,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,hydrome*anics3 444 & omega ! angul> velocity ab\t x g5]at$ by an impulse c\ple ,m1 & ,m' is ! c\ple requir$ to set ! surr\nd+ m$ium 9 motion 444 'impulse' am5d$ f 'impluse'4 ,,article ,,hym5opt]a3 444 see ,p4 ,cam]on's ,briti% ,phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a 7#d vols41 ,london1 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahhb-ahic74 ',roy' am5d$ f ',ray'4 ,,article ,,hyrcanus3 ,dur+ its lat] ye>s 8 reign 0 mu* di/urb$1 h[ev]1 by ! cont5tions = asc5dancy :i* arose betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 ! two rival sects or p>ties :i* !n = ! fir/ "t 7"u ^? names at lea/7 came into prom95ce4 'di/urb$' am5d$ f 'di/rub$'4 ,,article ,,icel&3 ,icel& is emphatically a l& ( prov]bs1 :ile ( folk-tales1 ^? o!r keys to ! p's he>t1 !re is pl5tiful /ore4 'p's' am5d$ f 'poeple's'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,xiv1 ,,slice ,,ii ,hydrome*anics to ,i*nography ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,hydrome*anics ,,hy! ,,hydrom$usae ,i ,,hydromet] ,,iambic ,,hydropa?y ,,iambli*us 7,greek philosoph]7 ,,hydrophobia ,,iambli*us 7,greek romance writ]7 ,,hydrosph]e ,,iann9a ,,hydro/atics ,,iapetus ,,hydroxylam9e ,,iapydes ,,hydrozoa ,,iatro*emi/ry ,,hy5a ,,iazyges ,,hy,,res ,,ibadan ,,hygieia ,,ibagu ,,hygi5e ,,ib>ra ,,hyg9us 7eigh? pope7 ,,ib]ians ,,hyg9us 7,lat9 writ]7 ,,ibex ,,hyg9us1 ,,gaius ,,julius ,,ibis ,,hygromet] ,,iblis ,,hyksos ,,ibn ',,abd ,,rabbihi ,,hylas ,,ibn ',,arabi ,,hylozoism ,,ibn ,,a?ir ,,hym5 ,,ibn ,,batuta ,,hym5opt]a ,,ibn ,,duraid ,,hymettus ,,ibn ,,f>adi ,,hymns ,,ibn ,,f>id ,,hypae?ros ,,ibn ,,gabirol ,,hypallage ,,ibn ,,haukal ,,hypatia ,,ibn ,,hazm ,,hyp]baton ,,ibn ,,hi%am ,,hyp]bola ,,ibn ,,i%aq ,,hyp]bole ,,ibn ,,jubair ,,hyp]boreans ,,ibn ,,khaldun ,,hyp]eides ,,ibn ,,khallikan ,,hyp]ion ,,ibn ,,qutaiba ,,hyp]/h5e ,,ibn ,,sa',d ,,hyp]trophy ,,ibn ,,tibbon ,,hypnotism ,,ibn ,,tufail ,,hypocau/ ,,ibn ,,usaibi',a ,,hypo*ondriasis ,,ibo ,,hypocrisy ,,ibrahim ,,al-,,mausili ,,hypo/asis ,,ibrahim ,,pa%a ,,hypo/yle ,,ibs51 ,,h5rik ,,hyposulphite ,,( ,,soda ,,ibycus ,,hypo!c ,,ica ,,hypo!sis ,,ice ,,hypotra*elium ,,iceb]g ,,hypsomet] ,,icel& ,,hyracoidea ,,icel& ,,moss ,,hyrcania ,,ice-,,plant ,,hyrcanus ,,ice-,,ya*t+ ,,hyssop ,i-,,*',,ang ,,hy/aspes ,,i*neumon ,,hy/]esis ,,i*neumon-,,fly ,,hy/]ia ,,i*nography ,,hy/]on-,,prot]on ,,hydrome*anics 7,greek3 hydrom*anika71 ! sci5ce ( ! me*anics ( wat] & fluids 9 g5]al1 includ+ hydro/atics or ! ma!matical !ory ( fluids 9 equilibrium1 & hydrome*anics1 ! !ory ( fluids 9 motion4 ,! practical application ( hydrome*anics =ms ! prov9ce ( hydraulics 7q4v474 ,hi/orical4--,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( hydro/atics 7 fir/ giv5 by ,ar*im$es 9 8 "w ,greek3 ,p]i tn o*\m5n1 or ,de iis quae vehuntur 9 humido1 ab\t #bej ,b4,c41 & 7 aft]w>ds appli$ to exp]im5ts by ,m>9o ,ghetaldi 7#aeff-afbg7 9 8 ,promotus ,ar*im$es 7#afjc74 ,ar*im$es ma9ta9$ t ea* p>ticle ( a fluid mass1 :5 9 equilibrium1 is equally press$ 9 e direction2 & he inquir$ into ! conditions accord+ to :i* a solid body float+ 9 a fluid %\ld assume & pres]ve a position ( equilibrium4 ,9 ! ,greek s*ool at ,alex&ria1 :i* fl\ri%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,ptolemies1 ! fir/ attempts 7 made at ! con/ruction ( hydraulic ma*9]y1 & ab\t #abj ,b4,c4 ! f\nta9 ( compression1 ! siphon1 & ! =c+-pump 7 inv5t$ by ,ctesibius & ,h]o4 ,! siphon is a simple in/rum5t2 b ! =c+-pump is a complicat$ inv5tion1 :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 expect$ 9 ! infancy ( hydraulics4 ,x 0 probably sugge/$ to ,ctesibius by ! ,egyptian ,:eel or ,noria1 :i* 0 common at t "t1 & :i* 0 a k9d ( *a9 pump1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( e>!n pots c>ri$ r\nd by a :eel4 ,9 "s ( ^! ma*9es ! pots h a valve 9 ! bottom :i* enables !m to desc5d )\t mu* resi/ance1 & dim9i%es greatly ! load ^u ! :eel2 &1 if we suppose t ?is valve 0 introduc$ s e>ly z ! "t ( ,ctesibius1 x is n difficult to p]ceive h[ su* a ma*9e might h l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! =c+-pump4 ,not)/&+ ^! inv5tions ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 its att5tion does n seem to h be5 direct$ to ! motion ( fluids2 & ! fir/ attempt to inve/igate ?is subject 0 made by ,sextus ,julius ,front9us1 inspector ( ! public f\nta9s at ,rome 9 ! reigns ( ,n]va & ,trajan4 ,9 8 "w ,de aqua$uctibus urbis ,romae comm5t>ius1 he consid]s ! me?ods :i* 7 at t "t employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! quantity ( wat] dis*>g$ f ajutages1 & ! mode ( di/ribut+ ! wat]s ( an aqu$uct or a f\nta94 ,he rem>k$ t ! fl[ ( wat] f an orifice dep5ds n only on ! magnitude ( ! orifice itself1 b also on ! height ( ! wat] 9 ! res]voir2 & t a pipe employ$ to c>ry (f a portion ( wat] f an aqu$uct %\ld1 z circum/ances requir$1 h a position m or less incl9$ to ! orig9al direction ( ! curr5t4 ,b z he 0 unacqua9t$ ) ! law ( ! velocities ( runn+ wat] z dep5d+ ^u ! dep? ( ! orifice1 ! want ( precision :i* appe>s 9 8 results is n surpris+4 ,b5$etto ,ca/elli 7#aegg-afdd71 & ,evangeli/a ,torricelli 7#afjh-afdg71 two ( ! disciples ( ,galileo1 appli$ ! discov]ies ( _! ma/] to ! sci5ce ( hydrodynamics4 ,9 #afbh ,ca/elli publi%$ a small "w1 ,della misura dell' acque corr5ti1 9 :i* he satisfactorily expla9$ sev]al ph5om5a 9 ! motion ( fluids 9 riv]s & canals2 b he committ$ a great p>alogism 9 suppos+ ! velocity ( ! wat] proportional to ! dep? ( ! orifice bel[ ! surface ( ! vessel4 ,torricelli1 obs]v+ t 9 a jet :]e ! wat] ru%$ ?r\gh a small ajutage x rose to ne>ly ! same height ) ! res]voir f :i* x 0 suppli$1 imag9$ t x ought to move ) ! same velocity z if x _h fall5 ?r\gh t height by ! =ce ( gravity1 & h5ce he d$uc$ ! proposition t ! velocities ( liquids are z ! squ>e root ( ! head1 ap>t f ! resi/ance ( ! air & ! friction ( ! orifice4 ,?is !orem 0 publi%$ 9 #afdc1 at ! end ( 8 treatise ,de motu gravium projectorum1 & x 0 confirm$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,raffaello ,magiotti on ! quantities ( wat] dis*>g$ f diff]5t ajutages "u diff]5t pressures 7#afdh74 ,9 ! h&s ( ,blaise ,pascal 7#afbc-affb7 hydro/atics assum$ ! dignity ( a sci5ce1 & 9 a treatise on ! equilibrium ( liquids 7,sur l'quilibre des liqueurs71 f\nd among 8 manuscripts aft] 8 dea? & publi%$ 9 #affc1 ! laws ( ! equilibrium ( liquids 7 demon/rat$ 9 ! mo/ simple mann]1 & amply confirm$ by exp]im5ts4 ,! !orem ( ,torricelli 0 employ$ by _m succe$+ writ]s1 b p>ticul>ly by ,edm ,m>iotte 7#afbj-afhd71 ^: ,trait du m\vem5t des eaux1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea? 9 ! ye> #afhf1 is f\nd$ on a great v>iety ( well-conduct$ exp]im5ts on ! motion ( fluids1 p]=m$ at ,v]sailles & ,*antilly4 ,9 ! discussion ( "s po9ts he committ$ consid]able mi/akes4 ,o!rs he treat$ v sup]ficially1 & 9 none ( 8 exp]im5ts app>5tly did he att5d to ! dim9ution ( efflux aris+ f ! contraction ( ! liquid ve91 :5 ! orifice is m]ely a p]=ation 9 a ?9 plate2 b he appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ :o attempt$ to ascribe ! discrepancy betwe5 !ory & exp]im5t to ! ret>dation ( ! wat]'s velocity ?r\gh friction4 ,8 contempor>y ,dom5ico ,guglielm9i 7#afee-agaj71 :o 0 inspector ( ! riv]s & canals at ,bologna1 _h ascrib$ ?is dim9ution ( velocity 9 riv]s to transv]se motions aris+ f inequalities 9 _! bottom4 ,b z ,m>iotte obs]v$ simil> ob/ructions ev5 9 glass pipes :]e no transv]se curr5ts c\ld exi/1 ! cause assign$ by ,guglielm9i seem$ de/itute ( f\ndation4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph]1 !re=e1 reg>d$ ^! ob/ructions z ! effects ( friction4 ,he suppos$ t ! filam5ts ( wat] :i* graze along ! sides ( ! pipe lose a portion ( _! velocity2 t ! contigu\s filam5ts1 hav+ on ?is acc\nt a great] velocity1 rub ^u ! =m]1 & suff] a dim9ution ( _! cel]ity2 & t ! o!r filam5ts are affect$ ) simil> ret>dations proportional to _! di/ance f ! axis ( ! pipe4 ,9 ?is way ! m$ium velocity ( ! curr5t may be dim9i%$1 & consequ5tly ! quantity ( wat] dis*>g$ 9 a giv5 "t mu/1 f ! effects ( friction1 be consid]ably less ?an t :i* is comput$ f !ory4 ,! effects ( friction & viscosity 9 dim9i%+ ! velocity ( runn+ wat] 7 notic$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o ?rew mu* light ^u sev]al bran*es ( hydrome*anics4 ,at a "t :5 ! ,c>tesian sy/em ( vortices univ]sally prevail$1 he f\nd x necess>y to inve/igate t hypo!sis1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations he %[$ t ! velocity ( any /ratum ( ! vortex is an ari?metical mean betwe5 ! velocities ( ! /rata :i* enclose x2 & f ?is x evid5tly foll[s t ! velocity ( a filam5t ( wat] mov+ 9 a pipe is an ari?metical mean betwe5 ! velocities ( ! filam5ts :i* surr\nd x4 ,tak+ advantage ( ^! results1 ,h5ri ,pitot 7#afie-agga7 aft]w>ds %[$ t ! ret>dations aris+ f friction are inv]sely z ! diamet]s ( ! pipes 9 :i* ! fluid moves4 ,! att5tion ( ,newton 0 also direct$ to ! dis*>ge ( wat] f orifices 9 ! bottom ( vessels4 ,he suppos$ a cyl9drical vessel full ( wat] to be p]=at$ 9 its bottom ) a small hole by :i* ! wat] escap$1 & ! vessel to be suppli$ ) wat] 9 su* a mann] t x always rema9$ full at ! same height4 ,he !n suppos$ ?is cyl9drical column ( wat] to be divid$ into two p>ts1--! fir/1 :i* he call$ ! cat>act1 be+ an hyp]boloid g5]at$ by ! revolution ( an hyp]bola ( ! fif? degree ar\nd ! axis ( ! cyl9d] :i* %\ld pass ?r\gh ! orifice1 & ! second ! rema9d] ( ! wat] 9 ! cyl9drical vessel4 ,he consid]$ ! horizontal /rata ( ?is hyp]boloid z always 9 motion1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! wat] 0 9 a /ate ( re/1 & imag9$ t !re 0 a k9d ( cat>act 9 ! middle ( ! fluid4 ,:5 ! results ( ?is !ory 7 comp>$ ) ! quantity ( wat] actually dis*>g$1 ,newton conclud$ t ! velocity ) :i* ! wat] issu$ f ! orifice 0 equal to t :i* a fall+ body w\ld receive by desc5d+ ?r\gh half ! height ( wat] 9 ! res]voir4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 is absolutely irreconcilable ) ! kn[n fact t jets ( wat] rise ne>ly to ! same height z _! res]voirs1 & ,newton seems to h be5 aw>e ( ?is objection4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,pr9cipia1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agac1 he reconsid]$ 8 !ory4 ,he _h discov]$ a contraction 9 ! ve9 ( fluid 7v5a contracta7 :i* issu$ f ! orifice1 & f\nd t1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t a diamet] ( ! ap]ture1 ! section ( ! ve9 0 contract$ 9 ! subduplicate ratio ( two to "o4 ,he reg>d$1 !re=e1 ! section ( ! contract$ ve9 z ! true orifice f :i* ! dis*>ge ( wat] ought to be d$uc$1 & ! velocity ( ! efflu5t wat] z due to ! :ole height ( wat] 9 ! res]voir2 & by ?is means 8 !ory became m con=mable to ! results ( exp]i5ce1 ?\gh /ill op5 to s]i\s objections4 ,newton 0 also ! fir/ to inve/igate ! difficult subject ( ! motion ( waves 7q4v474 ,9 #agch ,daniel ,b]n\lli 7#agjj-aghb7 publi%$ 8 ,hydrodynamica seu de viribus et motibus fluidorum comm5t>ii4 ,8 !ory ( ! motion ( fluids1 ! g]m ( :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 8 memoir entitl$ ,!oria nova de motu aqu>um p] canales quocunque flu5tes1 communicat$ to ! ,academy ( ,/ ,pet]sburg z e>ly z #agbf1 0 f\nd$ on two suppositions1 :i* appe>$ to him con=mable to exp]i5ce4 ,he suppos$ t ! surface ( ! fluid1 conta9$ 9 a vessel :i* is empty+ itself by an orifice1 rema9s always horizontal2 &1 if ! fluid mass is conceiv$ to be divid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( horizontal /rata ( ! same bulk1 t ^! /rata rema9 contigu\s to ea* o!r1 & t all _! po9ts desc5d v]tically1 ) velocities inv]sely proportional to _! bread?1 or to ! horizontal sections ( ! res]voir4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! motion ( ea* /ratum1 he employ$ ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vatio virium viv>um1 & obta9$ v elegant solutions4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( a g5]al demon/ration ( t pr9ciple1 8 results did n comm& ! confid5ce :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h des]v$1 & x became desirable to h a !ory m c]ta91 & dep5d+ solely on ! fundam5tal laws ( me*anics4 ,col9 ,maclaur9 7#afih-agdf7 & ,john ,b]n\lli 7#affg-agdh71 :o 7 ( ?is op9ion1 resolv$ ! problem by m direct me?ods1 ! "o 9 8 ,fluxions1 publi%$ 9 #agdb1 & ! o!r 9 8 ,hydraulica nunc primum detecta1 et demon/rata directe ex fundam5tis pure me*anicis1 :i* =ms ! f\r? volume ( 8 works4 ,! me?od employ$ by ,maclaur9 has be5 ?\ght n suffici5tly rigor\s2 & t ( ,john ,b]n\lli is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,lagrange1 defective 9 cle>ness & precision4 ,! !ory ( ,daniel ,b]n\lli 0 oppos$ also by ,jean le ,rond d',alemb]t4 ,:5 g5]aliz+ ! !ory ( p5dulums ( ,jacob ,b]n\lli 7#afed-agje7 he discov]$ a pr9ciple ( dynamics s simple & g5]al t x r$uc$ ! laws ( ! motions ( bodies to t ( _! equilibrium4 ,he appli$ ?is pr9ciple to ! motion ( fluids1 & gave a specim5 ( its application at ! end ( 8 ,dynamics 9 #agdc4 ,x 0 m fully develop$ 9 8 ,trait des fluides1 publi%$ 9 #agdd1 9 :i* he gave simple & elegant solutions ( problems relat+ to ! equilibrium & motion ( fluids4 ,he made use ( ! same suppositions z ,daniel ,b]n\lli1 ?\gh 8 calculus 0 e/abli%$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,he consid]$1 at e in/ant1 ! actual motion ( a /ratum z compos$ ( a motion :i* x _h 9 ! prec$+ in/ant & ( a motion :i* x _h lo/2 & ! laws ( equilibrium betwe5 ! motions lo/ furni%$ him ) equations repres5t+ ! motion ( ! fluid4 ,x rema9$ a desid]atum to express by equations ! motion ( a p>ticle ( ! fluid 9 any assign$ direction4 ,^! equations 7 f\nd by d',alemb]t f two pr9ciples--t a rectangul> canal1 tak5 9 a mass ( fluid 9 equilibrium1 is itself 9 equilibrium1 & t a portion ( ! fluid1 9 pass+ f "o place to ano!r1 pres]ves ! same volume :5 ! fluid is incompressible1 or dilates itself accord+ to a giv5 law :5 ! fluid is ela/ic4 ,8 +5i\s me?od1 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 9 8 ,essai sur la rsi/ance des fluides1 0 br\ght to p]fection 9 8 ,opuscules ma?matiques1 & 0 adopt$ by ,leonh>d ,eul]4 ,! resolution ( ! que/ions conc]n+ ! motion ( fluids 0 effect$ by means ( ,eul]'s p>tial diff]5tial coeffici5ts4 ,?is calculus 0 fir/ appli$ to ! motion ( wat] by d',alemb]t1 & enabl$ bo? him & ,eul] to repres5t ! !ory ( fluids 9 =mulae re/rict$ by no p>ticul> hypo!sis4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful lab\r]s 9 ! sci5ce ( hydrodynamics at ?is p]iod 0 ,pi]re ,l\is ,georges ,dubuat 7#agcd-ahji74 ,foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ! ,abb ,*>les ,bossut 7,n\velles ,exp]i5ces sur la rsi/ance des fluides1 #aggg71 he publi%$1 9 #aghf1 a revis$ edition ( 8 ,pr9cipes d'hydraulique1 :i* conta9s a satisfactory !ory ( ! motion ( fluids1 f\nd$ solely ^u exp]im5ts4 ,dubuat consid]$ t if wat] 7 a p]fect fluid1 & ! *annels 9 :i* x fl[$ inf9itely smoo?1 its motion w\ld be cont9ually accel]at$1 l t ( bodies desc5d+ 9 an incl9$ plane4 ,b z ! motion ( riv]s is n cont9ually accel]at$1 & soon arrives at a /ate ( uni=mity1 x is evid5t t ! viscosity ( ! wat]1 & ! friction ( ! *annel 9 :i* x desc5ds1 mu/ equal ! accel]at+ =ce4 ,dubuat1 !re=e1 assum$ x z a proposition ( fundam5tal importance t1 :5 wat] fl[s 9 any *annel or b$1 ! accel]at+ =ce :i* obliges x to move is equal to ! sum ( all ! resi/ances :i* x meets )1 :e!r !y arise f its own viscosity or f ! friction ( its b$4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 employ$ by him 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aggi4 ,! !ory conta9$ 9 t edition 0 f\nd$ on ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 b he soon saw t a !ory s new1 & lead+ to results s diff]5t f ! ord9>y !ory1 %\ld be f\nd$ on new exp]im5ts m direct ?an ! =m]1 & he 0 employ$ 9 ! p]=mance ( ^! f #aghj to #aghc4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,bossut 7 made only on pipes ( a mod]ate declivity1 b ,dubuat us$ declivities ( e k9d1 & made 8 exp]im5ts ^u *annels ( v>i\s sizes4 ,! !ory ( runn+ wat] 0 greatly advanc$ by ! rese>*es ( ,gasp>d ,ri*e de ,prony 7#agee-ahci74 ,f a collection ( ! be/ exp]im5ts by previ\s work]s he select$ eighty-two 7fifty-"o on ! velocity ( wat] 9 conduit pipes1 & ?irty-"o on its velocity 9 op5 canals72 &1 discuss+ ^! on physical & me*anical pr9ciples1 he succe$$ 9 draw+ up g5]al =mulae1 :i* af=d$ a simple expression = ! velocity ( runn+ wat]4 ,j4 ,a4 ,eytelwe9 7#agfd-ahdh7 ( ,b]l91 :o publi%$ 9 #ahja a valuable comp5dium ( hydraulics entitl$ ,h&bu* d] ,me*anik und d] ,hydraulik1 inve/igat$ ! subject ( ! dis*>ge ( wat] by comp\nd pipes1 ! motions ( jets & _! impulses aga9/ plane & oblique surfaces2 & he %[$ !oretically t a wat]-:eel w h its maximum effect :5 its circumf]5ce moves ) half ! velocity ( ! /ream4 ,j4 ,n4 ,p4 ,ha*ette 7#agfi-ahcd7 9 #ahaf-ahag publi%$ memoirs conta9+ ! results ( exp]im5ts on ! sp\t+ ( fluids & ! dis*>ge ( vessels4 ,8 object 0 to measure ! contract$ "p ( a fluid ve91 to exam9e ! ph5om5a att5dant on additional tubes1 & to inve/igate ! =m ( ! fluid ve9 & ! results obta9$ :5 diff]5t =ms ( orifices are employ$4 ,ext5sive exp]im5ts on ! dis*>ge ( wat] f orifices 7,expri5ces hydrauliques1 ,p>is1 #ahcb7 7 conduct$ "u ! direction ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t by ,j4 ,v4 ,poncelet 7#aghh-ahfg7 & ,j4 ,a4 ,lesbros 7#agij-ahfj74 ,p4 ,p4 ,boileau 7#ahaa-ahia7 discuss$ _! results & add$ exp]im5ts ( 8 own 7,trait de la msure des eaux c\rantes1 ,p>is1 #ahed74 ,k4 ,r4 ,bornemann re-exam9$ all ^! results ) great c>e1 & gave =mulae express+ ! v>iation ( ! coeffici5ts ( dis*>ge 9 diff]5t conditions 7,civil ,+nieur1 #ahhj74 ,julius ,weisba* 7#ahjf-ahga7 also made _m exp]im5tal inve/igations on ! dis*>ge ( fluids4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,j4 ,b4 ,francis 7,l[ell ,hydraulic ,exp]im5ts1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 #ahee7 l$ him to propose v>iations 9 ! accept$ =mulae = ! dis*>ge ov] weirs1 & a g5]ation lat] a v complete inve/igation ( ?is subject 0 c>ri$ out by ,h4 ,baz94 ,an elaborate inquiry on ! fl[ ( wat] 9 pipes & *annels 0 conduct$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,p4 ,d>cy 7#ahjc-aheh7 & cont9u$ by ,h4 ,baz91 at ! exp5se ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 7,re*]*es hydrauliques1 ,p>is1 #ahff74 ,g]man eng9e]s h also devot$ special att5tion to ! measurem5t ( ! fl[ 9 riv]s2 ! ,beitrge zur ,hydrographie des ,knigrei*es ,bhm5 7,prague1 #ahgb-ahge7 ( ,a4 ,r4 ,h>la*] 7#ahdb-ahij7 conta9$ valuable measurem5ts ( ?is k9d1 toge!r ) a comp>ison ( ! exp]im5tal results ) ! =mulae ( fl[ t _h be5 propos$ up to ! date ( its publication1 & important data 7 yield$ by ! gaug+s ( ! ,mississippi made = ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t by ,a4 ,a4 ,humphreys & ,h4 ,l4 ,abbot1 by ,rob]t ,gordon's gaug+s ( ! ,irrawaddy1 & by ,all5 ,j4 ,c4 ,cunn+ham's exp]im5ts on ! ,ganges canal4 ,! friction ( wat]1 inve/igat$ = sl[ spe$s by ,c\lomb1 0 measur$ = high] spe$s by ,william ,fr\de 7#ahaj-ahgi71 ^: "w is ( great value 9 ! !ory ( %ip resi/ance 7,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report41 #ahfi71 & /ream l9e motion 0 /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,osborne ,reynolds & by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,s4 ,hele ,%aw4 7,x47 ,,hydro/atics ,hydro/atics is a sci5ce :i* grew orig9ally out ( a numb] ( isolat$ practical problems2 b x satisfies ! requirem5t ( p]fect accuracy 9 its application to ph5om5a1 ! l>ge/ & smalle/1 ( ! behavi\r ( a fluid4 ,at ! same "t1 x delights ! pure !ori/ by ! simplicity ( ! logic ) :i* ! fundam5tal !orems may be e/abli%$1 & by ! elegance ( its ma!matical op]ations1 insomu* t hydro/atics may be consid]$ z ! ,euclidean pure geometry ( me*anical sci5ce4 #a4 ,! ,diff]5t ,/ates ( a ,sub/ance or ,matt]4--,all sub/ance 9 nature falls into "o ( ! two classes1 solid & fluid2 a solid sub/ance1 ! l&1 = in/ance1 z contra/$ ) a fluid1 l wat]1 be+ a sub/ance :i* does n fl[ ( itself4 ,a fluid1 z ! "n implies1 is a sub/ance :i* fl[s1 or is capable ( fl[+2 wat] & air are ! two fluids di/ribut$ mo/ univ]sally ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,fluids aga9 are divid$ into two classes1 t]m$ a liquid & a gas1 ( :i* wat] & air are ! *ief examples4 ,a liquid is a fluid :i* is incompressible or practically s1 i4e4 x does n *ange 9 volume s5sibly ) *ange ( pressure4 ,a gas is a compressible fluid1 & ! *ange 9 volume is consid]able ) mod]ate v>iation ( pressure4 ,liquids1 aga91 c be p\r$ f "o op5 vessel into ano!r1 & c be kept 9 an uncov]$ vessel1 b a gas t5ds to diffuse itself indef9itely & mu/ be pres]v$ 9 a clos$ res]voir4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! ?ree k9ds ( sub/ance or /ates ( matt]1 ! solid1 liquid & gas1 are summ>iz$ ?us 9 ,o4 ,lodge's ,me*anics3-- ,a solid has bo? size & %ape4 ,a liquid has size b n %ape4 ,a gas has nei!r size nor %ape4 #b4 ,! ,*ange ( ,/ate ( ,matt]4--,by a *ange ( temp]ature & pressure comb9$1 a sub/ance c 9 g5]al be made to pass f "o /ate into ano!r2 ?us by gradually increas+ ! temp]ature a solid piece ( ice c be melt$ into ! liquid /ate ( wat]1 & ! wat] aga9 c be boil$ (f into ! gase\s /ate z /eam4 ,aga91 by rais+ ! temp]ature1 a metal 9 ! solid /ate c be melt$ & liquefi$1 & p\r$ into a m\ld to assume any =m desir$1 :i* is reta9$ :5 ! metal cools & solidifies aga92 ! gase\s /ate ( a metal is reveal$ by ! spectroscope4 ,conv]sely1 a comb9ation ( increas$ pressure & l[]+ ( temp]ature w1 if c>ri$ f> en\gh1 r$uce a gas to a liquid1 & aft]w>ds to ! solid /ate2 & ne>ly e gase\s sub/ance has n[ und]gone ?is op]ation4 ,a c]ta9 critical temp]ature is obs]v$ 9 a gas1 above :i* ! liquefaction is impossible2 s t ! gase\s /ate has two subdivisions into 7i47 a true gas1 :i* _c be liquefi$1 because its temp]ature is above ! critical temp]ature1 7ii47 a vap\r1 :]e ! temp]ature is bel[ ! critical1 & :i* c ultimately be liquefi$ by fur!r l[]+ ( temp]ature or increase ( pressure4 #c4 ,pla/icity & ,viscosity4--,e solid sub/ance is f\nd to be pla/ic m or less1 z exemplifi$ by pun*+1 %e>+ & cutt+2 b ! pla/ic solid is di/+ui%$ f ! visc\s fluid 9 t a pla/ic solid requires a c]ta9 magnitude ( /ress to be exce$$ to make x fl[1 :]eas ! visc\s liquid w yield to ! slighte/ /ress1 b requires a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t = ! effect to be appreciable4 ,accord+ to ,maxwell 7,!ory ( ,heat7 ,:5 a cont9u\s alt]ation ( =m is produc$ only by a /ress exce$+ a c]ta9 value1 ! sub/ance is call$ a solid1 h[ev] s(t & pla/ic x may be4 ,b :5 ! smalle/ /ress1 if only cont9u$ long en\gh1 w cause a p]ceptible & increas+ *ange ( =m1 ! sub/ance mu/ be reg>d$ z a visc\s fluid1 h[ev] h>d x may be4 ,maxwell illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 a s(t solid & a h>d liquid by a jelly & a block ( pit*2 also by ! exp]im5t ( support+ a c&le & a /ick ( seal+-wax2 aft] a consid]able "t ! seal+-wax w be f\nd b5t & s is a fluid1 b ! c&le rema9s /raight z a solid4 #d4 ,def9ition ( a ,fluid4--,a fluid is a sub/ance :i* yields cont9ually to ! slighte/ tang5tial /ress 9 its int]ior2 t is1 x c be divid$ v easily along any plane 7giv5 pl5ty ( "t if ! fluid is visc\s74 ,x foll[s t :5 ! fluid has come to re/1 ! tang5tial /ress 9 any plane 9 its int]ior mu/ vani%1 & ! /ress mu/ be entirely normal to ! plane4 ,?is me*anical axiom ( ! normality ( fluid pressure is ! f\ndation ( ! ma!matical !ory ( hydro/atics4 ,! !orems ( hydro/atics are ?us true = all /ation>y fluids1 h[ev] visc\s !y may be2 x is only :5 we come to hydrodynamics1 ! sci5ce ( ! motion ( a fluid1 t viscosity w make itself felt & modify ! !ory2 unless we beg9 by po/ulat+ ! p]fect fluid1 devoid ( viscosity1 s t ! pr9ciple ( ! normality ( fluid pressure is tak5 to hold :5 ! fluid is 9 movem5t4 #e4 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,fluid ,pressure4--,! pressure at any po9t ( a plane 9 ! int]ior ( a fluid is ! int5sity ( ! normal ?ru/ e/imat$ p] unit area ( ! plane4 ,?us1 if a ?ru/ ( ,p lb4 is di/ribut$ uni=mly ov] a plane area ( ,a sq4 ft41 z on ! horizontal bottom ( ! sea or any res]voir1 ! pressure at any po9t ( ! plane is ,p_/,a lb4 p] sq4 ft41 or ,p_/#add;,a lb4 p] sq4 94 7lb4_/ft4 & lb4_/941 9 ! ,hospitali] notation1 to be employ$ 9 ! sequel74 ,if ! di/ribution ( ! ?ru/ is n uni=m1 z1 = in/ance1 on a v]tical or incl9$ face or wall ( a res]voir1 !n ,p_/,a repres5ts ! av]age pressure ov] ! area2 & ! actual pressure at any po9t is ! av]age pressure ov] a small area enclos+ ! po9t4 ,?us1 if a ?ru/ ,delta,p lb4 acts on a small plane area ,delta,a ft4 enclos+ a po9t ,b1 ! pressure p at ,b is ! limit ( ,delta,p_/,delta,a2 & p lt7,delta,p_/,delta,a7 d,p_/d,a1 7#a7 9 ! notation ( ! diff]5tial calculus4 #f4 ,! ,equality ( ,fluid ,pressure 9 all ,directions4--,?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( hydro/atics foll[s at once f ! pr9ciple ( ! normality ( fluid pressure impli$ 9 ! def9ition ( a fluid 9 #d4 ,take any two arbitr>y directions 9 ! plane ( ! pap]1 & draw a small isosceles triangle abc1 ^: sides are p]p5dicul> to ! two directions1 & consid] ! equilibrium ( a small triangul> prism ( fluid1 ( :i* ! triangle is ! cross section4 ,let ,p1 ,q d5ote ! normal ?ru/ across ! sides bc1 ca1 & ,r ! normal ?ru/ across ! base ab4 ,!n1 s9ce ^! ?ree =ces ma9ta9 equilibrium1 & ,r makes equal angles ) ,p & ,q1 !re=e ,p & ,q mu/ be equal4 ,b ! faces bc1 ca1 ov] :i* ,p & ,q act1 are also equal1 s t ! pressure on ea* face is equal4 ,a scal5e triangle abc might also be employ$1 or a tetrah$ron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a;a4 ,x foll[s t ! pressure ( a fluid requires to be calculat$ 9 "o direction only1 *os5 z ! simple/ direction = conv5i5ce4 #g4 ,! ,transmissibility ( ,fluid ,pressure4--,any additional pressure appli$ to ! fluid w be transmitt$ equally to e po9t 9 ! case ( a liquid2 ?is pr9ciple ( ! transmissibility ( pressure 0 enunciat$ by ,pascal1 #afec1 & appli$ by him to ! inv5tion ( ! hydraulic press4 ,?is ma*9e consi/s ess5tially ( two communicat+ cyl9d]s 7fig4 #a;a71 fill$ ) liquid & clos$ by pi/ons4 ,if a ?ru/ ,p lb4 is appli$ to "o pi/on ( area ,a ft41 x w be balanc$ by a ?ru/ ,w lb4 appli$ to ! o!r pi/on ( area ,b ft41 :]e p ,p_/,a ,w_/,b1 7#a7 ! pressure p ( ! liquid be+ suppos$ uni=m2 &1 by mak+ ! ratio ,b_/,a suffici5tly l>ge1 ! me*anical advantage c be increas$ to any desir$ am\nt1 & 9 ! simple/ mann] possible1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( lev]s & ma*9]y4 ,fig4 #a;b %[s also a mod]n =m ( ! hydraulic press1 appli$ to ! op]ation ( cov]+ an electric cable ) a lead coat+4 #h4 ,!orem4--,9 a fluid at re/ "u gravity ! pressure is ! same at any two po9ts 9 ! same horizontal plane2 9 o!r words1 a surface ( equal pressure is a horizontal plane4 ,?is is prov$ by tak+ any two po9ts ,a & ,b at ! same level1 & consid]+ ! equilibrium ( a ?9 prism ( liquid ,,ab1 b\nd$ by planes at ,a & ,b p]p5dicul> to ,,ab4 ,z gravity & ! fluid pressure on ! sides ( ! prism act at "r angles to ,,ab1 ! equilibrium requires ! equality ( ?ru/ on ! ends ,a & ,b2 & z ! areas are equal1 ! pressure mu/ be equal at ,a & ,b2 & s ! pressure is ! same at all po9ts 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,if ! fluid is a liquid1 x c h a free surface )\t diffus+ itself1 z a gas w\ld2 & ?is free surface1 be+ a surface ( z]o pressure1 or m g5]ally ( uni=m atmosph]ic pressure1 w also be a surface ( equal pressure1 & !re=e a horizontal plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a;b4 ,h5ce ! !orem4--,! free surface ( a liquid at re/ "u gravity is a horizontal plane4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic di/+ui%+ betwe5 a solid & a liquid2 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 l& & wat]4 ,! l& has hills & valleys1 b ! surface ( wat] at re/ is a horizontal plane2 & if di/urb$ ! surface moves 9 waves4 #i4 ,!orem4--,9 a homog5e\s liquid at re/ "u gravity ! pressure increases uni=mly ) ! dep?4 ,?is is prov$ by tak+ ! two po9ts ,a & ,b 9 ! same v]tical l9e1 & consid]+ ! equilibrium ( ! prism by resolv+ v]tically4 ,9 ?is case ! ?ru/ at ! l[] end ,b mu/ exce$ ! ?ru/ at ,a1 ! upp] end1 by ! weight ( ! prism ( liquid2 s t1 d5ot+ ! cross section ( ! prism by alpha ft41 ! pressure at ,a & ,by by p#j & p lb4_/ft41 & by w ! d5sity ( ! liquid e/imat$ 9 lb4_/ft41 palpha - p#j;alpha walpha,,ab1 7#a7 p w,,ab p#j4 7#b7 ,?us 9 wat]1 :]e w #fb4dlb4_/ft41 ! pressure increases #fb4d lb4_/ft41 or #fb4d #add #j4dcc lb4_/94 = e additional foot ( dep?4 #aj4 ,!orem4--,if two liquids ( diff]5t d5sity are re/+ 9 vessels 9 communication1 ! height ( ! free surface ( su* liquid above ! surface ( sep>ation is inv]sely z ! d5sity4 ,= if ! liquid ( d5sity sigma rises to ! height h & ( d5sity rho to ! height k1 & p#j d5otes ! atmosph]ic pressure1 ! pressure 9 ! liquid at ! level ( ! surface ( sep>ation w be sigmah p#j & rhok p#j1 & ^! be+ equal we h sigmah rhok4 7#a7 ,! pr9ciple is illu/rat$ 9 ! article ,,b>omet]1 :]e a column ( m]cury ( d5sity sigma & height h1 ris+ 9 ! tube to ! ,torricellian vacuum1 is balanc$ by a column ( air ( d5sity rho1 :i* may be suppos$ to rise z a homog5e\s fluid to a height k1 call$ ! height ( ! homog5e\s atmosph]e4 ,?us wat] be+ ab\t #hjj times d5s] ?an air & m]cury #ac4f times d5s] ?an wat]1 k_/h sigma_/rho #hjj #ac4f #aj1hhj2 7#b7 & ) an av]age b>omet] height ( #cj 94 ?is makes k #bg1bjj ft41 ab\t #hcjj metres4 #aa4 ,! ,head ( ,wat] or a ,liquid4--,! pressure sigmah at a dep? h ft4 9 liquid ( d5sity sigma is call$ ! pressure due to a head ( h ft4 ( ! liquid4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure is ?us due to an av]age head ( #cj 94 ( m]cury1 or #cj #ac4f #ab #cd ft4 ( wat]1 or #bg1bjj ft4 ( air4 ,! pressure ( ! air is a conv5i5t unit to employ 9 practical "w1 :]e x is call$ an atmosph]e2 x is made ! equival5t ( a pressure ( "o kg_/cm2 & "o ton_/in*1 employ$ z ! unit ) high pressure z 9 artill]y1 may be tak5 z #aej atmosph]es4 #ab4 ,!orem4--,a body imm]s$ 9 a fluid is buoy$ up by a =ce equal to ! weight ( ! liquid displac$1 act+ v]tically upw>d ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! displac$ liquid4 ,= if ! body is remov$1 & replac$ by ! fluid z at fir/1 ?is fluid is 9 equilibrium "u its own weight & ! ?ru/ ( ! surr\nd+ fluid1 :i* mu/ be equal & opposite1 & ! surr\nd+ fluid acts 9 ! same mann] :5 ! body replaces ! displac$ fluid aga92 s t ! resultant ?ru/ ( ! fluid acts v]tically upw>d ?r\gh ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! fluid displac$1 & is equal to ! weight4 ,:5 ! body is float+ freely l a %ip1 ! equilibrium ( ?is liquid ?ru/ ) ! weight ( ! %ip requires t ! weight ( wat] displac$ is equal to ! weight ( ! %ip & ! two c5tres ( gravity are 9 ! same v]tical l9e4 ,s also a balloon beg9s to rise :5 ! weight ( air displac$ is great] ?an ! weight ( ! balloon1 & x is 9 equilibrium :5 ! weights are equal4 ,?is !orem is call$ g5]ally ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es4 ,x is us$ to det]m9e ! d5sity ( a body exp]im5tally2 = if ,w is ! weight ( a body weigh$ 9 a balance 9 air 7/rictly 9 vacuo71 & if ,w is ! weight requir$ to balance :5 ! body is susp5d$ 9 wat]1 !n ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! liquid or weight ( liquid displac$ is ,w - ,w1 s t ! specific gravity 7,s4,g471 def9$ z ! ratio ( ! weight ( a body to ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]1 is ,w_/7,w - ,w74 ,z /at$ fir/ by ,ar*im$es1 ! pr9ciple ass]ts ! obvi\s fact t a body displaces its own volume ( wat]2 & he utiliz$ x 9 ! problem ( ! det]m9ation ( ! adult]ation ( ! cr[n ( ,hi]o4 ,he weigh$ out a lump ( gold & ( silv] ( ! same weight z ! cr[n2 &1 imm]s+ ! ?ree 9 succession 9 wat]1 he f\nd !y spilt ov] measures ( wat] 9 ! ratio #a_/ad 3 #d_/gg 3 #b_/ba or #cc 3 #bd 3 #dd2 !nce x foll[s t ! gold 3 silv] alloy ( ! cr[n 0 z #aa 3 #i by weight4 #ac4 ,!orem4--,! resultant v]tical ?ru/ on any portion ( a curv$ surface expos$ to ! pressure ( a fluid at re/ "u gravity is ! weight ( fluid cut out by v]tical l9es drawn r\nd ! b\nd>y ( ! curv$ surface4 ,!orem4--,! resultant horizontal ?ru/ 9 any direction is obta9$ by draw+ p>allel horizontal l9es r\nd ! b\nd>y1 & int]sect+ a plane p]p5dicul> to _! direction 9 a plane curve2 & !n inve/igat+ ! ?ru/ on ?is plane area1 :i* w be ! same z on ! curv$ surface4 ,! pro( ( ^! !orems proce$s z be=e1 employ+ ! normality pr9ciple2 !y are requir$1 = in/ance1 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! liquid ?ru/ on any portion ( ! bottom ( a %ip4 ,9 ca/+ a ?9 holl[ object l a bell1 x w be se5 t ! resultant upw>d ?ru/ on ! m\ld may be _m times great] ?an ! weight ( metal2 _m a curi\s exp]im5t has be5 devis$ to illu/rate ?is prop]ty & class$ z a hydro/atic p>adox 7,boyle1 ,hydro/atical ,p>adoxes1 #afff74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! op]ation ( ca/+ a hemisph]ical bell1 9 fig4 #b4 ,z ! molt5 metal is run 91 ! upw>d ?ru/ on ! outside m\ld1 :5 ! level has rea*$ ,,pp1 is ! weight ( metal 9 ! volume g5]at$ by ! revolution ( ,,apq2 & ?is1 by a !orem ( ,ar*im$es1 has ! same volume z ! cone ,,orr1 or #a_/c piy1 :]e y is ! dep? ( metal1 ! horizontal sections be+ equal s long z y is less ?an ! radius ( ! outside hemisph]e4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! metal has ris5 above ,b1 to ! level ,,kk1 ! additional ?ru/ is ! weight ( ! cyl9d] ( diamet] ,,kk & height ,,bh4 ,! upw>d ?ru/ is ! same1 h[ev] ?9 ! metal may be 9 ! int]space betwe5 ! out] m\ld & ! core inside2 & ?is 0 =m]ly consid]$ p>adoxical4 ,analytical ,equations ( ,equilibrium ( a ,fluid at re/ "u any ,sy/em ( ,=ce4 #ad4 ,ref]r$ to ?ree fix$ coord9ate axes1 a fluid1 9 :i* ! pressure is p1 ! d5sity rho1 & ,x1 ,y1 ,z ! compon5ts ( impress$ =ce p] unit mass1 requires = ! equilibrium ( ! "p fill+ a fix$ surface ,s1 on resolv+ p>allel to ,ox1 _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ lp d,s rho,x dx dy dz1 7#a7 _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ :]e l1 m1 n d5ote ! direction cos9es ( ! normal drawn outw>d ( ! surface ,s4 ,b by ,gre5's trans=mation _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ dp lp d,s -- dx dy dz1 7#b7 _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ dx ?us lead+ to ! diff]5tial relation at e po9t dp dp dp -- rho,x1 -- rho,y1 -- rho,z4 7#c7 dx dy dz ,! ?ree equations ( equilibrium obta9$ by tak+ mom5ts r\nd ! axes are !n f\nd to be satisfi$ id5tically4 ,h5ce ! space v>iation ( ! pressure 9 any direction1 or ! pressure-gradi5t1 is ! resolv$ =ce p] unit volume 9 t direction4 ,! resultant =ce is !re=e 9 ! direction ( ! /eepe/ pressure-gradi5t1 & ?is is normal to ! surface ( equal pressure2 = equilibrium to exi/ 9 a fluid ! l9es ( =ce mu/ !re=e be capable ( be+ cut or?ogonally by a sy/em ( surfaces1 :i* w be surfaces ( equal pressure4 ,ignor+ temp]ature effect1 & tak+ ! d5sity z a function ( ! pressure1 surfaces ( equal pressure are also ( equal d5sity1 & ! fluid is /ratifi$ by surfaces or?ogonal to ! l9es ( =ce2 #a dp #a dp #a dp ----- --1 ----- --1 ----- --1 or ,x1 ,y1 ,z 7#d7 rho dx rho dy rho dz are ! p>tial diff]5tial coeffici5ts ( "s function ,p1 intdp_/rho1 ( x1 y1 z2 s t ,x1 ,y1 ,z mu/ be ! p>tial diff]5tial coeffici5ts ( a pot5tial -,v1 su* t ! =ce 9 any direction is ! d[nw>d gradi5t ( ,v2 & !n d,p d,v -- -- #j1 or ,p ,v con/ant1 7#e7 dx dx 9 :i* ,p may be call$ ! hydro/atic head & ,v ! head ( pot5tial4 ,) v>iation ( temp]ature1 ! surfaces ( equal pressure & d5sity ne$ n co9cide2 b1 tak+ ! pressure1 d5sity & temp]ature z connect$ by "s relation1 su* z ! gas-equation1 ! surfaces ( equal d5sity & temp]ature mu/ int]sect 9 l9es ly+ on a surface ( equal pressure4 #ae4 ,z an example ( ! g5]al equations1 take ! simple/ case ( a uni=m field ( gravity1 ) ,oz direct$ v]tically d[nw>d2 employ+ ! gravitation unit ( =ce1 #a dp #a dp #a dp ----- -- #j1 ----- -- #j1 ----- -- #a1 7#a7 rho dx rho dy rho dz _/ ,p dp_/rho z a con/ant4 7#b7 _/ ,:5 ! d5sity rho is uni=m1 ?is becomes1 z be=e 9 7#b7 #i p rhoz p#j4 7#c7 ,suppose ! d5sity rho v>ies z "s n? p[] ( ! dep? bel[ ,o1 !n dp_/dz rho muzn 7#d7 z7n#a7 rhoz rho _/rho#a_/n p mu------- ------ ----- 7 ----- 7 1 7#e7 n #a n #a n #a mu _/ suppos+ p & rho to vani% toge!r4 ,^! equations c be made to repres5t ! /ate ( convective equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e1 dep5d+ on ! gas-equation p rhok ,rrho!ta1 7#f7 :]e !ta d5otes ! absolute temp]ature2 & !n d!ta d _/ p #a ,r-------- -- 7 ----- 7 -------1 7#g7 dz dz rho_/ 7n #a7 s t ! temp]ature-gradi5t d!ta_/dz is con/ant1 z 9 convective equilibrium 9 7#aa74 ,f ! gas-equation 9 g5]al1 9 ! atmosph]e #a dp #a dp #a d!ta rho #a d!ta #a #a d!ta ----- -- --- -- - ------- -------- ----- - ------- -------- --- - ------- --------1 7#h7 rho dz p dz !ta dz p !ta dz k !ta dz :i* is positive1 & ! d5sity rho dim9i%es ) ! asc5t1 provid$ ! temp]ature-gradi5t d!ta_/dz does n exce$ !ta_/k4 ,) uni=m temp]ature1 tak+ k con/ant 9 ! gas-equation1 dp_/dz rho p_/k1 p p#j;e7z_/k71 7#i7 s t 9 asc5d+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( !rmal equilibrium ! pressure & d5sity dim9i% at comp\nd disc\nt1 & = pressures p#a & p#b at heights z#a & z#b 7z#a - z#b7_/k log e 7p#b_/p#a7 #b4c log#aj 7p#b_/p#a74 7#aj7 ,9 ! convective equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e1 ! air is suppos$ to *ange 9 d5sity & pressure )\t ex*ange ( heat by conduction2 & !n rho_/rho#j 7!ta_/!ta#j7n1 p_/p#j 7!ta_/!ta#j77n#a71 7#aa7 dz #a dp p #a -------- ----- -------- 7n #a7------------,r1 gamma #a ---1 d!ta rho d!ta rho!ta n :]e gamma is ! ratio ( ! specific heat at con/ant pressure & con/ant volume4 ,9 ! m g5]al case ( ! convective equilibrium ( a sph]ical atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! e>?1 ( radius a1 dp p#j d!ta a ----- 7n #a7------ -------- - --- dr1 7#ab7 rho rho#j !ta#j r gravity v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance r f ! c5tre2 s t1 k p#j_/rho#j1 d5ot+ ! height ( ! homog5e\s atmosph]e at ! surface1 !ta is giv5 by 7n #a7 k 7#a - !ta_/!ta#j7 a7#a - a_/r71 7#ac7 or if c d5otes ! di/ance :]e !ta #j1 !ta a c - r -------- --- -----4 7#ad7 !ta#j r c - a ,:5 ! compressibility ( wat] is tak5 into acc\nt 9 a deep ocean1 an exp]im5tal law mu/ be employ$1 su* z p - p#j k7rho - rho#j71 or rho_/rho#j #a 7p - p#j7_/lambda1 lambda krho#j1 7#ae7 s t lambda is ! pressure due to a head k ( ! liquid at d5sity rho#j "u atmosph]ic pressure p#j2 & x is ! gauge pressure requir$ on ?is law to d\ble ! d5sity4 ,!n dp_/dz kdrho_/dz rho1 rho rho#j;e7z_/k71 p - p#j krho#j7;e7z_/k7 - #a72 7#af7 & if ! liquid 0 incompressible1 ! dep? at pressure p w\ld be 7p - p#j7_/p#j1 s t ! l[]+ ( ! surface due to compression is ke7z_/k7 - k - z z_/k1 :5 k is l>ge4 7#ag7 ,= sea wat]1 lambda is ab\t #be1jjj atmosph]es1 & k is !n #be1jjj times ! height ( ! wat] b>omet]1 ab\t #bej1jjj metres1 s t 9 an ocean #aj kilometres deep ! level is l[]$ ab\t #bjj metres by ! compressibility ( ! wat]2 & ! d5sity at ! bottom is increas$ #d4 ,on ano!r physical assumption ( con/ant cubical ela/icity lambda1 dp lambdadrho_/rho1 7p - p#j7_/lambda log7rho_/rho#j71 7#ah7 dp lambda drho _/ #a #a rho#j z -- -------- ------ rho1 lambda7 ------ - ----- 7 z1 #a - ------ ---1 lambda krho#j1 7#ai7 zd rho dz rho#j rho_/ rho k & ! l[]+ ( ! surface is p - p#j rho _/ z z ------ - z k log ------ - z k log 7 #a - --- 7 - z approx --- 7#bj7 rho#j rho#j k _/ #bk z be=e 9 7#ag74 #af4 ,c5tre ( ,pressure4--,a plane area expos$ to fluid pressure on "o side exp]i5ces a s+le resultant ?ru/1 ! integrat$ pressure ov] ! area1 act+ ?r\gh a def9ite po9t call$ ! c5tre ( pressure 7,c4,p47 ( ! area4 ,?us if ! plane is normal to ,oz1 ! resultant ?ru/ _/ _/ ,r pdxdy1 7#a7 _/_/ & ! coord9ates x1 y ( ! ,c4,p4 are giv5 by _/ _/ _/ _/ x,r xp dx dy1 y,r yp dx dy4 7#b7 _/_/ _/_/ ,! ,c,p4 is ?us ! ,c,g4 ( a plane lam9a b\nd$ by ! area1 9 :i* ! surface d5sity is p4 ,if p is uni=m1 ! ,c,p4 & ,c,g4 ( ! area co9cide4 ,= a homog5e\s liquid at re/ "u gravity1 p is proportional to ! dep? bel[ ! surface1 i4e4 to ! p]p5dicul> di/ance f ! l9e ( int]section ( ! plane ( ! area ) ! free surface ( ! liquid4 ,if ! equation ( ?is l9e1 ref]r$ to new coord9ate axes 9 ! plane area1 is writt5 x cos alpha y s9 alpha - h #j1 7#c7 _/ _/ ,r rho7h - x cos alpha - y s9 alpha7 dx dy1 7#d7 _/_/ _/ _/ x,r rhox7h - x cos alpha - y s9 alpha7 dx dy1 7#e7 _/_/ _/ _/ y,r rhoy7h - x cos alpha - y s9 alpha7 dx dy4 _/_/ ,plac+ ! new orig9 at ! ,c4,g4 ( ! area ,a1 _/ _/ _/ _/ xd x dy #j1 y dx dy #j1 7#f7 _/_/ _/_/ ,r rhoh,a1 7#g7 _/ _/ _/ _/ xh,a -cos alpha x d,a - s9 alpha xy d,a1 7#h7 _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ yh,a -cos alpha xy d,a - s9 alpha y d,a4 7#i7 _/_/ _/_/ ,turn+ ! axes to make !m co9cide ) ! pr9cipal axes ( ! area ,a1 ?us mak+ intint xy d,a #j1 xh -a cos alpha1 yh -b s9 alpha1 7#aj7 :]e _/ _/ _/ _/ x d,a ,aa1 y d,a ,ab1 7#aa7 _/_/ _/_/ a & b d5ot+ ! semi-axes ( ! mom5tal ellipse ( ! area4 ,?is %[s t ! ,c4,p4 is ! antipole ( ! l9e ( int]section ( its plane ) ! free surface ) respect to ! mom5tal ellipse at ! ,c4,g4 ( ! area4 ,?us ! ,c4,p4 ( a rectangle or p>allelogram ) a side 9 ! surface is at #b_/c ( ! dep? ( ! l[] side2 ( a triangle ) a v]tex 9 ! surface & base horizontal is ( ! dep? ( ! base2 b if ! base is 9 ! surface1 ! ,c,p4 is at half ! dep? ( ! v]tex2 z on ! faces ( a tetrah$ron1 ) "o edge 9 ! surface4 ,! core ( an area is ! "n giv5 to ! limit$ area r\nd its ,c4,g4 )9 :i* ! ,c,p4 mu/ lie :5 ! area is imm]s$ completely2 ! b\nd>y ( ! core is !re=e ! locus ( ! antipodes ) respect to ! mom5tal ellipse ( wat] l9es :i* t\* ! b\nd>y ( ! area4 ,?us ! core ( a circle or an ellipse is a conc5tric circle or ellipse ( "o qu>t] ! size4 ,! ,c4,p4 ( wat] l9es pass+ ?r\gh a fix$ po9t lies on a /raight l9e1 ! antipol> ( ! po9t2 & ?us ! core ( a triangle is a simil> triangle ( "o qu>t] ! size1 & ! core ( a p>allelogram is ano!r p>allelogram1 ! diagonals ( :i* are ! middle ?ird ( ! m$ian l9es4 ,9 ! design ( a /ructure su* z a tall res]voir dam x is important t ! l9e ( ?ru/ 9 ! mat]ial %\ld pass inside ! core ( a section1 s t ! mat]ial %\ld n be 9 a /ate ( t5sion any:]e & s liable to op5 & admit ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 #ag4 ,equilibrium & ,/ability ( a ,%ip or ,float+ ,body4 ,! ,metac5tre4--,! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es 9 #ab leads imm$iately to ! conditions ( equilibrium ( a body support$ freely 9 fluid1 l a fi% 9 wat] or a balloon 9 ! air1 or l a %ip 7fig4 #c7 float+ p>tly imm]s$ 9 wat] & ! re/ 9 air4 ,! body is 9 equilibrium "u two =ces3--7i47 its weight ,w act+ v]tically d[nw>d ?r\gh ,g1 ! ,c4,g4 ( ! body1 & 7ii47 ! buoyancy ( ! fluid1 equal to ! weight ( ! displac$ fluid1 & act+ v]tically upw>d ?r\gh ,b1 ! ,c4,g4 ( ! displac$ fluid2 = equilibrium ^! two =ces mu/ be equal & opposite 9 ! same l9e4 ,! conditions ( equilibrium ( a body1 float+ l a %ip on ! surface ( a liquid1 are !re=e3-- 7i47 ! weight ( ! body mu/ be less ?an ! weight ( ! total volume ( liquid x c displace2 or else ! body w s9k to ! bottom ( ! liquid2 ! diff]5ce ( ! weights is call$ ! res]ve ( buoyancy4 7ii47 ! weight ( liquid :i* ! body displaces 9 ! position ( equilibrium is equal to ! weight ,w ( ! body2 & 7iii47 ! ,c4,g41 ,b1 ( ! liquid displac$ & ,g ( ! body1 mu/ lie 9 ! same v]tical l9e ,,gb4 #ah4 ,9 addition to satisfy+ ^! conditions ( equilibrium1 a %ip mu/ fulfil ! fur!r condition ( /ability1 s z to keep upright2 if displac$ slightly f ?is position1 ! =ces call$ into play mu/ be su* z to re/ore ! %ip to ! upright aga94 ,! /ability ( a %ip is inve/igat$ practically by incl9+ x2 a weight is mov$ across ! deck & ! angle is obs]v$ ( ! heel produc$4 ,suppose ,p tons is mov$ c ft4 across ! deck ( a %ip ( ,w tons displacem5t2 ! ,c4,g4 w move f ,g to ,g#a ! r$uc$ di/ance ,g#a;,g#b c7,p_/,w72 & if ,b1 call$ ! c5tre ( buoyancy1 moves to ,b#a1 along ! curve ( buoyancy ,,bb#a1 ! normal ( ?is curve at ,b#a w be ! new v]tical ,b#a;,g#a1 meet+ ! old v]tical 9 a po9t ,m1 ! c5tre ( curvature ( ,,bb#a1 call$ ! metac5tre4 ,if ! %ip heels ?r\gh an angle !ta or a slope ( #a 9 m1 ,,gm ,,gg#a;cot!ta mc7,p_/,w71 7#a7 & ,,gm is call$ ! metac5tric height2 & ! %ip mu/ be balla/$1 s t ,g lies bel[ ,m4 ,if ,g 0 above ,m1 ! tang5t drawn f ,g to ! evolute ( ,b1 & normal to ! curve ( buoyancy1 w\ld give ! v]tical 9 a new position ( equilibrium4 ,?us 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,a*illes ( #ijjj tons displacem5t x 0 f\nd t mov+ #bj tons across ! deck1 a di/ance ( #db ft41 caus$ ! bob ( a p5dulum #bj ft4 long to move ?r\gh #aj 941 s t #bdj #bj ,,gm --- #db ---- #b4bd ft42 7#b7 #aj #ijjj also cot !ta #bd1 !ta #bbd4 7#c7 ,9 a diagram x is conducive to cle>ness to draw ! %ip 9 "o position1 & to incl9e ! wat]-l9e2 & ! page c be turn$ if x is desir$ to br+ ! new wat]-l9e horizontal4 ,suppose ! %ip turns ab\t an axis ?r\gh ,f 9 ! wat]-l9e area1 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! pap]2 d5ot+ by y ! di/ance ( an elem5t d,a if ! wat]-l9e area f ! axis ( rotation1 ! *ange ( displacem5t is sumyd,a tan!ta1 s t !re is no *ange ( displacem5t if sumyd,a #j1 t is1 if ! axis passes ?r\gh ! ,c4,g4 ( ! wat]-l9e area1 :i* we d5ote by ,f & call ! c5tre ( flotation4 ,! right+ c\ple ( ! w$ges ( imm]sion & em]sion w be ,sigmawy d,a tan !tay w tan !ta ,sigma y d,a w tan !ta,ak ft4 tons1 7#d7 w d5ot+ ! d5sity ( wat] 9 tons_/ft41 & ,w w,v1 = a displacem5t ( ,v ft4 ,?is c\ple1 comb9$ ) ! orig9al buoyancy ,w ?r\gh ,b1 is equival5t to ! new buoyancy ?r\gh ,b1 s t ,w4,,bb#a w,ak tan !ta1 7#e7 ,,bm ,,bb#a cot !ta ,ak_/,v1 7#f7 giv+ ! radius ( curvature ,,bm ( ! curve ( buoyancy ,b1 9 t]ms ( ! displacem5t ,v1 & ,ak ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! wat]-l9e area ab\t an axis ?r\gh ,f1 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( displacem5t4 ,an incl9+ c\ple due to mov+ a weight ab\t 9 a %ip w heel ! %ip ab\t an axis p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! c\ple1 only :5 ?is axis is a pr9cipal axis at ,f ( ! mom5tal ellipse ( ! wat]-l9e area ,a4 ,= if ! %ip turns ?r\gh a small angle !ta ab\t ! l9e ,,ff1 !n b#a1 b#b1 ! ,c,g4 ( ! w$ge ( imm]sion & em]sion1 w be ! ,c,p4 ) respect to ,,ff ( ! two p>ts ( ! wat]-l9e area1 s t b#a;b#b w be conjugate to ,,ff ) respect to ! mom5tal ellipse at ,f4 ,! naval ar*itect di/+ui%es betwe5 ! /ability ( =m1 repres5t$ by ! right+ c\ple ,w4,,bm1 & ! /ability ( balla/+1 repres5t$ by ,w4,,bg4 ,balla/$ ) ,g at ,b1 ! right+ c\ple :5 ! %ip is heel$ ?r\gh !ta is giv5 by ,w4,,bm4 tan!ta2 b if weights inside ! %ip are rais$ to br+ ,g above ,b1 ! right+ c\ple is dim9i%$ by ,w4,,bg4tan!ta1 s t ! resultant right+ c\ple is ,w,,gmtan!ta4 ,provid$ ! %ip is design$ to float upright at ! smalle/ draft ) no load on bo>d1 ! /ability at any o!r draft ( wat] c be arrang$ by ! /[age ( ! weight1 high or l[4 #ai4 ,proce$+ z 9 #af = ! det]m9ation ( ! ,c4,p4 ( an area1 ! same argum5t w %[ t an incl9+ c\ple due to ! movem5t ( a weight ,p ?r\gh a di/ance c w cause ! %ip to heel ?r\gh an angle !ta ab\t an axis ,,ff ?r\gh ,f1 :i* is conjugate to ! direction ( ! movem5t ( ,p ) respect to an ellipse1 n ! mom5tal ellipse ( ! wat]-l9e area ,a1 b a confocal to x1 ( squ>$ semi-axes a - h,v_/,a1 b - h,v_/,a1 7#a7 h d5ot+ ! v]tical height ,,bg betwe5 ,c4,g4 & c5tre ( buoyancy4 ,! v>y+ direction ( ! incl9+ c\ple ,pc may be realiz$ by sw++ ! weight ,p f a crane on ! %ip1 9 a circle ( radius c4 ,b if ! weight ,p 0 l[]$ on ! %ip f a crane on %ore1 ! vessel w\ld s9k bodily a di/ance ,p_/w,a if ,p 0 deposit$ ov] ,f2 b deposit$ any:]e else1 say ov] ,q on ! wat]-l9e area1 ! %ip w\ld turn ab\t a l9e ! antipol> ( ,q ) respect to ! confocal ellipse1 p>allel to ,,ff1 at a di/ance ,,fk f ,f ,,fk 7k - h,v_/,a7_/,,fq s9 ,,qff 7#b7 ?r\gh an angle !ta or a slope ( "o 9 m1 giv5 by #a ,p ,p ,v s9 !ta --- ----- --- -------- ,,fq s9 ,,qff1 7#c7 m w,a,,fk ,w ,ak - h,v :]e k d5otes ! radius ( gyration ab\t ,,ff ( ! wat]-l9e area4 ,burn+ ! coal on a voyage has ! rev]se effect on a /eam]4 ,,hydrodynamics #bj4 ,9 consid]+ ! motion ( a fluid we %all suppose x non-visc\s1 s t :atev] ! /ate ( motion ! /ress across any section is normal1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! normality & !nce ( ! equality ( fluid pressure c be employ$1 z 9 hydro/atics4 ,! practical problems ( fluid motion1 :i* are am5able to ma!matical analysis :5 viscosity is tak5 into acc\nt1 are exclud$ f treatm5t "h1 z con/itut+ a sep>ate bran* call$ hydraulics 7q4v474 ,two me?ods are employ$ 9 hydrodynamics1 call$ ! ,eul]ian & ,lagrangian1 al?\gh bo? are due orig9ally to ,leonh>d ,eul]4 ,9 ! ,eul]ian me?od ! att5tion is fix$ on a p>ticul> po9t ( space1 & ! *ange is obs]v$ !re ( pressure1 d5sity & velocity1 :i* takes place dur+ ! motion2 b 9 ! ,lagrangian me?od we foll[ up a p>ticle ( fluid & obs]ve h[ x *anges4 ,! fir/ may be call$ ! /ati/ical me?od1 & ! second ! hi/orical1 accord+ to ,j4 ,c4 ,maxwell4 ,! ,lagrangian me?od be+ employ$ r>ely1 we %all conf9e ourselves to ! ,eul]ian treatm5t4 ,! ,eul]ian ,=m ( ! ,equations ( ,motion4 #ba4 ,! fir/ equation to be e/abli%$ is ! equation ( cont9uity1 :i* expresses ! fact t ! increase ( matt] )9 a fix$ surface is due to ! fl[ ( fluid across ! surface into its int]ior4 ,9 a /raight uni=m curr5t ( fluid ( d5sity rho1 fl[+ ) velocity q1 ! fl[ 9 units ( mass p] second across a plane area ,a1 plac$ 9 ! curr5t ) ! normal ( ! plane mak+ an angle !ta ) ! velocity1 is rho,aq cos !ta1 ! product ( ! d5sity rho1 ! area ,a1 & q cos !ta ! compon5t velocity normal to ! plane4 ,g5]ally if ,s d5otes any clos$ surface1 fix$ 9 ! fluid1 ,m ! mass ( ! fluid inside x at any "t t1 & !ta ! angle :i* ! outw>d-drawn normal makes ) ! velocity q at t po9t1 d,m_/dt rate ( increase ( fluid inside ! surface1 7#a7 flux across ! surface into ! int]ior _/ _/ - rhoq cos !ta d,s1 _/_/ ! integral equation ( cont9uity4 ,9 ! ,eul]ian notation u1 v1 w d5ote ! compon5ts ( ! velocity q p>allel to ! coord9ate axes at any po9t 7x1 y1 z7 at ! "t t2 u1 v1 w are functions ( x1 y1 z1 t1 ! indep5d5t v>iables2 & d is us$ "h to d5ote p>tial diff]5tiation ) respect to any "o ( ^! f\r indep5d5t v>iables1 all capable ( v>y+ "o at a "t4 ,to transf] ! integral equation into ! diff]5tial equation ( cont9uity1 ,gre5's trans=mation is requir$ aga91 namely1 _/ _/ _/ _/dxi deta dzeta _/ _/ 7 ----- ------ ------- 7dx dy dz 7lxi meta nzeta7 d,s1 7#b7 _/_/_/ dx dy dz _/ _/_/ or individually _/ _/ _/ dxi _/ _/ ----- dx dy dz lxi d,s14441 7#c7 _/_/_/ dx _/_/ :]e ! integrations ext5d ?r\gh\t ! volume & ov] ! surface ( a clos$ space ,s2 l1 m1 n d5ot+ ! direction cos9es ( ! outw>d-drawn normal at ! surface elem5t d,s1 & xi1 eta1 zeta any cont9u\s functions ( x1 y1 z4 ,! integral equation ( cont9uity 7#a7 may n[ be writt5 _/ _/ _/ drho _/ _/ ----- dx dy dz 7lrhou mrhov nrhow7 d,s #j1 7#d7 _/_/_/ dt _/_/ :i* becomes by ,gre5's trans=mation _/ _/ _/ _/drho d7rhou7 d7rhov7 d7rhow7 7 ------ --------- --------- -------- 7 dx dy dz #j1 7#e7 _/_/_/ dt dx dy dz _/ lead+ to ! diff]5tial equation ( cont9uity :5 ! integration is remov$4 #bb4 ,! equations ( motion c be e/abli%$ 9 a simil> way by consid]+ ! rate ( increase ( mom5tum 9 a fix$ direction ( ! fluid inside ! surface1 & equat+ x to ! mom5tum g5]at$ by ! =ce act+ ?r\gh\t ! space ,s1 & by ! pressure act+ ov] ! surface ,s4 ,tak+ ! fix$ direction p>allel to ! axis ( x1 ! "t-rate ( increase ( mom5tum1 due to ! fluid :i* crosses ! surface1 is _/ _/ _/ _/ - rhouq cos !ta d,s - 7lrhou mrhouv nrhouw7 d,s1 7#a7 _/_/ _/_/ :i* by ,gre5's trans=mation is _/ _/ _/ _/d7rhou7 d7rhouv7 d7rhouw7 - 7---------- ---------- ---------- 7 dx dy dz4 7#b7 _/_/_/ dx dy dz _/ ,! rate ( g5]ation ( mom5tum 9 ! int]ior ( ,s by ! compon5t ( =ce1 ,x p] unit mass1 is _/ _/ _/ rho,x dx dy dz1 7#c7 _/_/_/ & by ! pressure at ! surface ,s is _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ dp - lp d,s - -- dx dy dz1 7#d7 _/_/ _/_/_/ dx by ,gre5's trans=mation4 ,! "t rate ( increase ( mom5tum ( ! fluid inside ,s is _/ _/ _/ d7rhou7 --------- dx dy dz2 7#e7 _/_/_/ dt & 7#e7 is ! sum ( 7#a71 7#b71 7#c71 7#d71 s t _/ _/ _/ _/drhou drhou drhouv drhouw dp 7 ------- -------- -------- -------- - rho,x -- 7 dx dy dz #j1 7#f7 _/_/_/ dt dx dy dz dx _/ lead+ to ! diff]5tial equation ( motion drhou drhou drhouv1 drhouw dp ------- -------- -------- -------- rho,x - --1 7#g7 dt dx dy dz dx ) two simil> equations4 ,! absolute unit ( =ce is employ$ "h1 & n ! gravitation unit ( hydro/atics2 9 a num]ical application x is assum$ t ,c4,g4,s4 units are int5d$4 ,^! equations may be simplifi$ slightly1 us+ ! equation ( cont9uity 7#e7 #ba2 = drhou drhou drhouv drhouw ------- -------- -------- -------- dt dx dy dz _/du du du du rho 7 -- u-- v-- w-- 7 dt dx dy dz _/ _/drho drhou drhov drhow u 7 ------ ------- ------- ------- 71 7#h7 dt dx dy dz _/ r$uc+ to ! fir/ l9e1 ! second l9e vani%+ 9 consequ5ce ( ! equation ( cont9uity2 & s ! equation ( motion may be writt5 9 ! m usual =m du du du du #a dp -- u-- v-- w-- ,x - ----- --1 7#i7 dt dx dy dz rho dx ) ! two o!rs dv dv dv dv #a dp -- u-- v-- w-- ,y - ----- --1 7#aj7 dt dx dy dz rho dy dw dw dw dw #a dp -- u-- v-- w-- ,z - ----- --4 7#aa7 dt dx dy dz rho dz #bc4 ,z a rule ^! equations are e/abli%$ imm$iately by det]m9+ ! compon5t accel]ation ( ! fluid p>ticle :i* is pass+ ?r\gh 7x1 y1 z7 at ! in/ant t ( "t consid]$1 & say+ t ! rev]s$ accel]ation or k9etic reaction1 comb9$ ) ! impress$ =ce p] unit ( mass & pressure-gradi5t1 w accord+ to d',alemb]t's pr9ciple =m a sy/em 9 equilibrium4 ,to det]m9e ! compon5t accel]ation ( a p>ticle1 suppose ,f to d5ote any function ( x1 y1 z1 t1 & inve/igate ! "t rate ( ,f = a mov+ p>ticle2 d5ot+ ! *ange by ,,df_/dt1 ,,df ,f7x udeltat1 y vdeltat1 z wdeltat1 t deltat7 - ,f7x1 y1 z1 t7 -- lt-------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- dt deltat d,f d,f d,f d,f -- u-- v-- w--2 7#a7 dt dx dy dz & ,d_/dt is call$ p>ticle diff]5tiation1 because x foll[s ! rate ( *ange ( a p>ticle z x leaves ! po9t x1 y1 z2 b d,f_/dt1 d,f_/dx1 d,f_/dy1 d,f_/dz 7#b7 repres5t ! rate ( *ange ( ,f at ! "t t1 at ! po9t1 x1 y1 z1 fix$ 9 space4 ,! compon5ts ( accel]ation ( a p>ticle ( fluid are consequ5tly ,du du du du du -- -- u-- v-- w--1 7#c7 dt dt dx dy dz ,dv dv dv dv dv -- -- u-- v-- w--1 7#d7 dt dt dx dy dz ,dw dw dw dw dw -- -- u-- v-- w--1 7#e7 dt dt dx dy dz lead+ to ! equations ( motion above4 ,if ,f 7x1 y1 z1 t7 #j repres5ts ! equation ( a surface conta9+ always ! same p>ticles ( fluid1 ,,df d,f d,f d,f d,f -- #j1 or -- u-- v-- w-- #j1 7#f7 dt dt dx dy dz :i* is call$ ! diff]5tial equation ( ! b\nd+ surface4 ,a b\nd+ surface is su* t !re is no fl[ ( fluid across x1 z express$ by equation 7#f74 ,! surface always conta9s ! same fluid inside x1 & condition 7#f7 is satisfi$ ov] ! complete surface1 z well z any "p ( x4 ,b turbul5ce 9 ! motion w vitiate ! pr9ciple t a b\nd+ surface w always consi/ ( ! same fluid p>ticles1 z we see on ! surface ( turbul5t wat]4 #bd4 ,to integrate ! equations ( motion1 suppose ! impress$ =ce is due to a pot5tial ,v1 su* t ! =ce 9 any direction is ! rate ( dim9ution ( ,v1 or its d[nw>d gradi5t2 & !n ,x -d,v_/dx1 ,y -d,v_/dy1 ,z -d,v_/dz2 7#a7 & putt+ dw dv du dw dv du -- - -- #bxi1 -- - -- #b;eta1 -- - -- #bzeta1 7#b7 dy dz dz dx dx dy dxi deta dzeta ----- ------ ------- #j1 7#c7 dx dy dz ! equations ( motion may be writt5 du d,h -- - #bvzeta #bweta -- #j1 7#d7 dt dx dv d,h -- - #bwxi #buzeta -- #j1 7#e7 dt dy dw d,h -- - #bueta #bwxi -- #j1 7#f7 dt dz :]e _/ ,h dp_/rho ,v q1 7#g7 _/ q u v w1 7#h7 & ! ?ree t]ms 9 ,h may be call$ ! pressure head1 pot5tial head1 & head ( velocity1 :5 ! gravitation unit is employ$ & q is replac$ by q_/g4 ,elim9at+ ,h betwe5 7#e7 & 7#f7 ,dxi du dv dw _/ du dv dw ----- - xi-- - eta-- - zeta-- xi7 -- -- -- 7 #j1 7#i7 dt dx dx dx dx dy dz _/ & comb9+ ?is ) ! equation ( cont9uity #a ,drho du dv dw ----- ------ -- -- -- #j1 7#aj7 rho dt dx dy dz we h ,d _/xi xi du eta dv zeta dw -- 7 ----- 7 - ----- -- - ----- -- - ------ -- #j1 7#aa7 dt rho_/ rho dx rho dx rho dx ) two simil> equations4 ,putt+ omega xi eta zeta1 7#ab7 a vortex l9e is def9$ to be su* t ! tang5t is 9 ! direction ( omega1 ! resultant ( xi1 eta1 zeta1 call$ ! compon5ts ( molecul> rotation4 ,a small sph]e ( ! fluid1 if froz5 sudd5ly1 w\ld reta9 ?is angul> velocity4 ,if omega vani%es ?r\gh\t ! fluid at any in/ant1 equation 7#aa7 %[s t x w always be z]o1 & ! fluid motion is !n call$ irrotational2 & a function phi exi/s1 call$ ! velocity function1 su* t udx vdy wdz -dphi1 7#ac7 & !n ! velocity 9 any direction is ! space-decrease or d[nw>d gradi5t ( phi4 #be4 ,b 9 ! mo/ g5]al case x is possible to h ?ree functions phi1 psi1 m ( x1 y1 z1 su* t udx vdy wdz -dphi - mdpsi1 7#a7 z ,a4 ,clebs* has %[n1 f purely analytical consid]ations 7,crelle1 lvi472 & !n d7psi1 m7 d7psi1 m7 d7psi1 m7 xi -----------1 eta -----------1 zeta -----------1 7#b7 d7y1 z7 d7z1 x7 d7x1 y7 & dpsi dpsi dpsi dm dm dm xi------ eta------ zeta------ #j1 xi-- eta-- zeta-- #j1 7#c7 dx dy dz dx dy dz s t1 at any in/ant1 ! surfaces ov] :i* psi & m are con/ant int]sect 9 ! vortex l9es4 ,putt+ dphi dpsi ,h - ------ - m ------ ,k1 7#d7 dt dt ! equations ( motion 7#d71 7#e71 7#f7 #bd c be writt5 d,k d7psi1m7 -- - #buzeta #bweta - ---------- #j1 4441 4442 7#e7 dx d7x1t7 & !re=e d,k d,k d,k xi-- eta-- zeta-- #j4 7#f7 dx dy dz ,equation 7#e7 becomes1 by a re>rangem5t1 d,k dpsi _/dm dm dm dm -- - ------ 7 -- u-- v-- w-- 7 dx dx dt dx dy dz _/ dm _/ dpsi dpsi dpsi dpsi -- 7 ------ u------ v------ w------ 7 #j1 4441 4441 7#g7 dx dt dx dy dz _/ d,k dpsi ,dm dm ,dpsi -- - ------ -- -- ------ #j1 4441 4441 7#h7 dx dx dt dx dt & z we prove subsequ5tly 7 #cg7 t ! vortex l9es are compos$ ( ! same fluid p>ticles ?r\gh\t ! motion1 ! surface m & psi satisfies ! condition ( 7#f7 #bc2 s t ,k is uni=m ?r\gh\t ! fluid at any in/ant1 & *anges ) ! "t only1 & s may be replac$ by ,f7t74 #bf4 ,:5 ! motion is /eady1 t is1 :5 ! velocity at any po9t ( space does n *ange ) ! "t1 d,k -- - #bvzeta #bweta #j1 4441 444 7#a7 dx d,k d,k d,k d,k d,k d,k xi-- eta-- zeta-- #j1 u-- v-- w-- #j1 7#b7 dx dy dz dx dy dz & _/ ,k dp_/rho ,v q ,h 7#c7 _/ is con/ant along a vortex l9e1 & a /ream l9e1 ! pa? ( a fluid p>ticle1 s t ! fluid is trav]s$ by a s]ies ( ,h surfaces1 ea* cov]$ by a network ( /ream l9es & vortex l9es2 & if ! motion is irrotational ,h is a con/ant ?r\gh\t ! fluid4 ,tak+ ! axis ( x = an in/ant 9 ! normal ?r\gh a po9t on ! surface ,h con/ant1 ?is makes u #j1 xi #j2 & 9 /eady motion ! equations r$uce to d,h_/dnu #bvzeta - #bweta #bqomega s9 !ta1 7#d7 :]e !ta is ! angle betwe5 ! /ream l9e & vortex l9e2 & ?is holds = _! projection on any plane to :i* dnu is drawn p]p5dicul>4 ,9 plane motion 7#d7 r$uces to d,h _/ d,q q ----- #bqzeta q 7 -- --- 71 7#e7 dnu dv r _/ if r d5otes ! radius ( curvature ( ! /ream l9e1 s t #a dp d,v d,h dq q ----- ----- ----- ----- - ----- ---1 7#f7 rho dnu dnu dnu dnu r ! normal accel]ation4 ,! osculat+ plane ( a /ream l9e 9 /eady motion conta9s ! resultant accel]ation1 ! direction ratios ( :i* are du du du dq dq d,h u-- v-- w-- ---- - #bvzeta #bweta ---- - --1 4441 7#g7 dx dy dz dx dx dx & :5 q is /ation>y1 ! accel]ation is normal to ! surface ,h con/ant1 & ! /ream l9e is a geodesic4 ,call+ ! sum ( ! pressure & pot5tial head ! /atical head1 surfaces ( con/ant /atical & dynamical head int]sect 9 l9es on ,h1 & ! ?ree surfaces