---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes 99 ,:]e ! orig9al "w uses text 9 italics or bold face1 ?is e-text uses text & text1 respectively4 ,small caps 9 ! orig9al "w are repres5t$ "h 9 all capitals4 ,subscripts are repres5t$ z subscript4 99 ,ditto m>ks are left d\ble quotes 9 ! orig9al "w & h be5 reta9$4 99 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ to directly bel[ ! p>agraph to :i* !y belong4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,ga!r+ ,,corkwood ,,cork3 ,its ,orig9 & ,indu/rial ,uses ,,by ,,gilb]t ,e4 ,,/e*] ,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company #be ,,p>k ,,place #aiad ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company ,,preface ,?is monograph is n an attempt to put be=e ! read+ public a sci5tific exposition ( ! m]its & qualities ( ! ,qu]cus ,sub] or ,qu]cus ,lib] 7,l9nu71 & c>ry x up into ! heights ( le>n+ :]e none b ! le>n$ may g2 b to set =? 9 z concise a mann] z possible1 ! pla9 /ory ( ! corkwood /opp] s well kn[n to all4 ,! corkwood z se5 9 ! /opp] & 9 _m o!r articles ( trade1 has long be5 ( s]vice to man1 & rema9$ unnotic$ 9 j\rnals ( sci5ce1 b = a ^w "h & !re--& 9 try+ to acqua9t myself ) its g5]alities1 f\nd x mo/ difficult to get ev5 ^!4 ,?is r impress$ me z be+ s+ul>1 a mat]ial s l>gely us$ & s little to its cr$it1 9 lit]ature1 t ,i press$ my inve/igations only to f9d t ! f>!r ,i se>*$ ! less ,i f\nd4 ,! few facts glean$ 7 ( int]e/1 & x occurr$ to me to put !m toge!r 9 "s readable =m1 = future ref]5ce4 ,b z ,i reflect$ ^u ! unsuccessful attempt to get in=mation1 :i* 0 made 9 behalf ( my /udies1 ,i promptly decid$ to g into ! subject deep en\gh to cov] all ! facts & ! result is ?is monograph--,qu]cus ,sub]-- ,x is pres5t$ ) ! hope t x w help o!rs :o seek a k ( corkwood & is only int5d$ z a rsum ( a v int]e/+ subject4 ,i h endeavor$ to give cr$it to ^? to :om x is due & (f] my results z a tribute to a mat]ial t /&s 9 a class wor?y ( ! sci5ti/s' z well z ! comm]ciali/s' e/eem4 ,g4 ,e4 ,,/e*]4 ,june #ae1 #aiad4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,qu]cus ,sub] 7,cork7 #c ,qu]cus ,lib] 7,l9nu7 #e ,cork #g ,orig9 #i ,includ+ ! t]ritory ( gr[? & attempts to transplant ! se$4 ,! ,tree & ,gr[? #ab ,diseases #af ,/ripp+ #ag ,botany & ,*emi/ry #bb ,includ+ compression diagram4 ,uses & ,application #ci ,sub/itutes #ec ,manufacture #ee ,raw /ock4 ,sort+4 ,/opp] mak+4 ,cork ,disc mak+4 ,wa/e utilization4 ,ext5t ( ! ,manufactur+ ,indu/ry #ga ,app5dix #gf ,,cork3 ,its ,orig9 & ,indu/rial ,uses ,,qu]cus ,,sub]-- 8,,cork0 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ?is monograph treats has become ( d\ble int]e/ because ( its %r\d$ my/]y1 :i* has nev] be5 pi]c$ to ! ext5t ( giv+ ! _w a complete & compreh5sive /ory4 ,! my/icism does n encompass its utility & g5]al uses nor its native l&1 z ^! are well kn[n1 b is m associat$ ) its "*1 composition & *emical makeup4 ,its uses may be trac$ f> back into ! mi/y pa/ t is dim to u1 b f ! fa9t scroll ( hi/ory looms up 9 ! m9d's eye z an epo* t we may h be5 glad to "k1 & al?\gh ! ref]5ces are few1 by c>efully analyz+ !m we may glean some:at ( its l9eage4 ,! arcana att5d+ x h be5 reveal$ to a few1 :o no d\bt1 ?r\gh curiosity1 h endeavor$ to p5etrate its obscurity1 b un=tunately h n writt5 ext5sively ^u ! subject1 in/ead leav+ a meag] memor&um ( _! f9d+s4 ,! ye>s ( its use h giv5 v little k ( x to u1 ! reason p]haps be+ ! lack ( competition & !re=e no necessity = a close scrut9y to f9d additional qualities to recomm5d x above o!rs4 ,& an additional my/]y is t x has be5 9 use = s _m ye>s & s little said ab\t x4 ,its lat5t qualities h my/ifi$ ^? :o h h&l$ x = ye>s1 & f !m we c le>n v little2 s x w be ( int]e/ to p]use practically all t has be5 writt51 incorporat$ 9 ?is treatise1 ) ! addition ( ! late/ inve/igations ^u ! subject4 ,to pres5t ?is 9 a =m :i* w give cr$it to ! small b au?oritative ref]5ces & place !m 9 _! prop] ord]1 toge!r ) o!r rec5t data1 0 no small task1 & 9 pres5t+ ! total matt] 9 concise /yle meant ! we$+ out ( all extrane\s language or sup]flu\s description4 ,9 consid]+ ?is mat]ial1 x may be well to />t ) a few precursory rem>ks z to ! etymology ( ! words by :i* x has be5 designat$ 9 ! pa/ & is n[ kn[n1 z by s do+ x w convey a bett] und]/&+ ( ! mat]ial to foll[4 ,,qu]cus ,,lib] 7,l9nu7 ,! above "n is ! true "o ( ! mat]ial "u discussion & is d]iv$ f ! ,lat94 ,qu]cus2 ,italian or escul5t oak sacr$ to ,jupit]4 ,lib]2 b9d+ or surr\nd+2 h5ce surr\nd+ ( ! oak or b>k ( ! oak1 sacr$ to ,jupit]4 8,,qu]cus ,,sub]0 ,?is1 its def9ite "n1 und\bt$ly convey$ "s p>ticul> mean+ to ! anci5ts1 b rese>* fails to reveal any def9ition ( ! ^w 8,sub]40#a 8,! ^w is s f> a puzzle to philologi/s4 ,=cell9i 9 8 great diction>y ( ,lat9 says t x is p]haps connect$ ) ! ,greek ^w 7 suph>71 :i* means #8an old wr9kl$ sk91 z1 = in/ance1 ! ca/-(f sk9 ( a snake4' ,if ?is d]ivation be s\nd1 ! ,romans1 9 us+ ! ^w1 ?\ght at ! outset prim>ily ( ! r\gh b>k ( ! tree & !n ( ! tree z a :ole4 ,=cell9i quotes also an op9ion ( ,isidorus ,hispal5sis ^u ! long] =m ( #8,sub]1' i4e41 ,sub]ies1 to ! effect t ?is =m is d]iv$ f #8sus' 7sw9e7 & #8edo' 7eat7 because sw9e eat ! acorns4 ,b ?is is a purely popul> etymology4 ,i f9d too t ,scalig] d]iv$ x f ! v]b #8,subio' #8to come up f bel[' because cork w n /ay d[n 9 wat]4 ,vaniek1 9 8 ,etymologis*es ,wrt]bu*1 classes #8,sub]' among ! dunkel words1 & 9 ! new & mo/ elaborate ,hi/oris*e ,grammatic ( ,/olz ! ^w is n m5tion$ at all 9 ! treatm5t ( roots4 ,ev5 ,otto ,kell] 9 8 "w on ,etymologies has no?+ to say ab\t x40 #a ,lett] f ,pr(4 ,nelson ,g4 ,mc,crea ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,june #ab1 #aiaj1 to writ]4 8,,cork0 ,?is "n is z mu* ( a my/]y z ! ^w 8,sub]0 & its orig9 c only be guesswork4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ] x is ! broad5+ ( ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w 8,qu]cus0 & has no be>+ ^u its usage1 composition or l9eage4 ,"s diction>ies give o!r d]ivations1 su* z ! mutilation ( ! ,spani% 8,cor*o0 or ! ,fr5* 8,calk10 & o!rs t x is tak5 f ! ,lat9 ,cortex1#b mean+ ! out] %ell or husk1 ! ext]nal "p1 b !y d n pres5t any conv9c+ argum5t4 #b ,accord+ to 8,spani% ,diction>y0 ( ,lopes et ,b5sley2 ,cortex3 8,la ,p>te ext]ior del ,arbol40 ,arbol 9 botany mean+ 8a tree40 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w 8cork0 z appli$ to-day is d]iv$ f ! ,arabic 8,kalafa10 to /op ! seams ( %ips2 ! ,lat9 8,/ipo10 to suppress2 ! ,fr5*1 8,calfeutr]10 to /op4 ,b ^! d n be> ^u ! orig9 ( ! ^w 8cork10 z 9 all probability ! ^w 0 co9$ indep5d5t ( ^! s\rces1 b z we apply ! ^w to a def9ite act1 t ( 8/opp+10 ! def9ition z giv5 above is applicable1 al?\gh ! prop] "n w\ld be 8/opp]10 reg>dless ( :at mat]ial x is made4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t ! ^w 8cork0 is a ,lat9 phonetic abbreviation1 = x appe>s to be ! only logical root = ! ^w4 ,! cork tree is call$ 8,alcornoque0 9 ,ca/ilian language2 ,surn 9 ,ca/alan2 ,sobreiro1 ,gallician2 ,suvi y ,si\re 9 prov9cialism2 ,*ne ,lige 9 ,fr5*2 ,keonge f]nam or only f]nam1 9 ,argel9e2 ,kork-baum or ,korkei*e 9 ,g]man2 &1 z be=e /at$1 cork 9 ,engli%4#c #c ,consul ,s*5ck's ,report4 ,,orig9 ,! /udy ( its orig9 leads u to t romantic "p ( ! _w bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea f :i* we h already receiv$ s mu* 9 all bran*es4 ,! cork-produc+ c\ntry practically cov]+ ! :ole ( ,portugal sweep+ t[>d ! ,ea/ ?r\gh ! s\!rn di/ricts kn[n z ,&alusia & ,e/remadura1 !nce nor!a/1 embrac+ ?\s&s ( acres ( =e/s 9 ,catalonia4 ,spa9 & ,portugal divid+ honors among ! nations 9 ! annual yield ( raw mat]ial1 ) p]haps ! advantage lean+ slightly to ! latt]4#d ,?is be+ p>tly due to increas$ area1 no d\bt1 z ! geographical situation is ! same b ) ! irrigation feature slightly 9 favor ( ,spa91 z ?r\gh ! corkwood c\ntry fl[s ! ,guadalquivir ,riv] 9 addition to ! ?ree :i* also pass ?r\gh ,portugal1 consi/+ ( ! ,d\ro1 ,tagus & ,guadiana 9 ! we/1 & ! ,ebro 9 ! ,g]ona di/rict4 #d ,arm/rong ,cork ,co4's pamphlet4 ,tunis & ,alg]ia#e rank next 9 importance ) ,s\!rn ,france1 includ+ ,corsica foll[+ closely4 ,italy 7,tuscany7 too ) ! help ( ,s>d9ia & ,sicily cont9u+ to be q a factor 9 meet+ ! dem& = ! crude mat]ial1 :ile across ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt> ! sun-scor*$ =e/s ( ,morocco at ,el-arai% are z yet undevelop$1 al?\gh rapidly be+ press$ into s]vice4 #e ,!re are l>ge =e/s ( cork on ! ,fr5* ,colony ( ,alg]ia1 p>ticul>ly on an e/ate grant$ by ! ,emp]or ,napoleon ,,iii to ,m4 le duc de ,montebello4--,h4 ,g4 ,,glasspoole4 ,! geographical =mation ( ,portugal is extremely favorable = ! re>+ ( cork trees1 e evid5ce ( ?is *>act]i/ic be+ well m>k$ by ! d5sely ?ick gr\ps ( cork trees to be se5 9 c]ta9 regions1 especially 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,tagus & ! ,si]ra de ,portalegre prov9ces ( ,alemtejo & ,alg>ve1 :i* are ! *ief be>+ c5t]s ( ?is c\ntry1#f ! area devot$ to _! cultivation be+ approximately #cff1jjj hect>es4 #f ,*amb]s ,j\rnal4 ,9 ,spa9 x is f\nd 9 ! ,prov9ces ( ,g]ona1 ,cac]es1 ,&alusia1 ,huelvas1 ,seville1 ,cadiz1 ,ciudad ,real1 ,malaga1 ,cordoba & ,tol$o 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,accord+ to a calculation made by ! adm9i/ration ( =e/s ! ext5t ( cork =e/s 9 ,spa9 is ab\t #bee1jjj hect>es1#g viz4 #hj1jjj 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,g]ona1 #ed1jjj 9 ,huelvas1 #cb1ejj 9 ,cac]es1 #bh1jjj 9 ,seville1 #bj1jjj 9 ,cadiz1 #aa1ejj 9 ,ciudad ,real & #iejj 9 ,cordoba4 ,! rema9d] is di/ribut$ betwe5 t5 o!r prov9ces4#h #g ,"o hect>e #b4dga acres4 #h ,consul ,s*5ck's ,report4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,g]ona is includ$ a l>ge t]ritory /ret*+ nor?w>d t[>ds ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,valley ( ! ,muge & ,t]4 ,9 ,france1 accord+ to ,consul ,golds*midt ( ,nantes1 ! cork-produc+ t]ritory is divid$ z foll[s3 ,v>1 #bhj acres2 ,lot-et-,g>onne1 #bg acres2 ,l&es1 #cb acres2 ,corsica1 #dj acres2 mak+ ab\t #cgi acres 9 all4 ,?is rsum ( ! cork-produc+ c\ntries ( ,europe w convey "s idea ( ! ext5t ( ! =e/s1 & w also %[ ! climate sort by ! tree2 = x is prov5 t x fl\ri%es be/ 9 an altitude ( #afjj to #cjjj feet1 9 an av]age mean temp]ature ( #ee ,fahr5heit2 & at po9ts beyond #de nor? latitude its successful propagation is d\btful4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,bas9 is p>ticul>ly suitable = ! re>+ ( corkwood1 & al?\gh _m attempts h be5 made to transplant ! se$1 ! results h prov5 fatal4 ,notable among ^! attempts be+ ! ,am]ican ambition to introduce ! tree 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,portuguese acorns 7 br\ght to ,wayne ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 & plant$ 9 #ahei2 ! result1 z f> z ! gr[? 0 conc]n$1 0 spl5did2 b aft] a wait ( elev5 ye>s1 ! f9al crop 0 n a comm]cial success4 ,ano!r attempt 0 made 9 #ahgb1 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 b ) no bett] outcome ?an ! fir/1 9 :i* "s ( ! trees atta9$ to a height ( ?irte5 feet 7#c4ife met]s7 & ! /em1 to a diamet] ( elev5 in*es 7#b4gid decimet]s71 includ+ ! cork1 :i* atta9$ a ?ickness ( "o in* 7#b4edj c5timet]s74 ,?is evid5tly rapid gr[? w\ld inf] t ! ,am]ican zone 0 all t c\ld be desir$ = ! favorable re>+ ( cork trees2 b /range to say ?is 0 n ! case4 ,al?\gh ! gr[? ( ! tree _h be5 exceptionally /rong1 ! quality ( its sali5t product turn$ out to be ( an inf]ior "*4 ,! cork g5]ally improves ) ! age ( ! tree2 9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 ev5 aft] ye>s ( maturity ! cork h>ve/ did n improve to any great ext5t1 & inde$ is /ill ( a second-rate quality4#i ,& ,consul ,s4 ,c4 ,reat1 writ+ f ,tamsui1 rec5tly reports ! ef=ts ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t to plant cork trees 9 ,=mosa & ! ,ogasaw>a ,isles1 9 ! endeavor to supply small corks to ! ,japanese m]*ants1 ! result ( :i*1 is yet to be le>n$4 #i ,*amb]s ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,tree ,,& ,,gr[? ,_m botani/s consid] ! cork oak ( ,europe z belong+ to two species1 "o *iefly *>act]iz$ by annual fructification & ! p]si/5ce ( ! leaves = two or ?ree ye>s 7,qu]cus ,sub]1 ,l9nu72 ! o!r by bi5nial fructification & annual p]si/5ce ( ! leaves 7,qu]cus ,occid5talis1 ,gay74#aj #aj ,g>d5 & ,=e/1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 #eb4 ,9 ! ,fr5* dep>tm5ts ( ! ,l&es & ,gironde ! ,qu]cus ,occid5talis =ms ext5sive woods1 z also 9 ,spa91 ,alg]ia & 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 :ile ! ,qu]cus ,sub] is a native ( ! ,atlantic side ( ,france & ,portugal1 :]e ?is tree gr[s to ! greate/ p]fection1 & to :i* c\ntries we are indebt$ = ! major "p ( our supply4 ,! cork tree be>s a g5]al resemblance to ! broad-leav$ k9d ( 7,qu]cus ,ilex1 ,holm7 or ev]gre5 oak1 ( :i* species "s au?ors consid] x only a v>iety2 b :5 full gr[n x =ms a mu* h&som] tree4 8,9 ! localities to ! nor? ! cork is bett] ?an ^? expos$ to ! s\?4 ,x gr[s & develops 9 gr\nd ( v little dep?1 & sometimes 9 gr\nd1 9 appe>ance v /ony4 ,x is seldom f\nd 9 calc>e\s soil1 pref]r+ always a soil ( feldsp>1 & l ! *e/nut fl\ri%es be/ 9 a s&y "o40#aa #aa ,consul ,s*5ck's ,report4 ,! cork-oak atta9s a height ( f six to eighte5 met]s1 at times rea*+ fifty met]s#ab & measures z mu* z #a4bb met]s 9 diamet]4#ac ,its bran*es are cov]$ ) small ev]gre5 leaves1 :i* are r spongy & velvety to ! t\*1 h a glossy appe>ance & a saw-too? edge1 measur+ ab\t ?ree to five c5timet]s#ad long & "o & "o-half to two wide4 ,! roots are /rong & spread consid]ably1 & frequ5tly are to be se5 on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! fl[]s or blossoms make _! appe>ance 9 ,may2 ! fruit rip5s 9 ! fall or w9t]1 f ,septemb] to ,janu>y1 & fall+ f ! tree z soon z ripe4 ,?ree qualities ( acorns are to be obs]v$ accord+ to _! "t ( rip5+ & are call$1 8brevas prim]izas de ,san ,miguel10 :i* rip5 9 ,septemb]2 ! second or middl+ 8,m>t95cas10 :i* rip5 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]2 & f9ally ! 