoric--,t x is a bran* ( ! art ( flatt]y1 /udy+ ! imm$iately pleasurable1 & disreg>d+ ! good4#abi ,?is inde$ repres5ts ,plato's own s5tim5t1 & 0 true 9 ! s5se :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates assigns 79 ! ,gorgias1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,protagoras7 to ! words good & evil4 ,b x is n true 9 ! s5se :i* ! ,a!nian p & ! ,a!nian public m5 assign$ to ^? words4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r us$ ! words pleasurable & good z famili>ly z ,plato1 & _h s5tim5ts correspond+ to bo? ( !m4 ,! pleasurable & pa9ful ref]r$ to pres5t & tempor>y causes3 ! ,good & ,evil to prospective causes & p]man5t situations1 involv+ security aga9/ indef9ite future suff]+1 comb9$ ) love ( national dignity & repugnance to degradation1 z well z ) a /rong s5se ( common int]e/s & common obligations to ea* o!r4 ,to provide satisfaction = ^! common patriotic feel+s--to su/a9 ! dignity ( ! city by effective & ev5 impos+ public e/abli%m5ts1 aga9/ =eign enemies--to protect ! individual rights ( citiz5s by an equitable adm9i/ration ( ju/ice--c\nt$ 9 ! view ( ! ,a!nians z objects good & hon\rable3 :ile ! ef=ts & sacrifices necess>y = ^! p]man5t ends1 71 s f> z !y w5t1 a r5unciation ( :at !y w\ld call ! pleasurable4 ,:51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 ! ,a!nians1 act+ on ! advice ( ,p]ikles1 all[$ all ,attica to be ravag$1 & submitt$ to ! di/ress ( coop+ ! :ole population )9 ! long walls1 r ?an pur*ase peace by abnegat+ _! ,hell5ic dignity1 indep5d5ce1 & security--!y n only r5\nc$ mu* t 0 pleasurable1 b endur$ great imm$iate di/ress1 = ! sake ( :at !y reg>d$ z a p]man5t good4#acj ,eighty ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ,demo/h5es po9t$ out to !m ! gr[+ p[] & encroa*m5ts ( ! ,mac$onian ,philip1 & exhort$ !m to ! ef=ts requisite = keep+ back t =midable enemy1 :ile !re 0 yet "t--!y c\ld n be w\nd up to ! pit* requisite = affront+ s s]i\s an am\nt ( dang] & suff]+4 ,!y _h lo/ t s5se ( ,hell5ic dignity1 & t association ( self-respect ) active p]sonal soldi]%ip & sailor%ip1 :i* r5d]$ submission to an enemy ! mo/ intol]able ( all pa9s1 at ! "t :5 ,p]ikles _h address$ !m4 ,!y %ut _! eyes to an imp5d+ dang]1 :i* ultimately prov$ _! ru94 ,on bo? ^! occasions1 we h ! pleasurable & ! good br\ght into contra/ 9 ! ,a!nian m9d2 9 bo? we h ! two mo/ em95t orators ( ,grecian antiquity en=c+ ! good 9 opposition to ! pleasurable3 ! fir/ successfully1 ! la/ va9ly1 9 opposition to o!r orators4 ,footnote #abi3 ,! reply compos$ by ! rhetor ,ari/eides to ! ,gorgias ( ,plato is well des]v+ ( p]usal1 ?\gh 7l all 8 compositions7 x is v prolix & wordy4 ,see ,ari/eides1 ,orationes xlv4 & xlvi4--,greek3 ,p]ei ,r7toriks1 & ,greek3 ,u7per tn ,tetta_/rn4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! two orations he def5ds ! f\r em95t ,a!nians 7,miltiades1 ,!mi/okls1 ,p]ikls1 ,kimon7 :om ,plato disp>ages 9 ! ,gorgias4 ,ari/eides insi/s =cibly on ! p>tial & n>r[ view "h tak5 by ,plato ( p]suasion1 z a work+ =ce bo? = e/abli%+ laws & c>ry+ on gov]nm5t4 ,he rem>ks truly t !re are only two =ces betwe5 :i* ! *oice mu/ be made1 intimidation & p]suasion3 t ! sub/itution ( p]suasion 9 place ( =ce is ! great improvem5t :i* has made public & private life wor? hav+ 7,greek3 mo_/n biton 7min pepoi_/ke ton bi_/on1 ,orat4 xlv4 p4 #fd1 ,d9dorf72 t nei!r laws c\ld be discuss$ & pass$1 nor judicial trial held "u !m1 )\t ,greek3 r7torik z ! eng9e ( p]suasion 7pp4 #ff-fg-acf72 t ,plato 9 attack+ ,rhetoric _h no "r to s+le out despots & viol5t conspirators z illu/rations ( x--,greek3 ei7t' e7le_/g*e9 men b\_/letai tn r7torik_/n1 katgorei de tn tura_/nnn kai duna/n1 ta a7_/mikta mignu_/s--ti_/s gar ou7k oi7d51 o7_/ti r7torik kai turannis tos\ton a7ll_/ln ke*ri_//ai1 o7_/son to pei_/!9 t\ bia_/ze/hai 7p4 #ii74 ,he impugns ! di/9ction :i* ,plato has drawn betwe5 ,greek3 i7atrik_/1 gumna/ik_/1 kub]ntik_/1 nomo!tik_/1 c41 on ! "o side1 :i* ,plato calls ,greek3 te_/*nai1 arts or sci5ces1 & affirms to re/ on sci5tific pr9ciples--& ,greek3 r7torik_/1 mageirik_/1 c41 on ! o!r side1 :i* ,plato affirms to be only guess "w or grop+1 re/+ on empirical analogies4 ,ari/eides says t ,greek3 i7atrik & ,greek3 r7torik are 9 ?is respect bo? on a p>2 t bo? are p>tly r$ucible to rule1 b p>tly also driv5 by necessity to conjectures & analogies1 & ! physician n less ?an ! rhetor 7pp4 #de-dh-di72 :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates himself affirms 9 ano!r dialogue1 ,philbus1 p4 #ef ,a4 ,! mo/ curi\s "p ( ! argum5t ( ,ari/eides is :]e he disputes ! pr]ogative :i* ,plato _h claim$ = ,greek3 i7atrik_/1 gumna/ik_/ c41 on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ arts or r$ucible to rules4 ,! effects ( human art 7says ,ari/eides7 are mu* inf]ior to ^? ( ,greek3 !i_/a moira or div9e inspiration4 ,_m pati5ts are cur$ ( disease by human art2 b _m m are cur$ by ! responses & directions ( ! ,delphian oracle1 by ! sugge/ion ( dreams1 & by o!r v>ieties ( ! div9e prompt+1 deliv]$ ?r\gh ! ,py?ian prie/ess1 a woman altoge!r ignorant 7p4 #aa74 ,greek3 kai_/toi mikra men 7 pa_/ntas ei7duia lo_/g\s i7atrik pros tas e7k ,delphn du_/natai lu_/seis1 o7_/sai kai i7di_/a kai ko9 kai no_/sn kai pa?ma_/tn a7pantn a7n?rpi_/nn e7pha_/n?san4 ,pati5ts :o are cur$ 9 ?is way by ! ,gods )\t m$ical art1 acquire a natural impulse :i* leads !m to ! appropriate rem$y--,greek3 e7pi?umi_/a au7t\s a7_/gei e7pi to o7_/nson 7p4 #bj74 ,ari/eides says t he c himself depose--f 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce z a sick man seek+ cure1 & f p]sonal k ( _m o!r su*--h[ mu* m efficaci\s 9 heal+ is aid f ! ,gods1 giv5 9 dreams & o!r ways1 ?an advice f physicians2 :o might well %udd] :5 !y he>d ! /ories :i* he c\ld tell 7pp4 #ba-bb74 ,to und]value sci5ce & art 7he says7 is ! pr9ciple f :i* m5 />t1 :5 !y flee to ! ,gods = help--,greek3 t\ kataphugein e7pi t\s !\s s*$on a7r*_/1 to ts te_/*ns u7p]idein e7_//94 ,footnote #acj3 ,no?+ c be m at v>iance ) ! doctr9e :i* ,plato assigns to ,kallikls 9 ! ,gorgias1 ?an ! ?ree memorable spee*es ( ,p]ikles 9 ,?ucydides1 i4 #add1 ii4 #ce1 ii4 #fj1 seq4 ,all ^! spee*es are p5etrat$ ) ! deepe/ s5se ( t ,greek3 ko9ni_/a & ,greek3 phili_/a :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates extols3 n "o ( !m c\nt5ances ,greek3 pleonexi_/an1 :i* ! ,platonic ,sokrates =bids 7,gorg4 #ejh ,e74 ,greek3 ,to pro/alaiprein t d_/xanti kal 7to use ! expressive phrase ( ,?ucydides1 ii4 #ec7 0 a rem>kable feature 9 ! "* ( ! ,a!nians ( t day3 x 0 subdu$ = ! mom5t by ! ov]:elm+ mis]y ( pe/il5ce & w> comb9$4 ,side-note3 ,rhetoric 0 employ$ at ,a!ns 9 appeal+ to all ! v>i\s e/abli%$ s5tim5ts & op9ions4 ,errone\s inf]5ces rais$ by ! ,kallikls ( ,plato4 ,la/ly1 x is n m]ely ! political p[] ( ! ,a!nians t ,p]ikles employs 8 eloqu5ce to uphold4 ,he dwells also ) emphasis on ! elegance ( ta/e1 on ! intellectual =ce & activity1 :i* w>rant$ him 9 decorat+ ! city ) ! title ( ,preceptress ( ,hellas4#aca ,all ?is belongs1 n to ! pleasurable z di/+ui%$ f ! good1 b to good 7:e!r imm$iately pleasurable or n7 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se1 embrac+ ! improvem5t & ref9em5t ( ! collective m9d4 ,if ,p]ikles1 9 ?is rem>kable fun]al h>angue1 flatt]$ ! s5tim5ts ( ! p--z he d\btless did--he flatt]$ !m by k9dl+ _! aspirations t[>ds good4 ,& ,plato himself does ! same 7?\gh less nobly & p[]fully71 adopt+ ! receiv$ framework ( ,a!nian s5tim5t1 9 8 dialogue call$ ,m5ex5us1 :i* we %all come to 9 a future *apt]4 ,footnote #aca3 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #da-db4 ,greek3 xunel_/n te le_/g t_/n te pasan po_/l9 ts ,e7lla_/dos pai_/deus9 ei7nai1 c4 ,side-note3 ,! ,platonic ,idal exacts1 z good1 "s ord]1 sy/em1 discipl9e4 ,b ord] may be direct$ to bad ends z well z to good4 ,div]g5t ideas ab\t virtue4 ,! issue1 !re=e1 :i* ,plato "h takes aga9/ ,rhetoric1 mu/ /& or fall ) ! ,platonic ,idal ( ,good & ,evil4 ,b :5 he ?us d5\nces bo? ! g5]al public & ! mo/ patriotic rhetors1 to ensure exclusive wor%ip = 8 own ,idal ( ,good--we may at lea/ require t he %all expla91 :]e9 consi/s t ,good--by :at m>k x is di/+ui%able--& on :at au?ority pre-em95ce is claim$ = x4 ,s f>1 inde$1 we advance by ! help ( ,plato's similes#acb--ord]1 discipl9e1 heal? & /r5g? ( body--t we are call$ ^u to recognise1 ap>t f all p>ticul> mom5ts ( enjoym5t or suff]+1 ( action or quiesc5ce1 a c]ta9 p]man5t m5tal condition & habit--a c]ta9 ord]1 regulation1 discipl9e--z an object ( high importance to be atta9$4 ,?is 7z ,i h be=e rem>k$7 is a valuable idea :i* p]vades1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 all ! ,hell5ic social views1 f ,sokrates d[nw>d1 & ev5 be=e ,sokrates2 an idea1 moreov]1 :i* 0 common to ,p]ipatetics1 ,/oics1 ,epikureans4 ,b m5tal ord] & discipl9e is n 9 itself an end3 x may be diff]5tly ca/1 & may subs]ve _m diff]5t purposes4 ,! ,py?agorean bro!rhood 0 int5sely re/rictive 9 its canons4 ,! ,sp>tan sy/em exhibit$ ! /ricte/ ord] & discipl9e--an assemblage ( pr9ciples & habits pr$et]m9$ by au?ority & en=c$ ^u all--yet nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle approve ( its results4 ,ord] & discipl9e atta9$ full p]fection 9 ! armies ( ,julius ,caes> & ! ,fr5* ,emp]or ,napoleon2 9 ! middle ages1 also1 sev]al ( ! mona/ic ord]s /ood high 9 respect to f9i%$ discipl9e p]vad+ ! :ole "*3 & ! ,jesuits /ood high] ?an any4 ,ea* ( ^! sy/ems has includ$ t]ms equival5t to ju/ice1 temp]ance1 virtue1 vice1 c41 ) s5tim5ts associat$ !re)1 yet v diff]5t f :at ,plato w\ld h approv$4 ,! "q--,:at is ,virtue8--,vir bonus e/ quis8--w be answ]$ diff]5tly 9 ea*4 ,! ,sp>tans--:5 !y entrapp$ 7by a delusive pret5ce ( lib]ation & milit>y decoration7 two ?\s& ( _! brave/ ,helot w>riors1 & took !m (f by private assass9ations1#acc--;did n (f5d aga9/ _! own idea ( virtue1 or aga9/ ! ,platonic exig5cy ( ,ord]--,measure--,sy/em4 ,footnote #acb3 ,plat4 ,gorg4 p4 #ejd4 ,footnote #acc3 ,?ucydid4 iv4 #hj4 ,side-note3 ,h[ to discrim9ate ! "r ord] f ! wrong4 ,plato does n advise u4 ,x is !re=e altoge!r unsatisfactory1 :5 ,plato--pr(ess+ to tea* u h[ to det]m9e sci5tifically1 :i* pleasures are bad1 & :i* pa9s are good--ref]s to a durable m5tal ord] & discipl9e4 ,( su* ord] !re exi/$ hi/orically _m v>ieties2 & _m m are conceivable1 z ,plato himself has %[n 9 ! ,republic & ,leges4 ,by :at te/s is ! "r ord] to be di/+ui%$ f ! wrong8 ,if by its results1 by :at results8--calculations = m9imis+ pa9s1 & maximis+ pleasures1 be+ exclud$ by ! supposition8 ,"h ! ,sokrates ( ! ,gorgias is at fault4 ,he has n told u by :at sci5tific te/ ! intellig5t ,exp]t proce$s 9 det]m9+ :at pleasures are bad1 & :at pa9s are good4 ,he leaves su* det]m9ation to ! unsci5tific s5tim5t ( ea* society & ea* individual4 ,he has n1 9 fact1 respond$ to ! cle> & p]t95t *all5ge ?r[n out by ! ,sokrates ( ! ,protagoras4 ,side-note3 ,! ,gorgias upholds ! indep5d5ce & dignity ( ! diss5t+ philosoph]4 ,i ?9k1 = ^! reasons1 t ! logic ( ! ,gorgias is n at all on a p> ) its eloqu5ce4 ,b !re is "o peculi> feature :i* di/+ui%es x among all ! ,platonic dialogues4 ,n[h]e 9 anci5t lit]ature is ! title1 position1 & dignity ( individual diss5t+ op9ion1 e?ical & political--aga9/ e/abli%$ e?ical & political or?odoxy--s cle>ly m>k$ out & s boldly ass]t$4 ,! ,a!nians w judge z !y ?9k "r3 none b ^? speak]s :o are 9 h>mony ) !m1 h any *ance ( address+ _! public assemblies ) effect1 & acquir+ political influ5ce4 ,i1 ,sokrates1 diss5t f !m1 & h no *ance ( political influ5ce3 b ,i claim ! "r ( foll[+ out1 proclaim+1 & def5d+1 ! conclusions ( my own individual reason1 until debate satisfies me t ,i am wrong4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,ph,,don4 ,side-note3 ,! ,phdon is affirmative & expository4 ,! ,phdon is *>act]is$ by ,proklus z a dialogue :]e9 ,sokrates unfolds fully 8 own m5tal hi/ory1 & communicates to 8 admir]s ! complete range ( philosophical cognition4#a ,?is criticism is p>tly well f\nd$4 ,! dialogue g5]ally is among ! mo/ affirmative & expository 9 ! ,platonic li/4 ,sokrates und]takes to prove ! immortality ( ! s\l1 deliv]s ! v>i\s reasons :i* e/abli% ! doctr9e to 8 satisfaction1 & confutes "s diss5ti5t op9ions ent]ta9$ by o!rs4 ,9 reg>d to ! exposition1 h[ev]1 we mu/ consid] ourselves z li/5+ to ,plato "u ! "n ( ,sokrates3 & we f9d x s conduct$ z to specify bo? c]ta9 /ages ?r\gh :i* ! m9d ( ,plato _h pass$1 & ! logical process :i* 7at t "t7 appe>$ to him to c>ry conviction4 ,footnote #a3 ,proklus1 9 ,platon4 ,republ4 p4 #cib4 ,greek3 e7n ,phai_/dni men gar o7_/p\ diaph]o_/nts o7 ,skra_/ts tn e7aut\ zn a7naploi1 kai pan to ts e7pi/_/ms pl?os a7noi_/gei tois e7aut\ zltais1 c4 ,wytt5ba* ?9ks 7note1 ad p4 #ajh ,e7 t ,plato 0 "y :5 he compos$ ! ,phdon4 ,b no suffici5t gr\nds are giv5 = ?is3 & ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! dialogue af=ds good presumption t x 0 compos$ _m ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates--,greek3 7_/de 7 teleut_/1 7 ,e7*e_/krates1 t\ e7tai_/r\ 7min e7ge_/neto1 a7ndro_/s1 7s 7meis phaim5 a7_/n1 tn to_/te 7n e7peira_/?m5 a7ri_//\1 kai a7_/lls phronimta_/t\ kai dikaiota_/t\4 ,! phrase ,greek3 tn to_/te :i* may probably h slipp$ unconsci\sly f ,plato1 implies t ,sokrates belong$ to ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! dialogue und\bt$ly %[s t ,plato int5d$ to place x %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates2 b ! ^w ,greek3 to_/te at ! end is inconsi/5t ) ?is supposition1 & comes out unconsci\sly z a m>k ( ! real "t4 ,side-note3 ,situation & circum/ances assum$ 9 ! ,phdon4 ,pa!tic int]e/ :i* !y inspire4 ,! int]e/ felt by mo/ read]s 9 ! ,phdon1 h[ev]1 dep5ds1 n s mu* on ! argum5tative exposition 7:i* ,wytt5ba*#b ju/ly pron\nces to be obscure & difficult z well z unsatisfactory7 z on ! p]sonality ( ! exp\nd+ speak]1 & ! irresi/ible pa?os ( ! situation4 ,sokrates _h be5 condemn$ to dea? by ! ,dika/]y on ! day aft] ! sacr$ %ip1 memorable 9 connection ) ! leg5d>y voyage ( ,!seus to ,krete1 _h be5 dispat*$ on h] annual mission ( religi\s sacrifice at ! isl& ( ,delos4 ,! ,a!nian magi/rates consid]$ !mselves z preclud$ f putt+ any "o to dea? by public au?ority1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! %ip on ?is mission4 ,?irty days elaps$ betwe5 h] dep>ture & h] return3 dur+ all :i* int]val1 ,sokrates rema9$ 9 ! prison1 yet ) full p]mission to 8 fri5ds to visit him4 ,!y pass$ mo/ ( e day 9 ! enjoym5t ( 8 conv]sation4#c ,9 ! ,phdon1 we read ! la/ ( ^! conv]sations1 aft] ! sacr$ vessel _h return$1 & aft] ! ,elev5 magi/rates _h ann\nc$ to ,sokrates t ! draught ( hemlock w\ld be adm9i/]$ to him be=e sunset4 ,on communicat+ ?is intellig5ce1 ! magi/rates releas$ ,sokrates f ! fett]s ) :i* he _h hi!rto be5 b\nd4 ,x is %ortly aft] su* release t ! fri5ds ent] ! prison to see him = ! la/ "t4 ,"o ( ! numb]1 ,phdon1 rec\nts to ,e*ekrats n only ! conduct & disc\rse ( ,sokrates dur+ ! clos+ h\rs ( 8 life1 b also ! swall[+ ( ! poison1 & ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ! ,prolegom5a prefix$ to ,wytt5ba*'s edition ( ! ,phdon1 p4 xxi4 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #c3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #eh-ej4 ,x appe>s t ,kriton became bail be=e ! ,dika/s1 9 a c]ta9 sum ( money1 t ,sokrates %\ld rema9 9 prison & n escape 7,plat4 ,phdon1 p4 #aae ,d2 ,kriton1 #de ,b74 ,kriton w\ld h be5 oblig$ to pay ?is money if ,sokrates _h accept$ 8 proposition to escape1 notic$ already 9 *ap4 x4 ,side-note3 ,simmias & ,kebs1 ! two collocutors ) ,sokrates4 ,_! feel+s & ^? ( ,sokrates4 ,m ?an fifte5 fri5ds ( ! philosoph] are not$ z pres5t at ?is la/ sc5e3 b ! only two :o take an active "p 9 ! debate1 are1 two "y ,!bans nam$ ,kebs & ,simmias4#d ,^! fri5ds1 ?\gh deeply atta*$ to ,sokrates1 & full ( sorr[ at ! irrep>able loss imp5d+ ov] !m1 are repres5t$ z ov]aw$ & fasc9at$ by 8 p]fect fe>lessness1 s]5ity & dignity4#e ,!y are a%am$ to give v5t to _! grief1 :5 _! ma/] is se5 to ma9ta9 8 ord9>y frame ( m9d1 nei!r disquiet$ nor dissatisfi$4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( ! dialogue is1 to repres5t ,sokrates z ! same man t he 0 be=e 8 trial2 unmov$ by ! situation--n feel+ t any mis=tune is ab\t to happ5 to him--equally delight+ 9 intellectual debate--equally f]tile 9 dialectic inv5tion4 ,s mu* does he c>e = debate1 & s little = ! imp5d+ cata/rophe1 t he p]si/s 9 a great argum5tative ef=t1 not)/&+ ! intimation convey$ by ,kriton f ! gaol]1 t if he heat$ himself ) talk+1 ! poison might p]haps be languid 9 its op]ation1 s t two or ?ree draughts ( x w\ld be necess>y in/ead ( "o4#f ,sokrates ev5 advances ! position t dea? appe>s to him z a b5efit r ?an a mis=tune1 & t e true philosoph] ought to pref] dea? to life1 assum+ x to sup]v5e )\t 8 own act--suicide be+ =bidd5 by ! ,gods4 ,he is repres5t$ z placidus ore1 intrepidus v]bis2 intempe/ivas suorum lacrimas co]c5s--to borr[ a phrase f ,tacitus's /rik+ picture ( ! la/ h\rs ( ! ,emp]or ,o?o4#g ,to see him ?us undi/urb$1 & ev5 welcom+ 8 approa*+ end1 some:at hurts ! feel+s ( 8 assembl$ fri5ds1 :o are 9 ! deepe/ affliction at ! c]ta9ty ( s soon los+ him4 ,sokrates und]takes to def5d himself be=e !m z he _h done be=e ! ,dika/s2 & to %[ good gr\nds = 8 belief1 t dea? is n a mis=tune1 b a b5efit1 to ! philosoph]4#h ,simmias & ,kebs1 ?\gh at fir/ n satisfi$ ) ! reason+s1 are nev]!less reluctant to produce _! d\bts1 f fe> ( mortify+ him 9 8 la/ mom5ts3 b ,sokrates prote/s aga9/ su* reluctance z f\nd$ on a misconception ( 8 exi/+ frame ( m9d4#i ,he is n[ ! same man z he 0 be=e1 & he calls ^u !m to keep up ! fre$om ( debate unimpair$4 ,footnote #d3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #ei ,b1 #hi ,a4 ,greek3 tn neani_/skn ton lo_/gon1 c4 7p4 #hi ,a74 ,footnote #e3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #eh-ei4 ,footnote #f3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #fc ,d4 ,footnote #g3 ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #dh4 ,footnote #h3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #i3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #hd ,d-,e4 ,side-note3 ,emphasis ( ,sokrates 9 insi/+ on fre$om ( debate1 active ex]cise ( reason1 & indep5d5t judgm5t = ea* reason]4 ,inde$ ?is fre$om ( debate & fulness ( se>*--! p>am\nt value ( reason$ tru?--! necessity ( keep+ up ! =ce ( individual reason by con/ant argum5tative ex]cise--& ! "r ( indep5d5t judgm5t = he>] z well z speak]--/& emphatically proclaim$ 9 ^! la/ words ( ! dy+ philosoph]4 ,he does n ann\nce ! immortality ( ! s\l z a dogma ( imp]ative or?odoxy2 :i* m51 :e!r satisfi$ ) ! pro(s or n1 mu/ believe1 or mu/ make pr(ession ( believ+1 on pa9 ( be+ %unn$ z a moral pe/il5ce1 & disqualifi$ f giv+ te/imony 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,he sets =? 