t\* :]e ! velocity is /ation>y4 ,equation 7#c7 is call$ ,b]n\lli's equation1 & may be int]pret$ z ! balance-%eet ( ! en]gy :i* ent]s & leaves a giv5 tube ( fl[4 ,if homog5e\s liquid is drawn (f f a vessel s l>ge t ! motion at ! free surface at a di/ance may be neglect$1 !n ,b]n\lli's equation may be writt5 ,h p_/rho z q_/#b;g ,p_/rho h1 7#h7 :]e ,p d5otes ! atmosph]ic pressure & h ! height ( ! free surface1 a fundam5tal equation 9 hydraulics2 a return has be5 made "h to ! gravitation unit ( hydro/atics1 & ,oz is tak5 v]tically upw>d4 ,9 p>ticul>1 = a jet issu+ into ! atmosph]e1 :]e p ,p1 q_/#b;g h - z1 7#i7 or ! velocity ( ! jet is due to ! head k - z ( ! /ill free surface above ! orifice2 ?is is ,torricelli's !orem 7#afdc71 ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce ( hydrodynamics4 #bg4 ,uniplan> ,motion4--,9 ! uniplan> motion ( a homog5e\s liquid ! equation ( cont9uity r$uces to du dv -- -- #j1 7#a7 dx dy s t we c put u -dpsi_/dy1 v dpsi_/dx1 7#b7 :]e psi is a function ( x1 y1 call$ ! /ream- or curr5t-function2 int]pret$ physically1 psi - psi#j1 ! diff]5ce ( ! value ( psi at a fix$ po9t ,a & a v>iable po9t ,p is ! fl[1 9 ft4_/second1 across any curv$ l9e ,,ap f ,a to ,p1 ?is be+ ! same = all l9es 9 accordance ) ! cont9uity4 ,?us if dpsi is ! increase ( psi due to a displacem5t f ,p to ,p1 & k is ! compon5t ( velocity normal to ,,pp1 ! fl[ across ,,pp is dpsi k,,pp2 & tak+ ,,pp p>allel to ,ox1 dpsi vdx2 & simil>ly dpsi -udy ) ,,pp p>allel to ,oy2 & g5]ally dpsi_/ds is ! velocity across ds1 9 a direction turn$ ?r\gh a "r angle =w>d1 aga9/ ! clock4 ,9 ! equations ( uniplan> motion dv du dpsi dpsi #bzeta -- - -- ------ ------ -,nablapsi1 suppose1 7#c7 dx dy dx dy s t 9 /eady motion d,h dpsi d,h dpsi d,h -- ,nablapsi------ #j1 -- ,nablapsi------ #j1 ------ ,nablapsi #j1 7#d7 dx dx dy dy dpsi & ,nablapsi mu/ be a function ( psi4 ,if ! motion ia irrotational1 dphi dpsi dphi dpsi u - ------ - ------1 v - ----- ------1 7#e7 dx dy dy dx s t psi & phi are conjugate functions ( x & y1 phi psii f7x yi71 ,nablapsi #j1 ,nablaphi #j2 7#f7 or putt+ phi psii w1 x yi z1 w f7z74 ,! curves phi con/ant & psi con/ant =m an or?ogonal sy/em2 & ! int]*ange ( phi & psi w give a new /ate ( uniplan> motion1 9 :i* ! velocity at e po9t is turn$ ?r\gh a "r angle )\t alt]ation ( magnitude4 ,= in/ance1 9 a uniplan> fl[1 radially inw>d t[>ds ,o1 ! fl[ across any circle ( radius r be+ ! same & d5ot$ by #bpim1 ! velocity mu/ be m_/r1 & phi m log r1 psi m!ta1 phi psii m log re7i!ta71 w m log z4 7#g7 ,int]*ang+ ^! values psi m log r1 phi m!ta1 psi phii m log re7i!ta7 7#h7 gives a /ate ( vortex motion1 circulat+ r\nd ,oz1 call$ a /raight or column> vortex4 ,a s+le vortex w rema9 at re/1 & cause a velocity at any po9t inv]sely z ! di/ance f ! axis & p]p5dicul> to its direction2 analog\s to ! magnetic field ( a /raight electric curr5t4 ,if o!r vortices are pres5t1 any "o may be suppos$ to move ) ! velocity due to ! o!rs1 ! resultant /ream-function be+ psi ,sigmam log r log ,pirm2 7#i7 ! pa? ( a vortex is obta9$ by equat+ ! value ( psi at ! vortex to a con/ant1 omitt+ ! rm ( ! vortex itself4 ,:5 ! liquid is b\nd$ by a cyl9drical surface1 ! motion ( a vortex inside may be det]m9$ z due to a s]ies ( vortex-images1 s arrang$ z to make ! fl[ z]o across ! b\nd>y4 ,= a plane b\nd>y ! image is ! optical reflection ( ! vortex4 ,= example1 a pair ( equal opposite vortices1 mov+ on a l9e p>allel to a plane b\nd>y1 w h a correspond+ pair ( images1 =m+ a rectangle ( vortices1 & ! pa? ( a vortex w be ! ,cotes' spiral r s9 #b!ta #b;a1 or x7-#b7 y7-#b7 a7-#b72 7#aj7 ?is is !re=e ! pa? ( a s+le vortex 9 a "r-angl$ corn]2 & g5]ally1 if ! angle ( ! corn] is pi_/n1 ! pa? is ! ,cotes' spiral r s9 n!ta na4 7#aa7 ,a s+le vortex 9 a circul> cyl9d] ( radius a at a di/ance c f ! c5tre w move ) ! velocity due to an equal opposite image at a di/ance a_/c1 & s describe a circle ) velocity mc_/7a - c7 9 ! p]iodic "t #bpi7a - c7_/m4 7#ab7 ,conjugate functions c be employ$ also = ! motion ( liquid 9 a ?9 %eet betwe5 two conc5tric sph]ical surfaces2 ! compon5ts ( velocity along ! m]idian & p>allel 9 colatitude !ta & longitude lambda c be writt5 dphi #a dpsi #a dpsi dpsi -------- ----------- ---------1 ----------- --------- - --------1 7#ac7 d!ta s9 !ta dlambda s9 !ta dlambda d!ta & !n phi psii ,f7tan !tae7lambdai774 7#ad7 #bh4 ,uniplan> ,motion ( a ,liquid due to ! ,passage ( a ,cyl9d] ?r\gh x4--,a /ream-function psi mu/ be det]m9$ to satisfy ! conditions ,nablapsi #j1 ?r\gh\t ! liquid2 7#a7 psi con/ant1 ov] any fix$ b\nd>y2 7#b7 dpsi_/ds normal velocity rev]s$ ov] a solid b\nd>y1 7#c7 s t1 if ! solid is mov+ ) velocity ,u 9 ! direction ,ox1 dpsi_/ds -,udy_/ds1 or psi ,uy con/ant ov] ! mov+ cyl9d]2 & psi ,uy psi is ! /ream function ( ! relative motion ( ! liquid pa/ ! cyl9d]1 & simil>ly psi - ,vx = ! compon5t velocity ,v along ,oy2 & g5]ally psi psi ,uy - ,vx 7#d7 is ! relative /ream-function1 con/ant ov] a solid b\nd>y mov+ ) compon5ts ,u & ,v ( velocity4 ,if ! liquid is /irr$ up by ! rotation ,r ( a cyl9drical body1 dpsi_/ds normal velocity rev]s$ dx dy -,rx-- - ,ry--1 7#e7 ds ds psi ,r7x y7 psi1 7#f7 a con/ant ov] ! b\nd>y2 & psi is ! curr5t-function ( ! relative motion pa/ ! cyl9d]1 b n[ ,vpsi #b,r #j1 7#g7 ?r\gh\t ! liquid4 ,inside an equilat]al triangle1 = in/ance1 ( height h1 psi -#b,ralphabetagamma_/h1 7#h7 :]e alpha1 beta1 gamma are ! p]p5dicul>s on ! sides ( ! triangle4 ,9 ! g5]al case psi psi ,uy - ,vx ,r7x y7 is ! relative /ream function = velocity compon5ts1 ,u1 ,v1 ,r4 #bi4 ,example #a4--,liquid motion pa/ a circul> cyl9d]4 ,consid] ! motion giv5 by omega ,u7z a_/z71 7#a7 s t _/ a _/ a phi ,u 7 r -- 7 cos !ta ,u 7 #a -- 7x1 7#b7 r _/ r _/ _/ a _/ a psi ,u 7 r - -- 7 s9 !ta ,u 7 #a - -- 7y4 r _/ r _/ ,!n psi #j ov] ! cyl9d] r a1 :i* may be consid]$ a fix$ po/2 & a /ream l9e pa/ x along :i* psi ,uc1 a con/ant1 is ! curve _/ a 7 r - -- 7 s9 !ta c1 7x y77y - c7 - ay #j 7#c7 r _/ a cubic curve 7,c#c74 ,ov] a conc5tric cyl9d]1 ext]nal or int]nal1 ( radius r b1 _/ a psi psi ,u#ay ,u 7 #a - --- 7 ,u#a y1 7#d7 b_/ & psi is z]o if ,u#a_/,u 7a - b7_/b2 7#e7 s t ! cyl9d] may swim = an in/ant 9 ! liquid )\t di/ortion1 ) ?is velocity ,u#a1 & omega 9 7#a7 w give ! liquid motion 9 ! int]space betwe5 ! fix$ cyl9d] r a & ! conc5tric cyl9d] r b1 mov+ ) velocity ,u#a4 ,:5 b #j1 ,u#a oo2 & :5 b oo1 ,u#a -,u1 s t at inf9ity ! liquid is /ream+ 9 ! direction x,o ) velocity ,u4 ,if ! liquid is r$uc$ to re/ at inf9ity by ! sup]position ( an opposite /ream giv5 by omega -,uz1 we are left ) omega ,ua_/z1 7#f7 phi ,u7a_/r7 cos !ta ,uax_/7x y71 7#g7 psi -,u7a_/r7 s9 !ta -,uay_/7x y71 7#h7 giv+ ! motion due to ! passage ( ! ,cyl9d] r a ) velocity ,u ?r\gh ! orig9 ,o 9 ! direction ,ox4 ,if ! direction ( motion makes an angle !ta ) ,ox1 dphi _/ dphi #bxy tan!ta ----- _/ ----- ------ tan #b!ta1 !ta !ta1 7#i7 dy _/ dx x - y & ! velocity is ,ua_/r4 ,along ! pa? ( a p>ticle1 def9$ by ! ,c#c ( 7#c71 y y7y - c7 s9 !ta ------- -------1 7#aj7 x y a d!ta #by - c dy s9 !ta --------- ------ --1 7#aa7 ds a ds on ! radius ( curvature is a_/7y - c71 :i* %[s t ! curve is an ,ela/ica or ,l9te>ia4 7,j4 ,c4 ,maxwell1 ,collect$ ,works1 ii4 #bjh47 ,if phi#a d5otes ! velocity function ( ! liquid fill+ ! cyl9d] r b1 & mov+ bodily ) x ) velocity ,u#a1 phi#a -,u#ax1 7#ab7 & ov] ! sep>at+ surface r b phi ,u _/ a a b --------- - -- 7 #a -- 7 -------1 7#ac7 phi#a ,u#a b_/ a - b & ?is1 by #cf1 is also ! ratio ( ! k9etic en]gy 9 ! annul> int]space betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s to ! k9etic en]gy ( ! liquid mov+ bodily inside r b4 ,consequ5tly ! in]tia to ov]come 9 mov+ ! cyl9d] r b1 solid or liquid1 is its own in]tia1 increas$ by ! in]tia ( liquid 7a b7_/7a - b7 times ! volume ( ! cyl9d] r b2 ?is total in]tia is call$ ! effective in]tia ( ! cyl9d] r b1 at ! in/ant ! two cyl9d]s are conc5tric4 ,) liquid ( d5sity rho1 ?is gives rise to a k9etic reaction to accel]ation d,u_/dt1 giv5 by a b d,u a b d,u pirhob ------- -- ------- ,m--1 7#ad7 a - b dt a - b dt if ,m d5otes ! mass ( liquid displac$ by unit l5g? ( ! cyl9d] r b4 ,9 p>ticul>1 :5 a oo1 ! extra in]tia is ,m4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] r a is mov$ ) velocity ,u & r b ) velocity ,u#a along ,ox1 a _/ b b _/ a phi ,u ------- 7 --- r 7 cos !ta - ,u#a------- 7 r --- 7 cos !ta1 7#ae7 b - a r _/ b - a r _/ a _/ b b _/ a psi -,u ------- 7 --- - r 7 s9 !ta - ,u#a------- 7 r - --- 7 s9 !ta2 7#af7 b - a r _/ b - a r _/ & simil>ly1 ) velocity compon5ts ,v & ,v#a along ,oy a _/ b b _/ a phi ,v ------- 7 --- r 7 s9 !ta - ,v#a------- 7 r --- 7 s9 !ta1 7#ag7 b - a r _/ b - a r _/ a _/ b b _/ a psi ,v ------- 7 --- - r 7 cos !ta ,v#a------- 7 r - --- 7 cos !ta1 7#ah7 b - a r _/ b - a r _/ & !n = ! resultant motion a z ab ,u ,vi w 7,u ,v7 ------- ------ ------- ------ b - a ,u ,vi b - a z a z ab ,u#a ,v#a;i -7,u#a ,v#a7 ------- -------- ------- --------4 7#ai7 b - a ,u#a ,v#a;i b - a z ,! resultant impulse ( ! liquid on ! cyl9d] is giv5 by ! compon5t1 ov] r a 7 #cf71 _/ _/ b a #b;b ,x rhophi cos !taad!ta pirhoa 7 ,u ------- - ,u#a ------- 72 7#bj7 _/ b - a b - a_/ & ov] r b _/ _/ #b;a b a ,x#a rhophi cos !tabd!ta pirhob 7 ,u ------ - ,u#a------- 71 7#ba7 _/ b - a b - a _/ & ! diff]5ce ,x - ,x#a is ! compon5t mom5tum ( ! liquid 9 ! int]space2 ) simil> expressions = ,y & ,y#a4 ,!n1 if ! outside cyl9d] is free to move ,v#a #b;a b - a ,x#a #j1 -- -------1 ,x pirhoa,u -------4 7#bb7 ,u b a b a ,b if ! outside cyl9d] is mov$ ) velocity ,u#a1 & ! inside cyl9d] is solid or fill$ ) liquid ( d5sity sigma1 ,u#a #brhob ,x -pirhoa,u1 -- --------------------------------1 ,u rho7b a7 sigma7b - a7 ,u - ,u#a 7rho - sigma77b - a7 ------ ---------------------------------1 7#bc7 ,u#a rho7b a7 sigma7b - a7 & ! inside cyl9d] />ts =w>d or backw>d ) respect to ! outside cyl9d]1 accord+ z rho or sigma4 #cj4 ,! expression = omega 9 7#a7 #bi may be increas$ by ! addition ( ! t]m im log z -m!ta im log r1 7#a7 repres5t+ vortex motion circulat+ r\nd ! annulus ( liquid4 ,consid]$ by itself1 ) ! cyl9d]s held fix$1 ! vortex sets up a circumf]5tial velocity m_/r on a radius r1 s t ! angul> mom5tum ( a circul> filam5t ( annul> cross section d,a is rhomd,a1 & ( ! :ole vortex is rhompi7b - a74 ,any circul> filam5t c be />t$ f re/ by ! application ( a circumf]5tial impulse pirhomdr at ea* end ( a diamet]2 s t a me*anism atta*$ to ! cyl9d]s1 :i* c set up a uni=m di/ribut$ impulse pirhom across ! two p>ts ( a diamet] 9 ! liquid1 w g5]ate ! vortex motion1 & react on ! cyl9d] ) an impulse c\ple -rhompia & rhompib1 hav+ resultant rhompi7b - a71 & ?is c\ple is inf9ite :5 b oo1 z ! angul> mom5tum ( ! vortex is inf9ite4 ,r\nd ! cyl9d] r a held fix$ 9 ! ,u curr5t ! liquid /reams pa/ ) velocity q #b,u s9 !ta m_/a2 7#b7 & ! loss ( head due to ?is increase ( velocity f ,u to q is q - ,u 7#b,u s9 !ta m_/a7 - ,u -------- ----------------------------1 7#c7 #b;g #b;g s t cavitation w take place1 unless ! head at a great di/ance exce$s ?is loss4 ,! resultant hydro/atic ?ru/ across any diametral plane ( ! cyl9d] w be modifi$1 b ! only t]m 9 ! loss ( head :i* ex]ts a resultant ?ru/ on ! :ole cyl9d] is #bm,u s9!ta_/ga1 & its ?ru/ is #bpirhom,u absolute units 9 ! direction ,cy1 to be c\nt]act$ by a support at ! c5tre ,c2 ! liquid is /ream+ pa/ r a ) velocity ,u rev]s$1 & ! cyl9d] is surr\nd$ by a vortex4 ,simil>ly1 ! /ream+ velocity ,v rev]s$ w give rise to a ?ru/ #bpirhom,v 9 ! direction x,c4 ,n[ if ! cyl9d] is releas$1 & ! compon5ts ,u & ,v are rev]s$ s z to become ! velocity ( ! cyl9d] ) respect to space fill$ ) liquid1 & at re/ at inf9ity1 ! cyl9d] w exp]i5ce compon5ts ( =ce p] unit l5g? 7i47 - #bpirhom,v1 #bpirhom,u1 due to ! vortex motion2 7ii47 - pirhoa d,u_/dt1 -pirhoa d,v_/dt1 due to ! k9etic reaction ( ! liquid2 7iii47 #j1 -pi7sigma - rho7ag1 due to gravity1 tak+ ,oy v]tically upw>d1 & d5ot+ ! d5sity ( ! cyl9d] by sigma2 s t ! equations ( motion are d,u d,u pirhoa-- - pirhoa-- - #bpirhom,v1 7#d7 dt dt d,v d,v pirhoa-- - pirhoa-- #bpirhom,v - pi7sigma - rho7ag1 7#e7 dt dt or1 putt+ m aomega1 s t ! vortex velocity is due to an angul> velocity omega at a radius a1 7sigma rho7d,u_/dt #brhoomega,v #j1 7#f7 7sigma rho7d,v_/dt - #brhoomega,u 7sigma - rho7g #j4 7#g7 ,?us ) g #j1 ! cyl9d] w describe a circle ) angul> velocity #brhoomega_/7sigma rho71 s t ! radius is 7sigma rho7v_/#brhoomega1 if ! velocity is v4 ,) sigma #j1 ! angul> velocity ( ! cyl9d] is #bomega2 9 ?is way ! velocity may be calculat$ ( ! propagation ( ripples & waves on ! surface ( a v]tical :irlpool 9 a s9k4 ,re/or+ sigma w make ! pa? ( ! cyl9d] a tro*oid2 & s ! sw]ve c be expla9$ ( ! ball 9 t5nis1 cricket1 baseball1 or golf4 ,ano!r explanation may be giv5 ( ! sidelong =ce1 aris+ f ! velocity ( liquid pa/ a cyl9d]1 :i* is encircl$ by a vortex4 ,tak+ two planes x b1 & consid]+ ! increase ( mom5tum 9 ! liquid betwe5 !m1 due to ! entry & exit ( liquid mom5tum1 ! increase across dy 9 ! direction ,oy1 due to elem5ts at ,p & ,p at opposite ends ( ! diamet] ,,pp1 is rhody 7,u - ,uar7-#b7 cos #b!ta mr7-#a7 s9 !ta77,uar7-#b7 s9 #b!ta mr7-#a7 cos !ta7 rhody 7- ,u ,uar7-#b7 cos #b!ta mr7-#a7 s9 !ta77,uar7-#b7 s9 #b!ta - mr7-#a7 cos !ta7 #brhodym,ur7-#a77;cos !ta - a#br7-#b7;cos #c!ta71 7#h7 & ) y b tan !ta1 r b sec !ta1 ?is is #brhom,ud!ta 7#a - ab7-#b7 cos #c!ta cos !ta71 7#i7 & integrat+ betwe5 ! limits !ta pi1 ! resultant1 z be=e1 is #bpirhom,u4 #ca4 ,example #b4--;,confocal ,elliptic ,cyl9d]s4--,employ ! elliptic coord9ates eta1 xi1 & zeta eta xii1 su* t z c *zeta1 x c * eta cos xi1 y c % eta s9 zeta2 7#a7 !n ! curves = :i* eta & xi are con/ant are confocal ellipses & hyp]bolas1 & d7x1 y7 ,j -------1 xi7 c7*eta - cos xi7 d7eta c7* #b;eta - cos #bxi7 r#ar#b ,,od1 7#b7 if ,,od is ! semi-diamet] conjugate to ,,op1 & r#a1 r#b ! focal di/ances1 r#a1 r#b c7*eta cos xi72 7#c7 r x y c7*eta - s9 xi7 c7* #b;eta cos #bxi74 7#d7 ,consid] ! /ream+ motion giv5 by w m *7zeta - gamma71 gamma alpha betai1 7#e7 phi m *7eta - alpha7 cos 7xi - beta71 psi m %7eta - alpha7 s9 7xi - beta74 7#f7 ,!n psi #j ov] ! ellipse eta alpha1 & ! hyp]bola xi beta1 s t ^! may be tak5 z fix$ b\nd>ies2 & psi is a con/ant on a ,c#d4 ,ov] any ellipse eta1 mov+ ) compon5ts ,u & ,v ( velocity1 psi psi ,uy - ,vx m %7eta - alpha7 cos beta ,uc %eta s9 xi -m % 7eta - alpha7 s9 beta ,vc * eta cos xi2 7#g7 s t psi #j1 if m %7eta - alpha7 m %7eta - alpha7 ,u - --- ------------------- cos beta1 ,v - --- - ------------------- s9 beta1 7#h7 c %eta c *eta hav+ a resultant 9 ! direction ,,po1 :]e ,p is ! int]section ( an ellipse eta ) ! hyp]bola beta2 & ) ?is velocity ! ellipse eta c be swimm+ 9 ! liquid1 )\t di/ortion = an in/ant4 ,at inf9ity m m ,u - --- e7-a7 cos beta - ----- cos beta1 c a - b m m ,v - --- e7-a7 s9 beta - ----- s9 beta1 7#i7 c a b a & b d5ot+ ! semi-axes ( ! ellipse alpha2 s t ! liquid is /ream+ at inf9ity ) velocity ,q m_/7a b7 9 ! direction ( ! asymptote ( ! hyp]bola beta4 ,an ellipse int]ior to eta alpha w move 9 a direction opposite to ! ext]ior curr5t2 & :5 eta #j1 ,u oo1 b ,v 7m_/c7 % alpha s9 beta4 ,negative values ( eta mu/ be int]pret$ by a /ream+ motion on a p>allel plane at a level slightly diff]5t1 z on a d\ble ,riemann %eet1 ! /ream pass+ f "o %eet to ! o!r across a cut ,,ss jo9+ ! foci ,s1 ,s4 ,a diagram has be5 drawn by ,col4 ,r4 ,l4 ,hippisley4 ,! compon5ts ( ! liquid velocity q1 9 ! direction ( ! normal ( ! ellipse eta & hyp]bola xi1 are -m,j7-#a7%7eta - alpha7 cos7xi - beta71 m,j7-#a7;*7eta - alpha7 s9 7xi - beta74 7#aj7 ,! velocity q is z]o 9 a corn] :]e ! hyp]bola beta cuts ! ellipse alpha2 & r\nd ! ellipse alpha ! velocity q rea*es a maximum :5 ! tang5t has turn$ ?r\gh a "r angle1 & !n root7* #b;alpha - cos #b;beta7 q ,qea ---------------------------------2 7#aa7 % #b;alpha & ! condition c be inf]r$ :5 cavitation beg9s4 ,) beta #j1 ! /ream is p>allel to x#j1 & phi m *7eta - alpha7cos xi -,uc *7eta - alpha7% eta cos xi_/%7eta - alpha7 7#ab7 ov] ! cyl9d] eta1 & z 9 7#ab7 #bi1 phi#a -,ux -,uc * eta cos xi1 7#ac7 = liquid fill+ ! cyl9d]2 & phi ? eta ------ --------------------1 7#ad7 phi#a ? 7eta - alpha7 ov] ! surface ( eta2 s t p>allel to ,ox1 ! effective in]tia ( ! cyl9d] eta1 displac+ ,m liquid1 is increas$ by ,m? eta_/?7eta- alpha71 r$uc+ :5 alpha oo to ,m? eta ,m7b_/a74 ,simil>ly1 p>allel to ,oy1 ! increase ( effective in]tia is ,m_/? eta ?7eta - alpha71 r$uc+ to ,m_/? eta ,m7a_/b71 :5 alpha oo1 & ! liquid ext5ds to inf9ity4 #cb4 ,next consid] ! motion giv5 by phi m * #b7;eta - alpha7 s9 #bxi1 psi -m % #b7;eta - alpha7 cos #bxi2 7#a7 9 :i* psi #j ov] ! ellipse alpha1 & psi psi ,r7x y7 -m % #b7;eta - alpha7 ,rc cos #bxi ,rc * #b;eta1 7#b7 :i* is con/ant ov] ! ellipse eta if ,rc m % #b7;eta - alpha72 7#c7 s t ?is ellipse c be rotat+ ) ?is angul> velocity ,r = an in/ant )\t di/ortion1 ! ellipse alpha be+ fix$4 ,= ! liquid fill+ ! int]ior ( a rotat+ elliptic cyl9d] ( cross section x_/a y_/b #a1 7#d7 psi#a m#a7x_/a y_/b7 7#e7 ) nablapsi#a -#b,r -#bm#a7a_/;a #a_/;b71 psi#a m#a7x_/a y_/b7 - ,r7x y7 -,r7x - y77a - b7_/7a b71 7#f7 phi#a ,rxy7a - b7_/7a b71 w#a phi#a psi#a;i -i,r7x yi77a - b7_/7a b74 ,! velocity ( a liquid p>ticle is ?us 7a - b7_/7a b7 ( :at x w\ld be if ! liquid 0 froz5 & rotat+ bodily ) ! ellipse2 & s ! effective angul> in]tia ( ! liquid is 7a - b7_/7a b7 ( ! solid2 & ! effective radius ( gyration1 solid & liquid1 is giv5 by k 7a b71 & 7a - b7_/7a b74 7#g7 ,= ! liquid 9 ! int]space betwe5 alpha & eta1 phi m * #b7;eta - alpha7 s9 #bxi ------ ---------------------------------------- --- phi#a ,rc % #b;eta s9 #bxi7a - b7_/7a b7 #a_/? #b7;eta - alpha7? #b;eta2 7#h7 & ! effective k ( ! liquid is r$uc$ to c_/? #b7;eta - alpha7 % #b;eta1 7#i7 :i* becomes c_/% #b;eta #a_/h 7a - b7_/ab1 :5 alpha oo1 & ! liquid surr\nds ! ellipse eta to inf9ity4 ,an angul> velocity ,r1 :i* gives compon5ts -,ry1 ,rx ( velocity to a body1 c be resolv$ into two %e>+ velocities1 -,r p>allel to ,ox1 & ,r p>allel to ,oy2 & !n psi is resolv$ into psi#a psi#b1 su* t psi#a ,rx & psi#b ,ry is con/ant ov] ! b\nd>y4 ,inside a cyl9d] phi#a psi#a;i -i,r7x yi7a_/7a b71 7#aj7 phi#b psi#b;i i,r7x yi7b_/7a b71 7#aa7 & = ! int]space1 ! ellipse alpha be+ fix$1 & alpha#a revolv+ ) angul> velocity ,r phi#a psi#a;i -#a_/h i,rc% #b7;eta - alpha xii77* #b;alpha #a7_/% #b7;alpha#a - alpha71 7#ab7 phi#b psi#b;i #a_/h i,rc% #b7;eta - alpha xii77* #b;alpha - #a7_/% #b7;alpha#a - alpha71 7#ac7 satisfy+ ! condition t psi#a & psi#b are z]o ov] eta alpha1 & ov] eta alpha#a psi#a ,rx #a_/h ,rc7* #b;alpha#a #a71 7#ad7 psi#b ,ry #a_/h ,rc7* #b;alpha#a - #a71 7#ae7 con/ant values4 ,9 a simil> way ! m g5]al /ate ( motion may be analys$1 giv5 by w m * #b7zeta - gamma71 gamma alpha betai1 7#af7 z giv+ a homog5e\s /ra9 velocity to ! confocal sy/em2 to :i* may be add$ a circulation1 repres5t$ by an additional t]m mzeta 9 w4 ,simil>ly1 ) x yi croots9 7xi etai7 7#ag7 ! function psi ,qc % 7eta - alpha7 s9 7xi - beta7 7#ah7 w give motion /ream+ pa/ ! fix$ cyl9d] eta alpha1 & divid+ along xi beta2 & !n x - y c s9 xi * eta1 #bxy c cos xi % eta4 7#ai7 ,9 p>ticul>1 ) % alpha #a1 ! cross-section ( eta alpha is x#d #fxy y#d #b;c#d1 or x#d y#d c#d 7#bj7 :5 ! axes are turn$ ?r\gh #de4 #cc4 ,example #c4--;,analys+ 9 ?is way ! rotation ( a rectangle fill$ ) liquid into ! two compon5ts ( %e>1 ! /ream function psi#a is to be made to satisfy ! conditions 7i47 nablapsi#a #j1 7ii47 psi#a ,rx ,ra1 or psi#a #j :5 x a1 7iii47 psi#a ,rx ,ra1 psi#a ,r7a - x71 :5 y b4 ,exp&$ 9 a ,f\ri] s]ies1 #cb cos 7#bn #a7 pix_/a a - x ----- a ---------------------1 7#a7 pi _/ 7#bn #a7 s t #af cos 7#bn #a7 pix_/a *7#bn #a7 piy_/a7 psi#a ----- a ---------------------------------------- -----1 pi _/ 7#bn #a7c *7#bn #a7 pib_/a #af cos 7#bn #a7 piz_/a w#a phi#a psi#a;i i,r ----- ------------------------------1 7#b7 pi _/ 7#bn #a7c *7#bn #a7 pib_/a an elliptic-function ,f\ri] s]ies2 ) a simil> expression = psi#b ) x & y1 a & b int]*ang$2 & !nce psi psi#a psi#b4 ,example #d4--,p>abolic cyl9d]1 axial advance1 & liquid /ream+ pa/4 ,! pol> equation ( ! cross-section be+ r cos !ta a1 or r x #b;a1 7#c7 ! conditions are satisfi$ by psi ,ur s9 !ta - #b,ua r s9 !ta #b,ur s9 !ta7r cos !ta - a71 7#d7 psi #b,ua r s9 !ta -,uroot#b;a7r-x71 7#e7 w -#b,ua z1 7#f7 & ! resi/ance ( ! liquid is #bpirhoa,v_/#b;g4 ,a relative /ream l9e1 along :i* psi ,uc1 is ! qu>tic curve 7#d;ay - 7y - c7#d #d;ay 7y-c7#d y - c root#b;a7r - x71 x -------------------1 r ---------------1 7#g7 7#d;a7y - c7 #d;a7y - c7 & 9 ! absolute space curve giv5 by psi1 dy 7y - c7 #b;ac -- - --------1 x - ----- #b;a log 7y - c74 7#h7 dx #b;ay y - c #cd4 ,motion symmetrical ab\t an ,axis4--,:5 ! motion ( a liquid is ! same = any plane pass+ ?r\gh ,ox1 & lies 9 ! plane1 a function psi c be f\nd analog\s to t employ$ 9 plane motion1 su* t ! flux across ! surface g5]at$ by ! revolution ( any curve ,,ap f ,a to ,p is ! same1 & repres5t$ by #bpi7psi - psi#j72 &1 z be=e1 if dpsi is ! increase 9 psi due to a displacem5t ( ,p to ,p1 !n k ! compon5t ( velocity normal to ! surface swept out by ,,pp is su* t #bpidpsi #bpiyk4,,pp2 & tak+ ,,pp p>allel to ,oy & ,ox1 u -dpsi_/ydy1 v dpsi_/ydx1 7#a7 & psi is call$ aft] ! inv5tor1 ,/okes's /ream or curr5t function1 z x is con/ant along a /ream l9e 7,trans4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahdb2 ,/okes's ,curr5t ,function1 ,r4 ,a4 ,sampson1 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahib72 & dpsi_/yds is ! compon5t velocity across ds 9 a direction turn$ ?r\gh a "r angle =w>d4 ,9 ?is symmetrical motion d _/ #a dpsi d _/ #a dpsi xi #j1 eta #j1 #bzeta -- 7 --- ------ 7 -- 7 --- ------ 7 dx y dx _/ dy y dy _/ #a _/dpsi dpsi #a dpsi #a --- 7 ------- ------- - --- ------ 7 - ---nablapsi1 7#b7 y dx dy y dy _/ y suppose2 & 9 /eady motion1 d,h #a dpsi d,h #a dpsi -- --- ----- nablapsi #j1 -- --- ------ nablapsi #j1 7#c7 dx y dx dy y dy s t #bzeta_/y -y7-#b7nablapsi d,h_/dpsi 7#d7 is a function ( psi1 say f7psi71 & con/ant along a /ream l9e2 d,h_/dv #bqzeta1 ,h - f7psi7 con/ant1 7#e7 ?r\gh\t ! liquid4 ,:5 ! motion is irrotational1 dphi #a dpsi dphi #a dpsi zeta #j1 u - ------ - --- ------1 v - ------ --- ------1 7#f7 dx y dy dy y dx dpsi dpsi #a dpsi nablapsi #j1 or ------- ------- - --- ------ #j4 7#g7 dx dy y dy ,*ang+ to pol> coord9ates1 x r cos!ta1 y r s9!ta1 ! equation 7#b7 becomes1 ) cos!ta mu1 dpsi dpsi r------- 7#a - mu7 ------- #bzetar s9 !ta1 7#h7 dr dmu ( :i* a solution1 :5 zeta #j1 is _/ ,b d,pn _/ ,b d,pn psi 7 ,ar7n#a7 --- 7 7#a - mu7 ----- 7 ,ar7n-#a7 ------- 7 y-----1 7#i7 rn _/ dmu r7n#b7 _/ dmu phi 7n #a7;,arn - n,br7-n-#a7 ,pn1 7#aj7 :]e ,pn d5otes ! zonal h>monic ( ! n? ord]2 also1 9 ! exceptional case ( psi ,a#j cos!ta1 phi ,a#j_/r2 psi ,b#jr1 phi -,b#j log tan !ta -,b#j %7-#a7 x_/y4 7#aa7 ,?us cos!ta is ! ,/okes' function ( a po9t s\rce at ,o1 & ,,pa - ,,pb ( a l9e s\rce ,,ab4 ,! /ream function psi ( ! liquid motion set up by ! passage ( a solid ( revolution1 mov+ ) axial velocity ,u1 is su* t #a dpsi dy --- ------ -,u --1 psi ,uy con/ant1 7#ab7 y ds ds ov] ! surface ( ! solid2 & psi mu/ be replac$ by psi psi ,uy 9 ! g5]al equations ( /eady motion above to obta9 ! /eady relative motion ( ! liquid pa/ ! solid4 ,= in/ance1 ) n #a 9 equation 7#i71 ! relative /ream function is obta9$ = a sph]e ( radius a1 by mak+ x psi psi ,uy ,u7r - a_/r7 s9 !ta1 psi -,ua s9 !ta_/r2 7#ac7 & !n phi ,ux7#a a_/r71 phi ,ua cos !ta_/r1 7#ad7 dphi a dphi a - ------ ,u -- cos !ta1 - --------- ,u -- s9 !ta1 7#ae7 dr r rd!ta r s t1 if ! direction ( motion makes an angle psi ) ,ox1 tan 7psi - !ta7 tan !ta1 tan psi #c tan !ta_/7#b - tan !ta71 7#af7 ,along ! pa? ( a liquid p>ticle psi is con/ant1 & putt+ x equal to ,uc1 7r - a_/r7 s9 !ta c1 s9 !ta cr_/7r - a71 7#ag7 ! pol> equation2 or y cr_/7r - a71 r ay_/7y - c71 7#ah7 a curve ( ! #aj? degree 7,c#aj74 ,9 ! absolute pa? 9 space cos psi 7#b - #c s9 !ta7_/root7#d - s9 !ta71 & s9 !ta 7y - cy7_/a1 7#ai7 :i* leads to no simple relation4 ,! velocity pa/ ! surface ( ! sph]e is #a dpsi _/ a s9 !ta ------------ ------- ,u 7 #br -- 7 ------------- #c_/b ,u s9 !ta1 :5 r a2 7#bj7 r s9!ta dr r _/ r s9 !ta s t ! loss ( head is 7#i_/d s9 !ta - #a7 ,u_/#b;g1 hav+ a maximum #e_/d ,u_/#b;g1 7#ba7 :i* mu/ be less ?an ! head at inf9ite di/ance to avoid cavitation at ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,) n #b1 a /ate ( motion is giv5 by psi -,uya#dmu_/r#d1 psi ,uy7#a - a#dmu_/r#d71 7#bb7 phi ,ux phi1 phi -#a_/c ,u7a#d_/r7,p#b1 ,p#b #c_/b mu - 1 7#bc7 repres5t+ a /ream pa/ ! surface r#d a#dmu4 #ce4 ,a circul> vortex1 su* z a smoke r+1 w set up motion symmetrical ab\t an axis1 & provide an illu/ration2 a half vortex r+ c be g5]at$ 9 wat] by draw+ a semicircul> blade a %ort di/ance =w>d1 ! tip ( a spoon = in/ance4 ,! vortex advances ) a c]ta9 velocity2 & if an equal circul> vortex is g5]at$ coaxially ) ! fir/1 ! mutual influ5ce c be obs]v$4 ,! fir/ vortex dilates & moves sl[]1 :ile ! second contracts & %oots ?r\gh ! fir/2 aft] :i* ! motion is rev]s$ p]iodically1 z if 9 a game ( leap-frog4 ,project$ p]p5dicul>ly aga9/ a plane b\nd>y1 ! motion is det]m9$ by an equal opposite vortex r+1 ! optical image2 ! vortex r+ spreads out & moves m sl[ly z x approa*es ! wall2 at ! same "t ! molecul> rotation1 inv]sely z ! cross-section ( ! vortex1 is se5 to increase4 ,! analytical treatm5t ( su* vortex r+s is ! same z = ! electro-magnetic effect ( a curr5t circulat+ 9 ea* r+4 #cf4 ,irrotational ,motion 9 ,g5]al4--,liquid orig9ally at re/ 9 a s+ly-connect$ space _c be set 9 motion by a field ( =ce due to a s+le-valu$ pot5tial function2 any motion set up 9 ! liquid mu/ be due to a movem5t ( ! b\nd>y1 & ! motion w be irrotational2 = any small sph]ical elem5t ( ! liquid may be consid]$ a smoo? solid sph]e = a mom5t1 & ! normal pressure ( ! surr\nd+ liquid _c imp>t to x any rotation4 ,! k9etic en]gy ( ! liquid inside a surface ,s due to ! velocity function phi is giv5 by _/ _/ _/ _/dphi _/dphi _/dphi ,t rho 7 ------ 7 7 ------ 7 7 ------ 7 dx dy dz1 _/_/_/ dx _/ dy _/ dz _/ _/ _/ dphi rho phi ------ d,s 7#a7 _/_/ dnu by ,gre5's trans=mation1 dnu d5ot+ an elem5t>y /ep along ! normal to ! ext]ior ( ! surface2 s t dphi_/dnu #j ov] ! surface makes ,t #j1 & !n _/dphi _/dphi _/dphi dphi dphi dphi 7 ------ 7 7 ------ 7 7 ------ 7 #j1 ------ #j1 ------ #j1 ------ #j 7#b7 dx _/ dy _/ dz _/ dx dy dz ,if ! actual motion at any in/ant is suppos$ to be g5]at$ in/antane\sly f re/ by ! application ( pressure impulse ov] ! surface1 or sudd5ly r$uc$ to re/ aga91 !n1 s9ce no natural =ces c act impulsively ?r\gh\t ! liquid1 ! pressure impulse omega satisfies ! equations #a domega #a domega #a domega ----- --------- -u1 ----- --------- -v1 ----- --------- -omega1 7#c7 rho dx rho dy rho dz omega rhophi a con/ant1 7#d7 & ! con/ant may be ignor$2 & ,gre5's trans=mation ( ! en]gy ,t am\nts to ! !orem t ! "w done by an impulse is ! product ( ! impulse & av]age velocity1 or half ! velocity f re/4 ,9 a multiply connect$ space1 l a r+1 ) a multiply valu$ velocity function phi1 ! liquid c circulate 9 ! circuits indep5d5tly ( any motion ( ! surface2 ?us1 = example1 phi m!ta m tan7-#a7 y_/x 7#e7 w give motion to ! liquid1 circulat+ 9 any r+-%ap$ figure ( revolution r\nd ,oz4 ,to f9d ! k9etic en]gy ( su* motion 9 a multiply connect$ space1 ! *annels mu/ be suppos$ b>r$1 & ! space made acyclic by a membrane1 mov+ ) ! velocity ( ! liquid2 & !n if k d5otes ! cyclic con/ant ( phi 9 any circuit1 or ! value by :i* phi has increas$ 9 complet+ ! circuit1 ! values ( phi on ! two sides ( ! membrane are tak5 z diff]+ by k1 s t ! integral ov] ! membrane _/ _/ dphi _/ _/ dphi phi ------ d,s k ------ d,s1 7#f7 _/_/ dnu _/_/ dnu & ?is t]m is to be add$ to ! t]ms 9 7#a7 to obta9 ! additional "p 9 ! k9etic en]gy2 ! cont9uity %[s t ! integral is indep5d5t ( ! %ape ( ! b>ri] membrane1 & its position4 ,?us1 9 7#e71 ! cyclic con/ant k #bpim4 ,9 plane motion ! k9etic en]gy p] unit l5g? p>allel to ,oz _/ _/ _/dphi _/dphi _/ _/ _/dpsi _/dpsi ,t rho 7 ------ 7 7 ------ 7 dx dy rho 7 ------ 7 7 ------ 7 dx dy _/_/ dx _/ dy _/ _/_/ dx _/ dy _/ _/ dphi _/ dphi rho phi ------ ds rho psi ------ ds4 7#g7 _/ dnu _/ dnu ,= example1 9 ! equilat]al triangle ( 7#h7 #bh1 ref]r$ to coord9ate axes made by ! base & height1 psi -#b,ralphabetagamma_/h -,ry7h - y7 - #cx_/h 7#h7 psi psi - ,r 7#a_/c;h - y7 x -,r h #a_/c hy h7 7x - y7 - #cxy y _/h 7#i7 & ov] ! base y #j1 dx_/dnu -dx_/dy ,r7#a_/c h - #cx7_/h1 psi -,r7#a_/i h x74 7#aj7 ,integrat+ ov] ! base1 to obta9 "o-?ird ( ! k9etic en]gy ,t1 _/ h_/root#c #a_/c ,t rho ,r7#cx#d - #a_/bg h#d7 dx_/h _/ -h_/root#c rho,rh#d_/aceroot#c 7#aa7 s t ! effective k ( ! liquid fill+ ! triangle is giv5 by k ,t_/rho,r,a #b;h_/#de #b_/e 7radius ( ! inscrib$ circle71 7#ab7 or two-fif?s ( ! k = ! solid triangle4 ,aga91 s9ce dphi_/dnu dpsi_/ds1 dphi_/ds -dpsi_/dnu1 7#ac7 _/ _/ ,t rho phi dpsi -rho psi dphi4 7#ad7 _/ _/ ,) ! ,/okes' function psi = motion symmetrical ab\t an axis4 _/ dpsi _/ ,t rho phi ------ #bpiy ds pirho phi dpsi4 7#ae7 _/ yds _/ #cg4 ,fl[1 ,circulation1 & ,vortex ,motion4--,! l9e integral ( ! tang5tial velocity along a curve f "o po9t to ano!r1 def9$ by _/ _/ dx dy dz _/ 7 u-- v-- w-- 7 ds 7u dx v dy z dz71 7#a7 _/ ds ds ds _/ _/ is call$ ! flux along ! curve f ! fir/ to ! second po9t2 & if ! curve closes 9 on itself ! l9e integral r\nd ! curve is call$ ! circulation 9 ! curve4 ,) a velocity function phi1 ! fl[ _/ - dphi phi#a - phi#b1 7#b7 _/ s t ! fl[ is indep5d5t ( ! curve = all curves mutually reconcilable2 & ! circulation r\nd a clos$ curve is z]o1 if ! curve c be r$uc$ to a po9t )\t leav+ a region = :i* phi is s+le valu$4 ,if ?r\gh e po9t ( a small clos$ curve ! vortex l9es are drawn1 a tube is obta9$1 & ! fluid conta9$ is call$ a vortex filam5t4 ,by analogy ) ! sp9 ( a rigid body1 ! compon5t sp9 ( ! fluid 9 any plane at a po9t is def9$ z ! circulation r\nd a small area 9 ! plane enclos+ ! po9t1 divid$ by twice ! area4 ,= 9 a rigid body1 rotat+ ab\t ,oz ) angul> velocity zeta1 ! circulation r\nd a curve 9 ! plane xy is _/ _/ dy dx zeta 7 x -- - y -- 7 ds zeta times twice ! area4 7#c7 _/ ds ds _/ ,9 a fluid1 ! circulation r\nd an elem5t>y area dxdy is equal to _/ dv _/ du _/ dv du udx 7 v --dx 7dy - 7 u --dy 7dx - vdy 7 -- - -- 7dx dy1 7#d7 dx _/ dy _/ dx dy _/ s t ! compon5t sp9 is _/ dv du 7 -- - -- 7 zeta1 7#e7 dx dy _/ 9 ! previ\s notation ( #bd2 s also = ! o!r two compon5ts xi & eta4 ,s9ce ! circulation r\nd any triangul> area ( giv5 aspect is ! sum ( ! circulation r\nd ! projections ( ! area on ! coord9ate planes1 ! composition ( ! compon5ts ( sp91 xi1 eta1 zeta1 is accord+ to ! vector law4 ,h5ce 9 any inf9itesimal "p ( ! fluid ! circulation is z]o r\nd e small plane curve pass+ ?r\gh ! vortex l9e2 & consequ5tly ! circulation r\nd any curve drawn on ! surface ( a vortex filam5t is z]o4 ,if at any two po9ts ( a vortex l9e ! cross-section ,,abc1 ,a,b,c is drawn ( ! vortex filam5t1 jo9$ by ! vortex l9e ,,aa1 !n1 s9ce ! fl[ 9 ,,aa is tak5 9 opposite directions 9 ! complete circuit ,,abc ,,aa,b,c ,a,a1 ! resultant fl[ 9 ,,aa cancels1 & ! circulation 9 ,,abc1 ,a,b,c is ! same2 ?is is express$ by say+ t at all po9ts ( a vortex filam5t omegaalpha is con/ant :]e alpha is ! cross-section ( ! filam5t & omega ! resultant sp9 7,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d1 ,k9ematic1 book iii474 ,s f> ^! !orems on vortex motion are k9ematical2 b introduc+ ! equations ( motion ( #bb1 ,du d,q ,dv d,q ,dw d,q -- -- #j1 -- -- #j1 -- -- #j1 7#f7 dt dx dt dy dt dz _/ ,q dp_/rho ,v1 7#g7 _/ & tak+ dx1 dy1 dz 9 ! direction ( u1 v1 w1 & dx 3 dy 3 dz u 3 v 3 w1 ,d _/ ,du ,d dx -- 7u dx v dy w dz 7 -- dx u ---- 444 -d,q dq1 7#h7 dt _/ dt dt & integrat+ r\nd a clos$ curve ,d _/ -- 7u dx v dy w dz7 #j1 7#i7 dt _/ & ! circulation 9 any circuit compos$ ( ! same fluid p>ticles is con/ant2 & if ! motion is diff]5tial irrotational & due to a velocity function1 ! circulation is z]o r\nd all reconcilable pa?s4 ,int]pret$ dynamically ! normal pressure ( ! surr\nd+ fluid on a tube _c create any circulation 9 ! tube4 ,! circulation be+ always z]o r\nd a small plane curve pass+ ?r\gh ! axis ( sp9 9 vortical motion1 x foll[s conv]sely t a vortex filam5t is compos$ always ( ! same fluid p>ticles2 & s9ce ! circulation r\nd a cross-section ( a vortex filam5t is con/ant1 n *ang+ ) ! "t1 x foll[s f ! previ\s k9ematical !orem t alphaomega is con/ant = all "t1 & ! same = e cross-section ( ! vortex filam5t4 ,a vortex filam5t mu/ close on itself1 or end on a b\nd+ surface1 z se5 :5 ! tip ( a spoon is drawn ?r\gh ! surface ( wat]4 ,d5ot+ ! cross-section alpha ( a filam5t by d,s & its mass by dm1 ! quantity omegad,s_/dm is call$ ! vorticity2 ?is is ! same at all po9ts ( a filam5t1 & x does n *ange dur+ ! motion2 & ! vorticity is giv5 by omega cosepsilond,s_/dm1 if d,s is ! oblique section ( :i* ! normal makes an angle epsilon ) ! filam5t1 :ile ! aggregate vorticity ( a mass ,m inside a surface ,s is _/ ,m7-#a7 omega cos epsilon d,s4 _/ ,employ+ ! equation ( cont9uity :5 ! liquid is homog5e\s1 _/ dzeta deta d d d #b7 ------ - ------ 7 nablau1 444 1 nabla - --- - --- - ---1 7#aj7 dy dz _/ dx dy dz :i* is express$ by nabla7u1v1w7 #b curl 7xi1 eta1 zeta71 7xi1 eta1 zeta7 curl 7u1 v1 w74 7#aa7 #ch4 ,mov+ ,axes 9 ,hydrodynamics4--,9 _m problems1 su* z ! motion ( a solid 9 liquid1 x is conv5i5t to take coord9ate axes fix$ to ! solid & mov+ ) x z ! movable trih$ron frame ( ref]5ce4 ,! compon5ts ( velocity ( ! mov+ orig9 are d5ot$ by ,u1 ,v1 ,w1 & ! compon5ts ( angul> velocity ( ! frame ( ref]5ce by ,p1 ,q1 ,r2 & !n if u1 v1 w d5ote ! compon5ts ( fluid velocity 9 space1 & u1 v1 w ! compon5ts relative to ! axes at a po9t 7x1 y1 z7 fix$ to ! frame ( ref]5ce1 we h u ,u u - y,r z,q1 7#a7 v ,v v- z,p x,r1 w ,w w - x,q y,p4 ,n[ if k d5otes ! compon5t ( absolute velocity 9 a direction fix$ 9 space ^: direction cos9es are l1 m1 n1 k lu mv nw2 7#b7 & 9 ! inf9itesimal elem5t ( "t dt1 ! coord9ates ( ! fluid p>ticle at 7x1 y1 z7 w h *ang$ by 7u1 v1 w7dt2 s t ,dk dl dm dn -- --u --v --w dt dt dt dt _/ du du du du l7 -- u-- v-- w-- 7 dt dx dy dz _/ _/ dv dv dv dv m7 -- u-- v-- w-- 7 dt dx dy dz _/ _/ dw dw dw dw n7 -- u-- v-- w-- 74 7#c7 dt dx dy dz _/ ,b z l1 m1 n are ! direction cos9es ( a l9e fix$ 9 space1 dl dm dn -- m,r - n,q1 -- n,p - l,r1 -- l,q - m,p2 7#d7 dt dt dt s t ,dk _/ du du du du -- l7 -- - v,r w,q u-- v-- w-- 7 m74447 n74447 dt dt dx dy dz _/ _/ #a dp _/ #a dp _/ #a dp l7 ,x- --- -- 7 m7 ,y - --- -- 7 n7 ,z - --- -- 71 7#e7 p dx _/ p dy _/ p dz _/ = all values ( l1 m1 n1 lead+ to ! equations ( motion ) mov+ axes4 ,:5 ! motion is su* t dphi dpsi dphi dpsi dphi dpsi u - ------ - m------1 v - ------ - m------1 w - ------ - m------1 7#f7 dx dx dy dy dz dz z 9 #be 7#a71 a fir/ integral ( ! equations 9 7#e7 may be writt5 _/ dp dphi dpsi _/ dphi dpsi ----- ,v q - ------ - m------ 7u - u7 7 ------ m------ 7 _/ rho dt dt dx dx _/ _/ dphi dpsi _/ dphi dpsi 7v - v77 ------ m------ 7 7w - w77 ------ m------ 7 ,f7t71 7#g7 dy dy _/ dz dz _/ 9 :i* dphi dphi dphi dphi ------ - 7u - u7------ - 7v -v7------ - 7w - w7------ dt dx dy dz dphi dphi dphi dphi ------ - 7,u - y,r z,q7------ - 7,v - z,p x,r7------ - 7,w - x,q y,p7------ 7#h7 dt dx dy dz is ! "t-rate ( *ange ( phi at a po9t fix$ 9 space1 :i* is left beh9d ) velocity compon5ts u - u1 v - v1 w - w4 ,9 ! case ( a /eady motion ( homog5e\s liquid symmetrical ab\t ,ox1 :]e ,o is advanc+ ) velocity ,u1 ! equation 7#e7 ( #cd p_/rho ,v q - f7psi7 con/ant 7#i7 becomes trans=m$ into p ,u dpsi ----- ,v q - --- ------ ,u - f7psi ,uy7 con/ant1 7#aj7 rho y dy psi psi ,u1 7#aa7 subject to ! condition1 f 7#d7 #cd1 y7-#b7nablapsi -f7psi71 y7-#b7nablapsi -f7psi ,uy74 7#ab7 ,?us1 = example1 ) psi ,uy7ra7-#b7 - #a71 r x y1 7#ac7 = ! space inside ! sph]e r a1 comp>$ ) ! value ( psi 9 #cd 7#ac7 = ! space outside1 !re is no discont9uity ( ! velocity 9 cross+ ! surface4 ,inside ! sph]e d _/ #a dpsi d _/ #a dpsi #ae y #bzeta --- 7 --- ------- 7 --- 7 --- ------- 7 ---,u ---1 7#ad7 dx y dx _/ dy y dy _/ #b a s t #cd 7#d7 is satisfi$1 ) #ae #ae f7psi7 ---,ua7-#b71 f7psi7 ---,upsia7-#b72 7#ae7 #b #b & 7#aj7 r$uces to p #i _/ x _/ y ----- ,v - ---,u 7 --- -#a 7 - 7 --- - 7 con/ant2 7#af7 rho #h a _/ a _/ ?is gives ! /ate ( motion 9 ,m4 ,j4 ,m4 ,hill's sph]ical vortex1 advanc+ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ liquid ) uni=m velocity4 #ci4 ,z an application ( mov+ axes1 consid] ! motion ( liquid fill+ ! ellipsoidal case x y z --- --- --- #a2 7#a7 a b c & fir/ suppose ! liquid to be froz51 & ! ellipsoid to be rotat+ ab\t ! c5tre ) compon5ts ( angul> velocity xi1 eta1 zeta2 !n u - yzeta zeta1 v - zxi xzeta1 w - xeta yxi4 7#b7 ,n[ suppose ! liquid to be melt$1 & additional compon5ts ( angul> velocity ,omega#a1 ,omega#b1 ,omega#c communicat$ to ! ellipsoidal case2 ! additional velocity communicat$ to ! liquid w be due to a velocity-function b - c c - a a - b phi - ,omega#a ------- yz - ,omega#b -------zx - ,omega#c -------xy1 7#c7 b c c a a b z may be v]ifi$ by consid]+ "o t]m at a "t4 ,if u1 v1 w d5ote ! compon5ts ( ! velocity ( ! liquid relative to ! axes1 #b;a #b;a u u y,r - z,q ------- ,omega#c y - ------- ,omega#b z1 7#d7 a b c a #b;b #b;b v v z,p - x,r ------- ,omega#a z - ------- ,omega#c x1 7#e7 b c a b #b;c #b;c w w x,q - y,p ------- ,omega#b x - ------- ,omega#a y1 7#f7 c a b c ,p ,omega#a xi1 ,q ,omega#b eta1 ,r ,omega#c zeta4 7#g7 ,?us x y z u --- v --- w --- #j1 7#h7 a#b b#b c#b s t a liquid p>ticle rema9s always on a simil> ellipsoid4 ,! hydrodynamical equations ) mov+ axes1 tak+ into acc\nt ! mutual gravitation ( ! liquid1 become #a dp du du du du ----- -- #dpirho,ax -- - v,r w,q u-- v-- w-- #j1 444 1 444 1 7#i7 rho dx dt dx dy dz :]e _/ oo abcdlambda ,a1 ,b1 ,c ---------------------------------------- ------ _/ #j 7a lambda1 b lambda1 c lambda7,p ,p #d7;a lambda7 7b lambda7 7c lambda74 7#aj7 ,) ! values above ( u1 v1 w1 u1 v1 w1 ! equations become ( ! =m #a dp ----- -- #dpirho,ax alphax hy gz #j1 7#aa7 rho dx #a dp ----- -- #dpirho,by hx betay fz #j1 7#ab7 rho dy #a dp ----- -- #dpirho,cz gx fy gammaz #j1 7#ac7 rho dz & integrat+ prho7-#a7 #bpirho7,ax ,by ,cz7 7alphax betay gammaz #b;fyz #b;gzx #b;hxy7 con/41 7#ad7 s t ! surfaces ( equal pressure are simil> quadric surfaces1 :i*1 symmetry & dynamical consid]ations %[1 mu/ be coaxial surfaces2 & f1 g1 h vani%1 z foll[s also by algebraical r$uction2 & #d;c7c - a7 _/ c - a alpha ------------,omega#b - 7 -------,omega#b - eta 7 7c a7 c a _/ #d;b7a - b7 _/ a - b - ------------,omega#c - 7 -------,omega#c - zeta 71 7#ae7 7a b7 a b _/ ) simil> equations = beta & gamma4 ,if we c make 7#dpirho,a alpha7x 7#dpirho,b beta7b 7#dpirho,c gamma7c1 7#af7 ! surfaces ( equal pressure are simil> to ! ext]nal case1 :i* c !n be remov$ )\t affect+ ! motion1 provid$ alpha1 beta1 gamma rema9 con/ant4 ,?is is s :5 ! axis ( revolution is a pr9cipal axis1 say ,oz2 :5 ,omega#a #j1 ,omega#b #j1 xi #j1 eta #j4 7#ag7 ,if ,omega#c #j or !ta#c zeta 9 addition1 we obta9 ! solution ( ,jacobi's ellipsoid ( liquid ( ?ree unequal axes1 rotat+ bodily ab\t ! lea/ axis2 & putt+ a b1 ,maclaur9's solution is obta9$ ( ! rotat+ sph]oid4 ,9 ! g5]al motion aga9 ( ! liquid fill+ a case1 :5 a b1 ,omega#c may be replac$ by z]o1 & ! equations1 hydrodynamical & dynamical1 r$uce to dxi #b;c deta #b;a ----- - -------,omega#b zeta1 ------ -------,omega#a zeta1 dt a c dt a c dzeta #b;c ------- -------7,omega#b xi - ,omega#b eta7 7#ah7 dt a c d,omega#a a c --------- ,omega#b zeta -------etazeta1 dt a - c d,omega#b a c --------- ,omega#a zeta -------xizeta2 7#ai7 dt a - c ( :i* ?ree integrals are a xi eta ,l - --zeta1 7#bj7 c 7a c7 ,omega#a ,omega#b ,m ------------ zeta1 7#ba7 #b;c7a - c7 a c ,omega#a xi ,omega#b eta,n ------- zeta2 7#bb7 #d;c & !n _/ dzeta #d;c#d 7 ------- 7 --------- 7,omega#bxi - ,omega#a;eta7 dt _/ 7a c7 #d;c#d ---------- 7xi eta77,omega7#a ,omega#b7 -7,omega#axi ,omega#b;eta7 7a c7 #d;c#d _/ 7a c7 a 7a c7 ---------- ,,lm - ,n 7 ,l------------ - ,m --- - ,n --------- 7 zeta 7a c7 #b;c7a c7 c #b;c _/ 7a c77#i;a - c7 - ------------------- zeta#d ,z1 7#bc7 #af;c#d7;a - c7 :]e ,z is a quadratic 9 zeta1 s t zeta is an elliptic function ( t1 except :5 c a1 or #c;a4 ,put ,omega#a ,omega cos phi1 ,omega#b -,omega s9 phi1 dphi d,omega#a d,omega#b 7a c7 ,omega#b ------ -----------,omega#b - ,omega#a --------- ,omegazeta - ---------7,omega#a xi ,omega#b eta7zeta1 7#bd7 dt dt dt 7a - c7 a c ,n ------- dphi 7a c7 #d;c ------ zeta - --------- -------------------------1 7#be7 dt 7a - c7 7a c7 ,m ------------zeta #b;c7a - c7 a c ,n -------zeta _/ zetad a c _/ #d;c zeta dzeta phi ------- - ------- ------------------------ --------------1 7#bf7 _/ root,z a - c _/ 7a c7 root,z ,m ------------zeta #b;c7a - c7 :i*1 z ,z is a quadratic function ( zeta1 are non-elliptic integrals2 s also = psi1 :]e xi omega cos psi1 eta -omega s9 psi4 ,9 a /ate ( /eady motion dzeta ,omega#a ,omega#b ------- #j1 -------- --------1 7#bg7 dt xi eta phi psi nt1 suppose1 7#bh7 ,omega#axi ,omega#b eta ,omegaomega1 7#bi7 dphi a c omega ------ zeta- ------- -------zeta1 7#cj7 dt a - c ,omega dpsi #b;a ,omega ------ - ------- -------zeta1 7#ca7 dt a c omega a c omega #b;a ,omega #a - ------- ------- - ------- -------1 7#cb7 a - c ,omega a c omega _/ omega a c 7a - c77#i;a - c7 7 ------- - ------- 7 -------------------1 7#cc7 ,omega a - c _/ #d7;a c7 & a /ate ( /eady motion is impossible :5 #c;a c a4 ,an exp]im5t 0 devis$ by ,"l ,kelv9 = demon/rat+ ?is1 9 :i* ! diff]5ce ( /ead9ess 0 %[n ( a copp] %ell fill$ ) liquid & spun gyroscopically1 accord+ z ! %ell 0 slightly oblate or prolate4 ,accord+ to ! !ory above ! /ability is rega9$ :5 ! l5g? is m ?an ?ree diamet]s1 s t a mod]n projectile ) a cavity m ?an ?ree diamet]s long %\ld fly /eadily :5 fill$ ) wat]2 :ile ! old-fa%ion$ type1 n s elongat$1 w\ld be highly un/eady2 & = ! same reason ! gas bags ( a dirigible balloon %\ld be ov] r ?an "u ?ree diamet]s long4 #dj4 ,a ,liquid ,jet4--,by ! use ( ! complex v>iable & its conjugate functions1 an attempt c be made to give a ma!matical int]pretation ( problems su* z ! efflux ( wat] 9 a jet or ( smoke f a *imney1 ! dis*>ge ?r\gh a weir1 ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! pi]s ( a bridge1 or pa/ ! side ( a %ip1 ! w9d bl[+ on a sail or a]oplane1 or aga9/ a wall1 or imp++ jets ( gas or wat]2 cases :]e a surface ( discont9uity is obs]vable1 m or less di/9ct1 :i* sep>ates ! runn+ /ream f ! dead wat] or air4 ,uniplan> motion alone is s f> am5able to analysis2 ! velocity function phi & /ream function psi are giv5 z conjugate functions ( ! coord9ates x1 y by w f7z7 :]e z x yi1 w phi psii1 7#a7 & !n dw dphi dpsi -- ------ i------ -u vi2 7#b7 dz dx dx s t1 ) u q cos !ta1 v q s9 !ta1 ! function dz ,q ,q ,q zeta -,q -- -------- ---7u vi7 --- 7cos !ta i s9 !ta71 7#c7 dw 7u - vi7 q q gives zeta z a vector repres5t+ ! reciprocal ( ! velocity q 9 direction & magnitude1 9 t]ms ( "s /&>d velocity ,q4 ,to det]m9e ! motion ( a jet :i* issues f a vessel ) plane walls1 ! vector zeta mu/ be ,con/ruct$ s z to h a con/ant direction !ta along a plane b\nd>y1 & to give a con/ant sk9 velocity ov] ! surface ( a jet1 :]e ! pressure is con/ant4 ,x is conv5i5t to introduce ! function ,omega log zeta log7,q_/q7 !tai 7#d7 s t ! polygon repres5t+ ,omega con=mally has a b\nd>y giv5 by /raight l9es p>allel to ! coord9ate axes2 & !n to det]m9e ,omega & w z functions ( a v>iable u 7n to be confus$ ) ! velocity compon5t ( q71 su* t 9 ! con=mal repres5tation ! b\nd>y ( ! ,omega & w polygon is made to co9cide ) ! real axis ( u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,x w be suffici5t to give a few illu/rations4 ,consid] ! motion :]e ! liquid is com+ f an inf9ite di/ance betwe5 two p>allel walls at a di/ance xx 7fig4 #d71 & issues 9 a jet betwe5 two edges ,a & ,a2 ! wall x,a be+ b5t at a corn] ,b1 ) ! ext]nal angle beta pi_/n4 ,! !ory ( con=mal repres5tation %[s t ! motion is giv5 by root7b - au - a7 root7b - au - a7 #a_/n zeta ---------------------------------------- --- 1 u ae7-piw_/m72 7#e7 root7a - au - b7 :]e u a1 a at ! edge ,a1 ,a2 u b at a corn] ,b2 u #j across xx :]e phi oo2 & u oo1 phi oo across ! end ,,jj ( ! jet1 b\nd$ by ! curv$ l9es ,,apj1 ,a,p,j1 ov] :i* ! sk9 velocity is ,q4 ,! /ream l9es x,b,a,j1 x,a,j are giv5 by psi #j1 m2 s t if c d5otes ! ultimate bread? ,,jj ( ! jet1 :]e ! velocity may be suppos$ uni=m & equal to ! sk9 velocity ,q1 m ,qc1 c m_/,q4 ,if !re are m ,b corn]s ?an "o1 ei!r on x,a or x,a1 ! expression = zeta is ! product ( correspond+ factors1 su* z 9 7#e74 ,re/rict+ ! att5tion to a s+le corn] ,b1 _/ ,q n root7b - au - a7 root7b - au - a7 zetan 7 --- 7 7cos n!ta i s9 n!ta ---------------------------------------- ---1 7#f7 q _/ root7a - a4u - b7 _/ ,q n _/ ,q n * nomega * log7 --- 7 cos n!ta i % log 7 --- 7 s9 n!ta q _/ q _/ _/b - a _/u - a 7zetan zeta7-n77 _/ ------ _/ ------ 7#g7 _/ a - a _/ u - b _/ ,q _/ ,q n % n,omega % log 7 --- 7 cos n!ta i * log 7 --- 7 s9 n!ta q _/ q _/ _/b - a _/u - a 7zetan - zeta7-n77 _/ ------ _/ ------ 7#h7 _/ a - a _/ u - b oo a b #j a -oo 7#i7 & !n d,omega #a root7b - ab - a7 dw m -------- - -- ---------------------------1 -- - ------ 7#aj7 du #bn 7u - b7root7a - au - a7 du piu ! =mulas by :i* ! con=mal repres5tation is obta9$4 ,= ! ,omega polygon has a "r angle at u a1 a1 & a z]o angle at u b1 :]e !ta *anges f #j to pi_/n & ,omega increases by ipi_/n2 s t d,omega ,a root7b - ab - a7 -------- ---------------------------1 :]e ,a --------------------4 7#aa7 du 7u - b7root7u - au - a7 #bn ,& ! w polygon has a z]o angle at u #j1 oo1 :]e psi *anges f #j to m & back aga91 s t w *anges by im1 & dw ,b m -- ---1 :]e ,b - ----4 7#ab7 du u pi ,along ! /ream l9e x,b,a,p,j1 psi #j1 u ae7-piphi_/m72 7#ac7 & ov] ! jet surface ,,jpa1 :]e ! sk9 velocity is ,q1 dphi ------ -q -,q1 u ae7pis,q_/m7 ae7pis_/c71 7#ad7 ds d5ot+ ! arc ,,ap by s1 />t+ at u a2 _/b - a _/u - a * n,omega cos n!ta _/ ----- _/ ------ 7#ae7 _/ a - a _/ u - b _/a - b _/u - a % n,omega i s9 n!ta i _/ ------ _/ ------ 7#af7 _/ a - a _/ u - b oo u ae7pis_/c7 a1 7#ag7 & ?is gives ! intr9sic equation ( ! jet1 & !n ! radius ( curvature ds #a dphi i dw i dw _/ d,omega rho - -------- --- -------- --- ------- --- -- _/ ------- d!ta ,q d!ta ,q d,omega ,q du _/ du c u - b root7u - au - a7 ----#bn----- --------------------1 7#ah7 pi u root7a - bb - a7 n requir+ ! integration ( 7#aa7 & 7#ab7 ,if !ta alpha across ! end ,,jj ( ! jet1 :]e u oo1 q ,q1 _/b - a _/a - b * n,omega cos nalpha _/-------1 % n,omega i s9 nalpha _/ ------1 7#ai7 _/ a - a _/ a - a ,!n a - bb - a a - a cos #bnalpha - cos #bn!ta #b------------ s9 #bnalpha------ a - au - b u - b root7a - b4b - a7root7u - au - b7 s9 #bn!ta #b-------------------------------------- -- 7#bj7 a - au - b root7a - ab - a7 s9 #bnalpha--------------------2 u - b #bn c _/ b root7a - bb - a7 ----- ----- 7 #a ----- 7 -------------------- 7#ba7 phi rho u - b_/ root7u - au - a7 a - a 7a a7 cos #bnalpha - a a 7a - a7 cos #bnalpha cos #bn!ta ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- 7a - a7 s9 #bnalpha cos #bnalpha - cos #bn!ta ----------------------------- s9 #bn!ta ,along ! wall ,,ab1 cos n!ta #j1 s9 n!ta #a1 a u b1 7#bb7 _/ ,q n _/b - a _/a - u * n,omega i % log 7 --- 7 i _/ ------ _/ ------ 7#bc7 q _/ _/ a - a _/ u - b _/ ,q n _/a - b _/u - a % n,omega i * log 7 --- 7 i _/ ------ _/ ------ 7#bd7 q _/ _/ a - a _/ u - b ds ds dphi m c ,q -- ------ ------ ------ --- -- 7#be7 du dphi dt piqu pi qu ,,ab _/ a ,q du pi-- --- -- c _/ b q u _/ root7a - b7root7u - a7 root7b - a7root7a - u7 #a_/n du ---------------------------------------- ----------------- --4 7#bf7 _/ root7a - a7root7u - b7 u ,along ! wall ,bx1 cos n!ta #a1 s9 n!ta #j1 b u #j 7#bg7 _/ ,q n _/b - a _/a - u * n,omega * log 7 --- 7 _/ ------ _/ ------ 7#bh7 q _/ _/ a - a _/ b - u _/ ,q n _/a - b _/u - a % n,omega % log 7 --- 7 _/ ------ _/ ------4 7#bi7 q _/ _/ a - a _/ b - u ,at x :]e phi oo1 u #j1 & q q#j1 _/ ,q n _/b - a _/ a _/a - b _/ -a 7 --- 7 _/ ------ _/ --- _/ ------ _/ ---4 7#cj7 q#j _/ _/ a - a _/ b _/ a - a _/ q ,9 cross+ to ! l9e ( fl[ x,a,p,j1 psi *anges f #j to m1 s t ) q ,q across ,,jj1 :ile across xx ! velocity is q#j1 s t m q#j4xx ,q4,,jj 7#ca7 ,,jj q#j _/b - a _/ a _/a - b _/ -a #a_/n -- --- _/ ------ _/ --- - _/ ------ _/ --- 1 7#cb7 xx ,q _/ a - a _/ b _/ a - a _/ q giv+ ! contraction ( ! jet comp>$ ) ! initial bread? ( ! /ream4 ,along ! l9e ( fl[ x,a,p,j1 psi m1 u ae7-piphi_/m71 & f x to ,a1 cos n!ta #a1 s9 n!ta #j1 _/ ,q n _/b - a _/a - u * n,omega * log 7 --- 7 _/ ------ _/ ------1 7#cc7 q _/ _/ a - a _/ b - u _/ ,q n _/a - b _/u - a % n,omega % log 7 --- 7 _/ ------ _/ ------4 7#cd7 q _/ _/ a - a _/ b - u #j u a4 7#ce7 ,along ! jet surface ,a,j1 q ,q1 _/b - a _/a - u * n,omega cos n!ta _/ ------ _/ ------1 7#cf7 _/ a - a _/ b - u _/a - b _/a - u % n,omega i s9 n!ta i _/ ------ _/ ------1 7#cg7 _/ a - a _/ b - u a u ae7pi_/sc7 -oo1 7#ch7 giv+ ! intr9sic equation4 #da4 ,! fir/ problem ( ?is k9d1 work$ out by ,h4 v4 ,helmholtz1 ( ! efflux ( a jet betwe5 two edges ,a & ,a#a 9 an inf9ite wall1 is obta9$ by ! symmetrical duplication ( ! above1 ) n #a1 b #j1 a -oo1 z 9 fig4 #e1 _/u - a _/ -a * ,omega _/ -----1 % ,omega _/ ---2 7#a7 _/ u _/ u & along ! jet ,,apj1 oo u ae7pis_/c7 a1 % ,omega i s9 !ta - iroot7a_/u7 ie7-pis_/c71 7#b7 _/ oo _/ c c ,,pm s9 !ta ds e7-pis_/c7 ds ----- e7-pis_/c7 ----- s9 !ta1 7#c7 _/ s _/ pi pi s t ,,pt c_/pi1 & ! curve ,,ap is ! tractrix2 & ! coeffici5t ( contraction1 or bread? ( ! jet pi ---------------------- --------4 7#d7 bread? ( ! orifice pi #b ,a *ange ( ,omega & !ta into n,omega & n!ta w give ! solution = two walls conv]g+ symmetrically to ! orifice ,,aa#a at an angle pi_/n4 ,) n 1 ! re5trant walls are giv5 ( ,borda's m\?piece1 & ! coeffici5t ( contraction becomes 4 ,g5]ally1 by mak+ a - oo1 ! l9e x,a may be tak5 z a /raight /ream l9e ( inf9ite l5g?1 =m+ an axis ( symmetry2 & !n by duplication ! result c be obta9$1 ) assign$ n1 a1 & b1 ( ! efflux f a symmetrical conv]g+ m\?piece1 or ( ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! ar*es ( a bridge1 ) w$ge-%ap$ pi]s to divide ! /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 #db4 ,o!r arrangem5ts ( ! con/ants n1 a1 b1 a w give ! results ( special problems consid]$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,mi*ell1 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahij4 ,?us ) a #j1 a /ream is split symmetrically by a w$ge ( angle pi_/n z 9 ,bobyleff's problem2 &1 by mak+ a oo1 ! w$ge ext5ds to inf9ity2 !n _/ b _/ n * n,omega _/ -----1 % n,omega _/ -----4 7#a7 _/ b - u _/ b - u ,ov] ! jet surface psi m1 q ,q1 u - e7piphi_/m7 - be7pi_/c71 _/ #a _/ e7pi_/c7 * ,omega cos n!ta _/ ---------------1 % ,omega i s9 n!ta i _/ ---------------1 7#b7 _/ e7pi_/c7 #a _/ e7pi_/c7 #a pi ds #bn e7pi_/c7 tan n!ta1 ----- -------- -------------4 7#c7 c d!ta s9 #bn!ta ,= a jet imp++ normally on an inf9ite plane1 z 9 fig4 #f1 n #a1 e7pi_/c7 tan !ta1 * 7pis_/c7 s9 #b!ta #a1 7#d7 % pix_/c cot !ta1 % piy_/c tan !ta1 % pix_/c % piy_/c #a1 e7pi7x y7_/c7 e7pix_/c7 e7piy_/c7 #a4 7#e7 ,) n 1 ! jet is rev]s$ 9 direction1 & ! pr(ile is ! cat5>y ( equal /r5g?4 ,9 ,bobyleff's problem ( ! w$ge ( f9ite bread?1 _/ b _/u - a _/b - a _/ u * n,omega _/ --- _/ -----1 % n,omega _/ ----- _/ -----1 7#f7 _/ a _/ u - b _/ a _/ u - b _/ b _/a - b cos nalpha _/ ---1 s9 nalpha _/ -----1 7#g7 _/ a _/ a & along ! free surface ,,apj1 q ,q1 psi #j1 u e7-piphi_/m7 ae7pis_/c71 _/ e7pi_/c7 - #a cos n!ta cos nalpha _/ ---------------------------1 _/ e7pi_/c7 - cos nalpha cos nalpha s9 n!ta e7pi_/c7 -----------------------------1 7#h7 s9 n!ta - s9 nalpha ! intr9sic equation1 ! o!r free surface ,a,p,j be+ giv5 by cos nalpha s9 n!ta e7pi_/c7 -----------------------------4 7#i7 s9 nalpha - s9 n!ta ,putt+ n #a gives ! case ( a /ream ( f9ite bread? di/urb$ by a transv]se plane1 a p>ticul> case ( ,fig4 #g4 ,:5 a b1 alpha #j1 & ! /ream is v broad comp>$ ) ! w$ge or lam9a2 s1 putt+ w w7a - b7_/a 9 ! p5ultimate case1 & u ae7-w7 asympt a - 7a - b7w1 7#aj7 _/w #a _/ #a * n,omega _/ ------1 % n,omega _/ --------1 7#aa7 _/ w _/ rootw 9 :i* we may write w phi psii4 7#ab7 ,along ! /ream l9e x,a,b,p,j1 psi #j2 & along ! jet surface ,,apj1 -#a phi -oo2 & putt+ phi -pis_/c - #a1 ! intr9sic equation is pis_/c cot n!ta1 7#ac7 :i* = n #a is ! evolute ( a cat5>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 #dc4 ,:5 ! b>ri] ,,aa is held oblique to ! curr5t1 ! /ream l9e x,b is curv$ to ! bran* po9t ,b on ,,aa 7fig4 #g71 & s mu/ be exclud$ f ! b\nd>y ( u2 ! con=mal repres5tation is made n[ ) d,omega root7b - ab - a7 -------- - ---------------------------- 7#a7 du 7u - b7 root7u - au - a7 dw m #a m #a m m u - b -- - ---- ----- - ---- -----1 - ------ -------------1 du pi u - j pi u - j pi u - ju - j mj mj b ---------1 7#b7 m m tak+ u oo at ! s\rce :]e phi oo1 u b at ! bran* po9t ,b1 u j1 j at ! end ( ! two div]g+ /reams :]e phi -oo2 :ile psi #j along ! /ream l9e :i* divides at ,b & passes ?r\gh ,a1 ,a2 & psi m1 -m along ! outside b\nd>ies1 s t m_/,q1 m_/,q is ! f9al bread? ( ! jets1 & 7m m7_/,q is ! initial bread?1 c#a ( ! imp++ /ream4 ,!n _/b - a _/u - a _/b - a _/u - a * ,omega _/ ------ _/ -----1 % ,omega _/ ------ _/ ------1 7#c7 _/ a - a _/ u - b _/ a - a _/ u - b #b;b - a - a ,n * ,omega ----------- - -----1 a - a u - b _/ root7#b;a - uu - a7 % ,omega _/ ,n----------------------1 _/ u - b a - bb - a ,n #b------------4 7#d7 a - a ,along a jet surface1 q ,q1 & *,omega cos !ta cos alpha - s9 alpha7a - a7_/7u - b71 7#e7 if !ta alpha at ! s\rce x ( ! jet x,b1 :]e u oo2 & suppos+ !ta beta1 beta at ! end ( ! /reams :]e u j1 j1 u - b s9 alpha u - j cos!ta - cosbeta ----- -------------------------1 ------ s9 alpha----------------------------------- ------------------1 a - a cos alpha - cos !ta a - a 7cos alpha - cos beta77cos alpha - cos !ta7 u - j cos !ta - cos beta ----- s9 alpha----------------------------------- -------------------2 7#f7 a - a 7cos alpha - cos beta77cos alpha - cos !ta7 & psi be+ con/ant along a /ream l9e dphi dw ds dphi dw du ------ --1 ,q -------- -------- -- --------1 du du d!ta d!ta du d!ta pi,q ds pi ds 7cos alpha - cos beta77cos alpha - cos beta7s9!ta ------ -------- ---- -------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -1 m m d!ta c d!ta 7cos alpha - cos !ta77cos !ta - cos beta77cos !ta - cos alpha7 s9 !ta cos alpha - cos beta s9 !ta ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------ cos alpha - cos !ta cos beta - cos beta cos !ta - cos beta cos alpha - cos beta s9 !ta ------------------------ -------------------------1 7#g7 cos beta - cos beta cos !ta - cos beta giv+ ! intr9sic1 equation ( ! surface ( a jet1 ) prop] att5tion to ! sign4 ,f ,a to ,b1 a u b1 !ta #j1 ,q a - a * ,omega * log --- cos alpha - s9 alpha ------ q a - b ,q root7a - uu - a7 % ,omega % log --- -------------------- s9 alpha q u - b ,q 7u - b7 cos alpha - 7a - a7 s9 alpha root7a - uu - a7s9alpha --- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- 7#h7 q u - b ds ds dphi ,q dw ,q -- ,q ------ ------ - --- -- du dphi du q du m m 7u - b7 cos alpha - 7a - a7 s9 alpha root7a - uu - a7 s9 alpha ------ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- 7#i7 pi j - uu - j ,,ab _/ a 7#b;b - a - a77u - b7 - #b7;a - b77b - a7 #broot7a - bb -aa - uu -a7 pi-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- du1 7#aj7 c _/ b a - aj - uu - j ) a simil> expression = ,,ba4 ,! motion ( a jet imp++ on an inf9ite b>ri] is obta9$ by putt+ j a1 j a2 duplicat$ on ! o!r side ( ! b>ri]1 ! motion rev]s$ w repres5t ! direct collision ( two jets ( unequal bread? & equal velocity4 ,:5 ! b>ri] is small comp>$ ) ! jet1 alpha beta beta1 & ,g4 ,kir*h(f's solution is obta9$ ( a b>ri] plac$ obliquely 9 an inf9ite /ream4 ,two corn]s ,b#a & ,b#b 9 ! wall x,a1 ) a -oo1 & n #a1 w give ! solution1 by duplication1 ( a jet issu+ by a re5trant m\?piece plac$ symmetrically 9 ! end wall ( ! *annel2 or else ( ! *annel block$ p>tially by a diaphragm across ! middle1 ) edges turn$ back symmetrically1 problems discuss$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,mi*ell1 ,a4 ,e4 ,h4 ,love & ,m4 ,r?y4 ,:5 ! polygon is clos$ by ! walls jo9+1 in/ead ( rea*+ back to inf9ity at xx1 ! liquid motion mu/ be due to a s\rce1 & ?is modification has be5 work$ out by ,b4 ,hopk9son 9 ! ,proc4 ,lond4 ,ma?4 ,soc41 #ahih4 ,mi*ell has discuss$ also ! holl[ vortex /ation>y inside a polygon 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahij72 ! solution is giv5 by * n,omega sn w1 % n,omega i cn w 7#aa7 s t1 r\nd ! b\nd>y ( ! polygon1 psi ,k1 s9 n!ta #j2 & on ! surface ( ! vortex psi #j1 q ,q1 & cos n!ta sn phi1 n!ta pi - am s_/c1 7#ab7 ! intr9sic equation ( ! curve4 ,?is is a clos$ ,sumn] l9e = n #a1 :5 ! b\nd>y consi/s ( two p>allel walls2 & n gives an ,ela/ica4 #dd4 ,! ,motion ( a ,solid ?r\gh a ,liquid4--,an important problem 9 ! motion ( a liquid is ! det]m9ation ( ! /ate ( velocity set up by ! passage ( a solid ?r\gh x2 & !nce ( ! pressure & reaction ( ! liquid on ! surface ( ! solid1 by :i* its motion is influ5c$ :5 x is free4 ,beg9n+ ) a s+le body 9 liquid ext5d+ to inf9ity1 & d5ot+ by ,u1 ,v1 ,w1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r ! compon5ts ( l9e> & angul> velocity ) respect to axes fix$ 9 ! body1 ! velocity function takes ! =m phi ,uphi#a ,vphi#b ,wphi#c ,p*i#a ,q*i#b ,r*i#c1 7#a7 :]e ! phi's & *i's are functions ( x1 y1 z1 dep5d+ on ! %ape ( ! body2 int]pret$ dynamically1 ,c - rhophi repres5ts ! impulsive pressure requir$ to /op ! motion1 or ,c rhophi to />t x aga9 f re/4 ,! t]ms ( phi may be det]m9$ "o at a "t1 & ?is problem is purely k9ematical2 ?us to det]m9e phi#a1 ! compon5t ,u alone is tak5 to exi/1 & !n l1 m1 n1 d5ot+ ! direction cos9es ( ! normal ( ! surface drawn into ! ext]ior liquid1 ! function phi#a mu/ be det]m9$ to satisfy ! conditions 7i47 nablaphi#a #j4 ?r\gh\t ! liquid2 7ii47 dph#a_/;dupsilon -l1 ! gradi5t ( phi d[n ! normal at ! surface ( ! mov+ solid2 7iii47 dph#a_/;dupsilon #j1 ov] a fix$ b\nd>y1 or at inf9ity2 simil>ly = phi#b & phi#c4 ,to det]m9e *i#a ! angul> velocity ,p alone is introduc$1 & ! conditions to be satisfi$ are 7i47 nabla*i#a #j1 ?r\gh\t ! liquid2 7ii47 d*i#a_/;dupsilon mz - ny1 at ! surface ( ! mov+ body1 b z]o ov] a fix$ surface1 & at inf9ity2 ! same = *i#b & *i#c4 ,= a cavity fill$ ) liquid 9 ! int]ior ( ! body1 s9ce ! liquid inside moves bodily = a motion ( translation only1 phi#a -x1 phi#b -y1 phi#c -z2 7#b7 b a rotation w /ir up ! liquid 9 ! cavity1 s t ! *i's dep5d on ! %ape ( ! surface4 ,! ellipsoid 0 ! %ape fir/ work$ out1 by ,george ,gre51 9 8 ,rese>* on ! ,vibration ( a ,p5dulum 9 a ,fluid ,m$ium 7#ahcc72 ! ext5sion to any o!r surface w =m an important /ep 9 ?is subject4 ,a sy/em ( confocal ellipsoids is tak5 x y z ------------- ------------- ------------- #a 7#c7 a lambda b lambda c lambda & a velocity function ( ! =m phi xpsi1 7#d7 :]e psi is a function ( lambda only1 s t psi is con/ant ov] an ellipsoid2 & we seek to det]m9e ! motion set up1 & ! =m ( psi :i* w satisfy ! equation ( cont9uity4 ,ov] ! ellipsoid1 p d5ot+ ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> f ! c5tre on a tang5t plane1 px py pz l -------------1 m -------------1 n ------------- 7#e7 a lambda b lambda c lambda px py pz #a ---------------- ---------------- ----------------1 