,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,9 ! num]\s *emical =mulae a subscript$ numb] is %[n z #b1 s ! famili> =mula = wat] w\ld be ,h#b,o3 ,h1 subscript #b1 ,o4 ,?is notation is ne$$ to di/+ui% digits t are subscripts f digits t are multipli]s1 z = example 9 ! =mula ,pb7,,oh7#bb,pb,c,o#c1 :]e ! subscript #b mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! quantity multipli] #b t foll[s x4 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece ,,/onew>e ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,! ,pott]'s ,craft ,a ,practical ,guide = ! ,/udio & ,work%op ,by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,b9ns ,director ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,clay-,work+ & ,c]amics ,"s "t a ,sup]9t5d5t 9 ! ,royal ,porcela9 ,works1 ,worce/]1 ,engl& ,,second ,,edition ,,second ,,pr9t+ #bf ,,plates ,,& #bj ,,text ,,illu/rations ,colophon ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,eight ,,w>r5 ,,/reet ,copyright1 #aiaj1 #aibb by ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,company ,all rights res]v$1 includ+ t ( translation into ! ,sc&9avian & o!r =eign languages4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,lanca/] ,,press1 ,,inc4 ,,lanca/]1 ,,pa4 ,a book is writt51 n to multiply ! voice m]ely1 n to c>ry x m]ely1 b to p]petuate x4 ,! au?or has some?+ to say :i* he p]ceives to be true & useful1 or helpfully beautiful4 ,s f> z he kn[s1 no "o has yet said x2 s f> z he kn[s1 no "o else c say x4 ,he is b\nd to say x cle>ly & melodi\sly if he may2 cle>ly1 at all ev5ts4 --,rusk94 ,,preface ,,to ,,second ,,edition ,s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is book elev5 ye>s h elaps$1 ye>s pack$ full ( v>i$ & int]e/+ exp]i5ces4 ,dur+ t "t x has be5 ! pleasant =tune ( ! au?or to conduct classes1 especially summ] classes1 9 ! sci5ce & art ( pott]y production4 ,^! h be5 occasions ( meet+ _m f9e & noble p]sonalities :om to "k is a lib]al education4 ,z "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ^! exp]i5ces ! book has be5 revis$ & "s new *apt]s h be5 writt54 ,especial ackn[l$gm5ts are due & are gratefully made to ,elsie ,b9ns = ! *apt] on ,clay-,work+ = ,*ildr5 & to ,maude ,rob9son = t on ,alkal9e ,glazes4 ,! photographs are by ! ,taylor ,/udios1 ,hornell1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,f4 ,b4 ,alfr$1 ,new ,york4 ,m>*1 #aibb4 ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition ,?is ,book is ! outcome ( an exp]i5ce ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( ?irty-six ye>s4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 impossible1 = ! sci5ce ( c]amics 0 n !n born4 ,t5 ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 wa/$ = ! ,arti/-pott] 9 ,am]ica _h n arriv$1 b n[ ! individual work]s are _m & ! sci5ce is well e/abli%$4 ,writt5 tea*+ mu/ be imp]fect1 b ,i h endeavor$ to set d[n ! exact me?ods by :i* my /ud5ts are taught1 9 ! hope t ^? :o _c secure p]sonal in/ruction may read & und]/&4 ,z f> z possible didactic /atem5ts h be5 avoid$ & ! attempt has be5 made to lead e /ud5t to exp]im5t & to ?9k = himself4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i h tri$ to erect sign-po/s & occasional w>n+s r ?an to remove all ob/acles f ! road4 ,c4 ,f4 ,b4 ,alfr$1 ,n4 ,y4 ,janu>y1 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction4--,! ,pres5t ,ne$ xiii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,appli$ ,art #a ,,ii4 ,pott]y #i ,,iii4 ,porcela9 #bc ,,iv4 ,! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,clay #bi ,v4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,clay #cg ,,vi4 ,mold-,mak+ & ,pla/] #dc ,,vii4 ,cases & ,work+ ,molds #eh ,,viii4 ,build+ by ,h& #fh ,,ix4 ,! ,pott]'s ,:eel #gd ,x4 ,turn+ #ii ,,xi4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces #ajg ,,xii4 ,cups & ,sauc]s & ,plates #abd ,,xiii4 ,ca/+ #abi ,,xiv4 ,tiles #acc ,,xv4 ,glazes & ,glaz+ ,"p ,i #adj ,"p ,,ii--,matt ,glazes #aeb ,"p ,,iii--,fritt$ ,glazes #aeg ,"p ,,iv--,recipes #afj ,"p ,v--,! ,defects ( ,glazes #afd ,"p ,,vi--,alkal9e ,glazes #afg ,,xvi4 ,decoration #agc ,,xvii4 ,! ,fire #agi ,,xviii4 ,high ,temp]ature ,w>es #ahh ,,xix4 ,clay-work+ = ,*ildr5 #aid ,,index #bja ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,frontispiece4--,/onew>e made by ! ,au?or4 ,,plate4 ,,page ,i4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,ii1 #a #hj ,,ii4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,ii1 #b #ha ,,iii4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,ii1 #c #hb ,,iv4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,iii1 #a #hc ,v4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,iii1 #b #hf ,,vi4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,iv1 #a #hg ,,vii4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,iv1 #b #hi ,,viii4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,v #ij ,,ix4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,vi1 #a #ib ,x4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,vi1 #b #ic ,,xi4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,vii #ie ,,xii4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,viii1 #a #if ,,xiii4 ,?r[+4--,lesson ,,viii1 #b #ig ,,xiv4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,! ,fir/ ,section #aji ,,xv4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,measur+ ! ,f\ndation ( ! #aaj ,second ,section ,,xvi4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,draw+ up ! ,second ,section #aaa ,,xvii4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,%ap+ ! ,?ird ,section #aab ,,xviii4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,! ,?ree ,sections ,complet$ #aac ,,xix4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,turn+ ! ,edge ( ! ,fir/ #aad ,section ,,xx4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,f9i%+ ! ,bottom ( ! ,fir/ #aaf ,section ,,xxi4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,*eck+ ! ,size ( ! ,second #aag ,section ,,xxii4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,fitt+ ,toge!r ,dry #aai ,,xxiii4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,sett+ ! ,?ird ,section 9 ,place #abj ,,xxiv4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,! ,?ree ,sections ,set ,toge!r 9 #aba ! ,r\gh ,,xxv4 ,mak+ ,l>ge ,pieces4 ,! ,f9i%$ ,vase #abb ,,introduction3 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,ne$ ,_m times x has be5 prov51 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 t x is n possible to =ce a re=m or a novelty ^u an unwill+ p4 ,su* ?+s are organic4 ,9 ord] to live !y mu/ gr[ & 9 ord] to gr[ mu/ live4 ,no attempt w be made1 !re=e1 9 ^! pages to fo/] an idea or prop\nd a ?\ght :i* may exi/ only 9 ! pr$ilection ( ! au?or4 ,! tr5d ( ! pres5t dem&1 a p]si/5t gr[? ( sev]al ye>s1 is t[>ds a p]sonal & individual expression 9 ! crafts or indu/rial arts4 ,?is t5d5cy is ! natural sw+ ( ! p5dulum f ! ma*9e-made product ( ! manufactory :i* 9 its turn 0 ! inevitable result ( me*anical inv5tion4 ,:5 ! artisan 0 an arti/ & ! design] a craftsman1 !re 0 b a limit$ production ( indu/rial art4 ,! articles made 7 exp5sive & = ! weal?y alone4 ,! common ut5sils necess>y to ! h\sehold 7 made on ! f>m & 7 ( ! rude/ possible "*4 ,b ) ! gradual developm5t ( ma*9]y !re came an ab&onm5t ( rural activities1 a flock+ to ! city1 manufactur+ on a l>ge scale1 l[] prices1 & a huge output4 ,?is has1 ( c\rse1 tak5 _m ye>s to develop1 b ! utmo/ limit ( ! sw+ has be5 rea*$ & ! "q is ,:at next8 ,w ! factory cease its labors8 ,w output decrease 9 bulk & improve 9 quality8 ,w !re ev]1 9 a ^w1 be a return to m$ieval conditions8 ,n only may all ^! que/ions be answ]$ 9 ! negative b x may be /at$ ) all s9c]ity t !re is no ne$ = any o!r answ]4 ,:at !n1 are n manufactur$ products z n[ put =? a m5ace to ! art life ( ! nation8 ,are n ! p be+ educat$ 9 ! use ( & belief 9 ma*9e-made ornam5t & m]etrici\s display8 ,p]haps s1 b no good purpose w be s]v$ by a ru?less condemnation ( ^! ?+s4 ,art appreciation is a mo/ subtle ?+ & no "o may dictate to 8 neighbor z to :at he %\ld or %\ld n admire4 ,x took "t = ! public to und]/& & patronize ! product ( ! ma*9e ev5 ?\gh ! price 0 favorable4 ,x w take "t = an appreciation ( craftsman%ip to influ5ce ! l& b ?is consummation w mo/ assur$ly come4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! manufactory1 teem+ ) h&s1 riot\s ) :eels1 turn+ out its w>es by ! ?\s& & supply+ ! dem& ( ! _m2 on ! o!r1 !re is ! arti/-artisan4 ,he labors at 8 b5* 9 s9c]e devotion to 8 *os5 vocation4 ,8 "w is labori\s & exact+1 he c make b a few ?+s & = !m he mu/ ask a price relatively high4 ,bo? ^! conditions are necess>y4 ,! craftsman _c supply ! ne$ ( ! p & ! manufactur] has no "t or ?\ght = dis9t]e/$ production4 ,h]e9 lies ! ne$ & "h is ! mission ( ! individual work]4 ,9 e age x is giv5 to "s to disc]n m ?an ! multitude & x is !irs to tea*4 ,! p are anxi\s to le>n1 are eag] to be l$4 ,:at !y dem& w be manufactur$ & s by ! irresi/ible lev] ( public op9ion ! man at ! b5*1 if he be true to himself & to 8 craft1 may move ! millionaire manufactur] to make w>es :i*1 if n truly arti/ic1 %all at lea/ be in(f5sive4 ,su* a mission is n to be accompli%$ )\t suff]+4 ,! man :o essays to attack a giant mu/ be sure bo? ( 8 gr\nd & ( 8 p]sonal condition4 ,he :o w\ld e/abli% 8 craft 9 ! k & affection ( m5 mu/ possess en?usiasm1 skill1 discrim9ation & inf9ite pati5ce4 ,x is n en\gh to disc]n ! good1 ! h& mu/ foll[ ! bra9 ) dilig5t c>e4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n en\gh to be able to make ?+s well1 "o mu/ also make !m good & "k x4 ,! arti/-artisan mu/ h c\rage to de/roy t :i* is bel[ /&>d1 & self-d5ial to resi/ ! temptation to sell an unwor?y product4 ,! c\ntry ne$s craftsm5 ( ?is type & = !m !re is an important "w4 ,= su*1 if !y elect to jo9 ! ranks ( ! pott]s1 ^! words are writt5 & 9 ! hope t "s may be /imulat$1 enc\rag$1 guid$ & help$ ! c\nsel ( a fell[ craftsman is (f]$4 ,,*apt] ,i3 ,,appli$ ,,art ,x is n int5d$1 9 ^! l9es1 to consid] :at are g5]ally t]m$ ! ,f9e ,arts1 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,^! are p]fectly compet5t to take c>e ( !mselves &1 inde$1 ! au?or c make no claim to an ability to discuss !m4 ,9 ! field ( appli$ art1 h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 pr9ciples to be obs]v$1 pr9ciples1 moreov]1 :i* are frequ5tly lo/ sight ( because ( ! lam5table sep>ation ( ! functions ( ! arti/ & artific]4 ,x is extremely difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 art & manufacture4 ,= example1 a wall pap]1 design$ ) skill & execut$ by ma*9]y 9 actual reproduction ( ! "w ( ! design]2 is x a "w ( art or is x a product ( ! factory8 ,x is bo?4 ,prim>ily a "w ( art is ! product ( ! arti/'s own h&4 ,x reveals 8 individuality4 ,x is ! language 9 :i* he expresses himself to 8 audi5ce4 ,x is ! note ( 8 voice4 ,su* a "w may or may n appeal to a l>ge section ( ! public4 ,?is w always be s4 ,an arti/1 be he poet1 musician1 pa9t] or craftsman1 is "o :o c see m ?an o!rs4 ,:at he sees he endeavors to express b x is inevitable t he be sometimes misund]/ood4 ,h5ce x ! m necess>y t 8 message be deliv]$ at fir/ h&4 ,to look ^u a replica ( ! "w ( an arti/ is l read+ a s]mon or an oration f a pr9t$ page4 ,"o may ga!r mu* ( ! tea*+ b ! p]sonal note1 ! tone & ge/ure1 mu/ be lo/4 ,b !re are _m :o c ga!r ! words ( great m5 only f books4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 books :i* h nev] be5 spok5 & :]e9 alone ! message is to be f\nd4 ,9 l mann] !re are works1 emanat+ f ! h& ( great design]s :i* c only be made available = ! _m 9 a =m ( reproduction4 ,! wall pap] cit$ z an illu/ration is ( ?is class4 ,7 x n = ! pr9t+ press ?is beautiful design c\ld n h pass$ beyond ! /udio1 & :ile x is a great ?+ if a weal?y man c commission a ,:i/l] to decorate a peacock room1 x is an advantage by no means to be ignor$ t a well design$ wall pap] c be pur*as$ by ! piece4 ,b :ile ?is is true ( su* ( ! h\sehold goods z _c be procur$ except by ! m$ium ( ! ma*9e1 !re are o!r examples4 ,9 ! case ( ! wall pap] ! function ( ! ma*9e is simply to transf] ! prop] design to ! pap] itself4 ,?is has no id5tity except z a surface4 ,x is no m to be consid]$ ?an is a canvas ^u :i* a picture is pa9t$4 ,b :5 a *air or a table is =m$ out ( pieces ( lumb] uni=mly %ap$ by "o ma*9e1 ! seat or top put toge!r by ano!r & ! legs or back c>v$ or /amp$ by a ?ird1 art or individuality is lo/ because me*anical con/ruction is involv$4 ,/ill m is ?is ! case 9 ! product ( ! manufactory ( pott]y4 ,9 comm]cial practice n only is a %ape design$ )\t reg>d to decoration b ! same decoration is plac$ ^u sev]al =ms1 or a s+le =m is made to suff] z ! vehicle = _m decorations4 ,"s ( ! results may be pleas+1 ev5 beautiful1 b x is m by luck ?an guidance & no piece produc$ 9 ?is way has any claim to be class$ z a "w ( art4 ,on ! o!r h& x may happ5 t a "w ( art1 9 ! s5se ( individual expression1 may n ev5 be beautiful & "o is tempt$ to ask ! reason4 ,if a "w :i* is a g5u9e expression ( a man's p]sonality fail to please ! s5ses ( ^? :o are tra9$ 9 ! f9] p]ceptions !re mu/ be some?+ wrong4 ,if ! adv]se op9ion be at all g5]al among/ ! critics x may be assum$ t !y are "r & t ! work] is wrong4 ,= example1 ! =m ( a fl[] is n a fit receptacle = a c&le4 ,x (t5 happ5s t a design]1 /ruck ) ! beauty (1 say1 a tulip1 has model$ ! fl[] 9 clay & made x into a c&le/ick4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ! m closely ! model simulates ! fl[] ! less appropriate x is = su* a purpose4 ,if ! model be heavy en\gh to be ( use x mu/ be f> remov$ f its prototype4 ,if a conv5tional design = a c&le/ick be adopt$ ! petals ( a fl[] may be %[n 9 relief ^u x b !re mu/ always be a solid f\ndation to acc\nt = ! possibility ( use4 ,a favorite =m ) "s design]s is a bird's ne/ made into a fl[] hold]4 ,9 ?is ! same criticism applies4 ,a bird's ne/ is always built to let wat] escape4 ,ev5 a mud-l9$ ne/ is n imp]vi\s & ! idea is obvi\sly inappropriate4 ,x is important t imitation be avoid$ & especially ! imitation ( mat]ial4 ,"o (t5 he>s ! rem>k ,h[ beautiful1 x looks j l bronze4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 comes f ! casual obs]v] to :om ! skill ( ! imitation appeals b x _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u t to imitate "o mat]ial 9 ano!r is false f e po9t ( view4 ,nor is x necess>y4 ,clay is suffici5t 9 itself4 ,!re are s _m effects possible 9 pott]y :i* are n possible 9 any o!r m$ium t x is entirely sup]flu\s to seek outl&i% texture & color4 ,to be sure1 su* ?+s are popul> b t does n make !m s\nd 9 pr9ciple or true 9 ta/e4 ,x %\ld n be a purpose ( any craft to make pieces m]ely z an exhibition ( skill4 ,?is is done sometimes by su* v]satile work]s z ! ,japanese1 b x may be laid d[n z a law t a production ( ! nature ( a t\r-de-=ce1 an object :i* simply excites wond] at ! skill ( ! work]1 is undignifi$ & m]etrici\s4 ,x is ak9 to ! "w ( c]ta9 pa9t]s :o delight 9 pa9t+ m>ble or velvet s z to exhibit a p]fect texture only & is b "o degree remov$ f ! skill ( ! pavem5t arti/ :o ) color$ *alk draws a lamb *op or a banana 9 su* a mann] t ! real article seems to be ly+ on ! gr\nd at 8 feet4 ,! true arti/1 be he pott] or pa9t]1 works prim>ily = 8 own satisfaction4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a defect1 n l>ge en\gh to be obvi\s1 is a temptation to concealm5t4 ,! public w nev] "k4 ,b ! consci\sness ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a blemi% w de/roy ! pride ( a*ievem5t :i* %\ld accompany e f9i%$ piece4 ,if ! work] aims to draw any expression ( op9ion f ! untra9$ obs]v] x %\ld be 9 ! nature ( a rem>k on h[ easy ! "w looks4 ,art w always conceal ef=t4 ,j z ! poet or orator is at 8 be/ :5 he clo!s sublime ?\ght 9 simple words s ! arti/ or craftsman glorifies 8 vocation :5 he makes use ( means :i* appe> to be )9 ! rea* ( e obs]v]4 ,9 addition to ! "w ( ! produc] !re mu/ be consid]$ ! function ( ! critic4 ,arti/s are commonly impati5t ( criticism4 ,t5nyson voic$ ?is s5tim5t :5 he wrote ( ,irresponsible indol5t review]s1 b ! p[] ( ! critic is r>] ?an ! skill ( ! craftsman4 ,true1 !re are critics & critics4 ,!re is ! man :o kn[s :at he likes & :o _c be p]suad$ t he likes :at is false1 & !re is ! tra9$ critic :o sees ) an educat$ eye & dissects ) an un]r+ ^w4 ,x is n common to f9d critic & craftsman 9 "o & ! same p]son & x n infrequ5tly happ5s t ! p]sons ex]cis+ ^! functions are at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,b if ! critic be correct :y is ! craftsman wrong8 ,9 ?is let x be presum$ t !re is no?+ wrong ) 8 craft z su*2 t he h&les 8 tools skilfully & has p]fect control ov] 8 mat]ial4 ,m ?an ?is1 h[ev]1 is necess>y4 ,! fir/ requirem5t is a s5se ( =m1 a t]m :i* includes outl9e1 proportion & /ructure4 ,(t5 & (t5 x is f\nd t a design] dep5ds ^u novelty alone = acceptance4 ,he is n altoge!r to blame 9 ?is = ! great ,am]ican public w1 m (t5 ?an n1 ask1 ,is x new8 ,novelty 9 itself is no claim to consid]ation2 9 fact1 on be+ %[n "s product ( :i* x is said ,no?+ l x has ev] be5 se5 be=e1 ! temptation is great to respond1 ,may its l nev] be se5 aga94 ,novelty ap>t1 =m mu/ possess proportion1 balance & grace4 ,a *air mu/ invite ! sitt]1 a vase mu/ /& securely1 a c>pet mu/ lie flat4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! ?+s may evid5ce an individuality on ! "p ( ! design] b x is art at ! exp5se ( tru?4 ,! second necess>y condition is fitness :i* aga9 is express$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,a porcela9 vase is requir$ to be light1 graceful & ref9$4 ,a piece ( rud] pott]y may be no less satisfactory if x exhibit vigor1 /r5g? & solidity4 ,a l>ge pot = a gr[+ tree is1 = ^! reasons1 m appropriate 9 grs ?an 9 porcela94 ,porcela9 is transluc5t b su* a quality is ( no advantage 9 ! case ( a fl[] pot2 ! /r5g? ( a massive body is1 h[ev]1 dem&$ by ! circum/ances ( use & h5ce ! unfitness ( ! "o & ! fitness ( ! o!r4 ,ano!r po9t ( fitness is conc]n$ 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 size1 =m & weight4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "o takes hold ( a piece ( pott]y & exp]i5ces a %ock4 ,! m9d unconsci\sly =ms an e/imate ( :at ! weight w be b ! piece does n respond4 ,! ef=t put =? 9 accordance ) ! appe>ance ( ! object ei!r lifts x sudd5ly into ! air or fails to raise x f ! table4 ,! arti/ critic takes note ( ^! ?+s4 ,to h&le 8 w>es is a con/ant pleasure1 = "o is n cont9ually disappo9t$ by unexpect$ viol5ces4 ,?is correspond5ce or equilibrium is ap>t f ! use ( a piece ( pott]y4 ,x is q z legitimate to express "o's ideas 9 clay 9 ! pres5tation ( simple beauty z x is to express !m ) pa9t ^u canvas4 ,at ! same "t !re is always a satisfaction 9 a vase or fl[] pot t x c be us$ if requir$4 ,?us a vase :i* w n hold wat] is te*nically imp]fect & ! bte noire ( ! consci5ti\s pott]4 ,x is 9 ! h>mony ( ^! ?+s t ! rle ( ! critic is se5 to advantage4 ,if ! arti/ be capable ( criticiz+ 8 own "w he is 9 a position to comm& att5tion b he mu/ ei!r discipl9e himself or be discipl9$ by o!rs1 :i*1 aft] all1 is ! way ( ! _w at l>ge4 ,,*apt] ,,ii3 ,,pott] ,x mu/ always be an op5 "q h[ mu* cr$it = arti/ic feel+ c be giv5 to primitive races4 ,! production ( pott]y 01 at fir/1 ! supply+ ( a ne$4 ,clay (f]$ a m$ium = ! mak+ ( h\sehold ut5sils :i* 7 at once firepro( & imp]vi\s4 ,! "w does n belong /rictly to ! e>lie/ /ages ( civilization b is a developm5t ( advanc+ ref9em5t4,a ,a ,^? :o wi% to /udy ,indian pott]y 9 detail are ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes' "w on ! ,aborig9al ,pott]y ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,crude & unprep>$ clays 7 us$ = ! mo/ "p b ! mak]s c\ld sc>cely h be5 consci\s ( ! *>m+ color-play produc$ by ! burn+ ( a r$ clay 9 a smoky fire4 ,! pott]y ( ! ,indians is arti/ic 9 ! s5se ( be+ an expression ( an indig5\s art & mu* ( x is beautiful1 ?\gh :e!r ! mak]s possess$ any real appreciation ( beauty is op5 to d\bt4 ,! pott]y 0 exclusively ! "w ( ! wom54 ,no :eel 0 employ$ b ! w>e 0 ma9ly con/ruct$ by coil+4 ,long /rips ( clay 7 roll$ "u ! h&s & made ( uni=m size & ^! 7 !n coil$ 9 spiral =m1 ! rolls be+ weld$ toge!r ) wat]4 ,aft] proce$+ a c]ta9 height ! walls ( ! gr[+ j> w\ld become weak "u _! own weight4 ,! piece w\ld !n be set aside to und]go a p>tial h>d5+ ^u :i* ! "w w\ld be c>ri$ =w>d ano!r /age4 ,! %ape be+ complet$ & p>tially dri$1 ! mak] w\ld "w ov] ! :ole surface ) /ones or simple tools until ! m>ks ( ! coils _h disappe>$ & ! walls _h rea*$ a suffici5t ?9ness4 ,a great deal ( skill 0 ex]cis$ 9 accompli%+ ?is4 ,_m ( ! ,indian =ms are transitional4 ,! basket1 ! g\rd & ! b>k-made j> sugge/$ _! %apes to ! pott]2 inde$ x is sometimes evid5t t clay vessels 7 con/ruct$ z l9+s to wick] =ms1 ! out] lay] ( twigs be+ aft]w>ds burn$ (f4 ,! fir+ 0 p]=m$ 9 ! op5 flame )\t any protection1 a fact :i* acc\nts = ! great irregul>ity f\nd 9 quality & color4 ,! decorations us$ by ! ,indian wom5 7 ( ! type common to unglaz$ w>es4 ,! clay 0 incis$ or emboss$ & natural e>?s 7 us$ z pigm5ts4 ,?is acc\nts 9 great measure = ! fitness :i* may be obs]v$ 9 aborig9al decoration4 ,!re is an abs5ce ( artificial color+1 nor is !re any /ra9+ aft] effect1 b in/ead !re is %[n a sob] /r5g? & a sane expression ( values :i* w\ld d cr$it to a mod]n design]4 ,am]ica is =tunate 9 possess+ abundant relics ( primitive times b x _c be d\bt$ t 9 o!r l&s simil> "w 0 done1 mak+ all[ance1 ( c\rse1 = ! *>act]i/ic v>iations 9 national traits4 ,! pott]'s craft is ( su* a nature1 us+ an omnipres5t mat]ial & requir+ ! m9imum ( tools1 t almo/ e nation on ! globe has practic$ x4 ,9 "s x has nev] be5 develop$ beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ! /one age1 9 o!rs x has rea*$ ! utmo/ p]fection ( cultur$ skill4 ,= p]fection ( quality 9 crude pott]y1 no w>e has ev] surpass$ t ( ,greece4 ,x is n practicable "h to deal ) ! num]\s bran*es & sub-bran*es ( ,greek pott]y2 let x suffice = ! pres5t purpose to speak ( only two ma9 gr\ps4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! backgr\nd ( ! decoration 0 suppli$ by ! t9t ( ! b>e clay2 9 ! second1 ?is t9t af=d$ ! color ( ! decoration itself1 ! backgr\nd be+ cov]$ ) a black pigm5t4 ,to speak briefly ^! gr\ps are kn[n z black-figur$ & r$-figur$ w>es4 ,! :eel 0 e>ly adopt$ by ! ,grecian pott]s z a means ( produc+ =m & al?\gh molds 7 sometimes us$1 ! :eel 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 ! sole me?od ( manufacture4 ,greek pott]y is once fir$4 ,bir* classes x z glaz$ t]ra cotta1 b ! glaze is no?+ m ?an ! black pigm5t ) :i* ! decoration is c>ri$ out4 ,! uncolor$ "p ( ! clay is n glaz$ b poli%$ ) a h>d tool4 ,probably "s fam\s pott]s employ$ assi/ants ei!r to make ! pieces or to decorate b x does n appe> t !re 0 any reproduction1 at lea/1 dur+ ! be/ p]iod4 ,at fir/ primitive ideas prevail$4 ,geometric designs 7 succe$$ by rhy?mic friezes ( bea/s & birds done 9 black4 ,:5 ! human figure made its appe>ance ! faces 7 all 9 pr(ile ) full-front+ eye :ile ! prom95t details ( feature & drap]y 7 scrat*$ ) a %>p po9t be=e burn+4 ,! *ange ( me?od to r$ on black gave mu* wid] scope = ! treatm5t ( ! human figure1 r5d]$ a full] expression possible & enl>g$ ! p[] ( pictorial action4 ,great skill 9 draw+ 0 manife/$ & details ( bo? drap]y & features 7 express$ ) great c>e by means ( ! bru%4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! art :5 ! decad5ce set 9 & ! "w fell into ! h&s ( plagi>i/s & *>latans4 ,m]etrici\s color+ & gaudy ornam5t succe$$ ! ref9em5t & re/ra9t ( ! e>li] days & s ! art p]i%$4 ,to ! inv5tive p[] ( ! ,romans ! c]amic art owes m ?an "o novelty4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! desid]atum ( ! e>ly days 0 a black w>e4 ,hom] 9 8 hymn wrote3 ,pay me my price1 pott]s1 & ,i w s+4 ,att5d1 ,o ,pallas1 & ) lift$ arm protect _! ov5s1 ,let all _! cups & sacr$ vessels black5 well ,& bak$ ) good success yield !m ,bo? fair r5[n & pr(it4 ,! ,greeks accompli%$ ?is black5+ by means ( a pigm5t1 ! ,romans secur$ a simil> result by a manipulation ( ! fire4 ,x is well kn[n t ! oxide ( iron :i* imp>ts to ! clay a r$ color w1 if burn$ 9 :at is kn[n z a r$uc+ fire1 turn black4 ,?is is accompli%$ by keep+ ! air supply at ! l[e/ possible po9t & ! effect is height5$ by ! smoke :i* is p>tly absorb$ by ! clay4 ,?is black w>e is kn[n z ,up*ur* pott]y f ! "n ( a locality 9 ,engl& :]e l>ge quantities h be5 f\nd1 b num]\s examples occur 9 ,g]many &1 inde$1 :]ev] ! ,roman ho/s encamp$4 ,a second type ( pott]y is call$ ,ca/or w>e & consi/s ( a d>k clay ^u :i* ! decoration is trac$ 9 clay ( a light] color4 ,! decoration 0 appli$ z a slip or cream & h5ce 0 ! =]unn] ( ! mod]n slip pa9t+ or pte-sur-pte4 ,?is w>e is well wor? a /udy4 ,! decorations consi/$ l>gely ( conv5tional bord]s & panels b x is specially notable on acc\nt ( ! free use ( motives drawn f daily life4 ,"o ( ! commone/ sc5es depict$ is ! hunt ( h>e or /ag1 ! animals & trees be+ (t5 wov5 into an almo/ conv5tional frieze4 ,! mo/ valu$ type ( ,roman pott]y seems to h be5 ! ,aret9e or ,samian w>e4 ,?is is a bright r$ color & possesses an extremely ?9 glaze4 ,a p>ticul> clay 0 evid5tly us$1 b all k ( its s\rce has be5 lo/4 ,) ! importation ( ,*9ese porcela9 by ! ,dut* ! :ole tr5d ( pott]y manufacture 0 *ang$4 ,no long] 0 black a desirable color1 :ite 0 se5 to be mu* m delicate & beautiful & h5ce=? ! endeavor ( ! pott] 0 to produce a w>e :i* %\ld be z ne>ly l porcela9 z possible4 ,! crud5ess ( ! clay kept ?is ideal f be+ realiz$1 b v>i\s exp$i5ts 7 adopt$ & gradually bett] results 7 obta9$4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ a type ( :ite pott]y 0 made :i*1 ?