8 own conviction1 ) ! gr\nds on :i* he adopts x4 ,b he expressly recognises ! exi/5ce ( diss5ti5t op9ions3 he invites 8 companions to br+ =w>d e objection3 he disclaims all special purpose ( impress+ 8 own conclusions ^u _! m9ds3 nay1 he expressly w>ns !m n to be biass$ by _! p]sonal sympa?ies1 !n w\nd up to ! highe/ pit*1 t[>ds himself4 ,he entreats !m to pres]ve !mselves f becom+ t+$ ) misology1 or ! hatr$ ( free argum5tative discussion3 & he ascribes ?is m5tal vice to ! e>ly habit ( easy1 un9quir+1 implicit1 belief3 s9ce a man ?us ready ( fai?1 embrac+ op9ions )\t any discrim9ative te/1 pres5tly f9ds himself driv5 to ab&on "o op9ion aft] ano!r1 until at la/ he mi/ru/s all op9ions1 & hates ! process ( discuss+ !m1 lay+ ! blame ^u philosophy in/ead ( ^u 8 own intellect4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #hi ,c-,d1 #ij4 ,greek3 ,prton eu7lab?me_/n ti pa_/?os m pa_/?m54 ,to poion1 7n d' e7g_/8 ,m g5_/me?a1 7 d' o7_/s1 miso_/logoi1 7_/sp] oi7 misa_/n?rpoi gigno_/m5oi2 7s ou7k e7_//91 e7_/ph1 o7_/1 ti a7_/n tis meizon t\_/t\ kakon pa_/?oi 7 lo_/g\s mis_/sas4 p4 #ij ,b4 ,greek3 e7peida_/n tis pi/eu_/s lo_/g t9i a7l!i ei7nai1 a7_/neu ts p]i t\s lo_/g\s te_/*ns1 ka7_/peita o7li_/gon u7_//]on au7t d_/x pseuds ei7nai1 e7ni_/ote men 7_/n1 e7ni_/ote d' ou7k 7_/n1 kai au7?is e7_/t]os kai e7_/t]os1 c4 ,side-note3 ,anxiety ( ,sokrates t 8 fri5ds %all be on _! gu>d aga9/ be+ influ5c$ by 8 au?ority--t !y %all foll[ only ! convictions ( _! own reason4 ,= myself 7says ,sokrates7 ,i fe> t 9 ^! my la/ h\rs ,i dep>t f ! true _s ( philosophy--l uns*ool$ m51 :o1 :5 9 debate1 ?9k sc>cely at all h[ ! real "q /&s1 b c>e only to make _! own views triumphant 9 ! m9ds ( ! auditors4 ,betwe5 !m & me !re is only ?us mu* ( diff]5ce4 ,i reg>d x z a matt] ( second>y consequ5ce1 :e!r my conclusions appe> true to my he>]s2 b ,i %all d my be/ to make !m appe> z mu* z possible true to myself4#aa ,my calculation is z foll[s3 m>k h[ selfi% x is4 ,if my conclusion z to ! immortality ( ! s\l is true1 ,i am bett] (f by believ+ x3 if ,i am 9 error1 & dea? be ! end ( me1 ev5 !n ,i %all avoid importun+ my fri5ds ) grief1 dur+ ^! few rema9+ h\rs3 moreov] my error w n cont9ue ) me--:i* w\ld h be5 a real mis=tune--b w be ext+ui%$ v %ortly4 ,su* is ! frame ( m9d1 ,simmias & ,kebs1 ) :i* ,i approa* ! debate4 ,d y foll[ my advice3 take little ?\ght ( ,sokrates1 b take mu* m ?\ght ( ! tru?4 ,if ,i appe> to y to affirm any ?+ truly1 ass5t to me3 b if n1 oppose me ) all y\r p[]s ( reason+3 ,be on y\r gu>d le/1 ?r\gh e>ne/ zeal1 ,i %\ld deceive alike myself & y1 & %\ld leave ! /+ 9 y1 l a bee1 at ?is h\r ( dep>ture4 ,footnote #aa3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ia ,a-,c4 ,greek3 ,ou7 gar o7_/ps tois p>\s9 a7 e7g le_/g d_/xei a7l? ei7nai1 pro?um_/somai1 ei7 m ei7_/ pa_/r]gon1 a7_/ll' o7_/ps au7t e7moi o7_/ ti ma_/li/a d_/zei ou7_/ts e7_/*e94 logi_/zomai ga_/r1 7 phi_/le e7_/taire--kai !_/asai 7s pleonektiks--ei7 men tug*a_/nei a7l? o7_/nta a7 le_/g1 kals d e7_/*ei to pei/hnai2 ei7 de mde_/n e7/i teleut_/santi1 a7ll' ou7n t\to_/n ge ton *ro_/non au7ton ton pro t\ ?ana_/t\ 7tton tois p>\s9 a7ds e7_/somai o7duro_/m5os 4 4 4 u7meis me_/ntoi1 a7n e7moi pei_/?/he1 smikron phronti_/santes ,skra_/t\s1 ts de a7l!i_/z polu mallon1 e7an me_/n ti u7min dok a7l!s le_/ge91 xunomolog_/sate2 ei7 de m_/1 panti lo_/g a7ntitei_/nete1 eu7lab\_/m5oi o7_/ps m e7g u7po pro?umi_/z a7_/ma e7mauto_/n te kai u7mas e7xapat_/sas1 7_/sp] me_/litta to ke_/ntron e7gkatalipn oi7*_/somai4 ,side-note3 ,rem>kable manife/ation ( e>ne/ int]e/ = reason$ tru? & ! lib]ty ( individual diss5t4 ,?is is a rem>kable passage1 z illu/rat+ ! _s & purpose ( ,platonic dialogues4 ,9 my prec$+ ,*apt]s1 ,i h already %[n1 t x is no "p ( ! aim ( ,sokrates to ?ru/ dogmas ( 8 own into o!r m5's m9ds z articles ( fai?4 ,b !n1 mo/ ( ^! ,*apt]s h dwelt ^u ,dialogues ( ,se>*1 9 :i* ,sokrates has appe>$ z an int]rogator1 or enquir] jo9tly ) o!rs3 scrut9is+ _! op9ions1 b disclaim+ k or op9ions ( 8 own4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,phdon1 ! case is altoge!r diff]5t4 ,sokrates is depict$ z hav+ n only an affirmative op9ion1 b ev5 /rong conviction1 on a subject ( great mom5t3 :i* conviction1 moreov]1 he is especially desir\s ( pres]v+ unimpair$1 dur+ 8 few rema9+ h\rs ( life4 ,yet ev5 "h1 he manife/s no anxiety to get t conviction into ! m9ds ( 8 fri5ds1 except z a result ( _! own indep5d5t scrut9y & self-work+ reason4 ,n only he does n attempt to t]rify !m into believ+1 by m5ace ( evil consequ5ces if !y d n--b he repudiates po9t$ly ev5 ! g5tl] ma*9]y ( conv]sion1 :i* might "w ^u _! m9ds ?r\gh atta*m5t to himself & rev]5ce = 8 au?ority4 ,8 devotion is to reason$ tru?3 he *all5ges 8 fri5ds to ! fulle/ scrut9y by _! own indep5d5t reason3 he recognises ! s5t5ce :i* !y pron\nce aft]w>ds z valid = !m1 :e!r concurr5t ) himself or adv]se4 ,_! reason is = !m1 :at 8 reason is = him3 requir+1 bo? alike 7z ,sokrates "h proclaims71 to be /imulat$ z well z controll$ by all-se>*+ debate--b po/ulat+ equal lib]ty ( f9al decision = ea* "o ( ! debat]s4 ,! /ress laid by ,plato ^u ! full lib]ty ( diss5t+ reason1 ess5tial to philosophical debate--is "o ( ! mo/ memorable *>act]i/ics ( ! ,phdon4 ,:5 we come to ! treatise ,de ,legibus 7:]e ,sokrates does n appe>71 we %all f9d a totally opposite view ( s5tim5t4 ,9 ! t5? book ( t treatise ,plato en=ces ! rigid c5sor%ip ( an or?odox p]secutor1 :o makes 8 own reason b9d+ & compulsory on all4 ,side-note3 ,phdon & ,symposion--po9ts ( analogy & contra/4 ,! natural c\nt]p>t & anti!sis to ! ,phdon1 is f\nd 9 ! ,symposion4#ab ,9 bo?1 ! p]sonality ( ,sokrates /&s out ) peculi> =ce3 9 ! "o1 he is 9 ! fulness ( life & enjoym5t1 along ) fe/ive comrades--9 ! o!r1 he is on ! v]ge ( approa*+ dea?1 surr\nd$ by companions 9 deep affliction4 ,! po9t common to bo?1 is1 ! p]fect self-comm& ( ,sokrates "u a div]sity ( try+ circum/ances4 ,9 ! ,symposion1 we read ( him z triumph+ ov] heat1 cold1 fatigue1 dang]1 amor\s temptation1 unmeasur$ potations ( w9e1 c43#ac 9 ! ,phdon1 we discov] him ris+ sup]ior to ! fe> ( dea?1 & to ! contagion ( an afflict$ company ar\nd him4 ,/ill1 8 resolute volition is occasionally ov]p[]$ by fits ( absorb+ m$itation1 :i* seize him at mom5ts sudd5 & unacc\ntable1 & *a9 him to ! spot = a long "t4 ,!re is moreov]1 9 bo? dialogues1 a /reak ( ecc5tricity 9 8 "*1 :i* belongs to :at ,plato calls ! philosophical inspiration & madness1 ris+ above ! measure ( human temp]ance & prud5ce4#ad ,! ,phdon depicts 9 ,sokrates ! same int5se love ( philosophy & dialectic debate1 z ! ,symposion & ,phdrus3 b x makes no allusion to t p]sonal atta*m5t1 & passionate admiration ( y\?ful beauty1 ) :i*1 accord+ to ^? two dialogues1 ! m5tal f]m5tation ( ! philosophical aspirant is ass]t$ to beg94#ae ,sokrates 9 ! ,phdon describes ! initial /eps :]eby he _h be5 l$ to philosophical /udy3#af b ! process is "o purely intellectual1 )\t ref]5ce to p]sonal conv]se ) belov$ companions1 z a necessity ( ! case4 ,8 disc\rse is t ( a man on ! po9t ( dea?--abruptis vit bl&im5tis#ag--;& he already looks ^u 8 body1 n z furni%+ ! means ( action & z requir+ only to be tra9$ by gymna/ic discipl9e 7z x appe>s 9 ! ,republic71 b z an importunate & deprav+ companion1 ( :i* he is glad to get rid3 s t ! e!real sub/ance ( ! s\l may be left to its free expansion & fell[%ip ) ! intelligible _w1 ap>t f s5se & its solicitations4 ,footnote #ab3 ,?us f> ,i agree ) ,s*lei]ma*] 7,e9leitung zum ,phdon1 p4 #i1 c472 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k t he has %[n suffici5t gr\nd = 8 !ory reg>d+ ! ,symposion & ! ,phdon1 z jo9tly int5d$ to depict ! "* ( ! philosoph]1 promis$ by ,plato z a sequel to ! ,sophi/ & ! ,/atesman4 7,plato1 ,sophi/4 p4 #bag2 ,politic4 p4 #beg47 ,footnote #ac3 ,plato1 ,symposion1 pp4 #bad ,a1 #bai ,d1 #bbj-bba-bbc ,d3 comp>e ,phdon1 p4 #aaf1 c4 #aag4 ,m>cus ,anton9us 7i4 #af7 comp>es on ?is po9t 8 fa!r ,anton9us ,pius to ,sokrates3 bo? 7 capable ( enjoym5t z well z ( ab/95ce1 )\t ev] los+ _! self-comm&4 ,greek3 ,e7ph>mo_/seie d' a7n au7t 7,anton9us ,p47 ,greek3 to p]i t\ ,skra_/t\s mnmoneuo_/m5on1 o7_/ti kai a7pe_/*e/hai kai a7polau_/e9 e7du_/nato t\_/tn1 7n polloi pro_/s te tas a7po*as a7/h5s1 kai pros tas a7polau_/seis e7ndotiks1 e7_/*\s94 ,to de i7s*u_/e91 kai e7_/ti k>t]ein kai e7nn_/phe9 e7kate_/r1 a7ndros e7_//9 a7_/rtion kai a7ttton psu*n e7_/*ontos4 ,footnote #ad3 ,plato1 ,symposion1 pp4 #agd-age-bbj ,c-,d4 ,comp>e ,phdon1 pp4 #hd ,c1 #ie ,e4 ,footnote #ae3 ,plato1 ,sympos4 p4 #bae ,a1 p4 #bba ,d4 ,greek3 oi7os de ou7tosi ge_/gone tn a7topi_/an a7_/n?rpos1 kai au7tos kai oi7 lo_/goi au7t\1 ou7d' e7ggus a7n eu7_/roi tis ztn1 c4 p4 #bah ,b3 ,greek3 pa_/ntes gar keko9n_/kate ts philoso_/ph\ mani_/z te kai bak*ei_/z1 c4 ,ab\t ! ,greek3 philo_/sophos mani_/a1 comp>e ,plato1 ,phdrus1 pp4 #bde-bej4 ,plato1 ,phdrus1 pp4 #bea-bec4 ,symposion1 pp4 #baj-baa4 ,greek3 o7_/tan tis a7po tnde dia to o7r?s paid]a/ein e7panin e7keino to kalon a7_/r*tai ka?oran1 c4 7#baa ,b74 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #if ,a4 ,greek3 e7g ou7n soi di_/eimi p]i au7tn ta_/ g' e7ma pa_/?1 c4 ,footnote #ag3 ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 ii4 #ec4 ,o?onis lib]tus1 hab]e se suprema ejus m&ata respondit3 ipsum viv5tem quidem relictum1 s$ sol po/]itatis cur1 et abruptis vit bl&im5tis4 ,side-note3 ,phdon--comp>$ ) ,republic & ,timu4 ,no recognition ( ! triple or l[] s\ls4 ,anti!sis betwe5 s\l & body4 ,we h "h "o peculi>ity ( ! ,phdon1 :]eby x /&s di/+ui%$ bo? f ! ,republic & ! ,timu4 ,! anti!sis on :i* x dwells is t ( ! s\l or m9d1 on "o h&--! body on ! o!r4 ,! s\l or m9d is spok5 ( z "o & indivisible3 z if x 7 an inmate unwor?ily lodg$ or imprison$ 9 ! body4 ,x is n di/ribut$ into di/9ct p>ts1 k9ds1 or v>ieties3 no m5tion is made ( t trip>tite di/ribution :i* is s mu* insi/$ on 9 ! ,republic & ,timu3--! rational or intellectual 7encephalic7 s\l1 locat$ 9 ! head--! c\rage\s or passionate 7?oracic71 betwe5 ! neck & ! diaphragm--! appetitive 7abdom9al71 betwe5 ! diaphragm & ! navel4 ,9 ! ,phdon1 ! s\l is not$ z ! seat ( reason1 intellect1 ! love ( wisdom or k1 exclusively3 all t belongs to passion & appetite1 is put to acc\nt ( ! body3#ah ?is is di/9ctly contr>y to ! ,philbus1 9 :i* dialogue ,sokrates affirms t desire or appetite _c belong to ! body1 b belongs only to ! s\l4 ,9 ,phdon1 no?+ is said ab\t ! location ( ! rational s\l1 9 ! head1--nor ab\t ! analogy betwe5 its rotations 9 ! cranium & ! cele/ial rotations 7a doctr9e :i* we read bo? 9 ! ,timu & 9 ! ,republic73 on ! contr>y1 ! s\l is affirm$ to h lo/1 ?r\gh its conjunction ) ! body1 t wisdom or k :i* x possess$ dur+ its /ate ( pre-exi/5ce1 :ile completely ap>t f ! body1 & :ile 9 comm]ce ) ^? invisible ,ideas to :i* its own sep>ate nature 0 cognate4#ai ,t contr\l :i* 9 ! ,republic is ex]cis$ by ! rational s\l ov] ! passionate & appetitive s\ls1 is 9 ! ,phdon ex]cis$ 7?\gh imp]fectly7 by ! "o & only s\l ov] ! body4#bj ,9 ! ,republic & ,timu1 ! s\l is a trip>tite aggregate1 a community ( p>ts1 a comp\nd3 9 ! ,phdon1 ,sokrates ass]ts x to be uncomp\nd$1 mak+ ?is fact a po9t 9 8 argum5t4#ba ,aga91 9 ! ,phdon1 ! s\l is pron\nc$ to be ess5tially uni=m & incapable ( *ange3 z su*1 x is plac$ 9 anti!sis ) ! body1 :i* is p]petually *ang+3 :ile we read1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,symposion1 t s\l & body alike are 9 a con/ant & unremitt+ v>iation1 nei!r "o nor ! o!r ev] cont9u+ 9 ! same condition4#bb ,footnote #ah3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ff4 ,comp>e ,plato1 ,philbus1 p4 #ce1 ,c-,d4 ,footnote #ai3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #bj3 ,comp>e ,phdon1 p4 #id ,c-,e1 ) ,republic1 iv4 pp4 #dci ,c1 #ddj ,a1 #dda ,e1 #ddb ,c4 ,footnote #ba3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #gh4 ,greek3 a7xu_/n!ton1 monoeides 7p4 #hj ,b71 contra/$ ) ! ,greek3 tri_/a ei7d ts psu*s 7,republic1 p4 #dci74 ,9 ! ab/ract giv5 by ,alk9\s ( ! ,platonic doctr9e1 we read 9 cap4 #bd ,greek3 o7_/ti trim]_/s e7/9 7 psu* kata tas duna_/meis1 kai kata lo_/gon ta me_/r au7ts to_/pois i7di_/ois dian5e_/mtai3 9 cap4 #be t ! ,greek3 psu* is ,greek3 a7su_/n!tos1 a7dia_/lutos1 a7ske_/da/os4 ,footnote #bb3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #gi-hj2 ,symposion1 pp4 #bjg-bjh4 ,side-note3 ,diff]5t doctr9es ( ,plato ab\t ! s\l4 ,:e!r all ! ?ree s\ls are immortal1 or ! rational s\l alone4 ,! diff]5ce :i* ,i h "h not$ %[s h[ ,plato modifi$ 8 doctr9e to suit ! purpose ( ea* dialogue4 ,! trip>tite s\l w\ld h be5 f\nd inconv5i5t 9 ! ,phdon1 :]e ! argum5t requir$ t s\l & body %\ld be z %>ply di/+ui%$ z possible4 ,assum+ passion & appetite to be attributes belong+ to ! s\l1 z well z reason--,sokrates w n %ake !m (f :5 he becomes divorc$ f ! body4 ,he believes & expects t ! po/-exi/5ce ( ! s\l w be1 z its pre-exi/5ce has be51 a rational exi/5ce--a life ( intellectual contemplation & comm]ce ) ! et]nal ,ideas3 9 ?is !re is no place = passion & appetite1 :i* gr[ out ( its conjunction ) ! body4 ,! s\l "h repres5ts ,reason & ,intellect1 9 comm]ce ) _! correlates1 ! objective ,entia ,rationis3 ! body repres5ts passion & appetite z well z s5se1 9 implication ) _! correlates1 ! objects ( s5sible p]ception4#bc ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ! ,phdon2 b ,plato is n always consi/5t ) himself on ! po9t4 ,8 anci5t z well z 8 mod]n comm5tators are n agre$1 :e!r1 :5 he v9dicat$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 he meant to speak ( ! rational s\l only1 or ( ! aggregate s\l ) its ?ree p>ts z above describ$4 ,!re are passages :i* c\nt5ance bo? suppositions4#bd ,plato seems to h lean$ sometimes to ! "o view1 sometimes to ! o!r3 besides :i*1 ! view tak5 9 ! ,phdon is a ?ird1 diff]5t f bo?--viz43 ,t ! two non-rational s\ls1 ! passionate & appetitive1 are n recognis$ z exi/+4 ,footnote #bc3 ,?is is ! same anti!sis z we read 9 ,x5ophon1 ascrib$ to ,cyrus 9 8 dy+ address to 8 sons--,greek3 o7 a7_/kratos kai ka?>os n\s--to a7_/phron sma1 ,cyropd4 viii4 #g1 #bj4 ,footnote #bd3 ,alk9\s1 ,introduct4 c4 #be4 ,greek3 o7_/ti men ou7n ai7 logikai psu*ai a7?a_/natoi u7pa_/r*\si kata ton a7_/ndra t\ton1 bebai_/sait' a7_/n tis2 ei7 de kai ai7 a7_/logoi1 t\to tn a7mphisbt\me_/nn u7pa_/r*ei4 ,gal5 consid]s ,plato z affirm+ t ! two inf]ior s\ls are mortal--,greek3 ,p]i tn ts psu*s 7?n1 ,t4 iv4 p4 #ggc1 ,khn4 ,?is subject is h&l$ 9 an in/ructive ,diss]tation ( ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann--,de ,p>tibus ,anim ,immortalibus secundum ,platonem--deliv]$ at ,gtt+5 9 ! w9t] ,session1 #ahej-ahea4 ,he incl9es to ! belief t ,plato int5d$ to repres5t only ! rational s\l z immortal1 & ! o!r two s\ls z mortal 7p4 #i74 ,b ! passages :i* he produces are q suffici5t to %[1 t ,plato sometimes held "o language1 sometimes ! o!r2 & t ,gal51 :o wrote an express treatise 7n[ lo/7 to prove t ,plato 0 inconsi/5t ) himself 9 respect to ! s\l1 might h produc$ good reasons = 8 op9ion4 ,! incon/antia ,platonis 7,cic]o1 ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #ab7 mu/ be admitt$ "h z on o!r matt]s4 ,we mu/ take ! diff]5t argum5ts & doctr9es ( ,plato z we f9d !m 9 _! respective places4 ,h]mann 7p4 #d7 says ab\t ! comm5tators--,de irrationali anim1 alii ancipites hs]unt1 alii cl>is v]bis mortalem prdic>unt3 quumque ,neoplatonic sect pr9cipes1 ,num5ius et ,plot9us1 non modo brutorum1 s$ ne plant>um quidem1 animas immortalitate priv>e ausi sunt1--mox insequ5tes 9 alia omnia digressi aut plane p]ire irrationales p>tes affirm>unt1 aut m$i qudam vi +ressi1 quamvis corporum fato exemptis1 mortalitatem tam5 et ipsi tribu]unt4 ,x appe>s t ! div]g5ce ( op9ion on ?is subject began z e>ly z ,x5okrates & ,speusippus--see ,olympiodorus1 ,s*olia 9 ,phdonem1 #age4 ,! l>ge con/ruction adopt$ by ,num5ius & ,plot9us is completely borne out by a passage 9 ! ,phdon1 p4 #gj ,e4 ,i mu/ "h rem>k t ,h]mann does n note ! full ext5t ( discrepancy betwe5 ! ,phdon & ,plato's o!r dialogues1 consi/+ 9 ?is--,t 9 ! ,phdon1 ,plato suppresses all m5tion ( ! two non-rational s\ls1 ! passionate & appetitive3 insomu* t if we _h only ! ,phdon rema9+1 we %\ld n h kn[n t he _h ev] affirm$ ! triple p>tition ( ! s\l1 or ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ?ree s\ls4 ,i transcribe an int]e/+ passage f ,m4 ,degr&o1 respect+ ! belief 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( s\l1 & p>tial immortality4 ,degr&o--,hi/oire ,comp>e des ,sy/mes de ,philosophie1 vol4 i4 p4 #bac4 ,les habitans du ,?ibet1 du ,grenl&1 du nord de l',amrique admett5t deux mes3 les ,c>ibes en admett5t trois1 dont une1 dis5t-ils1 celle qui habite dans la tte1 remonte seule au pays des mes4 ,les habitans du ,grenl& croi5t d'ailleurs les mes des hommes semblables au pr9cipe de la vie des animaux3 ils suppos5t que les div]s individus peuv5t *ang] d'mes entre eux p5dant la vie1 et qu'aprs la vie ces mes excut5t de gr&s voyages1 avec t\tes sortes de fatigues et de prils4 ,les peuples du ,canada se reprs5t5t les mes s\s la =me d'ombres errantes3 les ,patagons1 les habitans du ,sud de l',asie1 croi5t ent5dre leurs voix dans l'*o3 et les anci5s ,roma9s eux-mmes n'tai5t pas trang]s cette op9ion4 ,les ,ngres s'imag95t que la de/9e de l'me aprs la vie e/ encore lie celle du corps1 et fond5t sur cette ide une f\le de pratiques4 ,side-note3 ,! life & "* ( a philosoph] is a con/ant /ruggle to emancipate 8 s\l f 8 body4 ,dea? alone enables him to d ?is completely4 ,! philosoph] 7cont5ds ,sokrates7 ought to rejoice :5 dea? comes to sev] 8 s\l altoge!r f 8 body3 because he is1 ?r\gh\t all 8 life1 /ruggl+ to sev] himself f ! passions1 appetites1 impulses & aspirations1 :i* gr[ out ( ! body2 & to )draw himself f ! p]ceptions ( ! corporeal s5ses1 :i* tea* no tru?1 & lead only to deceit or confusion3 ,he is con/antly attempt+ to d :at ! body h9d]s him f do+ completely--to prosecute pure m5tal contemplation1 z ! only way ( arriv+ at tru?3 to look at ess5ces or ?+s 9 !mselves1 by means ( 8 m9d or s\l 9 itself ap>t f ! body4#be ,until 8 m9d be purifi$ f all association ) ! body1 x _c be br\ght into contact ) pure ess5ce1 nor c 8 aspirations = k be satisfi$4#bf ,h5ce 8 :ole life is really a tra9+ or approximative practice = dea?1 :i* alone w enable him to realise su* aspirations4#bg ,k or wisdom is ! only money 9 :i* he computes1 & :i* he seeks to receive 9 paym5t4#bh ,he is n c\rage\s or temp]ate 9 ! ord9>y s5se3 = ! c\rage\s man1 :ile hold+ dea? to be a great evil1 braves x f fe> ( great] evils--& ! temp]ate man ab/a9s f v>i\s pleasures1 because !y ei!r %ut him out f great] pleasures1 or entail ^u him disease & pov]ty4 ,! philosoph] is c\rage\s & temp]ate1 b f a diff]5t motive3 8 philosophy purifies him f all ^! s5sibilities1 & makes him indiff]5t to all ! pleasures & pa9s aris+ f ! body3 ea* ( :i*1 9 proportion to its int5sity1 corrupts 8 p]ception ( tru? & falsehood1 & misguides him 9 ! se>* = wisdom or k4#bi ,:ile 9 ! body1 he feels imprison$1 unable to look = k except ?r\gh a n>r[ grat+ & by ! deceptive m$ia ( s5se4 ,f ?is durance philosophy p>tially lib]ates him1--purify+ 8 m9d1 l ! ,orphic or ,dionysiac religi\s my/]ies1 f ! contagion ( body#cj & s5se3 dis5gag+ x1 z f> z may be dur+ life1 f sympa?y ) ! body3 & translat+ x out ( ! _w ( s5se1 unc]ta9ty1 & m]e op9ion1 into ! invisible region ( tru? & k4 ,if su* purification has be5 fully a*iev$1 ! m9d ( ! philosoph] is at ! mom5t ( dea? ?or\ghly sev]$ f ! body1 & passes clean away by itself1 into comm]ce ) ! intelligible ,entities or realities4 ,footnote #be3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ff ,e4 ,greek3 ei7 me_/llome_/n pote ka?>s ti ei7_/se/hai1 a7pallakte_/on au7t\ 7t\ s_/matos7 kai au7t t psu* !ate_/on au7ta ta pra_/gmata4 ,footnote #bf3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #fg ,b4 ,greek3 m ka?> gar ka?>\ e7pha_/pte/hai m ou7 !miton 74 ,footnote #bg3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #fd ,a4 ,greek3 k9duneu_/ousi gar o7_/soi tug*a_/n\s9 o7r?s a7pto_/m5oi philosophi_/z lel!