7#f7 7a lambda7 7b lambda7 7c lambda7 p 7a lambda7l 7b lambda7m 7c lambda7n1 7#g7 al bm cn lambda1 dp dlambda #bp-- ---------2 7#h7 ds ds ,!nce dphi dx dpsi ------ --psi x------ ds ds ds dx dpsi dp --psi #b7;a lambda7--------- l--1 7#i7 ds dlambda ds s t ! velocity ( ! liquid may be resolv$ into a compon5t -psi p>allel to ,ox1 & -#b7;a lambda7l dpsi_/dlambda along ! normal ( ! ellipsoid2 & ! liquid fl[s ov] an ellipsoid along a l9e ( slope ) respect to ,ox1 treat$ z ! v]tical4 ,along ! normal itself dphi _/ dpsi ----- 7 psi #b7;a lambda7-------- 7l1 7#aj7 ds dlambda _/ s t ov] ! surface ( an ellipsoid :]e lambda & psi are con/ant1 ! normal velocity is ! same z t ( ! ellipsoid itself1 mov+ z a solid ) velocity p>allel to ,ox dpsi ,u -psi - #b7;a lambda7---------1 7#aa7 dlambda & s ! b\nd>y condition is satisfi$2 moreov]1 any ellipsoidal surface lambda may be suppos$ mov+ z if rigid ) ! velocity 9 7#aa71 )\t di/urb+ ! liquid motion = ! mom5t4 ,! cont9uity is secur$ if ! liquid betwe5 two ellipsoids lambda & lambda#a1 mov+ ) ! velocity ,u & ,u#a ( equation 7#aa71 is squeez$ out or suck$ 9 across ! plane x #j at a rate equal to ! integral fl[ ( ! velocity psi across ! annul> area alpha#a - alpha ( ! two ellipsoids made by x #j2 or if _/ lambda#a dalpha alpha,u - alpha#a,u#a psi-------- dlambda1 7#ab7 _/ lambda dlambda alpha piroot7b lambdac lambda74 7#ac7 ,express$ z a diff]5tial relation1 ) ! value ( ,u f 7#aa71 d dpsi dalpha --------- alphapsi #b7;a lambda7alpha--------- - psi--------- #j1 7#ad7 dlambda dlambda dlambda dpsi d _/ dpsi #c;alpha--------- #b7;a lambda7-------- 7 alpha-------- 7 #j1 7#ae7 dlambda dlambda dlambda_/ & integrat+ dpsi 7a lambda7#c_/b alpha-------- a con/ant1 7#af7 dlambda s t we may put _/ ,mdlambda psi ----------------1 7#ag7 _/ 7a lambda7,p ,p #d7;a lambda77b lambda77c lambda71 7#ah7 :]e ,m d5otes a con/ant2 s t psi is an elliptic integral ( ! second k9d4 ,! quiesc5t ellipsoidal surface1 ov] :i* ! motion is entirely tang5tial1 is ! "o = :i* dpsi #b7;a lambda7--------- psi #j1 7#ai7 dlambda & ?is is ! inf9ite b\nd>y ellipsoid if we make ! upp] limit lambda#a oo4 ,! velocity ( ! ellipsoid def9$ by lambda #j is !n dpsi#j ,u -#b;a--------- - psi#j dlambda ,m _/ oo ,mdlambda --- - ---------------- abc _/ #j 7a lambda7,p ,m --- 7#a - ,a#j71 7#bj7 abc ) ! notation _/ oo abc dlambda ,a or ,alambda ---------------- _/lambda 7a lambda7,p d _/ oo dlambda -#b;abc--- ---------1 7#ba7 da_/ lambda ,p s t 9 7#d7 ,m ,ux,a x,alambda phi ---x,a ------1 phi#a -----------1 7#bb7 abc #a - ,a#j #a - ,a#j 9 7#a7 = an ellipsoid4 ,! impulse requir$ to set up ! motion 9 liquid ( d5sity rho is ! resultant ( an impulsive pressure rhophi ov] ! surface ,s ( ! ellipsoid1 & is !re=e _/ _/ _/ _/ rhophil d,s rhopsi#j xl d,s _/_/ _/_/ rhopsi#j 7volume ( ! ellipsoid7 psi#j ,w1 7#bc7 :]e ,w d5otes ! weight ( liquid displac$4 ,d5ot+ ! effective in]tia ( ! liquid p>allel to ,ox by alpha,w4 ! mom5tum alpha,w,u psi#j,w 7#bd7 psi#j ,a#j alpha ------ ------2 7#be7 ,u #a - ,a#j 9 ?is way ! air drag 0 calculat$ by ,gre5 = an ellipsoidal p5dulum4 ,simil>ly1 ! in]tia p>allel to ,oy & ,oz is ,b#j ,c#j beta,w ------ ,w1 gamma,w ------ ,w1 7#bf7 #a - ,b#j #a - ,c#j _/ oo abc dlambda ,blambda1 ,clambda -------------------------------2 7#bg7 _/lambda 7b lambda1 c lambda7,p & ,a ,b ,c abc_/,p1 ,a#j ,b#j ,c#j #a4 7#bh7 ,= a sph]e a b c1 ,a#j ,b#j ,c#j #a_/c1 alpha beta gamma 1 7#bi7 s t ! effective in]tia ( a sph]e is increas$ by half ! weight ( liquid displac$2 & 9 frictionless air or liquid ! sph]e1 ( weight ,w1 w describe a p>abola ) v]tical accel]ation ,w - ,w ------- g4 7#cj7 ,w ,w ,?us a sph]ical air bubble1 9 :i* ,w_/,w is ins5sible1 w beg9 to rise 9 wat] ) accel]ation #b;g4 #de4 ,:5 ! liquid is b\nd$ ext]nally by ! fix$ ellipsoid lambda lambda#a1 a slight ext5sion w give ! velocity function phi ( ! liquid 9 ! int]space z ! ellipsoid lambda #j is pass+ ) velocity ,u ?r\gh ! confocal position2 phi mu/ n[ take ! =m x7psi ,n71 & w satisfy ! conditions 9 ! %ape abc _/lambda#a abcdlambda ------ ---------------- ,a ,b#a ,c#a a#a;b#a;c#a _/ lambda 7a lambda7,p phi ,ux ----------------- ,ux ---------------------------------------- --1 7#a7 ,b#j ,c#j - ,b#a - ,c#a abc _/lambda#a abcdlambda #a - ------ - ---------------- a#a;b#a;c#a _/#j 7a lambda7,p & any confocal ellipsoid def9$ by lambda1 int]nal or ext]nal to lambda lambda#a1 may be suppos$ to swim ) ! liquid = an in/ant1 )\t di/ortion or rotation1 ) velocity along ,ox ,blambda ,clambda - ,b#a - ,c#a ,u ---------------------------------- ,b#j ,c#j - ,b#a - ,c#a ,s9ce - ,ux is ! velocity function = ! liquid ,w fill+ ! ellipsoid lambda #j1 & mov+ bodily ) x1 ! effective in]tia ( ! liquid 9 ! int]space is ,a#j ,b#a ,c#a ----------------- ,w4 7#b7 ,b#j ,c#j - ,b#a - ,c#a ,if ! ellipsoid is ( revolution1 ) b c1 ,a #b;,b#a phi ,ux -------1 7#c7 ,b#j - ,b#a & ! ,/okes' curr5t function psi c be writt5 d[n ,b - ,b#a psi - ,uy -------2 7#d7 ,b#j - ,b#a r$uc+1 :5 ! liquid ext5ds to inf9ity & ,b#a #j1 to ,a ,b phi ,ux --1 psi - ,uy --2 7#e7 ,b#j ,b#j s t 9 ! relative motion pa/ ! body1 z :5 fix$ 9 ! curr5t ,u p>allel to x,o1 _/ ,a _/ ,b phi ,ux 7 #a -- 71 psi ,uy 7 #a - -- 74 7#f7 ,b#j _/ ,b#j _/ ,*ang+ ! orig9 f ! c5tre to ! focus ( a prolate sph]oid1 !n putt+ b pa1 lambda lambdaa1 & proce$+ to ! limit :]e a oo1 we f9d = a p>aboloid ( revolution p ,b p ,b -------------1 -- -------------1 7#g7 p lambda ,b#j p lambda y ------------- p lambda - #bx1 7#h7 p lambda ) lambda #j ov] ! surface ( ! p>aboloid2 & !n psi ,u y - proot7x y7 px2 7#i7 psi -,up root7x y7 - x2 7#aj7 phi -,up log root7x y7 x4 7#aa7 ,! relative pa? ( a liquid p>ticle is along a /ream l9e psi ,uc1 a con/ant1 7#ab7 py - 7y - c7 py - 7y - c7 x -----------------1 root7x y7 ----------------- 7#ac7 #bp7y - c7 #bp7y - c7 a ,c#d2 :ile ! absolute pa? ( a p>ticle 9 space w be giv5 by dy r - x y - c -- - ----- -------1 7#ad7 dx y #bpy y - c ae7-x_/p74 7#ae7 #df4 ,betwe5 two conc5tric sph]es1 ) a lambda r1 a lambda#a a#a1 7#a7 ,a ,b ,c a_/#cr1 a a a a -- #b --- -- #b --- r a#a r a#a phi ,ux -----------1 psi ,uy ----------2 7#b7 #a - a#d_/;a#a #a - a_/a#a & ! effective in]tia ( ! liquid 9 ! int]space is ,a#j #b;,a#a a#a #b;a --------- ,w --------- ,w4 7#c7 #b;,a#j - #b;,a#a a#a - a ,:5 ! sph]es are n conc5tric1 an expression = ! effective in]tia c be f\nd by ! me?od ( images 7,w4 ,m4 ,hicks1 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahhj74 ,! image ( a s\rce ( /r5g? mu at ,s outside a sph]e ( radius a is a s\rce ( /r5g? mua_/f at ,h1 :]e ,,os f1 ,,oh a_/f1 & a l9e s9k rea*+ f ! image ,h to ! c5tre ,o ( l9e /r5g? - mu_/a2 ?is comb9ation w be f\nd to produce no fl[ across ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,tak+ ,ox along ,,os1 ! ,/okes' function at ,p = ! s\rce ,s is mu cos ,p,sx1 & ( ! s\rce ,h & l9e s9k ,,oh is mu7a_/f7 cos ,p,hx & -7mu_/a77,,po - ,,ph72 s t _/ a ,,po - ,,ph psi mu 7cos ,p,sx --- cos ,p,hx - ------- 71 7#d7 f a _/ & psi -mu1 a con/ant1 ov] ! surface ( ! sph]e1 s t !re is no fl[ across4 ,:5 ! s\rce ,s is inside ! sph]e & ,h outside1 ! l9e s9k mu/ ext5d f ,h to inf9ity 9 ! image sy/em2 to realize physically ! condition ( z]o fl[ across ! sph]e1 an equal s9k mu/ be introduc$ at "s o!r int]nal po9t ,s4 ,:5 ,s & ,s lie on ! same radius1 tak5 along ,ox1 ! ,/okes' function c be writt5 d[n2 & :5 ,s & ,s coalesce a d\blet is produc$1 ) a d\blet image at ,h4 ,= a d\blet at ,s1 ( mom5t m1 ! ,/okes' function is d y m-- cos ,p,sx -m---2 7#e7 df ,,ps & = its image at ,h ! ,/okes' function is d a y m-- cos ,p,hx -m-- ---2 7#f7 df f ,,ph s t = ! comb9ation _/a #a #a y _/ a f psi my 7 -- --- - --- 7 m-- 7 --- - --- 71 7#g7 f ,,ph ,,ps_/ f ,,ph ,,ps_/ & ?is vani%es ov] ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,!re is ao ,/okes' function :5 ! axis ( ! d\blet at ,s does n pass ?r\gh ,o2 ! image sy/em w consi/ ( an incl9$ d\blet at ,h1 mak+ an equal angle ) ,,os z ! d\blet ,s1 & ( a p>allel negative l9e d\blet1 ext5d+ f ,h to ,o1 ( mom5t v>y+ z ! di/ance f ,o4 ,a di/ribution ( s\rces & d\blets ov] a mov+ surface w enable an expression to be obta9$ = ! velocity function ( a body mov+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a fix$ sph]e1 or inside x4 ,! me?od ( electrical images w enable ! /ream function psi to be inf]r$ f a di/ribution ( d\blets1 f9ite 9 numb] :5 ! surface is compos$ ( two sph]es int]sect+ at an angle pi_/m1 :]e m is an integ] 7,r4 ,a4 ,h]man1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ( ,ma?4 xxii474 ,?us = m #b1 ! sph]es are or?ogonal1 & x c be v]ifi$ t _/ a#a a#b a psi ,uy 7 #a - --- - --- -- 71 7#h7 r#a r#b r _/ :]e a#a1 a#b1 a a#a;a#b_/root7a#a a#b7 is ! radius ( ! sph]es & _! circle ( int]section1 & r#a1 r#b1 r ! di/ances ( a po9t f _! c5tres4 ,! correspond+ expression = two or?ogonal cyl9d]s w be _/ a#a a#b a psi ,uy 7 #a - --- - --- -- 74 7#i7 r#a r#b r _/ ,) a#b oo1 ^! r$uce to _/ a#e x _/ a#d x psi ,uy 7 #a - --- 7 ---1 or ,uy 7 #a - --- 7 ---1 7#aj7 r#e _/ a r#d _/ a = a sph]e or cyl9d]1 & a diametral plane4 ,two equal sph]es1 int]sect+ at #abj1 w require x a a#d7;a - #bx7 a a#d7;a #bx7 psi ,uy --- - ---- ----------- ---- - ----------- 1 7#aa7 a #br#a #br#ae #br#b #br#be ) a simil> expression = cyl9d]s2 s t ! plane x #j may be introduc$ z a b\nd>y1 cutt+ ! surface at #fj4 ,! motion ( ^! cyl9d]s across ! l9e ( c5tres is ! equival5t ( a l9e d\blet along ea* axis4 #dg4 ,! ext5sion ( ,gre5's solution to a rotation ( ! ellipsoid 0 made by ,a4 ,clebs*1 by tak+ a velocity function phi xy*i 7#a7 = a rotation ,r ab\t ,oz2 & a simil> proc$ure %[s t an ellipsoidal surface lambda may be 9 rotation ab\t ,oz )\t di/urb+ ! motion if _/ #a #a dx 7 ------------ ------------ 7 *i #b--------- a lambda b lambda _/ dlambda ,r - ---------------------------------------- -------------1 7#b7 #a_/7;b lambda - #a_/7;a lambda7 & t ! cont9uity ( ! liquid is secur$ if d*i 7a lambda7#c_/b 7b lambda7#c_/b 7c lambda7 --------- con/ant1 7#c7 dlambda _/ oo ,ndlambda ,n ,blambda - ,alambda *i ------------------------------- --- 4 -----------------------2 7#d7 _/lambda 7a lambda77b lambda7,p abc a - b & at ! surface lambda #j1 _/ #a #a ,n ,b#j - ,a#j ,n #a 7 -- -- 7 --- ------- - --- ---- a b_/ abc a - b abc ab ,r - ----------------------------------1 7#e7 #a_/;b - #a_/;a ,n #a_/;b - #a_/;a --- ,r --------------------------1 7#f7 abc #a _/ #a #a ,b#j - ,a#j ---- - 7 -- -- 7 ------- ab a b_/ a - b 7a - b7_/7a b7 ,r -------------------------------4 7a - b7_/7a b7 - 7,b#j - ,a#j7 ,! velocity function ( ! liquid inside ! ellipsoid lambda #j due to ! same angul> velocity w be phi#a ,rxy7a - b7_/7a b71 7#g7 & on ! surface outside ,n ,b#j - ,a#j phi#j xy*i#j xy--- -------1 7#h7 abc a - b s t ! ratio ( ! ext]ior & int]ior value ( phi at ! surface is phi#j ,b#j - ,a#j ------ -------------------------------1 7#i7 phi#a 7a - b7_/7a b7 - 7,b#j - ,a#j7 & ?is is ! ratio ( ! effective angul> in]tia ( ! liquid1 outside & inside ! ellipsoid lambda #j4 ,! ext5sion to ! case :]e ! liquid is b\nd$ ext]nally by a fix$ ellipsoid lambda lambda#a is made 9 a simil> mann]1 by putt+ phi xy7*i ,m71 7#aj7 & ! ratio ( ! effective angul> in]tia 9 7#i7 is *ang$ to a#a - b#a abc 7,b#j - ,a#j7 - 7,b#a - ,a#a7 --------- ------ a#a b#a a#a;b#a;c#a ---------------------------------------- ----------4 7#aa7 a - b a#a - b#a abc ------- - --------- ------ - 7,b#j - ,a#j7 7,b#a - ,a#a7 a b a#a b#a a#a;b#a;c#a ,make c oo = confocal elliptic cyl9d]s2 & !n _/oo ab ab _/ _/b lambda ,alambda ---------------------------------------- ------------- ------- 7 #a - _/ ------------- 71 7#ab7 _/lambda 7a lambda7root7#d;a lambdab lambda7 a - b _/ a lambda _/ ab _/ _/a lambda ,blambda ------- 7 _/ ------------- - #a 71 ,clambda #j2 a - b _/ b lambda _/ & !n z above 9 #ca1 ) a c * alpha1 b c % alpha1 a#a root7a lambda7 c * alpha#a1 b#a c % alpha#a 7#ac7 ! ratio 9 7#aa7 agrees ) #ca 7#f74 ,z be=e 9 #ca1 ! rotation may be resolv$ into a %e>-pair1 9 planes p]p5dicul> to ,ox & ,oy4 ,a torsion ( ! ellipsoidal surface w give rise to a velocity function ( ! =m phi xyz,omega1 :]e ,omega c be express$ by ! elliptic integrals ,alambda1 ,blambda1 ,clambda1 9 a simil> mann]1 s9ce _/ oo ,omega ,l dlambda_/,p _/ lambda #dh4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! phi's & *i's is a k9ematical problem1 solv$ z yet only = a few cases1 su* z ^? discuss$ above4 ,b suppos+ !m det]m9$ = ! motion ( a body ?r\gh a liquid1 ! k9etic en]gy ,t ( ! sy/em1 liquid & body1 is expressible z a quadratic function ( ! compon5ts ,u1 ,v1 ,w1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r4 ,! p>tial diff]5tial coeffici5t ( ,t ) respect to a compon5t ( velocity1 l9e> or angul>1 w be ! compon5t ( mom5tum1 l9e> or angul>1 :i* corresponds4 ,conv]sely1 if ! k9etic en]gy ,t is express$ z a quadratic function ( x#a1 x#b1 x#c1 y#a1 y#b1 y#c1 ! compon5ts ( mom5tum1 ! p>tial diff]5tial coeffici5t ) respect to a mom5tum compon5t w give ! compon5t ( velocity to correspond4 ,^! !orems1 :i* hold = ! motion ( a s+le rigid body1 are true g5]ally = a flexible sy/em1 su* z consid]$ "h = a liquid1 ) "o or m rigid bodies swimm+ 9 x2 & !y express ! /atem5t t ! "w done by an impulse is ! product ( ! impulse & ! ari?metic mean ( ! initial & f9al velocity2 s t ! k9etic en]gy is ! "w done by ! impulse 9 />t+ ! motion f re/4 ,?us if ,t is express$ z a quadratic function ( ,u1 ,v1 ,w1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ! compon5ts ( mom5tum correspond+ are d,t d,t d,t x#a --1 x#b --1 x#c --1 7#a7 d,u d,v d,w d,t d,t d,t y#a --1 y#b --1 y#c --2 d,p d,q d,r b :5 x is express$ z a quadratic function ( x#a1 x#b1 x#c1 y#a1 y#b1 y#c1 d,t d,t d,t ,u ---1 ,v ---1 ,w ---1 7#b7 dx#a dx#b dx#c d,t d,t d,t ,p ---1 ,q ---1 ,r ---4 dy#a dy#b dy#c ,! second sy/em ( expression 0 *os5 by ,clebs* & adopt$ by ,halph5 9 8 ,fonctions elliptiques2 & !nce ! dynamical equations foll[ dx#a d,t d,t ,x --- - x#b--- x#c---1 ,y 4441 ,z 4441 7#c7 dt dy#c dy#b dy#a d,t d,t d,t d,t ,l --- - y#b--- y#c--- - x#b--- x#b---1 ,m 4441 ,n 4441 7#d7 dt dy#c dy#b dx#c dx#b :]e ,x1 ,y1 ,z1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n d5ote compon5ts ( ext]nal appli$ =ce on ! body4 ,^! equations are prov$ by tak+ a l9e fix$ 9 space1 ^: direction cos9es are l1 m1 n1 !n dl dm dn -- m,r - n,q1 -- n,p - l,r1 -- l,q - m,p4 7#e7 dt dt dt ,if ,p d5otes ! resultant l9e> impulse or mom5tum 9 ?is direction ,p lx#a mx#b nx#c1 7#f7 d,p dl dm dn -- --x#a --x#b --x#c dt dt dt dt dx#a dx#b dx#c l--- m--- n---1 dt dt dt _/ dx#a l 7 --- - x#b,r x#c,q 7 dt _/ _/ dx#b m 7 --- - x#c,p x#a,r 7 dt _/ _/ dx#c n 7 --- - x#a,q x#b,p 7 dt _/ l,x m,y n,z1 7#g7 = all values ( l1 m1 n4 ,next1 tak+ a fix$ orig9 ,omega & axes p>allel to ,ox1 ,oy1 ,oz ?r\gh ,o1 & d5ot+ by x1 y1 z ! coord9ates ( ,o1 & by ,g ! compon5t angul> mom5tum ab\t ,omega 9 ! direction 7l1 m1 n7 ,g l7y#a - x#bz x#cy7 m7y#b - x#cx x#az7 n7y#c - x#ay x#bx74 7#h7 ,diff]5tiat+ ) respect to t1 & aft]w>ds mov+ ! fix$ orig9 up to ! mov+ orig9 ,o1 s t dx dy dz x y z #j1 b -- ,u1 -- ,v1 -- ,w1 dt dt dt d,g _/ dy#a -- l 7 --- - y#b,r y#c,q - x#b,w x#c,v 7 dt dt _/ _/ dy#b m 7 --- - y#c,p y#a,r - x#c,u x#a,w 7 dt _/ _/ dy#c n 7 --- - y#a,q y#b,p - x#a,v x#b,u 7 dt _/ l,l m,m n,n1 7#i7 = all values ( l1 m1 n4 ,:5 no ext]nal =ce acts1 ! case :i* we %all consid]1 !re are ?ree integrals ( ! equations ( motion 7i47 ,t con/ant1 7ii47 x#a x#b x#c ,f1 a con/ant1 7iii47 x#ay#a x#by#b x#cy#c n ,,gf1 a con/ant2 & ! dynamical equations 9 7#c7 express ! fact t x#a1 x#b1 x#c are ! compon5ts ( a con/ant vector hav+ a fix$ direction2 :ile 7#d7 %[s t ! vector resultant ( y#a1 y#b1 y#c moves z if subject to a c\ple ( compon5ts x#b,w - x#c,v1 x#c,u - x#a,w1 x#a,v - x#b,u1 7#aj7 & ! resultant c\ple is !re=e p]p5dicul> to ,f1 ! resultant ( x#a1 x#b1 x#c1 s t ! compon5t along ,,( is con/ant1 z express$ by 7iii74 ,if a f\r? integral is obta9able1 ! solution is r$ucible to a quadrature1 b ?is is n possible except 9 a limit$ s]ies ( cases1 inve/igat$ by ,h4 ,web]1 ,f4 ,ktt]1 ,r4 ,li\ville1 ,casp>y1 ,jukovsky1 ,liap\n(f1 ,kolos(f & o!rs1 *iefly ,russian ma!maticians2 & ! g5]al solution requires ! d\ble-!ta hyp]elliptic function4 #di4 ,9 ! motion :i* c be solv$ by ! elliptic function1 ! mo/ g5]al expression ( ! k9etic en]gy 0 %[n by ,a4 ,clebs* to take ! =m ,t p7x#a x#b7 px#c q7x#ay#a x#by#b7 qx#cy#c r7y#a y#b7 ry#c 7#a7 s t a f\r? integral is giv5 by dy#c_/;dt #j1 y#c con/ant2 7#b7 dx#c --- x#a7qx#b ry#b7 - x#b7qx#a ry#a7 r7x#ay#b - x#by#a71 7#c7 dt #a _/ dx#c -- 7 --- 7 7x#a x#b77y#a y#b7 - 7x#ay#a x#by#b7 r dt _/ 7x#a x#b77y#a y#b7 - 7,,fg - x#cy#c7 7x#a x#b77y#a y#b y#c - ,g7 - 7,gx#c - ,fy#c71 7#d7 9 :i* x#a x#b ,f - x#c1 x#ay#a x#by#b ,,fg - x#cy#c1 7#e7 r7y#a y#b7 #b,t - p7x#a x#b7 - px#c - #bq7x#ay#a x#by#b7 - #bqx#cy#c - ry#c 7p - p7x#c #b7q - q7x#cy#c m#a1 7#f7 m#a - #b,t - p,f - #bq,f,g - r#ay#c 7#g7 s t #a _/ dx#c -- 7 --- 7 ,x#c 7#h7 r dt _/ :]e ,x#c is a qu>tic function ( x#c1 & ?us t is giv5 by an elliptic integral ( ! fir/ k9d2 & by inv]sion x#c is 9 elliptic function ( ! "t t4 ,n[ 7x#a - x#b;i77y#a y#b;i7 x#ay#a x#by#b i7x#ay#b - x#by#a7 ,,fg - xy#cy#c i,v-,x#c1 7#i7 y#a y#b;i ,,fg - x#cy#c iroot,x#c -------- --------------------- 1 7#aj7 x#a x#b;i x#a x#b d -- 7x#a x#b;i7 -i7q - q7x#c ry#c irx#c7y#a y#b;i71 7#aa7 dt d ,,fg - x#cy#c iroot,x#c --- log 7x#a x#b;i7 dti -7q - q7x - ry rx ---------------------1 7#ab7 dti ,f - x#c d _/x#a x#b;i ,fy#c - ,gx#c --- log _/ -------- -7q - q7x#c - 7r - r7y#c - ,fr---------1 7#ac7 dti _/ x#a - x#b;i ,f - x#c requir+ ! elliptic integral ( ! ?ird k9d2 !nce ! expression ( x#a x#b;i & y#a y#b;i4 ,introduc+ ,eul]'s angles !ta1 phi1 psi1 x#a ,f s9 !ta s9 phi1 x#b ,f s9 !ta cos phi1 x#a x#b;i i,f s9 !taepsilon7-psii71 x#c ,f cos !ta2 7#ad7 dpsi s9 !ta ------ ,p s9 phi ,q cosphi1 7#ae7 dt dpsi d,t d,t ,f s9!ta ------ --- x#a --- x#b dt dy#a dy#b 7qx#a ry#a7x#a 7qx#b ry#b7x#b qx#a x#b7 r 7x#ay#a x#by#b7 g,f s9 !ta r7,,fg - x#cy#c71 7#af7 _/ ,,fg - x#cy#c ,fr dx#c psi - q,ft --------- --------1 7#ag7 _/ ,f - x#c root,x#c elliptic integrals ( ! ?ird k9d4 ,employ+ ,g4 ,kir*h(f's expressions = ,x1 ,y1 ,z1 ! coord9ates ( ! c5tre ( ! body1 ,,fx y#a cos x,y y#b cos y,y y#c cos z,y1 7#ah7 ,,fy -y#a cos x,x y#b cos y,x y#c cos z,x1 7#ai7 ,g y#a cos x,z y#b cos y,z y#c cos z,z1 7#bj7 ,f7,x ,y7 y#a y#b y#c - ,g1 7#ba7 ,fy#c - ,gx#c iroot,x#c ,f7,x ,yi7 --------------------- epsilonpsii4 7#bb7 root7,f - x#c7 ,suppose x#c - ,f is a repeat$ factor ( ,x#c1 !n y#c ,g1 & p - p q - q ,x#c 7x#c - ,f7 ------7x#c ,f7 #b------;,g7x#c ,f7 - ,g 1 7#bc7 r r & putt+ x#c - ,f y1 _/ dy p - p q - q 7 -- 7 ry #d ------ ,f #d ------ ,,fg - ,g dt _/ r r _/ p - p q - q p - p #b 7 #b ------ ,f ------ ,g 7 y ------ y 1 7#bd7 r r _/ r s t ! /ability ( ?is axial movem5t is secur$ if p - p q - q ,a #d ------,f #d ------,,fg - ,g 7#be7 r r is negative1 & !n ! axis makes r,v-7-,a7_/pi nutations p] second4 ,o!rwise1 if ,a is positive _/ dy rt ---------------------- _/ yroot7,a #b;,by ,cy7 #a %7-#a7 root,aroot7,a #b;,by ,cy7 #a *7-#a7 ,a ,by ------- ---------------------------- ------- ---------------1 7#bf7 root,a *7-#a7 yroot7,b ,,ac7 root,a %7-#a7 yroot7,b ,,ac7 & ! axis falls away ultimately f its orig9al direction4 ,a numb] ( cases are work$ out 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics 7#aijg71 9 :i* ! motion is made algebraical by ! use ( ! pseudo-elliptic integral4 ,to give a simple in/ance1 *ang+ to ! /]eographic projection by putt+ tan !ta x1 7,nxepsii7#c_/b 7x #a7root,x#a i7x - #a7root,x#b1 7#bg7 ,x#a -- ax#d #b;ax #c7;a b7x #b;bx b1 7#bh7 ,x#b ,n -#h7;a b71 7#bi7 w give a possible /ate ( motion ( ! axis ( ! body2 & ! motion ( ! c5tre may !n be inf]r$ f 7#bb74 #ej4 ,! !ory prec$+ is ( practical application 9 ! inve/igation ( ! /ability ( ! axial motion ( a subm>9e boat1 ( ! elongat$ gas bag ( an air%ip1 or ( a sp9n+ rifl$ projectile4 ,9 ! /eady motion "u no =ce ( su* a body 9 a m$ium1 ! c5tre ( gravity describes a helix1 :ile ! axis describes a cone r\nd ! direction ( motion ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 & ! c\ple caus+ precession is due to ! displacem5t ( ! m$ium4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a m$ium ! in]tia ( ! body to translation is ! same 9 all directions1 & is measur$ by ! weight ,w1 & "u no =ce ! ,c4,g4 proce$s 9 a /raight l9e1 & ! axis ( rotation ?r\gh ! ,c4,g4 pres]ves its orig9al direction1 if a pr9cipal axis ( ! body2 o!rwise ! axis describes a cone1 "r circul> if ! body has uniaxial symmetry1 & a ,po9sot cone 9 ! g5]al case4 ,b ! pres5ce ( ! m$ium makes ! effective in]tia dep5d on ! direction ( motion ) respect to ! ext]nal %ape ( ! body1 & on ,w ! weight ( fluid m$ium displac$4 ,consid]1 = example1 a subm>9e boat "u wat]2 ! in]tia is diff]5t = axial & broadside motion1 & may be repres5t$ by c#a ,w ,walpha1 c#b ,w ,wbeta1 7#a7 :]e alpha1 beta are num]ical factors dep5d+ on ! ext]nal %ape2 & if ! ,c4,g4 is mov+ ) velocity ,v at an angle phi ) ! axis1 s t ! axial & broadside compon5t ( velocity is u ,v cos phi1 v ,v s9 phi1 ! total mom5tum ,f ( ! m$ium1 repres5t$ by ! vector ,,( at an angle !ta ) ! axis1 w h compon5ts1 express$ 9 sec4 lb41 u ,v v ,v ,f cos !ta c#a --- 7,w ,walpha7 --- cos phi1 ,f s9 !ta c#b --- 7,w ,wbeta7 --- s9 phi4 7#b7 g g g g ,suppose ! body is kept f turn+ z x advances2 aft] t seconds ! ,c4,g4 w h mov$ f ,o to ,o1 :]e ,,oo ,vt2 & at ,o ! mom5tum is ! same 9 magnitude z be=e1 b its vector is displac$ f ,,( to ,o,f4 ,= ! body alone ! resultant ( ! compon5ts ( mom5tum ,v ,v ,v ,w --- cos phi & ,w --- s9 phi is ,w --- sec4 lb41 7#c7 g g g act+ along ,,oo1 & s is unalt]$4 ,b ! *ange ( ! resultant mom5tum ,f ( ! m$ium z well z ( ! body f ! vector ,,( to ,o,f requires an impulse c\ple1 t5d+ to increase ! angle ,,foo1 ( magnitude1 9 sec4 foot-p\nds ,f,,oos9 ,,foo ,f,vt s9 7!ta - phi71 7#d7 equival5t to an incessant c\ple ,n ,,fv s9 7!ta - phi7 7,f s9 !ta cos phi - ,f cos !ta s9 phi7,v 7c#b - c#a77,v_/g7 s9 phi cos phi ,w7beta - alphauv_/g74 7#e7 ,?is ,n is ! c\ple 9 foot-p\nds *ang+ ! mom5tum ( ! m$ium1 ! mom5tum ( ! body alone rema9+ ! same2 ! m$ium reacts on ! body ) ! same c\ple ,n 9 ! opposite direction1 t5d+ :5 c#b-;c#a is positive to set ! body broadside to ! advance4 ,an oblate flatt5$ body1 l a disk or plate1 has c#b - c#a negative1 s t ! m$ium /e]s ! body axially2 ?is may be v]ifi$ by a plate dropp$ 9 wat]1 & a leaf or disk or rocket-/ick or piece ( pap] fall+ 9 air4 ,a c>d w %[ ! influ5ce ( ! c\ple ,n if project$ ) a sp9 9 its plane1 :5 x w be f\nd to *ange its aspect 9 ! air4 ,an elongat$ body l a %ip has c#b-;c#a positive1 & ! c\ple ,n t5ds to di/urb ! axial movem5t & makes x un/able1 s t a /eam] requires to be /e]$ by con/ant att5tion at ! helm4 ,consid] a subm>9e boat or air%ip mov+ freely ) ! direction ( ! resultant mom5tum horizontal1 & ! axis at a slight incl9ation !ta4 ,) no res]ve ( buoyancy ,w ,w1 & ! c\ple ,n1 t5d+ to increase !ta1 has ! effect ( dim9i%+ ! metac5tric height by h ft4 v]tical1 :]e c#a u ,: tan!ta ,n 7c#b - c#a7 -- --- tan !ta1 7#f7 c#b g c#b - c#a c#a u #a alpha u h ------- -- --- 7beta - alpha ----------- ---4 7#g7 ,w c#b g #a beta g #ea4 ,an elongat$ %ot is made to pres]ve its axial flight ?r\gh ! air by giv+ x ! sp9 suffici5t = /ability1 )\t :i* x w\ld turn broadside to its advance2 a top 9 ! same way is made to /& upright on ! po9t 9 ! position ( equilibrium1 un/able /atically b dynamically /able if ! sp9 is suffici5t2 & ! inve/igation proce$s 9 ! same way = ! two problems 7see ,,gyroscope74 ,! effective angul> in]tia ( ! body 9 ! m$ium is n[ requir$2 d5ote x by ,c#a ab\t ! axis ( ! figure1 & by ,c#b ab\t a diamet] ( ! mean section4 ,a rotation ab\t ! axis ( a figure ( revolution does n set ! m$ium 9 motion1 s t ,c#a is ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! body ab\t ! axis1 d5ot$ by ,wk#a4 ,b if ,wk#b is ! mom5t ( in]tia ( ! body ab\t a mean diamet]1 & omega ! angul> velocity ab\t x g5]at$ by an impulse c\ple ,m1 & ,m is ! c\ple requir$ to set ! surr\nd+ m$ium 9 motion1 suppos$ ( effective radius ( gyration k1 ,wk#bomega ,m - ,m1 ,wkomega ,m1 7#a7 ,wk#b ,wkomega ,m1 7#b7 ,c#b ,wk#b ,wk 7,w ,wepsilon7k#b1 7#c7 9 :i* we h put k epsilonk1 :]e epsilon is a num]ical factor dep5d+ on ! %ape4 ,if ! %ot is sp9n+ ab\t its axis ) angul> velocity p1 & is prec$+ /eadily at a rate mu ab\t a l9e p>allel to ! resultant mom5tum ,f at an angle !ta1 ! velocity ( ! vector ( angul> mom5tum1 z 9 ! case ( a top1 is ,c#apmu s9 !ta - ,c#bmu s9 !ta cos !ta2 7#d7 & equat+ ?is to ! impress$ c\ple 7multipli$ by g71 t is1 to c#a g,n 7c#a - c#b7-- u tan !ta1 7#e7 c#b & divid+ out s9!ta1 :i* equat$ to z]o w\ld imply p]fect c5tr+1 we obta9 c#a ,c#bmu cos !ta - ,c#apmu 7c#b - c#a7-- u sec !ta #j4 7#f7 c#b ,! lea/ admissible value ( p is t :i* makes ! roots equal ( ?is quadratic 9 mu1 & !n ,c#a mu --p sec !ta1 7#g7 ,c#b ! roots w\ld be imag9>y = a value ( p small] ?an giv5 by c#a ,c#ap - #d7;c#b - c#a7-- ,c#bu #j1 7#h7 c#b p c#a ,c#b -- #d 7c#b - c#a7 -- ---4 7#i7 u c#b ,c#a ,table ( ,rifl+ = ,/ability ( an ,elongat$ ,projectile1 x ,calibres long1 giv+ delta ! ,angle ( ,rifl+1 & n ! ,pit* ( ,rifl+ 9 ,calibres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ca/-iron ,common ,pallis] ,%ell ,solid ,/eel ,solid ,lead ,%ell f #b_/c1 f 1 ,s4,g4 #h4 ,bullet ,bullet f #j1 ,s4,g4 #g4b4 f #j1 ,s4,g4 #h4 ,s4,g4 #aj4i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ x beta-alphadelta n delta n delta n delta n ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ #a4j #j4jjjj #j #j;,inf9ity #j #j;,inf9ity #j #j;,inf9ity #j #j;,inf9ity #b4j #j4didb #b #di #fc4hg #b #cb #ga4jh #b #bi #gb4ba #b #jh #hd4bi #b4e #j4fjef #c #df #dg4ia #c #bc #ec4cb #c #ai #ed4ag #b #ea #fc4bd #c4j #j4fhai #d #da #ch4de #d #ac #db4gi #d #ji #dc4dg #c #ch #ej4gd #c4e #j4gcgj #e #ce #cb4ac #e #jb #ce4ge #d #eh #cf4cc #d #ae #db4dj #d4j #j4gghb #f #cj #bg4fj #e #ea #cj4gb #e #de #ca4ba #d #ef #cf4dc #d4e #j4hajj #g #bd #bd4bj #f #dj #bf4ic #f #cb #bg4cf #e #cg #ca4id #e4j #j4hcea #h #af #ba4ef #g #bh #bc4ih #g #ba #bd4cf #f #ah #bh4dd #f4j #j4hgba #aj #je #ag4fg #i #jd #ai4fg #h #ef #ai4ih #g #dj #bc4cc #aj4j #j4icie #af #eg #aj4ca #ae #ai #aa4dg #ae #je #aa4fe #ac #jj #ac4fj ,inf9ity #a4jjjj #ij #jj #j4jj #ij #jj #j4jj #ij #jj #j4jj #ij #jj #j4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,if ! %ot is mov+ z if fir$ f a gun ( calibre d in*es1 9 :i* ! rifl+ makes "o turn 9 a pit* ( n calibres or nd in*es1 s t ! angle delta ( ! rifl+ is giv5 by tan delta pid_/nd dp_/u1 7#aj7 :i* is ! ratio ( ! l9e> velocity ( rotation dp to u1 ! velocity ( advance1 c#a ,c#b;d tan delta pi_/n dp_/#du 7c#b - c#a7 -- ---- c#b ,c#a ,w _/ ,w _/ k#b #a --- alpha 7 #a ---epsilon 7 7 -- 7 ,w ,w ,w _/ d _/ --- 7beta - alpha7 --------------- -----------------------------4 7#aa7 ,w ,w _/ k#a #d #a ---beta 7 -- 7 ,w d _/ ,= a %ot 9 air ! ratio ,w_/,w is s small t ! squ>e may be neglect$1 & =mula 7#aa7 c be replac$ = practical purpose 9 artill]y by pi ,w _/ k#b _/ _/ k#a #d tandelta ----- --- 7beta - alpha7 7 -- 7 _/ 7 -- 71 7#ab7 n ,w d _/ _/ d _/ if !n we c calculate beta1 alpha1 or beta - alpha = ! ext]nal %ape ( ! %ot1 ?is equation w give ! value ( delta & n requir$ = /ability ( flight 9 ! air4 ,! ellipsoid is ! only %ape = :i* alpha & beta h s f> be5 det]m9$ analytically1 z %[n already 9 #dd1 s we mu/ re/rict our calculation to an egg-%ap$ bullet1 b\nd$ by a prolate ellipsoid ( revolution1 9 :i*1 ) b c1 _/ oo ab dlambda _/ oo ab dlambda ,a#j ---------------------------------------- --------------- -----------------------------------1 7#ac7 _/ #j 7a lambda7root#d7;a lambda77b lambda7 _/ #j #b7;a lambda7#c_/b 7b lambda7 ,a#j #b;,b#j #a1 7#ad7 ,a#j ,b#j #a - ,a#j #a alpha ------1 beta ------ ------ ------------4 7#ae7 #a - ,a#j #a - ,b#j #a ,a#j #a #b;alpha ,! l5g? ( ! %ot be+ d5ot$ by l & ! calibre by d1 & ! l5g? 9 calibres by x l_/d #b;a_/#b;b x1 7#af7 x #a ,a#j ----------- *7-#a7x - ------1 7#ag7 7x- #a7c_/b x - #a -x x #b;,b#j ----------- *7-#a7x ------1 7#ah7 x - #a7c_/b x #a x %7-#a7 root7x-#a7 x x,a#j #b;,b#j ---------------------- ------------ log x root7x - #a74 7#ai7 root7x-#a7 root7x-#a7 ,if sigma d5otes ! d5sity ( ! metal1 & if ! %ell has a cavity homo!tic ) ! ext]nal ellipsoidal %ape1 a fraction f ( ! l9e> scale2 !n ! volume ( a r\nd %ot be+ #a_/f pi d#c1 & #a_/f pi d#c x ( a %ot x calibres long ,w #a_/f pi d#c x 7i - f#c7 sigma1 7#bj7 d ,wk#a #a_/f pi d#c x -- 7#a - f#e7 sigma1 7#ba7 #aj l d ,wk#b #a_/f pi d#c x ------- 7#a - f#e7 sigma4 7#bb7 #bj ,if rho d5otes ! d5sity ( ! air or m$ium ,w #a_/f pi d#c x rho1 7#bc7 ,w #a rho --- ------ -------1 7#bd7 ,w #a - f sigma k#a #a #a - f#e k#b x #a --- --- -------1 ---- ------1 7#be7 d #aj #a - f k#a #b rho x #a tan delta ------- 7beta - alpha7-------------1 7#bf7 sigma #a_/e 7#a - f#e7 9 :i* sigma_/rho may be replac$ by #hjj times ! ,s4,g4 ( ! metal1 tak+ wat] z #hjj times d5s] ?an air on ! av]age1 9 r\nd numb]s1 & =mula 7#aj7 may be writt5 n tan delta pi1 or ndelta #ahj1 :5 delta is a small angle1 & giv5 9 degrees4 ,f ?is =mula 7#bf7 ! table foll[+ has be5 calculat$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,hadcock1 & ! results are 9 agreem5t ) practical exp]i5ce4 #eb4 ,9 ! /eady motion ! c5tre ( ! %ot describes a helix1 ) axial velocity _/ c#a u cos !ta v s9 !ta 7 l -- tan !ta 7 u cos !ta asympt u sec !ta1 7#a7 c#b _/ & transv]se velocity _/ c#a u s9 !ta - v cos !ta 7 l - -- 7 u s9 !ta asympt 7beta - alpha7 u s9 !ta2 7#b7 c#b _/ & ! "t ( complet+ a turn ( ! spiral is #bpi_/mu4 ,:5 mu has ! critical value 9 7#g71 #bpi #dpi ,c#b #bpi ----- ----- -- cos !ta ----- 7x #a7 cos !ta1 7#c7 mu p ,c#a p :i* makes ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d] on :i* ! helix is wrapp$ #bpi #bpiu -----7u s9 !ta - v cos !ta ------ 7beta - alpha7 7x #a7 s9 !ta cos !ta mu p nd 7beta - alpha7 7x #a7 s9 !ta cos !ta1 7#d7 & ! l5g? ( "o turn ( ! helix #bpi ----- 7u cos !ta v s9 !ta 7 nd7x #a72 7#e7 mu ?us = x #c1 ! l5g? is #aj times ! pit* ( ! rifl+4 #ec4 ,! ,motion ( a ,p]=at$ ,solid 9 ,liquid4--,9 ! prec$+ inve/igation1 ! liquid /ops dead :5 ! body is br\ght to re/2 & :5 ! body is 9 motion ! surr\nd+ liquid moves 9 a uni=m mann] ) respect to axes fix$ 9 ! body1 & ! =ce exp]i5c$ by ! body f ! pressure ( ! liquid on its surface is ! opposite ( t requir$ to *ange ! motion ( ! liquid2 ?is has be5 express$ by ! dynamical equations giv5 above4 ,b if ! body is p]=at$1 ! liquid c circulate ?r\gh a hole1 9 re5trant /ream l9es l9k$ ) ! body1 ev5 :ile ! body is at re/2 & no reaction f ! surface c influ5ce ?is circulation1 :i* may be suppos$ />t$ 9 ! ideal mann] describ$ 9 #bi1 by ! application ( impulsive pressure across an ideal membrane clos+ ! hole1 by means ( ideal me*anism connect$ ) ! body4 ,! body is held fix$1 & ! reaction ( ! me*anism & ! resultant ( ! impulsive pressure on ! surface are a measure ( ! impulse1 l9e> xi1 eta1 zeta1 & angul> lambda1 mu1 nu1 requir$ to />t ! circulation4 ,?is impulse w rema9 ( con/ant magnitude1 & fix$ relatively to ! body1 :i* ?us exp]i5ces an additional reaction f ! circulation :i* is ! opposite ( ! =ce requir$ to *ange ! position 9 space ( ! circulation impulse2 & ^! extra =ces mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! dynamical equations4 ,an article may be consult$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag41 ,april #ahic1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,bryan1 9 :i* ! analytical equations ( motion are d$uc$ ( a p]=at$ solid 9 liquid1 f consid]ations purely hydrodynamical4 ,! effect ( an ext]nal circulation ( vortex motion on ! motion ( a cyl9d] has be5 inve/igat$ 9 #bi2 a simil> proc$ure w %[ ! influ5ce ( circulation ?r\gh a hole 9 a solid1 tak+ z ! simple/ illu/ration a r+-%ap$ figure1 ) uniplan> motion1 & d5ot+ by xi ! resultant axial l9e> mom5tum ( ! circulation4 ,z ! r+ is mov$ f ,o to ,o 9 "t t1 ) velocity ,q1 & angul> velocity ,r1 ! compon5ts ( liquid mom5tum *ange f alpha,m,u xi & beta,m,v along ,ox & ,oy to alpha,m,u xi & beta,m,v along ,ox & ,oy1 7#a7 ! axis ( ! r+ *ang+ f ,ox to ,ox2 & ,u ,q cos !ta1 ,v ,q s9 !ta1 ,u ,q cos 7!ta - ,rt71 ,v ,q s9 7!ta - ,rt71 7#b7 s t ! increase ( ! compon5ts ( mom5tum1 ,x#a1 ,y#a1 & ,n#a1 l9e> & angul>1 are ,x#a 7alpha,m,u xi7cos ,rt - alpha,m,u - xi - beta,m,v s9 ,rt 7alpha - beta7,m,q s9 7!ta - ,rt7 s9 ,rt - xi v] ,rt 7#c7 ,y#a 7alpha,m,u xi7 s9 ,rt beta,m,v cos ,rt - beta,m,v 7alpha - beta7,m,q cos 7!ta - ,rt7 s9 ,rt xi s9 ,,rt1 7#d7 ,n#a -7alpha,m,u xi7 s9 7!ta - ,rt7 beta,m,v cos 7!ta - ,rt7,,oo -7alpha - beta7,q cos 7!ta - ,rt7 s9 7!ta - ,rt7 - xi s9 7!ta - ,rt7,qt4 7#e7 ,! compon5ts ( =ce1 ,x1 ,y1 & ,n1 act+ on ! liquid at ,o1 & react+ on ! body1 are !n ,x lt4 ,x#a_/t 7alpha - beta7,m,,qr s9 !ta 7alpha - beta7,m,,vr1 7#f7 ,y lt4 ,y#a_/t 7alpha - beta7,m,,qr cos !ta xi,r 7alpha - beta7,m,,ur xi,r1 7#g7 ,z lt4 ,z#a_/t -7alpha - beta7,m,q s9 !tacos!ta - xi,q s9 !ta -7alpha - beta7,m,u xi,v4 7#h7 ,n[ suppose ! cyl9d] is free2 ! additional =ces act+ on ! body are ! compon5ts ( k9etic reaction ( ! liquid _/ d,u _/ d,v d,r -alpha,m 7 -- - ,,vr 71 -beta,m 7 -- ,,ur 71 epsilon,c--1 7#i7 dt _/ dt _/ dt s t its equations ( motion are _/ d,u _/ d,u ,m 7 -- -,,vr 7 -alpha,m 7 -- - ,,vr 7 - 7alpha - beta7,m,,vr1 7#aj7 dt _/ dt _/ _/ d,v _/ d,v ,m 7 -- ,,ur 7 -beta,m 7 -- ,,ur 7 - 7alpha - beta7,m,,ur - xi,r1 7#aa7 dt _/ dt _/ d,r d,r ,c-- -epsilon,c-- 7alpha - beta7,m,,uv xi,v2 7#ab7 dt dt & putt+ z be=e ,m alpha,m c#a1 ,m beta,m c#b1 ,c epsilon,c ,c#c1 7#ac7 d,u c#a-- - c#b ,,vr #j1 7#ad7 dt d,v c#b-- 7c#a ,u xi7,r #j1 7#ae7 dt d,r c#c-- - 7c#a,u xi - c#b ,u7,v #j2 7#af7 dt %[+ ! modification ( ! equations ( plane motion1 due to ! compon5t xi ( ! circulation4 ,! integral ( 7#ad7 & 7#ae7 may be writt5 c#a,u xi ,f cos !ta1 c#b,v - ,f s9 !ta1 7#ag7 dx ,f cos !ta ,f s9 !ta xi -- ,u cos !ta - ,v s9 !ta -------------- -------------- - ---- cos !ta1 7#ah7 dt c#a c#b c#a dmu _/ ,f ,f xi ----- ,u s9 !ta ,v cos !ta 7 -- - -- 7 s9 !ta cos !ta - ---- s9 !ta1 7#ai7 dt c#a c#b _/ c#a d!ta _/ ,f ,f ,fxi dmu ,c#c--------- 7 -- - -- 7 s9 !ta cos !ta - ----- s9 !ta ,f-----1 7#bj7 dt c#a c#b _/ c#a dt d!ta _/ ,f cos !ta ,f s9 !ta ,fxi ,c#c-------- ,fy _/ - --------------- - --------------- #b----- cos !ta ,h 2 7#ba7 dt _/ c#a c#b c#a s t cos !ta & y is an elliptic function ( ! "t4 ,:5 xi is abs5t1 dx_/dt is always positive1 & ! c5tre ( ! body _c describe loops2 b ) xi1 ! influ5ce may be great en\gh to make dx_/dt *ange sign1 & s loops occur1 z %[n 9 ,a4 ,b4 ,basset's ,hydrodynamics1 i4 #aib1 resembl+ ! tro*oidal curves1 :i* c be loop$1 inve/igat$ 9 #bi = ! motion ( a cyl9d] "u gravity1 :5 surr\nd$ by a vortex4 ,! bran* ( hydrodynamics :i* discusses wave motion 9 a liquid or gas is giv5 n[ 9 ! articles ,,s\nd & ,,wave2 :ile ! influ5ce ( viscosity is consid]$ "u ,,hydraulics4 ,,ref]5ces4--,= ! hi/ory & ref]5ces to ! orig9al memoirs see ,report to ! ,briti% ,association1 by ,g4 ,g4 ,/okes 7#ahdf71 & ,w4 ,m4 ,hicks 7#ahhb74 ,see also ! ,=ts*ritte d] ,ma!matik1 & ,a4 ,e4 ,h4 ,love1 ,hydrodynamik 9 ! ,encyklpadie d] ma!matis*5 ,wiss5s*aft5 7#aija74 7,a4 ,g4 ,g47 ,,hydrom$usae1 a gr\p ( m>9e animals1 recogniz$ z belong+ to ! ,hydrozoa 7q4v47 by ! foll[+ *>act]s4 7#a7 ,! polyp 7hydropolyp7 is ( simple /ructure1 typically mu* long] ?an broad1 )\t ectod]mal oesophagus or mes5t]ies1 su* z are se5 9 ! an?opolyp 7see article ,,an?ozoa72 ! m\? is usually rais$ above ! p]i/ome on a %ort conical elevation or hypo/ome2 ! ectod]m is )\t cilia4 7#b7 ,) v few exceptions1 ! polyp is n ! only type ( individual t occurs1 b alt]nates 9 ! life-cycle ( a giv5 species1 ) a di/9ct type1 ! m$usa 7q4v471 :ile 9 o!r cases ! polyp-/age may be abs5t altoge!r1 s t only m$usa-individuals occur 9 ! life-cycle4 ,! ,hydrom$usae repres5t1 !re=e1 a sub-class ( ! ,hydrozoa4 ,! only o!r sub-class is ! ,scyphom$usae 7q4v474 ,! ,hydrom$usae contra/ ) ! ,scyphom$usae 9 ! foll[+ po9ts4 7#a7 ,! polyp1 :5 pres5t1 is )\t ! /rongly develop$ longitud9al retractor muscles1 =m+ ridges 7ta5iolae7 project+ into ! dige/ive cavity1 se5 9 ! scyphi/oma or scyphopolyp4 7#b7 ,! m$usa1 :5 pres5t1 has a velum & is h5ce said to be crasp$ote2 ! n]v\s sy/em =ms two cont9u\s r+s runn+ above & bel[ ! velum2 ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella is n lob$ 7except 9 ,n>com$usae7 b entire2 !re are *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 ! s5se-organs 7see bel[1 & ,,scyphom$usae72 & ga/ral filam5ts 7phacellae71 subg5ital pits1 c41 are abs5t4 7#c7 ,! gonads1 :e!r =m$ 9 ! polyp or ! m$usa1 are develop$ 9 ! ectod]m4 ,! ,hydrom$usae =m a widespread1 dom9ant & highly diff]5tiat$ gr\p ( animals1 typically m>9e1 & f\nd 9 all seas & 9 all zones ( m>9e life4 ,fre%-wat] =ms1 h[ev]1 are also kn[n1 v few z reg>ds species or g5]a1 b (t5 extremely abundant z individuals4 ,9 ! ,briti% fre%-wat] fauna only two g5]a1 ,hydra & ,cordylophora1 are f\nd2 9 ,am]ica occurs an additional g5us1 ,microhydra4 ,! paucity ( fre%-wat] =ms contra/s %>ply1 ) ! great abundance ( m>9e g5]a common 9 all seas & on e %ore4 ,! species ( ,hydra1 h[ev]1 are extremely common & famili> inhabitants ( ponds & dit*es4 ,9 fre%-wat] ,hydrom$usae ! life-cycle is usually second>ily simplifi$1 b 9 m>9e =ms ! life-cycle may be extremely complicat$1 & a giv5 species (t5 passes 9 ! c\rse ( its hi/ory ?r\gh widely diff]5t =ms adapt$ to diff]5t habitats & modes ( life4 ,ap>t f l>val or embryonic =ms !re are f\nd typically two types ( p]son1 z already /at$1 ! polyp & ! m$usa1 ea* ( :i* may v>y indep5d5tly ( ! o!r1 s9ce _! environm5t & life-conditions are usually q diff]5t4 ,h5ce bo? polyp & m$usa pres5t *>act]s = classification1 & a giv5 species1 g5us or o!r taxonomic category may be def9$ by polyp-*>act]s or m$usa-*>act]s or by bo? comb9$4 ,if our k ( ! life-hi/ories ( ^! organisms 7 p]fect1 _! polymorphism w\ld pres5t no difficulties to classification2 b un=tunately ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,9 ! majority ( cases we d n "k ! polyp correspond+ to a giv5 m$usa1 or ! m$usa t arises f a giv5 polyp4#a ,ev5 :5 a m$usa is se5 to be budd$1 f a polyp "u obs]vation 9 an aqu>ium1 ! difficulty is n always solv$1 s9ce ! fre%ly-lib]at$1 immature m$usa may diff] greatly f ! full-gr[n1 sexually-mature m$usa aft] sev]al mon?s ( life on ! high seas 7see figs4 #aa1 ,b1 ,c1 & #ei1 a1 b1 c74 ,to e/abli% ! exact relation%ip x is necess>y n only to bre$ b to re> ! m$usa1 :i* _c always be done 9 conf9em5t4 ,! alt]native is to fi% all /ages ( ! m$usa 9 its gr[? 9 ! op5 sea1 a sl[ & labori\s me?od 9 :i* ! *ance ( error is v great1 unless ! s]ies ( /ages is v complete4 ,at pres5t1 !re=e1 classifications ( ! ,hydrom$usae h a m or less t5tative "*1 & are liable to revision ) increas$ k ( ! life-hi/ories ( ^! organisms4 ,_m gr\ps be> at pres5t two names1 ! "o repres5t+ ! gr\p z def9$ by polyp-*>act]s1 ! o!r z def9$ by m$usa-*>act]s4 ,x is n ev5 possible 9 all cases to be c]ta9 t ! polyp-gr\p corresponds exactly to ! m$usa-gr\p1 especially 9 m9or sy/ematic categories1 su* z families4 ,! foll[+ is ! ma9 outl9e ( ! classification t is ,adopt$ 9 ! pres5t article4 ,gr\ps f\nd$ on polyp-*>act]s are pr9t$ 9 ord9>y type1 ^? f\nd$ on m$usa-*>act]s 9 italics4 ,= def9itions ( ! gr\ps see bel[4 ,sub-class ,hydrom$usae 7,hydrozoa ,crasp$ota74 ,ord] ,i4 ,eleu!robla/ea4 ,,ii4 ,hydroidea 7,leptol9ae74 ,sub-ord] #a4 ,gymnobla/ea 7,an?om$usae74 #b4 ,calyptobla/ea 7,leptom$usae74 ,ord] ,,iii4 ,hydrocorall9ae4 ,,iv4 ,graptolitoidea4 ,v4 ,tra*yl9ae4 ,sub-ord] #a4 ,tra*om$usae4 #b4 ,n>com$usae4 ,ord] ,,vi4 ,siphonophora4 ,sub-ord] #a4 ,*ondrophorida4 #b4 ,calycophorida4 #c4 ,physophorida4 #d4 ,cy/ophorida4 ,organization & ,morphology ( ! ,hydrom$usae4 ,z already /at$1 !re occur 9 ! ,hydrom$usae two di/9ct types ( p]son1 ! polyp & ! m$usa2 & ei!r ( !m is capable ( non-sexual reproduction by budd+1 a process :i* may lead to ! =mation ( colonies1 compos$ ( m or few] individuals comb9$ & connect$ toge!r4 ,! morphology ( ! gr\p ?us falls naturally into f\r sections--7#a7 ! hydropolyp1 7#b7 ! polyp-colony1 7#c7 ! hydrom$usa1 7#d7 ! m$usa-colonies4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 m$usa-colonies occur only 9 "o gr\p1 ! ,siphonophora1 & div]g5t views are held ) reg>d to ! morphological int]pretation ( ! memb]s ( a siphonophore1 only ! fir/ ?ree ( ! above subdivisions ( hydrom$usa morphology w be dealt ) "h 9 a g5]al way1 & ! morphology ( ! ,siphonophora w be consid]$ "u ! head+ ( ! gr\p itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,diagram ( a typical ,hydropolyp4 a1 ,hydran?2 b1 ,hydrocaulus2 c1 ,hydrorhiza2 t1 ,t5tacle2 ps1 ,p]is>c1 =m+ 9 ! region ( ! hydran? a cup or hydro!ca 7h1 t71--:i*1 h[ev]1 is only f\nd 9 polyps ( ! ord] ,calyptobla/ea4 #a4 ,! ,hydropolyp 7fig4 #a7--,! g5]al *>act]s ( ?is organism are describ$ above & 9 ! articles ,,hydrozoa & ,,polyp4 ,x is r>ely free1 b usually fix$ & incapable ( locomotion4 ,! foot by :i* x is atta*$ (t5 s5ds out root-l processes--! hydrorhiza 7c74 ,! column 7b7 is g5]ally long1 sl5d] & /alk-l 7hydrocaulus74 ,j bel[ ! cr[n ( t5tacles1 h[ev]1 ! body wid5s out to =m a head1 t]m$1 ! hydran? 7a71 conta9+ a /oma*-l dilatation ( ! dige/ive cavity4 ,on ! upp] face ( ! hydran? ! cr[n ( t5tacles 7t7 surr\nds ! p]i/ome1 f :i* rises ! conical hypo/ome1 be>+ ! m\? at its extremity4 ,! g5]al ectod]m cov]+ ! surface ( ! body has entirely lo/ ! cilia pres5t 9 ! e>li] l>val /ages 7planula71 & may be nak$1 or clo!d 9 a cuticle or exoskeleton1 ! p]is>c 7ps71 :i* 9 its simple/ condition is a *it9\s membrane secret$ by ! ectod]m4 ,! p]is>c :5 pres5t inve/s ! hydrorhiza & hydrocaulus2 x may /op %ort bel[ ! hydran?1 or x may ext5d f>!r4 ,9 g5]al !re are two types ( exoskeleton1 *>act]i/ic ( ! two pr9cipal divisions ( ! ,hydroidea4 ,9 ! ,gymnobla/ea ! p]is>c ei!r /ops bel[ ! hydran?1 or1 if cont9u$ on to x1 =ms a closely-fitt+ inve/m5t ext5d+ z a ?9 cuticle z f> z ! bases ( ! t5tacles 7e4g4 ,bim]ia1 see ,g4 ,j4 ,allman #a1b pl4 xii4 figs1 #a & #c74 ,9 ! ,calyptobla/ea ! p]is>c is always cont9u$ above ! hydrocaulus1 & =ms a cup1 ! hydrangium or hydro!ca 7h1 t71 /&+ (f f ! body1 into :i* ! hydran? c be retract$ = %elt] & protection4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,allman's ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #b4--,/auridium productum1 portion ( ! colony magnifi$2 p1 polyp2 rh1 hydrorhiza4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,diagram ( ,corymorpha4 ,a1 ,a hydri=m p]son giv+ rise to m$usi=m p]sons by budd+ f ! m>g9 ( ! disk2 ,b1 free swimm+ m$usa 7,/e5/rupia ( ,=bes7 deta*$ f ! same1 ) manubrial g5italia1 7,an?om$usae7 & only "o t5tacle4 7,aft] ,allman74 ,! ar*itecture ( ! hydropolyp1 simple ?\gh x be1 furni%es a long s]ies ( v>iations affect+ ea* "p ( ! body4 ,! greate/ v>iation1 h[ev]1 is se5 9 ! t5tacles4 ,z reg>ds numb]1 we f9d 9 ! ab]rant =ms ,protohydra & ,microhydra t5tacles entirely abs5t4 ,9 ! curi\s hydroid ,monobra*ium a s+le t5tacle is pres5t1 & ! same is ! case 9 ,cla?rozoon2 9 ,amphibra*ium & 9 ,l> 7fig4 #aa1 ,a7 ! polyp be>s two t5tacles only4 ,! r$uction ( ! t5tacles 9 all ^! =ms may be correlat$ ) _! mode ( life1 & especially ) liv+ 9 a con/ant curr5t ( wat]1 :i* br+s food-p>ticles always f "o direction & r5d]s a complete :orl or circle ( t5tacles unnecess>y4 ,?us ,microhydra lives among/ ,bryozoa1 & appe>s to utilize ! curr5ts produc$ by ^! animals4 ,protohydra occurs 9 oy/]-banks & ,monobra*ium also gr[s on ! %ells ( bivalves1 & bo? ^! hydroids probably fi% 9 ! curr5ts produc$ by ! lamellibran*s4 ,amphibra*ium gr[s 9 ! tissues ( a sponge1 ,euplectella1 & protrudes its hydran? into ! canal-sy/em ( ! sponge2 & ,l> gr[s on ! tubes ( ! worm ,sabella4 ,) ! exception ( ^! =ms1 r$uc$ = ! mo/ "p 9 correlation ) a semi-p>asitic mode ( life1 ! t5tacles are usually num]\s4 ,x is r>e to f9d 9 ! polyp a regul>1 symmetrical disposition ( ! t5tacles z 9 ! m$usa4 ,! primitive numb] ( f\r 9 a :orl is se51 h[ev]1 9 ,/auridium 7fig4 #b7 & ,cladonema 7,allman #a1 pl4 xvii471 & 9 ,clavatella ea* :orl consi/s regul>ly ( eight 7,allman1 loc4 cit4 pl4 xviii474 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! numb] 9 a :orl is irregul>4 ,! t5tacles may =m a s+le :orl1 or m ?an "o2 ?us 9 ,corymorpha 7fig4 #c7 & ,tubul>ia 7fig4 #d7 !re are two circlets2 9 ,/auridium 7fig4 #b7 sev]al2 9 ,coryne & ,cordylophora ! t5tacles are scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] ! elongat$ hydran?4 ,z reg>ds =m1 ! t5tacles %[ a numb] ( types1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are 7#a7 fili=m1 i4e4 cyl9drical or tap]+ f base to extremity1 z 9 ,clava 7fig4 #e72 7#b7 capitate1 i4e4 knobb$ at ! extremity1 z 9 ,coryne 7see ,allman1 loc4 cit4 pl4 iv472 7#c7 bran*$1 a r>e =m 9 ! polyp1 b se5 9 ,cladocoryne 7see ,allman1 loc4 cit4 p4 #chj1 fig4 #hb74 ,sometimes m ?an "o type ( =m is f\nd 9 ! same polyp2 9 ,p5n>ia & ,/auridium 7fig4 #b7 ! upp] :orls are capitate1 ! l[] fili=m4 ,f9ally1 z reg>ds /ructure1 ! t5tacles may reta9 _! primitive holl[ nature1 or become solid by oblit]ation ( ! axial cavity4 ,! hypo/ome ( ! hydropolyp may be small1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ,eud5drium 7,allman1 loc4 cit4 pls4 xiii41 xiv471 l>ge & trumpet-%ap$4 ,9 ! curi\s polyp ,myrio!la ! body ( ! polyp is diff]5tiat$ into nutritive & reproductive portions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,diagram ( ,tubul>ia indivisa4 ,a s+le hydri=m p]son a be>+ a /alk c>ry+ num]\s deg5]ate m$usi=m p]sons or sporosacs b4 7,aft] ,allman47 ,hi/ology4--,! ectod]m ( ! hydropolyp is *iefly s5sory1 contractile & protective 9 function4 ,x may also be gl&ul> 9 places4 ,x consi/s ( two regions1 an ext]nal epi!lial lay] & a m int]nal sub-epi!lial lay]4 ,! epi!lial lay] consi/s ( 7#a7 s-call$ indiff]5t cells secret+ ! p]is>c or cuticle & modifi$ to =m gl&ul> cells 9 places2 = example1 ! adhesive cells 9 ! foot4 7#b7 ,s5sory cells1 :i* may be fairly num]\s 9 places1 especially on ! t5tacles1 b :i* occur always scatt]$ & isolat$1 nev] aggregat$ to =m s5se-organs z 9 ! m$usa4 7#c7 ,contractile or myo-epi!lial cells1 ) ! cell prolong$ at ! base into a contractile muscle-fibre 7fig4 #f1 ,b74 ,9 ! hydropolyp ! ectod]mal muscle-fibres are always direct$ longitud9ally4 ,belong+ prim>ily to ! epi!lial lay]1 ! muscul> cells may become second>ily sub-epi!lial4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,allman's ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #e4--;,colonies ( ,clava4 ,a1 ,clava squamata1 magnifi$4 ,b1 ,c4 multicornis1 natural size2 p1 polyp2 gon1 gonophores2 rh1 hydrorhiza4 ,! sub-epi!lial lay] consi/s prim>ily ( ! s-call$ int]/itial cells1 lodg$ betwe5 ! n>r[$ basal portions ( ! epi!lial cells4 ,f !m are develop$ two di/9ct types ( hi/ological elem5ts2 ! g5ital cells & ! cnidobla/s or "m-cells ( ! nematocy/s4 ,! sub-epi!lial lay] ?us prim>ily con/itut$ may be recruit$ by immigration f )\t ( o!r elem5ts1 m especially by n]v\s 7ganglion7 cells & muscle-cells d]iv$ f ! epi!lial lay]4 ,9 its fulle/ developm5t1 !re=e1 ! sub-epi!lial lay] consi/s ( f\r classes ( cell-elem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,a4--,portion ( ! body-wall ( ,hydra1 %[+ ectod]m cells above1 sep>at$ by /ructureless lamella f ?ree flagellate endod]m cells bel[4 ,! latt] are vacuolat$1 & conta9 ea* a nucleus & sev]al d>k granules4 ,9 ! middle ectod]m cell are se5 a nucleus & ?ree nematocy/s1 ) trigg] hairs project+ beyond ! cuticle4 ,a l>ge nematocy/1 ) ev]t$ ?read1 is se5 9 ! "r-h& ectod]mal cell4 7,aft] ,f4 ,e4 ,s*ulze47 ,! g5ital cells are simple w&]+ cells 7ar*aeocytes71 at fir/ m9ute & )\t any specially di/9ctive features1 until !y beg9 to develop into g]m-cells4 ,accord+ to ,wulf]t #fj ! primitive g]m-cells ( ,gono?yraea c be di/+ui%$ soon aft] ! fixation ( ! planula1 appe>+ among/ ! int]/itial cells ( ! ectod]m4 ,! g]m-cells are capable ( ext5sive migrations1 n only 9 ! body ( ! same polyp1 b also f p>5t to bud ?r\gh _m non-sexual g5]ations ( polyps 9 a colony 7,a4 ,weismann #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,b4--,epid]mo-muscul> cells ( ,hydra4 m1 muscul>-fibre processes4 7,aft] ,kle95b]g1 f ,geg5baur47 ,! cnidobla/s are ! "m-cells ( ! nematocy/s1 ea* cell produc+ "o nematocy/ 9 its int]ior4 ,! complete nematocy/ 7fig4 #g7 is a sph]ical or oval capsule conta9+ a holl[ ?read1 usually b>b$1 coil$ 9 its int]ior4 ,! capsule has a d\ble wall1 an out] "o 7o4c471 t\gh & rigid 9 nature1 & an inn] "o 7i4c47 ( m flexible consi/5ce4 ,! out] wall ( ! capsule is incomplete at "o pole1 leav+ an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! ?read is dis*>g$4 ,! inn] membrane is cont9u\s ) ! wall ( ! holl[ ?read at a spot imm$iately bel[ ! ap]ture 9 ! out] wall1 s t ! ?read itself 7f7 is simply a holl[ prolongation ( ! wall ( ! inn] capsule inv]t$ & pu%$ into its cavity4 ,! entire nematocy/ is enclos$ 9 ! cnidobla/ :i* =m$ x4 ,:5 ! nematocy/ is completely develop$1 ! cnidobla/ passes outw>ds s z to occupy a sup]ficial position 9 ! ectod]m1 & a delicate protoplasmic process ( s5sory nature1 t]m$ ! cnidocil 7cn7 projects f ! cnidobla/ l a f9e hair or cilium4 ,_m po9ts 9 ! developm5t & me*anism ( ! nematocy/ are disput$1 b x is tol]ably c]ta9 7#a7 t ! cnidocil is ( s5sory nature1 & t /imulation1 by contact ) prey or 9 o!r ways1 causes a reflex dis*>ge ( ! nematocy/2 7#b7 t ! dis*>ge is an explosive *ange :]eby ! 9-turn$ ?read is sudd5ly ev]t$ & turn$ inside out1 be+ ?us %ot ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! out] wall ( ! capsule1 & =c$ viol5tly into ! tissues ( ! prey1 or1 x may be1 ( an enemy2 7#c7 t ! ?read inflicts n m]ely a me*anical w\nd1 b in/ils an irritant poison1 numb+ & p>alys+ 9 its action4 ,! po9ts mo/ 9 dispute are1 fir/1 h[ ! explosive dis*>ge is br\ght ab\t1 :e!r by pressure ex]t$ ext]nal to ! capsule 7i4e4 by contraction ( ! cnidobla/7 or by int]nal pressure4 ,n4 ,iwanzov #bg has br\ght =w>d /rong gr\nds = ! latt] view1 po9t+ out t ! cnidobla/ has no contractile me*anism & t measurem5ts %[ dis*>g$ capsules to be on ! av]age slightly l>g] ?an undis*>g$ ones4 ,he believes t ! capsule conta9s a sub/ance :i* swells v rapidly :5 br\ght into contact ) wat]1 & t 9 ! undis*>g$ condition ! capsule has its op5+ clos$ by a plug ( protoplasm 7x1 fig4 #g7 :i* prev5ts access ( wat] to ! cont5ts2 :5 ! cnidocil is /imulat$ x sets 9 action a me*anism or p]haps a s]ies ( *emical *anges by :i* ! plug is dissolv$ or remov$2 z a result wat] p5etrates into ! capsule & causes its cont5ts to swell1 ) ! result t ! ?read is ev]t$ viol5tly4 ,a second po9t ( dispute conc]ns ! spot at :i* ! poison is lodg$4 ,iwanzov believes x to be conta9$ )9 ! ?read itself be=e dis*>ge1 & to be introduc$ into ! tissues ( ! prey by ! ev]sion ( ! ?read4 ,a ?ird po9t ( dispute is :e!r ! nematocy/s are =m$ 9 situ1 or :e!r ! cnidobla/s migrate ) !m to ! region :]e !y are mo/ ne$$2 ! fact t 9 ,hydra1 = example1 !re are no int]/itial cells 9 ! t5tacles1 :]e nematocy/s are v abundant1 is c]ta9ly 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! cnidobla/s migrate on to ! t5tacles f ! body1 & t l ! g5ital cells ! cnidobla/s are w&]+ cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,diagrams to %[ ! /ructure ( ,nematocy/s & _! mode ( work+4 7,aft] ,iwanzov47 a1 ,undis*>g$ nematocy/4 b1 ,comm5c+ dis*>ge4 c1 ,dis*>ge complete4 cn1 ,cnidocil4 ,n1 ,nucleus ( cnidobla/4 o4c1 ,out] capsule4 x1 ,plug clos+ ! op5+ ( ! out] capsule4 i4c41 ,inn] capsule1 cont9u\s ) ! wall ( ! filam5t1 f4 b1 ,b>bs4 ,! muscul> tissue consi/s prim>ily ( processes f ! bases ( ! epi!lial cells1 processes :i* are contractile 9 nature & may be di/9ctly /riat$4 ,a fur!r /age 9 evolution is t ! muscle-cells lose _! connexion ) ! epi!lium & come to lie entirely b5ea? x1 =m+ a sub-epi!lial contractile lay]1 develop$ *iefly 9 ! t5tacles ( ! polyp4 ,! evolution ( ! ganglion-cells1 is probably simil>2 an epi!lial cell develops processes ( n]v\s nature f ! base1 :i* come into connexion ) ! bases ( ! s5sory cells1 ) ! muscul> cells1 & ) ! simil> processes ( o!r n]ve-cells2 next ! n]ve-cell loses its connexion ) ! out] epi!lium & becomes a sub-epi!lial ganglion-cell :i* is closely connect$ ) ! muscul> lay]1 convey+ /imuli f ! s5sory cells to ! contractile elem5ts4 ,! ganglion-cells ( ,hydrom$usae are g5]ally v small4 ,9 ! polyp ! n]v\s tissue is always 9 ! =m ( a scatt]$ plexus1 nev] conc5trat$ to =m a def9ite n]v\s sy/em z 9 ! m$usa4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,geg5baur's ,elem5ts ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,,fig4 #h4--,vacuolat$ ,endod]m ,cells ( c>tilag9\s consi/5ce f ! axis ( ! t5tacle ( a ,m$usa 7,cun9a74 ,! endod]m ( ! polyp is typically a flagellat$ epi!lium ( l>ge cells 7fig4 #f71 f ! bases ( :i* arise contractile muscul> processes ly+ 9 ! plane ( ! transv]se section ( ! body4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! coel5t]on ! endod]m may be ( ?ree pr9cipal types--7#a7 dige/ive endod]m1 ! primitive type1 ) cells ( l>ge size & consid]ably vacuolat$1 f\nd 9 ! hydran?2 "s ( ^! cells may become special gl&ul> cells1 )\t flagella or contractile processes2 7#b7 circulatory endod]m1 )\t vacuoles & )\t basal contractile processes1 f\nd 9 ! hydrorhiza & hydrocaulus2 7#c7 support+ endod]m 7fig4 #h71 se5 9 solid t5tacles z a r[ ( cubical vacuolat$ cells1 occupy+ ! axis ( ! t5tacle1 greatly resembl+ noto*ordal tissue1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,amphioxus at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t2 z a f\r? v>iety ( endod]mal cells excretory cells %\ld p]haps be reckon$1 z se5 9 ! pores 9 ! foot ( ,hydra & else:]e 7cf4 ,c4 ,*un1 ,,hydrozoa #a1 pp4 #cad1 #cae74 ,! mesogloea 9 ! hydropolyp is a ?9 ela/ic lay]1 9 :i* may be lodg$ ! muscul> fibres & ganglion cells m5tion$ above1 b :i* nev] conta9s any connective tissue or skeletog5\s cells or any o!r k9d ( special mesogloeal corpuscles4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,allman's ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #i4--;,colony ( ,hydract9ia e*9ata1 gr[+ on ! ,%ell ( a ,:elk4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,allman's ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,polyps f a ,colony ( ,hydract9ia1 magnifi$4 dz1 dactylozoid2 gz1 ga/rozoid3 b1 bla/o/yle2 gon1 gonophores2 rh1 hydrorhiza4 #b4 ,! ,polyp-colony4--,all kn[n hydropolyps possess ! p[] ( reproduction by budd+1 & ! buds produc$ may become ei!r polyps or m$usae4 ,! buds may all become deta*$ aft] a "t & give rise to sep>ate & indep5d5t individuals1 z 9 ! common ,hydra1 9 :i* only polyp-individuals are produc$ & sexual elem5ts are develop$ ^u ! polyps !mselves2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! polyp-individuals produc$ by budd+ may rema9 p]man5tly 9 connexion ) ! p>5t polyp1 9 :i* case sexual elem5ts are nev] develop$ on polyp-individuals b only on m$usa-individuals1 & a true colony is =m$4 ,?us ! typical hydroid colony />ts f a f\nd] polyp1 :i* 9 ! va/ majority ( cases is fix$1 b :i* may be float+1 z 9 ,nemopsis1 ,pelagohydra1 c4 ,! f\nd]-polyp usually produces by budd+ polyp-individuals1 & ^! 9 _! turn produce o!r buds4 ,! polyps are all non-sexual individuals ^: function is purely nutritive4 ,aft] a "t ! polyps1 or c]ta9 ( !m1 produce by budd+ m$usa-individuals1 :i* soon] or lat] develop sexual elem5ts2 9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 ! f\nd]-polyp rema9s solit>y1 t is to say1 does n produce polyp-buds1 b only m$usa-buds1 f ! fir/ 7,corymorpha1 fig4 #c1 ,myrio!la1 c474 ,9 primitive =ms ! m$usa-individuals are set free be=e rea*+ sexual maturity & d n contribute any?+ to ! colony4 ,9 o!r cases1 h[ev]1 ! m$usa-individuals become sexually mature :ile /ill atta*$ to ! p>5t polyp1 & are !n n set free at all1 b become appanages ( ! hydroid colony & und]go deg5]ative *anges lead+ to r$uction & ev5 to complete oblit]ation ( _! orig9al m$usan /ructure4 ,9 ?is way ! hydroid colony becomes compos$ ( two portions ( diff]5t function1 ! nutritive trophosome1 compos$ ( non-sexual polyps1 & ! reproductive gonosome1 compos$ ( sexual m$usa-individuals1 :i* nev] ex]cise a nutritive function :ile atta*$ to ! colony4 ,z a g5]al rule polyp-buds are produc$ f ! hydrorhiza & hydrocaulus1 :ile m$usa-buds are =m$ on ! hydran?4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 m$usa-buds are =m$ on ! hydrorhiza1 z 9 ,hydrocorall9es4 ,9 su* a colony ( connect$ individuals1 ! exact limits ( ! sep>ate p]sons are n always cle>ly m>k$ out4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe51 fir/1 ! zooids1 indicat$ 9 ! case ( ! polyps by ! hydran?s1 ea* ) m\? & t5tacles2 &1 secondly1 ! co5os>c1 or common fle%1 :i* _c be assign$ m to "o individual ?an ano!r1 b consi/s ( a m or less complicat$ network ( tubes1 correspond+ to ! hydrocaulus & hydrorhiza ( ! primitive indep5d5t polyp-individual4 ,! co5os>c con/itutes a sy/em by :i* ! dige/ive cavity ( any "o polyp is put into communication ) t ( any o!r individual ei!r ( ! trophosome or gonosome4 ,9 ?is mann] ! food absorb$ by "o individual contributes to ! welf>e ( ! :ole colony1 & ! co5os>c has ! function ( circulat+ & di/ribut+ nutrim5t ?r\gh ! colony4 ,! hydroid colony %[s _m v>iations 9 =m & ar*itecture :i* dep5d simply ^u diff]5ces 9 ! me?ods 9 :i* polyps are budd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,h9cks1 ,=bes1 & ,br[ne4 ,a & ,b modifi$ f ,h9cks2 ,c modifi$ f ,=bes's ,brit4 ,nak$-ey$ ,m$usae4 ,,fig4 #aa4--,l> sabell>um & two /ages ( its ,m$usa1 ,willia /ellata4 ,a1 colony ( ,l>2 ,b & ,c1 "y & adult m$usae4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 buds may be produc$ only f ! hydrorhiza1 :i* gr[s out & bran*es to =m a basal /olon1 typically net-l1 spread+ ov] ! sub/ratum to :i* ! f\nd]-polyp atta*$ itself4 ,f ! /olon ! daught]-polyps gr[ up v]tically4 ,! result is a spread+ or creep+ colony1 ) ! co5os>c 9 ! =m ( a root-l horizontal network 7fig4 #e1 ,b2 #aa1 ,a74 ,su* a colony may und]go two pr9cipal modifications4 ,! me%es ( ! basal network may become v small or virtually oblit]at$1 s t ! co5os>c becomes a cru/ ( tubes t5d+ to fuse toge!r1 & cov]$ ov] by a common p]is>c4 ,encru/+ colonies ( ?is k9d are se5 9 ,clava squamata 7fig4 #e1 ,a7 & ,hydract9ia 7figs4 #i1 #aj71 ! latt] hav+ ! p]is>c calcifi$4 ,a fur!r v important modification is se5 :5 ! tubes ( ! basal p]is>c d n rema9 spread out 9 "o plane1 b gr[ 9 all planes =m+ a felt-"w2 ! result is a massive colony1 su* z is se5 9 ! s-call$ ,hydrocorall9es 7fig4 #fj71 :]e ! int]spaces betwe5 ! co5os>cal tubes are fill$ up ) calc>e\s matt]1 or co5o/eum1 replac+ ! *it9\s p]is>c4 ,! result is a /ony1 solid mass1 :i* contributes to ! build+ up ( coral reefs4 ,9 massive colonies ( ?is k9d no %>p di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 hydrorhiza & hydrocaulus 9 ! co5os>c2 x is practically all hydrorhiza4 ,massive colonies may assume v>i\s =ms & are (t5 bran*+ or tree-l4 ,a fur!r peculi>ity ( ?is type ( colony is t ! entire co5os>cal complex is cov]$ ext]nally by a common lay] ( ectod]m2 x is n cle> h[ ?is cov]+ lay] is develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,colony ( ,b\ga9villea fruticosa1 natural size1 atta*$ to ! und]side ( a piece ( float+ timb]4 7,aft] ,allman47 ,9 ! second place1 ! buds may be produc$ f ! hydrocaulus1 gr[+ out lat]ally f x2 ! result is an arboresc5t1 tree-l colony 7figs4 #ab1 #ac74 ,budd+ f ! hydrocaulus may be comb9$ ) budd+ f ! hydrorhiza1 s t num]\s bran*+ colonies arise f a common basal /olon4 ,9 ! =mation ( arboresc5t colonies1 two %>ply di/9ct types ( budd+ are f\nd1 :i* are be/ describ$ 9 botanical t]m9ology z ! monopodial or racemose1 & ! sympodial or cymose types respectively2 ea* is *>act]i/ic ( "o ( ! two sub-ord]s ( ! ,hydroidea1 ! ,gymnobla/ea & ,calyptobla/ea4 ,9 ! monopodial me?od 7figs4 #ab1 #ad7 ! f\nd]-polyp is1 !oretically1 ( unlimit$ gr[? 