,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,norway ,,david ,,all5 ,,&]son1 ,ph4,d4 ,,ri*>d ,g4 ,,badg] ,,! ,,gorham ,,press ,,bo/on ,copyright1 #aiac1 by ,ri*>d ,g4 ,badg] ,all rights res]v$ ,! ,gorham ,press1 ,bo/on1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,?is acc\nt is a descriptive /atem5t ( ! organization1 managem5t1 op]ation1 & effici5cy ( ! public s*ool sy/em ( ,norway4 ,! int5t has be5 to consid] only ! m vital features1 ^? ess5tials :i* def9itely %ape ! products ( educational endeavor4 ,_m topics ( int]e/ h be5 t\*$ b briefly :ile o!rs h be5 omitt$ altoge!r4 ,"s att5tion has be5 giv5 to po9t+ out good qualities ( ! ,norwegian s*ools & to indicat+ :]e9 we might improve our own4 ,! mat]ials ent]+ into ! make-up ( ?is diss]tation 7 ga!r$ dur+ a summ] & autumn devot$ to travel & /udy 9 ,norway4 ,mu* "t 0 sp5t 9 /udy at ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y 9 ,*ri/iania & /ill m 9 ! visitation ( s*ools4 ,x 0 ) pleasure t ,i avail$ myself ( ! opportunity to see ! s*ools 9 op]ation4 ,i obs]v$ recitations ?r\gh\t ! entire program ( /udy 9 e grade f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! ,univ]sity4 ,i also visit$ _m special s*ools & o!r educational in/itutions bo? public & private4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ,i 0 b5efit$ by frequ5t conf]5ces ) ! lead+ educators ( ! c\ntry & by almo/ con/ant associations ) s*oolm51 patrons1 & /ud5ts4 ,^! p]sonal inve/igations enabl$ me to become famili> ) ! _s & "w ( ! s*ools1 & !y furni% backgr\nd = a l>ge "p ( ! cont5t ( ?is treatise4 ,s9ce no adequate acc\nt ( ! s*ools ( ,norway is 9 pr9t1 ! au?ority = ?is "w has be5 ga9$ *iefly f s*ool laws1 annual reports f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ecclesia/ical & ,educational ,affairs 7*iefly /ati/ical71 & ! individual rese>* ref]r$ to above4 ,x 0 my good =tune to be provid$ ) (ficial cr$5tials z hold] ( a ,travel+ ,fell[%ip = /udy 9 ,norway f ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a2 a commission to /udy ! s*ool sy/em ( ,norway f ,8 ,excell5cy1 ,b4 ,f4 ,c>roll1 ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate ( ,i[a2 & a lett] ( introduction to ,norway's educational executives f ,hon4 ,elm] ,ellswor? ,br[n1 at t "t ,commission] ( ,education = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! cr$5tials _h ! effect ( int5sify+ ! already sup]ior c\rtesy & oblig+ disposition ( ! ,norwegian (ficials & s*oolm51 :o gave me free access to e facility = ! pursuance ( my "w )9 ! /ate & volunt>ily (f]$ _! coop]ation :5ev] ,i might desire x4 ,_! graci\s exemplification ( ! _s ( bro!rly k9dness made my "w among !m a con/ant delight4 ,i desire to express my gratitude to ! ,norwegians :]ev] ,i travel$ = ! r>e cordiality *>act]iz+ my reception among !m & to ackn[l$ge my obligations to ,j4 ,k4 ,qvig/ad1 *ef = ,kirk-og ,und]visn+sdep>tm5tet2 ,knut ,johannes ,h\g51 byraa*ef = ,und]visn+svaes52 ,a4 ,h4 ,ra$]1 ,und]visn+sraadets =m&2 ,johan ,&reas ,johns51 ,skol$irektor5 i ,kri/iania /ift2 ,otto ,&reas ,&]ss51 ,be/yr] og =/ela]] i det ,pa$agogiske ,sem9> = ,la]]e r$ hoi]e ,alm5skol]1 = valuable sugge/ions & c>eful read+ & criticism ( ! entire "w 9 manuscript2 fur!r to ,i[a's ,bo>d ( ,education & ! ,graduate ,faculty ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a = ! appo9tm5t :i* made possible ! inve/igation2 to ,pr(essor ,f4 ,e4 ,bolton1 :o fir/ sugge/$ t ,i make ! /udy & :o has con/antly be5 to me a wise c\nsellor & a will+ co-op]ator2 & f9ally to my wife :o1 ?r\gh all1 has be5 bo? critic & companion4 ,,david ,,all5 ,,&]son4 ,! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 ,i[a ,city1 ,may1 #aiab4 ,,review]',s ,,preface ,kri/iania d5 #af febru> #aiab4 ,jeg h> m$ /or =noielse gj5nemlae/ ,mr4 ,david ,a4 ,&]sons frem/ill+ av ,norges ,und]visn+svaes5 og fundet d5 i all vaes5tlige t+ korrekt1 fuld/a5dig og oplys5de4 ,gj5nem p]sonlig iagttagelse1 samtale m$ kompet5te ma5d og /udium av d5 vigtig/e litt]atur er det lykkes =fatt]5 at danne sig en kl> og noiagtig =e/ill+ om de norske skol]s ordn+ og sa]egne arbeids=m] i d]es hi/oriske tilblivelse og nuva]5de vilka>4 ,hans reflektion] og domme v$n] om pa$agogiske indsight og uavha5gig opfatn+4 ,det er mulig at han nu og da er noget tilboielig til at domme vel gun/ig om vore skole9/itution]s effektivitet og vort folks int]esse og (f]villigh$ = at gjorc d5ne saa /or "s mulig1 m5 dette = ha5ge samm5 m$ at han s] t+5e mot en bakgrund av am]ikanske =hold1 som han onsk] re=m]et4 ,jeg h> ikke havt anl$n+ til at kontroll]e i det enkelte de /ati/iske opgav] =fatt]5 m$del]1 m5 da disse er h5tet ut fra (ficielle kild] tvil] jeg ikke paa at de er rigtige4 ,,pr(essor ,,dr ,,otto ,,&]ss51 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y annex$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania4 ,,review]',s ,,preface 7,translation7 ,*ri/iania1 ,febru>y #af1 #aiab4 ,i h1 ) great pleasure1 read ?r\gh ,mr4 ,david ,a4 ,&]son's pres5tation ( ,norway's s*ool sy/em & f\nd x 9 all ess5tials correct1 complete & illum9at+4 ,?r\gh p]sonal obs]vation1 conv]sation ) compet5t m5 & /udy ( ! mo/ important lit]ature1 ! au?or has succe$$ 9 gett+ a cle> & exact view ( ! ,norwegian s*ool me?ods & *>act]i/ic =ms ( "w 9 _! hi/orical developm5t & pres5t condition4 ,8 reflections & judgm5ts te/ify to p$agogical insight & indep5d5ce ( views4 ,x may be t n[ & !n he is some:at incl9$ to judge too favorably z to ! effici5cy ( our in/itutions & ! int]e/ ( our p & _! read9ess to sacrifice 9 ord] to make ?is effici5cy z high z possible1 b ?is may be due to ! fact t he views x aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ,am]ican conditions1 :i* he desires to improve4 ,i h n tak5 occasion to v]ify 9 detail ! /ati/ical tables ! au?or includes1 b s9ce !y h be5 ga!r$ f (ficial s\rces ,i d n d\bt t !y are correct4 ,,pr(essor ,,dr4 ,,otto ,,&]ss51 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 affiliat$ ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,! mo/ press+ problems ( education at ! pres5t "t are ^? ( organization & adm9i/ration ( educational =ces4 ,problems ( me?od ( in/ruction ?\gh important are entirely subsidi>y1 = if all ! p c be ar\s$ to a desire = education & !n be %[n ways & means ( atta9+ x ! v desire = education w be ! mo/ important factor 9 le>n+4 ,no means ( /udy+ que/ions ( organization & adm9i/ration are s valuable z ! comp>ative4 ,v>i\s /udies ( education 9 =eign c\ntries h be5 made1 b !re /ill exi/s a ne$ = _m m inve/igations4 ,norway has furni%$ a great _m illu/ri\s /atesm51 sci5ti/s & lit]>y ma/]s1 & is also a c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 m5 ( a high type ( valor1 physical pr[ess1 hone/y & indu/ry1 & consequ5tly ! educational ideals & practices :i* prevail !re %\ld be wor?y ( mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,h]et(ore1 only fragm5t>y acc\nts ( ,norway's educational sy/em h be5 available 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,at ! writ]'s sugge/ion1 ,mr4 ,&]son made a trip abroad = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! sy/em at fir/ h&4 ,8 intimate acqua9tance ) ! language 0 a prime ess5tial 9 acquir+ an und]/&+ ?r\gh obs]vation & read+4 ,t he has made an accurate int]pretation is atte/$ by ! =eword ( "o ( ,norway's em95t s*ol>s & t he has made an int]e/+ acc\nt w be conc$$ by all :o p]use ! pages4 ,x is hop$ t _m m /udies ( a simil> nature w foll[ 9 ! ne> future4 ,,fr$]ick ,e4 ,,bolton1 ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 ,seattle1 ,april #h1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,backgr\nd & ,organization ,i4 ,,introduction #ai #a4 ,hi/ory ( ,norway 7brief sket*7 #ai #b4 ,geographical features #bb #c4 ,national *>act]i/ics1 aims & ideals #be ,,ii4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,s*ools #bh #a4 ,prim>y s*ool--rural & city #bh #b4 ,second>y #cj #c4 ,! ,univ]sity & o!r s*ools #cb ,,iii4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,pupils #cd #a4 ,prim>y--rural & city #cd #b4 ,second>y--middle s*ool & gymnasium #da #c4 ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies #da #d4 ,! ,univ]sity #da #e4 ,private s*ools #dc ,,iv4 ,,pupils #dd #a4 ,age 9 prim>y s*ools1 second>y s*ools & tea*]s' sem9>ies #dd #b4 ,comp>isons ) ,am]ica 9 equipm5t & "t sp5t 9 s*ool #ej #c4 ,specialization #ea ,v4 ,,organization--,relation to /ate1 commune & city #ea #a4 ,! /ate dep>tm5t & its divisions #ea #b4 ,units ( organization #ec #c4 ,! s*ool bo>d & s*ool committees #ef #d4 ,city sup]9t5d5t 7,inspector7 & w>d pr9ciples 7,ov]la]]]7 #fj #e4 ,private citiz5s a factor #fa #f4 ,f9ancial support ( s*ools #fb ,,vi4 ,,build+s ,,& ,,gr\nds #fd #a4 ,g5]al "* ( build+s #fd #b4 ,equipm5t #fd #c4 ,playgr\nds #fi #d4 ,homes = pr9cipals & tea*]s #gj ,,vii4 ,,g5]al ,,features ,,( ,,inn] ,,organization #ga #a4 ,! tea*+ /aff #ga #b4 ,plan ( in/ruction #gb #c4 ,gymna/ics #gd #d4 ,lun*es #ge #e4 ,s*ool discipl9e #gf #f4 ,att5dance #gg #g4 ,heal? #gg ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,tea*]s ,i4 ,,qualification ,,& ,,c]tification ,,( ,,tea*]s #gi #a4 ,g5]al situation & t5d5cies #gi #b4 ,special tea*]s #hj ,,ii4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,tea*]s #ha #a4 ,introductory #ha #b4 ,sem9>ies--e/abli%m5t & "w #hc ,,iii4 ,,tea*]s' ,,(ficial ,,titles #he #a4 ,9 ! sev]al s*ools--significance #he ,,iv4 ,,tea*]s' ,,t5ure ,,( ,,(fice #hf #a4 ,positions--,p]man5t & tempor>y #hg #b4 ,comp>isons ) conditions 9 ,am]ica #hi #c4 ,*anges 9 tea*+ /aff 7) tables7 #hi ,v4 ,,tea*]s' ,,sal>ies #ia #a4 ,g5]al /atem5t #ia #b4 ,additional b5efits #ib #c4 ,s*$ules 7) tables7 #id ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,c\rses ,,( ,,/udy ,,9 ,,/ate ,,s*ools ,i4 ,,introductory--,rise1 developm5t1 & pres5t =m ( ! curriculum #if #a4 ,orig9 & evolution ( ! c\rse ( /udy #if a4 ,! e>ly s*ools2 _! "w1 influ5ce1 & developm5t 9 ,norway #ig #b4 ,?ree sections ( s*ools #ii ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prim>y ,,s*ool #aja #a4 ,rural & city #aja #b4 ,s*$ules ( c\rses #ajd a4 ,comp>isons #ajf b4 ,subjects emphasiz$ #ajg #c4 ,outl9e ( subjects ( in/ruction #ajh a4 ,religion #ajh b4 ,norwegian #aah c4 ,ma!matics #abe d4 ,geography #abi e4 ,hi/ory #acd f4 ,nature /udy #aci g4 ,o!r subjects3 writ+ & draw+1 vocal music1 manual tra9+1 gymna/ics #adf ,,iii4 ,,! ,,middle ,,s*ool #adi #a4 ,its /&>d1 aim1 & me?od #adi #b4 ,outl9e ( subjects ( in/ruction #aea ,,iv4 ,,! ,,gymnasium #afb #a4 ,outl9e ( subjects ( in/ruction #afb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,int]pretative ,,conclusions #a4 ,! p & _! ideals #aha #b4 ,facilities = education #ahd #c4 ,direct+ au?ority & managem5t ( s*ools #ahg #d4 ,tea*]s' tra9+ #aia #e4 ,! tea*]'s life #aie #f4 ,! curriculum #aig a4 ,religi\s in/ruction & education #aih b4 ,! classics #bja c4 ,physical culture #bjd d4 ,vocal music #bjf #g4 ,l9es ( in/ruction 9 ! gymnasium #bjg #h4 ,co-education #baj #i4 ,! s*ool ye> #bad #aj4 ,s*ool lun*es #bae #aa4 ,comp>ative atta9m5ts #bag #ab4 ,me?ods ( in/ruction #bbj #ac4 ,cont9uity ( ef=t #bbb ,bibliography #bbe ,index #bbi ,,! ,,s*ool ,,sy/em ,,( ,,norwa ,*apt] ,i ,,backgr\nd ,,& ,,organization ,i4 ,,introduction ,! hi/ory ( mank9d 9 ,norway cov]s a p]iod ( at lea/ five ?\s& ye>s & includes a great v>iety ( int]e/+ incid5ts & conditions4 ,! acc\nts ( ! e>li] ages may be read only 9 ar*aeological =mations1 :ile = m rec5t times1 ^! sil5t records are supplem5t$ & enri*$ by traditions4 ,all su* acc\nts are ( deep int]e/ & significance b only 9 a measure reliable4 ,we h no really au!ntic in=mation reg>d+ ,norway's political hi/ory until ! reign ( ,h>ald ! ,fair ,hair$ 7#hfj-icj74 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t1 previ\s to 8 e/abli%m5t ( ! sov]eign /ate ( ,norway 9 #hgb1 ! p _h kn[n only ! rule ( num]\s petty1 w>r+ e>ls & k+s4 ,besides ?is1 ! entire c\ntry _h be5 subject$ to ! deva/ations ( ! vik+s4 ,^! sea robb]s 7 ! t]ror ( all ! coa/ c\ntries 9 we/]n ,europe & ! ,briti% ,isles until ab\t ! ye> #ijj :5 sea robb]y at home 0 aboli%$1 & ! ,norsem5 became coloniz]s1 migrat+ to surr\nd+ isl&s1 ! we/ & s\? ( ,europe1 & probably ,am]ica4 ,n[ :5 piracy began to decl9e ! p rose to a high] plane ( liv+1 & ! prosp]ity atta9$ ?r\gh peace & indu/ry 0 f\nd to be ! m desirable4 ,a long succession ( k+s1 "s good & "s evil1 rul$ ! l&4 ,paganism 0 gradually ov]come1 & ab\t ! ye> #a1jjj ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$4 ,f ?is "t on1 = sev]al c5turies1 ! c\ntry exp]i5c$ only mod]ate visible progress ?\gh l>ge ga9s 7 made 9 pot5tial p[]s4 ,9 #acha1 ,norway ent]$ into a union ) ,d5m>k & rema9$ 9 l>ge measure subject to h] p[] until #ahad4 ,?is p]iod ( m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s 0 a season ( little good & ( great h>d%ips to ! p4 ,_! developm5t receiv$ little att5tion1 ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry & ! cause ( education 7 neglect$1 & ! masses 7 n recogniz$ 9 a way t w\ld t5d to _! enlight5m5t & progress4 ,! entire nation suff]$ f int]national difficulties z well z f oppression at home4 ,conditions rema9$ unimprov$ & ! lat5t p[]s ( ! p1 :i* _h be5 accumulat+ = g5]ations1 f\nd no adequate means = expression4 ,:5 9 #ahad ! treaty ( ,kiel1 sanction$ by ! ,european p[]s1 =c$ ,norway into an unwill+ union ) ,sw$51 ! ,norwegians revolt$2 &1 9 _! attempt to lib]ate !mselves1 adopt$ a con/itution = _! gov]nm5t4#a ,_! revolt creat$ ill feel+s on ! "p ( ! ,sw$es :ile ! dem&s = complete sov]eignty by ,sw$5 7 res5t$ by ! ,norwegians4 ,! adoption ( ?is con/itution by ! p ( ,norway & _! /&+ s t5aci\sly = its recognition are manife/ations ( ! _s :i* _h be5 develop+ among !m = c5turies4 ,!y believ$ t !y 7 be+ impos$ ^u & /ood firm = _! rights4 ,!y _h felt ! cru%+ h& ( =eign rule1 !y _h obs]v$ ! b5efits ( indep5d5ce1 !y _h develop$ confid5ce 9 _! own p[]s1 & n[ !y 7 conv]t$ to ! idea t ! "t = home rule 0 ^u !m4 ,civil lib]ty 0 _! dream4 ,/ate rights came to be dem&$4 ,_! "t to act 9 a decisive mann] _h come4 ,! p _h gr[n into a nation des]v+ & 9 ne$ ( l>g] p[]s1 & _! be/ advancem5t 0 9 great measure dep5d5t ^u ! ex]cise ( ^! p[]s4 ,conditions !n ju/ifi$ _! dem&s & ,sw$51 appreciat+ ! situation1 yield$1 ackn[l$g$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,norway1 & agre$ to gov]n 9 accordance ) ! newly adopt$ con/itution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,norway acc$$ to ! dem&s ( ,sw$5 9 accept+ ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 z !irs also4 ,n[ = ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s ?is union 0 ma9ta9$4 ,comp>ative peace & prosp]ity prevail$ & ! outlook seem$ favorable = bo? nations4 ,sw$5 pr(it$ because ( ! new relations1 & ,norway ga9$ 9 /r5g? & p[] ?r\gh h] exp]i5ce 9 individual initiative & gov]nm5tal duties g5]ally4 ,:ile ! relations betwe5 ! two c\ntries 7 9 ! ma9 fri5dly1 on v>i\s occasions ,norway felt t h] rights 7 n always respect$4 ,! p crav$ l>g] privileges1 m recognition among ! nations ( ! _w1 & ! ex]cise ( great] au?ority4 ,! function+ ( capacities t _h long la9 dormant reveal$ to h] ! p[]s t 7 /ill lat5t4 ,norway became eag] = absolute indep5d5ce & ^! feel+s rose to l>g] & l>g] proportions until desires became dem&s4 ,all ! p 7 ready & (f]$ _! s]vices1 _! =tunes 7:e!r l>ge or scant71 & _! lives 9 ! cause ( fre$om4 ,f9ally1 =mally1 & )\t blood%$1 ! bonds unit+ ! two c\ntries 7 sev]$ 9 #aije & ,norway became an indep5d5t nation4 ,hav+ briefly sket*$ ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry let u n[ turn our att5tion to its geography4 ,norway1 z we all "k1 lies 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,europe1 & measures ov] "o ?\s& "o hundr$ miles f nor? to s\? & f two hundr$ to ne>ly five hundr$ miles f ea/ to we/4 ,politically x is divid$ into eighte5 c\nties 7,amt]7 & ! cities ( ,*ri/iania & ,b]g54 ,^! c\nties are subdivid$ into six hundr$ sixty-six t[n%ips or communes 7,kommun]7 :i* are aga9 divid$ into s*ool di/ricts or circles 7,kr$s]7 numb]+ 9 all five ?\s& n9e hundr$ sev5ty4#b ,! area is approximately "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,ne>ly all ( x is made up ( m\nta9s :i* h no regul>ity 9 di/ribution1 a l>ge portion ( !m be+ m]ely heaps ( b>r5 rock ?r[n up 9 conglom]ate masses4 ,! valleys are z num]\s & irregul> z ! m\nta9s4 ,9 !m are lakes1 riv]s1 & wat]falls1 _! wat]s pure & cle> z cry/al4 ,! lakes diff] greatly 9 outl9e & size4 ,! riv]s 9 _! w9d+s da% furi\sly ?r\gh precipit\s1 rugg$1 rocky *annels1 or glide murmur+ly ?r\gh quiet valleys until !y rea* ! fjords :i* appe> l huge arms ( ! sea1 rea*+ deep into ! e>? & ext5d+ f> inl&4 ,! wat]falls v>y f m]e ?reads t9kl+ into t9y pools to great torr5ts gu%+ ov] dizzy precipices4 ,view$ 9 comb9ation ^! features pres5t an inf9ite v>iety ( exquisitely beautiful sc5es4 ,! climate ( ,norway is greatly div]sifi$ ow+ to ! wide range 9 latitude & ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf /ream4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p & on ! highe/ m\nta9s !re are va/ fields ( sn[ dur+ ! entire ye>1 :ile 9 "s ( ! %elt]$ portions along ! we/]n coa/1 ! climate is well adapt$ to ! cultivation ( "s ( ! tropical plants4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ess5tial t all plants t are cultivat$ be ( rapid gr[? & ( quick maturity1 s9ce _! seasons are q %ort4 ,! atmosph]ic conditions are excell$ n[h]e4 ,few locations on ! e>? enjoy su* fre%ness or provide s mu* m5tal & physical invigoration4 ,j ! joy ( liv+ is m ?an recomp5se = all "o's exp5se & tr\ble 9 go+ = a season into ?is summ] home or nature4 ,be+ situat$ s f> to ! nor? ! days ( summ] are v long :ile ^? ( w9t] are extremely %ort4 ,?is is noticeable ev5 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry1 & z "o goes f>!r nor? x is m & m /rik+ until ^u rea*+ ! arctic circle ! summ] travel] has ! unique exp]i5ce ( see+ ! sun at midnight4 ,x is visible = weeks or mon?s at a "t1 accord+ to :e!r "o is ne> ! circle or f>!r t[>d ! pole4 ,= correspond+ p]iods dur+ ! w9t] seasons ! sun does n appe> at all4 ,x %\ld n be inf]r$ t ^! sunless days are int5sely d>k & gloomy4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y1 z well z ! midnight sun1 h fasc9ations peculi> to !mselves & are ( deep int]e/1 especially to ! novice 9 t latitude4 ,! glitt] ( ! />s1 ! gl[ ( ! moon1 & ! palpitat+ brilliance ( ! nor!rn lights1 comb9e ) ! light reflect$ f ! va/ sn[ fields & comp5sate 9 "p = ! abs5ce ( ! direct rays f ! sun4 ,! indu/ries & occupations ( ! ,norwegians are dep5d5t 9 l>ge measure ^u environ+ conditions4 ,ne>ly "o-f\r? ( ! c\ntry is cov]$ ) a heavy gr[? ( timb]2 h5ce1 lumb]+ af=ds a l>ge "p ( ! mo/ pr(itable employm5t4 ,mu* ( ! m\nta9\s l& c be us$ only = pa/urage &1 z a result1 dairy+ claims consid]able att5tion4 ,only a v small portion ( ! area 7ab\t f\r p] c5t7 is suitable = agriculture & ow+ to ?is limitation ( opportunity1 comp>atively few ( ! p are f>m]s4 ,_! num]\s fi%]ies supply c>goes1 & tra9 loads ( fre% & cur$ fi% to ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,fi%+ is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ important indu/ries1 & a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! wage e>n]s ( ! c\ntry engage 9 x4 ,s9ce ! bulk ( _! travel & transportation is by wat]1 a great _m become sailors4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( manufactur+ also is done1 & ?is provides ano!r means ( e>n+ a livelihood4 ,! fact t ne>ly all ( ! p are ga!r$ into cities1 t[ns1 & settlem5ts along ! coa/1 is expla9$ by a consid]ation ( ! activities & conditions h]e9 set =?4 ,! p ( ,norway are l>ge ( /ature1 vigor\s1 & al]t 9 m9d & body4 ,!y h ev] be5 undaunt$ 9 _! ef=ts to ov]come ! great1 natural b>ri]s to progress & to secure :at !y believ$ w\ld be = _! well-be+4 ,toil+ pati5tly & p]si/5tly1 suff]+ h>d%ips on l& & p]ils at sea1 !y h develop$ ! well-kn[n *>act]i/ics ( _! /urdy race4 ,! long1 rigor\s w9t]s taught ! p to provide amply = ! ne$s ( ! future1 & !y le>n$ also ! economy ( mak+ e endeavor c\nt = p]man5cy4 ,x has be5 & is /ill _! aim & int5t to s direct _! ef=ts t _! citiz5s may exp]i5ce & enjoy n only 9 ! pres5t ! be/ conditions made possible by ! _w's highe/ atta9m5ts1 b t lat] g5]ations also may reap valuable b5efits !refrom4 ,!y realize t x is easily possible = today's provisions to supply ! be/ = ! pres5t1 & at ! same "t to bless tomorr[ & ! next day & all ! com+ ye>s4 ,! ,norwegians are z democratic 9 m9d & disposition z any p ( ! e>?4 ,!y dem& t ! masses %all receive :atev] b5efit may come f prosp]ity at home1 f _! relations ) o!r nations1 or f legislation4 ,!y advocate fur!r t "r n[ is ! "t to increase opportunities1 to multiply privileges1 to raise /&>ds ( liv+1 & to insure ?r\gh cons]vative action a sub/antial basis on :i* ! com+ g5]ations may safely build4 ,9 accord ) _! aims & ideals !y /udy ! que/ions ( education1 labor & capital1 & _m o!rs ( vital int]e/ to ! p4 ,!y seek out s\rces1 elim9at+ ! undesirable & cultivat+ ^? ( favorable gr[? & fruitage4 ,recogniz+ _! own res\rcefulness & ability1 ! ,norsem5 /rive to ga9 = !mselves & = _! desc5dants mat]ial prosp]ity & true culture4 ,to ^! ends !y fo/] educational advantages = all1 ! developm5t ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & ! elevation ( labor4 ,educationally1 !y h ev] be5 desir\s ( provid+ ! be/ possible advantages4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! few ye>s ( ! pres5t "o1 !y h be5 9 a position to put into execution a numb] ( advance ideas :i* !y h done )\t hesitation4 ,be+ obs]vant ( :at o!r nations provide !y h be5 ready to select f v>i\s s\rces :atev] good !y f\nd1 to elim9ate any undesirable features :i* reveal$ !mselves1 & to /r5g!n ! weak] po9ts4 ,?\gh !y h be5 =c$ by conditions to assume & ma9ta9 a cons]vative attitude t[>d e new project or attempt at re=m1 !y h be5 also too democratic to p]mit tradition or prec$5t to b9d !m d[n or to h9d] !m 9 mak+ *anges 9 _! s*ool sy/em1 :i* !y 7 conv9c$ by exp]i5ce or /udy w\ld be = _! good4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is !y h be5 eag] to make revisions :]e necess>y2 to introduce new features1 :i* _h be5 te/$ at home or abroad & f\nd successful2 & to ca/ aside relics ( ! pa/1 unnecess>y phases ( "w1 & ^? ?+s :i* might be supplant$ by mat]ials ( sup]ior advantage or value to ! p s]v$4 ,!y h become habituat$ to exam9+ ! new f e conceivable viewpo9t1 to f9d+ its f\ndations1 to te/+ its values1 & to weigh+ its effects4 ,:5 a ?+ has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ x is accept$ or reject$ accord+ to :e!r x is adjudg$ desirable or undesirable = _! use "u exi/+ conditions4 ,9 _! ef=t to answ] ! dem&s ( ! p & to supply _! ne$s1 s*ools h be5 e/abli%$ accord+ to local requirem5ts4 ,t is to say1 e community enjoys s*ool advantages1 & e *ild 9 ! entire /ate is privileg$ to receive in/ruction = a c]ta9 numb] ( weeks ea* ye> at ! exp5se ( ! /ate4 ,all *ildr5 are requir$ to att5d ! s*ools ( ! /ate at lea/ twelve weeks ea* ye> = sev5 ye>s1 or to receive in/ruction else:]e :i* is equival5t to ! am\nt requir$4 ,9 ! m popul\s places high] s*ools also are provid$ = ^? :o desire to take advantage ( ! opportunities af=d$ 9 !m4 ,,ii4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,s*ools4 ,x 0 e>ly recogniz$ by ! ,norwegians t ?r\gh ! means ( education1 bett] ?an any o!r way1 !y c\ld develop a p qualifi$ to pursue ! arts1 to cultivate ! sci5ces1 to appreciate & enjoy ! highe/ culture1 & to ma9ta9 & develop _! noble/ ideals ( citiz5%ip & ri*e/ conceptions ( /atehood4 ,hav+ ^! objects 9 m9d !y endeavor$ to e/abli% s*ools ( in/ruction & tra9+ along e legitimate l9e4 ,beg9n+ ) ! mo/ ess5tial !y work$ unceas+ly1 provid+ additional wor?y k9ds ( in/ruction z rapidly z possible1 until _! ef=ts result$ 9 _! pres5t s*ool sy/em4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important feature ( _! "w 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( prim>y s*ools1 :i* furni% g5]al education4 ,^! s*ools provide sev5 ye>s ( elem5t>y in/ruction = *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages ( sev5 & f\rte5 ye>s1 & are lit]ally ! p's s*ools 7,folkeskol]74 ,! law requires t pupils mu/ be regul> 9 att5dance1 & t p>5ts1 :o fail to h _! *ildr5 9 s*ool 9 h>mony ) ! provisions ( ! law1 be f9$ accord+ to ! s]i\sness & ext5t ( ! (f5se4 ,x is fur!r provid$ t ^! s*ools %all be 9 op]ation = at lea/ twelve weeks 9 ! ye>1 & t ?is "t may be ext5d$ accord+ to local dem&s or ne$s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ne>ly all ( !m 9 ! cities & _m ( !m 9 ! c\ntry op]ate =ty weeks p] ye>4 ,z a consequ5ce ( lib]al provisions & en=c$ regulations1 ,norway has a*iev$ an em95t place educationally among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,9 ! rural sections prim>y s*ools are held 9 com=table1 well equipp$1 & conv5i5tly locat$ s*oolh\ses & are taught by compet5t tea*]s :o live ne> by 9 homes provid$ = !m4 ,9 a few remote1 rugg$ sections ( ! c\ntry1 :]e *ildr5 are few & scatt]+ or :]e locations accessible to all _c be f\nd1 !y h no fix$ s*ools1 b in/ead :at are t]m$ ambulatory s*ools 7,omgangskol]74 ,!re are no s*oolh\ses 9 ^! di/ricts b ! (ficials designate c]ta9 h\ses#c z ! places :]e *ildr5 g at /at$ times to receive in/ruction4 ,! tea*] meets ! *ildr5 ( ! neighborhood 9 a giv5 home & tea*es !m = a specifi$ "t1 passes to ! next designat$ place1 & cont9ues until 8 r\nds are complet$4 ,=m]ly1 a v l>ge numb] ( ^! s*ools exi/$1 b z roadways 7 ext5d$ or improv$ & ! p became able to erect & ma9ta9 s*oolh\ses1 ! dem& = ambulatory s*ools decreas$ until n[ ne>ly all ( !m are supplant$ by fix$ s*ools4 ,9 #ahcg1 n9ety-two p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 att5d+ s*ool 9 ! c\ntry 7 taught 9 ambulatory s*ools1 :ile 9 #aijg ?is 0 ! case ) less ?an "o p] c5t ( !m4 ,9 all ! cities & t[ns excell5t educational advantages are provid$4 ,usually _! s*ool ye> consi/s ( =ty weeks ( six days ea*4 ,e provision is made = ! welf>e ( ! *ildr52 excell5t in/ructors are secur$1 & ! equipm5t = tea*+ purposes is ( ! be/ procurable4 ,fur!rmore1 no pa9s are sp>$ 9 gu>d+ ! *ildr5 f physical discom=t & immoral conditions or associations4 ,simultane\sly ) ! developm5t ( ! elem5t>y s*ools second>y education mov$ along advance l9es4 ,9 #ahad1 :5 ,norway became an indep5d5t /ate !re 7 b f\r ( ! high] classical 7la]de7 s*ools )9 h] bord]s4 ,^! 7 ! hi/oric ca!dral s*ools 7,ka!dralskol]7 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ = c5turies4 ,z "t pass$1 o!r second>y s*ools 7 organiz$4 ,high] education 0 reorganiz$ 9 #ahfi & aga9 9 #ahif1 :5 by act ( ! ,/or?+ second>y education 0 made to include ! middle s*ool & ! gymnasium4 ,! enactm5t def9es ^! s*ools & /ates _! aim z foll[s3 ,! middle s*ool is a s*ool = *ildr51 :i*1 9 union ) ! prim>y s*ool1 gives its pupils a complete1 ?or\gh1 g5]al education1 adapt$ to ! receptivity ( *ildhood4 ,! gymnasium is a s*ool = "y p1 :i* on ! f\ndation ( ! middle s*ool1 leads on to a complete1 high]1 g5]al education1 :i* may also s]ve z a basis = sci5tific /udies4 ,bo? middle s*ool & gymnasium %all contribute to ! religions & moral tra9+ ( ! pupils1 & x %\ld also be _! common aim to develop ! pupils bo? m5tally & physically into compet5t "y p4#d ,! act requires t ! middle s*ool %all be no long] ?an f\r ye>s1 & t ! gymnasial c\rses %all be ( ?ree ye>s' duration4 ,! gymnasia ( ,norway take up ! "w :]e ! middle s*ools leave (f1 & provide ?ree ye>s ( in/ruction :i* concludes ) ! exam5 artium4 ,! pass+ ( ?is exam9ation entitles ! individual to become a /ud5t 9 ! univ]sity4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ent]+ ! gymnasium ! subjects ( in/ruction are uni=m = all2 "h !y bran* into two or ?ree l9es1 any "o ( :i* may be select$ by ! pupil & foll[$ to its completion4 ,! ma9 divisions ( ! "w are repres5t$ 9 ! names ( ! c\rses--! ,real & ! ,l+ui/ic-,hi/orical4 ,! latt] ( ^! is aga9 divid$ 9 "s s*ools1 "o ( its two l9es includ+ ,lat94 ,! ,real c\rse ( in/ruction is l>gely sci5tific :ile ! ,l+ui/ic-,hi/orical1 true to its "n1 embodies a l>ge am\nt ( language & hi/ory4 ,9 case ! c\rse includ+ ,lat9 is (f]$1 ,lat9 replaces "s ( ! "w 9 mod]n languages & hi/ory4 ,! middle s*ool1 !n1 is ! second /ep 9 ! educational ladd] & builds ^u ! "w previ\sly done 9 ! prim>y s*ool4 ,no middle s*ool is privileg$ to include "w l[] d[n ?an ! six? grade4 ,9 o!r words1 ! prim>y s*ools are ! only ones :i* are au?oriz$ to pres5t ! "w ( ! fir/ five grades or ye>s ( s*ool in/ruction4 ,! c\rses ( /udy are s arrang$ t a *ild may pass f ! prim>y s*ool aft] complet+ ! fif? grade & ent] directly ^u ! /udies 9 ! regul> f\r ye> c\rse ( ! middle s*ool4 ,on ! o!r h& a pupil may cont9ue 9 ! prim>y s*ool until its completion--sev5 ye>s--& !n ent] a middle s*ool & f9i% its requirem5ts 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,:ile ne>ly all middle s*ools pres5t a f\r ye> c\rse !re are a few :i* (f] only ?ree ye>s ( in/ruction4 ,9 ord] to ent] ^! latt] s*ools ! *ild mu/ h f9i%$ ! sev5 ye>s ( in/ruction 9 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,middle s*ools are "u ! inspection ( /ate (ficials & a uni=m /&>d ( "w is requir$ ( all ( !m4 ,! middle s*ool exam9ation :i* m>ks ! completion ( ! middle s*ool c\rse is exactly ! same = all pupils 9 ! /ate4 ,9 any giv5 ye> all :o take ! exam9ations write on exactly ! same que/ions on a specifi$ h\r ( a c]ta9 day4 ,! ,royal ,fr$]ik ,univ]sity1 e/abli%$ by ,k+ ,fr$]ik 9 #ahaa1 furni%es ! summit ( educational endeavor4 ,its five faculties--7#a7 !ology1 7#b7 law1 7#c7 m$ic9e1 7#d7 ma!matics & sci5ce1 & 7#e7 hi/ory & philosophy--repres5t ! be/ products ( ! c\ntry & ma9ta9 /&>ds ( effici5cy p>allel+ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! day4 ,besides ! five faculties already m5tion$ !re are 7#a7 ,! ,practical ,!ological ,sem9>y = ! tra9+ ( m9i/]s & 7#b7 ,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y 7affiliat$7 = special tra9+ ( tea*]s4 ,?r\gh ! endeavors ( ! faculties & sem9>ies enum]at$1 ! necess>y pr(essions1 sci5tific organizations1 & philosophic societies are suppli$ ) m5 ( em95t qualifications4 ,! /ate also is suppli$ f ! same s\rce ) individuals capable ( att5d+ to ! affairs ( /ate 9 a dignifi$ & compet5t mann]4 ,to aid prospective tea*]s & to ma9ta9 high pr(essional /&>ds1 ,norway e>ly e/abli%$ a ,tea*]s' ,sem9>y 9 ea* ( its six dioceses 7,/ift]74 ,hav+ made ?is ample provision = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 !y 7 9 a position to require a c]ta9 am\nt ( pr(essional prep>ation ( all c&idates = appo9tm5t to tea*+ positions4 ,adh]5ce to ?is laudable pr9ciple has sav$ ! /ate f an ov]fl[ ( incompet5t in/ructors4 ,:ile requirem5ts 7 v l[ = a long "t1 ! increas+ supply ( qualifi$ c&idates = positions w>rant$ successive %ift+s ( !m to high] & high] /&>ds4 ,at pres5t1 ! tea*]s ( ,norway1 z a body1 rank among ! be/ 9 educational equipm5t1 pr(essional tra9+1 & morality4 ,te*nical1 agricultural1 milit>y1 & naval s*ools h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ord] to keep pace ) ! _w's developm5ts along ^! l9es4 ,! te*nical s*ool 9 ,trondhjem op5$ 9 #aiaj1 sets ! requirem5ts = admission z high z ^? at ! univ]sity4 ,its "w promises to be ( unque/ion$ quality & its prospects are v bright4 ,! /ud5ts at ?is s*ool come *iefly f ! sci5tific c\rse (f]$ 9 ! gymnasia or f ! sev]al prep>atory te*nical s*ools ( ,norway4 ,!re are _m ( ^! l[] te*nical s*ools do+ excell5t "w & "s ( !m are model$ aft] ,am]ican s*ools4 ,! "w ( ! agricultural college & ( ! milit>y & naval s*ools is m or less te*nical along _! respective l9es & meets c]ta9 requirem5ts n else:]e provid$ =4 ,:5 "o notes ! v>iety ( s*ools ma9ta9$ by ! ,norwegian /ate1 x is evid5t t x is ! int5t to provide = its citiz5s a v wide range ( educational advantages1 & at ! same "t to develop ! capacities ( "y p until !y are able to p]=m ! (fices ( /ate & nation4 ,,iii4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,pupils ,! laws ( ,norway are specific 9 _! requirem5ts reg>d+ education1 & ! p are at h& to provide ! ess5tial means = c>ry+ out ! dem&s4 ,x is requir$ t 9 ea* city or di/rict 9 ! entire realm !re %all be ! necess>y numb] ( s*ools to provide in/ruction = all *ildr5 ( s*ool age4 ,?is is 9 answ] to ! law :i* makes a requirem5t ( a c]ta9 m9imum am\nt ( education ( all su* *ildr54 ,! prim>y s*ools are di/ribut$ 9 ! cities1 villages1 & rural communes to suit ! conv5i5ce ( pupils att5d+4 ,o!r & high] s*ools are provid$ :]e mo/ ne$$4 ,z is true ev]y:]e ! bulk ( "w is done 9 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,rural & city s*ools h _! own laws & gov]nm5t1 & are admirably adapt$ to ! ne$s ( _! respective con/itu5cies4 ,z w\ld be expect$1 ! rural s*ools & ! pupils att5d+ !m f> outnumb] ^? 9 ! cities & t[ns4 ,!re are 9 ! c\ntry five ?\s&1 n9e hundr$ & sev5ty s*ools att5d$ by two hundr$ sev5ty-five ?\s&1 "o hundr$ & fifty-five pupils1 :ile !re are b sixty-"o city s*ool sy/ems hav+ an enrollm5t ( n9ety ?\s&1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e pupils4#e ,x is se5 t !re are ab\t ?ree times z _m pupils 9 ! rural prim>y s*ools z are f\nd 9 ! city prim>y s*ools4 ,! di/ribution & c>e ( ! city s*ool pupils are1 h[ev]1 mu* l>g] tasks ?an provid+ = ^? 9 ! rural sections4 ,9 ord] to %[ conditions 9 a giv5 city we ins]t ,table ,i :i* indicates ! numb] ( classes & pupils 9 ! sev]al grades 9 ! n9ete5 prim>y s*ools ( ,*ri/iania1 & also gives ! totals = ! entire city4 ,boys & girls att5d ! same s*ool1 b 9 ?is p>ticul> city !y are g5]ally sep>at$ into diff]5t rooms :]e !y are taught by !mselves4 ,! s*ools are co-educational b n g5]ally co9/ructional4 ,z ! table w %[1 "s ( !m are co9/ructional ?r\gh a "p ( ! c\rse :ile only "o foll[s ?is plan ?r\gh\t its "w4 ,,table ,i ,pupils 9 ! ,prim>y ,s*ools ( ,*ri/iania 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 #aijh ,,numb] ,,( ,,classes ,,& ,,pupils ,,9 ,,!m ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #a/ ,grade #bnd #crd #d? #e? #f? #g? ,s*ools ,cl4 ,pu4 ,cl4 ,pu4 ,cl4 ,pu4 ,cl4 ,pu4 ,cl4 ,pu4 ,cl4 ,pu4 ,cl4 ,pu4 ,a4 ,boys #c #aab #c #ii #c #aad #d #acf #c #aae #c #if #c #ie ,girls #c #ajg #c #aac #c #aaf #c #aje #c #aaa #c #aia #b #hc ,b4 ,boys #e #ahc #e #aid #d #aeg #d #afj #e #aii #e #agg #d #add ,girls #e #agh #e #ahd #e #aif #d #adj #e #ahh #d #aea #d #adi ,c4 ,boys #b #hi #b #ij #b #ajj #b #ih #b #ih #b #gi #b #fd ,girls #ba #ii #ba #if #ba #aja #ba #ie #ba #ig #ba #hi #b #gg ,d4 ,boys #c #aci #c #abc #d #adj #c #abg #c #ajh #c #ajc #c #ic ,girls #ca #aai #ca #acb #c #aag #ca #aci #c #jbh #c #aaj #c #aja ,e4 ,boys #c #aba #d #adi #c #aac #b #gg #b #gd #b #gb #b #fe ,girls #c #aae #d #aeb #c #aja #c #aaf #c #aae #b #gg #b #fj ,f4 ,boys #c #ach #b #ic #b #hc #b #fg #c #ih #c #ajg #a #cg ,girls #ca #abb #ba #ajb #ba #ajd #c #ajd #b #gg #b #gi #b #fe ,g4 ,boys #d #aea #c #adj #b #aai #d #ach #c #aba #c #ii #c #aje ,girls #d #adg #da #aeg #da #adh #d #acd #c #ajf #b #hj #c #ic ,h4 ,boys #d #adb #d #acf #c #aai #c #aae #d #aci #c #aji #b #ff ,girls #c #aca #c #acf #d #aca #d #adb #c #ajb #b #hj #b #fi ,i4 ,boys #c #if #c #if #c #hf #b #gc #b #gg #b #fh #c #ajb ,girls #b #gi #b #fh #b #hb #b #gi #b #fh #b #ga #c #ajb ,j4 ,boys #b #ie #b #ia #b #ij #b #hj #b #ha #b #gj #b #fda ,girls #ba #hg #ba #aji #ba #ih #c #ic #b #ff #b #fh #b #ffa ,k4 ,boys #d #aec #d #ade #d #adc #c #aah #c #abj #c #aba #c #hd ,girls #e #agj #da #aec #d #aci #d #aed #c #abc #c #ajc #c #ic ,l4 ,boys #d #adc #d #ade #d #acd #d #add #d #abi #d #acb #b #ge ,girls #d #aeh #d #adh #d #ada #d #acb #d #acf #d #aeg #d #aca ,m4 ,boys #g #acc #f #aaa #e #ia #b #ii #b #ajb #b #gj #b #gd ,girls #acf #ajh #aae #bb #abd #bb #aae #c #ig #b #gb ,n4 ,boys #d #aea #a #ajf #a #ajh #b #aac #b #he #b #aje #b #gb ,girls #c #aji #ad #abe #ac #abg #bb #ajh #ba #ajj #bb #ajf #b #fd ,o4 ,boys #aaa #ih #abh #aah #ajb #ie #eg ,girls #e #ij #e #ih #g #abf #f #ajd #e #hh #e #ih #d #gc ,p4 ,boys #c #abf #b #hc #c #aaf #c #ajc #c #ajc #b #fh #c #if ,girls #c #aac #c #aag #c #aje #c #aac #c #ii #b #hj #c #ajj ,q4 ,boys #d #aee #e #aib #e #afh #d #aeh #d #aee #d #adi #c #aaf ,girls #d #aed #ea #ahi #d #afc #e #aga #d #add #c #aah #b #aaa ,r4 ,boys #aed #aei #aca #aab #c #ajg #b #hc #c #ajd ,girls #ahf #abh #ada #aae #c #aaj #ca #aca #b #gg ,s4 ,boys #e #ahe #d #aea #d #aci #d #ace #c #aaa #b #ge ,girls #d #aei #e #agb #d #adf #c #ajh #d #adh #b #gi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,total 7,classes7 #acd #aca #abf #abb #aae #ajd #ia #b ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -- 7,pupils7 #ejcf #dhgh #dfgf #ddeh #dbce #cgec #cjii #dc ,av]age numb] ( pupils p] class #cg4f #cg4c #cg4a #cf4e #cf4h #cf4a #cd4a ,s*ools = ,abnormals ,boys #dg #ed #eg #df #ff #fe #cj #ai #da #g #ea #fa #b ,girls #ah #ec #da #cg #dg #cc #ah #i ,cl4--,class4 ,pu4--,pupils4 #a4--;,classes made up ( *ildr5 requir+ individual att5tion4 ,total ,cond5s$ table ,total ,classes ,pupils ( all gr\ps ,s*ools ,boys' ,girls' ,co$s4 ,boys ,girls ,classes ,pupils ,av]age = class4 ,a4 #bb #bj #gfg #gcf #db #aejc #ce4h ,b4 #cb #cb #abad #aaie #fd #bdji #cg4f ,c4 #ad #ad #f #fah #fdd #cd #abfb #cg4a ,d4 #bb #ba #c #hcc #hdj #df #afgi #cf4e ,e4 #ah #bj #fga #gcf #ch #adjg #cg ,f4 #af #af #c #fbc #fec #ce #abgf #cf4e ,g4 #bb #bd #b #hgc #hfe #dh #agch #cf4b ,h4 #bc #ba #hbf #gha #dd #afjg #cf4e ,i4 #ah #ae #eih #edi #cc #aadg #cd4h ,j4 #ae #af #c #eie #fjf #cd #abja #ce4c ,k4 #bd #bf #hhd #ice #ej #ahaj #cf4d ,l4 #bf #bh #ijb #ajjc #ed #aije #ce4c ,m4 #h #i #bb #fhj #gfg #ci #addg #cg4a ,n4 #ad #ac #ac #gdj #ghi #dj #adgi #cg ,o4 #cg #gji #fgg #cg #achj #cg4e ,p4 #ai #bj #fie #gbg #ci #adbb #cf4e ,q4 #bi #bh #ajic #ajej #eg #badc #cg4f ,r4 #h #h #ca #hej #hhh #dg #agch #cg ,s4 #bb #bb #gif #hab #dd #afjh #cf4e ,total numb] --- --- --- ----- ----- --- ----- ---- ( ,pupils #ceb #cec #abj #adifg #aebji #hbe #cjagf #cf4f ,s*ools = ,abnormals #c #ci #chd #bef #db #fdj #ae4f ,9 addition to ! special features 9 ?is table1 to :i* we h already call$ att5tion1 x may be obs]v$ t ! total numb] ( boys'1 girls'1 & co-educational classes2 ! total numb] ( boys & ( girls 9 att5dance at ea* s*ool2 & ! av]age numb] ( pupils p] class 9 ea* s*ool are also includ$4 ,! law limits ! numb] ( pupils 9 a class to ?irty-five1 except tempor>ily or 9 case ( /r+5cy 9 f9ancial conditions1 & 9 no case mu/ !re be m ?an =ty4#f ,x is se5 9 ! table t ! av]age is above ?irty-five 9 all b "o s*ool1 b x has be5 exce$+ly difficult 9 ! rapidly gr[+ city ( ,*ri/iania to avoid conge/ion 9 ! s*ools4 ,9 only "o ( ! n9ete5 s*ools does ! g5]al av]age come )9 ! rule4 ,if !y plead economic /r+5cy !n ! av]ages ( all fall )9 ! limits4 ,n[ a l>ge p]c5tage ( *ildr5 cont9ue _! education aft] ! completion ( ! elem5t>y c\rse4 ,9 #aijg1 !re 7 n9e ?