_/nai t\s a7_/ll\s o7_/ti ou7den a7_/llo au7toi e7pitdeu_/ous9 7 a7po?n_/ske9 te kai te?na_/nai4 ,p4 #fg ,e ,greek3 oi7 o7r?s philosoph\ntes a7po?n_/ske9 melets94 ,footnote #bh3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #fi ,a4 ,greek3 a7ll' 7 e7keino mo_/non to no_/misma o7r?o_/n1 a7n?' ou7 dei a7_/panta tauta katalla_/tte/hai1 phro_/nsis4 ,footnote #bi3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #fi-hc-hd4 ,footnote #cj3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #hb ,e4 ,side-note3 ,s\ls ( ! ord9>y or unphilosophical m5 pass aft] dea? into ! bodies ( diff]5t animals4 ,! philosoph] alone is reliev$ f all communion ) body4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! s\l or m9d ( ! ord9>y man1 :i* has und]gone no purification & rema9s 9 close implication ) ! body1 _c get completely sep>at$ ev5 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 b rema9s encru/$ & weigh$ d[n by bodily accompanim5ts1 s z to be unfit = ^? regions to :i* m9d itself naturally belongs4 ,su* impure m9ds or s\ls are ! gho/s or %ad[s :i* haunt tombs2 & :i* become visible1 because !y cl+ to ! visible _w1 & hate ! invisible4#ca ,n be+ fit = sep>ate exi/5ce1 !y return 9 process ( "t into conjunction ) fre% bodies1 ( diff]5t species ( m5 or animals1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> temp]am5t :i* !y c>ry away ) !m4#cb ,! s\ls ( despots1 or ( viol5t & rapaci\s m51 w pass into ! bodies ( wolves or kites3 ^? ( ! glutton\s & drunk>ds1 into asses & su*-l animals4 ,a bett] fate w be res]v$ = ! j & temp]ate m51 :o h be5 socially & politically virtu\s1 b simply by habit & disposition1 )\t any philosophy or pure intellect3 = _! s\ls w pass into ! bodies ( o!r g5tle & social animals1 su* z bees1 ants1 wasps1#cc c41 or p]haps !y may aga9 return into ! human =m1 & may become mod]ate m54 ,x is ! privilege only ( him :o has und]gone ! purify+ influ5ce ( philosophy1 & :o has sp5t 8 life 9 try+ to deta* himself z mu* z possible f communion ) ! body--to be reliev$ aft] dea? f ! obligation ( fre% embodim5t1 t 8 s\l may dwell by itself 9 a region ak9 to its own sep>ate nature3 pass+ out ( ! _w ( s5se1 ( transi5t ph5om5a1 & ( m]e op9ion1 into a di/9ct _w :]e x w be 9 full pres5ce ( ! et]nal ,ideas1 ess5ces1 & tru?2 9 companion%ip ) ! ,gods1 & f> away f ! mis]ies ( humanity4#cd ,footnote #ca3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ha ,c-,d4 ,greek3 o7 d kai e7_/*\sa 7 toiau_/t psu* b>u_/netai_/ te kai e7_/lketai pa_/l9 ei7s ton o7raton to_/pon1 pho_/b t\ a7eid\s te kai ,a7_/id\1 7_/sp] le_/getai1 p]i ta mn_/mata_/ te kai t\s ta_/ph\s kul9d\me_/n1 p]i a7 d kai 7_/ph? a7_/tta psu*n skotoeid pha_/smata al4 ,greek3 skioeod phanta_/smata1 ,greek3 oi7a p>e_/*ontai ai7 toiautai psu*ai ei7_/dla1 ai7 m ka?>s a7polu!isai a7lla t\ o7rat\ mete_/*\sai1 dio kai o7rntai4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #hb-hd4 ,footnote #cc3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #hb ,a4 ,greek3 ,ou7k\n eu7daimone_//atoi kai t\_/tn ei7si kai ei7s be_/lti/on to_/pon i7o_/ntes oi7 tn dmotikn te kai politikn a7retn e7pitetdeuko_/tes1 7n d kal\si sphrosu_/nn te kai dikaiosu_/nn1 e7x e7_/?\s te kai mele_/ts gegonuian a7_/neu philosophi_/z te kai n\8 4 4 4 ,o7_/ti t\_/t\s ei7ko_/s e7/9 ei7s toi\ton pa_/l9 a7phiknei/hai politiko_/n te kai 7_/m]on ge_/nos1 7_/p\ melittn 7 sphkn 7 murm_/kn1 c4 ,footnote #cd3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #hb ,b1 #hc ,b1 #hd ,b4 ,comp>e p4 #aad ,c3 ,greek3 t\_/tn de au7tn oi7 philosophi_/a i7kans ka?ra_/m5oi a7_/neu te sma_/tn zsi to p>a_/pan ei7s ton e7_/peita *ro_/non1 c4 ,also p4 #aae ,d4 ,side-note3 ,special privilege claim$ = philosoph]s 9 ! ,phdon ap>t f ! virtu\s m5 :o are n philosoph]s4 ,su* is ! cre$ :i* ,sokrates ann\nces to 8 fri5ds 9 ! ,phdon1 z supply+ good reason = ! read9ess & satisfaction ) :i* he welcomes dea?4 ,x is ^u ! anti!sis betwe5 s\l 7or m9d7 & body1 t ! ma9 /ress is laid4 ,! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! two is repres5t$ z ! radical cause ( mis*ief3 & ! only true relief to ! s\l consi/s 9 break+ up ! p>tn]%ip altoge!r1 s z to atta9 a di/9ct1 disembodi$1 exi/5ce4 ,con=mably to ?is doctr9e1 ! l9e is *iefly drawn betwe5 ! philosoph]1 & ! multitude :o are n philosoph]s--n betwe5 good & bad ag5ts1 :5 ! good ag5ts are n philosoph]s4 ,?is la/ di/9ction is inde$ notic$1 b is kept subord9ate4 ,! unphilosophical man ( social goodness is all[$ to pass aft] dea? into ! body ( a bee1 or an ant1 in/ead ( t ( a kite or ass2#ce b he does n atta9 ! privilege ( dissolv+ connection altoge!r ) body4 ,moreov] ! di/9ction is "o n easily traceable3 s9ce ,sokrates#cf expressly rem>ks t ! l>ge majority ( mank9d are middl+ p]sons1 nei!r good nor bad 9 any m>k$ degree4 ,philosoph]s /& 9 a category by !mselves3 ap>t f ! virtu\s citiz5s1 z well z f ! middl+ & ! vici\s4 ,_! appetites & ambition are inde$ dead5$1 s t !y agree ) ! virtu\s 9 ab/a9+ f inju/ice3 b ?is is n _! *>act]i/ic feature4 ,philosophy is ass]t$ to imp>t to !m a special purification1 l t ( ! ,orphic my/]ies to ! initiat$3 deta*+ ! s\l f bo? ! body & ! _w ( s5se1 except 9 s f> z is indisp5sable = purposes ( life3 replung+ ! s\l1 z mu* z possible1 9 ! o!r _w ( intelligible ess5ces1 real =ms or ,ideas1 :i* are its own natural k9dr$ & antec$5t companions4 ,! process :]eby ?is is accompli%$ is intellectual r ?an e?ical4 ,x is ! process ( le>n+1 or 79 ! s5se ( ,sokrates7 ! revival 9 ! m9d ( ^? ess5ces or ,ideas ) :i* x _h be5 famili> dur+ its ant]ior & sep>ate life3 accompani$ by ! total ab/95ce f all o!r pleasures & temptations4#cg ,only by su* love ( le>n+1 :i* is id5tical ) philosophy 7,greek3 philo_/sophon1 philoma!s71 is ! m9d rescu$ f ! ignorance & illusions unavoidable 9 ! _w ( s5se4 ,footnote #ce3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #ha-hb4 ,footnote #cf3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ij ,a4 ,footnote #cg3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #hb-aae4--;,greek3 tas de 77donas7 p]i to man?a_/ne9 e7sp\_/dase1 c4 7p4 #aad ,e74 ,^! doctr9es1 laid d[n by ,plato 9 ! ,phdon1 be> great analogy to ! ,sanskrit philosophy call$ ,sankhy1 f\nd$ by ,kapila1 z exp\nd$ & criticis$ 9 ! treatise ( ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,/4 ,hilaire 7,mmoire sur le ,sankhy1 ,p>is1 #aheb1 pp4 #bgc-bgh7--;& ! o!r "w1 ,du ,b\ddhisme1 by ! same au?or 7,p>is1 #ahee71 pp4 #aaf-acg1 #ahg-aid1 c4 ,side-note3 ,simmias & ,kebs d n admit readily ! immortality ( ! s\l1 b are unwill+ to tr\ble ,sokrates by ask+ = pro(4 ,unabat$ int]e/ ( ,sokrates 9 rational debate4 ,9 ?us expla9+ 8 own cre$1 ,sokrates ann\nces a full conviction t ! s\l or m9d is immortal1 b he has n yet (f]$ any pro( ( x3 & ,simmias z well z ,kebs decl>e !mselves to /& 9 ne$ ( pro(4 ,bo? ( !m h[ev] are reluctant to obtrude ^u him any d\bts4 ,an opportunity is ?us provid$1 t ,sokrates may exhibit 8 undi/urb$ equanimity--8 unimpair$ argum5tative read9ess--8 ke5 anxiety n to relax ! grasp ( a subject until he has br\ght x to a satisfactory close--)\t ! lea/ ref]5ce to 8 spe$ily approa*+ dea?4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ anxiety is made manife/ 9 a turn ( ! dialogue1 rem>kable bo? = dramatic pa?os & = orig9ality4#ch ,we are ?us br\ght to ! m explicit /atem5t ( ^? reasons ^u :i* ,sokrates relies4 ,footnote #ch3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #hi ,b-,c1--! rem>k made by ,sokrates1 :5 /rok+ d[n ! head & h&l+ ! abundant hair ( ,phdon1 9 allusion to ! cutt+ (f ( all ?is hair1 :i* w\ld be among ! acts ( m\rn+ p]=m$ by ,phdon on ! morr[1 aft] ! dea? ( ,sokrates3 & ! impressive turn giv5 to ?is rem>k1 9 ref]5ce to ! solution ( ! problem !n 9 debate4 ,side-note3 ,simmias & ,kebs believe fully 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 b n 9 its po/-exi/5ce4 ,doctr9e--,t ! s\l is a sort ( h>mony--refut$ by ,sokrates4 ,if ! argum5ts :]eby ,sokrates proves ! immortality ( ! s\l are nei!r =cible nor conclusive1 n fully satisfy+ ev5 ,simmias#ci to :om !y are address$--! adv]se argum5ts1 ^u ! fai? ( :i* ! doctr9e 0 d5i$ 7z we "k x to h be5 by _m philosoph]s ( antiquity71 _c be said to be produc$ at all4 ,simmias & ,kebs are repres5t$ z ,sokratic companions1 p>tly ,py?agoreans2 desir\s to f9d ! doctr9e true1 yet ignorant ( ! pro(s4 ,bo? ( !m are e>ne/ believ]s 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 & 9 ! objective reality ( ,ideas or intelligible ess5ces4 ,simmias h[ev] adopts 9 "p ! op9ion1 n v cle>ly expla9$1 ,t ! s\l is a h>mony or mixture3 :i* op9ion ,sokrates refutes1 p>tly by "s o!r argum5ts1 p>tly by po9t+ out t x is inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( ! s\l z pre-exi/5t to ! body1 & t ,simmias mu/ make 8 election betwe5 ! two4 ,simmias elects )\t hesitation1 9 fav\r ( ! pre-exi/5ce3 :i* he affirms to be demon/rable ^u premisses or assumptions p]fectly wor?y ( tru/3 :ile ! alleg$ h>mony is at be/ only a probable analogy1 n c]tifi$ by conclusive reasons4#dj ,kebs aga91 :ile admitt+ t ! s\l exi/$ be=e its conjunction ) ! pres5t body1 & t x is suffici5tly durable to la/ ?r\gh conjunction ) _m diff]5t bodies--/ill expresses 8 appreh5sion t ?\gh durable1 x is n et]nal4 ,accord+ly1 no man c be sure t 8 pres5t body is n ! la/ ) :i* 8 s\l is de/9$ to be l9k$2 s t imm$iately on 8 dea?1 x w pass away into no?+4 ,! op9ion ( ,kebs is rem>kable1 inasmu* z x %[s h[ con/antly ! metempsy*osis1 or transition ( ! s\l f "o body to ano!r1 0 includ$ 9 all ! v>ieties ( anci5t speculation on ?is subject4#da ,footnote #ci3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ajg ,b4 ,footnote #dj3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ib4 ,footnote #da3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #hf-ie4 ,greek3 kras9 kai a7rmoni_/an1 c4 ,animam esse h>moniam complures quidem /atu]ant1 s$ aliam alii1 et div]s ratione1 says ,wytt5ba* ad ,phdon4 p4 #hf4 ,lucretius z well z ,plato impugns ! doctr9e1 iii4 #ig4 ,gal51 a great admir] ( ,plato1 ?\gh n pret5d+ to det]m9e positively :]e9 ! ess5ce ( ! s\l consi/s1 ma9ta9s a doctr9e sub/antially ! same z :at is "h impugn$--t x dep5ds ^u a c]ta9 ,greek3 krasis ( ! elem5ts & prop]ties 9 ! bodily organism--,greek3 ,p]i tn ts psu*s 7?n1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ggd-gge1 #ggi-ghb1 ed4 ,khn4 ,he compla9s mu* ( ! unsatisfactory explanations ( ,plato on ?is po9t4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates unfolds ! intellectual *anges or w&]+s ?r\gh :i* 8 m9d _h pass$4 ,be=e reply+ to ,simmias & ,kebs1 ,sokrates is describ$ z hesitat+ & reflect+ = a long "t4 ,he !n ent]s into a sket* (#db 8 own intellectual hi/ory4 ,h[ f> ! sket* z x /&s depicts ! real ,sokrates1 or ,plato himself1 or a suppos$ m9d n exactly co9cid5t ) ei!r--we _c be c]ta93 ! f9al /age h[ev] mu/ belong to ,plato himself4 ,footnote #db3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #if-ajb4 ,! foll[+ ab/ract is int5d$ only to exhibit ! tra9 ( ?\ght & argum5t pursu$ by ,sokrates2 n adh]+ to ! exact words1 nor ev5 pres]v+ ! int]locutory =m4 ,i c\ld n h provid$ room = a lit]al translation4 ,side-note3 ,fir/ doctr9e ( ,sokrates z to cause4 ,reasons :y he reject$ x4 ,y compel me 7says ,sokrates7 to discuss ?or\ghly ! cause ( g5]ation & de/ruction4#dc ,i w tell y1 if y l1 my own successive impressions on ^! subjects4 ,:5 "y1 ,i 0 amaz+ly eag] = t k9d ( k :i* p call ! inve/igation ( ,nature4 ,i ?\ght x matt] ( pride to "k ! causes ( e ?+--?r\gh :at e ?+ is ei!r g5]at$1 or de/roy$1 or cont9ues to exi/4 ,i puzzl$ myself mu* to discov] fir/ ( all su* matt]s z ^!--,is x a c]ta9 putrefaction ( ! ,hot & ! ,cold 9 ! sy/em 7z "s say71 :i* br+s ab\t ! n\ri%m5t ( animals8 ,is x ! blood ?r\gh :i* we ?9k--or air1 or fire8 ,or is x nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 b ! bra91 :i* af=ds to u s5sations ( sight1 he>+1 & smell1 out ( :i* memory & op9ion are g5]at$3 !n1 by a l process1 k is g5]at$ out ( op9ion & memory :5 p]man5tly fix$8#dd ,i tri$ to und]/& de/ructions z well z g5]ations1 cele/ial z well z t]re/rial ph5om5a4 ,b ,i accompli%$ no?+1 & end$ by fancy+ myself utt]ly unfit = ! enquiry4 ,nay--,i ev5 lo/ all ! k ( t :i* ,i _h be=e believ$ myself to und]/&4 ,= example--,f :at cause does a man gr[8 ,at fir/1 ,i _h look$ ^u ?is z evid5t--t x 0 ?r\gh eat+ & dr9k+3 fle% be+ !reby add$ to 8 fle%1 bone to 8 bone1 c4 ,s too1 :5 a tall & a %ort man 7 /&+ toge!r1 x appe>$ to me t ! =m] 0 tall] ?an ! latt] by ! head--t t5 7 m ?an eight because two 7 add$ to !m#de--t a rod ( two cubits 0 great] ?an a rod ( "o cubit1 because x project$ beyond x by a half4 ,n[--,i am satisfi$ t ,i d n "k ! cause ( any ( ^! matt]s4 ,i _c expla9 :y1 :5 "o is add$ to "o1 su* addition makes !m two2 s9ce 9 _! sep>at$ /ate ea* 0 "o4 ,9 ?is case1 x is approximation or conjunction :i* is said to make ! two3 9 ano!r case1 ! opposite cause1 disjunction1 is said also to make two--:5 "o body is bisect$4#df ,h[ two opposite causes c produce ! same effect--& h[ ei!r conjunction or disjunction c produce two1 :]e !re 7 n two be=e--,i d n und]/&4 ,9 fact1 ,i c\ld n expla9 to myself1 by ?is me?od ( rese>*1 ! g5]ation1 or de/ruction1 or exi/5ce1 ( any ?+2 & ,i look$ out = "s o!r me?od4 ,footnote #dc3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #ie ,e--#if4 ,greek3 ,ou7 phaulon pragma zteis2 o7_/ls gar dei p]i g5e_/ses kai ph?oras tn ai7ti_/an diapragmateu_/sa/hai4 e7g ou7n soi di_/eimi1 e7an b\_/l1 ta_/ g' e7ma pa_/?1 c4 ,footnote #dd3 ,phdon1 p4 #if ,b4 ,greek3 e7k de mn_/ms kai d_/xs1 lab\_/ss to 7remein1 kata tauta gi_/gne/hai e7pi/_/mn4 ,?is is ! same di/9ction betwe5 ,greek3 d_/xa & ,greek3 e7pi/_/m1 z t :i* ,sokrates gives 9 ! ,m5on1 ?\gh n ) full confid5ce 7,m5on1 pp4 #ig-ih74 ,see supr1 *ap4 xxii4 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #de3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #if ,e4 ,greek3 kai e7_/ti ge t\_/tn e7n>ge_//]a1 ta de_/ka moi e7d_/kei tn o7kt plei_/ona ei7nai1 dia to du_/o au7tois proseinai1 kai to di_/p*u t\ p*uai_/ou meizon ei7nai dia to 7mi_/sei au7t\ u7p]e_/*e94 ,footnote #df3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ig ,b4 ,side-note3 ,second doctr9e4 ,hopes rais$ by ! treatise ( ,anaxagoras4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,i he>d a man read+ out ( a book1 :i* he told me 0 ! "w ( ,anaxagoras1 ! affirmation t ,n\s 7,reason1 ,intellig5ce7 0 ! regulator & cause ( all ?+s4 ,i felt great satisfaction 9 ?is cause2 & ,i 0 conv9c$1 t if su* 7 ! fact1 ,reason w\ld orda9 e ?+ = ! be/3 s t if ,i want$ to f9d out ! cause ( any g5]ation1 or de/ruction1 or exi/5ce1 ,i _h only to enquire 9 :at mann] x 0 be/ t su* g5]ation or de/ruction %\ld take place4 ,?us a man 0 only requir$ to "k1 bo? respect+ himself & respect+ o!r ?+s1 :at 0 ! be/3 :i* k1 h[ev]1 impli$ t he mu/ also "k :at 0 worse--! k ( ! "o & ( ! o!r go+ toge!r4#dg ,i ?\ght ,i _h ?us f\nd a ma/] q to my ta/e1 :o w\ld tell me1 fir/ :e!r ! e>? 0 a disk or a sph]e1 & w\ld proce$ to expla9 ! cause & ! necessity :y x mu/ be s1 by %[+ me h[ su* arrangem5t 0 ! be/3 next1 if he said t ! e>? 0 9 ! c5tre1 w\ld proce$ to %[ t x 0 be/ t ! e>? %\ld be 9 ! c5tre4 ,respect+ ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,/>s1 ,i expect$ to he> ! l explanation ( _! movem5ts1 rotations1 & o!r ph5om5a3 t is1 h[ x 0 bett] t ea* %\ld d & suff] exactly :at ! facts %[4 ,i nev] imag9$ t ,anaxagoras1 :ile affirm+ t !y 7 regulat$ by ,reason1 w\ld put ^u !m any o!r cause ?an ?is--t x 0 be/ = !m to be exactly z !y are4 ,i presum$ t1 :5 giv+ acc\nt ( ! cause1 bo? ( ea* sev]ally & all collectively1 he w\ld d x by sett+ =? :at 0 be/ = ea* sev]ally & = all 9 common4 ,su* 0 my hope1 & ,i w\ld n h sold x = a l>ge price4#dh ,i took up eag]ly ! book ( ,anaxagoras1 & read x z quickly z ,i c\ld1 t ,i might at once come to ! k ( ! bett] & worse4 ,footnote #dg3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ig ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ei7 ou7n tis b\_/loito tn ai7ti_/an eu7rein p]i e7ka_//\1 o7_/p gi_/gnetai 7 a7po_/llutai 7 e7_//i1 t\to dein p]i au7t\ eu7rein1 o7_/p be_/lti/on au7t e7/9 7 ei7nai 7 a7_/llo o7ti\n pa_/s*e9 7 poiein2 e7k de d t\ lo_/g\ t\_/t\ ou7den a7_/llo skopein pros_/ke9 a7n?r_/p kai p]i au7t\ kai p]i tn a7_/lln1 a7ll' 7 to a7_/ri/on kai to be_/lti/on2 a7nagkaion de ei7nai ton au7ton t\ton kai to *eiron ei7de_/nai2 tn au7tn gar ei7nai e7pi/_/mn p]i au7tn4 ,footnote #dh3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ih ,b4 ,greek3 kai ou7k a7n a7p$o_/mn poll\ tas e7lpi_/das1 a7lla pa_/nu sp\d labn tas bi_/bl\s 7s ta_/*i/a oi7o_/s t' 7n a7negi_/gnskon1 i7_/n' 7s ta_/*i/a ei7dei_/n to be_/lti/on kai to *eiron4 ,side-note3 ,disappo9tm5t because ,anaxagoras did n foll[ out ! optimi/ic pr9ciple into detail4 ,di/9ction betwe5 causes effici5t & causes co-effici5t4 ,great inde$ 0 my disappo9tm5t :51 z ,i proce$$ ) ! p]usal1 ,i discov]$ t ! au?or nev] employ$ ,reason at all1 nor assign$ any causes calculat$ to regulate ?+s g5]ally3 t ! causes :i* he indicat$ 71 air1 !r1 wat]1 & _m o!r /range ag5cies4 ,! case seem$ to me ! same z if any "o1 :ile ann\nc+ t ,sokrates acts 9 all circum/ances by reason1 %\ld next attempt to assign ! causes ( ea* ( my proce$+s sev]ally3#di ,z if he affirm$1 = example1 t ! cause :y ,i am n[ sitt+ "h is1 t my body is compos$ ( bones & ligam5ts--t my bones are h>d1 & are held ap>t by commissures1 & my ligam5ts su* z to contract & relax1 clo?+ ! bones along ) ! fle% & ! sk9 :i* keeps !m toge!r--t :5 ! bones are lift$ up at _! po9ts ( junction1 ! contraction & relaxation ( ! ligam5ts makes me able to b5d my limbs--& t ?is is ! reason :y ,i am n[ seat$ "h 9 my pres5t crumpl$ attitude3 or aga9--z if1 conc]n+ ! fact ( my pres5t conv]sation ) y1 he 7 to po9t to o!r causes ( a l "*--v>ieties ( spee*1 air1 & he>+1 ) num]\s o!r simil> facts--omitt+ all ! :ile to notice ! true causes1 viz4#ej--,t inasmu* z ! ,a!nians h deem$ x be/ to condemn me1 = t reason ,i too h deem$ x be/ & mo/ righte\s to rema9 sitt+ "h & to und]go ! s5t5ce :i* !y impose4 ,=1 by ! ,dog1 ^! bones & ligam5ts w\ld h be5 long ago c>ri$ away to ,!bes or ,meg>a1 by my judgm5t ( :at is be/--if ,i _h n deem$ x m righte\s & hon\rable to /ay & affront my impos$ s5t5ce1 r ?an to run away4 ,x is altoge!r absurd to call su* ag5cies by ! "n ( causes4 ,c]ta9ly1 if a man affirms t unless ,i possess$ su* jo9ts & ligam5ts & o!r memb]s z n[ belong to me1 ,i %\ld n be able to execute :at ,i h det]m9$ on1 he w /ate no m ?an ! tru?4 ,b to say t ^! are ! causes :y ,i1 a rational ag5t1 d :at ,i am n[ do+1 in/ead ( say+ t ,i d x f my *oice ( :at is be/--?is w\ld be great c>elessness ( spee*3 imply+ t a man _c see ! di/9ction betwe5 t :i* is ! cause 9 reality1 & t )\t :i* ! cause c nev] be a cause4#ea ,x is ?is la/ :i* mo/ m51 grop+ z x 7 9 ! d>k1 call by a wrong "n1 z if x 7 itself ! cause4 ,?us "o man affirms t ! e>? is kept /ation>y 9 its place by ! rotation ( ! heav5 ar\nd x3 ano!r cont5ds t ! air und]nea? supports ! e>?1 l a p$e/al su/a9+ a broad knead+-tr\gh3 b none ( !m ev] look out = a =ce su* z ?is--,t all ^! ?+s n[ occupy t position :i* x is be/ t !y %\ld occupy4 ,^! enquir]s set no great value ^u ?is la/-m5tion$ =ce1 believ+ t !y c f9d "s o!r ,atlas /rong]1 m ev]la/+1 & m capable ( hold+ all ?+s toge!r3 !y ?9k t ! ,good & ! ,becom+ h no p[] ( b9d+ or hold+ toge!r any ?