9 a v]tical direction1 & z x gr[s up x ?r[s out buds "r & left alt]nately1 s t ! fir/ bud produc$ by x is ! l[e/ d[n1 ! second bud is above ! fir/1 ! ?ird above ?is aga91 & s on4 ,ea* bud produc$ by ! f\nd] proce$s to gr[ & to bud 9 ! same way z ! f\nd] did1 produc+ a side bran* ( ! ma9 /em4 ,h5ce1 9 a colony ( gymnobla/ic hydroids1 ! olde/ polyp ( ea* sy/em1 t is to say1 ( ! ma9 /em or ( a bran*1 is ! topmo/ polyp2 ! y\nge/ polyp ( ! sy/em is ! "o ne>e/ to ! topmo/ polyp2 & ! axis ( ! sy/em is a true axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,portion ( colony ( ,b\ga9villea fruticosa 7,an?om$usae-,gymnobla/ea7 m magnifi$4 7,f ,lubbock1 aft] ,allman47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,diagrams ( ! monopodial me?od ( budd+1 %[n 9 five /ages 7#a-e74 ,f1 ! f\nd]-polyp2 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ! succession ( polyps budd$ f ! f\nd]-polyp2 a1 b1 c1 ! succession ( polyps budd$ f #a2 a1 b1 polyps budd$ f #b2 a1 polyp budd$ f #c4 ,9 ! sympodial me?od ( budd+1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f\nd]-polyp is ( limit$ gr[?1 & =ms a bud f its side1 :i* is also ( limit$ gr[?1 & =ms a bud 9 its turn1 & s on 7figs4 #ae1 #af74 ,h5ce1 9 a colony ( calyptobla/ic hydroids1 ! olde/ polyp ( a sy/em is ! l[e/2 ! y\nge/ polyp is ! topmo/ "o2 & ! axis ( ! sy/em is a false axis compos$ ( portions ( ea* ( ! consecutive polyps4 ,9 ?is me?od ( budd+ !re are two types4 ,9 "o1 ! bis]ial type 7fig4 #ae71 ! polyps produce buds "r & left alt]nately1 s t ! hydran?s are arrang$ 9 a zigzag fa%ion1 =m+ a scorpioid cyme1 z 9 ,obelia & ,s]tul>ia4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! unis]ial type 7fig4 #af71 ! buds are =m$ always on ! same side1 =m+ a helicoid cyme1 z 9 ,hydrallmania1 accord+ to ,h4 ,dries*1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! primitively unis]ial arrangem5t becomes mask$ lat] by second>y torsions ( ! hydran?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,diagram ( sympodial budd+1 bis]ial type1 %[n 9 five /ages 7#a-e74 ,f1 f\nd]-polyp2 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 succession ( polyps budd$ f ! f\nd]2 a1 b1 c1 second s]ies ( polyps budd$ f ! f\nd]2 a1 b1 s]ies budd$ f #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,diagram ( sympodial budd+1 unis]ial type1 %[n 9 f\r /ages 7#a-d74 ,f1 f\nd]-polyp2 #a1 #b1 #c1 succession ( polyps budd$ f ! f\nd]4 ,9 a colony =m$ by sympodial budd+1 a polyp always produces fir/ a bud1 :i* contributes to ! sy/em to :i* x belongs1 i4e4 cont9ues ! /em or bran* ( :i* its p>5t =ms a "p4 ,! polyp may !n =m a second bud1 :i* becomes ! />t+ po9t ( a new sy/em1 ! beg9n+1 t is1 ( a new bran*2 & ev5 a ?ird bud1 />t+ yet ano!r sy/em1 may be produc$ f ! same polyp4 ,h5ce ! colonies ( ,calyptobla/ea may be complexly bran*$1 & ! budd+ may be bis]ial ?r\gh\t1 unis]ial ?r\gh\t1 or p>tly "o1 p>tly ! o!r4 ,?us 9 ,plumul>idae 7figs4 #ag1 #ah7 !re is =m$ a ma9 /em by bis]ial budd+2 ea* polyp on ! ma9 /em =ms a second bud1 :i* usually =ms a side bran* or p9nule by unis]ial budd+4 ,9 ?is way are =m$ ! famili> fea!ry colonies ( ,plumul>ia1 9 :i* ! p9nules are all 9 "o plane1 :ile 9 ! alli$ ,ant5nul>ia ! p9nules are arrang$ 9 :orls r\nd ! ma9 bis]ial /em4 ,! p9nules nev] bran* aga91 s9ce 9 ! unis]ial mode ( budd+ a polyp nev] =ms a second polyp-bud4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a polyp on ! ma9 /em may =m a second bud :i*1 in/ead ( =m+ a p9nule by unis]ial budd+1 produces by bis]ial budd+ a bran*1 f :i* p9nules arise z f ! ma9 /em 7fig4 #ah--c1 #f74 ,or a polyp on ! ma9 /em1 aft] hav+ budd$ a second "t to =m a p9nule1 may give rise to a ?ird bud1 :i* />ts a new bis]ial sy/em1 f :i* unis]ial p9nules arise z f ! ma9 /em--type ( ,aglaoph5ia 7fig4 #ai74 ,! laws ( budd+ 9 hydroids h be5 work$ out 9 an int]e/+ mann] by ,h4 ,dries* #ac1 to ^: memoirs ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ = fur!r details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,diagram ( sympodial budd+1 simple unbran*$ ,plumul>ia-type4 ,f1 f\nd]2 #a-h1 ma9 axis =m$ by bis]ial budd+ f f\nd]2 a-e1 p9nule =m$ by unis]ial budd+ f f\nd]2 a-d1 bran* =m$ by simil> budd+ f #a2 a-d f #b1 & s =?4 ,individualization ( ,polyp-,colonies4--,z 9 o!r cases :]e animal colonies are =m$ by organic union ( sep>ate individuals1 !re is ev] a t5d5cy = ! polyp-colony z a :ole to act z a s+le individual1 & = ! memb]s to become subord9at$ to ! ne$s ( ! colony & to und]go specialization = p>ticul> functions1 ) ! result t !y simulate organs & _! individuality becomes mask$ to a great] or less degree4 ,p]haps ! e>lie/ ( su* specializations is connect$ ) ! reproductive function4 ,:]eas primitively any polyp 9 a colony may produce m$usa-buds1 9 _m hydroid colonies m$usae are budd$ only by c]ta9 polyps t]m$ bla/o/yles 7fig4 #aj1 b74 ,at fir/ n diff]+ 9 any way f o!r polyps 7fig4 #e71 ! bla/o/yles gradually lose _! nutritive function & ! organs connect$ ) x2 ! m\? & t5tacles disappe>1 & ! bla/o/yle obta9s ! nutrim5t necess>y = its activity by way ( ! co5os>c4 ,9 ! ,calyptobla/ea1 :]e ! polyps are protect$ by special capsules ( ! p]is>c1 ! gono!cae enclos+ ! bla/o/yles diff] f ! hydro!cae protect+ ! hydran?s 7fig4 #ed74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,diagram %[+ me?od ( bran*+ 9 ! ,plumul>ia-type2 comp>e ) fig4 #ag4 ,polyps #c & #f1 in/ead ( produc+ unis]ial p9nules1 h produc$ bis]ial bran*es 7#c1 #c1 #c1 #cd2 #f-f71 :i* give (f unis]ial bran*es 9 _! turn4 ,9 o!r colonies ! two functions ( ! nutritive polyp1 namely1 capture & dige/ion ( food1 may be %>$ betwe5 diff]5t polyps 7fig4 #aj74 ,"o class ( polyps1 ! dactylozoids 7dz71 lose _! m\? & /oma*1 & become elongat$ & t5tacle-l1 %[+ great activity ( movem5t4 ,ano!r class1 ! ga/rozoids 7gz71 h ! t5tacles r$uc$ or abs5t1 b h ! m\? & /oma* enl>g$4 ,! dactylozoids capture food1 & pass x on to ! ga/rozoids1 :i* swall[ & dige/ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,diagram %[+ me?od ( bran*+ 9 ! ,aglaoph5ia-type4 ,polyp #g has produc$ z its fir/ bud1 #h2 z its second bud1 a#g1 :i* />ts a unis]ial p9nule2 & z a ?ird bud ,i#g1 :i* />ts a bis]ial bran* 7,,ii#g-,,vi#g7 t repeats ! /ructure ( ! ma9 /em & gives (f p9nules4 ,! ma9 /em is indicat$ by---1 ! new /em by 4 ,besides ! ?ree types ( individual above m5tion$1 !re are o!r app5dages ( hydroid colonies1 ( :i* ! individuality is d\btful4 ,su* are ! gu>d-polyps 7ma*opolyps7 ( ,plumul>idae1 :i* are (t5 reg>d$ z individuals ( ! nature ( dactylozoids1 b f a /udy ( ! mode ( budd+ 9 ?is hydroid family ,dries* conclud$ t ! gu>d-polyps 7 n true polyp-individuals1 al?\gh ea* is enclos$ 9 a small protect+ cup ( ! p]is>c1 kn[n z a nematophore4 ,aga91 ! sp9es aris+ f ! basal cru/ ( ,podocoryne h be5 int]pret$ by "s au?ors z r$uc$ polyps4 #c4 ,! ,m$usa4--,9 ! ,hydrom$usae ! m$usa-individual occurs1 z already /at$1 9 "o ( two conditions1 ei!r z an indep5d5t organism lead+ a true life 9 ! op5 seas1 or z a subord9ate individuality 9 ! hydroid colony1 f :i* x is nev] set free2 x !n becomes a m]e reproductive app5dage or gonophore1 los+ successively its organs ( s5se1 locomotion & nutrition1 until its m$usoid nature & organization become sc>cely recognizable4 ,h5ce x is conv5i5t to consid] ! morphology ( ! m$usa f ^! two aspects4 7a7 ,! ,m$usa z an ,indep5d5t ,organism4--,! g5]al /ructure & *>act]i/ics ( ! m$usa are describ$ else:]e 7see articles ,,hydrozoa & ,,m$usa71 & x is only necess>y "h to deal ) ! peculi>ities ( ! ,hydrom$usa4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,allman's ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,cladonema radiatum1 ! m$usa walk+ on ! basal bran*es ( its t5tacles 7t71 :i* are turn$ up ov] ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,allman's ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,clavatella prolif]a1 ambulatory m$usa4 t1 t5tacles2 oc1 ocelli4 ,z reg>ds habit ( life ! va/ majority ( ,hydrom$usae are pelagic organisms1 float+ on ! surface ( ! op5 sea1 propell+ !mselves feebly by ! pump+ movem5ts ( ! umbrella produc$ by contraction ( ! sub-umbral musculature1 & captur+ _! prey ) _! t5tacles4 ,! g5]a ,cladonema 7fig4 #bj7 & ,clavatella 7fig4 #ba71 h[ev]1 are ambulatory1 creep+ =ms1 liv+ 9 rock-pools & walk+1 z x 71 on ! tips ( ! proximal bran*es ( ea* ( ! t5tacles1 :ile ! rema9+ bran*es s]ve = capture ( food4 ,cladonema /ill has ! typical m$usan /ructure1 & is able to swim ab\t1 b 9 ,clavatella ! umbrella is s mu* r$uc$1 t swimm+ is no long] possible4 ,! rem>kable m$usa ,mne/ra p>asites is ecto-p>asitic ?r\gh\t life on ! pelagic mollusc ,phyllirrhoe1 atta*$ to x by ! sub-umbral surface1 & its t5tacles h become rudim5t>y or abs5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,mne/ra has be5 %[n by ,j4 ,w4 ,fewkes #ae & ,r4 ,t4 ,gn!r #ai to belong to ! same family 7,cladonemidae7 z ,cladonema & ,clavatella1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! non-p>asitic ance/or ( ,mne/ra 01 l ! o!r two g5]a1 an ambulatory m$usa :i* acquir$ l\se-l habits4 ,9 "s species ( ! g5us ,cun9a 7,n>com$usae7 ! y\nge/ individuals 7act9ulae7 are p>asitic on o!r m$usae 7see bel[71 b 9 lat] life ! p>asitic habit is ab&on$4 ,no o!r in/ances are kn[n ( sessile habit 9 ,hydrom$usae4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,e4 ,t4 ,br[ne1 f ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ( ,london4 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,corymorpha nutans1 adult female ,m$usa4 ,magnifi$ #aj diamet]s4 ,! ext]nal =m ( ! ,hydrom$usae v>ies f t ( a deep bell or ?imble1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,an?om$usae1 to ! %all[ sauc]-l =m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,leptom$usae4 ,x is usual = ! umbrella to h an ev51 circul>1 un9t]rupt$ m>g92 b 9 ! ord] ,n>com$usae second>y d[n-gr[?s betwe5 ! t5tacles produce a lob$1 ind5t$ m>g9 to ! umbrella4 ,! m>g9al t5tacles are r>ely abs5t 9 non-p>asitic =ms1 & are typically f\r 9 numb]1 correspond+ to ! f\r p]radii m>k$ by ! radial canals4 ,int]radial t5tacles may be also develop$1 s t ! total numb] pres5t may be increas$ to eight or to an indef9itely l>ge numb]4 ,9 ,willia1 ,g]yonia1 c41 h[ev]1 ! t5tacles & radial canals are on ! plan ( six in/ead ( f\r 7figs4 #aa & #bf74 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s cases ! t5tacles are less 9 numb] ?an ! p]radii2 9 ,corymorpha 7figs4 #c & #bb7 !re is b a s+le t5tacle1 :ile two are f\nd 9 ,amph9ema & ,gemm>ia 7,an?om$usae71 & 9 ,solmundella bit5taculata 7fig4 #fg7 & ,aeg9opsis h5s5ii 7fig4 #bc7 7,n>com$usae74 ,! t5tacles also v>y consid]ably 9 o!r ways ?an 9 numb]3 fir/1 9 =m1 be+ usually simple1 ) a basal bulb1 b 9 ,cladonemidae !y are bran*$1 (t5 9 complicat$ fa%ion2 secondly1 9 gr\p+1 be+ usually giv5 (f s+ly1 & at regul> int]vals f ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 b 9 ,m>gelidae & 9 "s ,tra*om$usae !y are giv5 (f 9 tufts or bun*es 7fig4 #bd72 ?irdly1 9 position & orig91 be+ usually implant$ on ! extreme edge ( ! umbrella1 b 9 ,n>com$usae !y become second>ily %ift$ & are giv5 (f high up on ! ex-umbrella 7figs4 #bc & #be72 &1 f\r?ly1 9 /ructure1 be+ holl[ or solid1 z 9 ! polyp4 ,9 "s m$usae1 = in/ance1 ! rem>kable deep-sea family ,pectyllidae1 ! t5tacles may be> suck]s1 by :i* ! animal may atta* itself tempor>ily4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ f9ally t ! t5tacles are v contractile & ext5sible1 & may !re=e pres5t !mselves1 9 "o & ! same individual1 z long1 drawn-out ?reads1 or 9 ! =m ( %ort corkscrew-l r+lets2 !y may /ream d[nw>ds f ! sub-umbrella1 or be held out horizontally1 or be direct$ upw>ds ov] ! ex-umbrella 7fig4 #bc74 ,ea* species ( m$usa usually has a *>act]i/ic me?od ( c>ry+ its t5tacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 ,maas1 ,die crasp$ot5 ,m$us5 d] ,plankton ,exp$ition1 by p]mission ( ,lipsius & ,tis*]4 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,aeg9opsis h5s5ii1 slightly magnifi$1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! t5tacles are c>ri$ 9 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 ,maas1 ,crasp$ot5 ,m$us5 d] ,siboga-,exp$ition1 by p]mission ( ,e4 ,s4 ,brill ,co4 ,,fig4 #bd4--,ra?kea octonemalis4 ,! sub-umbrella inv>iably %[s a velum z an inw>dly project+ ridge or rim at its m>g91 )9 ! circle ( t5tacles2 h5ce ! m$usae ( ?is sub-class are t]m$ crasp$ote4 ,! manubrium is abs5t altoge!r 9 ! fre%-wat] m$usa ,limnocnida1 9 :i* ! diamet] ( ! m\? exce$s half t ( ! umbrella2 on ! o!r h&1 ! manubrium may atta9 a great l5g?1 ow+ to ! c5tre ( ! sub-umbrella ) ! /oma* be+ drawn into x1 z x 71 to =m a long proboscis1 z 9 ,g]yonia4 ,! m\? may be a simple1 circul> pore at ! extremity ( ! manubrium1 or by fold+ ( ! edges x may become squ>e or %ap$ l a ,maltese cross1 ) f\r corn]s & f\r lips4 ,! corn]s ( ! m\? may !n be drawn out into lobes or lappets1 :i* may h a bran*$ or fr+$ outl9e 7fig4 #bg71 & 9 ,m>gelidae ! subdivisions ( ! fr+e simulate t5tacles 7fig4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 ,maas1 ,m$usae1 9 ,pr9ce ( ,monaco's s]ies4 ,,fig4 #be4--;,aeg9ura grimaldii4 ,! int]nal anatomy ( ! ,hydrom$usae %[s num]\s v>iations4 ,! /oma* may be altoge!r lodg$ 9 ! manubrium1 f :i* ! radial canals !n take orig9 directly z 9 ,g]yonia 7,tra*om$usae72 x may be ) or )\t ga/ric p\*es4 ,! radial canals may be simple or bran*$1 prim>ily f\r1 r>ely six 9 numb]4 ,! r+-canal is drawn out 9 ,n>com$usae into fe/oons correspond+ ) ! lobes ( ! m>g91 & may be oblit]at$ altoge!r 7,solm>is74 ,9 ?is ord] ! radial canals are repres5t$ only by wide ga/ric p\*es1 & 9 ! family ,solm>idae are suppress$ altoge!r1 s t ! t5tacles & ! fe/oons ( ! r+-canal arise directly f ! /oma*4 ,9 ,g]yonia1 c5tripetal canals1 end+ bl9dly1 arise f ! r+-canal & run 9 a radial direction t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! umbrella 7fig4 #bf74 ,hi/ology ( ! ,hydrom$usa4--,! hi/ology describ$ above = ! polyp may be tak5 z ! primitive type1 f :i* t ( ! m$usa diff]s only 9 great] elaboration & diff]5tiation ( ! cell-elem5ts1 :i* are also m conc5trat$ to =m di/9ct tissues4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,c>m>9a 7,g]yonia7 ha/ata1 "o ( ! ,tra*om$usae4 7,aft] ,haeckel47 a1 ,n]ve r+1 a1 ,radial n]ve4 b1 ,t5taculocy/4 c1 ,circul> canal4 e1 ,radiat+ canal1 g4 ,ov>y4 h1 ,p]onia or c>tilag9\s process asc5d+ f ! c>tilag9\s m>g9 ( ! disk c5tripetally 9 ! out] surface ( ! jelly-l disk2 six ( ^! are p]radial1 six int]radial1 correspond+ to ! twelve solid l>val t5tacles1 resembl+ ^? ( ,cun9a4 k1 ,dilatation 7/oma*7 ( ! manubrium4 l1 ,jelly ( ! disk4 p1 ,manubrium4 t1 ,t5tacle 7holl[ & t]ti>y1 i4e4 prec$$ by six p]radial & six int]radial solid l>val t5tacles74 u1 ,c>tilag9\s m>g9 ( ! disk cov]$ by ?read-cells4 v4 ,velum4 ,! ectod]m furni%es ! g5]al epi!lial cov]+ ( ! body1 & ! muscul> tissue1 n]v\s sy/em & s5se-organs4 ,! ext]nal epi!lium is flat on ! ex-umbral surface1 m column> on ! sub-umbral surface1 :]e x =ms ! muscul> tissue ( ! sub-umbrella & ! velum4 ,! nematocy/s ( ! ectod]m may be gr\p$ to =m batt]ies on ! t5tacles1 umbrell> m>g9 & oral lappets4 ,9 places ! nematocy/s may be cr[d$ s ?ickly z to =m a t\gh1 support+1 *ondral tissue1 resembl+ c>tilage1 *iefly develop$ at ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella & =m+ /reaks or b>s support+ ! t5tacles 7,t5takelspang51 p]onia7 or ! t5taculocy/s 7,gehrspang51 otoporpae74 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 ,maas 9 ,results ( ! ,albatross ,exp$ition1 ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,fig4 #bg4--,/omotoca divisa1 "o ( ! ,ti>idae 7,an?om$usae74 ,! muscul> tissue ( ! ,hydrom$usae is entirely ectod]mal4 ,! muscle-fibres arise z processes f ! bases ( ! epi!lial cells2 su* cells may individually become sub-epi!lial 9 position1 z 9 ! polyp2 or1 9 places :]e muscul> tissue is greatly develop$1 z 9 ! velum or sub-umbrella1 ! entire muscul> epi!lium may be ?r[n into folds 9 ord] to increase its surface1 s t a deep] sub-epi!lial muscul> lay] becomes sep>at$ completely f a m sup]ficial body-epi!lium4 ,9 its arrangem5t ! muscul> tissue =ms two sy/ems3 ! "o compos$ ( /riat$ fibres arrang$ circul>ly1 t is to say1 conc5trically r\nd ! c5tral axis ( ! umbrella2 ! o!r ( non-/riat$ fibres runn+ longitud9ally1 t is to say1 9 a radial direction f1 or 79 ! manubrium7 p>allel to1 ! same ideal axis4 ,! circul> sy/em is develop$ cont9u\sly ov] ! entire sub-umbral surface1 & ! velum repres5ts a special local developm5t ( ?is sy/em1 at a region :]e x is able to act at ! greate/ me*anical advantage 9 produc+ ! contractions ( ! umbrella by :i* ! animal progresses4 ,! longitud9al sy/em is discont9u\s1 & is subdivid$ into proximal1 m$ial & di/al portions4 ,! proximal portion =ms ! retractor muscles ( ! manubrium1 or proboscis1 well develop$1 = example1 9 ,g]yonia4 ,! m$ial portion =ms radiat+ tracts ( fibres1 ! s-call$ bell-muscles runn+ und]nea?1 & p>allel to1 ! radial canals2 :5 greatly develop$1 z 9 ,ti>idae1 !y =m ridges1 s-call$ mes5t]ies1 project+ into ! sub-umbral cavity4 ,! di/al portions =m ! muscles ( ! t5tacles4 ,9 contra/ ) ! polyp1 ! longitud9al muscle-sy/em is entirely ectod]mal1 !re be+ no endod]mal muscles 9 crasp$ote m$usae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,muscul> ,cells ( ,m$usae 7,lizzia74 ,! upp]mo/ is a purely muscul> cell f ! sub-umbrella2 ! two l[] are epid]mo-muscul> cells f ! base ( a t5tacle2 ! up/&+ nucleat$ portion =ms "p ( ! epid]mal mosaic on ! free surface ( ! body4 7,aft] ,h]twig47 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( ! m$usa consi/s ( sub-epi!lial ganglion-cells1 :i* =m1 9 ! fir/ place1 a diffuse plexus ( n]v\s tissue1 z 9 ! polyp1 b develop$ *iefly on ! sub-umbral surface2 & :i* are conc5trat$1 9 ! second place1 to =m a def9ite c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 nev] f\nd 9 ! polyp4 ,9 ,hydrom$usae ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em =ms two conc5tric n]ve-r+s at ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 ne> ! base ( ! velum4 ,"o1 ! upp] or ex-umbral n]ve-r+1 is d]iv$ f ! ectod]m on ! ex-umbral side ( ! velum2 x is ! l>g] ( ! two r+s1 conta9+ m num]\s b small] ganglion-cells1 & inn]vates ! t5tacles4 ,! o!r1 ! l[] or sub-umbral n]ve-r+1 is d]iv$ f ! ectod]m on ! sub-umbral side ( ! velum2 x conta9s few] b l>g] ganglion-cells & inn]vates ! muscles ( ! velum 7see diagram 9 article ,,m$usae74 ,! two n]ve-r+s are connect$ by fibres pass+ f "o to ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 ,maas1 ,crasp$ot5 ,m$us5 d] ,siboga ,exp$ition1 by p]mission ( ,e4 ,s4 ,brill ,co4 ,,fig4 #bi4--,ti>opsis rosea 7,ag4 & ,may]7 %[+ ! eight adradial ,/atocy/s1 ea* close to an ,ocellus4 ,cf4 fig4 #cj4 ,! s5sory cells are sl5d] epi!lial cells1 (t5 ) a cilium or /iff protoplasmic process1 & %\ld p]haps be reg>d$ z ! only ectod]m-cells :i* reta9 ! primitive ciliation ( ! l>val ectod]m1 o!rwise lo/ 9 all ,hydrozoa4 ,! s5se-cells =m1 9 ! fir/ place1 a diffuse sy/em ( scatt]$ s5sory cells1 z 9 ! polyp1 develop$ *iefly on ! manubrium1 ! t5tacles & ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 :]e !y =m a s5sory ciliat$ epi!lium cov]+ ! n]ve-c5tres2 9 ! second place1 ! s5se-cells are conc5trat$ to =m def9ite s5se-organs1 situat$ always at ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 h5ce (t5 t]m$ m>g9al bodies4 ,! possession ( def9ite s5se-organs at once di/+ui%es ! m$usa f ! polyp1 9 :i* !y are nev] f\nd4 ,! s5se-organs ( m$usae are ( two k9ds--fir/1 organs s5sitive to light1 usually t]m$ ocelli 7fig4 #bi72 secondly1 organs commonly t]m$ otocy/s1 on acc\nt ( _! resemblance to ! auditory vesicles ( high] animals1 b s]v+ = ! s5se ( balance & ori5tation1 & !re=e giv5 ! special "n ( /atocy/s 7fig4 #cj74 ,! s5se-organs may be t5taculocy/s1 i4e4 modifications ( a t5tacle1 z 9 ,tra*yl9ae1 or develop$ f ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 9 no connexion ) a t5tacle 7or1 if s connect$1 n produc+ any modification 9 ! t5tacle71 z 9 ,leptol9ae4 ,9 ,hydrom$usae ! s5se-organs are always expos$ at ! umbrell> m>g9 7h5ce ,gymnoph?almata71 :ile 9 ,scyphom$usae !y are cov]$ ov] by flaps ( ! umbrell> m>g9 7h5ce ,/eganoph?almata74 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ aft] ,l9ko1 ,traveaux ,soc4 ,imp4 ,nat41 ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1 xxix4 ,,fig4 #cj4--,section ( a ,/atocy/ & ,ocellus ( ,ti>opsis diademata2 cf4 fig4 #bi4 ex1 ,ex-umbral ectod]m4 sub1 ,sub-umbral ectod]m4 c4c1 ,circul> canal4 v1 ,velum4 /4e1 ,cavity ( /atocy/4 con1 ,concrem5t-cell ) otoli?4 ,! /atocy/s pres5t 9 g5]al ! /ructure ( ei!r a knob or a clos$ vesicle1 compos$ ( 7#a7 indiff]5t support+ epi!lium3 7#b7 s5sory1 s-call$ auditory epi!lium ( sl5d] cells1 ea* be>+ at its free upp] end a /iff bri/le & runn+ out at its base into a n]ve-fibre2 7#c7 concrem5t-cells1 :i* produce int]cellul> concretions1 s-call$ otoli?s4 ,by means ( vibrations or %ocks transmitt$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 or by displacem5ts 9 ! balance or position ( ! animal1 ! otoli?s are caus$ to imp+e aga9/ ! bri/les ( ! s5sory cells1 n[ on "o side1 n[ on ! o!r1 caus+ %ocks or /imuli :i* are transmitt$ by ! basal n]ve-fibre to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,two /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! otocy/ c be recogniz$1 ! fir/ t ( an op5 pit on a freely-project+ knob1 9 :i* ! otoli?s are expos$1 ! second t ( a clos$ vesicle1 9 :i* ! otoli?s are cov]$ ov]4 ,fur!r1 two di/9ct types ( otocy/ c be recogniz$ 9 ! ,hydrom$usae3 t ( ! ,leptol9ae1 9 :i* ! entire organ is ectod]mal1 concrem5t-cells & all1 & ! organ is n a t5taculocy/2 & t ( ! ,tra*yl9ae1 9 :i* ! organ is a t5taculocy/1 & ! concrem5t-cells are endod]mal1 d]iv$ f ! endod]m ( ! modifi$ t5tacle1 :ile ! re/ ( ! organ is ectod]mal4 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ aft] ,o4 & ,r1 ,h]twig1 ,n]v5sy/em und ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,f4 ,c4 ,w4 ,vogel4 ,,fig4 #ca4--,section ( a ,/atocy/ ( ,mitrocoma annae4 sub1 ,sub-umbral ectod]m4 c4c1 ,circul> canal4 v1 ,velum4 /4c14 ,cavity ( /atocy/4 con1 ,concrem5t-cell ) otoli?4 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ aft] ,o4 & ,r1 ,h]twig1 ,n]v5sy/em und ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,f4 ,c4 ,w4 ,vogel4 ,,fig4 #cb4--,section ( a ,/atocy/ ( ,phialidium4 ex1 ,ex-umbral ectod]m4 sub1 ,sub-umbral ectod]m4 v1 ,velum4 /4c1 ,cavity ( /atocy/4 con1 ,concrem5t-cell ) otoli?4 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ aft] ,o4 & ,r1 ,h]twig1 ,n]v5sy/em und ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,f4 ,c4 ,w4 ,vogel4 ,,fig4 #cc4--,optical ,section ( a ,/atocy/ ( ,octor*is4 con1 ,concrem5t-cell ) otoli?4 /4c1 ,cavity ( /atocy/4 ,9 ! ,leptol9ae ! otocy/s are se5 9 _! fir/ /age 9 ,mitrocoma annae 7fig4 #ca7 & ,ti>opsis 7figs4 #bi1 #cj7 z an op5 pit at ! base ( ! velum1 on its sub-umbral side4 ,! pit has its op5+ turn$ t[>ds ! sub-umbral cavity1 :ile its base or fundus =ms a bulge1 m or less pron\nc$1 on ! ex-umbral side ( ! velum4 ,at ! fundus are plac$ ! concrem5t-cells ) _! conspicu\s otoli?s 7con7 & ! inconspicu\s auditory cells1 :i* are connect$ )4 ! sub-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,f ! op5 condition arises ! clos$ condition v simply by clos+ up ( ! ap]ture ( ! pit4 ,we !n f9d ! typical otocy/ ( ! ,leptom$usae1 a vesicle bulg+ on ! ex-umbral side ( ! velum 7figs4 #cb1 #cc74 ,! otocy/s are plac$ on ! out] wall ( ! vesicle 7! fundus ( ! orig9al pit7 or on its sides2 _! arrangem5t & numb] v>y greatly & furni% useful *>act]s = di/+ui%+ g5]a4 ,! s5se-cells are inn]vat$1 z be=e1 f ! sub-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,! inn] wall ( ! vesicle 7region ( closure7 is frequ5tly ?ick5$ to =m a s-call$ s5se-cu%ion1 app>5tly a ganglionic (f%oot f ! sub-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,9 _m ,leptom$usae ! otocy/s are v small1 inconspicu\s & emb$d$ completely 9 ! tissues2 h5ce !y may be easily ov]look$ 9 badly-pres]v$ mat]ial1 & p]haps are pres5t 9 _m cases :]e !y h be5 said to h be5 want+4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 & ,r1 ,h]twig1 ,n]v5sy/em und ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,f4 ,c4 ,w4 ,vogel4 ,,fig4 #cd4--,t5taculocy/ 7/atorhabd7 ( ,cun9a solm>is4 n4c1 ,n]ve-cu%ion2 end1 endod]mal concrem5t-cells2 con1 otoli?4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 & ,r1 ,h]twig1 ,n]v5sy/em und ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,f4 ,c4 ,w4 ,vogel4 ,,fig4 #ce4--,t5taculocy/ ( ,cun9a lativ5tris4 ect1 ,ectod]m4 n4c1 ,n]ve-cu%ion4 end1 ,endod]mal concrem5t-cells4 con1 ,otoli?4 ,9 ! ,tra*yl9ae ! simple/ condition ( ! otocy/ is a freely project+ club1 a s-call$ /atorhabd 7figs4 #cd1 #ce71 repres5t+ a t5tacle greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 cov]$ ) s5sory ectod]mal epi!lium 7ect471 & conta9+ an endod]mal core 7end471 :i* is at fir/ cont9u\s ) ! endod]m ( ! r+-canal1 b lat] becomes sep>at$ f x4 ,9 ! endod]m l>ge concretions are =m$ 7con474 ,o!r s5sory cells ) long cilia cov] a sort ( cu%ion 7n4c47 at ! base ( ! club2 ! club may be long & ! cu%ion small1 or ! cu%ion l>ge & ! club small4 ,! :ole /ructure is inn]vat$1 l ! t5tacles1 f ! ex-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,an advance t[>ds ! second /age is se5 9 su* a =m z ,rhopalonema 7fig4 #cf71 :]e ! ectod]m ( ! cu%ion rises up 9 a d\ble fold to enclose ! club 9 a protective cov]+ =m+ a cup or vesicle1 at fir/ op5 di/ally2 f9ally ! op5+ closes & ! clos$ vesicle may s9k inw>ds & be f\nd f> remov$ f ! surface1 z 9 ,g]yonia 7fig4 #cg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,simple t5taculocy/ ( ,rhopalonema velatum4 ,! process c>ry+ ! otoli? or concretion hk1 =m$ by endod]m cells1 is enclos$ by an upgr[? =m+ ! vesicle1 :i* is n yet q clos$ 9 at ! top4 7,aft] ,h]twig47 ,! ocelli are se5 9 _! simple/ =m z a pigm5t$ pat* ( ectod]m1 :i* consi/s ( two k9ds ( cells--7#a7 pigm5t-cells1 :i* are ord9>y indiff]5t cells ( ! epi!lium conta9+ pigm5t-granules1 & 7#b7 visual cells1 sl5d] s5sory epi!lial cells ( ! usual type1 :i* may develop visual cones or rods at _! free extremity4 ,! ocelli occur usually ei!r on ! inn] or out] sides ( ! t5tacles2 if on ! inn] side1 ! t5tacle is turn$ upw>ds & c>ri$ ov] ! ex-umbrella1 s z to expose ! ocellus to ! light2 if ! ocellus be on ! out] side ( a t5tacle1 two n]ves run r\nd ! base ( ! t5tacle to x4 ,9 o!r cases ocelli may occur betwe5 t5tacles1 z 9 ,ti>opsis 7fig4 #bi74 ,! simple =m ( ocellus describ$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraph may become fold$ into a pit or cup1 ! int]ior ( :i* becomes fill$ ) a cle> gelat9\s secretion =m+ a sort ( vitre\s body4 ,! di/al portion ( ! vitre\s body may project f ! cavity ( ! cup1 =m+ a non-cellul> l5s z 9 ,lizzia 7fig4 #bh74 ,beyond ?is simple condition ! visual organs ( ! ,hydrom$usae d n advance1 & are f> f rea*+ ! wond]ful developm5t ( ! eyes ( ,scyphom$usae 7,*>ybdaea74 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 & ,r1 ,h]twig1 ,n]v5sy/em und ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,f4 ,c4 ,w4 ,vogel4 ,,fig4 #cg4--,section ( /atocy/ ( ,g]yonia 7,c>m>9a ha/ata74 /4c1 ,/atocy/ conta9+ ! m9ute t5taculocy/4 nr#a1 ,ex-umbral n]ve-r+4 nr#b1 ,sub-umbral n]ve-r+4 ex1 ,ex-umbral ectod]m4 sub1 ,sub-umbral ectod]m4 c4c1 ,circul> canal4 v1 ,velum4 ,besides ! ord9>y type ( ocellus j describ$1 !re is f\nd 9 "o g5us 7,ti>opsis7 a type ( ocellus 9 :i* ! visual elem5ts are inv]t$1 & h _! cones turn$ away f ! light1 z 9 ! human ret9a 7fig4 #cj74 ,9 ?is case ! pigm5t-cells are endod]mal1 =m+ a cup ( pigm5t 9 :i* ! visual cones are emb$d$4 ,a simil> ocellus is =m$ 9 ,aurelia among ! ,scyphom$usae 7q4v474 ,o!r s5se organs ( ,hydrom$usae are ! s-call$ s5se-clubs or cordyli f\nd 9 a few ,leptom$usae1 especially 9 ^? g5]a 9 :i* otocy/s are inconspicu\s or abs5t 7fig4 #ci74 ,ea* cordylus is a t5tacle-l /ructure ) an endod]mal axis conta9+ an axial cavity :i* may be cont9u\s ) ! r+-canal1 or may be p>tially occlud$4 ,ext]nally ! cordylus is cov]$1 by v flatt5$ ectod]m1 & be>s no otoli?s or s5se-cells1 b ! base ( ! club re/s ^u ! ex-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,brooks reg>ds ^! organs z s5sory1 s]v+ = ! s5se ( balance1 & repres5t+ a primitive /age ( ! t5taculocy/s ( ,tra*yl9ae2 ,l9ko1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d+ no n]ve-elem5ts connect$ ) !m1 reg>ds !m z dige/ive 787 9 function4 ,! s5se-organs ( ! two fre%-wat] m$usae ,limnocodium & ,limnocnida are peculi> & ( r d\btful nature 7see ,e4 ,t4 ,br[ne #aj74 ,,fig4 #ch4--,ocellus ( ,lizzia koellik]i4 oc1 ,pigm5t$ ectod]mal cells2 l1 l5s4 7,aft] ,h]twig47 ,! endod]m ( ! m$usa %[s ! same g5]al types ( /ructure z 9 ! polyp1 describ$ above4 ,we c di/+ui% 7#a7 dige/ive endod]m1 9 ! /oma*1 (t5 ) special gl&ul> elem5ts2 7#b7 circulatory endod]m1 9 ! radial & r+-canals2 7#c7 support+ endod]m 9 ! axes ( ! t5tacles & 9 ! endod]m-lamella2 ! latt] is primitively a d\ble lay] ( cells1 produc$ by concresc5ce ( ! ex-umbral & sub-umbral lay]s ( ! coel5t]on1 b x is usually f\nd z a s+le lay] ( flatt5$ cells 7fig4 #dj72 9 ,g]yonia1 h[ev]1 x rema9s d\ble1 & ! c5tripetal canals arise by p>t+ ( ! two lay]s2 7#d7 excretory endod]m1 l9+ pores at ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 occurr+ 9 c]ta9 ,leptom$usae z s-call$ m>g9al tub]cles1 op5+1 on ! "o h&1 into ! r+-canal &1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! ext]ior by m>g9al funnels1 :i* deb\* into ! sub-umbral cavity above ! velum4 ,z has be5 describ$ above1 ! endod]m may also contribute to ! s5se-organs1 b su* contributions are always ( an accessory nature1 = in/ance1 concrem5t-cells 9 ! otocy/s1 pigm5t 9 ! ocelli1 & nev] ( s5sory nature1 s5se-cells be+ 9 all cases ectod]mal4 ,! reproductive cells may be reg>d$ z belong+ prim>ily to nei!r ectod]m nor endod]m1 ?\gh lodg$ 9 ! ectod]m 9 all ,hydrom$usae4 ,z describ$ = ! polyp1 !y are w&]+ cells capable ( ext5sive migrations be=e rea*+ ! p>ticul> spot at :i* !y rip54 ,9 ! ,hydrom$usae !y usually1 if n inv>iably1 rip5 9 ! ectod]m1 b 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ma9 s\rces ( nutrim5t1 t is to say1 n f> f ! /oma*4 ,h5ce ! gonads are f\nd on ! manubrium 9 ,an?om$usae g5]ally2 on ! base ( ! manubrium1 or "u ! ga/ral p\*es1 or 9 bo? ^! situations 7,octor*idae71 or "u ! radial canals1 9 ,tra*om$usae2 "u ! ga/ral p\*es or radial canals1 9 ,n>com$usae4 ,:5 ripe1 ! g]m-cells are dehisc$ directly to ! ext]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,w4 ,k4 ,brooks1 ,j\rnal ( ,morphology1 x41 by p]mission ( ,g9n ,co4 ,,fig4 #ci4--,section ( a ,cordylus ( ,laodice4 c4c1 ,circul> canal4 v1 ,velum4 t1 ,t5tacle4 c1 ,cordylus1 compos$ ( flatt5$ ectod]m ec cov]+ a l>ge-cell$ endod]mal axis en4 ,hydrom$usae are ( sep>ate sexes1 ! only kn[n exception be+ ,amphogona ap/e9i1 "o ( ! ,tra*om$usae 7,br[ne #i74 ,moreov]1 all ! m$usae budd$ f a giv5 hydroid colony are ei!r male or female1 s t ev5 ! non-sexual polyp mu/ be consid]$ to h a lat5t sex4 7,9 ,hydra1 on ! o!r h&1 ! individual is usually h]maphrodite47 ,! m$usa always reproduces itself sexually1 & 9 "s cases non-sexually also4 ,! non-sexual reproduction takes ! =m ( fission1 budd+ or sporogony1 ! details ( :i* are describ$ bel[4 ,buds may be produc$ f ! manubrium1 radial canals1 r+-canal1 or t5tacle-bases1 or f an aboral /olon 7,n>com$usae74 ,9 all cases only m$usa-buds are produc$1 nev] polyp-buds4 ,! mesogloea ( ! m$usa is l>gely develop$ & ( great ?ickness 9 ! umbrella4 ,! sub-epi!lial tissues1 i4e4 ! n]v\s & muscul> cells1 are lodg$ 9 ! mesogloea1 b 9 ,hydrom$usae x nev] conta9s tissue-cells or mesogloeal corpuscles4 7b7 ,! ,m$usae z a ,subord9ate ,individuality4--,x has be5 %[n above t polyps are budd$ only f polyps & t ! m$usae may be budd$ ei!r f polyps or f m$usae4 ,9 any case ! daught]-individuals produc$ f ! buds may be imag9$ z rema9+ atta*$ to ! p>5t & =m+ a colony ( individuals 9 organic connexion ) "o ano!r1 & ?us ?ree possible cases arise4 ,! fir/ case gives a colony entirely compos$ ( polyps1 z 9 _m ,hydroidea4 ,! second case gives a colony p>tly compos$ ( polyp-individuals1 p>tly ( m$usa-individuals1 a possibility also realiz$ 9 _m colonies ( ,hydroidea4 ,! ?ird case gives a colony entirely compos$ ( m$usa-individuals1 a possibility p]haps realiz$ 9 ! ,siphonophora1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 deal+ ) ?is gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,portions ( ,sections ?r\gh ! ,disk ( ,m$usae--! upp] "o ( ,lizzia1 ! l[] ( ,aurelia4 7,aft] ,h]twig47 el1 ,endod]m lamella4 m1 ,muscul> processes ( ! ectod]m-cells 9 cross section4 d1 ,ectod]m4 en1 ,endod]m l9+ ! ent]ic cavity4 e1 ,w&]+ endod]m cells ( ! gelat9\s sub/ance4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! =mation ( a mix$ hydroid colony is und\bt$ly a ha/5+ ( ! sexual maturity ( ! m$usa-individual4 ,normally ! m$usae are lib]at$ 9 q an immature /ate2 !y swim away1 fe$1 gr[ & become adult mature individuals4 ,f ! bionomical po9t ( view1 ! m$usa is to be consid]$ z a means ( spread+ ! species1 supplem5t+ ! defici5cies ( ! sessile polyp4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t increas$ reproductiv5ess becomes ( great] importance to ! species ?an wide diffusion2 su* a condition w be br\ght ab\t if ! m$usae mature quickly & are ei!r set free 9 a mature condition or rema9 9 ! %elt] ( ! polyp-colony1 protect$ f risks ( a free life 9 ! op5 sea4 ,9 ?is way ! m$usa s9ks f an indep5d5t p]sonality to an organ ( ! polyp-colony1 becom+ a s-call$ m$usoid gonophore1 or be>] ( ! reproductive organs1 & los+ gradually all organs necess>y = an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 namely ^? ( s5se1 locomotion & nutrition4 ,9 "s cases bo? free m$usae & gonophores may be produc$ f ! same hydroid colony4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,syncoryne mirabilis 7,allman #a1 p4 #bgh7 & 9 ,campanul>ia volubilis2 9 ! latt]1 free m$usae are produc$ 9 summ]1 gonophores 9 w9t] 7,duplessis #ad74 ,aga9 9 ,p5n>ia1 ! male m$usae are set free 9 a /ate ( maturity1 & h ocelli2 ! female m$usae rema9 atta*$ & h no s5se organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ f ,weismann1 ,ent/ehung d] ,sexualzell5 bei d5 ,hydrom$us54 ,,fig4 #da4--;,diagrams ( ! ,/ructure ( ! ,gonophores ( v>i\s ,hydrom$usae1 bas$ on ! figures ( ,g4 ,j4 ,allman & ,a4 ,weismann4 ,a1 ,meconidium ( ,gono?yraea4 ,b1 ,type ( ,tubul>ia4 ,c1 ,type ( ,g>veia1 c4 ,d1 ,type ( ,plumul>ia1 ,agalma1 c4 ,e1 ,type ( ,coryne1 ,=skalia1 c4 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,sporosacs4 ,f1 ,) simple spadix4 ,g1 ,) spadix prolong$ 7,eud5drium74 ,h1 ,) spadix bran*$ 7,cordylophora74 s4c1 ,sub-umbral cavity4 t1 ,t5tacles4 c4c1 ,circul> canal1 g1 ,gonads4 sp1 ,spadix4 e4l1 ,endod]m-lamella4 ex1 ,ex-umbral ectod]m4 ect1 ,ecto!ca4 ,! gonophores ( diff]5t hydroids diff] greatly 9 /ructure f "o ano!r1 & =m a s]ies %[+ deg5]ation ( ! m$usa-individual1 :i* is gradually /ripp$1 z x 71 ( its *>act]i/ic features ( m$usan organization & f9ally r$uc$ to ! simple/ /ructure4 ,a v e>ly /age 9 ! deg5]ation is well exemplifi$ by ! s-call$ meconidium ( ,gono?yraea 7fig4 #da1 ,a74 ,"h ! m$usoid1 atta*$ by ! c5tre ( its ex-umbral surface1 has lo/ its velum & sub-umbral muscles1 its s5se organs & m\?1 ?\gh /ill reta9+ rudim5t>y t5tacles4 ,! gonads 7g7 are produc$ on ! manubrium1 :i* has a holl[ endod]mal axis1 t]m$ ! spadix 7sp471 9 op5 communication ) ! co5os>c ( ! polyp-colony & s]v+ = ! nutrition ( ! g5]ative cells4 ,a v simil> condition is se5 9 ,tubul>ia 7fig4 #da1 ,b71 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! t5tacles h q disappe>$1 & ! circul> rim =m$ by ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella has ne>ly clos$ ov] ! manubrium leav+ only a small ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! embryos em]ge4 ,! next /ep is illu/rat$ by ! female gonophores ( ,cladocoryne1 :]e ! radial & r+-canals h become oblit]at$ by coalesc5ce ( _! walls1 s t ! entire endod]m ( ! umbrella is 9 ! condition ( ! endod]m-lamella4 ,next ! op5+ ( ! umbrella closes up completely & disappe>s1 s t ! sub-umbral cavity =ms a clos$ space surr\nd+ ! manubrium1 on :i* ! gonads are develop$2 su* a condition is se5 9 ! male gonophore ( ,cladocoryne & 9 ,g>veia 7fig4 #da1 ,c71 :]e1 h[ev]1 !re is a fur!r complication 9 ! =m ( an adv5titi\s envelope or ecto!ca 7ect47 split (f f ! gonophore z a protective cov]+1 & n pres5t 9 ,cladocoryne4 ,! sub-umbral cavity 7s4c47 functions z a brood-space = ! develop+ embryos1 :i* are set free by rupture ( ! wall4 ,x is evid5t t ! out] envelope ( ! gonophore repres5ts ! ex-umbral ectod]m 7ex471 & t ! inn] ectod]m l9+ ! cavity repres5ts ! sub-umbral ectod]m ( ! free m$usa4 ,! next /ep is ! gradual oblit]ation ( ! sub-umbral cavity 7s4c47 by disappe>ance ( :i* ! sub-umbral ectod]m comes into contact ) ! ectod]m ( ! manubrium4 ,su* a type is f\nd 9 ,plumul>ia & also 9 ,agalma 7fig4 #da1 ,d72 c5trally is se5 ! spadix 7sp471 be>+ ! g5]ative cells 7g71 & ext]nal to ^! 7#a7 a lay] ( ectod]m repres5t+ ! epi!lium ( ! manubrium2 7#b7 ! lay] ( sub-umbral ectod]m2 7#c7 ! endod]m-lamella 7e4l472 7#d7 ! ex-umbral ectod]m 7ex472 & 7#e7 !re may or may n be pres5t also an ecto!ca4 ,?us ! gonads are cov]$ ov] by at lea/ f\r lay]s ( epi!lium1 & s9ce ^! are unnecess>y1 pres5t+ m]ely ob/acles to ! dehisc5ce ( ! gonads1 !y gradually und]go r$uction4 ,! sub-umbral ectod]m & t cov]+ ! manubrium und]go concresc5ce to =m a s+le lay] 7fig4 #da1 ,e71 :i* f9ally disappe>s altoge!r1 & ! endod]m-lamella disappe>s4 ,! gonophore is n[ r$uc$ to its simple/ condition1 kn[n z ! sporosac 7fig4 #da1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h71 & consi/s ( ! spadix be>+ ! gonads cov]$ by a s+le lay] ( ectod]m 7ex471 ) or )\t ! addition ( an ecto!ca4 ,x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$1 h[ev]1 t ! sporosac %\ld n be comp>$ simply ) ! manubrium ( ! m$usa1 z is sometimes done4 ,! endod]mal spadix 7sp7 ( ! sporosac repres5ts ! endod]m ( ! manubrium2 ! ectod]mal l9+ ( ! sporosac 7ex47 repres5ts ! ex-umbral ectod]m ( ! m$usa2 & ! int]v5+ lay]s1 toge!r ) ! sub-umbral cavity1 h disappe>$4 ,! spadix1 z ! organ ( nutrition = ! gonads1 may be develop$ 9 v>i\s ways1 be+ simple 7fig4 #da1 ,f7 or bran*$ 7fig4 #da1 ,h72 9 ,eud5drium 7fig4 #da1 ,g7 x curls r\nd ! s+le l>ge ovum4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,allman1 ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #db4--;,gonophores ( ,dicoryne conf]ta4 ,a1 ,a male gonophore /ill enclos$ 9 its ecto!ca4 ,b & ,c1 ,two views ( a female gonophore aft] lib]ation4 t1 ,t5tacles4 ov1 ,ova1 two c>ri$ on ea* female gonophore4 sp1 ,te/is4 ,! hydroid ,dicoryne is rem>kable = ! possession ( gonophores1 :i* are ciliate & become deta*$ & swim away by means ( _! cilia4 ,ea* su* sporosac has two long t5tacle-l processes ?ickly ciliat$4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! gonads ( ,hydra repres5t sporosacs or gonophores greatly r$uc$1 ) ! la/ traces ( m$usoid /ructure completely oblit]at$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce :atev] = ?is1 ! gonads ( ,hydra be+ purely ectod]mal /ructures1 :ile all m$usoid gonophores h an endod]mal portion4 ,hydra is1 moreov]1 bisexual1 9 contra/ ) :at is kn[n ( hydroid colonies4 ,9 "s ,leptom$usae ! gonads are =m$ on ! radial canals & =m protrud+ masses resembl+ sporosacs sup]ficially1 b n 9 /ructure4 ,allman1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ ?is type ( gonad z equival5t to a sporosac1 & consid]$ ! m$usa be>+ !m z a non-sexual organism1 a bla/o*eme z he t]m$ x1 produc+ by budd+ m$usoid gonophores4 ,z m$usae are kn[n to bud m$usae f ! radial canals !re is no?+ impossible 9 ,allman's !ory1 b x _c be said to h receiv$ satisfactory pro(4 ,reproduction & ,ontog5y ( ! ,hydrom$usae4 ,ne>ly e possible me?od ( reproduction occurs among/ ! ,hydrom$usae4 ,9 classify+ me?ods ( g5]ation x is usual to make use ( ! sexual or non-sexual nature ( ! reproduction z a prim>y diff]5ce1 b a m sci5tific classification is af=d$ by ! di/9ction betwe5 tissue-cells 7hi/ocytes7 & g]m9al cells1 actual or pot5tial 7ar*aeocytes71 among/ ! con/itu5t cells ( ! animal body4 ,9 ?is way we may di/+ui%1 fir/1 vegetative reproduction1 ! result ( discont9u\s gr[? ( ! tissues & cell-lay]s ( ! body z a :ole1 lead+ to 7#a7 fission1 7#b7 autotomy1 or 7#c7 vegetative budd+2 secondly1 g]m9al reproduction1 ! result ( ! reproductive activity ( ! ar*aeocytes or g]m9al tissue4 ,9 g]m9al reproduction ! prolif]at+ cells may be undiff]5tiat$1 s-call$ primitive g]m-cells1 or !y may be diff]5tiat$ z sexual cells1 male or female1 i4e4 sp]matozoa & ova4 ,if ! g]m-cells are undiff]5tiat$1 ! (fspr+ may arise f _m cells or f a s+le cell2 ! fir/ type is 7#d7 g]m9al budd+1 ! second is 7#e7 sporogony4 ,if ! g]m-cells are diff]5tiat$1 ! (fspr+ arises by syngamy or sexual union ( ! ord9>y type betwe5 an ovum & sp]matozoon1 s-call$ f]tilization1 ( ! ovum1 or by p>!nog5esis1 i4e4 developm5t ( an ovum )\t f]tilization4 ,! only "o ( ^! possible modes ( reproduction n kn[n to occur 9 ,hydrom$usae is p>!nog5esis4 7#a7 ,true fission or longitud9al division ( an individual into two equal & simil> daught]-individuals is n common b occurs 9 ,ga/robla/a1 :]e x has be5 describ$ 9 detail by ,arnold ,lang #cj4 7#b7 ,autotomy1 sometimes t]m$ transv]se fission1 is ! "n giv5 to a process ( unequal fission 9 :i* a portion ( ! body sep>ates (f ) subsequ5t reg5]ation4 ,9 ,tubul>ia by a process ( decapitation ! hydran?s may sep>ate (f & give rise to a sep>ate individual1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! body gr[s a new hydran?4 ,simil>ly 9 ,s*izocladium portions ( ! hydrocaulus are cut (f to =m s-call$ spores1 :i* gr[ into new individuals 7see ,allman #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,mu* modifi$ f ,c4 ,*un1 ,coel5t]ata1 9 ,bronn's ,ti]rei*4 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,direct ,budd+ ( ,cun9a4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e1 ,f1 ,9 v]tical section4 ,d1 ,sket* ( ext]nal view4 /1 ,/oma*4 m1 ,manubrium4 t4 ,t5tacle4 s4o1 ,s5se organ4 v1 ,velum4 s4c1 ,sub-umbral cavity4 n4s1 ,n]v\s sy/em4 7#c7 ,vegetative budd+ is almo/ univ]sal 9 ! ,hydrom$usae4 ,by budd+ is und]/ood ! =mation ( a new individual f a fre% gr[? ( undiff]5tiat$ mat]ial4 ,x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% buds t give rise to polyps f ^? t =m m$usae4 7a7 ,! ,polyp4--,! buds t =m polyps are v simple 9 mode ( =mation4 ,f\r /ages may be di/+ui%$2 ! fir/ is a simple outgr[? ( bo? lay]s1 ectod]m & endod]m1 conta9+ a prolongation ( ! coel5t]ic cavity2 9 ! second /age ! t5tacles gr[ out z second>y div]ticula f ! side ( ! fir/ outgr[?2 9 ! ?ird /age ! m\? is =m$ z a p]=ation ( ! two lay]s2 &1 la/ly1 if ! bud is to be sep>at$1 x becomes nipp$ (f f ! p>5t polyp & beg9s a free exi/5ce4 7b7 ,! ,m$usae4--,two types ( budd+ mu/ be di/+ui%$--! direct1 s-call$1 pal+5etic type1 & ! indirect1 s-call$ co5og5etic type4 ,! direct type ( budd+ is r>e1 b is se5 9 ,cun9a & ,millepora4 ,9 ,cun9a !re arises1 fir/1 a simple outgr[? ( bo? lay]s1 z 9 a polyp-bud 7fig4 #dc1 ,a72 9 ?is ! m\? is =m$ di/ally z a p]=ation 7,b72 next ! sides ( ! tube s =m$ bulge out lat]ally ne> ! atta*m5t to =m ! umbrella1 :ile ! di/al undilat$ portion ( ! tube repres5ts ! manubrium 7,c72 ! umbrella n[ gr[s out into a numb] ( lobes or lappets1 & ! t5tacles & t5taculocy/s gr[ out1 ! =m] 9 a not* betwe5 two lappets1 ! latt] on ! apex ( ea* lappet 7,d1 ,e72 f9ally1 ! velum arises z a gr[? ( ! ectod]m alone1 ! :ole bud %apes itself1 s to speak1 & ! little m$usa is sep>at$ (f by rupture ( ! ?9 /alk connect+ x ) ! p>5t 7,f74 ,! direct me?od ( m$usa-budd+ only diff]s f ! polyp-bud by its great] complexity ( p>ts & organs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,diagrams ( ,m$usa budd+ ) ! =mation ( an entocodon4 ,! endod]m is %ad$1 ! ectod]m left cle>4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,f1 ,successive /ages 9 v]tical section4 ,e1 ,transv]se section ( a /age simil> to ,d4 ,gc1 ,entocodon4 s4c1 ,cavity ( entocodon1 =m+ ! future sub-umbral cavity4 /1 ,/oma*4 r4c1 ,radial canal4 c4c1 ,circul> canal4 e4l1 ,endod]m lamella4 m1 ,manubrium4 v1 ,velum4 t1 ,t5tacle4 ,! indirect mode ( budd+ 7figs4 #dd1 #de7 is ! commone/ me?od by :i* m$usa-buds are =m$4 ,x is m>k$ by ! =mation 9 ! bud ( a *>act]i/ic /ructure t]m$ ! entocodon 7,knosp5k]n1 ,glock5k]n74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,modifications ( ! me?od ( budd+ %[n 9 fig4 #dd1 ) solid ,entocodon 7,gc47 & =mation ( an ecto!ca 7ect474 ,! fir/ /age is a simple holl[ outgr[? ( bo? body-lay]s 7fig4 #dd1 ,a72 at ! tip ( ?is is =m$ a ?ick5+ ( ! ectod]m1 aris+ primitively z a holl[ +r[? 7fig4 #dd1 ,b71 b m usually z a solid mass ( ectod]m-cells 7fig4 #de1 ,a74 ,! ectod]mal +r[? is ! entocodon 7,gc472 x bulges into1 & pu%es d[n1 ! endod]m at ! apex ( ! bud1 & if solid x soon acquires a cavity 7fig4 #dd1 ,c1 s4c474 ,! cavity ( ! entocodon increases cont9ually 9 size1 :ile ! endod]m pu%es up at ! sides ( x to =m a cup ) holl[ walls1 enclos+ b n q surr\nd+ ! entocodon1 :i* rema9s 9 contact at its out] side ) ! ectod]m cov]+ ! bud 7fig4 #dd1 ,d1 v74 ,! next *anges t take place are *iefly 9 ! endod]m-cup 7fig4 #dd1 ,d1 ,e72 ! cavity betwe5 ! two walls ( ! cup becomes r$uc$ by concresc5ce to =m ! radial canals 7r4c471 r+-canal 7c4c471 & endod]m-lamella 7e4l41 fig4 #dd1 ,e71 & at ! same "t ! base ( ! cup is ?ru/ upw>ds to =m ! manubrium 7m71 conv]t+ ! cavity ( ! entocodon into a space :i* is cresc5tic or horse-%oe-l 9 section4 ,next t5tacles 7t1 fig4 #dd1 ,f7 gr[ out f ! r+-canal1 & ! d\ble plate ( ectod]m on ! di/al side ( ! entocodon becomes p]=at$1 leav+ a circul> rim compos$ ( two lay]s ( ectod]m1 ! velum 7v7 ( ! m$usa4 ,f9ally1 a m\? is =m$ by break+ ?r\gh at ! apex ( ! manubrium1 & ! n[ fully-=m$ m$usa becomes sep>at$ by rupture ( ! /alk ( ! bud & swims away4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,diagrams to %[ ! significance ( ! ,entocodon 9 ,m$usa-buds4 7,modifi$ f a diagram giv5 by ,a4 ,weismann47 ,i1 ,ideally primitive me?od ( budd+1 9 :i* ! m\? is =m$ fir/ 7,ia71 next ! t5tacles 7,ib71 & la/ly ! umbrella4 ,,ii1 ,me?od4 ( ,cun9a2 7a7 ! m\? arises1 next ! umbrella 7b71 & la/ly ! t5tacles 7c74 ,,iii1 ,hypo!tical transition f ,,ii to ! indirect me?od ) an entocodon2 ! =mation ( ! manubrium is ret>d$1 t ( ! umbrella ha/5$ 7,i,i,ia1 b74 ,,iv1 a1 b1 c1 budd+ ) an entocodon 7cf4 fig4 #dd74 ,v1 ,budd+ ) a solid entocodon 7cf4 fig4 #de74 ,if ! bud1 h[ev]1 is de/9$ to give rise n to a free m$usa1 b to a gonophore1 ! developm5t is simil> b becomes arre/$ at v>i\s po9ts1 accord+ to ! degree to :i* ! gonophore is deg5]ate4 ,! entocodon is usually =m$1 prov+ ! m$usoid nature ( ! bud1 b 9 sporosacs ! entocodon may be rudim5t>y or abs5t altoge!r4 ,! process ( budd+ z above describ$ may be v>i$ or complicat$ 9 v>i\s ways2 ?us a second>y1 amnion-l1 ectod]mal cov]+ or ecto!ca 7fig4 #de1 ,c1 ect47 may be =m$ ov] all1 z 9 ,g>veia1 c42 or ! entocodon may rema9 solid & )\t cavity until aft] ! =mation ( ! manubrium1 or may nev] acquire a cavity at all1 z describ$ above = ! gonophores4 ,phylog5etic ,significance ( ! ,entocodon4--,x is se5 f ! =ego+ acc\nt ( m$usa-budd+ t ! entocodon is a v important con/itu5t ( ! bud1 furni%+ "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial portions ( ! m$usa2 its cavity becomes ! sub-umbral cavity1 & its l9+ furni%es ! ectod]mal epi!lium ( ! manubrium & ( ! sub-umbral cavity z f> z ! edge ( ! velum4 ,h5ce ! entocodon repres5ts a precoci\s =mation ( ! sub-umbral surface1 equival5t to ! p]i/ome ( ! polyp1 diff]5tiat$ 9 ! bud prior to o!r portions ( ! organism :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z antec$5t to x 9 phylog5y4 ,if ! ?ree pr9cipal organ-sy/ems ( ! m$usa1 namely m\?1 t5tacles & umbrella1 be consid]$ 9 ! light ( phylog5y1 x is evid5t t ! manubrium be>+ ! m\? mu/ be ! olde/1 z repres5t+ a common prop]ty ( all ! ,coel5t]a1 ev5 ( ! ga/rula embryo ( all ,ent]ozoa4 ,next 9 ord] come ! t5tacles1 common to all ,cnid>ia4 ,! special prop]ty ( ! m$usa is ! umbrella1 di/+ui%+ ! m$usa at once f o!r morphological types among ! ,coel5t]a4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! =mation ( ^! ?ree sy/ems ( organs took place accord+ to a /rictly phylog5etic sequ5ce1 we %\ld expect !m to appe> 9 ! ord] set =? above 7fig4 #df1 ,ia1 b1 c74 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! phylog5etic sequ5ce is se5 9 ! budd+ ( ,cun9a1 :]e ! manubrium & m\? appe> fir/1 b ! umbrella is =m$ be=e ! t5tacles 7fig4 #df1 ,i,ia1 b1 c74 ,9 ! indirect or co5og5etic me?od ( budd+1 ! fir/ two memb]s ( ! sequ5ce exhibit$ by ,cun9a *ange places1 & ! umbrella is =m$ fir/1 ! manubrium next1 & !n ! t5tacles2 ! actual m\?-p]=ation be+ delay$ to ! v la/ 7fig4 #df1 ,i,va1 b1 c74 ,h5ce ! budd+ ( m$usae exemplifies v cle>ly a common ph5om5on 9 developm5t1 a phylog5etic s]ies ( ev5ts completely dislocat$ 9 ! ontog5etic "t-sequ5ce4 ,! entocodon is to be reg>d$1 !re=e1 n z prim>ily an +r[? ( ectod]m1 b r z an upgr[? ( bo? body-lay]s1 9 ! =m ( a circul> rim 7,i,va71 repres5t+ ! umbrell> m>g92 x is comp>able to ! bulg+ t =ms ! umbrella 9 ! direct me?od ( budd+1 b takes place be=e a manubrium is =m$1 & is greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 s z to become a little pit4 ,by a simple modification1 ! op5 pit becomes a solid ectod]mal +r[?1 j z 9 ,teleo/ean fi%es ! holl[ m$ull>y tube1 or ! auditory pit ( o!r v]tebrate embryos1 is =m$ at fir/ z a solid cord ( cells1 :i* acquires a cavity second>ily4 ,moreov]1 ! entocodon1 h[ev] develop$1 gives rise at fir/ to a clos$ cavity1 repres5t+ a clos+ ov] ( ! umbrella1 tempor>y 9 ! bud de/9$ to be a free m$usa1 b usually p]man5t 9 ! sessile gonophore4 ,z has be5 %[n above1 ! clos+ up ( ! sub-umbral cavity is "o ( ! e>lie/ deg5]ative *anges 9 ! evolution ( ! gonophore1 & we may reg>d x z ! umbrell> fold tak+ on a protective function1 ei!r tempor>ily = ! bud or p]man5tly = ! gonophore4 ,to sum up1 ! entocodon is a precoci\s =mation ( ! umbrella1 clos+ ov] to protect ! organs 9 ! umbrell> cavity4 ,! possession ( an entocodon proves ! m$usa-nature ( ! bud1 & c only be expla9$ on ! !ory t gonophores are deg5]ate m$usae1 & is inexplicable on ! oppos$ view t m$usae are d]iv$ f gonophores second>ily set free4 ,9 ! sporosac1 h[ev]1 ! m$usa-individual has become s deg5]ate t ev5 ! docum5t>y pro(1 s to speak1 ( its m$usoid nature may h be5 de/roy$1 & only circum/antial evid5ce ( its nature c be produc$4 #d4 ,g]m9al ,budd+4--,?is me?od ( budd+ is commonly describ$ z budd+ f a s+le body-lay]1 in/ead ( f bo? lay]s4 ,! lay] t produces ! bud is inv>iably ! ectod]m1 i4e4 ! lay] 9 :i*1 9 ,hydrom$usae1 ! g5]ative cells are lodg$2 & 9 "s cases ! buds are produc$ 9 ! exact spot 9 :i* lat] ! gonads appe>4 ,f ^! facts1 & f ^? ( ! sporogony1 to be describ$ bel[1 we may reg>d budd+ to ?is type z tak+ place f ! g]m9al epi!lium r ?an f ord9>y ectod]m4 7a7 ,! ,polyp4--,budd+ f ! ectod]m alone has be5 describ$ by ,a4 ,lang #bi 9 ,hydra & o!r polyps4 ,! tissues ( ! bud become diff]5tiat$ into ectod]m & endod]m1 & ! endod]m ( ! bud becomes second>ily cont9u\s ) t ( ! p>5t1 b no "p ( ! p>5tal endod]m contributes to ! build+ up ( ! daught]-polyp4 ,lang reg>d$ ?is me?od ( budd+ z univ]sal 9 polyps1 a notion disprov$ by ,o4 ,seelig] #eb :o w5t to ! opposite extreme & reg>d$ ! type ( budd+ describ$ by ,lang z non-exi/5t4 ,9 view1 h[ev]1 bo? ( ! /atem5ts & figures ( ,lang & ( ! facts to be describ$ pres5tly = m$usae 7,m>gellium71 x is at lea/ !oretically possible t bo? g]m9al & vegetative budd+ may occur 9 polyps z well z 9 m$usae4 7b7 ,! ,m$usa4--,! cle>e/ in/ance ( g]m9al budd+ is furni%$ by ,m>gellium 7,ra?kea7 octopunctatum1 "o ( ! ,m>gelidae4 ,! budd+ ( ?is m$usa has be5 work$ out 9 detail by ,*un 7,,hydrozoa1 #a71 to :om ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ = ! int]e/+ laws ( budd+ regulat+ ! sequ5ce & ord] ( =mation ( ! buds4 ,! buds ( ,m>gellium are produc$ on ! manubrium 9 ea* ( ! f\r int]radii1 & !y arise f ! ectod]m1 t is to say1 ! g]m9al epi!lium1 :i* lat] gives rise to ! gonads4 ,! buds d n appe> simultane\sly b successively on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! manubrium1 ?us3 #a #c #d #b & second>y buds may be produc$ on ! m$usa-buds be=e ! latt] are set free z m$usae4 ,ea* bud arises z a ?ick5+ ( ! epi!lium1 :i* fir/ =ms two or ?ree lay]s 7fig4 #dg1 ,a71 & becomes sep>at$ into a sup]ficial lay]1 future ectod]m1 surr\nd+ a c5tral mass1 future endod]m 7fig4 #dg1 ,b74 ,! ectod]mal epi!lium on ! di/al side ( ! bud becomes ?ick5$1 gr[s inw>ds1 & =ms a typical entocodon 7fig4 #cg1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f74 ,! rema9+ developm5t ( ! bud is j z describ$ above = ! indirect me?od ( m$usa-budd+ 7fig4 #dg1 ,g1 ,h74 ,:5 ! bud is ne>ly complete1 ! body-wall ( ! p>5t imm$iately bel[ x becomes p]=at$1 plac+ ! coel5t]ic cavity ( ! p>5t 9 second>y communication ) t ( ! bud 7,h71 d\btless = ! bett] nutrition ( ! latt]4 ,especially notewor?y 9 ! g]m9al budd+ ( ,m>gellium is ! =mation ( ! entocodon1 z 9 ! vegetative budd+ ( ! indirect type4 #e4 ,sporogony4--,?is me?od ( reproduction has be5 describ$ by ,e4 ,met*nik(f 9 ,cun9a & alli$ g5]a4 ,9 individuals ei!r ( ! male or female sex1 g]m-cells :i* are q undiff]5tiat$ & neutral 9 "*1 become amoeboid1 & w&] into ! endod]m4 ,!y divide ea* into two si/]-cells1 "o ( :i*--! spore--becomes envelop$ by ! o!r4 ,! spore-cell multiplies by division1 :ile ! envelop+ cell is nutri5t & protective4 ,! spore cell gives rise to a spore-l>va1 :i* is set free 9 ! coel5t]on & gr[s into a m$usa4 ,:e!r sporogony occurs also 9 ! polyp or n rema9s to be prov$4 #f4 ,sexual ,reproduction & ,embryology4--,! ovum ( ,hydrom$usae is usually "o ( a l>ge numb] ( ogonia1 & gr[s at ! exp5se ( its si/]-cells4 ,no regul> follicle is =m$1 b ! ocyte absorbs nutrim5t f ! rema9+ ogonia4 ,9 ,hydra ! ocyte is a l>ge amoeboid cell1 :i* s5ds out pseudopodia among/ ! ogonia & absorbs nutrim5t f !m4 ,:5 ! ocyte is full gr[n1 ! residual ogonia die (f & dis9tegrate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,budd+ f ! ,ectod]m 7g]m9al epi!lium7 9 ,m>gellium4 7,aft] ,c4 ,*un47 ,a1 ,! epi!lium becomes two-lay]$4 ,b1 ,! l[] lay] =ms a solid mass ( cells1 :i* 7,c7 becomes a vesicle1 ! future endod]m1 conta9+ ! coel5t]ic cavity 7coel71 :ile ! out] lay] furni%es ! future ectod]m4 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 a ?ick5+ ( ! ectod]m on ! di/al side ( ! bud =ms an entocodon 7,gc74 ,g1,h1 ,=mation ( ! m$usae4 s4c1 ,sub-umbral cavity4 r4c1 ,radial canal4 /1 ,/oma*1 :i* 9 ,h acquires a second>y communication ) ! dige/ive cavity ( ! "m4 cc1 ,circul> canal4 v1 ,velum4 t1 ,t5tacle4 ,! sp]matog5esis & maturation & f]tilization ( ! g]m-cells pres5t no?+ out ( ! common & ne$ n be describ$ "h4 ,^! processes h be5 /udi$ 9 detail by ,a4 ,brau] #b = ,hydra4 ,! g5]al c\rse ( ! developm5t is describ$ 9 ! article ,,hydrozoa4 ,we may di/+ui% ! foll[+ s]ies ( /ages3 7#a7 ovum2 7#b7 cleavage1 lead+ to =mation ( a bla/ula2 7#c7 =mation ( an inn] mass or p>5*yma1 ! future endod]m1 by immigration or delam9ation1 lead+ to ! s-call$ p>5*ymula-/age2 7#d7 =mation ( an ar*5t]ic cavity1 ! future coel5t]on1 by a splitt+ ( ! int]nal p>5*yma1 & ( a bla/opore1 ! future m\?1 by p]=ation at "o pole1 lead+ to ! ga/rula-/age2 7#e7 ! outgr[? ( t5tacles r\nd ! m\? 7bla/opore71 lead+ to ! act9ula-/age2 & 7#f7 ! act9ula becomes ! polyp or m$usa 9 ! mann] describ$ else:]e 7see articles ,,hydrozoa1 ,,polyp & ,,m$usa74 ,?is is ! full1 ideal developm5t1 :i* is always contract$ or %ort5$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,if ! embryo is set free z a free-swimm+1 s-call$ planula-l>va1 9 ! bla/ula1 p>5*ymula1 or ga/rula /age1 !n a free act9ula /age is n f\nd2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 a free act9ula occurs1 !n !re is no free planula /age4 ,! cleavage ( ! ovum foll[s two types1 bo? se5 9 ,tubul>ia 7,brau] #c74 ,9 ! fir/1 a cleavage foll[s ea* nucle> division2 9 ! second1 ! nuclei multiply by division a numb] ( times1 & !n ! ovum divides into z _m bla/om]es z !re are nuclei pres5t4 ,! result ( cleavage 9 all cases is a typical bla/ula1 :i* :5 set free becomes oval & develops a flagellum to ea* cell1 b :5 n set free1 x rema9s sph]ical 9 =m & has no flagella4 ,! g]m-lay] =mation is always by immigration or delam9ation1 nev] by invag9ation4 ,:5 ! bla/ula is oval & free-swimm+ ! inn] mass is =m$ by unipol> immigration f ! h9d] pole4 ,:5 ! bla/ula is sph]ical & n set free1 ! g]m-lay] =mation is always multipol>1 ei!r by immigration or by delam9ation1 i4e4 by tang5tial division ( ! cells ( ! bla/od]m1 z 9 ,g]yonia1 or by a mixture ( immigration & delam9ation1 z 9 ,hydra1 ,tubul>ia1 c4 ,! bla/opore is =m$ z a second>y p]=ation at "o spot1 9 free-swimm+ =ms at ! h9d] pole4 ,=mation ( ar*5t]on & bla/opore may1 h[ev]1 be def]r$ till a lat] /age 7act9ula or aft]74 ,! act9ula /age is usually suppress$ or n set free1 b x is se5 9 ,tubul>ia 7fig4 #dh71 :]e x is ambulatory1 9 ,gonionemus 7,tra*om$usae71 & 9 ,cun9a 7,n>com$usae71 :]e x is p>asitic4 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ f a plate by ,l4 ,agassiz1 ,contributions to ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,u4,s41 iv4 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,free ,act9ula ( ,tubul>ia4 ,9 ,leptol9ae ! embryonic developm5t culm9ates 9 a polyp1 :i* is usually =m$ by fixation ( a planula 7p>5*ymula71 r>ely by fixation ( an act9ula4 ,! planula may fix itself 7#a7 by "o end1 & !n becomes ! hydrocaulus & hydran?1 :ile ! hydrorhiza gr[s out f ! base2 or 7#b7 p>tly by "o side & !n gives rise to ! hydrorhiza z well z to ! o!r p>ts ( ! polyp2 or 7#c7 entirely by its side1 & !n =ms a recumb5t hydrorhiza f :i* a polyp appe>s to be budd$ z an upgr[?4 ,9 ,tra*yl9ae ! developm5t produces always a m$usa1 & !re is no polyp-/age4 ,! m$usa arises direct f ! act9ula-/age & !re is no entocodon =m$1 z 9 ! budd+ describ$ above4 ,life-cycles ( ! ,hydrom$usae4--,! life-cycle ( ! ,leptol9ae consi/s ( an alt]nation ( g5]ations 9 :i* non-sexual individuals1 polyps1 produce by budd+ sexual individuals1 m$usae1 :i* give rise by ! sexual process to ! non-sexual polyps aga91 s complet+ ! cycle4 ,h5ce ! alt]nation is ( ! type t]m$ metag5esis4 ,! ,leptol9ae are *iefly =ms belong+ to ! in%ore fauna4 ,! ,tra*yl9ae1 on ! o!r h&1 are above all oceanic =ms1 & h no polyp-/age1 & h5ce !re is typically no alt]nation 9 _! life-cycle4 ,x is commonly assum$ t ! ,tra*yl9ae are =ms :i* h lo/ ! alt]nation ( g5]ations possess$ by !m ance/rally1 ?r\gh second>y simplification ( ! life-cycle4 ,h5ce ! ,tra*yl9ae are t]m$ hypog5etic m$usae to contra/ !m ) ! metag5etic ,leptol9ae4 ,! :ole "q has1 h[ev]1 be5 argu$ at l5g? by ,w4 ,k4 ,brooks #d1 :o adduces /rong evid5ce = a contr>y view1 t is to say1 = reg>d+ ! direct type ( developm5t se5 9 ,tra*yl9ae z m primitive1 & ! metag5esis se5 9 ,leptol9ae z a second>y complication introduc$ into ! life-cycle by ! acquisition ( l>val budd+4 ,! polyp is reg>d$1 on ?is view1 z a =m phylog5etically old] ?an ! m$usa1 9 %ort1 z no?