\s&1 eight hundr$ & n9ety-five pupils 9 ! accr$it$ middle s*ools1#g & "o ?\s&1 five hundr$ & n9ety-?ree 9 ! gymnasia4 ,ab\t eighte5 ?\s& o!rs att5d$ non-accr$it$ second>y s*ools & ^? ( /ill l[] /&>ds--ev5+ s*ools1 cont9uation s*ools1 & v>i\s prep>atory s*ools4 ,approximately two ?\s& 7 9 te*nical s*ools & ab\t "o ?\s& 9 tea*]s' sem9>ies4 ,ne>ly e t[n ( any consid]able consequ5ce has a middle s*ool :]e pupils f ! t[n & surr\nd+ t]ritory may receive its b5efits4 ,! l>g] cities h1 9 addition to a lib]al supply ( middle s*ools1 "o or m gymnasia1 accord+ to _! size4 ,! gymnasia draw f a wid] t]ritory ?an d ! middle s*ools because !y are few] & f>!r ap>t4 ,9 addition to ! six tea*]s' sem9>ies ma9ta9$ by ! /ate1 !re are f\r private ones--t5 9 all4 ,table ,,ii indicates ! aggregate att5dance at ^! in/itutions & ! numb] ( ^? :o pass$ ! advanc$ exam9ations dur+ ! ye>s designat$4 ,! univ]sity1 ( c\rse1 draws its /ud5ts f all ov] ! ,/ate4 ,x has an att5dance ( "o ?\s&1 ?ree hundr$ or m1 ab\t five hundr$ & fifty ( :om are annually enroll$ direct f ! gymnasia4 ,^! /ud5ts repres5t ! be/ products ( ! c\ntry & g5]ally !y "w ) e>ne/ness & zeal4 ,,table ,,ii ,table ,giv+ ,att5dance at ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies & ! ,numb] ,pass+ ,advanc$ ,exam9ations4 ,took ,exam9ation4 ,ye>4 ,att5dance4 ,male4 ,female4 ,total4 #aija-jb #gee #bjd #ace #cci #aijb-jc #ihj #aib #abi #cba #aijc-jd #iec #baf #ahd #djj #aijd-je #ijb #agd #aai #bic #aije-jf #iee #bjh #adg #cee --- --- ----- ,totals #iid #gad #a1gjh ,annual ,av]age #aii #adc #cdb ,private s*ools h play$ an important role 9 ,norway4 ,!y h _h a long & int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,a numb] ( !m d "p or all ( ! "w repres5t$ by ! /ate prim>y & second>y s*ools & tea*]s' sem9>ies4 ,mo/ ( !m are locat$ 9 ! l>g] cities & receive recognition & patronage f "s ( ! be/ homes 9 ! l&4 ,_! influ5ce ^u education g5]ally has be5 :olesome4 ,! valuable & attractive features introduc$ by !m h op]at$ l spurs on ^? "u /ate direction4 ,! coop]ative activity :i* has *>act]iz$ ! relation%ip betwe5 ! two k9ds ( s*ools has result$ 9 ! bett]m5t ( bo? & 9 ! rapid advancem5t ( educational ideals & activities ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 "s fundam5tal diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,! private s*ools *>ge a regul> tuition 9 e grade ( prim>y & second>y "w4 ,! /ate prim>y s*ools are free & ! tuition 9 its second>y s*ools is less ?an t *>g$ 9 ! private s*ools4 ,x is self-evid5t t private s*ools are dep5d5t ^u tuition receipts = bo? runn+ exp5ses & pr(its1 :ile ! /ate & communal s*ools are support$ l>gely by public taxation4#h ,p>allel+ s ne>ly ! "w ( ! /ate s*ools1 yet be+ m exp5sive1 ! private s*ools h be5 "u ! necessity ( (f]+ c]ta9 inducem5ts 9 ord] to secure pupils4 ,!y h be5 made attractive 9 location1 9 build+s1 9 equipm5t1 9 ! p]sonnel ( _! faculties1 & 9 o!r ways1 & _! ef=ts h be5 ri*ly rew>d$ z a rule4 ,all classes ( s*ools are subject to /ate regulations & inspection4 ,c]ta9 def9ite requirem5ts mu/ be met be=e a private s*ool may ev5 beg9 to op]ate1 & /ill high] /&>ds mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ord] = ! "w to be accr$it$ by ! /ate4 ,/&>ds ( excell5ce are naturally set by /ate s*ools & ! requirem5ts fix$ by ! /ate inhibit ! />t+ ( inf]ior s*ools "u ! pret5se ( (f]+ some?+ j z good4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s "s ( ! private s*ools--^? well-kn[n & respect$ because ( ! nature ( "w & high /&>ds ( excell5ce ma9ta9$--h be5 giv5 special recognition by ! /ate1 & a few ( !m receive annuities4 ,:5 advancem5t 9 nature or improvem5t 9 quality ( s*ool "w is rew>d$ by increase 9 patronage f ! /ate1 ze/ is furni%$ 9 ! conte/ = fir/ recognition4 ,?\gh ! hi/ory ( ! rise1 developm5t & influ5ce ( ! private s*ools ( ,norway1 toge!r ) a discussion ( _! pres5t /atus & wor?1 might furni% an int]e/+ *apt]1 x becomes necess>y to let ?is slight m5tion suffice & to conf9e ?is "w to a treatise ( ! s*ools in/itut$ & direct$ by ! /ate4 ,x may be add$1 h[ev]1 t ! "w ( ! accr$it$ private s*ools equals 9 quality & receives ! same recognition z t done 9 /ate s*ools4 ,= example1 all graduates f ! private gymnasia pass ! same exam9ations = artium z ^? :o complete ! "w ( ! /ate gymnasia & ent] ! univ]sity on exactly ! same foot+4 ,,iv4 ,,pupils ,! compulsory s*ool laws :i* op]ate 9 ,norway det]m9e ! age 7sev5 ye>s7 at :i* *ildr5 %all ent] s*ool & ! regul>ity ( _! att5dance4 ,) ?is 9 m9d1 x is readily und]/ood t z a rule ea* class m>*es /eadily =w>d1 "o grade ea* ye>1 until ! completion ( ! s*ool life4 ,z a consequ5ce !re is b little v>iation 9 ! ages ( pupils do+ ! "w ( any c]ta9 grade1 & ! proportion ( pupils ( normal age 9 ! sev]al grades is v l>ge4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate def9itely1 a concrete situation is pres5t$ 9 ,table ,,iii1 :i* %[s ! exact conditions exi/+ at a c]ta9 "t 9 "o ( _! repres5tative cities4 ,,table ,,iii ,transcrib] note3 table split to fit ,table %[+ ! age ( pupils on ,april #cj1 #aijh1 9 ! sev]al grades1 also ! numb] 9 ea* ,grade & relation to normal age4 ,age & ye> ( bir?4 ,grade ,no4 ( #f-g #g-h #h-i #i-aj #aj-aa #aa-ab #ab-ac #ac-ad #ad-ae #ae-af #af-ag ,classes #aijb #aija #aijj #ahii #ahih #ahig #ahif #ahie #ahid #ahic #ahib ,total #a #acd #bg #cjdg #agij #afd #aj #ejch #b #acj #cc #bgcj #agie #bfc #ah #dhci #c #abf #bb #befd #agcj #cai #cf #e #b #dfgh #d #abb #cc #bbhg #afbj #cic #gg #ad #a #ddbe #e #aae #cb #bjji #aebh #eaa #acf #f #dbbb #f #aje #a #ci #ahef #acdb #efi #hj #chgh #g #ij #bh #aehb #aabi #bca #c #cjjc ,x#b #b #bj #bb #a #dc ,t#a #hbd #bg #cjhj #dedb #deef #dcbc #ciif #chda #cecg #aifb #aci #c #cjahf ,p] ct4 #aijh #j4a #aj4b #ae4a #ae4a #ad4c #ac4b #ab4g #aa4g #f4e #a4a ---- #aijg #j4a #aa4c #ae4c #ae4j #ac4e #ac4a #ab4f #aa4i #f4b #a4j -- --- #aijf #j4a #aj4i #ae4e #ad4f #ad4j #ac4d #ab4e #aa4f #f4f #j4h -- --- #aije #j4a #aa4b #ae4c #ad4g #ad4j #ac4f #ab4g #aa4i #f4d #j4a -- --- ,no4 ( ,pupils ( ,p] ,c5t4 ( ,normal ,age4 ,normal ,age4 ,grade ,"u ,norm4 ,ov] ,"u ,norm4 ,ov] #a #bg #dhcg #agd #j4e #if4j #c4e #b #cc #debe #bha #j4g #ic4e #e4h #c #bb #dbid #cfb #j4e #ia4i #g4f #d #cc #cijg #dhe #j4h #hh4c #aj4i #e #cb #cecg #fec #j4h #hc4h #ae4d #f #ca #caih #fdi #j4h #hb4b #ag4j #g #bh #bhja #bcd #j4i #ia4a #h4j ,x#b #db #a --- #ig4g #b4c ,t#a4 #bjf #bgada #bhci ,p] ct4 #aijh ---- ---- ---- #j4g #hi4i #i4d #aijg ---- ---- ---- #j4h #ij4i #h4c #aijf ---- ---- ---- #j4i #ia4h #g4c #aije ---- ---- ---- #a4a #ia4g #g4b #a4 ,prim>y s*ools ( ,kri/iana exclusive ( s*ools = abnormal *ildr54 #b4 ,classes requir+ special individual att5tion4 ,?is table speaks = itself & ne$s no explanation4 ,x is wor?y ( note1 h[ev]1 t 9 comp>atively few in/ances d ! ages v>y m ?an two or ?ree ye>s1 & t six ye>s is ! wide/ diff]5ce 9 age to be f\nd among all ! pupils ( any giv5 grade ( "w4 ,fur!rmore1 we call att5tion to ! fact t ^? above normal age 9 no ye> aggregat$ z mu* z t5 p] c5t ( ! entire numb] 9 att5dance4 #aj4a p] c5t repres5ts ! entire numb] outside ! normal age--^? above plus ^? bel[--= ! ye> #aijh4 ,dur+ ! ?ree =m] ye>s ! p]c5tage 0 /ill small]4 ,! r$uction 9 numb]s ( pupils 9 ! six? & sev5? grades is due 9 l>ge "p to ! fact t s _m pass f ! fif? grade into ! middle s*ool4 ,! same conditions ( uni=mity exi/ 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,hav+ ent]$ at ! age ( sev5 & hav+ sp5t five or m ye>s 9 ! prim>y s*ool1 ! pupils ^u entrance to ! middle s*ool are g5]ally twelve or m ye>s old4 ,9 "s middle s*ools ! av]age age ( ^? ent]+ w at times be less ?an twelve ye>s4 ,?is latt] condition is usually due to "s local situation or rule reg>d+ age at entrance ^u s*ool "w4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ! age "q to ne>] its limits we w pres5t ,table ,,iv4 ,,table ,,iv ,table %[+ ! ages ( pupils 9 ,/ate & ,communal ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,middle ,s*ool ,gymnasium ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,date ,trondhjem7,a7 #ab-a7;,c7 #ac-c #ad-b #ae-f #af-aj #ag-ah #ah-a #i-a-jf ,kri/ians&7,a7 #ab #ac-e #ad-b #ae-b #af-c #ag-g #ah-c #aj-a-jj ,kri/iansund7,b7 #ab-g #ac-e #ad-h #ae-e #af-b #af-i #ah-d #i-a-ji ,fr$rikk/ad7,b7 #ab-g #ac-d #ad-b #ae-b #ae-aj #af-aj #ag-h #g-a-jh ,lillihamm]7,b7 #ab-b #ac-b #ad #ae-c #af #af-f #ah-a #g-a-jf ,l>vik7,b7 #ab-b #ac-c #ad-b #ae-a #ae-aj #af-aj #ah-b #h-a-jc ,note ,a3 ,/ate second>y s*ool4 ,note ,b3 ,communal second>y s*ools4 ,note ,c3 ,age 9 ye>s & mon?s4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! /ep f ! la/ ye> 9 ! middle s*ool to ! fir/ ye> 9 ! gymnasium4 ,9 sev]al in/ances !re is consid]ably less ?an a ye> ( diff]5ce 9 age4 ,?is is b ano!r illu/ration ( ! t5d5cies ( ! sift+ t goes on 9 ! natural process ( select+ ! fitte/4 ,^? ( ke5e/ intellect are ! ones :o rea* a specific requirem5t 9 lea/ "t & !n proce$ 9 ! pursuit ( advance education4 ,! ones sift$ out are m g5]ally ^? ^: advance has be5 m difficult1 or ^? :o h lagg$ beh9d o!rs ( _! own age4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! t5ds to l[] ! av]age age 9 ! succe$+ grade4 ,simil> conditions 9 emphasiz$ =m are 9 evid5ce :5 we /udy ! ages ( ^? :o ent] ! univ]sity f ye> to ye>4 ,:ile ! ages ( ^? j ent]+ ! ?ird & f9al ye> ( ! gymnasium are on ! av]age m ?an eighte51 ! ones :o ent] ! univ]sity ! foll[+ ye> 9 ,septemb] av]age n9ete5 ye>s ( age or a little less4 ,9 addition to ! tables %[+ ! ages ( pupils ?r\gh\t ! sev]al grades ( prep>atory & second>y education1 ! foll[+ "o is ins]t$ to %[ ! av]age age ( ^? 9 att5dance at f\r ( ! tea*]s' sem9>ies4 ,! advance 9 age ) advance ( grade is n z regul> "h z 9 ! o!r s*ools4 ,,table ,v ,table ,%[+ ,age ( ,pupils 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,sem9>ies at ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,ye>1 #aijf-g4 ,av]age age,a 9 grades4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,holme/r& #ai-g #ba-c #bb-a ,levang] #bj #ai-h #ba-d ,ham> #ai-b #bj-b #ba-g ,/ord #ai-f #ai-aa #ba ,note ,a3 ,age 9 ye>s & mon?s4 ,!re is n z close correspond5ce betwe5 age or grade & s*ol>%ip 9 ! sem9>ies z we f9d 9 ! o!r s*ools4 ,! great] v>iation is due to sev]al causes1 among !m are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! law requires t a tea*] mu/ be at lea/ tw5ty ye>s ( age4#i 7#b7 ,! previ\s education ( ^? 9 att5dance v>ies greatly4 ,_m are desir\s ( gett+ z ?or\gh & complete prep>ation z _! circum/ances admit1 :ile o!rs are seem+ly anxi\s to ent] on ! l[e/ /&>d admissible4 7#c7 ,tea*]s :o are eag] to improve _! qualifications frequ5tly return to ! sem9>y aft] a few ye>s ( tea*+ exp]i5ce 9 ord] to complete ! c\rse & prep>e = ! bett] class ( positions4 ,comp>isons betwe5 ! educational equipm5t ( ! ,am]ican y\? & t ( 8 ,norwegian c\s9 at any giv5 age are exce$+ly difficult to make4 ,we h n yet e/abli%$ any specific units or norms by :i* education may be measur$4 ,we c make nei!r def9ite nor satisfactory quantitative or qualitative measurem5ts ( accompli%m5t4 ,h[ev]1 a c>eful analysis ( ! respective c\rses ( /udy1 ! qualification ( tea*]s1 & plans ( "w1 support$ by ! te/imony ( ^? :o h be5 tea*]s 9 bo? c\ntries1 seems to w>rant ! /atem5t t ! completion ( ! gymnasial c\rse ( /udy 9 ,norway is comp>able to ! completion ( ! sophomore ye> ( "w 9 our ,am]ican colleges & univ]sities4 ,! av]age age ( /ud5ts is ab\t ! same 9 bo? in/ances4 ,! ,am]ican *ildr5 sp5d a less portion ( ! ye> 9 s*ool ?an d ! *ildr5 9 ,norway4 ,:ile 9 our s*ools we g5]ally h b ?irty-six weeks ( five days ea* 9 a ye>1 inclusive ( all regul> & special holidays1 ! s*ools ( ,norway are 9 op]ation =ty weeks ( six days ea*1 exclusive ( holidays4 ,leav+ out any consid]ation ( holidays1 ! ,am]ican s*ool ye> usually am\nts to "o hundr$ eighty days1 :ile 9 ,norway !y h two hundr$ & =ty days ( s*ool4 ,9 o!r words1 eight ye>s ( prim>y s*ool & f\r ye>s ( high s*ool 9 ,am]ica repres5t only ?ree-f\r?s z _m days ( in/ruction & /udy z are includ$ 9 five ye>s ( prim>y s*ool1 f\r ye>s ( middle s*ool1 & ?ree ye>s ( gymnasium 9 ,norway4 ,t is to say1 to provide ! same numb] ( days ( in/ruction x w\ld take sixte5 s*ool ye>s 9 ,am]ica to equal twelve 9 ,norway4 ,! specialization :i* *>act]izes ! "w ( ! /ud5ts ^u entrance to ! ,norwegian univ]sity br+s _! /udy )9 mu* n>r[] limits ?an t ( our ord9>y juniors 9 college4 ,_! g5]al cultural education concludes ) ! tak+ ( artium :ile ours usually cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! lib]al arts c\rse 9 college or until ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts has be5 receiv$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( specialization is common among our /ud5ts dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( _! college education1 b x cov]s a wid] range ?an 9 ,norway & ! great] portion ( x is res]v$ = po/ graduate c\rses4 ,9 ,norway ! pr(essional /udies are tak5 up )\t any prelim9>ies imm$iately ^u entrance to ! univ]sity4 ,9 ! bett] pr(essional s*ools ( ,am]ica1 "o1 two1 or ?ree ye>s ( collegiate "w is requir$ z a prep>ation = entrance4 ,i4 ,,organization--,,relation ,,to ,,/ate1 ,,commune1 ,,& ,,city ,! highe/ educational au?ority ( ,norway is ve/$ 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ecclesia/ical & ,educational ,affairs 7,kirke-og ,und]visn+s-,dep>tm5tet71 & ! *ief function>y 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t is a memb] ( ! ,k+'s cab9et 7,/atsraad74 ,! "w ( ! dep>tm5t is sep>at$ into two divisions1 "o ( :i* sup]vises ! ecclesia/ical activities & ! o!r ! educational "w ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is latt] division is aga9 sep>at$ into two bureaus1 "o hav+ *>ge ( prim>y education & ! o!r be+ 9 control ( second>y educational affairs4 ,^! bureaus p]=m ! functions usually devolv+ ^u su* (fices1 ! "w be+ l>gely cl]ical4 ,9 addition !re are ! diocesan directors 7,/ift ,direktor]7 be>+ ! imm$iate responsibilities 9 prim>y education1 & a /ate educational commission 7,und]visn+sraad7 hav+ l>ge au?ority 9 second>y education4 ,next to ! dep>tm5t itself ! s*ool directors h au?ority ov] prim>y education4 ,9 fact ! director has all b complete control 9 8 t]ritory ev5 ?\gh ! dep>tm5t is recogniz$ z hav+ ! high] au?ority or p[]s4 ,! ,k+'s cab9et appo9ts sev5 directors = ! six dioceses into :i* ! /ate is divid$2 two = ! mo/ nor!rn1 because ( its great] ext5t1 & "o = ea* ( ! o!r five4 ,! directors are paid by ! /ate & are am5able only to ! /ate1 h5ce !y ex]cise _! p[]s 9 an endeavor to effect ! be/ possible results educationally )\t fe> or favor ( local influ5ces4 ,!y act indep5d5tly 9 _! respective t]ritories & d n con/itute a committee 9 any s5se :atev]4 ,! commission hav+ *ief ov]sight ( second>y education consi/s ( sev5 m5 appo9t$ by ! ,k+'s cab9et4 ,!y are *os5 because ( _! effici5cy 9 educational affairs )\t reg>d to ! "p ( ! c\ntry to :i* !y belong4#aj ,!y "w always z a committee1 & z exp]ts s]ve ! /ate = ! g5]al welf>e ( second>y education4 ,! _m privileges & duties ex]cis$ by ?is commission may be gr\p$ toge!r "u ! heads ( inspection & sup]vision ( second>y s*ools1 & arrangem5ts = hav+ exam9ations4 ,sev]al ( ! m5 con/itut+ ?is commission are at ! same "t rectors ( lead+ second>y s*ools 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 fact !y are *os5 because ( _! famili>ity ) & exp]tness 9 j su* k9d ( "w4 ,:5 x becomes necess>y to seek advice 9 hygi5ic que/ions a physician ( recogniz$ ability is add$ to ! commission4 ,8 judgm5t & in/ruction are respect$ & adh]$ to v closely4 ,! rural communes are divid$ into s*ool di/ricts or circles 7,skolekr$s]74 ,ea* di/rict supports & ma9ta9s a prim>y s*ool ) at lea/ two divisions--an infant s*ool 7,smaaskole7 = *ildr5 f sev5 to t5 ye>s ( age1 & a high] "o design$ = *ildr5 f t5 to f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,9 di/ricts :]e di/ances are great or roadways difficult1 two or m infant s*ools are provid$4 ,companies op]at+ "o or m manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts or indu/rial conc]ns1 & g5]ally employ+ ?irty or m labor]s1 are requir$ to provide a prim>y s*ool = ! *ildr5 ( ! m5 9 _! employ4 ,:5 once />t$ ^! s*ools are to be kept up unless ! numb] ( ! employ$ is r$uc$ bel[ tw5ty4 ,9 case !re are o!r *ildr5 :o desire to att5d su* s*ool1 !y %all h ! "r to d s provid+ x does n int]f]e ) ! in/ruction ( ^? = :om ! s*ool 0 e/abli%$4 ,9 return = ?is ! s*ool treasury receives f ! communal treasury a ye>ly am\nt proportion$ to ! total co/ = all pupils 9 ! s*ool4#aa ,:ile ! law requires t in/ruction %all be provid$ six days 9 ! week = at lea/ twelve weeks ea* ye>1 x also grants to ! communes ! privilege ( ext5d+ ! "t to fifte5 weeks4,b ,x fur!r provides ! "r to ma9ta9 six weeks additional1 volunt>y in/ruction ea* ye>4#ab ,^! privileges are g5]ally tak5 advantage ( by bo? communes & pupils4 ,! communes desire ! ext5sion ( "t = s*ool1 & ! pupils are v glad ( ! opportunity to att5d ! extra "t1 ev5 ?\gh _! pres5ce is n compulsory4 ,9 fact ! compulsory education law has be5 s rigidly en=c$ = s long a "t t regul> att5dance has become habitual1 & ! exact provisions & requirem5ts ( ! law are r>ely ?\ght ( by ! pupils4 ,!re is1 9 reality1 no law requir+ *ildr5 to att5d ! s*ools provid$ by ! /ate1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( education is obligatory4 ,x is m&atory t s*ools be ma9ta9$ 9 all ( ! di/ricts1 b individual *ildr5 may receive _! in/ruction 9 private s*ools if !y *oose1 s long z educational requirem5ts are met f ye> to ye>4 ,pupils :o belong to ! s*ools are requir$ to be 9 att5dance regul>ly1 & *ildr5 :o receive in/ruction else:]e ?an 9 ! /ate s*ools mu/ meet ! requirem5ts calculat$ to br+ !m to a c]ta9 educational /&>d by ! "t !y are fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,failure 9 ?is subjects p>5ts1 gu>dians1 & ^? provid+ s*ools = *ildr5 ( labor]s 9 _! employ to f9e or imprisonm5t4#ac ,! "w 9 ! infant s*ool includes or am\nts to ?irty lessons p] week :ile 9 ! high] "o !re are ?irty-six lessons4 ,accord+ly1 ! pupils 9 ! l[] grades receive a m9imum ( ?ree hundr$ sixty lessons a ye>1 & ?is numb] may be increas$ to f\r hundr$ fifty or six hundr$ ?irty4 ,9 ! high] grades !y h at lea/ f\r hundr$ ?irty-two lessons a ye>1 & if ! "t is ext5d$ !y h five hundr$ =ty or sev5 hundr$ fifty-six lessons a ye>4 ,ea* rural commune has its own s*ool bo>d 7,skole/yret7 consi/+ ( a prie/2 ! *airman ( ! municipal c\ncil2 "o or two tea*]s#ad *os5 by ! body ( tea*]s2 z _m o!r memb]s 7m5 or wom57 z ! communal c\ncil deems x advisable to select2 & ! rectors ( high] s*ools1 if !re be any1 "u ! sup]vision & inspection ( ! s*ool bo>d4 ,9 ! t[ns & cities ! s*ool bo>d consi/s ( at lea/ "o prie/#ae2 a memb] ( ! city's executive c\ncil2#af z _m o!r memb]s *os5 = ?ree ye>s z ! municipal c\ncil deems x advisable to select1 at lea/ half ( :om mu/ be *os5 f among p>5ts :o at ! "t ( election h *ildr5 9 ! city prim>y s*ools2 "o or two tea*]s2#ag &1 :]ev] ! s*ool bo>d controls high] s*ools1 ! rectors ( su* s*ools4 ,! memb]s ( ! s*ool bo>d select _! own *airman & act toge!r z a committee or bo>d4 ,among its m important duties are appo9tm5t ( tea*]s & special committees1 provision ( c\rse ( /udy ) specific in/ructions reg>d+ its pres5tation1 & ! e/imation ( sums ( money necess>y to meet dem&s 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! s*ools = ! ye>4 ,?is e/imate ( exp5ses is s5t by ! bo>d ea* ye> to ! communal c\ncil :i* has *>ge ( ! disp5s+ ( f9ances = ! commune4 ,! c\rse ( /udy1 includ+ ! plan ( in/ruction & directions reg>d+ ! sup]vision ( ! s*ools z giv5 by ! bo>d1 is m9utely detail$ & specifically /at$4 ,x includes a li/ ( /udies to be pursu$1 ! mann] & ord] ( _! pres5tation1 & ! numb] ( h\rs p] week to be devot$ to ea* subject2 an outl9e ( arrangem5ts = entrance1 promotion1 & leav+ exam9ations1 ) provisions = exemption !refrom :]ev] su* is deem$ advisable2 all necess>y arrangem5ts = vacations2 & o!r matt]s consid]$ ess5tial 9 ! ma9t5ance & c>ry+ on ( a s*ool4 ,= ea* prim>y s*ool1 or = ! sev]al s*ools1 us+ ! same build+1 ! bo>d appo9ts a committee ( inspection 7,tilsynsutvalg74 ,?is committee consi/s ( a memb] ( ! s*ool bo>d 7*os5 by ! bo>d71 :o is *airman ( ! committee1 & ?ree o!r memb]s4 ,^! latt] memb]s are *os5 9 ! city by ! p>5ts ( *ildr5 att5d+ ! s*ool1 & 9 ! rural di/ricts by su* p>5ts & o!r taxpay]s4 ,a prie/ appo9t$ by *ur* au?ority is add$ to committees s]v+ t[n or city s*ools4 ,?is committee ( inspection ex]cises con/ant ov]sight ( ! s*ool1 keep+ ! bo>d in=m$ ) ref]5ce to all matt]s requir+ att5tion by t body4 ,by ! cons5t ( ! communal c\ncil ?is committee may h an am\nt provid$ f ! s*ool funds = its use 9 c>ry+ out its "w4 ,! inspection is ) special ref]5ce to ! physical & moral well-be+ ( ^? connect$ ) ! in/itution4 ,among ! special objects ( its endeavors may be enum]at$ ! solv+ ( all hygi5ic que/ions1 regul> att5dance1 good discipl9e1 & prop] moral conduct4 ,! committee mu/ also see to x t *ildr5 ( s*ool age1 n 9 att5dance at ! /ate prim>y s*ools1 receive in/ruction 9 su* quantity & ( su* quality z to meet all /ate requirem5ts4 ,9 g5]al x is an out/ret*$ arm ( ! s*ool bo>d1 feel+ aft] ! bett]m5t ( ! common s*ools 9 e possible direction4 ,ano!r committee 7call$ ! s*ool committee--,skol]aad7 is appo9t$ by ! s*ool bo>d = ea* ( ! prim>y s*ools 9 ! city4 ,! duties ( ! two committees are 9 a way complem5t>y4 ,:ile ! committee ( inspection is occupi$ 9 matt]s ext]nal 9 l>ge measure1 ! s*ool committee ex]cises functions m p$agogical 9 nature1 ?\gh x also has g5]al wat* c>e ov] ! affairs ( ! s*ool4 ,if !re be a sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 7,skole9spektor71 he is a memb] ex (ficio ( ! s*ool committee1 & its *airman4 ,"u o!r conditions ! s*ool bo>d designates :i* ( ! appo9t$ memb]s ( ! committee %all be its *airman4 ,9 t[ns :]e ! numb] ( tea*]s exce$s sixty1 ! s*ool bo>d may direct t ! s*ool committee %all consi/ ( ! sup]9t5d5t & ! pr9cipals ( ! sev]al s*ools z ex (ficio memb]s & any det]m9$ numb] ( o!r tea*]s select$ by ! body ( tea*]s4 ,! elect$ memb]s are to be male & female 9 proportion to _! respective numb]s on ! tea*+ /aff1 exclusive ( ^? :o are ex (ficio memb]s ( ! committee4 ,! sexes sep>ate into special meet+s = ! purpose ( election1 ea* *oos+ its allott$ numb] ( repres5tatives4 ,election is = two ye>s1 "o-half retir+ ea* ye>1 ! fir/ "t accord+ to lot4 ,memb]s ^: t]ms expire are requir$ to s]ve long] 9 case ( re-election4 ,?is s*ool committee holds regul> meet+s1 accord+ to its own appo9tm5t1 at :i* ! memb]s are requir$ to be pres5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ! *airman may call additional meet+s 9 cases ( necessity1 & he is requir$ to call special meet+s :5 reque/$ by ! s*ool bo>d to d s4 ,a majority vote ( ! memb]s is suffici5t = ! passage ( any proposition4 ,:ile ! duties ( ?is committee are n specifically outl9$1 x is int5d$ t its "w %all conc]n *iefly ! int]nal work+s ( ! s*ools4 ,its functions are ma9ly p$agogical 9 "* z already /at$ & z evid5c$ 9 ! foll[+ provisions 9 ! law4 ,! s*ool bo>d %all p]mit ! s*ool committee to voice its op9ions 9 e affair :i* conc]ns3 7#a7 ! g5]al sup]vision ( prim>y s*ools1 7#b7 g5]al provisions conc]n+ regulations & discipl9e1 & 7#c7 text books & outl9es ( in/ruction4 ,9 addition ! committee is requir$ to express itself reg>d+ any matt] relat+ to ! good ( ! s*ool :5 ask$ by ! bo>d = advice4 ,! s*ool bo>d may also ord] t !re be a tea*]s' commission 7,la]]raad7 = ea* s*ool or = ! sev]al s*ools us+ ! same build+s1 consi/+ ( ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ool4 ,! *airman ( ?is committee is ! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 a s*ool pr9cipal1 or o!r memb]1 accord+ to ! det]m9ation ( ! bo>d4 ,! duties devolv+ ^u ?is commission are 9 ea* case outl9$ by ! bo>d4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 7,skole9spektor7 has g5]al direction ( all ! prim>y s*ools 9 ! city sy/em4 ,8 duties are simil> to ^? ( ! sup]9t5d5t 9 ,am]ican t[ns & cities4 ,he takes ! lead 9 direct+ ! policies ( ! s*ools & ex]cises l>ge p[]s 9 mak+ !m effici5t4 ,he is provid$ ) well-equipp$ (fices1 g5]ally 9 "o ( ! s*ool build+s1 :]e he & 8 cl]ks1 suppli$ by ! s*ool bo>d1 d ! great] portion ( _! "w4 ,a pr9cipal or headma/] 7,ov]la]]7 is g5]ally plac$ 9 *>ge ( ea* s*ool4 ,8 duties are comp>able to ^? p]=m$ by w>d pr9cipals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile ! sup]9t5d5t is ! sup]ior (fic] & ex]cises g5]al control & au?ority1 ! pr9cipal has imm$iate *>ge ( ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,he controls its activities 9 h>mony ) & "u ! direction ( ! sup]9t5d5t1 consult+ ! wi%es ( ! high] (ficial & respect+ 8 op9ions4 ,! sup]9t5d5t recognizes t = ! "o 9 imm$iate *>ge ( a s*ool to h 8 h&s ti$ or 8 lib]ties too circumscrib$ means ! hamp]+ ( ! "w2 h5ce1 he gives to ! pr9cipals work+ "u him wide latitude 9 c>ry+ out _! ideas4 ,= example1 if ! pr9cipal is a believ] 9 co$ucation or1 on ! o!r h&1 a /aun* advocate ( segregation ( ! sexes = in/ructional purposes1 he is usually privileg$ to c>ry 8 policy into execution 9 8 s*ool1 ev5 ?\gh ! views ( ! sup]9t5d5t are n :olly 9 accord !re)4 ,?r\gh\t _! "w !y seek ea* o!r's c\nsel & advice1 & coop]ate successfully4 ,! private citiz5 9 ,norway plays only an indirect "p 9 s*ool affairs1 yet 8 int]e/s are cons]v$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! local pa/or1 :o is a memb] ex (ficio ( ! s*ool bo>d1 g5]ally gu>ds ! int]e/s ( ! masses4 ,8 influ5ce & vote may be reg>d$ usually z a reflection ( ! popul> m9d4 ,! *airman ( ! municipal c\ncil1 :o also is a memb] ( ! bo>d by virtue ( 8 position1 is indirectly ! *oice ( ! p4 ,! tea*] or tea*]s *os5 to occupy on ! s*ool bo>d ne>ly always "w 9 h>mony ) ! public w4 ,! committee ( inspection has a majority ( its memb]s *os5 directly by vote ( ! p imm$iately conc]n$4 ,! press is free & educational movem5ts are cont9ually discuss$ 9 ! lead+ pap]s4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 educational affairs are common topics ( conv]sation1 be+ talk$ ( on all occasions "u v>i\s circum/ances & conditions4 ,x may be said to _! cr$it t ^? discuss+ ^! subjects d s intellig5tly & critically4 ,! masses are alive to ! educational situation1 are int5sely int]e/$ 9 _! s*ools1 & are acqua9t$ ) ! provisions ( ! law conc]n+ !m4 ,! p be+ s democratic 9 t5d5cy & s v frank 9 ! expression ( _! feel+s & op9ions1 naturally reflect public s5tim5t2 :i* because ( be+ und]/ood has m weight & is correspond+ly a great] factor 9 legislative activities4 ,! prim>y s*ools receive _! f9ancial support f ! /ate1 c\nty1 & commune4 ,! /ate provides = city s*ools "o-?ird ( /raight sal>ies1 :i* range betwe5 twelve hundr$ & f\rte5 hundr$ cr[ns = m51 & betwe5 eight hundr$ & n9e hundr$ cr[ns = wom52 two-?irds ( additional sal>y paid because ( long s]vice to ! limit ( eight hundr$ cr[ns p] ye> = m5 & five hundr$ cr[ns p] ye> = wom52 & "o-?ird ( sal>ies paid = positions requir+ only "p "t1 = tea*+ by ! h\r1 & = tea*+ 9 cont9uation s*ools4 ,9 c]ta9 cases :]e ! treasuries are deplet$ ! /ate treasury furni%es z high z =ty-five p] c5t ( tea*]s' sal>ies )9 ! fix$ limits m5tion$ above4 ,9 ! rural communes ! grant receiv$ f ! /ate am\nts to =ty-five p] c5t ( ! tea*]s' sal>ies1 & :]e f9ances are l[ ?is am\nt may be increas$ to sixty p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( ?is /ate grant is figur$ on ! basis ( sal>ies t d n exce$ tw5ty-f\r cr[ns p] week 9 ! second or high] division1 & n9ete5 cr[ns 9 ! fir/ or infant division ( ! prim>y s*ool1 except 9 ! c\nty ( ,f9nm>k5 :]e ! bases may be respectively tw5ty-eight cr[ns & tw5ty-two cr[ns p] week4 ,9 ea* c\nty 7,amt7 ! c\nty c\ncil provides funds = ! foll[+ purposes3 rais+ tea*]s' sal>ies 9 case ( long s]vice1 erect+ s*ool build+s1 supply+ tea*]s' homes1 pay+ sub/itute tea*]s1 pur*as+ app>atus1 reliev+ communes & municipalities :]e s*ool exp5ses are disproportionately high1 & ma9ta9+ cont9uation & artisan s*ools4 ,:atev] is requir$ to defray ! exp5ses ( ! prim>y s*ools1 9 addition to /ate & c\nty grants1 tuition1 receipts f s*ool l&s or hold+s1 etc41 is furni%$ by ! commune or municipality ?r\gh its c\ncil4 ,! second>y s*ools are ei!r /ate or communal4 ,! /ate s*ools are provid$ ) gr\nds1 build+s1 & equipm5t by ! communes 9 :i* !y are locat$2 ! rema9+ exp5ses are met by /ate grants1 tuition fees1 etc4 ,! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ communal s*ools falls l>gely ^u ! communes4 ,! /ate furni%es "o-?ird ( ! sal>ies 9 bo? classes ( s*ools1 & all additional am\nts paid to tea*]s because ( long s]vice4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! second>y s*ools *>ge regul> tuition fees1 all ( !m h funds :i* supply free s*ol>%ips to a numb] ( pupils ea* ye>4 ,9 "s communes !y h be5 able already to provide free middle s*ools1 & x appe>s at lea/ possible t all /ate & communal s*ools may sometime be free4 ,! aim 9 f9anc+ ! s*ool sy/em is to equalize ! burd5 ( exp5se z f> z possible1 & to recognize1 at ! same "t1 ! ef=ts ( ^? directly conc]n$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ results1 au?ority has be5 /rongly c5traliz$2 s*ool bo>ds1 communal & c\nty c\ncils1 & /ate (ficials ex]cise l>ge discretion>y p[]s4 ,,vi4 ,,build+s ,,& ,,gr\nds ,! s*ool build+s ( ,norway are ju/ly reput$ to be ! mo/ magnific5t1 be/ locat$1 & f9e/ edifices ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y are built ( sub/antial mat]ials accord+ to attractive ar*itectural designs1 & are provid$ ) lib]al equipm5t4 ,! l>g] build+s are usually con/ruct$ ( /one1 brick & /one1 or brick & cem5t2 :ile ! small] ones are built ( lumb] & /one4 ,9 ! erection ( build+s1 great c>e is ex]cis$ to make !m spaci\s & p]man5t4 ,all mat]ials us$ are select$ because ( _! durability & suitability to purpose4 ,9 ord] to gu>antee ! be/ hygi5ic conditions1 ! law provides t build+s mu/ meet ! approval ( exp]ts 9 hygi5e be=e !y c be us$ = s*ool purposes4 ,?is means t ! s]vices ( ^! exp]ts mu/ be secur$ 9 gett+ out designs = s*ool build+s1 :e!r 9 ! erection ( new or ! remodel+ ( old ones4 ,! s*ool build+s are heat$ by furnaces or /oves4 ,! new] ones are mod]n 9 e respect &1 ( c\rse1 h excell5t heat+ sy/ems4 ,^? :i* h done s]vice = sev]al decades are usually heat$ by /oves4 ,! build+s are divid$ into rooms 9 su* a mann] t ! daylight ne>ly always ent]s f ! left or ! re> ( ! pupils :5 !y are seat$ at _! desks4 ,?is rule is disreg>d$ only 9 r>e cases4 ,dur+ ! %ort days ( w9t] x is ess5tial to provide artificial light4 ,9 cities & l>ge t[ns !y use electricity = light+ ! s*ool build+s2 9 ! c\ntry or 9 small t[ns1 :]e ! municipalities d n ma9ta9 any c5tral light+ plant1 v>i\s devices are in/all$4 ,sometimes gasol9e is us$ & aga9 ord9>y oil lamps are common4 ,an abundance ( light ( ! be/ procurable quality is g5]ally provid$4 ,besides admitt+ light ! outside w9d[s are ( use 9 provid+ v5tilation = ! s*ool rooms4 ,!y are op5$ wide dur+ int]missions betwe5 classes1 s t :5 ! *ildr5 come 9 f _! ex]cise on ! play gr\nds !y ent] an atmosph]e ne>ly z pure & fre% z t out ( doors4 ,9 addition1 _m s*oolh\ses1 especially ^? built rec5tly1 h regul> v5tilat+ devices4 ,! class room furniture 9 ,norway1 l t us$ 9 _m o!r ,european s*ools1 is ab\t z primitive 9 design & lack+ 9 attractiv5ess z any?+ f\nd 9 ! :ole c\ntry4 ,its evolution surely has be5 greatly ret>d$4 ,9 ea* room !re is a small plat=m high en\gh to enable ! in/ructor to see all 8 pupils ) ease4 ,on ?is plat=m is a desk & a high *air 9 :i* ! tea*] sits mo/ ( ! "t :ile giv+ in/ruction4 ,! pupils' seats & desks are made ( heavy lumb] & atta*$ to a common base4 ,?is makes !m clumsy1 & !y appe> v que] to "o accu/om$ to ! bett] designs n[ 9 use 9 "s c\ntries4 ,^? ( rec5t make are = b "o pupil1 ?\gh old] ones1 "s ( :i* are /ill 9 use1 accommodate ?ree or f\r4 ,9 con/ruction ! seat is g5]ally a solid flat b5* ) a l[ back4 ,! desk has a slightly slop+ top1 a small inconv5i5t %elf = books1 & a receptacle = p5cils1 p5s1 rul]s1 & o!r articles us$ by s*ool *ildr54 ,! ,norwegians des]ve comm5dation = ! c>e ex]cis$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( seats & desks4 ,! di/ance & proportion betwe5 !m are regulat$ accord+ to sci5tific pr9ciples look+ to ! physical welf>e ( ! occupants4 ,! bodily po/ure ( *ildr5 9 s*ool det]m9es 9 l>ge measure :at x w be out ( s*ool4 ,f> too little att5tion has be5 giv5 ! physical side ( education1 & "o ( ! important problems 9 connection !re) is ! prop] con/ruction ( s*oolroom furniture4 ,9 ! small] build+s1 classrooms h commodi\s cupbo>ds = app>atus 7maps1 *>ts1 globes1 plates1 etc471 & v>i\s ?+s ) :i* ! *ildr5 "w 7sew+ mat]ials1 ex]cise books1 etc474 ,:ile !y h a lib]al supply ( excell5t illu/rative mat]ial & tea*+ app>atus & ! be/ ( facilities = /or+ x1 me*anical appliances = its display & devices = its conv5i5t use are woefully lack+4 ,maps & *>ts are held 9 ! h& or hung on a nail or o!r fixture 9 ! room2 :ile globes & ! l are plac$ on *airs or improvis$ /&s4 ,9 g5]al ! app>atus is awkw>d to manipulate & z a result mu* ( its value is lo/4 ,blackbo>ds ( prop] size are v r>e 9 ! s*ools ( ,norway4 ,z a rule ! bo>d is ab\t ?ree by five feet 9 size & fa/5$ to a clumsy easel :i* elevates x s high t x is out ( rea* ( ! pupils4 ,to enable ! *ildr5 to use su* a bo>d a small plat=m is provid$4 ,! *ild m\nts ! plat=m by means ( a few /eps & !re /&s & does 8 blackbo>d "w4 ,9 only "o in/ance did ! writ] dur+ 8 visits to ! s*ools f9d :at appe>$ to him to be an adequate am\nt ( blackbo>d space4 ,?is exceptional condition 0 9 "o ( ! prim>y s*ools :]e special equipm5t 0 in/all$ = ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 bel[ normal intellig5ce4 ,! ample provision ( blackbo>d "h is pro( ( a recognition ( its value1 & ! situation may also be reg>d$ z an indictm5t aga9/ ! preval5t neglect 9 ?is l9e4 ,s*ool room decorations are n z prom95t z might be expect$4 ,despite ! facts t ! :ole ( ,norway is picturesque1 t h] arti/s are q num]\s1 & t ! masses ( h] p are m ?an ord9>ily appreciative ( ! f9] phases ( life1 v few pa9t+s or pieces ( sculpture adorn h] s*ools4 ,true1 exceptions z to ?is rule ( scant provision ( ! arti/ic may be f\nd2 b1 z 9 all c\ntries1 !y q g5]ally fail to appreciate ! educative values ( art4 ,:ile1 traditionally at lea/1 ! /udy & recitation rooms h be5 consid]$ ( prime & greate/ importance 9 s*ool build+s1 !re are o!rs1 accessory to !m1 :i* 9 _! effects are productive ( q z good results4 ,among !m may be m5tion$3 (fices1 tea*]s' rooms1 libr>ies1 laboratories1 & o!r rooms = special purposes4 ,"s ( ^! are n provid$ 9 all s*ools1 b commonly all ( !m are f\nd 9 ! city s*ool build+s4 ,! (fices = rectors1 inspectors1 head ma/]s1 etc41 are admirably arrang$ & h&somely appo9t$4 ,!y are provid$ ) desks1 cab9ets1 *airs1 settees1 tables1 & o!r furni%+s :i* add to conv5i5ce & com=t4 ,! rooms = tea*]s are equipp$ & furni%$ 9 a way j z suitable to _! purpose4 ,9 ^! !y sp5d _! vacant p]iods 9 /udy1 read+1 or 9 leisure1 accord+ to _! *oice4 ,"h1 too1 (fic]s & tea*]s are s]v$ ) lun*eons 9 ! middle ( =5oon & aft]noon sessions4 ,!re are libr>ies 9 ne>ly all s*ool build+s4 ,:ile _m ( !m are small "s are ( l>ge consequ5ce4 ,! "o 9 ! ,*ri/iania ,ca!dral ,s*ool numb]s ?irty ?