+4 ,footnote #di3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ih ,c4 ,greek3 kai moi e7_/dox5 o7moio_/taton pepon!_/nai 7_/sp] a7n ei7_/ tis le_/gn o7_/ti ,skra_/ts pa_/nta o7_/sa pra_/ttei n pra_/ttei1 ka7_/peita e7pi*eir_/sas le_/ge9 tas ai7ti_/z e7ka_//n 7n pra_/tt1 le_/goi prton men o7_/ti dia tauta nun e7n?a_/de ka_/?mai1 o7_/ti xugkeitai_/ m\ to sma e7x o7/n kai neu_/rn1 kai ta men o7/a e7/i /]ea kai diaphuas e7_/*ei *ris a7p' a7ll_/ln1 c4 ,footnote #ej3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ih ,e4 ,greek3 a7mel_/sas tas 7s a7l?s ai7ti_/z le_/ge91 o7_/ti e7pei_/d ,a7?nai_/ois e7_/doxe be_/ltion ei7nai e7m\ katapsphi_/sa/hai1 dia tauta d kai e7moi be_/ltion au7 de_/doktai e7n?a_/de ka?/hai1 c4 ,footnote #ea3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ii ,a4 ,greek3 a7ll' ai7_/tia men ta toiauta kalein li_/an a7_/topon2 ei7 de_/ tis le_/goi1 o7_/ti a7_/neu t\ ta toiauta e7_/*e9 kai o7/a kai neura kai o7_/sa a7_/lla e7_/*1 ou7k a7n oi7o_/s t' 7n poiein ta d_/xanta_/ moi1 a7l? a7n le_/goi2 7s me_/ntoi dia tauta poi1 kai tau_/t n pra_/tt1 a7ll' ou7 t t\ belti_//\ ai7re_/sei1 poll a7n kai makra r7a?umi_/a ei7_/ t\ lo_/g\4 to gar m diele_//hai oi7o_/n t' ei7nai1 o7_/ti a7_/llo me_/n ti_/ e7/i to ai7_/tion t o7_/nti1 a7_/llo d' e7keino a7_/neu ou7 to ai7_/tion ou7k a7_/n pot' ei7_/ ai7_/tion1 c4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates c\ld nei!r trace out ! optimi/ic pr9ciple = himself1 nor f9d any tea*] !re(4 ,he r5\nc$ x1 & embrac$ a ?ird doctr9e ab\t cause4 ,n[1 x is ?is sort ( cause :i* ,i w\ld gladly put myself "u any "o's tea*+ to le>n4 ,b ,i c\ld nei!r f9d any tea*]1 nor make any way by myself4 ,hav+ fail$ 9 ?is qu>t]1 ,i took ! second be/ c\rse1 & /ruck into a new pa? 9 se>* ( causes4#eb ,fatigu$ ) /udy+ objects ?r\gh my eyes & p]ceptions ( s5se1 ,i look$ out = images or reflections ( !m1 & turn$ my att5tion to words or disc\rses4#ec ,?is comp>ison is inde$ n altoge!r suitable3 = ,i d n admit t he :o inve/igates ?+s ?r\gh g5]al words1 has rec\rse to images1 m ?an he :o inve/igates s5sible facts3 b su*1 at all ev5ts1 0 ! turn :i* my m9d took4 ,lay+ d[n su* g5]al assumption or hypo!sis z ,i consid]$ to be ! /ronge/1 ,i accept$ z tru? :atev] squ>$ ) x1 respect+ cause z well z all o!r matt]s4 ,9 ?is way ,i came ^u ! inve/igation ( ano!r sort ( cause4#ed ,footnote #eb3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ii ,c-,d4 ,greek3 e7peid de tau_/ts e7/]_/?n1 kai ou7_/t' au7tos eu7rein ou7_/te p>' a7_/ll\ ma!in oi7o_/s te e7g5o_/mn1 ton deu_/t]on pl\n e7pi tn ts ai7ti_/z z_/ts9 7 pepragma_/teumai1 b\_/lei soi e7pi_/deix9 poi_/smai8 ,footnote #ec3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ii ,e4 ,greek3 i7_/ss men ou7n 7 ei7ka_/z1 tro_/pon t9a ou7k e7_/oik52 ou7 gar pa_/nu xug*r ton e7n tois lo_/gois skop\_/m5on ta o7_/nta e7n ei7ko_/si mallon skopein 7 ton e7n tois e7_/rgois4 ,footnote #ed3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ajj ,b4 ,greek3 e7_/r*omai gar d e7pi*eirn soi e7pidei_/xa/hai ts ai7ti_/z to ei7dos o7 pepragma_/teumai1 c4 ,side-note3 ,he n[ assumes ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ideas4 ,^! ideas are ! causes :y p>ticul> objects manife/ c]ta9 attributes4 ,i n[ assum$ ! sep>ate & real exi/5ce ( ,ideas by !mselves--,! ,good 9 itself or ! ,self-,good1 ,self-,beautiful1 ,great1 & all su* o!rs4 ,look :at foll[s next ^u ?is assumption4 ,if any ?+ else be beautiful1 besides ! ,self-,beautiful1 t o!r ?+ c only be beautiful because x p>takes ( ! ,self-,beautiful3 & ! same ) reg>d to o!r simil> ,ideas4 ,?is is ! only cause t ,i c accept3 ,i d n und]/& ^? o!r +5i\s causes :i* ,i he> m5tion$4#ee ,:5 any "o tells me t a ?+ is beautiful because x has a %[y col\r or figure1 ,i pay no att5tion to him1 b adh]e simply to my own affirmation1 t no?+ else causes x to be beautiful1 except ! pres5ce or p>ticipation ( ! ,self-,beautiful4 ,9 :at way su* p>ticipation may take place1 ,i _c positively det]m9e4 ,b ,i feel confid5t 9 affirm+ t x does take place3 t ?+s :i* are beautiful1 become s by p>tak+ 9 ! ,self-,beautiful2 ?+s :i* are great or little1 by p>tak+ 9 ,greatness or ,littl5ess4 ,if ,i am told t "o man is tall] ?an ano!r by ! head1 & t ?is o!r is %ort] ?an ! fir/ by ! v same 7by ! head71 ,i %\ld n admit ! proposition1 b %\ld repeat emphatically my own cre$1--,t :atev] is great] ?an ano!r is great] by no?+ else except by ,greatness & ?r\gh ,greatness--:atev] is less ?an ano!r is less only by ,littl5ess & ?r\gh ,littl5ess4 ,= ,i %\ld fe> to be entangl$ 9 a contradiction1 if ,i affirm$ t ! great] man 0 great] & ! less] man less by ! head--,fir/1 9 say+ t ! great] 0 great] & t ! less] 0 less1 by ! v same--,next1 9 say+ t ! great] man 0 great] by ! head1 :i* is itself small3 x be+ absurd to ma9ta9 t a man is great by some?+ small4#ef ,aga91 ,i %\ld n say t t5 is m ?an eight by two1 & t ?is 0 ! cause ( its excess2#eg my doctr9e is1 t t5 is m ?an eight by ,multitude & ?r\gh ,multitude3 s ! rod ( two cubits is great] ?an t ( "o1 n by half1 b by ,greatness4 ,aga91 :5 ,"o is plac$ alongside ( ,"o1--or :5 "o is bisect$--,i %\ld take c>e n to affirm1 t 9 ! fir/ case ! juxtaposition1 9 ! la/ case ! bisection1 0 ! cause :y x became two4#eh ,i proclaim l\dly t ,i "k no o!r cause = its becom+ two except p>ticipation 9 ! ess5ce ( ! ,dyad4 ,:at is to become two1 mu/ p>take ( ! ,dyad3 :at is to become "o1 ( ! ,monad4 ,i leave to wis] m5 ?an me ^! juxtapositions & bisections & o!r su* ref9em5ts3 ,i rema9 entr5*$ )9 ! safe gr\nd ( my own assumption or hypo!sis 7! reality ( ^! intelligible9999 & et]nal ,ideas74 ,footnote #ee3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ajj ,c4 ,greek3 ou7 toi_/nun e7_/ti man?a_/n1 ou7de du_/namai tas a7_/llas ai7ti_/z tas sophas tau_/tas gign_/ske94 ,footnote #ef3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aja ,a4 ,greek3 phob\_/m5os m_/ ti_/s soi e7nanti_/os lo_/gos a7pant_/s1 e7an t kephal mei_/zona_/ t9a phs ei7nai kai e7la_/tt1 prton men t au7t to meizon meizon ei7nai kai to e7_/latton e7_/latton1 e7_/peita t kephal smikra ou7_/s ton mei_/z mei_/z ei7nai1 kai t\to d te_/ras ei7nai1 to smikr t9i me_/gan t9a ei7nai4 ,footnote #eg3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aja ,b4 ,greek3 ,ou7_/k\n ta de_/ka tn o7kt duoin plei_/ ei7nai1 kai dia tau_/tn tn ai7ti_/an u7p]ba_/lle91 phoboio a7n le_/ge91 a7lla m pl_/!i kai dia to pl?os8 kai to di_/p*u t\ p*uai_/ou 7mi_/sei meizon ei7nai1 a7ll' ou7 mege_/!i8 ,footnote #eh3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aja ,b-,c4 ,greek3 ti_/ de_/8 e7ni e7nos pro/e!_/ntos1 tn pro_//hes9 ai7ti_/an ei7nai t\ du_/o g5e_//hai1 7 dias*i/he_/ntos tn s*i_/s91 ou7k eu7laboio a7n le_/ge91 kai me_/ga a7n bo_/s o7_/ti ou7k oi7/ha a7_/lls ps e7_/ka/on gigno_/m5on 7 metas*on ts i7di_/z ou7si_/z e7ka/\ ou7 a7n meta_/s*2 kai e7n t\_/tois ou7k e7_/*eis a7_/lln t9a ai7ti_/an t\ du_/o g5e_//hai a7ll' 7 tn ts dua_/dos meta_/s*es91 c4 ,side-note3 ,proc$ure ( ,sokrates if 8 hypo!sis 7 impugn$4 ,he insi/s ^u keep+ ap>t ! discussion ( ! hypo!sis & ! discussion ( its consequ5ces4 ,suppose h[ev] t any "o impugn$ ?is hypo!sis itself8 ,i %\ld make no reply to him until ,i _h foll[$ out fully ! consequ5ces ( x3 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 consi/5t )1 or contradictory to1 ea* o!r4 ,i %\ld1 :5 ! prop] "t came1 def5d ! hypo!sis by itself1 assum+ "s o!r hypo!sis yet m univ]sal1 su* z appe>$ to me be/1 until ,i came to "s ?+ fully suffici5t4 ,b ,i w\ld n p]mit myself to conf\nd toge!r ! discussion ( ! hypo!sis itself1 & ! discussion ( its consequ5ces4#ei ,?is is a me?od :i* _c lead to tru?3 ?\gh x is mu* practis$ by litigi\s disputants1 :o c>e little ab\t tru?1 & pride !mselves ^u _! +5uity :5 !y ?r[ all ?+s into confusion4-- ,footnote #ei3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aja ,e4 ,greek3 e7peid de e7kei_/ns au7ts 7ts u7po!_/ses7 de_/oi se dido_/nai lo_/gon1 7sau_/ts a7n didoi_/s1 a7_/lln au7 u7po_/!s9 u7po!_/m5os1 7_/tis tn a7_/n!n belti_// phai_/noito 4 4 4 4 a7_/ma de ou7k a7n phu_/roio1 7_/sp] oi7 a7ntilogikoi_/1 p]i_/ te ts a7r*s dialego_/m5os kai tn e7x e7kei_/ns 7rmme_/nn1 ei7_/p] b\_/loio_/ ti tn o7_/ntn eu7rein4 ,side-note3 ,exposition ( ,sokrates welcom$ by ! he>]s4 ,rem>ks ^u x4 ,! exposition "h giv5 by ,sokrates ( successive intellectual t5tatives 7:e!r ( ,sokrates or ,plato1 or p>tly "o1 p>tly ! o!r71 & ! reason+ embodi$ !re91 is repres5t$ z welcom$ ) emphatic ass5t & approbation by all 8 fell[-dialogi/s4#fj ,x des]ves att5tion on _m gr\nds4 ,x illu/rates in/ructively "s ( ! speculative po9ts ( view1 & speculative transitions1 sugge/+ !mselves to an inquisitive intellect ( t day4 ,footnote #fj3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ajb ,a4 ,su* approbation is peculi>ly signifi$ by ! int]v5tion ( ,e*ekrates4 ,side-note3 ,! philosophical *anges 9 ,sokrates all turn$ ^u diff]5t views z to a true cause4 ,if we are to take t :i* prec$es z a description ( ! philosophical *anges ( ,plato himself1 x diff]s mat]ially f ,ari/otle3 = no allusion is "h made to ! int]c\rse ( ,plato ) ,kratylus & o!r advocates ( ! doctr9es ( ,h]akleitus3 :i* int]c\rse is m5tion$ by ,ari/otle#fa z hav+ greatly influ5c$ ! e>ly speculations ( ,plato4 ,sokrates describes ?ree diff]5t phases ( 8 7or ,plato's7 speculative po9t ( view3 all turn+ ^u diff]5t conceptions ( :at con/itut$ a true ,cause4 ,8 fir/ belief on ! subject 01 t :i* he ent]ta9$ be=e he ent]$ on physical & physiological inve/igations4 ,x seem$ natural to him t eat+ & dr9k+ %\ld be ! cause :y a "y man grew tall]3 new bone & new fle% 0 add$ out ( ! food4 ,s aga91 :5 a tall man appe>$ /&+ ne> to a %ort man1 ! =m] 0 tall by ! head1 or because ( ! head3 t5 7 m ?an eight1 because two 7 add$ on3 ! measure ( two cubits 0 great] ?an t ( "o cubit1 because x /ret*$ beyond by "o half4 ,:5 "o object 0 add$ on to ano!r1 ! addition 0 ! cause :y !y became two3 :5 "o object 0 bisect$1 ?is bisection 0 ! cause :y ! "o became two4 ,footnote #fa3 ,ari/otel4 ,metaphys4 ,a4 #ihg1 a4 #cb4 ,?is 0 8 fir/ conception ( a true ,cause1 :i* = ! "t ?or\ghly satisfi$ him4 ,b :5 he came to inve/igate physiology1 he c\ld n foll[ out ! same conception ( ,cause1 s z to apply x to m novel & complicat$ problems2 & he became dissatisfi$ ) x altoge!r1 ev5 9 reg>d to que/ions on :i* he _h be=e be5 conv9c$4 ,new difficulties sugge/$ !mselves to him4 ,h[ c ! two objects1 :i* :5 sep>ate 7 ea* "o1 be made two1 by ! fact t !y are br\ght toge!r8 ,:at alt]ation has happ5$ 9 _! nature8 ,!n aga91 h[ c ! v same fact1 ! *ange f "o to two1 be produc$ by two causes p]fectly contr>y to ea* o!r--9 ! fir/ case1 by juxtaposition--9 ! la/ case1 by bisection8#fb ,footnote #fb3 ,sextus ,empiricus embodies ?is argum5t ( ,plato among ! difficulties :i* he />ts aga9/ ! ,dogmati/s1 adv4 ,ma!maticos1 x4 s4 #cjb-cjh4 ,side-note3 ,problems & difficulties ( :i* ,sokrates fir/ s\ght solution4 ,t :i* is int]e/+ "h to note1 is ! sort ( ,cause :i* fir/ gave satisfaction to ! speculative m9d ( ,sokrates4 ,9 ! in/ance ( ! gr[+ y\?1 he notes two di/9ct facts1 ! e>lie/ ( :i* is 7assum+ c]ta9 o!r facts z accompany+ conditions7 ! cause ( ! late/4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! o!r in/ances1 ! fact is "o :i* does n admit ( explanation4 ,comp>isons ( eight m5 ) t5 m51 ( a y>d ) half a y>d1 ( a tall man ) a %ort man1 are m5tal appreciations1 beliefs1 affirmations1 n capable ( be+ f>!r expla9$ or acc\nt$ =3 if any "o disputes y\r affirmation1 y prove x to him1 by plac+ him 9 a situation to make ! comp>ison = himself1 or to g ?r\gh ! computation :i* e/abli%es ! tru? ( :at y affirm4 ,x is n ! juxtaposition ( eight m5 :i* makes !m to be eight 7!y 7 s j z mu* :5 sep>at$ by ev] s wide an int]val73 ?\gh x may dispose or enable ! spectator to c\nt !m z eight4 ,we may c\nt ! y>d measure 7:e!r actually bisect$ or n71 ei!r z "o y>d1 or z two half y>ds1 or z ?ree feet1 or ?irty-six in*es4 ,:e!r x be "o1 or two1 or ?ree1 dep5ds ^u ! sub/antive :i* we *oose to atta* to ! num]al1 or ^u ! comp>ison :i* we make 7! unit :i* we select7 on ! p>ticul> occasion4 ,side-note3 ,expectations ent]ta9$ by ,sokrates f ! treatise ( ,anaxagoras4 ,8 disappo9tm5t4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 causes & co-effici5ts4 ,) ?is description ( ,cause ,sokrates grew dissatisfi$ :5 he ext5d$ 8 enquiries into physical & physiological problems4 ,is x ! blood1 or air1 or fire1 :]eby we ?9k8 & su* l que/ions4 ,su* enquiries--into ! physical conditions ( m5tal ph5om5a--did really admit ( "s answ]1 affirmative1 or negative4 ,b ,sokrates does n tell u h[ he proce$$ 9 seek+ = an answ]3 he only says t he fail$ s completely1 z ev5 to be disabus$ ( 8 suppos$ antec$5t k4 ,he 0 9 ?is p]plexity :5 he fir/ he>d ( ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras4 ,n\s or ,reason is ! regulator & ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,sokrates int]pret$ ?is to mean 7:at x does n appe> t ,anaxagoras int5d$ to ass]t7#fc t ! ,kosmos 0 an animal or p]son#fd hav+ m9d or ,reason analog\s to 8 own3 t ?is ,reason 0 an ag5t inve/$ ) full p[] & p]petually op]ative1 s z to regulate 9 ! be/ mann] all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,kosmos2 & t ! g5]al cause to be assign$ = e ?+ 0 "o & ! same--,x is be/ ?us2 requir+ t 9 ea* p>ticul> case y %\ld %[ h[ x 0 = ! be/4 ,sokrates took ! type ( ,reason f 8 own volition & movem5ts2 suppos+ t all ! ag5cies 9 ! ,kosmos 7 /imulat$ or *eck$ by cosmical ,reason = h] purposes1 z he himself put 9 motion 8 own bodily memb]s4 ,?is conception ( ,cause1 borr[$ f ! analogy ( 8 own rational volition1 appe>$ to ,sokrates v captivat+1 ?\gh x _h n be5 8 own fir/ conception4 ,b he f\nd t ,anaxagoras1 ?\gh proclaim+ ! doctr9e z a pr9cipium or initiatory influ5ce1 did n make applications ( x 9 detail2 b assign$ z causes1 9 mo/ ( ! p>ticul> cases1 ^? ag5cies :i* ,sokrates consid]$ to be subord9ate & in/rum5tal1 z 8 own muscles 7 to 8 own volition4 ,sokrates w n all[ su* ag5cies to be call$ ,causes3 he says t !y are only co-effici5ts indisp5sable to ! efficacy ( ! s+le & exclusive ,cause--,reason4 ,b he tells u himself t mo/ enquir]s consid]$ !m z ,causes2 & t ,anaxagoras himself produc$ !m z su*4 ,moreov] we %all see ,plato himself 9 ! ,timu1 :ile he repeats ?is same di/9ction betwe5 ,causes ,effici5t & ,causes ,co-effici5t--yet treats ^! latt] z ,causes also1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 regul>ity & precision to ! ,demiurgic ,n\s4#fe ,footnote #fc3 ,i h giv5 79 *ap4 i4 p4 #dh seq47 an abridgm5t & explanation ( :at seems to h be5 ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras4 ,footnote #fd3 ,plato1 ,timu1 p4 #cj ,d4 ,greek3 to_/nde ton ko_/smon1 zon e7_/mpsu*on e7_/nn\n te1 c4 ,footnote #fe3 ,plato1 ,timu1 p4 #df ,c-,d4 ,greek3 ai7_/tia--xunai_/tia--xummetai_/tia4 ,he says t mo/ p]sons consid]$ ! ,greek3 xunai_/tia z ,greek3 ai7_/tia4 ,& he himself regi/]s !m z su* 7,timu1 p4 #fh ,e74 ,he !re di/+ui%es ! ,greek3 ai7_/tia & ,greek3 xunai_/tia z two diff]5t sorts ( ,greek3 ai7_/tia1 ! div9e & ! necess>y1 9 a rem>kable passage3 :]e he tells u t we ought to /udy ! div9e causes1 ) a view to ! happ9ess ( life1 z f> z our nature p]mits--& ! necess>y causes = ! sake ( ! div9e3 = t we _c 9 any way appreh5d1 or und]/&1 or get sight ( ! div9e causes alone1 )\t ! necess>y causes along ) !m 7#fi ,a74 ,9 ,timu1 pp4 #dg-dh1 we f9d aga9 ,greek3 n\s & ,greek3 a7na_/gk not$ z two di/9ct sorts ( causes co-op]at+ to produce ! f\r elem5ts4 ,x is f>!r rem>kable t ,necessity is describ$ z ! w&]+ or irregul> description ( ,cause--,greek3 to ts planme_/ns ei7dos ai7ti_/z4 ,eros & ,greek3 ,a7na_/gk are jo9$ z co-op]at+--9 ,symposion1 pp4 #aie ,c1 #aig ,b4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates imputes to ,anaxagoras ! mi/ake ( sub/itut+ physical ag5cies 9 place ( m5tal4 ,?is is ! same :i* ,ari/ophanes & o!rs imput$ to ,sokrates4 ,9 tru?1 ! compla9t :i* ,sokrates "h raises aga9/ ,anaxagoras--t he assign$ cele/ial ,rotation z ! cause ( ph5om5a1 9 place ( a quasi-human ,reason--is j ! same z t :i* ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,cl\ds advances aga9/ ,sokrates himself4#ff ,! comic poet accuses ,sokrates ( displac+ ,zeus to make room = ,d9os or ,rotation4 ,accord+ to ! popul> religi\s belief1 all or mo/ ( ! ag5cies 9 ,nature 7 p]sonifi$1 or suppos$ to be c>ri$ on by p]sons--,gods1 ,goddesses1 ,dmons1 ,nymphs1 c41 :i* army ( indep5d5t ag5ts 7 conceiv$1 by "s ?9k]s1 z m or less sy/ematis$ & consolidat$ "u ! c5tral au?ority ( ! ,kosmos itself4 ,! causes ( natural ph5om5a1 especially ( ! gr& & t]rible ph5om5a1 7 suppos$ ag5ts1 conceiv$ aft] ! model ( man1 & assum$ to be end[$ ) volition1 =ce1 affections1 antipa?ies1 c43 "s ( !m visible1 su* z ,helios1 ,seln1 ! ,/>s2 o!rs g5]ally invisible1 ?\gh %[+ !mselves :5ev] x specially pleas$ !m4#fg ,sokrates1 z we see by ! ,platonic ,apology1 0 believ$ by 8 c\ntrym5 to d5y ^! animat$ ag5cies1 & to sub/itute in/ead ( !m inanimate =ces1 n put 9 motion by ! quasi-human attributes ( reason1 feel+ & volition4 ,! ,sokrates 9 ! ,platonic ,phdon1 tak5 at ?is second /age ( 8 speculative w&]+s1 n only disclaims su* a doctr9e1 b prote/s aga9/ x4 ,he recognises no cause except a ,n\s or ,reason borr[$ by analogy f t ( :i* he 0 consci\s )9 himself1 *oos+ :at 0 be/ = himself 9 e special situation4#fh ,he tells u h[ev] t mo/ ( ! contempor>y philosoph]s diss5t$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,to !m1 su* inanimate ag5cies 7 ! sole & real causes1 9 "o or o!r ( :i* !y f\nd :at !y ?\ght a satisfactory explanation4 ,footnote #ff3 ,ari/ophan4 ,nubes1 #cgi-hae4 ,greek3 ,dinos basileu_/ei1 ton ,di_/' e7xellak_/s4 ,we f9d ,proklus mak+ ?is same compla9t aga9/ ,ari/otle1 t he des]t$ !ological pr9cipia1 & indulg$ too mu* 9 physical reason+s--,greek3 tn men !ologikn a7r*n a7phi/a_/m5os1 tois de phusikois lo_/gois pe_/ra t\ de_/ontos e7ndiatri_/bn 7,proklus ad ,timum1 ii4 #ij ,e1 p4 #bab1 ,s*neid]74 ,pascal also expresses ! l displeasure aga9/ ! ,c>tesian !ory ( ! vortices4 ,desc>tes recognis$ ,god z hav+ orig9ally e/abli%$ rotatory motion among ! atoms1 toge!r ) an equal1 unv>y+ quantity ( motion3 ^! two po9ts be+ grant$1 ,desc>tes consid]$ t all cosmical facts & ph5om5a might be d$uc$ f !m4 ,sur la philosophie de ,desc>tes1 ,pascal tait de son s5tim5t sur l'automate2 et n'en tait po9t sur la matire subtile1 dont il se moquait =t4 ,mais il ne p\vait s\ffrir sa manire d'expliqu] la =mation de t\tes *oses2 et il disait trs s\v5t1--,je ne puis p>donn] ,desc>tes3 il v\drait bi51 dans t\te sa philosophie1 p\voir se pass] de ,dieu3 mais il n'a pu s'emp*] de lui accord] une *iqu5aude p\r mettre le monde en m\vem5t3 aprs cela1 il n'a que faire de ,dieu4 7,pascal1 ,p5ses1 *4 xi4 p4 #bcg1 edition de ,l\&re1 citation f ,mademoiselle ,pri]1 ,p>is1 #ahed47 ,aga91 ,"l ,monboddo1 9 8 ,anci5t ,metaphysics 7bk4 ii4 *4 #ai1 p4 #bgf71 cites ^! rem>ks ( ,plato & ,ari/otle on ! defici5cies ( ,anaxagoras1 & expresses ! l c5sure himself aga9/ ! cosmical !ories ( ,newton3--,sir ,isaac puts me 9 m9d ( an anci5t philosoph] ,anaxagoras1 :o ma9ta9$1 z ,sir ,isaac does1 t m9d 0 ! cause ( all ?+s2 b :5 he came to expla9 ! p>ticul> phnom5a ( nature1 in/ead ( hav+ rec\rse to m9d1 employ$ airs & !rs1 subtle spirits & fluids1 & ,i "k n :at--9 %ort1 any ?