+ m ?an a sessile act9ula4 ,9 ,tra*yl9ae ! polyp-/age is pass$ ov]1 & is repres5t$ only by ! act9ula z a transitory embryonic /age4 ,9 ,leptol9ae ! act9ula becomes ! sessile polyp :i* has acquir$ ! p[] ( budd+ & produc+ individuals ei!r ( its own or ( a high] rank2 x repres5ts a p]si/5t l>val /age & rema9s 9 a sexually immature condition z a neutral individual1 sex be+ an attribute only ( ! f9al /age 9 ! developm5t1 namely ! m$usa4 ,! polyp ( ! ,leptol9ae has rea*$ ! limit ( its individual developm5t & is incapable ( becom+ itself a m$usa1 b only produces m$usa-buds2 h5ce a true alt]nation ( g5]ations is produc$4 ,9 ,tra*yl9ae also ! beg9n+s ( a simil> metag5esis c be f\nd4 ,?us 9 ,cun9a octon>ia1 ! ovum develops into an act9ula :i* buds daught]-act9ulae2 all ( !m1 bo? p>5t & (fspr+1 develop into m$usae1 s t !re is no alt]nation ( g5]ations1 b only l>val multiplication4 ,9 ,cun9a p>asitica1 h[ev]1 ! ovum develops into an act9ula1 :i* buds act9ulae z be=e1 b only ! daught]-act9ulae develop into m$usae1 :ile ! orig9al1 p>5t-act9ula dies (f2 "h1 !re=e1 l>val budd+ has l$ to a true alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,9 ,gonionemus ! act9ula becomes fix$ & polyp-l1 & reproduces by budd+1 s t "h also an alt]nation ( g5]ations may occur4 ,9 ! ,leptol9ae we mu/ fir/ sub/itute polyp = act9ula1 & !n a condition is f\nd :i* c be comp>$ to ! case ( ,cun9a p>asitica or ,gonionemus1 if we suppose t nei!r ! p>5t-act9ula 7i4e4 f\nd]-polyp7 nor its (fspr+ by budd+ 7polyps ( ! colony7 h ! p[] ( becom+ m$usae1 b only ( produc+ m$usae by budd+4 ,= fur!r argum5ts & illu/rations ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ,brooks's mo/ int]e/+ memoir4 ,! :ole !ory is "o mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! "q ( ! relation betwe5 polyp & m$usa1 to be discuss$ pres5tly4 ,x w be se5 else:]e1 h[ev]1 t :atev] view may be held z to ! orig9 ( metag5esis 9 ,hydrom$usae1 9 ! case ( ,scyphom$usae 7q4v47 no o!r view is possible ?an t ! alt]nation ( g5]ations is ! direct result ( l>val prolif]ation4 ,to complete our survey ( life-cycles 9 ! ,hydrom$usae x is necess>y to add a few words ab\t ! position ( ,hydra & its allies4 ,if we accept ! view t ,hydra is a true sexual polyp1 & t its gonads are n gonophores 7i4e4 m$usa-buds7 9 ! extreme ( deg5]ation1 !n x foll[s f ,brooks's !ory t ,hydra mu/ be desc5d$ f an ar*aic =m 9 :i* ! m$usan type ( organization _h n yet be5 evolv$4 ,hydra mu/1 9 %ort1 be a liv+ repres5tative ( ! ance/or ( :i* ! act9ula-/age is a transi5t rem9isc5ce 9 ! developm5t ( high] =ms4 ,x may be po9t$ out 9 ?is connexion t ! fixation ( ,hydra is only tempor>y1 & t ! animal is able at all times to deta* itself1 to move to a new situation1 & to fix itself aga94 ,!re is no difficulty :atev] 9 reg>d+ ,hydra z be>+ ! same relation to ! act9ula-/age ( o!r ,hydrom$usae t a ,rotif] be>s to a tro*ophore-l>va or a fi% to a tadpole4 ,! ,relation ( ,polyp & ,m$usa4--,_m views h be5 put =w>d z to ! morphological relation%ip betwe5 ! two types ( p]son 9 ! ,hydrom$usae4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 polyp & m$usa h be5 reg>d$ z modifications ( a common type1 a view support$ by ! exi/5ce1 among ,scyphom$usae 7q4v471 ( sessile polyp-l m$usae 7,luc]n>ia1 c474 ,r4 ,leuck>t 9 #ahdh comp>$ m$usae 9 g5]al t]ms to flatt5$ polyps4 ,g4 ,j4 ,allman #a put =w>d a m detail$ view1 :i* 0 z foll[s4 ,9 "s polyps ! t5tacles are webb$ at ! base1 & x 0 suppos$ t a m$usa 0 a polyp ( ?is k9d set free1 ! umbrella be+ a greatly develop$ web or membrane ext5d+ betwe5 ! t5tacles4 ,a v diff]5t !ory 0 enunciat$ by ,e4 ,met*nik(f4 ,9 "s hydroids ! f\nd]-polyp1 develop$ f a planula aft] fixation1 ?r[s out num]\s outgr[?s f ! base to =m ! hydrorhiza2 ^! outgr[?s may be radially arrang$ s z to =m by contact or coalesc5ce a flat plate4 ,me*nikov consid]$ ! plate ?us =m$ at ! base ( ! polyp z equival5t to ! umbrella1 & ! body ( ! polyp z equival5t to ! manubrium1 ( ! m$usa2 on ?is view ! m>g9al t5tacles almo/ inv>iably pres5t 9 m$usae are new =mations1 & ! t5tacles ( ! polyp are repres5t$ 9 ! m$usa by ! oral arms :i* may occur r\nd ! m\?1 & :i* sometimes1 e4g4 9 ,m>gelidae1 h ! appe>ance & /ructure ( t5tacles4 ,ap>t f ! weighty argum5ts :i* ! developm5t furni%es aga9/ ! !ories ( ,allman & ,me*nikov1 x may be po9t$ out t nei!r hypo!sis gives a satisfactory explanation ( a /ructure univ]sally pres5t 9 m$usae ( :atev] class1 namely ! endod]m-lamella1 discov]$ by ! bro!rs ,o4 & ,r4 ,h]twig4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to reg>d ?is /ructure z a second>y ext5sion ( ! endod]m 9 ! t5tacle-web1 on ,allman's !ory1 or betwe5 ! outgr[?s ( ! hydrorhiza1 on ,me*nikov's hypo!sis4 ,! developm5t1 on ! contr>y1 %[s unequivocally t ! endod]m-lamella arises z a local coalesc5ce ( ! endod]mal l9+s ( a primitively ext5sive ga/ral space4 ,! "q is "o intimately connect$ ) ! view tak5 z to ! nature & individuality ( polyp1 m$usa & gonophore respectively4 ,on ?is po9t ! foll[+ !ories h be5 put =w>d4 #a4 ,! !ory t ! m$usa is simply an organ1 :i* has become deta*$ & has acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce1 l ! well-kn[n in/ance ( ! hectocotyle ( ! cuttle-fi%4 ,on ?is view1 put =w>d by ,e4 van ,b5$5 & ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ! sporosac is ! />t+-po9t ( an evolution lead+ up ?r\gh ! v>i\s types ( gonophores to ! free m$usa z ! culm9at+ po9t ( a phyletic s]ies4 ,! evid5ce aga9/ ?is view may be class$ "u two heads3 fir/1 comp>ative evid5ce2 hydroids v diff]5t 9 _! /ructural *>act]s & widely sep>ate 9 ! sy/ematic classification ( ^! organisms may produce m$usae v simil>1 at lea/ s f> z ! ess5tial features ( m$usan organization are conc]n$2 on ! o!r hydroids closely alli$1 p]haps almo/ indi/+ui%able1 may produce gonophores 9 ! "o case1 m$usae 9 ! o!r2 = example1 ,hydract9ia 7gonophores7 & ,podocoryne 7m$usae71 ,tubul>ia 7gonophores7 & ,ectopleura 7m$usae71 ,coryne 7gonophores7 & ,syncoryne 7m$usae71 & s on4 ,if x is assum$ t all ^! g5]a bore gonophores ance/rally1 !n m$usa ( simil> type mu/ h be5 evolv$ q indep5d5tly 9 a great numb] ( cases4 ,secondly1 !re is ! evid5ce f ! developm5t1 namely1 ! pres5ce ( ! entocodon 9 ! m$usa-bud1 a /ructure :i*1 z expla9$ above1 c only be acc\nt$ = satisfactorily by d]ivation f a m$usan type ( organization4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t ! gonophores are deg5]ate m$usae1 & n t ! m$usae are highly elaborat$ gonophores1 z ! organ-!ory requires4 #b4 ,! !ory t ! m$usa is an indep5d5t individual1 fully equival5t to ! polyp 9 ?is respect1 is n[ univ]sally accept$ z be+ support$ by all ! facts ( comp>ative morphology & developm5t4 ,! "q /ill rema9s op51 h[ev]1 :i* ( ! two types ( p]son may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ primitive1 ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! race-hi/ory ( ! ,hydrom$usae4 ,f4 ,m4 ,balf\r put =w>d ! view t ! polyp 0 ! m primitive type1 & t ! m$usa is a special modification ( ! polyp = reproductive purposes1 ! result ( division ( lab\r 9 a polyp-colony1 :]eby special reproductive p]sons become deta*$ & acquire organs ( locomotion = spread+ ! species4 ,w4 ,k4 ,brooks1 on ! o!r h&1 z /at$ above1 reg>ds ! m$usa z ! old] type & looks ^u bo? polyp & m$usa1 9 ! ,hydrom$usae1 z d]iv$ f a free-swimm+ or float+ act9ula1 ! polyp be+ ?us m]ely a fix$ nutritive /age1 possess+ second>ily acquir$ p[]s ( multiplication by budd+4 ,! ,h]twigs :5 !y discov]$ ! endod]m-lamella %[$ on morphological gr\nds t polyp & m$usa are indep5d5t types1 ea* produc$ by modification 9 diff]5t directions ( a m primitive type repres5t$ 9 developm5t by ! act9ula-/age4 ,if a polyp1 su* z ,hydra1 be reg>d$ simply z a sessile act9ula1 we mu/ c]ta9ly consid] ! polyp to be ! old] type1 & x may be po9t$ out t 9 ! ,an?ozoa only polyp-individuals occur4 ,?is mu/ n be tak5 to mean1 h[ev]1 t ! m$usa is d]iv$ f a sessile polyp2 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a direct modification ( ! m anci5t free act9ula =m1 )\t primitively any int]v5+ polyp-/age1 su* z has be5 introduc$ second>ily into ! developm5t ( ! ,leptol9ae & repres5ts a revival1 s to speak1 ( an ance/ral =m or l>val /age1 :i* has tak5 on a special role 9 ! economy ( ! species4 ,,sy/ematic ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,hydrom$usae ,,ord] ,i4 ,eleu!robla/ea4--,simple polyps :i* become sexually mature & :i* also reproduce non-sexually1 b )\t any m$usoid /age 9 ! life-cycle4 ,! sub-ord] includes ! family ,hydridae1 conta9+ ! common fre%-wat] polyps ( ! g5us ,hydra4 ,c]ta9 o!r =ms ( d\btful aff9ities h also be5 ref]r$ provisionally to ?is section4 ,hydra4--,?is g5us comprises fre%-wat] polyps ( simple /ructure4 ,! body be>s t5tacles1 b %[s no division into hydrorhiza1 hydrocaulus or hydran?2 x is tempor>ily fix$ & has no p]is>c4 ,! polyp is usually h]maphrodite1 develop+ bo? ov>ies & te/es 9 ! same individual4 ,!re is no free-swimm+ planula l>va1 b ! /age correspond+ to x is pass$ ov] 9 an envelop+ cy/1 :i* is secret$ r\nd ! embryo by its own ectod]mal lay]1 %ortly aft] ! g]m-lay] =mation is complete1 i4e4 9 ! p>5*ymula-/age4 ,! envelope is d\ble1 consi/+ ( an ext]nal *it9\s /ratifi$ %ell1 & an int]nal ?9 ela/ic membrane4 ,protect$ by ! d\ble envelope1 ! embryo is set free z a s-call$ egg1 & 9 ,europe x passes ! w9t] 9 ?is condition4 ,9 ! spr+ ! embryo bur/s its %ell & is set free z a m9ute act9ula :i* becomes a ,hydra4 ,_m species are kn[n1 ( :i* ?ree are common 9 ,european wat]s4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,c4 ,f4 ,jickeli 7#bh7 t ! species are di/+ui%able by ! *>act]s ( _! nematocy/s4 ,!y also %[ *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 ! egg 7,brau] #b74 ,9 ,hydra viridis ! polyp is ( a gre5 col\r & produces a sph]ical egg ) a smoo? %ell :i* is dropp$ into ! mud4 ,h4 grisea is greyi% 9 t9t & produces a sph]ical egg ) a spiky %ell1 :i* also is dropp$ into ! mud4 ,h4 fusca 7 ,h4 vulg>is7 is br[n 9 col\r1 & produces a bun-%ap$ egg1 spiky on ! convex surface1 & atta*$ to a wat]-we$ or "s object by its flatt5$ side4 ,brau] f\nd a f\r? species1 simil> 9 appe>ance to ,h4 fusca1 b diff]+ f ! ?ree o!r species 9 be+ ( sep>ate sexes1 & 9 produc+ a sph]ical egg ) a knobby %ell1 :i* is atta*$ l t ( ,h4 fusca4 ,! fact already not$ t ! species ( ,hydra c be di/+ui%$ by ! *>act]s ( _! nematocy/s is a po9t ( great int]e/4 ,9 ea* species1 two or ?ree k9ds ( nematocy/s occur1 "s l>ge1 "s small1 & = specific id5tification ! nematocy/s mu/ be /udi$ collectively 9 ea* species4 ,x is v rem>kable t ?is me?od ( *>act]iz+ & diagnoz+ species has nev] be5 ext5d$ to ! m>9e hydroids4 ,x is q possible t ! *>act]s ( ! nematocy/s might af=d data z useful to ! sy/emati/ 9 ?is gr\p z d ! spicules ( sponges1 = in/ance4 ,x w\ld be p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to asc]ta9 h[ ! nematocy/s ( a polyp are relat$ to ^? possess$ by ! m$usa budd$ f x1 & x is possible t 9 ?is mann] obscure que/ions ( relation%ip might be cle>$ up4 ,protohydra is a m>9e g5us *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( t5tacles1 by a great simil>ity to ,hydra 9 hi/ological /ructure1 & by reproduction by transv]se fission4 ,x 0 f\nd orig9ally 9 an oy/]-f>m at ,o/5d4 ,! sexual reproduction is unkn[n4 ,= fur!r in=mation see ,c4 ,*un 7,,hydrozoa #a4 ,pl4 ,i474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,diagram %[+ possible modifications ( p]sons ( a gymnobla/ic ,hydrom$usa4 7,aft] ,allman47 a1 ,hydrocaulus 7/em74 b1 ,hydrorhiza 7root74 c1 ,ent]ic cavity4 d1 ,endod]m4 e1 ,ectod]m4 f1 ,p]is>c1 7horny case74 g1 ,hydran? 7hydri=m p]son7 exp&$4 g'1 ,hydran? 7hydri=m p]son7 contract$4 h1 ,hypo/ome1 be>+ m\? at its extremity4 k1 ,sporosac spr++ f ! hydrocaulus4 k'1 ,sporosac spr++ f m1 a modifi$ hydri=m p]son 7bla/o/yle73 ! g5italia are se5 surr\nd+ ! spadix or manubrium4 l1 ,m$usi=m p]son or m$usa4 m1 ,bla/o/yle4 ,polypodium hydri=me ,uss[ is a fre%-wat] =m p>asitic on ! eggs ( ! /]let4 ,a /olon ( unkn[n orig9 produces ?irty-two buds1 :i* become z _m ,polypodia2 ea* has tw5ty-f\r t5tacles & divides by fission repeat$ twice into f\r individuals1 ea* ) six t5tacles4 ,! daught]-individuals gr[1 =m ! full numb] ( tw5ty-f\r t5tacles & divide aga94 ,! polyps are free & walk on _! t5tacles4 ,see ,uss[ #ed4 ,tetraplatia volitans ,vigui] is a rem>kable float+ m>9e =m4 ,see ,c4 ,vigui] #ef & ,delage & ,hr\>d 7,hydrozoa #b74 ,hal]emita ,s*aud9n4 ,see ,f4 ,s*aud9n #ej & ,delage & ,hr\>d 7,,hydrozoa #b74 ,9 all ! above-m5tion$ g5]a1 ) ! exception ( ,hydra1 ! life-cycle is s imp]fectly kn[n t _! true position _c be det]m9$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,!y may prove ev5tually to belong to o!r ord]s4 ,h5ce only ! g5us ,hydra c be consid]$ z truly repres5t+ ! ord] ,eleu!robla/ea4 ,! phylog5etic position ( ?is g5us has be5 discuss$ above4 ,,ord] ,,ii4 ,hydroidea seu ,leptol9ae4--,hydrom$usae ) alt]nation ( g5]ations 7metag5esis7 9 :i* a non-sexual polyp-g5]ation 7trophosome7 produces by budd+ a sexual m$usa-g5]ation 7gonosome74 ,! polyp may be solit>y1 b m usually produces polyps by budd+ & =ms a polyp-colony4 ,! polyp usually has ! body di/9ctly divisible into hydran?1 hydrocaulus & hydrorhiza1 & is usually clo!d 9 a p]is>c4 ,! m$usae may be set free or may rema9 atta*$ to ! polyp-colony & deg5]ate into a gonophore4 ,:5 fully develop$ ! m$usa is *>act]iz$ by ! s5se organs be+ compos$ entirely ( ectod]m1 develop$ indep5d5tly ( ! t5tacles1 & inn]vat$ f ! sub-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,! two k9ds ( p]sons pres5t 9 ! typical ,hydroidea make ! classification ( ! gr\p extremely difficult1 = reasons expla9$ above4 ,h5ce ! sy/ematic arrangem5t t foll[s mu/ be consid]$ purely provisional4 ,a natural classification ( ! ,hydroidea has yet to be put =w>d4 ,_m g5]a & families are sep>at$ by purely artificial *>act]s1 m]e %elf-&-bottle gr\p+s devis$1 = ! conv5i5ce ( ! museum curator & ! collector4 ,?us _m subdivisions are diagnos$ by sett+ free m$usae 9 "o case1 or produc+ gonophores 9 ano!r1 al?\gh x is v obvi\s1 z po9t$ out above1 t a g5us produc+ m$usae may be f> m closely alli$ to "o produc+ gonophores ?an to ano!r produc+ m$usae1 or vice v]sa1 & t 9 "s cases ! production ( m$usae or gonophores v>ies ) ! season or ! sex4 ,moreov]1 ,p4 ,hallez #bb has rec5tly %[n t hydroids hi!rto reg>d$ z di/9ct species are only =ms ( ! same species gr[n "u diff]5t conditions4 ,,sub-,,ord] #a4 ,,hydroidea ,,gymnobla/ea 7,,an?om$usae74--,trophosome )\t hydro!cae or gono!cae1 ) monopodial type ( budd+4 ,gonosome ) free m$usae or gonophores2 m$usae usually ) ocelli1 nev] ) otocy/s4 ,! gymnobla/ic polyp usually has a di/9ct p]is>c inve/+ ! hydrorhiza & ! hydrocaulus1 sometimes also ! hydran? z f> z ! bases ( ! t5tacles 7,bim]ia72 b 9 su* cases ! p]is>c =ms a closely-fitt+ inve/m5t or cuticule on ! hydran?1 nev] a hydro!ca /&+ (f f x1 z 9 ! next sub-ord]4 ,! polyps may be solit>y1 or =m colonies1 :i* may be ( ! spread+ or encru/+ type1 or arboresc5t1 & !n always ( monopodial gr[? & budd+4 ,9 "s cases1 any polyp ( ! colony may bud m$usae2 9 o!r cases1 only c]ta9 polyps1 ! bla/o/yles1 h ?is p[]4 ,:5 bla/o/yles are pres5t1 h[ev]1 !y are nev] enclos$ 9 special gono!cae z 9 ! next sub-ord]4 ,9 ?is sub-ord] ! *>act]s ( ! hydran? are v v>iable1 probably ow+ to ! fact t x is expos$ & n protect$ by a hydro!ca1 z 9 ,calyptobla/ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,s>sia 7,dipur5a7 gemnif]a4 b1 ,! long manubrium1 be>+ m$usi=m buds2 a1 m\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,s>sia prolif]a4 ,ocelli are se5 at ! base ( ! t5tacles1 & also 7z an exception7 gr\ps ( m$usi=m buds4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ?ree pr9cipal types ( hydran? c be di/+ui%$1 ea* ) subord9ate v>ieties ( =m4 #a4 ,club-%ap$ hydran?s ) num]\s t5tacles1 g5]ally scatt]$ irregul>ly1 sometimes ) a spiral arrangem5t1 or 9 :orls 7v]ticillate74 7a7 ,t5tacles fili=m2 type ( ,clava 7fig4 #e71 ,cordylophora1 c4 7b7 ,t5tacles capitate1 simple2 type ( ,coryne & ,syncoryne2 ,myrio!la is an ab]rant =m ) "s ( ! t5tacles modifi$ z clasp]s to hold ! ova4 7c7 ,t5tacles capitate1 bran*$1 :olly or 9 "p2 type ( ,cladocoryne4 7d7 ,t5tacles fili=m or capitate1 t5d+ to be arrang$ 9 def9ite :orls2 type ( ,/auridium 7fig4 #b71 ,cladonema & ,p5n>ia4 #b4 ,hydran? m %ort5$1 daisy-l 9 =m1 ) two :orls ( t5tacles1 oral & aboral4 7a7 ,t5tacles fili=m1 simple1 radially arrang$ or scatt]$ irregul>ly2 type ( ,tubul>ia 7fig4 #d71 ,corymorpha 7fig4 #c71 ,nemopsis1 ,pelagohydra1 c4 7b7 ,t5tacles ) a bilat]al arrangem5t1 bran*$ t5tacles 9 addition to simple fili=m ones2 type ( ,bran*ioc]ian?us4 #c4 ,hydran? ) a s+le circlet ( t5tacles4 7a7 ,) fili=m t5tacles2 ! commone/ type1 se5 9 ,b\ga9villea 7fig4 #ac71 ,eud5drium1 c4 7b7 ,) capitate t5tacles2 type ( ,clavatella4 #d4 ,hydran? ) t5tacles r$uc$ bel[ f\r2 type ( ,l> 7fig4 #aa71 ,monobra*ium1 c4 ,! ,an?om$usa 9 =m is g5]ally deep1 bell-%ap$4 ,! s5se organs are typically ocelli1 nev] otocy/s4 ,! gonads are borne on ! manubrium1 ei!r =m+ a cont9u\s r+ 7,codonid type71 or f\r masses or pairs ( masses 7,oceanid type74 ,! t5tacles may be scatt]$ s+ly r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella 7mon]5emat\s7 or arrang$ 9 tufts 7lophonemat\s72 9 =m !y may be simple or bran*$ 7,cladonemid type72 9 /ructure !y may be holl[ 7coelom]9?\s72 or solid 7pycnom]9?\s74 ,:5 sessile gonophores are produc$1 !y may %[ all /ages ( deg5]ation4 ,classification4--,until q rec5tly ! hydroids 7,gymnobla/ea7 & ! m$usae 7,an?om$usae7 h be5 classifi$ sep>ately1 s9ce ! connexion betwe5 !m 0 insuffici5tly kn[n4 ,delage & ,hr\>d 7,,hydrozoa #b7 7 ! fir/ to make an h]oic attempt to unite ! two classifications into "o1 to :i* ,hickson 7,,hydrozoa #d7 has made "s additions & slight modifications4 ,! classification giv5 "h is = ! mo/ "p t ( ,delage & ,hr\>d4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t no su* classification c be consid]$ f9al at pres5t1 b mu/ und]go cont9ual revision 9 ! future4 ,) ?is res]vation we may recognize fifte5 well-*>act]iz$ families & o!rs ( m d\btful nature4 ,c]ta9 discrepancies mu/ also be not$4 #a4 ,m>gelidae 7 m$usa-family ,m>gelidae hydroid families ,b\ga9villidae1 ,dicorynidae1 ,bim]idae & ,eud5dridae74 ,trophosome arboresc5t1 ) hydran?s ( ,b\ga9villea-type2 gonosome free m$usae or gonophores1 ! m$usae ) solid t5tacles 9 tufts 7lophonemat\s74 ,common g5]a are ! hydroid ,b\ga9villea 7figs4 #ab1 #ac71 & ! m$usae ,hippocr5e 7budd$ f ,b\ga9villea71 ,m>gelis1 ,ra?kea 7fig4 #bd71 & ,m>gellium4 ,o!r hydroids are ,g>veia1 ,bim]ia1 ,eud5drium & ,het]ocordyle1 ) gonophores1 & ,dicoryne ) peculi> sporosacs4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,haeckel1 ,sy/em d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,gu/av ,fis*]4 ,,fig4 #eb4--,ti>a pileata1 ,l4 ,agassiz4 #b4 ,podocorynidae 7 m$usa-families ,?amno/omidae & ,cytaeidae hydroid families ,podocorynidae & ,hydract9iidae74 ,trophosome encru/+ ) hydran?s ( ,b\ga9villea-type1 polyps diff]5tiat$ into bla/o/yles1 ga/rozoids & dactylozoids2 gonosome free m$usae or gonophores4 ,! typical g5us is ! well-kn[n hydroid ,podocoryne1 budd+ ! m$usa kn[n z ,dysmorphosa2 ,?amno/ylus1 ,cytaeis1 c41 are o!r m$usae ) unkn[n hydroids4 ,hydract9ia 7figs4 #i1 #aj7 is a famili> hydroid g5us1 be>+ gonophores4 #c4 ,cladonemidae4--,trophosome1 polyps ) two :orls ( t5tacles1 ! l[] fili=m1 ! upp] capitate2 gonosome1 free m$usae1 ) t5tacles solid & bran*$4 ,! type-g5us ,cladonema 7fig4 #bj7 is a common ,briti% =m4 #d4 ,clavatellidae4--,trophosome1 polyps ) a s+le :orl ( capitate t5tacles2 gonosome1 free m$usae1 ) t5tacles bran*$1 solid4 ,clavatella 7fig4 #ba71 ) a peculi> ambulatory m$usa is a ,briti% =m4 #e4 ,p5n>iidae4--,trophosome1 polyps ) an upp] circlet ( num]\s capitate t5tacles1 & a l[] circlet ( fili=m t5tacles4 ,p5n>ia1 ) a free m$usa kn[n z ,globiceps1 is a common ,m$it]ranean =m4 ,/auridium 7fig4 #b7 is a ,briti% hydroid4 #f4 ,tubul>iidae4--,trophosome1 polyps ) two :orls ( t5tacles1 bo? fili=m4 ,tubul>ia 7fig4 #d71 a well-kn[n ,briti% hydroid1 be>s gonophores4 #g4 ,corymorphidae 7includ+ ! m$usa-family ,hybocodonidae74--,trophosome solit>y polyps1 ) two :orls ( t5tacles2 gonosome1 free m$usae or gonophores4 ,corymorpha 7fig4 #c71 a well-kn[n ,briti% g5us1 sets free a m$usa kn[n z ,/e5/rupia 7fig4 #bb74 ,"h belong ! deep-sea g5]a ,monocaulus & ,bran*ioc]ian?us1 includ+ ! l>ge/ hydroid polyps kn[n1 bo? g5]a produc+ sessile gonophores4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,haeckel1 ,sy/em d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,gu/av ,fis*]4 ,,fig4 #ec4--,pt]onema d>w9ii4 ,! apex ( ! /oma* is prolong$ into a brood p\* conta9+ embryos4 #h4 ,d5droclavidae4--,trophosome1 polyp ) fili=m t5tacles 9 ?ree or f\r :orls4 ,d5droclava1 a hydroid1 produces ! m$usa kn[n z ,turritopsis4 #i4 ,clavidae 7includ+ ! m$usa-family ,ti>idae 7figs4 #bg & #ea74 ,trophosome1 polyps ) scatt]$ fili=m t5tacles2 gonosome1 m$usae or gonophores1 ! m$usae ) holl[ t5tacles4 ,clava 7fig4 #e71 a common ,briti% hydroid1 produces gonophores2 s also does ,cordylophora1 a =m inhabit+ fre% or bracki% wat]4 ,turris produces free m$usae4 ,amph9ema is a m$usan g5us ( unkn[n hydroid4 #aj4 ,by?oti>idae4--,trophosome unkn[n2 gonosome1 free m$usae1 ) deep1 bell-%ap$ umbrella1 ) int]radial gonads on ! base ( ! /oma*1 ) bran*$ radial canals1 & correspond+ly num]\s holl[ t5tacles4 ,by?oti>a1 ,sibogita4 #aa4 ,corynidae 7 hydroid families ,corynidae1 ,syncorynidae & ,cladocorynidae m$usan family ,s>siidae74--,trophosome polyps ) capitate t5tacles1 simple or bran*$1 scatt]$ or v]ticillate2 gonosome1 free m$usae or gonophores4 ,coryne1 a common ,briti% hydroid1 produces gonophores2 ,syncoryne1 indi/+ui%able f x1 produces m$usae kn[n z ,s>sia 7fig4 #ea74 ,cladocoryne is ano!r hydroid g5us2 ,codonium & ,dipur5a 7fig4 #ej7 are m$usan g5]a4 #ab4 ,myrio!lidae4--,! g5us ,myrio!la is a solit>y polyp ) scatt]$ capitate t5tacles1 produc+ sporosacs4 #ac4 ,hydrol>idae4--,trophosome 7only kn[n 9 "o g5us71 polyps ) two t5tacles =m+ a creep+ colony2 gonosome1 free m$usae ) f\r1 six or m radial canals1 giv+ (f "o or m lat]al bran*es :i* run to ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 ) ! /oma* produc$ into f\r1 six or m lobes1 ^u :i* ! gonads are develop$2 ! m\? ) f\r lips or ) a fold$ m>g92 ! t5tacles simple1 arrang$ ev5ly r\nd ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella4 ,! rem>kable hydroid ,l> 7fig4 #aa7 gr[s ^u ! tubes ( ! worm ,sabella & produces a m$usa kn[n z ,willia4 ,ano!r m$usan g5us is ,proboscidactyla4 #ad4 ,monobra*iidae4--,! g5us ,monobra*ium is a colony-=m+ hydroid :i* gr[s ^u ! %ells ( bivalve molluscs1 ea* polyp hav+ b a s+le t5tacle4 ,x buds m$usae1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are z yet only kn[n 9 an immature condition 7,c4 ,m]es*k[sky #da74 #ae4 ,c]atellidae4--,trophosome polyps =m+ bran*+ colonies ( :i* ! /em & ma9 bran*es are ?ick & compos$ ( a network ( ana/omos+ co5os>cal tubes cov]$ by a common ectod]m & support$ by a ?ick *it9\s p]is>c2 hydran?s simil> to ^? ( ,coryne2 gonosome1 sessile gonophores4 ,c]atella1 an exotic g5us f ! coa/ ( ,ea/ ,africa1 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,japan4 ,! g5]a ,dehitella ,gray & ,d5drocoryne ,inaba %\ld p]haps be ref]r$ to ?is family2 ! la/-nam$ is reg>d$ by ,s4 ,goto #af z ! type ( a di/9ct family1 ,d5drocorynidae4 ,d\btful families1 or =ms difficult to classify1 are3 ,pt]onemidae1 ,m$usae ( ,cladonemid type1 ) hydroids = ! mo/ "p unkn[n4 ,! ,briti% g5us ,gemm>ia1 h[ev]1 is budd$ f a hydroid ref]able to ! family ,corynidae4 ,pt]onema 7fig4 #ec74 ,nemopsidae1 = ! float+ polyp ,nemopsis1 v simil> to ,tubul>ia 9 "*2 ! m$usa1 on ! o!r h&1 is v simil> to ,hippocr5e 7,m>gelidae74 ,see ,c4 ,*un 7,,hydrozoa #a74 ,pelagohydridae1 = ! float+ polyp ,pelagohydra1 ,d5dy1 f ,new ,zeal&4 ,! animal is a solit>y polyp be>+ a great numb] ( m$usa-buds4 ,! body1 repres5t+ ! hydran? ( an ord9>y hydroid1 has ! aboral portion modifi$ into a float1 f :i* hangs d[n a proboscis be>+ ! m\?4 ,! float is cov]$ ) long t5tacles & be>s ! m$usa-buds4 ,! proboscis be>s at its extremity a circlet ( small] oral t5tacles4 ,?us ! aff9ities ( ! hydran? are cle>ly1 z ,d5dy po9ts out1 ) a =m su* z ,corymorpha1 :i* also is n fix$ b only root$ 9 ! mud4 ,! m$usae1 on ! o!r h&1 h ! t5tacles 9 f\r tufts ( 79 ! buds7 five ea*1 & ?us resemble ! m$usae ( ! family ,m>gelidae4 ,see ,a4 ,d5dy #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--;,diagram %[+ possible modifications ( ! p]sons ( a ,calyptobla/ic ,hydrom$usa4 ,lett]s a to h same z 9 fig4 #di4 i1 ,! horny cup or hydro!ca ( ! hydri=m p]sons2 l1 m$usi=m p]son spr++ f m1 a modifi$1 hydri=m p]son 7bla/o/yle72 n1 ! horny case or gonangium enclos+ ! bla/o/yle & its buds4 ,?is & ! hydro!ca i give orig9 to ! "n ,calyptobla/ea4 7,aft] ,allman47 ,p]igonimus4--,?is common ,briti% hydroid belongs by its *>act]s to ! family ,b\ga9villidae2 x produces1 h[ev]1 a m$usa ( ! g5us ,ti>a 7fig4 #eb71 ref]able to ! family ,clavidae2 a fact suffici5t to indicate ! t5tative "* ( ev5 ! mo/ mod]n classifications ( ?is ord]4 ,,sub-,,ord] ,,ii4 ,,hydroidea ,,calyptobla/ea 7,,leptom$usae74--,trophosome ) polyps always diff]5tiat$ into nutritive & reproductive individuals 7bla/o/yles7 enclos$ 9 hydro!cae & gono!cae respectively2 ) sympodial type ( budd+4 ,gonosome ) free m$usae or gonophores2 ! m$usae typically ) otocy/s1 sometimes ) cordyli or ocelli 7figs4 #ed1 #ee74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,view ( ! ,oral ,surface ( "o ( ! ,leptom$usae 7,ir5e pellucida1 ,haeckel71 to %[ ! num]\s t5tacles & ! otocy/s4 ge1 ,g5ital gl&s4 ,m1 ,manubrium4 ot1 ,otocy/s4 rc1 ,! f\r radiat+ canals4 ,ve1 ,! velum4 ,! calyptobla/ic polyp ( ! nutritive type is v uni=m 9 "*1 its t5d5cy to v>iation be+ limit$1 z x 71 by ! enclos+ hydro!ca4 ,! hydran? almo/ always has a s+le circlet ( t5tacles1 l ! ,b\ga9villea-type1 9 ! prec$+ sub-ord]2 an exception is ! curi\s g5us ,cla?rozoon1 9 :i* ! hydran? has a s+le t5tacle4 ,! *>act]i/ic hydro!ca is =m$ by ! bud at an e>ly /age 7fig4 #ef72 :5 complete x is an op5 cup1 9 :i* ! hydran? develops & c be protrud$ f ! op5+ = ! capture ( food1 or is )drawn into x = protection4 ,solit>y polyps are unkn[n 9 ?is sub-ord]2 ! colony may be creep+ or arboresc5t 9 =m2 if ! latt]1 ! budd+ ( ! polyps1 z already /at$1 is ( ! sympodial type1 & ei!r bis]ial1 =m+ /ems capable ( fur!r bran*+1 or unis]ial1 =m+ p9nules n capable ( fur!r bran*+4 ,9 ! bis]ial type ! polyps on ! two sides ( ! /em h primitively an alt]nat+1 zigzag arrangem5t2 b1 by a process ( diff]5tial gr[?1 quick5$ 9 ! #a/1 #crd1 #e?1 c41 memb]s ( ! /em1 & ret>d$ 9 ! #bnd1 #d?1 #f?1 c41 memb]s1 ! polyps may assume second>ily positions opposite to "o ano!r on ! two sides ( ! /em4 ,o!r v>iations 9 ! mode ( gr[? or budd+ br+ ab\t fur!r diff]5ces 9 ! build+ up ( ! colony1 :i* are n 9 all cases prop]ly und]/ood & _c be describ$ 9 detail "h4 ,! /em may conta9 a s+le co5os>cal tube 7monosiphonic7 or sev]al unit$ 9 a common p]is>c 7polysiphonic74 ,an important v>iation is se51 9 ! =m ( ! hydro!ca itself1 :i* may come (f f ! ma9 /em by a /alk1 z 9 ,obelia1 or may be sessile1 )\t a /alk1 z 9 ,s]tul>ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,allman1 ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,diagrams to %[ ! mode ( =mation ( ! ,hydro!ca & ,gono!ca 9 ,calyptobla/ic ,hydroids4 ,a-,d are /ages common to bo?2 f ,d arises ! hydro!ca 7,e7 or ! gono!ca 7,f72 ?1 !ca2 /1 /oma*2 t1 t5tacles2 m1 m\?2 mb1 m$usa-buds4 ,9 _m ,calyptobla/ea !re occur also r$uc$ def5sive polyps or dactylozoids1 :i* 9 ?is sub-ord] h receiv$ ! special "n ( s>co/yles4 ,su* are ! snake-l zoids ( ,ophiodes & o!r g5]a1 & z su* are g5]ally int]pret$ ! ma*opolyps ( ! ,plumul>idea4 ,^! organs are support$ by cuplike /ructures ( ! p]is>c1 t]m$ nematophores1 reg>d$ z modifi$ hydro!cae support+ ! specializ$ polyp-individuals4 ,!y are specially *>act]i/ic ( ! family ,plumul>idae4 ,! m$usa-buds1 z already /at$1 are always produc$ f bla/o/yles1 r$uc$ non-nutritive polyps )\t m\? or t5tacles4 ,an app>5t1 b n real1 exception is ,halecium halec9um1 9 :i* ! bla/o/yle is produc$ f ! side ( a nutritive polyp1 & bo? are enclos$ 9 a common !ca )\t a p>tition betwe5 !m 7,allman #a p4 #ej1 fig4 #bd74 ,! gono!ca is =m$ 9 its e>ly /age 9 ! same way z ! hydro!ca1 b ! rema9s ( ! hydran? p]si/s z an op]culum clos+ ! capsule1 to be )drawn :5 ! m$usae or g5ital products are set free 7fig4 #ef74 ,! bla/o/yles1 gonophores & gono!cae furni% a s]ies ( v>iations :i* c be/ be consid]$ z s _m /ages ( evolution4 ,/age #a1 se5 9 ,obelia4 ,num]\s m$usae are budd$ successively )9 ! gono!ca & set free2 !y swim (f & mature 9 ! op5 sea 7,allman #a1 p4 #dh1 figs4 #ah1 #ai74 ,/age #b1 se5 9 ,gono?yraea4 ,m$usae1 s-call$ meconidia1 are budd$ b n lib]at$2 ea* 9 turn1 :5 x rea*es sexual maturity1 is protrud$ f ! gono!ca by elongation ( ! /alk1 & sets free ! embryos1 aft] :i* x )]s & is replac$ by ano!r 7,allman #a1 p4 #eg1 fig4 #bh74 ,/age #c1 se5 9 ,s]tul>ia4--,! gonophores are r$uc$ 9 v>y+ degree1 x may be to sporosacs2 !y are budd$ successively f ! bla/o/yle1 & ea* 9 turn1 :5 ripe1 protrudes ! spadix ?r\gh ! gono!ca 7fig4 #eg1 ,a1 ,b74 ,! spadix =ms a gelat9\s cy/1 ! s-call$ acrocy/ 7ac71 ext]nal to ! gono!ca 7g?71 enclos+ & protect+ ! embryos4 ,!n ! spadix )]s1 leav+ ! embryos 9 ! acrocy/1 :i* may be fur!r protect$ by a s-call$ m>supium1 a /ructure =m$ by t5tacle-l processes gr[+ out f ! bla/o/yle to enclose ! acrocy/1 ea* su* process be+ cov]$ by p]is>c l a glove-f+] secret$ by x 7fig4 #eg1 ,c74 7,allman #a1 pp4 #ej1 #ea1 figs4 #ba-bd2 ,weismann #eh1 p4 #agj1 pl4 ix41 figs4 #g1 #h47 ,/age #d1 se5 9 ,plumul>idae4--,! g5]ative elem5ts are produc$ 9 /ructures t]m$ corbulae1 =m$ by r$uction & modification ( bran*es ( ! colony4 ,ea* corbula conta9s a c5tral r[ ( bla/o/yles enclos$ & protect$ by lat]al r[s ( bran*es repres5t+ /unt$ buds 7,allman #a1 p4 #ff1 fig4 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,allman1 ,gymnobla/ic ,hydroids1 by p]mission ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,ray ,society4 ,fig4 #eg4--;,diagrams to %[ ! mode ( =mation ( an ,acrocy/ & a ,m>supium4 ,9 ,a two m$usa-buds are se5 )9 ! gono!ca 7g?71 ! upp] m advanc$ ?an ! l[] "o4 ,9 ,b ! spadix ( ! upp] bud has protrud$ itself ?r\gh ! top ( ! gono!ca & ! acrocy/ 7ac7 is secret$ r\nd x4 ,9 ,c ! m>supium 7m7 is =m$ z f+]-l process f ! summit ( ! bla/o/yle1 enclos+ ! acrocy/2 b1 m$usa-buds on ! bla/o/yle4 ,! ,leptom$usa 9 =m is g5]ally %all[1 m or less sauc]-l1 ) velum less develop$ ?an 9 ,an?om$usae 7fig4 #ee74 ,! *>act]i/ic s5se-organs are ectod]mal otocy/s1 abs5t1 h[ev]1 9 "s g5]a1 9 :i* case cordyli may replace !m4 ,:5 otocy/s are pres5t1 !y are at lea/ eight 9 numb]1 situat$ adradially1 b are (t5 v num]\s4 ,! cordyli are scatt]$ on ! r+-canal4 ,ocelli1 if pres5t1 are borne on ! t5tacle-bulbs4 ,! t5tacles are usually holl[1 r>ely solid 7,obelia74 ,9 numb] !y are r>ely less ?an f\r1 b 9 ,dissonema !re are only two4 ,primitively !re are f\r p]radial t5tacles1 to :i* may be add$ f\r int]radial1 or !y may become v num]\s & are !n scatt]$ ev5ly r\nd ! m>g91 nev] arrang$ 9 tufts or clu/]s4 ,9 addition to t5tacles1 !re may be m>g9al cirri 7,laodice7 ) a solid endod]mal axis1 spirally coil$1 v contractile1 & be>+ a t]m9al batt]y ( nematocy/s4 ,! gonads are develop$ typically b5ea? ! radial canals or bel[ ! /oma* or its p\*es1 (t5 /ret*+ z long b&s on to ! base ( ! manubrium4 ,9 ,octor*idae 7fig4 #eh7 ea* su* b& is int]rupt$1 =m+ "o mass at ! base ( ! manubrium & ano!r bel[ ! radial canal 9 ea* radius1 9 all eight sep>ate gonad-masses1 z ! "n implies4 ,9 "s ,leptom$usae excretory m>g9al tub]cles are develop$ on ! r+-canal4 ,classification4---,z 9 ! ,gymnobla/ea1 ! difficulty ( unit+ ! hydroid & m$usan sy/ems into "o s*eme ( classification is v great 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,9 a great _m ,leptom$usae ! hydroid /age is z yet unkn[n1 & x is by no means c]ta9 ev5 t !y possess "o4 ,x is q possible t "s ( ^! m$usae w be f\nd to be truly hypog5etic1 t is to say1 ) a life-cycle second>ily simplifi$ by suppression ( metag5esis4 ,at pres5t1 t5 rec5t & "o ext9ct family ( ,calyptobla/ea 7,leptom$usae7 may be recogniz$ provisionally3 #a4 ,eucopidae 7figs4 #ee1 #ei74--,trophosome ) /alk$ hydro!cae2 gonosome1 free m$usae ) otocy/s & f\r1 r>ely six or eight1 unbran*$ radial canals4 ,two ( ! commone/ ,briti% hydroids belong to ?is family1 ,obelia & ,clytia4 ,obelia =ms num]\s polys]ial /ems ( ! *>act]i/ic zigzag patt]n gr[+ up f a creep+ basal /olon1 & buds ! m$usa ( ! same "n4 ,9 ,clytia ! polyps arise s+ly f ! /olon1 & ! m$usa is kn[n z ,phialidium 7fig4 #ei74 #b4 ,aequoridae4--,trophosome only kn[n 9 "o g5us 7,polycanna71 & simil> to ! prec$+2 gonosome1 free m$usae ) otocy/s & ) at lea/ eight radial canals1 (t5 a hundr$ or m1 simple or bran*$4 ,aequorea is a common m$usa4 #c4 ,?aumantidae4--,trophosome only kn[n 9 "o g5us 7,?aumantias71 simil> to t ( ! ,eucopidae2 gonosome1 free m$usae ) otocy/s inconspicu\s or abs5t1 ) usually f\r1 sometimes eight1 r>ely m ?an eight1 radial canals1 simple & unbran*$1 along :i* ! gonads are develop$1 ) num]\s t5tacles be>+ ocelli & ) m>g9al s5se-clubs4 ,laodice & ,?aumantias are repres5tative g5]a4 #d4 ,b]5icidae4--,trophosome unkn[n2 gonosome1 free m$usae1 ) f\r or six radial canals1 be>+ ! gonads1 ) num]\s t5tacles1 betwe5 :i* occur s5se-clubs1 )\t otocy/s4 ,b]5ice1 ,/aurodiscus1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,haeckel1 ,sy/em d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,gu/av ,fis*]4 ,,fig4 #eh4--,octor*&ra can>i5sis1 f life4 #e4 ,polyor*idae4--,trophosome unkn[n2 gonosome1 free m$usae ( deep =m1 ) radial canals bran*$ 9 a fea!ry mann]1 & be>+ gonads on ! ma9 canal1 b n on ! bran*es1 ) num]\s holl[ t5tacles be>+ ocelli1 & )\t otocy/s4 ,polyor*is1 ,spirocodon4 #f4 ,campanul>idae4--,trophosome z 9 ,eucopidae2 gonosome1 sessile gonophores4 ,_m common or well-kn[n g5]a belong "h1 su* z ,halecium1 ,campanul>ia1 ,gono?yraea1 c4 #g4 ,lafoidae4--,trophosome z 9 ! prec$+2 gonosome1 free m$usae or gonophores1 ! m$usae ) l>ge op5 otocy/s4 ,! hydroid g5us ,lafoa is rem>kable = produc+ gono!cae on ! hydrorhiza1 ea* conta9+ a bla/o/yle :i* be>s a s+le gonophore2 ?is portion ( ! colony 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z an indep5d5t p>asitic hydroid1 & 0 nam$ ,copp9ia4 ,m$usan g5]a are ,mitrocoma1 ,halopsis1 ,ti>opsis 7fig4 #bi1 c474 7,s f> z ! *>act]s ( ! trophosome are conc]n$1 ! sev5 prec$+ families are sc>cely di/+ui%able1 & !y =m a section ap>t1 contra/+ %>ply ) ! families next to be m5tion$1 9 none ( :i* are free m$usae lib]at$ f ! colony1 s t only ! *>act]s ( ! trophosome ne$ be consid]$47 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,e4 ,t4 ,br[ne1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 #ahif4 ,,fig4 #ei4--,?ree /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ,phialidium tempor>ium4 a1 ,! y\nge/ /age1 is magnifi$ ab\t #bb diam42 b1 old]1 is magnifi$ ab\t #h diam42 c1 ! adult m$usa1 is magnifi$4 #h4 ,s]tul>idae4--,hydro!cae sessile1 bis]ial1 alt]nat+ or opposite on ! /em4 ,s]tul>ia & ,s]tul>ella are two v common g5]a ( ?is family4 #i4 ,plumul>idae4--,hydro!cae sessile1 bis]ial on ! ma9 /em1 unis]ial on ! lat]al bran*es or p9nules1 :i* give ! colony its *>act]i/ic fea!ry =m2 ) nematophores4 ,a v abundant & prolific family2 well-kn[n ,briti% g5]a are ,plumul>ia1 ,ant5nul>ia & ,aglaoph5ia4 #aj4 ,hydroc]at9idae4--,?is family conta9s ! s+le ,au/ralian species ,cla?rozoon wilsoni ,sp5c]1 9 :i* a massive hydrorhiza be>s sessile hydro!cae1 conta9+ hydran?s ea* ) a s+le t5tacle1 & num]\s nematophores4 ,see ,w4 ,b4 ,sp5c] #ec4 #aa4 ,d5drograptidae1 conta9+ fossil 7,silurian7 g5]a1 su* z ,d5drograptus & ,?amnograptus1 ( d\btful aff9ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,portion ( ! calc>e\s corallum ( ,millepora nodosa1 %[+ ! cyclical arrangem5t ( ! pores occupi$ by ! p]sons or hydran?s4 ,ab\t twice ! natural size4 7,f ,moseley47 ,,ord] ,,iii4 ,hydrocorall9ae4--,metag5etic colony-=m+ ,hydrom$usae1 9 :i* ! polyp-colony =ms a massive1 calc>e\s corallum into :i* ! polyps c be retract$2 polyp-individuals always ( two k9ds1 ga/rozoids & dactylozoids2 gonosome ei!r free m$usae or sessile gonophores4 ,! trophosome consi/s ( a mass ( co5os>cal tubes ana/omos+ 9 all planes4 ,! int]spaces betwe5 ! tubes are fill$ up by a solid mass ( lime1 consi/+ *iefly ( calcium c>bonate1 :i* replaces ! *it9\s p]is>c ( ord9>y hydroids & =ms a /ony corallum or co5o/eum 7fig4 #fj74 ,! surface ( ! co5o/eum is cov]$ by a lay] ( common ectod]m1 conta9+ l>ge nematocy/s1 & is p]=at$ by pores ( two k9ds1 ga/ropores & dactylopores1 giv+ exit to ga/rozoids & dactylozoids respectively1 :i* are lodg$ 9 v]tical pore-canals ( wid] calibre ?an ! co5os>cal canals ( ! g5]al network4 ,! co5o/eum increases 9 size by new gr[? at ! surface2 & 9 ! deep]1 old] portions ( massive =ms ! tissues die (f aft] a c]ta9 "t1 only ! sup]ficial region reta9+ its vitality d[n to a c]ta9 dep?4 ,! liv+ tissues at ! surface are cut (f f ! und]ly+ dead portions by horizontal p>titions t]m$ tabulae1 :i* are =m$ successively z ! co5o/eum increases 9 age & size4 ,if ! co5o/eum ( ,millepora be brok5 across1 ea* pore-canal 7p]haps bett] t]m$ a polyp-canal7 is se5 to be int]rupt$ by a s]ies ( transv]se p>titions1 repres5t+ successive p]iods ( gr[? ) sep>ation f ! und]ly+ dead portions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,enl>g$ view ( ! surface ( a liv+ ,millepora1 %[+ five dactylozooids surr\nd+ a c5tral ga/rozooid4 7,f ,moseley47 ,besides ! wid] v]tical pore-canals & ! n>r[]1 irregul> co5os>cal canals1 ! co5o/eum may conta91 9 its sup]ficial portion1 *amb]s or ampullae1 9 :i* ! reproductive zoids 7m$usae or gonophores7 are budd$ f ! co5os>c4 ,! ga/ropores & dactylopores are arrang$ 9 v>i\s ways at ! surface1 a common patt]n be+ ! =mation ( a cyclosy/em 7fig4 #fj71 9 :i* a c5tral ga/rozoid is surr\nd$ by a r+ ( dactylozoids 7fig4 #fa74 ,9 su* a sy/em ! dactylopores may be conflu5t ) ! ga/ropore1 s t ! entire cyclosy/em pres5ts itself z a s+le ap]ture subdivid$ by radiat+ p>titions1 ?us hav+ a sup]ficial resemblance to a madrepor>ian coral ) its radiat+ septa 7figs4 #fb & #fc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,diagrams illu/rat+ ! successive /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! cyclosy/ems ( ! ,/yla/]idae4 7,aft] ,moseley47 #a1 ,sporadopora di*otoma4 #b1 #c1 ,allopora nobilis4 #d1 ,allopora pr(unda4 #e1 ,allopora m9iacea4 #f1 ,a/ylus subviridis4 #g1 ,di/i*opora cocc9ea4 s1 ,/yle4 dp1 ,dactylopore4 gp1 ,ga/ropore4 b1 ,9 fig4 #f1 inn] horse%oe-%ap$ m\? ( ga/ropore4 ,! ga/rozoids usually be> %ort capitate t5tacles1 f\r1 six or twelve 9 numb]2 b 9 ,a/ylus 7fig4 #fc7 !y h no t5tacles4 ,! dactylozoids h no m\?2 9 ,milleporidae !y h %ort capitate t5tacles1 b lack t5tacles 9 ,/yla/]idae4 ,! gonosome consi/s ( free m$usae 9 ,milleporidae1 :i* are budd$ f ! apex ( a dactylozoid 9 ,millepora murrayi1 b 9 o!r species f ! co5os>cal canals4 ,! m$usae are produc$ by direct budd+1 )\t an entocodon 9 ! bud4 ,!y are lib]at$ 9 a mature condition1 & probably live b a %ort "t1 m]ely suffici5t to spread ! species4 ,! manubrium be>+ ! gonads is m\?less1 & ! umbrella is )\t t5tacles1 s5se-organs1 velum or radial canals4 ,9 ! ,/yla/]idae sessile gonophores are =m$1 always by budd+ f ! co5os>c4 ,9 ,di/i*opora ! gonophores h radial canals1 b 9 o!r g5]a !y are sporosacs ) no trace ( m$usoid /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,portion ( ! corallum ( ,a/ylus subviridis 7"o ( ! ,/yla/]idae71 %[+ cyclosy/ems plac$ at int]vals on ! bran*es1 ea* ) a c5tral ga/ropore & zone ( slit-l dactylopores4 7,aft] ,moseley47 ,classification4---,two families are kn[n3-- #a4 ,milleporidae4--,co5o/eum massive1 irregul> 9 =m2 pores scatt]$ irregul>ly or 9 cyclosy/ems1 )\t /yles1 ) transv]se tabulae2 free m$usae4 ,a s+le g5us1 ,millepora 7figs4 #fj1 #fa74 #b4 ,/yla/]idae4--,co5o/eum arboresc5t1 sometimes fanlike1 ) pores only on "o face1 or on ! lat]al m>g9s ( ! bran*es2 ga/ropores ) tabulae only 9 two g5]a1 b ) 7except 9 ,a/ylus7 a /yle1 i4e4 a conical1 ?orn-l projection f ! base ( ! pore1 sometimes f\nd also 9 dactylopores2 sessile gonophores4 ,sporadopora has ! pores scatt]$ irregul>ly4 ,di/i*opora has ! pores arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,/yla/] has cyclosy/ems4 ,9 ,allopora ! cyclo/ems resemble ! calyces ( ,an?ozoan corals4 ,9 ,cryptohelia ! cyclosy/em is cov]$ by a cap or op]culum4 ,9 ,a/ylus 7fig4 #fc7 /yles are abs5t4 ,aff9ities ( ! ,hydrocorall9ae4--,!re c be no d\bt t ! =ms compris$ 9 ?is ord] be> a close relation%ip to ! ,hydroidea1 especially ! sub-ord] ,gymnobla/ea1 ) :i* !y %\ld p]haps be class$ 9 a natural classification4 ,a hydrocorall9e may be reg>d$ z a =m ( hydroid colony 9 :i* ! co5os>c =ms a felt-"w ramify+ 9 all planes1 & 9 :i* ! *it9\s p]is>c is replac$ by a massive calc>e\s skeleton4 ,s f> z ! trophosome is conc]n$1 ! /ep f an encru/+ hydroid su* z ,hydract9ia to ! hydrocorall9e ,millepora is n great4 ,hickson consid]s t ! families ,milleporidae & ,/yla/]idae %\ld /& q ap>t f "o ano!r & %\ld n be unit$ 9 "o ord]4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! ,/yla/]idae is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ,c]atella1 ) its arboresc5t trophosome =m$ ( ana/omos+ co5os>cal tubes support$ by a ?ick p]is>c & cov]$ by a common ectod]m4 ,c]atella /&s 9 mu* ! same relation to ! ,/yla/]idae t ,hydract9ia does to ! ,milleporidae1 9 bo? cases ! *it9\s p]is>c be+ replac$ by ! solid co5o/eum to :i* ! hydrocorall9es owe ! second half ( _! "n4 ,,ord] ,,iv4 ,graptolitoidea 7,rhabdophora1 ,allman74--,?is ord] has be5 con/itut$ = a peculi> gr\p ( palaeozoic fossils1 :i* h be5 int]pret$ z ! rema9s ( ! skeletons ( ,hydrozoa ( an ext9ct type4 ,a typical graptolite consi/s ( an axis be>+ a s]ies ( too?-l projections1 l a saw4 ,ea* su* projection is reg>d$ z repres5t+ a cup or hydro!ca1 simil> to ^? borne by a calyptobla/ic hydroid1 su* z ,s]tul>ia4 ,! suppos$ hydro!cae may be pres5t on "o side ( ! axis only 7monoprionid7 or on bo? sides 7diprionid72 ! fir/ case may be conjectur$ to be ! result ( unis]ial 7helicoid7 budd+1 ! second to be produc$ by bis]ial 7scorpioid7 budd+4 ,9 "o division 7,retiolitidae7 ! axis is reticulate4 ,9 addition to ! /ems be>+ cups1 !re are f\nd vesicles associat$ ) !m1 :i* h be5 int]pret$ z gono!cae or z floats1 t is to say1 air-bladd]s1 act+ z hydro/atic organs = a float+ polyp-colony4 ,s9ce no graptolites are kn[n liv+1 or1 inde$1 s9ce palaeozoic times1 ! int]pretation ( _! /ructure & aff9ities mu/ ( necessity be extremely conjectural1 & x is by no means c]ta9 t !y are ,hydrozoa at all4 ,x c only be said t _! organization1 s f> z ! /ate ( _! pres]vation p]mits x to be asc]ta9$1 (f]s clos] analogies ) ! ,hydrozoa1 especially ! ,calyptobla/ea1 ?an ) any o!r exi/+ gr\p ( ! animal k+dom4 ,see ! treatise ( ,delage & ,hr\>d 7,,hydrozoa1 #d71 & ! article ,,graptolites4 ,,ord] ,v4 ,tra*yl9ea4--,hydrom$usae )\t alt]nation ( g5]ations1 i4e4 )\t a hydroid phase2 ! m$usa develops directly f ! act9ula l>va1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 multiply by budd+4 ,m$usae ) s5se-organs repres5t$ by otocy/s d]iv$ f modifi$ t5tacles 7t5taculocy/s71 conta9+ otoli?s ( endod]mal orig91 & inn]vat$ f ! ex-umbral n]ve-r+4 ,?is ord]1 conta9+ ! typical oceanic m$usae1 is divid$ into two sub-ord]s4 ,,sub-,,ord] #a4 ,,tra*om$usae4--,t5tacles giv5 (f f ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 :i* is entire1 i4e4 n lob$ or ind5t$2 t5taculocy/s usually enclos$ 9 vesicles2 gonads on ! radial canals4 ,! m$usae ( ?is ord] are *>act]iz$ by ! t\gh1 rigid consi/5ce ( ! umbrella1 due p>tly to ! d5se nature ( ! mesogloea1 p>tly to ! pres5ce ( a m>g9al rim ( *ondral tissue1 consi/+ ( ?ick5$ ectod]m conta9+ great numb]s ( nematocy/s1 & =m+1 z x 71 a cu%ion-tyre support+ ! edge ( ! umbrella4 ,prolongations f ! rim ( *ondral tissue may =m clasps or p]onia support+ ! t5tacles4 ,! t5tacles are prim>ily f\r 9 numb]1 p]radial1 alt]nat+ ) f\r int]radial t5taculocy/s1 b bo? t5tacles & s5se-organs may be multipli$ & ! prim>y p]radii may be six in/ead ( f\r 7fig4 #bf74 ,! t5tacles are always solid1 conta9+ an axis ( endod]m-cells resembl+ noto*ordal tissue or plant-p>5*yma1 & are b mod]ately flexible4 ,! s5se-organs are t5taculocy/s :i* are usually enclos$ 9 vesicles & may be sunk f> bel[ ! surface4 ,! gonads are on ! radial canals or on ! /oma* 7,pty*oga/ridae71 & ea* gonad may be divid$ into two by a longitud9al sub-umbral muscle-tract4 ,! radial canals are f\r1 six1 eight or m1 & 9 "s g5]a bl9dly-end+ c5tripetal canals are pres5t 7fig4 #bf74 ,! /oma* may be drawn out into ! manubrium1 =m+ a proboscis 7,mag5/iel7 ( consid]able l5g?4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,tra*om$usae1 s f> z x is kn[n1 %[s an act9ula-/age :i* is ei!r free 7l>val7 or pass$ ov] 9 ! egg 7foetal7 z 9 ,g]yonia2 9 no case does !re appe> to be a free planula-/age4 ,! act9ula1 :5 free1 may multiply by l>val budd+1 b 9 all cases bo? ! orig9al act9ula & all its desc5dants become conv]t$ into m$usae1 s t !re is no alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,9 ,gonionemus ! act9ula becomes atta*$ & polyp-l & reproduces by budd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,haeckel1 ,sy/em d] ,m$us51 by p]mission ( ,gu/av ,fis*]4 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,ol9dias mll]i4 ,! ,tra*om$usae are divid$ into ! foll[+ families3 #a4 ,petasidae 7,peta*nidae74--,f\r radial canals1 f\r gonads2 /oma* n prolong$ into ! manubrium1 :i* is relatively %ort2 t5taculocy/s free4 ,petasus & o!r g5]a make up ?is family1 f\nd$ by ,haeckel1 b no o!r naturali/ has ev] se5 !m1 & x is probable t !y are simply immature =ms ( o!r g5]a4 #b4 ,ol9diadae1 ) f\r radial canals & f\r gonads2 manubrium %ort2 r+-canals giv+ (f bl9d c5tripetal canals2 t5taculocy/s enclos$4 ,ol9dias mll]i 7fig4 #fd7 is a common ,m$it]ranean species4 ,o!r g5]a are ,aglauropsis1 ,gossea & ,gonionemus2 ! la/ nam$ be>s adhesive suck]s on ! t5tacles4 ,"s d\bt atta*es to ! position ( ?is family4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! t5taculocy/s are entirely ectod]mal & t ei!r ! family %\ld be plac$ among/ ! ,leptom$usae1 or %\ld =m1 toge!r ) c]ta9 ,leptom$usae1 an entirely di/9ct ord]4 ,9 ,gonionemus1 h[ev]1 ! concrem5t-cells are endod]mal4 #c4 ,tra*ynemidae4--,eight radial canals1 eight gonads1 /oma* n prolong$ into manubrium2 t5taculocy/s enclos$4 ,rhopalonema1 ,tra*ynema1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,e4 ,t4 ,br[ne1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ( ,london4 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,aglan?a rosea 7,=bes71 a ,briti% m$usa4 #d4 ,pty*oga/ridae 7,pectyllidae74--,z 9 ! prec$+1 b ) suck]s on ! t5tacles4 ,pty*oga/ria ,allman 7,pectyllis71 a deep-sea =m4 #e4 ,aglauridae4--,eight radial canals1 two1 f\r or eight gonads2 t5tacles num]\s2 t5taculocy/s free2 /oma* prolong$ into manubrium4 ,aglaura1 ,aglan?a 7fig4 #fe71 c41 ) eight gonads2 ,/auraglaura ) f\r2 ,p]sa ) two4 ,amphogona1 h]maphrodite1 ) male & female gonads on alt]nat+ radial canals4 #f4 ,g]yonidae4--,f\r or six radial canals2 gonads b&-l2 /oma* prolong$ into a manubrium ( great l5g?2 t5taculocy/s enclos$4 ,liriope1 c41 ) f\r radial canals2 ,g]yonia1 ,c>m>9a 7fig4 #bf71 c41 ) six4 #g4 ,halicreidae4--,eight v broad radial canals2 ex-umbrella (t5 provid$ ) lat]al outgr[?s2 t5tacles diff]+ 9 size1 b 9 a s+le r[4 ,halicreas4 ,,sub-,,ord] #b4 ,,n>com$usae4--,m>g9 ( ! umbrella-lob$1 t5tacles aris+ f ! ex-umbrella at "s di/ance f ! m>g92 t5taculocy/s expos$1 n enclos$ 9 vesicles2 gonads on ! sub-umbral floor ( ! /oma* or ( ! ga/ric p\*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,cun9a rhododactyla1 "o ( ! ,n>com$usae4 7,aft] ,haeckel47 c1 ,circul> canal4 h1 ,otoporpae or c5tripetal process ( ! m>g9al c>tilag9\s r+ connect$ ) t5taculocy/4 k1 ,/oma*4 l1 ,jelly ( ! disk4 r1 ,radiat+ canal 7p\* ( /oma*74 tt1 ,t5tacles4 tw1 ,t5tacle root4 ,! ,n>com$usae exhibit peculi>ities ( =m & /ructure :i* di/+ui% !m at once f all o!r ,hydrom$usae4 ,! umbrella is %all[ & has ! m>g9 support$ by a rim ( ?ick5$ ectod]m1 z 9 ! ,tra*om$usae1 b n s /rongly develop$4 ,! t5tacles are n ins]t$ on ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella1 b arise high up on ! ex-umbral surface1 & ! umbrella is prolong$ into lobes correspond+ to ! int]spaces betwe5 ! t5tacles4 ,! condition ( ?+s c be imag9$ by suppos+ t 9 a m$usa primitively ( normal build1 ) t5tacles at ! m>g91 ! umbrella has gr[n d[n pa/ ! ins]tion ( ! t5tacles4 ,z a result ( ?is ext5sion ( ! umbrell> m>g91 all /ructures belong+ to ?is region1 namely1 ! r+-canal1 ! n]ve-r+s1 & ! rim ( ?ick5$ ectod]m1 d n run an ev5 c\rse1 b are ?r[n into fe/oons1 caught up "u ! ins]tion ( ea* t5tacle 9 su* a way t ! r+-canal & its accompanim5ts =m 9 ea* not* ( ! umbrell> m>g9 an inv]t$ ,v1 ! apex ( :i* corresponds to ! ins]tion ( ! t5tacle2 9 "s cases ! limbs ( ! ,v may run = "s di/ance p>allel to "o ano!r1 & may be fus$ into "o1 giv+ a figure bett] comp>$ to an inv]t$ ,y4 ,?us ! ectod]mal rim runs r\nd ! edge ( ea* lobe ( ! umbrella & !n passes upw>ds t[>ds ! base ( ! t5tacle f ! re-ent]+ angle betwe5 two adjac5t lobes1 to =m ) its fell[ ( ! next lobe a t5tacle-clasp or p]onium1 i4e4 a /reak ( ?ick5$ ectod]m support+ ! t5tacle4 ,simil>ly ! r+-canal runs r\nd ! edge ( ! lobe z ! s-call$ fe/oon-canal1 & !n runs upw>ds "u ! p]onium to ! base ( ! t5tacle z "o ( a pair ( p]onial canals1 ! limbs ( ! ,v-l figure already m5tion$4 ,! n]ve-r+s h a simil> c\rse4 ,! t5taculocy/s are implant$ r\nd ! m>g9s ( ! lobes ( ! umbrella & may be support$ by prolongations ( ! ectod]mal rim t]m$ otoporpae 7,gehrspang574 ,! radial canals are repres5t$ by wide ga/ric p\*es1 & may be abs5t1 s t ! t5tacles arise directly f ! /oma* 7,solm>idae74 ,! t5tacles are always solid1 z 9 ,tra*om$usae4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,n>com$usae is 9 ! ma9 simil> to t ( ! ,tra*om$usae1 b %[s "s rem>kable features4 ,9 ,aeg9opsis a planula is =m$ by multipol> immigration4 ,! two ends ( ! planula become greatly l5g!n$ & give rise to ! two prim>y t5tacles ( ! act9ula1 ( :i* ! m\? arises f "o side ( ! planula4 ,h5ce ! pr9cipal axis ( ! future m$usa corresponds1 n to ! longitud9al axis ( ! planula1 b to a transv]se axis4 ,?is is 9 "s degree p>allel to ! cases describ$ above1 9 :i* a planula gives rise to ! hydrorhiza1 & buds a polyp lat]ally4 ,9 ,cun9a & alli$ g5]a ! act9ula1 =m$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 has a hypo/ome ( great l5g?1 q disproportionate to ! size ( ! body1 & is fur!r end[$ ) ! p[] ( produc+ buds f a /olon aris+ f ! aboral side ( ! body4 ,9 ^! species ! act9ula is p>asitic ^u ano!r m$usa2 = in/ance1 ,cunoctan?a octon>ia ^u ,turritopsis1 ,c4 proboscidea ^u ,liriope or ,g]yonia4 ,! p>asite effects a lodgm5t 9 ! ho/ ei!r by invad+ x z a free-swimm+ planula1 or1 app>5tly1 9 o!r cases1 z a spore-embryo :i* is captur$ & swall[$ z food by ! ho/4 ,! p>asitic act9ula is f\nd atta*$ to ! proboscis ( ! m$usa2 x ?ru/s its greatly elongat$ hypo/ome into ! m\? ( ! m$usa & n\ri%es itself ^u ! food 9 ! dige/ive cavity ( its ho/4 ,at ! same "t x produces buds f an aboral /olon4 ,! buds become m$usae by ! direct me?od ( budd+ describ$ above4 ,9 "s cases ! buds d n become deta*$ at once1 b ! /olon cont9ues to gr[ & to produce m buds1 =m+ a bud-spike 7,knosp5hre71 :i* consi/s ( ! axial /olon be>+ m$usa-buds 9 all /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 su* cases ! orig9al p>5t-act9ula does n itself become a m$usa1 b rema9s arre/$ 9 developm5t & ultimately dies (f1 s t a true alt]nation ( g5]ations is br\ght ab\t4 ,x is 9 ^! p>asitic =ms t we meet ) ! me?od ( reproduction by sporogony describ$ above4 ,9 o!r ,n>com$usae1 e4g4 ,cunoctan?a f[l]i ,br[ne1 buds are =m$ f ! sub-umbrella on ! "u side ( ! /oma* p\*es1 :]e lat] ! gonads are develop$4 ,classification4--,?ree families ( ,n>com$usae are recogniz$ 7see ,o4 ,maas #dj73 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,o4 ,maas1 ,crasp$ot5 ,m$us5 d] ,siboga ,exp$ition1 by p]mission ( ,e4 ,s4 ,brill ,co4 ,,fig4 #fg4--,solmundella bit5taculata 7,quoy & ,gaim>d74 #a4 ,cunan?idae4--,) broad ga/ric p\*es :i* are simple1 i4e4 undivid$1 & p]nemal1 i4e4 correspond 9 position ) ! t5tacles4 ,cun9a 7fig4 #ff7 ) m ?an eight t5tacles2 ,cunoctan?a ) eight t5tacles1 f\r p]radial1 f\r int]radial4 #b4 ,aeg9idae4--,radii a multiple ( f\r1 ) radial ga/ric p\*es bifurcat$ or subdivid$2 ! t5tacles are implant$ 9 ! not* betwe5 ! two subdivisions ( ea* 7prim>y7 ga/ric p\*1 h5ce ! 7second>y7 ga/ric p\*es appe> to be int]nemal 9 position1 i4e4 to alt]nate 9 position ) ! t5tacles4 ,aeg9a1 ) f\r t5tacles & eight p\*es2 ,aeg9ura 7fig4 #be71 ) eight t5tacles & sixte5 p\*es2 ,solmundella 7fig4 #fg71 ) two t5tacles & eight p\*es2 ,aeg9opsis 7fig4 #bc71 ) two or f\r t5tacles & sixte5 p\*es4 #c4 ,solm>idae4--,no ga/ric p\*es2 ! num]\s t5tacles arise direct f ! /oma*1 into :i* also ! p]onial canals op51 s t ! r+-canal is cut up into sep>ate fe/oons4 ,solm>is1 ,pegan?a1 ,polyx5ia1 c4 ,to ?is family %\ld be ref]r$1 probably1 ! g5us ,hydroct5a1 describ$ by ,c4 ,dawydov #aa;a & reg>d$ by him z int]m$iate betwe5 ,hydrom$usae & ,ct5ophora4 ,see ,o4 ,maas #ce4 ,app5dix to ! ,tra*yl9ae4 ,( d\btful position1 b commonly ref]r$ to ! ,tra*yl9ae1 are ! two g5]a ( fre%-wat] m$usae1 ,limnocodium & ,limnocnida4 ,limnocodium s[]byi 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ,victoria regia tank 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s1 ,reg5t's ,p>k1 ,london4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 discov]$ 9 o!r botanic g>d5s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 its two mo/ rec5t appe>ances be+ at ,lyons 7#aija7 & ,muni* 7#aije71 occurr+ always 9 tanks 9 :i* ! ,victoria regia is cultivat$1 a fact :i* indicates t tropical ,s\? ,am]ica is its orig9al habitat4 ,9 ! same tanks a small hydroid1 v simil> to ,microhydra1 has be5 f\nd1 :i* be>s m$usa-buds & is probably ! /ock f :i* ! m$usa is budd$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t all specim5s ( ,limnocodium hi!rto se5 h be5 males2 x may be inf]r$ f ?is ei!r t only "o polyp-/ock has be5 introduc$ into ,europe1 f :i* all ! m$usae se5 hi!rto h be5 budd$1 or p]haps t ! female m$usa is a sessile gonophore1 z 9 ,p5n>ia4 ,! male gonads are c>ri$ on ! radial canals4 ,limnocnida tanganyicae 0 discov]$ fir/ 9 ,lake ,tanganyika1 b has s9ce be5 discov]$ also 9 ,lake ,victoria & 9 ! riv] ,nig]4 ,x diff]s f ,limnocodium 9 hav+ practically no manubrium b a wide m\? two-?irds ! diamet] ( ! umbrella across4 ,x buds m$usae f ! m>g9 ( ! m\? 