\s& volumes4 ,?is is "o ( ! olde/ & p]haps ! l>ge/ libr>y 9 any s*ool ( ! c\ntry1 & x is reg>d$ ) consid]able ju/ifiable pride4 ,! laboratories are furni%$ 9 h>mony ) _! traditional plan ( in/ruction4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a supply ( app>atus s t mo/ or all ( ! pupils may be occupi$ simultane\sly 9 laboratory exp]im5tation1 !y h b "o set ( in/rum5ts4 ,h[ev]1 !y d furni% lib]al quantities ( mat]ials = laboratory exp]im5tation4 ,! tea*] is ! *ief op]ator1 "o or two pupils assi/ 9 ! "w1 & ! o!r memb]s ( ! class are onlook]s4 ,:]e dome/ic arts are taught1 rooms are fitt$ up especially = ! purpose4 ,/oves1 cook+ ut5sils1 & _m o!r necess>y articles are at h& ready = use4 ,! effici5cy ( ! "w is 9 no wise h9d]$ by lack ( supplies4 ,9 _m in/ances tea*]s g !mselves to ! m>kets & pur*ase provisions ne$$ = ! day4 ,an e>ne/ ef=t is made to comb9e !ory & practice 9 proportions suitable to obta9+ ! be/ possible results4 ,"s ( ! l>g] build+s h special rooms = ! /or+ ( app>atus & illu/rative mat]ials 7,anskuelsesmidl]74 ,racks1 cupbo>ds1 cab9ets1 draw]s1 cases1 & ! l provide conv5i5t means = pres]v+ ^! supplies & ( r5d]+ !m easily accessible4 ,gymna/ic halls & lun* rooms w be discuss$ 9 ano!r section4 ,! playgr\nds are g5]ally small1 b "s ( ! s*ools h1 9 addition to ! gr\nds imm$iately surr\nd+ ! build+s1 a?letic p>ks ( consid]able proportions4 ,! gr\nds ab\t ! s*ool build+s are arrang$ ) a view ( secur+ f !m maximum returns4 ,!y are enclos$ by high bo>d or wire f5ce1 or by /one or brick & cem5t walls4 ,a heavy coat+ ( gravel is usually plac$ on ! gr\nd 9 ord] to avoid ! gr[? ( vegetation or an accumulation ( du/4 ,keep (f ! grass signs are n 9 evid5ce1 = r>ely d !y attempt to h grassy lawns4 ,!y recognize ! ne$ & value ( physical ex]cise 9 ! op51 & provide means = x 9 connection ) e s*ool4 ,x is specifically requir$ t all pupils g on to ! playgr\nds dur+ ! int]missions 7fri ,kr>t]]7 :i* come betwe5 all lessons4 ,:ile ! *ildr5 are at play "o or m ( ! tea*]s are detail$ to sup]vise ! gr\nds1 :ile o!rs are to patrol ! hallways4 ,l>ge ro(s are put up "u :i* ! *ildr5 play :5 ! wea!r is n favorable to be+ 9 ! op54 ,on r>e occasions :5 ! wea!r is bitt]1 pupils may be p]mitt$ to rema9 indoors4 ,*ildr5 ^: heal? is extremely delicate are dealt ) 9 l5i5cy1 & "s ( !m are p]mitt$ to rema9 inside regul>ly4 ,ne> to ! s*ool build+s1 g5]ally on a corn] ( ! gr\nds1 homes are provid$ = ! head ma/] or pr9cipal & ! janitor 7,vagtme/]74 ,sometimes ! janitor & 8 family live 9 an ap>tm5t 9 ! s*ool build+4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 a d\ble h\se is erect$1 "o "p = ! pr9cipal & ! o!r = ! janitor4 ,^! homes are furni%$ r5t free to ^! m54 ,tea*]s 9 rural di/ricts1 z a rule1 are suppli$ ) a h\se & suffici5t gr\nd = g>d5 & ! pa/urage ( two or ?ree c[s4 ,^! provisions mat]ially r$uce liv+ exp5ses1 &1 9 a way1 recomp5se = ! l[ sal>ies receiv$4 ,9 "o rural s*ool ! writ] f\nd ?ree hundr$ & fifty pupils taught 9 two divisions--=5oon & aft]noon sessions--by six tea*]s4 ,! pr9cipal _h be5 9 *>ge ( ! s*ool =ty-?ree ye>s4 ,"o portion ( ! s*ool build+ provid$ a resid5ce = him & 8 family4 ,!y _h a small g>d52 a fruit or*>d2 a few acres ( l& = pa/urage & hay2 & a b>n & %$s = c[1 pig1 & *ick5s4 ,!re are _m simil> situations ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,?is p>ticul> "o lay j outside a small city1 & ?is fact acc\nts 9 "p = ! l>ge numb] ( pupils 9 att5dance4 ,z a rule ! homes = rural s*ool tea*]s comp>e v favorably ) ! bett] class ( homes 9 ! surr\nd+ neighborhood4 ,!y h suffici5t room1 are com=table1 & g5]ally satisfy ! occupants4 ,! majority ( rural tea*]s h su* homes provid$1 ?\gh only a few city tea*]s enjoy ?is favor4 ,9 #aije1 two ?\s&1 eight hundr$ & tw5ty-six rural tea*]s _h homes furni%$ !m free ( co/4 ,,vii4 ,,g5]al ,,features ,,( ,,inn] ,,organization ,mo/ ( ! tea*]s 9 ! rural prim>y s*ools are m51 :ile ! majority ( !m 9 ! city are wom54 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijg !re 7 f\r ?\s&1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree male & "o ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ & sev5 female tea*]s occupy+ regul> positions 9 ! rural s*ools1 & 9 ! city _! numb]s 7 respectively eight hundr$ & tw5ty-eight & "o ?\s&1 six hundr$ & six4 ,al?\gh ! law makes no requirem5ts z to sex1 except t 9 city s*ools !re mu/ be at lea/ "o ma/] & "o gov]ness1 !re are c]ta9 =ces op]ative :i* almo/ equal edicts ( law4 ,traditionally1 tea*]s 9 ! rural s*ools are m5 &1 z previ\sly /at$1 homes are provid$ = !m & _! families4 ,appo9tm5ts to tea*+ positions are p]man5t4 ,tea*]s rema9 9 _! places until dea? removes !m or until !y *oose to retire on p5sion1 :i* is1 all too (t51 long aft] !y pass ! "t ( _! effici5cy4 ,x is difficult to break ) ! old cu/oms & h5ce ! entrance ( wom5 tea*]s into ! rural s*ool positions has be5 sl[4 ,9 ! cities ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,!re only a small p]c5tage ( ! tea*]s h homes furni%$ !m1 ! numb] ( tea*+ positions )\t sup]vis+ responsibility is l>ge1 & ! sal>ies paid to wom5 are l[] ?an ^? paid to m54 ,z a consequ5ce ! female tea*]s h f\nd easy entrance into ! city s*ools1 & at pres5t !y outnumb] ! m5 two to "o4 ,wom5 h be5 tea*+ s9ce #ahfi1 & ! p are conv9c$ t _! ability z tea*]s is equal to t ( ! /]n] sex4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools1 also1 ! majority ( ! in/ructors are m54 ,9 ! gymnasia practically all ( !m are m51 b 9 ! middle s*ools !re are _m wom5 tea*]s4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ,norwegians recognize woman's +5uity & effici5cy 9 tea*+ small *ildr51 !y h n yet become conv]t$ to ! idea t %e is man's equal 9 ! m advanc$ educational fields4 ,x seems probable t tradition is ! *ief h9drance to ! entrance ( wom5 into tea*+ positions 9 ! gymnasia4 ,9 _! plan ( in/ruction !re is mu* to comm5d & "s ?+s to criticise4 ,! tea*]s d a l>ge am\nt ( tea*+1 b !y also provide opportunity = ! *ildr5 to d a great deal on _! own initiative1 s t !y too may "k ! joy ( discov]y & feel ! triumph ( ma/]y4 ,! ,norwegian p$agogue uses ! recitation p]iod1 ne>ly always fifty m9utes1 9 an endeavor to imp>t in=mation1 bo? directly & indirectly2 directly by /raight=w>d giv+1 & indirectly ?r\gh coop]ative m5tal activities4 ,:ile !y feel ! importance ( direct in/ruction1 !y see1 also1 ! advantage 9 %ift+ a "p ( ! responsibility to ! pupils4 ,!y recognize ! fact t ! *ild has ability1 & t by himself he is capable ( f9d+ & recogniz+ problems1 & ( work+ !m out to satisfy+ conclusions4 ,!y appreciate t ev5 a small *ild is able to c>ry out _m educative activities ) a m9imum ( direction f ! tea*]1 & t ! developm5t :i* comes f ?is self-direction & initiative is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ends ( education4 ,! int5t is t ! class p]iod %all be devot$ to ex]cises :i* w furni% in=mation &1 at ! same "t1 make ! *ildr5 indep5d5t & able to direct !mselves4 ,?\gh ! ideals & aims are excell5t1 ! means = atta9+ !m are n ! be/4 ,!re is a c]ta9 inh]it$ alo(ness on ! "p ( ! in/ructor :i* robs bo? tea*] & pupils ( "s ( ! values :i* come f clos] association4 ,dur+ ! recitation h\r ! tea*] ne>ly always occupies ! high *air on ! elevat$ plat=m1 except :ile us+ ! blackbo>d or do+ o!r demon/rational "w4 ,my obs]vations conv9ce me t ! tea*]s1 especially ! m51 d n get d[n & "w among & ) ! *ildr5 z mu* z seems ess5tial to ! accompli%m5t ( ! greate/ good4 ,n[ ! discipl9e & "* ( recitations also des]ve att5tion4 ,:5 a pupil is call$ ^u to recite1 he is expect$ to pass to ! aisle & !re /& erect until ! recitation is complet$4 ,only 9 r>e cases are *ildr5 all[$ to sit :ile recit+4 ,i h se5 *ildr5 only elev5 or twelve ye>s ( age call$ to ! front ( ! room to analyze & develop a problem4 ,! smalle/ *ildr5 are requir$ to give only %ort answ]s to que/ions1 b responses rapidly increase 9 l5g?1 z age advances1 until !y am\nt to m9ute & ext5d$ discussions ( topics4 ,recitations la/+ t5 to fifte5 m9utes are n uncommon1 & ! *ildr5 become q exp]t 9 ! relation ( facts & 9 ! developm5t ( problems pres5t$4 ,?is me?od ( proc$ure is p]haps all "r = a c]ta9 class ( *ildr51 b timid boys & girls are sometimes emb>rass$ to ! ext5t t !y are unable to d cr$it to !mselves1 _! tea*]s1 or ! lessons4 ,on "o occasion ,i saw a boy :o 0 s fright5$ 9 an attempt to /& & recite1 be+ requir$ at ! same "t to look into ! face ( a compla9+ tea*]1 t he 0 unable to say any?+ :atev]4 ,! tea*]1 a man ( advanc$ age1 f9ally awoke to ! situation1 & plac+ 8 h& on ! boy's head1 talk$ to him ab\t ! lesson until he calm$ ! lad's fe>s & obta9$ a v satisfactory response f him4 ,9 addition to classroom activities connect$ ) m5tal gr[?1 consid]able "w is done look+ to physical developm5t4 ,gymna/ic ex]cise is requir$ ( all *ildr5 9 prim>y & second>y s*ools1 except+ ^? 9 fir/ & second grades & a few :o are physically disqualifi$ = x4 ,to provide = ?is "w1 ! city s*ools furni% l>ge halls ) excell5t equipm5t1 & special tea*]s to give in/ruction4 ,a ,sw$i% sy/em ( gymna/ics is 9 vogue ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,!re seems to be no criticism aga9/ ! sy/em1 & ! b5efits te/ify emphatically to its effici5cy4 ,! app>atus is simple & inexp5sive1 b ! v>iety ( movem5ts & ! numb]less comb9ations ( !m seem to answ] e dem&4 ,c]ta9 conditions & cu/oms prevail+ 9 ,norway make x necess>y to s]ve lun*es at ! s*ool build+s4 ,! morn+ sessions are long & ! d9n] h\r is f> lat] ?an noon--g5]ally two or ?ree o'clock4 ,fur!rmore1 _m *ildr5 ( poor p>5tage come to s*ool und]f$4 ,opportunity to obta9 a light lun* ( n\ri%+ food & a w>m dr9k at ab\t #aj3cj or #aa o'clock is an appreciat$ necessity4 ,h5ce mo/ build+s h lun* rooms arrang$ & equipp$ accord+ to local dem&s4 ,"h1 9 ! second>y s*ools1 ! family ( ! janitor furni%es rolls1 buns1 cakes1 cocoa1 c(fee1 milk1 etc41 at a reasonable rate4 ,z /at$ be=e1 ! tea*]s h lun*es s]v$ 9 _! own rooms4 ,"s cities provide *ildr5 9 ! prim>y s*ools ) "o meal ( :olesome food ea* day ( s*ool dur+ ! w9t] mon?s--g5]ally f ! middle ( ,octob] until ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,?is is free to ! ne$y *ildr51 & o!rs obta9 x at fir/ co/4 ,9 ,*ri/iania !y h a c5tral kit*5 f :i* ! city prim>y s*ools receive supplies4 ,?is kit*5 has a capacity = /eam cook+1 t5 ?\s& lit]s at a "t4 ,only ! be/ food is pur*as$4 ,?is is c>efully prep>$ & deliv]$ e day 9 tightly seal$ cans to ! sev]al s*ools :]e x is s]v$ hot4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ?is kit*5 is 9 answ] to recomm5dations made by a committee1 appo9t$ by ! s*ool bo>d1 aft] visit+ v>i\s simil> ,european in/itutions & /udy+ c>efully into _! op]ations4 ,9 equipm5t1 managem5t1 & good results x is n surpass$ 9 any city 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,9 "s ( ! s*ools1 hundr$s ( free meals are disp5s$ e day ?r\gh\t ! long w9t]4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijh-aiji1 f ,octob] #ai1 #aijh1 to ,april #cj1 #aiji1 7"o hundr$ & ?irty-two days71 ! ,*ri/iania c5tral kit*5 furni%$ #faf1hba free meals & #gg1gcc meals :i* 7 paid = by *ildr5 9 ! s*ools4 ,?is "w /&s z a te/imonial to ! b5efic5ce ( ! p ^: circum/ances enable !m to ma9ta9 x4 ,! discipl9e ( ! s*ool bord]s on ! milit>y ord]4 ,! pupils =m 9 l9e & m>* 9 pass+ to & f classrooms & playgr\nds4 ,:ile ! "w ( in/ruction proce$s /rict discipl9e is ma9ta9$4 ,be=e ent]+ a classroom :]e a recitation is 9 progress1 "o inv>iably knocks at ! door1 :oev] he is & :atev] 8 err&1 & by ! "t he ent]s tea*] & pupils are on _! feet4 ,turn+ to ! "o ent]+1 !y b[ & cont9ue to face him until he is seat$1 :i* is a signal to !m to sit4 ,%\ld ! visitor )draw be=e ! class is dismiss$1 ! pupils aga9 rise to _! feet & b[ him out2 b1 if he rema9s until !y are dismiss$1 !y b[ to him be=e tak+ _! dep>ture4 ,e activity indoors & out ( doors is closely sup]vis$1 & ! control ex]cis$ ov] ! pupils is praisewor?y4 ,att5dance at s*ool is regul> 9 all grades4 ,:5 *ildr5 are abs5t = any reason ! case is inquir$ into )\t delay1 &1 unless satisfactory excuse or explanation is =?com+1 ! truant (fic]s are on h& to en=ce regulations4 ,failure to comply ) ! laws reg>d+ abs5ce f s*ool1 subjects p>5ts or gu>dians ( *ildr5 to a f9e ( f "o to tw5ty-five cr[ns4#ah ,v r>ely is an en=cem5t ( ^! laws necess>y1 = ! p are g5]ally law-abid+ & peace-lov+4 ,be+ eag] = developm5t1 !y gladly comply ) educational provisions )\t any compulsion1 & regul>ity 9 att5dance is ! univ]sal practice4 ,sickness is p]haps ! mo/ common excuse giv5 = abs5ce &1 s9ce excell5t heal? is *>act]i/ic ( ! p1 ?is is infrequ5t4 ,pupils are ne>ly always heal?y1 vigor\s1 & robu/4 ,"o ( ! *ief po9ts call+ att5tion to ?is is ! r>ity ( cases :]e glasses are worn4 ,9 visit+ s*ools ,i notic$ t spectacl$ *ildr5 7 v few4 ,i 0 at fir/ incl9$ to criticise :at ,i int]pret$ to be neglect ( ! eyes1 b soon f\nd t eyesight1 z well z ! g5]al heal? ( ! *ildr51 0 be+ c>efully gu>d$4 ,e s*ool has its physician ^: duty x is to regulate sanitation & to rem$y physical defects ( *ildr54 ,i asc]ta9$ t 9 "s s*ools special exam9ations _h be5 conduct$ = ! te/+ ( eyesight1 & results %[$ t v few ( ! pupils 7 "u ! necessity ( we>+ glasses4 ,among ! causes contribut+ to ?is favorable situation may be m5tion$ a heal?ful climate1 regul> drill 9 gymna/ics1 prop] light+ ( s*ool rooms1 good v5tilation1 physical ex]cise 9 ! op5 betwe5 successive classes1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! ma9t5ance ( a high /ate ( physical vigor4 ,! ,norse take ju/ifiable pride 9 _! physical developm5t1 & !y pay consid]able att5tion to ?is phase ( education4 ,consequ5tly ! *ildr5 are able to attack ! /r5u\s activities ( s*ool life ) vim1 & ma/]y ( ! c\rse ( /udy is n a h>d%ip4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,,tea*]s ,i4 ,,qualifications ,,& ,,c]tification ,tea*+ is a pr(ession 9 ,norway4 ,^? foll[+ x h *os5 x z _! life "w4 ,! p ?us engag$ des]ve & receive ! recognition1 confid5ce1 & e/eem ( ! masses1 & !y ma9ta9 ! dignity ( _! call+4 ,z a class !y rank high educationally1 morally1 & pr(essionally4 ,) ! advance 9 social ideals x has be5 necess>y to raise ! /&>ds ( prep>ation = tea*+1 &1 z ! ye>s pass1 fur!r *anges w be requir$4 ,= a long "t1 pr(essional tra9+ has be5 dem&$ ( e appo9tee to a tea*+ position1 & indications po9t to a rapid developm5t ( ! quality ( ?is tra9+ until e res\rce is op]ative4 ,! law requires t to be eligible = appo9tm5t to a regul> tea*+ position 9 ! second>y s*ools 7middle s*ool & gymnasium71 "o mu/ h _h a c\rse 9 ! univ]sity & special tra9+ provid$ 9 ! p$agogical sem9>y4 ,?is means t ! c&idate has complet$3 7#a7 ! twelve ye>s ( "w 9 ! prim>y & second>y s*ools1 :]e a wide range ( in/ruction & g5]al culture are provid$2 7#b7 a c\rse 9 ! univ]sity 7f\r to sev5 ye>s 9 l5g?71 devot$ to exhau/ive rese>* 9 ! p>ticul> bran*es ( /udy :i* are subsequ5tly to be taught2 & 7#c7 ! c\rse ( tra9+ giv5 9 ! p$agogical sem9>y4 ,x is ! aim & function ( ?is sem9>y to provide = ! univ]sity graduates :o are to become tea*]s ! mo/ practical & complete pr(essional tra9+ possible )9 ! limits ( "t 7six mon?s74 ,x is readily evid5t t excell5ce 9 educational equipm5t & intellig5t insight into ! bus9ess ( tea*+ are among ! accompli%m5ts ( ! pr(ession4 ,9 fact1 ma/]y ( ! field to be taught & pr(essional tra9+ 9 its pres5tation are requisites4 ,! c]tificates or diplomas issu$ ^u completion ( ! prep>atory "w j outl9$ are ! only cr$5tials requir$ ( ! ,norwegian tea*]s4 ,be+ issu$ by ! /ate !y h a /&>d ( value :i* is uni=m1 recogniz$1 & honor$ ?r\gh\t ! realm4 ,)\t ^! pap]s x w\ld be folly to seek appo9tm5t to a fix$ 7p]man5t7 po/4 ,besides ! regul> corps ( in/ructors occupy+ on full "t 9 ! g5]al l9es ( in/ruction1 !re are _m special tea*]s devot+ _! en]gies along p>ticul> l9es ( "w1 su* z home economics1 draw+1 music1 gymna/ics1 & manual tra9+2 & /ill o!rs :o tea* "s ( ! regul> bran*es ( /udy only "p "t1 ^: positions are n p]man5t4 ,special prep>ation is requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 positions 9 ^! specific l9es ( "w4 ,,ii4 ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,tea*]s ,norway e>ly recogniz$ ! value ( specific tra9+ = ! "w ( ! tea*]4 ,! exp]i5ces ( o!r nations s]v$ z object lessons illu/rat+ ! good com+ f ! s]vices ( prop]ly equipp$ tea*]s & ! dang]s ( proce$+ )\t su*4 ,! /ate 0 eag] to lay sub/antial f\ndations1 to cons]ve & develop e res\rce1 to build p]man5tly & economically1 & to pr(it by ! exp]i5ces ( o!r sy/ems4 ,consequ5tly1 ! p mov$ =w>d 9 a cons]vative mann] & plann$ = ! future z well z = imm$iate ne$s4 ,utiliz+ ! /rong po9ts ( o!r sy/ems & adapt+ !m to local conditions1 ! /ate e/abli%$ six tea*]s' sem9>ies1 locat+ "o 9 ea* ( ! six dioceses into :i* ! c\ntry is divid$1 s t !y w\ld be )9 easy access ( ! p att5d+ !m4 ,besides ^! /ate sem9>ies1 f\r private in/itutions1 hav+ almo/ id5tical functions1 h be5 e/abli%$ & are fl\ri%+4 ,! private sem9>ies are locat$ at vantage po9ts n too close to ! ,/ate ,s*ools yet :]e !y w be )9 rea* ( a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,! favorable location ( ^! s*ools makes x possible = a l>ge numb] ( ! att5dants to live 9 _! own homes1 :ile ! l>ge majority ne$ be b a %ort di/ance f _! homes4 ,! "w ( ! tea*]s' sem9>ies is1 ( c\rse1 to provide special prep>ation = tea*+ 9 ! s*ools ?r\gh\t ! nation4 ,_! curricula are simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,! *ief po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m is ! attitude tak5 t[>d ! subjects ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! second>y s*ools ! aim is g5]al & 9 a l>ge measure cultural1 :ile 9 ! sem9>ies ! attempt is always to pres5t ! lesson or subjects ( in/ruction 9 su* a mann] t ! pupils %all get bo? intellectual developm5t & ! correct me?od ( pres5tation4 ,x is ! int5t t ?is exp]i5ce %all help to qualify = ! successful tea*+ ( ! subjects /udi$4 ,! "w corresponds closely ) t done 9 ! normal s*ools ( ,am]ica or simil> tea*]s' s*ools 9 o!r l&s4 ,x is ev]y:]e true t tea*]s tea* z !y h be5 taught4 ,! pr9ciple ( imitation is illu/rat$ cle>ly e day 9 e s*ool room4 ,tea*]s1 l pupils1 foll[ example m closely ?an precept4 ,provid+ s*ools design$ to fit p = ! tea*+ pr(ession h ideal tea*]s1 !y w be able to turn out f ye> to ye> gr\ps ( tea*]s1 :o1 imitat+ _! ma/]s1 bo? 9 ! application ( sci5tific pr9ciples ( me?od & 9 ! ex]cise ( individuality1 w 9 turn become ideal tea*]s4 ,if ! curriculum & tea*+ ( ! tra9+ college are ri* & v>i$1 its products w be *>act]iz$ by effici5cy & res\rcefulness4 ,on ! contr>y1 %\ld ! "w ( ! s*ool be n>r[ because ( a cramp$ curriculum1 or on acc\nt ( bias$ & %runk5 ideals ( ! faculty1 ! results w be unsatisfactory4 ,! tea*]s :o g out f su* an in/itution w be unequal to ! tasks await+ !m--!y w be unable to meet ! situation 9 ! educational field4 ,s9ce x is a *ief occupation ( ! tra9+ s*ool to in/ill me?ods ( pres5tation1 !re is great dang] ( becom+ me*anical1 ma*9e-made1 or /ilt$ 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,q ! opposite mu/ be ! nature & "w ( ! tea*]4 ,! tea*] %\ld be able to come d[n f ! high plat=m & coop]ate ) ! *ildr52 to f9d ! individual *ild & 8 int]e/s &1 9 a g5u9ely sympa!tic _s1 to direct ^? int]e/s2 to disc>d set rules1 h>d & fa/ l9es1 & pet !ories2 & to op5 up to ea* *ild a vision ( ! fields be=e4 ,9 ord] to d ^! ?+s ! in/ructor mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) *ild life3 its nature1 m5tal & physical make-up1 processes ( developm5t1 conditions ( gr[? & activity1 in/9cts1 & hopes4 ,he mu/ also *]i% & manife/ a sympa!tic attitude t[>ds y\?ful t5d5cies & aspirations1 & be able to inspire ! pupils to noble purposes4 ,! sem9>ies ( ,norway1 l ^? ( o!r nations1 fall %ort ( "s ( ! conditions ( excell5ce t we ye>n =4 ,!y d n include a suffici5t am\nt ( pr(essional tra9+ nor is t :i* is provid$ always ! ideal type4 ,nev]!less1 an e>ne/ ef=t is be+ put =? to approa* ^! high] conditions z rapidly z possible4 ,! c\rse ( ?ree ye>s1 besides furni%+ a valuable fund ( in/ruction1 provides a l>ge am\nt ( "w 9 obs]vation & ext5sive exp]i5ce 9 tea*+4 ,! tra9+ 9 obs]vation g5]ally consi/s ( "w 9 connection ) ! /ate s*ools 7prim>y & second>y7 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! sem9>y4 ,into ^! /ate s*ools ! sem9>y pupils are p]mitt$ to g & obs]ve ! tea*+ ( ! regul>ly employ$ in/ructors z !y pres5t ! diff]5t subjects 9 ! curriculum4 ,aft] hav+ obs]v$ tea*+ = "s "t & hav+ c>efully discuss$ class room proc$ure ) _! own tea*]s1 !y are requir$ to specially prep>e & pres5t "s lessons "u ! close1 yet sympa!tic scrut9y & sup]vision ( _! ma/]s4 ,z "t passes1 m & m ( ?is practice tea*+ is assign$ until pr(ici5cy is atta9$ 9 ! pres5tation ( subjects to be taught 9 subsequ5t ye>s4 ,:ile ^! s*ools d n incorporate into _! activities all ?+s t seem important1 x mu/ be said to _! cr$it t !y h done a great s]vice 9 qualify+ tea*]s = ! class ( in/ruction :i* has already rais$ ! masses to _! pres5t place ( lit]>y di/9ction4 ,besides ! in/itutions provid+ tea*]s' tra9+ above ref]r$ to1 !re 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aijg ! ,p$agogical sem9>y4 ,?is sem9>y is affiliat$ ) ! univ]sity 9 ,*ri/iania b is n an organic "p ( x4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by act ( ! ,/ortb+ & is support$ by ! /ate4 ,! function ( ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y is to provide pr(essional tra9+ ( an especially practical type = graduates ( ! univ]sity :o int5d to make tea*+ _! pr(ession4 ,! l5g? ( ! c\rse is six mon?s4 ,in/ruction & tra9+ provid$ 9 ?is in/itution includes3 7#a7 lectures 9 hygi5e1 psy*ology1 hi/ory ( education1 & pr9ciples ( education2 7#b7 obs]vation ( class in/ruction by ma/]s1 ^: tea*+ is ! highe/ repres5tation ( ! art 9 ! city2 7#c7 discussions1 =mal & in=mal1 g5]al & analytic1 ) ! headma/] ( ! sem9>y conc]n+ me?ods ( in/ruction1 class conduct1 & s*ool managem5t2 & 7#d7 practice tea*+ "u ! sup]vision ( ma/]s ^: criticisms are giv5 9 su* frank & sympa!tic mann] z to make !m invaluable4 ,z a rule1 ^? tra9$ 9 ! tea*]s' sem9>ies are employ$ 9 ! prim>y s*ools4 ,! /ud5ts :o avail !mselves ( ! advantages ( a univ]sity education & foll[ x by ! tra9+ provid$ 9 ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y g5]ally become tea*]s 9 ! second>y s*ools4 ,! sem9>y tra9+ 9 g5]al is ( su* "* t x may be put into use imm$iately ^u entrance into ! "w ( tea*+4 ,x also r5d]s vital & usable = purposes ( in/ruction ! in=mation & intellectual developm5t ga9$ dur+ ! long-cont9u$ & int5sive s*ool+ prec$+ su* tra9+4 ,,iii4 ,,tea*]s' ,,(ficial ,,titles ,?r\gh\t ! s*ool sy/em ( ,norway tea*]s are giv5 titles accord+ to ! nature ( ! positions occupi$4 ,9 ! prim>y s*ool ! man :o does ! sup]vis+ "w 79 ,am]ica kn[n z sup]9t5d5t7 is call$ ! ,inspektor2 ! head tea*] or pr9cipal is t]m$ ! ,ov]la]]2 & ! o!r tea*]s1 male & female1 are spok5 ( respectively z ,la]] & ,la]]9de4 ,9 ! middle s*ool & gymnasium ! titles are ,rektor1 ,ov]la]]1 & ,adjunkt4 ,! ,rektor has ! sup]visory "w & "s tea*+ to d2 ! ,ov]la]] is "o ( ! pr9cipal tea*]s :o has be5 giv5 ! title & rank+1 *iefly because ( fitness & long s]vice2 & ! ,adjunkt is a regul> tea*] :o has s]v$ ! s*ool = five ye>s or m & has receiv$ p]man5t appo9tm5t4 ,titles d n correspond /rictly to educational equipm5t nor d !y dep5d :olly ^u t]m ( s]vice1 ?\gh bo? ( ^! may be & g5]ally are contributory factors4 ,= example3 positions 9 ! middle s*ools & gymnasia are op5 only to ^? :o h c]ta9 educational fitness2 ! tea*]s ) especially /rong qualifications & sup]ior ability are ! ones mo/ liable to receive e>ly promotion to ! high] class positions2 &1 :5 promotions are made1 ! p]sons :o h taught = a long "t enjoy "s advantage ov] ^? ) b slight exp]i5ce4 ,titles correspond m def9itely to classes ( positions occupi$ ?an to any o!r ?+ t c be nam$4 ,:5 an individual is appo9t$ to a position c>ry+ a title1 t designation is inv>iably us$ 9 connection ) 8 "n4 ,he is no long] ,john ,johnson or ,h]r ,johnson1 b ,rektor ,johnson1 ,ov]la]] ,johnson1 ,inspektor ,johnson1 etc4 ,,iv4 ,,tea*]s' ,,t5ure ,,( ,,(fice ,! tea*]'s t5ure ( (fice 9 ,norway is v diff]5t f :at we are accu/om$ to 9 ,am]ica4 ,positions are ( two k9ds--p]man5t & tempor>y4 ,ne>ly all appo9tm5ts 9 ! pa/ h be5 to p]man5t po/s4 ,?is means t ! individual occupies 8 place )\t mole/ation or any h9t ( insecurity until he *ooses to resign or until he rea*es ! age ( retirem5t4#ai ,"s appo9tm5ts n[ are to tempor>y positions ?\gh g5]ally !y lead to p]man5t ones4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 does a p]son :o makes reasonable success 9 a tempor>y position fail to secure an appo9tm5t to a p]man5t po/4 ,p]man5cy 9 position has a numb] ( well-recogniz$ advantages4 ,security ( situation gives to ! tea*] a release f ! unc]ta9ty :i* con/antly h>asses ! m9ds ( s _m :]e frequ5t *ange ( position is ! rule4 ,a la/+ appo9tm5t enables "o to get a firm grasp on ! local situation1 & to utilize )\t wa/e all ! mom5tum accumulat$ :ile occupy+ 9 a p>ticul> place4 ,fur!rmore1 ! tea*] :o feels settl$ 9 a position is able to e/abli% a home1 & to become id5tifi$ ) ! community & its int]e/4 ,s9ce tea*]s cont9ue = s long a "t 9 a position1 !y & _! pupils become z well acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r z ) memb]s ( a common family4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ m9utely a tea*] kn[s ! daily life & habits ( 8 pupils4 ,:ile ! relations are n always ! mo/ cong5ial1 !y are kn[n to be practically inevitable & impossible ( escape s !y ea* make ! be/ ( ! situation & get ! mo/ out ( x4 ,aga91 :5 *ildr5 "k t x w be _! lot to come "u ! tuition ( a c]ta9 in/ructor :o occupies a p]man5t po/ "u /ate appo9tm5t1 !y "w fai?fully & usually elim9ate any criticis+ attitude4 ,9 fact1 long t]ms ( s]vice t5d to inhibit ! criticisms ( bo? *ildr5 & p>5ts :i* sometimes att5d tea*]s :o occupy positions b = a %ort "t4 ,! situation conduces to a condition ( h>mony & coop]ative activity4 ,! *ildr5 in/9ctively feel ! au?ority ( ! tea*]4 ,!y "k t he has ! support ( local & /ate au?orities1 & t !y w coop]ate ) him 9 c>ry+ =w>d 8 projects4 ,! tea*]1 9 turn1 recognizes 8 responsibilities 9 ! premises & endeavors to occupy acceptably4 ,n[ x is j z true t !re are "s disadvantages to p]man5cy ( positions4 ,tea*]s are apt to become non-progressive & 9 "s cases1 little m ?an fixtures4 ,*ange ( environm5t /imulates progress & developm5t4 ,v>iety 9 tea*+ exp]i5ce broad5s ! capabilities & increases ! usefulness ( tea*]s4 ,9 addition1 *ildr5 ne$ ! t\* & influ5ce ( _m lives4 ,!y receive great] inspiration because ( com+ 9 contact ) ! p]sonality ( a l>ge numb] ( tea*]s4 ,h[ev]1 too frequ5t *ange is wa/eful4 ,x dissipates ! en]gy ( tea*]s & breaks ! cont9uity ( ! "w ( ! *ildr54 ,:]e ! p]man5cy ( positions is absolutely unc]ta91 ! tea*+ pr(ession is transitory & dw9dl+4 ,only a few rema9 = long "t 9 ! "w "u su* conditions4 ,_m effici5t s*ool m5 leave ! pr(ession annually because ( ?is disc\ragem5t4 ,at pres5t1 ! feel+ appe>s to be g5]al t p]man5cy 9 position %\ld be condition$ ^u improvem5t 9 effici5cy4 ,evid5tly a recognition ( ?is pr9ciple is a basic cause und]ly+ ! increase 9 numb] ( appo9tm5ts to tempor>y tea*+ positions4 ,?is proc$ure af=ds an excell5t opportunity = we$+ out ! unfit4 ,at ! same "t x acts z a spur induc+ gr[? & developm5t4 ,progressive t5d5cies1 along ) o!r qualifications1 are reg>d$ necess>y to appo9tm5t ev5 to tempor>y po/s1 &1 z impli$ be=e1 success 9 su* positions is a pr]equisite to appo9tm5t to p]man5t ones4 ,9 ,am]ica1 tea*]'s t5ure ( (fice is v %ort4 ,ea* ye> !re are _m *anges 9 ! p]sonnel ( tea*]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,"h we h ! extreme ( unc]ta9ty1 :ile 9 ,norway !y g to ! limits ( c]ta9ty 9 tea*+ positions4 ,bo? ^! extremes are un=tunate4 ,c\ld a gold5 mean be rea*$ :i* w\ld include prop] inc5tives to & recognition ( cont9u\s self-improvem5t & a reasonable s5se ( security 9 p]man5t occupation1 ! pr(ession w\ld call into its ranks a l>ge & m effici5t body ( m5 & wom51 & ! s*ools w\ld make great] & m sub/antial progress4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! p]man5cy ( positions 9 ,norway ,table ,,vi has be5 arrang$4 ,,table ,,vi ,table indicat+ ,retirem5t f ,tea*+ ,/aff & ,reasons = ,retirem5t4 ,ye> #ahij #ahie #aijj #aije ,sex ,male ,female ,male ,female ,male ,female ,male ,female ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,total numb] ( positions #cida #aahg #ddjb #baaf #dfgj #bfac #dhfe #bhhe ,total numb] leav+ #aag #ag #hh #bb #ajf #hi #aaj #ij ,vacat$ aft] a p]iod ( s]vice f #a to #aj ye>s #ai #aa #ba #ac #bd #fe #bj #ec #aj to #bj ye>s #bf #d #aj #g #aj #ac #ai #ai #bj to #cj ye>s #ch #a #ah #af #e #ac #aj ,ov] #cj ye>s #cd #a #ci #b #ef #f #eh #h ,reasons = leav+ ,dea? #cj #a #bd #b #cj #f #cb #aa ,retirem5t on p5sion #ci #c #dh #c #ec #ba #ei #bb ,*ange 9 position #i #c #b #d #d ,m>riage #i #aa #dg #dh ,v>i\s o!rs #ci #d #af #f #bj #ac #ae #e ,x is imm$iately app>5t t ! *anges 9 ! body ( tea*]s are r>e4 ,x is also evid5t t ne>ly all :o leave ! pr(ession d s on legitimate gr\nds4 ,a few *anges result f transf]s 9 position1 a l>ge p] c5t ( )drawals are retirem5ts aft] ext5d$ p]iods ( s]vice1 & _m vacancies are due to dea?4 ,fifty p] c5t or m ( ! wom5 :o retire d s on acc\nt ( m>ry+1 a few die at _! po/s1 & _m retire on p5sions4 ,v few ( ! wom5 tea*]s retire to ent] o!r l9es ( "w4 ,:ile ! table does n indicate h[ mu* long] ?an ?irty ye>s "s tea*]s rema9 9 ! s]vice1 x may be add$ "h t examples are n r>e :]e individuals cont9ue tea*+ = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,9 mo/ cases tea*]s occupy ! same position ?r\gh\t _! tea*+ exp]i5ce4 ,v4 ,,tea*]s' ,,sal>ies ,! sal>ies receiv$ by tea*]s d n av]age high 9 ,norway4 ,_m provisions are made1 h[ev]1 = ! r$uction ( _! liv+ exp5ses4 ,all ^? :o s]ve ! s*ool au?orities 9 ,norway receive c]ta9 b5efits app]ta9+ to ! positions !y hold4 ,= example3 ,!re is advance 9 sal>ies on promotions & aft] specifi$ p]iods ( s]vice2 tea*]s are exempt f exp5se incid5t to p>ticul> (fices2 s*ool au?orities s5d all (ficial communications ?r\gh ! mail free ( po/age2 tea*]s receive p5sions on retirem5t f positions2 ! rural s*ool tea*]s frequ5tly receive1 9 addition to _! sal>y1 a h\se to live 9 & suffici5t l& = ! pa/urage ( two or ?ree c[s1 & 9 t[ns & cities "s ( ! tea*]s h homes provid$1 or are all[$ a c]ta9 am\nt p] ye> = liv+ exp5ses4 ,^! & simil> concessions & provisions are ext5d$ to ! tea*]s accord+ to enactm5ts ( ! /ate1 individual communes1 or municipalities4 ,g5]ally1 a regul> s*$ule is made out by :i* sal>ies are gov]n$4 ,table ,,vii indicates ! sal>ies = diff]5t positions 9 eight cities ( ,norway3 ,! table is made up f ! sal>y s*$ules ( typical cities ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! values are 9 kron] 7"o krone is practically ! equival5t ( tw5ty-sev5 c5ts 9 ,unit$ ,/ates money74 ,we note t sal>ies are m$ium 9 ! beg9n+1 & t !y increase at regul> int]vals until c]ta9 limits are rea*$4 ,:5 we consid] ^! limit+ sal>ies1 ! long s]vice g5]ally r5d]$ at ! highe/ rate1 c]ta9ty ( position1 & ! p5sion to be receiv$ ^u retirem5t1 we are prone to admit t ! advantages are n altoge!r 9 favor ( ! high] sal>ies paid 9 our ,am]ican s*ools4 ,true1 ! ,am]ican tea*] g5]ally receives l>g] returns 9 doll>s & c5ts1 b ! ,norwegian p$agogue is less m]c5>y ?an 8 ,am]ican c\s94 ,he is satisfi$ :5 8 wants & ^? ( 8 family are lib]ally provid$ =4 ,8 life is n /r5u\s4 ,x is happy & fill$ ) ! joys ( s]vice & ! companion%ip ( y\?ful s\ls4 ,anxieties are 9 l>ge measure ov]come by ! assurance t ! /ate w provide necessities :5 ! "t = retirem5t comes4 ,p5sions are graduat$ accord+ to individual necessity z well z ) ref]5ce to position1 t]m ( s]vice1 & sal>y at ! "t ( retirem5t4 ,,table ,,vii ,s*$ule ( ,sal>ies paid to ,tea*]s 9 ! ,prim>y ,s*ools ( eight cities 9 ,norway4#bj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sal>y ,aft] 79 ,kr47 ---------------------------------- ,beg9'ng #c #e #f #i #aj #ab #ae ,city ,position ,sal>y yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 yrs4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #a4 ,*ri/iania ,ov]la]] #cjjj #cdjj #cgjj #djjj ,la]]1 h4g4 #cjjj ,la]]1 l4g4 #afjj #ahjj #bajj #bdjj #bgjj #cjjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #agjj ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #aajj #abjj #acjj #adjj #aejj #agjj #b4 ,fr$rik%ald ,la]]1 h4g4 #bbjj ,la]]1 l4g4 #acjj #adej #afej #agej #aijj #bjjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #abej ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #iej #ajjj #ajej #aajj #aaej #c4 ,s>psborg ,la]]1 h4g4 #ahjj #bjjj ,la]]1 l4g4 #abjj #adjj #afjj #agjj #ahjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #aaej #abej ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #ijj #ige #ajej #aaej #d4 ,fr$rik/ad ,la]]1 h4g4 #bajj ,la]]1 l4g4 #adjj #aeej #agjj #ahej #bjjj #bajj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #abjj ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #ajjj #aajj #abjj #e4 ,dramm5 ,ov]la]] #bfjj ,la]]1 h4g4 #bcjj #bdjj ,la]]1 lg4 #adjj #afjj #ahjj #bjjj #bajj #bcjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #acjj #adjj ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #ijj #ajjj #aajj #abjj #acjj #f4 ,hort5 ,la]]1 h4g4 #bjjj #bbjj ,la]]1 l4g4 #acjj #aejj #agjj #ahej #bjjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #aajj #abjj ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #ijj #iej #ajjj #ajej #aajj #g4 ,tonsb]g ,ov]la]] #bejj #bfej #bhjj ,la]]1 h4g4 #bdjj #afjj #ahjj #bjjj #bbjj #bdjj ,la]]1 l4g4 #adjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #acjj ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #ijj #ihj #ajfj #aadj #abbj #acjj #h4 ,kongsb]g ,la]]1 h4g4 #ahjj ,la]]1 l4g4 #acjj #adej #afjj #agjj #ahjj ,la]]9de1 h4g4 #aajj ,la]]9de1 l4g4 #gjj #hjj #ijj #ajjj #aajj ,*apt] ,,iii ,,c\rses ,,( ,,/udy ,,9 ,,/ate ,,s*ools ,i4 ,,introductory--,,rise1 ,,developm5t1 ,,& ,,pres5t ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,curriculum ,we come n[ to a consid]ation ( ! c\rse ( /udy 9 ! s*ool sy/em z x has evolv$ & is n[ op]ative4 ,z 0 true ?r\gh\t o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 s 9 ,norway1 education dur+ ! middle ages issu$ almo/ exclusively f ! cloi/] & ca!dral s*ools 7,dom-og ,ka!dral ,skol]71 & 9 !m are f\nd ! g]ms ( mo/ mod]n c\rses ( /udy4 ,inasmu* z ! successive /eps 9 ! evolution ( ! rec5t s*ools ( ,europe f ! e>li] =ms v>y b little 9 ! sev]al c\ntries1 & s9ce ! subject is already famili> to ne>ly all /ud5ts ( education1 we omit any te*nical discussion ( t int]e/+ feature ( hi/ory1 & ref] ! read] to any ( ! sev]al works treat+ x fully4 ,suffice x to say1 ! aim ( ! *ur* 9 ma9ta9+ ^! e>li] s*ools c5t]$ 9 ! developm5t ( a qualifi$ cl]gy ab\t :om %\ld be ga!r$ a loyal foll[+1 well-tra9$ 9 ! dogmas1 doctr9es1 & traditions ( ! organization4 ,at ?is "t ! monk & a small company ( disciples con/itut$ ! s*ool4 ,! little gr\p /udi$ toge!r f day to day 9 & ab\t ! cloi/] or ca!dral4 ,among !m1 v naturally1 c]ta9 new ?\ghts & ideals sprung up4 ,! ma/]s saw ! new developm5ts if !y 7 n !mselves p>ties to !m4 ,z ! new] ?