+ r ?an m9d3 a cause :i* he admitt$ to exi/ 9 ! univ]se2 b r ?an employ x1 _h rec\rse to imag9>y causes1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* he c\ld give no pro(4 ,! ,tragic poets ( old1 :5 !y c\ld n o!rwise untie ! knot ( _! fable1 br\ght d[n a god 9 a ma*9e1 :o solv$ all difficulties3 b su* philosoph]s z ,anaxagoras w n1 ev5 :5 !y _c d bett]1 employ m9d or div9ity4 ,our philosoph]s1 s9ce ,sir ,isaac's "t1 h gone on 9 ! same track1 & /ill1 ,i ?9k1 f>!r4 ,"l ,monboddo speaks ) /ill great] asp]ity ab\t ! ,c>tesian !ory1 mak+ a rem>k on x simil> to :at has be5 above cit$ f ,pascal4 7,see 8 ,diss]tation on ! ,newtonian ,philosophy1 ,app5dix to ,anci5t ,metaphysics1 pp4 #dih-dii47 ,footnote #fg3 ,plato1 ,timu1 p4 #da ,a4 ,greek3 pa_/ntes o7_/soi te p]ipol\si phan]s kai o7_/soi phai_/nontai ka?' o7_/son a7n e7!_/lsi !oi1 c4 ,footnote #fh3 ,:at ,sokrates und]/&s by ! !ory ( ,anaxagoras1 is evid5t f 8 language--,phdon1 pp4 #ih-ii4 ,he und]/&s an indwell+ cosmical ,reason or ,intellig5ce1 delib]at+ & *oos+1 9 ea* p>ticul> conjuncture1 :at 0 be/ = ! ,kosmos2 j z 8 own 7,sokrates7 ,reason delib]at$ & *ose :at 0 be/ = him 7,greek3 t t\ belti_//\ ai7re_/sei71 9 consequ5ce ( ! previ\s det]m9ation ( ! ,a!nians to condemn & puni% him4 ,?is po9t des]ves att5tion1 because x is altoge!r diff]5t f ,ari/otle's conception ( ,n\s or ,reason 9 ! ,kosmos3 9 :i* he recognises no consci\sness1 no delib]ation1 no *oice1 no ref]5ce to any special situation3 b a con/ant1 in/9ctive1 undelib]at+1 movem5t t[>ds ,good z a det]m9+ ,end--i4e4 t[>ds ! reproduction & p]petuation ( regul> ,=ms4 ,hegel1 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie 7,"p i4 pp4 #cee1 #cfh-cfi1 #bnd edit471 has giv5 v in/ructive rem>ks1 9 ! _s ( ! ,ari/otelian ,realism1 bo? ^u ! pr9ciple ann\nc$ by ,anaxagoras1 & ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ,anaxagoras is criticis$ by ,sokrates 9 ! ,platonic ,phdon4 ,hegel obs]ves3-- ,along ) ?is pr9ciple 7t ( ,anaxagoras7 !re comes 9 ! recognition ( an ,intellig5ce1 or ( a self-det]m9+ ag5cy :i* 0 want+ be=e4 ,h]e9 we are n to imag9e ?\ght1 subjectively consid]$3 :5 ?\ght is spok5 (1 we are apt to rev]t to ?\ght z x passes 9 our consci\sness3 b "h1 on ! contr>y1 :at is meant is1 ! ,idea1 consid]$ altoge!r objectively1 or ,intellig5ce z an effective ag5t3 7,n4,b4 ,intellectum1 or ,cogitatum--n ,intellectio1 or ,cogitatio1 :i* w\ld mean ! consci\s process--see ?is di/9ction illu/rat$ by ,tr5del5burg ad ,ari/ot4 ,de ,anim1 i4 #b1 #e1 p4 #bai3 also ,m>ba*1 ,ges*4 d] ,phil4 s4 #ed1 #ii n4 #b73 z we say1 t !re is reason 9 ! _w1 or z we speak ( ,g5]a 9 nature1 :i* are ! ,univ]sal4 ,! ,g5us ,animal is ! ,ess5tial ( ! ,dog--x is ! ,dog himself3 ! laws ( nature are h] imman5t ,ess5ce4 ,nature is n =m$ f )\t1 z m5 con/ruct a table3 ! table is inde$ con/ruct$ intellig5tly1 b by an ,intellig5ce extrane\s to ?is wood5 mat]ial4 ,x is ?is extrane\s =m :i* we are apt to ?9k ( z repres5t+ ,intellig5ce1 :5 we he> x talk$ (3 b :at is really meant is1 ! ,univ]sal--! imman5t nature ( ! object itself4 ,! ,greek3 ,n\s is n a ?9k+ ,be+ )\t1 :i* has arrang$ ! _w3 by su* an int]pretation ! ,idea ( ,anaxagoras w\ld be q p]v]t$ & depriv$ ( all philosophical value4 ,= to suppose an individual1 p>ticul>1 ,some?+ )\t1 is to desc5d into ! region ( phantasms & its dualism3 :at is call$1 a ?9k+ ,be+1 is n an ,idea1 b a ,subject4 ,nev]!less1 :at is really & truly ,univ]sal is n = t reason ,ab/ract3 its *>act]i/ic prop]ty1 qu ,univ]sal1 is to det]m9e 9 itself1 by itself1 & = itself1 ! p>ticul> accompanim5ts4 ,:ile x c>ries on ?is process ( *ange1 x ma9ta9s itself at ! same "t z ! ,univ]sal1 always ! same2 ?is is a portion ( its self-det]m9+ effici5cy4--,:at ,hegel "h adv]ts to seems id5tical ) t :i* ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m calls an ,emanative ,cause 7,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 *4 vi4 p4 #ah71 ! notion ( a ?+ possible4 ,an ,emanative ,effect is co-exi/5t ) ! v sub/ance ( t :i* is said to be ! ,cause !re(4 ,t :i* emanes1 if ,i may s speak1 is ! same 9 reality ) its ,emanative ,cause4 ,respect+ ! criticism ( ,sokrates ^u ,anaxagoras1 ,hegel has fur!r acute rem>ks :i* are too long to cite 7p4 #cfh seq47 ,side-note3 ,! suppos$ !ory ( ,anaxagoras _c be c>ri$ out1 ei!r by ,sokrates himself or any "o else4 ,sokrates turns to g5]al words1 & adopts ! !ory ( ideas4 ,x is h[ev] s+ul>1 t ,sokrates1 aft] he has extoll$ ,anaxagoras = enunciat+ a gr& g5]al cause1 & has blam$ him only = n mak+ application ( x 9 detail1 proce$s to /ate t nei!r he himself1 nor any "o else )9 8 k1 c\ld f9d ! way ( apply+ x1 any m ?an ,anaxagoras _h done4 ,if ,anaxagoras _h fail$1 no "o else c\ld d bett]4 ,! facts be=e ,sokrates c\ld n be reconcil$1 by any way t he c\ld devise1 ) 8 assum$ pr9ciple ( rational direct+ =ce1 or con/ant optimi/ic purpose1 inh]5t 9 ! ,kosmos4 ,accord+ly he ab&on$ ?is track1 & ent]$ ^u ano!r3 seek+ a diff]5t sort ( cause 7,greek3 ts ai7ti_/z to ei7dos71 n by contemplation ( ?+s1 b by propositions & ratioc9ative disc\rse4 ,he n[ assum$ z a pr9ciple an univ]sal axiom or proposition1 f :i* he proce$s to d$uce consequ5ces4 ,! pr9ciple ?us laid d[n is1 ,t !re exi/ sub/antial ,ideas--univ]sal ,entia4 ,ea* ( ^! ,ideas communicates or imp>ts its own nature to ! p>ticul>s :i* be> ! same "n3 & su* communion or p>ticipation is ! cause :y !y are :at !y are4 ,! cause :y v>i\s objects are beautiful or great1 is1 because !y p>take ( ! ,self-,beautiful or ! ,self-,great3 ! cause :y !y are two or ?ree is1 because !y p>take ( ! ,dyad or ! ,triad4 ,side-note3 ,vague & diss5ti5t mean+s atta*$ to ! ^w ,cause4 ,t is a cause1 to ea* man1 :i* gives satisfaction to 8 inquisitive feel+s4 ,"h !n we h a ?ird /age or v>iety ( belief1 9 ! speculative m9d ( ,sokrates1 respect+ ,causes4 ,! self-exi/5t ,ideas 7propria ,platonis supellex1 to use ! words ( ,s5eca#fi7 are po/ulat$ z ,causes3 & 9 ?is belief ,sokrates at la/ f9ds satisfaction4 ,b ^! ,causative ,ideas1 or ,ideal ,causes1 ?\gh satisfactory to ,plato1 7 accept$ by sc>cely any "o else4 ,!y 7 trans=m$--seem+ly ev5 by ,plato himself be=e 8 dea?1 into ,ideal ,numb]s1 products ( ! ,"o implicat$ ) ,great & ,little or ! undef9$ ,dyad--& /ill f>!r trans=m$ by 8 successors ,speusippus & ,x5okrates3 !y 7 impugn$ 9 e way1 & emphatically reject$1 by ,ari/otle4 ,footnote #fi3 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ol4 ,ab\t ?is disposition1 manife/$ by _m philosoph]s1 & 9 a p>ticul> mann] by ,plato1 to embrace logical phantoms z real causes1 ,i transcribe a good passage f ,malebran*e4 ,je me s5s encore extrmem5t port dire que cette colonne e/ dure p> sa nature2 ou bi5 que les petits li5s dont sont composs les corps durs1 sont des atmes1 dont les p>ties ne se peuv5t divis]1 comme tant les p>ties ess5tieles et d]nires des corps--et qui sont ess5tiellem5t cro*ues ou bran*ues4 ,mais je reconnois fran*em5t1 que ce n'e/ po9t expliqu] la difficult2 et que1 quittant les proccupations et les illusions de mes s5s1 j'aurais tort de rec\rir une =me ab/raite1 et d'embrass] un fantme de logique p\r la cause que je *]*e4 ,je veux dire1 que j'aurois tort de conevoir1 comme quelque *ose de rel et de di/9ct1 l'ide vague de nature et d'ess5ce1 qui n'exprime que ce que l'on sait3 et de pr5dre a9si une =me ab/raite et univ]selle1 comme une cause physique d'un effet trs rel4 ,c> il y a deux *oses dont je ne saurais trop dfi]4 ,la premire e/1 l'impression de mes s5s3 et l'autre e/1 la facilit que j'ai de pr5dre les natures ab/raites et les ides gnrales de logique1 p\r celles qui sont relles et p>ticulires3 et je me s\vi5s d'avoir t plusieurs fois sduit p> ces deux pr9cipes d'erreur4 7,malebran*e--,re*]*e de la ,vrit1 vol4 iii41 liv4 vi41 *4 #h1 p4 #bde1 ed4 #aggb47 ,! =ego+ picture giv5 by ,sokrates ( ! w&]+s ( 8 m9d 7,greek3 tas e7mas pla_/nas7 9 se>* ( ,causes1 is int]e/+1 n only 9 ref]5ce to ! ,platonic age1 b also to ! process ( speculation g5]ally4 ,almo/ e "o talks ( a ,cause z a ^w ( ! cle>e/ mean+1 famili> & und]/ood by all he>]s4 ,!re are _m :o repres5t ! ,idea ( ,cause z simple1 intuitive1 self-orig9at$1 univ]sal2 "o & ! same 9 all m9ds4 ,^! philosoph]s consid] ! maxim t e ph5om5on mu/ h a ,cause--z self-evid5t1 kn[n priori ap>t f exp]i5ce3 z some?+ :i* no "o c help believ+ z soon z x is /at$ to him4#gj ,! grop+s ( ,sokrates are among ! num]\s facts :i* g to refute su* a !ory3 or at lea/ to %[ 9 :at s5se alone x c be p>tially admitt$4 ,!re is no fix$1 positive1 univ]sal ,idea1 correspond+ to ! ^w ,cause4 ,!re is a wide div]g5ce1 z to ! "q :at a ,cause really is1 betwe5 diff]5t ages ( ! same man 7exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ,sokrates73 mu* m betwe5 diff]5t philosoph]s at "o "t & ano!r4 ,plato compla9s ( ,anaxagoras & o!r philosoph]s = assign+ z ,causes t :i* did n truly des]ve ! "n3 ,ari/otle also blames ! defective conceptions ( 8 pr$ecessors 7,plato includ$7 on ! same subject4 ,if !re be an intuitive idea correspond+ to ! ^w ,cause1 x mu/ be a diff]5t intuition 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle--9 ,plato himself at "o age & at ano!r age3 9 o!r philosoph]s1 diff]5t f bo? & f ea* o!r4 ,! ^w is equivocal--,greek3 polla*s lego_/m5on1 9 ,ari/otelian phrase--m5 use x famili>ly1 b v>y mu* 9 ! ?+ signifi$4 ,t is a ,cause1 to ea* man1 :i* gives satisfaction to ! inquisitive feel+s--curiosity1 anxi\s p]plexity1 speculative emb>rassm5t ( 8 own m9d4 ,n[ d\btless ^! inquisitive feel+s are natural & widespread3 !y are emotions ( our nature1 :i* m5 seek 79 "s cases7 to appease by "s satisfactory hypo!sis4 ,t answ] :i* af=ds satisfaction1 look$ at 9 "o ( its aspects1 is call$ ,cause2 ,beg9n+ or ,pr9ciple--,elem5t--repres5t o!r aspects ( ! same ,qusitum3-- ,felix1 qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,atque metus omnes et inexorabile ,fatum ,subjecit p$ibus /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i1 is ! exclamation ( t s5tim5t ( wond] & uneas9ess out ( :i*1 accord+ to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 philosophy spr+s4#ga ,b ?\gh ! appetite or crav+ is common1 9 great] or less degree1 to mo/ p]sons--! n\ri%m5t calculat$ to allay x is by no means ! same to all4 ,good 7says ,ari/otle7 is t :i* all m5 desire3#gb b all m5 d n agree 9 _! judgm5t1 :at ,good is4 ,! po9t ( communion betwe5 mank9d is "h emotional r ?an intellectual3 9 ! pa9ful feel+ ( difficulty to be solv$1 n 9 ! mann] ( conceiv+ :at ! difficulty is1 nor 9 ! direction :]e solution is to be s\ght1 nor 9 ! solution itself :5 sugge/$4#gc ,footnote #gj3 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,elem4 ,philos4 ,hum4 ,m9d1 vol4 i4 *4 #a1 sect4 #b1 pp4 #ih-ii1 ed4 ,hamilton1 also note c same volume4 ,sev]al mod]n philosoph]s 7especially ,dr4 ,reid1 ,on ! ,intell4 ,p[]s7 h be5 at pa9s to illu/rate t law ( our nature :i* leads u to ref] e *ange we p]ceive 9 ! univ]se to ! op]ation ( an effici5t cause4 ,?is ref]5ce is n ! result ( reason+1 b necess>ily accompanies ! p]ception1 s z to r5d] x impossible = u to see ! *ange1 )\t feel+ a conviction ( ! op]ation ( "s cause by :i* x is produc$2 mu* 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* we f9d x impossible to conceive a s5sation1 )\t be+ impress$ ) a belief ( ! exi/5ce ( a s5ti5t be+4 ,h5ce ,i conceive x is t :5 we see two ev5ts con/antly conjo9$1 we are l$ to associate ! idea ( causation or effici5cy ) ! =m]1 & to ref] to x t p[] or en]gy by :i* ! *ange is produc$2 9 consequ5ce ( :i* association we come to consid] philosophy z ! k ( effici5t causes1 & lose sight ( ! op]ation ( m9d 9 produc+ ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,x is by an association some:at simil> t we connect our s5sations ( col\r ) ! prim>y qualities ( body4 ,a mom5t's reflection mu/ satisfy any "o t ! s5sation ( col\r c only reside 9 a m9d4 4 4 4 ,9 ! same way we are l$ to associate ) inanimate matt] ! ideas ( p[]1 =ce1 en]gy1 causation1 :i* are all attributes ( m9d1 & c exi/ 9 a m9d only4 ,footnote #ga3 ,virgil1 ,georg4 ii4 #dij-ib4 ,comp>e ,lucretius1 vi4 #ej-fe1 & ! lett] ( ,epikurus to ,h]odotus1 p4 #be1 ed4 ,orelli4 ,plato1 ,!tt4 p4 #aee ,d4 ,greek3 ma_/la gar philoso_/ph\ t\to to pa_/?os1 to ?auma_/ze92 ou7 gar a7r* a7_/ll philosophi_/z1 7 au7_/t3--,ari/otel4 ,metaphys4 ,a4 p4 #ihb1 b4 #aj-bj4 ,greek3 dia gar to ?auma_/ze9 oi7 a7_/n?rpoi kai nun kai to prton 7rxanto philosophein1 o7 de a7porn kai ?auma_/zn oi7_/etai a7gnoein4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ari/otel4 ,e?ic4 ,nikom4 i4 #a4 ,greek3 dio kals a7peph_/nanto ta7ga?o_/n1 ou7 pa_/ntes e7phi_/entai4 ,plato1 ,republ4 vi4 p4 #eje ,e4 ,greek3 ,o7_/ d di_/kei men a7pasa psu* kai t\_/t\ e7_/neka pa_/nta pra_/ttei1 a7pomanteuome_/n ti ei7nai1 a7por\sa de kai ou7k e7_/*\sa labein i7kans ti_/ pot' e7/i_/n1 c4 ,s5eca1 ,epi/ol4 #aah4 ,bonum e/1 quod ad se impetum animi secundum naturam movet4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ari/otle recognises ! diff]5t nature ( ! difficulties & problems :i* pres5t !mselves to ! speculative m9d3 he looks back ^u ! emb>rassm5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors z antiquat$ & ev5 silly1 ,metaphysic4 ,n4 #ajhi1 a4 #b4 ,greek3 ,polla men ou7n ta ai7_/tia ts e7pi tau_/tas tas ai7ti_/z e7ktrops1 ma_/li/a de to a7porsai a7r*aiks1 :i* ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias p>aphrases by ,greek3 a7r*aiks kai eu7?s4 ,comp>e ,a #iic1 a4 #ae4 ,9 ano!r passage ( ! same book1 ,ari/otle notes & *>act]ises ! emotion exp]i5c$ by ! m9d 9 possess+ :at is reg>d$ z tru?--! m5tal satisfaction obta9$ :5 a difficulty is solv$1 #ajij1 a4 #ch4 ,greek3 ,oi7 de *ri/on poi\ntes 7ton a7ri?mo_/n71 o7_/ti e7pi tn ai7/htn ou7k e7_//ai ta a7xi_/mata1 a7l? de ta lego_/m5a kai sai_/nei tn psu*_/n1 ei7nai_/ te u7polamba_/n\si kai *ri/a ei7nai2 o7moi_/s de ta mege_/? ta ma?matika_/4 ,! subjective orig9 ( philosophy--! feel+s :i* prompt to ! !oris+ process1 /rik+ out diff]5t hypo!ses & analogies--are well /at$ by ,adam ,smi?1 ',hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1' sect4 ii4 & iii4 ,side-note3 ,diss5sion & p]plexity on ! "q4--,:at is a cause8 reveal$ by ! picture ( ,sokrates--no intuition to guide him4 ,:5 ,sokrates "h tells u t z a "y man he felt anxi\s curiosity to "k :at ! cause ( e ph5om5on 01 x is pla9 t at ?is "t he did n "k :at he 0 look+ =3 t he proce$$ only by successive /eps ( trial1 d\bt1 discov]$ error1 rejection3 & t ea* trial 0 adapt$ to ! !n exi/+ /ate ( 8 own m9d4 ,! views ( ,anaxagoras he affirms to h pres5t$ !mselves to him z a new revelation3 he !n came to believe t ! only true ,cause 01 a cosmical reason & volition l to t ( :i* he 0 consci\s 9 himself4 ,yet he f>!r tells u1 t o!rs did n admit ?is ,cause1 b f\nd o!r causes to satisfy !m3 t ev5 ,anaxagoras did n foll[ out 8 own g5]al conception1 b recognis$ ,causes q unconnect$ ) x3 la/ly1 t nei!r c\ld he 7,sokrates7 trace out ! conception = himself4#gd ,he 0 driv5 to r5\nce x1 & to turn to ano!r sort ( ,cause--! hypo!sis ( self-exi/5t ,ideas1 9 :i* he !n acquiesc$4 ,& ?is la/ hypo!sis1 aga91 0 ultimately mu* modifi$ 9 ! m9d ( ,plato himself1 z we "k f ,ari/otle4 ,all ?is %[s t ! ,idea ( ,cause--f> f be+ "o & ! same to all1 l ! feel+ ( uneas9ess :i* prompts ! se>* = x--is complicat$1 div]se1 relative1 & modifiable4 ,footnote #gd3 ,! view ( ,cause1 :i* ,sokrates "h decl>es himself to r5\nce f inability to pursue x1 is sub/antially ! same z :at he lays d[n 9 ! ,philbus1 pp4 #bc ,d1 #bg ,a1 #cj ,e4 ,9 ! ,timu ,plato assigns to ,timu ! task 7to :i* ,sokrates 9 ! ,phdon _h confess$ himself incompet5t7 ( foll[+ into detail ! s*emes & proce$+s ( ! ,demiurgic or optimis+ ,greek3 ,n\s4 ,b he also assumes ! ,greek3 ei7_/d or ,ideas z co-ord9ate & ess5tial conditions4 ,side-note3 ,diff]5t notions ( ,plato & ,ari/otle ab\t causation1 causes regul> & irregul>4 ,inductive !ory ( causation1 elaborat$ 9 mod]n times4 ,! la/ among ! v>i\s revolutions :i* ,sokrates repres5ts himself to h und]gone--! transition f design+ & volitional ag5cy ( ! ,kosmos conceiv$ z an animat$ sy/em1 to ! sov]eignty ( univ]sal ,ideas--is analog\s to t transition :i* ,augu/e ,comte consid]s to be ! natural progress ( ! human m9d3 to expla9 ph5om5a at fir/ by ref]5ce to "s p]sonal ag5cy1 & to pass f ?is mode ( explanation to t by metaphysical ab/ractions4 ,x is true t ^! are two di/9ct modes ( conceiv+ ,causation2 & t 9 ea* ( !m ! human m9d1 "u diff]5t /ates ( social & individual in/ruction1 f9ds satisfaction4 ,b ea* ( ! two !ories admits ( mu* div]sity 9 ! mode ( conception4 ,plato seems to h fir/ giv5 prom95ce to ^! metaphysical causes2 & ,ari/otle 9 ?is respect foll[s 8 example3 ?\gh he greatly c5sures ! incomplete & errone\s !ories ( ,plato4 ,x is rem>kable t bo? ^! two philosoph]s recognis$ ,causes irregul> & unpr$ictable1 z well z ,causes regul> & pr$ictable4 ,nei!r ( !m includ$ ev5 ! idea ( regul>ity1 z an ess5tial "p ( ! mean+ ( ,cause4#ge ,la/ly1 !re has be5 elaborat$ 9 mod]n times1 ow+ to ! great ext5sion ( inductive sci5ce1 ano!r !ory ( ,causation1 9 :i* unconditional regul>ity is ! ess5tial con/itu5t3 recognis+ no true ,causes except ! ph5om5al causes c]tifi$ by exp]i5ce1 z int]pret$ inductively & d$uctively--! assemblage ( ph5om5al antec$5ts1 uni=m & unconditional1 s f> z !y c be discov]$ & v]ifi$4 ,c]ta9 x is t ^! are ! only causes obta9able by induction & exp]i5ce3 ?\gh _m p]sons are n satisfi$ )\t look+ else:]e = transc5d5tal or ontological causes ( a totally diff]5t nature4 ,all ^! !ories imply--:at ,sokrates ann\nces 9 ! passage j cit$--! deep-seat$ influ5ce ( speculative curiosity1 or ! ?ir/ = f9d+ ! ,:y ( ?+s & ev5ts1 z a feel+ ( ! human m9d3 b all ( !m indicate ! discrepant answ]s ) :i*1 9 diff]5t enquir]s1 ?is feel+ is satisfi$1 ?\gh "u ! same equivocal "n ,cause4 ,& x w\ld h be5 a proce$+ wor?y ( ,plato's dialectic1 if he _h appli$ to ! ^w ,cause ! same cross-exam9+ analysis :i* we h se5 him apply+ to ! equally famili> words--,virtue--,c\rage--,temp]ance--,fr i5d%ip1 c4 ,fir/1 let u settle :at a ,cause really is3 !n1 & n till !n1 c we succe$ 9 ult]ior enquiries respect+ x4#gf ,footnote #ge3 ,monboddo1 ,anci5t ,metaphysics1 ,b4 #a4 *4 iv4 p4 #cb4 ,plato appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ ( ! ,ionic ,s*ool t introduc$ =mal causes into natural philosophy4 ,^! he call$ ,ideas1 & made ! pr9ciples ( all ?+s4 ,& ! reason :y he insi/s s mu* ^u ?is k9d ( cause1 & s little ^u ! o!r ?ree1 is giv5 u by ,ari/otle 9 ! end ( 8 fir/ book ( ,metaphysics1 viz41 t he /udi$ ma!matics too mu*1 & in/ead ( us+ !m z ! h&maid ( philosophy1 made !m philosophy itself4 4 4 4 ,plato1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,phdon says a good deal ab\t f9al causes2 b 9 ! sy/em ( natural philosophy :i* is 9 ! ,timu1 he says v little ( x4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ,plato 9 ! ,timu 7#dh ,a7 recognises erratic or irregul> ,causation--,greek3 7 planme_/n ai7ti_/a4 ,ari/otle recognises ,greek3 ,ai7ti_/a among ! equivocal words ,greek3 polla*s lego_/m5a2 & he enum]ates ,greek3 ,tu_/* & ,greek3 ,au7to_/maton--irregul> causes or causes by accid5t--among !m 7,physic4 ii4 #aie-aih2 ,metaphys4 ,k4 #ajfe1 a47 ,s*wegl]1 ad ,ari/ot4 ,metaphys4 vi4 #d1 #c1 ,das ,zufllige i/ e9 no?w5diges ,elem5t alles ,ges*eh5s4 ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 ! be/ ( ! ,ari/otelian comm5tators1 is at pa9s to def5d ?is view ( ,greek3 ,tu_/*--,causation by accid5t1 or irregul>4 ,proklus1 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,timu 7ii4 #hj-ha1 p4 #ahh1 ,s*neid]71 notices ! lab\r & prolixity ) :i* ! comm5tators be=e him set out ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ,cause2 di/+ui%+ sixty-f\r accord+ to ,plato1 & =ty-eight accord+ to ,ari/otle4 ,proklus adv]ts also 7ad ,timum1 iii4 p4 #agf7 to an animat$ controv]sy rais$ by ,!ophra/us aga9/ ,plato1 ab\t ,causes & ! speculations !reupon4 ,an enum]ation1 ?