\gh /imulat$ by ! ,*9ese example1 may h be5 a relic ( ! k ( ! ,egyptians4 ,a crude clay 0 coat$ ) a :ite prep>ation1 possibly gr\nd qu>tz1 & ^u ?is !re 7 pa9t$ conv5tional designs 9 sombre colors4 ,a cle> glaze cov]$ ! :ole & imp>t$ to ! colors a beautiful quality z ( pebbles "u wat]4 ,! nature ( ! glaze is made evid5t by ! hues assum$ by ! metallic oxides employ$ z colorants4 ,copp] oxide af=ds a turquoise blue1 manganese1 a w9e purple1 & iron1 a brick r$4 ,if ! glaze _h conta9$ any consid]able am\nt ( lead oxide1 ^! colors w\ld h be5 q diff]5t2 copp] w\ld h produc$ gre51 manganese1 d>k br[n1 & iron1 yell[i% br[n4 ,! iron pigm5t 0 evid5tly a clay1 sometimes spok5 ( z ,arm5ian bole4 ,! r$ color is always 9 rais$ masses because if a ?9 wa% _h be5 us$ ! color w\ld h yield$ to ! action ( ! glaze4 ,?is w>e1 commonly call$ ,ori5tal engobe w>e1 af=ds a fruitful /udy4 ,effects simil> 9 "* 7 produc$ by ! late ,!odore ,deck ( ,p>is1 b no consid]able use ( ! anci5t me?ods has ev] be5 attempt$4 ,! use ( t9 & lead 9 glaz+ 0 kn[n to ! ,arabian & ,moori% pott]s b ^! +r$i5ts 7 n abundant 9 ! ,ea/4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,moori% ho/s conqu]$ a "p ( ,spa9 9 ! twelf? c5tury x 0 f\nd t bo? lead & t9 7 available4 ,! result 0 ! developm5t ( ! enamel$ w>e kn[n by ! g5]ic "n ,maiolica4 ,"s h ma9ta9$ t ?is 0 fir/ made 9 ,italy b ! "n is d]iv$ f ! isl& ( ,maiorca f :i* mu* ( ! pott]y 0 export$4 ,! fam\s ,alhambra vase rema9s z a monum5t to ! skill ( ! ,hispano-,moresque craftsm51 b x 0 ! ,italian arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance :o br\ght ! enamel$ w>es to p]fection4 ,! int]e/ "h is arti/ic & te*nical r ?an hi/orical1 b no "o c /udy ! "w ( ! p]iod )\t le>n+ some?+ ( ,luca della ,robbia & ,giorgio ,&reoli1 ( ,gubbio & ,pes>o & ,ca/el ,durante4 ,! use ( lead 9 ! glaze prov$ s$uctive4 ,x simplifi$ ! te*nical problems & provid$ a brilliant surface b alas6 ! colors suff]$ & "o by "o !y succumb$4 ,! blue ( cobalt1 h[ev]1 prov$ inde/ructible & s1 :5 ! te*nical k ( ! ,s\? met ! traditions borr[$ f ! ,*9ese1 !re 0 born1 9 ! little t[n ( ,delft 9 ,holl&1 ! blue enamel$ w>e :i* has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n by ! "n ( its native place4 ,z to ! te*nical details ( ! production ( ,delft w>e a great deal ( in=mation is available4 ,! clay us$ conta9$ a goodly proportion ( lime & ?is s]v$ to hold ! enamel 9 p]fect union ) ! body4 ,! decoration 0 pa9t$ 9 cobalt blue ^u ! unburn$ surface ( ! enamel4 ,?is 01 9 a measure1 c\rt+ a difficulty b x is ! glory ( ! craft t a difficulty is *e]fully accept$ if 9 ! ov]com+ !re is f\nd success4 ,if ! ,delft pott]s _h burn$ _! enamel 9 ord] to make ! pa9t+ easy1 ! _w w\ld nev] h enjoy$ ! t5d] tone ( blue = :i* ?is pott]y is fam\s4 ,by pa9t+ ! blue color ov] ! p[d]y enamel1 a m p]fect union ( enamel & color 0 accompli%$ ?an w\ld h be5 possible by any o!r means4 ,?is fact alone is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! unsatisfactory nature ( ! mod]n1 s-call$1 ,delft4 ,difficulties h be5 avoid$ r ?an met & ! success ( ! e>ly ma/]s has elud$ _! rec5t foll[]s4 ,mu* ( ! pott]y made 9 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 inspir$ by ! ,italian r5aissance4 ,9 fact ! ^w fai5ce is due to ! av[$ int5tion ( ! manufactur]s ( ,nev]s to copy ! enamel$ pott]y ( ,fa5za4 ,almo/ ! only novelty ( ! "t 0 ! inv]sion1 by ! ,nev]s pott]s1 ( ! ,delft idea4 ,in/ead ( a :ite enamel ) a blue decoration !y us$1 9 "p1 a blue gr\nd ) a decoration 9 :ite4 ,x is n kn[n t ?is v>iation f\nd acceptance 9 any o!r place b 9 _m localities1 notably at ,r\51 ! manufacture ( enamel$ w>es 0 pursu$ ) great success4 ,! only real diff]5ce betwe5 ! w>es ( ,spa91 ,italy & ,france1 lies 9 ! decorative treatm5t4 ,sometimes ! emphasis 0 laid ^u lu/res1 sometimes on blue & :ite & aga9 ^u poly*rome pa9t+4 ,9 "o place !re 0 an ext5sive use made ( pictorial treatm5t1 9 ano!r all 0 conv5tional4 ,! diff]5ces are int]e/+ to a /ud5t or a collector b to ! craftsman enamel$ pott]y af=ds b "o1 ?\gh by no means an unimportant1 means ( expression4 ,france1 h[ev]1 gave bir? to two important & int]e/+ dep>tures f ! beat5 track2 ! s-call$ ,h5ri deux w>e1 & ! fai5ce ( ,b]n>d ,palissy4 ,important z ^! are to ! c]ami/1 x is a rem>kable fact t nei!r ( !m _h any appreciable influ5ce ^u ! art z a :ole nor did !y leave any desc5dants4 ,a good deal ( controv]sy has rag$ ar\nd ! pott]y commonly kn[n z ,h5ri ,,ii1 "s au?orities claim+ t x %\ld be call$ ,fai5ce d',oiron1 & o!rs assign+ to x ! "n ,sa9t ,por*aire4 ,x 01 q evid5tly1 ! production ( an individual or gr\p ( individuals :o _h no connection ) ord9>y pott]y manufacture1 & ! small quantity produc$ is evid5ce t x 0 made = p]sonal pleasure4 ,! "n ,h5ri ,,ii is und\bt$ly satisfactory1 = x 0 made 9 ! reign ( ! second ,h5ry & "s pieces be> ! monogram ( ! k+4 ,on ! o!r h& ,h may be ! initial ( ,hel5e d',h5ge/1 :o occupi$ ! *ateau d',oiron & :o _h 9 h] employ "o ,b]n>d :o fill$ ! position ( libr>ian4 ,! /yle ( ! "w seems to indicate a devotion to books1 = ! patt]ns are sugge/ive ( book-b9d+ tool "w b 7 n produc$ 9 ! same way4 ,! w>e 0 made ( a natural cream-color$ clay & ! %apes 7 model$ ) great skill4 ,^u ! pla9 surface patt]ns 7 tool$ or incis$ & ! holl[s ?us =m$ 7 fill$ 9 ) d>k-color$ clays4 ,! :ole 0 !n cov]$ ) a cle> lead glaze :i* af=d$ a f9i% v mu* l mod]n e>!nw>e4 ,! orig9 ( ?is "w is a matt] ( little m ?an academic int]e/ b ! te*nical details are ( su* importance z to be well wor? a /udy4 ,! w>e is orig9al & unique4 ,no pott]y ei!r be=e or s9ce has approa*$ x 9 me?od1 & ! quality ( mo/ ( ! pieces is all t c\ld be desir$4 ,su* 0 ! elaboration ( detail t no price c\ld h be5 set ^u ! w>e & x 0 evid5tly n made = sale4 ,a di/9ct gr[? 9 /yle c be trac$4 ,! fir/ pieces 7 some:at ar*aic & ev5 crude b z skill 0 acquir$ great] p]fection 0 atta9$4 ,z is too (t5 ! case1 h[ev]1 ! skillful h& ov]rea*$ itself & ! lat] pieces are load$ ) m]etrici\s detail 9 _m colors4 ,!re are only ab\t fifty pieces kn[n & ^! are equally divid$ betwe5 ! museums ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,b]n>d ,palissy 0 a v]satile g5ius b is "h only consid]$ z a pott]4 ,he /ates 9 8 records t he 0 inspir$ by see+ an enamel$ cup4 ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ?is cup 0 ( ,italian maiolica b lat] au?orities incl9e to ! belief t x 0 a piece ( ,*9ese porcela9 :i* ,palissy suppos$ to h be5 enamel$4 ,no :ite clay 0 kn[n to him b enamel$ w>es 7 q accessible4 ,x c sc>cely be believ$ t maiolica 0 a novelty b x c easily be und]/ood t a piece ( :ite porcela91 view$ 9 ! light ( ! contempor>y k ( enamels1 w\ld appe> ( m>vell\s quality4 ,palissy essay$ to imitate ?is wond] b attack$ ! problem f ! /&po9t ( an opaque glaze4 ,he sp5t fifte5 ye>s 9 exp]im5t+ b nev] realiz$ 8 ideal4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 produce a palette ( m>vell\s color$ enamels4 ,he 0 a close /ud5t ( nature & model$ all k9ds ( natural objects1 glaz+ !m 9 ! prop] hues4 ,he also design$ & made vases & s]vice pieces1 "s ) figure embossm5ts4 ,! /ory ( 8 /ruggles is readily accessible to any :o are int]e/$4 ,palissy left little or no impression ^u ! c]amic art ( 8 "t b 9 rec5t ye>s "s "w has be5 done 9 color$ glazes fusible at a l[ temp]ature4 ,?is w>e is sometimes sold "u ! "n ( maiolica b x is m ne>ly an imitation ( ,palissy4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two types is t :ile ! maiolica or t9-glaz$ pott]y ( ,spa91 ,italy & ,france consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( a :ite enamel$ surface ^u :i* pa9t+ 0 appli$1 ,palissy us$ little or no :ite enamel b decorat$ 8 w>es ) t9t$ glazes :i* !mselves suppli$ ! colors4 ,9 ! l[ c\ntries & ! ,g]man /ates !re 0 made ! /rik+ & orig9al pott]y kn[n z ,grs de ,fl&res4 ,! clay 0 ( ! type commonly us$ = ! manufacture ( /one-w>e & appe>s 9 ?ree colors1 br[n1 gray & cream4 ,! w>e 0 made on ! :eel & embossm5ts m or less elaborate 7 subsequ5tly add$4 ,! unique feature consi/$ 9 ! me?od ( apply+ ! glaze4 ,?is 0 simply common salt1 ?r[n into ! heat$ kiln & volatiliz$4 ,! salt vapor ba!d ! gl[+ pott]y & comb9$ ) its sub/ance1 ?us produc+ ! delightful orange-sk9 texture kn[n z salt glaze4 ,! k ( ?is me?od 0 convey$ to ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & ga9$ wide acceptance !re4 ,! ,engli% pott]s pref]r$ to use clays :i* 7 almo/ :ite1 & aft] glaz+ a decoration 9 brilliant colors 0 sometimes add$4 ,naturali/ic treatm5t 0 n attempt$ b conv5tionaliz$ subjects 7 us$ ) almo/ ! effect ( jewelry4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ?is "w c be produc$ v>ies ) ! clay4 ,_m fusible clays w take a salt glaze b ! beauty ( ! product dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! purity ( ! body4 ,?is necessitates a h>d fire1 = :ite-burn+ clays always ne$ a high temp]ature = vitrification4 ,! e>ly pott]ies ( ,engl& 7 dep5d5t l>gely ^u clay effects4 ,"s little enamel$ w>e 0 made & is kn[n z ,engli% ,delft2 b ! bulk ( ! "w 0 slip pa9t$1 incis$1 m>bl$ or emboss$4 ,ea* ( ^! me?ods is capable ( an intellig5t application & all are )9 ! rea* ( ! arti/ pott]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii3 ,,porcela9 ,! production ( porcela9 is ! goal ( ! pott]4 ,! pure :ite ( ! clay & ! possibility ( unlimit$ fire treatm5t ex]t a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ! imag9ation :ile ! difficulties ( manipulation only s]ve to /imulate ! en]gy ( ! en?usia/4 ,= pres5t purposes n mu* is to be le>n$ f ! s(t porcela9s ( ,france nor f ! bone *9a ( ,engl&4 ,g]man & ,fr5* h>d porcela9 are b developm5ts ( ! ,*9ese idea & !re=e ne$ n be /udi$ ap>t f _! prototype4 ,! e>lie/ date ( ,*9ese porcela9 is unkn[n4 ,! records ( ! nation are v anci5t b _! mean+ is (t5 obscur$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,*9ese language ! same ^w 0 us$ ( old to d5ote bo? porcela9 & e>!nw>e4 ,specim5s dat+ f only ! t5? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 look almo/ incr$ibly old4 ,!y are co>se & heavy 9 /ructure b are agl[ ) vibrant color4 ,! f9e/ porcela9s date f ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies & ^! are ! ideals t[>ds :i* e mod]n pott] looks4 ,broadly x may be /at$ t two me?ods prevail$4 ,9 ! =m] ! glaze itself 0 *>g$ ) color or ! color+ matt] 0 appli$ to ! clay b5ea? ! glaze4 ,9 ! latt] ! porcela9 0 f9i%$ z to body & glaze & ! decoration 0 appli$ at a subsequ5t & mu* light] burn4 ,! fir/ nam$ class is call$ s+le-color$ porcela92 ! second has sev]al names su* z ! famille rose & famille v]te z def9$ by ,jacquem>t4 ,9 ! s+le-color class x is evid5t t ! pott]s 7 n at all sure ( _! results4 ,9 _m museums !re are to be f\nd examples ( ox-blood r$1 m or less f9e1 &1 ) !m1 o!r pieces :i* 7 int5d$ to be r$ b :i* fail$ 9 ! fire4 ,! wond] is1 9 ^! cases1 t ! pieces1 ev5 ?\gh failures1 are beautiful4 ,! k requir$ = ! production ( ^! w>es is l>gely sci5tific2 at ! same "t x is n to be believ$ t ! ,*9ese _h any special sci5tific tra9+4 ,!y evid5tly travel$ a long & tortu\s pa? be=e ! goal 0 rea*$1 9 fact1 !y (t5 fell %ort ( x altoge!r1 b !y _h pl5ty ( "t & unlimit$ pati5ce4 ,! mod]n pott] is1 if less pati5t1 m =tunate 9 t ! c\rse has be5 m>k$ out ) m or less accuracy &1 if ! l&m>ks ( sci5ce be he$$1 a c]ta9 degree ( success may be atta9$4 ,?is s+le-color "w is ! true field ( ! c]ami/4 ,anyone possess+ ! p[] ( us+ a p5cil1 & ) a l>ge /ock ( pati5ce1 may produce ov]-glaze decoration1 b to prep>e glazes ( _m hues & to consign !m unprotect$ to ! fury ( ! furnace1 requires skill1 pati5ce1 c\rage & en?usiasm4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s a new s*ool has aris5 :i* comb9es 9 a measure ! advantages ( ! two ,*9ese me?ods4 ,colors are prep>$ f refractory mat]ials & ^u clay or s(t burn$ biscuit w>e1 sc5es1 9 m or less conv5tional =m1 are pa9t$1 or else a design purely conv5tional 9 "* is appli$ by ! arti/4 ,! w>e is !n glaz$ & subject$ to ! sev]e fire :i* all porcela9 und]goes4 ,! result is t ! porcela9 & ! pa9t+ are unit$ 9 a s5se t c nev] be ! case ) ov]-glaze treatm5t4 ,! colors become "p ( a purely c]amic unit2 ! _s ( ! arti/ is fix$ by ! fire4 ,to ?is class belong ! porcela9 ( ,cop5hag5 & ! rec5t product ( ,sevres4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 repres5t ! result ( mu* ardu\s tra9+ & _m t$i\s exp]im5ts4 ,bo? ! tra9+ & ! exp]im5ts are necess>y to "s ext5t = e work]1 n only because pott]y clays v>y mu* 9 composition1 b because individuality c only be obta9$ by ! prep>ation1 9 ! laboratory1 ( ! desir$ comp\nds4 ,! ,*9ese1 d\btless1 /umbl$ ^u _m ( _! successes by accid5t1 help$ by ! fact t ! "* ( ! fire employ$ influ5c$ _m ( _! colors4 ,?is w be expla9$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 quick to seize ^u t :i* 0 good4 ,_m fanciful names 7 giv5 to ! r>e/ colors1 su* z ! violet ( wild apples1 liquid dawn & ! r$ ( ! bean blossom4 ,?is idea has be5 c>ri$ fur!r 9 ,france by ! inv5tion ( su* names z ,sang-de-boeuf1 ,sang-de-p\let1 clair-de-lune1 etc41 & pursu$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ,pea* bl[4 ,9 ! ov]-glaze treatm5t1 ! type nam$ famille v]te is *>act]iz$ by a cle> gre5 glaze or enamel ov] a design 9 black4 ,! :ole is pa9t$ ov] ! porcela9 glaze & ! gre5 enamel is s s(t t x is (t5 decompos$ on ! surface4 ,:5 a broad black mass is cov]$ ) gre5 ! decomposition gives rise to prismatic colors & occasions ! t]m rav5's w+ black4 ,"s ( ?is w>e has also be5 gilt b ! gold l9es h disappe>$ & c only be locat$ by ! slight dullness ( ! enamel :]e !y once 74 ,well kn[n to collectors also are ! rose-back plates4 ,^! belong to ! famille rose 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic note is a delicate rose p9k4 ,?is color is prep>$ f gold & :5 x is plac$ ^u ! back ( an egg-%ell plate a t5d] rosy transp>5cy is imp>t$ to ! piece4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! s+le colors is ! pale sea gre5 nam$ celadon by ! ,fr5*4 ,?is color 9 ,*9a 0 call$ ! sky aft] ra9 & 0 consid]$ bo? r>e & valuable4 ,! porcela9 ( ,cop5hag5 is ! product ( sci5tific skill & arti/ic ta/e4 ,9 ! /udios atta*$ to ! ,royal ,manufactory !re has gr[n up a tradition ( "w & criticism :i* is fo/]$ by ladies ( bir? & position4 ,_m ( ^! pa9t ^u ! porcela9 !mselves & s con/itute a s*ool :i* has become _w fam\s4 ,natural objects are1 = ! mo/ "p1 *os5 &1 z ! palette ( colors is1 ow+ to ! int5se fire1 q limit$ & l[ 9 key1 a tone ( quiet atmosph]e p]vades ! pa9t+4 ,?is is acc5tuat$ by ! use ( ! air-bru% to di/ribute a gr\nd color ^u ! w>e 9 graduat$ /r5g?4 ,at ! ,national ,manufactory ( ,sevres !re has be5 "s attempt to foll[ ! ,cop5hag5 me?od b to a great] ext5t ! "w is along ! l9es ( conv5tionaliz$ =m4 ,9 ?is treatm5t ! ,fr5* arti/s excel1 be+ wond]fully accurate--almo/ too accurate--9 _! l9es & spac+4 ,sev]al individual work]s 9 ,france h also pursu$ ?is plan1 design+ & execut+ ! pieces :i* h made ! ,fr5* arti/-pott]s fam\s4 ,9 ! porcela9s ( ,b]l9 ! quality lies l>gely 9 ! complete ma/]y ( te*nical details4 ,! "w is1 z w\ld be expect$1 ,g]man 9 /yle1 b ! pa/e is pure & ! colors are well prep>$4 ,f ?is brief review x w be se5 t ! int]e/ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 lies n s mu* 9 v>iety z 9 ! value ( individual results4 ,9 ! pott]y describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] a great _m diff]5t clays 7 us$ & ea* "o prov$ sugge/ive to ! pott]4 ,9 porcela91 on ! o!r h&1 ! body clay is almo/ id5tical :]ev] prep>$1 ! requirem5t ( a :ite transluc5t pa/e be+ p>am\nt4 ,,*apt] ,,iv3 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,clay ,clay diff]s f e>? or soil 9 t x possesses c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* ^! d n possess4 ,its di/ribution is v wide b = ! mo/ "p x lies conceal$ f view4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry x is s abundant t x breaks ?r\gh ! surface or is expos$ z an outcrop b usually x is cov]$ by ! soil :i* supports vegetation4 ,unless ! subsoil consi/s ( s& x is easy to expose a clay by pl[+ or digg+ ) a spade4 ,x usually appe>s z a gre5i% or blui% sub/ance ( close & uni=m /ructure4 ,! texture is sometimes smoo? b m (t5 num]\s small /ones are f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! mass4 ,su* clays z are commonly f\nd c be us$ = ! manufacture ( "s k9d ( pott]y b 9 ! great majority ( cases ! w>e w be r$ :5 fir$ because ! clay conta9s a proportion ( oxide ( iron4 ,a pure clay does n conta9 ?is & !re=e becomes :ite or ne>ly :ite 9 ! kiln4 ,pure clay1 kn[n z clay base or clay sub/ance =ms a "p ( all natural clays ?\gh sometimes only a small "p4 ,x consi/s ( silica1 alum9a & wat] 9 a /ate ( comb9ation & is ?us kn[n z a hydr\s alum9ium silicate4 ,:ile ?is sub/ance is v common z an +r$i5t ( ord9>y clay1 x is r>ely f\nd alone or uncontam9at$4 ,comm]cial or workable clays may be said to consi/ ( clay base & s&1 ) or )\t o!r impurities su* z lime & oxide ( iron4 ,= work+ purposes x may be grant$ t ! pott] has to deal ) a mixture ( clay & s&4 ,b s& is n a def9ite expression4 ,x may v>y bo? physically & *emically )9 wide limits4 ,! physical nature has to d ) condition1 ! *emical ) composition4 ,?us a s& may be almo/ z co>se z gravel or z f9e z ! clay itself4 ,x may be a pure qu>tz s& or x may be a cru%$ rock ( almo/ any composition4 ,! =m] is kn[n z qu>tz1 ! latt] z feldsp> or feldspa?ic s& because x approa*es 9 composition ! gr\p ( m9]als kn[n z feldsp>s4 ,ea* ( ^! +r$i5ts1 clay1 qu>tz & feldsp>1 has an important "p to play 9 ! trans=mation ( clay into pott]y4 ,few ( ! clays us$ 9 mak+ :ite pott]y possess ^! +r$i5ts 9 ! correct proportions s t x becomes necess>y to make a mixture 9 :i* ! necess>y proportions w be f\nd4 ,= successful pott]y mak+ ?ree prop]ties are dem&$ 9 a clay4 ,fir/1 pla/icity4 ,)\t ?is1 clay c\ld n be %ap$ at all4 ,x con/itutes ! ob$i5ce ( a clay to ! =m+ influ5ce :e!r h& or mold4 ,! necessity = ?is quality may be illu/rat$ by ! prov]b ,mak+ ropes ( s& z an example ( ! impossible4 ,s&1 possess+ no pla/icity1 _c be %ap$ or made to hold toge!r4 ,! second prop]ty is porosity4 ,a clay :i* exhibits a high degree ( pla/icity c be easily %ap$ b x _c be safely dri$4 ,! wat] ( pla/icity _c escape & !re=e ! clay w>ps & cracks4 ,! function ( porosity is to prev5t ?is4 ,a por\s clay p]mits ! wat] to escape freely & ! clay c be dri$ )\t damage4 ,?is condition is produc$ by ! admixture ( s& or by ! pres5ce ( s& 9 a natural clay4 ,a co>se s& is m effective ?an a f9e s& b a s& t is too co>se w int]f]e ) delicate work+ :ile a s& t is too f9e approximates ! action ( ! clay itself & produces a sub/ance :i* is d5se r ?an por\s4 ,porosity is !re=e ! rev]se ( pla/icity & ^! two prop]ties mu/ be adju/$ s z to balance ea* o!r4 ,! ?ird necess>y prop]ty is commonly kn[n z vitrification b c\ld be bett] nam$ d5sification because complete vitrification is n atta9$ 9 ord9>y clay w>es4 ,?is prop]ty may be def9$ z t :i* causes a clay to yield to ! action ( a high temp]ature s t ! result is a w>e1 m or less d5se1 :i* is h>d1 durable & sonor\s4 ,) ?is !re mu/ be c\pl$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance to heat treatm5t s t ! pott]y does n fuse or collapse dur+ ! fir+4 ,"h also is f\nd ! ne$ = adju/m5t4 ,! clay mu/ yield to ! fire b n completely4 ,x mu/ resi/ b n entirely4 ,pla/icity is due to ! clay base4 ,n only to its quantity b to its quality also4 ,"s =ms ( clay 9 :i* clay base pr$om9ates are n pla/ic because ! clay base itself is co>se gra9$4 ,o!r =ms ) less clay base pres5t are pla/ic because ?is +r$i5t is f9e gra9$ & t\gh4 ,pure clay base is also highly resi/ant to fire & !re=e contributes to ! refractor9ess ( ! mass4 ,porosity is caus$ by ! s& 9 ! clay4 ,any k9d ( s& w produce porosity b ! effect diff]s ) ! condition ( ! s&4 ,co>se s& is m effective ?an f9e s&4 ,m s& w1 ( c\rse1 cause great] porosity4 ,vitrification or d5sification is due to ! feldsp> or fusible s&4 ,?is also v>ies ) ! condition4 ,a f9e-gra9$ feldsp> w produce vitrification m easily ?an ! same am\nt ( co>se feldsp>4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances are available = use 9 pott]y mixtures1 :i* possess "o or o!r ( ! necess>y prop]ties 9 high degree s t !y w imp>t ^! prop]ties to a mass to :i* !y are add$4 ,kaol9 or *9a clay is usually f9e1 :ite1 & refractory4 ,"s kaol9s are r pla/ic b mo/ ( !m are %ort 9 work+ & r t5d]4 ,= ! production ( a :ite w>e kaol9 is indisp5sable4 ,no o!r +r$i5t w af=d ! pure :ite color :i* is s\ght aft] 9 porcela9 & *9a4 ,ball clay is v pla/ic1 easily vitrifi$1 b is n :ite4 ,! color v>ies f a cream to a gray4 ,! use ( a ball clay is !re=e limit$ 9 :ite w>es because x w spoil ! color4 ,= w>es 9 :i* a light cream color is n objectionable ball clays are valuable & almo/ indisp5sable4 ,/onew>e clay is usually a r pla/ic clay :i* conta9s a good deal ( s&1 h5ce /onew>e clays c be us$ = c]ta9 classes ( w>e )\t admixture4 ,a r high temp]ature is requir$ = mo/ ( ^! clays1 ?