\ghts became fix$ 9 ! y\?ful m9ds1 individual int]e/s press$ h>d] & h>d] /ill until provision 0 made = ext5d+ ! "w ( in/ruction z well z = wid5+ ! scope ( activities )9 ! s*ools4 ,:ile ! aim 0 at fir/ to give in/ruction & discipl9e 9 l9es necess>y to a cl]ical c>e]1 x *ang$ by degrees until x includ$ bran*es useful 9 legitimate occupations o!r ?an t ( ! cl]gy4 ,h[ev]1 ! div]sify+ ( s*ool activities & ! enri*m5t ( ! program ( /udy did n keep pace ) ! *anges t 7 tak+ place 9 o!r phases ( ! social cosmos4 ,a _s ( unre/ grew to proportions almo/ ungov]nable until ! middle age r5aissance 9 le>n+ remov$ ! fett]s & br\ght relief by effect+ sy/ems ( education v fitt+ to ! requirem5ts4 ,great cr$it is due to ! lead]s 9 ! ,re=mation = ! "p !y play$ 9 plac+ means = in/ruction & education ^u a m secure & p]man5t basis1 & = ! s]vice !y r5d]$ 9 giv+ to ! s*ools c]ta9 vitality t _h r>ely1 if ev]1 be5 *>act]i/ic ( any simil> in/itution4 ,! new type ( s*ool bore a /amp ( g5]al approval :i* enabl$ x to ga9 a mom5tum :i* 0 n soon to be ov]come4 ,9 fact1 ! s*ools ( all ! m civiliz$ c\ntries are /ill l>gely dom9at$ by traditions dat+ back to ! epo*-mak+ works ( su* m5 z ,erasmus1 ,lu!r1 ,melan*?on1 & ,/urm4 ,n[ ! ideas ( ^! fam\s educators 7 less subject$ to *ange 9 ,norway ?an 9 ! c5t]s f :5ce !y came4 ,until ! union betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,d5m>k came to an end 9 #ahad1 v little ?\ght 0 giv5 to advanc+ educational int]e/s 9 ,norway4 ,! "w ( h] ca!dral s*ools _h be5 little improv$ dur+ ! c5turies t _h pass$ s9ce _! e/abli%m5t4 ,:5 at la/ ,norway became a free con/itutional /ate & ^! ,norsem5 brea!d ! air ( fre$om1 felt ! exhil>ation ( great] p]sonal lib]ties1 realiz$ t _! de/9y 0 to be ( _! own mak+1 & fully s5s$ _! important responsibilities 9 ! situation1 !y all1 ecclesia/s & politicians1 capitali/s & labor]s1 comb9$ 9 develop+ _! s*ools 9 ways calculat$ to lift ! masses to high] intellectual planes4 ,! *anges wr\ght 7 9 relation to :at 0 to be taught & to ! ext5sion ( le>n+4 ,an opportunity = in/ruction 0 giv5 to e y\? 9 ! l&4 ,= a long "t ! anci5t languages =m$ ! bulk ( high] le>n+1 :ile 9 ! prim>y s*ools only ! rudim5ts ( a few subjects 7 attempt$4 ,social t5d5cies soon requir$ an increase 9 ! numb] ( bran*es to be taught1 & also laid add$ weight ^u ! importance ( su* /udy z w\ld be ( b5efit 9 vocational activities4 ,accord+ly1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 geography1 & nature /udy became m prom95t features 9 all s*ools4 ,"o ( ! be/ *>act]i/ics ( ! "w ?r\gh\t is t ! "m-tongue has be5 at all times a dom9at+ factor ?r\gh e grade ( _! s*ools4 ,lat] 9 ! process a dem& = ! mod]n =eign languages 0 respond$ to favorably & !y took places 9 ! curriculum ( ! high] s*ool4 ,^! *anges br+ u d[n ?r\gh ! la/ c5tury to ! rec5t =ms 9 c\rses ( /udy & we %all introduce ! read] imm$iately into ! pres5t situation4 ,besides ! in/itutions = high] le>n+ !re are n[ ?ree di/9ct sections 9 ! s*ool sy/em ( ,norway1 viz43 ,prim>y ,s*ool1 ,middle ,s*ool1 & ,gymnasium4 ,! prim>y s*ool is design$ to provide education ( an elem5t>y type = e citiz5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,by vital coop]ation & ! ex]cise ( great c>e 9 organization1 di/ribution1 sup]vision1 & inspection ( ^! s*ools1 ! p h ov]come illit]acy & h r$uc$ truancy to a m9imum--almo/ to a negligible factor4 ,!y are unit$ly conv]t$ to ! belief t an enlight5$ populace is a necessity to ! cont9uity ( desirable in/itutions1 to ! developm5t ( res\rces1 & to ! ma9t5ance ( wor?y traditions4 ,to secure = all ! ess5tials ( good & intellig5t citiz5%ip1 an attempt has be5 made to h ! curriculum = ! prim>y s*ools include ! bran*es ( /udy :i* h mean+ 9 e walk ( life1 & :i* enhance ! effici5cy ( ea* citiz5 9 8 individual activities4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! int5t t all ! p %all h ! m abundant life :i* comes ) a ?or\gh1 g5]al1 elem5t>y education2 &1 at ! same "t1 t !y %all be prep>$ = ! high] s*ools :i* build on ! broad f\ndation ( ! common s*ool4 ,foll[+ ! prim>y s*ools are ! middle s*ools :i* lead /ill f>!r 9 ! pa?way ( intellectual developm5t ^? ^: situation 9 life enables !m to proce$ ) s*ool "w4 ,besides c>ry+ =w>d ! l9es ( /udy begun 9 ! l[] s*ool ) add$ vigor & exactitude1 !y include a l>ge am\nt ( "w 9 =eign mod]n languages4 ,?us we see t ?is second section 9 ! great in/itution ( le>n+ fills 9 ! elem5t>y framework1 enri*es ! fund ( in=mation1 adds a consid]able am\nt ( culture1 & paves ! way = ! m lib]al tra9+ to foll[ 9 ! next section4 ,! ,gymnasium succe$s & builds directly ^u ! "w ( ! middle s*ool4 ,its function is to provide a lib]al culture & education suit$ to ! ne$s & desires ( ^? :o become 9 l>ge "p ! lead]s 9 all phases ( political1 pr(essional1 or o!r social c>e]s4 ,?us we note t ! succe$+ /eps tak5 9 ! educational ladd] are 9 h>mony ) & dep5d5t ^u prec$+ "w4 ,:ile only a correspond+ly small numb] pass to ! summit1 all ! p enjoy ! advantages ( ! broad fundam5tals & g5]alizations :i* lie at ! base ( _! educational sy/em & equip v well = ! common walks & vocations ( life4 ,9 our discussion we %all sep>ate ! "w ( ! ?ree sections & consid] !m "o at a "t4 ,x seems advisable to h&le !m 9 ?is way1 & we believe t a m adequate conception ( ! "w z a :ole w be obta9$ by (f]+ fir/ ! "p affect+ all ! p & deal+ ) ! prim>y s*ools4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prim>y ,,s*ools ,! prim>y s*ools are ( two k9ds1--^? specially design$ = ! rural sections ( ! c\ntry & o!rs provid$ = ! t[ns & cities1 ! latt] be+ some:at ri*] 9 curricula1 m complete 9 organization1 & m ?or\gh 9 op]ation ?an ! =m]4 ,consid]+ ! fact t su* uni=mity *>act]izes ! c\rses ( /udy 9 ! v>i\s s*ools1 x w be necess>y to pres5t b "o outl9e = ea* class ( s*ools4 ,an ef=t has be5 made to select c\rses t are repres5tative & :i* cle>ly set =? typical conditions4 ,table ,,viii gives ! program ( "w (f]$ 9 "o ( ! rural communes1 & %[s ! numb] ( h\rs p] week devot$ to ea* bran* ( /udy = ! sev5 ye>s 9 ! c\rse4 ,j aft] ! legislative act ( #ahhi1 ! ,dep>tm5t s5t out a normal plan :i* s]v$ z a guide 9 arrang+ ! "t-tables = rural municipalities4 ,z a result great uni=mity exi/s4 ,,table ,,viii ,table ,%[+ ! ,numb] ( ,h\rs p] ,week = ,ea* ,bran* ( ,in/ruction 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy 9 ,fr$rikva]n ,commune4#ba ,ye> ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,total ,religion #g #g #e #f #f #f #f #dc ,norwegian #aj #h #h #h #h #f #f #ed ,ma!matics #f #e #d #f #d #f #f #cg ,geography #b #b #c #c #c #ac ,hi/ory #b #b #c #c #c #ac ,nature ,/udy #b #c #a #b #b #b #b #ad ,writ+ #e #e #d #d #b #b #b #bd ,draw+ #a #b #b #b #b #i ,vocal ,music #b #a #b #b #b #b #aa ,manual ,tra9+ #b #b #d #f #f #bj ,gymna/ics #b #b #b #b #h -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- ,total #cj #cj #cj #ch #ch #dj #dj #bdf ,! program j above is normal & typical 9 e respect4 ,! s*ools are v uni=m 9 _! "w &1 z previ\sly /at$1 no fur!r tables are necess>y 9 ord] to give a concise idea ( ! "w g5]ally pres5t$ 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ! entire c\ntry4 ,! second program select$ is ! "o us$ 9 ! prim>y s*ools ( ,*ri/iania4#bb ,! s*ools ( ?is city are among ! be/ & are tak5 z models = a numb] 9 o!r cities & t[ns4 ,,table ,,ix ,c\rse ( /udy %[+ weekly h\rs 9 ,*ri/iania ,prim>y ,s*ools4 ,division ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ,ye> ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,total ,sex,a ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,religion #f-b #f-b #f-b #f-b #f-b #f-b #d #c #d #c #d #d #c #c #bd #bb ,norwegian #ab #aa #aj #h #h #g #e #e #e #d #e #d #e #e #ej #dd ,ma!matics #e #d #d #d #d #c #d #c #c #c #c #c #c #c #bf #bc ,geography #c #b #b #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #i #h ,hi/ory #b #b #b #b #a #a #a #a #b #b #h #h ,nature ,/udy #a #a #b #b #b #b #b #b #g #g ,writ+ #d #d #d #c #c #b #b #b #a #a #a #a #a #a #af #ad ,draw+ #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #h #f ,vocal ,music #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #e #e ,manual ,tra9+ #b #d #d #d #b #d #b #d #b #d #f #bf ,gymna/ics #b-b #j #b #b #b #b #b #a #b #i #e ,total #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #bd #afh #afh ,note3 ,ye> #aiaj-aiaa4 ,note ,a3 ,b ref]s to boys1 ,g to girls4 ,! comp>ative table on page #ajf cle>ly evid5ces ! simil>ities already ref]r$ to &1 at ! same "t1 s]ves to indicate all v>iations4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! mak+ ( comp>isons1 diff]5ce 9 ! numb] & di/ribution ( h\rs is m a matt] ( me?od or correlation betwe5 bran*es ?an an indication ( actual diff]5ce 9 accompli%m5t4 ,= example1 a l>ge numb] ( h\rs = writ+ may mean exclusively "w 9 practice writ+1 b x is v probable t x w include a consid]able am\nt ( "w 9 ! "m-tongue or a def9ite correlation ) nature /udy1 hi/ory1 or religion4 ,! fundam5tal /&>d by :i* "w is judg$ or measur$ is :e!r x prep>es ! pupil fully = "w 9 ! middle s*ool4 ,,table ,x ,comp>ative table ( ,c\rses ( ,/udy 9 t5 cities4 ,religion ,norwegian ,ma!matics ,geography ,hi/ory ,nature ,/udy ,writ+ ,draw+ ,vocal ,music ,manual ,tra9+ ,gymna/ics ,total ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,city ,sex7,a7 ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ,b ,g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,*ri/iania #bd #bb #ej #dd #bf #bc #i #h #h #h #g #g #af #ad #h #f #e #e #f #bf #i #e #afh #afh ,b]g5 #ba #ba #ee #ec #bi #bh #h #h #i #i #h #g #aj #h #i #h #e #e #h #bd #aj #g #agb #agh ,trondhjem #bc #bb #eg #ea #ca #bg #ab #aa #aa #aa #h #h #ah #ae #g #d #d #e #h #bi #i #g #ahh #aij ,/avang] #bb #bb #fc #eg #cj #cj #h #h #aa #aa #g #g #ab #aj #d #d #e #e #aj #bc #h #e #ahj #ahb ,dramm5 #bd #bd #eb #dg #bi #be #h #h #h #h #f #e #ag #ac #e #c #e #e #f #be #h #e #afh #afh ,kri/ians& #bb #bb #di #di #be #be #aj #aj #aa #aa #h #g #ac #ac #e #e #e #e #f #h #h #f #afb #afa ,aalesund #bg #bg #df #dd #bf #bb #f #f #aa #aa #f #e #af #ae #d #c #e #e #f #ba #i #e #afb #afd ,fr$rik%ald #ba #bb #eb #dd #be #bc #aj #i #i #g #e #f #ad #aa #e #f #f #f #h #bd #g #d #afb #afb ,ski5 #ba #ba #dg #dd #be #bd #aj #h #i #h #g #e #af #ad #d #d #e #e #aj #bd #h #e #afb #afb ,kri/iansund #bd #bd #ej #dg #bg #bf #h #h #i #h #h #g #ah #ae #c #c #e #e #f #bj #aj #e #afh #afh ,note ,a3 ,b ref]s to boys1 ,g to girls4 ,,religion ,,read+ ,,reckon+ ,,rit+ ,! f\r ,r's 9 ,norway's educational sy/em =m ! c5t] ( _! educational endeavors4 ,only a sup]ficial glance at ! tables pres5t$ is necess>y 9 ord] to notice _! prom95ce ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,:ile ! am\nt ( "t devot$ to !m is 9 itself a suffici5tly /rong indication ( _! pr$om9ance1 we mu/ also c>ry 9 m9d an all[ance = close/ possible correlation betwe5 !m z con/ant & additional factors along ! same l9e4 ,be>+ ^! ?+s 9 m9d we ent] at once ^u ! discussion ( ! c\rse ( /udy or s*ool plan4 ,?\gh ! programs pres5t$ & dige/ ( plans foll[+ or accompany+ are tak5 f p>ticul> s*ools1 ! discussion ?r\gh\t w be g5]al unless o!rwise specifi$4 ,= v>i$ reasons1 b *iefly because !y are typical1 specific1 & concrete1 ! c\rses ( /udy us$ 9 ,*ri/iania--prim>y & second>y--are *os5 z illu/rations4 ,! foll[+ is n a v]batim translation ( ,*ri/iania's plan ( in/ruction b an abbreviat$ /atem5t ( ! "w z outl9$ 9 _! publi%$ s*ool plan 7,skoleplan74 ,i h endeavor$ to select ! m vital po9ts ?r\gh\t & to repres5t !m z exactly z a cond5s$ v]sion r5d]s possible4 ,:]e inaccuracies or omissions occur !y are due to a dem& = economy--! ?+s omitt$ n be+ reg>d$ z absolute ess5tials to a correct repres5tation ( ! int5t & _s ( ! "w z c>ri$ on4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,subjects ,,( ,,in/ruction ,religion ,aim4 ,! aims ( in/ruction 9 religion are to develop ! religi\s in/9cts ( ! *ildr5 & to in/ill 9 !m a recognition ( ,*ri/ianity1 out ( :i* may gr[ a heal?y ,*ri/ian life & a cle> conception ( ! *ur*4 ,to atta9 ^!1 an ef=t is made to imp>t ! foll[+ fund ( in=mation3 ,def9ite acqua9tance ) ! m important p>ts ( ,bible hi/ory1 ) ! *ief ev5ts 9 *ur* hi/ory1 & ) ! cate*ism accord+ to ! ,evangelical ,lu!ran cre$4 ,fir/ ,division ,class ,i4 7,six half h\r p]iods weekly47 ,in/ruction dur+ ! beg9n+ weeks consi/s 9 simple /ories1 songs1 hymns1 pray]s1 & conv]sations design$ to imp>t a k ( ,*ri/ianity1 e?ics1 & morals2 to effect def9ite connections ) previ\s home tra9+2 & to awak5 & develop religi\s & moral attitudes 9 ! *ildr5 prep>atory to ! m direct in/ruction to foll[4 ,! real in/ruction 9 ,*ri/ianity or religion beg9s ) ,bible /ories select$ f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts & specially adapt$ to ! und]/&+ ( ! *ildr5 & _! ability to ma/] ! same4 ,! foll[+ /ories are among ! ones us$3 ,! ,/ory ( ,joseph1 ,samuel & ,hannah1 ,david & ,golia?1 ,! ,bir? ( ,jesus1 ,! ,?ree ,wise ,m51 ,jesus 9 ! ,temple1 ,jesus ,fe$+ ! ,five ,?\s&1 ,jesus ,rais+ ! ,wid['s ,son1 ,jesus ,bless+ ! ,*ildr51 ,jesus ,tea*+ ! ,disciples ,h[ to ,pray4 ,! /ories are pres5t$ orally & expla9$ & elucidat$ 9 su* a way t ! *ildr5 may receive cle> & vivid pictures ( ! p]sons & ev5ts ref]r$ to1 appreciate _! connections ) ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & be able to rehe>se ! n>ratives 9 an intellig5t mann]4 ,:5ev] possible ! religi\s or moral cont5t ( ! conv]sation %\ld be br\ght to a climax 9 a simple passage ( ,scripture1 a response f ! cate*ism1 or a v]se ( "s hymn1 :i* %\ld be memoriz$4 ,class ,,ii4 7,six half h\r p]iods weekly47 ,bible /ories f ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts tak5 ma9ly f ! "t ( ! patri>*s & ,moses4 ,among !m are ! foll[+3 ,f ,old ,te/am5t3 ,! ,creation & ,ed51 ,! ,fall1 ,ca9 & ,abel1 ,! ,flood1 ,! ,call ( ,abraham1 ,abraham & ,lot1 ,! ,bir? & ,(f]+ ( ,isaac1 ,! ,m>riage ( ,isaac1 ,esau & ,jacob1 ,isaac ,bless+ ,8 ,sons1 ,jacob's ,flight1 ,! ,bir? & ,re>+ ( ,moses1 ,! ,call ( ,moses1 ,moses ,be=e ,ph>aoh1 ,! ,exodus f ,egypt4 ,f ,new ,te/am5t3 ,! ,bir? ( ,jesus1 ,jesus' ,entry into ,j]usalem1 ,jesus ,suff]+ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 ,jesus' ,dea? on ! ,cross1 ,! ,burial ( ,jesus1 ,! ,resurrection ( ,jesus1 ,! ,outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,in/ruction is exclusively oral4 ,hi/orical ref]5ces are disreg>d$4 ,hi/orical situations are frequ5tly cl>ifi$ by ref]5ces to ! hi/ory ( civilization & geography4 ,new phases ( ,god's deal+s ) m5 & _! attitudes t[>d ,him are s+l$ out & pres5t$ = consid]ation4 ,passages ( ,scripture & o!rs f ! cate*ism or hymns are treat$ 9 connection ) ! ,bible /ories z !y are told4 ,class ,,iii4 7,six half h\r p]iods weekly47 ,biblical hi/ory up to & includ+ ! "t ( ,solomon1 *>act]i/ic /ories f ! prophetic p]iod1 & selections ( ,scripture f ! ,new ,te/am5t designat$ (ficially = /udy 9 ref]5ce to c]ta9 *ur* holidays4 ,among ! topics includ$ we f9d3 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel1 ,god's ,cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ,! ,visit ( ! ,?ree ,m51 ,! ,"l ,visits ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ,jacob ,s]v+ ,laban1 ,jacob's ,return1 ,! ,travel to ,s9ai1 ,! ,giv+ ( ! ,law1 ,! ,unfai?fulness ( ! ,p1 ,! ,travels f ,s9ai to ,jordan1 ,! ,dea? ( ,moses1 ,jo%ua ,lead+ ! ,p into ,canaan1 ,gideon1 ,ru?1 ,samuel1 ,saul ,becomes ,k+1 ,saul ,reject$1 ,god ,*ooses ,david to be ,k+1 ,david & ,jona?an1 ,saul ,pursu+ ,david1 ,! ,dea? ( ,saul1 ,david ,*os5 to be ,k+ by ! ,p1 ,! ,fall & ,re/itution ( ,david1 ,absalom1 ,! ,la/ ,days ( ,david's ,life1 ,solomon1 ,elias1 ,jonah1 ,daniel4 ,! matt] cov]$ 9 ,classes ,i & ,,ii is aga9 tak5 up1 to :i* ! above is add$ 9 hi/orical connection4 ,to ?is mat]ial ,biblical geography & cultural hi/ory are add$ z ne$$1 :ile hymns1 passages ( ,scripture1 or selections f ! cate*ism are cont9ually us$4 ,?r\gh con/ant reviews ! moral & religi\s cont5ts f ! v>i\s s\rces are connect$ into successive gr\ps1 ea* gr\p c5t]+ ar\nd ! life ( "s prom95t ,biblical "*4 ,in/ruction is *iefly oral1 ?\gh "s read+ f text is a privilege :i* may be indulg$ 9 z an aid4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( cate*ismal "w may be assign$ z home lessons4 ,second ,division ,class ,,iv4 7,boys f\r h\rs1 girls ?ree h\rs1 weekly47 ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory c5t]+ 9 ! /ories ( ,jesus' *ildhood1 ,8 miracles1 & ,8 easi] p>ables4 ,new /ories tak5 up3 ,! ,bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/ ,=etold1 ,! ,bir? ( ,jesus ,=etold1 ,! ,bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,jesus ,pres5t$ 9 ! ,temple1 ,! ,flight into ,egypt1 ,appe>ance ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,! ,baptism ( ,jesus1 ,jesus is ,tempt$1 ,! ,fir/ ,disciples ,come to ,jesus1 ,! ,m>riage 9 ,cana1 ,jesus ,visits ,naz>e?1 ,jesus ,*oos+ ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 ,jesus ,heals ! ,c5turion's ,s]vant1 ,! ,dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,jesus ,heal+ ! ,palsi$1 ,jesus ,rais+ ,jairus' ,daught]1 ,! ,woman ( ,canaan1 ,p>able ( ! ,unm]ciful ,s]vant1 ,! ,good ,sam>itan1 ,jesus at ! ,h\se ( ,m>?a & ,m>y1 ,p>ables ( ! ,lo/ ,%eep & ! ,lo/ ,co91 ,p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 ,dives & ,laz>us1 ,heal+ ( ! ,t5 ,lep]s1 ,p>able ( ! ,publican & ,ph>isee1 ,p>able ( ! ,m>riage ( ! ,k+'s ,son1 ,ea/]1 ,p5teco/4 ,! ext5t to :i* details ( /ories1 ,biblical geography1 cultural hi/ory1 & passages ( ,scripture or cate*ism are includ$ is gov]n$ by ! maturity & education ( ! *ildr54 ,9 ?is class consid]able att5tion is giv5 to ! read+ ( hymns & ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures f ! f\r ,gospels 7elucidat+ obscure passages & difficult s5t5ces71 to connections betwe5 ,bible /ories & hi/ory1 & to *ronological sequ5ce4 ,class ,v4 7,boys f\r h\rs1 girls ?ree h\rs1 weekly47 ,cont9u$ in/ruction 9 ,new ,te/am5t hi/ory1 especially ! p>ables ( ,jesus & ! /ory ( 8 passion & resurrection4 ,to ?is is add$ ! acc\nt ( ! f\nd+ ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian *ur* & its spread by ! ef=ts ( ! *ief apo/les4 ,! "w includes ! foll[+ new /ories3 ,jesus & ,ni*odemus1 ,jesus & ! ,sam>itan ,woman1 ,jesus ,comm5ces to ,speak 9 ,p>ables1 ,! ,transfiguration ( ,jesus1 ,pet]'s ,confession1 ,! ,man ,born ,bl9d1 ,jesus ! ,good ,%eph]d1 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 ,jesus 9 ! ,h\se ( ,zac*aeus1 ,jesus 9 ,be?any1 ,p>able ( ! ,lab\r]s 9 ! ,v9ey>d1 ,p>able ( ! ,t5 ,virg9s1 ,wa%+ ( ,feet1 ,! ,"l's ,supp]1 ,jesus 9 ,ge?semane1 ,jesus ,be=e ! ,high ,prie/ & ! ,sanh$r91 ,jesus ,be=e ,pilate & ,h]od1 ,crucifixion ( ,jesus1 ,*ri/'s ,burial1 ,! ,resurrection1 ,jesus ,appe>s to ! ,two ,disciples on ! ,way to ,emmaus1 ,he ,appe>s to ! ,disciples 9 ,j]usalem1 ,he ,appe>s at ! ,sea ( ,tib]ias1 ,! ,great ,commission to ! ,disciples1 ,8 ,asc5sion1 ,! ,outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ on ,p5teco/1 ,! ,fir/ ,miracle & ,fir/ ,p]secution1 ,/eph51 ,! ,e?iopian ,eunu*1 ,saul1 ,cornelius1 ,paul ,prea*+ ! ,gospel to ! ,g5tiles4 ,bible read+1 ! cate*ism1 ,bible hi/ory1 & hymns are /udi$ z 9 =m] classes1 b m int5sively4 ,besides ! cate*ism1 passages ( ,scripture1 conta9+ great ,*ri/ian & moral tru?s are to be impress$ & memoriz$ v]batim4 ,cont9u\s reviews ?r\gh ! ye>s enable ! *ildr5 to connect sev]al /ories into gr\ps1 & to acquire complete in=mation reg>d+ ! life & "w ( ,*ri/4 ,a small in/ruction book is us$4 ,fir/ "p & ,article ,i ( ! second "p are /udi$4 ,?ird ,division ,class ,,vi4 7,f\r h\rs weekly47 ,bible hi/ory & ,old ,te/am5t tak5 up simultane\sly--,bible read+ & ecclesia/ical hi/ory alt]nat+4 ,a deep] k ( sacr$ hi/ory is s\ght4 ,/rik+ illu/rations ( ,god's plan ( salvation op]at+ among ! ,jews are giv51 design$ to enable ! *ildr5 to appreciate ! r$emptive mean+ ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,emphasis is plac$ on ! p]iod j prec$+ ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,new /ories introduc$3 ,! ,division ( ! ,k+dom1 ,eli%a1 ,! ,d[nfall ( ! ,k+dom ( ,israel1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,! ,fall ( ! ,k+dom ( ,judah1 ,! ,jews "u ,babylonian ,captivity1 ,_! ,return f ,captivity1 ,! ,la/ ,f\r ,hundr$ ,ye>s4 ,famili>ity ) ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures & hi/ory1 ,biblical geography1 & cultural hi/ory is to be ga9$4 ,articles ,,ii & ,,iii ( ! second "p1 & ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? p>ts ( ! in/ruction book are tak5 up4 ,class ,,vii4 7,?ree h\rs weekly47 ,"o ,gospel--,mat!w--is read connect$ly & foll[$ by a treatm5t ( select$ p>ts f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 9 connection ) ! "w ( ,biblical hi/ory 9 ! f\r? & fif? grades4 ,all mat]ials previ\sly ga!r$ f ! v>i\s s\rces are aga9 tak5 up1 appli$1 & c5t]$4 ,n>ratives relat+ to important p]iods ( ! *ur*4 ,among !m3--,! ,p]secutions 7"u ,n]o1 ,polyc>pus71 ,! ,victory ( ,*ri/ianity 7,con/ant9e71 ,! ,*ri/ian ,c]emonies1 ,augu/9e1 ,h]mits & ,monks1 ,! ,spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,! ,popes1 ,! ,crusades1 ,! ,prep>ation = ! ,re=mation1 ,! ,lu!ran ,re=mation 7,lu!r1 ! ,jesuits1 ! ,ca?olic ,mission71 ,! ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies1 9 ! ,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,c5turies1 ,! ,mission1 ,bible ,societies4 ,! aim 9 ?is division is to give in=mation reg>d+ ! developm5t ( ! *ur* 9 g5]al1 & ( ! ,lu!ran *ur* 9 p>ticul>4 ,n>ratives are gr\p$ ar\nd great c5tral *>act]s--,*ri/ian p]sonages4 ,a realization ( ! l(ty aims ( ,*ri/ianity on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 toge!r ) an appreciation ( _! duties & responsibilities z memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* is ! int5t4 ,by means ( an in/ruction book ! ma9 divisions ( *ur* hi/ory1 g5]al hi/ory1 & ! hi/ory ( ,norway are correlat$4 ,in=mation conta9$ 9 ! hymn book acqua9ts ! *ildr5 ) ! c]emonial ord] ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> z well z ) ! cont5ts & ord] ( ! book itself4 ,! /udy ( previ\sly memoriz$ hymns & v]ses is emphasiz$ & enl>g$ ^u4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t 9 ,norway *ur* & /ate are unit$4 ,religi\s & s*ola/ic int]e/s are "u ! direction ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ecclesia/ical & ,educational affairs4 ,! m9i/] ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ,/ate is "o ( ! ,k+'s cab9et4 ,"h we f9d "o ( ! num]\s attempts at ! solution ( ! vex+ "q ( moral in/ruction1 or1 to be m exact1 religi\s in/ruction 9 ! public s*ools4 ,:ile ! provisions = ?is tea*+ are n faultless1 & ?\gh _! c\rse ( in/ruction c\ld n be adopt$ = use 9 ,am]ica ) its m$ley ( religi\s prejudices1 yet we mu/ ackn[l$ge t !y are well adapt$ to ! ne$s & desires ( ! p s]v$4 ,! citiz5%ip ( ! c\ntry is homog5\s religi\sly1 almo/ univ]sally ,lu!ran1 & _! traditions militate aga9/ any *ange 9 religi\s cre$4 ,! tea*+ ( religion 9 ! s*ools has be5 ! practice = g5]ations1 ! in/ruction is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & x ex]ts its b5efici5t influ5ces ^u all4 ,!re are a numb] ( important features ( ?is moral in/ruction :i* press _! claims = special m5tion1 b we _c discuss !m all4 ,a few1 h[ev]1 dem& "s att5tion4 ,! /atem5t ( ! prov]b1 t z ! twig is b5t s w ! tree be incl9$1 has be5 borne out 9 practice times )\t numb]4 ,"h1 x seems to me1 is "o m illu/ration4 ,?r\gh\t _! :ole s*ool life--t receptive1 appropriat+1 =mative p]iod--! *ildr5 h con/antly be=e !m ideals t are elevat+1 examples t are inspir+1 & admonitions t t5d to create & develop )9 !m an ambition to excel 9 beauty ( "*4 ,t ! morals ( society are n kept m ne>ly pure by ?is proc$ure seems a psy*ological impossibility4 ,aga9 a r successful attempt is made to h ! home & s*ool coop]ate along ! l9es ( p]sonal purity4 ,9 fact ! home1 ! s*ool1 & ! *ur* jo9 h&s & supplem5t ea* o!r 9 all ef=ts 9 religi\s & moral tra9+4 ,true x is t /rik+ examples ( nobility ( "*1 high ideals1 & moral wor? ab\nd 9 pr(ane hi/ory z well z 9 sacr$1 9 secul> life z well z 9 religi\s1 9 liv+ *>act]s z truly z 9 ^? ( pa/ ages1 b ! s*ool sy/em ( ,norway provides ample opportunity = pres5t+ all ( ^! ?+s 9 connection ) _! regul> in/ruction 9 ! v>i\s subjects taught1 &1 9 addition1 furni%es p>ticul>iz$ in/ruction :i* makes a specialty ( moral & religi\s developm5t4 ,x seems imp]ative t1 :5 ^! ennobl+ lessons are ?us vividly pres5t$1 ! p[]s ( imitation & habit %\ld comb9e 9 ! creation ( /rong] & nobl] *>act]s4 ,nev]!less1 :5 religi\s in/ruction is made a requirem5t1 x too frequ5tly becomes =mal & lit]al r ?an spiritual & lifegiv+4 ,t ?is great mis=tune is ! case 9 "s ( ! second>y s*ools ( ,norway is an indictm5t :i* _c be d5i$4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! prim>y s*ools ! in/ruction is fruitful & important4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! conditions ! /atem5t is common among _m t 9 look+ back ov] ! ye>s ( religi\s in/ruction !y recall num]\s happy in/ances ( e>ne/1 he>tfelt pray] & ,bible /ories accompani$ by int5se feel+ on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,o!r exp]i5ces reveal ! fact t "s ( ! tea*+ pr(ession _h n ! s9c]ity & feel+ back ( _! in/ruction requir$ 9 ord] to give vitality & mean+ to ! lessons pres5t$4 ,! entire "q ( in/ruction 9 morals 9 our public s*ools is "o ( press+ importance4 ,x is be+ agitat$ 9 _m l&s today & a solution is sorely ne$$4 ,7 all classes ( society unit$ z to :at %\ld be includ$ 9 ?is in/ruction ! matt] w\ld adju/ itself v readily4 ,h[ev]1 social conditions 9 a s+le nation are m or less div]se1 & betwe5 diff]5t nations /ill great] breaks are to be f\nd4 ,9 fact ! ideals & conceptions ( society are s v>i$ t no "o pres5t sy/em w\ld suffice = all4 ,c\ld a code ( e?ics be =mulat$ :i* w\ld meet univ]sal approval !n its adoption & use might be hop$ =4 ,until !n ea* nation mu/ necess>ily foll[ ! plan :i* seems be/ adapt$ to its social requirem5ts4 ,z already /at$1 ! p ( ,norway are ne>ly all adh]5ts to ! ,lu!ran cre$ s !re are v few diss5t]s f ! common rule4 ,provision is made 9 ! law t ^? :o d n adh]e to ! /ate *ur* & object to receiv+ in/ruction 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e may1 ^u reque/ ( p>5t or gu>dian1 be excus$ f su* in/ruction4#bc ,norwegian ,aim4 ,x is ! aim ( ! in/ruction 9 ,norwegian to fur!r ! m5tal developm5t ( *ildr51 especially _! l+ui/ic ability4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( activity !y %\ld acquire3 7#a7 ,effici5cy 9 appreh5d+ & assimilat+ :at !y he> or read1 confid5t read9ess 9 read+1 pla9 articulation1 & correct & natural acc5tuation4 7#b7 ,effici5cy 9 express+ !mselves orally & 9 writ+ )\t mak+ any s]i\s errors 9 ! common usage ( language or ! rules ( composition4 7#c7 ,effici5cy 9 ! use ( ! gramm> ( ! "m-tongue :i* is necess>y = ! above measure ( atta9m5ts4 ,fir/ ,division ,class ,i4 7,boys twelve h\rs1 girls elev5 h\rs1 weekly47 ,a suitable numb] 7twelve or fifte57 ( int]e/+ *ildr5's /ories are told & utiliz$ = ! special purposes ( wid5+ ! circle ( ! *ildr5's imag9ation & develop+ 9 !m ability 9 obs]vation1 conception1 & expression4 ,an ef=t is made to r5d] ! g5]al cont5ts ( ! /ories lucid ?r\gh explanations1 :ile ! features ar\s+ special int]e/ 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils are made ! objects ( m detail$ conv]sation4 ,an ef=t is made to tra9 ! *ildr5 9 correct1 free1 & easy expression 9 connect$ s5t5ces1 & to develop 9 !m ! ability to rehe>se _! /ories freely & connect$ly4 ,read+4 ,! aim is ability to read ! prim] 7,,abc-en7 ) assurance & 9 a cle> tone1 prop]ly articulat+ & acc5t+ ea* ^w & syllable4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,! object ( ! writt5 "w is to tea* ! *ildr5 to write words & simple s5t5ces :i* h j be5 read orally or h be5 se5 9 ! prim] or on ! blackbo>d4 ,class ,,ii4 7,boys t5 h\rs1 girls eight h\rs1 weekly47 ,tw5ty or ?irty ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable selections 7prose & poetry7 conta9$ 9 ! read] are made ! objects ( special & ?or\gh treatm5t4 ,comm5ts1 que/ions1 elucidat+ explanations1 & conv]sations are means employ$ 9 secur+ a vivid appreciation ( ! cont5ts & 9 develop+ ability 9 _! easy rehe>sal4 ,! o!r pieces are treat$ 9 a m cursory mann]1 only ! l>g] views & ! m g5]al und]/&+ ( !m be+ attempt$4 ,special att5tion is giv5 to hav+ all read+s sl[ ) l\d1 pla91 & correct articulation & prop] acc5tuation4 ,habitual mi/akes are c>efully elim9at$4 ,/ory tell+ is also a feature ( ! ye>'s "w4 ,writt5 ex]cises1 made up ( s5t5ces & %ort p>ts ( read+s1 conv]sations1 or /ories are giv5 frequ5tly & = %ort p]iods4 ,"h ! names ( lett]s & spell+ are att5d$ to ) great c>e4 ,class ,,iii4 7,boys eight h\rs1 girls sev5 h\rs1 weekly47 ,tw5ty or ?irty p>agraphs f ! read] are giv5 special att5tion--! rema9d] cursory4 ,! plan ( "w is ab\t ! same z = ,class ,,ii4 ,consid]able att5tion is giv5 to ! rehe>s+ ( ! read+ lesson by ! pupils4 ,"s reproductions are to be q detail$ & exact ?\gh !y are n to be giv5 9 ! exact words ( ! text4 ,/ill o!r selections receive m g5]al treatm5t4 ,a few ( ! mo/ pleas+ poems %\ld be memoriz$4 ,great] read9ess 9 sl[ & ev5 read+ ) l\d & cle> expression & prop] natural acc5tuation %\ld be s\ght4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,selections f ! language "w giv+ special & r ext5d$ att5tion to spell+1 punctuation1 & grammatical con/ructions & =ms4 ,! tea*] sets examples ( correct punctuation1 etc4 ,second ,division ,class ,,iv4 7,five h\rs weekly47 ,a select numb] 7#bj-cj7 ( pieces f ! read] treat$ z 9 ! =m] classes1 ?\gh m exhau/ively2 &1 9 addition1 q a wide range ( selections *os5 = m cursory read+4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation reg>d+ ! topics treat$ & explanations ( lit]>y expressions %\ld =m important p>ts ( ! in/ruction 9 ?is class4 ,"h1 z 9 bo? prec$+ & succe$+ classes1 x %\ld be ! aim to h ! *ildr5 make _! mean+s pla9 :5 conv]s+ ^u ! selections read1 at lea/ to ! degree ( _! ability & developm5t4 ,p>ts ( =m] conv]sations on v>i\s topics %\ld also be recall$ & wov5 into _! discussions4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,^! %all include features previ\sly /udi$1 & introduce m detail$ & f9] discrim9ations 9 grammatical usages & =ms4 ,class ,v4 7,boys f\r h\rs1 girls five h\rs1 weekly47 ,exhau/ive /udy ( a few selections & cursory read+ 9 l>ge quantities z be=e4 ,c>eful & abundant tra9+ 9 oral expression4 ,specific & detail$ rehe>sal ( topics discuss$ 9 :i* an increas+ am\nt ( k ga9$ ?r\gh /udy1 exp]i5ce1 & ?\ght is utiliz$4 ,%ort /ories are read4 ,poems are memoriz$4 ,progress 9 cle> & di/9ct articulation & easy & natural emphasis 9 h>mony ) ref9$ spee* is cont9u\sly a requirem5t4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,a cont9uation ( =m] ex]cises & a consid]able am\nt ( copy+1 or ! writ+ ( ab/racts ( lesson cont5t1 especially dur+ ! second half ye>4 ,or?ographic1 grammatical1 & rhetorical =ms are ent]$ into m exhau/ively & _! niceties urg$4 ,?r\gh cont9u$ practice 9 prep>+ & writ+ compositions1 extra "w 9 copy+1 & special /udy ( or?ography & punctuation1 ! *ildr51 by ! close ( ?is _! fif? ye> ( s*ool+1 %\ld be q capable 9 punctuation z well z spell+1 ?\gh !y %\ld n be expect$ to spell & punctuate indep5d5tly ) accuracy4 ,?ird ,division ,class ,,vi4 7,boys five h\rs1 girls six h\rs1 weekly47 ,read+ f a select$ portion ( ! read]4 ,conv]sations1 in=mation1 explanations1 & l+ui/ic elucidations are to be ent]$ into accord+ to necessity4 ,increas+ /ress is "h laid on ! "w ( draw+ out ! ?\ghts1 ideas1 & k ( ! pupils1 & ( incit+ !m to m indep5d5t1 intellectual ef=t4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,cont9u$ z previ\sly ?\gh introduc+ l>g] am\nts ( indep5d5tly select$ =ms ( expression & insi/+ on great] accuracy 9 punctuation4 ,lett] writ+ is add$4 ,class ,,vii4 7,five h\rs weekly47 ,selections f ! read] & supplem5t>y read+ f recomm5d$ books calculat$ to awak51 develop1 & educate4 ,special att5tion giv5 to ! mo/ important au?ors4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,compositions on topics ( int]e/1 lett] writ+1 bus9ess correspond5ce includ+ applications1 invoices1 adv]tisem5ts1 & telegrams4 ,! me?ods employ$ 9 pres5t+ ! "m-tongue are q pla9ly set =? 9 ! =ego+ outl9e4 ,?\gh ! cont5t is n s specifically def9$1 ! g5]al l9es are indicat$ 9 su* a way z to give v adequate insight !re9to4 ,"s ( ! me?ods ( pres5tation seem some:at cumb]some & r antiquat$4 ,?is impression is due *iefly to t]m9ology4 ,! actual "w 9 ! s*oolrooms is flexible1 free1 &1 z a rule1 attractive4 ,! latitude grant$ to ! tea*]s 9 all _! "w admits ( almo/ unlimit$ individual initiative4 ,_m ( _! tea*]s are q exp]t 9 ! mo/ mod]n me?ods4 ,! utilit>ian idea :i* p]vades e phase ( _! s*ool "w is especially noticeable 9 ! tea*+ ( _! own language4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is idea1 let me call att5tion to ! fact t1 f ! fir/1 con/ant use is made ( e atta9m5t 9 bo? oral & writt5 =m4 ,! oral "w embraces ! read+ ( ! text1 read+ f ! blackbo>d1 & conv]sational ex]cises on ! special topics be+ consid]$4 ,writt5 "w on ! same lessons include copy+ ( c]ta9 selections or p>ts ( !m & orig9al expressions 9 reg>d to ! cont5ts ( lessons read4 ,9 ! advanc$ grades ^! writt5 ex]cises become m & m ext5d$ & complicat$ until !y am\nt to complete essays4 ,special att5tion is giv5 to correct =ms ( expression & to ! acquirem5t ( habits ( cle> & di/9ct enunciation4 ,! *ild1 :o f 8 e>lie/ s*ool days becomes habituat$ to exact pronunciations1 is v liable--almo/ sure--to spell correctly2 &1 :5 con/ant use is made ( ! language 9 writt5 ex]cises1 ! accept$ & approv$ =ms ( expression become ! fix$ usages4 ,n[ _! treatm5t ( ! "m-tongue is a comb9ation ( our read+1 spell+1 language lessons1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 & lit]ature1 all taught 9 _! natural ord] z !y arise ?r\gh actual use4 ,incid5tally1 va/ am\nts ( biography1 hi/ory1 geography1 & natural sci5ce z well z writ+ are includ$4 ,! ri*ness ( cont5t & ?or\ghness ( treatm5t des]ve c>eful consid]ation 9 ! writ+ ( c\rses & /ill m 9 _! application4 ,specialization 9 phases ( a s+le subject 9 l[] s*ools ne>ly always means wa/e ( en]gy1 scatt]+ ( =ces1 & disappo9tm5t 9 ! end4 ,on ! contr>y1 unification & close correlation result 9 economy ( "t & ef=t1 & issue 9 m wor?y atta9m5ts4 ,! sev]al fields ( ?