9 ,may & ,june1 & 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] ! gonads are =m$ 9 ! place :]e ! buds arose4 ,! hydroid phase1 if any1 is n kn[n4 ,bo? ^! m$usae h s5se-organs ( a peculi> type1 :i* are said to conta9 an endod]mal axis l ! s5se-organs ( ,tra*yl9ae1 b ! fact has rec5tly be5 call$ 9 "q = ,limnocodium by ,s4 ,goto1 :o consid]s ! g5us to be alli$ to ,ol9dias4 ,allman1 on ! o!r h&1 ref]r$ ,limnocodium to ! ,leptom$usae4 ,9 ?is connexion mu/ be m5tion$1 f9ally1 ! m$usae budd$ f ! fre%-wat] polyp ,microhydra4 ,! polyp-/ages ( ,limnocodium & ,microhydra are extremely simil> 9 "*4 ,9 bo? cases ! hydran? is extremely r$uc$ & has no t5tacles1 & ! polyp =ms a colony by budd+ f ! base4 ,9 ,limnocodium ! body secretes a gelat9\s mucus to :i* adh]e p>ticles ( mud1 c41 =m+ a protective cov]+4 ,9 ,microhydra no su* protect+ case is =m$4 ,9 view ( ! great resemblance betwe5 ,microhydra & ! polyp ( ,limnocodium1 x might be expect$ t ! m$usae to :i* !y give orig9 w\ld also be simil>4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 ! m$usa ( ,microhydra has only be5 se5 9 an immature condition1 b x %[s "s well-m>k$ diff]5ces f ,limnocodium1 especially 9 ! /ructure ( ! t5tacles1 :i* furni% useful *>act]s = di/+ui%+ species among/ m$usae4 ,! possession ( a polyp-/age by ,limnocodium & ,microhydra furni%es an argum5t aga9/ plac+ !m 9 ! ,tra*yl9ae4 ,_! s5se-organs require r5ew$ inve/igations4 7,br[ne #aj & #aj;a47 ,,ord] ,,vi4 ,siphonophora4--,pelagic float+ ,hydrozoa ) great diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 ea* p]=m+ a special function2 g5]ally reg>d$ z colonies %[+ diff]5tiation ( individuals 9 correspond5ce ) a physiological division ( lab\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,diagram %[+ possible modifications ( m$usi=m & hydri=m p]sons ( a colony ( ,siphonophora4 ,! ?ick black l9e repres5ts endod]m1 ! ?9n] l9e ectod]m4 7,aft] ,allman47 n1 ,pneumatocy/4 k1 ,nectocalyces 7swimm+ bells74 l1 ,hydrophyllium 7cov]+-piece74 i1 ,g5]ative m$usi=m p]son4 g1 ,palpon ) atta*$ palpacle1 h4 e1 ,siphon ) bran*$ grappl+ t5tacle1 f4 m1 ,/em4 ,a typical ,siphonophore is a /ock or cormus consi/+ ( a numb] ( app5dages plac$ 9 organic connexion ) "o ano!r by means ( a co5os>c4 ,! co5os>c does n diff] 9 /ructure f t already describ$ 9 colonial ,hydrozoa4 ,x consi/s ( a holl[ tube1 or tubes1 ( :i* ! wall is made up ( ! two body-lay]s1 ectod]m & endod]m1 & ! cavity is a cont9uation ( ! dige/ive cavities ( ! nutritive & o!r app5dages1 i4e4 ( ! coel5t]on4 ,! co5os>c may consi/ ( a s+le elongat$ tube or /olon1 =m+ ! /em or axis ( ! cormus on :i*1 usually1 ! app5dages are arrang$ 9 gr\ps t]m$ cormidia2 or x may take ! =m ( a compact mass ( ramify+1 ana/omos+ tubes1 9 :i* case ! cormus z a :ole has a compact =m & cormidia are n di/+ui%able4 ,9 ! ,disconectae ! co5os>c =ms a spongy mass1 ! c5trad5ia1 :i* is p>tly hepatic 9 function1 =m+ ! s-call$ liv]1 & p>tly excretory4 ,! app5dages %[ v>i\s types ( =m & /ructure correspond+ to diff]5t functions4 ,! cormus is always diff]5tiat$ into two p>ts2 an upp] portion t]m$ ! nectosome1 9 :i* ! app5dages are locomotor or hydro/atic 9 function1 t is to say1 s]ve = swimm+ or float+2 & a l[] portion t]m$ ! siphosome1 be>+ app5dages :i* are nutritive1 reproductive or simply protective 9 function4 ,div]g5t views h be5 held by diff]5t au?ors bo? z reg>ds ! nature ( ! cormus z a :ole1 & z reg>ds ! homologies ( ! diff]5t types ( app5dages borne by x4 ,! g5]al !ories ( ,siphonophoran morphology are discuss$ bel[1 b 9 enum]at+ ! v>i\s types ( app5dages x is conv5i5t to discuss _! morphological int]pretation at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,a4 ,agassiz1 f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology4 ,,fig4 #fi4--,porpita1 se5 f above1 %[+ ! pneumatophore & exp&$ palpons4 ,9 ! nectosome "o or m ( ! foll[+ types ( app5dage occur3-- #a4 ,swimm+-bells1 t]m$ nectocalyces or nectophores 7fig4 #fh1 k71 abs5t 9 ,*ondrophorida & ,cy/ophorida2 !y are contractile & resemble1 bo? 9 appe>ance1 /ructure & function1 ! umbrella ( a m$usa1 ) radial canals1 r+-canal & velum2 b !y are )\t manubrium1 t5tacles or s5se-organs1 & are always bilat]ally symmetrical1 a peculi>ity ( =m relat$ ) ! fact t !y are atta*$ on "o side to ! /em4 ,a giv5 cormus may be> "o or sev]al nectocalyces1 & by _! contractions !y propel ! colony sl[ly along1 l s _m m$usae h>ness$ toge!r4 ,9 cases :]e ! cormus has no pneumatophore ! topmo/ swimm+ bell may conta9 an oil-res]voir or oleocy/4 #b4 ,! pneumatophore or air-bladd] 7fig4 #fh1 n71 = passive locomotion1 =m+ a float :i* keeps ! cormus at or ne> ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! pneumatophore arises f ! ectod]m z a pit or invag9ation1 "p ( :i* =ms a gas-secret+ gl&1 :ile ! re/ gives rise to an air-sack l9$ by a *it9\s cuticle4 ,! orifice ( invag9ation =ms a pore :i* may be clos$ up or may =m a protrud+ duct or funnel4 ,z 9 ! analog\s swim-bladd] ( fi%es1 ! gas 9 ! pneumatophore c be secret$ or absorb$1 :]eby ! specific gravity ( ! body c be dim9i%$ or increas$1 s z to cause x to float ne>] ! surface or at a deep] level4 ,nev] m ?an "o pneumatophore is f\nd 9 a cormus1 & :5 pres5t x is always situat$ at ! highe/ po9t above ! swimm+ bells1 if ^! are pres5t also4 ,9 ,velella ! pneumatophore becomes ( complex /ructure & s5ds air-tubes1 l9$ by a *it9 & resembl+ tra*eae1 d[n into ! compact co5os>c1 ?us evid5tly s]v+ a respiratory z well z a hydro/atic function4 ,div]g5t views h be5 held z to ! morphological significance ( ! pneumatophore4 ,e4 ,haeckel reg>d$ ! :ole /ructure z a gl&ul> ectod]mal pit =m$ on ! ex-umbral surface ( a m$usa-p]son4 ,c4 ,*un &1 m rec5tly1 ,r4 ,wolt]eck #ei1 on ! o!r h&1 h %[n t ! ectod]mal pit :i* gives rise to ! pneumatophore repres5ts an entocodon4 ,h5ce ! cavity ( ! air-sack is equival5t to a sub-umbral cavity 9 :i* no manubrium is =m$1 & ! pore or orifice ( invag9ation w\ld repres5t ! m>g9 ( ! umbrella4 ,9 ! wall ( ! sack is a d\ble lay] ( endod]m1 ! space betwe5 :i* is a cont9uation ( ! coel5t]on4 ,by coalesc5ce ( ! endod]m-lay]s1 ! coel5t]on may be r$uc$ to vessels1 usually eight 9 numb]1 op5+ into a r+-s9us surr\nd+ ! pore4 ,?us ! disposition ( ! endod]m-cavities is r\ghly comp>able to ! ga/rovascul> sy/em ( a m$usa4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! !ories ( ,haeckel & ,*un is connect$ ) a fur!r div]g5ce 9 ! int]pretation ( ! /em or axis ( ! cormus4 ,haeckel reg>ds x z ! equival5t ( ! manubrium1 & z x is implant$ on ! bl9d end ( ! pneumatophore1 su* a view leads necess>ily to ! air-sack & gl& be+ a developm5t on ! ex-umbral surface ( ! m$usa-p]son4 ,*un & ,wolt]eck1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d ! /em z a /olo prolif] aris+ f ! aboral pole1 t is to say1 f ! ex-umbrella1 simil> to t :i* gr[s out f ! ex-umbral surface ( ! embryo ( ! ,n>com$usae & produces buds1 a view :i* is c]ta9ly support$ by ! embryological evid5ce to be adduc$ %ortly4 ,9 ! siphosome ! foll[+ types ( app5dages occur3-- #a4 ,siphons or nutritive app5dages1 f :i* ! ord] takes its "n2 nev] abs5t & usually pres5t 9 great numb]s 7fig4 #fh1 e74 ,ea* is a tube dilat$ at or t[>ds ! base & conta9+ a m\? at its extremity1 lead+ into a /oma* plac$ 9 ! dilatation already m5tion$4 ,! siphons h be5 comp>$ to ! manubrium ( a m$usa-individual1 or to polyps1 & h5ce are sometimes t]m$ ga/rozoids4 #b4 ,palpons 7fig4 #fh1 g71 pres5t 9 "s g5]a1 especially 9 ,physonectae2 simil> to ! siphons b )\t a m\?1 & purely tactile 9 function1 h5ce sometimes t]m$ dactylozoids4 ,if a di/al pore or ap]ture is pres5t1 x is excretory 9 function2 su* v>ieties h be5 t]m$ cy/ons by ,haeckel4 #c4 ,t5tacles 7,fangfd571 always pres5t1 & implant$ "o at ! base ( ea* siphon 7fig4 #fh1 f74 ,! t5tacles ( siphonophores may rea* a great l5g? & h a complex /ructure4 ,!y may be> accessory filam5ts or t5tilla 7f'71 cov]$ ?ickly ) batt]ies ( nematocy/s1 to :i* ^! organisms owe _! great p[]s ( (f5ce & def5ce4 #d4 ,palpacles 7,ta/fd571 occurr+ toge!r ) palpons1 "o implant$ at ! base ( ea* palpon 7fig4 #fh1 h74 ,ea* palpacle is a tactile filam5t1 v ext5sile1 )\t accessory filam5ts or nematocy/s4 #e4 ,bracts 7hydrophyllia71 occur 9 ,calycophorida & "s ,physophorida z scale-l app5dages protect+ o!r p>ts 7fig4 #fh1 l74 ,! mesogloea is greatly develop$ 9 !m & !y are (t5 ( v t\gh consi/5cy4 ,by ,haeckel !y are consid]$ homolog\s ) ! umbrella ( a m$usa4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,g4 ,h4 ,f[l]1 aft] ,a4 ,agassiz1 ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology4 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,diagram ( ! /ructure ( ,velella1 %[+ ! c5tral & p]iph]al ?irds ( a half-section ( ! colony1 ! middle ?ird be+ omitt$4 ,! ectod]m is indicat$ by close hat*+1 ! endod]m by light hat*+1 ! mesogloea by ?ick black l9es1 ! horny skeleton ( ! pneumatophore & sail by dott+4 ,,bl1 ,bla/o/yle4 ,c1 ,c5trad5ia4 ,d1 ,palpon4 ,,ec1 ,edge ( colony prolong$ beyond ! pneumatophore4 ,g1 ,cavity ( ! l>ge c5tral siphon4 ,m1 ,m$usoid gonophores4 ,,pn1 ,prim>y c5tral *amb]1 & ,,pn'1 conc5tric *amb] ( ! pneumatophore1 %[+ an op5+ to ! ext]ior & a tra*ea4 ,s1 ,sail4 #f4 ,gono/yles1 app5dages :i* produce by budd+ m$usae or gonophores1 l ! bla/o/yles ( a hydroid colony4 ,9 _! mo/ primitive =m !y are se5 9 ,velella z gonosiphons1 :i* possess m\?s l ! ord9>y /]ile siphons & bud free m$usae4 ,9 o!r =ms !y h no m\?s4 ,!y may be bran*$1 s-call$ gonod5dra1 & among/ !m may occur special =ms ( palpons1 gonopalpons4 ,! gono/yles h be5 comp>$ to ! bla/o/yles ( a hydroid colony1 or to ! manubrium ( a m$usa :i* produces free or sessile m$usa-buds4 #g4 ,gonophores1 produc$ ei!r on ! gono/yles already m5tion$ or budd$1 z 9 hydrocorall9es1 f ! co5os>c1 i4e4 ! /em 7fig4 #fh1 i474 ,!y %[ e transition betwe5 free m$usae & sporosacs1 z already describ$1 = hydroid colonies4 ,?us 9 ,velella free m$usae are produc$1 :i* h be5 describ$ z an indep5d5t g5us ( m$usae1 ,*rysomitra4 ,9 o!r types ! m$usae may be set free 9 a mature condition z ! s-call$ g5ital swimm+ bells1 comp>able to ! ,globiceps ( ,p5n>ia4 ,! mo/ usual condition1 h[ev]1 is t 9 :i* sessile m$usoid gonophores or sporosacs are produc$4 ,! v>i\s types ( app5dages describ$ 9 ! =ego+ may be arrang$ 9 gr\ps t]m$ cormidia4 ,9 =ms ) a compact co5os>c su* z ,velella1 ,physalia1 c41 ! sep>ate cormidia _c be %>ply di/+ui%$1 & su* a condition is describ$ te*nically z "o ) scatt]$ cormidia4 ,9 =ms 9 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ! co5os>c =ms an elongat$1 tubul> axis or /em1 ! app5dages are arrang$ z regul>ly recurr5t cormidia along x1 & ! cormidia are !n said to be ord9ate4 ,9 su* cases ! olde/ cormidia1 t is to say1 ^? fur!/ f ! nectosome1 may become deta*$ 7l ! segm5ts or proglottides ( a tape-worm7 & swim (f1 ea* su* deta*$ cormidium !n becom+ a small free cormus :i*1 9 _m cases1 has be5 giv5 an indep5d5t g5]ic "n4 ,a cormidium may conta9 a s+le nutritive siphon 7monoga/ric7 or sev]al siphons 7polyga/ric73 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,g4 ,h4 ,f[l]1 aft] ,g4 ,cuvi]1 ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology4 ,,fig4 #ga4--,upp] surface ( ,velella1 %[+ pneumatophore & sail4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! =ms ( cormidia t occur3-- #a4 ,! eudoxome 7,calycophorida71 consi/+ ( a bract1 siphon1 t5tacle & gonophore2 :5 free x is kn[n z ,eudoxia4 #b4 ,! ersaeome 7,calycophorida71 made up ( ! same app5dages z ! prec$+ type b ) ! addition ( a nectocalyx2 :5 free t]m$ ,ersaea4 #c4 ,! rhodalome ( "s ,rhodalidae1 consi/+ ( siphon1 t5tacle & "o or m gonophores4 #d4 ,! a?orome ( ,physophora1 c41 consi/+ ( siphon1 t5tacle1 "o or m palpons ) palpacles1 & "o or m gonophores4 #e4 ,! cry/allome ( ,an!modes1 c41 simil> to ! a?orome b ) ! addition ( a gr\p ( bracts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,a1 ,diphyes campanulata2 ,b1 a gr\p ( app5dages 7cormidium7 ( ! same ,diphyes4 7,aft] ,c4 ,geg5baur47 a1 ,axis ( ! colony4 m1 ,nectocalyx4 c1 ,sub-umbral cavity ( nectocalyx4 v1 ,radial canals ( nectocalyx4 o1 ,orifice ( nectocalyx4 t1 ,bract4 n1 ,siphon4 g1 ,gonophore4 i1 ,t5tacle4 ,embryology ( ! ,siphonophora4--,! f]tiliz$ ovum gives rise to a p>5*ymula1 ) solid endod]m1 :i* is set free z a free-swimm+ planula l>va1 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7see ,,hydrozoa74 ,! planula has its two extremities dissimil> 7,bipol>ia-l>va74 ,! subsequ5t developm5t is slightly diff]5t accord+ z ! future cormus is head$ by a pneumatophore 7,physophorida1 ,cy/ophorida7 or by a nectocalyx 7,calycophorida74 7i47 ,physophorida1 = example ,hali/emma 7,c4 ,*un1 ,,hydrozoa #a74 ,! planula becomes elongat$ & broad] t[>ds "o pole1 at :i* a pit or invag9ation ( ! ectod]m arises4 ,next ! pit closes up to =m a vesicle ) a pore1 & s gives rise to ! pneumatophore4 ,f ! broad] portion ( ! planula an outgr[? arises :i* becomes ! fir/ t5tacle ( ! cormus4 ,! endod]m ( ! planula n[ acquires a cavity1 & at ! n>r[] pole a m\? is =m$1 giv+ rise to ! prim>y siphon4 ,?us f ! orig9al planula ?ree app5dages are1 z x 71 budd$ (f1 :ile ! planula itself mo/ly gives rise to co5os>c1 j z 9 "s hydroids ! planula is conv]t$ *iefly into hydrorhiza4 7ii47 ,calycophorida1 = example1 ,muggiaea4 ,! planula develops1 on ! :ole1 9 a simil> mann]1 b ! ectod]mal invag9ation arises1 n at ! pole ( ! planula1 b on ! side ( its broad] portion1 & gives rise1 n to a pneumatophore1 b to a nectocalyx1 ! prim>y swimm+ bell or protocodon 7,falls*irm7 :i* is lat] ?r[n (f & replac$ by second>y swimm+ bells1 metacodons1 budd$ f ! co5os>c4 ,f a comp>ison ( ! two embryological types !re c be no d\bt on two po9ts2 fir/1 t ! pneumatophore & ! protocodon are /rictly homolog\s1 &1 !re=e if ! nectocalyx is comp>able to ! umbrella ( a m$usa1 z seems obvi\s1 ! pneumatophore mu/ be s too2 secondly1 t ! co5os>cal axis arises f ! ex-umbrella ( ! m$usa & _c be comp>$ to a manubrium1 b is /rictly comp>able to ! bud-spike ( a ,n>com$usan4 ,!ories ( ,siphonophore ,morphology4--,! _m !ories t h be5 put =w>d z to ! int]pretation ( ! cormus & ! v>i\s p>ts are set =? & discuss$ 9 ! treatise ( ,y4 ,delage & ,e4 ,hr\>d 7,,hydrozoa #d7 & m rec5tly by ,r4 ,wolt]eck #ei1 & only a brief analysis c be giv5 "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,c4 ,geg5baur4 ,,fig4 #gc4--,physophora hydro/atica4 a1 ,pneumatocy/4 t1 ,palpons4 a1 ,axis ( ! colony4 m1 ,nectocalyx4 o1 ,orifice ( nectocalyx4 n1 ,siphon4 g1 ,gonophore4 i1 ,t5tacle4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! cormus has be5 reg>d$ z a s+le individual & its app5dages z organs4 ,?is is ! s-call$ polyorgan !ory1 especially connect$ ) ! "n ( ,huxley2 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ,huxley reg>d$ all ! =ms produc$1 9 any animal1 betwe5 "o egg-g5]ation & ! next1 z con/itut+ 9 ! lump "o s+le individual4 ,huxley1 !re=e1 consid]$ a hydroid colony1 = example1 z a s+le individual1 & ea* sep>ate polyp or m$usa budd$ f x z hav+ ! value ( an organ & n ( an individual4 ,h5ce ,huxley's view is n s diff]5t f ^? held by o!r au?ors z x seems to be at fir/ sight4 ,9 m rec5t ye>s ,wolt]eck #ei has support$ ,huxley's view ( individuality1 at ! same "t draw+ a f9e di/9ction betwe5 individual & p]son4 ,! individual is ! product ( sexual reproduction2 a p]son is an individual ( l[] rank1 :i* may be produc$ asexually4 ,a ,siphonophore is reg>d$ z a s+le individual compos$ ( num]\s zoids1 budd$ f ! prim>y zoid 7siphon7 produc$ f ! planula4 ,any giv5 zoid is a p]son-zoid if equival5t to ! prim>y zoid1 an organ-zoid if equival5t only to a "p ( x4 ,wolt]eck consid]s ! siphonophores mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! ,n>com$usae1 produc+ l ! buds f an aboral /olon1 ! fir/ bud be+ repres5t$ by ! pneumatophore or protocodon1 9 diff]5t cases4 ,contra/+1 9 ! second place1 ) ! polyorgan !ory are ! v>i\s polyp]son !ories :i* int]pret ! ,siphonophore cormus z a colony compos$ ( m or few] individuals 9 organic union ) "o ano!r4 ,on ?is int]pretation !re is /ill room = consid]able div]g5ce ( op9ion z reg>ds detail4 ,to beg9 )1 x is n necess>y on ! polyp]son !ory to reg>d ea* app5dage z a di/9ct individual2 x is /ill possible to comp>e app5dages ) p>ts ( an individual :i* h become sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a process ( dislocation ( organs4 ,?us a bract may be reg>d$1 ) ,haeckel1 z a modifi$ umbrella ( a m$usa1 a siphon z its manubrium1 & a t5tacle z repres5t+ a m$usan t5tacle %ift$ 9 atta*m5t f ! m>g9 to ! sub-umbrella2 or a siphon may be comp>$ ) a polyp1 ( :i* ! s+le t5tacle has become %ift$ s z to be atta*$ to ! co5os>c & s on4 ,"s au?ors pref]1 on ! o!r h&1 to reg>d e app5dage z a sep>ate individual1 or at lea/ z a portion ( an individual1 ( :i* o!r portions h be5 lo/ or oblit]at$4 ,a fur!r div]g5ce ( op9ion arises f diff]5ces 9 ! int]pretation ( ! p]sons compos+ ! colony4 ,x is possible to reg>d ! cormus 7#a7 z a colony ( m$usa-p]sons1 7#b7 z a colony ( polyp-p]sons1 7#c7 z compos$ p>tly ( "o1 p>tly ( ! o!r4 ,x is suffici5t "h to m5tion briefly ! views put =w>d on ?is po9t by ,c4 ,*un & ,r4 ,haeckel4 ,*un 7,,hydrozoa #a7 ma9ta9s ! old] views ( ,leuck>t & ,claus1 accord+ to :i* ! cormus is to be comp>$ to a float+ hydroid colony4 ,x may be reg>d$ z d]iv$ f float+ polyps simil> to ,nemopsis or ,pelagohydra1 :i* by budd+ produce a colony ( polyps & also =m m$usa-buds4 ,! polyp-individuals =m ! nutritive siphosome or trophosome4 ,! m$usa-buds are ei!r f]tile or /]ile4 ,if f]tile !y become free m$usae or sessile gonophores4 ,if /]ile !y rema9 atta*$ & locomotor 9 function1 =m+ ! nectosome1 ! pneumatophore & swimm+-bells4 ,haeckel1 on ! o!r h&1 is 9 accordance ) ,balf\r 9 reg>d+ a ,siphonophore z a m$usome1 t is to say1 z a colony compos$ ( m$usoid p]sons or organs entirely4 ,haeckel consid]s t ! ,siphonophores h two di/9ct ance/ral l9es ( evolution3 #a4 ,9 ! ,disconan?ae1 i4e4 9 su* =ms z ,velella1 ,porpita1 c41 ! ance/or 0 an eight-ray$ m$usa 7,disconula7 :i* acquir$ a pneumatophore z an ectod]mal pit on ! ex-umbrella1 & 9 :i* ! organs 7manubrium1 t5tacles1 c47 became second>ily multipli$1 j z !y d 9 ,ga/robla/a z ! result ( incomplete fission4 ,! ne>e/ liv+ allies ( ! ance/ral ,disconula are to be s\ght 9 ! ,pectyllidae4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,haeckel1 f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology4 ,,fig4 #gd4--,/ephalia corona1 a "y colony4 p1 ,pneumatophore4 n1 ,nectocalyx4 l1 ,aurophore4 lo1 ,orifice ( ! aurophore4 s1 ,siphon4 t1 ,t5tacle4 #b4 ,9 ! ,siphonan?ae1 i4e4 9 all o!r ,siphonophores1 ! ance/ral =m 0 a ,siphonula1 a bilat]ally symmetrical ,an?om$usa ) a s+le long t5tacle 7cf4 ,corymorpha71 :i* became displac$ f ! m>g9 to ! sub-umbrella4 ,! ,siphonula produc$ buds on ! manubrium1 z _m ,an?om$usae are kn[n to d1 & ^! by r$uction or dislocation ( p>ts gave rise to ! v>i\s app5dages ( ! colony4 ,?us ! umbrella ( ! ,siphonula became ! protocodon1 & its manubrium1 ! axis or /olon1 :i*1 by a process ( dislocation ( organs1 escap$1 z x 71 f ! sub-umbrella ?r\gh a cleft & became second>ily atta*$ to ! ex-umbrella4 ,x mu/ be po9t$ out t1 h[ev] probable ,haeckel's !ory may be 9 o!r respects1 !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce = any su* cleft 9 ! umbrella hav+ be5 pres5t at any "t1 & t ! embryological evid5ce1 z already po9t$ out1 is all aga9/ any homology betwe5 ! /em & a manubrium1 s9ce ! prim>y siphon does n become ! /em1 :i* arises f ! ex-umbral side ( ! protocodon & is /rictly comp>able to a /olon4 ,classification4--,! ,siphonophora may be divid$1 foll[+ ,delage & ,hr\>d1 into f\r sub-ord]s3 ,i4 ,,*ondrophorida 7,disconectae ,haeckel1 ,tra*eophysae ,*un74 ,) an apical *amb]$ pneumatophore1 f :i* tra*eal tubes may take orig9 7fig4 #gj72 no nectocalyces or bracts2 app5dages all on ! l[] side ( ! pneumatophore aris+ f a compact co5os>c1 & consi/+ ( a c5tral pr9cipal siphon1 surr\nd$ by gonosiphons1 & ^! aga9 by t5tacles4 ,?ree families3 7#a7 ,discalidae1 = ,discalia & alli$ g5]a1 deep-sea =ms n well kn[n2 7#b7 ,porpitidae = ! famili> g5us ,porpita 7fig4 #fi7 & its allies2 & 7#c7 ,velellidae1 repres5t$ by ! well-kn[n g5us ,velella 7figs4 #gj1 #ga71 common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & o!r seas4 ,,ii4 ,,calycophorida 7,calyconectae1 ,haeckel74 ,)\t pneumatophore1 ) "o1 two1 r>ely m nectocalyces4 ,?ree families3 7#a7 ,monophyidae1 ) a s+le nectocalyx2 examples ,muggiaea1 sometimes f\nd 9 ,briti% seas1 ,spha]onectes1 c42 7#b7 ,diphyidae1 ) two nectocalyces2 examples ,diphyes 7fig4 #gb71 ,praya1 ,abyla1 c42 & 7#c7 ,polyphyidae1 ) num]\s nectocalyces2 example ,hippopodius1 ,/ephanophyes & o!r g5]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,g4 ,h4 ,f[l]1 modifi$ aft] ,g4 ,cuvi] & ,e4 ,haeckel1 ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology4 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,a4 ,physalia1 g5]al view1 diagrammatic2 ,b1 cormidium ( ,physalia2 ,d1 palpon2 ,t1 palpacle2 ,g1 siphon2 ,,gp1 gonopalpon2 ,mmale1 male gonophore2 ,mfemale1 female gonophore1 ultimately set free4 ,,iii4 ,,physophorida 7,physonectae ,auronectae1 ,haeckel74 ,) an apical pneumatophore1 n divid$ into *amb]s1 foll[$ by a s]ies ( nectocalyces or bracts4 ,a great numb] ( families & g5]a are ref]r$ to ?is gr\p1 among/ :i* may be m5tion$ specially--7#a7 ,agalmidae1 conta9+ ! g5]a ,/ephanomia1 ,agalma1 ,an!modes1 ,hali/emma1 c42 7#b7 ,apolemidae1 ) ! g5us ,apolemia & its allies2 7#c7 ,=skaliidae1 ) ,=skalia & alli$ =ms2 7#d7 ,physophoridae1 = ,physophora 7fig4 #gc7 & o!r g5]a1 7#e7 ,an?ophysidae1 = ,an?ophysa1 ,a?orybia1 c42 & la/ly ! two families 7#f7 ,rhodalidae & 7#g7 ,/ephalidae 7fig4 #gd71 con/itut+ ! gr\p ,auronectae ( ,haeckel4 ,! ,auronectae are peculi> deep-sea =ms1 little kn[n except f ,haeckel's descriptions1 9 :i* ! l>ge pneumatophore has a peculi> duct1 t]m$ ! aurophore1 plac$ on its l[] side 9 ! mid/ ( a circle ( swimm+-bells4 ,,iv4 ,,cy/ophorida 7,cy/onectae1 ,haeckel74 ,) a v l>ge pneumatophore n divid$ into *amb]s1 b )\t nectocalyces or bracts4 ,two sections c be di/+ui%$1 ! ,rhizophys9a1 ) long tubul> co5os>c-be>+ ord9ate cormidia1 & ,physal9a1 ) compact co5os>c-be>+ scatt]$ cormidia4 ,a type ( ! ,rhizophys9a is ! g5us ,rhizophysa4 ,! ,physal9a comprise ! families ,physalidae & ,epibulidae1 ( :i* ! types are ,physalia 7figs4 #gd1 #ge7 & ,epibulia1 respectively4 ,physalia1 kn[n commonly z ! ,portuguese man-(-w>1 is rem>kable = its great size1 its brilliant col\rs1 & its t]rible /++ p[]s4 ,,bibliography4--,9 addition to ! works cit$ bel[1 see ! g5]al works cit$ 9 ! article ,,hydrozoa1 9 "s ( :i* v full bibliographies w be f\nd4 #a4 ,g4 ,j4 ,allman1 ,a ,monograph ( ! ,gymnobla/ic or ,tubul>ian ,hydroids1 ,ray ,society 7#ahga-ahgb72 #b4 ,a4 ,brau]1 b] die ,entwickelung von ,hydra1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool4 lii4 7#ahia71 pp4 #afi-baf1 pls4 ix4-xii42 #c4 b] die ,ent/ehung d] ,ges*le*tsprodukte und die ,entwickelung von ,tubul>ia mesembryan!mum ,allm41 t4c4 pp4 #eea-egi1 pls4 xxxiii4-xxxv42 #d4 ,w4 ,k4 ,brooks1 ,! ,life-,hi/ory ( ! ,hydrom$usae3 a discussion ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,m$usae1 & ( ! significance ( ,metag5esis1 ,mem4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 iii4 7#ahhf71 pp4 #bei-dcj1 pis4 xxxvii4-xliv42 #e4 ,! ,s5sory ,clubs ( ,cordyli ( ,laodice1 ,j\rn4 ,morphology1 x4 7#ahie71 pp4 #bhg-cjd1 pl4 xvii42 #f4 ,e4 ,t4 ,br[ne1 ,on ,briti% ,hydroids & ,m$usae1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 7#ahif71 pp4 #dei-ejj1 pls4 xvi41 xvii41 7#ahig71 pp4 #haf-hce1 pls4 xlviii4 xlix4 #ab text-figs42 #g4 ,biscayan ,m$usae1 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 x4 7#aijf71 pp4 #afc-ahg1 pl4 xiii42 #h4 ,m$usae 9 ,h]dman1 ,rep4 ,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies1 ,gulf ( ,mana>1 iv4 7#aije71 pp4 #aca-aff1 #d pls42 #i4 ,hydrom$usae ) a ,revision ( ! ,williadae & ,petasidae1 ,fauna & ,geogr4 ,maldive & ,laccadive ,ar*ipelagos1 ii4 7#aijd71 pp4 #gbb-gdi1 pls4 liv4-lvii42 #aj4 ,on ! ,fre%wat] ,m$usa lib]at$ by ,microhydra ryd]i1 ,potts1 & a ,comp>ison ) ,limnocodium1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sci4 ,i 7#aijf71 pp4 #fce1 #fde1 pl4 xxxvii42 #aj;a4 ,on ! ,fre%wat] ,m$usa ,limnocnida tanganicae ,budgett ,memorial ,volume 7,cambridge1 #aijh1 pp4 #dga-dhb1 pl4 xxviii42 #aa4 ,c4 ,claus1 b] die ,/ruktur d] ,muskelzell5 und b] d5 ,krp]bau von ,mne/ra p>asites ,krohn1 ,v]h&l4 zool4 bot4 ,ges4 ,wi51 xxv4 7#ahgf71 pp4 #i-ab1 pl4 i42 #aa;a4 ,c4 ,dawydov1 ,hydroct5a sal5skii1 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,imp4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg 7viii47 xiv4 ,no4 #i 7#aijc71 #ag pp41 #a pl42 #ab4 ,a4 ,d5dy1 ,on a ,free-swimm+ ,hydroid1 ,pelagohydra mirabilis1 n4 g54 et sp41 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,micr4 ,sci4 xlvi4 7#aijc71 pp4 #a-bd1 pls4 i4 ii42 #ac4 ,h4 ,dries*1 ,tektonis*e ,/udi5 an ,hydroidpolyp51 7#a7 ,j54 ,zeits*r41 xxiv4 7#ahij71 pp4 #ahi-bbf1 #ab figs42 7#b7 t4c4 pp4 #feg-fhh1 #f figs42 7#c7 ibid4 xxv4 7#ahia71 pp4 #dfg-dgi1 #c figs42 #ad4 ,g4 ,duplessis1 ,on ,campanul>ia volubilis1 ,soc4 ,vaud4 ,bull4 #ac 7,lausanne1 #ahgd-ahge72 #ae4 ,j4 ,w4 ,fewkes1 ,on ,mne/ra1 ,am]4 ,natural41 xviii4 7#ahhd71 pp4 #aig-aih1 #c figs42 #af4 ,s4 ,goto1 ,d5drocoryne ,inaba1 ,v]tret]9 e9] neu5 ,familie d] ,hydrom$us51 ,annot4 ,zool4 ,tokyo1 i4 7#ahig71 pp4 #ic-ajd1 pl4 vi41 figs4 #ajf-aac2 #ag4 ,! ,craspe dote ,m$usa ,ol9dias & "s ( its ,natural ,allies1 ,m>k ,anniv]s>y ,volume 7,new ,york1 #aijc71 pp4 #a-bb1 #c pls42 #ah4 ,h4 ,gr5a*]1 b] die ,nesselkapseln von ,hydra1 ,zool4 ,anz4 xviii4 7#ahie71 pp4 #caj-cba1 #g figs42 #ai4 ,r4 ,t4 ,gn!r1 ,on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ,mne/ra p>asites ,krohn2 ) a revision ( ! ,classification ( ! ,cladonemidae1 ,mitt4 ,/at4 ,neapel1 xvi4 7#aijc71 pp4 #ce-fb1 pls4 ii4 iii42 #bj4 ,e4 ,haeckel1 ,das ,sy/em d] ,m$us51 ,d5ks*r4 m$4-nat4-wiss4 ,ges4 7,j5a1 #ahgi-ahha72 #ba4 ,deep ,sea ,m$usae1 9 ,reports ( ! ,*all5g] ,exp$ition1 ,zool4 iv4 pt4 #b 7,london1 #ahhb72 #bb4 ,p4 ,hallez1 ,b\ga9villia fruticosa ,allm4 e/ le facis d'eau agite du ,b\ga9villia ramosa ,van ,b54 ,c4-,r4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,p>is1 cxl4 7#aije71 pp4 #deg-dei2 #bc4 ,o4 ,r4 ,h]twig1 ,d] ,organismus d] ,m$us5 7,j5a1 #ahgh71 #gj pp41 #c pls42 #bd4 ,das ,n]v5sy/em und die ,s9nesorgane d] ,m$us5 7,leipzig1 #ahgh71 #ahf pp41 #aj pls42 #be4 ,s4 ,j4 ,hickson1 ,! ,m$usae ( ,millepora1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 lxvi4 7#ahii71 pp4 #f-aj1 #aj figs42 #bf4 ,t4 ,h9cks1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,hydroid ,zoophytes 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahfh72 #bg4 ,n4 ,iwanzov1 b] d5 ,bau1 die ,wirkungsweise und die ,entwickelung d] ,nesselkapseln von ,coel5t]at51 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,natural1 ,mosc\ 7#ahif71 pp4 #cbc-cee1 #d pls42 #bh4 ,c4 ,f4 ,jickeli1 ,d] ,bau d] ,hydroidpolyp51 7#a7 ,morph4 ,jahrbu*1 viii4 7#ahhc71 pp4 #cgc-daf1 pls4 xvi4-xviii42 7#b7 t4c41 pp4 #ehj-fhj1 pls4 xxv4-xxviii42 #bi4 ,alb]t ,lang1 b] die ,knospung bei ,hydra und e9ig5 ,hydropolyp51 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool4 liv4 7#ahib71 pp4 #cfe-chd1 pl4 xvii42 #cj4 ,arnold ,lang1 ,ga/robla/a ,raffaelei4 ,e9e dur* e9e ,art unvoll/ndig] ,!ilung ent/eh5de ,m$us5-,kolonie1 ,j5a ,zeits*r4 xix4 7#ahhf71 pp4 #gce-gfb1 pls4 xx41 xxi42 #ca4 ,a4 ,l9ko1 ,obs]vations sur les mduses de la m] ,blan*e1 ,trav4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,nat4 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg1 xxix4 7#ahii72 #cb4 b] d5 ,bau d] ,aug5 bei d5 ,hydrom$us51 ,zapiski ,imp4 ,akad4 ,nauk 7,mm4 ,acad4 ,imp4 ,sci47 ,/ ,pt]sb\rg 7#h7 x4 #c 7#aijj71 #bc pp41 #b pls42 #cc4 ,o4 ,maas1 ,die crasp$ot5 ,m$us51 9 ,ergebn4 ,plankton ,exp$ition1 ii4 7,kiel & ,leipzig1 #ahic71 #ajg pp41 #h pls41 #c figs42 #cd4 ,die ,m$us51 ,mem4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool4 ,h>v>d1 xxiii4 7#ahig71 i42 #ce4 ,on ,hydroct5a1 ,zool4 ,c5tralbl4 xi4 7#aijd71 pp4 #bdj-bdc2 #cf4 ,revision des mduses app>t5ant aux familles des ,cunan?idae et des ,aeg9idae1 et gr\pem5t n\veau des g5res1 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,monaco1 v4 7#aijd71 #h pp42 #cg4 ,revision d] ,cannotid5 ,haeckels1 ,,sb4 ,k4 ,bay]4 ,akad4 xxxiv4 7#aijd71 pp4 #dba-dde2 #ch4 ,m$uses1 ,result4 ,camp4 ,sci4 ,monaco1 xxviii4 7#aijd71 #ga pp41 #f pls42 #ci4 ,die crasp$ot5 ,m$us5 d] ,siboga-,exp$ition1 ,uitkom/4 ,siboga-,exp$4 x4 7#aije71 #hd pp41 #ad pls42 #dj4 ,die arktis*5 ,m$us5 7auss*liessli* d] ,polypom$us571 ,fauna arctica1 iv4 7#aijf71 pp4 #dgi-ebf2 #da4 ,c4 ,m]es*k[sky1 ,on a new ,g5us ( ,hydroids 7,monobra*ium7 f ! ,:ite ,sea1 ) a %ort description ( o!r new ,hydroids1 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 7#d7 xx4 7#ahgg71 pp4 #bbj-bbi1 pls4 v4 vi42 #db4 ,e4 ,met*9k(t1 ,/udi5 b] die ,entwickelung d] ,m$us5 und ,siphonophor51 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool4 xxiv4 7#ahgd71 pp4 #ae-hc1 pls4 i4-xii42 #dc4 ,v]glei*5d-embryologis*e ,/udi5 7,g]yonid51 ,cun9a71 ibid4 xxxvi4 7#ahhb71 pp4 #dcc-deh1 pl4 xxviii42 #dd4 ,embryologis*e ,/udi5 an ,m$us5 7,vi5na1 #ahhf71 #aej pp41 #ab pls41 #aj figs42 #de4 ,m$usologis*e ,mit!ilung51 ,arb4 zool4 ,in/4 ,wi51 vi4 7#ahhf71 pp4 #bcg-bff1 pls4 xxii4 xxiii42 #df4 ,l4 ,murba*1 ,beitrge zur ,k5ntnis d] ,anatomie und ,entwickelung d] ,nesselorgane d] ,hydroid51 ,ar*4 f4 ,naturges*4 lx4 i4 7#ahid71 pp4 #bag-bed1 pl4 xii42 #dg4 ,prelim9>y ,note on ! ,life-,hi/ory ( ,gonionemus1 ,j\rn4 ,morph4 xi4 7#ahie71 pp4 #dic-dif2 #dh4 ,l4 ,murba* & ,c4 ,%e>]1 ,on ,m$usae f ! ,coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,alaska1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 7#aijc71 ii4 pp4 #afd-aia1 pls4 xvii4-xxii42 #di4 ,h4 ,f4 ,p]k9s1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,gonionema murba*ii1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,philadelphia 7#aijb71 pp4 #gej-gij1 pls4 xxxi-xxxiv42 #ej4 ,f4 ,s*aud9n1 b] ,hal]emita cumulans1 n4 g4 n4 sp41 e95 m>95 ,hydroidpolyp51 ,,sb4 ,ges4 nat=s*4 ,freunde ,b]l9 7#ahid71 pp4 #bbf-bcd1 #h figs42 #ea4 ,f4 ,e4 ,s*ulze1 ,on ! ,/ructure & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,s(t ,p>ts 9 ,euplectella asp]gillum 7,amphibra*ium71 ,tr4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 xxix4 7#ahhj71 pp4 #ffa-fgc1 pl4 xvii42 #eb4 ,o4 ,seelig]1 b] das ,v]halt5 d] ,keimbltt] bei d] ,knospung d] ,cl5t]at51 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool4 lviii4 7#ahid71 pp4 #aeb-ahh1 pls4 vii4-ix42 #ec4 ,w4 ,b4 ,sp5c]1 ,a new ,family ( ,hydroidea 7,cla?rozoon71 toge!r ) a description ( ! ,/ructure ( a new ,species ( ,plumul>ia1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,victoria 7#ahij71 pp4 #aba-adj1 #g pls42 #ed4 ,m4 ,uss[1 ,a new ,=m ( ,fre%-wat] ,coel5t]ate 7,polypodium71 ,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 7#e7 xviii4 7#ahhf71 pp4 #aaj-abd1 pl4 iv42 #ee4 ,e4 ,vanhff51 ,v]su* e9] natrli*5 ,gruppi]ung d] ,an?om$us51 ,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xiv4 7#ahia71 pp4 #dci-ddf2 #ef4 ,c4 ,vigui]1 tudes sur les animaux infrieurs de la baie d',alg] 7,tetraplatia71 ,ar*4 ,zool4 ,exp4 ,g54 viii4 7#ahij71 pp4 #aja-adb1 pls4 vii4-ix42 #eg4 ,j4 ,wagn]1 ,re*]*es sur l'organisation de ,monobra*ium p>asiticum ,mrjk1 ,ar*4 biol4 x4 7#ahij71 pp4 #bgc-cji1 pls4 viii4 ix42 #eh4 ,a4 ,weismann1 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,sexualzell5 bei d5 ,hydrom$us5 7,j5a1 #ahhc72 #ei4 ,r4 ,wolt]eck1 ,beitrge zur ,ontog5ie und ,ableitung des ,siphonophor5/ocks1 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool4 lxxxii4 7#aije71 pp4 #faa-fcg1 #ba text-figs42 #fj4 ,j4 ,wulf]t1 ,die ,embryonal5twickelung von ,gono?yraea lov5i ,allm41 ,zeits*r4 f4 wiss4 ,zool4 lxxi4 7#aijb71 pp4 #bif-cbf1 pls4 xvi4-xviii4 7,e4 ,a4 ,m47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 "s cases hydroids h be5 re>$ 9 aqu>ia f ova ( m$usae1 b ^! hydroids h n yet be5 f\nd 9 ! sea 7,br[ne #aj a74 #b ,! numb]s 9 squ>e brackets ref] to ! bibliography at ! end ( ?is article2 b :5 ! numb] is prec$$ by ! ^w ,hydrozoa1 x ref]s to ! bibliography at ! end ( ! article ,,hydrozoa4 ,,hydromet] 7,gr4 ,greek3 hydr1 wat]1 & ,greek3 metron1 a measure71 an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! d5sity ( bodies1 g5]ally ( fluids1 b 9 "s cases ( solids4 ,:5 a body floats 9 a fluid "u ! action ( gravity1 ! weight ( ! body is equal to t ( ! fluid :i* x displaces 7see ,,hydrome*anics74 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple t ! hydromet] is con/ruct$1 & x obvi\sly admits ( two modes ( application 9 ! case ( fluids3 ei!r we may comp>e ! weights ( float+ bodies :i* are capable ( displac+ ! same volume ( diff]5t fluids1 or we may comp>e ! volumes ( ! diff]5t fluids :i* are displac$ by ! same weight4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! d5sities ( ! fluids w be inv]sely proportional to ! volumes ?us displac$4 ,! hydromet] is said by ,synesius ,cyr5eus 9 8 fif? lett] to h be5 inv5t$ by ,hypatia at ,alex&ria1#a b appe>s to h be5 neglect$ until x 0 re9v5t$ by ,rob]t ,boyle1 ^: ,new ,essay ,in/rum5t1 z describ$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = ,june #afge1 diff]s 9 no ess5tial p>ticul> f ,ni*olson's hydromet]4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 devis$ = ! purpose ( detect+ c\nt]feit co91 especially gu9eas & half-gu9eas4 ,9 ! fir/ section ( ! pap] 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,no4 #aae1 p4 #cbi7 ! au?or ref]s to a glass in/rum5t exhibit$ by himself _m ye>s be=e1 & consi/+ ( a bubble furni%$ ) a long & sl5d] /em1 :i* 0 to be put into sev]al liquors1 to comp>e & e/imate _! specific gravities4 ,?is seems to be ! fir/ ref]5ce to ! hydromet] 9 mod]n times4 ,9 fig4 #a ,c repres5ts ! in/rum5t us$ = gu9eas1 ! circul> plates ,a repres5t+ plates ( lead1 :i* are us$ z balla/ :5 light] co9s ?an gu9eas are exam9$4 ,b repres5ts a small glass in/rum5t = e/imat+ ! specific gravities ( liquors1 an acc\nt ( :i* 0 promis$ by ,boyle 9 ! foll[+ numb] ( ! ,phil4 ,trans41 b did n appe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,boyle's ,new ,essay ,in/rum5t4 ,! in/rum5t repres5t$ at ,b 7fig4 #a71 :i* is copi$ f ,rob]t ,boyle's sket* 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #afge1 is g5]ally kn[n z ! common hydromet]4 ,x is usually made ( glass1 ! l[] bulb be+ load$ ) m]cury or small %ot :i* s]ves z balla/1 caus+ ! in/rum5t to float ) ! /em v]tical4 ,! quantity ( m]cury or %ot ins]t$ dep5ds ^u ! d5sity ( ! liquids = :i* ! hydromet] is to be employ$1 x be+ ess5tial t ! :ole ( ! bulb %\ld be imm]s$ 9 ! heavie/ liquid = :i* ! in/rum5t is us$1 :ile ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! /em mu/ be su* t ! hydromet] w float 9 ! lighte/ liquid = :i* x is requir$4 ,! /em is usually divid$ into a numb] ( equal p>ts1 ! divisions ( ! scale be+ v>i$ 9 diff]5t in/rum5ts1 accord+ to ! purposes = :i* !y are employ$4 ,let ,v d5ote ! volume ( ! in/rum5t imm]s$ 7i4e4 ( liquid displac$7 :5 ! surface ( ! liquid 9 :i* ! hydromet] floats co9cides ) ! l[e/ division ( ! scale1 ,a ! area ( ! transv]se section ( ! /em1 l ! l5g? ( a scale division1 n ! numb] ( divisions on ! /em1 & ,w ! weight ( ! in/rum5t4 ,suppose ! successive divisions ( ! scale to be numb]$ #j1 #a1 #b 444 n />t+ ) ! l[e/1 & let w#j1 ,w#a1 w#b 444 wn be ! weights ( unit volume ( ! liquids 9 :i* ! hydromet] s9ks to ! divisions #j1 #a1 #b 444 n respectively4 ,!n1 by ! pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es1 ,w ,vw#j2 or w#j ,w_/,v4 ,also ,w 7,v l,a7w#a2 or w#a ,w_/7,v l,a71 wp ,w_/7,v pl,a71 & wn ,w_/7,v nl,a71 or ! d5sities ( ! sev]al liquids v>y inv]sely z ! respective volumes ( ! in/rum5t imm]s$ 9 !m2 &1 s9ce ! divisions ( ! scale correspond to equal increm5ts ( volume imm]s$1 x foll[s t ! d5sities ( ! sev]al liquids 9 :i* ! in/rum5t s9ks to ! successive divisions =m a h>monic s]ies4 ,if ,v ,nl,a !n ,n expresses ! ratio ( ! volume ( ! in/rum5t up to ! z]o ( ! scale to t ( "o ( ! scale-divisions4 ,if we suppose ! l[] "p ( ! in/rum5t replac$ by a uni=m b> ( ! same sectional area z ! /em & ( volume ,v1 ! indications ( ! in/rum5t w be 9 no respect alt]$1 & ! bottom ( ! b> w be at a di/ance ( ,n scale-divisions bel[ ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,9 ?is case we h wp ,w_/7,n p7l,a2 or ! d5sity ( ! liquid v>ies inv]sely z ,n p1 t is1 z ! :ole numb] ( scale-divisions betwe5 ! bottom ( ! tube & ! plane ( flotation4 ,if we wi% ! successive divisions ( ! scale to correspond to equal increm5ts 9 ! d5sity ( ! correspond+ liquids1 !n ! volumes ( ! in/rum5t1 measur$ up to ! successive divisions ( ! scale1 mu/ =m a s]ies 9 h>monical progression1 ! l5g?s ( ! divisions increas+ z we g up ! /em4 ,! greate/ d5sity ( ! liquid = :i* ! in/rum5t describ$ above c be employ$ is ,w_/,v1 :ile ! lea/ d5sity is ,w_/7,v nl,a71 or ,w_/7,v v71 :]e v repres5ts ! volume ( ! /em betwe5 ! extreme divisions ( ! scale4 ,n[1 by increas+ v1 leav+ ,w & ,v un*ang$1 we may increase ! range ( ! in/rum5t indef9itely4 ,b x is cle> t if we increase ,a1 ! sectional area ( ! /em1 we %all dim9i% l1 ! l5g? ( a scale-division correspond+ to a giv5 v>iation ( d5sity1 & !reby proportionately dim9i% ! s5sibility ( ! in/rum5t1 :ile dim9i%+ ! section ,a w increase l & proportionately increase ! s5sibility1 b w dim9i% ! range ov] :i* ! in/rum5t c be employ$1 unless we increase ! l5g? ( ! /em 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! sectional area4 ,h5ce1 to obta9 great s5sibility along ) a consid]able range1 we require v long sl5d] /ems1 & to ^! two objections apply 9 addition to ! "q ( portability2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 an in/rum5t ) a v long /em requires a v deep vessel ( liquid = its complete imm]sion1 &1 9 ! second place1 :5 mo/ ( ! /em is above ! plane ( flotation1 ! /ability ( ! in/rum5t :5 float+ w be dim9i%$ or de/roy$4 ,! v>i\s devices :i* h be5 adopt$ to ov]come ?is difficulty w be describ$ 9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! sev]al hydromet]s :i* h be5 hi!rto g5]ally employ$4 ,! plan commonly adopt$ to obviate ! necessity ( inconv5i5tly long /ems is to con/ruct a numb] ( hydromet]s z ne>ly alike z may be1 b to load !m diff]5tly1 s t ! scale-divisions at ! bottom ( ! /em ( "o hydromet] j ov]lap ^? at ! top ( ! /em ( ! prec$+4 ,by ?is means a set ( six hydromet]s1 ea* hav+ a /em r m ?an #e 94 long1 w be equival5t to a s+le hydromet] ) a /em ( #cj 94 ,b1 in/ead ( employ+ a numb] ( in/rum5ts diff]+ only 9 ! weights ) :i* !y are load$1 we may employ ! same in/rum5t1 & alt] its weight ei!r by add+ m]cury or %ot to ! int]ior 7if x c be op5$7 or by atta*+ weights to ! ext]ior4 ,^! two op]ations are n q equival5t1 s9ce a weight add$ to ! int]ior does n affect ! volume ( liquid displac$ :5 ! in/rum5t is imm]s$ up to a giv5 division ( ! scale1 :ile ! addition ( weights to ! ext]ior increases ! displacem5t4 ,?is difficulty may be met1 z 9 ,ke5e's hydromet]1 by hav+ all ! weights ( precisely ! same volume b ( diff]5t masses1 & nev] us+ ! in/rum5t except ) "o ( ^! weights atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,cl>ke's ,hydromet]4 ,! fir/ hydromet] int5d$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! d5sities ( liquids1 & furni%$ ) a set ( weights to be atta*$ :5 necess>y1 0 t con/ruct$ by ,mr ,cl>ke 7in/rum5t-mak]7 & describ$ by ,j4 ,t4 ,desaguli]s 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = ,m>* & ,april #agcj1 ,no4 #dac1 p4 #bgh4 ,! foll[+ is ,desaguli]s's acc\nt ( ! in/rum5t 7fig4 #b73-- ,aft] hav+ made sev]al fruitless trials ) ivory1 because x imbibes spiritu\s liquors1 & !reby alt]s its gravity1 he 7,mr ,cl>ke7 at la/ made a copp] hydromet]1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b1 hav+ a brass wire ( ab\t #a 94 ?ick go+ ?r\gh1 & sold]$ into ! copp] ball ,bb4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is wire is fil$ flat on "o side1 = ! /em ( ! hydromet]1 ) a m>k at m1 to :i* x s9ks exactly 9 pro( spirits4 ,!re are two o!r m>ks1 ,a & ,b1 at top & bottom ( ! /em1 to %[ :e!r ! liquor be 7#a_/aj7? above pro( 7z :5 x s9ks to ,a71 or 7#a_/aj7? "u pro( 7z :5 x em]ges to ,b71 :5 a brass weight su* z ,c has be5 screw$ on to ! bottom at c4 ,!re are a great _m su* weights1 ( diff]5t sizes1 & m>k$ to be screw$ on in/ead ( ,c1 = liquors t diff] m ?an 7#a_/aj7? f pro(1 s z to s]ve = ! specific gravities 9 all su* proportions z relate to ! mixture ( spiritu\s liquors1 9 all ! v>iety made use ( 9 trade4 ,!re are also o!r balls = %[+ ! specific gravities q to common wat]1 :i* make ! in/rum5t p]fect 9 its k9d4 ,cl>ke's hydromet]1 z aft]w>ds con/ruct$ = ! purposes ( ! excise1 0 provid$ ) ?irty-two weights to adapt x to spirits ( diff]5t specific gravities1 & elev5 small] weights1 or wea!r weights z !y 7 call$1 :i* 7 atta*$ to ! in/rum5t 9 ord] to correct = v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! weights 7 adju/$ = successive int]vals ( #e ,f41 b = degrees int]m$iate betwe5 ^! no additional correction 0 appli$4 ,! correction = temp]ature ?us af=d$ 0 n suffici5tly accurate = excise purposes1 & ,william ,spe] 9 8 essay on ! hydromet] 7,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahjb1 vol4 xiv47 m5tions cases 9 :i* ?is imp]fect comp5sation l$ to ! extra duty payable ^u spirits :i* 7 m ?an #aj ov] pro( be+ dem&$ on spirits :i* 7 purposely dilut$ to bel[ #aj ov] pro( 9 ord] to avoid ! *>ge4 ,cl>ke's hydromet]1 h[ev]1 rema9$ ! /&>d in/rum5t = excise purposes f #aghg until x 0 displac$ by t ( ,sikes4 ,desaguli]s himself con/ruct$ a hydromet] ( ! ord9>y type = comp>+ ! specific gravities ( diff]5t k9ds ( wat] 7,desaguli]s's ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy1 ii4 #bcd74 ,9 ord] to give great s5sibility to ! in/rum5t1 ! l>ge glass ball 0 made ne>ly #c 94 9 diamet]1 :ile ! /em consi/$ ( a wire #aj 94 9 l5g? & only 7#a_/dj7;94 9 diamet]4 ,! in/rum5t weigh$ #djjj gra9s1 & ! addition ( a gra9 caus$ x to s9k ?r\gh an in*4 ,by alt]+ ! quantity ( %ot 9 ! small balls ! in/rum5t c\ld be adapt$ = liquids o!r ?an wat]4 ,to an in/rum5t con/ruct$ = ! same purpose1 b on a /ill l>g] scale ?an t ( ,desaguli]s1 ,a4 ,dep>cieux add$ a small di% on ! top ( ! /em = ! reception ( ! weights necess>y to s9k ! in/rum5t to a conv5i5t dep?4 ,! effect ( weights plac$ 9 su* a di% or pan is ( c\rse ! same z if !y 7 plac$ )9 ! bulb ( ! in/rum5t1 s9ce !y d n alt] ! volume ( t "p :i* is imm]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,ni*olson's ,hydromet]4 ,! fir/ important improvem5t 9 ! hydromet] aft] its re9v5tion by ,boyle 0 introduc$ by ,g4 ,d4 ,fahr5heit1 :o adopt$ ! second mode ( con/ruction above ref]r$ to1 arrang+ 8 in/rum5t s z always to displace ! same volume ( liquid1 its weight be+ v>i$ accord+ly4 ,in/ead ( a scale1 only a s+le m>k is plac$ ^u ! /em1 :i* is v sl5d]1 & be>s at ! top a small scale pan into :i* weights are plac$ until ! in/rum5t s9ks to ! m>k ^u its /em4 ,! volume ( ! displac$ liquid be+ !n always ! same1 its d5sity w be proportional to ! :ole weight support$1 t is1 to ! weight ( ! in/rum5t toge!r ) ! weights requir$ to be plac$ 9 ! scale pan4 ,ni*olson's hydromet] 7fig4 #c7 comb9es ! *>act]i/ics ( ,fahr5heit's hydromet] & ( ,boyle's essay in/rum5t4#b ,! foll[+ is ! description giv5 ( x by ,w4 ,ni*olson 9 ! ,man*e/] ,memoirs1 ii4 #cgd3-- ,,aa repres5ts a small scale4 ,x may be tak5 (f at ,d4 ,diamet] #a 941 weight #dd gra9s4 ,b a /em ( h>d5$ /eel wire4 ,diamet] #a_/ajj 94 ,e a holl[ copp] globe4 ,diamet] #b7h_/aj7 94 ,weight ) /em #cfi gra9s4 ,,ff a /irrup ( wire screw$ to ! globe at ,c4 ,g a small scale1 s]v+ likewise z a c\nt]poise4 ,diamet] #a 94 ,weight ) /irrup #afcd gra9s4 ,! o!r dim5sions may be _h f ! draw+1 :i* is "o-six? ( ! l9e> magnitude ( ! in/rum5t itself4 ,9 ! con/ruction x is assum$ t ! upp] scale %all con/antly c>ry #ajjj gra9s :5 ! l[] scale is empty1 & ! in/rum5t sunk 9 di/ill$ wat] at ! temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr4 to ! middle ( ! wire or /em4 ,! l5g? ( ! /em is arbitr>y1 z is likewise ! di/ance ( ! l[] scale f ! surface ( ! globe4 ,b1 ! l5g? ( ! /em be+ settl$1 ! l[] scale may be made light]1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! globe less1 ! great] its di/ance is tak5 f ! surface ( ! globe2 & ! contr>y4 ,9 comp>+ ! d5sities ( diff]5t liquids1 x is cle> t ?is in/rum5t is precisely equival5t to t ( ,fahr5heit1 & mu/ be employ$ 9 ! same mann]1 weights be+ plac$ 9 ! top scale only until ! hydromet] s9ks to ! m>k on ! wire1 :5 ! specific gravity ( ! liquid w be proportional to ! weight ( ! in/rum5t toge!r ) ! weights 9 ! scale4 ,9 ! subsequ5t portion ( ! pap] above ref]r$ to1 ,ni*olson expla9s h[ ! in/rum5t may be employ$ z a !rmomet]1 s9ce1 fluids g5]ally exp&+ m ?an ! solids ( :i* ! in/rum5t is con/ruct$1 ! in/rum5t w s9k z ! temp]ature rises4 ,to det]m9e ! d5sity ( solids heavi] ?an wat] ) ?is in/rum5t1 let ! solid be plac$ 9 ! upp] scale pan1 & let ! weight n[ requir$ to cause ! in/rum5t to s9k 9 di/ill$ wat] at /&>d temp]ature to ! m>k ,b be d5ot$ by w1 :ile ,w d5otes ! weight requir$ :5 ! solid is n pres5t4 ,!n ,w - w is ! weight ( ! solid4 ,n[ let ! solid be plac$ 9 ! l[] pan1 c>e be+ tak5 t no bubbles ( air rema9 atta*$ to x1 & let w#a be ! weight n[ requir$ 9 ! scale pan4 ,?is weight w exce$ w 9 consequ5ce ( ! wat] displac$ by ! solid1 & ! weight ( ! wat] ?us displac$ w be ,w#a - w1 :i* is !re=e ! weight ( a volume ( wat] equal to t ( ! solid4 ,h5ce1 s9ce ! weight ( ! solid itself is ,w - w1 its d5sity mu/ be 7,w - w7_/7w#a - w74 ,! above example illu/rates h[ ,ni*olson's or ,fahr5heit's hydromet] may be employ$ z a weigh+ ma*9e = small weights4 ,9 all hydromet]s 9 :i* a "p only ( ! in/rum5t is imm]s$1 !re is a liability to error 9 consequ5ce ( ! surface t5sion1 or capill>y action1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 along ! l9e ( contact ( ! in/rum5t & ! surface ( ! liquid 7see ,,capill>y ,,action74 ,?is error dim9i%es z ! diamet] ( ! /em is r$uc$1 b is s5sible 9 ! case ( ! ?9ne/ /em :i* c be employ$1 & is ! *ief s\rce ( error 9 ! employm5t ( ,ni*olson's hydromet]1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be an in/rum5t ( extreme delicacy & precision4 ,! foll[+ is ,ni*olson's /atem5t on ?is po9t3-- ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties :i* att5ds hydro/atical exp]im5ts arises f ! attraction or repulsion t obta9s at ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,aft] try+ _m exp]im5ts to obviate ! irregul>ities aris+ f ?is cause1 ,i f9d reason to pref] ! simple "o ( c>efully wip+ ! :ole in/rum5t1 & especially ! /em1 ) a clean clo?4 ,! weights 9 ! di% mu/ n be e/eem$ accurate :ile !re is ei!r a cumulus or a cavity 9 ! wat] r\nd ! /em4 ,x is possible by apply+ a little oil to ! upp] "p ( ! bulb ( a common or ( a ,sikes's hydromet]1 & c>efully plac+ x 9 pure wat]1 to cause x to float ) ! upp] "p ( ! bulb & ! :ole ( ! /em em]g+ z indicat$ 9 fig4 #d1 :5 x ought prop]ly to s9k almo/ to ! top ( ! /em1 ! surface t5sion ( ! wat] ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ( contact1 ,,aa'1 provid+ ! additional support requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! univ]sal hydromet] ( ,g4 ,atk9s1 describ$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = #ahjh1 xxxi4 #bed1 is m]ely ,ni*olson's hydromet] ) ! screw at ,c project+ ?r\gh ! coll> into :i* x is screw$1 & t]m9at+ 9 a %>p po9t above ! cup ,g4 ,to ?is po9t s(t bodies light] ?an wat] 7:i* w\ld float if plac$ 9 ! cup7 c\ld be atta*$1 & ?us completely imm]s$4 ,atk9s's in/rum5t 0 con/ruct$ s z to weigh #gjj gra9s1 & :5 imm]s$ to ! m>k on ! /em 9 di/ill$ wat] at #fj ,f4 x c>ri$ #cjj gra9s 9 ! upp] di%4 ,! hydromet] !re=e displac$ #ajjj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat] at #fj ,f4 & h5ce ! specific gravity ( any o!r liquid 0 at once indicat$ by add+ #gjj to ! numb] ( gra9s 9 ! pan requir$ to make ! in/rum5t s9k to ! m>k on ! /em4 ,! small divisions on ! scale correspond$ to diff]5ces ( 7#a_/aj7? ( a gra9 9 ! weight ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! ,gravimet]1 con/ruct$ by ,citiz5 ,guyton & describ$ 9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #dto1 i4 #aaj1 diff]s f ,ni*olson's in/rum5t 9 be+ con/ruct$ ( glass1 & hav+ a cyl9drical bulb ab\t #ba c5timetres 9 l5g? & #bb millimetres 9 diamet]4 ,its weight is s adju/$ t an additional weight ( #e grammes mu/ be plac$ 9 ! upp] pan to cause ! in/rum5t to s9k to ! m>k on ! /em 9 di/ill$ wat] at ! /&>d temp]ature4 ,! in/rum5t is provid$ ) an additional piece1 or plongeur1 ! weight ( :i* exce$s #e grammes by ! weight ( wat] :i* x displaces2 t is to say1 x is s con/ruct$ z to weigh #e grammes 9 wat]1 & consi/s ( a glass envelope fill$ ) m]cury4 ,x is cle> t ! effect ( ?is plongeur1 :5 plac$ 9 ! l[] pan1 is exactly ! same z t ( ! #e gramme weight 9 ! upp] pan4 ,)\t ! extra #e grammes ! in/rum5t weighs ab\t #bj grammes1 & !re=e floats 9 a liquid ( specific gravity 4#h4 ,?us depriv$ ( its additional weight x may be us$ = spirits4 ,to use ! in/rum5t = liquids ( mu* great] d5sity ?an wat] additional weights mu/ be plac$ 9 ! upp] pan1 & ! plongeur is !n plac$ 9 ! l[] pan = ! purpose ( giv+ to ! in/rum5t ! requisite /ability4 ,*>les's balance areomet] is simil> to ,ni*olson's hydromet]1 except t ! l[] bas9 admits ( inv]sion1 ?us enabl+ ! in/rum5t to be employ$ = solids light] ?an wat]1 ! inv]t$ bas9 s]v+ ! same purpose z ! po9t$ screw 9 ,atk9s's modification ( ! in/rum5t4 ,adie's slid+ hydromet] is ( ! ord9>y =m1 b c be adju/$ = liquids ( widely diff]+ specific gravities by draw+ out a slid+ tube1 ?us *ang+ ! volume ( ! hydromet] :ile its weight rema9s con/ant4 ,! hydromet] ( ,a4 ,baum1 :i* has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ,france1 consi/s ( a common hydromet] graduat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,c]ta9 fix$ po9ts 7 fir/ det]m9$ ^u ! /em ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 f\nd by imm]s+ ! hydromet] 9 pure wat]1 & m>k+ ! /em at ! level ( ! surface4 ,?is =m$ ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,fifte5 /&>d solutions ( pure common salt 9 wat] 7 !n prep>$1 conta9+ respectively #a1 #b1 #c1 444 #ae 7by weight7 ( dry salt4 ,! hydromet] 0 plung$ 9 ^! solutions 9 ord]1 & ! /em hav+ be5 m>k$ at ! sev]al surfaces1 ! degrees s obta9$ 7 numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 444 #ae4 ,^! degrees 71 :5 necess>y1 repeat$ along ! /em by ! employm5t ( a pair ( compasses till #hj degrees 7 m>k$ (f4 ,! in/rum5t ?us adapt$ to ! det]m9ation ( d5sities exce$+ t ( wat] 0 call$ ! hydromet] = salts4 ,! hydromet] int5d$ = d5sities less ?an t ( wat]1 or ! hydromet] = spirits1 is con/ruct$ on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,! in/rum5t is s arrang$ t x floats 9 pure wat] ) mo/ ( ! /em above ! surface4 ,a solution conta9+ #aj ( pure salt is us$ to indicate ! z]o ( ! scale1 & ! po9t at :i* ! in/rum5t floats :5 imm]s$ 9 di/ill$ wat] at #aj ,r4 7#ed ,f47 is numb]$ #aj4 ,equal divisions are !n m>k$ (f upw>ds along ! /em z f> z ! #ej? degree4 ,! d5sities correspond+ to ! sev]al degrees ( ,baum's hydromet] are giv5 by ,ni*olson 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 i4 #hi7 z foll[s3-- ,baum's ,hydromet] = ,spirits4 ,temp]ature #aj ,r4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,degrees4,d5sity4,degrees4,d5sity4,degre es4,d5sity4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #aj #a4jjj #ba 4#ibb #ca 4#hfa #aa 4#iij #bb 4#iae #cb 4#hef #ab 4#ihe #bc 4#iji #cc 4#heb #ac 4#igg #bd 4#ijc #cd 4#hdg #ad 4#igj #be 4#hig #ce 4#hdb #ae 4#ifc #bf 4#hib #cf 4#hcg #af 4#iee #bg 4#hhf #cg 4#hcb #ag 4#idi #bh 4#hhj #ch 4#hbg #ah 4#idc #bi 4#hgd #ci 4#hbb #ai 4#ice #cj 4#hfg #dj 4#hag #bj 4#ibh ---------------------------------------- -------- ,baume's ,hydromet] = ,salts4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,degrees4,d5sity4,degrees4,d5sity4,degre es4,d5sity4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j #a4jjj #bg #a4bcj #ea #a4edg #c #a4jbj #cj #a4bfa #ed #a4eid #f #a4jdj #cc #a4bie #eg #a4fei #i #a4jfd #cf #a4ccc #fj #a4gag #ab #a4jhi #ci #a4cgc #fc #a4ggi #ae #a4aad #db #a4dad #ff #a4hdh #ah #a4adj #de #a4dee #fi #a4ibj #ba #a4agj #dh #a4ejj #gb #b4jjj #bd #a4bjj ---------------------------------------- -------- ,c>ri]'s hydromet] 0 v simil> to t ( ,baum1 ,c>ti] hav+ be5 employ$ by ! latt] to con/ruct 8 in/rum5ts = ! ,fr5* rev5ue4 ,! po9t at :i* ! in/rum5t float$ 9 di/ill$ wat] 0 m>k$ #aj by ,c>ti]1 & #cj on ,c>ri]'s scale correspond$ to #cb on ,baum's4 ,p]haps ! ma9 object = :i* hydromet]s h be5 con/ruct$ is ! det]m9ation ( ! value ( spiritu\s liquors1 *iefly = rev5ue purposes4 ,to ?is end an imm5se v>iety ( hydromet]s h be5 devis$1 diff]+ ma9ly 9 ! "* ( _! scales4 ,9 ,spe]'s hydromet] ! /em has ! =m ( an octagonal prism1 & ^u ea* ( ! eight faces a scale is engrav$1 indicat+ ! p]c5tage /r5g? ( ! _s correspond+ to ! sev]al divisions ( ! scale1 ! eight scales be+ adapt$ respectively to ! temp]ature #ce1 #dj1 #de1 #ej1 #ee1 #fj1 #fe & #gj ,f4 ,f\r small p9s1 :i* c be ins]t$ into ! c\nt]poise ( ! in/rum5t1 s]ve to adapt ! in/rum5t to ! temp]atures int]m$iate betwe5 ^? = :i* ! scales are con/ruct$4 ,william ,spe] 0 sup]visor & *ief assay] ( spirits 9 ! port ( ,dubl94 ,= a m complete acc\nt ( ?is in/rum5t see ,tillo*'s ,phil4 ,mag41 xiv4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,jones's ,hydromet]4 ,! hydromet] con/ruct$ by ,jones1 ( ,holborn1 consi/s ( a sph]oidal bulb ) a rectangul> /em 7fig4 #e74 ,betwe5 ! bulb & c\nt]poise is plac$ a !rmomet]1 :i* s]ves to indicate ! temp]ature ( ! liquid1 & ! in/rum5t is provid$ ) ?ree weights :i* c be atta*$ to ! top ( ! /em4 ,on ! f\r sides ( ! /em ,,ad are engrav$ f\r scales correspond+ respectively to ! unload$ in/rum5t1 & to ! in/rum5t load$ ) ! respective weights4 ,! in/rum5t :5 unload$ s]ves = ! range f #gd to #dg ov] pro(2 :5 load$ ) ! fir/ weight x indicates f #df to #ac ov] pro(1 ) ! second weight f #ac ov] pro( to #bi "u pro(1 & ) ! ?ird f #bi "u pro( to pure wat]1 ! graduation correspond+ to :i* is m>k$ ,w at ! bottom ( ! f\r? scale4 ,"o side ( ! /em ,,ad is %[n 9 fig4 #e1 ! o!r ?ree 9 fig4 #f4 ,! !rmomet] is also provid$ ) f\r scales correspond+ to ! scales above m5tion$4 ,ea* scale has its z]o 9 ! middle correspond+ to #fj ,f4 ,if ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] /& above ?is z]o ! _s mu/ be reckon$ weak] ?an ! hydromet] indicates by ! numb] on ! !rmomet] scale level ) ! top ( ! m]cury1 :ile if ! !rmomet] indicate a temp]ature l[] ?an ! z]o ( ! scale 7#fj ,f47 ! _s mu/ be reckon$ /rong] by ! scale read+4 ,at ! side ( ea* ( ! f\r scales on ! /em ( ! hydromet] is engrav$ a set ( small numb]s indicat+ ! contraction 9 volume :i* w\ld be exp]i5c$ if ! requisite am\nt ( wat] 7or _s7 7 add$ to br+ ! sample te/$ to ! pro( /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! hydromet] con/ruct$ by ,dicas ( ,liv]pool is provid$ ) a slid+ scale :i* c be adju/$ = diff]5t temp]atures1 & :i* also indicates ! contraction 9 volume incid5t on br++ ! _s to pro( /r5g?4 ,x is provid$ ) ?irty-six diff]5t weights :i*1 ) ! t5 divisions on ! /em1 =m a scale f #j to #cgj4 ,! employm5t ( s _m weights r5d]s ! in/rum5t ill-adapt$ = practical "w :]e spe$ is an object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,atk9s's ,hydromet]4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #agij1 b 0 subsequ5tly disc>d$ by ! ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,s]vice = ano!r type4 ,9 ?is latt] =m ! obs]vations h to be made at ! /&>d temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 at :i* ! graduation #ajj corresponds to pro( _s & #bjj to absolute alcohol4 ,! ne$ ( adju/able weights is avoid$ by employ+ a set ( five in/rum5ts1 graduat$ respectively #j-ajj1 #hj-abj1 #ajj-adj1 #acj-agj1 #afj-bjj4 ,! read+ gives ! volume ( pro( _s equival5t to ! volume ( liquor2 ?us ! read+s #hj & #abj mean t #ajj volumes ( ! te/ liquors conta9 ! same am\nt ( absolute alcohol z #hj & #abj volumes ( pro( _s respectively4 ,pro( _s is def9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a mixture ( alcohol & wat] :i* conta9s equal volumes ( alcohol & wat] at #fj ,f41 ! alcohol hav+ a specific gravity ( #j4gici at #fj z comp>$ ) wat] at its maximum d5sity4 ,! specific gravity ( pro( _s is #j4iccec at #fj2 & #ajj volumes ( ! mixture is made f #ej volumes ( absolute alcohol & #ec4ga volumes ( wat]4 ,qu9's univ]sal hydromet] is describ$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 viii4 #ih4 ,x is provid$ ) a slid+ rule to adapt x to diff]5t temp]atures1 & has f\r scales1 "o ( :i* is graduat$ = spirits & ! o!r ?ree s]ve to %[ ! /r5g?s ( worts4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! in/rum5t consi/s 9 ! pyramidal =m giv5 to ! /em1 :i* r5d]s ! scale-divisions m ne>ly equal 9 l5g? ?an !y w\ld be on a prismatic /em4 ,atk9s's hydromet]1 z orig9ally con/ruct$1 is describ$ 9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #hvo1 ii4 #bgf4 ,x is made ( brass1 & is provid$ ) a sph]oidal bulb ! axis ( :i* is #b 94 9 l5g?1 ! conjugate diamet] be+ #a 94 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! in/rum5t is #h 941 ! /em squ>e ( ab\t #a_/h-;94 side1 & ! weight ab\t #djj gra9s4 ,x is provid$ ) f\r weights1 m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & weigh+ respectively #bj1 #dj1 #fa & #hd gra9s1 :i* c be atta*$ to ! %ank ( ! in/rum5t at ,c 7fig4 #g7 & reta9$ !re by ! fix$ weight ,b4 ,! scale engrav$ ^u "o face ( ! /em conta9s fifty-five divisions1 ! top & bottom be+ m>k$ #j or z]o & ! alt]nate int]m$iate divisions 7( :i* !re are tw5ty-six7 be+ m>k$ ) ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9 ord]4 ,! f\r weights are s adju/$ t1 if ! in/rum5t floats ) ! /em em]g+ z f> z ! l[] division #j ) "o ( ! weights atta*$1 !n replac+ ! weight by ! next heavi] causes ! in/rum5t to s9k ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! scale to ! upp] division #j1 & ! fir/ weight produces ! same effect :5 appli$ to ! nak$ in/rum5t4 ,! /em is ?us virtually ext5d$ to five times its l5g?1 & ! numb] ( divisions increas$ practically to #bgb4 ,:5 no weight is atta*$ ! in/rum5t indicates d5sities f 4#hjf to 4#hdc2 ) ,no4 #a x regi/]s f 4#hdc to 4#hhj1 ) ,no4 #b f 4#hhj to 4#iah1 ) ,no4 #c f 4#iah to 4#ieh1 & ) ,no4 #d f 4#ieh to #a4jjj1 ! temp]ature be+ #ee ,f4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! :ole l5g? ( ! /em corresponds to a diff]5ce ( d5sity ( ab\t 4#jd1 & "o division to ab\t 4#jjjgd1 indicat+ a diff]5ce ( little m ?an #a_/c 9 ! /r5g? ( any sample ( spirits4 ,! in/rum5t is provid$ ) a slid+ rule1 ) scales correspond+ to ! sev]al weights1 :i* indicate ! specific gravity correspond+ to ! sev]al divisions ( ! hydromet] scale comp>$ ) wat] at #ee ,f4 ,! slid] ^u ! rule s]ves to adju/ ! scale = diff]5t temp]atures1 & !n indicates ! /r5g? ( ! _s 9 p]c5tages ov] or "u pro(4 ,! slid] is also provid$ ) scales1 m>k$ respectively ,dicas & ,cl>ke1 :i* s]ve to %[ ! read+s :i* w\ld h be5 obta9$ _h ! in/rum5ts ( ^? mak]s be5 employ$4 ,! l9e on ! scale m>k$ conc5tration indicates ! dim9ution 9 volume consequ5t ^u r$uc+ ! sample to pro( /r5g? 7if x is ov] pro(1 ,o4,p47 or ^u r$uc+ pro( _s to ! /r5g? ( ! sample 7if x is "u pro(1 ,u4,p474 ,by apply+ ! sev]al weights 9 succession 9 addition to ,no4 #d ! in/rum5t c be employ$ = liquids heavi] ?an wat]2 & graduations on ! o!r ?ree sides ( ! /em1 toge!r ) an additional slide rule1 adapt ! in/rum5t = ! det]m9ation ( ! /r5g? ( worts4 ,atk9s subsequ5tly modifi$ ! in/rum5t 7,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 #hvo1 iii4 #ej7 by con/ruct+ ! diff]5t weights ( diff]5t %apes1 viz4 circul>1 squ>e1 triangul> & p5tagonal1 in/ead ( numb]+ !m #a1 #b1 #c & #d respectively1 a figure ( ! weight be+ /amp$ on ! slid+ rule opposite to e lett] 9 ! s]ies to :i* x belongs1 ?us dim9i%+ ! probability ( mi/akes4 ,he also replac$ ! lett]s on ! /em by ! correspond+ specific gravities ref]r$ to wat] z unity4 ,fur!r in=mation conc]n+ ^! in/rum5ts & ! /ate ( hydrometry 9 #ahjc w be f\nd 9 ,atk9s's pamphlet ,on ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,specific ,gravities & ! ,/r5g? ( ,spiritu\s ,liquors 7#ahjc72 or ,phil4 ,mag4 xvi4 #bf-cc1 #bje-bab1 #cje-cab2 xvii4 #bjd-baj & #cbi-cda4 ,9 ,gay-,lussac's alcoholomet] ! scale is divid$ into #ajj p>ts correspond+ to ! pres5ce ( #a1 #b1 444 by volume ( alcohol at #ae ,c41 ! highe/ division ( ! scale correspond+ to ! pure/ alcohol he c\ld obta9 7d5sity 4#gidg7 & ! l[e/ division correspond+ to pure wat]4 ,a table provides ! necess>y corrections = o!r temp]atures4 ,tralles's hydromet] diff]s f ,gay-,lussac's only 9 be+ graduat$ at #d ,c4 in/ead ( #ae ,c41 & tak+ alcohol ( d5sity 4#gici at #ae4e ,c4 = pure alcohol in/ead ( 4#gidg z tak5 by ,gay-,lussac 7,ke5e's ,h&book ( ,hydrometry74 ,9 ,beck's hydromet] ! z]o ( ! scale corresponds to d5sity #a4jjj & ! division #cj to d5sity 4#hej1 & equal divisions on ! scale are cont9u$ z f> z is requir$ 9 bo? directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,sike's ,hydromet]4 ,9 ! c5tesimal hydromet] ( ,francoeur ! volume ( ! /em betwe5 successive divisions ( ! scale is always 7#a_/ajj7? ( ! :ole volume imm]s$ :5 ! in/rum5t floats 9 wat] at #d ,c4 ,9 ord] to graduate ! /em ! in/rum5t is fir/ weigh$1 !n imm]s$ 9 di/ill$ wat] at #d ,c41 & ! l9e ( flotation m>k$ z]o4 ,! fir/ degree is !n f\nd by plac+ on ! top ( ! /em a weight equal to 7#a_/ajj7? ( ! weight ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* increases ! volume imm]s$ by 7#a_/ajj7? ( ! orig9al volume4 ,! addition to ! top ( ! /em ( successive weights1 ea* 7#a_/ajj7? ( ! weight ( ! in/rum5t itself1 s]ves to det]m9e ! successive degrees4 ,! l5g? ( #ajj divisions ( ! scale1 or ! l5g? ( ! uni=m /em ! volume ( :i* w\ld be equal to t ( ! hydromet] up to ! z]o graduation1 ,francoeur call$ ! modulus ( ! hydromet]4 ,he con/ruct$ 8 in/rum5ts ( glass1 us+ diff]5t in/rum5ts = diff]5t portions ( ! scale 7,francoeur1 ,trait d'aromtrie1 ,p>is1 #ahdb74 ,dr ,boris ( ,montpelli] con/ruct$ a hydromet] :i* 0 bas$ ^u ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts on mixtures ( alcohol & wat]4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! po9ts correspond+ to pure alcohol & to pure wat] ,boris divid$ into #ajj equal p>ts1 ?