8t>dias palo-,m]as10 :i* rip5 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y4 ,^! acorns =m "o ( ! =e/'s *ief s\rces ( rev5ue1 s9ce f$ to sw9e1 !y give a peculi>ly piquant flavor to ! meat1 ,spani% m\nta9 hams be+ not$ = _! excell5ce4#ae #ab ,met] #c4bh feet4 #ac ,9 a cork-wood ( ,mont5egro 7municipal di/rict ( ,qu>t1 ,prov9ce ( ,g]ona7 ! prop]ty ( ,d4 ,romulo ,bos*1 & ne> ! place call$ ,la ,m9a1 we measur$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahgg1 a tree t 0 #d4ie met]s 9 circumf]5ce1 brea/ high1 & ! trunk ( ! tree five met]s high1 calculat+ its age betwe5 "o hundr$ & fifty & two hundr$ ye>s old4 ,consul ,s*5ck's ,report1 #ahij4 #ad ,c5timet] 4#cicg in*4 #ae ,consul ,s*5ck's ,report1 #ahij4 ,au?ority ,m4 ,fee4 ,9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs ,i w quote pr9cipally f ,consul ,s*5ck's ,report1 #ahij1 relat+ to ! gr[+ & procur+ ( ! b>k = %ipm5t1 ) int]polat$ s5t5ces & slight *anges1 made necess>y by o!r data at h&4 ,! mo/ common practice is to cultivate ?is plant by s[+1 :i* is frequ5tly done1 above all1 9 gr\nd some:at manur$1 mak+ alt]nate furr[s ) v9es4 ,up to _! tw5tie? or tw5ty-fif? ye> ! gr\nd is cultivat$ z if x 7 a v9ey>d1 root+ up at t age ! v9es on acc\nt ( produc+ less fruit1 & also on acc\nt ( ! cork trees be+ pretty well gr[n up & no long] requir+ ! %elt] ( ! v9es4 ,at ! end ( ev5 "o ye> x is difficult to transplant ! cork tree on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! roots1 pr9cipally ! c5tral "o1 & if ! trees are put out ) ! int5tion ( transplant+ !y are g5]ally sewn 9 a false gr\nd bottom made artificially at a c]ta9 dep? ) lay]s ( /ones or bricks4 ,fr5* silviculturi/s recomm5d ab\t #aaj to #abj trees to ! hect>e 7#b4dga acres74 ,! cork tree gives b little %ade1 :i* contributes greatly 9 caus+ ! soil to become dry4 ,to avoid all ^! inconv5i5ces1 :i* are highly unfavorable to ! good production ( cork1 x is requisite t "y plants gr[ up ) suffici5t foliage1 s t ! bran*es t\* ea* o!r1 & ev5 ov]rea*1 till !y are ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s old4 ,x may be conv5i5t1 if !re is n suffici5t foliage f ! cork trees !mselves1 to introduce second>y species1 su* z ! elm tree1 a% & p9e1 kn[n z 7pi meli71 ^! be+ dep5d$ ^u to supply ! requisite coolness & manure to ! gr\nd4 ,if ! soil is poor1 ! cork is ?9 b ( f9e quality & v appropriate to make ! be/ /opp]s4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is ri*1 ! cork is ?ick b spongy4 ,consequ5tly x is requisite to treat ! cork tree 9 su* a mann] t :il/ ! cork gr[s ?ick x w at ! same "t be f9e 9 texture4 ,?is is ( c\rse an agricultural problem & may diff] f ye> to ye> 9 ! necess>y details4 ,,diseases ,! cork tree has 9 no wise escap$ f disease & infections2 on ! contr>y x has its full allott$ %>e :i* worries ! gr[]s m ?an ! acquir+ ( a p]fect texture1 & unless great c>e is tak5 w greatly r$uce ! value ( a crop4 ,! l>va ( ! ,coroebus undatus 7cor*7 attacks ! int]ior ( ! cork1 p5etrat+ frequ5tly into ! tree itself1 :i* causes an und]valuation 9 ! quality ( ! cork1 &1 moreov]1 ^! p]=ations unite s closely & 9 su* a mann] ev5 9 ! trunk ( ! tree t 9 peel+ (f ! cork1 "p ( ! sk9 ( ! trunk itself comes (f1 caus+ mu* damage to ! tree4 ,! l>va ( ! ,c]ambyx c]do1 z well z ! ant1 ,=mica rufa ,l4 hormigas1 de/roys ! f9e cork ) _! num]\s bor+s & gall]ies4 ,jasp]$ 7,jasp]ado7 is ! "n by :i* is kn[n "o ( ! defects ( ! cork :i* r$uces x greatly 9 value & z f> z c be le>n$ comes f ! tree itself4 ,! porosity ( cork is greatly increas$ by ! pres5ce ( cork-meal1 result+ f ! dis9tegration ( ! ,scl]5*yma1 or /one cells1 :i* p5etrate ! cork fib] & fall+ to a p[d] facilitate ! entrance ( infection4#af #af ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 #aijf4 ,,/ripp+ #ag ,! corkwood or cork ( comm]ce is ! ext]nal "p or 8p]id]m0 ( ! cork-oak2 & :5 x has atta9$ a diamet] ( approximately #ab4g c5timet]s or ! tree measures =ty c5timet]s 9 circumf]5ce accord+ to ! ,spani% gov]nm5tal regulations1 :i* ! tree does usually by ! "t x is tw5ty ye>s old1 ! b>k may be remov$4 ,! /ripp+ g5]ally takes place dur+ ,july & ,augu/1 & x is a process :i* dem&s skill & c>e1 if injury to ! b>k is to be avoid$4 ,9 ,alg]ia ! ,fr5* /ripp]s sometimes use cresc5t-%ap$ saws1 b "u ! usual ,spani% me?od a hat*et1 ) a long h&le1 is ! only implem5t employ$4 ,! b>k is cut cle> ?r\gh1 ar\nd ! base ( ! tree1 & a simil> incision is made ar\nd ! trunk1 j bel[ ! spr+ ( ! ma9 bran*es2 ! two incisions are !n connect$ by "o or two longitud9al cuts1 foll[+1 s f> z possible1 ! deepe/ ( ! natural cracks 9 ! b>k4 ,ins]t+ ! w$ge-%ap$ h&le1 ! tree's cov]+ is !n pri$ (f4 ,! l>g] bran*es are /ripp$ 9 ! same mann]1 yield+1 g5]ally1 a f9] grade ( cork ?an t ( ! trunk4 ,! ?ickness ( ! b>k ranges f #a4bg c5timet]s to #f4he c5timet]s1 :ile ! yield also v>ies greatly f tw5ty to #ge kilograms#ah p] tree1 dep5d+ ^u its size & age4 ,aft] ! fir/ /ripp+ ! tree is left 9 ! juv5esc5t /ate to reg5]ate1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! /ripp+ n to injure ! inn] sk9 or epid]mis at any /age ( ! process1 = ! life ( ! tree dep5ds ^u its prop] pres]vation1 = if injur$ at any po9t1 gr[? !re ceases & ! spot rema9s =ev] aft]w>d sc>r$ & uncov]$4 ,x is also necess>y to avoid /ripp+ dur+ ! preval5ce ( a sirocco1 :i* w\ld dry ! inn] sk9 too rapidly & !re=e exclude all fur!r =mation ( cork4 #ag ,arm/rong ,cork ,co4's pamphlet4 #ah ,kilogram #b4bje p\nds4 ,! ,capgr&-,mo! sy/em1 :i*1 z kn[n1 consi/s ( dress+ ! trunk ) ! same cork j remov$1 & leav+ x s dress$ = a c\ple ( mon?s1 has n met ) approval1 z be+ impracticable on a l>ge scale4 ,aft] ! /ripp+1 ! phellog51 ! seat ( ! gr[+ processes1 und]takes at once ! =mation ( a new cov]+ ( f9] texture1 & ea* ye> ?is1 ! real sk91 ) its life-giv+ sap1 =ms two lay]s ( cells1 "o )91 increas+ ! diamet] ( ! trunk1 ! o!r )\t1 add+ ?ickness to ! %ea?+ ( b>k4 ,aft] eight or t5 ye>s ?is %ea?+ is remov$1 & :ile m valuable ?an ! fir/ /ripp+1 x is n z f9e 9 quality z t ( ! ?ird & subsequ5t /ripp+s1 :i* foll[ at regul> int]vals ( ab\t n9e ye>s4 ,at ! age ( ab\t =ty ye>s ! oak beg9s to yield its be/ b>k1 cont9u+ productive z a rule = almo/ a c5tury4#ai ,! cork ( ! fir/ b>k+ is call$ ,cor*o-,bornio1 ,borniza or virg91 & is s co>se1 r\gh1 & d5se 9 texture t x is ( little comm]cial value4 ,! second b>k+ is call$ 8pelas10 or second>y cork1 & ?is & subsequ5t b>k+s con/itute ! cork ( comm]ce4 ,z ! b>k is remov$ x is ga!r$ up 9 piles 7rusque7 & left = a few days to dry4 ,hav+ be5 weigh$1 x is next c>ri$ ei!r 9 wagons or on ! backs ( burros to ! boil+ /ation1 :]e x is /ack$ & all[$ to season = a few weeks4 ,x is !n ready = ! boil+ process4 ,! outside ( ! b>k 9 its natural /ate is1 z may well be imag9$1 r\gh & woody1 ow+ to exposure to ! wea!r4 ,aft] boil+ ?is useless out] coat+ is readily scrap$ (f1 !reby r$uc+ ! weight ( ! mat]ial almo/ tw5ty p] c5t4 ,! boil+ process also s]ves to remove ! tannic acid1 increases ! volume & ela/icity ( ! b>k1 r5d]s x s(t & pliable & flatt5s x out = conv5i5t pack+4 ,aft] be+ r\ghly sort$ z to quality & ?ickness1 ! b>k is !n ready = its fir/ long j\rney1 & z ! =e/s are g5]ally locat$ 9 hilly or ev5 m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ! fai?ful burro mu/ aga9 be call$ into s]vice4 ,truly ! ,spani>ds' be/ fri5d1 ?\gh ! wor/ treat$ ( all1 ^! pati5t little animals pres5t a mo/ grotesque appe>ance :5 load$ f head to h9d qu>t]s ) a huge mass ( ! light b>k4 ,d[n f ! hills !y g 9 tra9s ( ?irty1 =ty or ev5 a hundr$1 ?read+ ! rocky bridle pa?s 9 s+le file & w5d+ _! way ?r\gh ! n>r[ /reets ( qua9t villages :]e traces ( ,moori% occupancy may /ill be se51 to ! ne>e/ railway /ation4 ,! corkwood is !re freight$ to ! v>i\s sea-port w>eh\ses 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,seville1 ,spa9 be+ p]haps ! l>ge/ depository & us] ( raw mat]ial4#bj ,?is hi/oric city1 situat$ on ! banks ( ! ,guadalquivir1 pres5ts a v animat$ sight 9 ! summ] mon?s1 & plays a v important "p 9 ! cork indu/ry1 = besides ! num]\s w>eh\ses = /or+ & %ipp+ !re are factories = ! manipulation ( cork & its conv]sion into ! _m useful =ms 9 :i* x has prov5 ( value4 ,be=e %ipp+1 ! bales are op5$1 ! edges ( ! b>k trimm$ & ! b>k !n sort$ into ! v>i\s grades ( quality & ?ickness aga94 ,! importance ( ?is la/ m5tion$ op]ation _c be ov]emphasiz$1 z ! :ole problem ( ! successful & economical manufacture ( corks c5t] ab\t x4 ,aft] sort+ x is ready to be rebal$ = %ipm5t1 ?is g5]ally be+ done by plac+ ! l>ge1 flat pieces call$ planks or tables1 at ! bottom ( ! bales1 & above !m ! small pieces :i* are cov]$ 9 turn ) l>g] sections2 !n ! :ole mass be+ subject$ to pressure to r5d] x compact1 aft]w>d be+ b\nd up securely ) /eel hoops or wires4 ,ea* bale c>efully m>k$ indicat+ ! grade or quality1 load$ directly into ocean-go+ /eam]s & %ipp$ to ! ports ( ! _w4 #ai ,mr4 ,lamey1 ! au?or ( a /udy ^u cork 9 ,alg]ia1 publi%$ "s int]e/+ tables 9 ?is "w reg>d+ ! annual increase & ! mean ?ickness ( cork4 ,accord+ to him cork-b>k %\ld n be remov$ be=e x has atta9$ a ?ickness ( #b4jcb cm41 & ! =mation ( new cork has be5 well expla9$ by ,mr4 ,ma?ieu 9 8 8,=e/ry ,flora40 #bj ,arm/rong ,cork ,co4's pamphlet4 ,f ?is meag] description we at lea/ c le>n :at 8corkwood0 is1 ! limit$ sph]e ( its gr[?1 ! con/ant c>e necess>y to insure a successful h>ve/ or ga!r+1 ! peculi>ities ( ! tree1 its longevity & ! g5]al mode ( prep>+ ! b>k = %ipm5t2 ! n>ration 9 no wise do+ ju/ice to ?is mo/ int]e/+ mat]ial1 9 its natural /ate1 = its gr[+ is a fasc9at+ tale 9 itself2 b = ! purpose ( ?is writ+ ! =ego+ has be5 deem$ suffici5t to convey an und]/&+ ( x4 ,z we h n[ se5 h[ ?is wond]ful mat]ial gr[s1 its haunts & dwell+s1 we w look at x m closely & see :at x really is1 h[ ?is p>ticul> =mation comes ab\t & its peculi>ities4 ,,botany ,,& ,,*emi/ry ,9 consid]+ 8cork0 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ its *>act]i/ics1 texture & composition we w1 in/ead ( analyz+ ! mat]ial aft] x has rea*$ ! m>ket1 look at x f ! /&po9t ( botany & le>n ( its =mation ^u ! tree1 f :i* x is procur$4 ,x appe>s t ! ^w 8cork0#ba 9 botany signifies a gr[? peculi> to all plants & p]ta9+ to none 9 p>ticul>1 be+ describ$ z 8a peculi> tissue 9 ! high] plants =m+ ! division ( ! b>k 7:i* "n is sometimes re/rict$ to ! dead tissues ly+ outside ! cork72 consi/+ ( closely pack$ air-cells ne>ly imp]vi\s to air & wat] & protects ! und]ly+ tissues40#bb ,aga91 8,x is produc$ by ! activity & division ( c]ta9 m]ismatic cells kn[n z phellog5 or cork cambium :i* are situat$ imm$iately )9 ! epid]mal cov]+ ( ! "y gr[?4 ,z ! cork cells gr[ old]1 _! protoplasmic cont5ts disappe> & are replac$ by air4 ,9 ord] t ?is =mation may be cle>ly und]/ood1 ,i w quote f a p>agraph entitl$ 8,cork & ,epid]mal ,=mations ,produc$ by ,x0 conta9$ 9 8,a ,text ,book on ,botany10 by ,sacks4 #ba ,see 8,etymology ( ,^w0 9 prec$+ *apt]4 #bb 8,new ,engli% ,diction>y10 ,murray4 8,:5 succul5t organs ( ! high] plants1 no long] 9 ! bud condition1 are injur$1 ! w\nd g5]ally becomes clos$ up by cork tissue1 i4e41 new cells arise ne> ! w\nd$ surface by repeat$ division ( ^? :i* are yet s\nd1 & ^! =m+ a firm sk9 sep>ate ! inn] tissue f ! out] injur$ lay]s ( cells4 ,! walls ( ?is tissue (f] ! /ronge/ resi/ance to ! mo/ v>i\s ag5cies1 simil> to ! cuticul> lay]s ( ! epid]mis 9 _! physical behavior1 flexible & ela/ic1 p]meable only ) difficulty by air & wat]1 !y = ! mo/ "p soon lose _! cont5ts & become fill$ ) air4 ,!y are arrang$ 9 r[s ly+ at "r angles to ! surface or p>allelopip$al =m1 & =m a close tissue )\t int]cellul> spaces4 ,^! are ! g5]al di/+ui%+ features ( cork tissue4 ,x is =m$ n only on w\nd$ surfaces1 b arises 9 mu* great] mass :]e succul5t organs require an effectual protection 7e4g41 potato tub]s7 or :]e ! epid]mis is unable to keep up ) ! increase ( circumf]5ce :]e gr[? 9 ?ickness cont9ues = a long p]iod4 ,9 ^! cases ! cork tissue is =m$ ev5 be=e ! de/ruction ( ! epid]mis1 & :5 ?is splits "u ! action ( ! wea!r & falls (f1 ! new envelope =m$ by ! cork is already pres5t4 ,! cork tissue is ! result ( repeat$ bip>titions ( ! cells by p>tition walls1 r>ely 9 ! epid]mis cells !mselves1 m (t5 9 ! subjac5t tissue4 ,! p>tition walls lie p>allel to ! surface ( ! organ1 divisions also tak+ place 9 a v]tical direction1 by :i* ! numb] ( ! r[s ( cells is increas$4 ,f ! two newly =m$ ?9-wall$ cells ( ea* radial r[ "o rema9s ?9 wall$ & ri* 9 protoplasm1 & 9 a condition capable ( division2 ! o!r becomes trans=m$ into a p]man5t cork cell4 ,?us arises1 usually p>allel to ! surface ( ! organ1 a lay] ( cells capable ( division1 :i* cont9ues to =m new cork cells1 ! cork cambium or lay] ( phellog54 ,9 g5]al ?is is ! inn]mo/ lay] ( ! :ole cork tissue1 s t ! production ( cork advances outw>dly & new lay]s ( cork are con/antly =m$ out ( ! phellog5 on ! inn] surface ( ^? already 9 exi/5ce4 ,:5 9 ?is mann] a cont9u\s lay] ( cork arises1 /eadily increas+ f ! inside1 x is t]m$ 8p]id]m40 ,z ! epid]mis is at fir/ replac$ by ! p]id]m1 s 9 turn is ?is replac$ by cork 7! dead tissue74 ,! developm5t & configuration ( ! cork cells may *ange p]iodically dur+ ! =mation ( p]id]m4 ,alt]nate lay]s ( n>r[1 ?ick-wall$ & broad1 ?9-wall$ cork cells are =m$2 ! p]id]m !n appe>+ /ratifi$1 l wood1 %[+ annual r+s z 9 ! p]id]m ( ! ,qu]cus ,sub]1 ,betula ,alba1 etc40 ,mr4 ,sacks1 z a botani/1 has cle>ly set =? ! explanation ( ! =mation ( ! p]id]m ( ! ,qu]cus ,sub] 9 ! =ego+1 & al?\gh ! /ory ( ! life produc+ ?is =mation w\ld be an acceptable sequel to ?is explanation1 x w\ld 9 no wise assi/ 9 ! ultimate f9d+s1 & !re=e x is disp5s$ )4 ,mr4 ,william ,&]son1 9 a pap] read at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahhf1 has ! foll[+ to say on cork =mation1 :i* is v int]e/+3 8,9 consid]+ ! prop]ties ( mo/ sub/ances1 our se>* = ! cause ( _! prop]ties is baffl$ by our imp]fect p[]s & ! feeble in/rum5ts we possess = inve/igat+ molecul> /ructure4 ,) cork1 happily1 ?is is n ! case2 an exam9ation ( its /ructure is easy & p]fectly expla9s ! cause ( its peculi> & valuable prop]ties4 ,all plants are built up ( m9ute cells ( v>i\s =ms & dim5sions4 ,_! walls or sides are compos$ *iefly ( a sub/ance call$ cellulose1 frequ5tly associat$ ) lign9e1 or woody matt]1 & ) cork1 :i* la/ is a nitrog5\s sub/ance f\nd 9 _m portions ( plants1 b is especially develop$ 9 ! out] cork ( exog5\s trees1 t is1 belong+ to an ord]1 ! /ems ( :i* gr[ by ! addition ( lay]s ( fre% cellulose tissue outside ! woody "p & inside ! b>k4 ,betwe5 ! b>k & ! wood is int]pos$ a ?9 fibr\s lay]1 :i* 9 "s trees is v mu* develop$4 ,! corky "p ( ! b>k :i* is outside is compos$ ( clos$ cells1 exclusively1 s built toge!r t no connection ( a tubul> nature runs up & d[n ! tree1 al?\gh horizontal passages radiat+ t[>d ! woody p>ts ( ! tree are num]\s4 ,9 ! woody "p ( ! tree1 on ! contr>y1 & 9 ! inn] b>k1 v]tical passages or tubes exi/1 :ile a connection is kept up ) ! pi? ( ! tree by means ( m$ull>y rays4 ,9 "o species ( tree1 kn[n z ! cork-oak1 ?is is /rongly develop$40 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,&]son enliv5$ 8 lecture by microscopic projections1 = he goes on to say3 8,fir/ ,i project on ! scre5 a microscopic section ( ! wood ( ! cork tree4 ,x is tak5 9 a horizontal plane1 & ,i ask y to notice ! div]sity ( ! /ructure & especially ! pres5ce ( l>ge tubes or pipes4 ,i next exhibit a section tak5 9 ! same plane ( ! corky portion ( ! b>k4 ,y see ! :ole sub/ance is made up ( m9ute _m-sid$ cells ab\t #a_/gej ( an in* 9 diamet] & ab\t twice z long1 ! long way be+ dispos$ radically to ! trunk4 ,! walls ( ! cells are extremely ?9 & yet !y are wond]fully imp]vi\s to liquids4 ,look$ at by reflect$ light1 b&s ( silv]y light alt]nate ) b&s ( comp>ative d>kness1 %[+ t ! cells are built on end to end 9 regul> ord]4 ,! v]tical section next exhibit$ %[s a cross section ( ! cells l a m9ute honeycomb4 ,9 "s specim5s l>ge cry/als are f\nd4 ,^! c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! deta*$ elem5t>y sp9dle-%ap$ cells1 ( :i* woody fib] is made up1 7 x n = ! p[]ful means ( analysis we h 9 pol>iz$ light4 ,i ne$ h>dly expla9 t light pass$ ?r\gh a ,nicol's prism becomes pol>iz$1 t is to say1 ! vibrations ( ! lum9if]\s e!r are all r$uc$ to vibrations 9 "o plane & consequ5tly if a second prism be int]pos$ & plac$ at "r angles to ! fir/1 ! light w be unable to get ?r\gh2 b if we introduce betwe5 ! cross$ ,nicol a sub/ance capable ( turn+ ! plane ( vibration aga91 !n a c]ta9 light w pass4 ,i h n[ project$ on ! scre5 ! feeble light em]g+ f ! cross$ ,nicol4 ,i introduce ! microscopic prep>ation ( cork cells betwe5 !m1 & y see ! cry/als gl[+ ) _m color$ lights on a d>k gr\nd4 ,m9ute ?