\gh v incomplete1 ( ! diff]5t mean+s assign$ to ! ^w ,cause1 may be se5 9 ,pr(essor ,flem+'s ,vocabul>y ( ,philosophy4 ,footnote #gf3 ,see ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ,discussions on ,philosophy1 ,app5dix1 p4 #ehe4 ,! debates ab\t :at 0 meant 9 philosophy by ! ^w ,cause are c]ta9ly old] ?an ,plato4 ,we read t x 0 discuss$ among ! philosoph]s :o frequ5t$ ! h\se ( ,p]ikles2 & t t em95t /atesman 0 ridicul$ by 8 dissolute son ,xan?ippus = tak+ "p 9 su* useless ref9em5ts 7,plut>*1 ,p]ikles1 c4 #cf74 ,b ! ,platonic dialogues are ! olde/ compositions 9 :i* any attempts to analyse ! mean+ ( ! ^w are pres]v$ to u4 ,greek3 ,ai7_/tiai1 ,a7r*ai_/1 ,/oi*eia 7,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 ,greek3 ,d471 7 ! ma9 objects ( se>* ) ! anci5t speculative philosoph]s4 ,:ile all ( !m set to !mselves ! same problem1 ea* ( !m hit ^u a diff]5t solution4 ,t :i* gave m5tal satisfaction to "o1 appe>$ unsatisfactory & ev5 inadmissible to ! re/4 ,! fir/ book ( ,ari/otle's ,metaphysica gives an in/ructive view ( ?is discrepancy4 ,8 own analysis ( ,cause w come be=e u h]eaft]4 ,comp>e ! long discussions on ! subject 9 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,pyrrhon4 ,hypo4 iii4 #ac-cj2 & adv4 ,ma!mat4 ix4 #aie-bej4 ,! discrepancy 0 s great among ! dogmatical philosoph]s1 t he pron\nces ! reality ( ! causal sequ5ce to be indet]m9able--,greek3 o7_/son men ou7n e7pi tois legome_/nois u7po tn dogmatikn1 ou7d' a7n e7nnosai_/ tis to ai7_/tion du_/naito1 ei7_/ ge pros t diaph_/n\s kai a7lloko_/t\s 7a7podido_/nai7 e7nnoi_/z t\ ai7ti_/ou e7_/ti kai tn u7po_//as9 au7t\ pepoi_/kas9 a7neu_/reton dia tn p]i au7to diaphni_/an4 ,s5eca 7,epi/4 #fe7 bl5ds toge!r ! ,platonic & ! ,ari/otelian views1 :5 he ascribes to ,plato a qu9tuple v>iety ( ,causa4 ,! quadruple v>iety ( ,causation e/abli%$ by ,ari/otle gov]n$ ! speculations ( philosoph]s dur+ ! middle ages4 ,b s9ce ! decl9e ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 !re are few subjects :i* h be5 m ke5ly debat$ among metaphysicians ?an ! ,idea ( ,cause4 ,x is "o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( div]g5ce among ! diff]5t s*ools ( philosophy n[ exi/+4 ,a volume1 & a v in/ructive volume1 might be fill$ ) ! enum]ation & contra/ ( ! diff]5t !ories on ! subject4 ,^u ! view :i* a man takes on ?is po9t w dep5d ma9ly ! scope or purpose :i* he sets be=e him 9 philosophy4 ,_m seek ! solution ( _! problem 9 transc5d5tal1 ontological1 extra-ph5om5al causes1 ly+ ap>t f & above ! _w ( fact & exp]i5ce2 ,reid & ,/ew>t1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ! exi/5ce ( su* causes z ! true effici5t causes1 consid] !m z be+ out ( ! rea* ( human k2 o!rs recognise no true cause except p]sonal1 quasi-human1 volunt>y1 ag5cy1 gr\nd$ on ! type ( human volition4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ) :om my own op9ion co9cides1 foll[+ out ! analysis ( ,hume & ,br[n1 und]/& by causes no?+ m ?an ph5om5al antec$5ts con/ant & unconditional1 asc]ta9able by exp]i5ce & induction4 ,see ! copi\s & elaborate *apt] on ?is subject 9 ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill's ',sy/em ( ,logic1' ,book iii4 *4 #e1 especially z enl>g$ 9 ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? editions ( t "w1 includ+ ! criticism on ! opposite or volitional !ory ( ,causation2 also ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,ba91 ',! ,emotions & ! ,w1' pp4 #dgb-ehd4 ,! opposite view1 9 :i* ,causes are treat$ z some?+ ess5tially di/9ct f ,laws1 & z ultra-ph5om5al1 is set =? by ,dr4 ,:ewell1 ',novum ,organon ,r5ovatum1' *4 vii4 p4 #aah seq4 ,side-note3 ,la/ transition ( ! m9d ( ,sokrates f ?+s to words--to ! adoption ( ! !ory ( ideas4 ,great multitude ( ideas assum$1 ea* fitt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ticul>s4 ,!re is yet ano!r po9t :i* des]ves att5tion 9 ?is hi/ory giv5 by ,sokrates ( ! transitions ( 8 own m9d4 ,8 la/ transition is repres5t$ z "o f ?+s to words1 t is1 to g5]al propositions3#gg to ! assumption 9 ea* case ( an univ]sal proposition or hypo!sis calculat$ to fit t case4 ,he does n seem to consid] ! optimi/ic doctr9e1 :i* he _h be=e va9ly endeav\r$ to foll[ out1 z hav+ be5 an hypo!sis1 or univ]sal proposition assum$ z true & z a pr9ciple f :i* to d$uce consequ5ces4 ,ev5 if x 7 s1 h[ev]1 x 0 "o & ! same assumption int5d$ to suit all cases3 :]eas ! new doctr9e to :i* he pass$ includ$ _m di/9ct assumptions1 ea* adapt$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( cases & n to ! re/4#gh ,he assum$ an untold multitude ( self-exi/5t ,ideas--,! ,self-,beautiful1 ,self-,j1 ,self-,great1 ,self-,equal1 ,self-,unequal1 c4--ea* ( !m adapt$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ticul> cases3 ! ,self-,beautiful 0 assum$ z ! cause :y all p>ticul> ?+s 7 beautiful--z t1 ( :i* all & ea* ( !m p>takes--& s ( ! re/4#gi ,plato !n expla9s 8 proc$ure4 ,he fir/ d$uc$ v>i\s consequ5ces f ?is assum$ hypo!sis1 & exam9$ :e!r all ( !m 7 consi/5t or inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,if he detect$ inconsi/5cies 7z e4g4 9 ! la/ half ( ! ,p>m5ids71 we mu/ suppose 7?\gh ,plato does n expressly say s7 t he w\ld reject or modify 8 fundam5tal assumption3 if he f\nd none1 he w\ld reta9 x4 ,! po9t w\ld h to be tri$ by dialectic debate ) an oppon5t3 ! logical process ( inf]5ce & c\nt]-inf]5ce is "h assum$ to be tru/wor?y4 ,b dur+ ?is debate ,plato w\ld require 8 oppon5t to admit ! tru? ( ! fundam5tal hypo!sis provisionally4 ,if ! oppon5t *ose to impugn ! latt]1 he mu/ op5 a di/9ct debate on t express subject4 ,plato insi/s t ! discussion ( ! consequ5ces fl[+ f ! hypo!sis1 %all be kept q ap>t f ! discussion on ! cr$ibility ( ! hypo!sis itself4 ,f ! language employ$1 he seems to h _h 9 view c]ta9 disputants kn[n to him1 by :om ! two 7 s bl5d$ toge!r z to produce mu* confusion 9 ! reason+4 ,footnote #gg3 ,ari/otle 7,metaphysic4 ,a4 #ihg1 b4 #ca1 ,greek3 ,?4 #ajej1 b4 #ce7 calls ! ,platonici ,greek3 oi7 e7n tois lo_/gois3 see ! note ( ,bonitz4 ,footnote #gh3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ajj ,a4 ,greek3 a7ll' ou7n d tau_/t ge 7_/rmsa1 kai u7po!_/m5os e7ka_//ote lo_/gon o7n a7n kri_/n e7r7r7m5e_//aton ei7nai1 a7 men a7n moi dok t\_/t xumphnein1 ti_/?mi 7s a7l? o7_/nta1 kai p]i ai7ti_/z kai p]i tn a7_/lln a7pa_/ntn2 a7 d' a7n m_/1 7s ou7k a7l?4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ari/otle controv]ts ?is doctr9e ( ,plato 9 a po9t$ mann]1 ,de ,g54 et ,corrupt4 ii4 #i1 p4 #cce1 b4 #aj1 also ,metaphys4 ,a4 #iia1 b4 #c4 ,! =m] passage is ! mo/ animat$ 9 po9t ( expression1 :]e ,ari/otle says--,greek3 7_/sp] o7 e7n t ,phai_/dni ,skra_/ts2 kai gar e7keinos1 e7pitim_/sas tois a7_/llois 7s ou7den ei7rko_/s91 u7poti_/!tai--:i* is v true ab\t ! ,platonic dialogue ,phdon1 c4 ,b 9 bo? ! two passages1 ,ari/otle di/9ctly ma9ta9s t ! ,ideas _c be ,causes ( any ?+4 ,?is is ano!r illu/ration ( :at ,i h obs]v$ above1 t ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,cause has be5 always fluctuat+ & undet]m9$4 ,we see t1 :ile ,ari/otle affirm$ t ! ,ideas c\ld n be ,causes ( any?+1 ,plato "h ma9ta9s t !y are ! only true ,causes4 ,side-note3 ,ultimate appeal to hypo!sis ( extreme g5]ality4 ,b if y\r oppon5t impugns ! hypo!sis itself1 h[ are y to def5d x8 ,plato "h tells u3 by means ( "s o!r hypo!sis or assumption1 yet m univ]sal ?an itself4 ,y mu/ asc5d upw>ds 9 ! scale ( g5]ality1 until y f9d an assumption suitable & suffici5t4#hj ,footnote #hj3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aja ,e4 ,we "h see :]e x 0 t ,plato look$ = full1 indisputable1 self-recomm5d+ & self-assur+1 c]ta9ty & tru?4 ,among ! mo/ univ]sal propositions4 ,he /ates ! matt] "h z if we 7 to provide def5ce = an hypo!sis less univ]sal by asc5d+ to ano!r hypo!sis m univ]sal4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by :at he says 9 ! ,timu--,propositions are cognate ) ! matt] :i* !y affirm3 ^? ^: affirmation is purely intellectual1 compris+ only matt] ( ! intelligible _w1 or ( g5u9e ,ess5ce1 are solid & inexpugnable3 ^? :i* take 9 m or less ( ! s5sible _w1 :i* is a m]e copy ( ! intelligible exempl>1 become less & less tru/wor?y--m]e probabilities4 ,"h we h ! ,platonic wor%ip ( ! mo/ univ]sal propositions1 z ! only prim>y & evid5t tru?s4#ha ,b 9 ! six? & sev5? books ( ! ,republic1 he deliv]s a precept some:at diff]5t1 requir+ ! philosoph] n to re/ 9 any hypo!sis z an ultimatum1 b to consid] !m all z /epp+-/ones = enabl+ him to asc5d into a high] region1 above all hypo!sis--to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( e ?+3 & he consid]s geometrical reason+ z defective because x takes its dep>ture f hypo!sis or assumptions ( :i* no acc\nt is r5d]$4#hb ,9 ! ,republic he ?us contemplates an intuition by ! m9d ( "s prim>y1 cle>1 self-evid5t tru?1 above all hypo!ses or assumptions ev5 ! mo/ univ]sal1 & transmitt+ its own c]ta9ty to e ?+ :i* c\ld be logically d$uc$ f x3 :ile 9 ! ,phdon1 he does n recognise any ?+ high] or m c]ta9 ?an ! mo/ univ]sal hypo!sis--& he ev5 pres5ts ! !ory ( self-exi/5t ,ideas z no?+ m ?an an hypo!sis1 ?\gh a v satisfactory "o4 ,9 ! ,republic1 ,plato has come to imag9e ! ,idea ( ,good z di/+ui%$ f & illum9at+ all ! o!r ,ideas3 9 ! ,timu1 x seems p]sonifi$ 9 ! ,demiurgus2 9 ! ,phdon1 t ,idea ( ,good appe>s to be repres5t$ by ! ,n\s or ,reason ( ,anaxagoras4 ,b ,sokrates is unable to foll[ x out1 s t x becomes includ$1 )\t any pre-em95ce1 among ! ,ideas g5]ally3 all ( !m transc5d5tal1 co-ord9ate1 & prim>y s\rces ( tru? to ! intellig5t m9d--yet ea* ( !m ex]cis+ a causative influ5ce 9 its own dep>tm5t1 & be/[+ its own special "* on v>i\s p>ticul>s4 ,footnote #ha3 ,plato1 ,timu1 p4 #bi ,b4 ,greek3 7de ou7n p]i_/ te ei7ko_/nos kai t\ p>adei_/gmatos diori/e_/on1 7s a7_/ra t\s lo_/g\s1 7npe_/r ei7s9 e7xgtai_/1 t\_/tn au7tn kai xugg5eis o7_/ntas4 t\ men ou7n moni_/m\ kai bebai_/ou kai meta n\ kataphan\s1 moni_/m\s kai a7metapt_/t\s 4 4 4 t\s de t\ pros men e7keino a7peika/he_/ntos1 o7_/ntos de ei7ko_/nos1 ei7ko_/tas a7na lo_/gon te e7kei_/nn o7_/ntas2 o7_/1 tip] pros ge_/nes9 ou7si_/a1 t\to pros pi_//9 a7l!i_/a4 ,footnote #hb3 ,plato1 ,republic1 vi4 p4 #eaa4 ,greek3 tn u7po!_/sen a7nte_/r e7kbai_/ne9 4 4 4 4 to e7_/t]on tmma t\ not\1 ou7 au7tos o7 lo_/gos a7_/ptetai t t\ diale_/ge/hai duna_/mei1 tas u7po!_/seis poi\_/m5os ou7k a7r*as a7lla t o7_/nti u7po!_/seis1 oi7on e7piba_/seis te kai o7rma_/s1 i7_/na me_/*ri t\ a7nupo!_/t\ e7pi tn t\ pantos a7r*n i7_/n1 a7psa_/m5os au7ts1 pa_/l9 au7 e7*o_/m5os tn e7kei_/ns e7*ome_/nn1 ou7_/ts e7pi teleutn katabai_/n1 ai7/ht panta_/pas9 ou7d5i pros*r_/m5os1 a7ll' ei7_/des9 au7tois di' au7tn ei7s au7ta_/1 kai teleuta ei7s ei7_/d4 ,comp>e vii4 p4 #ecc4 ,side-note3 ,plato's demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l re/s ^u ! assumption ( ! ,platonic ideas4 ,reason+ to prove ?is4 ,x is f ! assumption ( ^! ,ideas z et]nal ,ess5ces1 t ,plato und]takes to demon/rate ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,"o ,idea or ,=m w n admit1 b p]emptorily excludes1 ! approa* ( t o!r ,=m :i* is opposite to x4 ,greatness w n receive ! =m ( littl5ess3 nor w ! greatness :i* is 9 any p>ticul> subject receive ! =m ( littl5ess4 ,if ! =m ( littl5ess be br\ght to be>1 greatness w n /ay to receive x1 b w ei!r retire or be de/roy$4 ,! same is true likewise respect+ t :i* ess5tially has ! =m3 ?us fire has ess5tially ! =m ( heat1 & sn[ has ess5tially ! =m ( cold4 ,accord+ly fire1 z x w n receive ! =m ( cold1 s nei!r w x receive sn[3 & sn[1 z x w n receive ! =m ( heat1 s nei!r w x receive fire4 ,if fire comes1 sn[ w ei!r retire or w be de/roy$4 ,! ,triad has always ! ,=m ( ,oddness1 & w nev] receive t ( ,ev5ness3 ! ,dyad has always ! ,=m ( ,ev5ness1 & w nev] receive t ( ,oddness--^u ! approa* ( ?is latt] x w ei!r disappe> or w be de/roy$3 moreov] ! ,dyad1 :ile refus+ to receive ! ,=m ( ,oddness1 w refuse also to receive t ( ! ,triad1 :i* always embodies t ,=m--al?\gh ?ree is n 9 direct contr>iety ) two4 ,if !n we are ask$1 ,:at is t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* makes a body hot8 we ne$ n conf9e ourselves to ! answ]--,x is ! ,=m ( ,heat--:i*1 ?\gh correct1 gives no new in=mation3 b we may f>!r say--,x is ,fire1 :i* involves ! ,=m ( ,heat4 ,if we are ask$1 ,:at is t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* makes a numb] odd1 we %all n say--,x is ,oddness3 b we %all say--,x is ! ,triad or ! ,p5tad--bo? ( :i* involve ,oddness4 ,side-note3 ,! s\l always br+s life1 & is ess5tially liv+4 ,x _c receive dea?3 9 o!r words1 x is immortal4 ,9 l mann]1 ! "q be+ ask$1 ,:at is t1 :i*1 be+ 9 ! body1 w give x life8 we mu/ answ]--,x is ! s\l4 ,! s\l1 :5 x lays hold ( any body1 always arrives br++ ) x life4 ,n[ dea? is ! contr>y ( life4 ,accord+ly ! s\l1 :i* always br+s ) x life1 w nev] receive ! contr>y ( life4 ,9 o!r words1 x is dea?less or immortal4#hc ,footnote #hc3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aje ,c-,e4 ,greek3 ,a7pokri_/n\ d_/1 7 a7n ti_/ e7gge_/ntai s_/mati1 zn e7_//ai8 7i a7n psu*_/1 e7_/ph4 ,ou7k\n a7ei t\to ou7_/ts e7_/*ei8 ,ps gar ou7*i_/8 7 d' o7_/s4 7 psu* a7_/ra o7_/1 ti a7n au7t kata_/s*1 a7ei 7_/kei e7p' e7keino phe_/r\sa z_/n8 7_/kei me_/ntoi1 e7_/ph4 ,po_/t]on d' e7_//i ti z e7nanti_/on1 7 ou7de_/n8 ,e7_//91 e7_/ph4 ,ti_/8 ,?a_/natos4 ou7k\n 7 psu* to e7nanti_/on 7 au7t e7piphe_/rei a7ei ou7 m_/ pote de_/xtai1 7s e7k tn pro_//h5 7molo_/gtai8 ,kai ma_/la spho_/dra1 e7_/ph o7 ,ke_/bs4 4 4 4 ,o7 d' a7n ?a_/naton m de_/*tai1 ti_/ kal\m58 ,a7?a_/naton1 e7_/ph4 ,a7?a_/naton a7_/ra 7 psu*_/8 ,a7?a_/naton4 ,nemesius1 ! ,*ri/ian bi%op ( ,emesa1 decl>es t ! pro(s giv5 by ,plato ( ! immortality ( ! s\l are knotty & difficult to und]/&1 su* z ev5 adepts 9 philosophical /udy c h>dly foll[4 ,8 own belief 9 x he re/s ^u ! inspiration ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures 7,nemesius de ,nat4 ,hom94 c4 #b4 p4 #ee1 ed4 #aefe74 ,side-note3 ,! pro( ( immortality includes pre-exi/5ce z well z po/-exi/5ce--animals z well z man--also ! metempsy*osis or translation ( ! s\l f "o body to ano!r4 ,su* is ! gr\nd ^u :i* ,sokrates re/s 8 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! doctr9e reposes1 9 ,plato's view1 ^u ! assumption ( et]nal1 self-exi/5t1 un*angeable1 ,ideas or ,=ms3#hd ^u ! cong5iality ( nature1 & inh]5t correlation1 betwe5 ^! ,ideas & ! ,s\l3 ^u ! fact1 t ! s\l kn[s ^! ,ideas1 :i* k mu/ h be5 acquir$ 9 a prior /ate ( exi/5ce3 & ^u ! ess5tial p>ticipation ( ! s\l 9 ! ,idea ( life1 s t x _c be conceiv$ z )\t life1 or z dead4#he ,! immortality ( ! s\l is conceiv$ z necess>y & entire1 includ+ n m]ely po/-exi/5ce1 b also pre-exi/5ce4 ,9 fact ! ref]5ce to an ant]ior "t is m ess5tial to ,plato's !ory ?an t to a po/]ior "t2 because x is employ$ to expla9 ! cognitions ( ! m9d1 & ! id5tity ( le>n+ ) rem9isc5ce3 :ile ,simmias1 :o ev5 at ! close is n )\t res]ve on ! subject ( ! po/-exi/5ce1 proclaims an emphatic adhesion on t ( ! pre-exi/5ce4#hf ,! pro(1 moreov]1 be+ f\nd$ 9 great "p on ! ,idea ( ,life1 embraces e ?+ liv+1 & is common to animals#hg 7if n to plants7 z well z to m53 & ! metempsy*osis--or transition ( s\ls n m]ely f "o human body to ano!r1 b also f ! human to ! animal body1 & vice v]s--is a portion ( ! ,platonic cre$4 ,footnote #hd3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #gf ,d-,e1 #ajj ,b-,c4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! ,republic also1 ,sokrates und]takes to demon/rate ! immortality ( ! s\l3 & t 9 do+ s he does n make any ref]5ce or allusion to ! argum5ts us$ 9 ! ,phdon1 b produces ano!r argum5t totally di/9ct & novel3 an argum5t :i* ,me9]s rem>ks truly to be q peculi> to ,plato1 ,republic1 x4 pp4 #fji ,e1 #faa ,c2 ,me9]s1 ,ges*i*te d] ,wiss5s*aft51 vol4 ii4 p4 #ghj4 ,footnote #he3 ,zell]1 ,philosophie d] ,grie*4 ,"p ii4 p4 #bfg4 ,die ,seele i/ ihrem ,begriffe na* dasj5ige1 zu dess5 ,wes5 es gehrt zu leb5--sie kann also 9 ke9em ,aug5blicke als ni*t leb5d g$a*t w]d53 ,9 diesem ontologis*5 ,beweis fr die ,un/]bli*keit1 lauf5 ni*t bloss alle die e9zeln5 ,beweise des ,phdon zusamm51 sond]n d]selbe wird au* s*on im ,pha$rus vorgetrag51 c4 ,comp>e ,phdrus1 p4 #bde4 ,hegel1 9 8 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie 7,"p ii4 pp4 #ahf-ahg-ahi1 ed4 #b71 ma9ta9s t ,plato did n conceive ! s\l z a sep>ate ?+ or reality--t he did n mean to affirm1 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! words1 its sep>ate exi/5ce ei!r be=e or aft] ! pres5t life--t he did n desc5d to s crude a conception 7zu dies] ,rohheit h]abzus9k57 z to repres5t to himself ! s\l z a ?+1 or to enquire into its duration or cont9uance aft] ! mann] ( a ?+--t ,plato und]/ood ! s\l to exi/ ess5tially z ! ,univ]sal ,notion or ,idea1 ! compreh5sive aggregate ( all o!r ,ideas1 9 :i* s5se he affirm$ x to be immortal--t ! descriptions :i* ,plato gives ( its condition1 ei!r be=e life or aft] dea?1 are to be treat$ only z poetical metaphors4 ,!re is +5uity 9 ?is view ( ,hegel1 & _m sep>ate expressions ( ,plato receive light f x3 b x appe>s to me to ref9e away too mu*4 ,plato _h 9 8 own m9d & belief bo? ! s\l z a p>ticul> ?+--& ! s\l z an univ]sal4 ,8 language implies sometimes ! "o sometimes ! o!r4 ,footnote #hf3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #ib1 #ajg ,b4 ,footnote #hg3 ,see :at ,sokrates says ab\t ! swans1 ,phdon1 p4 #he ,a-,b4 ,side-note3 ,aft] f9i%+ 8 pro( t ! s\l is immortal1 ,sokrates ent]s into a description1 :at w become ( x aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,he describes a ,greek3 ,nekui_/a4 ,hav+ complet$ 8 demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,sokrates proce$s to give a sket* ( ! condition & treatm5t :i* x exp]i5ces aft] dea?4 ,! ,greek3 ,nekui_/a "h foll[+ is analog\s1 9 g5]al doctr9al scope1 to ^? o!rs :i* we read 9 ! ,republic & 9 ! ,gorgias3 b all ( !m are diff]5t 9 p>ticul> incid5ts1 illu/rative circum/ances1 & sc5]y4 ,! s5tim5t ( belief 9 ,plato's m9d atta*es itself to g5]al doctr9es1 :i* appe> to him to possess an evid5ce indep5d5t ( p>ticul>s4 ,:5 he applies ^! doctr9es to p>ticul>s1 he makes little di/9ction betwe5 su* z are true1 or problematical1 or fictiti\s3 he v>ies 8 my!s at pleasure1 provid$ t !y s]ve ! purpose ( illu/rat+ 8 g5]al view4 ,! my! :i* we read 9 ! ,phdon includes a description ( ! ,e>? :i* to u appe>s altoge!r imag9ative & poetical3 yet x is h>dly m s ?an sev]al o!r curr5t !ories1 propos$ by v>i\s philosoph]s antec$5t & contempor>y1 respect+ ,e>? & ,sea4 ,ari/otle criticises ! views express$ 9 ! ,phdon1 z he criticises ^? ( ,demokritus & ,emp$okles4#hh ,ea* s\l ( a deceas$ p]son is conduct$ by 8 ,g5ius to ! prop] place1 & !re receives s5t5ce ( condemnation to suff]+1 great] or less accord+ to 8 conduct 9 life1 9 ! deep *asm call$ ,t>t>us1 & 9 ! riv]s ( mud & fire1 ,/yx1 ,kokytus1 ,pyriphlege?on4#hi ,to ^? :o h pass$ _! lives 9 le>n+1 & :o h deta*$ !mselves z mu* z !y possibly c\ld f all pleasures & all pursuits connect$ ) ! body--9 ord] to pursue wisdom & virtue--a full rew>d is giv54 ,!y are emancipat$ f ! obligation ( ent]+ ano!r body1 & are all[$ to live ev] aft]w>ds disembodi$ 9 ! pure regions ( ,ideas4#ij ,footnote #hh3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #ajg-aaa4 ,olympiodorus pron\nces ! my! to be a good imitation ( ! tru?1 ,republ4 x4 #fbj seq42 ,gorgias1 p4 #ebj2 ,ari/otle1 ,meteorol4 ii4 pp4 #cee-cef4 ,comp>e also #cef1 b4 #aj1 #ceg1 a4 #be1 :]e he /ates & canvasses ! doctr9es ( ,demokritus & ,emp$okles2 also #ceb1 a4 #ce1 ab\t ! ,greek3 a7r*aioi !o_/logoi4 ,he is r m sev]e ^u ^! o!rs ?an ^u ,plato4 ,he too consid]s1 l ,plato1 t ! am\nt ( evid5ce :i* y ought to require = y\r belief dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! subject2 & t !re are v>i\s subjects on :i* y ought to believe on slight] evid5ce3 see ,metaphysic4 ,a4 #iie1 a4 #b-af3 ,e?ic4 ,nikom4 i4 #a1 #ajid1 b4 #ab-ad4 ,footnote #hi3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #aaa-aab4 ,comp>e ,eusebius1 ,prp4 ,ev4 xiii4 #ac1 & ,arnobius adv4 ,g5tes1 ii4 #ad4 ,arnobius blames ,plato = inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t ! s\l is immortal 9 its own nature1 & yet t x suff]s pa9 aft] dea?