\gh ! /em 0 prolong$ s z to conta9 only #aj ( ^! divisions1 ! o!r #ij be+ provid$ = by ! addition ( #i weights to ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t z 9 ,cl>ke's hydromet]4 ,! in/rum5t :i* has n[ be5 exclusively us$ = rev5ue purposes = ne>ly a c5tury is t associat$ ) ! "n ( ,b>?olomew ,sikes1 :o 0 correspond5t to ! ,bo>d ( ,excise f #aggd to #aghc1 & = "s "t collector ( excise = ,h]t=d%ire4 ,sikes's hydromet]1 on acc\nt ( its simil>ity to t ( ,boris1 appe>s to h be5 borr[$ f t in/rum5t4 ,x is made ( gild$ brass or silv]1 & consi/s ( a sph]ical ball ,a 7fig4 #h71 #a4e 94 9 diamet]1 bel[ :i* is a weight ,b connect$ ) ! ball by a %ort conical /em ,c4 ,! /em ,d is rectangul> 9 section & ab\t #c 94 9 l5g?4 ,?is is divid$ into t5 equal p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is subdivid$ into five4 ,z 9 ,boris's in/rum5t1 a s]ies ( #i weights1 ea* ( ! =m %[n at ,e1 s]ves to ext5d ! scale to #ajj pr9cipal divisions4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* weight is a hole capable ( admitt+ ! l[e/ & ?icke/ end ( ! conical /em ,c1 & a slot is cut into x j wide en\gh to all[ ! upp] "p ( ! cone to pass4 ,ea* weight c ?us be dropp$ on to ! l[] /em s z to re/ on ! c\nt]poise ,b4 ,! weights are m>k$ #aj1 #bj1 444 #ij2 & 9 us+ ! in/rum5t t weight mu/ be select$ :i* w all[ x to float 9 ! liquid ) a portion only ( ! /em subm]g$4 ,!n ! read+ ( ! scale at ! l9e ( flotation1 add$ to ! numb] on ! weight1 gives ! read+ requir$4 ,a small sup]num]>y weight ,f is add$1 :i* c be plac$ ^u ! top ( ! /em4 ,f is s adju/$ t :5 ! #fj weight is plac$ on ! l[] /em ! in/rum5t s9ks to ! same po9t 9 di/ill$ wat] :5 ,f is atta*$ z 9 pro( _s :5 ,f is remov$4 ,! be/ in/rum5ts are n[ con/ruct$ = rev5ue purposes ( silv]1 heavily gild$1 because x 0 f\nd t sac*>ic acid conta9$ 9 "s spirits attack$ brass beh9d ! gild+4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! specific gravities correspond+ to ! pr9cipal graduations on ,sikes's hydromet] at #fj ,f4 & #fb ,f41 toge!r ) ! correspond+ /r5g?s ( spirits4 ,! latt] are bas$ ^u ! tables ( ,*>les ,gilp91 cl]k to ! ,royal ,society1 = :i* ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #agid4 ,gilp9's "w is a model = its accuracy & ?or\ghness ( detail1 & 8 results h sc>cely be5 improv$ ^u by m rec5t work]s4 ,! m]it ( ,sikes's sy/em lies n s mu* 9 ! hydromet] z 9 ! complete sy/em ( tables by :i* ! read+s ( ! in/rum5t are at once conv]t$ into p]c5tage ( pro(-_s4 ,table %[+ ! ,d5sities correspond+ to ! ,indications ( ,sike's ,hydromet]4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #fj ,f4 #fb ,f4 ---------------------------------- ,sike's ,pro( ,pro( ,indications4 ,_s ,d5sity4 ,_s ,d5sity4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #j 4#haebig #afg4j 4#haedjj #aff4e #a 4#hafief #aff4a 4#hagjei #afe4f #b 4#hahfba #afe4c 4#hahgbe #afd4h #c 4#hbjbid #afd4e 4#hbjcig #afc4i #d 4#hbaigc #afc4f 4#hbbjgg #afc4a #e 4#hbcfei #afb4g 4#hbcgfc #afb4c #f 4#hbeceb #afa4h 4#hbedeg #afa4d #g 4#hbgjeb #afj4i 4#hbgaeg #afj4e #h 4#hbhgei #afj4j 4#hbhhfd #aei4f #i 4#hcjdgc #aei4a 4#hcjegh #aeh4g #aj 4#hcbaie #aeh4b 4#hcbcjj #aeg4h #aa 4#hcchhh #aeg4c 4#hcciic #aef4h #ab 4#hceehg #aef4d 4#hcefib #aee4i #ac 4#hcgbid #aee4e 4#hcgdjj #aee4j #ad 4#hcijjh #aed4f 4#hciaad #aed4j #ae 4#hdjgbi #aec4g 4#hdjhce #aec4a #af 4#hdbdeh #aeb4g 4#hdbefd #aeb4a #ag 4#hddaic #aea4g 4#hddbii #aea4a #ah 4#hdeicf #aej4g 4#hdfjdb #aej4a #ai 4#hdgfhe #adi4g 4#hdggib #adi4a #bj 4#hdiddb #adh4g 4#hdiedi #adh4a #bj;,b 4#hdicic #adh4g 4#hdiejj #adh4a #ba 4#heaabb #adg4f 4#heabbi #adg4a #bb 4#hebheg #adf4f 4#hebifd #adf4a #bc 4#hedeii #ade4f 4#hedgjg #ade4a #bd 4#hefcdh #add4f 4#hefdef #add4j #be 4#hehaje #adc4e 4#hehbac #adb4i #bf 4#heihfi #adb4d 4#heiigh #ada4h #bg 4#hfafdj #ada4c 4#hfagdi #adj4h #bh 4#hfcdai #adj4b 4#hfcebh #aci4g #bi 4#hfebjd #aci4a 4#hfecac #ach4e #cj 4#hffiih #ach4j 4#hfgajg #acg4d #cj;,b 4#hffiia #ach4j 4#hfgajj #acg4d #ca 4#hfhgee #acf4i 4#hfhhfe #acf4b #cb 4#hgjebf #ace4g 4#hgjfcf #ace4a #cc 4#hgbcje #acd4e 4#hgbdae #acc4i #cd 4#hgdjij #acc4d 4#hgdbjj #acb4h #ce 4#hgehhc #acb4b 4#hgciid #aca4f #cf 4#hggfhd #aca4j 4#hggiie #acj4d #cg 4#hgidib #abi4h 4#hgifjc #abi4a #ch 4#hhacjg #abh4e 4#hhadai #abg4i #ci 4#hhcabi #abg4c 4#hhcbda #abf4g #dj 4#hhdifj #abf4j 4#hhejgb #abe4d #dj;,b 4#hhdhhh #abf4j 4#hhejjj #abe4d #da 4#hhffhi #abd4h 4#hhfhja #abd4b #db 4#hhhdig #abc4e 4#hhhfji #abb4i #dc 4#hijcab #abb4b 4#hijdbe #aba4f #dd 4#hibace #abj4i 4#hibbdh #abj4c #de 4#hicife #aai4f 4#hidjgh #aai4j #df 4#hiehjc #aah4c 4#hieiaf #aag4f #dg 4#higfdg #aaf4i 4#higgfa #aaf4c #dh 4#hiieji #aae4f 4#hiifad #aad4i #di 4#ijacfj #aad4b 4#ijadag #aac4e #ej 4#ijcbbi #aab4h 4#ijccdc #aab4a #ej;,b 4#ijcahf #aab4h 4#ijccjj #aab4a #ea 4#ijejbd #aaa4d 4#ijeach #aaj4g #eb 4#ijfhfi #aaj4j 4#ijfihc #aji4c #ec 4#ijhgbb #ajh4f 4#ijhhcg #ajg4i #ed 4#iajehb #ajg4a 4#iajfig #ajf4e #ee 4#iabdej #aje4f 4#iabefe #aje4j #ef 4#iadcbf #ajd4b 4#iaddda #ajc4e #eg 4#iafbji #ajb4g 4#iafcbc #ajb4j #eh 4#iahajj #aja4c 4#iahbaf #ajj4e #ei 4#iaiiii #ii4g 4#hbjaae #ih4i #fj 4#ibaijf #ih4a 4#ibbjbb #ig4d #fj;,b 4#ibahhd #ih4a 4#ibbjjj #ig4d #fa 4#ibcgfj #if4f 4#ibchgg #ie4i #fb 4#ibefdc #ie4j 4#ibegfj #id4b #fc 4#ibgecd #ic4c 4#ibgfeb #ib4f #fd 4#ibidcc #ia4g 4#ibieej #ij4i #fe 4#icacci #ij4j 4#icadeg #hi4b #ff 4#iccbed #hh4c 4#icccgb #hg4e #fg 4#iceagf #hf4e 4#icebid #he4h #fh 4#icgajg #hd4g 4#icgbbe #hd4j #fi 4#icijde #hb4i 4#iciafc #hb4b #gj 4#idjiia #ha4a 4#idaaaj #hj4c #gj;,b 4#idjiha #ha4a 4#idaajj #hj4c #ga 4#idbhig #gi4b 4#idcjaf #gh4d #gb 4#iddhai #gg4c 4#iddich #gf4e #gc 4#idfgdi #ge4c 4#idfhfi #gd4e #gd 4#idhfhg #gc4c 4#idhhjg #gb4e #ge 4#iejfcd #ga4b 4#iejgec #gj4d #gf 4#iebehh #fi4j 4#iebgjh #fh4b #gg 4#iedeej #ff4h 4#iedfgj #ff4j #gh 4#iefebj #fd4d 4#ieffda #fc4e #gi 4#iehdih #fa4i 4#iehfai #fa4a #hj 4#ifjdhe #ei4d 4#ifjfjf #eh4e #hj;,b 4#ifjdgi #ei4d 4#ifjfjj #eh4e #ha 4#ifbdcc #ef4g 4#ifbeee #ee4h #hb 4#ifdcie #ec4i 4#ifdeag #ec4j #hc 4#iffcff #ej4i 4#iffdhh #ej4j #hd 4#ifhcdd #dg4h 4#ifhdff #dg4j #he 4#igjcca #dd4e 4#igjdec #dc4h #hf 4#igbcbe #da4j 4#igbddh #dj4d #hg 4#igdcbh #cg4e 4#igddea #cf4i #hh 4#igfcdj #cd4j 4#igfdfc #cc4e #hi 4#ighcei #cj4f 4#ighdhb #cj4a #ij 4#ihjchf #bg4b 4#ihjeaj #bf4g #ij;,b 4#ihjcgf #bg4b 4#ihjejj #bf4g #ia 4#ihbcga #bc4i 4#ihbdif #bc4f #ib 4#ihdcgd #bj4h 4#ihddih #bj4e #ic 4#ihfche #ag4g 4#ihfeaj #ag4d #id 4#ihhdjd #ad4h 4#ihhebi #ad4e #ie 4#iijdca #ab4j 4#iijeeg #aa4g #if 4#iibdfh #i4c 4#iibeic #i4j #ig 4#iideab #f4g 4#iidfcg #f4e #ih 4#iifefe #d4a 4#iiffia #d4j #ii 4#iihfbf #a4h 4#iihgeb #a4f #ajj #a4jjjfif #j4j #a4jjjhbb #j4j ---------------------------------------- ------ ,9 ! above table = ,sikes's hydromet] two d5sities are giv5 correspond+ to ea* ( ! degrees #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #hj & #ij1 indicat+ t ! successive weights belong+ to ! p>ticul> in/rum5t = :i* ! table has be5 calculat$ d n q agree4 ,! discrepancy1 h[ev]1 does n produce any s5sible error 9 ! /r5g? ( ! correspond+ _s4 ,a table :i* indicates ! weight p] gallon ( spiritu\s liquors = e degree ( ,sikes's hydromet] is pr9t$ 9 #bc & #bd ,vict4 c4 #aad1 s*$ule ,b4 ,?is table diff]s slightly f t giv5 above1 :i* has be5 abridg$ f ! table giv5 9 ,ke5e's ,h&book ( ,hydrometry1 app>5tly on acc\nt ( ! equal divisions on ,sikes's scale hav+ be5 tak5 z correspond+ to equal increm5ts ( d5sity4 ,sikes's hydromet] 0 e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( collect+ ! rev5ue ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 #ef ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #adj1 by :i* x 0 enact$ t all spirits %all be deem$ & tak5 to be ( ! degree ( /r5g? :i* ! said hydromet]s call$ ,sikes's hydromet]s %all1 ^u trial by any (fic] or (fic]s ( ! cu/oms or excise1 d5ote su* spirits to be4 ,?is act came into =ce on ,janu>y #e1 #ahag1 & 0 to h rema9$ 9 =ce until ,augu/ #a1 #ahah1 b 0 repeal$ by #eh ,geo4 ,,iii4 c4 #bh1 :i* e/abli%$ ,sikes's hydromet] on a p]man5t foot+4 ,by #c & #d ,w4 ,,iv4 c4 #eb1 #abc1 x 0 fur!r enact$ t ! same in/rum5ts & me?ods %\ld be employ$ 9 det]m9+ ! duty ^u import$ spirits z %\ld 9 virtue ( any ,act ( ,p>liam5t be employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! duty ^u spirits di/ill$ at home4 ,x is ! practice ( ! (fic]s ( ! inl& rev5ue to adju/ ,sikes's hydromet] at #fb ,f41 t be+ ! temp]ature at :i* ! imp]ial gallon is def9$ z conta9+ #aj lb4 avoirdupois ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! specific gravity ( any sample ( spirits ?us det]m9$1 :5 multipli$ by t51 gives ! weight 9 p\nds p] imp]ial gallon1 & ! weight ( any bulk ( spirits divid$ by ?is numb] gives its volume at once 9 imp]ial gallons4 ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,colonel7 ,j4 ,b4 ,ke5e1 ( ! ,hydromet] ,(fice1 ,london1 has con/ruct$ an in/rum5t aft] ! model ( ,sikes's1 b provid$ ) twelve weights ( diff]5t masses b equal volumes1 & ! in/rum5t is nev] us$ )\t hav+ "o ( ^! atta*$4 ,:5 load$ ) ei!r ( ! lighte/ two weights ! in/rum5t is specifically light] ?an ,sikes's hydromet] :5 unload$1 & x may ?us be us$ = specific gravities z l[ z t ( absolute alcohol4 ,! volume ( ea* weight be+ ! same1 ! :ole volume imm]s$ is always ! same :5 x floats at ! same m>k :atev] weight may be atta*$4 ,besides ! above1 _m hydromet]s h be5 employ$ = special purposes4 ,twaddell's hydromet] is adapt$ = d5sities great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,! scale is s arrang$ t ! read+ multipli$ by #e & add$ to #ajjj gives ! specific gravity ) ref]5ce to wat] z #ajjj4 ,to avoid an inconv5i5tly long /em1 diff]5t in/rum5ts are employ$ = diff]5t p>ts ( ! scale z m5tion$ above4 ,! lactomet] con/ruct$ by ,dicas ( ,liv]pool is adapt$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! quality ( milk4 ,x resembles ,sikes's hydromet] 9 o!r respects1 b is provid$ ) eight weights4 ,x is also provid$ ) a !rmomet] & slide rule1 to r$uce ! read+s to ! /&>d temp]ature ( #ee ,f4 ,any det]m9ation ( d5sity c be tak5 only z af=d+ prima facie evid5ce ( ! quality ( milk1 z ! removal ( cream & ! addition ( wat] are op]ations :i* t5d to comp5sate ea* o!r 9 _! influ5ce on ! d5sity ( ! liquid1 s t ! lactomet] _c be reg>d$ z a reliable in/rum5t4 ,! m>9e hydromet]s1 z suppli$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t to ! royal navy & ! m]*ant m>9e1 are glass in/rum5ts ) sl5d] /ems1 & g5]ally s]ve to indicate specific gravities f #a4jjj to #a4jdj4 ,be=e be+ issu$ !y are comp>$ ) a /&>d in/rum5t1 & _! errors det]m9$4 ,!y are employ$ = tak+ obs]vations ( ! d5sity ( sea-wat]4 ,! sal9omet] is a hydromet] orig9ally int5d$ to indicate ! /r5g? ( ! br9e 9 m>9e boil]s 9 :i* sea-wat] is employ$4 ,saund]s's sal9omet] consi/s ( a hydromet] :i* floats 9 a *amb] ?r\gh :i* ! wat] f ! boil] is all[$ to fl[ 9 a g5tle /ream1 at a temp]ature ( #bjj ,f4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! in/rum5t consi/s 9 ! /ream ( wat]1 z x ent]s ! hydromet] *amb]1 be+ made to imp+e aga9/ a disk ( metal1 by :i* x is brok5 into drops1 ?us lib]at+ ! /eam1 :i* w\ld o!rwise di/urb ! in/rum5t4 ,! use ( ,sikes's hydromet] necessitates ! employm5t ( a consid]able quantity ( _s4 ,= ! te/+ ( spirits 9 bulk no m conv5i5t in/rum5t has be5 devis$1 b :]e v small quantities are available m suitable laboratory me?ods mu/ be adopt$4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! ,f9ance ,act #aijg 7#g ,ed4 ,,vii4 c4 #ac71 section #d1 provides z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,commission]s ( ,cu/oms & ! ,commission]s ( ,inl& ,rev5ue may jo9tly make regulations au?oriz+ ! use ( any means describ$ 9 ! regulations = asc]ta9+ = any purpose ! /r5g? or weight ( spirits4 7#b7 ,:]e "u any enactm5t ,sykes's 7sic7 ,hydromet] is direct$ to be us$ or may be us$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? or weight ( spirits1 any means s au?oriz$ by regulations may be us$ in/ead ( ,sykes's ,hydromet] & ref]5ces to ,sykes's ,hydromet] 9 any enactm5t %all be con/ru$ accord+ly4 7#c7 ,any regulations made "u ?is section %all be publi%$ 9 ! ,london1 ,ed9burgh & ,dubl9 ,gazette1 & %all take effect f ! date ( publication1 or su* lat] date z may be m5tion$ 9 ! regulations = ! purpose4 7#d7 ,! expression spirits 9 ?is section has ! same mean+ z 9 ! ,spirits ,act #ahhj4 7,w4 ,g47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 iii4 #hi1 ,citiz5 ,eusebe ,salv]te calls att5tion to ! poem ,de ,pond]ibus et ,m5suris g5]ally ascrib$ to ,rhemnius ,fannius ,palaemon1 & consequ5tly #cjj ye>s old] ?an ,hypatia1 9 :i* ! hydromet] is describ$ & attribut$ to ,ar*im$es4 #b ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 vol4 i4 p4 #aaa1 footnote4 ,,hydropa?y1 ! "n giv51 f ! ,greek1 to ! wat]-cure1 or ! treatm5t ( disease by wat]1 us$ outw>dly & inw>dly4 ,l _m descriptive names1 ! ^w hydropa?y is defective & ev5 mislead+1 ! active ag5ts 9 ! treatm5t be+ heat & cold1 ( :i* wat] is little m ?an ! vehicle1 & n ! only "o4 ,!rmo!rapeutics 7or !rmo!rapy7 is a t]m less op5 to objection4 ,hydropa?y1 z a =mal sy/em1 dates f ab\t #ahbi1 :5 ,v9c5z ,priessnitz 7#ahja-ahea71 a f>m] ( ,grf5b]g 9 ,silesia1 ,au/ria1 began 8 public c>e] 9 ! pat]nal home/ead1 ext5d$ s z to accommodate ! increas+ numb]s attract$ by ! fame ( 8 cures4 ,two ,engli% works1 h[ev]1 on ! m$ical uses ( wat] _h be5 translat$ into ,g]man 9 ! c5tury prec$+ ! rise ( ! movem5t "u ,priessnitz4 ,"o ( ^! 0 by ,sir ,john ,floy] 7#afdi-agcd71 a physician ( ,li*field1 :o1 /ruck by ! rem$ial use ( c]ta9 spr+s by ! neighb\r+ peasantry1 inve/igat$ ! hi/ory ( cold ba?+1 & publi%$ 9 #agjb 8 ,greek3 ,psy*rol\sia1 or ! ,hi/ory ( ,cold ,ba?+1 bo? ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,! book ran ?r\gh six editions )9 a few ye>s1 & ! translation 0 l>gely drawn ^u by ,dr ,j4 ,s4 ,hahn ( ,silesia1 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #agch1 ,on ! ,heal+ ,virtues ( ,cold ,wat]1 ,inw>dly & ,outw>dly appli$1 z prov$ by ,exp]i5ce4 ,! o!r "w 0 t ( ,dr ,james ,currie 7#agef-ahje7 ( ,liv]pool1 entitl$ ,m$ical ,reports on ! ,effects ( ,wat]1 ,cold & ,w>m1 z a rem$y 9 ,fev]s & o!r ,diseases1 publi%$ 9 #agig1 & soon aft] translat$ into ,g]man by ,mi*aelis 7#ahja7 & ,hegewis* 7#ahjg74 ,x 0 highly popul>1 & fir/ plac$ ! subject on a sci5tific basis4 ,hahn's writ+s _h mean:ile creat$ mu* en?usiasm among 8 c\ntrym51 societies hav+ be5 ev]y:]e =m$ to promote ! m$ic9al & dietetic use ( wat]2 & 9 #ahjd ,pr(essor rtel ( ,ansba* republi%$ !m & quick5$ ! popul> movem5t by unqualifi$ comm5dation ( wat] dr9k+ z a rem$y = all diseases4 ,9 him ! ris+ ,priessnitz f\nd a zeal\s advocate1 & d\btless an in/ructor also4 ,at ,grf5b]g1 to :i* ! fame ( ,priessnitz drew p ( e rank & _m c\ntries1 m$ical m5 7 conspicu\s by _! numb]s1 "s be+ attract$ by curiosity1 o!rs by ! desire ( k1 b ! majority by ! hope ( cure = ailm5ts :i* _h z yet prov$ incurable4 ,_m records ( exp]i5ces at ,grf5b]g 7 publi%$1 all m or less fav\rable to ! claims ( ,priessnitz1 & "s en?usia/ic 9 _! e/imate ( 8 g5ius & p5etration2 ,capta9 ,cl>idge introduc$ hydropa?y into ,engl& 9 #ahdj1 8 writ+s & lectures1 & lat] ^? ( ,sir ,w4 ,erasmus ,wilson 7#ahji-ahhd71 ,james ,manby ,gully 7#ahjh-ahhc7 & ,edw>d ,johnson1 mak+ num]\s conv]ts1 & fill+ ! e/abli%m5ts op5$ soon aft] at ,malv]n & else:]e4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,france & ,am]ica hydropa?ic e/abli%m5ts multipli$ ) great rapidity4 ,antagonism ran high betwe5 ! old practice & ! new4 ,unsp>+ condemnation 0 heap$ by ea* on ! o!r2 & a legal prosecution1 lead+ to a royal commission ( inquiry1 s]v$ b to make ,priessnitz & 8 sy/em /& high] 9 public e/imation4 ,increas+ popul>ity dim9i%$ be=e long t timidity :i* _h 9 great measure prev5t$ trial ( ! new me?od f be+ made on ! weak] & m s]i\s class ( cases1 & _h caus$ hydropa?i/s to occupy !mselves ma9ly ) a /urdy ord] ( *ronic invalids well able to be> a rigor\s regim5 & ! sev]ities ( unre/rict$ crisis4 ,! ne$ ( a radical adaptation to ! =m] class 0 fir/ adequately recogniz$ by ,john ,sm$ley1 a manufactur] ( ,d]by%ire1 :o1 impress$ 9 8 own p]son ) ! sev]ities z well z ! b5efits ( ! cold wat] cure1 practis$ among 8 workpeople a mild] =m ( hydropa?y1 & began ab\t #aheb a new era 9 its hi/ory1 f\nd+ at ,matlock a c\nt]p>t ( ! e/abli%m5t at ,grf5b]g4 ,ern/ ,br& 7#ahbf-ahig7 ( ,b]l91 ,rlj5 & ,!odor von ,jrg5s5 ( ,kiel1 & ,k>l ,lieb]mei/] 7#ahcc-aija7 ( ,basel1 betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj1 employ$ ! cool+ ba? 9 abdom9al typhus ) /rik+ results1 & l$ to its introduction to ,engl& by ,dr ,wilson ,fox4 ,9 ! ,franco-,g]man w> ! cool+ ba? 0 l>gely employ$1 9 conjunction frequ5tly ) qu99e2 & x n[ holds a recogniz$ position 9 ! treatm5t ( hyp]pyrexia4 ,! wet %eet pack has become "p ( m$ical practice2 ! ,turki% ba?1 introduc$ by ,david ,urquh>t 7#ahje-ahgg7 into ,engl& on 8 return f ! ,ea/1 & ard5tly adopt$ by ,dr ,ri*>d ,b>t] 7#ahjb-ahgj7 ( ,cork1 has become a public in/itution1 &1 ) ! morn+ tub & ! g5]al practice ( wat] dr9k+1 is ! mo/ notewor?y ( ! _m contributions by hydropa?y to public heal? 7see ,,ba?s1 ad f9474 ,! appliances & arrangem5ts by means ( :i* heat & cold are br\ght to be> on ! economy are--7a7 ,pack+s1 hot & cold1 g5]al & local1 sweat+ & cool+2 7b7 hot air & /eam ba?s2 7c7 g5]al ba?s1 ( hot wat] & cold2 7d7 sitz1 sp9al1 head & foot ba?s2 7e7 b&ages 7or compresses71 wet & dry2 also 7f7 fom5tations & p\ltices1 hot & cold1 s9apisms1 /upes1 rubb+s & wat] potations1 hot & cold4 7a7 ,pack+s4--,! full pack consi/s ( a wet %eet envelop+ ! body1 ) a numb] ( dry blankets pack$ tightly ov] x1 includ+ a mac9to% cov]+ or n4 ,9 an h\r or less ^! are remov$ & a g5]al ba? adm9i/]$4 ,! pack is a d]ivative1 s$ative1 sudorific & /imulator ( cutane\s excretion4 ,!re are num]\s modifications ( x1 notably ! cool+ pack1 :]e ! wrapp+s are loose & scanty1 p]mitt+ evaporation1 & ! application ( indef9ite duration1 ! %eet be+ rewett$ z x dries2 ?is is ( great value 9 protract$ febrile conditions4 ,!re are also local packs1 to trunk1 limbs or head sep>ately1 :i* are d]ivative1 soo?+ or /imulat+1 accord+ to circum/ance & detail4 7b7 ,hot air ba?s1 ! *ief ( :i* is ! ,turki% 7prop]ly1 ! ,roman7 ba?1 consi/+ ( two or m *amb]s rang+ 9 temp]ature f #abj to #bab or high]1 b ma9ly us$ at #aej = curative purposes4 ,exposure is f tw5ty m9utes up to two h\rs accord+ to ! effect s\ght1 & is foll[$ by a g5]al ba?1 & occasionally by soap+ & %ampoo+4 ,x is /imulat+1 d]ivative1 depurative1 sudorific & alt]ative1 p[]fully promot+ tissue *ange by increase ( ! natural wa/e & repair4 ,x det]m9es ! blood to ! surface1 r$uc+ int]nal conge/ions1 is a pot5t diaphoretic1 &1 ?r\gh ! extremes ( heat & cold1 is an effective n]v\s & vascul> /imulant & tonic4 ,morbid gr[?s & secretions1 z also ! uraemic1 g\ty & rheumatic dia!sis1 are b5eficially influ5c$ by x4 ,! full pack & ,turki% ba? h betwe5 !m usurp$ ! place & bett]$ ! function ( ! once famili> hot ba?4 ,! ,russian or /eam ba? & ! lamp ba? are primitive & inf]ior v>ieties ( ! mod]n ,turki% ba?1 ! atmosph]e ( :i* _c be too dry & pure4 7c7 ,g5]al ba?s comprise ! ra9 7or ne$le71 spray 7or rose71 %[]1 %all[1 plunge1 d\*e1 wave & common morn+ sponge ba?s1 ) ! dripp+ %eet1 & hot & cold spong+s1 & are comb9ations1 z a rule1 ( hot & cold wat]4 ,!y are /imulat+1 tonic1 d]ivative & det]g5t4 7d7 ,local ba?s comprise ! sitz 7or sitt+71 d\*e 7or sp\t+71 sp9al1 foot & head ba?s1 ( hot or cold wat]1 s+ly or 9 comb9ation1 successive or alt]nate4 ,! sitz1 head & foot ba?s are us$ fl[+ on occasion4 ,! application ( cold by ,leit]'s tubes is effective = r$uc+ inflammation 7e4g4 9 m5+itis & 9 sun/roke72 9 ^! a network ( metal or indi>ubb] tub+ is fitt$ to ! "p affect$1 & cold wat] kept cont9u\sly fl[+ ?r\gh !m4 ,rapid alt]nations ( hot & cold wat] h a p[]ful effect 9 vascul> /asis & le?>gy ( ! n]v\s sy/em & absorb5ts1 yield+ valuable results 9 local conge/ions & *ronic inflammations4 7e7 ,b&ages 7or compresses7 are ( two k9ds1--cool+1 ( wet mat]ial left expos$ = evaporation1 us$ 9 local inflammations & fev]s2 & heat+1 ( ! same1 cov]$ ) wat]pro( mat]ial1 us$ 9 conge/ion1 ext]nal or int]nal1 = %ort or long p]iods4 ,p\ltices1 w>m1 ( bread1 l9se$1 bran1 c41 *ang$ b twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 are id5tical 9 action ) ! heat+ b&age1 & sup]ior only 9 ! great] w>m? & consequ5t vital activity _! clos] application to ! sk9 ensures4 7f7 ,fom5tations & p\ltices1 hot or cold1 s9apisms1 /upes1 rubefaci5ts1 irritants1 frictions1 knead+s1 cali/h5ics1 gymna/ics1 electricity1 c41 are adjuncts l>gely employ$4 ,,bibliography4--,among ! num]\s e>li] works on hydropa?y1 ! foll[+ are wor? m5tion3 ,balbirnie1 ,wat] ,cure 9 ,consumption 7#ahdg71 ,hydropa?ic ,aphorisms 7#ahef7 & ,a ,plea = ! ,turki% ,ba? 7#ahfb72 ,b5i-,b>de1 ,trait d'hydro?rapie 7#ahgd72 ,cl>idge1 ,cold ,wat] ,cure1 or ,hydropa?y 7#ahda71 ,facts & ,evid5ce 9 ,support ( ,hydropa?y 7#ahdc7 & ,cold ,wat]1 ,tepid ,wat] & ,friction ,cure 7#ahdi72 ,dunlop1 ,philosophy ( ! ,ba? 7#ahgc72 ,floy]1 ,psy*rol\sia1 or ! ,hi/ory ( ,cold-,ba?+1 c4 7#agjb72 ,j4 ,s4 ,hahn 7,s*weidnitz71 ,obs]vations on ! ,heal+ ,virtues ( ,cold ,wat] 7#agch72 ,hunt]1 ,hydropa?y = ,home ,use 7#ahgi72 ,e4 ,w4 ,lane1 ,hydropa?y1 or ! ,natural ,sy/em ( ,m$ical ,treatm5t 7#aheg72 ,r4 ,j4 ,lane1 ,life at ! ,wat] ,cure 7#ahea72 ,%ew1 ,hydropa?ic ,family ,physician 7#aheg72 ,sm$ley1 ,practical ,hydropa?y 7#ahgi72 ,sme?ur/1 ,hydro!rapia1 or ! ,wat] ,cure 7#ahdc72 ,wa9wright1 ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,use ( ,ba?s 7#agcg72 ,weiss1 ,h&book ( ,hydropa?y 7#ahdd72 ,wilson ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ! ,cold ,wat] ,cure 7#ahed7 & ,! ,wat] ,cure 7#ahei74 ,a useful rec5t "w deal+ compreh5sively ) ! subject is ,ri*>d ,metcalfe's ,rise & ,progress ( ,hydropa?y 7#aijf74 ,,hydrophobia 7,gr4 ,greek3 ,hydor1 wat]1 & ,greek3 phobos1 fe>2 s call$ f ! symptom ( dread ( wat]71 or ,,rabies 7,lat4 = madness71 an acute disease1 occurr+ *iefly 9 c]ta9 ( ! l[] animals1 p>ticul>ly ! can9e species1 & liable to be communicat$ by !m to o!r animals & to man4 ,9 ,dogs1 c4--,! occurr5ce ( rabies 9 ! fox1 wolf1 hya5a1 jackal1 raccoon1 badg] & skunk has be5 ass]t$2 b !re is e probability t x is orig9ally a disease ( ! dog4 ,x is communicat$ by inoculation to ne>ly all1 if n all1 w>m-blood$ creatures4 ,! transmission f "o animal to ano!r only c]ta9ly takes place ?r\gh inoculation ) virulif]\s matt]s4 ,! malady is g5]ally *>act]iz$ at a c]ta9 /age by an irrepressible desire 9 ! animal to act (f5sively ) its natural weapons--dogs & o!r c>nivora attack+ ) _! tee?1 h]bivora ) _! ho(s or horns1 & birds ) _! beaks1 :5 excit$ ev] s slightly4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( excitem5t ! malady may run its c\rse )\t any fit ( fury or madness4 ,symptoms4--,! disease has be5 divid$ into ?ree /ages or p]iods1 & has also be5 describ$ z appe>+ 9 at lea/ two =ms1 accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( ! symptoms4 ,b1 z a rule1 "o p]iod ( ! disease does n pass sudd5ly into ano!r1 ! transition be+ almo/ imp]ceptible2 & ! =ms d n diff] ess5tially f ea* o!r1 b appe> m]ely to con/itute v>ieties ( ! same disease1 due to ! natural disposition ( ! animal1 or o!r modify+ circum/ances4 ,^! =ms h be5 designat$ true or furi\s rabies 7,fr4 rage vrai2 ,g]4 ras5de ,wu?7 & dumb rabies 7,fr4 rage mue2 ,g]4 /ille ,wu?74 ,! malady does n comm5ce ) fury & madness1 b 9 a /range & anomal\s *ange 9 ! habits ( ! dog3 x becomes dull1 gloomy1 & taciturn1 & seeks to isolate itself 9 out-(-!-way places1 retir+ b5ea? *airs & to odd corn]s4 ,b 9 its retirem5t x _c re/3 x is uneasy & fidgety1 & no soon] has x la9 d[n ?an sudd5ly x jumps up 9 an agitat$ mann]1 walks backw>ds & =w>ds sev]al times1 aga9 lies d[n & assumes a sleep+ attitude1 b has only ma9ta9$ x = a few m9utes :5 x is once m mov+ ab\t4 ,aga9 x retires to its corn]1 to ! f>!/ recess x c f9d1 & huddles itself up into a heap1 ) its head conceal$ b5ea? its *e/ & =e-paws4 ,?is /ate ( cont9ual agitation & inquietude is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) its ord9>y habits1 & %\ld !re=e receive att5tion4 ,n unfrequ5tly !re are a few mom5ts :5 ! creature appe>s m lively ?an usual1 & displays an extraord9>y am\nt ( affection4 ,sometimes !re is a disposition to ga!r up /raw1 ?read1 bits ( wood1 c41 :i* are indu/ri\sly c>ri$ away2 a t5d5cy to lick any?+ cold1 z iron1 /ones1 c41 is also obs]v$ 9 _m in/ances2 & !re is also a desire ev9c$ to lick o!r animals4 ,sexual excitem5t is also frequ5tly an e>ly symptom4 ,at ?is p]iod no disposition to bite is obs]v$2 ! animal is docile ) its ma/] & obeys 8 voice1 ?\gh n s readily z be=e1 nor ) ! same pleas$ c\nt5ance4 ,!re is some?+ /range 9 ! expression ( its face1 & ! voice ( its own] is sc>cely able to make x *ange f a sudd5 gloom9ess to its usual animat$ aspect4 ,^! symptoms gradually become m m>k$2 ! re/lessness & agitation increase4 ,if on /raw ! dog scatt]s & pulls x ab\t ) its paws1 & if 9 a room x scrat*es & tumbles ! cu%ions or rugs on :i* x usually lies4 ,x is incessantly on ! move1 rambl+ ab\t1 scrat*+ ! gr\nd1 sniff+ 9 corn]s & at ! doors1 z if on ! sc5t or seek+ = some?+4 ,x indulges 9 /range movem5ts1 z if affect$ by "s m5tal influ5ces or a prey to halluc9ations4 ,:5 n excit$ by any ext]nal influ5ce x w rema9 = a brief p]iod p]fectly /ill & att5tive1 z if wat*+ some?+1 or foll[+ ! movem5ts ( "s creature on ! wall2 !n x w sudd5ly d>t =w>d & snap at ! vacant air1 z if pursu+ an annoy+ object1 or endeav\r+ to seize a fly4 ,at ano!r "t x ?r[s itself1 yell+ & furi\s1 aga9/ ! wall1 z if x he>d ?reat5+ voices on ! o!r side1 or 0 b5t on attack+ an enemy4 ,nev]!less1 ! animal is /ill docile & submissive1 = its ma/]'s voice w br+ x out ( its fr5zy4 ,b ! saliva is already virul5t1 & ! excessive affection :i* x ev9ces at int]vals1 by lick+ ! h&s or face ( ^? x loves1 r5d]s ! dang] v great %\ld !re be a w\nd or abrasion4 ,until a late p]iod 9 ! disease ! ma/]'s voice has a p[]ful influ5ce ov] ! animal4 ,:5 x has escap$ f all control & w&]s erratically abroad1 f]oci\s & re/less1 & haunt$ by horrid phantoms1 ! famili> voice yet ex]ts its influ5ce1 & x is r>e inde$ t x attacks its ma/]4 ,!re is no dread ( wat] 9 ! rabid dog2 ! animal is g5]ally ?ir/y1 & if wat] be (f]$ w lap x ) avidity1 & swall[ x at ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease4 ,& :51 at a lat] p]iod1 ! con/riction ab\t ! ?roat--symptomatic ( ! disease--r5d]s swall[+ difficult1 ! dog w none ! less endeav\r to dr9k1 & ! lapp+s are z frequ5t & prolong$ :5 deglutition becomes impossible4 ,s little dread has ! rabid dog ( wat] t x w =d /reams & swim riv]s2 & :5 9 ! f]oci\s /age x w ev5 d ?is 9 ord] to attack o!r creatures on ! opposite side4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease ! dog does n usually refuse to eat1 & "s animals are voraci\s to an unusual degree4 ,b 9 a %ort "t x becomes fa/idi\s1 only eat+ :at x usually has a special pr$ilection =4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ?is gives place to a mo/ *>act]i/ic symptom--ei!r ! ta/e becomes extremely deprav$ or ! dog has a fatal & imp]i\s desire to bite & +e/ ev]y?+4 ,! litt] ( its k5nel1 wool f cu%ions1 c>pets1 /ock+s1 slipp]s1 wood1 grass1 e>?1 /ones1 glass1 horse-dung1 ev5 its own faeces & ur9e1 or :atev] else may come 9 its way1 are dev\r$4 ,on exam9ation ( ! body ( a dog :i* has di$ ( rabies x is s common to f9d 9 ! /oma* a quantity ( dissimil> & /range matt]s on :i* ! tee? h be5 ex]cis$ t1 if !re 0 no?+ kn[n ( ! animal's hi/ory1 !re w\ld be /rong evid5ce ( its hav+ be5 affect$ ) ! disease4 ,:5 a dog1 !n1 is obs]v$ to gnaw & eat su*like matt]s1 ?\gh x exhibits no t5d5cy to bite1 x %\ld be suspect$4 ,! mad dog does n usually foam at ! m\? to any great ext5t at fir/4 ,! mucus ( ! m\? is n mu* increas$ 9 quantity1 b x soon becomes ?ick]1 viscid1 & glut9\s1 & adh]es to ! angles ( ! m\?1 fauces & tee?4 ,x is at ?is p]iod t ! ?ir/ is mo/ ard5t1 & ! dog sometimes furi\sly attempts to deta* ! saliva ) its paws2 & if aft] a :ile x loses its balance 9 ^! attempts & tumbles ov]1 !re c no long] be any d\bt z to ! nature ( ! malady4 ,!re is ano!r symptom connect$ ) ! m\? 9 t =m ( ! disease nam$ dumb madness :i* has frequ5tly prov$ deceptive4 ,! l[] jaw drops 9 consequ5ce ( p>alysis ( its muscles1 & ! m\? rema9s op54 ,! int]ior is dry f ! air pass+ cont9ually ov] x1 & assumes a deep r$ t9t1 some:at mask$ by pat*es ( du/ or e>?1 :i* m especially adh]e to ! upp] surface ( ! tongue & to ! lips4 ,! /range alt]ation produc$ 9 ! dog's physiognomy by its con/antly op5 m\? & ! d>k col\r ( ! int]ior is r5d]$ /ill m *>act]i/ic by ! dull1 sad1 or dead expression ( ! animal's eyes4 ,9 ?is condition ! creature is n v dang]\s1 because g5]ally x c\ld n bite if x tri$--inde$ !re does n appe> to be mu* desire to bite 9 dumb madness2 b ! saliva is none ! less virul5t1 & accid5tal inoculations ) x1 ?r\gh imprud5t h&l+1 w prove z fatal z 9 ! furi\s =m4 ,! m\? %\ld n be t\*$1--num]\s dea?s hav+ occurr$ ?r\gh p ?9k+ ! dog _h "s =eign sub/ance lodg$ 9 its ?roat1 & ?ru/+ _! f+]s d[n to remove x4 ,! s5sation ( tightness :i* seems to exi/ at ! ?roat causes ! dog to act z if a bone 7 fix$ betwe5 its tee? or t[>ds ! back ( its m\?1 & to employ its =e-paws z if to dislodge x4 ,?is is a v deceptive symptom1 & may prove equally dang]\s if caution be n obs]v$4 ,vomit+ ( blood or a *ocolate-col\r$ fluid is witness$ 9 "s cases1 & has be5 suppos$ to be due to ! =eign sub/ances 9 ! /oma*1 :i* abrade ! l9+ membrane2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is n correct1 z x has be5 obs]v$ 9 man4 ,! voice ( ! rabid dog is v peculi>1 & s *>act]i/ic t to ^? acqua9t$ ) x no?+ m is ne$$ to prove ! pres5ce ( ! disease4 ,^? :o h he>d x once or twice nev] =get its signification4 ,ow+ to ! alt]ations tak+ place 9 ! l>ynx ! voice becomes ho>se1 crack$ & /ridul\s1 l t ( a *ild affect$ ) cr\p--! voix du coq1 z ! ,fr5* h x4 ,a prelim9>y b>k is made 9 a some:at elevat$ tone & ) op5 m\?2 ?is is imm$iately succe$$ by five1 six or eight decreas+ h[ls1 emitt$ :5 ! animal is sitt+ or /&+1 & always ) ! nose elevat$1 :i* seem to come f ! dep?s ( ! ?roat1 ! jaws n com+ toge!r & clos+ ! m\? dur+ su* emission1 z 9 ! heal?y b>k4 ,?is alt]ation 9 ! voice is frequ5tly ! fir/ obs]vable indication ( ! malady1 & %\ld at once attract att5tion4 ,9 dumb madness ! voice is frequ5tly lo/ f ! v comm5cem5t--h5ce ! designation4 ,! s5sibility ( ! mad dog appe>s to be consid]ably dim9i%$1 & ! animal appe>s to h lo/ ! faculty ( express+ ! s5sations x exp]i5ces3 x is mute "u ! infliction ( pa91 ?\gh !re c be no d\bt t x /ill has p]iph]al s5sation to "s ext5t4 ,burn+1 beat+ & w\nd+ produce mu* less effect ?an 9 heal?1 & ! animal w ev5 mutilate itself ) its tee?4 ,suspicion1 !re=e1 %\ld always /rongly atta* to a dog :i* does n manife/ a c]ta9 susceptibility to pa9ful impressions & receives puni%m5t )\t any cry or compla9t4 ,!re is also reason = appreh5sion :5 a dog bites itself p]si/5tly 9 any "p ( its body4 ,a rabid dog is usually /irr$ to fury at ! sight ( "o ( its own species2 ?is te/ has be5 resort$ to by ,h5rie ,m>ie ,b\ley 7#ahad-ahhe7 to dissipate d\bts z to ! exi/5ce ( ! disease :5 ! diagnosis is o!rwise unc]ta94 ,z soon z ! suspect$ animal1 if x is really rabid1 f9ds itself 9 ! pres5ce ( ano!r ( its species x at once assumes ! aggressive1 &1 if all[$1 w bite furi\sly4 ,all rabid animals inde$ become excit$1 exasp]at$1 & furi\s at ! sight ( a dog1 & attack x ) _! natural weapons1 ev5 ! timid %eep :5 rabid butts furi\sly at ! enemy be=e :i* 9 heal? x w\ld h fl$ 9 t]ror4 ,?is inv]sion ( s5tim5t is sometimes valuable 9 diagnos+ ! malady2 x is s common t x may be said to be pres5t 9 e case ( rabies4 ,:51 !re=e1 a dog1 contr>y to its habits & natural incl9ation1 becomes sudd5ly aggressive to o!r dogs1 x is "t to take precautions4 ,9 ! l>ge majority ( in/ances ! dog is in(f5sive 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ! disease to ^? to :om x is famili>4 ,x !n flies f its home & ei!r dies1 is kill$ z mad1 or returns 9 a mis]able plight1 & 9 an advanc$ /age ( ! malady1 :5 ! desire to bite is irresi/ible4 ,x is 9 ! e>ly /age t seque/ration & suppressive measures are mo/ valuable4 ,! dogs :i* propagate ! disease are usually ^? t h escap$ f _! own]s4 ,aft] two or ?ree days1 frequ5tly 9 ab\t twelve h\rs1 m s]i\s & al>m+ symptoms appe>1 f]oci\s in/9cts are develop$1 & ! desire to d injury is irrepressible4 ,! animal has an indef9able expression ( sombre melan*oly & cruelty4 ,! eyes h _! pupils dilat$1 & emit fla%es ( light :5 !y are n dull & heavy2 !y always appe> s fi]ce z to produce t]ror 9 ! behold]2 !y are r$1 & _! s5sibility to light is increas$2 & wr9kles1 :i* sometimes appe> on ! =ehead1 add to ! repulsive aspect ( ! animal4 ,if cag$ x flies at ! spectator1 emitt+ its *>act]i/ic h[l or b>k1 & seiz+ ! iron b>s ) its tee?1 & if a /ick be ?ru/ be=e x ?is is grasp$ & gnaw$4 ,?is fury is soon succe$$ by lassitude1 :5 ! animal rema9s ins5sible to e excitem5t4 ,!n all at once x r\ses up aga91 & ano!r p>oxysm ( fury comm5ces4 ,! fir/ p>oxysm is usually ! mo/ int5se1 & ! fits v>y 9 duration f "s h\rs to a day1 & ev5 long]2 !y are ord9>ily brief] 9 tra9$ & pet dogs ?an 9 ^? :i* are less dome/icat$1 b 9 all ! remission is s complete aft] ! fir/ p>oxysm t ! animals appe> to be almo/ well1 if n 9 p]fect heal?4 ,dur+ ! p>oxysms respiration is hurri$ & lab\r$1 b tranquil dur+ ! remissions4 ,!re is an increase ( temp]ature1 & ! pulse is quick & h>d4 ,:5 ! animal is kept 9 a d>k place & n excit$1 ! fits ( fury are n obs]v$4 ,sometimes x is agitat$ & re/less 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,x nev] becomes really furi\s or aggressive unless excit$ by ext]nal objects--! mo/ pot5t ( ^!1 z has be5 said1 be+ ano!r dog1 :i*1 h[ev]1 if x be admitt$ to its cage1 x may n at once attack4 ,! attack$ animal r>ely retaliates1 b usually responds to ! bites by acute yells1 :i* contra/ /rangely ) ! sil5t ang] ( ! aggressor1 & tries to hide its head ) its paws or b5ea? ! /raw4 ,^! repeat$ p>oxysms hurry ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,! secretion & fl[+ ( a l>ge quantity ( saliva f ! m\? are usually only witness$ 9 cases 9 :i* swall[+ has become impossible1 ! m\? be+ g5]ally dry4 ,at times ! tongue1 nose & :ole head appe> swoll54 ,o!r dogs frequ5tly %un "o :i* is rabid1 z if aw>e ( _! dang]4 ,! rabid dog1 if lodg$ 9 a room or kept 9 a h\se1 is cont9ually endeav\r+ to escape2 & :5 x makes its escape x goes freely =w>d1 z if impell$ by "s irresi/ible =ce4 ,x travels consid]able di/ances 9 a %ort "t1 p]haps attack+ e liv+ creature x meets--pref]r+ dogs1 h[ev]1 to o!r animals1 & ^! to mank9d2 cats1 %eep1 cattle & horses are p>ticul>ly liable to be injur$4 ,x attacks 9 sil5ce1 & nev] utt]s a sn>l or a cry ( ang]2 %\ld x *ance to be hurt 9 return x emits no cry or h[l ( pa94 ,! degree ( f]ocity appe>s to be relat$ to natural disposition & tra9+4 ,"s dogs1 = in/ance1 w only snap or give a slight bite 9 pass+1 :ile o!rs w bite furi\sly1 te>+ ! objects pres5t$ to !m1 or :i* !y meet 9 _! way1 & sometimes ) su* viol5ce z to injure _! m\? & break _! tee?1 or ev5 _! jaws4 ,if *a9$1 !y w 9 "s cases gnaw ! *a9 until _! tee? are worn away & ! bones laid b>e4 ,! rabid dog does n cont9ue its progress v long4 ,exhau/$ by fatigue & ! p>oxysms ( madness excit$ 9 x by ! objects x meets1 z well z by hung]1 ?ir/1 & also1 no d\bt1 by ! malady1 its limbs soon become feeble2 ! rate ( travell+ is less5$ & ! walk is un/eady1 :ile its droop+ tall1 head incl9$ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 op5 m\?1 & protrud$ tongue 7( a lead5 col\r or cov]$ ) du/7 give ! di/ress$ creature a v /rik+ & *>act]i/ic physiognomy4 ,9 ?is condition1 h[ev]1 x is mu* less to be dread$ ?an 9 its e>ly fits ( fury1 s9ce x is no long] capable or desir\s ( alt]+ its c\rse or go+ out ( its way to attack an animal or a man n imm$iately 9 ! pa?4 ,x is v probable t its fa/-fail+ vision1 dead5$ sc5t1 & g5]ally dim9i%$ p]ception prev5t its be+ s readily impress$ or excit$ by surr\nd+ objects z x previ\sly 04 ,to ea* p>oxysm1 :i* is always ( %ort duration1 !re succe$s a degree ( exhau/ion z great z ! fits h be5 viol5t & (t repeat$4 ,?is compels ! animal to /op2 !n x %elt]s itself 9 obscure places--frequ5tly 9 dit*es by ! roadside--& lies !re 9 a somnolesc5t /ate = p]haps h\rs4 ,!re is great dang]1 nev]!less1 9 di/urb+ ! dog at ?is p]iod2 = :5 r\s$ f its torpor x has sometimes suffici5t /r5g? to inflict a bite4 ,?is p]iod1 :i* may be t]m$ ! second /age1 is z v>iable 9 its duration z ! fir/1 b x r>ely exce$s ?ree or f\r days4 ,! above-describ$ ph5om5a gradually m]ge into ^? ( ! ?ird or la/ p]iod1 :5 symptoms ( p>alysis appe>1 :i* are spe$ily foll[$ by dea?4 ,dur+ ! remission 9 ! p>oxysms ^! p>alytic symptoms are m p>ticul>ly manife/$ 9 ! h9d limbs1 :i* appe> z if unable to support ! animal's weight1 & cause x to /agg] ab\t2 or ! l[] jaw becomes m or less droop+1 leav+ ! p>*$ m\? p>tially op54 ,emaciation rapidly sets 91 & ! p>oxysms dim9i% 9 int5sity1 :ile ! remissions become less m>k$4 ,! physiognomy assumes a /ill m s9i/] & repulsive aspect2 ! hair is dull & erect2 ! flanks are retract$2 ! eyes lose _! lu/re & are buri$ 9 ! orbits1 ! pupil be+ dilat$1 & ! cornea dull & semi-opaque2 v (t51 ev5 at an e>ly p]iod1 ! eyes squ9t1 & ?is adds /ill m to ! t]rify+ appe>ance ( ! poor dog4 ,! voice1 if at all he>d1 is husky1 ! brea?+ labori\s1 & ! pulse hurri$ & irregul>4 ,gradually ! p>alysis increases1 & ! po/]ior extremities are dragg$ z if ! animal's back 7 brok51 until at l5g? x becomes g5]al2 x is !n ! prelude to dea?4 ,or ! dog rema9s ly+ 9 a /ate ( /upor1 & c only raise itself ) difficulty on ! =e-limbs :5 greatly excit$4 ,9 ?is condition x may yet endeav\r to bite at objects )9 its rea*4 ,at times convulsions ( a tetanic "* appe> 9 c]ta9 muscles2 at o!r times ^! are g5]al4 ,a comatose condition ensues1 & ! rabid dog1 if p]mitt$ to die naturally1 p]i%es1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 f p>alysis & asphyxia4 ,9 dumb madness !re is p>alysis ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* imp>ts a curi\s & v *>act]i/ic physiognomy to ! dog2 ! voice is also lo/1 & ! animal c nei!r eat nor dr9k4 ,9 ?is condition ! creature rema9s ) its jaw p5d5t & ! m\? consequ5tly wide op51 %[+ ! flaccid or swoll5 tongue cov]$ ) br[ni% matt]1 & a /r+y gelat9\s-look+ saliva ly+ betwe5 x & ! l[] lip & coat+ ! fauces1 :i* sometimes appe> to be inflam$4 ,?\gh ! animal is unable to swall[ fluids1 ! desire to dr9k is nev]!less int5se2 = ! creature w ?ru/ its face into ! vessel ( wat] 9 futile attempts to obta9 relief1 ev5 until ! approa* ( dea?4 ,wat] may be p\r$ d[n its ?roat )\t induc+ a p>oxysm4 ,! g5]al physiognomy & demean\r ( ! poor creature inspire ! behold] ) pity r ?an fe>4 ,! symptoms due to c]ebral excitem5t are less m>k$ ?an 9 ! furi\s =m ( ! disease2 ! agitation is n s consid]able1 & ! re/lessness1 t5d5cy to run away1 & desire to bite are ne>ly abs5t2 g5]ally ! animal is q passive4 ,n unfrequ5tly "o or bo? eyes squ9t1 & x is only :5 v mu* excit$ t ! dog may contrive to close its m\?4 ,sometimes !re is swell+ ab\t ! ph>ynx & ! neck2 :5 ! tongue %>es 9 ?is complication x hangs out ( ! m\?4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !re is a cat>rhal condition ( ! membrane l9+ ! nasal cavities1 l>ynx1 & bron*i2 sometimes ! animal te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( abdom9al pa91 & ! faeces are !n s(t or fluid4 ,! o!r symptoms--su* z ! rapid exhau/ion & emaciation1 p>alysis ( ! po/]ior limbs t[>ds ! t]m9ation ( ! disease1 z well z ! rapidity ) :i* x runs its c\rse--are ! same z 9 ! furi\s =m4 ,! simultane\s occurr5ce ( furi\s & dumb madness has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ 9 packs ( fox-h\nds4 ,dumb madness diff]s1 !n1 f ! furi\s type 9 ! p>alysis ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* h9d]s ! dog f bit+1 save 9 v exceptional circum/ances2 ! f]oci\s in/9cts are also 9 abeyance2 & !re is no t5d5cy to aggression4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t f #ae to #bj ( rabid dogs h ?is p>ticul> =m ( ! disease4 ,puppies & "y dogs *iefly h furi\s rabies4 ,^! are ! symptoms ( rabies 9 ! dog2 b x is n likely1 nor is x necess>y1 t !y w all be pres5t 9 e case4 ,9 o!r species ! symptoms diff] m or less f ^? manife/$ by ! dog1 b !y are g5]ally m>k$ by a *ange 9 ! mann] & habits ( ! creatures affect$1 ) /rong indications ( n]v\s di/urbance1 9 ! majority ( species am\nt+ to f]oci\sness & a desire to injure1 timid creatures becom+ bold & aggressive4 ,9 ,human ,be+s4--,! disease ( hydrophobia has be5 kn[n f e>ly times1 & is allud$ to 9 ! works ( ,ari/otle1 ,x5ophon1 ,plut>*1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,ovid & _m o!rs1 z well z 9 ^? ( ! e>ly writ]s on m$ic9e4 ,celsus gives detail$ in/ructions respect+ ! treatm5t ( m5 :o h be5 bitt5 by rabid dogs1 & dwells on ! dang]s att5d+ su* w\nds4 ,aft] recomm5d+ suction ( ! bitt5 "p by means ( a dry cupp+ glass1 & !reaft] ! application ( ! actual caut]y or ( /rong cau/ics1 & ! employm5t ( ba?s & v>i\s int]nal rem$ies1 he says3 ,idque cum ita p] triduum factum e/1 tutus esse homo a p]iculo videtur4 ,solet autem ex eo vuln]e1 ubi p>um occursum e/1 aquae timor nasci1 ,greek3 hydrophobian ,graeci appellant4 ,mis]rimum g5us morbi2 9 quo simul aeg] et siti et aquae metu cruciatur2 quo oppressis 9 angu/o spes e/4 ,subsequ5tly ,gal5 describ$ m9utely ! ph5om5a ( hydrophobia1 & recomm5d$ ! excision ( ! w\nd$ "p z a protection aga9/ ! disease4 ,?r\gh\t _m succe$+ c5turies little or no?+ 0 add$ to ! facts :i* ! e>ly physicians _h made kn[n ^u ! subject4 ,! malady 0 reg>d$ ) univ]sal horror & dread1 & ! un=tunate suff]]s 7 g5]ally ab&on$ by all ar\nd !m & left to _! t]rible fate4 ,9 lat] times ! inve/igations ( ,bo]haave1 ,g]>d van ,swiet5 7#agjj-aggb71 ,john ,hunt]1 ,franois ,mag5die 7#aghc-ahee71 ,gilb]t ,bres*et 7#aghd-ahde71 ,vir*[1 ,alb]t ,r$]1 z also ( ,william ,y\att 7#aggf-ahdg71 ,george ,flem+1 ,meynell1 ,k>l ,h]twig 7#agih-ahha71 & o!rs1 h furni%$ important in=mation2 b all ^! 7 put into ! %ade by ! rese>*es ( ,pa/eur4 ,! disease is communicat$ by ! secretions ( ! m\? ( ! affect$ animal ent]+ a w\nd or abrasion ( ! human sk9 or muc\s membrane4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases 7#ij7 ?is is due to ! bite ( a rabid dog1 b bites ( rabid cats1 wolves1 foxes1 jackals1 c4 are occasionally ! means ( convey+ ! disease4 ,num]\s popul> fallacies /ill prevail on ! subject ( hydrophobia4 ,?us x is suppos$ t ! bite ( an angry dog may produce ! disease1 & all ! m if ! animal %\ld subsequ5tly develop symptoms ( rabies4 ,! gr\nd = ?is errone\s notion is ! fact1 :i* is unque/ionable1 t animals 9 :om rabies is 9 ! /age ( incubation1 dur+ :i* !re are few if any symptoms1 may by _! bites convey ! disease1 ?\gh =tunately dur+ ?is e>ly /age !y are little dispos$ to bite4 ,! bite ( a non-rabid animal1 h[ev] enrag$1 _c give rise to hydrophobia4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ( ! disease1 or t "t :i* elapses betwe5 ! introduction ( ! virus & ! developm5t ( ! symptoms1 appe>s to v>y 9 a rem>kable degree1 be+ 9 "s cases z %ort z a =tnight1 & 9 o!rs z long z sev]al mon?s or ev5 ye>s4 ,on an av]age x seems to be f ab\t six weeks to ?ree mon?s1 b x ma9ly dep5ds on ! "p bitt52 bites on ! head are ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,! incubation p]iod is also said to be %ort] 9 *ildr54 ,! r>e in/ances ( ! appe>ance ( hydrophobia _m ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ! poison are always m or less op5 to "q z to subsequ5t inoculation4 ,:5 ! disease is ab\t to decl>e itself x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t ! w\nd1 :i* _h quickly & entirely heal$ aft] ! bite1 beg9s to exhibit evid5ce ( irritation or inflammatory action1 or at lea/ to be ! seat ( morbid s5sations su* z numbness1 t+l+ or it*+4 ,! symptoms *>act]iz+ ! premonitory /age are great m5tal depression & disquietude1 toge!r ) re/lessness & a k9d ( indef9ite fe>4 ,!re is an unusual t5d5cy to talk1 & ! articulation is abrupt & rapid4 ,al?\gh 9 "s in/ances ! pati5ts w n ackn[l$ge t !y h be5 previ\sly bitt51 & d5y x ) great ob/9acy1 yet g5]ally !y are well aw>e ( ! nature ( _! malady1 & speak despair+ly ( its consequ5ces4 ,!re is 9 ?is e>ly /age a c]ta9 am\nt ( con/itutional di/urbance %[+ itself by fev]i%ness1 loss ( appetite1 sleeplessness1 heada*e1 great n]v\s excitability1 respiration ( a peculi> sigh+ or sobb+ "*1 & ev5 occasionally a noticeable av]sion to liquids4 ,^! symptoms--con/itut+ :at is t]m$ ! melan*olic /age--cont9ue 9 g5]al = "o or two days1 :5 !y are succe$$ by ! /age ( excitem5t 9 :i* all ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a ( ! malady are fully develop$4 ,sometimes ! disease fir/ %[s itself 9 ?is /age1 )\t antec$5t symptoms4 ,! agitation ( ! suff]] n[ becomes greatly increas$1 & ! c\nt5ance exhibits anxiety & t]ror4 ,!re is notic$ a m>k$ emb>rassm5t ( ! brea?+1 b ! mo/ /rik+ & t]rible features ( ?is /age are ! effects produc$ by attempts to swall[ fluids4 ,! pati5t suff]s f ?ir/ & desires eag]ly to dr9k1 b on mak+ ! ef=t is seiz$ ) a mo/ viol5t suffocative p>oxysm produc$ by spasm ( ! muscles ( swall[+ & brea?+1 :i* cont9ues = sev]al seconds1 & is succe$$ by a feel+ ( int5se al>m & di/ress4 ,) great caution & det]m9ation ! attempt is r5ew$1 b only to be foll[$ ) a repetition ( ! seizure1 until ! unhappy suff]] ceases f %e] dread to try to qu5* ! ?ir/ :i* torm5ts him4 ,inde$ ! v ?\ght ( do+ s suffices to br+ on a *ok+ p>oxysm1 z does also ! s\nd ( ! runn+ ( wat]4 ,! pati5t is extremely s5sitive to any k9d ( ext]nal impression2 a bright light1 a l\d noise1 a brea? ( cool air1 contact ) any "o1 are all apt to br+ on "o ( ^! seizures4 ,b besides ^! suffocative attacks !re also occur g5]al convulsions affect+ ! :ole muscul> sy/em ( ! body1 & occasionally a condition ( tetanic spasm4 ,^! v>i\s p>oxysms increase 9 frequ5cy & sev]ity ) ! advance ( ! disease1 b alt]nate ) int]vals ( comp>ative quiet1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is int5se anxiety & m or less con/ant difficulty ( brea?+1 accompani$ ) a peculi> sonor\s expiration1 :i* has sugge/$ ! notion t ! pati5t b>ks l a dog4 ,9 _m in/ances !re is great m5tal di/urbance1 ) fits ( maniacal excitem5t1 9 :i* he /rikes at e "o ab\t him1 & accuses !m ( be+ ! cause ( 8 suff]+s--^! attacks be+ succe$$ by calm int]vals 9 :i* he expresses great regret = 8 viol5t behavi\r4 ,dur+ all ?is /age ( ! disease ! pati5t is torm5t$ ) a viscid secretion accumulat+ 9 8 m\?1 :i* f dread ( swall[+ he is con/antly spitt+ ab\t him4 ,!re may also be notic$ snapp+ movem5ts ( ! jaws z if he 7 attempt+ to bite1 b ^! are 9 reality a manife/ation ( ! spasmodic action :i* affects ! muscles g5]ally4 ,!re is no great am\nt ( fev]1 b !re is con/ipation1 dim9i%$ fl[ ( ur9e1 & (t5 sexual excitem5t4 ,aft] two or ?ree days ( suff]+ ( ! mo/ t]rible description ! pati5t succumbs1 dea? tak+ place ei!r 9 a p>oxysm ( *ok+1 or on ! o!r h& 9 a tranquil mann] f exhau/ion1 all ! symptoms hav+ abat$1 & ! p[] ( swall[+ return$ be=e ! end4 ,! duration ( ! disease f ! fir/ decl>ation ( ! symptoms is g5]ally f ?ree to five days4 ,ap>t f ! inoculation me?od 7see bel[71 ! treatm5t ( mo/ avail is t :i* is direct$ t[>ds prev5t+ ! absorption ( ! poison into ! sy/em4 ,?is may be accompli%$ by excision ( ! "p involv$ 9 ! bite ( ! rabid animal1 or1 :]e ?is f its locality is impracticable1 9 ! application to ! w\nd ( "s *emical ag5t :i* w de/roy ! activity ( ! virus1 su* z potassa fusa1 lun> cau/ic 7nitrate ( silv]71 or ! actual caut]y 9 ! =m ( a r$-hot wire4 ,! "p %\ld be ?or\ghly act$ on by ^! ag5ts1 no matt] :at am\nt ( tempor>y suff]+ ?is may occasion4 ,su* applications %\ld be resort$ to imm$iately aft] ! bite has be5 inflict$1 or z soon !reaft] z possible4 ,fur!r1 ev5 ?\gh _m h\rs or days %\ld elapse1 ^! local rem$ies %\ld /ill be appli$2 = if1 z appe>s probable1 "s at lea/ ( ! virus rema9s = long at ! injur$ "p1 ! removal or effectual de/ruction ( ?is may prev5t ! dread consequ5ces ( its absorption4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to tranquillize & reassure ! pati5t4 ,two special po9ts ( int]e/ h aris5 9 rec5t ye>s 9 connexion ) ?is disease4 ,"o is ! ,pa/eur treatm5t by inoculation ) rabic virus 7see also ,,p>asitic ,,diseases71 & ! o!r 0 ! attempt ( ! gov]nm5t to ext]m9ate rabies 9 ! ,briti% ,isles by muzzl+ dogs4 ,pa/eur treatm5t4 ,! ,pa/eur treatm5t 0 fir/ appli$ to human be+s 9 #ahhe aft] prolong$ inve/igation & exp]im5tal trial on animals4 ,x is bas$ on ! fact t a virus1 capable ( giv+ rabies by inoculation1 c be extract$ f ! tissues ( a rabid animal & !n int5sifi$ or att5uat$ at pleasure4 ,x appe>s t ! /r5g? ( ! rabic virus1 z det]m9$ by inoculation1 is con/ant 9 ! same species ( animal1 b is modifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh ano!r species4 ,= in/ance1 ! natural virus ( dogs is always ( ! same /r5g?1 b :5 inoculat$ into monkeys x becomes weak5$1 & ! process ( att5uation c be c>ri$ on by pass+ ! virus ?r\gh a succession ( monkeys1 until x loses ! p[] ( caus+ dea?4 ,if ?is weak5$ virus is !n pass$ back ?r\gh gu9ea-pigs1 dogs or rabbits1 x rega9s its =m] /r5g?4 ,aga91 if x be pass$ ?r\gh a succession ( dogs x becomes int5sifi$ up to a maximum ( /r5g? :i* is call$ ! virus fixe4 ,pa/eur fur!r discov]$ t ! /r5g? c be modifi$ by temp]ature & by keep+ ! dri$ tissues ( a rabid animal conta9+ ! virus4 ,?us1 if ! sp9al cord ( a rabid dog be pres]v$ 9 a dry /ate1 ! virus loses /r5g? day by day4 ,! sy/em ( treatm5t consi/s 9 mak+ an emulsion ( ! cord & graduat+ ! /r5g? ( ! dose by us+ a succession ( cords1 :i* h be5 kept = a progressively dim9i%+ l5g? ( "t4 ,^? :i* h be5 kept = f\rte5 days are us$ z a />t+-po9t1 yield+ virus ( a m9imum /r5g?4 ,!y are foll[$ by prep>ations ( dim9i%+ age & increas+ /r5g?1 day by day1 up to ! maximum1 :i* is ?ree days old4 ,^! are successively inject$ into ! circulatory sy/em4 ,! pr9ciple is ! artificial acquisition by ! pati5t ( resi/ance to ! rabic virus1 :i* is presum$ to be already 9 ! sy/em b has n yet become active1 by accu/om+ him gradually to its toxic effect1 beg9n+ ) a weak =m & progressively increas+ ! dose4 ,x is n exactly treatm5t ( ! disease1 because x is useless or ne>ly s :5 ! disease has comm5c$1 nor is x exactly prev5tive1 = ! pati5t has already be5 bitt54 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z a k9d ( anticipatory cure4 ,! cords are cut into sections & pres]v$ dry 9 /]iliz$ flasks plugg$ ) cotton-wool4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ ! inoculatory virus1 :i* has be5 devis$ by ,guido ,tizzoni & ,eug5io ,c5tanni1 consi/s 9 subject+ ! virus fixe to peptic dige/ion by dilut$ ga/ric juice = v>y+ p]iods ( "t4 ,! fir/ pati5t 0 treat$ by ,pa/eur's sy/em 9 ,july #ahhe4 ,he 0 successively inoculat$ ) emulsions made f cords t _h be5 kept f\rte5 & t5 days1 !n elev5 & eight days1 !n eight1 sev51 six days1 & s on4 ,two =ms ( treatm5t are n[ us$--7#a7 ! simple1 9 :i* ! c\rse f weak to /rong virus is ext5d$ ov] n9e days2 7#b7 ! int5sive1 9 :i* ! maximum is rea*$ 9 sev5 days4 ,! latt] is us$ 9 cases ( v bad bites & ^? ( "s /&+1 9 :i* x is desirable to lose no "t4 ,two days are compress$ into "o at ! comm5cem5t by mak+ injections morn+ & ev5+ in/ead ( once a day1 s t ! fif?-day cord is rea*$ 9 f\r days in/ead ( six1 z 9 ! simple treatm5t4 ,:5 ! maximum--! ?ird-day cord--is rea*$ ! injections are cont9u$ ) fif?-1 f\r?-1 & ?ird-day cords4 ,! :ole c\rse is fifte5 days 9 ! simple treatm5t & tw5ty-"o 9 ! int5sive4 ,! doses inject$ range f #a to #c cubic c5timetres4 ,injections are made alt]nately into ! "r & left flanks4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! numb] treat$ f #ahhf to #aije1 ) ! mortality4 ------------------------------ ,ye>4,pati5ts,dea?s4,mortality ,treat$4 p] c5t4 ------------------------------ #ahhf #bfga #be 4#id #ahhg #aggj #ad 4#gi #ahhh #afbb #i 4#ee #ahhi #ahcj #g 4#ch #ahij #aedj #e 4#cb #ahia #aeei #d 4#be #ahib #agij #d 4#bb #ahic #afdh #f 4#cf #ahid #achg #g 4#ej #ahie #aebj #e 4#cc #ahif #acjh #d 4#cj #ahig #aeba #f 4#ci #ahih #adfe #c 4#bj #ahii #afad #d 4#be #aijj #adai #aj 4#gj #aija #acah #e 4#cg #aijb #aaje #b 4#ah #aijc #fcj #d 4#fe #aijd #geg #e 4#ff #aije #gbg #d 4#ed ------------------------------ ,^! figures d n include cases :i* develop hydrophobia dur+ treatm5t or )9 fifte5 days aft] treatm5t is complet$1 = x is held t p]sons :o die )9 t p]iod h _! n]v\s c5tres invad$ by virus be=e ! cure has "t to act4 ,! true mortality %\ld !re=e be consid]ably high]4 ,= in/ance1 9 #ahih ?ree dea?s came )9 ?is category1 :i* j d\bles ! mortality2 & 9 #ahii ! additional dea?s 7 six1 br++ ! mortality up to two-&-a-half times t indicat$ 9 ! table4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! additional dea?s are includ$ ! results rema9 suffici5tly /rik+1 if two assumptions are grant$--7#a7 t all ! p]sons treat$ h be5 bitt5 by rabid animals2 7#b7 t a l>ge proportion ( p]sons s bitt5 usually h hydrophobia4 ,un=tunately1 bo? ^! assumptions lack pro(1 & !re=e ! evid5ce ( ! efficacy ( ! treatm5t _c be said to satisfy a /rictly sci5tific /&>d4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 ! pati5ts are divid$ into ?ree categories--7#a7 ^? bitt5 by an animal ! rabidity ( :i* is prov$ by ! developm5t ( rabies 9 o!r animals bitt5 by x or inoculat$ f its sp9al cord2 7#b7 ^? bitt5 by an animal pron\nc$ rabid on a vet]9>y exam9ation2 7#c7 ^? bitt5 by an animal suspect$ ( be+ rabid4 ,! numb] ( pati5ts 9 ea* category 9 #ahih 0 7#a7 #ada1 7#b7 #hee1 7#c7 #dfi2 & 9 #ahii x 0 7#a7 #aeb1 7#b7 #ajii1 7#c7 #cfc4 ,z might be expect$1 ! va/ majority came "u ! second & ?ird heads1 9 :i* ! evid5ce ( rabidity is d\btful or altoge!r lack+4 ,) reg>d to ! second po9t1 ! proportion ( p]sons bitt5 by rabid animals :o ord9>ily develop hydrophobia has only be5 e/imat$ f v inadequate data4 ,otto ,boll+] f a s]ies ( collect$ /ati/ics /ates t be=e ! introduction ( ! ,pa/eur treatm5t1 ( pati5ts bitt5 by dogs und\bt$ly rabid #dg di$1 ! rate be+ #cc 9 ^? ^: w\nds _h be5 caut]iz$ & #hc :5 !re _h be5 no local treatm5t4 ,if ! numb] ( rabid dogs be comp>$ ) ! dea?s f hydrophobia 9 any ye> or s]ies ( ye>s1 x c h>dly be v high4 ,= in/ance1 9 #ahie1 #ffh dogs1 besides o!r animals1 7 kill$ & c]tifi$ to be rabid 9 ,engl&1 & ! dea?s f hydrophobia 7 tw5ty4 ,( c\rse ?is proves no?+1 z ! numb] ( p]sons bitt5 is n kn[n1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( rabies & ( hydrophobia is sugge/ively great 9 view ( ! m>k$ prop5sity ( rabid dogs to bite1 nor is x acc\nt$ = by ! fact t "s ( ! p]sons bitt5 7 treat$ at ! ,in/itut ,pa/eur4 ,a comp>ison ( ! annual mortality f hydrophobia 9 ,france be=e & aft] ! introduction ( ! treatm5t w\ld af=d decisive evid5ce z to its efficacy2 b un=tunately no su* comp>ison c be made = lack ( vital /ati/ics 9 t c\ntry4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! ,p>is hospitals1 h[ev]1 po9ts to a decid$ dim9ution ( mortality4 ,on ! :ole x mu/ be said1 9 ! abs5ce ( fur!r data1 t ! ,pa/eur treatm5t c]ta9ly dim9i%es ! dang] ( hydrophobia f ! bites ( rabid animals4 ,m rec5tly treatm5t ) an anti-rabic s]um has be5 sugge/$ 7see ,,p>asitic ,,diseases74 ,victor ,babes & ,lepp & lat] ,guido ,tizzoni & ,eug5io ,c5tanni h work$ out a me?od ( s]um treatm5t curative & protective4 ,9 ?is me?od n ! rabic poison itself1 z 9 ! ,pa/eur treatm5t1 b ! protective sub/ance =m$ is inject$ into ! tissues4 ,! s]um ( a vacc9at$ animal is capable ( neutraliz+ ! p[] ( ! virus ( rabies n only :5 mix$ ) ! virus be=e injection b ev5 :5 inject$ simultane\sly or )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! introduction ( ! virus4 ,^! au?ors %[$ t ! s]um ( a rabbit protects a rabbit bett] ?an does ! s]um ( a dog1 & vice v]sa4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty days' injections !y f\nd !y c\ld obta9 su* a l>ge quantity ( anti-rabic sub/ance 9 ! s]um ( an animal1 t ev5 #a "p ( s]um to #be1jjj ( ! body weight w\ld protect an animal4 ,?is process diff]s f t ( ,pa/eur 9 s f> z t 9 place ( promot+ ! =mation ( ! antidote )9 ! body ( ! pati5t1 by a process ( vacc9ation ) progressively /rong] & /rong] virus1 ?is "p ( ! process is c>ri$ on 9 an animal1 ,babes us+ ! dog & ,c5tanni ! %eep1 ! blood s]um ( :i* is inject$4 ,?is me?od ( vacc9ation is useful z a protective to ^? 9 *>ge ( k5nels4 ,muzzl+ ord] 9 ,engl&4 ,! attempt to /amp out rabies 9 ,great ,brita9 0 an exp]im5t und]tak5 by ! gov]nm5t 9 ! public int]e/4 ,! pr9cipal means adopt$ 7 ! muzzl+ ( dogs 9 infect$ areas1 & prolong$ qu>ant9e = import$ animals4 ,! efficacy ( dog-muzzl+ 9 *eck+ ! spread ( rabies & dim9i%+ its preval5ce has be5 repeat$ly prov$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,liable z o!r animals may be to ! disease1 9 ,engl& at lea/ ! dog is pre-em95tly ! vehicle ( contagion & ! great s\rce ( dang] to human be+s4 ,!re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion on ! way 9 :i* muzzl+ acts1 ?\gh !re c be none z to ! effect x produces 9 r$uc+ rabies4 ,probably x acts r by secur+ ! de/ruction ( own]less & /ray--:i* g5]ally includes rabid--dogs ?an by prev5t+ bit+2 = ?\gh x may prev5t snapp+1 ev5 ! wire-cage muzzle does n prev5t furi\s dogs f bit+1 & x is heal?y1 n rabid1 dogs t we> ! muzzle4 ,x has !re=e be5 sugge/$ t a coll> w\ld h ! same effect1 if all coll>less dogs 7 seiz$2 b ! evid5ce goes to %[ t x has n1 p]haps because rabid dogs are m likely to /ray f home ) _! coll>s1 :i* are con/antly worn1 ?an ) muzzles :i* are n1 & s escape seizure4 ,moreov]1 x is mu* easi] = ! police to see :e!r a dog is we>+ a muzzle or n ?an x is to make sure ab\t ! coll>4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! muzzle has prov$ m efficaci\s1 b x 0 n appli$ sy/ematically 9 ,engl& until a late date4 ,sometimes ! regulations 7 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & sometimes !y 7 left to local au?orities2 9 ei!r case !y 7 all[$ to lapse z soon z rabies _h di$ d[n4 ,9 ,april #ahig ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture ent]$ on a sy/ematic attempt to ext]m9ate rabies by ! means indicat$4 ,! plan 0 to en=ce muzzl+ ov] l>ge areas 9 :i* ! disease exi/$1 & to ma9ta9 x = six mon?s aft] ! occurr5ce ( ! la/ case4 ,9 spite ( mu* opposition & criticism1 ?is 0 resolutely c>ri$ out "u ,mr ,walt] ,long1 ! responsible m9i/]1 & met ) great success4 ,by ! spr+ ( #ahii--t is1 9 two ye>s--! disease _h disappe>$ 9 ,great ,brita91 except = "o area 9 ,wales2 &1 ) ?is exception1 muzzl+ 0 ev]y:]e relax$ 9 ,octob] #ahii4 ,x 0 tak5 (f 9 ,wales also 9 ! foll[+ ,may1 no case hav+ occurr$ s9ce ,novemb] #ahii4 ,rabies 0 !n pron\nc$ ext9ct4 ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aijj1 h[ev]1 x reappe>$ 9 ,wales1 & sev]al c\nties 7 aga9 plac$ "u ! ord]4 ,! ye> #aija 0 ! ?ird 9 succession 9 :i* no dea? f hydrophobia 0 regi/]$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,9 ! t5 ye>s prec$+ #ahii1 #ajd dea?s 7 regi/]$1 ! dea?-rate rea*+ #cj 9 #ahhi & av]ag+ #bi annually4 ,9 #aijb two dea?s f hydrophobia 7 regi/]$4 ,f t date to ,june #aiji 7! late/ available = ! purpose ( ?is article7 no dea? f hydrophobia 0 notifi$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,see ,annales de l',in/itut ,pa/eur1 f #ahhf2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 #ahii2 ,mak9s1 ,hydrophobia1 9 ,treves's ,sy/em ( ,surg]y2 ,woodhead1 ,rabies1 9 ,allbutt's ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e4 ,,hydrosph]e 7,gr4 ,greek3 hydr1 wat]1 & ,greek3 sphaira1 sph]e71 9 physical geography1 a "n giv5 to ! :ole mass ( ! wat] ( ! oceans1 :i* fills ! depressions 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & cov]s ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( its surface4 ,! "n is us$ 9 di/9ction f ! atmosph]e1 ! e>?'s envelope ( air1 ! li?osph]e 7,gr4 ,greek3 li?os1 rock7 or solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 & ! c5trosph]e or int]ior mass )9 ! cru/4 ,to ^! sph]es "s writ]s add1 by figurative usage1 ! t]ms biosph]e1 or life-sph]e1 to cov] all liv+ ?