\gh ^! cells are1 !y are v num]\s & h>d1 & x is p>tly to !m t is due ! extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* cork blunts ! cutt+ in/rum5ts us$ 9 %ap+ x40 ,9 8 rese>* or exp]im5tations ,mr4 ,&]son 0 mo/ deeply impress$ ) ! ela/icity ( cork1 & has ! foll[+ to say ^u 8 f9d+s3 8,x w\ld seem difficult to discov] any new prop]ties 9 a sub/ance s famili> z cork1 & yet x possesses qualities :i* di/+ui% x f all o!r solid or liquid bodies1 namely1 its p[] ( alt]+ its volume 9 a v m>k$ degree 9 consequ5ce ( *ange ( pressure4 ,all liquids & solids are capable ( cubical compression or ext5sion1 b to a v small ext5t2 ?us wat] is r$uc$ 9 volume by only 4#jjjje "p by ! pressure ( "o atmosph]e4 ,liquid c>bonic acid yields to pressure mu* m ?an any o!r fluid1 b /ill ! rate is v small4 ,solid sub/ances1 ) ! exception ( cork1 (f] equally ob/9ate resi/ance to *ange ( bulk2 ev5 ,india rubb]1 :i* mo/ p w\ld suppose capable ( v consid]able *ange ( volume1 we f9d x really v rigid4 ,metals1 :5 subject$ to pressure :i* exce$ _! ela/ic limits s t !y are p]man5tly de=m$1 z 9 =g+ or wire draw+1 rema9 practically un*ang$ 9 volume p] unit ( weight4 ,n s ) cork1 its ela/icity has n only a v consid]able range1 b x is v p]si/5t4 ,?us 9 ! bett] k9d ( corks us$ 9 bottl+ *ampagne & o!r eff]vesc+ w9es1 y are famili> ) ! ext5t to :i* ! corks exp& ! in/ant !y escape f ! bottles4 ,i h measur$ ?is expansion & f9d x to am\nt to an increase ( volume ( sev5ty-five p] c5t2 ev5 aft] ! corks h be5 kept 9 a /ate ( compression 9 ! bottles = t5 ye>s4#bc ,:5 cork is subject$ to pressure1 ei!r 9 "o direction or f e direction1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( p]man5t de=mation or p]man5t set takes place4 ,?is prop]ty is common to all solid ela/ic sub/ances :5 /ra9$ beyond _! ela/ic limits1 b ) cork ! limits are comp>atively l[40 ,to take advantage ( ! peculi> prop]ties ( cork 9 me*anical applications x is necess>y to det]m9e accurately ! law ( its resi/ance to compression1 & = ?is purpose ,mr4 ,&]son in/itut$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,into a /rong iron vessel ( five & "o half gallons' capacity he introduc$ a quantity ( cork & fill$ ! int]/ices ) wat]1 c>efully gett+ out all ! air4 ,he !n proce$$ to pump 9 wat] until def9ite pressures up to "o ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in* _h be5 rea*$1 & at e "o hundr$ p\nds ! weight ( ! wat] pump$ 9 0 det]m9$4 ,9 ?is way1 aft] _m repetitions1 he obta9$ ! decrease ( volume due to any giv5 increase ( pressure4 ,! obs]vations h be5 plott$ into ! =m ( a curve :i* is disc]nible on ! accompany+ diagram4 #bc ,%[+ a p]man5t set ( #ab4e p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,volume ,,( ,,cork ,! base l9e repres5ts a cyl9d] conta9+ "o cubic foot ( cork divid$ by ! v]tical l9es into t5 p>ts2 ! black horizontal l9es1 accord+ to ! scale on ! left-h& side1 repres5t ! pressures 9 p\nds p] squ>e in* :i* 7 necess>y to compress ! cork to ! correspond+ volume4 ,?us to r$uce ! volume to "o half1 requir$ a pressure ( two hundr$ & fifty p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,at sixte5 hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in* ! volume 0 r$uc$ to =ty-f\r p] c5t1 ! yield+ !n becom+ v little1 %[+ t ! solid p>ts ( ! cells _h come toge!r & =m$ a solid1 compact mass1 ?us corroborat+ ,mr4 ,og/on's det]m9ation t ! gase\s "p ( cork con/itutes ab\t fifty-?ree p] c5t ( its bulk4 ,9 fur!r /udy x has be5 f\nd t no matt] :at compression is us$1 provid+ !re is no dis9tegration1 ! corkwood w reta9 j t slight spongy "* t s m>ks its gr[?4 ,9 analyz+ ?is solid matt]1 ,ure f\nd by treat+ x ) nitric acid ! yield+ 03 ,:ite fibr\s matt] 7cellulose74 #j4ah p>ts ,res9 444444444444444444444444444 #ad4gb 8 ,oxalic acid 444444444444444444444 #af4jj 8 ,sub]ic acid 44444444444444444444 #ad4d 8 #de4cj p>ts ,*evruel 9 an analysis ( corkwood /ates t he f\nd ! foll[+ con/itut5ts1 b he does n give p]c5tages3 ,c]91 a s(t fragrant res94 ,yell[ & r$ color+ matt]4 ,qu]citannic acid4 ,gallic acid4 ,a br[n nitrog5\s sub/ance4 ,salts ( vegetable acids4 ,calcium4 ,wat]4 ,sub]ic acid4 ,sub]9 7cellulose74 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,*evruel select$ a poor grade ( cork1 full ( /one cells & ,jasp]ado1 z 8 f9d+s include mu* t w\ld indicate t 0 ! case4 ,9 fur!r def9+ ! v>i\s sub/ances :i* g to make up ! body ( corkwood ! "o t is mo/ impressive is t sub/ance t is peculi> to cork itself1 ! o!rs be+ readily kn[n1 b sub]ic acid is ! "o ( int]e/1 & ?is is describ$ by ,f[nes z a product ( ! oxidation ( cork by nitric acid2 is a :ite cry/all9e p[d]1 sp>+ly soluble 9 cold wat]1 fusible & volatile by heat1 ! *emical =mula giv5 be+ 7,c#d;,h#ad,o#d74 ,sub]ic acid is also describ$ z a dibasic acid :i* =ms small granul> cry/als v soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 alcohol & e!r4 ,x fuses at #cjj degrees ,fahr5heit & sublimes 9 acidul> cry/als4 ,x is also produc$ :5 nitric acid acts on /e>ic1 m>g>ic or oleic acid4 ,! *emical analysis is giv5 z 7,c#h;,h#ad,o#d7 & ,i am incl9$ to believe x is ! tru] "o1 z x is mu* lat] ?an ,f[nes'4 ,?is sub]ic acid has be5 fur!r brok5 up to asc]ta9 its fundam5tal *>act]i/ics & x 0 f\nd to p>take ( ! two comp\nds sub]one & sub]ate4 ,sub]one 7,c#ad;,h#bd,o#b7 be+ reg>d$ z ! ketone ( sub]ic acid1 an aromatic liquid comp\nd obta9$ :5 sub]ic acid is di/ill$ ) an excess ( lime4#bd ,also describ$ z a colorless oil ) an odor ( pepp]m9t & a boil+ po9t ( #agi to #aha degrees ,c5tigrade1 *emical =mula1 ,sub]one--,cycloheptanone-- ,,*#b 4 ,,*#b 4 ,,*#b _/ ,,co ,,*#b 4 ,,*#b 4 ,,*#b #bd 8,/&>d ,diction>y40 ,sub]ate 7,c#h;,h#ab,m#b,o#d7 is kn[n z ! salt ( sub]ic acid hav+ a metal ca/1#be & ,sub]9 or cellulose#bf--;is t portion rema9+ aft] nitration & is *emically express$ by ! =mula 7,c#f;,h#aj,o#e74 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,k4 ,duncan1 ,pr(4 ( ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 in=ms u t ?is mat]ial is ! commone/ ( common ?+s#bg & :5 dry1 =ms "o ?ird ( all ! vegetable matt] 9 ! _w4 ,?is my/]i\s sub/ance is ! /ructural basis ( ! wood1 b ) all its prom95ce & use1 we "k no?+ m ab\t x ?an t :i* is express$ 9 ! =mula4 #be 8,watt's ,diction>y0 78,m0 signify+ metal74 #bf 8,c5tury ,diction>y40 #bg ,review ( ,reviews1 ,septemb]1 #aijf4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is cellulose is only a natural fact1 z ! great] "p ( plant life is cellulose2 nor is ! li/ ( elem5ts t g to make up ! solid matt] s /range & unacc\ntable1 b ! quality t makes x a wond]ful gr[? & s popul> above its fell[s is its lightness--?is is its comm5dable feature & x is light inde$4 ,ure puts ! specific gravity at 4#bd & ?is is concurr$ 9 by ,brisbane4 ,,te/ ,,( ,,corkwood ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,possible ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,an ,,ess5tial ,,oil1 ,,by ,,/eam ,,di/illation ,two te/s 7 made on ?is mat]ial to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce ( an ess5tial oil4 ,! fir/ %[$ ! pres5ce ( an oily film1 respl5d5t 9 color+s1 opalesc5t1 v>iegat$ & beautiful1 b odorless & ( su* small quantity t x may safely be said 8,no ,oil40 ,! second prov$ ! same z ! fir/1 & al?\gh ! /rong odor ( cork or sub]ic acid 0 pres5t1 no oil appe>$4 ,! results ( ^! te/s indicate t !re is no ess5tial oil 9 corkwood obta9able by /eam di/illation4 ,,te/ ,,no4 #a #d-d-aiac4 ,a copp] /ill1 support$ on two trunnions1 fitt$ ) a dome & goose-neck1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 a t9 coil 7wat] cool$71 & ) a p]=at$ bottom ?r\gh :i* ! /eam pass$1 0 us$4 ,?is measur$ two in*es 9 diamet] & two in*es high1 f ! p]=at$ plate to ! top ( ! pot1 ! dome be+ ab\t "o foot high]4 ,into ?is /ill 0 plac$ #da p\nds ( corkwood1 z x comes f ! cutt]s & pun*]s 7scrap pieces71 no prelim9>y wa%+ or prep>+ be+ done2 ?is #da p\nds fill$ ! pot or ! /ill4 ,all ?+s made tight1 us+ an asbe/os pack+1 ! /eam 0 turn$ on at #gj p\nds & run = "o h\r4 ,,te/ ,,no4 #b #d-ae-aiac4 ,same /ill us$ z 9 ,te/ ,no4 #a1 ?irty p\nds ( a clean1 good grade ,granulat$ ,cork1 ( a f95ess to pass a #a_/af me%1 0 put into ! /ill--?is half fill+ same4 ,/eam turn$ on at #gj p\nds & run = "o h\r4 ,te/s made at ,a4 ,j4 ,crombie ,co41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,&]son1 ,ure1 ,*evruel1 ,f[nes1 ,watts1 ,brisbane1 m5 ( sci5ce2 to ^! we are indebt$ = ! little t is kn[n ( corkwood1 & al?\gh p]haps mu* m c\ld be said by elaboration1 x w suffice to record ! facts 9 ?is monograph = ! purpose involv$4 ,b to ! data assembl$ may be add$ mu* 9 comm5tation1 = ! mat]ial becomes m int]e/+ ! m x is /udi$1 & mo/ naturally excites comp>ison ) o!r mat]ials & sub/itutes1 z well z call+ =? a discussion z to ! dang]s involv$ by its pres5ce 9 ! places :]e1 by skill ( h& & ma*9]y1 x is trans=m$ into ! _m comm]cial =ms1 not$ 9 ?is article4 ,we comm5t ^u its gr[?1 :i* is truly wond]ful & all-absorb+ 9 its _m int]e/+ phases2 x takes u to ! romance ( ! ,ea/ & ! en*antm5t ( ! ,moori% occupation2 ?r\gh :i* ^! =e/s ( cork-produc+ trees pass$ & yet rema9 to furni% ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,we comm5t ^u its lightness & buoyancy1 due to ! pres5ce ( air & excess ( hydrog51 kn[n to be light] ?an air2 & ! small p]c5tage ( o!r matt] :i*1 be+ ( less importance1 make its o!r quality s r5[n$ z to make x ! mo/ wond]ful gr[? ( its k9d4 ,its imp]vi\sness to wat] & o!r liquids h giv5 u mom5ts ( reflection1 ^u ?is ph5om5on1 b n[ kn[n to be because ( ! cellulose compos+ ! cell walls & :i*1 :5 ! sub/ance is "u compression1 practically is all t rema9s1 except = ! small quantity ( res91 etc41 to resi/ ! passage ( liquids or gases4 ,b h]et(ore :5 ^! comm5tations h rea*$ ! burn+ po9t1 its physical nature 0 entirely elim9at$ f ! conjectur+ & ! important "p neglect$1 t z ! cork conta9$ fifty-?ree p] c5t ( air1 heat ( #dej degrees exp&s to ! po9t ( explosion1 ! cont5ts ( ^? cells ne>e/ ! surface1 :i* giv+ up _! oxyg5 fe$ ! flames & 9 _! passage help to dis9tegrate ! cell walls & make !m m easily ignit$4 ,?us caus+ a rapid burn+1 fla% fire :i*1 9 its fury1 ,pluto c\ld n rival1 only rac+ ov] ! surface ( ! cork1 burn+ b slightly1 yet help$ by o!r conditions1 result+ 9 a fire de/ructive & fi]ce4 ,?is rapid burn+ leaves ! out] surface ( ! cork *>r$ & flaky & causes a discoloration b5ea? x attribut$ to ! dissolv+ ( ! res9s1 etc4 ,( c\rse :]e !re is a l>ge quantity ( corkwood ! ext5t ( ! burn+ mu/ necess>ily be great] & ! dep? ( ! *> increas$4 ,b x appe>s t ! fir/ fla% burn+ produces a sort ( protection coat ( c>bon ar\nd ! rema9+ unburn$ portions :i* a subsequ5t flame p5etrates ) difficulty4#bh #bh ,9 ! mak+ ( insulation mat]ial1 ! c>bonization ( ! cork is accompli%$ )\t de/ruction ( fibre & /&s a high flame te/4 ,a simple exp]im5t to %[ ?is dep? ( burn+1 & "o t is easy to d1 is ! fla% & flame te/ :i* 0 f\nd ( int]e/4 ,two pieces ( cork 7 tak51 hav+ ! foll[+ measurem5ts--#h_/af #g_/af #aa_/af--;& ! fir/ piece held s t ! flame ( a gas jet w\ld cause a fla% ov] its surface2 !n ! second piece is tak5 & held )9 ! flame = a m9ute4 ,x w be f\nd t ! corkwood has exp&$ & ! dim5sions increas$ to ! foll[+3 ,fla% ,flame #h_/af #ac_/af #aa_/af #aj_/af #ad_/af #aa_/af %[+ ! effects ( ! heat ^u ! tissue & cont5ts ( ! cells4 ,n[ 9 scrap+ ^! samples clean ( all *> ! dim5sions w return to ! foll[+3 ,fla% ,flame #f_/af #aa_/af #aa_/af #h_/af #aj_/af #aa_/af cle>ly sett+ =? ! fact t ! *> is comp>atively light 9 bo? cases1 rang+ f #a_/h to #a_/d4 ,to ?is cause is ascrib$ ! burnability ( cork hav+ by c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( two ye>s1 /udi$ ! results ( num]\s fires 9 premises :]e cork 0 be+ work$ & also conduct$ heat applications on v>i\s grades ( cork#bi result+ 9 ! =ego+ f9d+s4#cj ,?us x is f\nd t cork conta9s suffici5t air to supply any fire 9 x & precludes ! necessity ( free access to any outside supply :i* makes x a mat]ial wor?y to be wat*$4 ,to its _m qualities ( great s]vice to man1 giv+ him a mat]ial :i* f ! ages pa/1 till n[1 has prov5 ( su* value1 mu/ be add$ ?is "o1 no less important ?an o!rs1 :i* h]et(ore h be5 its comm5dable features4 #bi ,us+ ord9>y glass 7arm\r$7 !rmomet] = asc]ta9+ degrees4 #cj ,"o ?\s& degrees ,fahr5heit1 caus+ no great] combu/ion ?an ! l[] degree1 o!r ?an ! increas$ burn+ ( rema9+ sub/ance aft] ! fla%1 due to ! high] temp]ature4 ,r ?an att5d ! 8cork0 ?r\gh ! _m passages ( comm]ce & manufacture1 x is deem$ propiti\s to deviate a little f a natural c\rse1 i4e41 f ! gr[+ to manufacture & r advance to a k ( ! _m uses to :i* ?is mat]ial is put & its application to ! innum]able arts1 & !n take up ! manufacture4 ,,uses ,,& ,,application ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,glasspoole1#ca writ+ reg>d+ ! uses ( cork by ! anci5ts1 /ates3 8,! cork-tree1 & ! application ( its b>k to useful purposes1 0 well kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! =m] us$ ?is mat]ial 9 ! con/ruction ( ! c(f9s = _! dead4 ,!ophra/us1 ! ,greek philosoph]1 :o wrote on botany f\r c5turies ,b4,c41 m5tions ?is tree among ! oaks1 "u ! "n ( #8,phellus' 9 ,book ,two ( 8 #8,hi/oria ,plant>um1' & /at$ t x 0 a native ( ! ,pyr5ees1 hav+ a ?ick fle%y b>k :i* mu/ be /ripp$ (f e ?ree ye>s to prev5t x f p]i%+4 ,he adds t x 0 s light z nev] to s9k 9 wat]1 & on t acc\nt might be us$ = _m purposes40 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! writ] t ! att5tion ( ! anci5ts 0 und\bt$ly call$ to ?is p>ticul> b>k by its buoyancy1 & z _! fi%]ies 7 ext5sive its usefulness became readily app>5t to float nets1 etc41 or to use ev5 9 ! con/ruction ( _! boats1 & its spong9ess & wat]-repell5t prop]ties n escap+ _! notice1 x became a mo/ likely mat]ial = /opp]s ( casks or amphorae z not$ by ,horace 9 ,ode iii1 #h3 8,corticem ad/rictum pice dimovebit amphorae40 ,pl9y1 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory10 ,,xvi1 #ah1 describes ! tree "u ! "n ( ,sub] & relates ev]y?+ said by ,!ophra/us ( ,phellus4 ,f 8 acc\nt we le>n t ! ,roman fi%]m5 us$ x z floats to _! nets & fi%+ tackle1 & z buoys to _! an*ors4 ,! use ( ^! buoys 9 sav+ life appe>s to h be5 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 = ,lucian1 ,epi/4 i1 #ag1 m5tions t :5 two m51 "o ( :om _h fall5 into ! sea1 & ano!r :o jump$ aft] to af=d him assi/ance1 bo? 7 sav$ by means ( an an*or buoy4 ,! use ( ?is sub/ance 9 assi/+ swimm]s 0 n unkn[n to ! ,romans1 = ,plut>* 9 8 ,life ( ,camillus1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,rome #djj ,b4,c41 gives an acc\nt ( its use by a mess5g]1 s5t to ! ,capitol1 !n besieg$ by ! ,gauls3 8,pontius ,com9ius hav+ dress$ himself 9 mean attire "u :i* he conceal$ "s pieces ( cork4 ,he c\ld n pass ! riv] by ! bridge1 !re=e took (f 8 clo!s1 :i* he fa/5$ ^u 8 head1 & hav+ laid himself ^u ! pieces ( cork swam ov] & rea*$ ! city40 ,! use ( cork z /opp]s 0 entirely unkn[n to ! ,romans1 b in/ances ( its be+ employ$ may be se5 9 ,cato's 8,de ,re ,ru/ica10 ,cap4 #abj1 b ?is did n happ5 frequ5tly or m w\ld be said ( x4 #ca ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,! convivial cu/oms ( ^? days _h no connection ) ! bottle1 glass bottles be+ ( a mu* lat] inv5tion4 ,in/ead ( hav+ *ampagne or hock to be lib]at$ f ! bottle by ! corkscrew at _! fea/s1 ! gue/s fill$ _! dr9k+ cups ( gold1 silv]1 cry/al or bee*wood f a two-h&l$ amphora1 a k9d ( e>!nw>e pit*]1 9 :i* _! *oice w9es us$ to be kept4 ,! m\?s ( ^! vessels 7 /opp$ ) wood & cov]$ ) a ma/ic1 compos$ ( pit*1 *alk & oil to prev5t air spoil+ ! w9e or evaporation tak+ place4 ,columella1 :o wrote "o ( ! e>lie/ works on agriculture1 gives directions = prep>+ ?is cem5t4 ,! employm5t ( cork = /opp]s ( bottles appe>s to h come into use ab\t ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 glass bottles1 ( :i* no m5tion is made be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 began to be g5]ally introduc$4 ,be=e t p]iod apo!c>ies us$ /opp]s ( wax1 :i* 7 n only mu* m exp5sive b f> m tr\blesome4 ,9 #aeec1 :5 ,c4 ,/ephanus wrote 8 8,pra$ium ,ru/icum10 cork /opp]s appe> to h be5 v little kn[n 9 ,france1 = he /ates t ?is mat]ial 0 us$ pr9cipally = soles 9 t c\ntry4 ,x is n kn[n :5 cork & corks began to be g5]ally us$1 b 9 t v amus+ & in/ructive di>y ( ,mr4 ,samuel ,pepys ! foll[+ entry is f\nd3 8#ad ,july #afff0 ,aft] hav+ writt5 to ! ,duke ( ,york = money = ! fleet1 ,i w5t d[n ,?ames ,/reet & !re agre$ = f\r or five tons ( cork to be s5t to ! fleet1 be+ a new device to make b>ricados ) in/ead ( junts 7old cable710 b he does n in=m u h[ ! mat]ial answ]$4#cb #cb ,i h subsequ5tly le>n$ t ?is prov$ a failure4 ,9 ,evelyn's "t 7#affd7 cork 0 mu* us$ by old p]sons = l9+s to ! soles ( _! %oes1 :5ce ! ,g]man "n = x1 8,pant(felholtz0 or slipp] wood4 ,! ,v5etian dames1 ,evelyn says1 us$ x = _! *opp+s or high-heel$ %oes to make !m appe> tall] ?an nature int5d$ !y %\ld be4 ,! poor ( ,spa9 lay planks ( cork by _! b$side to tread on in/ead ( c>pets4 ,sometimes !y l9e ! inside ( _! h\ses1 built ) /one1 ) ?is b>k1 :i* r5d]s !m v w>m & corrects ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,l\don relates t 9 ! celebrat$ conv5t at ,c9tra1 ,portugal1 sev]al articles ( furniture are made ( ?is tree4 ,virg9 cork1 or ! fir/ b>k ( ! tree1 is n[ v mu* us$ = w9d[ fl[] boxes1 grottoes1 etc41 :ile ! subsequ5t grades are us$ = small ar*itectural & geogno/ic models4 ,cork 0 =m]ly employ$ 9 m$ic9e ev5 z f> back z ! "t ( ,pl9y1 z he tells u t ! b>k ( ! cork tree1 pulv]iz$ & tak5 9 w>m wat]1 arre/s hemorrhage at ! m\? & no/rils1 & ! a%es ( x tak5 9 w>m w9e are highly extoll$ z a cure = spitt+ blood 7see ,pl9y1 8,nat4 ,hi/40 b4 #abd74 ,9 mod]n "t p[d]$ cork has be5 appli$ z a /yptic & hung ab\t ! necks ( nurses4 ,x 0 ?