--,rem in5odabilem suscipit 7,plato7 ut cum animas dicat immortales1 p]petuas1 et ex corporali soliditate privatas1 puniri eas dicat tam5 et doloris afficiat s5su4 ,quis autem hom9um non videt quod sit immortale1 quod simplex1 nullum posse dolorem admitt]e2 quod autem s5tiat dolorem1 immortalitatem hab]e non posse8 ,footnote #ij3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aad ,c-,e4 ,greek3 t\tn de au7tn oi7 philosophi_/a i7kans ka?ra_/m5oi a7_/neu te sma_/tn zsi to p>a_/pan ei7s ton e7_/peita *ro_/non1 c4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates expects t 8 s\l is go+ to ! isl&s ( ! ble/4 ,reply to ,kriton ab\t bury+ 8 body4 ,su*1 or some?+ l x1 ,sokrates confid5tly expects w be ! fate await+ himself4#ia ,:5 ask$ by ,kriton1 among o!r que/ions1 h[ he desir$ to be buri$1 he replies ) a smile--,y may bury me z y *oose1 if y c only cat* me4 ,b y w n und]/& me :5 ,i tell y1 t ,i1 ,sokrates1 :o am n[ speak+1 %all n rema9 ) y aft] hav+ drunk ! poison1 b %all dep>t to "s ( ! enjoym5ts ( ! ble/4 ,y mu/ n talk ab\t bury+ or burn+ ,sokrates1 z if ,i 7 suff]+ "s t]rible op]ation4 ,su* language is inauspici\s & depress+ to our m9ds4 ,keep up y\r c\rage1 & talk only ( bury+ ! body ( ,sokrates3 conduct ! burial z y ?9k be/ & mo/ dec5t4#ib ,footnote #ia3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aae ,a4 ,footnote #ib3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aae ,d4 ,greek3 7s e7peidan pi_/ to pha_/rmakon ou7ke_/ti u7min p>am51 a7ll' oi7*_/somai a7pin ei7s maka_/rn d_/ t9as eu7daimoni_/z4 ,side-note3 ,prep>ations = adm9i/]+ ! hemlock4 ,sympa?y ( ! gaol]4 ,equanimity ( ,sokrates4 ,sokrates !n retires ) ,kriton into an int]ior *amb] to ba!1 desir+ t ! wom5 may be sp>$ ! task ( wa%+ 8 body aft] 8 decease4 ,hav+ tak5 f9al leave ( 8 wife & *ildr51 he returns to 8 fri5ds z sunset is approa*+4 ,we are "h made to see ! contra/ betwe5 him & o!r prison]s "u l circum/ances4 ,! att5dant ( ! ,elev5 ,magi/rates comes to w>n him t ! h\r has come = swall[+ ! poison2 express+ sympa?y & regret = ! necessity ( deliv]+ s pa9ful a message1 toge!r ) admiration = ! equanimity & rational judgm5t ( ,sokrates1 :i* he contra/s =cibly ) ! discont5t & wra? ( o!r prison]s "u simil> circum/ances4 ,z he turn$ away ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 ,sokrates exclaim$--,h[ c\rte\s ! man is to me & has be5 f ! beg9n+6 h[ g5]\sly he n[ weeps = me6 ,let u obey him1 & let ! poison be br\ght =?)1 if x be prep>$3 if n1 let him prep>e x4 ,d n hurry 7int]pos$ ,kriton73 !re is /ill "t1 = ! sun is n q set4 ,i h kn[n o!rs :o1 ev5 aft] receiv+ ! ord]1 def]r$ dr9k+ ! poison until !y _h _h a good supp] & o!r enjoym5ts4 ,x is natural t !y %\ld d s 7repli$ ,sokrates74 ,!y ?9k t !y are ga9]s by x3 = me1 x is natural t ,i %\ld n d s--= ,i %all ga9 no?+ b contempt 9 my own eyes1 by ?us cl++ to life1 & sav+ up :5 !re is no?+ left4#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aag ,a4 ,greek3 gli*o_/m5os t\ zn1 kai pheido_/m5os ou7d5os e7_/ti e7no_/ntos4 ,hesiod4 ,opp4 et ,dies1 #cfg4 ,greek3 deil d' e7ni pu?me_/ni pheid_/4 ,side-note3 ,sokrates swall[s ! poison4 ,conv]sation ) ! gaol]4 ,kriton accord+ly gave ord]s1 & ! poison1 aft] a c]ta9 int]val1 0 br\ght 94 ,sokrates1 on ask+ = directions1 0 in=m$1 t aft] hav+ swall[$ x1 he mu/ walk ab\t until 8 legs felt heavy3 he mu/ !n lie d[n & cov] himself up3 ! poison w\ld d its "w4 ,he took ! cup )\t any symptom ( al>m or *ange ( c\nt5ance3 !n look+ at ! att5dant ) 8 usual full & fix$ gaze1 he ask$ :e!r !re 0 en\gh to all[ ( a libation4 ,we prep>e z mu* z is suffici5t 70 ! answ]71 b no m4 ,i und]/& 7said ,sokrates73 b at lea/ ,i may pray1 & ,i mu/ pray1 to ! ,gods1 t my *ange ( abode f "h to !re may be =tunate4 ,he !n put ! cup to 8 lips1 & drank x (f ) p]fect ease & tranquillity4#id ,footnote #id3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aag ,c4 ,side-note3 ,ungov]nable sorr[ ( ! fri5ds pres5t4 ,self-comm& ( ,sokrates4 ,la/ words to ,kriton1 & dea?4 ,8 fri5ds1 :o _h hi!rto ma9ta9$ _! self-control1 7 ov]p[]$ by emotion on see+ ! cup swall[$1 & broke out into viol5t te>s & lam5tation4 ,no "o 0 unmov$1 except ,sokrates himself3 :o g5tly remon/rat$ ) !m1 & exhort$ !m to tranquil resignation3 rem9d+ !m t no?+ b good words 0 admissible at ! h\r ( dea?4 ,! fri5ds1 a%am$ ( !mselves1 f\nd means to repress _! te>s4 ,sokrates walk$ ab\t until he felt heavy 9 ! legs1 & !n lay d[n 9 b$4 ,aft] "s int]val1 ! att5dant ( ! prison came to exam9e 8 feet & legs1 p9*$ 8 foot ) =ce1 & enquir$ :e!r he felt x4 ,sokrates repli$ 9 ! negative4 ,pres5tly ! man p9*$ 8 legs ) simil> result1 & %[$ to ! fri5ds 9 t way t 8 body 0 gradually becom+ *ill & b5umb$3 add+ t z soon z ?is %\ld get to ! he>t1 he w\ld die4#ie ,! *ill _h already rea*$ 8 belly1 :5 ,sokrates uncov]$ 8 face1 :i* _h be5 hi!rto conceal$ by ! b$-clo!s1 & spoke 8 la/ words3#if ,kriton1 we owe a cock to sculapius3 pay ! debt )\t fail4 ,x %all be done 7answ]$ ,kriton72 h y any o!r injunctions8 ,sokrates made no reply1 b aga9 cov]$ himself up4#ig ,aft] a %ort int]val1 he made "s movem5t3 ! att5dant pres5tly uncov]$ him1 & f\nd him dead1 ) 8 eyes /iff & fix$4 ,kriton p]=m$ ! la/ duty ( clos+ bo? 8 eyes & 8 m\?4 ,footnote #ie3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aah4 ,^! details receive int]e/+ confirmation f ! rem>kable sc5e describ$ by ,val]ius ,maximus1 z witness$ by himself at ,julis 9 ! isl& ( ,keos1 :5 he accompani$ ,sextus ,pompeius into ,asia 7,val4 ,m4 ii4 #f1 #h74 ,a ,keian lady ( rank1 n9ety ye>s ( age1 well 9 heal?1 com=table1 & 9 full possession ( h] intellig5ce1 b deem+ x prud5t 7accord+ to ! cu/om 9 ,keos1 ,/rabo1 x4 p4 #dhf7 to retire f life :ile %e _h z yet no?+ to compla9 (--took poison1 by h] own delib]ate act1 9 ! pres5ce ( h] relatives & ( ,sextus ,pompeius1 :o va9ly endeav\r$ to dissuade h]4 ,cupido hau/u mortif]am traxit potionem1 ac s]mone significans quasnam sub9d p>tes corporis sui rigor occupret1 cum jam visc]ibus eum et cordi imm9]e esset elocuta1 fili>um manus ad supremum opprim5dorum oculorum (ficium advocavit4 ,no/ros autem1 tametsi novo spectaculo ob/upefacti erant1 suffusos tam5 lacrimis dimisit4 ,footnote #if3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #aah4 ,greek3 7_/d ou7n s*$o_/n ti au7t\ 7n ta p]i to 7tron psu*o_/m5a1 kai e7kkalupsa_/m5os 7e7nekeka_/lupto gar7 ei7p51 o7 d teleutaion e7ph!_/gxato1 7 ,kri_/tn1 e7_/ph1 t ,a7sklpi o7phei_/lom5 a7lektru_/ona2 a7ll' a7po_/dote kai m a7mel_/ste4 ,cic]o1 aft] recov]+ f a bili\s attack1 writes to 8 wife ,t]5tia 7,epi/4 ,famil4 xiv4 #g73 ,omnes mole/ias et solicitud9es deposui et ejeci4 ,quid caus autem fu]it1 po/ridi intellexi quam vobis discessi4 ,greek3 ,*oln a7_/kraton noctu ejeci3 /atim ita sum levatus1 ut mihi ,deus aliquis m$ic9am fecisse videatur4 ,cui quidem ,deo1 quemadmodum tu soles1 pi et ca/ satisfacies3 id e/1 ,apoll9i et sculapio4 ,comp>e ! rhetor ,ari/eides1 ,orat4 xlv4 pp4 #bb-bc-aee1 ed4 ,d9dorf4 ,ab\t ! habit ( sacrific+ a cock to sculapius1 see also a passage 9 ! ,greek3 ,i7ern ,lo_/goi ( ! rhetor ,ari/eides 7,orat4 xxvii4 p4 #ede1 ed4 ,d9dorf1 at ! top ( ! page74 ,i w add t ! five ,greek3 ,i7ern ,lo_/goi ( t ,rhetor 7,oratt4 xxiii4-xxvii47 are curi\s z te/ify+ ! multitude ( dreams & revelations v\*saf$ to him by sculapius2 also ! implicit fai? ) :i* he act$ ^u !m 9 8 maladies1 & ! success :i* att5d$ ! curative prescriptions ?us made kn[n to him4 ,ari/eides decl>es himself to place m confid5ce 9 ^! revelations ?an 9 ! advice ( physicians1 & to h (t5 act$ on !m 9 pref]5ce to su* advice 7,orat4 xlv4 pp4 #bj-bb1 ,d9d474 ,! direction "h giv5 by ,sokrates to ,kriton 7?\gh "s critics1 ev5 ! mo/ rec5t1 see ,kris*e1 ,lehr5 d] ,grie*is*5 ,d5k]1 p4 #bbg1 int]pret x 9 a my/ical s5se7 is to be und]/ood simply & lit]ally1 9 my judgm5t4 ,on :at occasion1 or = :at1 he _h made ! v[ ( ! cock1 we are n told4 ,sokrates 0 a v religi\s man1 mu* influ5c$ by prophecies1 oracles1 dreams1 & special revelations 7,plato1 ,apol4 ,sokr4 pp4 #ba-bi-cc2 also ,phdon1 p4 #fj74 ,footnote #ig3 ,euripid4 ,hippol4 #adee ,greek3 ,kek>te_/rtai ta7_/m'2 o7_/lla ga_/r1 pate_/r4 ,krupson de_/ m\ pro_/spon 7s ta_/*os pe_/plois4 ,side-note3 ,extreme pa?os1 & probable tru/wor?9ess ( ^! p]sonal details4 ,! pa!tic details ( ?is sc5e--arrang$ ) s mu* dramatic beauty1 & l5d+ imp]i%able int]e/ to ! ,phdon ( ,plato--may be reg>d$ z real facts1 describ$ f ! recollection ( an eye-witness1 ?\gh _m ye>s aft] _! occurr5ce4 ,!y pres5t to u ! p]sonality ( ,sokrates 9 full h>mony ) t :i* we read 9 ! ,platonic ,apology4 ,! tranquil asc5dancy ( resolute & rational conviction1 satisfi$ ) ! pa/1 & welcom+ in/ead ( fe>+ ! close ( life--is exhibit$ z triumph+ 9 ! "o case ov] adv]se accus]s & judges1 9 ! o!r case ov] ! unn]v+ manife/ations ( afflict$ fri5ds4 ,side-note3 ,contra/ betwe5 ! ,platonic ,apology & ! ,phdon4 ,b ?\gh ! p]sonal incid5ts ( ?is dialogue are truly ,sokratic--! dogmatic emphasis1 & ! app>atus ( argum5t & hypo!sis1 are ess5tially ,platonic4 ,9 ^! respects1 ! dialogue contra/s rem>kably ) ! ,apology4 ,:5 address+ ! ,dika/s1 ,sokrates n only makes no pr(ession ( dogmatic c]ta9ty1 b expressly disclaims x4 ,nay m--he consid]s t ! false p]suasion ( su* dogmatic c]ta9ty1 univ]sally preval5t among 8 c\ntrym51 is z p]nici\s z x is illusory3 & t 8 own sup]iority ov] o!rs consi/s m]ely 9 consci\sness ( 8 own ignorance1 :ile !y are unconsci\s ( !irs4#ih ,to dissipate su* false p]suasion ( k1 by p]petual cross-exam9ation ( e "o ar\nd1 is ! special mission impos$ ^u him by ! ,gods3 9 :i* mission1 inde$1 he has ! firme/ belief--b x is a belief1 l t 9 8 ,dmon or div9e sign1 dep5d+ ^u oracles1 dreams1 & o!r revelations peculi> to himself1 :i* he does n expect t ! ,dika/s w admit z g5u9e evid5ce4#ii ,"o peculi> example1 :]eby ,sokrates exemplifies ! false p]suasion ( k :]e m5 h no real k1 is borr[$ f ! fe> ( dea?4 ,no man kn[s 7he says7 :at dea? is1 n ev5 :e!r x may n be a signal b5efit3 yet e man fe>s x z if he well knew t x 0 ! greate/ evil4#ajj ,dea? mu/ be "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r a f9al ext9ction--a p]petual & dreamless sleep--or else a transf]5ce ( ! s\l to "s o!r place4 ,sokrates is p]suad$ t x w be 9 ei!r case a b5efit to him1 & t ! ,gods w take c>e t he1 a good man1 %all suff] no evil1 ei!r liv+ or dead3 ! pro( ( :i* is1 to him1 t ! div9e sign has nev] int]pos$ any ob/ruction 9 reg>d to 8 trial & s5t5ce4 ,if 7says he7 ,i am transf]r$ to "s o!r abode1 among ^? :o h di$ be=e me1 h[ delightful w x be to see ,hom] & ,hesiod1 ,orpheus & ,musu1 ,agamemnon1 ,ajax or ,palamdes--& to pass my "t 9 cross-exam9+ ea* z to 8 true or false k6#aja ,la/ly1 s f> z he pr(esses to aim at any positive end1 x is ! diffusion ( political1 social1 human virtue1 z di/+ui%$ f acquisitions above ! measure ( humanity4 ,he tells m5 t x is n weal? :i* produces virtue1 b virtue :i* produces weal? & o!r advantages1 bo? public & private4#ajb ,footnote #ih3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,sokr4 pp4 #ba-bi4 ,greek3 kai t\to ps ou7k a7ma?i_/a e7/in au7_/t 7 e7ponei_/di/os1 7 t\ oi7_/e/hai ei7de_/nai a7 ou7k oi7d58 7#bi ,a-,b74 ,footnote #ii3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,sokr4 pp4 #ba-bc1 #ca ,d2 #cc ,c3 ,greek3 e7moi de t\to1 7s e7g_/ phmi1 pro/e_/taktai u7po t\ !\ pra_/tte9 kai e7k mantein kai e7x e7nupni_/n kai panti tro_/p1 7pe_/r ti_/s pote kai a7_/ll !i_/a moira a7n?r_/p kai o7ti\n prose_/taxe pra_/tte94 p4 #cg ,e3 ,greek3 e7a_/n te gar le_/g o7_/ti t ! a7pei!in t\t' e7/i kai dia t\t' a7du_/naton 7su*i_/an a7_/ge91 ou7 pei_/se/he_/ moi 7s ei7rneuome_/n4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,s4 p4 #bi ,b4 ,9 ! ,x5ophontic ,apology ( ,sokrates1 no allusion is made to ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,sokrates is !re describ$ z hav+ %ap$ 8 def5ce "u a belief t he _h arriv$ at a t]m :5 x 0 bett] = him to die ?an to live1 & t prolong$ life w\ld only expose him to ! unavoidable weaknesses & disabilities ( s5ility4 ,x is a pro( ( ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,gods t he is )drawn f life at s opportune a mom5t4 ,?is is ! explanation :i* ,x5ophon gives ( ! haughty tone ( ! def5ce 7sects4 #f-ae-bc-bg74 ,9 ! ,x5ophontic ,cyropdia1 ,cyrus1 on 8 dea?-b$1 addresses e>ne/ exhortations to 8 two sons3 & to give great] =ce to su* exhortations1 rem9ds !m t 8 own s\l w /ill survive & w /ill ex]cise a c]ta9 au?ority aft] 8 dea?4 ,he expresses 8 own belief n only t ! s\l survives ! body1 b also t x becomes m rational :5 disembodi$2 because--#a4 ,murd]]s are di/urb$ by ! s\ls ( murd]$ m54 #b4 ,hon\rs are paid to deceas$ p]sons1 :i* practice w\ld n cont9ue1 unless ! s\ls ( ! deceas$ _h efficacy to en=ce x4 #c4 ,! s\ls ( liv+ m5 are m rational dur+ sleep ?an :5 awake1 & sleep af=ds ! ne>e/ analogy to dea? 7viii4 #g1 #ag-ba74 7,mu* ! same argum5ts 7 urg$ 9 ! dialogues ( ,ari/otle4 ,b]nays1 ,dialog4 ,ari/ot4 pp4 #bc-aje47 ,he h[ev] adds1 t ev5 if he be mi/ak5 9 ?is po9t1 & if 8 s\l p]i% ) 8 body1 /ill he conjures 8 sons1 9 ! "n ( ! gods1 to obey 8 dy+ injunctions 7s4 #bb74 ,aga91 he says 7s4 #bg71 ,invite all ! ,p]sians to my tomb1 to jo9 ) me 9 satisfaction t ,i %all n[ be 9 safety1 s z to suff] no f>!r h>m1 :e!r ,i am unit$ to ! div9e elem5t1 or p]i% altoge!r 7,greek3 sun/h"s_/n\s e7moi_/1 o7_/ti e7n t a7sphalei 7_/d e7_/somai1 7s mden a7n e7_/ti kakon pa!in1 m_/te 7n meta t\ !i_/ou ge_/nmai1 m_/te 7n mden e7_/ti 774 ,! view tak5 "h by ,cyrus1 ( dea? 9 its analogy ) sleep 7,greek3 u7_/pn kai ?ana_/t diduma_/os91 ,iliad1 xvi4 #fgb7 z a refuge aga9/ imp5d+ evil = ! future1 is mu* ! same z t tak5 by ,sokrates 9 8 ,apology4 ,sokrates is n less pr\d ( 8 pa/ life1 sp5t 9 dialectic debate1 ?an ,cyrus ( 8 glori\s exploits4 ,greek3 ,o7 ?a_/natos1 limn kakn tois dusdaimon\s91 ,long9us1 de ,subl4 c4 #i1 p4 #bc4 ,comp>e also ! ,oration ( ,julius ,cs> 9 ,sallu/1 ,bell4 ,catil94 c4 #ea--;9 luctu atque mis]iis1 mortem rumn>um requiem1 non cruciatum esse3 illam cuncta mortalium mala dissolv]e3 ultra neque cur neque gaudio locum esse4 ,footnote #aja3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,s4 pp4 #dj-da4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,plato1 ,apol4 ,s4 pp4 #bj ,c1 #bi-cj4 ,greek3 le_/gn o7_/ti ou7k e7k *rma_/tn a7ret gi_/gnetai1 a7ll' e7x a7rets *r_/mata1 kai ta7lla a7ga?a tois a7n?r_/pois a7_/panta1 kai i7di_/a kai dmosi_/a 7#cj ,b74 ,comp>e ,x5ophon1 ,memorab4 i4 #b1 #h-i4 ,side-note3 ,abundant dogmatic & poetical inv5tion ( ! ,phdon comp>$ ) ! pr(ession ( ignorance :i* we read 9 ! ,apology4 ,if f ! ,apology we turn to ! ,phdon1 we seem to pass1 n m]ely to ! same speak] aft] ! int]val ( "o mon? 7! o/5sible int]val indicat$7 b to a diff]5t speak] & ov] a long p]iod4 ,we h ,plato speak+ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,sokrates1 & ,plato too at a mu* lat] "t4#ajc ,?\gh ! moral "* 7,greek3 7?os7 ( ,sokrates is fully ma9ta9$ & ev5 /rik+ly dramatis$--! intellectual p]sonality is altoge!r trans=m$4 ,in/ead ( a speak] :o av[s 8 own ignorance1 & blames o!rs only = believ+ !mselves to "k :5 !y are equally ignorant--we h "o :o indulges 9 ! wide/ range ( !ory & ! bolde/ employm5t ( hypo!sis4 ,plato introduces 8 own dogmatical & my/ical views1 lean+ 9 "p on ! ,orphic & ,py?agorean cre$s4#ajd ,he decl>es ! di/9ctness ( nature1 ! incompatibility1 ! =c$ tempor>y union & active conflict1 betwe5 ! s\l & ! body4 ,he includes ?is 9 ! /ill wid] & m g5]al decl>ation1 :i* recognises anti!sis betwe5 ! two worlds3 ! _w ( ,ideas1 ,=ms1 ,ess5ces1 n p]ceivable b only cogitable1 et]nal1 & un*angeable1 ) :i* ! s\l or m9d 0 9 k9dr$ & communion--! _w ( s5se1 or ( transi5t & ev]-*ang+ appe>ances or ph5om5a1 nev] arriv+ at p]man5t exi/5ce1 b always com+ & go+1 ) :i* ! body 0 9 comm]ce & h>mony4 ,! philosoph]1 :o ?ir/s only aft] k & desires to look at ?