\gh occasionally "o c be f\nd :i* w become d5se at ! fire ( a /udio kiln4 ,! clays sold by ! ,enfield ,pott]y ,company & by ! ,we/]n ,/onew>e ,company are ( ?is type4 ,gr\nd fl9t is a necess>y +r$i5t 9 almo/ all pott]y4 ,x aids 9 ! porosity ( ! clay & enables ! mixture to be adju/$ to fit a special glaze4 ,gr\nd feldsp> is also necess>y4 ,l fl9t x aids 9 ! porosity ( ! unburn$ clay b unlike fl9t x produces d5sity 9 ! fir+4 ,by a prop] adju/m5t ( ^! +r$i5ts a clay c be compos$ :i* w meet ! special requirem5ts ( ! work]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! prop]ties ( any giv5 clay c]ta9 simple te/s may be made & e clay-work] %\ld "k h[ to d ?is because "o _c be too well in=m$ z to ! mat]ials to be us$4 ,fir/1 wat] ( pla/icity4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( ! clay1 dri$ & p[d]$1 is weigh$ out4 ,x is conv5i5t to weigh 9 grams & to measure 9 cubic c5timet]s because 9 ?is way calculation is easy4 ,! scales & weights are describ$ 9 ! *apt] on glazes4 ,= measur+ ! wat] a glass vessel call$ a graduate is us$4 ,"o hold+ a hundr$ cubic c5timet]s & graduat$ 9 c5timet]s & t5?s c be obta9$ f a deal] 9 *emical supplies4 ,"o hundr$ grams ( clay is weigh$ out & transf]r$ to a glass slab4 ,! graduate is fill$ ) wat] to ! "o hundr$ m>k4 ,"s ( ?is wat] is !n p\r$ on to ! clay1 add+ little by little z ne$$ until ! :ole c be work$ into a /iff mass ( ! prop] pla/icity4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ is !n c>efully not$ by obs]v+ h[ mu* is left 9 ! graduate4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 #gj cubic c5timet]s are f\nd rema9+1 ! hundr$ grams ( clay has absorb$ ?irty c4c4 ( wat] & z "o c4c4 ( wat] weighs "o gram ! clay has tak5 j #cj p] c5t4 ,?is am\nt is important because x is "o ( ! be/ indications ( pla/icity4 ,a v pla/ic clay may ne$ #dj p] c5t1 a non-pla/ic clay may be satisfi$ ) #be p] c5t4 ,second1 %r9kage4 ,! mass ( pla/ic clay is n[ transf]r$ to a pla/] bat & roll$ or press$ out into a smoo? slab ab\t #ab c5timet]s long4 ,"h aga9 ! c5timet] is us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! in* z be+ m easily calculat$4 ,a fa9t l9e is rul$ on ! clay slab & two f9e scrat*es are m>k$ exactly t5 c5timet]s ap>t4 ,! edges are trimm$ & ! excess clay made up into ?ree or f\r small pieces :i* are to be fir$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! kiln z te/s = d5sity4 ,:5 ! clay slab is dry ! di/ance betwe5 ! m>ks is measur$ & not$4 ,! t5 c5timet]s be+ divid$ into "o hundr$ millimet]s1 ea* millimet] ( %r9kage means "o p] c5t4 ,aft] fir+1 a second measurem5t is made & ! diff]5ces are not$ z dry %r9kage & fire %r9kage respectively4 ,?ird1 fir+4 ,! slab ) ! measurem5t ^u x is set 9 ! kiln 9 ! place :]e ! clay w>es are to receive ! fir/ or biscuit fire & ! small pieces are arrang$ 9 diff]5t places s z to secure z _m diff]5t conditions z possible4 ,! position ( ea* %\ld be c>efully record$4 ,aft] fir+1 ! m>ks on ! slab are measur$ z already describ$ & note is tak5 ( any w>p+ ( ! piece4 ,! color is also record$4 ,! small pieces %\ld be te/$ = porosity or absorption ( wat] b ?is is r a delicate op]ation & ne$s a p>ticul>ly s5sitive balance4 ,g5]ally x w suffice to use a wet sponge or to dip ea* piece into wat]1 remov+ x quickly & not+ c>efully ! rate ( spe$ at :i* ! wat] is absorb$4 ,if ! wat] %\ld be sc>cely absorb$ at all a l9e ( ink may be drawn ^u ! pott]y ) a p51 ! piece be+ p]fectly dry4 ,9 a fully vitrifi$ w>e ! ink c be wa%$ (f1 leav+ sc>cely a m>k b ! te/ is q s5sitive & ) a little practice w af=d an excell5t means ( comp>+ ! d5sity ( diff]5t clays or ( ! same clay at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,f\r?1 glaz+4 ,x is well to h ready a small supply ( a /&>d cle> glaze4 ,ea* ( ! te/ pieces %\ld be cov]$ ) ?is 9 a r ?9 coat & !n !y %\ld all be fir$ aga91 ?is "t close toge!r s t !y w receive ! same heat treatm5t4 ,?is w enable "o to det]m9e :at degree ( fire = ! clay w be/ suit ! glaze4 ,,*apt] ,v3 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,clay ,a clay hav+ be5 select$ 9 accordance ) ! te/s describ$1 x becomes necess>y to prep>e x = use4 ,a fairly l>ge supply %\ld be obta9$ & /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,mo/ natural clays ne$ "s k9d ( cleans+ = !re are almo/ always =eign sub/ances pres5t4 ,?is cleans+ is accompli%$ by r$uc+ ! clay to ! fluid kn[n z slip4 ,! necess>y appliances = mak+ slip are z foll[s3 ,a l>ge sieve ( qu>t]-in* me%4 ,a small wire sieve ( ab\t #ad me%es to ! in*4 ,a l>ge b>rel4 ,two galvaniz$ pails4 ,! clay is1 aft] dry+1 p[d]$ & sift$ ?r\gh ! l>ge sieve4 ,"o ( ! pails is half fill$ ) clean wat] & ! clay1 h&ful by h&ful1 is spr9kl$ into x4 ,! clay rapidly absorbs ! wat] & s9ks to ! bottom4 ,! addition ( clay is cont9u$ until a small m\nd rises ?r\gh ! wat]1 :5 ! :ole is left to soak = an h\r4 ,! b>$ arm is !n plung$ into ! pail & ! mass /irr$ vigor\sly4 ,a /ick or paddle w s]ve1 ( c\rse1 b ! pott] le>ns a great deal by ! feel ( ! clay & !re=e ! h& is be/4 ,x is said t he is a poor sailor :o w n dip 8 h&s 9 ! t> bucket & 9 l mann]1 he is a poor pott] :o fe>s ! slip tub4 ,?is /irr+ w tell a good deal ab\t ! probable work+ ( ! clay4 ,x may be /ony or s&y or greasy4 ,! l>ge /ones & roots w h be5 remov$ by ! sieve b n[1 aft] ?or\gh mix+1 ! slip is p\r$ ?r\gh ! small sieve into ! b>rel4 ,bo? pails may be kept go+ at once1 "o be+ fill$ :ile ! o!r is soak+ & s on until ! b>rel is full or1 at lea/1 a good quantity ( slip has be5 prep>$4 ,if ! clay prove v s&y x %\ld be wa%$4 ,! mixture 9 ! pail hav+ be5 well /irr$ is all[$ to /& = a def9ite "t1 say "o m9ute4 ,! slip is !n p\r$ into ! second pail & x w be f\nd t a quantity ( s& has settl$4 ,?is is ?r[n away & ! slip 9 ! second pail is exam9$4 ,if en\gh s& has be5 remov$1 ! slip may be p\r$ into ! b>rel1 us+ ! f9e sieve z already describ$4 ,if /ill s&y ! process %\ld be repeat$1 ! settl+ be+ = two m9utes4 ,exp]i5ce is ! be/ guide 9 ?is op]ation b all ! s& %\ld n be remov$4 ,:5 ! b>rel is full ( slip x is all[$ to /& ov] night :5 "s in*es ( cle> wat] w be f\nd at ! top4 ,?is is remov$ ) a siphon :i* may be made ( a piece ( lead or rubb] pipe4 ,! removal ( ! wat] results 9 ! ?ick5+ ( ! slip & ! cont5ts ( ! b>rel %\ld be ?or\ghly /irr$ ) a long wood5 paddle to insure a uni=m consi/5cy4 ,if ! slip is f\nd to be /ill ?9 ano!r settl+ & removal ( ! wat] w ?ick5 x4 ,! slip ?us prep>$ w keep indef9itely1 provid$ t x is n all[$ to become dry by evaporation4 ,x improves greatly ) age4 ,?is is ! mat]ial :i* is us$ = ca/+ z w be describ$ lat] b = pla/ic "w x mu/ be /ill fur!r ?ick5$4 ,a %all[ box may be procur$ & made wat]-tight & ! slip1 :5 p\r$ into x1 w ?ick5 mu* m rapidly ?an 9 ! b>rel1 b x is bett] to h "s %all[ pla/] di%es z ! pla/] itself absorbs ! wat] & ?ick5s ! clay4 ,in/ructions = mak+ ^! di%es appe> 9 ! *apt] on pla/]4 ,^! directions w suffice = ! prep>ation ( a natural clay b x is sometimes desir$ to prep>e a :ite body ei!r ( e>!nw>e or porcela94 ,^! bodies d n exi/ 9 nature & !re=e a mixture mu/ be made4 ,! +r$i5ts are kaol9 or :ite porcela9 clay1 ball clay or pla/ic pott]s' clay1 gr\nd qu>tz or fl9t1 & gr\nd feldsp>4,b ,b ,georgia ,kaol9 & ,t5nessee ,ball ,clay may be procur$ f ! ,john ,h4 ,sant & ,sons ,company1 ,ea/ ,liv]pool1 ,ohio1 & fl9t & feldsp> f ! ,gold+ ,sons' ,company1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 or ! ,eureka ,fl9t & ,sp> ,company1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 9 quantities ( n less ?an "o b>rel or sack4 ,a suitable mixture = e>!nw>e is-- ,georgia ,clay,c #bj p>ts by weight ,t5nessee ,ball ,clay #cj ,fl9t #ce ,feldsp> #ae --- #ajj & = porcela9-- ,georgia ,clay #de p>ts by weight ,fl9t #ce ,feldsp> #bj --- #ajj ,c ,if ,engli% *9a clay c be procur$ x w make a :it] w>e ?an ,georgia clay4 ,! e>!nw>e w be creamy 9 color & por\s at an ord9>y fire4 ,! porcela9 w ne$ a h>d fire & w be :ite & transluc5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 non-pla/ic & h>d to "w4 ,! prep>ation ( ^! mixtures ( c\rse necessitates a pair ( scales b o!rwise ! treatm5t ( ! mix is ! same z t ( natural clay4 ,wa%+ is n necess>y b ! clay mu/ be p[d]$1 mix$ ) ! fl9t & sp>1 & spr9kl$ into wat] z already describ$4 ,9 place ( ! wire sieve1 h[ev]1 a silk lawn ( #abj me%es to ! in* %\ld be us$4 ,! lawn is simply a f9e sieve & is nam$ because ( ! mat]ial 7also call$ bolt+ clo?71 ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,h a c>p5t] make a box )\t a bottom4 ,cypress or oak %\ld be us$ & ?is %\ld be a full half in* ?ick4 ,f\r /rips ( ! same ?ickness are also to be provid$4 ,! box may be ( any conv5i5t size2 eight in*es squ>e & f\r in*es deep is ab\t "r4 ,! sides %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r ) brass screws to avoid ru/ & a piece ( lawn is /ra9$ tightly across ! bottom & secur$ ) copp] or brass tacks4 ,a /rip ( co>se musl9 fold$ & laid along ! edges w help to prev5t ! lawn f te>+1 ! tacks be+1 ( c\rse1 driv5 ?r\gh bo? musl9 & lawn4 ,!n ! f\r wood5 /rips are set ^u ! musl9 & secur$ ) brass screws4 ,! complet$ lawn is !n a tray ( :i* ! bottom is =m$ ( lawn4 ,! /rips ( wood b5ea? s]ve to protect ! lawn :5 plac$ on a table z well z to assi/ 9 hold+ x firmly4,d ,d ,silk lawn ( any desir$ me% may be pur*as$ by ! y>d f ,a4 ,s>torius ,company1 #eg ,murray ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city2 or brass sieves ready = use f ! ,w4 ,s4 ,tyl] ,company1 ,clevel&1 ,o4 ,= /or+ clay 9 ! pla/ic /ate !re is no?+ bett] ?an /onew>e j>s4 ,^! may be _h ( any size & a t9man %\ld make close-fitt+ cov]s4 ,e>!nw>e cov]s d n fit tight & are always gett+ brok54 ,a little wat] is p\r$ into ea* j> & a support provid$ = ! clay s t x does n re/ 9 contact ) ! wat]4 ,"u any conditions clay w sl[ly h>d5 s t n too l>ge a /ock %\ld be kept4 ,slip1 on ! o!r h&1 keeps well s long z "s wat] is always on ! top & x is n a long process to /iff5 x into clay4 ,,*apt] ,,vi3 ,,mold-,,mak+ ,,& ,,pla/] ,pla/] is almo/ a necessity to ! pott] & !re=e some?+ %\ld be le>n$ ab\t x4 ,ev5 if "o does n use molds !re are numb]less purposes = :i* pla/] is conv5i5t4 ,= /iff5+ slip into clay1 & = absorb+ wat] f glazes1 %all[ di%es ( pla/] are us$1 & = hold+ "w ei!r 9 mak+ or dry+1 pla/] bats or r\nd slabs are always 9 dem&4 ,x is be/ to pur*ase ! f9e/ quality ( pott]s' pla/] by ! b>rel4,e ,x w keep indef9itely if /or$ 9 a dry place4 ,! necess>y appliances are3 ,"o or two l>ge jugs = mix+1 or a metal c ) a sp\t4 ,a metal spid] or fry+ pan4 ,six feet ( rubb] ma*9e belt+1 six in*es wide1 or simil> /rips cut f l9oleum or enamel$ clo?4 ,two or ?ree ?9 pieces ( /eel ( v>i\s degrees ( flexibility 7scrap]s74 ,h&y knives1 call$ vegetable knives4 ,a small pa9t]'s bru%4 ,two or ?ree f9e sponges4 ,e ,calv9 ,tomk9s1 #cj ,*ur* ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,to beg9 )1 a size ( s(t soap & wat] is prep>$4 ,put a qu>t ( wat] into a kettle & add a piece ( soap ! size ( an egg4,f ,simm] = an h\r or until ! soap is entirely dissolv$ & !n set aside to cool4 ,:5 cold ! size %\ld be ( ! consi/5cy ( maple syrup4 ,?is size is us$ :5ev] pla/] is to be kept f /ick+ to a =m or surface1 & x has also ! m]it ( caus+ clay to /ick to pla/]4 ,= example1 if a mold is to be tak5 f a clay model no size %\ld be us$1 b if a pla/] =m is us$ z a f\ndation = clay ornam5t x %\ld be well siz$ fir/4 ,! size is laid on ) a bru% & wip$ (f ) a sponge4 ,ano!r sponge is !n us$ ) clean wat] & ! siz$ surface is wa%$1 all sup]flu\s wat] be+ remov$4 ,size is !n appli$ a second "t & wa%$ (f z be=e4 ,a ?ird application is sometimes necess>y1 or until ! siz$ surface rejects wat] l grease does4 ,on ! la/ siz+1 wat] is n appli$1 b ! surface is poli%$ ) ! sponge conta9+ size4 ,if ! surface to be prep>$ be ( wood or metal a s+le coat ( size w (t5 suffice1 b if x be ( pla/] ?ree or f\r applications are (t5 necess>y4 ,f ,any good laundry soap w s]ve1 b x %\ld be slic$ ?94 ,! fir/ lesson may well be ! manufacture ( a pla/] bat4 ,! fry+ pan is fir/ siz$ & set ^u a level table4 ,let u suppose t a qu>t ( wat] w fill x to ab\t an in* 9 dep?4 ,?is am\nt ( wat] is put into a jug & two p\nds & ?ree-qu>t]s ( dry pla/] is weigh$ out & all[$ to trickle ?r\gh ! f+]s into ! wat]4 ,?is proportion has be5 f\nd to be be/ = ord9>y mix+s4 ,a small] quantity ( pla/] to ! qu>t ( wat] w result 9 a v s(t bat2 a l>g] quantity w be proportionately h>d]4 ,aft] ! pla/] has soak$ up all ! wat] x w take1 t is 9 ab\t two m9utes' "t1 ! h& is plung$ 9 & ! :ole /irr$ to a smoo? cream4 ,all lumps mu/ be brok5 up & ! air bubbles remov$ z f> z possible4 ,cont9ue /irr+ g5tly & pres5tly ! mixture w be felt to gr[ ?ick]4 ,! psy*ological mom5t arrives :5 ! pla/] =ms ^u ! h& a :ite coat+ :i* _c be %ak5 (f4 ,! creamy liquid is !n p\r$ into ! fry+ pan :i* is g5tly %ak5 to level ! surface4 ,if ! pla/] has be5 p\r$ at ! "r mom5t x w set smoo?ly ) a mat surface l sug> ic+4 ,if p\r$ too late x w be /iff & difficult to level1 & if p\r$ too soon x w curdle on ! surface & wat] w be se5 above ! pla/]4 ,a little practice w %[ ! "r mom5t4 ,! jug %\ld be wa%$ out imm$iately :ile ! pla/] is s(t4 ,9 ! place us$ = pla/] "w a tub %\ld be provid$ 9 :i* all vessels & tools c be wa%$1 =1 if all[$ to fl[ d[n ! wa/e pipe ( a s9k1 ! pla/] w spe$ily *oke ! outfl[4 ,aft] /&+ = "s t5 m9utes1 m or less1 ! bat 9 ! fry+ pan w gr[ w>m4 ,?is is ! sign ( a comb9ation betwe5 ! pla/] & ! wat] & %[s ! completion ( ! sett+4 ,! pan is n[ tak5 by ! h&le &1 hold+ x upside d[n1 ! edge is rapp$ sm>tly on a brick or /one4 ,?is w cause ! cont5ts to fall out & !re is a smoo? disc :i* is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( appliances4 ,! edge w ne$ to be scrap$ & ! bat c be set aside until ne$$4 ,x w be good practice to make a half doz5 ( ^!4 ,?is process ( mix+ & p\r+ pla/] is ! same = all op]ations & ! in/ructions w n be repeat$1 b :5 ! /ud5t is told to p\r pla/] x w be presum$ t ?is exp]im5t has already be5 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,a1 table4 ,b1 clay m\nd4 ,c1 pla/]4 ,d1 rubb] belt4 ,! next /ep is ! mak+ ( a pla/] b[l or di% = ! purpose ( dry+ out slip or glaze4 ,a conv5i5t size %\ld be det]m9$ ^u z x is be/ to h all ! di%es ! same4 ,^u any flat1 smoo? surface a m\nd ( clay is re>$ :i* %all be ! size & dep? ( ! inside ( ! propos$ di%4 ,ab\t twelve in*es 9 diamet] & ?ree in*es deep is a good size1 ?\gh f\rte5 in*es is n too l>ge = ! =m] dim5sion4 ,?is m\nd %\ld be made z ne>ly circul> z possible & ! clay f9i%$ z smoo?ly z may be4 ,! rubb] belt is !n set ar\nd ! m\nd 9 ! =m ( a hoop leav+ a space ( two in*es betwe5 ! clay m\nd & ! rubb] hoop4 ,! rubb] is fa/5$ ei!r by ty+ ) /r+ or by b9d+ ! ov]lapp+ ends ) clo!s p9s4 ,a roll ( s(t clay is laid d[n :]e ! belt jo9s ! table & press$ d[n outside to prev5t leakage4 ,en\gh pla/] to fill ! space )9 ! belt is n[ mix$ & p\r$1 cov]+ ! clay m\nd to a dep? ( at lea/ "o in*4 ,:5 ! pla/] has set ! rubb] is deta*$1 ! :ole turn$ ov] & ! clay dug out4 ,we h n[ a circul> pla/] di% ?ree in*es deep b we h only "o4 ,! tr\ble ( rebuild+ ! clay is unnecess>y a second "t because a case or rev]se c be made f :i* z _m di%es z may be necess>y c be =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,c1 pla/] di%4 ,d1 rubb] belt4 ,e1 pla/] case or rev]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,pla/] case1 ) rubb] belt1 arrang$ = p\r+4 ,! di% is c>efully smoo!d & trimm$4 ,! %>p edge is remov$ & ! inside is dress$ ) f9e s&pap] to a p]fectly smoo? surface4 ,size is n[ appli$ to ! inside & upp] edge until a bright slipp]y surface is obta9$4 ,! rubb] belt is n[ b\nd closely ar\nd ! di% & pla/] is p\r$ to a dep? ( ab\t "o & "o-half in*es on ! edge4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 makes a dep? ( f\r & "o-half in*es 9 ! c5t]4 ,:5 ?is new pla/] has set 9 turn ! rubb] is remov$ & ! two ca/+s c be easily sep>at$ by ins]t+ a knife at ! junction4 ,! knife %\ld be g5tly driv5 9 ) a hamm]4 ,obvi\sly x is n[ possible to make a numb] ( di%es f ! rev]se ?us obta9$1 by simply b9d+ ! rubb] belt ar\nd ea* "t & p\r+ pla/] z at fir/4 ,! orig9al mold hav+ be5 siz$ is no long] absorb5t b mu/ be kept 9 case additional rev]ses are ne$$4 ,! molds or di%es mu/ be ?or\ghly dri$ out be=e be+ us$4 ,! mold+ ( a vase =m is m elaborate b n really difficult4 ,ev5 if "o does n int5d to produce pott]y by mold+ !re is always an advantage 9 hav+ a numb] ( simple =ms ^u :i* to make exp]im5ts4 ,! vase to be mold$ is fir/ drawn to exact size ^u pap] & a pla/] model is turn$ on a la!4 ,?is c be done equally well on ! pott]s' :eel & ! me?od is z foll[s3 ,a pla/] bat is saturat$ ) wat] & set ^u ! :eel s z to run true :5 ! :eel is revolv$1 & is cem5t$ to ! :eel head by a little slip4 ,a few deep scrat*es are made on ! face ( ! bat & a cyl9d]1 ei!r ( ! rubb] belt or ( /iff pap]1 is roll$ up & set on end 9 ! c5t] ( ! bat4 ,! size ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be a little l>g] e way ?an ! propos$ vase4 ,pla/] is n[ mix$ & p\r$ to fill ! cyl9d]4 ,x w adh]e to ! bat bel[ by reason ( ! scrat*es4 ,:5 ! pla/] has set1 ! cyl9d] is unfa/5$ & remov$ & ! turn+ may beg94 ,to turn pla/] well involves a good deal ( practice b x is bett] to spoil ?ree or f\r pla/] cores 9 ! le>n+ ?an to sp5d a long "t on "o = fe> ( damag+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,turn+ tools = pla/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,position ( tool 9 turn+4 ,a1 correct4 ,b & ,c1 incorrect4 ,! bo>d support & turn+ /ick describ$ on page #ajj are us$ 9 turn+ pla/] z well z clay4 ,! turn+ /ick is held 9 ! left h& & ! po9t is press$ into ! bo>d4 ,all ?is is1 ( c\rse1 made ready be=e ! pla/] is p\r$4 ,! turn+ tools are "h illu/rat$4 ,!y are n sold 9 ! /ores b c be made by any ma*9i/4 ,! head or cutt+ blade consi/s ( a flat piece ( /eel ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* is a %aft or p9 :i* is driv5 into a h&le4 ,! head may be ( any %ape b ! triangle & ! circle w meet e ne$4 ,! tool is held 9 "r h& & brac$ aga9/ ! turn+ /ick1 ! /ick & tool be+ mov$ toge!r by rais+ or l[]+ ! left h& :i* holds ! butt ( ! /ick4 ,:ile ! pla/] is /ill s(t ! r\nd tool is us$ & ! r\gh =m is rapidly turn$4 ,!n z ! sett+ ( ! pla/] proce$s & x is f\nd to gr[ h>d]1 ! triangle tool %\ld be us$ & ! %ape gradually wr\ght out ) ! po9t4 ,f9ally by us+ ! circle tool = concave l9es & an edge ( ! triangle tool = convex l9es ! =m is p]fect$4 ,! surface is to be f9i%$ & ! tool m>ks remov$ by us+1 free h&1 a flexible scrap] :i* is b5t by ! f+]s & ?umb to fit ! l9es ( ! =m1 & a f9al smoo?+ is giv5 by f9e s&pap]1 ! :eel be+ revolv$ all ! "t4 ,at ! top ( ! =m a small cyl9drical piece is left1 call$ ! sp>e :i* repres5ts ! ?ickness ( ! mold sub/ance1 & = ! bottom a small piece is turn$ 9 ! %ape ( a truncat$ cone4 ,! small end ( ?is %\ld be ! same diamet] z ! base ( ! vase4 ,^! are %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,vase ) foot piece & template4 ,a1 vase4 ,b1 sp>e4 ,c1 foot piece4 ,d ,d1 templates4 ,n ,n ,n ,n1 nat*es4 ,x w be obvi\s t 9 ! directions giv5 above ! base ( ! vase is n f9i%$ (f & !re=e ! =m mu/ be cut (f f ! bat1 ei!r by a knife or saw1 & ! base is !n f9i%$ by h&1 or by sett+ ! =m upside d[n 9 a clay cradle--call$ a *um--& turn+ ! base true4 ,! =m is n[ ready = mold+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,end plates = mold4 ,e1 upp] plate4 ,e'1 l[] plate4 ,n ,n1 nat*es4 ,! pla/] vase is laid ^u its side on a piece ( s(t clay & a ?9 bat or pla/] slab is cut to fit ! outl9e4 ,?is template %\ld fit ) reasonable accuracy b ne$ n be absolutely exact4 ,a pair ( ^! w be requir$1 "o to fit ea* side ( ! =m4 ,^! slabs or %eets ( pla/] are always useful & if a %eet ( glass is kept h&y any excess ( pla/] left f a mix+ may be p\r$ on to x4 ,?is ^u sett+ is easily deta*$ & w pres5t a smoo? face :]e x has re/$ on ! glass4 ,! pair ( templates mu/ include1 9 _! outl9e1 bo? ! sp>e & ! foot piece b %\ld n ext5d beyond ei!r ( ^!4 ,! outside diamet] ( ! mold is n[ to be det]m9$ & ! templates cut to ?is dim5sion s t ! two toge!r1 ) ! vase betwe5 !m1 con/itute a longitud9al section ( ! mold4 ,! vase mu/ n[ be divid$ accurately into two halves by a l9e runn+ f top to bottom4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ ?is4 ,:ile ! =m is /ill on ! bat a diamet] ( ! bat may be drawn & a p]p5dicul> erect$ f ea* end ( ?is diamet]4 ,^! p]p5dicul> l9es w1 ( c\rse1 m>k ! c5t] ( ! vase on ea* side2 or aft] ! vase has be5 cut (f ano!r me?od is possible4 ,) a pair ( divid]s f9d ! c5t] ( bo? ! top & ! bottom ( ! vase4 ,m>k ea* ) a small hole or ! po9t ( a p5cil4 ,n[ lay ! vase on its side on ! clay cradle ^u a glass %eet or o!r level surface & raise or depress "o end until ! two c5t]s are exactly ! same height f ! glass4 ,take ?is height 9 ! divid]s &1 slid+ "o ( ! compass legs along ! glass1 g5tly scrat* ! pla/] vase ) ! o!r or upp] po9t4 ,if ! two c5t]s h be5 accurately adju/$ ?is scrat* l9e w be ! exact c5t] ( ! =m4 ,"s s(t clay is n[ built up on ea* side ( ! vase & ! templates are press$ d[n ^u x1 "o on ea* side until ! upp] face ( ea* corresponds ) ! scrat*$ l9e4 ,! vase is n[ se5 to be buri$ z to "o half 9 a pla/] surface1 & pla/] p\r$ on ?is w give a half mold4 ,!re is yet1 h[ev]1 no?+ to conf9e ! pla/] & x w\ld fl[ away z fa/ z p\r$4 ,two end plates are necess>y & ^! mu/ rise 9 a half circle above ! b$ =m$ by ! templates4 ,! "p bel[ may be ( any %ape b mu/ be high en\gh to cause ! diamet] ( ! half circle to co9cide ) ! plane ( ! templates4 ,two pieces ( c>dbo>d1 wood1 or rubb] belt are n[ b\nd to ! sides1 ! ap]tures at ! top & bottom1 caus$ by ! curve ( ! end plates1 are /opp$ ) clay & ! :ole pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a vase1 only half ( :i* is visible1 ly+ 9 a %all[ tr\gh4 ,all ! fitt+ %\ld be c>efully done b ! ty+ up is n yet4 ,! :ole is n[ tak5 ap>t & well siz$4 ,vase1 foot piece1 templates & end pieces are all to be siz$ ?or\ghly 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,!y are !n put toge!r aga9 & b\nd ar\nd ) tw9e4 ,x is necess>y n[ to make provision = ! prop] fitt+ ( ! halves ( ! mold4 ,?is is done by provid+ knobs & holl[s :i* fit toge!r4 ,^! are te*nically kn[n z nat*es & w be ref]r$ to z su*4 ,take two pieces ( mod]ately /iff clay ea* ab\t ! size ( a *]ry4 ,roll !m into neat balls & cut !m 9 two ) a ?9 knife4 ,lay ea* ( ! halves1 flat side d[n1 ^u ! templates1 two on ea*1 plac+ !m 9 pairs opposite to ea* o!r4 ,affix two or m ( ^! on ! inn] face ( ! bottom end plate4 ,n[ mix & p\r ! pla/]4 ,?is %\ld be p\r$ to ! height ( ! top ( ! end plates &1 aft] p\r+1 %ake ?is well d[n by dipp+ ! f+]s into x1 s t no bubbles may cl+ to ! surfaces bel[4 ,z soon z ! pla/] has become firm b :ile x is /ill s(t remove ! /r+ & ! side bo>ds1 pull (f ! pieces ( clay & ) a /raight1 ?9 piece ( wood scrape (f ! surplus ( pla/] by foll[+ ! l9e ( ! end plates & ?us mak+ a half cyl9d]4 ,z soon z ! pla/] has become w>m ! :ole may be turn$ ov] & ! templates & end plates remov$4 ,! f\r half sph]es ( clay w be f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! face ( ! pla/] & ^!1 be+ remov$1 w leave f\r hemisph]ical depressions4 ,! vase c n[ be g5tly deta*$ f its b$ & ! fir/ half ( ! mold is complet$4 ,a little dress+ w be necess>y4 ,all ov]hang+ edges & r\gh places %\ld be f9i%$ (f & ! holl[ nat*es smoo!d ) a piece ( musl9 on ! end ( a f+]4 ,! second half is simple4 ,replace ! vase 9 ! half mold1 set ! foot piece 9 its place1 replace ! end plates ) ! diamet] on ! l9e z be=e b ) ! semi-circul> edges upw>d1 & set two or ?ree clay nat*es on ! bottom "o4 ,size1 b9d up1 p\r & scrape (f z be=e1 ?us complet+ ! two halves ( ! mold 9 cyl9drical =m4 ,x only n[ rema9s to make ! bottom =1 at pres5t1 ! mold is op5 at bo? ends4 ,! two halves ) ! vase inside are b\nd v tightly toge!r ) tw9e & set on ! table bottom upw>ds4 ,! clay nat*es 9 ! bottom are tak5 out & ! holl[s smoo!d4 ,! foot piece is tak5 out & ! r\gh places dress$4 ,! bottom end ( ! vase is n[ visible & ?is1 toge!r ) ! end ( ! mold1 is siz$4 ,a /rip ( /\t pap] is b\nd ar\nd ! mold1 project+ ab\t an in* above ! end & pla/] is p\r$ to fill x4 ,:5 ?is is set ! pap] is peel$ (f & ! edges ( ! mold are dress$ smoo?4 ,! bottom may n[ be deta*$ by ins]t+ a ?9 knife at ! junction1 ! mold op5$ & ! =m tak5 out4 ,! mold is n[ 9 ?ree p>ts :i* may be put toge!r at w & us$ = ca/+ ! vase 9 clay4 ,,*apt] ,,vii3 ,,cases ,,& ,,work+ ,,molds ,! mold describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] is call$1 te*nically1 a block mold & is n1 z a rule1 us$ = mak+ ! clay w>e4 ,! reason = ?is is t molds w we> out m or less rapidly & to repeat ! process ( mak+ new ones f ! orig9al =m w\ld be t$i\s & exp5sive4 ,f ! block mold a rev]se is made1 call$ a case1 & f ?is1 9 turn1 work+ molds are made 9 any requir$ numb]4 ,:ile x is possible to use ! block mold z a work+ mold1 &1 if only a few pieces are requir$ ?is is q suffici5t1 yet1 z x is (t5 necess>y to h a numb] ( molds1 ! /ud5t %\ld und]/& h[ to make a case4 ,a case may be def9$ z a mold f :i* a mold is made4 ,if "o c imag9e ! visible half ( ! vase =m z x appe>s 9 mak+ ! mold1 ) ! templates & ends cem5t$ into "o piece1 "o has a conception ( "o half ( a case4 ,! problem is to make ?is ) p]man5t b movable ends s z to h a conv5i5t =m f :i* half molds may be easily made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,(fset plates4 ,f1 top plate1 front view4 ,f'1 side view4 ,g ,g'1 bottom plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,sectional view ( mold ready = cas+4 ,a1 mold4 ,b ,b1 (fset plates4 ,c ,c1 end plates4 ,n ,n1 nat*es4 ,! ends are jo9$ to ! body by means ( (fsets & ! fir/ /ep is ! con/ruction ( ^!4 ,"o half ( ! block is tak5 & laid ^u its back1 be+ support$ by clay s t ! face is level & /eady4 ,an (fset plate is n[ cut to fit ea* end4 ,to make ^! a piece ( pla/] is select$ or made :i* is true & smoo? on bo? sides4 ,! plates are cut ( ! same wid? z ! mold & are bevel$ at ! upp] edge s z to rise slightly f ! mold face4 ,! curve at ! end ( ! mold is cut out to fit & bevel$ 9 l mann]4 ,!n two end plates are fitt$4 ,^! %\ld be ab\t two in*es high] ?an ! (fset plates & are squ>e at ! top4 ,^u ea* ( ^! two or ?ree clay nat*es are set1 be+ plac$ l[ d[n ne> ! face ( ! mold4 ,! mold & plates are well siz$ & b\nd toge!r ) side walls j z 9 ! mak+ ( ! mold4 ,pla/] is p\r$ to a height suffici5t to well cov] ! nat*es & left to set h>d4 ,no %ap+ is necess>y4 ,:5 well set ! end plates & (fset plates are remov$ b ! vase mold & ! case are left atta*$ toge!r4 ,! o!r half ( ! mold is prep>$ & run 9 ! same way1 ! same (fset plates & end plates be+ us$ ) su* slight refitt+ z may be necess>y4 ,! "w is n[ exam9$ & all r\gh places & scraps ( adh]+ pla/] are remov$4 ,! two halves ( ! case1 ! half molds be+ /ill atta*$1 are set up on end1 back to back1 be+ sep>at$ by a ?9 piece ( pla/] or a /rip ( c>dbo>d :i* %\ld ext5d two in*es above ! top4 ,! top ends are n[ siz$1 ! nat* holes hav+ be5 smoo!d (f1 a b& ( pap] is ti$ ar\nd & pla/] p\r$ on top to a dep? ( ab\t "o in*4 ,:5 set ! :ole is turn$ ov] & ! op]ation is repeat$ on ! o!r end4 ,aft] ! f9al sett+ ! ends are easily remov$ & by ! ins]tion ( a ?9 knife driv5 by a light bl[1 ! molds & case are sep>at$4 ,ea* half case is n[ laid on its back & ! prop] ends are fitt$ 9 place4 ,x only n[ ne$s ! usual side walls to be ti$ on & molds c be made ) ease j z ! orig9al block mold 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,mold & case 9 position4 ,! top ends are lift$ to %[ fitt+4 ,! bottom ends are n %[n4 ,x n[ rema9s to make a case ( ! bottom mold4 ,! bottom piece ( ! block mold is tak5 & siz$ & ) a /rip ( pap] b\nd ar\nd x1 pla/] is p\r$4 ,! two are deta*$ :5 set & ! case is f9i%$4 ,x consi/s ( sev5 pieces2 ?ree are us$ 9 ea* half & "o = ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,block ( pla/] ) face ( plate turn$4 ,b1 height ( pla/] to be p\r$4 ,c1 rubb] belt4 ,?us equipp$ x is possible to make any numb] ( work+ molds & if ! case %\ld we> out or be damag$1 a new "o c always be made f ! block mold4 ,! block mold itself1 hav+ be5 siz$1 is no long] absorb5t & _c be us$ = mak+ vases4 ,! work+ molds %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ be=e us+ & !y w la/ long]4 ,flat w>e1 su* z plates & sauc]s1 is made on1 n 91 a mold4 ,! diamet] ( ! plate hav+ be5 decid$ ^u1 a block ( pla/] ?ree in*es wid] is run4 ,?is is plac$ on ! c5t] ( ! :eel or jigg] & 9 x ! face ( ! plate is turn$4 ,?is mu/ be sunk bel[ ! level ( ! block & :5 f9i%$1 mu/ appe> z ?