\ght are already too mu* isolat$ f ea* o!r1 & unless "s gu>ds are erect$ ! individual fields also w be brok5 up & _! di/9ctive phases s divorc$ f "o ano!r t _! coop]ative t5d5cies & values w become void & _! relation%ips w be lo/ sight (4 ,norwegian is easily ! prepond]ant /udy 9 ,norway's s*ools1 b1 s9ce x is s inclusive1 x probably des]ves ! l>ge am\nt ( "t devot$ to x4 ,! long li/s ( supplem5t>y read+s n[ provid$ 9 our ,am]ican s*ools ex]t a :olesome influ5ce4 ,_! con/ant revision & ext5sion furni% mat]ials :i* 9 ! h&s ( skill$ tea*]s1 gu>antee to ! pupils sure k & ability 9 ! use ( ! "m-tongue4 ,! limitless res\rces 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 ,am]ica's lavi% provision = high] education & pr(essional tra9+1 & ! fre$om grant$ to our tea*+ pr(ession leave ! tea*]s ( our language )\t excuse4 ,! pupils /udy+ ,engli% 9 ,am]ica h a "r to expect ! be/4 ,"o condition :i* frequ5tly militates aga9/ fir/ class "w 9 ?is l9e is t s*ool bo>ds all too frequ5tly fail to realize t be+ a tea*] ( ,engli% means m ?an m]ely he>+ lessons s _m times a week4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! mo/ important "w mu/ be done aside f class ex]cises4 ,if !re be any tea*] ju/ifi$ 9 ask+ a r$uction 9 h\rs ( in/ruction x is ! tea*] ( ! "m-tongue4 ,ma!matics ,aim4 ,read9ess 9 ! f\r ma!matical op]ations 9 :ole numb]s1 decimal numb]s1 & simple fractions1 writt5 & oral4 ,ability to indep5d5tly solve v>i\s examples 9 ! =ms 9 :i* !y g5]ally appe> 9 practical life1 also examples 9 proportion & examples 9 p]c5tage1 toge!r ) problems ( planes & solids4 ,c\rse & mode ( its execution z giv5 9 a text--,in/ruction 9 ,ma!matics 7,regneund]visn+57--foll[$ 9 all ess5tials4 ,fir/ ,division ,class ,i4 7,boys five h\rs1 girls f\r h\rs1 weekly47 ,?r\gh con/ant use ( illu/rative mat]ial 7objects ab\t ! room1 wood5 p9s1 cubes1 ! *ildr5's f+]s1 etc47 ! *ildr5 are taught to gradually become acqua9t$ ) ! numb]s to t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 & on up to "o hundr$2 & !y are af=d$ cont9u\s practice 9 read+1 writ+1 & expla9+ ! numb]s1 z well z 9 p]=m+ simple solutions 9 ! f\r ari?metical op]ations4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> ! *ildr5 %\ld be able to c\nt to "o hundr$ =w>d & backw>d4 ,!y mu/ "k h[ to manipulate ! numb]s f "o to t5 9 add+ to or subtract+ f any numb] less ?an "o hundr$1 & be able1 by ! assi/ance ( ! tables1 to answ] que/ions 9 multiplication 7two's to five's74 & "s que/ions 9 division4 ,*ief importance atta*es to ! ability ( ! *ildr5 to use ! numb]s f "o to ?irty4 ,class ,,ii4 7,f\r h\rs weekly47 ,acqua9tance ) & ability to read & write any numb] up to "o million4 ,m5tal ari?metic4 ,cont9uation ( op]ations begun 9 ,class ,i4 ,:5 pr(ici5t 9 add+ & subtract+ units to & f "o hundr$1 t5s & units are tak5 up 9 ! same way4 ,examples 9 easy multiplication1 ) occasional use ( division1 c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,tablet "w4 ,addition & subtraction ( numb]s up to "o million4 ,9 ! op]ations co91 measure1 & weight d5om9ations are us$1 & are illu/rat$ by co9s1 measures1 & weights4 ,class ,,iii4 7,boys f\r h\rs1 girls ?ree h\rs1 weekly47 ,acqua9tance ) ! num]al sy/em up to & includ+ millions4 ,cont9u\s practice 9 read+1 writ+1 & us+ numb]s4 ,m5tal op]ations4 ,addition & subtraction ( numb]s up to "o hundr$ cont9u$4 ,!reaft] ext5d ! numb]s z f> z ! *ildr5 c use !m ) c]ta9ty & rapidity4 ,multiplication ( numb]s up to "o hundr$ by units4 ,tablet "w4 ,m "w 9 addition & subtraction go+ f>!r ?an to numb]s ) six ciph]s4 ,multiplication ( numb]s ) _m ciph]s by multipli]s hav+ "o or m ciph]s4 ,second ,division ,class ,,iv4 7,boys f\r h\rs1 girls ?ree h\rs1 weekly47 ,division ) divisors hav+ "o or m ciph]s4 ,sep>ation ( numb]s into _! individual factors4 ,f9d+ ( ! lea/ common multiple4 ,aft] ?is a ?or\gh drill 9 ! f\r ari?metical op]ations ) :ole numb]s--old & new ex]cises4 ,m5tal & tablet ex]cises 9 close/ relation to ea* o!r4 ,9 all m5tal op]ations1 "h or lat]1 rapid & positive use %\ld be made ( ! easi] examples be=e ! h>d] ones are fumbl$ or h&l$ ) unc]ta9ty4 ,class ,v4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,aft] ! necess>y prep>ation1 practice 9 ! ?ree op]ations ) decimal numb]s4 ,9 connection ) ! consid]ation ( plane surfaces ! *ildr5 %\ld be giv5 practice 9 measur+ p>allelograms1 triangles1 irregul> quadrangles & _m-sid$ surfaces--triangles %\ld pr$om9ate4 ,m5tal & tablet ex]cises p>allel ea* o!r & are 9 intimate relation4 ,?ird ,division ,class ,,vi4 7,?ree h\rs weekly47 ,prep>atory practice 9 common fractions toge!r ) addition & subtraction ( fractions hav+ a common d5om9ator & o!rs :i* c easily be r$uc$ to a common d5om9ator4 ,multiplication & division us+ or includ+ fractions4 ,fur!r developm5t ) m5tal op]ations gr[+ out ( & 9 connection ) tablet "w4 ,class ,,vii4 7,?ree h\rs weekly47 ,p]c5tage includ+ int]e/1 rebate1 & disc\nt4 ,! calculat+ ( cubes1 prisms1 pyramids1 circles1 cyl9d]s1 cones2 also %ort5$ pyramids1 cones1 & cyl9d]s4 ,aft] ?is a g5]al review s f> z "t admits4 ,simple ari?metical op]ations occupy ! entire field dur+ ! e>li] ye>s4 ,! elem5t>y algebraic =ms & me?ods ( solution are introduc$ relatively e>ly1 & m9or geometric relations & op]ations are pres5t$ dur+ ! la/ 7sev5?7 ye> ( ! l[] s*ools4 ,^! latt] features are radically diff]5t f our g5]al proc$ure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( pres5t+ ! v>i\s ma!matical subjects "o at a "t1 complet+ "o be=e ano!r is consid]$ to any ext5t :atev]4 ,= example1 ari?metic is tak5 up & gone ?r\gh1 :ile p>ts ( geometry & algebra :i* w\ld be great aids 9 "s ( ! ari?metical solutions are /udi\sly avoid$ or exclud$ until ! =mal /udy ( t p>ticul> subject is f9ally begun4 ,! p ( ,norway1 on ! contr>y1 ent] ! l>g] field ( ma!matics &1 9 a m rational mann]--a m psy*ological way--utilize available processes & =ms at e opportunity4 ,! phases ( ma!matics are n specializ$ into isolation b coord9at$ into a work+ unity4 ,in/ead ( /udy+ "o subject ?r\gh\t its intricacies & side issues be=e admitt+ consid]ation ( o!r phases ( ma!matics1 !y make x ! rule to utilize ! elem5tal factors ( ! v>i\s ma!matical subjects 9 e way possible4 ,!y give recognition to ! simpl] & m fundam5tal pr9ciples & op]ations reg>dless ( ! special phase ( ! subject to :i* !y belong1 & use ! entire product z gr\ndwork = succe$+ /eps 9 ! sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way p>ts ( algebra & geometry become valuable contribut+ prelim9>ies to high] ari?metical op]ations4 ,! texts us$ by ! pupils are little m ?an a s]ies ( ex]cises4 ,all tea*+ is done by ! tea*] & ! texts are arrang$ 9 su* a way t ! *ildr5 may h opportunity to become skill$ 9 ! pr9ciples evolv$ 9 class ?r\gh application ( !m 9 ! long li/s ( problems 9 _! texts4 ,v little blackbo>d is provid$ = ! pupils' use1 h5ce b little blackbo>d "w is accompli%$4 ,ea* room has a small bo>d on :i* ! tea*] ( a pupil may g ?r\gh solutions4 ,nev] h ,i se5 m ?an "o at a "t work+ at ! blackbo>d4 ,:ile ! limit$ use ( blackbo>ds g5]ally calls = an increas$ am\nt ( dep5d5ce ^u intellectual activity & consequ5t increase 9 m5tal al]tness1 ! free use ( blackbo>ds relieves ! m9d ( unnecess>y burd5s :i* may z well be borne by crayon1 & ?us provides = ! high] c5t]s a fre] activity 9 pu%+ on ! que/ = ! unkn[n4 ,geography ,aim4 ,to obta9 7#a7 ,a some:at complete acqua9tance ) ! fa!rl&2 its conditions1 comm]ce1 mann] ( life4 7#b7 ,acqua9tance ) ! geography ( ,europe1 especially ! c\ntries to ! nor? & ! o!r long] civiliz$ c\ntries4 7#c7 ,a view ( ! diff]5t cont95ts & a clos] acqua9tance ) l&s & places :i* are ( greate/ importance to ! fa!rl&4 7#d7 ,k ( ! mo/ important features ( physical & ma!matical geography4 ,fir/ ,division ,class ,,ii4 7,boys ?ree h\rs1 girls two h\rs1 weekly47 ,) cont9u\s ref]5ce to local geography & places kn[n to ! *ildr51 ! pupils are br\ght to und]/& geographical =ms & relations 9 g5]al4 ,special att5tion is giv5 to *>ts & maps4 ,in/ruction beg9s ) draw+s 7on blackbo>d & tablets7 ( ! s*oolroom2 !n ext5ds to s*oolgr\nds1 to ! imm$iate surr\nd+s ) /reets & "s ( ! m important build+s2 & !n to ! entire city ) its environs1 etc41 etc4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld become acqua9t$ ) ! m important features ( topography1 soil1 valleys1 pla9s1 ridges1 m\nta9s1 seas1 fjords1 riv]s1 brooks1 seasons1 day & night1 ris+ & sett+ ( planets 7sun1 moon1 & />s71 flora & fauna1 altitude1 sea level1 etc4 ,f famili>ity ) ! city & its surr\nd+s ! "w ext5ds to ! entire fa!rl& :i* is consid]$ 9 an elem5t>y fa%ion4 ,h]e9 are includ$ elem5t>y /udies ( coa/ l9e1 pr9cipal sy/ems ( valleys1 & location & size ( cities4 ,map draw+ ( small localities4 ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,! map ( ,europe4 ,beg9n+ ) ! fa!rl&1 includ+ its location ) ref]5ce to o!r l&s & seas z well z its relations !reto1 ent] into a /udy ( o!r ,european c\ntries 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld naturally be ent]$ if t\r+ f ! fa!rl&4 ,subdivisions ( ! sea & l&1 also cities1 railways1 canals1 riv]s1 & m\nta9s are to be /udi$4 ,pictures are to be us$ 9 illu/ration4 ,by ! use ( globes & o!r illu/rative mat]ial1 ! discussion may be ext5d$ to o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,ea* ( ! sev]al divisions ( ! e>? is to be treat$ 9 an elem5t>y mann]4 ,ev]y?+ is to be outl9$ or indicat$ on ! maps & *>ts--fir/ by ! tea*] & lat] by ! pupils4 ,second ,division ,class ,,iv4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,on ! f\ndation ( :at 0 done 9 ,class ,,iii ! "w %all be ext5d$ to ! outly+ divisions ( ,europe--,norway1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,! ,briti% ,isles1 ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,italy1 ,russia4 ,! /udy ( maps is emphasiz$ bo? = review & new "w4 ,e l& is consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! fa!rl&1 o!r kn[n l&s1 ! equator1 & ! poles4 ,att5tion conf9$ to typical aspects3 description ( a typical city1 a manufactur+ c5t]1 etc41 special v>iations 9 climate1 flora & fauna1 *ief natural sc5]y1 comm]cial activities1 products & conditions ( ! citiz5s4 ,read+s on geographical topics are correlat$ ) picture illu/rations4 ,details & illu/rations utiliz$ z 9 ,class ,,iii4 ,class ,v4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 & ! ,balkan p59sula are consid]$ aft] ! plan us$ 9 ,class ,,iv4 ,aft] ^! ,european c\ntries1 =eign c\ntries are discuss$4 ,/udy & in/ruction 9 ?is class is 9 accord ) ! outl9es ( "w 9 previ\s classes ?\gh m exhau/ive & m9ute4 ,india1 ,*9a1 ! l>ge isl&s 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ,nor? ,africa ) its ,sah>a1 ,c5tral ,africa1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 etc41 are also consid]$4 ,?ird ,division ,class ,,vi4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,! geography ( ! fa!rl& is gone ?r\gh ?or\ghly ) ! aim ( imp>t+ to ! *ildr5 a r complete k ( _! c\ntry's nature1 comm]ce1 & life 9 its v>i\s localities4 ,! *ief po9ts consid]$ are3 coa/ l9e1 surface1 wat] *annels1 climate--ea/ & we/--b\nd>ies1 inhabitants1 life ( ! p1 political divisions4 ,?is is to be con/antly correlat$ ) :at has be5 le>n$ previ\sly ( o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,map draw+ 9 detail4 ,review ( =m] "w4 ,class ,,vii4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,! m important features ( ma!matical & physical geography are pres5t$1 be+ cont9u\sly illu/rat$ by *>ts1 maps1 globes1 a/ronomical plates1 etc4 ,! horizon1 e>? =mations1 zones1 ye>ly & daily rotations1 geographical bread? & l5g?2 ! moon1 its phases2 ! planets1 etc41 are important topics = /udy4 ,o!rs are positions ( cont95ts & oceans ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r1 climate & physical features ( ! e>?1 ! air1 w9ds1 *anges 9 temp]ature1 movem5ts ( ! sea1 ! m important ocean /reams 7,gulf & ,pol> /reams71 etc4 ,?r\gh\t ! /udy con/ant connections %\ld be made betwe5 :at is kn[n 9 geography1 natural hi/ory1 & nature /udy4 ,! outl9e indicates bo? ?or\ghness & a close correlation ) relat$ fields ( "w4 ,beg9n+ ) ! well-kn[n 9 geography !y gradually wid5 _! horizon & e/abli% connections ) ! m remote p>ts ( ! e>? until ! *ildr5 obta9 a mod]ately accurate appreciation & k ( ?is bran* ( /udy & get a view ( its intricate relations ) life & human activity4 ,:ile ! "w ( ! c\rse is g5]ally *>act]iz$ by ?or\ghness1 _! /udy ( localities outside ( ,europe is simply a skimm+ ov] or a skipp+ glance4 ,to be sure "t is insuffici5t to enable !m to exhau/ all opportunities2 b1 x w\ld seem m consi/5t ) _! g5]al idea ( conc5trat+ on matt]s :i* directly conc]n ! fa!rl& & its subjects1 did !y br+ ! "y into a m intimate acqua9tance ) ,am]ica & a full] appreciation ( :at ,am]ica really means to ,norway & ,norwegians4 ,v few ,norsem5 are )\t vital int]e/s "h4 ,ne>ly all1 x seems1 h imm$iate relatives or v de> fri5ds :o h migrat$ f ! native l& & h e/abli%$ homes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x appe>s t x w\ld be important = !m to foll[ ! pa? ( _! migrat+ bre?r5 & acqua9t !mselves m fully ) ! geography ( ,am]ica4 ,its life1 topography1 comm]ce1 & o!r di/9ctive features w\ld add to _! geography a *apt] ( unsurpass$ values4 ,! "w :i* is done is comm5dable = _m reasons4 ,! _m-sid$ views obta9$ by v>i$ me?ods ( attack are ri* & mean+ful4 ,e pupil is ready ) a full discussion 9 response to a "q relat+ to _! own c\ntry4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are in=m$ ) ref]5ce to ! relation%ips exi/+ betwe5 ea* c\ntry /udi$ & ! fa!rl&4 ,^! h be5 cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,! p]spective obta9$ ?r\gh ! /udy ( physical & ma!matical geography af=ds ri*] mean+ to e day ( life z well z to all ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,hi/ory ,aim4 ,! *ief aim ( in/ruction 9 hi/ory is to inspire ! *ildr5's hi/oric in/9cts & love = _! c\ntry & p4 ,9 an ef=t to obta9 ?is ! foll[+ in=mation is imp>t$3 7#a7 ,a some:at connect$ k ( ! hi/ory ( ! fa!rl& toge!r ) ! fundam5tal t5d5cies ( ! social ord]4 7#b7 ,acqua9tance ) ! mo/ significant incid5ts 9 g5]al hi/ory4 ,fir/ ,division ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,select$ n>ratives f ! hi/ory ( ! fa!rl&4 ,! collection ( /ories includes ! foll[+3 ,h>ald ! ,fair ,hair$1 ,haakon ! ,good1 ,haakon ,j>l1 ,olaf ,trygveson1 ,olaf ! ,holy1 ,sv]re ,sigurdson1 ,haak5 ! ,ag$1 ,m>g>et & ,alb]t1 ,*ri/ian ! ,second1 ,*ri/ian ! ,f\r?1 ,tord5skjold1 ,! ,ye>s #ahjg-ahad1 ,! ,"t ( ,pirates1 ,kri/ian ,augu/1 ,norway 9 #ahad1 ,kri/ian ,fr$rik1 ,eidsvold1 #ag? ( ,may1 ,norway's dec5nial celebration4 ,! /ories are pres5t$ orally & are s detail$ t ! *ildr5 get cle> pictures ( p]sons & incid5ts4 ,! mat]ial ( in/ruction is c5t]$ ab\t p>ticul> & important p]sons & incid5ts 9 ord] to give !m great] fixity4 ,! pupils rehe>se ! /ories !y h be5 taught4 ,hi/oric poems & songs ( ! fa!rl& :i* ref] especially to p or incid5ts are /udi$ 9 connection ) ! hi/ory4 ,! mat]ial receiv$ ?r\gh in/ruction 9 geography dur+ ! =m] ye> is utiliz$ z gr\ndwork 9 build+ up & enri*+ ! hi/orical ideas ( ! fa!rl&4 ,! m important phases ( social in/itutions are pres5t$ 9 a way suit$ to ! capacity ( ! pupils4 ,z ! /ories proce$1 an attempt is made to awak5 a degree ( appreciation ( _! hi/orical sequ5ce4 ,second ,division ,class ,,iv4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,/ories & descriptions reg>d+ g5]al hi/ory c5t]+ ab\t ! foll[+ po9ts or topics3 ,anci5t _w k+doms1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,g]mans1 ,norse1 ,papacy1 great discov]ies & inv5tions4 ,treatm5t "h is simil> to t giv5 9 ,class ,,iii4 ,/ories1 anecdotes & pictures add life to regul> r\t9e4 ,/ories ( ! fa!rl& are pres5t$ 9 v brief =m & are giv5 9 ord] to effect connection ) g5]al ev5ts 9 _w hi/ory4 ,"h aga9 geography is made ! gr\ndwork ( hi/ory4 ,class ,v4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,"w c>ri$ on z previ\sly4 ,n>ratives ( ev5ts *iefly dur+ ! "t f ! ,re=mation to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,c5tral features /udi$3 ,lu!r & ! "t ( ! ,re=mation 7,lu!r's *ildhood & y\?1 ,k>l ,v41 ext5sion ( ! ,re=mation1 & ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>71 ! p]iod ( absolute mon>*y1 ! "t prec$+ ! ,revolution1 sci5ce & discov]y4 ,pres5tation ( topics ! same z previ\sly giv54 ,"h is includ$ also a consid]able am\nt ( culture hi/ory1 descriptions f :i* are giv5 9 su* a way t life among ! high] classes1 z well z among ! oppress$1 may be pres5t$ & appreciat$4 ,?ird ,division ,class ,,vi4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,"w cont9u$ z h]et(ore4 ,/ories f ! "t ( ! ,revolution d[n to mod]n times4 ,among ! mat]ials us$ are ! foll[+ topics3 "t ( ! ,revolution1 #aghi-ahjj2 ,napoleon1 #ahjj-ahae2 ,july & ,febru>y ,revolutions1 ,napoleon ,,iii41 ,g]many's consolidation1 discov]ies & inv5tions1 del9eations ( ! hi/ory ( civilization1 & ! advance ( mod]n times 9 indu/ries & means = communication4 ,class ,,vii4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,! hi/ory ( ! fa!rl& gone ?r\gh 9 great detail & 9 a def9itely connect$ mann]4 ,all "w bas$ ^u :at has be5 le>n$ 9 =m] classes4 ,! foll[+ are among ! m important po9ts consid]$3 ,norway 9 anci5t times1 ,norway organiz$ into a ,*ri/ian k+dom1 ,norway's "t ( prosp]ity1 ,norway "u int]nal w>s1 ,norway "u lat] k+s ( ,sw$i% family & desc5t1 ,norway 9 union ) ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k1 ,norway unit$ to ,d5m>k until #affa1 "t ( absolute mon>*y 7#affa-ahad71 ,norway 9 #ahad1 ,norway s9ce #ahad4 ,9 addition1 ! *ief features ( social in/itutions1 ! condition ( ! /ate1 rights & obligations ( citiz5s1 /ate adm9i/ration1 communal affairs1 & simil> topics are discuss$ at "s l5g?4 ,by ! assi/ance ( a suitable text ! pres5tation %\ld imp>t to ! pupils a mod]ately connect$ k ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! fa!rl& up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld obta9 cle> insight into ! inn] hi/oric situations2 p]sons1 ev5ts1 & specific dates /&+ z contributors 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,hi/oric sagas & relat$ selections are us$ 9 connection4 ,:ile att5tion c5t]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! fa!rl&1 important contempor>y ev5ts 9 g5]al hi/ory are kept con/antly be=e ! eyes1 frequ5t ref]5ce be+ made to ! /udies 9 ,classes ,,iv-,,vi4 ,! /at$ aims1 enum]at$ means1 & outl9$ me?ods ( pres5tation af=d a fairly good idea ( ! "w done 9 ! /udy ( hi/ory ?r\gh\t ! prim>y s*ools4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 p]haps by _m1 t in/ruction 9 hi/ory has be5 prec$$ by "o ye>'s /udy ( geography1 t ! geography ( ! sev]al c\ntries prec$es ! hi/ory ( ! peoples inhabit+ !m1 & t geographical appreciation is utiliz$ z a f\ndation = in/ruction 9 hi/ory4 ,! ma9 purposes ( in/ruction 9 hi/ory are3 developm5t ( patriotic & loyal citiz5s1 intellectual tra9+1 & cultural in=mation4 ,! priz$ traits ( citiz5%ip are read1 sung1 & drill$ into ! daily life ( e *ild 9 ! entire c\ntry1 & ^! impressions are fix$ s def9itely t !y live ?r\gh g5]ations1 ev5 :5 ! subjects are transplant$ to =eign soils4 ,/ory tell+ 9 ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory in/ruction af=ds an imm$iate appeal bo? to ! *ildr5's int]e/ 9 p]sonal activities & to _! lik+ = t =m ( in/ruction4 ,! *>act]s ^: biographies are del9eat$ are ! m5 ar\nd :om national activities h c5t]$4 ,! bits ( hi/ory relat$ are ( epo*-mak+ incid5ts f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t4 ,be+ pres5t$ ?r\gh biography !y h a p]sonal t\* & flavor :i* secure vital & imm$iate responses f ! *ildr54 ,!re are /ill o!r features wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,incid5ts ( hi/oric int]e/ are n only po9t$ out & /udi$ b ! sc5es ( ^! are actually visit$4 ,"h aga9 we see ! def9ite way 9 :i* hi/ory & geography are correlat$4 ,too1 s9ce ,norway has be5 favor$ by ! gift ( _m lit]>y g5iuses1 mo/ hi/oric *>act]s & ev5ts h f\nd place 9 lit]>y classics4 ,all along ! way1 songs1 poems1 & dramas hav+ relation to national hi/ory are br\ght into ! in/ruction 9 a liv+1 real way4 ,! *ildr5 are giv5 abundant opportunity to atta9 pr(ici5cy 9 relat+ hi/oric ev5ts ) in=mation ga9$ f ! fields ( geography1 language1 & lit]ature4 ,nature ,/udy ,aim4 ,in/ruction 9 nature /udy attempts to awak5 ! *ildr5's int]e/ 9 & reg>d = nature 9 all its expressions1 & to ex]cise _! ?\ght p[]s & judgm5t s z to enable !m to f9d or make connections betwe5 cause & effect4 ,9 ord] t _! att5tion be c5t]$ ^u ! suitability to purpose1 con=mity to law1 h>mony & beauty1 ! *ildr5 %\ld h _! ?\ght direct$ to nature's creation & ma9t5ance4 ,f9ally1 ! *ildr5 ?r\gh ?is in/ruction %\ld obta9 a conception ( h[ mank9d attempts to control nature & to utilize its /r5g? 9 ! promotion ( human welf>e4 ,mat]ials = in/ruction4 ,our bodily /ructure 9 ! l>ge or :ole1 z necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! g5]al conditions 9 man's physical life & z fundam5tal to in/ruction 9 heal?4 ,! m important native & =eign animals & plants2 _! gr[? & life1 toge!r ) _! importance 9 nature's economy4 ,! natural =ces :i* h greate/ significance = organic life & = man's effici5cy4 ,me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,natural objects or repres5tations ( !m 9 model or draw+1 & op]ations ( natural =ces illu/rat$ by exp]im5ts obs]v$ & writt5 up4 ,! accuracy ( obs]vations are te/$ by ! pupil's oral or writt5 acc\nts ( :at !y see4 ,conditions & ?+s famili> to ! *ildr5 9 common life are ! ones to be us$ above all o!rs4 ,class ,,iv4 7,"o h\r weekly47 ,%ort synopsis ov] our bodily /ructure 7f\r h\rs74 ,pres5t by oral in/ruction & ?r\gh illu/rative mat]ials ! skeleton1 muscles1 dige/ive organs1 sk91 circulation1 respiratory organs4 ,! same po9ts may also be /udi$ z !y appe> 9 ! l[] animals4 ,mammals4 7,tw5ty h\rs47 ,horse1 ass1 c[1 %eep1 goat1 re9de]1 de]1 elk1 camel1 cat1 wild-cat1 lion1 tig]1 dog1 wolf1 fox1 m>t51 be>1 sw9e1 elephant1 seal1 :ale1 h>e1 rabbit1 squirrel1 rat1 beav]1 anteat]1 bat1 monkey4 ,f[ls4 7,t5 h\rs47 ,tame *ick5s1 woodcock1 sp>r[1 yell[ hamm]1 bullf9*1 l>k1 swall[1 />l+1 dove1 cuckoo1 p>rot1 hawk1 falcon1 eagle1 owl1 h]on1 /ork1 duck1 goose1 swan1 gull1 o/ri*1 & o!rs4 ,in/ruction beg9s ) typical animal =ms :i* are illu/rat$ by *>ts or draw+s :5 ! /uff$ or m\nt$ specim5s are n at h&4 ,! *ildr5 are requir$ to dep5d ^u !mselves z mu* z possible 9 f9d+ out individual *>act]i/ics 9 ! bodily /ructures ( ! *os5 =ms4 ,!n bodily /ructure & habits are relat$1 z are also _! homes1 food1 color1 & environm5t4 ,f9ally1 ! animal's mean+ 9 ! economy ( nature & its value to man are ! po9ts /udi$4 ,along ) ! c>eful /udy ( a typical =m1 relat$ animals are exam9$ 9 a m g5]al & cursory mann]4 ,! *ildr5 are taught to rememb] t :ile !y h dom9ion ov] ! animals !y are at ! same "t "u obligations to !m4 ,disreg>d ( ^! duties is look$ ^u z rud5ess4 ,animal /ories =m a "p ( ! in/ruction4 ,aft] /udy+ ! *os5 types a review takes notice ( common *>act]s & sep>ates animals into classes4 ,in/ruction is bas$ on a text4 ,class ,v4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,plants4 7,=ty h\rs47 ,dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,bluebells1 butt]cups1 /rawb]ry1 apple trees1 pea1 clov]1 beans1 *]ry1 plum1 d&elion1 blueb]ry1 hea!r1 potato1 tobacco1 will[1 bir*1 hazel1 & o!rs1 /udi$ "u _! regul> head+s or 9 _! special families4 ,monocotyl$on\s plants4 ,rye1 b>ley1 :eat1 oats1 timo?y1 lily ( ! valley1 p9e1 fir1 junip]1 9 connection ) respective families4 ,fl[]less plants4 ,f]ns1 moss1 mu%rooms4 ,=eign useful plants4 ,c(fee1 tea1 cotton1 sug> cane1 rice1 maize1 orange1 palms1 spices4 ,all plants are /udi$ c>efully "u _! respective subdivisions4 ,z 9 ! consid]ation ( animals1 ! gr[?1 vital organs1 habitat1 & use ( plants are /udi$1 z are also _! gr\p+1 fruit1 etc4 ,ab\t fifty plants are /udi$ c>efully & o!rs are relat$ to !m4 ,! *ildr5 are taught n to injure plants or trees4 ,animals4 7,tw5ty h\rs47 ,add]1 liz>d1 crocodile1 turtle1 frog1 toad1 mack]el1 pike1 salmon1 tr\t1 h]r+1 haddock1 fl\nd]1 eel1 %>k1 cabbage butt]fly1 silk worm1 mo?1 bee1 bumble-bee1 wasp1 ant1 fly1 gnat1 gras%opp]1 spid]1 lob/]1 crab1 angleworm1 lee*1 tri*9a1 snail1 mussel1 />-fi%1 sea ur*91 coral1 sponge1 etc4 ,in/ruction along same l9e z 9 ,class ,,iv4 ,physics4 7,sixte5 h\rs47 ,bas$ on a text4 ,in/ruction to be accompani$ by exp]im5ts :5ev] possible--o!rwise illu/rat$ by draw+s & models4 ,solids4 ,resi/ance to *ange 9 =m3 h>dness1 ela/icity4 ,resi/ance to *ange ( ext5sity3 compressibility1 porosity1 adhesion1 cohesion4 ,liquids4 ,no fix$ =m1 app>5t un*angeability ( ext5sity1 adhesion to solids1 solution ( solids1 mix+ ( liquids1 endosmose4 ,gases4 ,no def9ite =m1 attraction1 diffusion1 absorption4 ,gravitation4 ,weight1 units ( weight1 weigh+1 relation betwe5 weight & size1 =ce ( weight z a cause ( movem5t1 h9drances to movem5t1 =ces 9 equilibrium4 ,! lev]4 ,balance1 h& presses1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! lev]4 ,class ,,vi4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,liquids4 7,eight h\rs47 ,di/ribution ( pressure1 ,ar*im$es' law1 specific gravity1 communicat+ %aft4 ,prop]ties ( air4 7,eight h\rs47 ,ar*im$es' law1 ! atmosph]e & its pressure1 b>omet]1 pumps & lift]s1 ,m>iotte's law4 ,heat4 7,twelve h\rs47 ,diff]5t temp]atures1 effects ( heat1 expansion ( bodies1 ! !rmomet]1 maximum d5sity ( wat]1 melt+ & freez+1 evaporation & cond5sation1 boil+1 degree ( pressure at ! boil+ po9t4 ,transmission ( heat by radiation & by conduction1 good & poor conductors1 temp]ature & humidity ( ! air1 d[nw>d pressure1 circulation ( wat]1 atmosph]ic curr5ts1 s\rces ( heat1 heat z =ce1 /eam pressure4 ,s\nd4 7,eight h\rs47 ,orig9 ( s\nd1 its transmission1 rate ( transmission1 ! e>1 tones1 reflection ( s\nd4 ,light4 7,t5 h\rs47 ,self-illum9at+ & d>k bodies1 transp>5t & opaque1 /raight pa? ( light1 %ade1 rate ( transmission1 reflection1 refraction1 diffusion ( color1 convex & concave l5ses1 microscope1 telescope1 cam]a1 ! eye1 spectacles4 ,magnetism4 7,five h\rs47 ,! magnet & its poles1 _! reciprocal relations1 magnetiz+1 diff]5ce magnetically 9 iron & /eel1 horse%oe magnet1 compass4 ,electricity4 7,fifte5 h\rs47 ,electricity ( friction1 two k9ds ( electrical condition1 conductors & insulators1 communicat+ & di/ribut+1 electrical ma*9es1 lightn+ & ?und]1 lightn+ rods1 electrical curr5t1 batt]y1 electric light1 electro-magnetism1 telegraph1 telephone1 electricity :i* g5]ates p[]4 ,equilibrium & ,motion4 7,t5 h\rs47 ,motion ) uni=m1 increas+1 or decreas+ rapidity2 comb9ation ( motion & =ce 7! p>allelogram ( p[]1 c5t] ( gravity1 ! ?ree conditions ( balance1 ! beam1 ! incl9$ plane72 "w & vital =ce2 exp]im5t ) ! p5dulum4 ,class ,,vii4 7,two h\rs weekly47 ,physics4 7,sixte5 h\rs47 ,ma*9es1 block1 tackle1 w9dlass1 ! curv$ pivot1 v>i\s driv+ =ces 7wat] :eel1 /eam eng9es1 dynamos71 application ( ma*9]y 9 ! indu/ries1 railways & /eamboats4 ,*emi/ry4 7,sixte5 h\rs47 ,+r$i5ts ( wat] & air1 coal1 c>bonic acid1 burn+ & oxidation4 ,fundam5tal elem5ts z mat]ial 9 all bodies4 ,examples ( elem5ts3 oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 c>bon1 *lor9e1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 alum9um1 iron1 silv]1 & gold4 ,examples = comb9ations3 wat]1 ammonia1 sulphuric acid1 ru/1 soda1 cook+ salt1 lime1 *alk1 clay1 qu>tz1 ores4 ,examples ( organic matt]3 />*1 sug>1 album51 al*ohol1 fats4 ,in/ruction 9 *emi/ry consi/s 9 illu/rations & descriptions ( mat]ials & exp]im5ts4 ,/ructure & life ( ! human body4 ,/udy ( heal?4 7,?irty h\rs47 ,bas$ on text4 ,/udy ( skeleton1 muscles1 n]v\s sy/em1 "w & re/1 s5se organs & _! use1 dige/ive organs & processes1 use ( tee?1 blood & circulation1 brea?+ pure & impure air1 kidneys1 mean+ ( bodily ex]cise1 /ructure & use ( ! sk91 ba?+1 clo?+1 dwell+s1 foods & pleasures 7"u ?is intoxicat+ dr9ks1 tobacco1 etc47 ,some?+ reg>d+ contagi\s diseases & help 9 times ( accid5ts4 ,inject in/ruction on heal? :5 conv5i5t 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! organs ( ! body4 ,illu/rate by exp]im5t :5 possible4 ,g5]al review1 especially ! po9ts conc]n+ ! n\ri%m5t & respiration ( plants & animals4 ,! outl9e 9 nature /udy impresses "o ) ! inclusiv5ess ( ! c\rse4 ,! elem5t>y phases ( animal life1 plant life1 physics1 *emi/ry1 & human physiology & heal? are made ! objects ( c>eful consid]ation4 ,true ?is /udy 9 "s cases is /iff1 =mal1 mean+less1 & )\t _s because ( n be+ connect$ ) ! vital int]e/s ( ! pupils1 b on ! :ole ! "w is br\ght v close home to _! daily life4 ,?r\gh x ! *ildr5 are able to see ! contributions to life & human welf>e made by ! innum]able ?+s 9 man's environm5t4 ,?r\gh\t ! prim>y grades ! "w is mo/ly devot$ to descriptive /udies4 ,consid]able att5tion is giv5 also to ! intr9sic value to man ( animals1 plants1 & natural =ces1 & ! means he has f\nd = utiliz+ !m 9 8 /ruggle =w>d4 ,! nature lessons ?r\gh\t ! grades are enri*$ & enliv5$ by ! use ( well select$ & c>efully prep>$ appliances & models = demon/ration4 ,:5ev] possible ! liv+ animals & plants 9 _! natural habitat1 =ces z appli$ 9 ! ma*9]y ( neighbor+ in/itutions1 & m9]als 9 _! successive processes ( developm5t & ref9em5t are /udi$ at fir/ h&4 ,e s*ool :]e ! f9ancial /r+5cy is n too ke5 is provid$ ) a lib]al am\nt ( app>atus = demon/rational purposes 7anskuelsesmidl]74 ,z an in/ance1 e prim>y s*ool 9 ! city ( ,*ri/iania has at lea/ "o room ( consid]able size devot$ exclusively to ! /or+ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,maps1 *>ts1 m\nt$ specim5s1 plates1 pres]v$ articles1 & accessory mat]ials are !re 9 abundance1 & provide m9ute repres5tations = mo/ any po9t "o might wi% to make typical = illu/ration or /udy4 ,! m g5u9e phases ( laboratory "w are n provid$1 ?\gh a consid]able am\nt ( crude exp]im5tation is done 9 ! grades4 ,! tea*] pres5t+ ?is c\rse mu/ be capable = he is ! au?ority & guide back ( all "w done4 ,text books 7good ones ?\gh cond5s$7 play a "p1 b a mu* small] "p ?an w\ld be ! case 9 our ,am]ican s*ools 7 simil> in/ruction approa*$ 9 a =mal way4 ,9 o!r words1 _! tea*]s furni% ! c\rse & tea* ! subject1 :ile too _m ( ours m]ely pres5t ! c\rse provid$ 9 ! adopt$ text book4 ,writ+1 draw+1 vocal music1 manual tra9+1 & gymna/ics are also 9 ! curriculum & ea* receives c>eful att5tion4 ,p]haps ext5d$ outl9+ ( ^! c\rses & long discussions conc]n+ !m are unnecess>y4 ,_! importance & value are recogniz$4 ,_! pres5tation 9 ! s*ools ( ,norway is comm5dable1 b "s ?+s mu/ be pass$ )\t exhau/ive treatm5t4 ,only g5]al /atem5ts w be giv54 ,! results 9 "s l9es--writ+ & draw+ 9 p>ticul>--d n ju/ify ! am\nt ( "t devot$ to !m4 ,! writ+ is me*anical ?r\gh\t1 & 9 ! l[] grade ! requirem5ts are altoge!r too exact+4 ,draw+ is requir$ ( all alike4 ,^? :o h ability 9 ?is l9e ( "w p]haps receive too little in/ruction2 o!rs1 )\t tal5t or lik+ = x1 reg>d x z a drudg]y &1 9 ! m9ds ( "s ( _! tea*]s1 h9d] ! progress ( ! gift$4 ,! f9] coord9ations requir$ 9 bo? writ+ & draw+ are frequ5tly 9 advance ( ! developm5t ( ! pupils & "w injury r ?an b5efit4 ,vocal music is requir$ ( all & injures none4 ,probably ea* "o reaps consid]able b5efit f ! in/ruction4 ,! class ( music us$ 9 _! tea*+ is v diff]5t f :at is 9 vogue 9 our ,am]ican s*ools4 ,! *ur* has ex]cis$ a great deal ( influ5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,s9ce *ur* & /ate are unit$ ! music ( ! *ur* =ms a pr$om9at+ portion ( ! music ( ! /ate s*ools4 ,psalms1 *ants1 & songs ( /ately dignity con/itute ! bulk ( _! selections1 :ile ^? ( light] /ra9 are int]sp]s$ at int]vals n too close toge!r4 ,9 ,am]ica our *ildr5's songs are m attractive f ! j+le po9t ( view4 ,our *ildr5 l !m bett] & are m anxi\s to s+ !m4 ,! little ,norwegians1 too1 are delight$ :5 p]mitt$ to sw+ into ! light] /ra9s ( music4 ,!y love to s+4 ,_! faces fairly gl[ z _! mell[ voices swell out :e!r !y s+ 9 a j+le or 9 ! ri* h>monies ( _! psalms4 ,common use ( ! bett] quality ( music cultivates _! ability to appreciate & to r5d] works ( high] ord] ?an "o usually f9ds 9 ! s*ools ( our own c\ntry4 ,manual & indu/rial tra9+ has _h an important place 9 _! s*ools = _m ye>s4 ,e h\r sp5t at ! b5* is a delight to ! boys1 :ile ! girls enjoy equally well ! privilege ( sew+ or cook+4 ,^! activities are c]ta9ly valuable 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 & _! influ5ces ext5d into ! homes ( all ! pupils4 ,gymna/ics is ! regul> ord] = all pupils4 ,a ,sw$i% sy/em ( ex]cises is us$ :i* requires little app>atus b yields l>ge returns4 ,abundant well-direct$ ex]cises ( v>i\s k9ds are provid$ = e pupil at /at$ p]iods & are ent]$ into ) ze/4 ,! regul>ity ) :i* ! gymna/ic ex]cises are giv5 d\btless has mu* to d 9 pres]v+ ! heal? ( ! *ildr54 ,z a class !y are n only free f weaknesses b are vigor\s & robu/4 ,ano!r "p ( _! gymna/ic "w is ! outdoor ex]cise :i* is requir$ ( all ! pupils betwe5 ! class p]iods4 ,?is d\btless adds mu* life & animation to ! entire s*ool program4 ,! c\rse z a :ole includes ! fundam5tals & *ief ess5tials to educational activity4 ,^? :o pass ?r\gh ! prim>y s*ools obta9 an intellig5t appreciation ( life & its mean+s4 ,!y are able to meet common ne$s successfully & to att5d to g5]al affairs 9 an approv$ mann]4 ,! masses feel ! necessity ( ! full] life ?us provid$ & 9 turn ! s*ool is admirably fitt$ to ! task ( develop+ loyal & capable citiz5s4 ,fur!rmore1 ^? :o are s favorably situat$ t !y may cont9ue 9 s*ool long] ?an sev5 ye>s & desire fitness = entrance ^u ! "w ( high] education f9d 9 ! prim>y s*ools e opportunity to gratify _! desires4 ,! connection betwe5 ! l[] & high] s*ools 0 n at all satisfactory until #ahif1 :5 ! ,/or?+ readju/$ ! sy/em4 ,s9ce !n pupils may pass regul>ly f ! fif? grade ( ! prim>y s*ool into ! f\r ye> middle s*ool1 or aft] ! completion ( ! sev5 grades ( ! prim>y s*ool !y may ent] ei!r a ?ree or a f\r ye> middle s*ool & f9i% 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,s9ce ! numb] desir+ entrance to ! middle s*ool f ! fif? grade is l>g] ?an c be accommodat$1 ^? ( highe/ rank+ educationally are admitt$4 ,:ile ! second>y s*ool m5 claim p]fect "r to *oose ! fitte/ = entrance into _! s*ools1 ! prim>y s*ool m5 feel t _! "w 9 ! six? & sev5? grades suff]s inju/ice z a result ( ?is selective process4 ,! connection betwe5 ! s*ools is n yet p]fect & "s unre/ is evid5c$ 9 ref]5ce to ! matt]4 ,! *ief ne$ seems to be an increase 9 ! numb] ( middle s*ools4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,middle ,,s*ool ,! ,/or?+1 9 #ahif1 pass$ a law def9+ ! limits & "w ( ! middle s*ool4 ,accord+ to ! enactm5t ?is s*ool builds ^u ! f\ndation laid 9 ! prim>y s*ool & secures to ! pupils a ?or\gh g5]al education suit$ to ! ne$s & receptivity ( *ildhood4 ,! c\rse ( /udy (f]$ may be ( v>i$ l5g?1 b 9 no case %all x exce$ f\r ye>s 9 duration4 ,! f\r ye> c\rse aims at a v natural connection ) ! "w done dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s 9 ! common s*ool4 ,:]e ! connection c be made ) ! "w ( lat] grades 9 ! prim>y s*ool1 ! c\rse ( ! middle s*ool may be correspond+ly %ort]4 ,! aim & me?ods are 9 g5]al simil> to ^? 9 ! l[] s*ool2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 high]1 m ?or\gh & inclusive1 & su* z give deep] insight into all subjects ( in/ruction4 ,x is requir$ t in/ruction be giv5 9 religion1 ,norwegian1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 hi/ory1 geography1 natural sci5ce1 ma!matics1 writ+1 draw+1 manual tra9+1 & vocal music4 ,in/ruction 9 dome/ic economy may be provid$ = ! girls4 ,=m]ly all ( ^! s*ools *>g$ tuition2 b1 z ! conditions 9 ! commune gradually improv$1 provisions 7 made 9 "s ( !m = ! issuance ( a c]ta9 numb] ( free s*ol>%ips4 ,^! 7 usually gov]n$ 9 su* a way t ^? mo/ 9 ne$ 7 ! fir/ to receive ! b5efits4 ,f "t to "t s*ol>%ip funds 7 increas$ until n[ "s communes provide free s*ol>%ips to all resid5t *ildr54 ,! city ( ,*ri/iania has a ?ree-ye> middle s*ool build+ ^u ! f\ndation ( sev5 ye>s ( prim>y "w & *>g+ no tuition :atsoev]4 ,?is provision toge!r ) ! build+ up ( s*ol>%ip funds are =]unn]s ( free entrance1 probably1 to all ( ! /ate's middle s*ools4 ,z already /at$1 ! "w ( ! middle s*ool ov]laps 9 "p t ( ! prim>y s*ool4 ,! c\rse ( /udy = ,classes ,i & ,,ii is 9 a l>ge measure a duplication ( t provid$ = ,classes ,,vi & ,,vii 9 ! l[] s*ool4 ,h[ev]1 to pres5t ! "w ( ! middle s*ool adequately1 x is ess5tial t ! c\rse = ! entire f\r ye>s be "h includ$4 ,! /ate adopts a curriculum :i* is us$ 9 all ( its second>y s*ools4 ,m9or details su* z texts v>y 9 ! diff]5t s*ools4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( ! curriculum us$ 9 ! ,*ri/iania ,ca!dral ,s*ool4 ,religion ,class ,i4 7,two h\rs47 ,vogt's ,bible ,hi/ory to ! fall ( ! ,k+dom ( ,judah4 ,j4 ,sv]drup's ,comm5t>y to ,article #b4 ,v]ses ( hymns once ea* week4 ,class ,,ii4 7,two h\rs47 ,vogt's ,bible ,hi/ory f ,! ,exile to ,! ,/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,comm5t>y f ,article #b to ,! ,sacram5ts4 ,v]ses f hymns4 ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs47 ,bible ,hi/ory & ,comm5t>y complet$ & review$4 ,v]ses f hymns4 ,bible read+4 ,class ,,iv4 7,"o h\r47 ,y4 ,brun & ,?4 ,casp>i's ,*ur* ,hi/ory gone ?r\gh & review$4 ,cursory /udy ( ! ecclesia/ical ye> & ! ord] ( div9e s]vice4 ,"h we note ! beg9n+s ( a m =mal consid]ation ( religion4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! "w is hi/orical4 ,texts & lectures cov]+ practically id5tical gr\nds =m ! basis ( ! "w 9 ?is bran* ( /udy4 ,! *ange to ! m =mal /udy ( religion /rikes ! writ] z a di/9ctive turn or transf] f mod]ately successful to useless endeavor4 ,! p]sonal t\* & human flavor att5d+ ! in=mal tell+ ( ,bible /ories af=d "s g5u9e inspiration4 ,life t\*es life4 ,:5 "* is exemplifi$ 9 a liv+ p]son or is %[n ?r\gh /ory once to h _h expression 9 a fell[ mortal1 int]e/ is awak5$ & ! *ild in/9ctively imitates ! vision be=e him4 ,he trans=ms x into life4 ,he ent]s into ! _s ( ! !me & ! _s give? life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 religion is pres5t$ 9 a =mal way1 :5 an ab/ract view is tak51 :5 ! core ( ! subject is 9 ! cold pages ( texts1--!n ! lett] kille?4 ,?r\gh =ce ( habit ! *ildr5 reta9 "s respect = ! wi%es ( ! tea*] & d g ?r\gh ! motions ( /udy & recitation1 b ! life ( ! subject is v soon ext+ui%$ & ev5 respect = x vani%es 9 l>ge measure4 ,h[ev]1 9 r>e in/ances good results are obta9$ ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( tea*]s :o are especially well qualifi$ = ?is "w4 ,! ,"m-,tongue & ,old ,norse ,class ,i4 7,five h\rs47 ,pauss & ,lass5's ,read] ,,ii4 #b4 ,"s ( ! ,songs ( ! ,fa!rl& le>n$ by he>t4 ,oral & writt5 analysis4 ,h(ga>d's ,norwegian ,s*ool ,gramm>1 ,p>agraphs #a-ca1 #cd-ch1 #da1 #de1 #dh-ei1 #fa1 #fe1 #gf-gi4 ,! m important "p ( ,h\g5's ,rules = ,correct ,writ+4 ,writt5 "w 7dictation & composition7 ea* week4 ,class ,,ii4 7,f\r h\rs47 ,pauss & ,lass5's ,read] ,,ii4 #c4 ,poems--among !m "s ( ! ,songs ( ! ,fa!rl& le>n$ by he>t4 ,h(ga>d's ,gramm> cont9u$1 also analyses4 ,"o writt5 ex]cise ea* week 7dictation & easy composition47 ,class ,,iii4 7,alt]nately ?ree & f\r h\rs47 ,pauss & ,lass5's ,read] ,,iii4 ,poems le>n$ by he>t--p>tly f ,lass5's ,poems = ,middle ,s*ools1 p>tly f ,songs ( ! ,fa!rl&4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! gramm> review$4 ,analyses n[ & !n4 ,ab\t tw5ty writt5 ex]cises1 among !m "s dictations4 ,class ,,iv4 7alt]nat+ ?ree & f\r h\rs47 ,pauss & ,lass5's ,read] ,,iii4 ,t portion f :i* ! exam9ation is tak51 gone ?r\gh & p>tly review$4 ,sev]al poems committ$ to memory4 ,f\rte5 writt5 ex]cises4 ,among ! topics us$ ! foll[+ are typical3 ,! summ] vacation1 ! location ( our city1 ,d5m>k1 pa/ & pres5t light+ sy/ems1 animal life 9 our =e/s1 rem9isc5ces f my e>li] s*ool days1 birds & :y we protect !m1 ! ,norsem5 z seam51 ,*ri/iania 9 w9t] g>b1 ,europe's natural conditions 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( o!r cont95ts4 ,9 h>mony ) ! indications ( ! plan ( in/ruction1 ! e>ly "p ( ! "w 9 ! /udy ( ! "m-tongue is devot$ to read+ f select$ texts4 ,simultane\sly1 gramm> & rhetoric are c>ri$ along & put into use 9 writt5 compositions :i* are frequ5t4 ,"h1 z 9 ! prim>y s*ools1 exact spell+1 correct grammatical & rhetorical =ms1 & approv$ lit]>y /yle are con/ant requirem5ts4 ,! *ild is expect$ n only to read intellig5tly1 b to express himself orally & 9 writ+ 9 a compreh5sive mann] & 9 su* =m z to appeal to ! intellig5ce ( o!rs4 ,?us bo? 9 oral spee* & ?r\gh writt5 composition ! pupil is privileg$ to put 8 atta9m5ts into cont9u\s use4 ,!y acquire ! tools ( ?