\ght to possess ! p[] ( /opp+ ! secretion ( milk4 ,burnt cork mix$ ) sug> ( lead has be5 us$ z an application to piles4 ,see ,p]eira's 8,mat]ia ,m$ica40 ,gr\nd cork & ,india rubb] =m$ ! basis ( ,kamptulicon1 ! s(t unres\nd+ mat]ial :i* cov]$ ! floor ( ! read+ rooms ( ! ,briti% ,museum40 ,9 fur!r describ+ ! _m uses to :i* cork is appli$1 ref]5ce is made to ! rsum ( ,mr4 ,good 9 8,la ,nature10 :i* is incorporat$ ) a few slight *anges4 8,! v>i\s applications ( cork t we are n[ go+ to pass 9 review are wor?y ( description1 z ea* ( su* applications has its raison d'tre 9 "o or m ( ! physical or *emical prop]ties ( cork b>k4 ,! manufacture ( /opp]s utilizes1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! imp]meability ( ! b>k1 &1 9 ! second1 ! latt]'s ela/icity & imputrescibility1 ! rem>kable lightness play+ no rle !re94 ,be=e ent]+ ^u a /udy ( ! indu/rial applications ( cork1 9 gr\p+ !m accord+ to ! v>i\s qualities ( ?is product1 we mu/ return to ! 8male0 cork1 d]iv$ f ! fir/ b>k+ ( ! tree4 ,x has be5 said1 because ( its slight ela/icity & num]\s fissures1 ?is product has b little comm]cial value1 & %all h m5tion$ its pr9cipal application :5 we h /at$ t x is us$ 9 ! decoration ( p>ks & g>d5s4 ,an endeavor has be5 made1 b )\t success1 to manufacture f x1 mills = decorticat+ rice4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( x c be conv]t$ into small /opp]s4 ,9 ! c\ntry :]e x is produc$1 x is us$ = mak+ wat] conduits1 beehives & %elves on :i* to pres]ve objects f dampness4 ,mix$ ) a mort> ( clay1 ! ,kabyles use x = ! walls ( _! dwell+s1 & also1 9 lieu ( tiles1 z a ro(+ mat]ial = _! primitive habitations4 ,x is us$ also by fi%]m5 z floats = _! nets4 ,^! v>i\s applications 7 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 z %[n by ! works ( ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y4 ,! latt] says ( ! cork-oak3 8,no?+ is utiliz$ b its b>k1 :i* is v ?ick1 & :i* is r5ew$ 9 measure z x is remov$4 ,?is b>k is (t5 us$ = ! buoys ( an*ors & %ips & ( fi%]m5's nets1 = ! bungs ( casks1 & = wom5's w9t] foot ge>4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! cork-oak ! #8b>k tree'4444 ,cork b>k is us$ z a cov]+ = ro(s40 78,hi/4 ,nat410 xvi1 #ah47 ,z = ! *ips1 !y c be us$ z an isolat+ mat]ial to prev5t freez+4 ,r$uc$ to fragm5ts1 !y furni% an excell5t mat]ial = cov]+ circus r+s4 ,let u return to 8female0 cork1 :i* is mu* bett] adapt$ = be+ work$1 & ! gra9 ( :i* is mu* m homog5e\s4 ,9 ?is =m cork b>k con/itutes a v bad conductor ( heat & s\nd1 & r5d]s valuable s]vices 9 ! indu/ries z a mat]ial = prev5t+ ! cool+ ( /eam pipes & g5]ators1 & prev5t+ ! melt+ ( ice 9 ice h\ses1 or ! heat+ ( app>atus = produc+ cold4 ,x is ! basis ( a c]ta9 numb] ( cem5ts1 & coat+s = prev5t+ ! escape ( heat1 :i* are appli$ to pipes1 /eam domes1 hot wat] res]voirs1 etc41 & ^u ! composition ( :i* we %all n dwell "h4 ,z = jacket+ ) cork alone2 ! fir/ me?od consi/s 9 plac+ n>r[ /rips ( cork1 ^: edges t\* ea* o!r1 along /eam pipes & cyl9d]s1 & fa/5+ !m by means ( wire4 ,a pipe ?us jacket$ is tang5t int]nally to all ^! /rips1 & a section ( ! :ole %[s a circle inscrib$ 9 a polygon4 ,9 ! second sy/em ?9 /rips ( cork1 fa/5$ to canvas ) ,india rubb] cem5t1 are w\nd ar\nd ! pipe spirally4 ,f9ally1 a ?ird me?od ( jacket+ consi/s 9 ! use ( two half cyl9d]s t exactly fit ! ext]ior ( ! /eam pipe4 ,^! cyl9d]s1 :i* c be made ( any desir$ l5g?1 are made ( p[d]$ cork & />*1 & are cov]$ ) a spirally w\nd /rip ( calico1 :i* may be coat$ ) t> or any suitable k9d ( pa9t4 ,ea* ( ^! sy/ems p]mits ( obta9+ a great sav+ 9 fuel4 ,z cork is likewise a v bad conductor ( s\nd1 x is successfully us$ on ! doors ( consult+ rooms1 & = mak+ floors = hospitals1 etc4 ,f9ally1 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 /r+$ in/rum5ts1 x is us$ to prev5t a loss ( s\nd4 ,! slight d5sity ( cork1 z comp>$ ) wat]1 & its imp]meability to liquids1 make x an excell5t float1 capable n only ( rema9+ on ! surface1 b also ( support+ q heavy bodies !reon4 ,we %all be cont5t to m5tion ! annul> cork float us$ 9 night lamps1 ! squ>e block 9 :i* ba? !rmomet]s are fix$1 & ! fi%]man's dobb]4 ,x is cork1 too1 t is us$ by pref]5ce 9 ! manufacture ( swimm+ & life-sav+ app>atus1 to :i* inv5tors h devot$ mu* ?\ght4 ,v _m vessels are provid$ ) cork mattresses1 :i*1 9 cases ( %ipwreck1 r5d] ! greate/ s]vices4 ,= example1 ! %ip ,con/ant1 :i* sail$ f ,anv]s = ,brazil 9 #ahde1 0 wreck$ on ! night ( ,octob] #ab?1 at twelve miles f ,/4 ,?anes1 b1 ?anks to ! cork life pres]v]s & mattresses t %e _h on bo>d1 n "o ( ! crew 0 lo/4 ,z = life-sav+ buoys1 prop]ly s call$1 !y consi/ ( sev]al cork planks :i* are giv5 an annul> =m1 & are provid$ ) free ropes t are knott$ "h & !re s t !y may be easily grasp$4 ,f ! /]n ( e vessel a buoy ( ?is k9d is susp5d$ by a rope t may be at once cut :5 ! cry ( 8,a man ov]bo>d60 is he>d4 ,^! buoys are usually cov]$ ) canvas coat$ ) a pa9t t s]ves to pres]ve x4 ,x is also possible to save a p]son :o has fall5 into ! wat] at a c]ta9 di/ance f a :>f by means ( floats4 ,?is device consi/s ( a piece ( rattan provid$ ) po9ts ar\nd :i* molt5 lead has be5 p\r$1 & ! :ole is !n surr\nd$ ) cork 9 *ips1 & cov]$ ext]nally ) canvas & a network to protect ! affair aga9/ we>4 ,f5d]s are canvas bags t are fill$ ) cork & are plac$ along ! sides ( %ips or along docks 9 ord] to dead5 ! %ock 9 case ( a collision4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal uses r5d]$ to navigation by cork4 ,x has already be5 se51 by ! extract f ,pl9y1 t ,roman ladies pres]v$ _! feet f cold by means ( cork soles4 ,su* a use ( cork is /ill 9 vogue4 ,9 addition to ^! soles1 :i* are flat1 !re are o!rs t h no?+ to d ) hygi5e1 & are m]ely connect$ ) fa%ion4 ,su* are ! ,l\is ,quatorze talonettes1 design$ to increase ! /ature )\t exagg]at+ ! heel ( ! %oe4 ,female danc]s we> l9+s ( ?is k9d 9 _! %oes1 :i*1 z well kn[n1 h flat soles4 ,a ?9 %eet ( cork enclos$ 9 ! sole ( ! %oe w\ld1 we ?9k1 prove v useful to troops on a m>* dur+ bad wea!r4 ,cork is n only useful z an application to foot ge>1 b also r5d]s great s]vice 9 head ge>1 &1 9 ! =m ( helmets1 has pres]v$ a l>ge numb] ( soldi]s f dea? by sun/roke 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,we f9d x aga91 9 ! =m ( v ?9 %eets1 9 ! int]ior ( beav] hats1 :]e x is us$ z a protection aga9/ heat4 ,x is also us$ 9 ^! same hats z a sweat b&1 9 lieu ( lea!r4 ,9 ladies' toilets1 ! cork s]ves to make ! c>casses ( ! birds t decorate _! head ge>4 ,manufactur]s ( dress trimm+s use cork molds1 :i* !y cov] ) silk or cotton1 = ornam5t+ cloaks1 etc4 ,! lightness ( cork c alone expla9 ! great size ( ^! balls1 olives1 etc41 "s ( :i* are l>g] ?an a h5's egg4 ,a few ye>s ago1 a ,p>is h\se sold cork cravats1 & we h rec5tly se51 expos$ 9 a %[ case1 "s *ildr5's co/umes1 9 :i* ! sailor's coll> 0 ( ?9 %eet cork decorat$ ) color$ designs4 ,al?\gh cork g[ns h n yet appe>$1 we h wat]pro(s compos$ ( ?9 %eet cork cem5t$ betwe5 two pieces ( silk4 ,^! cloaks h ! advantage ov] ^? made ( rubb] ( n all[+ air to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,!re is also a curi\s application ( cork 9 ! manufacture ( a fabric t r5d]s ^? :o are clo!d ) x insubm]gible4 ,we c m5tion b few ( ! _m applications ( cork1 new ones ( :i* are be+ discov]$ e day1 s %all conf9e ourselves to recall+ ! s]vices r5d]$ by ?is valuable product 9 surgical pro/hesis & = ! use ( naturali/s1 etc4 ,9 dome/ic life1 x is us$ = ba? /eps1 & = mak+ roll+ p9s = cru%+ almonds )\t absorb+ ! oils z wood w\ld d4 ,?9 %eets ( x are us$ = mak+ fancy labels = w9es4 ,! ease ) :i* x may be cut1 turn$ & work$ causes x to be employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( small objects1 su* z rural l&scapes & ! reproductions ( monum5ts1 "s ( :i* are g5u9e works ( art4 ,we may likewise m5tion1 among objects made ( cork1 cases ( v>i\s =ms = s5d+ bottles by mail1 spools = all[+ ( ! *eap c>riage ( silk1 ! old-fa%ion$ ink/&1 ! ?ick p5hold] = prev5t+ writ]'s cramp1 ! cig> hold] & _m fancy objects t w\ld take too long to enum]ate4 ,!re is p]haps no call+ t does n h to make m or less use ( cork4 ,poli%]s ( gold h us$ x f "t immemorial1 9 ! =m ( n>r[ /rips1 = rubb+ _! "w ) r\ge4 ,! :eels ) :i* cry/als are poli%$ are fac$ ) x1 & wat*mak]'s l5s m\nt$ 9 cork1 ! lightness ( :i* prev5ts ! muscles ( ! face f tir+4 ,9 ! indu/ries1 driv+ pulleys are n[ beg9n+ to be provid$ ) cork 9 ord] to secure an adhesion ( ! belt+4 ,9 c>p5t] %ops ^! b&s ( cork are n[ advantage\sly replac+ rubb] ones = cov]+ ! pulleys ov] :i* ! b& saw runs4 ,! /opp]s ( nurs+ bottles are n[ be+ replac$ by hygi5ic ones ( cork1 :i*1 be+ v *eap1 c be *ang$ z soon z ! pres5ce ( f]m5ts is suspect$4 ,cork is likewise employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( *ildr5's toys2 x s]ves1 = example1 = fix+ ! wig on dolls' heads4 ,is x necess>y to recall ! cork ( pop-guns & pi/ols1 & ! cork battl$ores & %uttlecocks us$ = play+ ) indoors8 ,^! few data w s]ve to %[ t b few products are capable ( s _m div]se applications z cork is2 & ! "q may be ask$ :e!r x w\ld be possible to sub/itute any?+ else = x1 9 case ! supply %\ld become exhau/$4 ,! manufacture ( /opp]s & ( ! v>i\s objects t we h j enum]at$ furni%es a consid]able quantity ( *ips1 :i* along ) ! wa/e d]iv$ f ! collect+ ( ! mat]ial1 & ) old1 second-h& corks1 con/itutes ! crude mat]ial de/9$ to supply c]ta9 important indu/ries1 :i*1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 mu/ be m5tion$4 ,we h fir/ ! cork p[d] indu/ry1 :i* manufactures p[d]s ( v>i\s degrees ( f95ess4 ,! co>se/ p[d] is us$ = pack+ fragile objects1 on acc\nt ( its ela/icity1 c\pl$ ) its lightness1 :i* p]mits ( a great sav+ 9 freight *>ges4 ,! f9e/ p[d] =ms1 8lieg9e0 or 8sub]9e10 ^: balsamic prop]ties are well kn[n to hygi5i/s1 & :i* may be us$ z a sub/itute = lycopodium1 />* & fecula z an application to ! sk9 ( babes4 ,"u ! "n ( 8zifa p[d]10 an insect p[d] has be5 made compos$ ( cork & ph5ol4 ,fire light]s h likewise be5 made f cork p[d]2 b ?is & ! la/ nam$ application h n am\nt$ to mu*4 ,we _c ent] into mu* detail 9 reg>d to ! manufacture ( l9oleum1 not)/&+ ! int]e/ t x pres5ts4 ,! manufacture began 9 ,scotl&1 & is t5d+ to settle 9 our own c\ntry4 ,l9oleum is made by intimately mix+ cork p[d] ) oxidiz$ l9se$ oil4 ,! pa/e ?us prep>$ is spread ov] canvas if ! int5tion is to manufacture c>pets1 b ov] pap] if x is desir$ to make hang+s4 ,! color ( l9oleum1 :i* is ! same z t ( cork1 only a %ade d>k]1 c be enliv5$ by color$ designs4 ,:5 appli$ to damp walls1 l9oleum is capable ( receiv+ oil pa9t+s ( a m /able nature ?an ^? execut$ ^u wood1 :i* w>ps1 or ^u o!r build+ mat]ials1 :i* crack1 su* z pla/]1 = example4 ,x c also be us$ = decorat$ ceil+s = public halls1 cafes1 etc42 & :5 su* ceil+s become black ?r\gh smoke & du/1 !y c be wa%$4 ,z a c>pet1 l9oleum r5d]s floor+ p]fectly insonor\s4 ,x conv]ts damp & unheal?y ap>tm5ts into heal?y & w>m places ( habitation4 ,us$ 9 kit*5s & (fices1 x has ! advantage ( n be+ spott$ by fatty matt]s4 ,x has be5 g5]ally adopt$ 9 our naval & m]*ant %ips1 :]e ! use ( x has giv5 a great setback to ! oil clo? indu/ry4 ,a new decorative product1 8l9o-burgau10 obta9$ by emboss+ l9oleum1 possesses ! iridesc5t reflections ( nacre1 due to ! application ( color$ v>ni% along ) a bronz+ ( c]ta9 p>ts4 ,not)/&+ its exp5sive nature1 we believe t !re is a great future 9 /ore = x4 ,! manufacture ( agglom]ates ( cork is becom+ v widespread 9 ,france4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! use ( artificial cork = jacket+ /eam pipes1 & we h /at$ t ?is product is obta9$ by mix+ cork p[d] & />* "u pressure4 ,?is dri$ pa/e c be giv5 ! mo/ div]se =ms1 & be made ( any ?ickness4 ,ano!r sub/ance1 call$ brick pa/e1 is obta9$ by mix+ ! co>se/ cork p[d] ) milk ( lime1 &1 aft] compression & dry+1 con/itutes1 "u ! =m ( bricks & slabs1 an excell5t mat]ial = ! con/ruction ( p>ty walls1 = cov]+ damp walls & slop+ ro(s4 ,9 ! cell>s ( brew]ies1 ^! bricks dim9i% ! melt+ ( ! ice4 ,9 gunp[d] works1 !y prev5t ! cak+ ( ! p[d] ?r\gh dampness1 &1 9 case ( an explosion1 _! friability & lightness less5 ! importance ( ! cata/rophe4 ,!y are also us$ z a f\ndation = floor+ 9 ord] to de/roy its disagreeable sonor\sness4 ,9 ! sp9n+ mills ( ,alsace & ! we/ ( ,france1 !y h giv5 excell5t results1 bo? z reg>ds _! resi/ance to ! passage ( s\nd1 heat & cold1 & _! *eapness4 ,cork *ips & wa/e1 :5 di/ill$1 furni% an illum9at+ gas t burns ) m brilliancy ?an t made f coal1 & does n1 l ! latt]1 give (f sulphure\s emanations t t>ni% frames & o!r gild$ objects4 ,! city ( ,n]ac 0 light$ ) cork gas = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 b ! use ( x _h to be giv5 up on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( /or+ ! *ips1 :i*1 ) b little weight1 took up an enorm\s space4 ,?is gas1 9 view ( its slight d5sity & its purity1 w\ld prove an excell5t "o = ! inflation ( balloons4 ,f9ally1 cork p>+s & wa/e1 prop]ly c>boniz$1 produce ,spani% or cork black1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & durable blacks kn[n 9 pa9t+40 ,! rec5t uses = corkwood are1 z a float 9 ! c>burett] ( an automobile1 ! cork ins]t 9 ! p]iph]y ( a pulley1#cc cork pap] = cig>ette tips1 a wadd+ = %ot-gun c>tridges1 cork-coat$ fabric = balloons1 z a fill+ = automobile tires1 z a disk 9 ! non-refillable bottle1 = ! mak+ ( casks & b>rels 9 :i* to /ore w9e1 & ! gr\nd cork wood = %ipp+ fruit1 etc4 91 to prev5t spoil+4 #cc ,see ,lawr5ce ,:itcomb's article 9 ,indu/rial ,eng9e]+1 ,septemb]1 #aiaj4 ,,sub/itutes ,( c\rse1 no matt] :at ! sub/ance1 a sub/itute is always s\ght =1 & ?is has be5 ! case ) cork1 b ) v unfruitful results4 8,a primitive mat]ial us$ = bottle /opp]s consi/$ ( ! roots ( liquorice2 ! spongy sub/ance ( ano!r tree call$ #8,spondies ,lutea1' :i* ab\nds ?r\gh\t ! m>%y regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica & !re call$ #8,monbia1' 0 also us$ 9 ! same way1 z also a product call$ #8,myssa1' :i* conta9s "s ( ! elem5ts ( cork4#cd ,ano!r sub/itute is m5tion$ 9 ,h5ley's 8,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,receipts0 z foll[s3 ,wood pulp ?ree p>ts2 corn/>* pi? "o "p2 gelat9 "o "p2 glyc]9e "o "p2 wat] f\r p>ts2 #bj p] c5t solution =mic aldehyde2 & /ill ano!r 9 ! 8,h&yman's #8,inquire ,)91'0 by ,haslock1 call$ 8,phellos5e10 a ,fr5* inv5tion consi/+ ( p[d]$ cork mix$ ) a solution ( nitro-cellulose 9 acetone3 compress$ & dri$4 ,! wood ( ,anona palu/ris gr[+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & call$ ! alligator's apple1 is us$ by ! negroes to /op _! jugs & calaba%es also1 & a ,mr4 ,brock$on inv5t$ a sub/itute z not$ 9 8,knight's ,cyclop$ia10 ! core ( :i* 0 cotton twi/$ into /r&s1 w\nd ) flax & ! :ole cov]$ ) ,india rubb]4 ,cork's competitor 9 buoyancy1 8balsa wood10 is 9 no wise con/itut$ to take its place1 al?\gh #bj p] c5t light]2 z x is a fibr\s gr[? & hygroscopic1 requir+ a coat ( wat]-pro(+ solution be=e x c be us$ ev5 = life-pres]v]s2 rubb]1 its close second1 9 ! manufacture ( /opp]s is n to be comp>$ ) x1 & al?