+s#aje z !y are 9 !mselves1 ) 8 m9d by itself--is repres5t$ z desir+1 ?r\gh\t all 8 life1 to loos5 z mu* z possible ! implication ( 8 s\l ) 8 body1 & z rejoic+ :5 ! h\r ( dea? arrives to divorce !m altoge!r4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,9 review+ ! ,apology 7supra1 vol4 i4 *4 ix4 p4 #daj7 ,i h already notic$ ?is v mat]ial discrepancy1 :i* is insi/$ ^u by ,a/ z an argum5t = disall[+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,apology4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 pp4 #fi ,c1 #gj ,c1 #ha ,c1 #fb ,b4 ,footnote #aje3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ff ,e4 ,greek3 a7pallakte_/on au7t\ 7t\ s_/matos7 kai au7t t psu* !ate_/on au7ta ta pra_/gmata4 ,side-note3 ,total r5unciation & discr$it ( ! body 9 ! ,phdon4 ,diff]5t feel+ ab\t ! body 9 o!r ,platonic dialogues4 ,su* total r5unciation ( ! body is put1 ) dramatic propriety1 into ! m\? ( ,sokrates dur+ ! la/ h\r ( 8 life4 ,b x w\ld n h be5 9 h>mony ) ! "* ( ,sokrates z o!r ,platonic dialogues pres5t him--9 ! pl5itude ( life--manife/+ di/+ui%$ bodily /r5g? & soldi]ly effici5cy1 proclaim+ gymna/ic tra9+ = ! body to be co-ord9ate ) musical tra9+ = ! m9d1 & impress$ ) ! mo/ int5se admiration = ! p]sonal beauty ( y\?4 ,! human body1 :i* 9 ! ,phdon is discr$it$ z a morbid incumbrance corrupt+ ! purity ( ! s\l1 is pres5t$ to u by ,sokrates 9 ! ,phdrus z ! only s5sible object :i* s]ves z a mirror & reflection ( ! beauty ( ! ideal _w3#ajf :ile ! ,platonic ,timu proclaims 79 language n unsuitable to ,locke7 t sight1 he>+1 & spee* are ! s\rces ( our ab/ract ,ideas1 & ! g5]at+ causes ( speculative intellect & philosophy4#ajg ,( ^!1 & ( ! _w ( s5se g5]ally1 an opposite view 0 appropriate 9 ! ,phdon2 :]e ! purpose ( ,sokrates is to console 8 di/ress$ fri5ds by %[+ t dea? 0 no mis=tune1 b relief f a bur!n4 ,& ,plato has avail$ himself ( ?is impressive situation1#ajh to recomm5d1 ) e *>m ( poetical expression1 v>i\s *>act]i/ic dogmas respect+ ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ,ideas & ! intelligible _w on "o side--,p]ceptions & ! s5sible _w on ! o!r3 respect+ ! s\l1 its nature ak9 to ! intelligible _w1 its pre-exi/5ce ant]ior to its pres5t body1 & its cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] ! dea? ( ! latt]3 respect+ ! condition ( ! s\l be=e bir? & aft] dea?1 its transition1 9 ! case ( mo/ m51 into o!r bodies1 ei!r human or animal1 ) ! condition ( suff]+ p5alties comm5surate to ! wrongs committ$ 9 ?is life3 f9ally1 respect+ ! privilege accord$ to ! s\ls ( su* z h pass$ _! lives 9 intellectual & philosophical occupation1 t !y %all aft] dea? rema9 = ev] disembodi$1 9 direct communion ) ! _w ( ,ideas4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,plato1 ,*>mids1 p4 #aee ,d4 ,protagoras1 init4 ,phdrus1 p4 #bej ,d4 ,symposion1 pp4 #agg ,c1 #baj ,a4 s*9es1 "o ( ! ,socratici viri or fell[ disciples ( ,sokrates along ) ,plato1 compos$ dialogues 7( ! same g5]al nature z ^? ( ,plato7 :]e9 ,sokrates 0 introduc$ conv]s+ or argu+4 s*9es plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ,sokrates ! mo/ int5se expressions ( passionate admiration t[>ds ! p]son ( ,alkibiades4 ,see ! ,fragm5ts cit$ by ! ,rhetor ,ari/eides1 ,orat4 xlv4 pp4 #bj-bc1 ed4 ,d9dorf4 ,ari/eides m5tions 7p4 #bd7 t v>i\s p]sons 9 8 "t mi/ook ^! expressions ascrib$ to ,sokrates = ! real talk ( ,sokrates himself4 ,comp>e also ! ,symposion ( ,x5ophon1 iv4 #bg4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,plato1 ,timu1 p4 #dg1 ,a-,d4 ,consult also ! same dialogue1 pp4 #hg-hh1 :]e ,plato insi/s on ! necessity ( co-ord9ate att5tion bo? to m9d & to body1 & on ! mis*iefs ( highly develop$ =ce 9 ! m9d unless x be accompani$ by a correspond+ developm5t ( =ce 9 ! body4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,comp>e ! description ( ! la/ disc\rse ( ,ptus ,?rasea4 ,tacitus1 ,annal4 xvi4 #cd4 ,side-note3 ,plato's argum5t does n prove ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,ev5 if x did prove t1 yet ! mode ( pre-exi/5ce & ! mode ( po/-exi/5ce1 ( ! s\l1 w\ld be q undet]m9$4 ,! ma9 "p ( ,plato's argum5tation1 drawn f ! g5]al assumptions ( 8 philosophy1 is direct$ to prove ! sep>ate & p]petual exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 be=e z well z aft] ! body4 ,^! argum5ts1 int]e/+ z specim5s ( ! reason+ :i* satisfi$ ,plato1 d n prove 8 conclusion4#aji ,b ev5 if t conclusion 7 admitt$ to be prov$1 ! condition ( ! s\l1 dur+ su* ant]ior & po/]ior exi/5ce1 w\ld be altoge!r undet]m9$1 & w\ld be left to ! free play ( s5tim5t & imag9ation4 ,!re is no subject ^u :i* ! poetical g5ius ( ,plato has be5 m abundantly ex]cis$4#aaj ,he has giv5 u two diff]5t descriptions ( ! /ate ( ! s\l be=e its junction ) ! body 7,timu1 & ,phdrus71 & ?ree diff]5t descriptions ( its de/9y aft] sep>ation f ! body 7,republic1 ,gorgias1 ,phdon74 ,9 all ! ?ree1 he supposes an adjudication & classification ( ! dep>t$ s\ls1 & a bett] or worse fate allott$9999 to ea* accord+ to ! e/imate :i* he =ms ( _! m]its or dem]its dur+ life3 b 9 ea* ( ! ?ree1 ?is g5]al idea is c>ri$ out by a diff]5t ma*9]y4 ,! ,hades ( ,plato is n ann\nc$ ev5 by himself z any?+ m ?an approximation to ! tru?3 b x embodies 8 own e?ical & judicial s5t5ce on ! classes ( m5 ar\nd him--z ! ,div9a ,comm$ia embodies t ( ,dante on antec$5t individual p]sons4 ,plato di/ributes rew>ds & p5alties 9 ! measure :i* he conceives to be des]v$3 he erects 8 own approbation & disapprobation1 8 own sympa?y & antipa?y1 into laws ( ! unkn[n future /ate3 ! ,gods1 :om he po/ulates1 are imag9>y ag5ts introduc$ to execute ! s5t5ces :i* he dictates4 ,:ile o!rs1 9 _! conceptions ( po/hum\s exi/5ce1 assur$ ! happie/ fate1 sometimes ev5 div9ity itself1 to great w>riors & law-giv]s--to devot$ fri5ds & patriots l ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton--to ! exquisite beauty ( ,hel5--or to fav\rites ( ! ,gods l ,ganymdes or ,pelops#aaa--,plato claims t supreme di/9ction = ! dep>t$ philosoph]4 ,footnote #aji3 ,wytt5ba* has annex$ to 8 edition ( ! ,phdon an in/ructive review ( ! argum5tation conta9$ 9 x respect+ ! ,immortality ( ! s\l4 ,he obs]ves ju/ly--,videamus jam de ,phdone1 qui ab omni antiquitate is habitus e/ lib]1 9 quo rationes immortalitatis anim>um gravissim lucul5tissimque exposita ess5t4 ,qu quidem libro laus et auctoritas conciliata e/1 non tam firmitate argum5torum1 quam eloqu5ti ,platonis1 c4 7,disputat4 ,de ,placit4 ,immort4 ,anim4 p4 #aj74 ,! same feel+1 sub/antially1 is express$ by "o ( ! disputants 9 ,cic]o's ,tusculan ,disputations1 :o /ates t he ass5t$ to ! reason+ :ile he 0 read+ ! dialogue1 b t z soon z he _h laid d[n ! book1 8 ass5t all slipp$ away f him4 ,i h already m5tion$ t ,pantius1 an extreme admir] ( ,plato on mo/ po9ts1 diss5t$ f him ab\t ! immortality ( ! s\l 7,cic]o1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #aa1 #bd--;i4 #cb1 #gi71 & decl>$ ! ,phdon to be spuri\s4 ,gal5 also m5tions 7,de ,=mat4 ,foets1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #gjj-gjb4 ,khn7 t he _h writt5 a special treatise 7n[ lo/7 to prove t ! reason+s 9 ! ,phdon 7 self-contradictory1 & t he c\ld n satisfy himself1 ei!r ab\t ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 or :e!r x 0 mortal or immortal4 ,comp>e 8 treatise ,greek3 ,p]i ,ou7si_/z tn phusikn duna_/men--iv4 pp4 #gfb-gfc--;& ,greek3 ,p]i tn ts ,psu*s 7?n1 iv4 #ggc4 ,9 ?is la/ passage1 he repres5ts ! op9ion ( ,plato to be--,t ! two inf]ior s\ls1 ! c\rage\s & ! appetitive1 are mortal1 9 :i* he 7,gal57 agrees1 & t ! rational s\l alone is immortal1 ( :i* he 7,gal57 is n p]suad$4 ,n[ ?is view ( ,plato's op9ion is d]iv$ f ! ,republic & ,timu1 n f ! ,phdon1 9 :i* la/ ! triple s\l is n ackn[l$g$4 ,we may ?us p>tly und]/& ! inconsi/5cies1 :i* ,gal5 po9t$ out 9 8 lo/ ,treatise1 9 ! argum5tation ( ! ,phdon3 :]e9 "o ( ! pro(s pres5t$ to e/abli% ! immortality ( ! s\l is--,t ! s\l is insep>ably & ess5tially id5tifi$ ) life1 & _c admit dea? 7p4 #aje ,d74 ,?is argum5t1 if good at all1 is j z good to prove ! immortality ( ! two inf]ior s\ls1 z ( ! sup]ior & rational s\l4 ,gal5 might !re=e rem>k t x did n consi/ ) ! conclusion :i* he drew f ! ,timu & ! ,republic4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,wytt5ba*1 l4 c4 p4 #ai4 ,vidimus de philosoph hujus loci p>te1 qu demon/ratur1 ,animos esse immortales4 ,alt]a p>s1 qu o/5ditur1 qualis sit ille po/ hanc vitam /atus1 fabulos et poetic ,platone tractata e/4 c4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,skolion ( ,kalli/ratus1 ,an?olog4 ,grc4 p4 #aee4 ,isokrates1 ,encomium ,hel51 ,or4 x4 s4 #gj-gb4 ,comp>e ! ,greek3 ,ne_/kuia ( ! ,odyssey & t ( ! neid1 respect+ ! h]oes-- ,qu gratia currm ,armorumque fuit vivis1 qu cura nit5tes ,pasc]e equos1 eadem sequitur tellure repo/os4 7n4 vi4 #fec-e47 ,side-note3 ,! philosoph] w enjoy an exi/5ce ( pure s\l unatta*$ to any body4 ,! ,philosoph]1 z a recomp5se = hav+ deta*$ himself dur+ life z mu* z possible f ! body & all its functions1 w be admitt$ aft] dea? to exi/5ce z a s\l pure & simple1 unatta*$ to any body4 ,! s\ls ( all o!r p]sons1 dy+ ) m or less ( ! ta9t ( ! body atta*$ to ea* ( !m1#aab & = t reason haunt+ ! tombs 9 :i* ! bodies are buri$1 s z to become visible !re z gho/s--are made subject1 9 ! ,platonic ,hades1 to p5alty & purification suitable to ! respective condition ( ea*2 aft] :i* !y become atta*$ to new bodies1 sometimes ( m51 sometimes ( o!r animals4 ,( ?is di/ributive s*eme x is n possible to frame any cle> idea1 nor is ,plato consi/5t ) himself except 9 a few mat]ial features4 ,b "o feature !re is 9 x :i* /&s conspicu\s--! belief 9 ! metempsy*osis1 or transf] ( ! same s\l f "o animal body to ano!r3 a belief v widely diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! anci5t _w1 associat$ ) ! immortality ( ! s\l1 p]vad+ ! ,orphic & ,py?agorean cre$s1 & hav+ its root 9 ! ,egyptian & ,ori5tal religions4#aac ,footnote #aab3 ,plato1 ,phdon1 p4 #ha ,c-,d4 ,greek3 o7 d kai e7_/*\sa 7 toiau_/t psu* b>u_/netai te kai e7_/lketai pa_/l9 ei7s ton o7raton to_/pon1 pho_/b t\ a7eid\s te kai ,a7_/id\1 7_/sp] le_/getai1 p]i ta mn_/mata_/ te kai t\s ta_/ph\s kal9d\me_/n2 p]i a7 d kai 7_/ph? a7_/tta psu*n skioeid phanta_/smata oi7a p>e_/*ontai ai7 toiautai psu*ai ei7_/dla1 ai7 m ka?>s a7polu!isai1 a7lla t\ o7rat\ mete_/*\sai1 dio kai o7rntai4 ,lactantius--9 reply+ to ! argum5ts ( ,demokritus1 ,epikurus1 & ,dikar*us aga9/ ! immortality ( ! s\l--rem9d$ !m t any ,magus w\ld produce visible evid5ce to refute !m2 by call+ up be=e !m ! s\l ( any deceas$ p]son to give in=mation & pr$ict ! future--qui pr(ecto non aud]5t de anim>um int]itu mago praes5te diss]]e1 qui sciret c]tis c>m9ibus ci]i ab inf]nis animas et adesse et prb]e se vid5das et loqui et futura prdic]e3 et si aud]5t1 re ips et docum5tis prs5tibus v9c]5tur 7,lactant4 ,in/4 vii4 #ac74 ,see ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #ca4 ,footnote #aac3 ,comp>e ! clos+ p>agraph ( ! ,platonic ,timu3 ,virgil1 neid vi4 #gac1 ,h]odot4 ii4 #abc1 ,pausanias1 iv4 #cb1 #d1 ,sextus ,empiric4 adv4 ,ma?4 ix4 #abg1 ) ! citation f ,emp$okles3-- ,tum pat] ,an*ises3 ',anim quibus alt]a fato ,corpora deb5tur1 ,le?i ad flum9is undam ,securos latices et longa oblivia potant'4 ,! g5]al doctr9e1 ^u :i* ! ,metempsy*osis re/s1 is set =? by ,virgil 9 ! f9e l9es :i* foll[1 #gbc-gea2 comp>e ,georgic iv4 #bah4 ,! s\ls ( m51 bea/s1 birds1 & fi%es1 are all ( !m deta*$ fragm5ts or portions f ! univ]sal s\l1 m9d1 or life1 !rial or igne\s1 :i* p]vades ! :ole ,kosmos4 ,! s\l ( ea* individual ?us deta*$ to be conjo9$ ) a di/9ct body1 becomes ta9t$ by su* communion2 aft] dea? x is purifi$ by p5alties1 measur$ accord+ to ! great] or less ta9t1 & becomes !n fit to be atta*$ to a new body1 yet n until x has drunk ! wat] ( ,l? 7,plato1 ,philbus1 p4 #cj ,a2 ,timu1 p4 #cj ,b74 ,! /atem5t ( ,nemesius is rem>kable1 t all ,greeks :o believ$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 believ$ also 9 ! metempsy*osis--,greek3 ,ko9 men ou7n pa_/ntes ,e7_/llnes1 oi7 tn psu*n a7?a_/naton a7pophna_/m5oi1 tn met5sma_/ts9 dogmati_/z\s9 7,de ,natur ,hom9is1 cap4 ii4 p4 #ej1 ed4 #aefe74 ,plato accept$ ! ,egyptian & ,py?agorean doctr9e1 cont9u$ 9 ! ,orphic my/]ies 7,arnob4 adv4 ,g5tes1 ii4 #af71 mak+ no ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! s\ls ( m5 & ^? ( animals1 & recognis+ reciprocal int]*ange f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! ,platoni/s adh]$ to ?is doctr9e fully1 d[n to ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 includ+ ,plot9us1 ,num5ius1 & o!rs4 ,b ,porphyry1 foll[$ by ,jambli*us1 introduc$ a modification ( ?is cre$1 d5y+ ! possibility ( transition ( a human s\l into ! body ( ano!r animal1 or ( ! s\l ( any o!r animal into ! body ( a man1--yet /ill recognis+ ! transition f "o human body to ano!r1 & f "o animal body to ano!r4 7,see ,alk9\s1 ,introd4 9 ,platon4 c4 #be47 ,?is subject is well h&l$ 9 a le>n$ "w publi%$ 9 #agab by a ,jesuit ( ,t\l\se1 ,mi*el ,m\rgues4 ,he %[s 79 opposition to ,daci] & o!rs1 :o int]pret$ ! doctr9e 9 a s5se m]ely spiritual & figurative7 t ! metempsy*osis 0 a lit]al belief ( ! ,platoni/s d[n to ! "t ( ,proklus4 ,les quatre ,platonici5s qui ont t5u la ,transmigration borne 7i4e4 f "o human body into ano!r human body7 n'ont pas laiss d'admettre la pluralit d'animations ou de vies d'une mme me3 et cela sans figure et sans mtaphore4 ,cet article1 qui e/ l'ess5tiel1 n'a jamais tr\v un seul contradicteur dans les sectes qui ont cru l'me immortelle3 ni ,porphyre1 ni ,hirocle1 ni ,procle1 ni ,sallu/e1 n'ont jamais t\* ce po9t que p\r l'appr\v]4 ,d'o il suit que la ralit de la ,mtempsy*ose e/ indubitable2 c'e/ dire1 qu'il e/ indubitable que t\s les sectateurs de ,py?agore et de ,platon l'ont s\t5ue dans un s5s trs rel quant la pluralit des vies et d'animations 7,tom4 i4 p4 #ebe3 also ,tom4 ii4 p4 #dcb7 ,m4 ,c\s9 & ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,/ ,hilaire are ( ! same op9ion4 ,m4 ,b>?lemy ,/4 ,hilaire obs]ves 9 8 ,premi] ,mmoire sur le ,sankhy p4 #daf1 ,p>is1 #aheb4 ,voil donc la transmigration dans les plus gr&s dialogues de ,platon--le ,time1 la ,rpublique1 le ,phdre1 le ,phdon4 ,on peut en retr\v] la trace manife/e dans d'autres dialogues mo9s considrables1 le ,m5on et le ,politique1 p> exemple4 ,la transmigration e/ mme positivem5t indique dans le dixime ,livre des ,lois1 o ,platon traite avec tant de =ce et de sol5nit de la provid5ce et de la ju/ice div9es4 ,en prs5ce de tmoignages si srieux1 et de tant de p]si/ance rev5ir sur des op9ions qui ne v>i5t pas1 je crois que t\t esprit s5s ne peut que p>tag] l'avis de ,m4 ,c\s94 ,il e/ impossible que ,platon ne se fasse de l'exposition de ces op9ions qu'un pur bad9age4 ,il les a rpetes1 sans les modifi] en ri51 au milieu des discussions les plus graves et les plus t5dues4 ,aj\tez que ces doctr9es ti5n5t intimm5t t\tes celles qui sont le fond mme du platonisme1 et qu'elles s'y entrelac5t si troitem5t1 que les en dta*]1 c'e/ le mutil] et l'amo9drir4 ,le sy/me des ,ides ne se compr5d pas t\t enti] sans la rm9isc5ce3 et la rm9isc5ce elle mme implique necessairem5t l'exi/5ce antrieure de l'me4 ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m1 9 8 ',treatise on ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1' argues at consid]able l5g? 9 def5ce ( pre-exi/5ce ( ea* s\l1 z a "p ( ! doctr9e4 ,he consid]s himself to h cle>ly prov$--,t ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l is an op9ion bo? 9 itself ! mo/ rational t c be ma9ta9$1 & has _h ! suffrage ( ! mo/ r5[n$ philosoph]s 9 all ages ( ! _w4 ,( ^! la/-m5tion$ philosoph]s he gives a li/1 z foll[s--,moses1 on ! au?ority ( ! ,jewi% ,cabbala--,zoroa/]1 ,py?agoras1 ,epi*>mus1 ,emp$ocles1 ,cebs1 ,euripides1 ,plato1 ,euclid1 ,philo1 ,virgil1 ,m>cus ,cic]o1 ,plot9us1 ,jambli*us1 ,proclus1 ,boe?ius1 c4 ,see *apt]s xii4 & xiii4 pages #aaf1 #aag1 #aba ( 8 ,treatise4 ,comp>e also :at he says 9 ,sect4 #ah ( 8 ,preface ,g5]al1 page xx4-xxiv4 ,side-note3 ,plato's demon/ration ( ! immortality ( ! s\l did n appe> satisfactory to subsequ5t philosoph]s4 ,! "q rema9$ debat$ & problematical4 ,we are told t "o vehem5t admir] ( ,plato--! ,ambrakiot ,kleombrotus--0 s pr(\ndly affect$ & conv9c$ by read+ ! ,phdon1 t he imm$iately t]m9at$ 8 exi/5ce by leap+ f a high wall2 ?\gh 9 o!r respects well satisfi$ ) life4 ,b ! numb] ( p]sons :o d]iv$ f x su* settl$ conviction1 0 c]ta9ly n consid]able4 ,nei!r ! doctr9e nor ! reason+s ( ,plato 7 adopt$ ev5 by ! imm$iate successors 9 8 s*ool3 /ill less by ,ari/otle & ! ,p]ipatetics--or by ! ,/oics--or by ! ,epikureans4 ,! ,epikureans d5i$ altoge!r ! survivor%ip ( s\l ov] body3 ,ari/otle gives a def9ition ( ! s\l :i* involves ?is same negation1 ?\gh he admits z cr$ible ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! rational s\l1 )\t individuality or p]sonality4 ,! ,/oics1 :ile affirm+ ! s\l to be mat]ial z well z ! body1 consid]$ x z a deta*$ fragm5t ( ! all-p]vad+ cosmical or mundane s\l1 :i* 0 re-absorb$ aft] ! dea? ( ! individual into ! great :ole to :i* x belong$4 ,none ( ^! philosoph]s 7 p]suad$ by ! argum5ts ( ,plato4 ,! popul> or?odoxy1 :i* he (t5 c5sures h>%ly1 recognis$ "s sort ( po/hum\s exi/5ce z a "p ( its cre$2 & ! un9quir+ multitude cont9u$ 9 ! tea*+ & traditions ( _! y\?4 ,b lit]>y & philosophical m51 :o s\ght to =m "s op9ion = !mselves )\t altoge!r reject+ 7z ! ,epikureans reject$7 ! basis ( ! curr5t traditions--7 9 no bett] condition = decid+ ! "q ) ! assi/ance ( ,plato1 ?an !y w\ld h be5 )\t him4 ,:ile ! k ( ! bodily organism1 & ( m9d or s\l z embodi$ !re91 receiv$ important additions1 f ,ari/otle d[n to ,gal5--no new facts ei!r 7 kn[n or c\ld become kn[n1 respect+ s\l p] se1 consid]$ z pre-exi/5t or po/-exi/5t to body4 ,gal5 expressly records 8 dissatisfaction ) ,plato on ?is po9t1 ?\gh g5]ally among 8 w>me/ admir]s4 ,que/ions ( ?is k9d rema9$ always problematical1 /&+ !mes = rhetoric or dialectic4#aad ,e man c\ld d1 ?\gh n ) ! same exub]ant eloqu5ce1 :at ,plato _h done--& no man c\ld d m4 ,e man c\ld co9 8 own hopes & fe>s1 8 own /hetical pref]5ces & repugnances1 8 own e?ical aspiration to di/ribute rew>ds & puni%m5ts among ! *>act]s ar\nd him--into affirmative prophecies respect+ an unkn[able future1 :]e nei!r v]ification nor ,el5*us 7 accessible4 ,! /ate ( ?is discussion ?r\gh\t ! ,pagan _w be>s out ! foll[+ rem>k ( ,"l ,macaulay1 ) :i* ,i conclude ! pres5t *apt]3--,!re are bran*es ( k ) respect to :i* ! law ( ! human m9d is progress4 4 4 4 ,b ) !ology1 ! case is v diff]5t4 ,z respects natural religion--revelation be+ = ! pres5t altoge!r left out ( ! "q--x is n easy to see t a philosoph] ( ! pres5t day is m fav\rably situat$ ?an ,?ales or ,simonides4 4 4 4 ,z to ! o!r great "q--! "q1 :at becomes ( man aft] dea?--we d n see t a highly educat$ ,european1 left to 8 unassi/$ reason1 is m likely to be 9 ! "r ?an a ,blackfoot ,indian4 ,n a s+le "o ( ! _m sci5ces 9 :i* we surpass ! ,blackfoot ,indians1 ?r[s ! smalle/ light on ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] ! animal life is ext9ct4 ,9 tru?1 all ! philosoph]s1 anci5t & mod]n1 :o h attempt$1 )\t ! help ( revelation1 to prove ! immortality ( man--f ,plato d[n to ,frankl9--appe> to u to h fail$ deplorably4 ,!n aga91 all ! great enigmas :i* p]plex ! natural !ologian are ! same 9 all ages4 ,! +5uity ( a p j em]g+ f b>b>ism1 is q suffici5t to prop\nd !m4 ,! g5ius ( ,locke or ,cl>ke is q unable to solve !m4 4 4 4 ,natural ,!ology1 !n1 is n a progressive sci5ce4#aae ,footnote #aad3 ,s5eca says1 ,epi/4 #hh4 ,innum]abiles sunt qu/iones de animo3 unde sit1 qualis sit1 qu&o esse incipiat1 quamdiu sit2 an aliunde ali transeat1 et domicilium mutet1 ad alias animalium =mas aliasque conjectus1 an non amplius quam semel s]viat1 et emissus evagetur 9 toto2 utrum corpus sit1 an non sit3 quid sit facturus1 quum p] nos aliquid fac]e desi]it3 quomodo lib]tate usurus1 cum ex hc exi]it cave3 an obliviscatur priorum et illic nosse incipiat1 po/quam de corpore abductus 9 sublime secessit4 ,comp>e ,lucretius1 i4 #aac4 ,footnote #aae3 ,macaulay1 ,ranke's ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes 7,crit4 & ,hi/4 ,essays1 vol4 iii4 p4 #baj74 ,sir ,wm4 ,hamilton obs]ves 7,lectures on ,logic1 ,lect4 #bf1 p4 #ee73 ,?us ,plato1 9 ! ,phdon1 demon/rates ! immortality ( ! s\l f its simplicity3 9 ! ,republic1 he demon/rates its simplicity f its immortality4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999 9999999999999999999999999999999999 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! text is bas$ on v]sions made available by ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,= ! ,greek transcriptions ! foll[+ conv5tions h be5 us$3 7 is = smoo? brea?+2 7 = h>d2 = dia]esis2 _/ = acute acc5t2 = grave2 = circumflex2 = iota subscript4 * is us$ = *i1 ph = phi1 ps = psi1 ? = !ta2 = eta & = omega2 u is us$ = upsilon 9 all cases4 ,corrections to ! text1 indicat$ 9 text ) 99993 ,location ,text ( scan ( #crd edition ,correction ,to,c1 ,*4 #ac s-n #c ,m9or ,major ,to,c1 ,*4 #ad s-n #bd pa9 ga9 ,*4 #ac fn4 #dj iv4 #d1 #e2 iv4 #d1 #e1 p4 #bbj seq472 ,*4 #ac ne> fn4 #df he 0 ev5 fit he 0 n ev5 fit ,*4 #ag ne> fn4 #c fulfil+ fulfill+ ,*4 #ai aft] fn4 #cb six? eigh? ,*4 #ai fn4 #dd p4 4 p4 #ca4 ,*4 #bj aft] fn4 #ac aud & ,*4 #bb aft] fn4 #dg six? eigh? ,*4 #bc fn4 #acd p4 #bdj p4 #bdb ,*4 #bc fn4 #ace *4 xviii *4 xvii ,*4 #bd fn4 #ge ,pratagoras ,protagoras ,*4 #bd fn4 #gg a7nro_/s a7ndro_/s ,*4 #bd fn4 #hf ,die ,dialoge444 ,die ,dialoge444 ,*4 #be aft] fn4 #eh intellegible intelligible ,*4 #be aft] fn4 #aaj allot$ allott$