\gh ! plate itself 7 emb$d$ 9 ! pla/]4 ,"o half ( ! ?ickness ( ! edge is %[n 9 su* a way t !re is no "u cutt+4 ,j outside ( ?is edge ! pla/] is turn$ s z to slope g5tly up to ! level ( ! block4 ,)\t remov+ ! block f ! :eel ! face ( ! plate is well siz$1 a b& ( belt+ is arrang$1 ( ! same diamet] z ! edge ( ! slope & pla/] is p\r$ to a dep? ( ?ree in*es4 ,out ( ?is ! back ( ! mold is turn$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a1 block ( pla/]4 ,b1 mold p\r$ on face ( plate & turn$4 ,! top ( ?is z x lies upside d[n is %ap$ ) a /raight1 almo/ upright slope :i* enables ! mold to be set securely 9 ! :eel head4 ,ar\nd ! expos$ edge ( ! orig9al block1 ?ree or f\r nat*es are n[ bor$ or cut4 ,!y %\ld be plac$ at irregul> di/ances s t !re w be no d\bt z to ! putt+ toge!r ( ! sides ( ! case4 ,if two circul> pieces ( pla/] h to be set toge!r & held by nat*es !re %\ld always be ei!r ?is irregul> spac+ or "s di/9ctive m>k1 because if ?is be n provid$ =1 two or ?ree trials w always be made be=e ! correct fitt+ is f\nd & ^! trials we> out ! nat*es v quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a1 bottom ( case4 ,b1 ,cavity = p\r+ molds4 ,c1 top ( case4 ,! back ( ! plate mold & ! edges ( ! block are n[ siz$ & pla/] is run to ! level ( ! highe/ "p ( ! mold b no high] 7,fig4 #ac74 ,:5 ?is is set1 ! two halves ( ! case c be sep>at$ & ! mold tak5 out4 ,n[ :5 ! halves ( ! case are fitt$ toge!r !re w be a cavity ! exact size ( ! mold4 ,?is c be fill$ aga9 & aga9 ) pla/]1 a new mold be+ =m$ ea* "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,iron prong to fit :eel head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a1 pla/]1 ) prong ins]t$4 ,b1 rubb] belt4 ,9 ord] to use ^! molds a special head mu/ be provid$ = ! :eel4 ,! regul> head ( ! :eel %\ld be deta*able & 9 its place an iron frame call$ a prong is fitt$4 ,?is consi/s ( a coll> ei!r ) a holl[ cone or a screw to fit ! %aft ( ! :eel1 & f ?is radiate f\r %ort arms4 ,9 ord] to use ?is a circul> block ( pla/] "s two or ?ree in*es ?ick is p\r$ on a table or slab & j z ?is is sett+1 ! prong1 upside d[n1 is press$ into x j bel[ ! surface & held !re until ! pla/] is h>d en\gh to support ! weight ( ! iron4 ,:5 h>d1 ! :ole is lift$ & ! prong ) ! pla/] atta*$ is set 9 position on ! :eel4 ,?is n[ =ms a r\gh pla/] head & x mu/ be turn$ true4 ,9 ?is head a circul> depression is to be turn$ :i* w exactly fit ! back ( ! plate molds4 ,if ! recess %\ld we> l>g] z x w if mu* us$1 a new head c easily be run4 ,! same pr9ciple c be appli$ to ! mak+ ( molds = sauc]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,:eel head ) plate mold4 ,! tool us$ is %[n 9 dott$ outl9e4 ,cups & b[ls are mold$ f ! outside4 ,a block ( pla/] ab\t "o in* ?ick] ?an ! height ( ! propos$ cup is tak5 & c5t]$ ^u ! :eel4 ,out ( ?is ! piece is to be turn$1 upside d[n1 leav+ a l$ge or plat=m1 ! outside diamet] ( :i* is ! size ( ! mold4 ,! rubb] belt is ti$ ar\nd ?is & ! mold p\r$4 ,if = ca/+ ?is w suffice1 b if x is int5d$ to make ! cups ^u ! :eel ! outside ( ! mold mu/ be turn$ to fit a :eel-head :i* is holl[$ to receive x4 ,! mak+ ( ! cups is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a b[l is simply an enl>g$ cup4 ,,*apt] ,,viii3 ,,build+ ,,by ,,h& ,! production ( pott]y by h& is a =m ( model+ b ) ! important diff]5ce t :ile pieces model$ by art-s*ool me?ods are n int5d$ to be pres]v$ 9 ! clay itself1 built pieces are de/9$ = ! fire4 ,x is !re=e necess>y n only t a special clay be us$ b t ! "w be su* z w hold "u ! /ra9 ( ! burn4 ,! composition ( ! clay has be5 dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt] & x is presum$ t ! work] has decid$ ^u ! prop] mix or has procur$ a suitable clay4 ,!re are two possible treatm5ts ( built pott]y2 ! "w may be f9i%$ by f+]s & tools only or x may be plac$ ^u ! :eel & turn$ to a true surface4 ,9 ! latt] case ! result is mu* ! same z if ! piece 7 ?r[n on ! :eel z w be describ$4 ,! pr9cipal po9t ( diff]5ce is t :ile build+ ne$s less practice ?an ?r[+1 turn+ a built piece is mu* m difficult & t$i\s ?an turn+ a ?r[n "o4 ,x is almo/ impossible to build ) suffici5t accuracy = ! "w to run true1 & a great deal ( "t is consum$ 9 fill+ holl[s & remov+ lumps4 ,^! d n appe> obtrusive :5 ! "w is held 9 ! h&1 b if x be revolv$ ^u a fix$ c5t] e slight irregul>ity appe>s to be acc5tuat$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! *>m ( built w>e lies 9 ! subtle pla/ic quality :i* belongs to no o!r mat]ial or me?od4 ,= v l>ge pieces su* z tree pots ! comb9ation me?od is useful b ^! %\ld be built on ! :eel itself & kept true z ! "w proce$s4 ,!n a slight turn+ at ! f9i%1 :5 ! clay is lea!r h>d1 w produce a satisfactory result4 ,! clay = build+ %\ld be r s(t z x is apt to dry quickly on h&l+4 ,! "w may be done ei!r ) coils or pieces4 ,a pla/] bat %\ld be made ) a l[ dome 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is bat may ei!r fit ! :eel or n1 dep5d+ ^u ! plan adopt$4 ,! dome is to raise up ! bottom ( ! vase & =m a foot4 ,! table may be cov]$ ) a piece ( oil clo? or may be kept slightly damp4 ,! fir/ attempt %\ld be to build a cyl9d] z ?is =m is easy to con/ruct & to keep true1 s t ! att5tion may be devot$ to ! manipulation ( ! clay4 ,x is fir/ necess>y to roll out ! clay into cords :i* %\ld be a little ?ick] ?an ! propos$ walls are to be4 ,^! cords %\ld be z uni=m z possible & %\ld be roll$ quickly to avoid undue h>d5+4 ,x is be/ to roll !m z requir$4 ,! dom$ bat is made q damp & ^u x %\ld be m>k$ ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] to be built4 ,a roll ( clay is tak51 "o end laid 9 ! c5t] ( ! bat & ! re/ is coil$ ar\nd x 9 a spiral l9e4 ,:5 ! disc s =m$ has rea*$ ! prop] size1 ! coils are g5tly rubb$ ov] ) ! f+]s until !y h ?or\ghly unit$ & ! l9es ( ! spiral h disappe>$4 ,! clay disc may n[ be turn$ ov] & ! rubb+ cont9u$ on ! o!r side4 ,! circle is cut true & a new coil is laid on ! out] edge ?us mak+ a %all[ circul> tray4 ,9 rais+ ! walls x is be/ to p9* (f ! roll ( clay :5 "o circle has be5 complet$ & ! new roll %\ld be begun at ano!r po9t s t all ! jo9ts w n be at ! same place4 ,?is plan is bett] ?an coil+ a long roll 9 a spiral = 9 ?is case "o side ( ! piece w be high] ?an ! o!r4 ,aft] ?ree rolls h be5 laid 9 position ! wall1 bo? inside & out1 %\ld be work$ l ! bottom s t ! rolls w disappe> & ! clay be weld$ uni=mly toge!r4 ,?is %\ld be done )\t wat] or ) z little z possible4 ,! use ( wat] is v tempt+4 ,x makes ! clay s smoo? & seems to help b x w inevitably make ! "w sloppy & w t5d to s(t5 ! walls4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r rolls h be5 work$ 91 ! piece %\ld be laid aside = "s h\rs to /iff54 ,if ?is be n done ! weight ( ! second build+ w cause ! "w to sag & fall out ( %ape4 ,= ?is reason x is well to h two or ?ree pieces 9 h& at once s t !re ne$ be no wait+4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is ( suffici5t height x %\ld be all[$ to become q /iff & !n ! irregul>ities %\ld be correct$ ) a little s(t clay :i* is work$ into ! jo9ts4 ,! :ole surface may n[ be gone ov] ) tools & br\ght to ! requir$ f9i%4 ,z soon z ! clay is h>d en\gh x %\ld be remov$ f ! damp bat & plac$ ^u a dry "o to become dry4 ,9 ! me?od ( build+ by pieces no rolls are prep>$ b ! clay is tak51 p9* by p9*1 ea* morsel be+ press$ into place z ! "w goes on4 ,?is plan is some:at m pla/ic 9 effect & is well adapt$ to free-h& "w2 ! result+ pott]y1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally ?ick] & heavi]4 ,! craft ( build+ is n ma/]$ until ! l9es ( a draw+ c be successfully foll[$4 ,! clay is apt to *oose its own way & ! result w be v diff]5t f :at ! pott] int5d$4 ,! design %\ld be c>efully work$ out on pap]1 full size if possible1 & ! clay =m %\ld be comp>$ ) ! draw+ z ! build+ goes on4 ,a pr(ile may be cut 9 c>dbo>d & ?is1 appli$ to ! clay f "t to "t1 w v]ify ! l9e1 b all su* me*anical aids %\ld be us$ sp>+ly z ! value ( ?is "w dep5ds l>gely ^u ! s5se ( fre$om & self-expression :i* belongs to x4 ,! ?ickness ( ! clay walls is a matt] ( great importance4 ,a small piece %\ld n be s ?ick z to feel clumsy & heavy1 nor %\ld a l>ge piece be s ?9 z to lose ! s5se ( /r5g? & solidity4 ,x may be f\nd on dry+ ! w>e1 t cracks1 especially 9 ! bottom1 are develop$4 ,! cause ( ?is may be 9 ! clay4 ,a clay :i* is too pla/ic or too f9e 9 ! gra9 w surely crack4 ,su* a clay may be op5$ or meag]$ by ! addition ( gr\nd fl9t or f9e grog4 ,! cause may1 on ! o!r h&1 be 9 ! build+4 ,if ! weld+ ( ! coils or pieces be imp]fectly done1 cracks are sure to result4 ,if ! bottom be too ?ick x w crack4 ,a great /ra9 is put ^u ! bottom 9 dry+4 ,! clay mu/ be able to %r9k & :ile ! side walls are able to settle d[n on !mselves1 ! bottom is pull$ 9 e direction by ! sides4 ,! bottom %\ld be made q ?9 9 ! c5t] & ?ick] t[>d ! edges4 ,?is w help to avoid cracks4 ,a bad crack _c be successfully m5d$4 ,x is be/ to break ! piece & beg9 aga94 ,to burn x means ! loss ( ! clay b ! clay w be sav$ if ! damag$ "w be )held f ! kiln4 ,a small crack on ! edge is also hopeless4 ,a crack %[+ on ! edge ( a piece is a bad fault4 ,a small crack 9 ! bottom may be m5d$ by damp5+ ! place c>efully & press+ 9 a little /iff clay4 ,,*apt] ,,ix3 ,,! ,,pott]',s ,,:eel ,mu* ( ! glam\r ( ! pott]'s art is associat$ ) ! :eel4 ,poets h sung its praise & arti/s h delight$ 9 its rhy?mic motion1 b alas6 ! :eel z a comm]cial me?od ( manufacture is doom$ to ext9ction4 ,x _c compete ) ! precision & spe$ ( ma*9]y4 ,x devolves1 !re=e1 ^u ! arti/ pott] to ma9ta9 ! :eel 9 its rightful place z1 p> excell5ce1 ! pott]'s tool4 ,no clay work]'s /udio %\ld be )\t a :eel1 b ! p>ticul> =m ( :eel dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! circum/ances "u :i* x is to be employ$4 ,! simple/ :eel is t us$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,a circul> plate ) a heavy rim is set ^u a sp9dle s t x w revolve freely & run /eadily4 ,z ! workman sits or kneels ^u ! floor ! surface ( ! :eel is ab\t at ! floor level4 ,ar\nd ! p]iph]y & ^u ! upp] surface f\r holes are sunk & ! workman1 ins]t+ a %ort /ick into "o ( ^!1 gives ! :eel a rapid motion4 ,!n :ile x is revolv+ by its own mom5tum ! clay is c5t]$ & %ap$4 ,z ! motion is lo/ ! /ick is aga9 ins]t$ & ! :eel spun4 ,?is me?od1 ( c\rse1 involves mu* skill on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,9 ! next =m1 "o :i* is only adapt$1 h[ev]1 = crude exp]im5tal "w1 ! :eel is set ^u ! frame ( a sew+ ma*9e & op]at$ by ! treadle4 ,a beg9n+ may be made ^u su* a :eel b ! op]ator w soon wi% = some?+ bett]4 ,a common factory =m & "o :i* is well adapt$ = /udio "w is ! kick :eel4 ,! :eel head is set at ! top ( a sp9dle & 9 ! upright %aft !re is a crank to :i* is atta*$ a horizontal mov+ treadle4 ,?is is work$ cont9u\sly by ! left foot1 ! weight ( ! body be+ support$ by ! "r4 ,! action is /r5u\s & sc>cely fitt$ = p]sons ( o!r ?an robu/ physique b x c be us$ successfully aft] practice4 ,?is :eel is made by ! manufactur]s ( pott]'s ma*9]y4 ,ano!r =m ( ! kick :eel is us$ 9 ,europe & is1 9 fact1 ! orig9al :eel us$ by ! ,fr5* & ,g]man pott]s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! head is set on a sp9dle z usual b in/ead ( ! crank !re is a l>ge heavy disc on ! bottom ( ! %aft & revolv+ 9 a horizontal plane4 ,?is is )9 rea* ( ! foot & ! op]ator1 be+ seat$1 imp>ts a rapid motion by pu%+1 usually ) ! ball ( ! "r toe4 ,! mom5tum is kept up by ! weight ( ! disc & !re is a great advantage 9 t ! foot ne$ n be 9 cont9u\s motion4 ,on ! o!r h& x is difficult to acquire suffici5t spe$ & p[] = ! "w4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( ma*9e :eels :i* are entirely satisfactory b :i* ne$ ! application ( p[]4 ,if a gas eng9e or a wat] motor or electric curr5t be available1 e ef=t %\ld be made to obta9 a :eel ( ?is description4 ,! prime motion is imp>t$ to a %ort horizontal %aft :i* moves at a con/ant spe$4 ,!n ! op]ator1 seat$ 9 com=t1 regulates ! spe$ ( ! :eel itself by pressure ^u a treadle4 ,no action is requir$ b a simple pressure1 light = a sl[ spe$ & heavy = rapidity4 ,:]e ! electric curr5t is available1 no?+ c\ld be bett]4 ,self-conta9$ motor-driv5 :eels are available b are r exp5sive4 ,"o m plan may be m5tion$ 9 :i* ! :eel is simply a v]tical la! ) a belt & h&le to be turn$ by an assi/ant4 ,?is may be conv5i5t = "s b x is n always possible to secure help at ! mom5t :5 ! :eel is to be us$4 ,moreov] ! co/ ( labor w\ld soon pay = a me*anical :eel4,g ,g ,in=mation z to ! usual types ( :eel may be obta9$ f ,! ,crossley ,manufactur+ ,company1 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j42 ,! ,patt]son ,f\ndry & ,ma*9e ,company1 ,ea/ ,liv]pool1 ,ohio2 a :eel op]at$ l a sew+ ma*9e is sold by ! ,lewis ,in/itute1 ,*icago4 ,:atev] type ( :eel is select$ x %\ld be arrang$ ) a head :i* c be remov$4 ,!re are two me?ods ( con/ruct+ ?is2 ! head may be screw$ on to ! sp9dle1 or ! latt] may t]m9ate 9 a cone-%ap$ plug ^u :i* ! :eel head is made to fit z 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! latt] plan is to be pref]r$ z ! head c be remov$ m quickly & is n s likely to "w loose4 ,sev]al heads = ! :eel c !n be provid$1 "o = regul> "w1 "o = mak+ plates1 "o = f9i%+ & s =?4 ,! regul> op]ation p]=m$ ^u ! :eel is t]m$ ei!r ?r[+ or turn+ accord+ to ! indu/ry 9 :i* x is employ$1 b 9 ?is description ! ^w ?r[+ w be us$ because ! subsequ5t op]ation 9 :i* tools are employ$ is be/ describ$ z turn+4 ,! be/ head = ! :eel to be us$ 9 ?r[+ is made ( h>d wood or brass because ! ball ( clay c be easily c5t]$ ^u a smoo? surface4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 involves t ! "w %all be cut (f ) a wire & remov$ :ile s(t4 ,?is is commonly done by pr(essionals b is beyond ! skill ( ! beg9n]4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to use a head l t illu/rat$ = plate mak+ & to h a numb] ( specially %ap$ pla/] bats to fit ! recess 7,fig4 #ag74 ,!n :5 ! piece is =m$1 ! bat ) its burd5 c be set aside = ! "w to h>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,:eel head ) deta*$ bat4 ,?r[+ is n an easy op]ation to describe b ! foll[+ in/ructions 9 ! =m ( lessons w1 ) a l>ge am\nt ( practice1 enable ! /ud5t to become fairly exp]t4 ,e opportunity %\ld be tak5 to wat* a good pott] at "w4 ,!re are a ?\s& & "o little tricks 9 ! position ( ! arms1 h&s1 ?umbs & f+]s :i* are impossible to describe b :i* c easily be copi$4 ,if a kick :eel be us$ "s "t mu/ be giv5 to practic+ ! motion )\t us+ clay4 ,! action ( ! foot mu/ become subconsci\s or automatic l ! p$al+ ( a bicycle s t simply to w a *ange ( spe$ is to accompli% x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! progress ( a clay ball on ! :eel4 ,lesson ,i4 ,take ! bat ab\t to be us$1 plunge x 9 clean wat] & soak x ne>ly1 b n q1 to saturation4 ,if ! bat rema9 wet "o m9ute aft] be+ tak5 f ! wat]1 x has soak$ too long & mu/ be dri$ (f a little4 ,! effect ( a wet bat is t ! clay slips & _c be held 9 "o place4 ,! prop] dampness is secur$ :5 ! clay ball c be pu%$ along ! surface ( ! bat b does n slip easily4 ,?is condition is important & %\ld be secur$ by exp]im5t1 because if n "r1 good "w w be impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,ii1 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,ii1 #b4 ,lesson ,,ii4 ,place a small bas9 ( wat] close at h&4 ,take a ball ( clay ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,set x on ! c5t] ( ! :eel z ne>ly z c be judg$4 ,n[ sp9 ! :eel at a fairly rapid rate4 ,brace ! left elb[ aga9/ ! side &1 wett+ ! h&1 press ! ball ( ! ?umb & ! l[] "p ( ! palm aga9/ ! clay4 ,! left =e>m be+ kept rigid1 ! clay z x revolves w be =c$ into ! c5t] ( ! :eel4 ,use ! "r h& to spr9kle wat] on ! clay t prop] lubrication may be ma9ta9$4 ,) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& pull ! clay t[>ds y1 at ! same "t press+ inw>d ) left h& & s squeez+ ! clay4 ,z ! h&s come toge!r ! clay w rise 9 a cone4 ,d n pull x upw>ds b let x rise z x is squeez$4 ,n[ br+ ! h&s ov] ! top & ) ! ?umbs toge!r press d[n aga94 ,lumps & irregul>ities w be felt 9 ! clay & ! op]ations ( sp9n+ up & press+ d[n mu/ be cont9u$ until ^! disappe>4 ,repeat ! ex]cise ( c5t]+ ) a fre% ball ( clay until x c be accompli%$ ) ease & rapidity4 ,! clay s us$ is n wa/$4 ,! sup]flu\s wat] may be dri$ (f ^u a pla/] bat & ! clay w$g$ up = use aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,ii1 #c4 ,?is w$g+ or wag+ ( clay--! ^w has desc5d$ f ! old ,engli% pott]s--is important4 ,a /rong table %\ld be built ( :i* ! top1 measur+ ab\t #cj by #bj in*es1 is made ( two-in* plank4 ,a rais$ edge two in*es high is fa/5$ firmly by be+ nail$ to ! sides2 ! tr\gh ?us =m$ is !n fill$ ) pla/] & all[$ to h>d54 ,an upright po/ is fa/5$ 9 ! c5t] ( "o side & f ! top ( ?is a f9e brass wire is /ret*$ to ! o!r side ( ! table1 ?us mak+ a diagonal4 ,! work] /&s at ! side ( ! table opposite ! po/4 ,! ball ( clay is tak5 9 bo? h&s & cut 9 two aga9/ ! wire1 !n ! pieces are slapp$ sm>tly ^u ! pla/]1 "o on top ( ! o!r4 ,! :ole lump is !n lift$1 cut 9 two & slapp$ d[n z be=e4 ,! lump ( clay is ?us =m$ into lay]s1 ! irregul>ities 9 h>dness are correct$ & ! clay made smoo?4 ,a little practice w make ! "w q easy b x w (t5 be f\nd necess>y to cut & beat ! clay fifte5 or tw5ty times be=e a good texture is secur$4 ,if ! pla/] table be dry ! clay w be /iff5$ rapidly b ! pla/] may be made wet to prev5t ?is if x %\ld n be necess>y4 ,a clay may also be s(t5$ 9 ?is way by spr9kl+ x ) wat] z ! w$g+ goes on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,iii1 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,iii1 #b4 ,lesson ,,iii4 ,c5t] ! ball z 9 ,lesson ,,ii & moi/5 bo? h&s & ! clay4 ,grasp+ ! clay lightly b ) suffici5t =ce1 press ! "r ?umb d[nw>ds & t[>ds ! palm & a cup-%ap$ holl[ is =m$ 9 ! clay4 ,raise ! "r h& sl[ly1 /ill keep+ a light pressure ^u ! clay ) ! ?umb4 ,! clay wall w rise ) ! h&4 ,n[ ins]t ! two fir/ f+]s ( ! left h& into ! holl[ & hold !m aga9/ ! "r-h& wall4 ,slack5 ! spe$ ( ! :eel a little4 ,b5d ! =ef+] ( ! "r h& & press ! second jo9t & ! knuckle aga9/ ! out] wall s z to oppose ! f+]s :i* are inside4 ,press ! ?umbs toge!r to /eady ! h&s & raise bo? h&s upw>ds toge!r4 ,! f+]s inside & outside ! clay %\ld be kept at a def9ite di/ance ap>t s t z ! h&s rise1 ! clay is br\ght to a uni=m ?ickness4 ,! h&s are br\ght /eadily to ! full height to :i* ! clay w g & ?us a cyl9d] is =m$4 ,repeat ?is lesson ?ree or f\r times ) fre% clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,iv1 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,iv1 #b4 ,lesson ,,iv4 ,keep ! h&s wet4 ,%ape ! clay cyl9d] z direct$ 9 ! previ\s ex]cise4 ,n[ repeat ! action ( ! f+]s inside & outside &1 beg9n+ at ! bottom1 take a clos] grip ( ! clay & draw up ! walls z be=e4 ,! cyl9d] is n[ tall] & ! walls ?9n]4 ,d ?is aga9 & aga9 tak+ a little clos] grip ea* "t until ! cyl9d] is z tall & z ?9 z ! clay w be>4 ,! walls w probably spread z ! "w proce$s & ! h&s mu/ !n be us$ outside4 ,grasp ! clay ) bo? h&s & squeeze x slightly2 at ! same "t raise ! h&s upw>ds4 ,?is w r$uce ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] & ?ick5 ! walls4 ,! op]ation ( ! f+]s c !n be repeat$ until ! full height is rea*$4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a limit to ! height ( ! cyl9d] :i* c be made f a giv5 lump ( clay & x is be/ to beg9 on a small scale4 ,a ball ( clay :i* c be easily grasp$ ) ! h&s is ! prop] size ) :i* to le>n4 ,a v small ball is ne>ly z h>d to "w z a l>ge "o4 ,repeat ?is lesson until a tall cyl9d] c be made ) ease & c]ta9ty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,v4 ,lesson ,v4 ,keep ! h&s wet4 ,sp9 up a cyl9d] ) ?ick walls z 9 ,lesson ,,iii4 ,) ! f+]s ( ! "o h& inside & ^? ( ! o!r h& outside1 op5 ! cyl9d] gradually4 ,keep ! :eel at a sl[ spe$4 ,if ! edge runs unev5ly1 use bo? h&s outside to /eady x1 !n "w outw>ds aga9 until a %all[ b[l is =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,vi1 #a4 ,lesson ,,vi4 ,keep ! h&s wet4 ,sp9 up a cyl9d] ( m$ium height z 9 ,lesson ,,iv4 ,) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& outside press inw>ds at ! base ( ! cyl9d] close to ! bat & ) ! f+]s ( ! left h& inside1 press outw>ds at a slightly high] level4 ,?is w r$uce ! diamet] at ! bottom & increase x 9 ! middle1 mak+ a cup %ape4 ,n[ raise ! "r h& & g5tly draw ! top inw>ds4 ,) ! left h& inside press ! upp] edge outw>d & ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& %ape ! upp] "p into ! =m ( a j> or fl[] pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,vi1 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,vii4 ,lesson ,,vii4 ,keep ! h&s wet2 proce$ z 9 ,lesson ,,vi4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! top flange outw>ds1 draw x gradually inw>ds into a globe =m4 ,"w ! clay c>efully upw>ds & inw>ds until ! op5+ at ! top is almo/ clos$4 ,sev]al attempts w probably h to be made be=e ?is result c be secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,viii1 #a4 ,lesson ,,viii4 ,keep ! h&s wet4 ,sp9 up a globe %ape ) a n>r[ base z 9 ,lesson ,,vi b c>ry a good %>e ( ! clay to ! top s t ! upp] edge ( ! globe is q ?ick4 ,ins]t two f+]s ( ! left h& & ) ! f+]s ( ! "r h& outside "w ! upp] edge ( ! globe into a tall neck4 ,! action is ! same z 9 ! %ap+ ( a cyl9d] except t ! diamet] is small]4 ,a good deal ( practice w be necess>y 9 ord] to keep ! neck ?9 & to raise x to any appreciable height1 b p]sev]ance w accompli% x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,?r[+4--,,lesson ,,viii1 #b4 ,^! lessons if c>ri$ out consci5ti\sly w enable ! op]ator to produce almo/ any =m 9 s f> z ! manipulation ( ! clay is conc]n$ b ! "w up to ?is po9t is drill only4 ,x is n int5d$ t ! pieces %\ld be pres]v$4 ,! next po9t is to insi/ t ! clay obey ! pott] 9 ! %ap+ ( a =m4 ,a simple draw+ ( a j> %\ld be made exact to ! size propos$4 ,two or ?ree pairs ( calip]s are provid$ & ) !m ! diamet] ( ea* "p ( ! draw+ is tak54 ,( c\rse a s+le pair c\ld be made to s]ve1 b x is v inconv5i5t to *ange measurem5ts :ile work+4 ,a piece ( wood also is cut to ! height ( ! propos$ piece4 ,! ?r[+ is begun z usual by mak+ a cyl9d]4 ,?is %\ld be high] ?an ! draw+ = ! clay s9ks 9 ! %ap+4 ,fir/ ! bottom is press$ into ! prop] size 7,lesson ,,vi74 ,!n ! body is enl>g$ to ! requir$ measure &1 la/ly ! diamet] ( ! top is tak5 & ! height br\ght to ! det]m9$ po9t4 ,if too high ! sup]flu\s clay may be cut (f ) a po9t$ knife1 ! edge be+ c>efully r\nd$ aft]w>ds4 ,x is only by *eck+ up "o's "w 9 "s su* way z ?is t real p[] c be acquir$4 ,! skill$ work] c ?9k 9 ! clay & create =ms at w ^u ! mov+ :eel1 b = ! beg9n] to attempt ?is is l an endeavor to pa9t pictures be=e "o has le>n$ to draw4 ,%ape aft] %ape %\ld be design$1 drawn to scale & ?r[n to measure2 9 fact1 = elaborate pieces no o!r c\rse is possible4 ,,*apt] ,x3 ,,turn+ ,x is n possible to f9i% "w to p]fection 9 ! op]ation ( ?r[+4 ,! clay is too s(t to h&le & = prop] f9i%+ ! piece mu/ be turn$ ov] to get at ! bottom4 ,an exp]i5c$ ?r[] r$uces ! f9al "w to a m9imum & ?