\ght & skill 9 h&l+ !m4 ,g]man ,class ,i4 7,six h\rs47 ,knuds5 & ,kri/ians5's ,read] f ! beg9n+ to ! ,subjunctive4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,class ,,ii4 7,five h\rs47 ,knuds5 & ,kri/ians5's ,read] f ,subjunctive to close ( book4 ,voss' ,read] 9 section ,a1 sev5ty-six pages1 9 section ,b1 fifty pages2 "o-half ( ^! %all be le>n$ by he>t4 ,h(ga>d's ,%ort ,g]man ,gramm> ! mo/ important =ms4 ,writt5 ex]cises4 ,rehe>sals4 ,retrov]sions4 ,class ,,iii4 7,five h\rs47 ,voss' ,read]1 9 section ,a1 sev5ty-five pages1 9 section ,b1 fifty-eight4 ,h(ga>d's ,%ort ,g]man ,gramm>1 inflections4 ,9 section ,b besides ! above1 p>agraphs #adj-adh1 #aef1 #afi1 #agi-aha4 ,9 addition section ,b %all h ?irty-six pages ( ,o4 ,kri/ians5's oral ex]cises & ?irty-two compositions accord+ to ,o4 ,kri/ians5's ex]cises 9 writt5 "w4 ,9 section ,a1 writt5 ex]cises1 p>tly accord+ to ,kri/ians5's outl9es = writt5 "w & p>tly reviews ( ! lessons 9 ! read+ book4 ,class ,,iv4 7,five h\rs47 ,voss' ,read] 9 section ,a1 tw5ty pages1 9 section ,b1 sev5ty-five4 ,repetition ( ! portion designat$ = m9ute/ /udy4 ,! gramm> review$4 ,"o or two writt5 ex]cises ea* week accord+ to ,kri/ians5's outl9es4 ,! in/ruction 9 ,g]man proce$s 9 a v natural mann]4 ,! e>li] lessons are devot$ v l>gely to oral in/ruction 9 :i* ! tea*] takes ! lead4 ,words1 phrases1 & s5t5ces are giv5 by ! tea*] = translation & conc]t repetition4 ,repetition & conc]t "w are prom95t 9 _m places 9 ! s*ools1 b n[h]e /ress$ to ! same ext5t z 9 _! language in/ruction4 ,conc]t "w seems to /imulate to fre$om 9 pronunciation1 :ile repetition af=ds ! drill :i* is necess>y to ! requir$ accuracy4 ,hav+ _h at lea/ five ye>s ( ?or\gh in/ruction 9 ! "m-tongue ! *ildr5 are able to appreciate 9 a measure ! mean+ & importance ( v]b =ms & o!r features ( inflection s t !y are ready to d consi/5t "w 9 ?is phase ( _! /udy4 ,9 addition to ! translations ref]r$ to1 conv]sational ex]cises are soon introduc$1 & at ! end ( ! second ye> "s facility 9 easy conv]sation is evid5c$4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! middle s*ool ! *ildr5 are able to read ! language ) ease & to conv]se 9 x q flu5tly4 ,engli% ,class ,,ii4 7,five h\rs47 ,brekke's ,elem5t>y ,read] to page sev5ty-f\r1 /udi$ & review$1 besides ! gramm> 9 ! back ( ! book4 ,conv]sational ex]cises & writt5 "w on ! blackbo>d4 ,dur+ ! la/ half ye> an occasional writt5 ex]cise 9 a book4 ,class ,,iii4 7,five h\rs47 ,brekke's ,read] = ! ,middle ,s*ool1 sixty-five pages read & review$4 ,knap's ,gramm>4 ,"o n>rative p] week4 ,class ,,iv4 7,five h\rs47 ,brekke's ,read] = ! ,middle ,s*ool4 ,requir$ portion read & review$1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! book is gone ?r\gh & 9 "p read ex tempore4 ,"o n>rative ea* week4 ,! /udy ( ,engli% proce$s along l9es p>allel to ^? foll[$ 9 ! ,g]man4 ,! le>n+ ( ! language is accompli%$ *iefly ?r\gh its use4 ,explanations are made by us+ ! m famili> words ( ! tongue /udi$1 by circumlocutions1 & by o!r simil> practices4 ,gramm> is resort$ to z a means r ?an an end4 ,x is us$ only 9 facilitat+ ! acquisition ( ! language1 n z an end 9 itself4 ,h[ev]1 at ! close ( ! c\rse ea* pupil has become q pr(ici5t 9 ! gramm> z well z 9 read+ ! language & 9 conv]s+ 9 x4 ,hi/ory ,class ,i4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,niss5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w by ,sehjo?1 f ! beg9n+ until ,sc&9avia 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,class ,,ii4 7,two h\rs47 ,text z 9 ,class ,i4 ,f ,sc&9avia 9 ! ,middle ,ages to ,mod]n ,times4 ,class ,,iii4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,same ,text4 ,f ,*>les ,v to ,! ,febru>y ,revolution4 ,review4 ,class ,,iv4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,same ,text4 ,review$ 9 its entirety4 ,! c\rse 9 hi/ory is v ri* & its /udy is ent]$ into ) animation4 ,! tea*] is usually a ma/] 9 ! subject & he makes ! "w ( great pr(it4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( ! class p]iod is devot$ to a vivid & analytic introduction ( ! "w to be done at ! next meet+ ( ! class1 prep>ation = :i* %all be made 9 ! meantime4 ,problems are pres5t$ & purposes are indicat$ s t ! prep>atory /udy may be done ) "s def9ite end 9 view4 ,all facts ( hi/ory are plac$ 9 appropriate sett+s & p]spective1 correlat$ into a unity1 & giv5 vital mean+4 ,maps1 *>ts1 & pictorial illu/rations are provid$ 9 abundance & us$ con/antly4 ,frequ5tly hi/oric sc5es ne> at h& or kn[n to ! pupils are po9t$ out1 m9utely describ$1 & visit$4 ,tea*]s appeal to ! s5tim5t ( pupils ) ! aim ( begett+ loyalty = ! fa!rl& 9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( ! "y4 ,i h he>d in/ructors gr[ eloqu5t z !y w>m$ up on phases ( ,norway's hi/ory1 & h not$ ! flu%$ *eeks & snapp+ eyes ( ! *ildr5 t bespoke ! national pride ( ! "y he>ts z famili> words1 slogans1 & songs ( _! h]oes 7 quot$4 ,:5 giv5 an opportunity--a common occurr5ce--! pupils ent] into ! rehe>sal ( hi/oric ev5ts ) en?usiasm4 ,e m9d 9 ! room is active4 ,!y are awake to ! situations & are famili> ) ! sc5es & lit]ature connect$ ) ! sev]al /ages ( developm5t4 ,replies giv5 9 response to que/ions f ! tea*] are ne>ly always 9 ! =m ( n>ratives1 sometimes occupy+ t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,g5]al hi/ory or hi/ory ( any =eign c\ntry is ent]$ into 9 a _s simil> to t *>act]iz+ ! consid]ation ( _! own4 ,on "o occasion ,i li/5$ to a review on ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,among ! *>act]s tak5 up 7 ,grant1 ,lee1 ,h>riet ,bee*] ,/[e1 & ,l9coln4 ,! pupils discuss$ ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 ) famili>ity1 ,lee 0 consid]$ z ,! ,napoleon ( ,am]ica1 b ,l9coln 0 ! "o to :om mo/ ( ! class p]iod 0 devot$4 ,at ! close ( ! h\r ! tea*] ann\nc$ a lecture on ,abraham ,l9coln = ! foll[+ ,sunday ev5+ 9 ! ,work+-,m5's ,college 7,arbeid]akademi7#bd ( :i* he 0 ! director4 ,?is incid5t illu/rates ! way 9 :i* !y correlate ! "w ( diff]5t educational organizations1 & %[s _! int]e/ 9 ! important ev5ts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( o!r nations4 ,geography ,class ,i4 7,two h\rs47 ,ar/al's ,geography4 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,review4 ,class ,,ii4 7,two h\rs47 ,ar/al's ,geography4 ,f ,! ,c5tral ,european ,m\nta9s & ,riv]s to ,asia4 ,/udi$ & review$4 ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs47 ,ar/al's ,geography4 ,! =eign cont95ts4 ,/udi$ & review$4 ,class ,,iv4 7,two h\rs47 ,ar/al's ,geography4 ,repeat$ or review$ 9 its entirety4 ,two books are us$ 9 ! /udy ( ?is subject4 ,"o is made up entirely ( well design$1 c>efully drawn1 & ?or\ghly reliable maps1 pr9t$ on a good quality ( pap]4 ,! o!r is a text giv+ a good logical /atem5t ( :at ! c\rse is calculat$ to include4 ,! tea*] mu/ provide ! major portion ( ! in=mation by 8 own initiative & ?r\gh coop]ation ( pupils4 ,illu/rative mat]ial 7,anskuelsesmidl]7 is provid$ 9 great abundance & 9 div]sifi$ v>iety4 ,an ef=t is made to imp>t to ! pupils a satisfactory appreciation ( ! conditions prevail+ 9 ! c\ntries consid]$4 ,_! colonization1 comm]ce1 products1 topography1 political subdivisions1 cities1 population1 riv] & m\nta9 sy/ems1 climate1 etc41 are all c>efully /udi$4 ,! c\rse beg9s ) ! geography ( ,norway4 ,next =eign l&s & conditions are tak5 up & comp>$ to situations at home4 ,:5 ! v>i\s c\ntries on ! globe h be5 kept = a "t be=e ! eyes1 a ?or\gh review is giv5 :i* occupies ! great] portion ( ! la/ ye> 9 ! middle s*ool c\rse4 ,ma!matics ,class ,i4 7,five h\rs47 ,numb]s resolv$ into factors4 ,fractions4 ,"s ,proportion4 ,class ,,ii4 7,five h\rs47 ,algebra3 ,bonnevie & ,eliass5's text4 ,f beg9n+ to division4 ,geometry3 ,bonnevie & ,eliass5's text4 ,f beg9n+ to "r l9es divid$ into equal p>ts4 ,ari?metic3 ,proportion & p]c5tage4 ,class ,,iii4 7,five h\rs47 ,algebra3 ,bonnevie & ,eliass5's text4 ,f division to equations ) two unkn[ns4 ,geometry3 ,bonnevie's text4 ,f p>allelograms to ,book ,,iv4 ,drill 9 p]c5tage & int]e/4 ,class ,,iv4 7,five h\rs47 ,algebra3 ,bonnevie & ,eliass5's text4 ,f equations ) two unkn[ns to close ( book4 ,geometry3 ,bonnevie's text4 ,f ,book ,,iv to close ( text4 ,review ( entire text4 ,drill 9 comput+ solids & o!r miscellane\s problems4 ,a few h\rs devot$ to bookkeep+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ favorable features ( _! in/ruction 9 ma!matics is ! intimate connection !y make betwe5 ! sev]al phases ( ! subject4 ,ari?metic1 algebra1 & geometry are nev] :olly sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,!y are 9 reality int]wov5 & s def9itely correlat$ t ea* contributes to ! o!rs4 ,by con/ant use ! sev]al processes become famili> tools 9 ! m5tal activities ( ! pupils4 ,ma/]y ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce & ability 9 _! use are ! ends to be atta9$4 ,! outl9e ( ! c\rse indicates ! ext5t ( ! field receiv+ att5tion4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! topics are all made to appe> pla91 def9ite1 & vital2 & t !y are assimilat$1 & d become p>ts ( ! gr[+ life4 ,nature ,/udy 7,natural ,sci5ce7 ,class ,i4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,botany3 ,sor5s5's text4 ,writt5 descriptions ( ab\t tw5ty-five plant =ms4 ,zoology3 ,v]tebrates accord+ to ,sor5s5's text4 ,class ,,ii4 7,two h\rs47 ,botany3 ,sor5s5's text4 ,f ,! ,sunfl[] ,family to ,plant ,/ructure4 ,plant analysis4 ,zoology3 ,sor5s5's text4 ,inv]tebrates4 ,review f treatise on insects to close ( book4 ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs47 ,zoology & botany review$4 ,plant analysis4 ,h5ri*s5's ,physics4 ,f beg9n+ to ,prop]ties ( ,air4 ,class ,,iv4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,h5ri*s5's ,physics /udi$ ?r\gh & review$ ) relat$ laboratory "w4 ,knuds5 & ,fal*'s ,! ,human ,body ,i /udi$ & review$4 ,! plan ( "w1 z not$1 includes botany1 zoology1 physics1 & human physiology4 ,ea* subject is tak5 up & pursu$ 9 a consi/5t mann]4 ,9 botany plant analysis & /ructure =m ! important "p ( ! "w4 ,a h]b>ium is made by ea* pupil4 ,! /udy is br\ght v def9itely into ! daily lives ( ! *ildr5 ) ! int5t ( op5+ _! eyes to ! conditions 9 nature ab\t !m & ( develop+ 9 !m an appreciation ( ! almo/ unlimit$ provision made = man's welf>e4 ,zoology & physiology are treat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,!y are calculat$ to enri* ! life ( ! individual by br++ him into m sympa!tic relations ) all liv+ =ms4 ,9 physics ! *ild does "s exp]im5tal "w & !reby gets fir/ h& exp]i5ce to accompany1 cl>ify1 & assi/ 9 evaluat+ ! elaborat$ in/ruction ( ! tea*] reg>d+ =ces1 ph5om5a1 & laws4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to note 9 a recitation *iefly devot$ to exp]im5tal "w t ! language us$ 9 conv]sation 0 c>efully scrut9iz$ & t errors 7 correct$4 ,?r\gh\t ! curriculum a v def9ite ef=t is made to utilize e phase ( in=mation possess$ by ! pupils4 ,,iv4 ,,gymnasium ,religion ,class ,i4 7,"o h\r47 ,select$ hymns1 & *apt]s f ! prophet ,isaiah4 ,class ,,ii4 7,"o h\r47 ,%ort survey ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,br&rud's text us$ by "s ( ! pupils4 ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs47 ,%ort pres5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? & e?ics1 )\t text4 ,survey ( designat$ portions ( ,john's ,gospel1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 & ,revelations4 ,! in/ruction 9 religion is commonly giv5 by ! city pa/ors4 ,:ile all ( ^! m5 are highly educat$1 _m ( !m lack ! ability to awak5 ! m9ds ( ! pupils to an active int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,no exam9ation 9 religion is requir$ 9 ! gymnasium4 ,z a result ( ! =mality 9 ?is tea*+ & ! lack ( inc5tives g5]ally1 ! memb]s ( ! classes are li/less & inatt5tive4 ,i ins]t a note t ,i made 9 ref]5ce to "o class 9 :i* ,i 0 a visitor4 ,mo/ ( ! class 0 li/less all ( ! "t & all ( !m mo/ ( ! "t4 ,i h on a few occasions he>d %ort & irrelevant rem>ks made by pupils 9 response to direct que/ions by ! in/ructor1 & among ! pupils x is acc\nt$ no reflection :atev] if any ( _! numb] /ates t he kn[s no?+ reg>d+ ! situation "u discussion4 ,! "w appe>s altoge!r void ( int]e/ & )\t pr(it4 ,x seems almo/ pa!tic t a subject ( su* importance %\ld h its ri*ness ( cont5t dissipat$ & wa/$ ?r\gh lack ( inc5tives or by reason ( unsuccessful me?ods ( pres5tation4 ,my obs]vation ( ! "w f ! beg9n+ ( ! prim>y s*ool ?r\gh all ! classes up to ! completion ( ! gymnasium conv9ces me t ! p]sonal & concrete pres5tations 9 ! l[] grades are v successful b t ! =mal1 au?oritative "w 9 ! second>y s*ools is little m ?an failure4 ,norwegian ,class ,i4 ,a & ,b 7,f\r h\rs47 ,pauss & ,lass5's ,read] ,,iv4 #a4 ,njael's saga4 ,holb]g's ,! ,busybodies & ,pet] ,pa>s4 ,"p ( ,ohl5s*lag]'s ,aladd94 ,bagges5's ,n\r$d9 to ,aladd94 ,h]tz's ,sv5d ,dyr+'s ,h\se4 ,also 9 ,a1 ,ibs5's ,vik+s at ,helgel&2 9 ,b1 ,ibs5's ,! ,fea/ at ,solhaug2 ,bjornson's ,synnove ,solbakk54 ,l&smaal4 ,g>borg & ,mort5s5's ,read] = ,high] ,s*ools4 ,ab\t =ty pages f ,aas51 ,janson1 ,sivle1 etc4 ,f\rte5 compositions 9 ea* class4 ,assign$ ex]cises3 ,impressions f ! summ] vacations2 :at d we le>n f ,njaal's saga reg>d+ life & cu/oms 9 ,icel& ab\t ! ye> "o ?\s&2 a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,busybodies by ,holb]g2 ,*ri/iania z a city ( manufacture & indu/ry2 a comp>ison betwe5 ! ea/ & we/ ( ,norway ) ref]5ces to nature & comm]ce2 a pa9t+ ,i l2 ,norway z a t\ri/ l&2 d n put (f until tomorr[ :at y c d today2 :y c\ld n ! ,p]sians conqu] ! ,greeks2 ! d>k sides ( city life2 :at circum/ances h comb9$ 9 giv+ ! ,norsem5 high rank+ z seam58 ,class ,,ii4 ,r4 ,g4 7,five h\rs47 ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature ?r\gh ! lit]ature ( ! ,nor?1 folk songs1 a collection ( ,dani% & ,norwegian ballads1 selections f ,asbjorns51 ,moe1 & ,holb]g4 ,romance poetry1 "s read m9utely & ! re/ cursorily4 ,consid]ation ( ,aas5 & ! ,l&smaal movem5t4 ,sixty pages ( ,g>borg & ,mort5son's ,l&smaal4 ,ab\t tw5ty pages ( ,old ,norse f ,nyga>d's beg9n]'s book4 ,writt5 ex]cises1 frequ5tly on topics ( int]e/4 ,besides all ?is ea* pupil mu/ give a discussion on a self-select$ !me be=e ! class4 ,class ,,ii4 ,l-,h4 7,six & five h\rs47 ,holb]g's ,erasmus ,montanus4 ,wessel's ,kja]ligh$ ud5 ,/romp] 7,love )\t ,/ock+s47 ,hi/ory ( lit]ature to ab\t "o ?\s&1 eight hundr$4 ,%akespe>e's ,julius ,caes>4 ,9 ! ,l&smaal selections f ,g>borg & ,mort5son's ,read] 7except+ folk songs47 ,old ,norse3 ,nyga>d's beg9n]'s book4 ,"s pages f ,?or to ,utg>d4 ,twelve writt5 ex]cises on important lit]>y1 hi/orical1 & indu/rial subjects4 ,class ,,iii4 ,r4 ,g4 7,f\r h\rs47 ,hi/ory ( lit]ature f ,holb]g d[n to ! pres5t4 ,read scrut9iz+ly select$ writ+s ( ,holb]g1 ,ohl5s*lag]1 ,w]gel&1 ,welhav51 ,asbjorns5 & ,ibs54 ,9 ! ,l&smaal read f ,g>borg & ,mort5son's ,read] & ! writ+s ( ,v9je4 ,9 ! ,old ,norse read ! rema9d] ( ,nyga>d's beg9n]'s book4 ,hi/ory ( language & hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,_m writt5 ex]cises1 l>gely lit]>y & hi/orical topics4 ,class ,,iii4 ,l-,h4 7,five & f\r h\rs47 ,special /udy ( selections specifi$ z exam9ation mat]ial includ+ ! writ+s ( ,holb]g1 ,w]gel&1 & ,welhav54 ,l&smaal f ,g>borg & ,mort5son's ,read]4 ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature4 ,hi/ory ( ,language4 ,twelve writt5 compositions on important topics4 ,! "w 9 lit]ature ?r\gh\t ! gymnasium deals ) ! ma/]pieces ( ! language 9 an analytic & critical way4 ,! aims are to famili>ize ! pupils ) ! be/ productions 9 ! language1 to acqua9t !m ) ! lives & hi/orical relations ( _! au?ors1 & to develop lit]>y appreciation & /yle4 ,accord+ly _m writ]s are includ$1 translations ( _w classics are utiliz$1 hi/ory ( lit]ature 9 its connections ) g5]al hi/ory receives att5tion1 & ability 9 composition is enc\rag$ & requir$4 ,eddas1 sagas1 & ! m important productions f successive p]iods are /udi$ 9 m9ute detail4 ,! ,l&smaal is n neglect$4 ,:5 any piece ( lit]ature is "u discussion1 relat$ hi/orical ev5ts2 ref]5ces to o!r lit]>y productions1 *>act]s1 my?s1 etc42 ! life ( ! au?or2 & _m o!r important po9ts are consid]$ exhau/ively4 ,! intricacies ( ! language are s\ght out 9 pati5ce & made famili>4 ,e kn[n device = complet+ ! lit]>y backgr\nd is utiliz$4 ,s9ce ! lit]ature ( ! c\ntry is a "p ( ! life ( its citiz5s1 no ef=t is requir$ to secure int5se int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,9 ! l+ui/ic-hi/orical c\rse m "t is devot$ to ?is bran* ( in/ruction ?an is giv5 to x 9 ! real & ,lat9 c\rses4 ,! quality or class ( "w is ess5tially ! same ?\gh ! quantity is necess>ily less 9 ! two latt] c\rses4 ,a def9ite ef=t is made to place ea* pupil 9 possession ( ! culture repres5t$ 9 ! national lit]ature4 ,g]man ,class ,i4 ,a & ,b 7,?ree h\rs47 ,gund]s5's ,g]man = ! ,gymnasiums4 ,a1 sixty-sev5 pages1 ,b1 sev5ty-five pages1 consi/+ ( ! foll[+ titles3 ,die ,sang]1 ,die ,burgs*aft1 ,d] ,r+ des ,polykrates ,d] ,h&s*uh1 ,die ,sonne ,br+t es an d5 ,tag1 ,die ,gold5e ,repeti]uhr1 ,wie d] ,meis5seppe ,ge/orb5 i/1 ,umz+elt1 ,d] ,/umme ,rat%]r1 ,zur ,ges*i*te des #cj-;jahrig5 ,krieges1 ,l&skne*t & ,soldat4 ,9 ,b review ! m important features ( syntax 9 ,o4 ,kri/ians5's ,grammatical ,ex]cises4 ,once e week a writt5 review ( a lesson read4 ,class ,,ii4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,gund]s5's ,g]man = ,gymnasiums1 ab\t "o hundr$ pages4 ,fifte5 writt5 ex]cises1 p>tly reproductions ( new matt] & p>tly write-ups ( :at has be5 /udi$4 ,9 real gymnasium "s supplem5t>y assignm5ts 9 addition 7,das ,s*nees*uhlauf51 ,die ,lage ,kri/ianias1 etc47 ,class ,,iii4 7,alt]nat+ ?ree & f\r h\rs47 ,gund]s5's ,g]man = ,gymnasiums4 ,read+ f9i%$ & ! great] "p ( x review$4 ,e second week a writt5 review cov]+ two consecutive h\rs4 ,g]man is recogniz$ z ! language ( a great neighbor nation & is assidu\sly /udi$4 ,mu* "t has be5 sp5t 9 ! middle s*ool 9 acquir+ ! language & n[ ?ree ye>s are us$ 9 introduc+ ! pupils into ! ?\ght-life & culture ( ! nation ?r\gh ! inn] contact ( its lit]ature4 ,"s ( ,g]many's m important au?ors are /udi$ r exhau/ively4 ,an endeavor is also put =? to become famili> ) ! mo/ rem>kable ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( t ,empire4 ,?r\gh ?is advanc$ treatm5t !y p]fect _! k ( ! language z su*1 & fur!r _! ability to conv]se 9 ! =eign tongue4 ,fr5* ,class ,i4 ,a 7,f\r h\rs47 ,aft] ! m important p>ts ( phonology1 ,h]man/orff & ,wallem's ,read] 9 ,fr5* = ! ,gymnasium ,i4 pp4 #ah-ajh4 ,! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! gramm>1 toge!r ) _m ex]cises 9 translation4 ,:ile review+1 special emphasis is plac$ ^u read+ ex]cises4 ,class ,i4 ,b 7,f\r h\rs47 ,h]man/orff & ,wallem's ,read] ,i pp4 #a-ee read & review$1 toge!r ) ! correspond+ translations f ,norwegian p4 #aji ff4 ,9 addition pages #ih-ajh are read & review$ & mo/ ( ! rema9+ ex]cises are gone ?r\gh cursorily4 ,wallem's ,vocabul>y ,"p ,i4 #a & ,"p ,v4 #f-i are /udi$4 ,class ,,ii4 ,r4 ,g4 7,two h\rs47 ,h]man/orff & ,wallem's ,read] ,,ii pp4 #a-ca & #ajd-aab4 ,gramm> drill by ref]5ces to synopses ( gramm> 9 ! beg9n]'s book4 ,wallem's ,vocabul>y ,"p ,i4 #a & ,v4 #f-aj /udi$ & review$4 ,class ,,ii4 ,lang4 7,) ,lat9 five h\rs1 )\t ,lat9 f\r h\rs47 ,h]man/orff & ,wallem's ,read]4 ,division )\t ,lat9 ab\t eighty pages1 consi/+ ( ,"p ,i41 ! la/ section & ,"p ,,ii selections = ,a1 ,i-,,vi = ,b1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,vii1 ,,xi4 ,division ) ,lat91 ! same am\nt except+ ,b1 ,,vii & ,,xi4 ,wallem's ,vocabul>y1 review ,v4 #f-i4 ,class ,,iii4 ,r4 ,g4 7,two h\rs47 ,h]man/orff & ,wallem's ,read]1 ab\t eighty pages4 ,class ,,iii4 ,lang4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,h]man/orff & ,wallem's ,read] ,i1 ! la/ section & ,,ii = ,a1 ,i-,x & = ,b1 ,i-,,xiii ) ! exception ( a few selections su* z ,x 9 ,a :i* is read only cursorily4 ,z ex]cise 9 ex tempore translation use ,duruy's ,hi/ory ( ,france4 ,ab\t ! same am\nt ( ,fr5* is tak5 9 ! ,lat9 z 9 ! real c\rse ( /udy ?\gh x is c>ri$ b = two ye>s 9 ! =m] & ?ree 9 ! latt]4#be ,m "t is provid$ = x 9 ! l+ui/ic-hi/orical c\rse !n 9 ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,ref]5ce to ! table on page #aga w indicate exactly ! am\nt ( "t us$ & its di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! ye>s4 ,! ,fr5* language is n z closely relat$ to ! ,norwegian z are ! ,g]man & ,engli%4 ,great] v>iations are not$ bo? 9 pronunciation & 9 vocabul>y4 ,almo/ univ]sally ! ,norwegians reg>d x z ! mo/ difficult ( ! ?ree =eign languages to acquire4 ,! /udy ( ,fr5* is n begun until ! pupils ent] ! gymnasium :5 !y are f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s old4 ,engli% & ,g]man are begun ?ree & f\r ye>s be=e ,fr5*4 ,! tea*]s believe t a mi/ake is made 9 n beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,fr5* e>li]4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ! ,norwegian p$agogues :o h tri$ beg9n+ in/ruction 9 ! languages at diff]5t times 9 ! s*ool c\rse are def9itely ( ! op9ion t to beg9 ! /udy ( a =eign language e>ly is a di/9ct advantage4 ,x seems to ! writ] t ,am]ican s*ools might pr(it by ?is exp]i5ce & introduce ! /udy ( languages 9 ! l[] grades4 ,,table ,,xi ,c\rse ( /udy %[+ weekly h\rs 9 ,*ri/iania ,ca!dral ,s*ool 7#aiaj-aiaa74 ,,gymnasium ,c\rses ,real ,language-,hi/ory ,lat9 ,middle ,s*ool ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,classes #c #b #a #c #b #a #c #b #a ,,iv4 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,religion #b #a #a #b #a #a #b #a #a #a #b #b #b ,norwegian #d #e #d #e #f #d #d #e #d #c-a_/b #c-a_/b #d #e ,g]man #c-a_/b #c #c #c-a_/b #c #c #c-a_/b #c #c #e #e #e #f ,fr5* #b #b #d #c #d #d #j #e #d ,engli% #b #b #d #g #g #d #b #b #d #e #e #e ,lat9 #aa #g ,hi/ory #c #c #c #e #e #c #c #c #c #c #c #b #c ,geography #b #a #a #b #a #a #b #a #a #b #b #b #b ,ma!matics #f #f #d #b #b #d #b #b #d #e #e #e #e ,natural ,sci5ce #e #e #d #a #a #d #a #a #d #c #b #b #c ,writ+ #a_/b #a_/b #a #b ,draw+ #a #b #b #b #b #b #b #b #b ,vocal ,music #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,gymna/ics #d #d #d #d #d #d #d #d #d #d #c #c #c ,manual ,tra9+ #b #b #b #b ------ -- -- ------ -- -- ------ -- -- -- -- -- -- ,total #ce-a_/b #ce #ce #ce-a_/b #ce #ce #ce-a_/b #ce #ce #cf #cf #cf #cf ,engli% ,class ,i4 7,f\r h\rs47 ,brekke & ,we/]n's ,selections f ,engli% ,au?ors = ! ,fir/ ,gymnasium4 ,! regulation sixty pages 7matt] f :i* exam9ation is tak57 is read & review$4 ,=ty pages ex tempore4 ,"o synopsis or reproduction ea* second week4 ,knuds5's ,engli% ,prepositions & ,synonyms4 ,class ,,ii4 ,r4 ,g4 & ,lat9 7,two h\rs47 ,brekke & ,we/]n's ,selections = ,second & ,?ird ,classes 9 ! ,real ,gymnasium4 ,sixty-sev5 pages read & review$ 9 "p4 ,ex tempore3 ,call$ ,back ( ,conwoy4 ,class ,,ii4 ,l-,h4 7,sev5 h\rs47 ,brekke & ,we/]n's ,selections f ,engli% ,au?ors = ,second & ,?ird ,l+ui/ic-,hi/orical ,classes1 "o hundr$ & sixty pages4 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,act ,i4 ,mo/ ( ,brigadi] ,g]>d by ,conan ,doyle4 ,we/]n's ,engli% ,in/itutions gone ?r\gh4 ,otto ,&]ss5's ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature to ,bacon4 ,writt5 ex]cises ea* week4 ,class ,,iii4 ,r4 ,g4 7,two h\rs47 ,&]ss5 & ,eitrem's ,selection ( ,engli% ,classics1 ?irty-?ree pages4 ,! portion f :i* selections are tak5 = ! f9al exam9ation 7,artium ,exam57 review$ 9 its entirety4 ,ex tempore3 ,call$ ,back ( ,conwoy4 ,class ,,iii4 ,l-,h4 7,sev5 h\rs47 ,brekke & ,we/]n's ,read]4 ,obligatory1 ,selections #c1 #d1 #af1 #ag1 #aa1 #ai4 ,f ,otto ,&]ss5's ,engli% ,lit]ature ! requir$ am\nt3 ,swift1 ,byron1 ,?ack]ay1 ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice4 ,o4 ,&]ss5's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,we/]n's ,engli% ,in/itutions4 ,writt5 "w ea* week4 ,class ,,iii4 ,lat9 7,two h\rs47 ,&]ss5 & ,eitrem's ,selection ( ,engli% ,classics1 =ty-five pages4 ,review ( selections f :i* exam9ations are tak54 ,! connections ! ,norwegians su/a9 ) ! ,engli% speak+ _w are1 p]haps1 /rong] ?an ^? b9d+ !m to any o!r p4 ,norway has close comm]cial associations ) bo? ,engl& & ,am]ica1 & r>ely does "o f9d a family 9 ,norway )\t ne> relatives 9 "o or bo? c\ntries4 ,z a consequ5ce1 m ?an usual int]e/ atta*es to ! /udy ( ,engli%4 ,/r5u\s ef=ts are n[ be+ made to introduce x into ! curriculum ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 & su* *ange w probably be effect$ at an e>ly date4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t plan ^? :o graduate f ! gymnasium h /udi$ ,engli% six or sev5 ye>s & h ga9$ a fairly def9ite k ( x4 ,!y are able to read flu5tly & conv]se ) ease4 ,!y h become famili> also ) mu* ( ! be/ ,engli% lit]ature1 & ?r\gh x h be5 br\ght into close t\* ) ! life & culture ( ! ,engli% speak+ peoples4 ,lat9 ,class ,,ii4 ,lat9 7,sev5 h\rs47 ,s*re9]'s ,%ort ,gramm>4 ,inflection & "s ( ! rules ( syntax4 ,ord+'s elem5t>y book4 ,ord+'s ,lat9 ,read+ ,selections1 pp4 #a-cf4 ,writt5 ex]cises ea* week4 ,class ,,iii4 ,lat9 7,elev5 h\rs47 ,s*re9]'s ,lat9 ,read+ ,selections1 pp4 #cj-fg & #gc-hh4 ,livy ,,xxii41 *apt]s #d1 #i-ae1 #af-ah1 #ai-bh1 #db-ee4 ,cic]o 9 ,v]rem ,,iv41 sections #a-ad1 #fj-gj1 #gb-ha1 #aje-aae4 ,s*re9]'s ,%ort ,gramm>3 ,syntax4 ,=ty writt5 translations4 ,lat9 is includ$ 9 ! curricula ( only ab\t "o-half ( ! gymnasia ( ,norway4#bf ,x is taught by compet5t tea*]s :o appeal to ! int]e/s ( ! pupils ?r\gh relat$ hi/ory & lit]ature1 & ?r\gh promise ( l+ui/ic excell5ce4 ,! "w is gone into ?or\ghly1 drill is con/ant1 & read9ess 9 response is dem&$4 ,despite ! excell5t quality ( in/ruction !re is a g5]al feel+ among ! ,norwegians t ! /udy ( ,lat9 does n yield ! imm$iate & sub/antial returns com+ f o!r k9ds ( /udy4 ,:ile !y recognize t = advanc$ "w 9 c]ta9 l9es ,lat9 is a pr]equisite1 !y are conv9c$ t1 outside ( ^? special l9es ( le>n+1 contempor>y tongues1 hi/ory1 biology1 indu/rial *emi/ry1 & o!r sci5tific subjects are m b5eficial4 ,z a consequ5ce ?is bran* ( /udy is on ! decl9e4 ,hi/ory ,class ,i4 7,?ree h\rs47 ,anci5t hi/ory z treat$ 9 ,ra$]'s text4 ,hi/ory ( ! middle ages up to ! second division f ,s*jo? & ,lange's ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,class ,,ii4 ,r4 ,g4 & ,lat9 7,?ree h\rs47 ,s*jo? & ,lange's ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ,mod]n times until ! ,vi5na ,congress4 ,hi/ory ( ,sc&9avia until #agbj4 ,survey ( its m important portions--oral or writt54 ,class ,,ii4 ,l-,h4 7,five h\rs47 ,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ages d[n to ! ,fr5* ,revolution f ,s*jo? & ,lange's ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,hi/ory ( ,sc&9avia to #agbj4 ,9 addition use two h\rs p] week 9 hi/orical read+s includ+ su* topics z ! feudal sy/em1 m$ieval poetry1 ! univ]sity1 ,v5ice1 craftsm5 & m]*ants 9 ! middle ages1 ,fr$rik ,,ii41 ,hanseatics & ari/ocracy 9 ! nor?1 ,william ,pitt4 ,class ,,iii4 ,l-,h4 7,five h\rs47 ,s*jo? & ,lange's ,g5]al ,hi/ory f9i%$4 ,sc&9avian hi/ory 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,review ( all requirem5ts4 ,t>ang]'s ,social ,conditions or ,civics4 ,hi/orical read+s includ+ introduction to ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 /ate rights 9 ,norway1 g5]al culture & political developm5t 9 our "t1 ,norway 9 #ahad1 hi/orical ev5ts4 ,class ,,iii4 ,real & ,lat94 7,?ree h\rs47 ,hi/ory ( ,norway s9ce ! treaty ( ,kiel 9 #ahad1 & ! hi/ory ( ,europe aft] ! ,vi5na ,congress1 us+ ,s*jo? & ,lange's ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,! m important features are pres5t$ 9 oral synopses4 ,besides ?is ,t>ang]'s ,civil ,gov]nm5t ( ,norway4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory 9 ! gymnasium builds v def9itely ^u ! f\ndations laid 9 ! prim>y & middle s*ools4 ,! supposition is t ! pupils are by ?is "t capable ( gett+ f texts ! in=mation !y conta94 ,! class p]iods are devot$ p>tially to texts ( lesson prep>ation1 b mo/ly to free discussion & to pres5tation ( relevant mat]ial by ! in/ructor4 ,bits ( in=mation reg>d+ ! private life ( hi/orical *>act]s1 m9or incid5ts 9 _! c>e]s1 & v>i$ p]sonal t\*es giv5 by ! tea*] infuse _s & vitality into ! entire c\rse4 ,! lessons are br\ght directly home to ! pupils & !y are able to appreciate ! fact t !y are inh]itors ( pa/ accompli%m5ts & p>ticipants 9 pres5t activities4 ,"s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & en?usia/ic recitations ,i visit$ 7 9 hi/ory4 ,all ?r\gh ! c\rse 9 hi/ory ,norway is giv5 fir/ att5tion & consid]ation4 ,its hi/ory is begun fir/1 all along x is made ! c5t] ar\nd :i* ! hi/ory ( o!r nations is gr\p$1 & f9ally x is giv5 ! conc5trat$1 mature1 & cr[n+ ef=ts ( ^? pursu+ ! long c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,! clos+ ye> is g5]ally devot$ to a /udy ( social & political conditions 9 ! fa!rl&4 ,norway's con/itution ) its _m provisions & adm9i/rative features ( gov]nm5t 7g5]al & local7 is giv5 to ! y\?s 9 cle>1 concrete1 & concise pres5tations4 ,^u leav+ ! gymnasium ! "y p1 !re=e1 are 9 a position to appreciate ! mean+1 privileges1 & responsibilities ( citiz5%ip4 ,:ile !y h _! affections c5t]$ 9 _! native l&1 !y are able to compreh5d ! relative accompli%m5ts1 /&+1 & conditions ( o!r c\ntries4 ,geography ,class ,i4 7,"o h\r47 ,haffn]'s ,physical ,geography4 ,class ,,ii4 7,"o h\r47 ,/e5's ,ma!matical ,geography4 ,complet$ & review$4 ,class ,,iii4 7,two h\rs47 ,ar/al's ,economic ,geography4 ,review all requirem5ts4 ,! gymnasial c\rse 9 geography includes physical geography1 a/ronomy1 & political geography4 ,x is ri* & pr(itable4 ,"u ! head ( physical geography are includ$ su* topics z physiography1 petrography1 dynamic geology1 hi/ory ( ! _w's developm5t1 ! e>?'s surface1 oceanography1 & ! atmosph]e4 ,:ile only a g5]al survey ( ! respective fields is possible1 ! pupils obta9 a pretty fair grasp ( fundam5tals & feel t !y h a v good & adequate idea ( :at _! home--! e>?--really is4 ,! "w 9 a/ronomy or ma!matical geography1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! e>?'s place 9 ! univ]se1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ,keppl]'s laws1 ! moon1 ! e>? 7=m1 size1 & motion71 ! cele/ial _w 9 g5]al1 ! sun's app>5t motion1 ! sun z a measur] ( "t1 etc41 etc4 ,political geography provides acqua9tance ) ! e>? 9 special ref]5ce to man's pres5ce & welf>e4 ,x treats ( 8 means ( livelihood1 ways ( communication1 & ! conditions "u :i* he colonizes1 builds up cities1 & develops g5]ally4 ,ma!matics ,class ,i4 7,f\r h\rs47 ,algebra3 ,bonnevie & ,b]g's text4 ,f beg9n+ to ,s]ies4 ,geometry3 ,bonnevie & ,sor5s5's text4 ,entire text cov]$ & review$4 ,examples at home & at s*ool4 ,class ,,ii4 ,real 7,six h\rs47 ,algebra3 ,bonnevie & ,b]g's text4 ,f ,s]ies to end ( text4 ,trigonometry3 ,johannes5's text4 ,complet$ & review$4 ,/]eometry3 ,guldb]g's text4 ,complet$ & review$4 ,analytical ,geometry3 ,guldb]g's text4 ,f beg9n+ to ,! ,ellipse4 ,problems at home & at s*ool4 ,class ,,ii4 ,l+ui/ic 7,two h\rs47 ,algebra3 ,bonnevie & ,b]g's text4 ,s]ies4 ,trigonometry3 ,o4 ,johannes5's text4 ,solv+ ( problems4 ,class ,,iii4 ,real 7,six h\rs47 ,guldb]g's ,analytical ,geometry4 ,e4 ,hol/'s ,high] ,ari?metical ,s]ies4 ,review ( all requirem5ts 9 real c\rse4 ,solution ( problems4 ,class ,,iii4 ,l+ui/ic 7,two h\rs47 ,review ( ! entire requirem5t4 ,examples at home & at s*ool4 ,9 addition to complet+ ! "w begun 9 ! middle s*ool 9 ari?metic1 algebra1 & geometry2 in/ruction 9 ! gymnasium includes trigonometry1 /]eometry1 analytical geometry1 & high] ari?metical s]ies4 ,! me?ods ( in/ruction are ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! middle s*ool ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 adapt$ to ! great] maturity & /rong] m5tality ( ! pupils4 ,by ! "t pupils ent] ! gymnasium consid]able ability %\ld h be5 ga9$ 9 work+ indep5d5tly4 ,:]e necess>y1 ! tea*] coop]ates 9 solv+ problems & makes sure t ! pr9ciples involv$ are ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,frequ5tly dur+ ! recitation p]iod sev]al memb]s ( ! class are call$ to ! blackbo>d1 "o at a "t1 to p]=m op]ations "u consid]ation4 ,z ! pupil develops ! problem he expla9s e /ep tak5 z he proce$s4 ,! o!r pupils obs]ve closely1 take notes1 & (f] sugge/ions4 ,! in/ructor c>efully sup]vises e move1 giv+ explanations :5 necess>y n p]mitt+ erasures or leav+ any op]ation until all 9 ! class und]/& fully4 ,9 ?is way he>ty coop]ation is secur$4 ,e m9d is actively engag$ & ! excell5t results te/ify ( ! validity ( ! me?od4 ,"w 9 analytical geometry & high] ari?metical s]ies is tak5 only by ^? 9 ! real c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,natural ,hi/ory ,class ,i4 7,f\r h\rs47 ,*emi/ry3 ,waage's ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,daily ,life4 ,gone ?r\gh & review$4 ,physiology3 ,knuds5 & ,fal*'s ,! ,human ,body ,,ii4 ,/udi$ & review$4 ,class ,,ii4 ,real 7,five h\rs47 ,isaa*s5's ,physics4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ,heat4 ,review aft] hav+ c>efully /udi$4 ,ex]cises at home & at s*ool4 ,botany3 ,?4 ,resvoll's text4 ,complet$ & review$4 ,class ,,ii4 ,l+ui/ic 7,"o h\r47 ,botany3 ,resvoll's text4 ,complet$ & review$4 ,class ,,iii4 ,real 7,five h\rs47 ,isaa*s5's ,physics4 ,f ,heat to end ( text4 ,entire text review$4 ,zoology3 ,*r4 ,bonnevie's text4 ,/udi$ & review$4 ,botany3 ,?4 ,resvoll's text review$4 ,class ,,iii4 ,l+ui/ic 7,"o h\r47 ,zoology3 ,*r4 ,bonnevie's text4 ,/udi$ & review$4 ,botany3 ,?4 ,resvoll's text review$4 ,natural ,sci5ce or ,nature ,/udy 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( s*ool life is less diff]5tiat$ ?an x becomes 9 ! gymnasium4 ,"h we f9d ! fields v def9itely sep>at$4 ,! m important *emical laws1 animal & vegetable developm5t & gr[? 7botany & zoology71 & ! m ess5tial features ( human physiology & hygi5e =m c5t]s ( att5tion ?r\gh\t ! ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! real c\rse physics also is /ress$1 ?\gh 9 ! o!r c\rses ( /udy little "t is provid$ = x4 ,n z mu* is made ( ! laboratory me?od z seems advisable4 ,:ile e s*ool has "s provision = x !y d n g at x 9 real e>ne/4 ,only "o or two at a "t c d fir/ h& "w4 ,! o!rs coop]ate m5tally & get "s b5efit1 b !y _c reap ! great] results :i* imm$iate individual exp]im5tation yields4 ,"o day dur+ ! progress ( a lesson 9 zoology 7:]e ,i 0 a visitor7 a supply ( live specim5s arriv$ f ! m>9e biological /ation at ,drobak1 & ! rema9+ portion ( ! h\r 0 devot$ to inve/igations at close range4 ,int]e/ 0 int5se4 ,pupils dipp$ 9 7lit]ally7 & inve/igat$ at _! own pleasure q in=mally4 ,! mat]ial 0 soon divid$ up into sev]al receptacles1 & ar\nd ea* ( ^! ga!r$ an eag] gr\p 9 an ef=t to use1 h&le1 & exam9e e specim54 ,^? :o _h no int]f]+ appo9tm5ts = ! succe$+ h\r acc\nt$ x a great favor to be privileg$ to cont9ue ?is /udy = an extra class p]iod4 ,?is is b "o illu/ration ( ! int]e/ att5d+ laboratory "w :]e ea* pupil may h&le & exam9e = himself--:]e he may be a do]1 an active p>ticipant in/ead ( m]ely an obs]v]4 ,*apt] ,,iv ,,int]pretative ,,conclusions ,?is *apt] is = ! consid]ation ( "s ( ! m important phases ( ! s*ool sy/em pres5t$ 9 great] detail 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,! aim is to br+ "s features ( ,norway's sy/em "u close inspection1 to int]pret !m 9 ! light ( commonly accept$ p$agogical pr9ciples1 to make comp>isons betwe5 !m & our own1 & to sugge/ possible improvem5ts :]e !y seem to be ne$$4 ,x is cle>ly evid5t t s*ool practices admirably adapt$ to ! social conditions 9 "o c\ntry may be f> f desirable 9 ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well-kn[n t "s educational means may be equally suitable 9 m ?an "o c\ntry4 ,fur!rmore1 c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples are effectual :]ev] education is attempt$4 ,we %all hope to f9d "s ?