\gh !re h be5 _m pat5t devices = seal+ bottles1 su* z ! porcela9 /opp]1 crimp$ metal /opp]s1 etc41 ! cork /opp] /ill reigns z ! be/ ( !m all4 #cd ,*amb]s ,j\rnal4 ,,manufacture ,9 describ+ ! mann] & process ( conv]t+ ! corkwood into ! v>i\s comm]cial =ms1 no attempt w be made to give a sci5tific exposition ( all ! details1 z be+ inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( ?is monograph1 nor w any o!r processes be describ$ ?an ! ones 9 :i* ! mat]ial be+ work$1 is cork4 ,?is may exclude mu* ( int]e/ to ! read]1 b ! int5t ( ?is little "w is purely a corkwood exposition1 & ! desire to keep x s mu/ prevail4 ,,cork-,,wood _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,,virg9-,,cork ,,wood _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/,,( _/ ,,/opp]s ,,/&>d _/ ,,size _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,,cork ,,disks ,,wa/e _/ _/ ,,wa/e _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,,cork ,,bo>d ,,cork ,,disks _/ _/ _/ _/ ,,granulat$ ,,pack+ _/ ,,mat]ial _/ _/ ,,cork ,,fl\r ,,spani% ,,black ,,novelties ,9 tak+ up ! processes ( manipulation we naturally />t f ! beg9n+1 b ! beg9n+ 9 ?is case has a peculi> significance z relat+ to ! :ole1 = x is app>5t to utilize corkwood to ! fulle/ ext5t its qualities mu/ be /udi$ & ! be/1 us$ fir/1 s t ! beg9n+ ( ! corkwood indu/ry is peculi> 9 ?is fact1 t x takes ! be/ "p & leaves b scrap1 :i* mu/ be /udi$ c>efully to realize ! value lo/ 9 ! fir/ process2 !re=e1 9 ! manufacture ( "o article ( corkwood x is necess>y to make provision = ! scrap creat$1 & ?is is a *>act]i/ic ( all su* e/abli%m5ts4 ,,raw ,,/ock ,! bal$ cork1 z receiv$1 is our fir/ consid]ation1 = its bulk1 be+ out ( all proportion to its value1 attracts ! att5tion at once4 ,z 9 all bus9ess :]e ! raw /ock is convey$ f a di/ance & !re is a possibility ( delay 9 %ipm5ts1 a l>ge /ock mu/ necess>ily be kept on h&1 & ?is feature is v pron\nc$ 9 & ab\t a 8cork factory40 ,great piles appe> 9 ! op5 or )9 l>ge %$s1 cov]+ mu* space1 & sometimes 9 ! factory itself4 ,?is /ock is c>efully wat*$ & c>e tak5 to keep x l>ge en\gh to supply all ne$s = a long "t z a %ortage 9 raw mat]ial w\ld n only mean no "w1 b ! loss ( bus9ess1 due to ! inability to supply fir/-grade mat]ial1 = ?is is ! prime factor1 ! v>i\s o!r grades be+ compell$ to await a favorable m>ket4 ,app5d$ is a diagram t w give "s idea ( ! utilization ( corkwood4 ,! corkwood bale z receiv$1 measures z a g5]al rule #b #bg #d & is securely /rapp$ ) iron b&s ab\t "o in* 9 wid? & a ?ickness ( #a_/af to #a_/cb1 & ! weight dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( corkwood rang+ f #aej p\nds to #bjj p\nds p] bale4 ,,sort+ ,! fir/ op]ation1 t is1 ! fir/ ?+ done ) ! corkwood1 is ! sort+4 ,?is is becom+ m important z ! uses ( cork increase1 z v>i\s grades c be us$ = s _m p>ticul> ?+s n[1 )\t ! necessity ( be+ call$ a by-product2 b ! pr9cipal divisions are3 sup]f9e1 f9e1 common & co>se4 ,^! ( c\rse are n[ ext5d$ to _m classes1 & is result+ 9 c>eful scrut9y ( ! %ipm5ts & /ock1 ! sort] becom+ an exp]t1 & an increas+ factor 9 ! bus9ess4 ,8 k n only includ+ ! grades ( corkwood1 b ! uses to :i* ! v>i\s grades may be put s t wa/e is avoid$ & ! full value gott5 out ( all4 ,,cork ,,/opp] ,,mak+ ,aft] ! sort+1 ! slabs are plac$ 9 /eam boxes & subject$ to a /eam ba?1 :i* x is claim$ s(t5s ! mat]ial & also prep>es x = ! scrap]1 :o cleans & removes ! dirt & call\s or 8raspa0 accumulat$ 9 its m\nta9 home4 ,?is scrap+ is done ei!r by h& or ma*9e1 ! h&work be+ done ) a %ort h&le1 curv$ blad$ knife call$ a 8dolad]a10 raspador or raspeta3 a workman be+ able to scrape f two to ?ree metric qu9tals ( cork 9 a day1 or t5 h\rs4 ,! scrap] ma*9e be+ a v]tical /eel %aft c>ry+ sev]al knives plac$ at a v slight helix & mak+ ab\t #adjj revolutions p] m9ute & w scrape f t5 to twelve metric qu9tals#ce p] day or t5 h\rs4 ,cutt+ ! slabs into /rips or fillets 7tiras 'rebanadas7 is ! next /ep4 ,^! /rips1 ! wid? ( :i* is equal to ! l5g? ( ! cork to be cut1 z ! cutt+ is done across & n ) ! gra91 7 =m]ly cut by h& ) a knife hav+ a flat surface & curv$ edge call$ 8cu*illa de reban>10 b n[ replac$ by ! circul> knife1 :i* op]ates ! same z a rip-saw4 ,f "h ! /rips g to ! /opp]-mak]s' pun*es or block+ ma*9es4 ,?is ma*9e has a rotat+ tubul> die ) %>p5$ edges ( ! diamet] ( ! cork to be cut1 made to revolve ab\t two ?\s& revolutions p] m9ute1 ! op]ator hav+ a foot lev] atta*m5t :i* p]mits him to ?ru/ ! die ?r\gh ! /rips ( cork z he holds x aga9/ a resi/+ piece p>allel ) ! op]at+ plane ( ! die4 ,?us1 he c pun* out _m ?\s&s ( corks a day1 ! noise ( ! pun*es be+ a v *>act]i/ic s\nd 9 all su* e/abli%m5ts4 ,! op]ator1 ( c\rse1 mu/ use c>e to avoid defective spots 9 ! b>k1 & also to cut ! corks out z closely toge!r z possible s z to r$uce wa/e to a m9imum4 ,= x is "h t ! cork manufactur] seems to lay 8 p>ticul> lam5t4 ,if he c\ld b make 8 corks ! sizes mo/ 9 dem&1 %ip !m & !reby d a bus9ess t w\ld cle>ly figure up ! ye>'s "w1 & p]haps keep a surplus on h& = unexpect$ ord]s4 ,b ?is he _c d1 = almo/ e cork he cuts !re is en\gh wa/e mat]ial to make ?ree or f\r small] sizes1 & ?is he fa9 w\ld disc>d if x 7 n = ! possible pr(it !re is 9 x2 & consequ5tly 9 almo/ e cork factory w be f\nd a l>ge surplus /ock ( all sizes1 & ! own] anxi\sly hop+ t "s "o w take !m (f 8 h&s4 #ce ,! metric qu9tal is us$ (ficially 9 ,spa91 :i* is equal to #bbj4cf p\nds1 ! ,catalon qu9tal equal+ #ia4ga p\nds4 ,! /opp]s :i* come f ^! ma*9es are r\nd ) p>allel sides4 ,if tap]$ corks are desir$1 l>g] at ! upp] end ?an at ! l[]1 ! cyl9drical or /raight pieces mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh ano!r ma*9e :i* h&les !m deftly1 hold+ !m aga9/ ! edge ( ano!r circul> knife2 seem+ly motionless1 ! only outw>d indication ( ! spe$ ) :i* ! ke5 blade is revolv+ be+ a delicate %av+ :i* curls upw>d = an in/ant1 & !n is drawn away by air suction to ! wa/e b91 :]e ?is mat]ial is all collect$ & us$ 9 v>i\s1 useful ways z w be %[n lat]4 ,9 cutt+ ! corks1 al?\gh c>e is ex]cis$1 _m w be imp]fect & defective1 & 9 ord] to utilize !m !y are cut into small] sizes by m5 :o sit at l[ tables & deftly h&le ! %>p-edg$ knife1 :i* ) "o /roke r$uces ! cork to ! size t x c fill1 us+ a scale :i* is app>5tly /&>d ) all cork deal]s4 ,! g5]al /&>d ( corks or /opp]s1 kn[n z ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d1 is z foll[s3 ,,scale ,,( ,,diamet] ,,( ,,/opp]s ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d1 %[+ ,diamet] at ,l>ge ,end ,no4 #j #c_/h in* ,no4 #a #g_/h in*4 8 #b #a_/b 8 8 #c #i_/af 8 8 #d #e_/h 8 8 #e #aa_/af 8 8 #f #c_/d 8 8 #g #ac_/af 8 8 #h #g_/h 8 8 #i #ae_/af 8 8 #aj #a 8 8 #aa #a-a_/af 8 8 #ab #a-a_/h 8 8 #ac #a-c_/af 8 8 #ad #a-a_/d 8 8 #ae #a-e_/af 8 8 #af #a-c_/h 8 8 #ag #a-g_/af 8 8 #ah #a-a_/b 8 8 #ai #a-i_/af 8 8 #bj #a-e_/h 8 8 #bd #a-g_/h 8 8 #bb #a-c_/d 8 8 #bf #b 8 ,l5g? is g5]ally designat$ z %ort1 regul>1 extra long1 & ! %ape z tap]$1 or /raight4 ,?is classification ( necessity applies to ! trade & gives a size = almo/ any "* ( "w !re is1 ?\gh ano!r g5]al classification t is us$ pr9cipally abroad1 is z foll[s3-- ,?ick corks hav+ m ?an #ca millimet]s#cf 9 diamet]4 ,ord9>y or comm]cial1 f #be to #ca millimet]s4 ,ba/>d corks1 f #bc to #be millimet]s4 ,?9 corks1 hav+ less ?an #bc millimet]s4 #cf ,millimet] 4#jcid in*4 ,^! classes ( sizes are ( c\rse divid$ aga9 & aga9 by ! manufactur]s4 ,to ?is size classification mu/ be add$ a quality di/9ction1 & ?is g5]ally takes ! same z be=e describ$1 9 sort+ ! cork-bo>d1 grad+ d[n f ! be/ :i* is tawny or p9k 9 color1 ) a f9e texture1 free f cracks1 /one cells1 or o!r blemi%es4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! pun* is n[ employ$ 9 mo/ corkwood e/abli%m5ts1 b !re are /ill a few :o d ! "w by h& & ma9ta9 t ! be/ results are obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,h&-cut corks or /opp]s are us$ mo/ly = ! high-class w9e trade & are a little m exp5sive ?an ma*9e cut4 ,!re is also a h& ma*9e = %ap+ corks1 :i* consi/s ( a knife1 ! blade ( :i* is plac$ horizontally1 jo9$ g5]ally to a piece ( wood1 to :i* a back & =w>d movem5t is giv5 simil> to t ( a c>p5t]'s plane4 ,9 mov+1 ! knife turns ! squ>e cork1 or :atev] %ape x may be1 by a s]ies ( belt atta*m5ts1 & takes (f a /rip ( cork 7palilla7 m or less ?ick1 accord+ to ! di/ance f ! axis ( ! cork & ! edge ( ! blade2 ! pr9ciple be+ ! same 9 ! p[] ma*9e1 if ^! are p>allel ! result+ cork w be cyl9drical1 & if n1 x becomes conical4 ,! /&>d size /opp] is ! prime use to :i* corkwood has be5 put1 & 9 ! mak+ ( x ! be/ mat]ial is us$2 ?is mat]ial com+ 9 v>y+ ?icknesses1 x sometimes is difficult to secure en\gh = mak+ 8*ampagnes10 s "s manufactur]s produce a /opp] t answ]s ! requirem5ts by fa/5+ two pieces ( ?9 sup]f9e corkwood toge!r ) a rubb] cem5t made by dissolv+ pure ,p>a rubb] 9 disulphide ( c>bon1 :i* makes a v good b9d] & n less5+ ! quality s]vice to any appreciable degree4 ,aft] ! corks are cut1 ! ends are n always z ev5 & z smoo? z desir$1 s !y are tak5 to a s&pap] :eel :i* revolves v rapidly 9 an upright position1 & aga9/ ?is ! corks are held = a few seconds until ! surface becomes smoo? & /raight1 ! du/ creat$ be+ collect$ & us$ 9 v>i\s ways4 7,see 8,wa/e ,utilization407 ,,cork-,,disk ,,mak+ 7,see 8,wa/e ,utilization07 ,s9ce ! ,cr[n ,seal /opp]1 = be] bottles p>ticul>ly1 has come into vogue1 !re has be5 a great dem& = cork disks :i* =m ! m$ium = air tightness & ?is has giv5 ! cork-work] an opportunity to utilize a grade ( corkwood t usually _h b little comm]cial value1 t is1 a ?9 b>k4 ,x may be well to /ate "h = ! un9itiat$ t ! ,cr[n ,seal is made up ( a t9 cap1 corrugat$ on ! lapp$ edge1 = gripp+ ! top ( ! bottle1 a corkwood disk & a wat]-pro( pap] betwe5 ! disk & cap1 a v +5i\s device4 ,z y h already read 9 a previ\s *apt] t corks are cut v]tical p>allel1 or1 to /ate m cle>ly1 ! axis ( ! /opp] mu/ be p>allel ) ! axis ( ! tree t furni%$ ! b>k2 & ! desir$ direction is easily recognizable by ! color$ /riae due to ! annual lay]s ( sub]\s sub/ance t are obs]v$ 9 ! direction ( its axis1 ?is rule be+ foll[$ because cork is f\nd to be m imp]vi\s to liquids if cut 9 ?is mann]4 ,x w be readily se5 t if disks are cut horizontally p>allel1 t is1 ! annual lay]s runn+ at "r angles to ! axis ( ! disk1 ?is grade ( cork c be utiliz$ to great advantage4 ,! mode ( cutt+ is by a horizontal revolv+ blade1 :i* slices ! cork to ! desir$ ?ickness1 usually a qu>t] ( an in*1 & !n x foll[s ! usual c\rse ( pun*+1 etc4 ,f ^! op]ations a great deal ( wa/e accumulates1 & ?is w\ld be a great loss if me?ods 7 n devis$ = its utilization4 ,_m firms "w up ?is wa/e on ! premises1 b mo/ ( x is %ipp$ out & its conv]sion =ms a sep>ate "p ( ! corkwood indu/ry1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,we might say n[ t ! cork is made1 = x has be5 cut & %ap$ into ! desir$ comm]cial size2 & all t rema9s is to sort !m & %ip !m away4 ,b if comm]ce desires sizes & quality1 x has also exact$ _m o!r requirem5ts ( a cork be=e x is acceptable & we w n[ take up ! fur!r manipulation ( cork be=e x leaves ! factory4 ,naturally1 ?is corkwood1 com+ su* a di/ance & be+ h&l$ by s _m 9 ! g5]al processes j describ$1 gets m or less dirty1 & aside f t p]haps 9 ! gr[+ ! tissue has n rema9$ z :ite z is desir$1 s be=e ! cork c leave ! factory x has to be wa%$ or clean$4 ,& 9 ?is wa%+ ,i w n say t !re is n an attempt to improve ! looks ( ! corks 9 ord] to get a bett] price4 ,n[ ?is wa%+ or blea*+ is c>ri$ on 9 ! simple/ mann] & is j soak+ ! corks 9 wat] & a *emical & !n plac+ !m 9 a c5trifugal sp9n]1 :i* is no?+ m ?an a p]=at$ receptacle made to revolve )9 an iron jacket1 :i* is connect$ to a dra91 naturally =c+ ! mat]ial aga9/ ! p]iph]y & !reby caus+ ! excess wat] & acid to pass out ?r\gh ! p]=ations1 ?is sy/em becom+ q common 9 cork factories to-day1 greatly facilitat+ ! dry+1 :i* is done mo/ly by ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is all !re is to ! me*anical "p1 b curiosity prompts u to inquire :at *emicals are us$ to clean ! corks1 s ,i h asc]ta9$ ! pr9cipal ones1 b ( c\rse e manufactur] w h 8 own way ( do+ ?is "p ( ! "w1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same4 ,an old way 0 to wa% !m 9 wat] conta9+ *loride ( t9 or oxalic acid & !n subject+ !m to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 b ! sulphur blea* has be5 discont9u$4 ,bioxalate ( pota% has also be5 us$ 9 solution1 z also *loride ( lime1 ammonia & sulphuric acid4 ,ano!r way is to wa% 9 a #aj p] c5t solution ( hydro*loric acid & !n imm]se 9 a solution ( sodium hyposulphate & hydro*loric acid1 f9ally wa%+ ) a solution ( soda & wat]4 ,all ( ^! produce ! desir$ effect :5 m]e clean+ & blea*+ is all t is requir$3 b 9 ! poor] grade ( cork1 mo/ly a ?ick cork t has be5 jasp]$ or conta9s micro-organisms1 a sy/em ( treatm5t ) =mol or me?ylal1 e?yl alcohol or _s w9e & =maldehyde & impregnat+ ) case9 has be5 us$4 ,^! blea*es are appli$ to regul> /opp]s & disks alike1 b 9 addition to ?is ! disks are giv5 a ba? ( hot p>aff91 or glyc]9e & p>aff91 :i* improves _! resi/ance & ret>ds discoloration4 ,?is g5]ally be+ done 9 a /eam-jacket$ kettle1 or tumbl+ b>rel1 & !n plac$ 9 a c5trifugal to remove ! excess ( wat] & p>aff94 ,9 "s factories1 & :5 ! cu/om] reque/s x1 ! "n is br&$ ^u ! /opp] by irons heat$ by gas1 gasol5e or 9 a coal fire1 automatic gas heat$ ma*9es be+ mo/ g5]al4 ,9 ! =ego+ x has be5 %[n h[ ! /opp] & disk are made1 & al?\gh !re are _m diff]5t manufactur]s ( corkwood /opp]s1 x w be f\nd t ! modus op]&i j describ$ is foll[$ g5]ally1 ) p]haps a v>iation 9 ! details4 ,! wa/e mat]ial1 8recortes0 z /at$ is collect$ & us$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b ei!r 9 conjunction ) o!r mat]ials or alone 9 a granulat$ or p[d]$ /ate4 ,! foll[+ *apt] w enum]ate ! ?ree pr9cipal uses ( wa/e corkwood1 & z ^! cov] ! fundam5tals ( ! o!r uses x w n be necess>y to describe !m1 e4g41 l9oleum1 made by mix+ cork-fl\r & l9se$ oil4 ,,wa/e ,,utilization ,9 giv+ ! processes ( ! me?ods us$ 9 ! conv]sion ( ! corkwood wa/e & virg9 corkwood1 :i* is class$ z wa/e1 x w n be possible to g too f> into ! details1 z mo/ ( !m are secret1 & 9 ju/ice to ^? :o use !m a rsum is all t w be incorporat$ 9 ?is monograph4 ,b ?is w give a good idea & und]/&+ ( ! utilization1 :i* is all t is int5d$4 ,z 9 ! fir/ processes ( corkwood manipulation ! be/ is tak5 fir/2 s1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( wa/e utilization1 a process is n[ us$ :]eby ! be/ scrap is made into cork disks = ! ,cr[n seal z describ$1 & s]ves its purpose well4 ,?is scrap is tak5 & granulat$ 9 an iron rot>y cutt] mill1 to a degree ( f95ess t w pass a #a_/h me%1 x is !n scre5$ & mix$ ) a secret b9d] t has a wond]ful hold+ quality2 x is !n dri$ by /eam & press$ into %eets by hydraulic presses1 dri$ aga91 & !n /amp$ out 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!re is no wa/e to ?is process z ! unus$ portions g back to ! gr9d]s aga9 & ?r\gh ! usual process4 ,granulat$ cork is made by gr9d+ ! wa/e 9 ord9>y metal roll]1 cage or bur mills1 & !n scre5+ same = ! v>i\s degrees ( f95ess2 if cork-fl\r is desir$1 a tube mill may be us$4 ,^! two uses are g5]ally conf9$ to ! be/ scrap1 b !re /ill rema9s a l>ge quantity :i* has a great value4 ,a portion ( ?is is made into ,spani% black by c>boniz+ same 9 a clos$ iron kettle1 or retort1 & !n gr9d+ same 9 a regulation ball mill1 until ! desir$ f95ess is obta9$2 ?is process produc+ a v f9e black4 ,! above uses 9 no degree exhau/ ! am\nt ( scrap corkwood t leaves ! v>i\s factories "h & abroad1 nor is its usefulness exp5d$1 = !re is "o use to :i* cork scrap is be+ put t bids fair to rival ! /opp] indu/ry 9 importance1 & t is 9 ! =m ( cork-bo>d = insulat+ purposes4 ,! processes = ! mak+ ( cork-bo>d diff] 9 _m ways1 widely div]g5t 9 pr9ciple4 ,! corkwood wa/e & virg9 cork are brok5 up & *ipp$ 9 an ord9>y iron mill z a prelim9>y to all processes2 9 "o1 claim$ to be ! be/1 ?is *ipp$ mat]ial is p\r$ into iron molds ! desir$ %ape ( ! slab1 subject$ to heavy pressure & run into an ov5 kept at ab\t #hjj to #ijj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?is ov51 be+ a l[ brick type1 resembl+ a le> & heat$ by coal fires1 ! slab molds be+ drawn ?r\gh on an endless *a91 :i* runs at a spe$ to keep ! cork 9 j long en\gh1 = ! res9 9 same to exude & b9d ! little p>ticles toge!r2 ! cork is also *>r$ 9 ?is process1 !reby conv]t+ x into a c>boniz$ cellulose :i* makes x an excell5t mat]ial = insulation4 ,/eam-heat$ hydraulic presses are also us$ = mak+ small tile1 etc41 be+ ! same pr9ciple z above1 )\t ! *>r+4 ,! o!r process involves ! use ( t>1 pit* or asphaltum1 z a b9d] = ! cork p>ticles1 & 9 "o1 ! cork is mix$ ) a clay be=e be+ mix$ ) ! asphaltum4 ,! b9d] be+ heat$ 9 /eam jacket$ kettles1 & 9 "o x is mix$ 9 ! proportion ( "o to f\r1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is =c$ into ! mass "u pressure & !n drawn out aga9 by vacuum1 bo? mixtures be+ p\r$ into molds ( ! desir$ %ape ( ! slab or 9 l>ge molds1 to be cut up aft]1 & subject$ to heavy pressure1 ! saw+ be+ done by an ord9>y rip-saw1 cutt+ ! block into any desir$ ?ickness ( slab4 ,! above describ$ processes d n include all ( ! v>i\s manipulations ( corkwood1 = !re are innum]able ?