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! ideal plan b ev5 9 factory practice e ?r[n piece is pass$ on to ! turn] s t ! phrase ?r[n & turn$ is us$ z ( a s+le op]ation1 ?\gh x1 9 fact1 expresses n only two processes b ! "w ( two m54 ,! arti/-pott] mu/ ne$s1 !re=e1 le>n to turn1 ?\gh ?is process %\ld n be work$ to dea? z x is liable to be4 ,_m p]sons 9 ! pride ( hav+ produc$ "s sort ( a =m on ! :eel w leave x 9 ! crude/ possible condition & tru/ to ! turn+ tool to remove defects4 ,if ! lessons on ?r[+ h be5 consci5ti\sly c>ri$ out1 ?is error w n be committ$4 ,a half doz5 cyl9d]s ( conv5i5t size %\ld be ?r[n on sep>ate bats & set aside 9 a cool place to h>d54 ,!y mu/ n be dri$ b %\ld be 9 ! condition kn[n z lea!r h>d4 ,if ?r[n "o day !y w be ready = turn+ ! next morn+4 ,pieces ?us h>d5$ are no long] flexible4 ,!y c be h&l$ freely & ! clay c be easily cut ) a knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,turn+ tools b5t & %>p5$4 ,! equipm5t = turn+ consi/s ( a bo>d support1 a turn+ /ick & a set ( tools4 ,! bo>d is ( s(t p9e1 eight or t5 in*es wide & two feet high & is set upright at ! back ( ! :eel frame opposite ! workman4 ,x may be screw$ 9 position if x does n int]f]e ) ! ?r[+1 or x may be set 9 a socket s z to be remov$ :5 n 9 use4 ,its purpose is to support ! end ( ! turn+ /ick4 ,! /ick is an ord9>y broom/ick 9 ! end ( :i* is a %>p5$ nail4 ,9 use ! end ( ! /ick is held 9 ! left h& & ! po9t is press$ into ! bo>d at any requir$ height4 ,! "r h&1 hold+ ! tool1 is re/$ on ! /ick j z ! h& ( a pa9t] re/s on ! mahl-/ick4 ,! turn+ tools are ( s(t /eel4,h ,!y are pur*as$ un%ap$ & ! pott] mu/ le>n to b5d & file !m to suit himself4 ,a section ( b5* %\ld be set ap>t = fil+ & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! /eel du/ does n get into ! clay4 ,h ,! ,milligan ,h>dw>e ,company1 ,ea/ ,liv]pool1 ,o4 ,"o ( ! cyl9d]s1 ) ! bat ^u :i* x 0 ?r[n1 is n[ tak5 9 h&4 ,_m beg9n]s try to turn _! pieces )\t deta*+ !m f ! bat1 tru/+ to ! orig9al adhesion to hold ! piece 9 position4 ,?is is a v unsatisfactory plan4 ,a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 craft "w is t ! me*anical difficulties 9 manipulation %\ld be met & ov]come at ! fir/4 ,if "o tru/s to "s me?od :i* is app>5tly easy "o walks ) crut*es & !re w come a "t1 if progress is to be made1 :5 su* helps mu/ ( necessity be ab&on$ & !n ! le>n+ mu/ be begun aga94 ,!re=e ! /ud5t is advis$ to face ! me*anical te*nique at ! v beg9n+4 ,! cyl9d] may be turn$ on ! ?r[+ bat1 b !re is a bett] way4 ,! piece %\ld n become s h>d t x w release its hold on ! bat b ) a long blad$ knife x %\ld be cut away4 ,if ! knife be held close to ! bat a sep>ation is easily effect$4 ,set ! lea!r-h>d cyl9d] ^u a new bat :i* is slightly damp & :i* runs true1 on ! :eel4 ,! fir/ problem is to c5t] ! "w4 ,a p5cil l9e may be run ^u ! bat mak+ a circle j ! size ( ! cyl9d]4 ,!n z ! :eel is revolv$ x w be se5 if ! piece runs true4 ,x is q unlikely t ?is w be ! case4 ,p]haps ! bottom is true b ! top circle is untrue4 ,9 o!r words1 ! axis ( ! cyl9d] is n upright4 ,turn ! cyl9d] upside d[n & try if x w run any bett]4 ,if x does ! "w may be begun 9 ?is position4 ,if x does n1 turn x back aga94 ,n[ take a p5cil & hold x ) a /eady h& s t x j t\*es ! ne> side z ! :eel goes r\nd4 ,lift up ! edge ( ! cyl9d] on ! side m>k$ by ! p5cil & slip a morsel ( clay "u x4 ,revolve ! :eel & try ) ! p5cil aga94 ,9 ?is way raise or press d[n "o side1 keep+ ! bottom circle 9 ! c5t] until bo? top & bottom are runn+ z ne>ly true z !y c be made4 ,?is1 s f>1 ref]s only to ! horizontal planes4 ,if "o side is high] ?an ! o!r x does n matt] at pres5t4 ,n[ take ?ree small pieces ( s(t clay1 &1 hold+ ! cyl9d] firmly ) "o h&1 press !m d[n at equidi/ant po9ts 9 ! angle :]e ! piece jo9s ! bat4 ,?is s]ves to hold ! "w 9 position4 ,a squ>e turn+ tool ( small size is ! be/ to beg9 )4 ,x is held 9 ! f+]s z a p5 is held b m firmly4 ,! "r h& re/s on ! turn+ /ick &1 ! connection betwe5 h& & /ick be+ z rigid z possible1 bo? are mov$ toge!r4 ,?is is bett] at fir/ ?an mov+ ! "r h& freely = to d s w surely result 9 irregul> "w4 ,! tool %\ld be held s z to cut ) "o corn] at fir/ & x is well to take "o cut1 remove ! tool1 take ano!r cut & s on4 ,! object %\ld be to feel ! clay & to te/ its resi/ance4 ,no "o c be a successful pott] :o does n cultivate a sympa?y = ! clay4 ,! tool is to cut1 n to scrape4 ,t is1 ! cutt+ edge is to be oppos$ to ! revolv+ clay4 ,! po9t at :i* ! tool t\*es ! clay is opposite ! c5t] or at ! same di/ance f ! op]ator z ! c5t] ( ! :eel is4 ,if ne>] to ! workman ! tool w n cut2 if fur!r away1 x w scrape & pull 7,fig4 #e1 page #ej74 ,! fir/ ef=ts %\ld be direct$ t[>ds acquir+ skill4 ,! /ud5t %\ld endeavor to make a cut at any desir$ po9t )\t reg>d+ ! effect ^u ! %ape ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 o!r words ! clay is us$ m]ely z a practice piece4 ,x is n to be pres]v$4 ,x is a good plan to keep on turn+ ! fir/ piece until x is all turn$ away4 ,too _m /ud5ts fail because !y wi% to h a piece to keep4 ,he w make ! be/ ultimate success :o c>es no?+ = ! pres]vation ( a doz5 or two cyl9d]s or o!r %apes1 b uses !m m]ely z ex]cises 9 manipulation4 ,if ! /ud5t is ov] anxi\s to avoid spoil+ 8 "w1 he gr[s n]v\s & s loses control ( 8 tools & mat]ial4 ,to set no value on ! practice pieces !mselves begets confid5ce & ?is is ! sure/ aid to success4 ,aft] two or ?ree cyl9d]s h be5 c5t]$ to ! p5cil l9e ! attempt to c5t] "o free-h& may be made4 ,place a cyl9d] on ! :eel b n q 9 ! c5t]4 ,sp9 ! :eel at a m$ium rate4 ,fix ! att5tion ^u ! ecc5tric motion1 try+ to =get ! circul> motion4 ,z ! cyl9d] appe>s to move f side to side tap x lightly ) ! h& s z to drive x t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,9 all probability ?is w result 9 driv+ ! cyl9d] (f ! :eel altoge!r4 ,"s little practice is ne$$1 b if p]sev]$ 9 ! result w be a p[] ( conv5i5t & rapid c5t]+ :i* is nev] =gott5 & :i* is ! greate/ possible help to successful "w4 ,"o may practice ) a wood5 cyl9d] or ev5 a t9 c if ! weight approximates t ( ! clay pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,turn$ feet4 ,a ,b ,c1 feet = small pieces4 ,d ,e ,f1 feet = l>ge pieces4 ,g ,h ,i1 common faults 9 foot f9i%4 ,accompany+ ! practice 9 turn+ !re %\ld be "s ex]cise 9 ! %ap+ & fil+ ( tools4 ,broad tools fil$ to ! prop] curve are indisp5sable 9 f9i%+ concave surfaces4 ,a curv$ edge may also be put ^u "o or two n>r[ tools4 ,^! w cut m rapidly ?an ! broad] ones b w n leave z smoo? a f9i%4 ,:atev] tool be us$ ! f9al surface mu/ be work$ ov] ) a s(t sponge & wat] s z to elim9ate ! tool m>ks & leave a pla/ic surface4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal tr\bles ) :i* ! beg9n] w meet is ! vibration ( ! tool kn[n z *att]+4 ,?is is sometimes s slight z n to be felt by ! h& b :5 ! motion ( ! :eel is /opp$ ! "w w be f\nd cov]$ ) f9e ridges l ga!r+ on musl94 ,! way to prev5t ?is is to avoid us+ ! broad edge ( ! tool until "s exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$4 ,! way to cure x is to g ov] ! "w aga9 ) a f9e po9t$ tool & !n to use ! sponge lib]ally4 ,! po9t ( ! tool cuts ?r\gh ! small ribs or wr9kles :]eas a broad tool w\ld ride ov] !m & make ! tr\ble worse4 ,:ile ! :ole surface ( ! "w w probably ne$ m or less turn+1 ! *ief "p ( ! op]ation is conc]n$ ) ! "u "p or foot4 ,! =mation ( a good foot m>ks a good pott] & vice v]sa4 ,be=e beg9n+ to turn x %\ld be decid$ :at k9d ( a foot is desir$4 ,ea* %ape has its own /yle4 ,"s sket*es are giv5 "h ) an idea ( ! =m to :i* ea* is adapt$4 ,!y are %[n upside d[n because ! "w is done 9 ?is position4 ,! small bevel at ! out] angle is us$ = facility 9 glaz+4 ,a foot f9i%$ ?us always has a neat appe>ance :5 ! glaze has be5 remov$ f ! bevel$ face4 ,,*apt] ,,xi3 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces ,!re is a limit 9 size beyond :i* ! non-pr(essional w n be able to g4 ,m5 ( life-long exp]i5ce c ?r[ v l>ge j>s b ?is involves n only m practice ?an ! arti/-pott] c hope to secure b also great physical /r5g?4 ,on ! o!r h& x is p]fectly possible to =m vases two or ?ree feet 9 height by do+ ! "w 9 p>ts or sections4 ,no "o ne$ fe> to put su* a plan 9 op]ation on acc\nt ( s5tim5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 wor? :ile to make l>ge w>es 9 a s+le piece b section "w involves great skill &1 z a rule1 ! result atta9$ is bett]4 ,"w made 9 "o piece is apt to be badly f9i%$1 especially inside1 & unduly heavy4 ,"w made 9 sections c be ?r[n ) ?9 walls & f9i%$ ) prop] c>e4 ,if tradition be ( any help1 be x kn[n t ! ,*9ese h us$ ! piece me?od = hundr$s ( ye>s1 & t ! ,greeks us$ x ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! fir/ requisite is a draw+ ei!r actual size or prop]ly scal$4 ,! measurem5ts %\ld be ^? ( ! s(t clay & if a p>ticul> size be desir$ 9 ! burn$ piece1 ! %r9kage1 probably ab\t "o-eigh?1 mu/ be add$4 ,! draw+ mu/ %[ ! size ( ea* section ) ! po9ts ( junction1 & %\ld indicate ! upp] & l[] edges 9 ea* case4 ,"s divisions are be/ made "r side up2 "s are m easily ?r[n upside d[n4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! faces :i* are to be jo9$ are ?r[n "u simil> conditions4 ,9 e piece ( "w "o face re/s on ! bat1 ! o!r is 9 ! air or free4 ,a bat face %\ld always be jo9$ to a bat face & a free face to a free4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 a vase is to be sixte5 in*es high & is to be ?r[n 9 f\r divisions ( f\r in*es ea*4 ,! bottom division is made fir/4 ,?is w /& 9 its normal position1 "r side up4 ,! second section mu/ n[ be ?r[n upside d[n1 because1 if x 7 n1 its bat face w\ld be jo9$ to ! free face ( ! fir/ piece4 ,s ! sections are ?r[n alt]nately1 e o!r "o be+ inv]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,section4 ,z ! pieces are ?r[n !y mu/ be c>efully measur$ to see t ! faces :i* are to be unit$ are ! same size4 ,! height ( ea* piece also mu/ be gaug$ & adju/$4 ,! bats ) _! cont5ts are n[ set aside to h>d54 ,z soon z !y c be h&l$ ) safety ! clay pieces %\ld be remov$ f ! bats ^u :i* ! ?r[+ 0 done & set ^u dry bats :i* w absorb ! moi/ure & help to /iff5 ! clay4 ,x is a good plan to pile ! sections up z !y are to /& 9 ! f9i%$ piece1 "o ^u ano!r & to leave !m s 9 a cool place = t5 or twelve h\rs4 ,! faces :i* are to be jo9$ w ?us acquire a uni=m h>dness & unequal %r9kage w be avoid$4 ,:5 all is ready = ! turn+1 ! sections be+ ( ! prop] h>dness are tak5 9 h&4 ,?is "w %\ld n be hurri$4 ,x w take a :ole morn+ to put toge!r a l>ge piece4 ,fir/1 ! bottom section is plac$ on ! :eel1 c5t]$ & made to run true z reg>ds ! top edge4 ,x is !n inv]t$ & ! foot is prop]ly f9i%$1 sign$ & dat$4 ,!n ! second jo9t is likewise turn$ true on bo? faces1 ! inside turn$ smoo?2 & s on1 ea* piece 9 turn is prep>$ = ! fitt+1 ! measurem5t ( ea* face be+ accurately adju/$4 ,at ?is /age x is possible to correct ! diamet] ( ! faces to "s ext5t ei!r by pressure z ! :eel revolves or by build+ up ) s(t clay4 ,9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! new "w mu/ be h>d5$ be=e proce$+4 ,! :ole piece is n[ put toge!r c>efully b ) dry jo9ts4 ,x %\ld be sl[ly revolv$ on ! :eel & ! proportions c>efully criticis$4 ,if satisfactory x is tak5 ap>t aga9 & ! actual fitt+ up may proce$4 ,! bottom section is aga9 c5t]$ mo/ c>efully on ! :eel & /eadi$ ) ?ree pieces ( clay4 ,a ?ick slip is n[ prep>$1 ! same clay z t us$ = ! "w be+ ( c\rse1 us$4 ,?is slip mu/ be q free f lumps & %\ld be z ?ick z molasses4 ,! upp] edge ( ! "w is c>efully spong$ ) clean wat] & a good coat+ ( slip is appli$ at ! junction4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t e "p ( ! face is cov]$ ) slip4 ,! second jo9t is n[ moi/5$ at ! junction & set 9 position ^u ! b$ ( slip4 ,x is plac$ v lightly & ! :eel is g5tly revolv$ to see if ! runn+ is true4 ,if s x is press$ home & ! sup]flu\s slip is remov$4 ,! jo9t %\ld be q close l a glu$ jo9t 9 c>p5try4 ,9 ! same way ! ?ird section is plac$ ^u ! second & ! f\r? ^u ! ?ird4 ,x is n[ possible to "w ov] ! face ( ! vase ) a little s(t clay4 ,!re is almo/ always "s irregul>ity 9 ! l9e1 especially at ! jo9ts1 & ?is mu/ be adju/$ :ile ! "w is moi/4 ,!n ! :ole face is gone ov] ) turn+ tools & sponge & ! vase is set aside to dry4 ,x mu/ n be expect$ t l>ge pieces1 made by any me?od1 w be produc$ ) z mu* ease z small vases & b[ls4 ,! risks are mu* great] &1 ow+ to ! size ( ! "w1 ! faults are mu* m app>5t4 ,:5 ! vase is p]fectly dry x %\ld be set on ! :eel1 c5t]$ & sl[ly revolv$4 ,if x is v untrue 9 its motion !re is no rem$y4 ,x %\ld be brok5 d[n & ! clay us$ aga94 ,a v slight irregul>ity may be correct$ by rubb+ (f a little clay on "o side ( ! foot b ?is _c be done to any consid]able ext5t4 ,! c\rage to break unsatisfactory "w is nev] m valuable ?an at ?is juncture4 ,x w pay 9 ! end1 = no imp]fect piece c be a s\rce ( satisfaction to ! consci5ti\s craftsman4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,measur+ ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,second ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,draw+ up ! ,second ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,%ap+ ! ,?ird ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,! ,?ree ,sections ,complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,turn+ ! ,edge ( ! ,fir/ ,section4 7,note ! o!r sections on ! table47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,f9i%+ ! ,bottom ( ! ,fir/ ,section4 7,note ! second section 9 ! =egr\nd ready = turn+47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,*eck+ ! ,size ( ! ,second ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,fitt+ ,toge!r ,dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,sett+ ! ,?ird ,section 9 ,place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,! ,?ree ,sections ,set ,toge!r 9 ! ,r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxv4 ,,mak+ ,,l>ge ,,pieces4 ,! ,f9i%$ ,vase4 ,,*apt] ,,xii3 ,,cups ,,& ,,sauc]s ,,& ,,plates ,x is n likely t _m craftsm5 w c>e to produce table w>es or ev5 t !y w be able to acquire ! necess>y skill4 ,simple z ^! w>es seem1 !y are1 9 fact1 ! mo/ difficult ( all to make well4 ,9 factory work+1 "o man makes no?+ b cups1 ano!r sauc]s & ano!r plates1 s t ea* atta9s ! skill ( con/ant practice1 b ?is is out ( ! "q = ! /udio work]4 ,at ! same "t x is well to "k h[ x is done & x may be t "s "o w und]take to produce a few pieces = ! sake ( ! enjoym5t aris+ !refrom4 ,x is possible to f9i% a cup ^u ! :eel j z a vase is made4 ,! h&le is model$ 9 clay & fa/5$ 9 place ) slip :5 9 ! lea!r h>d condition4 ,sauc]s & plates _c be made 9 ?is mann]2 fir/1 because ! broad ?9 bottom w surely crack &1 second1 because x is impracticable to turn a plate or sauc] ov] 9 ord] to f9i% ! bottom4 ,! risk ( breakage is s great t !re is no?+ to be ga9$4 ,if cups be ne$$ ( uni=m size !y mu/ be mold$4 ,! mak+ ( ! molds has already be5 describ$4 ,a small cyl9d] ( ! prop] size is ?r[n 9 clay & remov$ f ! :eel :ile s(t4 ,a numb] ( ^! %\ld be made at "o "t s z to avoid *ang+ ! :eel head (t54 ,:5 all are ready a holl[ head %ap$ to receive ! cup mold is set on ! :eel & a mold ins]t$4 ,"o ( ! s(t cyl9d]s is n[ l[]$ g5tly into ! mold & z ! :eel is revolv$ ! s(t clay is press$ firmly aga9/ ! walls ) ! f+]s4 ,a piece ( wood1 call$ a rib1 cut to ! exact %ape ( ! inside ( ! cup1 is us$ to smoo? (f ! int]ior4 ,! top edge is cut (f & r\nd$ & ! mold is set aside = ! cup to h>d54 ,z soon z ! cup c be turn$ out x is set upside d[n ^u ! :eel & ! bottom turn$4 ,ano!r me?od disp5ses ) ! =mation ( ! cyl9d] or l9+4 ,a ball ( clay ( ! prop] size is dropp$ into ! mold & press$ into %ape ) ! f+]s1 ! :eel1 ( c\rse1 be+ spun4 ,! f9i%+ is accompli%$ ) ! rib z be=e4 ,?is me?od w answ] = w>es :i* are to receive a l[ fire b = high temp]atures ! clay mu/ be h&l$ by ! fir/-nam$ plan4 ,! cup is n complete )\t a h&le4 ,?is may be model$ z already /at$ b to make ea* "o ( half a doz5 9 ?is way is unduly t$i\s4 ,! bett] plan is to model a h&le 9 wax & make a mold z already direct$4 ,a roll ( s(t clay is !n laid 9 ! mold1 ! two halves press$ toge!r & ! h&le tak5 out & f9i%$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t cup & h&le are ( ! same degree ( moi/ure1 lea!r h>d1 = *oice1 or !y w "p company z !y dry4 ,! fa/5+ is done ) ?ick slip4 ,! me?od = sauc]s is ! same z t = plates1 s t "o description w suffice4 ,! fir/ /ep is to make a tool or pr(ile4 ,a l>ge h&ful ( s(t clay is roll$ out into a ?ick cyl9d] & laid d[n ^u ! plate mold4 ,x %\ld ext5d f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce1 =m+ a radius ( ! circle4 ,! clay is press$ closely to ! surface ( ! mold & "p ( x is squeez$ into a knob :i* w =m ! h&-hold ( ! tool 7,fig4 #af1 page #ff74 ,! clay is left 9 ?is position until x becomes ne>ly b n q dry4 ,x is !n tak5 (f & :ittl$ into %ape4 ,! front edge mu/ be /raight & mu/ lie along a radius ( ! plate4 ,! foot is cut 9 at ! prop] po9t & a broad w$ge-%ap$ holl[ is made s z to ga!r ! clay & pile x up into ! foot4 ,! h&-hold is %ap$ s z to fit com=tably betwe5 ! fir/ & second f+]s ( ! "r h&4 ,:5 prop]ly %ap$ ! tool is ?or\ghly dri$ & !n burn$ 9 ! kiln4 ,! fire mu/ n be sev]e z x is important n to %r9k ! tool to any great ext5t4 ,aft] burn+ slight corrections c be made ) a file or a h>d /one4 ,! heel ( ! pr(ile mu/ be exactly at ! c5t] ( ! plate & ! toe or curve mu/ re/ on ! out] edge ( ! plate mold4 ,9 mak+ plates a batt+ block & batt] are us$4 ,! =m] is a heavy block ( pla/] :i* is fix$ to a /rong table4 ,x mu/ be saturat$ ) wat] :5 9 use4 ,! w$g+ table already describ$ w s]ve = ?is4 ,! batt] is a disc ( pla/] to :i* a h&le is atta*$4 ,x may be made ( a ?ick pla/] block1 ! h&le be+ cut out ( ! sub/ance itself4 ,?is is also kept saturat$ ) wat] s t ! clay w n /ick4 ,a ball ( clay is laid on ! block & g5tly beat5 out ) ! batt] into a disc ( ! prop] size & ?ickness4 ,! face ( ?is is !n poli%$ ) a /eel blade & ! disc is !n lift$1 turn$ ov] & laid1 poli%$ side d[nw>d1 ^u ! mold4 ,! :eel is !n revolv$ & ! clay press$ firmly to ! mold ) wet h&s4 ,! tool is n[ dipp$ 9 wat] & press$ /eadily ^u ! revolv+ clay4 ,! heel mu/ be adju/$ accurately to ! c5t] & ! foot w be se5 to rise up 9 its prop] place4 ,! op]ation is n easy & _m failures mu/ be expect$ b practice w accompli% ! desir$ result4 ,:5 lea!r h>d ! plate is gone ov] ) a ?9 piece ( rubb] & :5 q h>d x may be remov$ f ! mold4 ,! edge is n[ trimm$ & ! face spong$ ov] & ! plate is ready = ! kiln4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii3 ,,ca/+ ,9 comm]cial production ! ca/+ me?od is con/antly us$4 ,x is a means ( mak+ light & delicate pieces ) ease &1 ( c\rse1 all ! pieces ca/ 9 ! same mold are alike4 ,?is v fact1 h[ev]1 has l$ to ! me?od be+ disreg>d$ by ! /udio work] :o does n wi% to duplicate any?+ t he makes4 ,if a s+le piece only is to be made ! "w involv$ 9 mold+ is a wa/e ( "t & x is bett] to /rive = skill at ! :eel1 & yet !re are occasions :5 a k ( ca/+ is ( great value4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( trial pieces !re is no me?od bett]4 ,to make ^! 9 suffici5t numb] on ! :eel w\ld be t$i\s except = ! b5efit ( ! practice involv$4 ,directions = mak+ molds h already be5 giv5 & ! slip :i* w h be5 prep>$ 9 ! process ( clay mak+ is ready = ! ca/+ process4 ,?is slip %\ld be ?ick1 ab\t ! ?ickness ( buck:eat batt]4 ,to be accurate1 a p9t %\ld weigh #bf ounces4 ,= small pieces or = vases ) n>r[ necks x is advisable to use ! slip r ?9n]4 ,= l>ge w>es1 on ! o!r h&1 or = op5 b[ls x may be slightly ?ick]4 ,a few exp]im5ts w %[ ! reason = ?is4 ,two qu>t jugs are ne$$4 ,!y %\ld be l>ge ( neck & %\ld deliv] _! cont5ts freely & completely4 ,jugs ) a deep %\ld] are n good z ! slip hangs 9 ! p\r+4 ,"o ( ^! jugs is fill$ ) slip :i* is to be p\r$ c>efully f "o to ! o!r1 all[+ x to fl[ g5tly d[n ! side4 ,?is is to break ! air bubbles :i* are ne>ly always f\nd to be pres5t & ! p\r+ %\ld be repeat$ until ! slip fl[s smoo? & ev54 ,! mold1 be+ ?or\ghly dry1 is ti$ ar\nd ) tw9e1 if 9 p>ts1 & w$g$ firmly s t x _c leak4 ,! slip is !n c>efully p\r$ s z n to t\* ! sides & ! mold is fill$ until a small m\nd ( slip rises ov] ! edge4 ,?is m\nd w at once beg9 to s9k z ! wat] is drawn into ! walls ( ! mold & slip mu/ be add$1 little by little1 to make good ! loss4 ,a small quantity ( clay w n[ be f\nd to h /iff5$ at ! rim ( ! mold & if ?is be c>efully remov$ ) a /eel tool ! ?ickness ( ! wall ( ! vase w be se54 ,if n ?ick en\gh ! mold mu/ be cont9ually fill$ up until ! necess>y ?ickness is atta9$4 ,! mold is !n c>efully lift$1 mak+ sure t ! bottom is held firmly1 & ! slip is p\r$ out4 ,x %\ld n be p\r$ back into ! ca/+-jug b into ano!r vessel4 ,! mold is n[ set upside d[n to dra94 ,x %\ld n be plac$ ^u ! table b ^u two /icks laid p>allel s t ! drip may hang cle>4 ,sev]al molds may be fill$ 9 ?is way at "o "t & aft] ab\t tw5ty m9utes ! "o fir/ fill$ may be op5$4 ,! bottom is g5tly deta*$ & ! upp] "p ( ! mold1 consi/+ ( two halves1 is laid ^u ! table on its side4 ,a little g5tle manipulation w n[ suffice to lift ! "o half & ! vase w be se5 ly+ 9 ! o!r half z 9 a cradle4 ,! clay is /ill v s(t & mu/ be treat$ c>efully4 ,! half mold1 ) ! conta9$ vase1 is tak5 9 ! left h& & held ne>ly upright1 ! f+]s bel[1 ! ?umb on ! top4 ,n[ set ! f+]s ( ! "r h& "u ! bottom ( ! vase1 re/ ! ?umb lightly aga9/ ! side & tilt ! half mold g5tly =w>d4 ,if mold & clay are 9 good condition ! vase w fall =w>d to be support$ on ! f+]s ( ! "r h& & /eadi$ by ! ?umb4 ,! half mold is n[ laid d[n & ! vase tak5 9 bo? h&s1 set g5tly on a pla/] bat & put aside to dry4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! vase leaves ! mold ) reluctance4 ,if ! slip be v new1 or ! mold ei!r damp or h>d or worn out !re w be "s difficulty 9 effect+ a sep>ation4 ,by all[+ ! "w to /& a :ile1 h[ev]1 & by slightly j>r+ ! mold f "t to "t ) ! ball ( ! ?umb ! piece c g5]ally be remov$ )\t damage4 ,9 us+ a new mold x is cu/om>y to make :at is call$ a wa/e fill+4 ,! mold is fill$ ) slip & at once empti$4 ,aft] /&+ a few m9utes x is =cibly op5$ & ! ?9 lay] ( clay inside is pick$ out ) a ball ( pla/ic clay press$ aga9/ x4 ,a tool %\ld nev] be us$ z ?is w damage ! face ( ! mold4 ,if ! clay %\ld /ick ob/9ately a s(t clo? us$ ov] ! f+] w remove x4 ,! reason = ?is wa/e fill+ is t x removes ! scum :i* occurs on all new molds4 ,ca/ w>e %\ld n be t\*$ until q dry & !n ! sp>e at ! neck is c>efully cut (f1 ! seams scrap$ d[n & ! :ole surface smoo!d ) f9e s& pap] & a s(t clo?4 ,worn out l95 s]ves excell5tly = ?is purpose4 ,cups & b[ls1 if mold$1 are made )\t sp>e at ! top4 ,9 ?is case great c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! edge is left clean & smoo? 9 ! ca/+4 ,! sp>e neck on a vase acts z a m>g9 ( safety1 z x is completely cut away 9 ! f9i%+4 ,if a piece has no sp>e ! edge mu/ be left )\t blemi% at ! fir/4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv3 ,,tiles ,!re are two me?ods ( mak+ tiles1 ! du/-press$ me?od & ! pla/ic4 ,! =m] is ! m usual comm]cial plan b ! appliances = prep>+ ! du/ & ! heavy presses necess>y are n adapt$ to /udio "w4 ,! du/-press$ tile is1 moreov]1 some:at me*anical 9 surface4 ,x is n suitable = model+ or = any treatm5t b ^? ( glaze & color4 ,! pla/ic tile1 on ! o!r h&1 may be treat$ by pla/ic me?ods & ! surface (f]s a texture :i* appeals /rongly to ! arti/4 ,= ! successful production ( tile a special body is necess>y4 ,ord9>y pott]y clay is too close 9 gra9 & /raight tile _c be made f x4 ,small squ>e pieces1 h[ev]1 su* z tess]1 c be made f any clay4 ,x is presum$ t a pure :ite tile body is n requir$4 ,= /udio "w ! mo/ pleas+ :ite surface is f\nd 9 an opaque enamel1 b = ! mo/ "p ! craftsman w wi% to "w = color$ tile4 ,a cream or buff body is all t is necess>y1 !re=e1 & ! f\ndation ( ?is is a clay kn[n z sagg] clay4 ,9 ord] to secure ! necess>y porosity a f9e grog mu/ be us$4 ,grog is burn$ clay4 ,aft] work+ a:ile !re w be an abundance ( ?is 9 brok5 unglaz$ pott]y b at fir/ "s s(t fire-bricks mu/ be p\nd$4 ,?is is labori\s "w1 b a boy c usually be hir$ to d x4 ,! brick or brok5 pott]y is cru%$ 9 an iron mort> b %\ld n be brok5 too f9e4 ,two sieves are necess>y1 "o ( #bj & "o ( #dj me%es to ! l9e> in*4 ,! co>se p[d] :i* passes ?r\gh ! #bj me% & lies ^u ! #dj me% is us$4 ,?is is call$ #bj-dj grog4 ,! du/ :i* passes ?r\gh ! #dj me% may be sav$ = kiln "w4 ,x is useful = sett+ biscuit pieces "o ^u ano!r z x w effectually prev5t /ick+4 ,?is p[d]$ grog is also useful 9 ! case ( fl[+ glazes4 ,a ?ick lay] on ! bottom ( ! kiln w cat* any drops ( glaze & save ! kiln f damage4 ,a quantity ( ! #bj-dj grog hav+ be5 prep>$1 a mixture %\ld be made (3-- ,sagg] ,clay #eej p>ts #bj-dj ,grog #cjj p>ts ,gr\nd ,fl9t #aej p>ts ,! clay %\ld be f9ely pulv]iz$ & ! :ole mix$ 9 ! dry /ate4 ,wat] is !n add$1 little by little1 until a r s(t mass is obta9$4 ,x is n practicable to mix clay ( ?is description by ! slip me?od because ! grog w\ld settle out & fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! /onew>e clay conta9s gra9s ( iron :i* cause black spots to appe> 9 ! tile4 ,if ^! cause tr\ble ! clay mu/ be made into slip fir/ & lawn$ ?r\gh #abj me%4 ,x is !n all[$ to become v ?ick & ! grog is /irr$ 94 ,?is is a good deal m tr\ble ?an ! fir/ nam$ plan & is n (t5 necess>y4 ,tile are sometimes made 9 pla/] molds4 ,a tile ( ! prop] size is cut f a pla/] block & a mold is made f x4 ,if a model$ surface be desir$ clay may be model$ ^u ! face ( ! pla/] tile be=e ! mold is made4 ,! mold w !n receive ! embossm5t 9 rev]se & all ! tiles made f ?is mold w be alike4 ,! clay is press$ into ! mold :ile q s(t & is scrap$ (f level at ! back4 ,?us x is ! face ( ! tile t is %ap$ by ! pla/]4 ,if ?is plan be adopt$ ! tile mu/ be remov$ f ! mold z soon z possible4 ,if left to dry 9 ! mold !y w w>p because ( ! unequal absorption4 ,a bett] me?od has be5 devis$ by ! au?or & has be5 put into practice ) consid]able success4 ,:5 ! size ( ! propos$ tile has be5 det]m9$ a bo>d is made :i* is l>ge en\gh to hold a squ>e ( ! tile1 say twelve or sixte54 ,?us if a tile five in*es squ>e is to be made ! bo>d w\ld be fifte5 by tw5ty in*es = twelve tile or tw5ty in*es squ>e = sixte54 ,on ea* side ( ! bo>d a wood5 rim is fa/5$ & ?is mu/ /& high] ?an ! bo>d to ! exact ?ickness ( ! tile4 ,ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* is en\gh4 ,! bo>d mu/ be p]fectly rectangul> & m>k$ (f at ev5 di/ance ( five in*es & a %all[ groove is cut at ea* po9t4 ,to make ! tile ! bo>d is wett$ & an ev5 coat+ ( grog du/ is spr9kl$ ^u x4 ,a ball ( clay is laid 9 ! c5t] ( ! bo>d & roll$ out ) a roll+ p9 to fill e "p ( ! frame4 ,) a /raight edge ! clay is /ruck (f smoo? & clean1 work+ always f ! c5t] outw>ds4 ,rev]s+ ! pla/] mold me?od ! tile are n[ face upw>d & any k9d ( surface may be giv5 at w4 ,! clay may be lubricat$ ) wat] & made smoo? or x may be spr9kl$ ) grog du/ :i* w give a s&y or too!d f9i%4 ,! squ>e is n[ to be cut into tile & ?is is done ) a sl5d] knife & rul]4 ,! rul] %\ld n re/ ^u ! clay b ^u ?9 /rips ( wood or c>dbo>d :i* may be laid along ! edges = ! purpose4 ,! cutt+ %\ld n g q ?r\gh ! clay z1 if a slight connection be all[$ to rema9 at ! bottom1 ! tile w keep ea* o!r /raight4 ,:5 ! cutt+ is f9i%$ ! bo>d %\ld be set at an angle ( =ty-five degrees = ! clay to h>d54 ,:5 lea!r-h>d ! :ole may be turn$ g5tly ov] & ! tile all[$ to fall on to a bo>d plac$ 9 read9ess4 ,!y are n[ brok5 ap>t1 trimm$ if necess>y & set aside to dry4 ,tile made 9 ?is way c be kept /raight )\t difficulty & ! me?od is mu* m exp$iti\s ?an press+ 9 pla/] molds4 ,if a model$ surface be int5d$ x is q easy to "w on ! tile 9 ! tray :ile ! clay is s(t4 ,=ms may be cut 9 wood & press$ into ! clay 9 any v>iety & ! *>m ( individual treatm5t is pres]v$4 ,! body giv5 above w prove q por\s :5 fir$ b x w take matt glazes well4 ,a little craz+ is no detrim5t to tile because !y are n l vessels :i* are meant to hold wat]4 ,if a d5s] body be wi%$ = "s ( ! fl9t may be replac$ by sp>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive me?ods ( decorat+ tile is by means ( a :ite or delicately t9t$ enamel & color4 ,! opaque t9 enamel giv5 on page #acd w answ] well & if ! :it5ess prove too int5se x may be modifi$ by a v small addition ( "u-glaze color accord+ to ! t9t desir$4 ,! tile %\ld be glaz$ r ?ick4 ,n z ?ick z a matt glaze b ?ick] ?an bright glazes4 ,! glaze or enamel %\ld be p\r$ into a flat tray :i* is l>ge en\gh to receive "o tile4 ,! tile is tak5 by ! edges betwe5 f+]s & ?umb & held face d[nw>ds4 ,d n let ei!r f+]s or ?umb project beyond ! face4 ,! glaze hav+ be5 well /irr$ ! face ( ! tile is all[$ to re/ ^u x = ab\t two seconds4 ,! h& is !n lift$ quickly & rev]s$ s t ! tile is face upw>ds4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to avoid /reaks or te>s & a little practice w accompli% ?is4 ,if ! glaze %[s a bad surface x %\ld be scrap$ (f4 ,x c be mix$ up & us$ aga94 ,sometimes a slight wett+ ( ! tile be=e glaz+ w help ! surface to fl[ ev5ly4 ,! decoration is c>ri$ out ) ord9>y "u-glaze colors4 ,^! may be mix$ toge!r to produce any hue :i* is s\ght & a little ( ! glaze itself1 ab\t t5 p] c5t41 %\ld be mix$ ) ! color4 ,?is w assi/ 9 unit+ ! color ) ! glaze s t !y melt toge!r4 ,to produce enamel decorations at _! true value ! color %\ld be pa9t$ ^u ! dry glaze be=e x is burn$4 ,! be/ relation betwe5 surface & color is ?us secur$4 ,! color mu/ be work$ q ?9 ) wat] & a little glyc]9e4 ,a quick1 sure /roke is ne$$ z no *ange or erasure is possible4 ,! design may be made on pap] & trac$ or p\nc$ on to ! glaze ) lamp-black4 ,= burn+ ! tile !re is no?+ bett] ?an little fire-clay boxes4 ,^! c be made 9 a mold )\t difficulty & ! inside ( ea* %\ld be wa%$ ) glaze4 ,if "s su* protection be n provid$ dirt is almo/ sure to fall on ! flat surface & ! tile w be spoil$4 ,x is n possible to re> !m on edge 9 ! kiln = burn+ z !n ! glaze w\ld fl[ to ! l[] side & cause an unsightly ridge4 ,,*apt] ,,xv3 ,,glazes ,,& ,,glaz+ ,,"p ,i ,mu* ( ! fasc9ation ( pott]y mak+ c5t]s 9 ! glaze4 ,at "o "t a great deal ( my/]y appe>$ to surr\nd ! composition & use ( glazes1 b if "o w take ! tr\ble to le>n1 mu* ( ?is may be dispell$4 ,"s k ( *emi/ry is desirable if an und]/&+ ( ! !ory ( glaze-mak+ is to be acquir$1 b a good deal may be le>n$ ev5 )\t ?is k4 ,only su* simple in/ruction z c be assimilat$ by ord9>y intellig5ce w be attempt$ "h1 z an exhau/ive treatm5t ( ! subject w\ld be long & t$i\s4 ,x is possible to pur*ase glazes ready = use,j b ! true craftsman w n be satisfi$ until he c prep>e 8 own4 ,j ,! ,roessl] ,hassla*] ,*emical ,company1 #gji #f? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city1 manufacture glazes accord+ to ! recipes ( ! au?or1 & also *emicals = use 9 ! laboratory4 ,glazes,k belong to a class ( *emical comp\nds kn[n z silicates2 t is1 !y h silica z ! *>act]i/ic +r$i5t4 ,cle> glazes are comp\nd silicates ( lead1 z9c1 lime1 potassium1 sodium1 alum9um & boron4 ,matt glazes are *>act]iz$ by c]ta9 ( ^! +r$i5ts be+ pres5t 9 excess2 & /annif]\s or t9 glazes are1 z ! "n implies1 r5d]$ opaque by ! use ( oxide ( t94 ,k ,x is admitt$ t glazes are n *emical comb9ations b solid solutions1 b ! pr9ciple is m easily und]/ood :5 ! analogy ( *emical action is adopt$4 ,! commone/ type ( glaze is t :i* is made f ready prep>$1 comm]cial sub/ances4 ,^! are call$ raw glazes z be+ made f raw mat]ials or mat]ials :i* ne$ no prep>ation4 ,x is possible to mix a glaze 9 a druggi/'s mort> by h&1 us+ f9e sieves1 b if ! be/ results are to be secur$1 a small mill mu/ be us$ = gr9d+4 ,! be/ =m ( mill is ! ball mill or j> mill4 ,?is consi/s ( a porcela9 j> :i* is set 9 a frame & made to revolve ^u its axis 9 a horizontal position4 ,x is ab\t half fill$ ) porcela9 balls & ^! z !y roll aga9/ ea* o!r p]=m ! gr9d+4 ,^! mills may be pur*as$ ready = use1 ei!r z a s+le j> to be work$ by h& or a batt]y ( two or m revolv$ by p[]4,l ,l ,paul ,o4 ,abb1 #cj ,broad ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a good pair ( scales is a necessity & x w be f\nd conv5i5t to use metric weights :i* ne$ no calculation into p\nds & ounces4 ,susp5d$ scales are n z easy to use z ! =m kn[n z c\nt] scales or balances4 ,!y %\ld h movable pans :i* are usually nickel plat$4 ,^u ^! ! mat]ials c be plac$ direct )\t ! use ( pieces ( pap]1 :i* are always tr\blesome & inaccurate4 ,!re %\ld be a graduat$ b> on ! front = ! adju/m5t ( weights ( five grams & "u4 ,?is avoids ! use ( small weights :i* are always be+ mislaid & lo/4 ,deal]s 9 *emical supplies keep ^! scales 9 /ock & ! co/ is ab\t eight doll>s4 ,a set ( weights mu/ also be procur$ f "o hundr$ grams to five grams inclusive4 ,^! ne$ n be ( ! accurate adju/m5t :i* are us$ 9 analysis4 ,a good inexp5sive grade is suffici5t4 ,! +r$i5ts = glazes are giv5 9 ! foll[+ li/3 ,comm]cial ,*emical ,symbol or ,equival5t ,"n ,"n ,=mula ,weight ,:ite ,lead ,lead ,c>bonate ,pb7,,oh7#bb,pb,c,o#c #beh ,z9c ,oxide ,z9c ,oxide ,zn,o #ha ,soda ,a% ,sodium ,c>bonate ,na#b;,,co#c #ajf ,nit] ,potassium ,nitrate ,,kno#c #bjb ,:it+ ,calcium ,c>bonate ,ca,c,o#c #ajj 7,c>bonate ( ,lime7 ,feldsp> ,or?oclase ,k#b,o1,al#b,o#c1f,si,o#b #eeg ,kaol9 ,alum9um ,silicate ,al#b,o#c1b,si,o#b1b;,h#b,o #beh or ,*9a ,clay ,fl9t ,silica ,si,o#b #fj ,borax ,sodium di ,borate ,na#b;,b#d,o#gaj;,h#b,o #chb ,boric ,acid ,boric ,acid ,b#b,o#cc;,h#b,o #abd ,= color+1 ! foll[+ metallic oxides are us$3 ,color ,*emical ,symbol or ,equival5t ,"n ,=mula ,weight ,blue ,cobalt ,oxide ,co,o #hj ,blue & ,gre5 ,copp] ,oxide ,cu,o #gi ,gray & ,br[n ,nickel ,oxide ,ni,o #ge ,br[n & ,yell[ ,iron ,oxide ,fe#b,o#c #afj ,br[n ,manganese ,c>bonate ,mn,c,o#c #aae ,"u-glaze colors may also be us$ = color+ glazes1 ! color be+ gr\nd ) ! glaze bat*4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y to commit ! =mula & equival5t weight to memory4 ,!y w soon be rememb]$ z use becomes second nature4 ,a glaze is usually express$ z ! *emical =mula4 ,9 ?is !re are ?ree divisions giv51 ea* ( :i* expresses a di/9ct function4 ,on ! left h& are ! bases1 ! f\ndation ( ! glaze4 ,^! indicate ! type1 su* z lead glaze1 a lime glaze1 an alkal9e glaze1 etc4 ,all glazes be+ silicates1 ?is is ! usual way ( di/+ui%+ !m4 ,9 ! c5t] are ! alum9a & boron oxide4 ,^! regulate ! behavior ( ! glaze 9 ! fire4 ,!y make x visc\s or sluggi% z x melts & prev5t a too rapid fl[4 ,! alum9a is infusible1 ! boron is fusible1 b boron _c be us$ 9 a raw glaze = reasons to be pres5tly expla9$4 ,at ! "r /&s ! silica1 ! dom9at+ factor ) :i* all ! o!r +r$i5ts comb9e1 & :i* controls ! behavior ( ! :ole z reg>ds ! fitt+ ( ! glaze to ! body4 ,! v simple/ =m ( glaze is a bisilicate ( lead1 repres5t$ by ! =mula ,pb,o1 ,si,o#b1 or "o equival5t ( lead oxide & "o ( silica4 ,! t]m equival5t means t ! mixture is calculat$1 n ^u ! actual weight ( a sub/ance b ^u its equival5t or unit weight4 ,?us ! equival5t weight ( lead oxide1 ,pb,o1 be+ #bbb1 9 ord] to produce ! =mula 9 actual weight #bbb grams or p\nds mu/ be weigh$ out4 ,x does n matt] :at weights are us$ s long z !y are ! same = all4 ,9 l mann] ! equival5t weight ( silica is #fj & z fl9t is pure silica1 ! =mula ,pb,o1 ,si,o#b w\ld be produc$ by weigh+-- ,li?>ge or ,lead ,oxide #bbb p>ts ,fl9t or ,silica #fj p>ts ,li?>ge is n1 h[ev]1 a conv5i5t sub/ance to use4 ,x is v heavy & does n mix well 9 wat]4 ,! mo/ usual sub/ance = ! introduction ( lead oxide is :ite lead4 ,?is is n lead oxide b x *anges to lead oxide :5 burn$4 ,:ite lead be>s ! =mula ,pb7,,oh7#b1 #b,pb,c,o#c1 :i*1 be+ dissect$ is f\nd to be #c,pb,o1 ,h#b,o1 #b;,,co#b4 ,h#b,o is wat] & ,,co#b c>bonic acid1 bo? ( :i* pass (f 9 burn+4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 are weigh$ :5 ! :ite lead is put on ! scales & !re=e ! equival5t weight ( :ite lead is #beh & n #bbb4 ,! mixture = practical purposes !n w\ld be-- ,:ite ,lead #beh p>ts ,fl9t #fj p>ts ,:i*1 :5 gr\nd & spread ^u ! w>e w\ld be a v fusible glaze ( a yell[i% tone4 ,?is 0 spok5 ( z a bisilicate ( lead because ! measure ( ! silica1 also call$ ! acidity ( a glaze1 is calculat$ ^u ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! base & ! silica respectively4 ,pb,o conta9s "o molecule ( oxyg51 ,si,o#b conta9s two4 ,h5ce ! relation%ip ( ! oxyg5 9 ! base to ! oxyg5 9 ! silica is z "o to two4 ,?is is call$ simply ! oxyg5 ratio & is ( great importance 9 det]m9+ ! behavior ( a glaze4 ,:ile ?is simple bisilicate ( lead w be a glaze "u c]ta9 conditions x is f\nd to possess two faults4 #a4 ,x is too fluid "u fire4 ,! glaze w run d[n a v]tical surface & leave ! upp] edge ( ! piece b>e4 #b4 ,if subject$ to a long sl[ fire x w lose its gloss & become devitrifi$4 ,?is devitrification is (t5 se5 9 comm]cial "w & appe>s z a dull scum 9 pat*es & ar\nd ! edges ( ! w>e4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a cry/allization ( ! silica :i* sep>ates out1 z salt does f an evaporat$ br9e4 ,bo? ^! faults may be correct$ by ! addition ( a little alum9a to ! glaze4 ,a :ole equival5t ( alum9a w\ld be too mu*1 9 fact x is f\nd 9 practice t 4#b equival5t is suffici5t = mo/ l[fire glazes4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! oxyg5 ratio & to keep ! glaze z a bisilicate ! silica cont5t mu/ be rais$4 ,alum9a conta9s ?ree molecules ( oxyg5 s t ! total am\nt ( alum9a is multipli$ by ?ree & ! silica br\ght to ! equal po9t ?us3 ,pb,o1 4#b;,al#b,o#c1 #a4f,si,o#b ,! am\nt ( silica requir$ 9 any bisilicate glaze may be f\nd by ! foll[+ equation3 ,si,o#b #b7c;,al#b,o#c #a7_/b ,?us if ! alum9a cont5t 7 4#be equival5t ?is w\ld be express$3 ,si,o#b #b74ge #a7_/b ,or-- ,si,o#b #c4ej_/b #a4ge equival5t ,n[ 9 ord] to produce ?is z a mixture x w\ld be possible to introduce ! alum9a 9 ! pure /ate1 b pure alum9a is exp5sive & clay :i* conta9s alum9a is *eap s t clay is g5]ally us$ to supply ! alum9a4 ,clay1 h[ev]1 conta9s silica z well1 & !re=e all[ance mu/ be made = ?is4 ,on ref]r+ to ! =mula = kaol91 ! pure/ =m ( clay1 ,al#b,o#c1 #b,si,o#b1 #b;,h#b,o1 x w be se5 t !re is twice z mu* silica pres5t 9 equival5ce z !re is alum9a & !re=e 4#b kaol9 w conta9 4#b;,al#b,o#c & #d,si,o#b4 ,subtract+1 !n1 ! #d,si,o#b f ! #a4f,si,o#b ne$$ !re w be #a4b left to be suppli$ 9 ! =m ( fl9t4 ,! mixture !re=e is-- ,:ite ,lead #a4j #beh #beh ,kaol9 4#b #beh #ea4f ,fl9t #a4b #fj #gb ,?is is a glaze ( ! same "* z t fir/ giv5 except t x no long] fl[s unduly f ! high] places nor w x devitrify 9 a long-cont9u$ fire4 ,! alum9a w h c\nt]act$ bo? ^! evils4 ,a glaze ) only lead oxide z ! base is n1 h[ev]1 desirable = g5]al use4 ,! color is yell[i% & ! lead oxide is apt to de/roy ! hue ( any colors :i* are us$ ) x4 ,! available bases may be classifi$ "u ?ree heads4 #a4 ,! metallic oxides1 lead & z9c oxides4 #b4 ,! alkal9e e>?s1 ! oxides ( calcium & b>ium4 #c4 ,! alkalies1 pota% & soda4 ,b>ium oxide is n (t5 us$ & soda _c be us$ 9 raw glazes because !re is no conv5i5t sub/ance :i* conta9s x4 ,z glazes are always gr\nd 9 wat] only insoluble +r$i5ts c be employ$ )\t prep>ation4 ,pota% is f\nd 9 feldsp> :i* is insoluble & :ile !re is a s-call$ soda feldsp> x c r>ely be obta9$ ( suffici5t purity4 ,9 arrang+ ! bases ) :i* to compose a glaze x is desirable to use "o at lea/ f ea* class1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t h[ev] _m bases are introduc$ ! total mu/ always be unity4 ,?is unit is1 = ! sake ( brevity1 describ$ z ,,ro4 ,= example ! foll[+ gr\ps may be set =?3 #a4 ,pb,o ,lead ,oxide 4#g ,ca,o ,calcium ,oxide 4#c --- ,,ro #a4j #b4 ,pb,o 4#f ,ca,o 4#d --- ,,ro #a4j #c4 ,pb,o ,lead ,oxide 4#e ,zn,o ,z9c ,oxide 4#b ,ca,o ,calcium ,oxide 4#c --- ,,ro #a4j #d4 ,pb,o 4#f ,zn,o 4#a ,ca,o 4#c --- ,,ro #a4j #e4 ,pb,o ,lead ,oxide 4#f ,ca,o ,calcium ,oxide 4#c ,k#b,o ,potassium ,oxide 4#a --- ,,ro #a4j #f4 ,pb,o 4#ej ,ca,o 4#ce ,k#b,o 4#ae ---- ,,ro #a4jj #g4 ,pb,o ,lead ,oxide 4#de ,zn,o ,z9c ,oxide 4#aj ,ca,o ,calcium ,oxide 4#cj ,k#b,o ,potassium ,oxide 4#ae ---- ,,ro #a4jj #h4 ,pb,o 4#ce ,zn,o 4#ae ,ca,o 4#ce ,k#b,o 4#ae ---- ,,ro #a4jj ,! reason = ! unit rule is t if "o =mula is to be comp>$ ) ano!r !re mu/ be a uni=m basis ^u :i* to "w &1 fur!rmore1 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! silica comb9es ) "o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r bases1 ! *emical action is ! same &1 s long z ! sum ( ! bases is kept at unity1 ! same am\nt ( silica w be requir$4 ,if two glazes be tak5 z an illu/ration ?is w be made cle>3 ,pb,o 4#f ,ca,o 4#d --- ,al#b,o#c 4#b ,si,o#b #a4f #a4j ,pb,o 4#df ,zn,o 4#ab ,ca,o 4#bh ,k#b,o 4#ad ---- ,al#b,o#c 4#b ,si,o#b #a4f #a4jj ,bo? ( ^! =mulae are bisilicates & ea* be+ prop]ly fir$1 w /&1 )\t craz+1 on ! same body4 ,! use ( ! =mula is to give an insight into ! composition ( ! melt$ glaze4 ,x takes no acc\nt ( volatile +r$i5ts or losses 9 ! fire b = ?is v reason x mu/ be translat$ into ! sub/ances to be weigh$ be=e use c be made ( x4 ,( ! +r$i5ts giv5 on pages #adb1 #adc1 "s conta9 b "o item ( ! =mula1 o!rs conta9 sev]al1 z 9 ! case ( kaol9 already cit$4 ,feldsp>1 ( ! v>iety kn[n z pota% feldsp> & nam$ by m9]alogi/s1 or?oclase1 is a v useful +r$i5t 9 raw glazes1 be+1 9 fact1 almo/ ! only s\rce ( pota%4 ,! =mula1 page #adb1 %[s t a molecule or equival5t ( feldsp> conta9s "o molecule ( pota% ,k#b,o1 "o ( alum9a ,al#b,o#c1 & six ( silica ,si,o#b4 ,?is fact is tak5 into acc\nt 9 calculat+ ! mixture or bat* weight4 ,base ,no4 #e 7page #adh71 is z foll[s3 ,pb,o 4#f ,ca,o 4#c ,k#b,o 4#a ---- #a4j ,& ?is made up into a bisilicate glaze w\ld be3 ,pb,o 4#f ,ca,o 4#c ,k#b,o 4#a ---- ,al#b,o#c 4#b ,si,o#b #a4f #a4j ,^! items are ext5d$ 9 a horizontal l9e1 a space be+ left on "o side = ! li/ ( +r$i5ts4 ,pb,o ,ca,o ,k#b,o ,al#b,o#c ,si,o#b 4#f 4#c 4#a 4#b #a4f ,addition 4#f ,:ite ,lead 4#f ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#c 4#a 4#b #a4f ,addition 4#c ,:it+ 4#c ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#a 4#b #a4f ,addition 4#a 4#a 4#f ,feldsp> 4#a ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#a #a4j ,addition 4#a 4#b ,kaol9 4#a ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#h ,addition 4#h ,fl9t 4#h ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j ,ea* item is ?us dispos$ ( until ! li/ is complete4 ,^! figures are1 h[ev]1 giv5 9 equival5ts & ea* mu/ be multipli$ by ! equival5t weight ( ! sub/ance us$4 ,:ite ,lead 4#f #beh #aed4h p>ts by weight ,:it+ 7calcium c>bonate7 4#c #ajj #cj4j ,feldsp> 4#a #eeg #ee4g ,kaol9 4#a #beh #be4h ,fl9t 4#h #fj #dh4j ----- #cad4c ,bat* ( ,glaze ,^! am\nts are weigh$ out 9 grams1 put ^u ! mill ) half a p9t ( wat]1 & gr\nd = ab\t an h\r4 ,:5 tak5 (f1 ! j> & porcela9 balls are wa%$ ) pl5ty ( wat] & ! wa%+s sav$4 ,! glaze1 ?us dilut$1 is /ra9$ ?r\gh a lawn ( #abj me% & laid aside to settle4 ,! cle> wat] is !n siphon$ or p\r$ (f & ! glaze is ready = use4 ,= glaz+ ! glaze %\ld be z ?ick z cream4 ,a f+] dipp$ into x %\ld %[ a :ite coat+ :i* _c be %ak5 (f4 ,! pott]y to be glaz$ %\ld be fir/ soak$ 9 clean wat] until all absorption has ceas$4 ,x is !n wip$ dry & plung$ into ! glaze ba?1 or1 if ! piece be l>ge1 ! glaze may be p\r$ ov] x4 ,! piece is g5tly %ak5 to di/ribute ! glaze ev5ly & x is !n set aside to dry4 ,be=e glaz+ a piece ev]y?+ %\ld be prep>$4 ,a /ilt or support ^u :i* to set ! wet glaz$ pott]y1 & a b[l ( wat] 9 :i* to wa% ! f+]s s z to save all ! glaze4 ,x w be f\nd be/ to glaze ! inside ( ! piece fir/4 ,x %\ld !n be well %ak5 to remove z mu* glaze z possible be=e beg9n+ ! outside4 ,a ?ick glaze inside is almo/ sure to run d[n to ! bottom :]e x w =m a pool & p]haps bur/ ! piece4 ,be=e fir+1 ! bottom ( ! pott]y %\ld be c>efully trimm$4 ,any excess ( glaze is remov$ & ! po9t ( contact ) ! table is spong$ clean4 ,!n1 :5 ! piece is set 9 ! kiln ! bottom w n be incl9$ to /ick4 ,,"p ,,ii3 ,,matt ,,glazes ,! texture ( ! matt glaze is always pleas+ & ! arti/ is n cont5t unless at lea/ "s ( 8 "w c be f9i%$ 9 ?is way4 ,matt glazes are n und]fir$ glazes nor are !y dead5$ by acid or s& bla/4 ,!y are produc$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by an excess ( alum9a :i* is believ$ to cause ! =mation ( c]ta9 comp\nds 9 ! glaze1 &1 second1 by an excess ( silica :i* produces a devitrifi$ surface4 ,x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t a glaze free f alum9a w devitrify or become dull4 ,?is is undesirable :5 a glaze is int5d$ to be brilliant b x may be controll$ & turn$ to advantage 9 ! production ( a c]ta9 type ( matt4 ,! successful prep>ation ( ?is silica matt is extremely difficult4 ,9 fact1 9 ! /udio kiln x is almo/ impossible4 ,^! small kilns are apt to cool ) great rapidity :]eas1 9 ord] to produce ! silica matt ! kiln mu/ be cool$ v sl[ly1 h\rs & ev5 days ( cool+ be+ sometimes necess>y4 ,! alum9a matt is m simple & its texture is q satisfactory1 be+1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ! m pleas+ ( ! two4 ,x 0 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! be/ bright glazes = l[ temp]ature "w are bisilicates1 hav+ an oxyg5 ratio ( #a3b4 ,! alum9a matt has an oxyg5 ratio ( ab\t #c3d4 ,?is is secur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! ,,ro cont5t may consi/ ( any ( ! bases us$ 9 bright glazes1 ! proportion ( ea* be+ adju/$ 9 accordance ) ! desir$ po9t ( fusion4 ,! alum9a cont5t is r high] ?an 9 a bright glaze & %\ld n fall mu* bel[ 4#c equival5t1 4#ce equival5t is ev5 bett]4 ,! silica is adju/$ 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ equation3 ,si,o#b #c7c;,al#b,o#c #a7_/d ,n[ if ! alum9a cont5t be plac$ at 4#ce equival5t ?is w\ld "w out3 ,si,o#b #c7a4je #a7_/d ,or3 ,si,o#b #f4ae_/d #a4ecge ,b z su* a complete fraction is n necess>y x may be /at$ z #a4ed equival5t4 ,! =mula w\ld !re=e be3 ,,ro1 ,al#b,o#c 4#ce1 ,si,o#b #a4ed ,! ,,ro cont5t %\ld n be too fusible4 ,lead oxide is desirable up to ab\t 4#e equival5t & x is an advantage to use feldsp> s t ,k#b,o may be introduc$4 ,calcium oxide is also good b z9c oxide mu/ be us$ sp>+ly z x is apt to suff] if ov]fir$4 ,! high cont5t ( alum9a necessitates a good deal ( clay & z ?is1 if us$ raw1 w\ld make ! glaze too pla/ic & cause x to crack1 x is be/ to calc9e a "p ( x1 ?us remov+ ! comb9$ wat] & *ang+ ! equival5t weight f #beh to #bbb4 ,! calculation w !n proce$ z 9 ! case ( a bright glaze4 ,pb,o 4#ej ,ca,o 4#ce ,k#b,o 4#ae ---- ,al#b,o#c 4#ce ,si,o#b #a4ed ,,ro #a4jj ,pb,o ,ca,o ,k#b,o ,al#b,o#c ,si,o#b 4#ej 4#ce 4#ae 4#ce #a4ed ,addition 4#ej ,:ite ,lead 4#ej #beh #abi ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#ce 4#ae 4#ce #a4ed ,addition 4#ce ,:it+ 4#ce #ajj #ce ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#ae 4#ce #a4ed ,addition 4#ae 4#ae 4#ij ,feldsp> 4#ae #eeg #hc ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#bj 4#fd ,addition 4#ae 4#cj ,calc9$ ,kaol9 4#ae #bbb #cc ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#je 4#cd ,addition 4#je 4#aj ,kaol9 4#je #beh #ac ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j 4#bd ,addition 4#bd ,fl9t 4#bd #fj #ad ---------------------------------------- ,subtraction 4#j ,! mix1 !re=e1 is3 ,:ite ,lead #abi grams ,:it+ #ce ,feldsp> #hc ,calc9$ ,kaol9 #cc ,kaol9 #ac ,fl9t #ad ,?is w give a silky matt glaze1 ne>ly :ite1 matur+ at ab\t cone #a4 ,if a l[] fus+ po9t is desir$ ! :ite lead may be increas$ at ! exp5se ( ! :it+ or if ! glaze prove too fusible ! rev]se w correct x4 ,! fl9t may be omitt$ )\t damage4 ,! gr9d+ ( a matt glaze is ( great importance4 ,x is bett] to h x too co>se ?an too f9e4 ,gr9d+ = "o h\r on ! ball mill %\ld be ample & if ! glaze be !n /ra9$ ?r\gh #abj me% lawn all co>se p>ticles w be arre/$4 ,a glaze t is too f9e w crack & peel (f or w curl up 9 ! kiln4 ,m ?an half ! success ( matt glazes lies 9 ! us+4 ,x is necess>y t ! coat+ ( glaze be v ?ick or ! true texture w n be develop$4 ,:5 ! glaze is tak5 f ! mill pl5ty ( wat] may be us$ 9 ord] to wa% ! app>atus clean & to save all ! glaze4 ,?is is set aside 9 a deep b[l to settle4 ,aft] "s h\rs ! cle> wat] is c>efully drawn (f ) a siphon4 ,half an ounce ( gum tragacan? is put to soak 9 a qu>t ( clean wat]4 ,aft] twelve h\rs ! gum w h swoll5 to a jelly-l mass4 ,?is is n[ work$ vigor\sly ) a ,dov] egg-beat] or 9 a ,*ri/y mix] & aga9 set aside4 ,aft] ano!r twelve h\rs ! op]ation is repeat$ & ! solution is a cle> syrup ( ! consi/5cy ( ?9 molasses4 ,a drop or two ( c>bolic acid or o!r g]micide %\ld be add$ to prev5t decomposition4 ,?is mucilage %\ld be prep>$ 9 advance4 ,to ! glaze bat* f :i* ! wat] has be5 remov$ a tablespoonful ( ! mucilage is add$4 ,if m ( ! glaze ?an ! s+le bat* has be5 weigh$ out !n m mucilage w be necess>y4 ,! mixture is to be /irr$ v ?or\ghly & x w be f\nd to ?ick5 "u ! h&4 ,x mu/ be v mu* ?ick] ?an ! bright glaze4 ,9 fact1 ! ?ick] x is ! bett]1 only t x mu/ fl[ suffici5tly s t ! pott]y may be cov]$ ) a smoo? coat+1 avoid+ lumps4 ,matt glazes d n correct _! own faults 9 ! kiln z bright glazes d4 ,e f+] m>k w %[ &1 consequ5tly1 ! glaz+ mu/ be done ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! process is ! same z t describ$ = bright glazes1 except t z mu* glaze z possible is left on ! w>e4 ,no m %ak+ %\ld be done ?an w suffice to secure a smoo? coat+4 ,x is well to place ! pieces upside d[n to dry4 ,= ! inside ( ! pieces a matt glaze may be us$ or a ?9 coat ( cle> glaze at ! pleasure ( ! work]4 ,if ! latt]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t none ( ! inside glaze is all[$ to run ov] ! edge4 ,9 fir+1 ! pott]y is sometimes plac$ on a /ilt b ?is is n absolutely necess>y4 ,= a support a flat piece ( burn$ clay may be us$ & ?is %\ld be cov]$ ) an infusible wa% to prev5t any possibility ( /ick+4 ,equal p>ts ( kaol9 & fl9t make a good wa%4 ,! wa% is work$ up ) wat] into a slip & appli$ ) an ord9>y bru%4 ,,"p ,,iii3 ,,fritt$ ,,glazes ,fritt$ glazes1 l raw glazes1 are cle> & brilliant & = mo/ purposes ! latt] w suffice4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! aim ( ?is "w is to give z complete in=mation z may be ! fritt$ glaze w n be omitt$4 ,a fritt is a melt or comp\nd$ glass & ! purpose ( x is to p]mit ! use ( c]ta9 +r$i5ts :i* are n available 9 ! raw /ate4 ,z glazes are gr\nd 9 wat] x is ess5tial t ! sub/ances us$ be insoluble4 ,?is condition w\ld prohibit advantage be+ tak5 ( borax1 boric acid1 & soda a%1 if x 7 n = ! possibility ( r5d]+ ^! insoluble by ! op]ation ( fritt+4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( a fritt$ glaze3 ,pb,o ,lead ,oxide 4#cj ,zn,o ,z9c ,oxide 4#ae ,al#b,o#b ,alum9a 4#ae ,ca,o ,lime 4#be ,si,o#b ,silica #b4fe ,b#b,o#c ,boric ,acid 4#dj ,na#b,o ,soda 4#bj ,k#b,o ,pota% 4#aj ,?is w be produc$ 9 accordance ) ! usual calculation by ! mix3 ,:ite ,lead 4#c #beh #gg ,z9c ,oxide 4#ae #ha #ab ,:it+ 4#be #ajj #be ,borax 4#bj #chb #gf ,feldsp> 4#aj #eeg #ef ,kaol9 4#je #beh #ac ,fl9t #a4ie #fj #aag ,! borax conta9s ! requir$ am\nt ( bo? soda & boric acid & ! pota% is suppli$ by ! feldsp>4 ,borax1 be+ soluble1 mu/ be melt$ ) c]ta9 o!r +r$i5ts into an insoluble glass1 ?us3 ,fritt3 ,borax #gf x #b #aeb ,:it+ #be x #b #ej ,feldsp> #cj x #b #fj ,fl9t #ej x #b #ajj --- #cfb ,^! +r$i5ts are weigh$ out 9 d\ble quantity to gu>d aga9/ loss 9 melt+ & are fus$ ei!r 9 ! kiln or 9 a special furnace4 ,a good fritt+ furnace is ! ,no4 #ae1 made by ! ,buffalo ,d5tal ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,! *>ge is put into a plumbago crucible & :5 melt$ is p\r$ out into wat]4 ,?is breaks up ! fritt & r5d]s x easy to gr9d4 ,a simil> crucible may be us$ 9 ! kiln b z ! fritt becomes v h>d :5 cold & a crucible mu/ be brok5 ea* "t1 ! furnace me?od is bett]4 ,if ! fritt z giv5 prove too sluggi% to p\r freely1 ! feldsp> may be omitt$1 be+ add$1 ( c\rse1 to ! glaze mix4 ,! melt$ weight ( ! fritt mu/ n[ be calculat$4 ,borax conta9s 9 ea* equival5t #ahj p>ts wat]4 ,:it+ conta9s 9 ea* equival5t #dd p>ts c>bonic acid4 ,bo? wat] & c>bonic acid pass (f 9 ! melt+1 ?us ! #gf p>ts ( borax w be r$uc$ 9 weight to #dj p>ts1 & ! #be p>ts ( :it+ w be r$uc$ to #ad p>ts4 ,sp> & fl9t und]go no loss4 ,! fritt aft] melt+ w !re=e be3 ,borax #dj ,:it+ #ad ,sp> #cj ,fl9t #ej --- #acd ,& ! f9al mix = ! glaze w be3 ,fritt #acd p>ts ,:ite ,lead #gg ,z9c ,oxide #ab ,feldsp> #bf ,kaol9 #ac ,fl9t #fg ,?is is gr\nd on ! mill z already direct$ & is ready = use4 ,fritt$ glazes are bett] ?an raw glazes = c]ta9 classes ( w>e4 ,!y are usually :it] & less easily scrat*$4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 bett] = use ) und]glaze colors & are1 z a rule1 m easily melt$4 ,x is nev] necess>y to make a fritt = ! prep>ation ( matt glazes4 ,,"p ,,iv3 ,,recipes ,:ile ! purpose ( ?is "w is n s mu* to put ready-made mat]ials into ! h&s ( ! craftsman z to enable him to "w out 8 own plans1 x is recogniz$ t !re are "s work]s :o lack ! tra9+ & ev5 ! pati5ce to d ?is4 ,= ^!1 ! foll[+ recipes are giv51 b ) ! proviso t no recipe c be reg>d$ z p]fect = all conditions4 ,j z an untra9$ cook c spoil a d9n] ev5 :5 surr\nd$ by cook]y books1 s ! be/ ( recipes w fail :5 unskillfully treat$4 ,"o mu/ be prep>$ to recognize ! faults :i* are sure to develop & to correct !m 9 an intellig5t mann]4 ,! previ\s *apt]s %\ld !re=e be c>efully /udi$1 n alone = ! in=mation b because ! joy ( ! work+ dep5ds greatly ^u ! k "o has ( ! op]ations involv$ & a mode/ confid5ce 9 "o's own p[]s4 #a4 ,bright raw glaze4 ,cone 4#jf ,=mula ,pb,o 4#fj ,ca,o 4#be ,al#b,o#c 4#ae ,si,o#b #a4de ,k#b,o 4#ae ,mix3 ,:ite ,lead #aee ,:it+ #be ,feldsp> #ee4g ,kaol9 #ac ,fl9t #de ,gr9d1 ) "o-half p9t ( wat]1 = "o h\r4 #b4 ,bright raw glaze4 ,cone #a ,=mula ,pb,o 4#de ,zn,o 4#ae ,al#b,o#c 4#bj ,si,o#b #a4fj ,ca,o 4#be ,k#b,o 4#ae ,mix3 ,:ite ,lead #aaf ,:it+ #be ,z9c ,oxide #ab ,feldsp> #hc ,kaol9 #ac ,fl9t #cf #c4 ,bright fritt$ glaze4 ,cone 4#jb ,=mula ,pb,o 4#be ,zn,o 4#ae ,al#b,o#c 4#ae ,ca,o 4#cj ,si,o#b #b4ce ,na#b,o 4#bj ,b#b,o#c 4#cj ,k#b,o 4#aj ,mix3 ,fritt ,glaze ,borax #aad ,fritt #aag ,:it+ #fj ,:ite ,lead #fd ,soda ,a% #aj ,z9c ,oxide #ab ,sp> #ef ,sp> #bh ,fl9t #gh ,kaol9 #ac ,fl9t #fj ,gr9d z be=e4 #d4 ,matt glaze4 ,cone 4#jb ,=mula ,pb,o 4#ej ,ca,o 4#cj ,al#b,o#c 4#cd ,si,o#b #a4dh ,k#b,o 4#bj ,mix3 ,:ite ,lead #abi ,:it+ #cj ,sp> #aaa ,calc9$ ,kaol9 #bb ,kaol9 #aa #e4 ,matt glaze4 ,cone #g ,=mula ,ca,o 4#ge ,al#b,o#c 4#ee ,si,o#b #b4aj ,k#b,o 4#be ,mix3 ,feldsp> #aci ,:it+ #ge ,calc9$ ,kaol9 #ee ,kaol9 #ac ,= color$ glazes add to any ( ! above3 ,blue3 ,cobalt ,oxide #c p>ts ,slate blue3 ,cobalt ,oxide #c p>ts ,nickel ,oxide #a "p ,w>m blue3 ,cobalt ,oxide #b p>ts ,iron ,oxide #a "p ,gre53 ,copp] ,oxide #h p>ts ,blue gre53 ,copp] ,oxide #h p>ts ,cobalt ,oxide #a "p ,cool gre53 ,copp] ,oxide #h p>ts ,cobalt ,oxide #a "p ,nickel ,oxide #b p>ts ,olive gre53 ,copp] ,oxide #f p>ts ,iron ,oxide #d p>ts ,orange br[n3 ,iron ,oxide #h p>ts ,r$ br[n3 ,iron ,oxide #h p>ts ,*rome ,oxide #a "p ,z9c ,oxide #c p>ts ,yell[3 ,uranium ,oxide #c p>ts ,! color+ oxides %\ld be weigh$ out & gr\nd ) ! glaze4 ,any ( ! colors may be mix$ toge!r 9 ord] to modify ! hue obta9$ or ! am\nt ( ea* color+ oxide may be v>i$ to give a /rong] or weak] value4 ,opaque t9 enamel4 ,cone 4#jb ,=mula ,pb,o 4#dj ,ca,o 4#be ,si,o#b #a4ge ,k#b,o 4#bj ,al#b,o#c 4#be ,sn,o#b 4#cj ,zn,o 4#ae ,mixture3 ,:ite ,lead #ajc ,:it+ #be ,feldsp> #aaa ,z9c ,oxide #ab ,kaol9 #ac ,fl9t #bg ,t9 ,oxide #de ,gr9d1 ) "o-half p9t ( wat]1 = #de m9utes4 ,,"p ,v3 ,,! ,,defects ,,( ,,glazes ,:ile x may *ance t body & glaze & fire are s adju/$ t faults d n develop1 ?is /ate ( ?+s is r>e4 ,besides1 x is always possible t an occasional tr\ble may arise1 h5ce x w be well to rec\nt a few ( ! commone/ defects ) ! me?od ( cure4 ,a cure is n necess>ily specific4 ,!re may be a complication ( causes b ! rem$y indicates ! l9e along :i* relief w be f\nd4 #a4 ,craz+4 ,f9e cracks appe> 9 ! glaze b d n p5etrate ! body4 ,!re are _m causes4 ,! body may be und]fir$ or ov]fir$4 ,9 ! =m] case ! craz+ does n always appe> at once & x gr[s worse ^u /&+4 ,9 ! latt] case ! glaze is f\nd to be craz$ :5 tak5 f ! kiln & x does n ext5d ev5 aft] long /&+4 ,! glaze may be und]fir$4 ,9 ?is case ! l9es ( ! crack are brok5 & irregul>1 "o (t5 *ang+ its direction )\t meet+ ano!r crack4 ,9 all ^! cases ! rem$y is obvi\s4 ,craz+ also occurs :5 bo? body & glaze are correctly fir$ b !re is an inh]5t disagreem5t 9 expansion4 ,9 su* a case a little fl9t add$ ei!r to ! body or to ! glaze w t5d to cure ! tr\ble b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! addition ( fl9t to ! glaze is apt to r5d] x less fusible & !re=e :ile "o craze may be cur$ ano!r may be caus$4 ,! addition ( fl9t to ! body is ! simple/ rem$y4 #b4 ,%iv]+ or peel+4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( craz+ & is caus$ by ! glaze be+ too l>ge = ! body4 ,x almo/ always appe>s imm$iately ! w>e is cool$4 ,! symptoms are t edges or convex surfaces are pu%$ (f & ev5 ! w>e itself is %att]$4 ,! rem$y is to decrease ! fl9t 9 ei!r body or glaze4 #c4 ,bli/]+4 ,glazes1 bo? bright & matt1 are apt to develop bli/]s at times4 ,^! may be yet unbrok5 :5 ! kiln is op5$ or !y may h melt$ d[n to a small crat]1 a r+ ) a depression 9 ! c5t]4 ,! cause ( ?is fault is usually to be f\nd 9 ! body4 ,all clays conta9 sulphur & :5 a clay is ag$ ?is develops an acid :i* rises to ! surface ( ! w>e :5 dri$ & causes a scum4 ,! glaze attacks ?is sulphate scum & a gas is g5]at$ :i* boils out & causes ! bli/]s4 ,if old clay bli/]s & new clay does n x may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ?is is ! cause4 ,a little b>ium c>bonate add$ to ! clay w help to effect a cure4 ,ab\t "o p] c5t4 is usually en\gh4 ,clay s treat$1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be us$ 9 pla/] molds z ! b>ium attacks ! pla/]4 ,if ! cause be n f\nd 9 ! clay x may exi/ 9 ! glaze itself4 ,"s glaze +r$i5ts conta9 impurities 9 ! =m ( sulphates & ^! w cause bli/]s4 #d4 ,! glaze fl[s1 leav+ b>e places4 ,x is too fluid1 add a little clay & fl9t4 #e4 ,a matt glaze burns to a bright surface4 ,matt glazes mu/ be us$ 9 a v ?ick coat4 ,if too ?9 !y w inevitably bright54 ,! fire may be too high4 ,! fire may be r$uc+1 t is1 ) insuffici5t air4 #f4 ,! glaze crawls or rolls up 9 lumps4 ,notice :e!r ! glaze is crack$ be=e burn+4 ,if s x w surely crawl4 ,too f9e gr9d+ is usually ! cause ( ?is tr\ble4 ,too mu* clay 9 ! glaze may cause x1 or a too por\s body4 ,a body :i* is und]fir$ w almo/ c]ta9ly cause ! glaze to crawl4 #g4 ,p9holes appe> 9 ! glaze :5 cool4 ,too rapid cool+ is ! cause4 ,,"p ,,vi3 ,,alkal9e ,,glazes ,! glory ( ! ,p]sian & ,egyptian blue is too allur+ = pott]s to )/&4 ,?\gh ! pursuit ( ?is glory leads "o into all k9ds ( disa/]s & failures1 ! av5ues ( rese>* t x op5s add un5d+ fasc9ation to ! /udy4 ,ev5 "o beautiful gl[+ pot out ( tw5ty or m ef=ts is a /imulat+ a*ievem5t ?\gh x %\ld n be ?\ght t ?is is ! usual proportion4 ,x is a cont9ual s\rce ( a/oni%m5t t ) a slight v>iation ( glaze =mula a positive gre5 w swim into a vibrat+ blue4 ,! addition or sub/itution ( "o sub/ance or ano!r 9 ! glaze mix may be ! key to an unexpect$ trans=mation & may give ! pott] a new palette ( color4 ,! clay body has a v positive effect on alkal9e glaze bo? 9 its composition & its color4 ,?is is especially true "u a transp>5t glaze :]e ! effect is consid]able s9ce ! color ( ! glaze w\ld be modifi$ by ! r$ or buff clay %[+ ?r\gh4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! object ( ! pott] is to obta9 a brilliant ,p]sian blue1 a :ite clay body mu/ be compos$ or a :ite engobe appli$ ov] ! buff or r$ clay to hide ! color4 ,! ,p]sians & ,egyptians us$ a co>se1 s&y body high 9 silica & cov]$ ! r\ghness ( ! clay ) a f9e :ite engobe on :i* !y pa9t$ _! decorations 9 v>i\s colors4 ,! :ole 0 f9ally cov]$ ) ! transp>5t alkal9e glaze4 ,:ile ! effect ( color$ clay "u opaque glaze is less pron\nc$1 x /ill makes suffici5t diff]5ce to be consid]$4 ,! ^w engobe is ,fr5* & ref]s to a ?9 coat+ ( clay1 also call$ a slip1 laid ov] a color$ body to *ange ! color or ov] a co>se body to give a f9] texture4 ,! engobe is usually compos$ ( *9a clay1 fl9t1 & feldsp> mu* z a :ite e>!nw>e body is con/itut$ b ) a l>g] cont5t ( fl9t4 ,ball clay may also be us$ b ! color is n s :ite4 ,! mixture ( porcela9 giv5 on page =ty w make an engobe suitable = _m clay bodies4 ,if x %\ld crack on dry+ m fl9t %\ld be add$4 ,an engobe mu/1 ( c\rse1 be put ^u ! unburn$ or gre5 clay w>e & ?is %\ld be lea!r h>d1 n dry4 ,! body ) ! engobe may be burn$ be=e glaz+ or ! glaze may be put ^u ! unburn$ w>e & ! :ole subject$ to "o fire only4 ,! +r$i5ts 9 alkal9e glazes are soda-a%1 :it+1 feldsp>1 fl9t & oxide ( t94 ,! foll[+ is an example ( a fritt$ glaze3 ,na#b,o 4#fj ,k#b,o 4#aj ,al#b,o#c 4#aj ,si,o#b #a4cj ,ca,o 4#cj ,soda ,a% #fd ,:it+ #cj ,feldsp> #ef ,fl9t #db ,! entire bat* is fritt$ & gr\nd 9 a ball mill ) ! usual am\nt ( wat] = fritt gr9d+1 add+ a tablespoonful ( gum tragacan? mucilage to ! bat* aft] x is siev$4 ,! glaze %\ld be ! consi/5cy ( heavy cream :5 us$4 ,x is also possible to use an alkal9e glaze 9 ! raw or unfritt$ /ate4 ,?is necessitates gr9d+ by h& 9 a mort>1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 to mix ! dry +r$i5ts ?or\ghly be=e add+ wat] & to /ir ! glaze con/antly :ile p\r+ 9 ! wat]1 o!rwise ! soda-a% w cake & h>d5 & be v difficult to break up4 ,a bat* ( glaze c be gr\nd by h& 9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes if done vigor\sly4 ,x is !n put ?r\gh a #abj-me% sieve4 ,! consi/5cy is ( importance4 ,if too mu* wat] has be5 add$ & ! glaze has become ?91 x _c be us$ successfully & %\ld be disc>d$4 ,unfritt$ alkal9e glaze does n keep well :5 moi/ b ! +r$i5ts c be gr\nd dry & kept ready to be moi/5$ z ne$$4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( an unfritt$ alkal9e glaze3 ,na#b,o 4#ei ,ca,o 4#ba ,al#b,o#c 4#bj ,si,o#b #a4f ,k#b,o 4#bj ,soda ,a% #fb ,:it+ #ba ,feldsp> #aaa ,fl9t #bd ,= color add ! foll[+ oxides to a bat*4 #a4 ,egyptian blue1 opaque--f #e to #h grams ( black oxide ( copp]--#af grams ( oxide ( t94 #b4 ,p]sian blue1 opaque--f #h to #aj grams ( black oxide ( copp]--#af grams ( oxide ( t94 #c4 ,sapphire blue--#a gram black oxide ( cobalt4 #d4 ,aub]g9e--#i grams black oxide ( manganese4 ,! cle> glaze )\t any color+ oxide c be us$ ov] any ( ! color$ glazes4 ,?is is sometimes necess>y :5 ! color$ glaze conta9s su* a l>ge proportion ( color+ oxide z to %[ black on ! surface4 ,! application ( alkal9e glaze is v important4 ,any ( ! ?ree me?ods ( p\r+1 dipp+1 & bru%+ c be employ$4 ,bru%+ seems to give ! be/ results b ! glaze mu/ be put on ?ick1 9 two or ?ree coats1 to give quality4 ,! fir+ is int]e/+ & important because ( ! v>i$ effects x develops f ! same =mula4 ,! range ( temp]ature is great1 v>y+ f cone 4#je to #a1 develop+ ! alkal9e glaze accord+ to ! result desir$4 ,if ! biscuit is s(t fir$ ! color w be m int5se2 if h>d fir$1 ! color w be mu* light] 9 value ) a high %e5 on ! surface4 ,an unfritt$ alkal9e glaze burn$ to 4#je develops a s(t matt f9i%4 ,:]e ! color ( a transp>5t ,p]sian blue comes out olive gre51 too little glaze has be5 us$ on ! piece or ! buff ( ! clay has modifi$ ! color4 ,bubbles mean undevelop$ glaze or sulphur 9 ! clay or fuel4 ,black scum %[s an excess ( copp] 9 ! bat*1 or r$uction 9 ! fire4 ,s& pap] surface proves too l[ fir+ or too ?9 a glaze4 ,if "o desires to reproduce ! und]glaze ,p]sian decoration ! black outl9es may be drawn ) a black und]glaze color mix$ ) clay4 ,a little mucilage mu/ be add$ to secure smoo? work+4 ,! turquoise blue is copp] oxide1 ! d>k blue cobalt1 & ! purple manganese4 ,! oxides mu/ be dilut$ ) :ite clay & us$ r ?94 ,! ,rhodian r$ is a f9ely gr\nd r$ burn+ clay mix$ ) a little fl9t4 ,?is r$ mu/ be laid on q ?ickly4 ,x w probably be f\nd necess>y to fire ! pa9t$ decoration to ab\t cone 4#jc be=e glaz+4 ,! glaze may be ei!r q cle> or slightly t9t$4 ,ano!r effect may be produc$ by us+ ! black outl9e alone "u a peacock blue or turquoise glaze4 ,a great _m modifications & additions to ?is subject w sugge/ !mselves to ! pott] z he works1 & a cont9ual /udy ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! ,p]sians 9 ! museums w prove ! greate/ inspiration4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi3 ,,decoration ,! necessity = "s k9d ( decoration ^u ! clay w always be a po9t ( diff]5ce among/ arti/s4 ,"s pref] ! simple =m ) a glaze treatm5t only1 o!rs consid] t ! surface %\ld be brok5 up by design4 ,! "q w n be debat$ "h4 ,! aim ( ?is h&-book is in/ruction & ! individuality ( ! work] is to be enc\rag$4 ,directions = execut+ ! diff]5t treatm5ts d n imply t ^! elaborations are advocat$4 ,t mu/ be left to ! inspiration ( ! work]4 ,decorations may be appli$ ^u ! s(t clay by incis+1 inlay+ & emboss+2 ^u ! dry clay or ^u ! burn$ pott]y 9 color "u ! glaze or ) no glaze at all2 9 ! glaze by ! use ( colors or color$ glazes2 or ov] ! glaze ) colors & enamels4 ,ea* ( ^! me?ods possesses special features4 ,ea* has its own possibilities & limitations & ^! %\ld be ma/]$ by ! craftsman4 ,z 9 ! production ( =m a well-plann$ design %\ld be prep>$4 ,! fir/ sket* %\ld be made on pap] or on a slab ( clay b ! fitt+ & f9al arrangem5t are be/ made on ! piece itself4 ,incis+ consi/s 9 ! excavation ( a %all[ tr5* or tr\gh on ! surface ( ! clay4 ,! vase or j> hav+ be5 f9i%$ %\ld be kept 9 a damp place s t ! clay does n dry out completely4 ,! design may be made 9 ,india ink ) a bru%4 ,a /eel tool ) a n>r[ *isel end is us$ = cutt+ & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! clay is 9 su* a condition ( moi/ure z w admit ( a clean tr5* be+ dug )\t any r\gh or brok5 edges4 ,! bottom ( ! tr5* ne$ n be v smoo? b ! edges %\ld be %>p & ! l9es well def9$4 ,at ! same "t a me*anical h>dness ( f9i% is to be avoid$4 ,! pla/ic nature ( ! clay %\ld be kept 9 m9d & e surface1 ?\gh decid$ 9 "*1 %\ld be s(t & expressive4 ,?is result c be secur$ by work+ ov] ! cutt+ ) a moi/ camel-hair bru%4 ,! "w mu/ n be mopp$ s z to leave a woolly effect1 b a little sympa!tic p5cil+ w remove ! h>d l9es ( ! tool4 ,!re are two possible developm5ts ( incis$ "w4 ,! details ( ! design may be excavat$ or ! backgr\nd may be cut out leav+ ! draw+ 9 relief4 ,9 model+ embossm5ts ! piece %\ld be a little s(t] ?an = incis+4 ,x is important t 9 any clay "w atta*$ to a clay body ! same am\nt ( moi/ure %\ld be pres5t 9 bo? p>ts4 ,?is is n entirely possible 9 model+ ^u =ms :i* h already be5 %ap$1 = if ! =m be z s(t z model+ clay x w n be> to be h&l$1 :ile if ! clay 7 z h>d z ! =m x c\ld n be work$4 ,a compromise is !re=e necess>y4 ,! vase mu/ be kept z s(t z possible consi/5t ) hold+ its %ape & ! clay mu/ be z /iff z ! work+ w all[4 ,z little wat] z possible %\ld be us$ & ! model+ %\ld n be br\ght to its full height at once4 ,if ! clay be laid on little by little !re is mu* less *ance ( crack+4 ,l[ relief is sometimes produc$ by pa9t+ 9 slip b "h ev5 m c>e is necess>y4 ,! slip %\ld be laid on ) a bru% 9 ?9 coats1 ea* coat be+ all[$ to /iff5 be=e ano!r is appli$ & ! :ole "w be+ kept moi/4 ,an atomiz] ) clean wat] is useful 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! "w1 be+ kept on a :irl] or turntable1 is spray$ n[ & !n ) wat] & ?us prev5t$ f becom+ too h>d4 ,:5 ! slip "w has be5 rais$ to ! desir$ height ! surface is tool$ ov] s z to remove ! bru% m>ks4 ,?is is ! me?od :i* has be5 br\ght to su* p]fection by ! ,fr5* arti/s & by !m nam$ pte-sur-pte4 ,model$ "w is g5]ally c>ri$ out 9 ! same clay z t ( :i* ! =m is made & dep5ds ^u high relief = its effect4 ,slip pa9t+ is usually done 9 a diff]5t color & if a light-color$ slip be us$ ^u a d>k clay1 ! latt] is p>tially se5 ?r\gh ! coat+ 9 ! ?9ne/ places4 ,?is fact is made use ( to acc5tuate ! %ad[ effects4 ,9 us+ "o clay ov] ano!r great c>e mu/ be tak5 to insure t ! fire %r9kage is ! same4 ,! :ite body already giv51 or inde$1 any light color$ clay1 may be t9t$ by ! addition ( "u-glaze colors4 ,! dry color1 if sift$ v f9e1 may be add$ to ! pla/ic clay by ?or\gh knead+ & w$g+ b x is bett] to "w up ! clay into a slip & to /ir 9 ! color4 ,! t9t$ slip is !n lawn$ two or ?ree times & dri$ out on pla/] or us$ 9 ! slip /ate z ! case may be4 ,a trial %\ld be made be=e any important "w is und]tak51 bo? to see t ! color is "r & to discov] any discrepancy 9 %r9kage4 ,if a clay %r9ks too mu*1 a little gr\nd fl9t may be add$4 ,if x %r9ks too little1 a little ball clay w correct x4 ,! t9t produc$ by ! color is apt to d>k5 9 ! kiln b ! g5]al hue w be simil> to t ( ! color us$4 ,= "s classes ( "w a native r$ clay gives admirable results4 ,x may be light5$ by ! use ( kaol9 & fl9t & d>k5$ by add+ burnt umb]4 ,^! colors are m satisfactory ?an gre5s & blues 9 clay because ! br[n & r$ tones are natural1 ! o!rs are artificial4 ,if a good buff-burn+ clay be available1 x =ms ! be/ possible f\ndation = color "w4 ,burnt umb] w d>k5 x & r$ clay may be mix$ ) x1 always hav+ reg>d to ! matt] ( %r9kage already m5tion$4 ,v pleas+ effects may be produc$ by inlay+ "o clay ) ano!r4 ,! patt]n or design is fir/ cut out z describ$ "u incis+ & !n ! second clay is press$1 morsel by morsel1 into ! excavation4 ,! surface is clean$ (f level ) ! body ( ! piece & ! :ole may be ei!r poli%$ or glaz$4 ,a pla/ic clay c be poli%$ :5 lea!r h>d & ! f9i% w rema9 aft] fir+4 ,any tool ( /eel1 boxwood or ivory w d ! "w b a good supply ( pati5ce is ne$$ s t ! :ole surface may be uni=mly treat$4 ,= color decoration ^u ! pott]y1 ord9>y und]glaze colors are us$1 ei!r ^u ! unburn$ clay or ^u ! burn$ w>e commonly call$ biscuit4 ,= use ^u ! clay1 ! colors %\ld be mix$ 9 wat]1 us+ a little molasses1 sug>1 glyc]9e or gum arabic to make ! color fl[ easily f ! bru%4 ,be=e burn+1 a little glaze %\ld be spray$ ov] ! "w ) an atomiz]4 ,any ord9>y fusible glaze w d4 ,x is dilut$ ) a good deal ( wat] z only ! v ?9ne/ coat is necess>y4 ,! spray %\ld n be held long 9 "o place or ! wat] w fl[ & sme> ! color4 ,if ! piece be turn$ sl[ly ar\nd ! clay w absorb ! wat] z x is appli$4 ,if ?is spray+ be n done ! colors w be apt to rub (f aft] burn+4 ,"u-glaze colors are n fusible & h5ce !y come f ! fire z dry p[d]s4 ,! "w on ! biscuit is mu* ! same except t turp5t9e & fat oil con/itute a bett] work+ m$ium4 ,:5 dry ! spray %\ld be appli$ z be=e4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii3 ,,! ,,fire ,kilns & burn+ =m ! pivot ^u :i* ! art ( ! pott] turns4 ,m4 ,doat has said1 ,a pott] c no m express himself )\t 8 kiln ?an c a viol9i/ )\t 8 viol91 & yet !re are "s :o try to make out by s5d+ _! "w to "s ne>by pott]y to be burn$4 ,let x be at once und]/ood t he :o f9ds x impossible to procure & manage a kiln _h be/ take to "s o!r craft4 ,kilns are ( two types1 op5 & muffle4 ,9 ! op5 kiln ! flames pass ?r\gh ! fir+ *amb] & ! w>e may be expos$ to _! action1 z 9 /onew>e & brick2 or x may be enclos$ 9 ! fire-clay cases1 call$ sagg]s1 z 9 ! _m =ms ( pott]y1 di%es or fai5ce4 ,! muffle kiln is a clos$ *amb] :i* is surr\nd$ by flames b :i* is n ent]$ by !m4 ,^! kilns are us$ 9 ! manufacture ( t]ra cotta & heavy enamel w>es1 & ! portable kilns made = /udio use are ( ?is type4 ,!re are c]ta9 advantages to be ga9$ 9 ! use ( ei!r type ( kiln b inasmu* z ! op5 kiln involves ! use ( sagg]s & z1 moreov]1 x mu/ be prop]ly con/ruct$ ( fire-brick by a skill$ mason1 x w be be/ to consid] only ! portable /udio kiln4,m ,m ,^! kilns are made 9 sev]al sizes by ! ,h4 ,j4 ,caulk9s ,company1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,x mu/ n be expect$ t any kiln w give p]fect satisfaction4 ,nei!r built kiln nor portable kiln w d ?is1 b ei!r may be reli$ ^u to d excell5t "w 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o w take tr\ble4 ,a kiln ( ! prop] size hav+ be5 pur*as$1 x mu/ be c>efully in/all$4 ,a good *imney is an absolute necessity & if "o c be built on purpose x w be be/4 ,x %\ld be at lea/ tw5ty-five feet high ) ! bottom l9$ ) fire-brick to a height ( six or eight feet4 ,! portable kiln is set on iron legs :i* raise x ab\t "o foot f ! floor4 ,?is is n en\gh = easy "w & a plat=m ( brick or /one1 t5 in*es high1 %\ld be prep>$4 ,?is w greatly simplify ! obs]vation & managem5t ( ! burn]s :i* are b5ea? ! kiln1 & if x %\ld make ! inside ( ! muffle h>d to rea*1 x is easi] to /& on a box to att5d to ! kiln ?an x is to g on "o's knees to ! burn]4 ,! kiln room %\ld h a cem5t floor & %\ld be bo? well dra9$ & well v5tilat$4 ,at ! w9d[ !re %\ld be a /\t b5* :]e ! "w ( prep>ation may be done & at a conv5i5t spot !re %\ld be %elves = /ilts1 cones1 wa%1 /opp+ & all ! m9or accessories ( burn+4 ,if !re is room = a b>rel ( oil x w be a conv5i5ce1 & if ! room be fire-pro( ! insurance company w n object4 ,! kiln hav+ arriv$ x is m\nt$ on ! plat=m & ! asbe/os-l9$ pipe is securely connect$ ) ! *imney4 ,! inside ( ! muffle is exam9$ ) c>e to see t no "p has be5 j>r$ 9 transit4 ,! res]voir cans are fill$ ) oil & a sl[ fire is />t$4 ,?is %\ld be all[$ to burn v g5tly = an h\r or two 9 ord] to ?or\ghly dry out & season ! kiln4 ,x is a good plan to make up a wa% ( equal p>ts ( kaol9 & fl9t & to bru% ?is all ov] ! inside ( ! kiln4 ,x %\ld n be put on s ?ick z to %ell (f f ! walls b at ! bottom a good coat+ may be laid4 ,?is protects ! walls ( ! kiln f ! attacks ( glaze & w make !m la/ long]4 ,9 ord] to fill ! kiln economically a numb] ( props & bats mu/ be provid$4 ,"s ( ^! are s5t out ) ! kiln b "o is always ne$+ odd sizes & extra pieces4 ,! props are simply legs ( burn$ clay2 !y are ( any height desir$ & %\ld be ?ick en\gh to /& alone4 ,! bats are slabs ( burn$ clay & !y re/ on ! props to =m %elves4 ,! bats mu/ be ?ick en\gh to be> ! weight ( any pieces :i* !y may be call$ ^u to support1 b !y ne$ n be v l>ge z two or m may be us$ to bridge ! wid? & l5g? ( ! kiln4 ,bats & props are be/ made ( sagg] clay to :i* has be5 add$ ab\t "o-?ird ( cru%$ fire-brick4 ,brok5 bats s]ve well = ?is aft] ! fir/ supply has be5 secur$4 ,?is cru%$ burn$ clay1 call$ grog1 has a v important influ5ce ^u w>es :i* h to be heat$ aga9 & aga94 ,! size us$ %\ld be ab\t :at w pass ?r\gh a #af-me% sieve1 & if ! du/ be sift$ out ?r\gh a #dh-me% sieve1 ! result+ w>e w be /rong]4 ,t is1 only ! grog :i* passes a #af sieve b lies ^u a #dh sieve %\ld be us$4 ,! relative proportions ( clay & grog 9 ! mix w dep5d some:at ^u ! nature ( ! clay4 ,?ree p>ts ( clay to two ( grog by measure w be ab\t "r4 ,! fir/ *>g+ ( ! kiln %\ld be ) pieces ( no great importance4 ,! temp]ature 9 diff]5t p>ts mu/ be c>efully asc]ta9$4 ,9 ord] to d ?is a numb] ( pyrometric cones,n are prep>$ 9 gr\ps ( ?ree4 ,n ,! pyrometric cones are fusible pyramids = te/+ heat4 ,!y are made by ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,orton1 ,jr41 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,let u suppose t ! "w is int5d$ to be c>ri$ out at a temp]ature ( ,cone ,no4 #ja4 ,! numb]s run bo? ways f ?is4 ,! high] or less fusible cones are1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 up to #cf1 & ! m fusible numb]s are #jb1 #jc1 etc41 d[n to #jbb4 ,if ! fir+ is to be to ,cone #ja1 numb]s #jb1 #ja & #a are select$ & set upright 9 a small /rip ( s(t clay4 ,eight or t5 ( ^! gr\ps ( ?ree cones are to be prep>$ = ! fir/ fir+1 s z to te/ ! kiln1 "o gr\p is plac$ 9 ea* corn]1 at ! bottom1 & ano!r 9 ea* corn] on a %elf1 :i* is arrang$ opposite ! spy-hole 9 ! door4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is1 :]e x c be well se5 ?r\gh ! hole1 "o ( ! gr\ps ( cones is plac$4 ,!y mu/ be set s t all ?ree cones are visible z ! kiln is be+ fir$4 ,! kiln is n[ fill$ up on bo? levels ) pieces ( pott]y4 ,to burn an empty kiln is n a reliable te/4 ,on ! fir/ occasion ! fire %\ld be />t$ 9 ! morn+ because no "o c tell j h[ long ! burn w take4 ,:5 ?is "t is asc]ta9$ x is be/ to />t ! fire s t ! kiln w be f9i%$ by e>ly ev5+4 ,! cool+ !n takes place at night & !re is no temptation to op5 ! door too soon4 ,! fire is />t$ sl[ly & ! fl[ ( oil is gradually increas$ z ! muffle beg9s to gl[4 ,! "w "h ne$s practice1 n]ve & judgm5t4 ,a good deal ( smoke w be se5 at ! *imney at fir/ b ?is %\ld disappe> z ! kiln gr[s r$4 ,if ! fire be urg$ too /rongly at ! beg9n+ fuel w be consum$ to no purpose1 ! only result be+ ! *ok+ ( ! flues ) c>bon4 ,z ! r$ becomes visible ?r\gh ! spy-hole1 m oil may be suppli$1 b notice mu/ be tak5 t ! smoke at ! *imney does n increase4 ,! ideal fir+ is :]e !re is no smoke b ?is _c be rea*$ until ! kiln is hot en\gh to cause ! smoke to burn4 ,p]sons :o h burn$ kilns = ov]glaze "w w f9d ! me?od ( burn+ pott]y v diff]5t4 ,in/ead ( a fire br\ght z rapidly z possible to ! f9i%+ po9t1 !re mu/ n[ be a sl[ soak+ burn 9 :i* ! heat %all h "t to saturate ! w>e4 ,! cones 9 front ( ! spy-hole mu/ be obs]v$ f "t to "t & pres5tly z ! kiln rea*es a bright *]ry r$1 numb] #jb w beg9 to b5d at ! tip & w gradually ar* ov] until ! po9t t\*es ! %elf ^u :i* ! cones /&4 ,by ?is "t numb] #ja w h begun to b5d & :5 ! po9t ( ?is has t\*$ ! %elf1 ! fir+ is ov] & ! oil is %ut (f4 ,x requires "s resolution to leave a kiln until morn+ b x is conducive to e>ly ris+ anyway4 ,! kiln ne$ n be q cold b x w help ! kiln itself to we> bett] & ! pott]y w be bett] if no?+ is done until ev]y?+ c be h&l$ )\t gloves4 ,! cones are n[ tak5 out & a diagram is made ( ea* level ) ! b5d ( ea* cone accurately drawn4 ,?is diagram %\ld be m\nt$ & hung on ! wall = ref]5ce4 ,x is n well to tru/ to memory4 ,x w probably be f\nd1 9 ! type ( kiln we are discuss+1 t ! cones on ! bottom h b5t fur!r ?an ^? on ! %elf4 ,t is1 ! bottom is some:at ! hott]4 ,! v>iation 9 ! kiln is n necess>ily a disadvantage4 ,x may be utiliz$ 9 burn+ w>es ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,= example1 if ! bottom prove mu* ! hott]1 ! biscuit w>e may be plac$ bel[ & ! glaz$ pieces on ! %elf4 ,9 su* case ! %elf itself %\ld be wa%$ ) a good coat+ ( clay & fl9t 9 ord] to protect x f casual drops ( glaze4 ,if a numb] ( small pieces are be+ made1 m ?an "o %elf %\ld be set up4 ,! legs may be j a little tall] ?an ! talle/ ( ! small pieces1 b ! art ( plac+ or fill+ a kiln economically consi/s 9 mak+ selection ( pieces :i* fit well toge!r bo? z reg>ds height & %ape4 ,?us1 pieces :i* are l>ge at ! base may be dovetail$ 9 ) o!rs ( :i* ! base is small] ?an ! upp] "p4 ,9 ! case ( clay w>e ! pieces may be set close toge!r or ev5 pil$ "o ^u ano!r4 ,!re is no dang] ( /ick+ unless ! w>e is burn$ to complete vitrification4 ,! glaz$ pieces mu/ n1 ( c\rse1 t\* ea* o!r4 ,x w be se51 f ^! in/ructions1 t !re %\ld be a good assortm5t ( w>es f :i* to select4 ,economical fir+ _c be manag$ if a burn be attempt$ :5ev] a piece is ready1 & pati5ce mu/ be ex]cis$ s z to fill ! kiln to advantage4 ,x is important t anyone attempt+ to burn a kiln %\ld h "s und]/&+ ( ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion4 ,_m ?+s occur 9 ! fir+ :i*1 )\t su* an und]/&+1 are n easily expla9$ b :i* become p]fectly cle> :5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( simple *emical sci5ce4 ,combu/ion means oxidation or a comb9ation betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! fuel1 pr9cipally c>bon & hydrog51 & ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is comb9ation is a *emical action & z x proce$s heat is lib]at$4 ,) a giv5 am\nt ( a specific fuel & a giv5 am\nt ( air !re is always ! same am\nt ( heat1 b ! rate at :i* ?is heat is giv5 (f v>ies ) ! "t occupi$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,heat may be g5]at$ sl[ly :i* means a l[ temp]ature1 or ! same volume ( heat may be g5]at$ rapidly1 occupy+ a mu* %ort] "t & develop+ a high] temp]ature4 ,f ^! /atem5ts x w be se5 t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 heat & temp]ature2 heat means volume1 temp]ature means int5sity4 ,?us ! temp]ature d]ivable f a giv5 am\nt ( fuel dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ) :i* x is burn$4 ,combu/ion may be ei!r complete or incomplete4 ,9 ! =m] case en\gh air is suppli$ to oxidize all ! fuel )1 usually1 "s excess4 ,! cont5ts ( ! kiln are !n ba!d 9 ! heat$ oxyg5 & ! condition ( ! burn+ is call$ oxidiz+4 ,:5 ! combu/ion is incomplete1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a defici5cy ( oxyg54 ,! kiln is *>g$ ) hot c>bonace\s gases & smoke1 & ^!1 be+ hungry = oxyg51 w ab/ract x f any sub/ance :i* may be pres5t4 ,?is condition is call$ r$uc+ because ! comp\nds :i* exi/ 9 clay or glaze are depriv$ ( oxyg5 & ?us r$uc$ to a l[] /ate ( oxidation4 ,9 burn+ a kiln "o %\ld be able to produce ei!r ( ^! conditions at w because !re are c]ta9 w>es :i* require "o or ! o!r 9 ord] to secure ! be/ results4 ,to put ! matt] 9 a nut%ell1 oxidiz+ conditions are induc$ by a /rong draft & op5 flues1 r$uc+ conditions are obta9$ by clos+ ! air inlets & us+ a lib]al am\nt ( fuel4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii3 ,,high-,,temp]ature ,,w>es ,! subject ( ,gr& ,feu ,c]amics has be5 s ably develop$ by ,m4 ,taxile ,doat 9 8 admirable treatise,p t x w be unnecess>y to g deeply into ! matt]1 b 9 ord] t ! read] may be aw>e ( :at is involv$1 "s description ( ! te*nique w be giv54 ,p ,k]amic ,/udio ,publi%+ ,co41 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h>d-fir$ w>es are divid$ into two classes1 porcela9 & /onew>e4 ,! latt] is call$ by ! ,fr5*1 ,grs1 an abbreviation ( ! "n ,grs de ,fl&res1 ! /onew>e made 9 ! l[ c\ntries 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,bo? ^! w>es are1 te*nically1 once fir$1 t is1 ! body & glaze come to maturity at "o & ! same burn+4 ,! biscuit w>e is (t5 giv5 a l[ burn at fir/ 9 ord] to facilitate h&l+1 b ?is leaves ! body v por\s & is 9 no s5se a matur+ fire4 ,! glaze is laid ^u ?is por\s w>e1 or ^u ! unburn$ clay if pref]r$1 & !n comes ! high fire or ,gr& ,feu ( ! ,fr5*4 ,a mix = a porcela9 body has already be5 giv5 b if ! c]ami/ means s]i\sly to attack ! porcela9 problem he w h to d "s exp]im5tal "w = himself4 ,! ,georgia kaol9 m5tion$ 9 ! recipe on page #dj is a good1 pla/ic clay b x is slightly (f color4 ,x may be necess>y to improve ! color by ! use1 9 "p1 ( ano!r kaol9 su* z ! ,h>ris clay f ,nor? ,c>ol9a4,q ,q ,! ,h>ris ,kaol9 ,company1 ,dillsboro1 ,n4 ,c4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! prep>ation ( a f9e porcela9 x is necess>y to gr9d ! :ole mix ^u a mill4 ,! mill us$ = glaze gr9d+ w answ] e purpose & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! gr9d+1 :ile c>ri$ f> en\gh1 be n too long cont9u$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( f9e grit 9 ! body mass is necess>y b only by con/ant practice c ! "r po9t be rea*$4 ,9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts ea* /ep %\ld be fai?fully not$ 9 a h&y book4 ,! am\nt ( wat] to a giv5 weight ( clay & ! duration ( ! gr9d+ %\ld be accurately obs]v$ & writt5 d[n4 ,x is mo/ unwise to tru/ to memory4 ,! process ( ca/+ may be us$ = porcela9 z already describ$1 b ! v be/ ( workman%ip is necess>y4 ,! h>d fire to :i* ! porcela9 is subject$ reveals e error :i* has occurr$ 9 ! mak+4 ,! same ?+ applies to :eel "w4 ,n only is great skill requir$ 9 ord] to %ape ! t5d] porcela9 clay on ! :eel b ! v ess5ce ( ! porcela9 is its lightness1 to produce :i* by craftsman%ip a long & ardu\s c\rse ( tra9+ mu/ be endur$4 ,/onew>e is free f _m ( ^! difficulties &1 consequ5tly "o :o attempts ! conque/ ( high-temp]ature w>es is advis$ to beg9 ) ?is4 ,/onew>e clay ne$ n be a mixture4 ,!re are _m clays :i* c be us$ = ! manufacture ( grs ) no m prep>ation ?an t laid d[n = common clays4,r ,x sometimes happ5s t a clay w ne$ ! addition ( a small quantity ( fl9t or sp> b ?is does n am\nt to a difficulty4 ,r ,/onew>e clays may be procur$ f ,! ,we/]n ,/onew>e ,company1 ,monm\?1 ,ill42 ,h4 ,c4 ,p]r9e & ,sons1 ,s\? ,amboy1 ,n4 ,j4 ,/onew>e does n pres5t ! same manufactur+ difficulties z are f\nd 9 porcela94 ,! clay is q pla/ic & c be easily %ap$ on ! :eel2 ca/+ is sc>cely a suitable process = ?is w>e4 ,! ess5ce ( /onew>e is /r5g? & virility1 j z t ( porcela9 is lightness & grace4 ,ea* w>e has =ms suit$ to itself & x is a mi/ake to dep>t f ^! ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,aft] %ap+ & dry+ ! te*nical manipulation ( bo? w>es proce$s along ! usual l9es4 ,! fir/ fire is at a v l[ temp]ature4 ,! melt+ po9t ( silv] 7cone #jaj7 is en\gh 9 ne>ly e case4 ,?is leaves ! w>e 9 a s(t & por\s condition b h>d en\gh to resi/ ! action ( wat]4 ,! process ( glaz+ has already be5 describ$ b ! composition ( ! prop] glazes diff]s f t ( l[ temp]ature glazes4 ,porcela9 is always burn$ 9 a r$uc+ fire2 /onew>e may be burn$ ei!r r$uc+ or oxidiz+4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! glaze is burn$ is v high1 x mu/ be1 9 fact1 ! matur+ po9t ( ! body itself4 ,! simple/ =m ( porcela9 glaze is t repres5t$ by ! =mula-- ,k#b,o 4#c ,ca,o 4#g ,al#b,o#c 4#e ,si,o#b #d4j ,:i* is c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mixture3 ,feldsp> #afg ,:it+ #gj ,kaol9 #eb ,fl9t #ajh ---- ,! glaze is gr\nd = use4 ,! same glaze w also s]ve = /onew>e b x w burn to a brilliant surface :]eas /onew>e is bett] :5 f9i%$ ) a matt texture4 ,! foll[+ is a /onew>e matt glaze3 ,k#b,o 4#c ,ca,o 4#g ,al#b,o#c 4#g ,si,o#b #b4f ,( :i* =mula ! mixture is-- ,feldsp> #afg ,:it+ #gj ,calc9$ ,kaol9 #ff ,raw ,kaol9 #bf ---- ,! porcela9 glaze is at its be/ :5 uncolor$4 ,! matt glaze w be m int]e/+ :5 us$ z a color$ coat+4 ,! foll[+ are a few sugge/ions = color$ matt /onew>e glazes4 ,to ! glaze bat*1 #cbi p>ts1 add3 ,= blue3 ,cobalt ,oxide #b p>ts ,nickel ,oxide #a "p ,gr\nd ,rutile #aj p>ts ,= br[n3 ,iron ,oxide #f p>ts ,nickel ,oxide #c p>ts ,gr\nd ,rutile #aj p>ts ,= gre53 ,*rome ,oxide #b p>ts ,cobalt ,oxide #a "p ,iron ,oxide #d p>ts ,= d>k r$3 ,iron ,oxide #aj p>ts ,*rome ,oxide #b p>ts ,z9c ,oxide #f p>ts ,rutile has n be=e be5 m5tion$4 ,x is a crude oxide ( titanium & is exce$+ly useful 9 high temp]ature "w = produc+ odd1 mossy & cry/all9e effects4 ,^! mixtures make no pret5se to be complete1 !y are giv5 z sugge/ions only because if ! arti/-pott] is to be successful he mu/ be prep>$ to comp\nd glazes :i* are ! expression ( 8 own individuality4 ,= burn+ high-temp]ature w>es ! kilns already describ$ may be us$ b ^u pur*as+ x %\ld be /ipulat$ t ! kiln is to /& burn+ up to cone #aa or #ab4 ,successful porcela9 c be made at cone #aj b bett] results are secur$ at cone #ab1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! we> ^u ! kiln is proportionately great]4 ,/onew>e requires a burn ( ab\t cone #i1 high] or l[] accord+ to ! clay us$ b f9e results mu/ n be expect$ bel[ cone #g nor is x necess>y to g high] ?an cone #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,xix3 ,,clay-,,work+ ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,"o ( ! mod]n developm5ts ( clay-work+ is ! use ( x 9 elem5t>y & high s*ools z a bran* ( manual tra9+4 ,9 ?is1 clay meets ! mo/ exact+ ne$s ( ! "w = x af=ds a p]fect means ( self-expression4 ,o!r arts int]pose betwe5 ! pupil & 8 mat]ial a s]ies ( tools or appliances1 m or less elaborate1 :i* con/itute a b>ri] to ! p]sonal t\*4 ,clay pres5ts no su* ob/acles4 ,! t5 f+]s are all ! tools t are necess>y at ! beg9n+ &1 consequ5tly1 ! p]sonal equation 9 clay-work+ is rem>kably high4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5 ! *ildr5 take to clay "w z little ducks to wat] & ! int]e/ is nev] lo/4 ,9 ?is way1 clay1 in/ead ( add+ to ! labors ( a tea*] already ov]burd5$ by a ple?ora ( subjects1 con/itutes a real relief4 ,! "w is s int]e/+ t x moves along ( itself & all t is ne$$ is intellig5t direction4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y t anyone attempt+ to tea* clay-work+ to *ildr5 %\ld h a k ( me?ods & pr9ciples4 ,! ess5ce ( p[]1 especially 9 tea*+1 is res]ve1 b !re is great dang] 9 expect+ too mu* f small heads & h&s4 ,9 ! e>ly ex]cises ! skill ( ! tea*] %\ld ev5 be employ$ to conceal h] art4 ,x is a mi/ake to place be=e elem5t>y pupils "w :i* is f> beyond _! rea*4 ,let ! tea*] make be=e ! class some?+ :i* !y !mselves c d if !y try & !y w be enc\rag$ to great] ef=t4 ,a small cyl9d] is a suitable beg9n+ ex]cise = sev]al reasons4 ,! =m is def9ite & ! result may !re=e be easily criticiz$ by ! *ildr5 !mselves1 ! size ( ! piece may be readily adapt$ to ! small f+]s & ! simplicity ( l9e enables ! att5tion to be conc5trat$ ^u ! manipulation ( ! clay4 ,?is cyl9drical =m may be made m int]e/+ by ! addition ( little feet or h&les2 by a simple l9e bord] incis$ along ! upp] edge2 or by divid+ ! surface into well-spac$ panels4 ,! plann+ ( ! cyl9d] itself is a good ex]cise 9 rectangle proportion4 ,9 ord] to enable ! pupils to turn _! "w f side to side ea* "o %\ld be provid$ ) a piece ( pap] or c>dbo>d ! size ( ! base ( ! pott]y4 ,! build+ is />t$ ^u ?is &1 manag$ 9 su* a way1 ! clay does n /ick to ! table4 ,:5 ! idea ( pott]y build+1 ei!r by coils or by pieces weld$ toge!r1 has be5 grasp$1 ! *ildr5 %\ld be taught to ?9k 9 ! solid4 ,!re is almo/ always a difficulty 9 mak+ *ildr5 see t an outl9e draw+ & a solid =m may be alike 9 mean+4 ,! tea*] %\ld draw ^u ! blackbo>d a simple j> 9 elevation1 ! plan1 ( c\rse1 w be a circle4 ,! same ?+ is !n made 9 clay by bo? tea*] & *ildr5 & ! results are comp>$ ) ! draw+4 ,?is w lead to ! design+ ( ! =ms 9 outl9e by ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,^! designs %\ld be made ! exact size ( ! propos$ pott]y & if ! outl9e be c>efully cut out ! l9e ( ! pap] may be appli$ to ! "w z a template4 ,by su* means ! *ildr5 are l$ to produce accurate l9es 9 ! clay & control ov] ! mat]ial is secur$4 ,!re is always a temptation1 :5 ! clay sags or loses %ape1 to div]ge f ! orig9al idea & to all[ ! mat]ial to %ape itself4 ,?is inevitably leads to slov5ly "w & %\ld be resi/$ f ! fir/4 ,! pap] template helps to correct su* an impulse & ! pupil pres5tly f9ds t ! clay c be successfully controll$ if en\gh tr\ble be tak54 ,!re is mu* int]e/ too 9 ! cutt+ ( pott]y =ms f fold$ pap]4 ,a numb] ( ^! =ms may be p9n$ on a scre5 & ! *ildr5 l$ to select ! be/ 9 l9e & proportion4 ,too mu* emphasis _c be laid on ! necessity = %[+ ! *ildr5 f9e examples ( pott]y1 bo? anci5t & mod]n4 ,! m primitive types1 :]e ! =m & ! decoration are s p]fectly adapt$ to ea* o!r & to ! mat]ial1 are full ( inspiration = ! *ild pott] z well z = ! adult4 ,:5 "o is =tunate en\gh to be ne> a museum1 _m illu/rations w be f\nd1 b good photographs or draw+s are available = almo/ ev]yone4 ,con/ant comp>ison & ! ex]cise ( *oice w lead to a developm5t ( ta/e1 :i* mu/ affect ! *ild :e!r he lat] becomes a produc] or a consum]4 ,a fl[] hold] is a good problem4 ,x is a solid piece ( clay two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & an in* ?ick4 ,?is may be r\nd or squ>e 9 =m & may h simple model$ decoration add$ to x4 ,qu>t] in* holes are pi]c$ at regul> int]vals1 9 fact1 !y !mselves %\ld =m "p ( ! design4 ,= ! old] *ildr5 a %all[ b[l ( good l9e ) a fl[] hold] to fit is an int]e/+ problem4 ,o!r good problems1 :i* may be made m or less difficult accord+ to ! grade 9 :i* !y are giv51 are rose j>s1 bread & milk b[ls1 inc5se burn]s1 cyl9drical j>s1 squ>e f]n di%es1 c&le/icks & small lamp bases4 ,:5 work+ out decoration = pott]y =ms1 x is well to h ! *ildr5 make _! designs ) ! model+ tool ^u ! clay itself4 ,if a piece ( s(t clay be roll$ out flat ^u ! table x af=ds ! be/ possible m$ium = mak+ clay designs4 ,! pupil is at once put 9 t\* ) ! possibilities & limitations ( ! mat]ial4 ,a draw+ made ^u pap] may h to be entirely *ang$ be=e x is suitable = use on clay4 ,! s(t surface c be smoo!d ov] z (t5 z necess>y & a new sket* made until a design is approv$ = application to ! pott]y itself4 ,9 ! *apt] on decoration w be f\nd sugge/ions = clay treatm5t4 ,! mak+ ( tiles af=ds an int]e/+ application ( ! pr9ciples ( design1 b ! in/ructions 9 ! *apt] on tile %\ld be foll[$ 9 ord] to insure a workman-l product4 ,if x is possible to use pla/]1 ! mak+ ( a decorat$ tile f :i* a mold c be made & o!r tiles press$ is a good problem4 ,animal =ms l5d !mselves to ! decoration ( su* tiles & are always int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,:ile ^! *apt]s are especially devot$ to c]amics 9 ! s5se ( burn$ & glaz$ pott]y a few words ^u model+ z relat$ to s*ool "w may be add$ "h4 ,imitative model+ f ca/ or copy ) its developm5t ( animal & figure model+1 bo? f life & f memory1 is valuable 9 ! acquirem5t ( ! p[] ( manipulation & control z well z 9 ! cultivation ( obs]vation1 imag9ation & memory4 ,9 ! be/ regulat$ s*ools ! "w ( ! grades is (t5 correlat$ 9 ! /udy ( "s phase ( human life4 ,facts are gr\p$ ar\nd "s epo* or ev5t 9 hi/ory or "s c\ntry or clime 9 geography4 ,! *ildr5 take up ! clay :ile _! m9ds are full ( ! curr5t subject & no?+ m natural ?an t !y %\ld illu/rate ! /ory by models4 ,su* "w is to be ?or\ghly comm5d$ z truly educational1 ?\gh x does n fall /rictly )9 ! field ( pott]y & a few sugge/ions may !re=e be 9 ord]4 ,! model+ ( animals or p = ! s& table is full ( int]e/ = ! y\ng] *ildr54 ,su* /ories z ,! ,?ree ,be>s1 ,*ick5 ,little & ,! ,little ,r$ ,h5 imm$iately sugge/ !mselves4 ,= *ildr5 ( ab\t ! f\r? grade ,alice 9 ,wond]l& (f]s a mo/ fasc9at+ array ( models4 ,! ,:ite ,rabbit1 ,! ,du*ess1 ,! ,mock ,turtle1 ,! ,mad ,hatt]1 grotesques ( all sorts1 seem a natural outcome ( ?is illu/ration "w & ! wise tea*] w see ! possibility = develop+ ! imag9ation 9 ! model+ ( my?ical creatures1 su* z dragons & gnomes1 & 9 ! p]sonification ( ! elem5ts4 ,!re is also an unlimit$ fund ( mat]ial 9 ! tales ( knigh?ood & ( fairyl&4 ,) ! old] *ildr51 simple pr9ciples ( design & composition %\ld be sugge/$4 ,a pap] weight is an int]e/+ problem dem&+ ! adaptation ( =m to space4 ,_m ( ^! ?+s may be model$ 9 clay1 dri$ & pa9t$ ) wat] color or "o ( ! pat5t model+ clays :i* set l cem5t may be us$4 ,if no supports h be5 left 9 ! model x may be fir$ :5 ?or\ghly dry4 ,"s ( ! be/ projects = s& table "w involv+ model+ are ,eskimo ,life1 ,indian ,life1 ,f>m ,life1 ,! ,circus1 & ,fairy ,tales4 ,g5]ally a sugge/ion is all t is necess>y to call =? ! mo/ orig9al conceptions & once />t$ ! *ildr5 w soon f> out/rip ! tea*]4 ,,index ,a ,alhambra ,vase1 #af ,arm5ian ,bole1 #ae ,b ,ball-,clay1 ,t5nessee1 #dj ,bases = ,glaze1 #adc ,b]l9 ,porcela91 #bh ,bisilicate ,glaze1 #ade1 #adf ,black ,surfac$ ,w>e1 #ac ,bli/]+ ( ,glazes1 #aff ,build+1 ,clay =1 #fi ,build+1 ,faults 91 #gb ,build+1 ,me?ods (1 #gj1 #ga ,built ,pott]y1 #aj1 #fh ,burn+ ,tiles1 #aci ,c ,case = ,mold-mak+1 #eh ,ca/+1 #abi ,ca/+1 ,slip =1 #abi ,ca/or ,w>e1 #ac ,*ildr51 ,pott]y =1 #aid ,*9ese ,porcela91 #bc ,clay1 ,color$1 #cf ,clay1 ,crude1 #i1 #cg ,clay1 ,decoration 91 #agc ,clay1 = ,build+1 #fi ,clay1 = ,tiles1 #acd ,clay1 ,prep>ation (1 #cg ,color$ ,glazes1 #bd1 #adc1 #afc ,colors1 ,und]glaze1 #be1 #adc1 #agg ,combu/ion1 #ahf1 #ahg ,cones1 ,pyrometric1 #ahb ,cop5hag5 ,porcela91 #bg ,crawl+ ( ,glazes1 #aff ,craz+ ( ,glazes1 #afe ,cups & ,sauc]s1 #abd ,d ,decoration1 #agc ,decoration ( ,tiles1 #acg ,defects ( ,glazes1 #afd ,devitrification1 #aeb ,e ,e>!nw>e1 ,mixture =1 #dj ,engobe ,w>e1 ,ori5tal1 #ae ,f ,famille ,rose1 #bd1 #bf ,famille ,v]te1 #bd1 #bf ,feet = ,vases1 #aje ,fir+ ! ,kiln1 #agi ,fitness 9 ,design1 #c1 #d1 #g ,fl[+ ( ,glazes1 #ade1 #aff ,=m & ,weight1 #g ,fritt = ,glaze1 #aeh ,fritt+ ,furnace1 #aei ,g ,glaze1 ,bases =1 #adh ,glaze1 ,bisilicate1 #add1 #ade ,glaze1 ,calculation (1 #aej ,glaze1 ,fritt =1 #aeh ,glaze1 ,p9holes 91 #afg ,glaze1 ,porcela91 #aia ,glaze1 ,recipes1 #afj ,glaze1 ,/onew>e1 #aia1 #aib ,glazes1 ,bli/]+ (1 #aff ,glazes1 ,cle>1 #ada1 #afa ,glazes1 ,color$1 #adc1 #afc1 #aib ,glazes1 ,crawl+ (1 #aff ,glazes1 ,craz+ (1 #afe ,glazes1 ,defects (1 #afd ,glazes1 ,fl[+ (1 #ade1 #aff ,glazes1 ,gr9d+1 #aea1 #aee ,glazes1 ,+r$i5ts =1 #adb1 #adc ,glazes1 ,matt1 #aeb1 #aia ,glazes1 ,nature (1 #ada ,glaz+1 #adj ,glaz+ ,tiles1 #acg1 #ach ,grs de ,fl&res1 #ba ,gum ,tragacan?1 #aef ,h ,h>d ,porcela91 #bc1 #ahi ,high-temp]ature ,w>es1 #ahh ,i ,+r$i5ts = ,glazes1 #adb1 #adc ,j ,j>s = ,/or+ ,clay1 #da ,k ,kiln1 ,fir+ !1 #agi ,kiln1 ,portable1 #ahj ,kilns1 #agi ,l ,lawns1 ,silk1 #da ,l>ge ,pieces1 #ajg ,m ,matt ,glazes1 #aeb ,me?ods ( ,mak+ ,tiles1 #ace1 #acf ,molds = ,plates1 #fb1 #fc ,molds = ,vases1 #eb ,o ,ori5tal ,engobe ,w>e1 #ae ,ox-blood ,r$1 #bd1 #bf ,oxidiz+ ,fire1 #ahg ,oxyg5 ,ratio1 #ade ,p ,pte-sur-pte1 #ad1 #age ,pieces1 ,l>ge1 #ajg ,p9holes 9 ,glaze1 #afg ,pla/]-(-,p>is1 #de ,pla/] ,di%es1 #df1 #dg ,pla/] ,head = ,:eel1 #fe1 #gh ,pla/]1 ,sett+ (1 #de ,porcela91 ,b]l91 #bh ,porcela91 ,cop5hag51 #bg ,porcela9 ,glaze1 #aia ,porcela91 ,h>d1 #bc1 #ahi ,porcela91 ,mixture =1 #dj ,porcela91 ,sevres1 #be ,pott]'s ,:eel1 #gd ,pott]y1 ,built1 #i1 #fh ,pott]y1 = ,*ildr51 #aid ,pott]y1 ,:ite-coat$1 #ad1 #afh ,props & ,bats = ,kiln1 #ahb ,pyrometric ,cones1 #ahb ,r ,recipes = ,glazes1 #afj ,r$uc+ ,fire1 #ahg ,s ,salt-glaz+1 #ba ,sauc]s1 ,cups &1 #abd ,%iv]+ ( ,glazes1 #afe ,size1 ,mold-mak]s'1 #dd ,slip1 #ch1 #ci1 #abi ,slip = ,ca/+1 #abi ,slip-pa9t+1 #age ,/onew>e1 #ba1 #ahh1 #aij ,/onew>e ,glaze1 #aia ,t ,t5nessee ,ball-clay1 #dj ,tiles1 #acc ,tiles1 ,burn+ (1 #aci ,tiles1 ,clay =1 #acd ,tiles1 ,decoration (1 #acg ,tiles1 ,glaz+1 #acg1 #ach ,?r[+1 #gg ,t9 ,enamel1 #afd ,tragacan?1 ,gum1 #aef ,turn+ ,tools1 #ajj ,u ,und]glaze ,colors1 #adc1 #agg ,v ,vase ,=ms1 ,turn+1 #di-eb ,vases1 ,feet =1 #aje ,vases1 ,molds =1 #eb ,w ,weight & ,=m1 #g ,:ite-coat$ ,pott]y1 #ad1 #afh adv]tisem5t ,books = ! ,craftsman ,we c always supply any book on ! ,manual ,arts--:e!r x is issu$ by u or by any o!r publi%]4 ,our /ock ( ^! books is complete & our facilities = fill+ y\r ord]s promptly & c>efully are unsurpass$4 ,s5d y\r inquiries to u4 ,a reque/ w br+ our v>i\s catalogs4 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,co41 ,,inc4 #h ,w>r5 ,/reet ,new ,york ,city