+s wor?y ( be+ adopt$ bodily by u & o!rs capable ( trans=mation into %apes calculat$ to improve our educational practices4 ,,! ,,p ,,& ,,_! ,,ideals ,! ,norse are a /urdy race hav+ pot5tialities capable ( great accompli%m5t :5 once ar\s$ & rightly direct$4 ,conditions prev5t$ ^! capacities f function+ ) fre$om until ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury :5 ! /ore ( en]gy :i* _h accumulat$ dur+ prec$+ decades & c5turies ass]t$ itself & effect$ a rapid rise 9 ! political & intellectual /atus ( ! nation4 ,x is believ$ t ,norway is n[ 9 a p]iod ( transition f a condition ( m$iocrity to "o ( em95ce among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,politically1 e?ically1 & educationally %e assumes l>g] proportions daily4 ,z individuals ! ,norwegians are recogniz$ among ! lead]s 9 lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce1 & equal to any z pione]s 9 ! developm5t ( ! ri* fronti]s4 ,z citiz5s !y are en?usia/ically welcom$ ev]y:]e4 ,climatic conditions & habits ( life h giv5 !m ! /urd9ess ( physique & vigor ( m9d :i* make !m fe>less & undaunt$ 9 ! face ( great und]tak+s & critical situations4 ,!y h become habituat$ to ov]com+ all ob/acles 9 _! way1 & !y naturally conc5trate _! en]gies = ! a*ievem5t ( _! desir$ ends4 ,x is reasonable to expect simil> traits 9 !m z a nation4 ,_! pa/ actions decl>e ^! same t5d5cies & _! pres5t attitudes confirm ! obs]v] 9 ! belief t ! hi/ory ( ,norway w cont9ue ! /ory ( regul> & ev] high] developm5t4 ,_! /rongly democratic individuality seems to h be5 a factor 9 enabl+ !m to realize & recognize _! self 9 a v successful way4 ,matt]s ( importance put ! entire /ate into action & x pl\ghs ?r\gh to ! bottom ( ?+s4 ,:ile v cons]vative1 ! /ate w n p]mit prec$5t to /& 9 ! way ( accept+ new conditions :5 !y are prov5 sup]ior to ! old4 ,aft] ?or\gh exam9ation ( e detail x passes judgm5t on ! situation & !n /&s on t solution4 ,cons]vation has be5 an op]at+ pr9ciple ) !m all along ! l9e4 ,a /ep 9 advance1 "s wor?y a*ievem5t1 new or l(ti] ideals1 great] political fre$om1 & ! l :5 once ga9$ are always reta9$4 ,! union ( *ur* & /ate = example has be5 to _! advantage4 ,matt]s ( religion & politics 7 h&l$ by ! same h&s & z a consequ5ce bo? 7 /r5g!n$4 ,ea* f\nd 9 ! o!r s\rces ( inspiration & p[]4 ,!y bo? recogniz$ education z a necess>y fundam5tal means = _! pres]vation & advancem5t4 ,act+ 9 ! ma9 on ! educational ideals ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r ! *ur* accept$ ! *ief responsibilities 9 ! direction ( s*ool activities1 :ile ! /ate v *e]fully und]took ! burd5 ( _! support4 ,?r\gh ! processes ( gr[? direct responsibilities h be5 m & m %ift$ to ! /ate1 ?\gh ! *ur* cont9ues to ex]t v /rong influ5ce & r5d] e possible assi/ance4 ,result+ f ?is coop]ative activity a sy/em ( education has evolv$ :i* is effectual 9 ! improvem5t ( ! /ate & 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! noble/ ideals ( ! *ur*4 ,accord+ to its design ?is sy/em ( s*ools qualifies all *ildr5 9 ! l& = intellig5t citiz5%ip1 & prep>es !m sev]ally = ! p]=mance ( e function ( /ate1 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 & = ! v>i\s arts1 pr(essions1 & o!r occupations ( life4 ,9 o!r words1 ,norway provides = h] *ildr5 educational advantages suitable to e legitimate requirem5t or desire4 ,?us its s*ool sy/em develops a loyal1 well-tra9$ citiz5%ip capable ( ma9ta9+ its highe/ ideals & eag] to coop]ate 9 mov+ ! fa!rl& =w>d into great] & nobl] a*ievem5t4 ,,facilities ,,= ,,education ,to satisfy ! v>i$ requirem5ts ( ! nation along ! l9e ( educational facilities x has be5 necess>y to e/abli% a complex sy/em ( div]sifi$ s*ools4 ,fundam5tal 9 ! sy/em are ! prim>y s*ools provid+ ! ?or\gh elem5t>y tra9+ s ess5tial & effectual 9 ! qualify+ ( citiz5s4 ,foll[+ ^! are ! second>y s*ools--middle s*ool & gymnasium--:i* af=d ! advantages ( high] education along ! m lib]al l9es4 ,besides ^! are ! _m in/itutions--public & private--= te*nical & pr(essional /udy4 ,!re are g5]al te*nical s*ools1 s*ools ( trades & manual arts1 agricultural & horticultural in/itutions1 naval & milit>y academies1 s*ools ( art1 tea*]s' colleges1 a te*nical high s*ool--an eng9e]+ college & in/itute ( te*nology ( high rank--9 ! city ( ,trondhjem1 & ! ,royal ,fr$]ik ,univ]sity 9 ,*ri/iania :i* is devot$ to specializ$ /udy & rese>* 9 sci5ce1 lett]s1 & le>n$ pr(essions1 includ+ !ology1 law1 m$ic9e1 & education4 ,! la/ is provid$ = 9 ! affiliat$ ,p$agogical ,sem9>y rec5tly e/abli%$4 ,at ?is po9t we may speak a ^w 9 comm5dation ( ! important "p play$ by private in/itutions 9 ,norway4 ,among !m may be enum]at$ prim>y & second>y s*ools1 tea*]s' sem9>ies1 & te*nical in/itutes4 ,be+ ( high m]it & op]at+ side by side ) ! /ate s*ools1 !y h r5d]$ valuable s]vice & ex]t$ a :olesome influ5ce4 ,! /ate has recogniz$ _! "w & express$ its appreciation ( _! ef=ts by giv+ !m /&+ & by vot+ annuities to c]ta9 ( !m4 ,! uni=mly high /&>d ( prep>ation requir$ = entrance to & ! close correlation betwe5 ! sev]al special s*ools make easy ! passage f "o to ano!r :5 x is desir$1 & give solid>ity & unity :]e9 coop]ation is natural & mutually b5eficial4 ,x %\ld be not$ t provision is made = ! prop] c>e ( ! exceptional *ild 9 ,norway4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly true ( ! defective4 ,! *ild :o is dull ( compreh5sion along "s l9es receives individual assi/ance f 8 regul> tea*] or ano!r :o is employ$ to d ! "w4 ,recognition is giv5 to disp>ity 9 physiological & m5tal age ( *ildr54 ,^? :o are def9itely lack+ 9 m5tality are segregat$ into classes 9 ! l>ge s*ools & into sep>ate s*ools 9 ! l>g] cities1 :]e !y are provid$ ) abundant1 well-select$ equipm5t & exp]t tea*]s :o ex]t e ef=t to improve ! conditions & to ov]come ! h&icaps ( ! un=tunates4 ,morally del9qu5t *ildr5 are plac$ 9 *ildr5's homes--homes = correction--:]e !y are sup]vis$ & taught4 ,ea* *ild is plac$ "u ! conditions be/ suit$ to 8 ne$s--:]e he w be mo/ pr(it$4 ,all ( ?is "w comes "u ! au?ority ( ! s*ool (ficials1 & z a result !re is close coord9ation betwe5 ! regul> & ! special s*ools4 ,n only d ^! (ficials c>e = ! m5tally & morally del9qu5t b !y are also au?oriz$ & requir$ to take *ildr5 f environm5ts t are likely to develop evil & lawless traits4 ,unfit p>5ts may be depriv$ ( ! control & au?ority ov] _! (fspr+ :o are tak5 & plac$ 9 private homes ( moral influ5ce or 9 *ildr5's homes :]e !y receive prop] c>e & tra9+4 ,be+ ve/$ ) su* au?ority ! s*ool (ficials are able to d mu* t[>d ! prev5tion ( del9qu5cy z well z to att5d specifically to ! individual cases :]e a lack ( moral responsibility is evid5c$4 ,"h are :olesome lessons = our ,am]ican s*ools4 ,in/ead ( giv+ suffici5t individual help or provid+ exp]t tea*]s = ! less intellig5t1 we p]mit !m to become repeat]s or to drop out altoge!r2 9 place ( tak+ ! *ild f an evil environm5t be=e he becomes a moral del9qu5t & plac+ him "u moral surr\nd+s 9 "s good home1 we hesitate to int]f]e ) p>5tal rights--z ?\gh !y 7 great] ?an social--& p]mit him to become a law-break]2 & r ?an give to s*ool (ficials ! au?ority & necess>y equipm5t to c>e rightfully = ! *ild :o has committ$ "s error1 we place him 9 ! h&s ( ! law & he is probably s5t to a re=matory hav+ nei!r facility = 8 prop] treatm5t nor any connection ) ! s*ools :atsoev]4 ,clos] co-ord9ation ( ^! educational functions & in/itutions w\ld prev5t mu* mis=tune1 cure a va/ am\nt ( mis]y1 & accompli% m effici5t results4 ,,direct+ ,,au?ority ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,s*ools ,norway's educational au?ority is def9itely c5traliz$ 9 ! p]son at ! head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ecclesia/ical & ,educational ,affairs1 :o is a memb] ( ! ,k+'s cab9et4 ,! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 bureaus1 commissions1 & bo>ds = control are radiations f ?is c5tral focus4 ,fur!rmore1 _! s*ools are p>ts & p>cels ( "o v def9ite1 ?\gh some:at complex1 sy/em2 ea* class ( s*ools1 9 its respective field1 is ord]$ accord+ to c]ta9 specifications2 & all are coord9at$ s z to result 9 a unifi$ :ole )\t ov]lapp+1 or exposure ( ragg$ & loose ends4 ,! controll+ features ( great] importance su* z curriculum1 appo9tm5t ( tea*]s1 plans ( in/ruction1 & ! det]m9ation ( qualifications = tea*+ positions are 9 ! h&s ( ! high] au?orities4 ,9 effect ! /ate det]m9es ! policies1 ! (fic]s are expect$ to respect !m1 & ! patrons ex]cise b little direct control4 ,= example1 ! law provides t completion ( c]ta9 grades ( s*ool "w %all mean practically ! same ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 t ! middle s*ool & gymnasium exam9ations %all be uni=m ev]y:]e 9 ! /ate1 t /&>ds ( academic fitness = tea*+ positions mu/ be ! same1 & t tea*]s' sal>ies %all n be bel[ a c]ta9 m9imum am\nt4 ,local op9ion nev] has a ?\ght ( dep>t+ f ^! requirem5ts4 ,be+ ve/$ ) consid]able au?ority ! s*ool (ficials are able n only to make sugge/ions & recomm5dations1 b also to en=ce all s*ool regulations4 ,?is plan is successful 9 secur+ ! mo/ effici5t s]vice ( :i* ! (ficials are capable4 ,!y are expect$ to pursue _! duties & p]=m _! obligations accord+ to directions )\t be+ too l>gely influ5c$ by ! op9ions ( individuals or community s5tim5t4 ,local politics plays a v small "p 9 det]m9+ :at %all be ! educational tr5d1 ?\gh ! patrons ( ! s*ool d enjoy consid]able lib]ty & be> "s responsibilities 9 arrang+ m9or factors ) ref]5ce to local situations4 ,we ,am]icans might avoid a va/ am\nt ( leakage & unnecess>y exp5diture by improv$ organization ( our educational in/itutions4 ,a unifi$ sy/em ( education1 mann$ by compet5t (ficials ) "s au?ority1 might easily raise ! /&>d ( effici5cy ( our s*ools sev]al grades1 & at ! same "t r$uce ! proportional co/4 ,presid5t ,hall has giv5 optimi/ic expression along ?is l9e4 ,he writes3--,! "t is n f> (f :5 we %all coord9ate all educational ag5cies = all classes ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age4444 ,all444 in/itutions = ! c>e & bett]m5t ( ! bodies1 m9ds or morals ( *ildr5 %\ld correlate _! "w s t ev5tually x may all become s consolidat$ t ea* *ild c be plac$ 9 t position 9 ! :ole great sy/em :i* w d mo/ & be/ = x at ea* /age & s t *anges f "o to ! o!r c be made :5ev] x becomes = ! welf>e ( ! *ild4444 ,div]sities ( ag5cies1 aims & me?od %\ld increase2 & incorrigibles1 defectives1 homeless1 neglect$1 backw>d *ildr5 & ! re/ %\ld ea* h special provision2 b integration %\ld keep pace ) ?is diff]5tiation4#bg ,7 our public s*ools1 re=matories1 s*ools = defectives1 etc41 etc41 all comb9$ into "o sy/em !y might p]=m _! (fices m effectively ?an !y d n[4 ,in/ead ( p]mitt+ ea* to run along indep5d5t ( ! re/1 !y %\ld be made to supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,aga91 x is a matt] ( common k t 9 our own c\ntry high s*ool graduation1 qualifications = tea*+ positions 9 ! sev]al grades ( s*ool "w1 college entrance requirem5ts1 college degrees1 etc41 are )\t uni=m /&>dization4 ,at pres5t ev5 a college degree has mean+ only :5 ! "w & equipm5t ( ! in/itution grant+ x h be5 c>efully e/imat$2 /ate tea*]s' c]tificates may or may n be valid 9 o!r /ates2 & reciprocity among ! /ates 9 recogniz+ c]tificates is n 9 op]ation g5]ally4 ,:ile /ate c]tificates are n always dem&$1 "s ( ! /ates are n[ requir+ t all tea*]s 9 ! high s*ools mu/ be college graduates4 ,9 all too _m in/ances ! only effectual pr]equisite to obta9+ a position z tea*] 9 ! s*ools--prim>y or second>y--is ! vote ( ! s*ool directors4 ,! gradation ( educational activity accord+ to a fix$ basis & ! rais+ ( /&>ds 9 academic & p$agogical prep>ation & 9 p]sonal fitness = tea*+ positions w\ld make ! s*ools va/ly great] factors 9 ! c\ntry's progress & d ! nation an ine/imable s]vice4 ,c5tralization & uni=mity 9 au?ority & purpose are di/9ctly evid5t 9 e s*ool activity 9 ,norway4 ,! au?ority ( ! /ate is cle>ly /amp$ on ! "w ( e (ficial f ! direct+ head to ! la/ 9 position4 ,ev]yone connect$ ) ! sy/em feels ! obligations ( ! position occupi$ &1 at ! same "t1 recognizes 8 own security :ile keep+ )9 ! limits ( ! law4 ,!y all conc5trate _! en]gies 9 an e>ne/ endeavor to realize ! ends :i* ! educational sy/em is design$ to rea*4 ,ev5 individual subjects ( in/ruction are pres5t$ = specific purposes :i* 9 turn contribute to ! g5]al end to be rea*$ ?r\gh ! c\rse ( /udy z a :ole4 ,purposes1 aims1 & ends are always 9 ! =egr\nd ( att5tion1 & :5 tea*] & pupils coop]ate & are actuat$ by common ideals1 _! ef=ts are sure to be vital & successful4 ,,tea*]s' ,,tra9+ ,prop] p$agogical tra9+ is p]haps ! mo/ pot5t factor = good 9 educational activity4 ,b few sy/ems1 if any1 adequately meet ! ne$s along ?is l9e4 ,"s are well suppli$ ) in/itutions devot$ to ! tra9+ ( tea*]s s f> z _! numb] & di/ribution are conc]n$ b !y are lack+ 9 quality2 o!rs h tra9+ s*ools v high 9 quality b !y are poorly di/ribut$ & insuffici5t 9 numb]4 ,! ideals & equipm5t ( ^! special in/itutions are factors ( prime importance 9 det]m9+ _! real values4 ,^! c5t] 9 ! p]sonnel ( ! direct+ & tea*+ =ce4 ,too frequ5tly ?or\gh sci5tific prep>ation = ! specific "w ( sup]vis+ & in/ruct+ 9 tea*]s' sem9>ies is want+4 ,natural end[m5t c\pl$ ) long1 v>i$1 & successful exp]i5ce has be5 reg>d$ z suffici5t qualification4 ,to be sure1 native ability is an absolute ess5tial2 exp]i5ce is ( immeasurable value2 b int5sive sci5tific rese>* 9 ! fields ( *ild nature & developm5t1 psy*ology1 & p$agogical pr9ciples1 toge!r ) sci5tific me?ods1 are equally indisp5sable4 ,n[ x is a truism t tea*]s tea* z !y h be5 taught4 ,h5ce1 to a*ieve greate/ results1 prospective tea*]s %\ld secure _! education 7g5]al & pr(essional7 f ideal tea*]s z f> z possible & obta9 exp]i5ce ?r\gh practice tea*+ "u ! p]sonal sup]vision ( ma/]s 9 education4 ,prep>+ "u su* conditions1 _! natural capabilities w\ld be br\ght m ne>ly to maximum effici5cy & !y w\ld become p[]s = good 9 ! pr(ession4 ,to h sem9>ies s di/ribut$ & equipp$ t all prospective tea*]s might h ! be/ tra9+ )9 easy access w\ld be an ideal condition4 ,g]many af=ds an unp>allel$ example 9 ! developm5t ( tea*]s' sem9>ies4 ,no o!r nation ev] _h a sy/em ( tra9+ s*ools z effici5t z ! "o !re provid$4 ,h] "r to ! title ( ,s*ool mi/ress ( ! _w is 9 l>ge measure traceable to ! excell5t tra9+ provid$ = & requir$ ( ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools4 ,norway e>ly recogniz$ ! importance ( ?is phase ( s*ool "w & e/abli%$ six tea*]s' sem9>ies4 ,subsequ5tly f\r private sem9>ies h be5 op5$ & ! /ate has in/itut$ ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y 9 affiliation ) ! univ]sity 9 ,*ri/iania4 ,?is gives !m a lib]al numb] ( tra9+ colleges well di/ribut$4 ,:ile !y are subject to "s adv]se criticism = failure to keep pace ) ! developm5t ( _! s*ool sy/em z a :ole1 we mu/ admit t ! excell5t results a*iev$ by ! s*ools ( ,norway are due l>gely to ! e>ly provision ( ^! sem9>ies & insi/5ce ^u special tra9+ = tea*+ positions4 ,x is probable t c]ta9 normal s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates des]ve ! honors s f> z ideals & results are conc]n$ ev5 ?\gh we h accord$ fir/ rank+ 9 sy/em to ,g]many4 ,our plan1 h[ev]1 is too individual 9 nature to accompli% greate/ good4 ,we lack a c5traliz$ au?ority ) p[] to d ?+s4 ,we h practically no co-ord9ation betwe5 /ate sy/ems & no uni=mity4 ,ev5 9 c]ta9 /ates ! sev]al s*ools d n coop]ate or supplem5t ea* o!r z !y %\ld4 ,! wa/e occasion$ by ! loos5ess ( our sy/em is enorm\s4 ,c\ld we unify our res\rces1 sy/ematize our equipm5t1 & provide effici5t direction along coop]ative l9es ( activity1 ! ,am]ican s*ools w\ld advance by leaps & b\nds su* z h n be5 kn[n up to ! pres5t "t 9 any nation4 ,a ^w is 9 place "h ) ref]5ce to ! process ( obta9+ pr(essional prep>ation4 ,"o ( ! be/ ?+s to be ga9$ by special tra9+ is a pr(essional attitude t[>d ! "w ( tea*+4 ,?is _c be atta9$ by spasmodic ef=t b mu/ be gr[n into4 ,x comes r z a result ( long-cont9u$ /udy & application ( pr9ciples ?an by int5sive tra9+ = a %ort :ile4 ,direct in/ruction & exp]im5t ext5d$ ov] a long p]iod ( "t af=ds opportunity = innum]able associations & int]relations :i* no hurry-up process c provide4 ,:5 pr(essional tra9+ & /udy along ! g5]al l9es ( academic le>n+ p>allel ea* o!r !y become int]wov5 9 su* a way t ea* contributes to ! o!r1 & simultane\sly ! prop] attitude ) respect to educational processes becomes a v real "p ( ! /ud5t's life4 ,!re are a numb] ( important p$agogical pr9ciples :i* %\ld become +ra9$ 9 ! life ( ! individual 9 ord] t he make a success 9 ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,x is a g5]ally conc$$ & commonly practic$ rule 9 education t to ?or\ghly ma/] any field ( k & really get into its vital p>ts x is necess>y to keep ! m9d act+ ^u x1 at lea/ int]mitt5tly1 ?r\gh sev]al ye>s ( "t4 ,pr9ciples act$ & react$ ^u1 view$ 9 ?is light & t1 exam9$ "u a c]ta9 condition & !n ano!r1 & te/$ 9 v>i\s ways may result v diff]5tly 9 "o's life ?an :5 giv5 a hurri$1 ev5 ?\gh int5sive1 exam9ation4 ,!y are c]ta9 9 ! "o in/ance to s9k deep into ! life ( ! individual :ile 9 ! o!r case !y may or may n affect 8 behavior4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t if ! excell5t features :i* n[ *>act]ize ,norway's ,p$agogical ,sem9>y might be c>ri$ along ?r\gh ! :ole or a l>ge "p ( ! college c\rse1 or if ! "w ( ! sem9>y might be supplem5t$ by /udies su* z pr9ciples ( education1 hi/ory ( education1 *ild /udy1 & psy*ology1 c>ri$ along ) ! college "w ! results w\ld be m effectual--! prep>ation = tea*+ m ?or\gh4 ,h[ev]1 consid]+ ! %ort "t t has elaps$ s9ce ! f\nd+ ( ?is ,sem9>y1 its "w is ( high ord] & its ideals are praisewor?y4 ,! express$ int5t ( ! director is to develop ! field z rapidly z possible until x %all be *>act]iz$ by ! be/ means ( pr(essional tra9+ kn[n to ! sci5ce4 ,,! ,,tea*]s' ,,life ,! life ( ! tea*] is "o ( s]vice1 call+ = an exp5diture ( ! self to an ext5t p]haps great] ?an any o!r pr(ession4 ,among ! ,norse1 h[ev]1 x is n z /r5u\s z t exp]i5c$ 9 ,am]ican s*ools4 ,! ,norwegian tea*]s h m "t ?an we = recreation1 self-improvem5t1 or any ( ! activities op5$ up by leisure h\rs4 ,life g5]ally is set at a m mod]ate pace ) ! ,norsem5 ?an ) ! ru%+ ,am]icans1 & ! s*oolm5 enjoy ! att5dant advantages along ) ^? 9 o!r pr(essions or occupations4 ,:ile leisure among c]ta9 classes leads to idl5ess & corruption1 x has q opposite results among ! bett] class ( citiz5s4 ,w9delb& says t ,! cultur$ man is he :o 9 8 leisure does n become a m]e idl]4 ,! cultur$ m5 ( ! pa/ h 9 _! leisure develop$ sci5ce1 art1 lit]ature1 & philosophy4 ,!y h _h res]ve en]gy aft] ! p]=mance ( _! regul> labors to use 9 fruitful1 self-select$ activities4 ,!re are always innum]able av5ues ?r\gh any "o ( :i* an e>ne/ s]vant ( ! /ate may br+ great ga9 to its p4 ,!re is no nobl] pr(ession ?an t devot$ to ! developm5t ( y\?2 nei!r is !re any occupation :i* br+s m satisfy+ recomp5ses4 ,! *ild is ! mo/ preci\s asset ( ! nation & des]ves ! maximum s]vice possible = tea*]s to r5d]4 ,to p]=m ! mo/ effici5t s]vice ! tea*] %\ld h heal?1 vigor1 & "t = recreation 9 addition to s*ola/ic & pr(essional qualifications4 ,:5 s*ool au?orities make conditions conducive to ^! ends1 ! results w be ( su* "* t tea*]s1 pupils1 patrons1 & community w all obta9 great] pr(its4 ,:]e s*ool activities are n ov]tax+1 ! tea*] has opportunity to build up 8 physical be+1 increase ! buoyancy ( 8 spirits s z to en?use 8 pupils to a great] ext5t1 or improve 8 educational qualifications4 ,"o may conc5trate 8 ef=ts along "s giv5 l9e ( rese>* & f day to day give ! pupils "u 8 tuition ! b5efits d]iv$ f ^! specializ$ ef=ts4 ,an individual by p]si/5t /udy may become ! discov]] ( new laws or tru?s :i* rea* ! ends ( ! e>? & pr(\ndly influ5ce human affairs4 ,:atev] ! p>ticul> activity1 leisure consecrat$ to ! uplift ( mank9d is sure to result 9 great good4 ,:5 in/itutions drive _! s]vants to ! limit ( _! p[]s !y mu/ inevitably be ! los]s 9 ! long run4 ,!y ext+ui% ! light ( ambition1 r$uce to ma*9es ! individuals :o %\ld be contributors to human progress1 & make legion ! man ) ! hoe4 ,su* practice 9 our s*ools results 9 wa/e ( en]gy1 depletion ( our tea*+ =ce1 & irretrievable loss 9 _m ways4 ,x is my c&id op9ion t ! rapidity ( ! evolution ( ! ,norwegian s*ool sy/em1 its excell5cies1 & ! highly satisfactory results com+ f x are 9 l>ge measure due to ! fact t x does n ov]tax ! p[]s ( its tea*]s & educational lead]s1 b on ! contr>y all[s !m opportunity = ! ex]cise ( initiative & enc\rages a pr(essional attitude t[>ds _! "w4 ,,! ,,curriculum ,! c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! prim>y & second>y s*ools ( ,norway is uni=m = all pupils except 9 ! second & ?ird ye>s ( ! gymnasium :]e div]se l9es ( /udy are (f]$4 ,! arrangem5t is un=tunate 9 t ! individual is sometimes requir$ to pursue subjects ( /udy = :i* he has no adaptability & 9 :i* he c develop no int]e/4 ,tea*]s 9 ,norway tell me t ?is requirem5t is a great h&icap2 ret>d+ ! progress ( ! class1 demoraliz+ ! individual1 & increas+ ! burd5 ( ! tea*]4 ,m flexibility 9 ?is reg>d w\ld d\btless be an advantage4 ,! elective sy/em1 s common 9 our own s*ools1 :5 rightly sup]vis$ pres]ves suffici5t coh]5ce betwe5 ! /udies tak5 up & gives opportunity = m p]fect adju/m5t4 ,n only 9 ! c\rse ( /udy b also 9 organization1 plans ( in/ruction1 & equipm5t1 ! s*ools ( ,norway are too uni=m to result 9 ! free/ developm5t ( ! intellect1 ! ri*e/ gr[? ( individuality1 or ! greate/ cons]vation ( "t1 en]gy1 or money4 ,!re are a few v>iations f _! regul> r\t9e b ^! are n suffici5tly num]\s4 ,"o favorable innovation is ! promotion ( tea*]s along ) classes ?r\gh a "p or all ( ! prim>y s*ool4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion seems to be t bett] results accrue :5 a tea*] cont9ues ) a class ?r\gh sev]al ye>s ( "w4 ,?is plan is g5]ally foll[$ unless ! special fitness ( a tea*] = "w )9 p>ticul> limits r5d]s x highly advisable = assignm5t to be made to su* place4 ,:ile special aptness = a p>ticul> class ( in/ruction %\ld be recogniz$1 ! promot+ ( tea*]s along ) classes g5]ally obviates any t5d5cy to /al5ess & usually emphasizes special qualifications4 ,:ile x w\ld be int]e/+ to discuss ! me?ods us$ 9 pres5t+ ea* subject 9 ! curriculum a few mu/ suffice4 ,religi\s ,in/ruction & ,moral ,education ,! *ur* 0 fir/ to e/abli% s*ools 9 ,norway1 putt+ !m into op]ation 9 connection ) _! ca!drals1 probably ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! *ief aim 0 to prep>e ! pupils = a religi\s life1 ei!r z m9i/]s or z fai?ful disciples4 ,hav+ ^! z def9ite ends1 ! mat]ials = /udy 7 select$ because ( _! fitness to contribute along ^! l9es4 ,in/ruction 0 almo/ :olly 9 religion4 ,s9ce morality is su* a fundam5tal "p ( religion1 moral education 9 l>ge am\nt 0 giv5 indirectly4 ,! aim 0 religion & ! result 0 bo? morality & religion4 ,s*ools came to be g5]ally reg>d$ z in/itutions :]e9 moral & religi\s in/ruction 7 ! prevail+ if n ! dom9at+ features4 ,?is phase ( "w e>ly became traditional & ga9$ su* mom5tum t x has ev] =m$ a conspicu\s "p ( e grade ( in/ruction ?r\gh\t ! prim>y & second>y s*ools4 ,dur+ ! =mative p]iod ! in/ruction 9 religion ma9ta9$ a vitality :i* 0 q 9 keep+ ) ! dem&s ( ! times4 ,h[ev]1 z ! s*ool sy/em develop$1 especially dur+ ! clos+ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 x became necess>y to arrange m def9ite plans ( in/ruction 9 religion z well z 9 o!r subjects 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,! adapt+ ( in/ruction to ! v>i\s grades ( s*ool "w 0 a difficult task4 ,! adju/m5t made to ne$s 9 ! prim>y s*ools seems a v happy "o4 ,9 ?is elem5t>y section ( ! s*ool sy/em ! in/ruction 9 religion consi/s ma9ly 9 /ory tell+4 ,! "w is made concrete & p]sonal1 & its influ5ce is mo/ excell5t4 ,n s =tunate has be5 ! attempt to pres5t ! great tru?s & ideals ( religion 9 ! second>y grades4 ,! human appeal1 s fruitful 9 ! l[] classes1 does n appe> 9 ! high]1 at lea/ to ! same degree4 ,in/ead ! "w is =mal & prescrib$4 ,int]e/ dies out & ev5 respect = ! "w rapidly wanes z ! pupil passes into m advanc$ grades4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght :ile obs]v+ ! li/lessness ( ! pupils dur+ ! p]iod = religi\s tea*+ t ! effects ^u morals & religion w\ld be bett] by f> )\t ! in/ruction z n[ provid$4 ,to f9d lodgm5t 9 ! he>t & expression 9 ! exp]i5ces ( y\?1 religi\s pr9ciples mu/ be made to appe> practical & vital4 ,!y mu/ be %[n to be desirable 9 !mselves & 9 _! ends4 ,to tea* religion successfully "o mu/ be a liv+ example ( its true values1 an e>ne/ int]pret] ( its mean+ & p[]1 & a sympa!tic fri5d ( ! pupils4 ,besides ?is he mu/ be a g5u9e tea*] ) a k ( y\? & ability to help o!rs obta9 a cle> conception ( ! beauty & wor? ( ! nobl] life4 ,religion & morality are s intimately b\nd up ) life's activities t x is difficult to consid] !m 9 & ( !mselves4 ,x is q impossible to curriculize & pres5t !m z subjects = /udy & in/ruction )\t build+ up 9 consci\sness ! idea t !y may or may n be phases ( life4 ,:5 ?is is attempt$ x is liable to dim9i% r ?an to increase _! true mean+4 ,x is at lea/ possible t ! mo/ favorable results come ?r\gh specific occasions :i* arise ap>t f set requirem5ts4 ,a g5u9e exp]i5ce 9 real life is ! be/ illu/ration ( :at morality & religion mean1 & x furni%es ! mo/ secure f\ndation = in/ruction along ^! l9es4 ,few lessons & no subjects ( in/ruction c be fully pres5t$ )\t giv+ consid]able att5tion to _! moral & religi\s phases4 ,if a lesson is completely ma/]$ its moral & religi\s contributions w h be5 tak5 ov] & appropriat$ along ) any & all o!r cont5ts4 ,:5 ! moral & religi\s values inh]5t 9 s*ool /udies receive _! proportionate emphasis !re w be no cry+ ne$ ( arrang+ special c\rses = _! /udy4 ,! s]i\sness ( ! situation at pres5t lies n 9 ! fact t !re are no special c\rses ( in/ruction 9 morality & religion1 b r 9 ! condition t tea*]s fail to recognize _! opportunities = giv+ su* in/ruction4 ,!y %\ld impress ! *ildr5 ) ! fact t morality & religion are compon5t p>ts ( life & t !y give mean+ & reality to e human exp]i5ce4 ,:ile x w\ld be gratify+ to see ^! subjects taught z sep>ate bran*es by individuals :o c\ld make !m pr(itable1 x is mu* m imp]ative t all tea*]s recognize _! own responsibility 9 ?is reg>d1 :atev] subjects !y h to tea*4 ,! ,classics ,9 common ) ^? ( _m o!r c\ntries1 ! s*ool curricula ( ,norway h be5 saturat$ ) ! classics4 ,= a long "t ! second>y s*ools 7 devot$ l>gely to ! pres5tation ( ! ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 languages4 ,ab\t #ahej1 !re arose a dem& = an education :i* 0 m utilit>ian4 ,nature /udy1 ! sci5ces1 manual tra9+1 mod]n =eign languages1 & home economics press$ _! claims = recognition & ! p became conv9c$ ( _! values4 ,! masses !n began to inve/igate :at "r ! languages ( ! anci5ts _h = occupy+ s l>ge a proportion ( att5tion 9 s*ool "w4 ,gradually ! anci5t classics 7 replac$ by m mod]n educational mat]ials4 ,hebrew & ,greek 7 9 _! turn dropp$ f ! li/ ( requir$ subjects & ! "t ?us sav$ 0 giv5 to "w reg>d$ z m vital & b5eficial4 ,9 #ahif1 a v decisive /ep 0 tak5 :5 by legislative enactm5t ,lat9--! la/ ( ! dead languages--0 omitt$ f ! li/ ( subjects requir$ 9 ! s*ool curriculum4 ,?is act ( ! ,/or?+ has be5 sev]ely criticis$ by "s4 ,h[ev]1 ! p ^: "r & duty x 0 to decide /udi$ ! matt] c>efully & ?or\ghly at home & abroad1 & aft] calm consid]ation1 act$ 9 h>mony ) _! be/ judgm5t1 pass$ ! law1 & put 9 into imm$iate execution4 ,! mom5tum ( =m] practices1 ! =ce ( tradition1 or ! example ( o!r nations 0 n suffici5t to control ! ,norwegian /ate 9 its action4 ,x does n p]mit prec$5t to det]m9e its policies1 =eign nations to d its ?9k+1 nor well-en\gh sy/ems to prev5t re=m4 ,:5 high] gr\nd is se5 cle>ly ,norway moves =w>d ) all its p[]1 det]m9$ to occupy & utilize ! great] opportunities4 ,su* 0 ! condition ( ! /ate 9 its consid]ation ( ! classics 9 _! s*ool curriculum4 ,!y 7 will+ t ^? individuals :o might elect to pursue ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages %\ld h ! privilege to d s & !y provid$ = !m su* opportunity4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 def9itely conv9c$ t to require all pupils to /udy ^! subjects 9 ord] to complete c\rses ( /udy or ent] ! univ]sity 0 an inju/ice4 ,to _! cr$it be x said t :5 !y are conv9c$ t a c]ta9 c\rse ( proc$ure is be/ !y h ! moral c\rage to pursue x4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance ! p 7 fully aw>e ( ! fact t !y 7 tak+ a /ep :i* 0 a decid$ deviation f ! /raight=w>d c\rse pursu$ = c5turies by ! lead+ national educational sy/ems4 ,yet !y became conv]t$ to ! idea t = _! own good1 "u _! own conditions1 & look+ =w>d to _! future z a /ate & nation1 x w\ld be ! wis] solution to leave ! classics beh9d & devote m "t & en]gy to /udies :i* !y conceiv$ to be m efficaci\s4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! rec5t t5d5cies 9 ?is direction 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,lat9 is becom+ less & less a requir$ subject ( in/ruction 9 ! high s*ools1 & ea* ye> l5g!ns ! li/ ( colleges :i* d n require x = entrance4 ,ev5 cons]vative & classic-lov+ ,g]many has rec5tly op5$ ! doors ( h] univ]sities to ^? :o h f9i%$ ! ,real-gymnasia4 ,?us !y1 too1 ackn[l$ge t ! way ( ! classics is n ! only road to high] culture & le>n+4 ,x has come to be almo/ univ]sally recogniz$ t ! s*ools exi/ = ! le>n] r ?an ! le>n] = ! s*ools4 ,to deb> an individual f privileges = :i* he is prep>$ simply because he has n met c]ta9 inh]it$ traditional prescriptions is rapidly becom+ unor?odox4 ,norway seems to h set ! pace = o!r nations 9 at lea/ ?is "o respect1 & h] cle>sight$ move 9 displac+ ! classics by ! introduction ( l>g] am\nts ( mod]n =eign languages & o!r bran*es ( greate/ pres5t utility is be+ foll[$ by o!r nations ( s\nd p$agogical pr9ciples4 ,physical ,culture ,few are ! in/ances :]e ! physical developm5t ( ! *ildr5 is s effectually provid$ = z among ! ,norwegians4 ,gymna/ics is a regul> feature ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( /udy until ! completion ( ! gymnasium4 ,9 addition to ?is ! univ]sal rule ( requir+ ! pupils to g into ! op5 air dur+ ! int]missions :i* foll[ e class meet+ has its good effects4 ,a?letic sports also h rec5tly become m important features ( s*ool life4 ,=tunately !y h n rea*$ a po9t ( specialization :]e _! values are op5 to "q4 ,build+s & gr\nds are con/ruct$ & laid out ) ! physical welf>e ( *ildr5 9 m9d4 ,z a consequ5ce we f9d gymna/ic halls well equipp$ & gr\nds suppli$ ) ! advantages mo/ ess5tial 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! desir$ end1 viz41 a /rong & vigor\s body 9 :i* to develop a s\nd m9d4 ,_! s*ool gr\nds are small1 mak+ a cr[d$ condition ! rule 9 ! l>g] s*ools4 ,/range z x may seem1 ! same un=tunate condition prevails almo/ univ]sally 9 our own l& :]e !re appe>s to be little excuse = conge/ion4 ,h[ev]1 ! size ( ! gr\nds is p]haps a matt] ( m9or importance1 especially :5 comp>$ to _! use4 ,space & equipm5t may be reg>d$ z incid5tal2 use is ! all-important "p4 ,our gr\nds are n us$4 ,we r>ely h b "o1 if any1 int]mission except ! noon h\r1 ! great] portion ( :i* is occupi$ 9 go+ = ! midday meal4 ,! results ( ! ,norwegians' en=c$1 frequ5t1 & regul> use ( ! playgr\nds are 9 evid5ce on e h&4 ,robu/1 vigor\s1 buoyant1 active1 heal?y1 s\nd1 al]t1 & ! l adjectives are ! appropriate ones to use 9 speak+ ( ! physiques ( _! pupils4 ,7 ! influ5ces ( bodily conditions ^u m5tal gr[? & activity fully appreciat$1 ! s*ools w\ld d\btless make a sudd5 %ift t[>d provid+ adequately = physical education4 ,physical developm5t has be5 reg>d$ ) consid]able favor = "s "t1 b x has usually be5 a second>y affair :5 x %\ld h be5 introduc$ z a vital feature4 ,educational sy/ems %\ld provide = ! tra9+ & developm5t ( ! physical z well z ! m5tal life4 ,!y are dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r & are 9 fact two phases ( ! same life ,x is obvi\sly wa/eful to seek to develop ! "o )\t reg>d to ! o!r1 or to attempt ! cultivation ( "o at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,vocal ,music ,music is among ! mo/ pot5t factors 9 develop+ national _s & loyalty4 ,plato wrote3 ,any musical innovation is full ( dang] to ! :ole /ate1 & ought to be prohibit$4444 ,:5 modes ( music *ange1 ! fundam5tal laws ( ! /ate always *ange ) !m4#bh ,napoleon /at$ t if he might write ! nation's songs he c>$ n :o might write its laws4 ,music 9 ! bett] =ms has mov$ individuals & nations to great accompli%m5ts1 & its efficacy is g5]ally recogniz$4 ,z a means ( education1 h[ev]1 x receives f> too little att5tion4 ,! quality ( music sung 9 ! s*ools ( ,norway has "s po9ts ( sup]iority4 ,"o feature 9 mak+ x a p[]ful contributor 9 develop+ loyal & compet5t citiz5s is ! use !y make ( ! be/ compositions f _! own writ]s4 ,_! poets & musicians h furni%$ l>ge am\nts ( excell5t productions4 ,!y s+ ( _! h]oes & ( _! national ideals & a*ievem5ts4 ,! _s 9 _! songs reflects ! s\l ( _! fa!rl&4 ,! influ5ce ^u ! lives ( ! pupils contributes to solid>ity ( ! nation & to love = its in/itutions4 ,contra/ ?is ) ! results ( ! rattle ( rag-"t & jigs4 ,too mu* ( our public s*ool1 ,sunday s*ool1 & *ur* music has be5 ( ?is ord]4 ,public s*ool music & education along ?is l9e are matt]s des]v+ m att5tion ?an !y receive4 ,rec5t introduction into _m s*ools ( victrolas ) records ( ma/]pieces produc$ by ! lead+ arti/s ( ! _w po9t to a recognition ( ! educative value ( ! bett] quality ( selections4 ,to he> ! same productions direct f ! s\l ( ! arti/ w\ld be _m times z effectual z any me*anical reproduction1 b ?is is beyond ! rea* ( ! masses4 ,pres5t indications give assurance t ! ne> future w see music m ne>ly occupy+ its legitimate place 9 our educational provisions4 ,,l9es ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,gymnasium ,9 ! second & ?ird ye>s ( gymnasial "w ?ree c\rses ( /udy are op51 viz41 ,real1 ,language-,hi/ory1 & ,language-,hi/ory ) ,lat94 ,"h pupils get _! fir/ exp]i5ce 9 elect+ ! l9e ( "w :]e9 _! /udy %all c5t]4 ,?is seems a r =tunate provision1 = by ?is "t likes & dislikes = c]ta9 subjects ( /udy1 special aptitudes along specific l9es1 & *oice ( life "w are com+ into ! =egr\nd ( consci\sness4 ,! pupils' likes & aptitudes work+ toge!r influ5ce _! decisions conc]n+ life's activities4 ,aga9 ! disposition & nature ( individuals r5d] "o l9e ( /udy m attractive & b5eficial ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,!re are1 inde$1 _m influ5ces at "w ^u pupils ( su* age :i* make x appe> highly advisable to foll[ "s p>ticul> l9e ( /udy4 ,:e!r pupils g into ! *os5 l9e ( life "w directly f ! gymnasium or by way ( ! univ]sity1 x is ( di/9ct advantage to specialize along ! l9e = :i* !y are prep>+4 ,%\ld !y int5d to tea*1 !y w\ld d\btless pref] /udy+ mo/ ! subjects to be taught4 ,9 ^! !y w\ld h deepe/ int]e/1 & f _! pursuit !y w\ld d]ive greate/ pr(it4 ,if !y det]m9$ to /udy !ology1 law1 m$ic9e1 or "s o!r special phase ( le>n+1 !y w\ld make selection ( gymnasial c\rse ) t object 9 view4 ,:atev] ! "w to foll[ completion ( ! gymnasium1 ! diff]5t c\rses prep>e = ! n>r[] specialization :i* *>act]izes life's activities & all _! univ]sity /udy4 ,! foll[+ table pres5ts ! exact "w repres5t$ by ! ?ree c\rses 9 =m conv5i5t = comp>isons4 ,,table ,,xii4 ,! ,?ree ,c\rses ( ,/udy 9 ! ,gymnasia ( ,norway ,%[+ ,weekly ,h\rs ,giv5 to ,ea* ,subject4,a #a #b #c ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,i ,,ii ,,iii ---------- ----------- ----------- ,religion #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a #a ,norwegian #e #f #f #e #f #g #e #f #f ,g]man #d #c #c #d #c #c #d #c #c ,engli% #d #b #a #d #g #g #d #b #a ,fr5* #d #b #b #d #c #e #d #c #c ,lat9 #g #aa ,hi/ory #c #c #c #c #e #e #c #c #c ,geography #b #a #b #b ,natural ,sci5ce #d #e #g #d #b #d #b ,ma!matics #e #f #f #e #c #e #c ,draw+ #a #a -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #cj #ca #ca #cj #cj #cj #cj #cj #cj ,note ,a3 #a4 ,s++ & gymna/ics--#e or #f h\rs p] week are omitt$ f ! table4 #b4 #a1 ,real c\rse1 #b1 ,language-,hi/ory c\rse1 #c1 ,language-,hi/ory c\rse ) ,lat94 ,z ! table %[s1 ! ?ree c\rses are id5tical dur+ ! fir/ ye> & uni=m 9 religion & ,g]man ?r\gh\t ! ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,language-,hi/ory c\rse l5ds itself favorably = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,x /resses ! importance ( sev]al mod]n languages & hi/ory1 giv+ to !m a preem95ce ov] all o!r "w4 ,! ,real c\rse r$uces ! "w 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,norwegian1 & ,hi/ory & increases ! am\nt ( sci5ce & ma!matics4 ,! c\rse includ+ ,lat9 makes simil> r$uctions b emphasizes ,lat9 in/ead ( ! sci5ces & ma!matics4 ,! ,norwegians believe x bett] & *eap] to (f] ! diff]5t c\rses 9 ! same s*ool ?an to provide sep>ate s*ools4 ,?is plan necessitates less duplication & at ! same "t af=ds q z adequate facilities = :atev] specialization ! diff]5t c\rses repres5t4 ,,co-,,education ,:e!r s*ools %\ld be co-educational has be5 a live "q among _m nations = g5]ations1 & consid]able "t w yet elapse be=e unanimity ( op9ion is rea*$4 ,ne>ly all ! s*ools ( ,norway are co-educational4 ,h[ev]1 9 "s ( ! city sy/ems boys & girls use diff]5t playgr\nds1 & 9 c]ta9 s*ools !y are segregat$ also = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,^! matt]s are gov]n$ accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! inspector or ! desires ( ! pr9cipals ( ! diff]5t s*ools4 ,! aim is to comb9e ! bett] phases repres5t$ 9 v>i\s me?ods & to adopt ! plan be/ suit$ to ! local situation1 or ! "o to :i* ! p]son 9 *>ge is conv]t$ & 9 :i* he c1 because ( 8 convictions1 accompli% be/ results4 ,! sep>ation ( ! sexes is complete 9 all ! s*ools ( ,g]many except+ "s ( ! prim>y classes4 ,! advisability ( ?is is a l>ge "q1 b by no means a settl$ "o4444 ,g]many feels t %e has ! prop] solution1 :ile 9 ,am]ica1 ) an opposite answ]1 we feel = ! mo/ "p satisfi$4#bi ,9 ,am]ican public s*ools co-education is almo/ univ]sally practic$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is matt] we give ! op9ions ( "s prom95t educators4 ,! lam5t$ ,dr4 ,h>ris1 :ile engag$ 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 s*ools1 wrote3 ,discipl9e has improv$ cont9ually ) ! adoption ( mix$ s*ools2444 ! mix+ ( ! male & female dep>tm5ts ( a s*ool has always be5 foll[$ by improvem5t 9 discipl9e1 n m]ely on ! "p ( ! boys1 b on t ( ! girls z well4 ,! rud5ess & ab&on :i* prevail among boys :5 sep>ate at once give place to self-re/ra9t 9 ! pres5ce ( girls4 ,! pruri5t s5tim5tality eng5d]$ by educat+ girls ap>t f boys444 disappe>s almo/ entirely 9 mix$ s*ools4#cj ,! ,honorable ,john ,eaton :ile ,commission] ( ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates made report conc]n+ ! co-education ( ! sexes 9 sev]al hundr$ l>ge & small cities 9 ! ,union4 ,! t5or ( ! entire report is well summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,we are creat$ male & female2 all ! impulses & activities ( nature en=ce co-education2 if we mu/ live toge!r we mu/ be educat$ to t end2 to educate sep>ately is an attempt to *ange ! natural ord] ( human economy4#ca ,9 our high] in/itutions ( le>n+ ! situation is mu* ! same4 ,! ,commission] ( ,education1 ref]r+ to ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 writes1 ,! report ( ! presid5t says t ! exp]i5ce ( ! in/itution has uni=mly be5 favorable to ! co-education ( ! sexes2 t _! influ5ce on ea* o!r 9 ! acquisition ( le>n+ has be5 mo/ b5eficial z well z conducive to ord]ly habits4 ,! pres5ce ( bo? sexes is consid]$ 'an invaluable feature' 9 re/ra9+ indecorum & an 'inducem5t to e virtue4'#cb ,! practice has cont9u$ ) simil> results ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry4 ,in/ances favorable to co-education might be multipli$4 ,its adoption has become a =egone conclusion s f> z our g5]al sy/em ( education is conc]n$4 ,true we d h "s colleges & a few second>y s*ools devot+ !mselves exclusively to ! education ( "o or ! o!r ( ! sexes4 ,n _m ( !m are /ate in/itutions4 ,!y are usually private s*ools & !y answ] a c]ta9 dem& :e!r well f\nd$ or n4 ,!re are c]ta9 que/ions 9 connection ) ! education ( ! sexes :i* are fundam5tal & ne$ consid]able att5tion4 ,h[ev]1 no attempt c be made "h to solve ! _m important problems sugge/$4 ,x is ! int5t only to emphasize ! necessity ( be+ awake to real conditions & to indicate ! fact t h]e9 lies a field = ! educator's mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,! que/ions arise3 ,are ! natural functions ( man & woman en\gh alike to ju/ify mak+ _! education id5tical1 & w ! adoption ( su* a plan ( education result 9 ! advancem5t or det]ioration ( ! race8 ,a rec5t article ref]r+ to ! endeavor to use wom5 indu/rially1 socially1 & politically on ! same foot+ z m5 s\nds a w>n+ note1 cry+ out aga9/ ! pres5t t5d5cies :i* are tak+ f ! fl[] ( womank9d ?\s&s :o are em95tly fitt$ = mo!rhood1 woman's ess5tial function on ! globe1 & div]t+ _! lives to o!r & less noble pursuits4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial to ! race1 say ! au?ors1 t ! able/1 heal?ie/1 & f9e/ wom5 %\ld be enc\rag$1 tempt$1 compell$1 if necess>y1 by circum/ances to devote !mselves to family life by becom+ wives & mo!rs1 & x is d\btful h[ f> x is exp$i5t to draw !m (f1 ev5 = a "t to o!r occupations4#cc ,:ile co-education is 9 agreem5t ) conditions ( family life1 is economic1 & cont9ues to be entirely practicable1 ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r !re may n be ju/ification 9 a dem& = c]ta9 fundam5tal diff]5ces to be made 9 adapt+ educational means & matt] to ! two sexes4 ,co-education1 h[ev]1 may cont9ue )\t mak+ ! education ( ! sexes id5tical4 ,9 fact x is v easily possible to make ! education ( ! sexes fundam5tally diff]5t ev5 ?\gh bo? in/itutions & class activities are co-educational 9 practice4 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( "w 9 c]ta9 gr\ps ( subjects requir$ ( m5 & wom51 respectively1 might furni% a satisfy+ solution ( ?is "q4 ,& if !re are c]ta9 bran*es ( /udy :i* %\ld belong exclusively to "o or ! o!r ( ! sexes1 x is a simple matt] to sep>ate = su* "w4 ,on ! :ole x seems to ! writ] highly advisable to educate ! sexes toge!r z f> z possible4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,ye> ,! regul> s*ool ye> 9 ,norway has =ty weeks ( six days ea*4 ,! plan ( hav+ s*ool on ,saturdays furni%es an additional day ( fruitful1 well direct$ activity to ! *ildr51 :o might o!rwise be p]mitt$ to sp5d ! "t 9 idl5ess or misguid$ conduct4 ,9 ,am]ica we h s _m vacations & holidays t our s*ools are 9 session only ab\t #ge or #hj p] c5t ( ! "t utiliz$ 9 ,norway4 ,we may be ju/ifi$ 9 hav+ ! long summ] vacations because ( ! inconv5i5ce & depletion ( /r5g? occasion$ by ! heat1 b sev]al ( our vacations dur+ ! ye> & ! practice ( hav+ no s*ool on ,saturdays are inh]itances )\t mu* ju/ification4 ,s*ool activities1 :5 rightly conduct$1 %\ld be invigorat+ & exhil>at+ in/ead ( produc+ a /ate ( prolong$ fatigue requir+ seasons ( inactivity or o!r *anges 9 ord] to rega9 lo/ vitality4 ,aga91 ! relaxation occasion$ by div]sion ( ?\ght & *ange ( activity on ,sunday is c]ta9ly suffici5t to c\nt]act any necessity ( us+ ,saturday = recup]ation4 ,x appe>s evid5t t we are n z frugal 9 ?is matt] z s\nd judgm5t dem&s t we %\ld be4 ,,s*ool ,,lun*es ,x has be5 f\nd t m5tal activity is v greatly affect$ by conditions ( nutrition4 ,! quality1 quantity1 & prep>ation ( foods1 toge!r ) regul>ity 9 eat+1 det]m9e to a consid]able ext5t :at may be ! progress ( ! pupil 9 8 gr[?1 bo? m5tal & physical4 ,! *ild :o is improp]ly f$ or und]f$ is !reby h&icapp$1 :ile ! "o :o receives intellig5t c>e along ! same l9e is plac$ at a di/9ct advantage4 ,t 9 all l>ge cities !re are hundr$s & ?\s&s ( und]f$ *ildr5 is a fact ( common k4 ,9 _m cities provisions h be5 made = supply+ at lea/ "o meal p] day free ( *>ge to all ne$y pupils4 ,norway has be5 9 ! =efront 9 ?is pat]nali/ic movem5t4 ,sev]al ( h] cities h und]tak5 ?is noble "w & probably no city 9 ! _w c boa/ ( m adequate facilities = c>ry+ x on ?an ,*ri/iania4 ,!y pur*ase ! be/ procurable quality ( ! mo/ nutriti\s food1 prep>e x 9 a :olesome & palatable mann]1 & s5d x out f a c5tral kit*5 to ! sev]al prim>y s*ools ( ! city 9 su* quantities z are ne$$ to lib]ally supply ! dem&s4 ,! food is s]v$ hot 9 ! regul> lun* rooms absolutely free to all *ildr5 ^: p>5ts ask x & at fir/ co/ to o!rs4 ,?is "w 9 ,*ri/iania is typical ( ! provisions made 9 o!r cities b ! equipm5t1 & possibly ! sy/em ( di/ribution1 is sup]ior to t f\nd else:]e4 ,9 addition to ?is1 nutriti\s & easily dige/$ foods & dr9ks are provid$ at o!r s*ools & s]v$ at a mod]ate co/ 9 ! lun* rooms at /at$ h\rs 9 ! day4 ,?is latt] provision is g5]ally 9 *>ge ( ! family ( ! janitor ( ! build+ & is mo/ common 9 ! private & second>y s*ools to :i* ! previ\sly m5tion$ plan does n ext5d4 ,exp]im5t has demon/rat$ 9 our own l& t x is entirely practicable to provide at a m9imum co/ w>m1 well-cook$1 :olesome foods to ei!r supplem5t or replace ! cold indige/ible lun*es s commonly c>ri$ by s*ool *ildr54 ,! cities & t[ns enjoy few if any advantages ov] ! rural di/ricts 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! plan is workable & advisable1 & x %\ld be m commonly adopt$4 ,,comp>ative ,,atta9m5ts ,9 ! /udy ( ! s*ool sy/em ( ,norway x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! s*ool life & atta9m5ts ( ! pupils ) ^? ( ,am]ican *ildr54 ,x is true t until we h e/abli%$ norms = measur+ ! results ( education1 we _c make accurate /atem5ts reg>d+ ! relative /&+ ( pupils nor e/imate precisely _! accompli%m5ts4 ,h[ev]1 we are able to s+le out "s features ( importance & comp>e !m 9 a g5]al way4 ,x has be5 not$ t ! ,norwegian pupils beg9 s*ool at sev5 ye>s ( age1 :ile ! ,am]ican *ildr5 comm5ce at five or six4 ,_m prom95t educators believe t our ,am]ican *ildr5 />t to s*ool too "y4 ,!y are ( ! op9ion t _! developm5t1 physical & m5tal1 w\ld be bett] if !y did n beg9 =mal s*ool "w until at lea/ sev5 or eight ye>s ( age4 ,! great] physical developm5t ( ! ,norwegians1 due to _! lat] />t1 gives !m a di/9ct advantage4 ,_! bodily /r5g? & vigor supplem5t & aid _! m5tal gr[?4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,norway's successive grades ( s*ool to ! completion ( ! gymnasium requires twelve ye>s4 ,! same l5g? ( "t is us$ 9 rea*+ graduation f our ,am]ican high s*ool4 ,n[ x is g5]ally conc$$ t a graduate ( ! gymnasium 9 ,norway is two ye>s 9 advance ( a graduate ( ! ,am]ican high s*ool2 or 9 o!r words a /ud5t ent]+ ! univ]sity f ,norway's gymnasial c\rse has an education equival5t to t ( an individual ent]+ ! junior ye> ( "w 9 an ,am]ican college or univ]sity4 ,"s w\ld rank ! ,norwegian ev5 high] ?an ,i h "h sugge/$2 h[ev]1 only a v g5]al comp>ison c be made4 ,9 consid]ation ( ^! conditions ! "q arises3 ,h[ %all we acc\nt = ! fact t we use two extra ye>s 9 ord] to rea* approximately ! same /&>d8 ,x is recall$ t ! ,norwegian ent]+ s*ool at sev5 & progress+ at ! normal rate are ready = univ]sity "w at n9ete5 :ile ! ,am]icans beg9 two ye>s e>li] 9 ord] to rea* ! same atta9m5ts at ! same age4 ,if ! ,norwegian pupils accompli% z mu* 9 twelve ye>s1 beg9n+ at sev5 ye>s ( age1 z our ,am]ican *ildr5 d 9 f\rte5 ye>s1 comm5c+ at five1 %\ld we re/ satisfi$1 or %\ld we modify our sy/em s z to pr(it by _! exp]i5ce8 ,:y p]mit traditions or prec$5t to rob u ( *oice b5efits )9 our rea*8 ,aga91 ! /ud5ts ent]+ ! ,norwegian univ]sity are old] & m mature bo? physically & m5tally ?an are ours4 ,be+ old]1 _! habits ( life are m def9itely =m$1 & !y are bett] fitt$ to und]take ! responsibility ( self-direction4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by "s t we ext5d ! "w ( ! high s*ool 9 ord] to keep our *ildr5 "u p>5tal guidance until !y are suffici5tly mature to c>e = !mselves at less haz>d4 ,! c\rse pursu$ by ,norwegian pupils is uni=m = all until ! la/ two ye>s ( ! second>y s*ool1 :5 c]ta9 bran*es ( /udy may be *os5 = major att5tion4 ,:5 /ud5ts />t to ! univ]sity !y ent] imm$iately ^u specializ$ l9es ( "w & pursue !m to _! limits4 ,! ,am]ican pupils are privileg$ to elect a consid]able proportion ( _! second>y s*ool "w1 yet !y d n g5]ally specialize at all until _! junior ye> 9 college2 frequ5tly !y po/pone def9ite specialization until ! beg9n+ ( graduate c\rses4 ,fundam5tal social *>act]i/ics ent] into educational ideals1 & ea* nation1 v naturally1 develops a sy/em ( s*ools peculi>ly adapt$ to its ne$s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 g5]al und]ly+ pr9ciples :i* op]ate 9 all educational sy/ems & place !m on simil> bases2 !re are also c]ta9 features1 ess5tial 9 ! make-up ( ! individual sy/ems1 :i* are n common4 ,^! peculi> factors give di/9ctive "* to ! v>i\s sy/ems & are ( tell+ effect 9 det]m9+ _! excell5cies4 ,:e!r ^! special phases affect ! life & accompli%m5ts ( ! pupils1 ! nature ( _! "w1 ! managem5t ( s*ool affairs1 or o!r educational activities2 !y r5d] ! diff]5t sy/ems almo/ impossible ( comp>ison4 ,h[ev]1 !y are sugge/ive1 & frequ5tly !y may be modifi$ & us$ 9 improv+ ! sy/ems ( o!r c\ntries4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,in/ruction ,e successful tea*] pres5ts 8 subject 9 con=mity ) "s univ]sal pr9ciples ( me?od4 ,:ile ^! _c be me*anically sy/ematiz$ & us$ accord+ to un*ang+ rules1 !y =m a necess>y "p ( an in/ructor's equipm5t4 ,! tea*] :o kn[s ! subject & is ma/] ( ! te*nique ( in/ruction is sure ( success1 :ile ! "o )\t me?od w fail4 ,x seems t ! p$agogues ( ,norway h =m$ a happy comb9ation ( "s me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,!y appreciate ! value ( ! class meet+ & ) !m tea*+ goes on *iefly 9 :at we call ! recitation4 ,?is is ! tea*]'s po9t ( contact ) 8 pupils2 "h he meets !m face to face & m9d to m9d2 "h he succe$s or fails 9 8 function ( tea*+4#cd ,! excell5ce ( ! "w ( in/ruction 9 ,g]many has long be5 recogniz$4 ,t ! ,g]man tea*] tea*es is v g5]ally kn[n4 ,he transc5ds all texts & is an au?ority on ! subjects he pres5ts4 ,by p$agogic tra9+ he has be5 exalt$ to a place ( em95ce 9 8 pr(ession4 ,x is possible t !y ov]-emphasize ! "w ( ! in/ructor & neglect ! "p t pupils %\ld play4 ,9 ,am]ica v>i\s me?ods ( in/ruction are 9 use4 ,"o plan is to reg>d tea*] & pupils z coop]ators 9 activities :]e9 int]e/s are common4 ,! tea*]1 hav+ _h exp]i5ce1 ex]cises control & s]ves z *ief guide ?r\gh ! mo/ critical places 9 ! way ( progress4 ,s f> z possible ! pupils are enc\rag$ to ex]cise individual initiative & to become indep5d5t4 ,!y are n to be m]ely recipi5ts f ! tea*]'s va/ /ore ( k1 b ) him !y are to become g5u9e p>ticipators 9 ! _w's ?\ghts & activities4 ,ano!r plan 9 all too common use may be designat$ z ! text book me?od4 ,accord+ to x ! major portion ( in=mation comes f ! volum9\s1 logically develop$1 well-arrang$1 & some:at attractively pr9t$ & b\nd readable text4 ,! function ( ! tea*] is l>gely te/+ k ga9$ f books1 assign+ lessons 9 ! text1 supplem5t+ ! "w ( ! pupils f 8 own /ore or by ref]5ce to o!r works on ! subject1 & /imulat+ !m to e>ne/ ef=t 9 e possible way4 ,presid5t ,hall w\ld n reg>d ?is text book plan ( "w z v wor?y proc$ure4 ,he writes t "s tea*]s take "t tell+ pupils :at to d & te/+ to see if !y h done x4 ,b ?is is n tea*+2 b a device ( ignorance1 laz9ess1 or physical weakness1 or all comb9$4 ,! real tea*] tea*es & r$uces recitation to a m9imum4 ,:oev] has visit$ ! be/ cont95tal s*ools or /udi$ comp>atively su* national educational exhibitions z ^? ( ,/4 ,l\is mu/ h be5 acutely impress$ ) ! fact t we exhibit :at ! pupil does1 ,europe :at ! tea*] does4 ,"h he says1 ',g1 d ?is1 & prove to me t y h done x4' ,!re he says1 ',come1 let u /udy toge!r2 ,i "k & w in=m1 int]e/ & inspire y to g on4'#ce ,! in/ructors 9 ! s*ools ( ,norway are true tea*]s b !y d n rely :olly ^u _! own activity4 ,! text f9ds a place n s l>ge z 9 ,am]ican s*ools b ( "s consequ5ce4 ,! pupils are privileg$ to act on _! own initiative to "s ext5t ?\gh !y are n grant$ unlimit$ fre$om4 ,!y coop]ate ) ! tea*]s 9 _m l9es ( s*ool "w :]e !y f9d int]e/ & pr(it4 ,demon/ration is l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! tea*]s4 ,! te/+ ( lessons /udi$ is a common ex]cise ) !m1 & _! class h\rs are giv5 to int5sive activity 9 :i* e individual memb] is expect$ to be a p>ticipant & contributor4 ,!y1 l we 9 ,am]ica1 aim to suit in/ruction to pupils ( av]age ability r ?an to ! brighte/ z !y d 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,ef=t ,by ref]r+ to ! programs ( "w arrang$ = ! successive ye>s 9 ! s*ools ( ,norway1 "o readily sees t !re is b little v>iation 9 subjects ( /udy f ! fir/ grades ( ! prim>y s*ool to ! completion ( ! gymnasium4 ,! *ange ( greate/ importance is ! introduction ( =eign languages--,g]man & ,engli% ! fir/ & second ye>s 9 ! middle s*ools & ,fr5* ! fir/ ye> 9 ! gymnasium4 ,:5 ! *ild ent]s s*ool he beg9s subjects ( /udy :i* repres5t ! sev]al fields ( k4 ,! tea*+ aims to keep him 9 t\* ) ^! 9 ways adapt$ to 8 /age ( developm5t4 ,z ! pupil gr[s ! scope ( ea* subject enl>ges4 ,!y advance toge!r4 ,keep+ ! subject def9itely 9 m9d = a long "t t5ds to ! creation ( p]man5t int]e/s & at ! same "t makes possible its assimilation into ! v life ( ! le>n]4 ,x becomes vital & usable aft] be+ act$ ^u 9 ! v>i\s /ages & conditions ( life ?r\gh :i* ! *ild passes4 ,int]-relations & associations ) o!r subjects ( /udy & v>i\s phases ( life are affect$1 :i* give to x di/9ct values4 ,too (t5 we f9d 9 our own s*ools t hurri$ & int5sive /udy ( c]ta9 subjects does n create p]man5t int]e/s nor prove ( real wor?4 ,if natural =ces 9 ! *ild are recogniz$ & utiliz$ !y facilitate ! le>n+ process & make s*ool activities pr(itable & delightful4 ,x is a well atte/$ fact t at c]ta9 p]iods 9 ! psy*ological developm5t ( a *ild ma/]y ( special phases ( le>n+ is easy = him4 ,c\rses ( /udy & plans ( in/ruction %\ld be prep>$ 9 su* a way t ! diff]5t phases ( "w includ$ may be pres5t$ & /ress$ :ile ! nasc5t p]iod ( int]e/ is on4 ,we ,am]icans are giv5 to divid+ a subject into its sep>ate phases1 /udy+ !m consecutively = %ort p]iods ( "t1 & !n =gett+ !m4 ,! plan is wa/eful & unp$agogic4 ,note ! mann] 9 :i* we break up ! "w 9 ma!matics & 9 ! "m tongue4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r !re be a s+le valid argum5t favor+ su* practice4 ,! ,norwegians pres5t ma!matics z a s+le & compreh5sive subject4 ,! same is true 9 _! tea*+ ( ! "m tongue4 ,! plan is advantage\s f e view po9t4 ,x is c]ta9ly conducive to economy ( "t & effici5t results4 ,in/ead ( break+ up subjects ( in/ruction & isolat+ _! sev]al phases f ea* o!r1 we ought r to keep !m intact & set ab\t coord9at+ ! sev]al bran*es ( in/ruction z closely z possible4 ,education %\ld seek to associate & int]relate ! tru?s we obta9 & to organize our k into an effectual sy/em4 ,! =mation ( a compreh5sive curriculum1 ) arrangem5ts = its pres5tation 9 h>mony ) s\nd psy*ological & p$agogical pr9ciples1 is a matt] ( press+ importance4 ,:ile ! s*ool sy/ems ( ! pres5t are evid5tly sup]ior to :at any pa/ g5]ation has kn[n1 yet ! inve/igations ( psy*ologi/s & educationi/s /ress ! fact t 9 _m ways !y are weak & ineffici5t4 ,! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ ne$s ov]haul+ by ma/]s ) insight & =esight4 ,educational me?ods & pr9ciples :i* h be5 te/$ & prov5 wor?y %\ld be put into op]ation4 ,ea* nation %\ld devise & adopt ! mo/ p]fect educational sy/em possible1 & ?is !n %\ld be c>ri$ into execution by an army ( qualifi$ tea*]s responsive to ! call = truly consecrat$ s]vice4 ,,bibliography ,,books ,eri*s51 ,a4 ,e41 ,b]g]s ,ka!dralskoles ,hi/orie4 ,h]tzb]g1 ,n41 ,pa$agogisk5s ,hi/orie4 ,hol/1 ,axel1 ,skolehygi5e4 ,monroe1 ,w4 ,s41 ,9 ,vik+ ,l&4 ,norway3 ,its ,p1 ,its ,fjords & ,its ,fjelds4 ,paludan1 ,j41 ,det ,hoi]e ,skolevaes5 i ,danm>k1 ,norge og ,sv]ig4 ,salmons5s ,/ore1 ,illu/r]$e ,konv]sationsleksikon4 ,?ie/e1 ,j4 ,s*aan1 ,byskolelov5 m$ ,=kl>5de ,anm]kn+]4 ,?ie/e1 ,j4 ,s*aan1 ,l&skolelov5 m$ ,=kl>5de ,anm]kn+]4 ,,p]iodicals ,,& ,,reports ,&]ss51 ,otto1 ,fra ,norske ,skole=hold i #aijh1 ,vor ,ungdom1 #aiji4 ,&]ss51 ,otto1 ,fra ,norske ,skole=hold i #aiji1 ,vor ,ungdom1 #aiaj4 ,&]ss51 ,otto1 ,norwegis*es ,s*ulwes51 ,sond]abdruck aus ,w4 ,re9s ,encyklopadis*em ,h&bu* d] ,pdagogik1 #b4 ,auflage4 ,&]ss51 ,otto1 ,skol5 = ,skol5s ,opgav]4 ,&]ss51 ,otto1 ,! ,new ,laws = ! ,second>y ,s*ools 9 ,norway1 ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,gt4 ,brita91 #h3 #afh4 ,heib]g1 ,j4 ,v41 ,education 9 ,norway1 ,norway 7,(ficial ,publication = ! ,p>is ,exhibition #aijj71 pp4 #bff-bid4 ,niss51 ,h>tvig1 ,public ,in/ruction 9 ,norway1 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,education1 #h3 #bie-cjd4 ,norsk ,skoletid5de1 ,publi%$ s9ce #ahfi4 ,pogue1 ,belle ,c41 ,education & ,s*ools ( ,norway1 ,education1 #aj3 #dbj-dbd4 ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahga1 #ahgc1 #ahgh1 #ahha1 #ahhb-c1 #ahhe-f1 #ahhh-i1 #ahhi-ij1 #ahia-b1 #ahid-e1 #ahif-g1 #ahig-h1 #aijb1 #aijc1 #aijf1 #aiaj4 ,skolebladet1 ,publi%$ s9ce #ahih4 ,?ornton1 ,j4 ,s41 ,s*ools ,public & ,private 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe1 ,special ,reports on ,educational ,subjects1 ,great ,brita91 #ag3 #cf-fe4 ,vold1 ,j4 ,m\rly1 ,report ( ,royal ,commission ( ,second>y ,education1 ,great ,brita91 #e3 #fdj-fdd4 ,,(ficial ,,publications ,b]etn+ om ,skolevaes5ets til/& i ,kong]iget ,norge4 ,ye>ly s9ce #ahfa4 ,=slag til en =&ret ,ordn+ af d5 hi]e ,alm5skole af d5 v$ kgl4 ,resolutions af #c die ,septemb] #ahij n$satte ,kommission4 ,gymnasiet3 ,lov om hi]e ,alm5skol]2 ,reglem5t = de hi]e ,alm5skol]2 ,und]visn+ssplan2 ,eksam5sreglem5t2 #aiaa4 ,lov af #i;de ,june #aijc om =&ret ,prv] v$ ,univ]sitetet4 ,lov om abnrme ,brns ,und]visn+4 ,lov om beh&l+ af =smte ,brn4 ,lov om det ,kongelige ,fr$]iks ,univ]sitet4 ,lov om ,folkeskol5 i ,kjb/a$]ne4 ,lov om ,folkeskol5 paa ,l&et4 ,lov om hi]e ,alm5skol]4 ,lov om ,la]]skol] og ,prv] = ,la]]e og ,la]]9d] i ,folkeskol54 ,middelskol53 ,lov om hi]e ,alm5skol]2 ,reglem5t = de hi]e ,alm5skol]2 ,und]visn+splan2 ,eksam5sreglem5t4 #aiaa4 ,na]m]e ,be/emmels] angaa5de de (f5tlige ,la]]skol] og ,la]]prv]4 ,norwege3 ,lois sur ,l',enseignem5t ,public4 ,odel/h+s ,proposition ,nr4 #cf 7#aiji7 om =&r+] i ,lov om hi]e ,alm5skol] av #bg;de ,juli #ahif4 ,odel/h+ ,proposition ,nr4 #ab 7#aiaj73 ,a4 ,om =&r+] i lov om hi]e ,alm5skol] av #bg;de ,juli #ahif4 ,b4 ,om =&r+ i lov om =b]$5de prv] v$ ,univ]sitet av #i;de ,juni #aijc4 ,reglem5t = ,a>sprv]1 ,middelskole-eksam51 og ,eksam5 ,artium4 ,reglem5t = de hi]e ,alm5skol] og ,und]visn+splan = ,middelskol51 #aijc4 ,reglem5t = d5 v$ ,lov af #ah de ,janu> #aijb anordn$e ,optagelsesprve v$ ,la]]skol]ne4 ,reglem5t = det ,pa$agogiske ,sem9> og ,pa$agogisk ,eksam54 ,/ati/isk ,a>bok = ,kong]iket ,norge4 ,ye>ly4 ,sor?+s ,proposition ,nr4 #a1 ,hov$po/ ,v4 7#aiaj7 om bevilgn+ til det hi]e ,skolevaes54 ,und]visn+splan = ,gymnasiet1 #aijc4 ,univ]sitets-og ,skole-,annal]4 ,ye>ly4 ,,index ,age ( pupils1 #dd-di2 complet+ second>y s*ools1 #dh2 on ent]+ ! univ]sity1 #dh2 9 tea*]s' sem9>ies1 #di4 ,age ( tea*]s1 #di4 ,agriculture1 #bd4 ,am]ica ( int]e/ to ! ,norwegians1 #agc4 ,app>atus1 #ade-adf4 ,a/ronomy1 #agg4 ,att5dance at s*ool1 #ed1 #gg4 ,au?ority1 #ahi4 ,c]tificates1 #hj4 ,c5tralization ( au?ority1 #aia4 ,*ri/iania's c5tral kit*51 #ge1 #gf4 ,*ri/ianity e/abli%$1 #bj4 ,*ur* & /ate unit$1 #aae1 #ahd4 ,classes1 size (1 #dj4 ,classics1 9 ,am]ica1 #bjd2 9 ,g]many1 #bjd2 _! decl9e1 #bjb4 ,climate1 effects (1 #ahc4 ,co-education1 #dj1 #baj-bad2 9 ,am]ica1 #baa-bac2 9 ,g]many1 #baa4 ,cook+1 #adh4 ,co-ord9ation1 betwe5 grades1 #adi2 betwe5 subjects1 #afb2 ( educational ag5cies1 #ahf4 ,correlation1 #bbc2 betwe5 s*ools #ahi1 #aij4 ,c\rse ( /udy1 #eg1 #if-aha1 #aig-bjg1 #bji1 #bah1 #bai2 aim (1 #adh2 *anges 91 #ig2 developm5t (1 #ig-aja1 #bbb1 #bbc2 dur+ middle ages1 #if2 l+ui/ic-hi/orical1 #ca2 ,lat91 #ca2 real1 #ca2 second>y1 #aga2 suit$ to p s]v$1 #bai2 uni=mity (1 #aih4 ,defective *ildr51 #ahf4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,ecclesia/ical & ,educational ,affairs1 #ea4 ,del9qu5ts1 m5tal1 #ahg2 moral1 #ahg4 ,diocesan directors1 #eb4 ,discipl9e 9 s*ool1 #gf1 #gg4 ,di/ribution ( s*ools1 #cd1 #ce4 ,draw+1 #adf1 #adg4 ,educational commission1 #eb4 ,educational atta9m5ts1 ,norway & ,am]ica comp>$1 #baf-bai2 "t requir$1 #bag1 #bah4 ,educational au?ority1 #ahh4 ,educational equipm5t1 ,norway & ,am]ica comp>$1 #di1 #ej4 ,educational requirem5ts1 #bg1 #cd2 p>5ts held responsible =1 #ee4 ,educational /&>ds1 #ed1 #ee4 ,educational sy/em1 #ahd1 #ahh4 ,electives1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,engli%1 #aef1 #agb1 #agc2 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 #agc2 its gramm>1 #aef2 l5g? ( c\rse1 #agc2 me?ods 91 #aef4 ,exam5 artium1 #ca4 ,exam9ations1 uni=mity 91 #ahh4 ,exceptional *ild1 #ahf4 ,eyesight1 #gg1 #gh4 ,fi%]ies1 #bd4 ,fr5*1 #afh-agj2 difficulties 9 /udy (1 #agj2 l5g? ( c\rse1 #afi4 ,geography1 #abi-acd1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agg2 aim 91 #abi1 #aei2 me?ods ( pres5t+1 #acj-acc2 ( ,am]ica1 #acc2 texts1 #aei4 ,g]man1 #aed1 #aee1 #afg1 #afh2 au?ors /udi$1 #afh2 me?ods 91 #aee4 ,gramm>1 #aec1 #aed1 #aef4 ,gymnasium1 #ajj1 #afc-aha1 #bjg-baj4 ,gymna/ic halls1 #fi4 ,gymna/ics1 #fi1 #gj1 #gd1 #ge1 #adh1 #bjd-bjf2 app>atus1 #adh2 dur+ int]missions1 #fi1 #gj2 ,sw$i% sy/em (1 #ge4 ,hall1 ,g4 ,s41 #ahi1 #aij4 ,h>old1 ! ,fair-,hair$1 #ai4 ,heal? ( pupils1 #gg1 #gh1 #adh1 #bje4 ,hi/ory1 #ai1 #acd-aci1 #aef-aeh1 #agd-agg2 aim (1 #acd1 #ach2 beg9n+s 91 #acd2 me?ods 91 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agf2 ( ,norway1 #agf2 nature ( "w 91 #aeg2 relat$ to geography1 #ace2 /ories1 #acd1 #ace1 #ach4 ,h\ses = janitors1 #gj2 = pr9cipals1 #gj2 = tea*]s 9 ! rural di/ricts1 #gj1 #ga4 ,ideals ( ! p1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,illu/rative mat]ials1 #ff4 ,imitation1 law (1 #hb4 ,indu/rial tra9+1 #adg1 #adh4 ,indu/ries & occupations1 #bd4 ,infant s*ools1 #ec4 ,int]missions1 #fi1 #gj4 ,laboratories1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi4 ,lat91 #agc-agd1 #bjb2 c\rses 91 #afg2 l5g? ( c\rse 91 #agd2 me?ods 91 #agd4 ,libr>ies1 #fg1 #fh4 ,lumb]+1 #bd4 ,lun*es1 #ge1 #gf1 #bae1 #baf4 ,lun* rooms1 #fi2 9 ,*ri/iania1 #bae1 #baf4 ,lu!r1 influ5ce (1 on education1 #ahd4 ,lu!ran *ur*1 #aad1 #aae4 ,managem5t ( s*ools1 #ahh-aia4 ,manual tra9+1 #adg1 #adh4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r's influ5ce 9 education1 #ahd4 ,ma!matics1 #abe-abi1 #afj1 #agh1 #agi1 #bbc2 aim 91 #abe2 connection betwe5 phases ( ! subject1 #afj2 co-ord9ation 91 #abh2 me?ods 91 #abh1 #abi2 texts 91 #abi2 ?or\ghness 91 #afj2 use (1 #abh4 ,m$ical inspection1 #gg1 #gh4 ,m5tal del9qu5cy1 #ahg4 ,me?ods1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #hb1 #hc1 #bai-bbb2 9 ,g]man1 #aee2 9 hi/ory1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agf2 9 "m tongue1 #aah1 #aai2 9 nature /udy1 #adj2 9 religion1 #afc1 #afd1 #bjj4 ,middle s*ool1 #ca1 #cb1 #ajj1 #adi-afb2 its aim1 #adi1 #aej2 its f\ndation1 #adi2 l5g? ( c\rse 91 #adi1 #aej2 its limits1 #adi2 "w (1 #ca1 #cb4 ,moral del9qu5ts1 prev5tion & c>e (1 #ahg4 ,"m tongue1 #aah-abd1 #aeb-aed1 #afd-afg2 aim on in/ruction 91 #aah2 correct use (1 #abc2 9 ,am]ica1 #abd2 inclusiv5ess ( "w 91 #abc1 #abd2 me?ods 91 #aah1 #aai2 nature ( "w 91 #aff1 #afg4 ,natural hi/ory1 #agi-aha2 laboratory "w 91 #ahj1 #aha4 ,nature /udy1 #aci-adf1 #afa1 #afb1 #agi-aha2 aim (1 #aci2 illu/rative mat]ial 91 #adj-adf2 "*1 #afa1 #afb2 laboratory "w 91 #ahj1 #aha2 me?ods 91 #adj2 scope (1 #aci4 ,norway1 adopts con/itution1 #bj2 area (1 #bb2 becomes indep5d5t1 #bb2 climate (1 #bc2 developm5t (1 #bj1 #ahc2 geography (1 #bb2 hi/ory (1 #ai2 nights 91 #bd2 p]iod ( transition 91 #ahc2 political divisions (1 #bb2 revolt (1 #bj2 its union ) ,d5m>k1 #bj2 its union ) ,sw$51 #bj4 ,normal s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aic1 #aid4 ,norwegians1 *>act]i/ics (1 #be1 #bf1 #bg2 z coloniz]s1 #bj2 z sailors1 #be2 cons]vative1 #ahd1 #ahe2 democratic1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ,obs]vation & practice1 #hc1 #hd4 ,occupations1 #bd4 ,(fices1 #fg1 #fh4 ,(ficials1 duties (1 #ahh2 effici5cy (1 #ahi4 ,organization1 ne$$ 9 ,am]ica1 #ahi4 ,paganism ov]come1 #bj4 ,p$agogical sem9>y1 #hd1 #he1 #ahe1 #aic1 #aie4 ,p5sions1 #ib1 #ic4 ,p1 ideals (1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,p]man5cy ( tea*+ positions1 #hg-hi2 advantages (1 #hg2 objections to1 #hh2 pres5t t5d5cies ) ref]5ce to1 #hi4 ,physical culture1 #bjd-bjg4 ,physician1 #gg1 #gh4 ,physical geography1 #agg4 ,political geography1 #agg4 ,practice tea*+1 #hc1 #hd4 ,private citiz5s1 _! "p 9 s*ool affairs1 #fa1 #fb4 ,prim>y education1 #eb4 ,private in/itutions1 #ha4 ,private s*ools1 #db-dd1 #ed1 #ahf2 equipm5t (1 #dc2 inspection (1 #dc2 recognition (1 #dd2 second>y1 #ahf2 tea*]s' sem9>ies1 #ahf2 te*nical in/itutes1 #ahf2 tuition 91 #dc4 ,prim>y s*ools1 #cf-ci1 #ahe2 att5dance 91 #cf-ci2 c\rse ( /udy 91 #ajb1 #ajd1 #ajf2 curriculum 91 #ii2 rural & city1 #aja2 _! f9anc+1 #fb4 ,pr(essional tra9+1 #cc1 #gi-he1 #aid1 #aie2 am\nt (1 #aid1 #aie2 attitude t[>d1 #aid2 /&>ds (1 #cc4 ,promotion ( tea*]s1 #aih4 ,pupils1 9 gymnasia1 #dj2 9 l[] s*ools1 #dj2 9 middle s*ools1 #dj4 ,recitation1 me?od (1 #gb1 #d4 ,religion1 #ajh-aag4 ,religi\s *>act]s1 #aad4 ,religi\s education1 #aae-aag1 #aea1 #aeb1 #afc1 #afd1 #aii-bjb2 advantages (1 #aaf2 excus$ f1 #aag2 loss ( int]e/ 91 #afc1 #afd2 me?ods 91 #afc1 #afd1 #bjj2 objection to1 #aaf1 #aag2 requir$1 #aaf2 results (1 #aae-aag4 ,royal ,fr$]ic ,univ]sity1 #cb4 ,s*ools1 agricultural1 #cc2 ambulatory1 #bi2 ca!dral1 #cj2 communal1 #fc2 elem5t>y1 #bj1 #cj2 gymnasial1 #cj2 ma9ta9$ by indu/rial conc]ns1 #ec2 middle1 #cj2 milit>y1 #cc2 peoples'1 #bh2 /ate1 #fc2 te*nical1 #cc2 _! di/ribution1 #cd1 #ce4 ,s*ool bo>ds1 committees (1 #ef2 (fic]s (1 #ef2 organization (1 #ee1 #ef4 ,s*ool build+s1 appo9tm5t & equipm5t (1 #fd-fi2 con/ruction (1 #bje4 ,s*ool committees1 appo9t$ by bo>d1 #ef2 duties (1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei4 ,s*ool curriculum1 #aig-bjg4 ,s*ool discipl9e1 #gf1 #gg4 ,s*ool di/ricts1 #ec4 ,s*ool funds1 #fb4 ,s*ool gr\nds1 #bje4 ,s*ool life1 9 ,norway1 #bag1 #bah2 9 ,am]ica1 #bag1 #bah4 ,s*ool physician1 #gg1 #gh4 ,s*ool pr9cipal1 #fj2 duties (1 #fj1 #fa4 ,s*ool room decoration1 #fg4 ,s*ool sy/em1 its developm5t1 #aig4 ,s*ool ye>1 #ed1 #ee2 comp>$ ) ,am]ican1 #ej2 l5g? (1 #bh2 9 ,am]ica1 #bad4 ,second>y s*ools1 #eb1 #adi1 #ahe2 select /ronge/ pupils1 #adi4 ,sew+1 #adh4 ,special classes = defectives1 #ahf4 ,special tea*]s1 #hj4 ,specialization 9 univ]sity1 #ea4 ,/&>ds ( "w1 #aij4 ,sup]9t5d5t1 #fj1 #he2 duties (1 #fj4 ,tea*]s1 attitude t[>d y\?1 #hc2 c]tificates1 #hj2 life (1 #aie-aig2 rooms =1 #fg1 #fh2 sal>ies (1 #fc1 #ia-ie2 sex (1 #ga1 #gb2 special consid]ations1 #ia1 #ib2 _! t5ure ( (fice1 #ga1 #gb4 ,tea*]'s qualifications1 #gi1 #hj1 #adf1 #aif2 improvem5t (1 #aif2 9 second>y s*ools1 #gi1 #hj4 ,tea*]s' sem9>ies1 #hc1 #aic2 att5dance at1 #db2 curricula 91 #hb2 private1 #da2 weaknesses (1 #hc2 "w (1 #ha4 ,tea*]s' t5ure ( (fice1 #hf-ia2 9 ,am]ica1 #hi4 ,tea*]s' titles1 #he-hf2 significance (1 #hf2 use (1 #hf4 ,tea*]s' tra9+1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #aia-aie2 = second>y s*ools1 #he2 9 ,g]many1 #aib-aic4 ,tea*+ z a pr(ession1 9 ,norway1 #gi1 #hj2 its value1 #aif4 ,te*nical s*ools1 #ahe4 ,vik+s1 #ai4 ,vocal music1 9 ,am]ica1 #bjg2 its influ5ce1 #bjf2 ,napoleon on1 #bjf2 nature (1 9 ,norway1 #adg4 ,writ+1 #adf4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,con/itution 7,grundlov7 adopt$ at ,eidsvold1 ,norway1 ,may #ag1 #ahad4 #b ,/ati/ics = #aijg--! la/ publi%$4 #c ,! law requires ! op5+ ( resid5ces hav+ suffici5t room = ! accommodation ( ^! gr\ps ( pupils = in/ructional purposes4 ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #da4 #d ,law = ,high] ,/ate ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #b4 #e ,/ati/ics = #aijg4 #f ,law = ,city ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #e1 z am5d$ on ,augu/ #ae1 #aijh4 #g ,s*ools und]tak+ educational "w ( ?is "* mu/ meet specifi$ /&>ds 9 c\rse ( /udy1 equipm5t1 tea*+ /aff1 etc41 to h _! "w accr$it$ by ! /ate4 #h ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 /ate & communal s*ools consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 ! "o case ! /ate & 9 ! o!r a commune takes ! initial /ep 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! s*ool & be>s ! l>g] portion ( ! burd5 9 its ma9t5ance4 ,! "w ( ! two is uni=m 9 e p>ticul>4 ,!y are toge!r ref]r$ to z /ate s*ools 9 contra/ to private s*ools4 #i ,law = ,city ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #bh z revis$ 9 #aijh4 ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #bf z revis$ 9 #aijh4 #aj ,"s are always appo9t$ f outside ! city ( ,*ri/iania4 #aa ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #db4 #ab ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #e4 #ac ,ga!r$ f ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sections #e1 #ae1 #af1 #ef1 #eg1 & #ei4 #ad ,9 communes :]e ! numb] ( regul> tea*+ positions 9 ! prim>y s*ools is fifte5 or ov]1 ( :i* at lea/ five are positions = females1 "o male & "o female tea*] occupy+ regul> po/s are *os54 ,9 communes :]e ! numb] ( positions is "u fifte51 "o male or female tea*] occupy+ a regul> po/ is *os54 ,:]e a male & a female tea*] are to be *os51 ! elections take place 9 sep>ate meet+s ( ! male & ! female tea*]s1 ea* select+ its repres5tative2 9 ! o!r communes election takes place 9 a common meet+4 ,election is = two ye>s4 ,! meet+s are conduct$ by ! *airman ( ! s*ool bo>d4 ,s*ools provid$ & su/a9$ by ! own]s ( indu/rial conc]ns )9 ! communes may ea* be repres5t$ 9 ! meet+s ( ! s*ool bo>d1 by an own] ( su* e/abli%m5t1 :ile matt]s p]ta9+ to ! s*ool 9 :i* he is int]e/$ are be+ consid]$4 ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #dg4 #ae ,! law provides t !re %all be on ! s*ool bo>d a prie/ = ea* pa/orate )9 ! commune1 ?\gh n to exce$ ?ree4 ,9 all cases ( necessity ! bi%op hav+ direction ( *ur* affairs 9 ! locality appo9ts ! m9i/]ial memb]s ( ! bo>d4 ,_! appo9tm5ts are = ?ree ye>s4 #af ,! executive bo>d ( ! communal c\ncil ea* ye> elects "o ( its memb]s to act on ! s*ool bo>d = "o ye>4 #ag ,9 cities :]e ! numb] ( regul> tea*+ positions is fifte5 or m !re are elect$ "o male & "o female tea*]2 & 9 cities :]e ! numb] ( regul> tea*+ positions is less ?an fifte51 b at lea/ five1 "o male or "o female tea*]4 ,9 cases :]e two tea*]s are elect$1 ! sexes sep>ate1 ea* select+ its own repres5tative2 b :]e only "o is elect$ !y all meet toge!r & *oose "o ( _! numb]4 ,election is = two ye>s4 ,! meet+s are conduct$ by ! *airman ( ! s*ool bo>d4 ,! above notes are f3 ,law = ,city ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #dj4 #ah ,law = ,rural ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #ae4 ,a cr[n is equal to ab\t tw5ty-sev5 c5ts4 #ai ,law = ,second>y ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #cc4 #bj ,report$ 9 #aije z already effective or to become effective imm$iately4 #ba ,ye> #aije4 #bb ,ye> #aiaj-aiaa4 #bc ,law = ,city ,s*ools1 ,sec4 #d4 #bd ,an organization provid+ a s]ies ( weekly lectures by m5 ( prom95ce f v>i\s places1 = ! populace & especially adapt$ to ! work+ classes4 #be ,! c\rse ) ,lat9 includes #d h\rs ( ,fr5* 9 ! fir/ ye> & #e h\rs 9 ! second2 ! real c\rse (f]s x #d h\rs 9 ! fir/ ye>1 & #b h\rs 9 ! second & ?ird ye>s4 #bf ,a s*ool law pass$ 9 #ahif omitt$ ,lat9 f ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,ano!r act ( ! same ,/or?+ grant$ privilege ( (f]+ ,lat9 z an elective 9 sev]al s*ools4 #bg ,hall1 ,g4 ,/anley1 ,educational ,problems4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bid4 #bh ,plato1 ,! ,republic1 p4 #dbd4 #bi ,bolton1 ,f4 ,e41 ,! ,second>y ,s*ool ,sy/em ( ,g]many1 #cge4 #cj ,report ( ,bureau ( ,education1 #ahia-ahib1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #hjg4 #ca ,special ,report1 ,no4 #b1 #ahhc4 #cb ,report ( ,commission] ( ,education1 #ahgh1 p4 #ga4 #cc ,:e?am1 ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 & ,c4 ,d41 ,decad5ce & ,civilization1 ,! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,x4 ,no4 #a4 #cd ,betts1 ,g4 ,h41 ,! ,recitation1 p4 #b4 #ce ,hall1 ,g4 ,/anley1 ,educational ,problems1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bie4