+s z /at$ "u ! 8,uses0 = :i* !re is a necessity ( me*anical op]ation1 9 _! mak+2 b ! g5]al processes are z /at$ & w cov] mo/ all4 ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,manufactur+ ,,indu/ry ,! cork /opp] indu/ry _h its p]man5t orig9 9 ,spa91 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,g]ona1 t[n ( ,llaco/]a1 t[>ds ! latt] "p ( #agej & 0 contemporane\s ) ! inception ( ! glass bottle1 al?\gh corkwood 0 us$ _m ye>s be=e z a /opp] = amphora1 etc41 z not$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 ,! trade fl\ri%$ !re until w>s & s*isms r5t ! c\ntry & drove ! indu/ry to ! m\nta9s4 ,!re x slumb]$ & /ruggl$ = _m ye>s until ! peace 0 re/or$ & ! p assur$ t ! dang]s 7 pass$4 ,its revival 0 n v sudd51 b sl[ly & surely x grew1 & won itself a place 9 ! trade life ( ,spa9 & f9ally became a necessity1 s mu* s1 t x began to attract att5tion & o!r c\ntries s\ght to secure ! secret4 ,ab\t #ahbh ! ,fr5* ag5ts at ,catalonia f\nd en\gh in=mation to w>rant !m return+ to ,france & !re set up = !mselves1 ! rivalry betwe5 ! two becom+ v ke51 caus+ mu* excitem5t among ! ,spani% manufactur]s2 = up to t "t !y monopoliz$ ! trade & _h a nice "t ( x4 ,?is la/$ until #ahdi1 :5 ! trade assum$ su* proportions t bo? _h all !y c\ld att5d to & m4 ,?is insur$ a /eady increase ( ! trade1 & be=e long x assum$ proportions t has surpass$ ! dreams ( its f\nd]s4 ,! indu/ry spread until ! raw mat]ial began to %[ a %ortage due to ! heavy dem&s made ^u x4 ,m frequ5t cutt+s 7 compulsory to supply ! m>ket1 & 9 consequ5ce ! grade became poor]4 ,! realization ( ?is caus$ ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t to /ep 9 & protect ! =e/s z a national necessity1 & ! result 0 ! pass+ ( laws to gov]n ! cutt+ ( corkwood f ! trees4 ,b ! trade kept on gr[+ 9 o!r c\ntries & ! raw /ock 0 9 great dem&4 ,! result ( ! heavy exportation ( corkwood aga9 caus$ "s notable al>m among ! manufactur]s & trades-work]s 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 b pr9cipally 9 ! =m]1 z mo/ ( ! l>ge/ factories are locat$ 9 its cities2 s t ! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( ! cork indu/ry conv5$ at ,madrid 9 ,decemb] ( #aiaa1 at :i* conv5tion resolutions 7 pass$ to urge ^u ! ,gov]nm5t ! necessity ( impos+ an export tax or duty on corkwood rang+ f five to fifty gold pesetas 74#jife to #i4fe7 p] #ajj kilos 7#bbj p\nds74 ,by s do+ x 0 ?\ght to rem$y ! %ortage 9 ! home m>ket4 ,! competition betwe5 ! =eign & ,spani% buy]s = ! raw corkwood output 0 l>gely 9 favor ( ! =eign] 9 #aiaa1 ow+ to ! unprotective export duties1 & ! result has be5 t ! once fl\ri%+ national indu/ry is n[ v badly h&icapp$ = want ( work+ mat]ial4 ,s simultane\sly ) ! t>iff revision1 :i* w5t into effect on ,janu>y #a1 #aiab1 an endeavor 0 made to put 9 =ce ! increase on export corkwood1 b ow+ to ! ef=ts ( ! ,am]ican cork manufactur]s1 :o h a great influ5ce ov] ! ,spani% cork indu/ry1 ! propos$ increase did n meet ) ! desir$ success4 ,9 ! attempt to re/rict ! importation ( raw mat]ial ! ,spani>ds h fail$1 = its usefulness makes ! dem& too great & ! =eign]s h invad$ ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula & are n[ buy+ up ev5 ! raw /ock on ! trees4 ,! corkwood m>kets are no long] conf9$ to two or ?ree1 b ext5d r\nd ! _w1 ! pr9cipal ones be+3 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,rheims1 ,ep]nay1 ,maguncia1 ,dresd51 ,new ,york1 ,pittsburgh1 ,san ,francisco1 ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,calcutta1 ,sydney1 ,melb\rne & ,y$do4 ,s x w be se5 t a great dem& is be+ made ^u ! =e/s1 :i* mu/ be cultivat$ = increas$ gr[? & production or an e>ly inve/igation made = ! gr[+ ( ! trees 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,( c\rse ! indu/ry rema9s v /rong ?r\gh\t ,spa9 & ,portugal1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,&alusia ,di/rict ( ,spa91 :]e ! manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts play an important "p 9 conv]t+ ! corkwood into useful articles ( comm]ce4 ,! ,spani% yield ( raw mat]ial has rema9$ slightly beh9d ,portugal1 b ?is does n affect ! =m]'s influ5ce 9 ! trade4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,x is inevitable t ! greate/ bulk ( ! trade %\ld c5t] ar\nd ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! raw mat]ial is gr[n1 = ! greate/ advantage is ?us ga9$ by ^?1 s =tunate 9 _! location4 ,b ! spread ( ! corkwood's fame has ar\s$ o!rs to action1 & x appe>s z ?\gh ! monopoly w suff] because ( t fame4 ,! dem& gr[s daily1 & ! rapid gr[? ( ! ,am]ican trade bids fair to be+ a v close rival to ! long-e/abli%$ ,european manufactures at lea/4 ,! wa/e is rapidly assum+ great importance & to ?is ! new] entrant 9 ! bus9ess is turn+ all 8 en]gy4 ,! doctr9e ( cons]vation & utilization has be5 he$$ by ! corkwood indu/ry & ! wa/e is no long] su*1 r /&+ z a cork product second only to ! /opp]1 :5 ! fact is consid]$ t ! gr[] or f>m] receives ab\t #eh p] ton = raw corkwood & ! wa/e sells f #bb to #cb p] ton2 its value is app>5t4 ,a notable feature ( ! %ipm5ts f ,spa9 is ! wa/e & %av+s1 :i* d\bl$ f #aijf to #aiaj1 viz43 #aijf -- #ad1fbd tons #aijg -- #ag1eeg 8 #aijh -- #ab1bja 8 #aiji -- #bj1aih 8 #aiaj -- #bi1beg 8 ,! uses to :i* corkwood may be put are unlimit$1 & z has be5 se5 ! uses already kn[n are suffici5t1 9 !mselves1 to make x a v important commodity4 ,& yet :5 we speak ( uses x is only ^? t h develop$ by reason ( ! corkwood's own peculi>ity t makes x ! subject ( discussion1 & n ! great numb] t x has be5 adapt$ to1 = p]haps its utility w h no end1 & 9 my e/imation its p>ticul> qualities are b little appreciat$4 ,( c\rse its application z a /opp] is ideal = t purpose1 b x appe>s mo/ c]ta9 t ?is wond]ful gr[? is design$ to be ( great] s]vice to man ?an ! m]e function ( fill+ ! neck ( a bottle4 ,*emically1 ,i ?9k x has possibilities2 ! anci5ts f\nd x useful 9 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 & !re may /ill be a use 9 ?is l9e4 ,at any rate1 x is ! mo/ wond]ful b>k ( its k9d1 its s]vice has be5 a long "o1 & its b5efits1 ev5 z a /opp]1 h be5 _m4 ,a wond]ful mat]ial truly1 & ( int]e/1 s full t x seems ,i h fail$ to d x ju/ice 9 ^! few words pres5t$ 9 my endeavor to describe ! ,qu]cus ,sub] ( ,l9nu4 ,,app5dix ,= ^? :o may be int]e/$ 9 a few /ati/ics ( ! trade is app5d$ ! foll[+ figures relat+ to ! ,spani% & ,am]ican indu/ry3 ,,spani% ,,indu/ry1 #aiab ,!re 7 #hib factories ?r\gh\t ,spa9 9 #aiab1 9 #ajg t[ns & cities1 divid$ z foll[s3 ,seville ,di/rict #cje 9 #dh t[ns ,b>celona ,di/rict #ejg 9 #ca 8 ,o!r ,di/ricts #hj 9 #bh 8 ,^! factories employ approximately #dj1jjj p 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! indu/ry at an av]age daily wage ( #fg c5ts4 ,! raw mat]ial yield = #aiab is report$ z3 #ghjj %ort tons1 valu$ at #eg4ij p] ton to ! gr[]1 or #d1eaf1bjj4 ,x w also be ( int]e/ to %[ a few comp>isons ( values1 = v>i\s ye>s1 9 %ipm5ts to =eign p>ts1 viz43 #aiji ,description ,p\nds ,value ,cork 9 %eets 4444444444444 #aa1jji1ici #dje1cff ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #a1ahj1dhi #bfe1faj ,corks 4444444444444444444444 #aa1ifj1gfj #d1hgj1idh ,cork %av+s 44444444444444 #ff1dce1dbf #cfc1efc ,o!r manufactur$ cork 4444 #hfd1hbj #dj1fef ,total 44444444444444444444 #ia1dea1dcd #e1idf1adc #aiaj ,description ,p\nds ,value ,cork 9 %eets 4444444444444 #af1gih1dib #fah1dhi ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #b1jee1hfe #dfb1dgb ,corks 4444444444444444444444 #ad1ibd1jeb #f1aje1bid ,cork %av+s 44444444444444 #fd1cfg1ddh #ebf1fdb ,o!r manufactur$ cork 4444 #a1aij1ghi #eg1chb ,total 44444444444444444444 #ii1ccf1fdf #g1ggj1bgi ,correct$ figures %[+ totals z 4444444444444444 #aji1ccf1fdf #g1idb1fgg #aiaa ,description ,p\nds ,value ,cork 9 %eets 4444444444444 #ba1efd1cdg #gda1jbi ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #b1jgf1hha #dfg1bih ,corks 4444444444444444444444 #ag1hag1jcg #g1bhh1ghg ,cork wa/e 44444444444444444 #gc1eaj1dgc #eia1dfh ,cork1 manufactur$ 9 o!r =ms 44444444444444 #a1hbh1jcj #hi1gbc ,total 44444444444444444444 #aaf1gif1gfh #i1agh1cje #aiab ,description ,p\nds ,value ,corkwood 4444444444444444444 #ag1ibh1jjj #ebh1haj ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #a1dib1jjj #cef1bbi ,corks mfrd4 #g1hfd1bii ,cork wa/e 444444444444444 #ajj1cif1jjj #ged1hdh ,o!r mfrs444444444444444444 #a1aff1jjj #di1ghc #abj1ihb1jjj #i1eec1ifi ,! foll[+ is a comp>ison ( ! fir/ six mon?s ( #aiji1 #aiaj & #aiaa4 #aiji ,articles ,tons ,value ,corkwood 4444444444444444444 #a1fhf #aeh1fdd ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #bfb #abi1fdf ,corks 4444444444444444444444 #b1fbd #b1cfa1fbj ,cork wa/e & %av+s 4444 #i1ehi #agb1fjd ,cork1 o!r manufactures 444 #baa #be1ihg #aiaj ,articles ,tons ,value ,corkwood 4444444444444444444 #c1aeg #bee1gah ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #dhe #bdj1jeg ,corks 4444444444444444444444 #c1fbi #c1bfe1gfj ,cork wa/e & %av+s 4444 #ac1ice #bje1hbb ,cork1 o!r manufactures 444 #bea #bg1acc #aiaa ,articles ,tons ,value ,corkwood 4444444444444444444 #e1abi #dae1dcb ,cork squ>es 444444444444444 #ddb #bah1gee ,corks 4444444444444444444444 #d1jeg #c1ffi1jge ,cork wa/e & %av+s 4444 #ah1adc #cbf1egc ,cork1 o!r manufactures 444 #bdh #cb1feg ,! /ati/ics %[+ ! %ipm5ts to v>i\s c\ntries are = #aiji3 ,cork ,cork ,wa/e 9 ,c\ntries ,corkwood,cork ,corks & ,o!r ,total ,sqs4 ,%av4 ,=ms ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,unit$ ,/ates #b1jfe -- #aeh #g1eid #bhj #aj1jig ,great ,brita9 #hdb #d #a1jid #g1eci #ch #i1eah ,g]many 444444 #e #ah #gae #d1eee -- #e1bic ,france 4444444 #a1bef #bgf #b1jdd #ahi #ef #c1hba ,italy 44444444 #f #gi #dce #aa -- #ecb ,belgium 444444 #afd -- #acf #bae #aa #ebf ,russia 4444444 #dfc -- #a -- -- #dfd ,au/,hung>y -- #cj #cdf -- -- #cgf ,arg5t9a 4444 #afd #abc #eg -- -- #cdd ,o!r 44444444 #dj #g #dbf #ie #i #ege ,total 44444444 #e1jje #ecg #e1dab #bj1aih #cid #ca1edf ,,am]ican ,,indu/ry ,9 #ahii1 !re 7 #fb factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( v>y+ sizes & locat$ 9 ! foll[+ /ates3 ,new ,york 7,brooklyn71 ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,ill9ois1 ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,wiscons9 & ,ohio4 ,employ+ #bcdj wage e>n]s4 ,import+ a raw /ock ( #b1djd1jjj1 & mak+ products valu$ at #d1cib1jjj4 ,9 #aijd1 ! factories decreas$ to #ej 9 numb]1 ! wage e>n]s increas$ to #bhie1 ! import$ raw mat]ial to #b1dei1aig & ! products to #d1dij1ieb4 ,9 #aiji1 ! factories increas+ aga9 to #fb 9 numb]1 ! wage e>n]s to #cadb1 ! import$ raw mat]ial to #c1dce1jjj & ! products to #e1idj1jjj3 corks sell+ f #c c5ts to #dj c5ts p] p\nd4 ,?is ( c\rse does n appe> to be a v ext5sive bus9ess1 b ! nature ( ! commodity w readily conv9ce t ! money figures are n at all 9 comp>ison to ! bulk ( corkwood1 = x w\ld really seem t if ! trade %\ld increase to an am\nt suffici5t to vie ) o!r prom95t ones1 ! %ips w\ld be at loss h[ to /[ ! o!r freight4 ,! imports ( corkwood into ?is c\ntry & ! exports1 = comp>ison1 may be se5 9 ! foll[+ tables3 ,,imports ,janu>y ,sev5 ,mon?s end+ ,janu>y #aiab #aiac #aiaa #aiab #aiac ,corkwood1 ,free3 #dej1jhb #cfg1hhd #b1bfe1cgc #a1hdi1eej #a1gjg1afd ,corks mfrd41 ,dutiable3 #aha1beb #acj1ehj #a1chj1aji #a1acg1ejd #a1ahj1haf ,,exports ,sev5 ,mon?s end+ ,janu>y ,janu>y #aiab #aiac #aiab #aiac ,corkwood1 ,free3 #a1eah #a1aie #ai1gie #bb1cic ,corks mfrd41 ,dutiable3 #bji #a1jhf #c1jgh #b1agj ,& ! p]iods end+ ,decemb]1 #aiac w be ( int]e/ also4 ,,imports ,decemb] ,twelve ,mon?s end+ ,decemb] #aiab #aiac #aiaa #aiab #aiac ,corkwood1 ,free3 #cjj1bec #dfh1icg #c1hai1fea #c1ahb1aca #c1faf1agg ,corks mfrd41 ,dutiable3 #afd1gaa #aid1deg #b1jgj1fgb #b1ddj1cii #b1cgj1ebg ,,exports ,twelve ,mon?s end+ ,decemb] ,decemb] #aiab #aiac #aiab #aiac ,corkwood1 ,free3 #b1ifj -- #cd1djd #be1jia ,corks mfrd41 ,dutiable3 -- #h1cce #e1eeb #e1cib ,a ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,*emical ,,te*nology ,publi%$ by ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company #be ,p>k ,place ,new ,york ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,*emical ,eng9e]s4 ,transactions4 #hvo4 clo?4 ,issu$ annually4 ,vol4 ,i41 #aijh1 to ,vol4 ,,vi41 #aiac1 n[ ready4 ea*1 net1 #f4jj ,annual ,reports on ! ,progress ( ,*emi/ry4 ,issu$ annually by ! ,*emical ,society4 #hvo4 clo?4 ,vol4 ,i41 #aijd1 to ,vol4 ,x41 #aiac1 n[ ready4 ea*1 net1 #b4jj ,,as*1 ,w41 & ,,as*1 ,d4 ,! ,silicates 9 ,*emi/ry & ,comm]ce4 ,includ+ ! exposition ( a hexite & p5tite !ory & ( a /]eo-*emical !ory ( g5]al application4 ,translat$1 ) critical notes & additions1 by ,alfr$ ,b4 ,se>le4 ,illus4 #f-c_/d x #aj4 clo?4 #dgf pp4 net1 #f4jj ,,a%ley1 ,r4 ,h4 ,*emical ,calculations4 ,illu/rat$4 #e-a_/d x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #bhf pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,bailey1 ,r4 ,o4 ,! ,brew]'s ,analy/4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dbc pp4 net1 #e4jj ,,b>k]1 ,a4 ,f41 & ,,midgley1 ,e4 ,analysis ( ,wov5 ,fabrics4 #he illu/rations4 #e-a_/b x #h-c_/d4 clo?4 #cai pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,beadle1 ,c4 ,*apt]s on ,pap]mak+4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #e volumes4 ea*1 net1 #b4jj ,,beaumont1 ,r4 ,color 9 ,wov5 ,design4 ,a treatise on ! sci5ce & te*nology ( textile color+ 7wool51 wor/$1 cotton & silk mat]ials74 ,new ,edition1 rewritt5 & enl>g$4 #ci color$ plates4 #cfg illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cfi pp4 net1 #f4jj ,,be*hold1 ,h4 ,colloids 9 ,biology & ,m$ic9e4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,bull[a1 ,m4,d4 ,9 ,press4 ,,beekman1 ,j4 ,m4 ,pr9ciples ( ,*emical ,calculations4 ,9 ,press4 ,,b5nett1 ,,hugh ,g4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,lea!r4 #aaj illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dch pp4 net1 #d4ej ,,b]n?s51 ,a4 ,a ,text-book ( ,organic ,*emi/ry4 ,engli% translation4 ,edit$ & revis$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,sudbor\gh4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #fij pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,b]s*1 ,j4 ,manufacture ( ,m9]al ,lake ,pigm5ts4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,wright4 #dc illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dgf pp4 net1 #e4jj ,,bev]idge1 ,,james4 ,pap]mak]'s ,pocketbook4 ,specially compil$ = pap] mill op]atives1 eng9e]s1 *emi/s & (fice (ficials4 ,second & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #baa pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,bir*more1 ,w4 ,h4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,gas ,analyses4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ge pp4 net1 #a4be ,,blasdale1 ,w4 ,c4 ,pr9ciples ( ,quantitative ,analysis4 ,an introductory c\rse4 #gj illus4 #e-a_/d x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #djd pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,bl,,*]1 ,h4 ,mod]n ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,p4 ,mill+ton4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #gie pp4 net1 #g4ej ,,bly?1 ,a4 ,w4 ,foods3 ,_! ,composition & ,analysis4 ,a manual = ! use ( analytical *emi/s1 ) an introductory essay on ! ,hi/ory ( ,adult]ations4 ,six? ,edition1 ?or\ghly revis$1 enl>g$ & rewritt54 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #fcd pp4 #g4ej ---- ,poisons3 ,_! ,effects & ,detection4 ,a manual = ! use ( analytical *emi/s & exp]ts1 ) an introductory essay on ! ,gr[? ( ,mod]n ,toxicology4 ,f\r? ,edition1 revis$1 enl>g$ & rewritt54 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ggb pp4 #g4ej ,b,,ckmann1 ,f4 ,celluloid2 ,its ,raw ,mat]ial1 ,manufacture1 ,prop]ties & ,uses4 #di illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #abj pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,boo?1 ,,william ,h4 ,wat] ,s(t5+ & ,treatm5t4 #ia illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #caj pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,b\rc>t1 ,e4 ,insecticides1 ,fungicides1 & ,we$ ,kill]s4 ,translat$ by ,d4 ,grant4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ejj pp4 net1 #d4ej ,,b\rry1 ,,emile4 ,a ,treatise on ,c]amic ,indu/ries4 ,a complete manual = pott]y1 tile1 & brick manufactur]s4 ,a revis$ translation f ! ,fr5* by ,alfr$ ,b4 ,se>le4 #cjh illu/rations4 #ab mo4 clo?4 #dhh pp4 net1 #e4jj ,,brislee1 ,f4 ,j4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,fuel4 ,a text-book = ^? ent]+ ! eng9e]+1 *emical & te*nical indu/ries4 #fj ill4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bic pp4 7,outl9es ( ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry47 net1 #c4jj ,,bruce1 ,,edw9 ,m4 ,detection ( ! ,common ,food ,adult]ants4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ij pp4 net1 #a4be ,,buskett1 ,e4 ,w4 ,fire ,assay+4 ,a practical treatise on ! fire assay+ ( gold1 silv] & lead1 includ+ descriptions ( ! appliances us$4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aab pp4 net1 #a4be ,,by]s1 ,,horace ,g41 & ,,knight1 ,,h5ry ,g4 ,notes on ,qualitative ,analysis4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #aib pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,cav51 ,r4 ,m41 & ,,l&]1 ,g4 ,d4 ,sy/ematic ,inorganic ,*emi/ry f ! ,/&po9t ( ! ,p]iodic ,law4 ,a text-book = advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #cij pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,*ri/ie1 ,w4 ,w4 ,boil]-wat]s1 ,scale1 ,corrosion1 ,foam+4 #gg illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bdb pp4 net1 #c4jj ---- ,wat]1 ,its ,purification & ,use 9 ! ,indu/ries4 #gi illus41 #c fold+ plates1 #b color$ ins]ts4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bcj pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,*ur*',s ,laboratory ,guide4 ,a manual ( practical *emi/ry = colleges & s*ools1 specially arrang$ = agricultural /ud5ts4 ,n9? ,edition1 revis$ & p>tly rewritt5 by ,edw>d ,k9*4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cfe pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,cornwall1 ,h4 ,b4 ,manual ( ,bl[-pipe ,analysis4 ,qualitative & quantitative4 ,) a complete sy/em ( det]m9ative m9]alogy4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$4 #gj illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #caj pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,cross1 ,c4 ,f41 ,,bevan1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w4 ,wood ,pulp & ,its ,uses4 ,) ! collaboration ( ,w4 ,n4 ,bacon4 #cj illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bha pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies47 net1 #b4jj d',,albe1 ,e4 ,e4 ,f4 ,contempor>y ,*emi/ry4 ,a survey ( ! pres5t /ate1 me?ods1 & t5d5cies ( *emical sci5ce4 #abmo4 clo?4 #agb pp4 net1 #a4be ,,danby1 ,,ar?ur4 ,natural ,rock ,asphalts & ,bitum5s4 ,_! ,geology1 ,hi/ory1 ,prop]ties & ,indu/rial ,application4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bed pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,de]r1 ,n4 ,cane ,sug>4 #bhj illu/rations4 #f-a_/b x #i-c_/d4 clo?4 #fjh pp4 net1 #g4jj ,,dumesny1 ,p41 & ,,noy]1 ,j4 ,wood ,products1 ,di/illates & ,extracts4 ,translat$ by ,d4 ,grant4 #ajc illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cbj pp4 net1 #d4ej ,,dun/an1 ,a4 ,e41 & ,,?ole1 ,f4 ,b4 ,a ,text-book ( ,practical ,*emi/ry = ,te*nical ,in/itutes4 #eb illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #cde pp4 net1 #a4dj ,,dyson1 ,s4 ,s41 & ,,cl>kson1 ,s4 ,s4 ,*emical ,works1 ,_! ,design1 ,erection1 & ,equipm5t4 #hj illu/rations1 #i fold+ plates4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bbj pp4 net1 #g4ej ,,eliot1 ,c4 ,w41 & ,,/or]1 ,f4 ,h4 ,a ,comp5di\s ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,revis$ ) ! co-op]ation ( ! au?ors1 by ,william ,r4 ,ni*ols4 ,tw5ty-second ,edition1 newly revis$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,l9dsay4 ,ill4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bje pp4 net1 #a4be ,,ellis1 ,c4 ,hydrog5ation ( ,oils1 ,catalysis & ,catalyz]s1 & ! ,g5]ation ( ,hydrog54 #ade ill4 #f x #i4 clo?4 #cej pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,ennis1 ,,william ,d4 ,l9se$ ,oil & ,o!r ,se$ ,oils4 ,an indu/rial manual4 #hh illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ccf pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,erm51 ,w4 ,f4 ,a4 ,! ,mat]ials ,us$ 9 ,siz+4 ,_! *emical & physical prop]ties1 & simple me?ods = _! te*nical analysis & valuation4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #acj pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,fay1 ,,irv+ ,w4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,coal-t> ,dyes4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dgc pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,f]nba*1 ,r4 ,l4 ,*emical ,aspects ( ,silk ,manufacture4 #abmo4 clo?4 #hd pp4 net1 #a4jj ---- ,glue & ,gelat9e4 ,a practical treatise on ! me?ods ( te/+ & use4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bjh pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,fis*]1 ,e4 ,introduction to ! ,prep>ation ( ,organic ,comp\nds4 ,translat$ f ! new 7eigh?7 ,g]man edition by ,r4 ,v4 ,/an=d4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aid pp4 net1 #a4be ,,foye1 ,j4 ,c4 ,*emical ,problems4 ,f\r? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #afmo4 clo?4 #ade pp4 7,van ,no/r& ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 ,no4 #fi47 #j4ej ,,franz51 ,h4 ,ex]cises 9 ,gas ,analysis4 ,translat$ f ! fir/ ,g]man edition1 ) corrections & additions by ! au?or1 by ,?omas ,callan4 #cj diagrams4 #e x #g-a_/d4 clo?4 #abg pp4 net1 #a4jj ,,frits*1 ,j4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,*emical ,manures4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ) num]\s notes1 by ,donald ,grant4 #fi illus41 #ajh tables4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cee pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,grossmann1 ,j4 ,ammonia & ,its ,comp\nds4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aea pp4 net1 #a4be ,,hale1 ,,william ,j4 ,calculations 9 ,g5]al ,*emi/ry4 ,) def9itions1 explanations & problems4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ahe pp4 net1 #a4jj ,,hall1 ,,cl>e ,h4 ,*emi/ry ( ,pa9ts & ,pa9t ,vehicles4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ada pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,hildit*1 ,t4 ,p4 ,a ,concise ,hi/ory ( ,*emi/ry4 #af diagrams4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bgc pp4 net1 #a4be ,,hopk9s1 ,n4 ,m4 ,exp]im5tal ,electro*emi/ry3 ,!oretically & ,practically ,treat$4 ,new ,edition4 ,9 ,press4 ,,h\llevigue1 ,l4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,sci5ces4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cgg pp4 net1 #b4jj ,h,,bn]1 ,,julius4 ,blea*+ & ,dye+ ( ,vegetable ,fibr\s ,mat]ials4 #ie illus4 7_m 9 two colors74 #hvo4 clo?4 #deg pp4 net1 #e4jj ,,hudson1 ,o4 ,f4 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,an introductory textbook = eng9e]s & metallurgi/s4 ,) a section on ,corrosion by ,guy ,d4 ,b5g\gh4 #dg illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ahd pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,hur/1 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,lubricat+ ,oils1 ,fats & ,greases4 ,_! orig91 prep>ation1 prop]ties1 uses1 & analysis4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$1 by ,h5ry ,leask4 #gd illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dje p4 net1 #d4jj ,,hur/1 ,g4 ,h41 & ,,simmons1 ,w4 ,h4 ,textile ,soaps & ,oils4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & p>tly rewritt54 #aa illu/rations4 #e-a_/b x #h-c_/d4 #bjd pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,hyde1 ,,fr$]ic ,s4 ,solv5ts1 ,oils1 ,gums1 ,waxes & ,alli$ ,sub/ances4 #e-a_/d x #h-a_/b clo?4 #ahb pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,+le1 ,,h]b]t4 ,manual ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #chh pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,john/on1 ,j4 ,f4 ,w4 ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,revis$ & rewritt5 by ,*>les ,a4 ,cam]on & ,c4 ,m4 ,aikman4 ,n9ete5? ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ejb pp4 #b4fj ,,jones1 ,,h>ry ,c4 ,a ,new ,era 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,"s ( ! m important developm5ts 9 g5]al *emi/ry dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ccf pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,kemble1 ,w4 ,f41 & ,,und]hill1 ,c4 ,r4 ,! ,p]iodic ,law & ! ,hydrog5 ,spectrum4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 pap]4 #af pp4 net1 #j4ej ,,k]%aw1 ,j4 ,b4 ,c4 ,fuel1 ,wat]1 & ,gas ,analysis1 = ,/eam ,us]s4 #ej ill4 #hvo4 clo?4 #agh pp4 net1 #b4ej ---- ,electro-,!rmal ,me?ods ( ,iron & ,/eel ,production4 ,) an introduction by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,flem+1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ej tables1 #ib illu/rations4 #e-a_/b x #h-a_/d4 clo?4 #bfb pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,knox1 ,,joseph4 ,physico-*emical ,calculations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aif pp4 net1 #a4jj ----,fixation ( ,atmosph]ic ,nitrog54 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #abj pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,*emical ,monographs47 net1 #j4ge ,,koll]1 ,t4 ,cosmetics4 ,a h&book ( ! manufacture1 employm5t & te/+ ( all cosmetic mat]ials & cosmetic specialties4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,*>les ,salt]4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bfb pp4 net1 #b4ej ---- ,utilization ( ,wa/e ,products4 ,a treatise on ! rational utilization1 recov]y & treatm5t ( wa/e products ( all k9ds4 ,second ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 #bb illu/rations4 #e-c_/d x #h-c_/d4 clo?4 #ccf pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,kremann1 ,r4 ,! ,application ( ,physico-*emical ,!ory to ,te*nical ,processes & ,manufactur+ ,me?ods4 ,au?oriz$ translation by ,h>old ,e4 ,potts1 ,m4,sc4 #ce diagrams4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bae pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,krets*m>1 ,,k>l4 ,y>n & ,w>p ,siz+ 9 ,all ,its ,bran*es4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,c4 ,salt]4 #abb illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #aib pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,lamborn1 ,l4 ,l4 ,mod]n ,soaps1 ,c&les & ,glyc]94 #bbd illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #gjj pp4 net1 #g4ej ---- ,cotton ,se$ ,products4 #gi illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bec pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,lass>-,,cohn4 ,introduction to ,mod]n ,sci5tific ,*emi/ry4 ,9 ! =m ( popul> lectures suit$ = ,univ]sity ,ext5sion /ud5ts & g5]al read]s4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition by ,m4 ,m4 ,pattison ,muir4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #cef pp4 #b4jj ,,letts1 ,e4 ,a4 ,"s ,fundam5tal ,problems 9 ,*emi/ry3 ,old & ,new4 #dd illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bcf pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,lunge1 ,,george4 ,te*nical ,me?ods ( ,*emical ,analysis4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition by ,*>les ,a4 ,keane1 ) ! collaboration ( em95t exp]ts4 ,complete 9 ?ree volumes4 ,six p>ts4 #ddh illu/rations4 #f-a_/b x #i-a_/b4 clo?4 #cdid pp4 net1 #dh4jj ,vol4 ,i4 79 two p>ts74 #bja illu/rations4 #f-a_/b x #i-a_/b4 clo?4 #ajbd pp4 net1 #ae4jj ,vol4 ,,ii4 79 two p>ts74 #adi illu/rations4 #f-a_/b x #i-a_/b4 clo?4 #abid pp4 net1 #ah4jj ,vol4 ,,iii4 79 two p>ts74 #ih illu/rations4 #f-a_/b x #i-a_/b4 clo?4 #aagd pp4 net1 #ah4jj ---- ,te*nical ,*emi/s' ,h&book4 ,tables & me?ods ( analysis = manufactur]s ( inorganic *emical products4 ,illus4 #abmo4 lea!r4 #bgf pp4 net1 #c4ej ---- ,coal1 ,t> & ,ammonia4 ,f\r? & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,9 two volumes1 n sold sep>ately4 #cje illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #abaj pp4 net1 #ae4jj ---- ,! ,manufacture ( ,sulphuric ,acid & ,alkali4 ,a !oretical & practical treatise4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,f\r? ,edition1 enl>g$4 ,9 ?ree p>ts1 n sold sep>ately4 #edc illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #affe pp4 net1 #ah4jj ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,sulphate ( ,soda1 ,hydro*loric ,acid1 ,leblanc ,soda4 ,?ird ,edition1 mu* enl>g$4 ,9 two p>ts1 n sold sep>ately4 #cce illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ajdd pp4 net1 #ae4jj ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,ammonia ,soda4 ,v>i\s ,processes ( ,alkali-mak+1 & ! ,*lor9e ,indu/ry4 #aha illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ghd pp4 net1 #aj4jj ,vol4 ,,iv4 ,electrolytical ,me?ods4 ,9 ,press4 ---- ,te*nical ,gas ,analysis4 #adc illu/rations4 #f x #i4 clo?4 #dbb pp4 net1 #d4jj ,mc,i,n,t,o,s,h1 ,,john ,g4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,v>ni% & ,k9dr$ ,indu/ries4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 ,9 #c volumes4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,oil ,cru%+1 ,ref9+ & ,boil+2 ,manufacture ( ,l9oleum2 ,pr9t+ & ,li?ographic ,inks2 ,india ,rubb] ,sub/itutes4 #bi illus4 #afj pp4 net1 #c4ej ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,v>ni% ,mat]ials & ,oil ,v>ni% ,mak+4 #ff illus4 #baf pp4 net1 #d4jj ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,_s ,v>ni%es & ,v>ni% ,mat]ials4 #fd illus4 #dib pp4 net1 #d4ej ,,m>t91 ,g4 ,triumphs & ,wond]s ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry4 ,a popul> treatise on mod]n *emi/ry & its m>vels writt5 9 non-te*nical language4 #gf illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ceh pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,melick1 ,,*>les ,w4 ,dairy ,laboratory ,guide4 #eb illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ace pp4 net1 #a4be ,,m]ck1 ,e4 ,*emical ,reag5ts3 ,_! ,purity & ,te/s4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #f x #i4 clo?4 #baj pp4 #a4jj ,,mi]z9ski1 ,s4 ,! ,wat]pro(+ ( ,fabrics4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,a4 ,morris & ,h4 ,robson4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #bi illu/rations4 #e x #g-a_/b4 #adj pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,mit*ell1 ,c4 ,a4 ,m9]al & ,a]at$ ,wat]s4 #aaa illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bdd pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,mit*ell1 ,c4 ,a41 & ,,prideaux1 ,r4 ,m4 ,fibres ,us$ 9 ,textile & ,alli$ ,indu/ries4 #ff illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bjh pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,munby1 ,a4 ,e4 ,introduction to ! ,*emi/ry & ,physics ( ,build+ ,mat]ials4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cfe pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies47 net1 #b4jj ,,murray1 ,j4 ,a4 ,soils & ,manures4 #cc illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cfg pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies47 net1 #b4jj ,,naquet1 ,a4 ,legal ,*emi/ry4 ,a guide to ! detection ( poisons z appli$ to *emical jurisprud5ce4 ,translat$1 ) additions1 f ! ,fr5*1 by ,j4 ,p4 ,batt]%all4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ ) additions4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aij pp4 #b4jj ,,neave1 ,g4 ,b41 & ,,heilbron1 ,i4 ,m4 ,! ,id5tification ( ,organic ,comp\nds4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aaa pp4 net1 #a4be ,,nor?1 ,h4 ,b4 ,laboratory ,exp]im5ts 9 ,g5]al ,*emi/ry4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #cf illu/rations4 #e-a_/d x #g-c_/d4 clo?4 #bab pp4 net1 #a4jj ,,ols51 ,j4 ,c4 ,a ,textbook ( ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis by ,gravimetric & ,gasometric ,me?ods4 ,includ+ #gd laboratory ex]cises giv+ ! analysis ( pure salts1 alloys1 m9]als & te*nical products4 ,f\r? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #gd illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #egf pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,pakes1 ,w4 ,c4 ,g41 & ,,nankivell1 ,a4 ,t4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,hygi5e4 ,a text-book ( laboratory practice4 #hj illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #age pp4 net1 #a4ge ,,p>ry1 ,,erne/ ,j4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,ess5tial ,oils & ,artificial ,p]fumes4 ,second ,edition1 ?or\ghly revis$ & greatly enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #eed pp4 net1 #e4jj ----,food & ,drugs4 ,9 #b volumes4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,analysis ( ,food & ,drugs 7,*emical & ,microscopical74 #ei illus4 #gbd pp4 net1 #g4ej ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,acts1 #ahgc-aijg4 #ahd pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,p>t+ton1 ,,james ,r4 ,a ,text-book ( ,!rmodynamics 7) special ref]5ce to ,*emi/ry74 #ia diagrams4 #hvo4 clo?4 #eej pp4 net1 #d4jj ---- ,high] ,ma!matics = ,*emical ,/ud5ts4 #dd diagrams4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bgb pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,p]k91 ,f4 ,m4 ,practical ,me?ods ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #aeb pp4 net1 #a4jj ,,p]k91 ,f4 ,m41 & ,,jagg]s1 ,e4 ,m4 ,textbook ( ,elem5t>y ,*emi/ry4 #gg illu/rations4 #d-c_/d x #g4 clo?4 #cdb pp4 net1 #a4jj ,,plattn]',s ,manual ( ,qualitative & ,quantitative ,analysis ) ! ,bl[pipe4 ,eigh? ,edition1 revis$4 ,translat$ by ,h5ry ,b4 ,cornwall1 assi/$ by ,john ,h4 ,caswell1 f ! ,six? ,g]man ,edition1 by ,fri$ri* ,kolbeck4 #hg ill4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dfc pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,polleyn1 ,f4 ,dress+s & ,f9i%+s = ,textile ,fabrics & ,_! ,application4 ,translat$ f ! ,?ird ,g]man ,edition by ,*as4 ,salt]4 #fj illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bgi pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,pope1 ,f4 ,g4 ,mod]n ,rese>* 9 ,organic ,*emi/ry4 #bfa diagrams4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ccf pp4 net1 #b4be ,,porritt1 ,b4 ,d4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,rubb]4 #e x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #ajj pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,*emical ,monographs47 net1 #j4ge ,,potts1 ,,h>old ,e4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,rubb] ,indu/ry4 #hvo4 clo?4 #afc pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,prescott1 ,a4 ,b4 ,organic ,analysis4 ,a manual ( ! descriptive & analytical *emi/ry ( c]ta9 c>bon comp\nds 9 common use4 ,six? ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ecc pp4 #e4jj ,,prescott1 ,a4 ,b41 & ,,johnson1 ,o4 ,c4 ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,six? ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dci pp4 net1 #c4ej ,,prescott1 ,a4 ,b41 & ,,sullivan1 ,e4 ,c4 ,fir/ ,book 9 ,qualitative ,*emi/ry4 ,= /udies ( wat] solution & mass action4 ,elev5? ,edition1 entirely rewritt54 #abmo4 clo?4 #aef pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,prideaux1 ,e4 ,b4 ,r4 ,problems 9 ,physical ,*emi/ry ) ,practical ,applications4 #ac diagrams4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cbc pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,pro/1 ,e4 ,manual ( ,*emical ,analysis4 ,z appli$ to ! assay ( fuels1 ores1 metals1 alloys1 salts1 & o!r m9]al products4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al by ,j4 ,c4 ,smi?4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cjj pp4 net1 #d4ej ,,pyn*on1 ,t4 ,r4 ,introduction to ,*emical ,physics4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #bfi illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ege pp4 #c4jj ,,ri*>ds1 ,w4 ,a41 & ,,nor?1 ,h4 ,b4 ,a ,manual ( ,cem5t ,te/+4 ,= ! use ( eng9e]s & *emi/s 9 colleges & 9 ! field4 #ef illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #adg pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,rideal1 ,s4 ,glue & ,glue ,te/+4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #ad illu/rations4 #e-c_/d x #h-c_/d4 clo?4 #aid pp4 net1 #d4jj ,,rog]s1 ,,all54 ,a ,laboratory ,guide ( ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #agj pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,rog]s1 ,,all5 7,editor74 ,indu/rial ,*emi/ry4 ,a manual = ! /ud5t & manufactur]4 ,second ,edition1 ?or\ghly revis$ & enl>g$4 ,writt5 by a /aff ( em95t speciali/s4 #cjd illu/rations1 #f-a_/b x #i-c_/d4 clo?4 #ajbf pp4 net1 #e4jj ,,rohl&1 ,,paul4 ,! ,colloidal & ,cry/alloidal ,/ate ( ,matt]4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,britl& & ,h4 ,e4 ,potts4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ed pp4 net1 #a4be ,,ro?1 ,w4 ,a4 ,ex]cises 9 ,physical ,*emi/ry4 ,au?oriz$ translation by ,a4 ,t4 ,cam]on4 #di illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bjh pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,s*]]1 ,r4 ,case93 ,its ,prep>ation & ,te*nical ,utilization4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,*>les ,salt]4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #aif pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,s*idr[itz1 ,p4 ,rubb]4 ,its ,production & ,indu/rial ,uses4 ,plates1 #hc illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cbj pp4 net1 #e4jj ,,s*weiz]1 ,v4 ,di/illation ( ,res9s1 ,res9ate ,lakes & ,pigm5ts4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ahc pp4 net1 #c4ej ,,scott1 ,w4 ,w4 ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,a laboratory manual4 ,second ,edition1 ?or\ghly revis$4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ahj pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,scudd]1 ,,heyw>d4 ,electrical ,conductivity & ,ionization ,con/ants ( ,organic ,comp\nds4 #f x #i4 clo?4 #ege pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,se>le1 ,,alfr$ ,b4 ,mod]n ,brickmak+4 #bfj illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #ddi pp4 net1 #e4jj ---- ,cem5t1 ,concrete & ,bricks4 #aac illu/rations4 #e-a_/b x #h-a_/d4 clo?4 #dae pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,seidell1 ,a4 ,solubilities ( ,inorganic & ,organic ,sub/ances4 ,a h&book ( ! mo/ reliable quantitative solubility det]m9ations4 ,second ,pr9t+1 correct$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cfg pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,s5t]1 ,g4 ,outl9es ( ,physical ,*emi/ry4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #dja pp4 #a4ge ---- ,a ,text-book ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4 #ij illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #eie pp4 net1 #a4ge ,,sexton1 ,a4 ,h4 ,fuel & ,refractory ,mat]ials4 ,second ,ed41 revis$4 #ajd illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #cgd pp4 net1 #b4jj ---- ,*emi/ry ( ! ,mat]ials ( ,eng9e]+4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #cdd pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,simmons1 ,w4 ,h41 & ,,mit*ell1 ,c4 ,a4 ,edible ,fats & ,oils4 ,_! composition1 manufacture & analysis4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #afd pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]4 #eh illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bhe pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies47 net1 #b4jj ,,s9dall1 ,r4 ,w41 & ,,bacon1 ,w4 ,n4 ,! ,te/+ ( ,wood ,pulp4 ,a practical h&book = ! pulp & pap] trades4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #aej pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,smi?1 ,j4 ,c4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,pa9t4 ,a manual = pa9t manufactur]s1 m]*ants & pa9t]s4 ,second ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #hj illu/rations4 #e-a_/b x #h-c_/d4 clo?4 #bhf pp4 net1 #c4ej ,,smi?1 ,w4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,hat ,manufactur+4 ,revis$ & edit$ by ,alb]t ,%onk4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #acb pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,s\?combe1 ,j4 ,e4 ,*emi/ry ( ! ,oil ,indu/ries4 ,illus4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bji pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,spey]s1 ,c4 ,l4 ,text-book ( ,physical ,*emi/ry4 #bj illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bcj pp4 net1 #b4be ,,spiegel1 ,l4 ,*emical ,con/itution & ,physiological ,action4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,lu$ek+ & ,a4 ,c4 ,boynton4 ,9 ,press4 ,,/ev5s1 ,h4 ,p4 ,pap] ,mill ,*emi/4 #fg illu/rations4 #hb tables4 #afmo4 clo?4 #bhj pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,sudbor\gh1 ,j4 ,j41 & ,,james1 ,j4 ,c4 ,practical ,organic ,*emi/ry4 #ib illu/rations4 #abmo4 clo?4 #cid pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,t]ry1 ,h4 ,l4 ,india ,rubb] & ,its ,manufacture4 #ah illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cjc pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,we/m9/] ,s]ies47 net1 #b4jj ,,ti!rley1 ,a4 ,w4 ,laboratory ,c\rse ( ,organic ,*emi/ry1 ,includ+ ,qualitative ,organic ,analysis4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 #bce pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,to*1 ,m4 ,*emi/ry & ,te*nology ( ,mix$ ,pa9ts4 ,new ,edition4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 ,,to*1 ,m4 ,mat]ials = ,p]man5t ,pa9t+4 ,a manual = manufactur]s1 art deal]s1 arti/s1 & collectors4 ,) full-page plates4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bjh pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,tuck]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a ,manual ( ,sug> ,analysis4 ,six? ,edition4 #dc illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cec pp4 #c4ej ,,und]wood1 ,n41 & ,,sullivan1 ,t4 ,v4 ,*emi/ry & ,te*nology ( ,pr9t+ ,inks4 #i illu/rations4 #f x #i4 clo?4 #ade pp4 net1 #c4jj ,,van ,,no/r&',s ,*emical ,annual4 ,edit$ by ,john ,c4 ,ols5 & ,alfr$ ,melhado4 ,a h&book ( useful data = analytical manufactur+ & inve/igat+ *emi/s & *emical /ud5ts4 ,?ird ,issue1 enl>g$4 #e x #g-a_/b4 lea!r4 #fhc pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,v9c5t1 ,c4 ,ammonia & ,its ,comp\nds4 ,_! manufacture & uses4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,m4 ,j4 ,salt]4 #cb ill4 #hvo4 clo?4 #aac pp4 net1 #b4jj ,,von ,,georgievics1 ,g4 ,*emical ,te*nology ( ,textile ,fibres4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,*>les ,salt]4 #dg illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?4 #cbj pp4 net1 #d4ej ---- ,*emi/ry ( ,dye/uffs4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition by ,*>les ,salt]4 #hvo4 clo?4 #dab pp4 net1 #d4ej ,,vosma]1 ,a4 ,ozone1 ,its ,manufacture & ,uses4 ,9 ,press4 ,,wadmore1 ,j4 ,m4 ,elem5t>y ,*emical ,!ory4 ,illus4 #abmo4 clo?4 #bhf pp4 net1 #a4ej ,,walk]1 ,,james4 ,organic ,*emi/ry = ,/ud5ts ( ,m$ic9e4 ,illus4 #f x #i4 clo?4 #cbh pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,wal%1 ,j4 ,j4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,m9+ & ,m9e ,v5tilation4 ,9 ,press4 ,,w>nes1 ,a4 ,r4 ,coal ,t> ,di/illation & ,work+ ,up ( ,t> ,products4 #fg illu/rations4 #e-c_/d x #h-c_/d4 clo?4 #aig pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,:ite1 ,c4 ,h4 ,me?ods 9 ,metallurgical ,analysis4 #ajf illu/rations4 #e x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #cfe pp4 net1 #b4ej ,,wilson1 ,e4 ,j41 & ,,heilbron1 ,i4 ,m4 ,*emical ,!ory & ,calculations4 ,an elem5t>y text-book4 ,illus41 #c fold+ plates4 #abmo4 clo?4 #ade pp4 net1 #a4jj ,,wood1 ,j4 ,k4 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,dye+4 #e x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #hg pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,*emical ,monographs47 net1 #j4ge ,,word51 ,e4 ,c4 ,! ,nitrocellulose ,indu/ry4 ,a comp5dium ( ! hi/ory1 *emi/ry1 manufacture1 comm]cial application1 & analysis ( nitrates1 acetates1 & xan?ates ( cellulose z appli$ to ! peaceful arts4 ,) a *apt] on gun cotton1 smokeless p[d] & explosive cellulose nitrates4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 clo?4 ,two volumes4 #abci pp4 net1 #aj4jj ---- ,te*nology ( ,cellulose ,e/]s4 ,a !oretical & practical treatise on ! orig91 hi/ory1 *emi/ry1 manufacture1 te*nical application & analysis ( ! products ( acylation & alkylation ( normal & modifi$ cellulose1 includ+ nitrocellulose1 celluloid1 pyroxyl91 collodion1 celloid91 gun-cotton1 acetycellulose & viscose1 z appli$ to te*nology1 ph>macy1 microscopy1 m$ic9e1 photography & ! w>like & peaceful arts4 ,9 t5 volumes4 #fjj ill41 #ab plates1 conta9+ upw>ds ( #aaj1jjj pat5t & lit]ature ref]5ces to ! "w ( #ab1jjj diff]5t inve/igators4 ,an ,exhau/ive ,treatise4 #djjj pp4 ,vol4 ,,viii4 ,c>bohydrate ,c>boxylates 7,cellulose ,acetate74 ,illu/rat$4 #f-a_/b x #i-a_/b4 #eae pp4 net1 #e4jj 7,o!r volumes to foll[ at %ort int]vals47 ,,wr51 ,,h5ry4 ,organometallic ,comp\nds ( ,z9c & ,magnesium4 #e x #g-a_/b4 clo?4 #ajh pp4 7,van ,no/r&'s ,*emical ,monographs47 net1 #j4ge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes 99 ,page numb]s ref]5c$ h]e9 are ^? 9 ! orig9al "w & are = in=mation4 ,actual location may be f\nd by se>*+ = ! relevant text4 99 ,cont5ts3 8,qu]cus ,lib]0 appe>s 9 ,cont5ts z a *apt] b is typeset 9 ! orig9al "w 7page #e7 z a section4 ,! orig9al "w =matt+ has be5 reta9$4 99 ,cont5ts3 8,! ,tree & ,gr[?0 appe>s 9 ,cont5ts z a *apt] b is typeset 9 ! orig9al "w 7page #ab7 z a section4 ,! orig9al "w =matt+ has be5 reta9$4 99 ,cont5ts3 8,sub/itutes0 appe>s 9 ,cont5ts z a *apt] b is typeset 9 ! orig9al "w 7page #ec7 z a section4 ,! orig9al "w =matt+ has be5 reta9$4 99 ,cont5ts3 8,wa/e utilization0 appe>s 9 ,cont5ts z a section b is typeset 9 ! orig9al "w 7page #fh7 z a *apt]4 ,! orig9al "w =matt+ has be5 reta9$4 99 ,page #e3 ,vaniek may be misspell$4 99 ,page #f3 ,grammatic may be misspell$4 99 ,page #cb1 molecul> /ructure diagram3 ,! "r-h& ,,*#b gr\ps %\ld be connect$4 99 ,footnote #ba3 8,etymology ( ,^w0 is n f\nd 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,! *apt] 9 ,cont5ts entitl$ 8,qu]cus ,lib] 7,l9nu70 et seq4 gives ! etymology4 99 ,unmat*$ quotation m>ks h be5 reta9$4 ,! orig9al "w text is %[n bel[ 9 curly brackets1 1 = cl>ity4 99 ,page #bb3 ,! clos+ quotation m>k = ,aga91 8,x is produc$ 0 n f\nd4 99 ,page #da3 ,! quotation m>k at ,july #afff0 ,aft] is app>5tly us$ to set (f ! date f ! di>y entry4 ,! clos+ quotation m>k = ! di>y entry is at junts 7old cable710 b4 99 ,page #dc3 ,! op5+ quotation m>k = ! ,briti% ,museum40 0 n f\nd4 99 ,page #dc3 ,! clos+ quotation m>k = 8,! v>i\s applications is possibly at blacks kn[n 9 pa9t+40 on page #ec4 ,o!rwise1 bo? quotation m>ks are likely unmat*$4 99 ,page #ec3 ,! clos+ quotation m>k = results4 8,a primitive mat]ial 0 n f\nd def9itively b possibly c\ld be locat$ imm$iately aft] ! elem5ts ( cork4 on page #ed4 99 ,?is "w has be5 pres]v$ z 9 ! orig9al1 includ+ ar*aic & inconsi/5t spell+1 punctuation & gramm>1 except z not$ bel[4 99 ,*anges made to ! ma9 text3 99 ,preface3 #87,l9neus7' *ang$ to #87,l9nu7'4 99 ,page #e3 #8,etymologis*e ,wort]bu*' *ang$ to #8,etymologis*es ,wrt]bu*'4 99 ,page #h3 #8korkei*e' *ang$ to #8,korkei*e'4 99 ,page #aa3 #8,f>5heit' *ang$ to #8,fahr5heit'4 99 ,page #af3 #8tree iself1 :i*' *ang$ to #8tree itself1 :i*'4 99 ,page #cb3 #8,cyclohaptanone' *ang$ to #8,cycloheptanone'4 99 ,page #cf3 #8#g_/af' *ang$ to #8#g_/af'4 99 ,page #ed3 #8actetone' *ang$ to #8acetone'4 99 ,page #ee3 ,! cork manufactur+ *>t mov$ f )9 ! p>agraph to imm$iately bel[ ! p>agraph4 99 ,page #fi3 #8insulta+' *ang$ to #8insulat+'4 99 ,page #ge3 ,! table = wa/e & %av+s *ang$ f two columns to "o column4 99 ,footnote #be3 #88m0 signify+ metal' *ang$ to #88,m0 signify+ metal'4 99 ,*anges made to 8,a ,,select$ ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,*emical ,,te*nology0 99 ,page #d1 ,*ur*'s ,laboratory ,guide3 #8clo?1' *ang$ to #8clo?4' 99 ,page #aj1 ,ols53 #8clo?41' *ang$ to #8clo?4' ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------