+s1 bo? animals & plants1 & psy*osph]e1 or m9d-sph]e1 cov]+ all ! products ( human intellig5ce4 ,,hydro/atics 7,gr4 ,greek3 hydr1 wat]1 & ! root ,greek3 /a-1 to cause to /&71 ! bran* ( hydrome*anics :i* discusses ! equilibrium ( fluids 7see ,,hydrome*anics74 ,,hydroxylam9e1 ,,nh#b,,oh1 or hydroxy-ammonia1 a comp\nd prep>$ 9 #ahfe by ,w4 ,c4 ,loss5 by ! r$uction ( e?yl nitrate ) t9 & hydro*loric acid4 ,9 #ahgj ,e4 ,ludwig & ,t4 ,h4 ,he9 7,*em4 ,c5tralblatt1 #ahgj1 #a1 p4 #cdj7 obta9$ x by pass+ nitric oxide ?r\gh a s]ies ( bottles conta9+ t9 & hydro*loric acid1 to :i* a small quantity ( plat9um tetra*loride has be5 add$2 ! acid liquid is p\r$ (f :5 ! op]ation is complet$1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ 92 ! t9 sulphide is filt]$ (f & ! filtrate evaporat$4 ,! residue is extract$ by absolute alcohol1 :i* dissolves ! hydroxylam9e hydro*loride & a little ammonium *loride2 ?is la/ sub/ance is remov$ z ammonium plat9o-*loride1 & ! residual hydroxylam9e hydro*loride is recry/alliz$4 ,e4 ,div]s obta9s x by mix+ cold saturat$ solutions conta9+ "o molecul> proportion ( sodium nitrate1 & two molecul> proportions ( acid sodium sulphite1 & !n add+ a saturat$ solution ( potassium *loride to ! mixture4 ,aft] /&+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 hydroxylam9e potassium disulphonate cry/allizes out4 ,?is is boil$ = "s h\rs ) wat] & ! solution cool$1 :5 potassium sulphate sep>ates fir/1 & !n hydroxylam9e sulphate4 ,e4 ,tafel 7,zeit4 anorg4 ,*em41 #aijb1 #ca1 p4 #bhi7 pat5t$ an electrolytic process1 :]e9 #ej sulphuric acid is treat$ 9 a divid$ cell provid$ ) a ca?ode ( amalgamat$ lead1 #ej nitric acid be+ gradually run into ! ca?ode comp>tm5t4 ,pure anhydr\s hydroxylam9e has be5 obta9$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,lobry de ,bruyn f ! hydro*loride1 by dissolv+ x 9 absolute me?yl alcohol & !n add+ sodium me?ylate4 ,! precipitat$ sodium *loride is filt]$1 & ! solution ( hydroxylam9e di/ill$ 9 ord] to remove me?yl alcohol1 & f9ally fractionat$ "u r$uc$ pressure4 ,! free base is a col\rless1 od\rless1 cry/all9e solid1 melt+ at ab\t #cj ,c41 & boil+ at #eh ,c4 7"u a pressure ( #bb mm474 ,x deliquesces & oxidizes on exposure1 inflames 9 dry *lor9e & is r$uc$ to ammonia by z9c du/4 ,its aque\s solution is /rongly alkal9e1 & ) acids x =ms well-def9$ /able salts4 ,e4 ,ebl] & ,e4 ,s*ott 7,j4 pr4 ,*em41 #aijh1 #gh1 p4 #bhi7 reg>d x z act+ ) ! =mula ,,nh#b,,oh t[>ds bases1 & z ,,nh#c3,o t[>ds acids1 ! salts 9 ! latt] case be+ ( ! oxonium type4 ,x is a /rong r$uc+ ag5t1 giv+ a precipitate ( cupr\s oxide f alkal9e copp] solutions at ord9>y temp]ature1 conv]t+ m]curic *loride to m]cur\s *loride1 & precipitat+ metallic silv] f solutions ( silv] salts4 ,) aldehydes & ketones x =ms oximes 7q4v474 ,w4 ,r4 ,dun/an 7,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahii1 #ge1 p4 #gib7 f\nd t ! addition ( me?yl iodide to a me?yl alcohol solution ( hydroxylam9e result$ 9 ! =mation ( trime?yloxam9e1 ,n7,,*#c7c,o4 ,_m sub/itut$ hydroxylam9es are kn[n1 sub/itution tak+ place ei!r 9 ! alpha or beta position beta alpha 7,,nh#b ,,oh74 beta-ph5ylhydroxyl-am9e1 ,c#f;,h#e,,nh,,oh1 is obta9$ 9 ! r$uction ( nitrob5z5e 9 neutral solution 7e4g4 by ! action ( ! alum9ium-m]cury c\ple & wat]71 b bett]1 accord+ to ,c4 ,golds*midt 7,b]41 #ahif1 #bi1 p4 #bcjg7 by dissolv+ nitrob5z5e 9 t5 times its weight ( e!r conta9+ a few cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 & heat+ ) excess ( z9c du/ & anhydr\s calcium *loride = ?ree h\rs on a wat] ba?4 ,x also appe>s z an int]m$iate product 9 ! electrolytic r$uction ( nitrob5z5e 9 sulphuric acid solution4 ,by g5tle oxidation x yields nitrosob5z5e4 ,d]ivatives ( ! type ,r#b,n,,oh result 9 ! action ( ! ,grign>d reag5t on amyl nitrite4 ,dihydroxy-ammonia or nitroxyl1 ,,nh7,,oh7#b1 a v un/able & highly reactive sub/ance1 has be5 especially /udi$ by ,a4 ,angeli 7see ,a4 ,w4 ,/ew>t1 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical & ,inorganic ,*emi/ry1 #aiji74 ,,hydrozoa1 "o ( ! mo/ widely spread & prolific gr\ps ( aquatic animals4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p m>9e 9 habitat1 b a famili> fre%-wat] =m is ! common ,hydra ( ponds & dit*es1 :i* gives orig9 to ! "n ( ! class4 ,! ,hydrozoa comprise ! hydroids1 s abundant on all %ores1 mo/ ( :i* resemble vegetable organisms to ! unassi/$ eye2 ! hydrocorall9es1 :i*1 z _! "n implies1 h a massive /ony skeleton & resemble corals2 ! jelly-fi%es s call$2 & ! ,siphonophora1 ( :i* ! species be/ kn[n by repute is ! s-call$ ,portuguese man-(-w> 7,physalia71 dread$ by sailors on acc\nt ( its t]rible /++ p[]s4 ,9 ext]nal =m & appe>ance ! ,hydrozoa exhibit su* /rik+ diff]5ces t !re w\ld seem at fir/ sight to be little 9 common betwe5 ! m div]g5t memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,nev]!less !re is no o!r class 9 ! animal k+dom ) bett] m>k$ *>act]i/ics1 or ) m uni=m morphological peculi>ities und]ly+ ! utmo/ div]sity ( sup]ficial *>act]s4 ,all ,hydrozoa1 9 ! fir/ place1 exhibit ! ?ree /ructural features di/9ctive ( ! ,coel5t]a 7q4v474 7#a7 ,! body is built up ( two lay]s only1 an ext]nal protective & s5sory lay]1 ! ectod]m1 & an int]nal dige/ive lay]1 ! endod]m4 7#b7 ,! body conta9s b a s+le int]nal cavity1 ! coel5t]on or ga/rovascul> space1 :i* may be greatly ramifi$1 b is n %ut (f into cavities di/9ct f ! c5tral dige/ive space4 7#c7 ,! g5]ative cells are produc$ 9 ei!r ! ectod]m or endod]m1 & n 9 a ?ird lay] aris+ 9 ! embryo1 di/9ct f ! two prim>y lay]s2 9 o!r words1 !re is no mesod]m or coelom4 ,to ^! ?ree *>act]s ! ,hydrozoa add a f\r? :i* is di/9ctive ( ! subdivision ( ! ,coel5t]ata t]m$ ! ,cnid>ia2 t is to say1 !y always possess peculi> /++ organs kn[n z nettle-cells1 or nematocy/s 7,cnidae71 ea* produc$ 9 a cell =m+ an integral "p ( ! animal's tissues4 ,! ,hydrozoa are ?us %[n to belong to ! gr\p ( ,coel5t]ata ,cnid>ia1 & x rema9s to consid] m fully _! di/9ctive features1 & 9 p>ticul> ^? :i* m>k !m (f f ! o!r ma9 division ( ! ,cnid>ia1 ! ,an?ozoa 7q4v471 compris+ ! corals & sea-anemones4 ,! great div]sity1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 9 ! =m & /ructure ( ! ,hydrozoa is due to two pr9cipal causes4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we f9d 9 ?is gr\p two di/9ct types ( p]son or individual1 ! polyp & ! m$usa 7qq4v471 ea* capable ( a wide range ( v>iations2 & :5 bo? polyp & m$usa occur 9 ! life-cycle ( ! same species1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! result is an alt]nation ( g5]ations ( a type peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! class4 ,9 ! second place1 ! p[] ( non-sexual reproduction by budd+ is practically ( univ]sal occurr5ce among ! ,hydrozoa1 & by ! buds fail+ to sep>ate f ! p>5t /ock1 colonies are produc$1 m or less complicat$ 9 /ructure & (t5 ( great size4 ,we f9d t polyps may ei!r bud o!r polyps or may produce m$usae1 & t m$usae may bud m$usae1 ?\gh nev]1 app>5tly1 polyps4 ,h5ce we h a prim>y subdivision ( ! colonies ( ,hydrozoa into ^? produc$ by budd+ ( polyps & ^? produc$ by budd+ ( m$usae4 ,! =m] may conta9 polyp-p]sons & m$usa-p]sons1 ei!r "o k9d alone or bo? k9ds comb9$2 ! latt] w conta9 only m$usa-p]sons v>i\sly modifi$4 ,! morphology ( ! ,hydrozoa r$uces itself1 !re=e1 to a consid]ation ( ! morphology ( ! polyp1 ( ! m$usa & ( ! colony4 ,putt+ aside ! la/-nam$1 = a detail$ acc\nt ( :i* see ,,hydrom$usae1 we c be/ deal ) ! peculi>ities ( ! polyp & m$usa f a developm5tal po9t ( view4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! ,hydrozoa1 & inde$ ( ! ,cnid>ia g5]ally1 ! egg usually gives rise to an oval l>va :i* swims ab\t by means ( a coat+ ( cilia on ! surface ( ! body4 ,?is v *>act]i/ic l>va is t]m$ a planula1 b ?\gh v uni=m ext]nally1 ! planulae ( diff]5t species1 or ( ! same species at diff]5t p]iods1 d n always repres5t ! same /age ( embryonic developm5t int]nally4 ,on exam9+ m m9utely ! c\rse ( ! developm5t1 x is f\nd t ! ovum goes ?r\gh ! usual process ( cleavage1 always total & regul> 9 ?is gr\p1 & s gives rise to a holl[ sph]e or ovoid ) ! wall compos$ ( a s+le lay] ( cells1 & conta9+ a spaci\s cavity1 ! bla/ocoele or segm5tation-cavity4 ,?is is ! bla/ula /age occurr+ univ]sally 9 all ,metazoa1 probably repres5t+ an ance/ral ,protozoan colony 9 phylog5y4 ,next ! bla/ula gives rise to an int]nal mass ( cells 7fig4 #a1 hy7 :i* come f ! wall ei!r by immigration 7fig4 #a1 ,a7 or by splitt+ (f 7delam9ation74 ,! =mation ( an inn] cell-mass conv]ts ! s+le-lay]$ bla/ula 7monobla/ula7 into a d\ble-lay]$ embryo 7dibla/ula7 :i* may be t]m$ a p>5*ymula1 s9ce at fir/ ! inn] cell-mass =ms an irregul> p>5*yma :i* may entirely fill up & oblit]ate ! segm5tation cavity 7fig4 #a1 ,b74 ,at a lat] /age1 h[ev]1 ! cells ( ! inn] mass arrange !mselves 9 a def9ite lay] surr\nd+ an int]nal cavity 7fig4 #a1 ,c1 al71 :i* soon acquires an op5+ to ! ext]ior at "o pole1 & s =ms ! *>act]i/ic embryonic /age ( all ,ent]ozoa kn[n z ! ga/rula 7fig4 #b74 ,9 ?is /age ! body is compos$ ( two lay]s1 ectod]m 7d7 ext]nally1 & endod]m 7c7 int]nally1 surr\nd+ a c5tral cavity1 ! ar*5t]on 7b71 :i* communicates ) ! ext]ior by a pore 7a71 ! bla/opore4 ,?us a planula l>va may be a bla/ula1 or b slightly advanc$ beyond ?is /age1 or x may be 7& mo/ usually is7 a p>5*ymula2 or 9 "s cases 7,scyphom$usae7 x may be a ga/rula4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! process ( developm5t1 ! ga/rulation z x is t]m$1 may be %ort5$ by ! immigration ( cells tak+ place at "o pole only1 & 9 a connect$ lay] ) ord]ly arrangem5t1 s t ! ga/rula /age is rea*$ at once f ! bla/ula )\t any int]v5+ p>5*ymula /age4 ,?is is a process ( ga/rulation by invag9ation :i* is f\nd 9 all animals above ! ,coel5t]ata1 b :i* is v r>e 9 ! ,cnid>ia1 & is kn[n only 9 ! ,scyphom$usae among/ ! ,hydrozoa4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,balf\r1 aft] ,k[alewsky4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,=mation ( ! ,dibla/ula ( ,eucope 7"o ( ! ,calyptobla/ic ,hydrom$usae7 by immigration4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ?ree successive /ages4 ep1 ,ectod]m2 hy1 endod]m2 al1 ent]ic cavity4 ,aft] ! ga/rula /age1 :i* is f\nd z a developm5tal /age 9 all ,ent]ozoa1 ! embryo ( ! ,hydrozoa proce$s to develop *>act]s :i* are peculi> to ! ,coel5t]ata only4 ,r\nd ! bla/opore holl[ outgr[?s1 v>iable 9 numb]1 arise by ! evag9ation ( ! entire body-wall1 bo? ectod]m & endod]m4 ,ea* outgr[? conta9s a prolongation ( ! ar*5t]ic cavity 7comp>e figs4 #b & #c1 ,a74 ,9 ?is way is =m$ a r+ ( t5tacles1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic organs ( ! ,cnid>ia4 ,!y surr\nd a region :i* is t]m$ ! p]i/ome1 & :i* conta9s 9 ! c5tre ! bla/opore1 :i* becomes ! adult m\?4 ,! ar*5t]on becomes ! ga/rovascul> sy/em or coel5t]on4 ,betwe5 ! ectod]m & endod]m a gelat9\s support+ lay]1 t]m$ ! mesogloea1 makes its appe>ance4 ,! ga/rula has n[ become an act9ula1 :i* may be t]m$ ! di/9ctive l>va ( ! ,cnid>ia1 & d\btless repres5ts 9 a transitory mann] ! common ance/or ( ! gr\p4 ,9 no case kn[n1 h[ev]1 does ! act9ula become ! adult1 sexually mature individual1 b always und]goes fur!r modifications1 :]eby x develops into ei!r a polyp or a m$usa4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,geg5baur's ,elem5ts ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagram ( a ,dibla/ula4 a1 ,bla/opore4 b1 ,ar*5t]ic cavity4 c1 ,endod]m4 d1 ,ectod]m4 ,to become a polyp1 ! act9ula 7fig4 #c1 ,a7 becomes atta*$ to "s firm object by ! pole f>!/ f ! m\?1 & its gr[? prepond]ates 9 ! direction ( ! pr9cipal axis1 t is to say1 ! axis pass+ ?r\gh ! m\? 7fig4 #c1 a-b74 ,z a result ! body becomes column> 9 =m 7fig4 #c1 ,b71 & )\t fur!r *ange passes into ! *>act]i/ic polyp-=m 7see ,,polyp74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,diagram %[+ ! *ange ( ! ,act9ula 7,a7 into a ,polyp 7,b72 a-b1 pr9cipal 7v]tical7 axis2 c-d1 horizontal axis4 ,! endod]m is %ad$1 ! ectod]m is left cle>4 ,x is conv5i5t to di/+ui% two types ( polyp by ! names hydro polyp & an?opolyp1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hydrozoa & ,an?ozoa respectively4 ,9 ! hydropolyp ! body is typically elongat$1 ! height ( ! column be+ f> great] ?an ! diamet]4 ,! p]i/ome is relatively small & ! m\? is g5]ally rais$ on a project+ sp\t or hypo/ome4 ,! ectod]m loses entirely ! ciliation :i* x _h 9 ! planula & act9ula /ages & commonly secretes on its ext]nal surface a protective or support+ inve/m5t1 ! p]is>c4 ,contra/+ ) ?is1 ! an?opolyp is g5]ally ( squat =m1 ! diamet] (t5 exce$+ ! height2 ! p]i/ome is wide1 a hypo/ome is lack+1 & ! ectod]m1 or s mu* ( x z is expos$1 i4e4 n cov]$ by secretion ( skeletal or o!r inve/m5t1 reta9s its ciliation ?r\gh\t life4 ,! int]nal /ructural diff]5ces are ev5 m *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! hydropolyp ! bla/opore ( ! embryo =ms ! adult m\? situat$ at ! extremity ( ! hypo/ome1 & ! ectod]m & endod]m meet at ?is po9t4 ,9 ! an?opolyp ! bla/opore is c>ri$ inw>ds by an 9-pu%+ ( ! body-wall ( ! region ( ! p]i/ome1 s t ! adult m\? is an op5+ lead+ into a %ort ectod]mal oesophagus or /omodaeum1 at ! bottom ( :i* is ! bla/opore4 ,fur!r1 9 ! hydropolyp ! dige/ive cavity ei!r rema9s simple & undivid$ & circul> 9 transv]se section1 or may %[ ridges project+ int]nally1 :i* 9 ?is case are =m$ ( endod]m alone1 )\t any p>ticipation ( ! mesogloea4 ,9 ! an?opolyp1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dige/ive cavity is always subdivid$ by s-call$ mes5t]ies1 9-gr[?s ( ! endod]m conta9+ v]tical lamellae ( mesogloea 7see ,,an?ozoa74 ,9 %ort1 ! hydropolyp is *>act]iz$ by a m simple type ( organization ?an ! an?opolyp1 & is 9 mo/ respects less modifi$ f ! act9ula type ( /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,diagram %[+ ! *ange ( ! ,act9ula into a ,m$usa4 ,a1 ,v]tical section ( ! act9ula2 a-b & c-d z 9 fig4 #c1 ,b1 transitional /age1 %[+ prepond]at+ gr[? 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,c1 ,c'1 ,d1 ,d'1 two types ( m$usa organization2 ,c & ,d are composite sections1 %[+ a radius 7,r7 on "o side1 an int]radius 7,,ir7 on ! o!r2 ,c' & ,d' are plans2 ! m\? & manubrium are indicat$ at ! c5tre1 lead+ into ! ga/ral cavity subdivid$ by ! f\r areas ( concresc5ce 9 ea* int]radius 7,,ir74 t1 t5tacle2 g4p1 ga/ric p\*2 r4c1 radial canal n pres5t 9 ,c & ,c'2 c4c1 circul> or r+-canal2 e4l1 endod]m-lamella =m$ by concresc5ce4 ,= a m detail$ diagram ( m$usa-/ructure see article ,,m$usa4 ,return+ n[ to ! act9ula1 ?is =m may1 z already /at$1 develop into a m$usa1 a type ( individual f\nd only 9 ! ,hydrozoa1 z "h und]/ood4 ,to become a m$usa1 ! act9ula gr[s sc>cely at all 9 ! direction ( ! pr9cipal axis1 b greatly along a plane at "r angles to x4 ,?us ! body becomes umbrella-%ap$1 ! concave side repres5t+ ! p]i/ome1 & ! convex side ! column1 ( ! polyp4 ,h5ce ! t5tacles are f\nd at ! edge ( ! umbrella1 & ! hypo/ome =ms usually a project+ tube1 ) ! m\? at ! extremity1 =m+ ! manubrium or h&le ( ! umbrella4 ,! m$usa has a pron\nc$ radial symmetry1 & ! positions ( ! prim>y t5tacles1 usually f\r 9 numb]1 m>k out ! s-call$ radii1 alt]nat+ ) :i* are f\r int]radii4 ,! ectod]m reta9s its ciliation only 9 ! s5sory organs4 ,! mesogloea becomes enorm\sly increas$ 9 quantity 7h5ce ! popul> "n jelly-fi%71 & 9 correlation ) ?is ! endod]m-lay] l9+ ! coel5t]on becomes press$ toge!r 9 ! int]radial areas & und]goes concresc5ce1 =m+ a m or less complicat$ ga/rovascul> sy/em 7see ,,m$usa74 ,x is suffici5t to /ate "h t ! m$usa is usually a free-swimm+ animal1 float+ m\? d[nw>ds on ! op5 seas1 b 9 "s cases x may be atta*$ by its aboral pole1 l a polyp1 to "s firm basis1 ei!r tempor>ily or p]man5tly4 ,?us ! developm5t ( ! two types ( individual se5 9 ! ,hydrozoa may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3-- _/ ,egg ,free ,bla/ula ,planula ,p>5*ymula ,/age ,ga/rula ,act9ula _/ _/ ,polyp ,m$usa ,?is developm5t1 ?\gh probably repres5t+ ! primitive sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 is nev] actually f\nd 9 its full ext5t1 b is always abbreviat$ by omission or elim9ation ( "o or m ( ! /ages4 ,we h already se5 t ! p>5*ymula /age is pass$ ov] :5 ! ga/rulation is ( ! invag9ate type4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>5*ymula may develop directly into ! act9ula or ev5 into ! polyp1 ) suppression ( ! int]v5+ /eps4 ,great app>5t diff]5ces may also be br\ght ab\t by v>iations 9 ! p]iod at :i* ! embryo is set free z a l>va1 & s9ce two free-swimm+ /ages1 planula & act9ula1 are unnecess>y1 "o or o!r ( !m is always suppress$4 ,a good example ( ?is is se5 9 two common g5]a ( ,briti% hydroids1 ,cordylophora & ,tabul>ia4 ,9 ,cordylophora ! embryo is set free at ! p>5*ymula /age z a planula :i* fixes itself & develops into a polyp1 bo? ga/rula & act9ula /ages be+ suppress$4 ,9 ,tubul>ia1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p>5*ymula develops into an act9ula )9 ! mat]nal tissues1 & is !n set free1 creeps ab\t = a "t1 & aft] fix+ itself1 *anges into a polyp2 h5ce 9 ?is case ! planula-/age1 z a free l>va1 is entirely suppress$4 ,! ,hydrozoa may be def9$1 !re=e1 z ,cnid>ia 9 :i* two types ( individual1 ! polyp & ! m$usa1 may be pres5t1 ea* type develop$ along div]g5t l9es f ! primitive act9ula =m4 ,! polyp 7hydropolyp7 is ( simple /ructure & nev] has an ectod]nal oesophagus or mes5t]ies4#a ,! g5]al ectod]m loses its cilia1 :i* p]si/ only 9 ! s5sory cells1 & x frequ5tly secretes ext]nal protective or support+ /ructures4 ,an int]nal mesogloeal skeleton is n f\nd4 ,! class is divisible into two ma9 divisions or sub-classes1 ,hydrom$usae & ,scyphom$usae1 ( :i* def9itions & detail$ sy/ematic acc\nts w be f\nd "u ^! head+s4 ,,g5]al ,,works ,,on ,,hydrozoa4--,c4 ,*un1 ,coel5t]ata 7,hohl?i]e71 ,bronn's ,klass5 und ,ordnung5 des ,?i]-,rei*s ii4 #b 7#ahhi et seq472 ,y4 ,delage1 & ,e4 ,hr\>d1 ,trait de zoologie concrte1 ii4 "p #b1 ,les ,coel5trs 7#aija72 ,g4 ,h4 ,f[l]1 ,! ,hydrom$usae & ,scyphom$usae 9 ,e4 ,r4 ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 ii4 *apt]s iv4 & v4 7#aijj72 ,s4 ,j4 ,hickson1 ,coel5t]ata & ,ct5ophora1 ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 i4 *apt]s x4-xv4 7#aijf74 7,e4 ,a4 ,m47 ,,footnote3 #a ,see fur!r "u ,,scyphom$usae4 ,,hy5a1 a "n applicable to all ! repres5tatives ( ! mammalian family ,hya5idae1 a gr\p ( ,c>nivora 7q4v47 alli$ to ! civets4 ,f all o!r l>ge ,c>nivora except ! ,african hunt+-dog1 hy5as are di/+ui%$ by hav+ only f\r toes on ea* foot1 & are fur!r *>act]iz$ by ! l5g? ( ! =e-legs z comp>$ ) ! h9d pair1 ! non-retractile claws1 & ! enorm\s /r5g? ( ! jaws & tee?1 :i* enables !m to break ! h>de/ bones & to reta9 :at !y h seiz$ ) unrelax+ grip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,/rip$ ,hy5a 7,hya5a /riata74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! ,spott$ ,hy5a 7,hya5a crocuta74 ,! /rip$ hy5a 7,hya5a /riata7 is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ species1 be+ f\nd ?r\gh\t ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,nor? & ,ea/ ,africa1 ! ,ea/ ,african =m con/itut+ a di/9ct race1 ,h4 /riata s*ill+si2 :ile !re are also sev]al di/9ct ,asiatic races4 ,! species resembles a wolf 9 size1 & is greyi%-br[n ,9 col\r1 m>k$ ) indi/9ct longitud9al /ripes ( a d>k] hue1 :ile ! legs are transv]sely /rip$4 ,! hairs on ! body are long1 especially on ! ridge ( ! neck & back1 :]e !y =m a di/9ct mane1 :i* is cont9u$ along ! tail4 ,nocturnal 9 habits1 x pref]s by day ! gloom ( caves & ru9s1 or ( ! burr[s :i* x occasionally =ms1 & issues =? at sunset1 :5 x comm5ces its une>?ly h[l+4 ,:5 ! animal is excit$1 ! h[l *anges into :at has be5 comp>$ to demoniac laught]1 :5ce ! "n ( laugh+-hy5a4 ,^! creatures fe$ *iefly on c>rion1 & ?us p]=m useful s]vice by dev\r+ rema9s :i* might o!rwise pollute ! air4 ,ev5 human dead are n safe f _! attacks1 _! p[]ful claws enabl+ !m to ga9 access to newly int]r$ bodies 9 cemet]ies4 ,occasionally 7writes ,dr ,w4 ,t4 ,blan=d7 %eep or goats1 & m (t5 dogs1 are c>ri$ (f1 & ! latt]1 at all ev5ts1 are (t5 tak5 alive to ! animal's d54 ,?is species appe>s to be solit>y 9 habits1 & x is r>e to meet ) m ?an two toge!r4 ,! c[>dice ( ?is hy5a is prov]bial2 despite its p[]ful tee?1 x r>ely attempts to def5d itself4 ,a v diff]5t animal is ! spott$ hy5a1 ,hya5a 7,crocuta7 crocuta1 :i* has ! sectorial tee? ( a m cat-l type1 & is m>k$ by d>k-br[n spots on a yell[i% gr\nd1 :ile ! mane is mu* less di/9ct4 ,at ! ,cape x 0 =m]ly common1 & occasionally committ$ great havoc among ! cattle1 :ile x did n hesitate to ent] ! ,kaffir dwell+s at night & c>ry (f *ildr5 sleep+ by _! mo!rs4 ,by p]si/5t trapp+ & %oot+1 its numb]s h n[ be5 consid]ably r$uc$1 ) ! result1 h[ev]1 ( mak+ x exce$+ly w>y1 s t x is n readily caught 9 any trap ) :i* x has _h an opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$4 ,its range ext5ds f ,abyss9ia to ! ,cape4 ,! ,abyss9ian =m has be5 reg>d$ z a di/9ct species1 "u ! "n ( ,h4 liontiewi1 b ?is1 l v>i\s m s\!rn =ms1 is b reg>d$ z a local race4 ,! br[n hy5a 7,h4 brunnea7 is ,s\? ,african1 rang+ to ,angola on ! we/ & ,kilimanj>o on ! ea/4 ,9 size x resembles ! /rip$ hy5a1 b diff]s 9 appe>ance1 ow+ to ! fr+e ( long hair cov]+ ! neck & =e "p ( ! back4 ,! g5]al hue is a%y-br[n1 ) ! hair light] on ! neck 7=m+ a coll>71 *e/ & belly2 :ile ! legs are b&$ ) d>k br[n4 ,?is species is n (t5 se51 z x rema9s conceal$ dur+ ! day4 ,^? frequ5t+ ! coa/ fe$ on dead fi%1 crabs & an occasional /r&$ :ale1 ?\gh !y are also a dang] to ! %eep & cattle kraal4 ,/r&-wolf is ! local "n at ! ,cape4 ,al?\gh hy5as are n[ conf9$ to ! w>m] regions ( ! ,old ,_w1 fossil rema9s %[ t !y _h a m nor!rly range dur+ ,t]ti>y times2 ! ,european cave-hy5a be+ a =m ( ! spott$ species1 kn[n z ,h4 crocuta spelaea4 ,fossil hy5as occur 9 ! ,l[] ,plioc5e ( ,greece1 ,*9a1 ,india1 c42 :ile rema9s indi/+ui%able f ^? ( ! /rip$ species h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,plioc5e ( ,engl& & ,italy4 ,,hy,,res1 a t[n 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,v> 9 ,s4,e4 ,france1 #aa m4 by rail ,e4 ( ,t\lon4 ,9 #aijf ! population ( ! commune 0 #ag1gij1 ( ! t[n #aj1dfd2 ! population ( ! =m] 0 m ?an d\bl$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,hyres is celebrat$ 7z is also its fa%ionable suburb1 ,co/ebelle1 ne>] ! sea%ore7 z a w9t] heal? resort4 ,! t[n prop] is situat$ ab\t #b m4 f ! sea%ore1 & on ! s\?-we/]n slope ( a /eep hill 7#ffi ft41 belong+ to ! ,maurettes *a91 #ifa ft471 :i* is "o ( ! we/]nmo/ spurs ( ! ?ickly wood$ ,montagnes des ,maures4 ,x is %elt]$ f ! nor?-ea/ & ea/ w9ds1 b is expos$ to ! cold nor?-we/ w9d or mi/ral4 ,t[>ds ! s\? & s\?-ea/ a f]tile pla91 once fam\s = its orange groves1 b n[ ma9ly cov]$ by v9ey>ds & f>ms1 /ret*es to ! sea1 :ile to ! s\?-we/1 across a n>r[ valley1 rises a clu/] ( l[ hills1 on :i* is ! suburb ( ,co/ebelle4 ,! old] portion ( ! t[n is /ill surr\nd$1 on ! nor? & ea/1 by its anci5t1 ?\gh dilapidat$ m$ieval walls1 & is a labyr9? ( /eep & dirty /reets4 ,! m mod]n qu>t] :i* has gr[n up at ! s\!rn foot ( ! hill has h&some broad b\lev>ds & villas1 _m ( !m ) beautiful g>d5s1 fill$ ) semi-tropical plants4 ,among ! objects ( int]e/ 9 ! old t[n are3 ! h\se 7,rue ,rabaton1 #g7 :]e ,j4 ,b4 ,massillon 7#affc-agdb71 ! fam\s pulpit orator1 0 born2 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,/ ,l\is1 built orig9ally 9 ! #ac? c5tury by ! ,cordeli] or ,franciscan fri>s1 b completely re/or$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury2 & ! site ( ! old *teau1 on ! summit ( ! hill1 n[ occupi$ by a villa4 ,! pla9 betwe5 ! new t[n & ! sea is occupi$ by l>ge nurs]ies1 an excell5t j>d9 d'acclimatation1 & _m m>ket g>d5s1 :i* supply ,p>is & ,london ) e>ly fruits & vegetables1 especially arti*okes1 z well z ) roses 9 w9t]4 ,!re are ext5sive salt b$s 7sal9es7 bo? on ! p59sula ( ,gi5s1 ,s4 ( ! t[n1 & also ,e4 ( ! t[n4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,gi5s p59sula is ! f9e natural h>b\r ( ,hyres1 z well z ?ree ?9ly populat$ isl&s 7! ,/oe*ades ( ! anci5ts71 ,porqu]olles1 ,port ,cros & ,le ,levant1 :i* are gr\p$ toge!r "u ! common "n ( les d',hyres4 ,! t[n ( ,hyres seems to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! #aj? c5tury1 z a place ( def5ce aga9/ pirates1 & takes its "n f ! aires 7hi]bo 9 ! ,prov5al dialect71 or ?re%+-floors = corn1 :i* !n occupi$ its site4 ,x pass$ f ! possession ( ! visc\nts ( ,m>seilles to ,*>les ( ,anj\1 c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 & bro!r ( ,/ ,l\is 7! latt] l&$ "h 9 #abed1 on 8 return f ,egypt74 ,! *teau 0 dismantl$ by ,h5ri ,,iv41 b ?anks to its walls1 ! t[n resi/$ 9 #agjg an attack made by ! duke ( ,savoy4 ,see ,*4 ,l5?ric1 ,la ,prov5ce ,m>itime anci5ne et mod]ne 7*ap4 #e7 7,p>is1 #ahhj74 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,hygieia1 9 ,greek my?ology1 ! goddess ( heal?4 ,x seems probable t %e 0 orig9ally an ab/raction1 subsequ5tly p]sonifi$1 r ?an an indep5d5t div9ity ( v anci5t date4 ,! "q ( ! orig9al home ( h] wor%ip has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,! olde/ traces ( x1 s f> z is kn[n at pres5t1 are to be f\nd at ,titane 9 ! t]ritory ( ,sicyon1 :]e %e 0 wor%ipp$ toge!r ) ,asclepius1 to :om %e appe>s completely assimilat$1 n an indep5d5t p]sonality4 ,h] cult 0 n introduc$ at ,epidaurus till a late date1 & !re=e1 :5 9 #dbj ,b4,c4 ! wor%ip ( ,asclepius 0 introduc$ at ,a!ns c\pl$ ) t ( ,hygieia1 x is n to be inf]r$ t %e accompani$ him f ,epidaurus1 or t %e is a ,peloponnesian importation at all4 ,x is mo/ probable t %e 0 inv5t$ at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ,asclepius1 aft] ! suff]+s caus$ by ! plague _h direct$ special att5tion to sanit>y matt]s4 ,! already exi/+ wor%ip ( ,a!na ,hygieia _h no?+ to d ) ,hygieia ! goddess ( heal?1 b m]ely d5ot$ ! recognition ( ! p[] ( heal+ z "o ( ! attributes ( ,a!na1 :i* gradually became cry/alliz$ into a concrete p]sonality4 ,at fir/ no special relation%ip exi/$ betwe5 ,asclepius & ,hygieia1 b gradually %e came to be reg>d$ z 8 daught]1 ! place ( 8 wife be+ already secur$ by ,epione4 ,lat] ,orphic hymns1 h[ev]1 & ,h]odas iv4 #a-i1 make h] ! wife ( ,asclepius4 ,! cult ( ,hygieia !n spread concurr5tly ) t ( ,asclepius1 & 0 introduc$ at ,rome f ,epidaurus 9 #bic1 by :i* "t %e may h be5 admitt$ 7:i* 0 n ! case be=e7 into ! ,epidaurian family ( ! god4 ,h] prop] "n z a ,romaniz$ ,greek importation 0 ,valetudo1 b %e 0 gradually id5tifi$ ) ,salus1 an old] g5u9e ,italian div9ity1 to :om a temple _h already be5 erect$ 9 #cjb4 ,:ile 9 classical times ,asclepius & ,hygieia are simply ! god & goddess ( heal?1 9 ! decl9+ ye>s ( paganism !y are protect+ div9ities g5]ally1 :o pres]ve mank9d n only f sickness b f all dang]s on l& & sea4 ,9 works ( art ,hygieia is repres5t$1 toge!r ) ,asclepius1 z a maid5 ( b5evol5t appe>ance1 we>+ ! *iton & giv+ food or dr9k to a s]p5t out ( a di%4 ,see ! article by ,h4 ,le*at 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglio's ,dictionnaire des antiquits1 ) full ref]5ces to au?orities2 & ,e4 ,?rm] 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] ,my?ologie1 ) a special section on ! mod]n !ories ( ,hygieia4 ,,hygi5e 7,fr4 hygine1 f ,gr4 ,greek3 hygia9e91 to be heal?y71 ! sci5ce ( pres]v+ heal?1 its practical aim be+ to r5d] gr[? m p]fect1 decay less rapid1 life m vigor\s1 dea? m remote4 ,! subject is ?us a v wide "o1 embrac+ all ! ag5cies :i* affect ! physical & m5tal well-be+ ( man1 & x requires acqua9tance ) su* div]se sci5ces z physics1 *emi/ry1 geology1 eng9e]+1 ar*itecture1 meteorology1 epidemiology1 bact]iology & /ati/ics4 ,on ! p]sonal or individual side x involves consid]ation ( ! "* & quality ( food & ( wat] & o!r bev]ages2 ( clo?+2 ( "w1 ex]cise & sleep2 ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 ( special habits1 su* z ! use ( tobacco1 n>cotics1 c42 & ( control ( sexual & o!r passions4 ,9 its m g5]al & public aspects x mu/ take cognizance ( meteorological conditions1 r\ghly includ$ "u ! t]m climate2 ( ! site or soil on :i* dwell+s are plac$2 ( ! "*1 mat]ials & arrangem5t ( dwell+s1 :e!r reg>d$ individually or 9 relation to o!r h\ses among :i* !y /&2 ( _! heat+ & v5tilation2 ( ! removal ( excreta & o!r effete matt]s2 ( m$ical k relat+ to ! incid5ce & prev5tion ( disease2 & ( ! disposal ( ! dead4 ,^! topics w be f\nd treat$ 9 su* articles z ,,dietetics1 ,,food1 ,,food-,,pres]vation1 ,,adult]ation1 ,,wat]1 ,,heat+1 ,,v5tilation1 ,,sew]age1 ,,bact]iology1 ,,h\s+1 ,,cremation1 c4 ,= legal enactm5ts :i* conc]n ! sanit>y well-be+ ( ! community1 see ,,public ,,heal?4 ,,hyg9us1 eigh? pope4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 pontificate 7c4 #acg-adj7 t ! gno/ic h]esies began to manife/ !mselves at ,rome4 ,,hyg9us 7surnam$ ,,gromaticus1 f gruma1 a surveyor's measur+-rod71 ,lat9 writ] on l&-survey+1 fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan 7,a4,d4 #ih-aag74 ,fragm5ts ( a "w on legal b\nd>ies attribut$ to him w be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,f4 ,la*mann1 ,gromatici ,vet]es1 i4 7#ahdh74 ,a treatise on ,ca/rametation 7,de ,munitionibus ,ca/rorum71 also attribut$ to him1 is probably ( lat] date1 ab\t ! #crd c5tury ,a4,d4 7ed4 ,w4 ,gemoll1 #ahgi2 ,a4 von ,domaszewski1 #ahhg74 ,,hyg9us1 ,,gaius ,,julius1 ,lat9 au?or1 a native ( ,spa9 7or ,alex&ria71 0 a pupil ( ! fam\s ,cornelius ,alex&] ,polyhi/or & a fre$man ( ,augu/us1 by :om he 0 made sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,palat9e libr>y 7,suetonius1 ,de ,grammaticis1 #bj74 ,he is said to h fall5 into great pov]ty 9 8 old age1 & to h be5 support$ by ! hi/orian ,clodius ,lic9us4 ,he 0 a volum9\s au?or1 & 8 works includ$ topographical & biographical treatises1 comm5t>ies on ,helvius ,c9na & ! poems ( ,virgil1 & disquisitions on agriculture & bee-keep+4 ,all ^! are lo/4 ,"u ! "n ( ,hyg9us two s*ool treatises on my?ology are extant3 7#a7 ,fabul>um ,lib]1 "s #cjj my?ological leg5ds & cele/ial g5ealogies1 valuable = ! use made by ! au?or ( ! works ( ,greek trag$ians n[ lo/2 7#b7 ,de ,a/ronomia1 usually call$ ,poetica ,a/ronomica1 conta9+ an elem5t>y treatise on a/ronomy & ! my?s connect$ ) ! />s1 *iefly bas$ on ! ,greek3 ,kata/]ismoi ( ,erato/h5es4 ,bo? are abridgm5ts & bo? are by ! same h&2 b ! /yle & ,lat9ity & ! elem5t>y mi/akes 7especially 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! ,greek orig9als7 are held to prove t !y _c h be5 ! "w ( s di/+ui%$ a s*ol> z ,c4 ,julius ,hyg9us4 ,x is sugge/$ t ^! treatises are an abridgm5t 7made 9 ! latt] half ( ! #bnd c5tury7 ( ! ,g5ealogiae ( ,hyg9us by an unkn[n gramm>ian1 :o add$ a complete treatise on my?ology4 ,,editions4--,fabulae1 by ,m4 ,s*midt 7#ahgb72 ,de ,a/ronomia1 by ,b4 ,bunte 7#ahge72 see also ,bunte1 ,de ,c4 ,julii ,hyg9i1 ,augu/i ,lib]ti1 ,vita et ,scriptis 7#ahdf74 ,,hygromet] 7,gr4 ,greek3 hygros1 moi/1 ,greek3 metron1 a measure71 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! absolute or relative am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e2 an in/rum5t :i* only qualitatively det]m9es *anges 9 ! humidity is t]m$ a hygroscope4 ,! e>li] in/rum5ts g5]ally dep5d$ = _! action on ! contraction or ext5sion ( sub/ances :5 expos$ to v>y+ degrees ( moi/ure2 catgut1 hair1 twi/$ cords & wood5 la?s1 all ( :i* contract ) an increase 9 ! humidity & vice v]sa1 be+ ! mo/ fav\r$ mat]ials4 ,! famili> wea!r h\se exemplifies ?is prop]ty4 ,?is toy consi/s ( a h\se provid$ ) two doors1 ?r\gh :i* ei!r a man or woman appe>s accord+ z ! wea!r is ab\t to be wet or f9e4 ,?is action is effect$ by fix+ a catgut ?read to ! base on :i* ! figures are m\nt$1 9 su* a mann] t contraction ( ! ?read rotates ! figures s t ! man appe>s & ext5sion s t ! woman appe>s4 ,_m ( ! e>ly =ms are describ$ 9 ,c4 ,hutton1 ,ma?4 & ,phil4 ,diction>y 7#ahae74 ,! mod]n in/rum5ts1 :i* utilize o!r pr9ciples1 are describ$ 9 ,,meteorology3 ,,ii4 ,me?ods & ,app>atus4 ,,hyksos1 or ,,%eph]d ,,k+s1 ! "n ( ! e>lie/ invad]s ( ,egypt ( :om we h def9ite evid5ce 9 tradition4 ,josephus 7c4 ,apion4 i4 #ad71 :o id5tifies ! ,hyksos ) ! ,israelites1 pres]ves a passage f ! second book ( ,mane?o giv+ an acc\nt ( !m4 7,x may be t ,josephus _h x1 n direct f ,mane?o's writ+s1 b ?r\gh ! g>bl$ v]sion ( "s ,alex&r9e compil]47 ,9 outl9e x is z foll[s4 ,9 ! days ( a k+ ( ,egypt nam$ ,timaeus ! l& 0 sudd5ly invad$ f ! ea/ by m5 ( ignoble race1 :o conqu]$ x )\t a /ruggle1 de/roy$ cities & temples1 & slew or enslav$ ! inhabitants4 ,at l5g? !y elect$ a k+ nam$ ,salatis1 :o1 resid+ at ,memphis1 made all ,egypt tribut>y1 & e/abli%$ g>risons 9 diff]5t p>ts1 especially ea/w>ds1 fe>+ ! ,assyrians4 ,he built also a great =tress at ,av>is1 9 ! ,se?roite nome1 ea/ ( ! ,buba/ite bran* ( ! ,nile4 ,salatis 0 foll[$ 9 succession by ,beon1 ,apa*nas1 ,apophis1 ,jannas & ,asses4 ,^! six k+s reign$ #aih ye>s & #aj mon?s1 & all aim$ at extirpat+ ! ,egyptians4 ,_! :ole race 0 nam$ ,hyksos1 i4e4 %eph]d k+s1 & "s say !y 7 ,arabs 7ano!r explanation f\nd by ,josephus is captive %eph]ds74 ,:5 !y & _! successors _h held ,egypt = #eaa ye>s1 ! k+s ( ! ,!bais & o!r p>ts ( ,egypt rebell$1 & a long & mighty w> began4 ,misphragmu?osis wor/$ ! ,%eph]ds & %ut !m up 9 ,av>is2 & 8 son ,?utmosis1 fail+ to capture ! /ronghold1 all[$ !m to dep>t2 :]eupon !y w5t =?1 #bdj1jjj 9 numb]1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,judea & built ,j]usalem4 ,9 ,mane?o's li/ ( k+s1 ! six above nam$ 7) _m v>iations 9 detail7 =m ! ,x,vth dyna/y1 & are call$ six =eign ,pho5ician k+s4 ,! ,x,v,ith dyna/y is ( ?irty-two ,hell5ic 7sic87 %eph]d k+s1 ! sev5te5? is ( %eph]ds & ,!ban k+s 7reign+ simultane\sly74 ,! li/s v>y greatly 9 diff]5t v]sions1 b ! above seems ! mo/ reasonable selection ( read+s to be made4 ,= ,hell5ic see bel[4 ,! suppos$ connexion ) ! ,israelites has made ! problem ( ! ,hyksos attractive1 b light is com+ ^u x v sl[ly4 ,9 #ahdg ,e4 de ,r\g prov$ f a fragm5t ( a /ory 9 ! papyri ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 t ,apopi 0 "o ( ! late/ ( ! ,hyksos k+s1 correspond+ to ,aphobis2 he 0 k+ ( ! pe/ & suppress$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,egyptian gods1 & endeav\r$ to make ! ,egyptians wor%ip 8 god ,setekh or ,seti2 at ! same "t an ,egyptian nam$ ,seq55re reign$ 9 ,!bes1 m or less subject to ,aphobis4 ,! city ( ,haw>i 7,av>is7 0 also m5tion$ 9 ! fragm5t4 ,9 #ahej a record ( ! capture ( ?is city f ! ,hyksos by ,ahmosi1 ! f\nd] ( ! eighte5? dyna/y1 0 discov]$ by ! same s*ol>4 ,a l>ge class ( monum5ts 0 aft]w>ds attribut$ to ! ,hyksos1 probably 9 error4 ,"s /atues & sph9xes1 f\nd 9 #ahfa by ,m>iette at ,tanis 79 ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,delta71 :i* _h be5 usurp$ by lat] k+s1 _h peculi> un-,egyptian features4 ,"o ( ^! bore ! "n ( ,apopi engrav$ lightly on ! %\ld]2 ?is 0 evid5tly a usurp]'s m>k1 b f ! :ole circum/ances x 0 conclud$ t ^!1 & o!rs ( ! same type ( features f\nd else:]e1 mu/ h belong$ to ! ,hyksos4 ,?is view held ! field until #ahic1 :5 ,golnis*eff produc$ an inf]ior example be>+ its orig9al "n1 :i* %[$ t 9 ?is case x repres5t$ ,am5emhe ,,iii4 ,9 consequ5ce x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t !y all belong to ! twelf? dyna/y4 ,mean:ile a headless /atue ( a k+ nam$ ,khyan1 f\nd at ,buba/is1 0 attribut$ on v>i\s gr\nds to ! ,hyksos1 ! s\nde/ argum5ts be+ 8 =eign "n & ! boa/ful un-,egyptian epi!t belov$ ( 8 ka1 :]e belov$ ( ,ptah or "s o!r god 0 to be expect$4 ,8 "n 0 imm$iately aft]w>ds recogniz$ on a lion f\nd z f> away f ,egypt z ,bagdad4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie !n po9t$ out a gr\p ( k+s nam$ on sc>abs ( peculi> type1 :i*1 includ+ ,khyan1 he attribut$ to ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,old ,k+dom & ! ,new1 :ile o!rs 7 9 fav\r ( assign+ !m all to ! ,hyksos1 ^: appellation seem$ to be recognizable 9 ! title ,hek-khos1 rul] ( ! b>b>ians1 borne by ,khyan4 ,! extraord9>y importance ( ,khyan 0 fur!r %[n by ! discov]y ( 8 "n on a j>-lid at ,cnossus 9 ,crete4 ,semitic features 7 po9t$ out 9 ! suppos$ ,hyksos names1 & ,petrie 0 conv9c$ ( _! date by 8 excavations ( #aije-aijf 9 ! ea/]n ,delta4 ,av>is is g5]ally assign$ to ! region t[>ds ,pelusium on ! /r5g? ( its be+ locat$ 9 ! ,se?roite nome by ,josephus1 b ,petrie ?9ks x 0 at ,tell el-,yahudiyeh 7,yehudia71 :]e ,hyksos sc>abs are common4 ,f ! rema9s ( =tifications !re he argues t ! ,hyksos 7 unciviliz$ des]t p1 skill$ 9 ! use ( ! b[1 & mu/ ?us h de/roy$ by _! ar*]y ! ,egyptian armies tra9$ to fight h&-to-h&2 fur!r1 t _! hordes 7 c5t]$ 9 ,syria1 b 7 driv5 !nce by a sup]ior =ce 9 ! ,ea/ to take refuge 9 ! isl&s & became a sea-p[]--:5ce ! /range description ,hell5ic 9 ,mane?o1 :i* mo/ editors h correct$ to ,greek3 alloi1 o!rs4 ,besides ! /atue ( ,khyan1 blocks ( granite ) ! "n ( ,apopi h be5 f\nd 9 ,upp] ,egypt at ,gebel5 & 9 ,l[] ,egypt at ,buba/is4 ,! celebrat$ ,rh9d ma!matical papyrus 0 copi$ 9 ! reign ( an ,apopi f an orig9al ( ! "t ( ,am5emhe ,,iii4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ,hyksos sc>abs are f\nd 9 ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 & !y are n unkn[n 9 ,pale/9e4 ,khyan's monum5ts1 inconspicu\s z !y are1 actually ext5d ov] a wid] area--f ,bagdad to ,cnossus--?an ^? ( any o!r ,egyptian k+4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is my/]i\s p 7 ,asiatic1 = !y are call$ s by ! ,egyptians4 ,?\gh ,se? 0 an ,egyptian god1 z god ( ! ,hyksos he repres5ts "s ,asiatic deity4 ,! possibility ( a connexion betwe5 ! ,hyksos & ! ,israelites is /ill admitt$ 9 "s qu>t]s4 ,hatr$ ( ^! impi\s =eign]s1 ( :i* !re is "s trace 9 m ?an "o text1 ar\s$ among/ ! ,egyptians 7z no?+ ev] did be=e or s9ce7 t m>tial _s :i* c>ri$ ! armies ( ,te?mosis to ! ,euphrates4 ,besides ! hi/ories ( ,egypt1 see ,j4 ,h4 ,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records ( ,egypt2 ,hi/orical ,docum5ts ii4 #d1 #abe2 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,contes populaires1 #cme d4 p4 #bcf2 ,w4 ,m4 ,f4 ,petrie1 ,hyksos & ,israelite ,cities1 p4 #fg2 ,golnis*eff 9 ,recueil de travaux1 xv4 p4 #aca4 7,f4 ,ll4 ,g47 ,,hylas1 ,9 ,greek leg5d1 son ( ,!iodamas1 k+ ( ! ,dryopians 9 ,!ssaly1 ! fav\rite ( ,h]acles & 8 companion on ! ,argonautic exp$ition4 ,hav+ gone a%ore at ,kios 9 ,mysia to fet* wat]1 he 0 c>ri$ (f by ! nymphs ( ! spr+ 9 :i* he dipp$ 8 pit*]4 ,h]acles s\ght him 9 va91 & ! answ] ( ,hylas to 8 ?rice-repeat$ cry 0 lo/ 9 ! dep?s ( ! wat]4 ,ev] aft]w>ds1 9 memory ( ! ?reat ( ,h]acles to ravage ! l& if ,hylas 7 n f\nd1 ! inhabitants ( ,kios e ye> on a /at$ day roam$ ! m\nta9s1 %\t+ al\d = ,hylas 7,apollonius ,rhodius i4 #abjg2 ,!ocritus xiii42 ,/rabo xii4 #efd2 ,prop]tius i4 #bj2 ,virgil1 ,ecl4 vi4 #dc74 ,b1 al?\gh ! leg5d is fir/ told 9 ,alex&rian times1 ! cry ( ,hylas occurs long be=e z ! ,mysian cry 9 ,aes*ylus 7,p]sae1 #ajed71 & 9 ,ari/ophanes 7,plutus1 #aabg7 to cry ,hylas is us$ prov]bially ( seek+ some?+ 9 va94 ,hylas1 l ,adonis & ,hyac9?us1 repres5ts ! fre% vegetation ( spr+1 or ! wat] ( a f\nta91 :i* dries up "u ! heat ( summ]4 ,x is sugge/$ t ,hylas 0 a h>ve/ deity & t ! c]emony gone ?r\gh by ! ,kians 0 a h>ve/ fe/ival1 at :i* ! figure ( a boy 0 ?r[n into ! wat]1 signify+ ! dy+ vegetation-_s ( ! ye>4 ,see ,g4 ,trk 9 ,breslau] ,philologis*e ,abh&lung51 vii4 7#ahie72 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung5 7#ahhd74 ,,hylozoism 7,gr4 ,greek3 hyl1 matt]1 ,greek3 z1 life71 9 philosophy1 a t]m appli$ to any sy/em :i* expla9s all life1 :e!r physical or m5tal1 z ultimately d]iv$ f matt] 7cosmic matt]1 ,weld/(f74 ,su* a view ( exi/5ce has be5 common ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 & especially among physical sci5ti/s4 ,?us ! ,ionian s*ool ( philosophy1 :i* began ) ,?ales1 s\ght = ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s 9 v>i\s mat]ial sub/ances1 wat]1 air1 fire 7see ,,ionian ,,s*ool74 ,^! sub/ances 7 reg>d$ z be+ 9 "s s5se alive1 & tak+ "s active "p 9 ! developm5t ( be+4 ,?is primitive hylozoism reappe>$ 9 modifi$ =ms 9 m$ieval & ,r5aissance ?\ght1 & 9 mod]n times ! doctr9e ( mat]iali/ic monism is its repres5tative4 ,betwe5 mod]n mat]ialism & hylozoism prop] !re is1 h[ev]1 ! di/9ction t ! anci5ts1 h[ev] vaguely1 conceiv$ ! elem5tal matt] z be+ 9 "s s5se animate if n actually consci\s & conative4 ,,hym51 or ,,hym5aeus1 orig9ally ! "n ( ! song sung at m>riages among ! ,greeks4 ,z usual ! "n gradually produc$ ! idea ( an actual p]son ^: adv5tures gave rise to ! cu/om ( ?is song4 ,he occurs (t5 9 association ) ,l9us & ,ialemus1 :o repres5t simil> p]sonifications1 & is g5]ally call$ a son ( ,apollo & a ,muse4 ,z ! son ( ,dionysus & ,aphrodite1 he 0 reg>d$ z a god ( fruitfulness4 ,9 ,attic leg5d he 0 a beautiful y\? :o1 be+ 9 love ) a girl1 foll[$ h] 9 a procession to ,eleusis disguis$ z a woman1 & sav$ ! :ole b& f pirates4 ,z rew>d he obta9$ ! girl 9 m>riage1 & 8 happy m>ri$ life caus$ him ev] aft]w>ds to be invok$ 9 m>riage songs 7,s]vius on ,virgil1 ,a54 i4 #fea74 ,accord+ to ano!r /ory1 he 0 a y\? :o 0 kill$ by ! fall ( 8 h\se on 8 w$d+ day2 h5ce he 0 invok$1 to propitiate him & av]t a simil> fate f o!rs 7,s]vius1 loc4 cit474 ,he is repres5t$ 9 works ( art z an effem9ate-look+1 w+$ y\?1 c>ry+ a bridal tor* & we>+ a nuptial veil4 ,! m>riage song 0 sung1 ) musical accompanim5t1 dur+ ! procession ( ! bride f h] p>5ts' h\se to t ( ! bridegroom1 ,hym5aeus be+ invok$ at ! end ( ea* portion4 ,see ,r4 ,s*midt1 ,de ,hym5aeo el ,talasio 7#ahhf71 & ,j4 ,a4 ,hild 9 ,d>emb]g & ,saglis's ,dictionnaire des antiquits4 ,,hym5opt]a 7,gr4 ,greek3 hymn1 a membrane1 & ,greek3 pt]on1 a w+71 a t]m us$ 9 zoological classification = "o ( ! mo/ important ord]s ( ! class ,hexapoda 7q4v474 ,! ord] 0 f\nd$ by ,l9naeus 7,sy/ema ,naturae1 #agce71 & is /ill recogniz$ by all naturali/s 9 ! s5se propos$ by him1 to include ! saw-flies1 gall-flies1 i*neumon-flies & _! allies1 ants1 wasps & bees4 ,! relation%ip ( ! ,hym5opt]a to o!r ord]s ( insects is discuss$ 9 ! article ,,hexapoda1 b x may be m5tion$ "h t 9 /ructure ! highe/ memb]s ( ! ord] are rem>kably specializ$1 & t 9 ! p]fection ( _! in/9cts !y /& at ! head ( all insects & inde$ ( all inv]tebrate animals4 ,ab\t #cj1jjj species ( ,hym5opt]a are n[ kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,c4 ,l4 ,m>latt1 ,bur4 ,ent4 ,bull4 #c1 ,n4,s41 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,a1 ,front ( head ( ,saw-fly 7,pa*ynematus72 a1 labrum2 b1 clypeus2 c1 v]tex2 d1 d1 ant5nal cavities4 ,c & ,d1 ,m&ibles4 ,e1 ,fir/ maxilla2 a1 c>do2 b1 /ipes2 c1 galea2 d1 lac9ia2 e1 palp4 ,b1 ,second maxillae 7,labium72 a1 m5tum2 b1 ligula 7betwe5 ! two galeae72 c1 c1 palps4 ,magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,jaws ( ,hive-bee 7,apis mellifica74 ,magnifi$ ab\t #f times4 a1 m&ible2 b1 c1 palp & lac9ia ( fir/ maxilla2 d1 e1 g1 h1 m5tum1 palp1 fus$ lac9iae 7ligula or tongue7 & galea ( #bnd maxillae4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,c4 ,janet1 ,mem4 ,soc4 ,zool4 ,france 7#ahih74 ,,fig4 #c4--,m$ian section ?r\gh mid-body ( female ,r$ ,ant 7,myrmica rubra74 ,h1 ,head2 #a1 #b1 #c1 ! ?oracic segm5ts2 i41 ii41 ! fir/ & second abdom9al segm5ts2 i41 be+ ! propodeum4 ,*>act]s4--,9 all ,hym5opt]a ! m&ibles 7fig4 #a1 ,c1 ,d7 are well develop$1 be+ adapt$1 z 9 ! m l[ly w+$ insects1 su* z ! ,or?opt]a1 = bit+4 ,! m g5]aliz$ ,hym5opt]a h ! second maxillae b slightly modifi$1 _! inn] lobes be+ fus$ to =m a ligula 7fig4 #a1 ,b1 b74 ,9 ! high] families ?is /ructure becomes elongat$ 7fig4 #b1 g7 s z to =m an elaborate suck+-organ or tongue4 ,^! insects are able1 !re=e1 to bite z well z to suck1 :]eas mo/ insects :i* h acquir$ ! p[] ( suction h lo/ t ( bit+4 ,bo? =e- & h9d-w+s are usually pres5t1 bo? pairs be+ membran\s1 ! h9d-w+s small & n fold$ :5 at re/1 ea* provid$ along ! co/a ) a r[ ( curv$ hooks :i* cat* on to a fold along ! dorsum ( ! adjac5t =e-w+ dur+ flight4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,hym5opt]a are1 h[ev]1 entirely w+less--at lea/ z reg>ds "o sex or =m ( ! species4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features is ! close union ( ! =emo/ abdom9al segm5t 7fig4 #c1 i47 ) ! meta?orax1 ( :i* x (t5 seems to =m a "p1 ! app>5t fir/ abdom9al segm5t be+1 9 su* case1 really ! second 7fig4 #c1 ii474 ,! true fir/ segm5t1 :i* und]goes a m or less complete fusion ) ! ?orax is kn[n z ! m$ian segm5t or propodeum4 ,9 female ,hym5opt]a ! typical insectan ovipositor ) its ?ree pairs ( processes is well develop$1 & 9 ! high] families ?is organ becomes functional z a /+ 7fig4 #e71--us$ = (f5ce & def5ce4 ,z reg>ds _! life hi/ory1 all ,hym5opt]a und]go a complete metamorphosis4 ,! l>va is s(t-sk9n$ 7eruci=m71 be+ ei!r a cat]pill> 7fig4 #f1 b7 or a legless grub 7fig4 #g1 a71 & ! pupa is free 7fig4 #g1 c71 i4e4 ) ! app5dages n fix$ to ! body1 z is ! case 9 ! pupa ( mo/ mo?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,=e-,w+s ( ,hym5opt]a4 #a4 ,t5?r$9idae 7,hylotoma7-- #a1 m>g9al2 #b1 app5dicul>2 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 radial or subm>g9al2 #g1 #h1 #i1 m$ian or discoidal2 #aj1 sub-co/al2 #aa1 #ab1 cubital or bran*ial2 & #ac1 anal or lanceolate cellules2 a1 b1 c1 subm>g9al n]vures2 d1 basal n]vures2 e1 f1 recurr5t n]vures2 /1 /igma2 co1 co/a4 #b4 ,cynipidae 7,cynips74 #c4 ,*alcididae 7,p]ilampus74 #d4 ,proctotrypidae 7,codrus74 #e4 ,mym>idae 7,mym>74 #f4 ,braconidae 7,bracon74 #g4 ,i*neumonidae 7,trogus74 #h4 ,*rysididae 7,cleptes74 #i4 ,=micidae 7,=mica74 #aj4 ,vespidae 7,vespa74 #aa4 ,apidae 7,apa?us74 ,/ructure4--,! head ( a hym5opt]\s insect be>s ?ree simple eyes 7ocelli7 on ! front & v]tex 9 addition to ! l>ge comp\nd eyes4 ,! feel]s are g5]ally simple 9 type1 r>ely %[+ s]rations or prom95t app5dages2 b "o or two basal segm5ts are frequ5tly diff]5tiat$ to =m an elongate scape1 ! rema9+ segm5ts--c>ri$ at an elb[$ angle to ! scape--mak+ up ! flagellum2 ! segm5ts ( ! flagellum (t5 be> complex s5sory organs4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( ! jaws h be5 m5tion$ above1 & 9 detail !re is great v>iation 9 ^! organs among ! diff]5t families4 ,! suck+ tongue ( ! ,hym5opt]a has (t5 be5 comp>$ ) ! hypoph>ynx ( o!r insects4 ,accord+ to ,d4 ,%>p1 h[ev]1 ! hypoph>ynx is pres5t 9 all ,hym5opt]a z a di/9ct /ructure at ! base ( ! tongue1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! fus$ lac9iae ( ! second maxillae4 ,9 ! ?orax ! pronotum & pro/]num are closely associat$ ) ! meso?orax1 b ! pleura ( ! pro?orax are usually %ift$ f> =w>ds1 s t ! =e-legs are ins]t$ j beh9d ! head4 ,a pair ( small plates--! tegulae--are v g5]ally pres5t at ! bases ( ! =e-w+s4 ,! union ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t ) ! meta?orax has be5 already m5tion$4 ,! second 7s-call$ fir/7 abdom9al segm5t is (t5 v con/rict$1 =m+ ! wai/ s *>act]i/ic ( wasps & ants = example4 ,! con/riction ( ?is segm5t & its v p]fect articulation ) ! propodeum give great mobility to ! abdom51 s t ! ovipositor or /+ c be us$ ) ! greate/ possible accuracy & effect4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! s]ies ( curv$ hooks along ! co/a ( ! h9d-w+2 by means ( ?is arrangem5t ! two w+s ( a side are firmly jo9$ toge!r dur+ flight1 :i* ?us becomes p>ticul>ly accurate4 ,! w+s 9 ! ,hym5opt]a %[ a m>k$ r$uction 9 ! numb] ( n]vures z comp>$ ) m primitive insects4 ,! ma9 m$ian n]vure1 & usually also ! sub-co/al become unit$ ) ! radial1 :ile ! bran*es ( radial1 m$ian & cubital n]vures pursu+ a transv]se or recurr5t c\rse across ! w+1 divide its area into a numb] ( areolets or cells1 t are ( importance 9 classification4 ,among _m ( ! small] ,hym5opt]a we f9d t ! w+s are almo/ de/itute ( n]vures4 ,9 ! h9d-w+s--on acc\nt ( _! r$uc$ size--! n]vures are ev5 m r$uc$ ?an 9 ! =e-w+s4 ,! legs ( ,hym5opt]a are ( ! typical insectan =m1 & ! foot is usually compos$ ( five segm5ts4 ,9 _m families ! tro*ant] appe>s to be repres5t$ by two small segm5ts1 !re be+ ?us an extra jo9t 9 ! leg4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! di/al ( ^! two segm5ts really belongs to ! ?igh1 b ! ord9>y nom5clature w be us$ 9 ! pres5t article1 z ?is "* is ( great importance 9 discrim9at+ families1 & ! two segm5ts 9 "q are ref]r$ to ! tro*ant] by mo/ sy/ematic writ]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,c4 ,janet1 ,aiguillon de la ,myrmica rubra 7,p>is1 #ahih74 ,,fig4 #e4--,ovipositor or ,/+ ( ,r$ ,ant 7,myrmica rubra7 ,que54 ,magnifi$4 ,! "r %ea? ,c 7out] process ( ! n9? abdom9al segm5t--#i7 is %[n 9 connexion ) ! guide ,b =m$ by ! inn] processes ( ! #i? segm5t4 ,! /ylet ,a 7process ( ! #h? abdom9al segm5t--#h7 is turn$ ov] to %[ its groove a1 :i* works along ! tongue or rail b4 ,! typical insectan ovipositor1 s well develop$ among ! ,hym5opt]a1 consi/s ( ?ree pairs ( processes 7gonapophyses7 two ( :i* belong to ! n9? abdom9al segm5t & "o to ! eigh?4 ,! latt] are ! cutt+ or pi]c+ /ylets 7fig4 #e1 ,a7 ( ! ovipositor1 :ile ! two out] processes ( ! n9? segm5t are modifi$ into %ea?s or feel]s 7fig4 #e1 ,c7 & ! two inn] processes =m a guide 7fig4 #e1 ,b7 on :i* ! /ylets "w1 tongues or rails on ! guide fitt+ accurately into longitud9al grooves on ! /ylet4 ,9 ! diff]5t families ( ! ,hym5opt]a1 !re are v>i\s modifications ( ! ovipositor1 9 accord ) ! habits ( ! insects & ! purposes to :i* ! organ is put4 ,! /+ ( wasps1 ants & bees is a modifi$ ovipositor & is us$ = egg-lay+ by ! f]tile females1 z well z = def5ce4 ,mo/ male ,hym5opt]a h processes :i* =m clasp]s or g5ital armature4 ,^! processes are n altoge!r homolog\s ) ^? ( ! ovipositor1 be+ =m$ by inn] & out] lobes ( a pair ( /ructures on ! n9? abdom9al segm5t4 ,_m po9ts ( int]e/ are to be not$ 9 ! int]nal /ructure ( ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,! gullet leads into a mod]ate-siz$ crop1 & sev]al pairs ( saliv>y gl&s op5 into ! m\?4 ,! crop is foll[$ by a prov5triculus :i*1 9 ! high] ,hym5opt]a1 =ms ! s-call$ honey /oma*1 by ! contraction ( ^: wails ! solid & liquid food c be sep>at$1 pass$ on into ! dige/ive /oma*1 or held 9 ! crop ready = regurgitation into ! m\?4 ,beh9d ! dige/ive /oma* are situat$1 z usual1 inte/9e & rectum1 & ! numb] ( kidney 7,malpighian7 tubes v>ies f only six to ov] a hundr$1 be+ usually great4 ,9 ! female1 ea* ov>y consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( ov>ian tubes1 9 :i* swoll5 *amb]s conta9+ ! egg-cells alt]nate ) small] *amb]s enclos+ nutri5t mat]ial4 ,9 connexion ) ! ovipositor are two poison-gl&s1 "o acid & ! o!r alkal9e 9 its secretion4 ,! acid gl& consi/s ( "o1 two or m tubes1 ) a cellul> coat ( sev]al lay]s1 op5+ into a res]voir :5ce ! duct leads to ! ext]ior4 ,! alkal9e gl& is an irregul> tube ) a s+le cellul> lay]1 its duct op5+ alongside t ( ! acid res]voir4 ,^! gl&s are mo/ /rongly develop$ :5 ! ovipositor is modifi$ into a /+4 ,developm5t4--,p>!nog5esis is ( normal occurr5ce 9 ! life-cycle ( _m ,hym5opt]a4 ,!re are species ( gall-fly 9 :i* males are unkn[n1 ! unf]tiliz$ eggs always develop+ into females4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 c]ta9 saw-flies & among ! high] families1 ! unf]tiliz$ eggs1 capable ( developm5t1 usually give rise to male insects 7see ,,bee74 ,! l>vae ( mo/ saw-flies fe$+ on ! leaves ( plants are cat]pill>s 7fig4 #f1 b7 ) num]\s abdom9al pro-legs1 b 9 mo/ families ( ,hym5opt]a ! egg is laid 9 su* a situation t an abundant food-supply is assur$ )\t ex]tion on ! "p ( ! l>va1 :i* is consequ5tly a legless grub1 usually :ite 9 col\r1 & ) s(t flexible cuticle 7fig4 #g1 a74 ,! organs & in/9cts = egg-lay+ & food-provid+ are p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable features 9 ! economy ( ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,gall-fly grubs are provid$ ) vegetable food ?r\gh ! eggs be+ laid by ! "m insect )9 plant tissues4 ,! i*neumon pi]ces ! body ( a cat]pill> & lays h] eggs :]e ! grubs w f9d abundant animal food4 ,a digg+-wasp hunts = insect prey & buries x ) ! egg1 :ile a true wasp fe$s h] brood ) captur$ insects1 z a bird h] fl$gl+s4 ,bees /ore honey & poll5 to s]ve z food = _! "y4 ,?us we f9d ?r\gh\t ! ord] a degree ( c>e = (fspr+ unrea*$ by o!r insects1 & ?is family-life has1 9 ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,hym5opt]a--ants1 wasps & bees--develop$ into an elaborate social organization4 ,social ,life4--,! developm5t ( a true insect society among ! ,hym5opt]a is dep5d5t on a diff]5tiation among ! females betwe5 individuals ) well-develop$ ov>ies 7que5s7 ^: special function is reproduction2 & individuals ) r$uc$ or abort$ ov>ies 7work]s7 ^: duty is to build ! ne/1 to ga!r food & to t5d & fe$ ! l>vae4 ,among ! wasps ! work]s may only diff] f ! que5s 9 size1 & individuals int]m$iate betwe5 ! two =ms ( female may be met )4 ,fur!r1 ! que5 wasp1 & also ! que5 humble-bee1 comm5ces unaid$ ! "w ( build+ & f\nd+ a new ne/1 be+ aft]w>ds help$ by h] daught]s 7! work]s7 :5 ^! h be5 develop$4 ,9 ! hive-bee & among ants1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are con/ant /ructural di/9ctions betwe5 que5 & work]1 & ! function ( ! que5 bee 9 a hive is conf9$ to egg-lay+1 ! lab\r ( ! community be+ entirely done by ! work]s4 ,_m ants possess sev]al diff]5t =ms ( work]1 adapt$ = special duties4 ,details ( ?is fasc9at+ subject are giv5 9 ! special articles ,,ant1 ,,bee & ,,wasp 7q4v474 ,habits & ,di/ribution4--,ref]5ce has be5 already made to ! v>i\s me?ods ( fe$+ practis$ by ,hym5opt]a 9 ! l>val /age1 & ! c>e tak5 ( or = ! "y ?r\gh\t ! ord] leads 9 _m cases to ! ga!r+ ( su* food by ! "m or nurse4 ,?us1 wasps cat* flies2 work] ants make raids & c>ry (f weak insects ( _m k9ds2 bees ga!r nect> f fl[]s & trans=m x into honey )9 _! /oma*s--l>gely = ! sake ( fe$+ ! l>vae 9 ! ne/4 ,! fe$+ habits ( ! adult may agree ) t ( ! l>va1 or diff]1 z 9 ! ease ( wasps :i* fe$ _! grubs on flies1 b eat pr9cipally vegetable food !mselves4 ,! ne/-build+ habit is simil>ly v>iable4 ,digg+ wasps make simple holes 9 ! gr\nd2 _m burr[+ bees =m bran*+ tunnels2 o!r bees excavate timb] or make _! brood-*amb]s 9 holl[ plant-/ems2 wasps "w up ) _! saliva vegetable fibres bitt5 (f tree-b>k to make pap]2 social bees produce f gl&s 9 _! own bodies ! wax :5ce _! ne/-*amb]s are built4 ,! inquil9e habit 7cuckoo-p>asitism71 :5 "o species makes use ( ! lab\r ( ano!r by invad+ ! ne/ & lay+ h] eggs !re1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce among ,hym5opt]a2 & 9 "s cases ! l>va ( ! intrud] is n cont5t ) tak+ ! /ore ( food provid$1 b attacks & dev\rs ! l>va ( ! ho/4 ,mo/ ,hym5opt]a are ( mod]ate or small size1 ! giants ( ! ord]--c]ta9 saw-flies & tropical digg+-wasps--nev] rea* ! bulk atta9$ by ! l>ge/ beetles1 :ile ! w+-spread is n>r[ comp>$ ) t ( _m dragon-flies & mo?s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ?\s&s ( v small species1 & ! t9y fairy-flies 7,mym>idae71 ^: l>vae live z p>asites 9 ! eggs ( v>i\s insects1 are excessively m9ute = creatures ( su* complex organization4 ,hym5opt]a are probably less widely di/ribut$ ?an ,apt]a1 ,coleopt]a or ,dipt]a1 b !y are to be f\nd 9 all except ! mo/ inhospitable regions ( ! globe4 ,! ord] is1 ) few exceptions1 t]re/rial or a]ial 9 habit4 ,comp>atively only a few species are1 = "p ( _! lives1 d5iz5s ( fre% wat]2 ^!1 z l>vae1 are p>asitic on ! eggs or l>vae ( o!r aquatic insects1 ! little hym5opt]on1 ,polynema natans1 "o ( ! fairy-flies--swims ?r\gh ! wat] by /rokes ( h] delicate w+s 9 se>* ( a dragon-fly's egg 9 :i* to lay h] own egg1 :ile ! r>e ,agriotypus dives aft] ! case ( a caddis-worm4 ,x is ( int]e/ t ! wat]s h be5 invad$ by ! p>asitic gr\p ( ! ,hym5opt]a1 s9ce 9 numb] ( species ?is is by f> ! l>ge/ ( ! ord]4 ,no gr\p ( t]re/rial insects escapes _! attacks--ev5 l>vae bor+ 9 wood are detect$ by i*neumon flies ) excessively long ovipositors4 ,n a few cases are kn[n 9 :i* a p>asitic l>va is itself pi]c$ by ! ovipositor ( a hyp]p>asite1 & ev5 ! (fspr+ ( ! latt] may itself fall a victim to ! attack ( a t]ti>y p>asite4 ,fossil ,hi/ory4--,v little is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,hym5opt]a previ\s to ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 e>ly 9 :i*1 z we "k f ! evid5ce ( _m ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e fossils1 all ! m important families _h be5 diff]5tiat$4 ,fragm5ts ( w+s f ! ,lias & ,oolitic b$s h be5 ref]r$ to ants & bees1 b ! true nature ( ^! rema9s is d\btful4 ,classification4--,l9naeus divid$ ! ,hym5opt]a into two sections--! ,t]ebrantia1 ^: females possess a cutt+ or pi]c+ ovipositor1 & ! ,aculeata1 9 :i* ! female organ is modifi$ into a /+4 ,?is nom5clature 0 adopt$ by ,p4 ,a4 ,latreille & has be5 9 g5]al use until ! pres5t day4 ,a closely simil> division ( ! ord] results f ,t4 ,h>tig's "* drawn f ! tro*ant]--:e!r ( two segm5ts or undivid$--! gr\ps be+ t]m$ respectively ,ditro*a & ,monotro*a4 ,b ! mo/ natural division is obta9$ by ! sep>ation ( ! saw-flies z a primitive sub-ord]1 *>act]iz$ by ! imp]fect union ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t ) ! ?orax1 & by ! broad base ( ! abdom51 s t !re is no m$ian con/riction or wai/1 & by ! pres5ce ( ?oracic legs--usually also ( abdom9al pro-legs--9 ! l>va4 ,all ! o!r families ( ,hym5opt]a1 includ+ ! gall-flies1 i*neumons & aculeates1 h ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t closely unit$ ) ! ?orax1 ! second abdom9al segm5t con/rict$ s z to =m a n>r[ /alk or wai/1 & legless l>vae )\t a h9d] outlet to ! food-canal4 ,^! two sub-ord]s are usually kn[n z ! ,sessiliv5tra & ,petioliv5tra respectively1 b ! names ,symphyta & ,apocrita propos$ 9 #ahfg by ,c4 ,g]/aeck] h priority1 & %\ld n be replac$4 ,symphyta4 ,?is sub-ord]1 *>act]iz$ by ! sessile1 broad-bas$ abdom51 ^: fir/ segm5t is imp]fectly unit$ ) ! ?orax1 & by ! usually cat]pill>-l l>vae ) legs1 includes ! v>i\s gr\ps ( saw-flies4 ,?ree lead+ families may be m5tion$4 ,! ,cephidae1 or /em saw-flies1 h an elongate pronotum1 a compress$ abdom51 & a s+le sp9e on ! %9 ( ! =e-leg4 ,! s(t1 :ite l>vae h ! ?oracic legs v small & fe$ 9 ! /ems ( v>i\s plants4 ,cephus pygmaeus is a well-kn[n enemy ( corn crops4 ,! ,siricidae 7wood-wasps7 are l>ge elongate insects also ) "o sp9e on ea* =e-%91 b ) ! pronotum closely jo9$ to ! meso?orax4 ,! ovipositor is long & prom95t1 enabl+ ! female insect to lay h] eggs 9 ! wood ( trees1 :]e ! :ite l>vae1 ^: legs are excessively %ort1 tunnel & fe$4 ,^! insects are adorn$ ) b&s ( black & yell[1 or ) bright metallic col\rs1 & on acc\nt ( _! l>ge size & =midable ovipositors !y (t5 cause ne$less al>m to p]sons unfamili> ) _! habits4 ,! ,t5?r$9idae1 or true saw-flies1 are di/+ui%$ by two sp9es on ea* =e-%91 :ile ! l>vae are usually cat]pill>s1 ) ?ree pairs ( ?oracic legs1 & f six to eight pairs ( abdom9al pro-legs ! latt] n possess+ ! hooks f\nd on ! pro-legs ( lepidopt]\s cat]pill>s4 ,mo/ saw-fly l>vae dev\r leaves1 & ! beautifully s]rate processes ( ! ovipositor are well adapt$ = egg-lay+ 9 plant tissues4 ,"s saw-fly l>vae are protect$ by a slimy secretion 7fig4 #f1 c7 & a few live conceal$ 9 galls4 ,9 ! =m ( ! feel]s1 ! w+-neuration & m9or /ructural details !re is mu* div]sity among ! saw-flies4 ,!y h be5 usually reg>d$ z a s+le family1 b ,w4 ,h4 ,a%mead has lately diff]5tiat$ elev5 families ( !m4 ,apocrita4 ,?is sub-ord] includes ! va/ majority ( ! ,hym5opt]a1 *>act]iz$ by ! n>r[ly con/rict$ wai/ 9 ! adult & by ! legless condition ( ! l>va4 ,! tro*ant] is simple 9 "s g5]a & divid$ 9 o!rs4 ,) reg>d to ! m9or divisions ( ?is gr\p1 great diff]5ce ( op9ion has prevail$ among /ud5ts4 ,9 8 rec5t classification ,a%mead 7#aija7 recognizes sev5ty-n9e families arrang$ "u eight sup]-families4 ,! numb] ( species includ$ 9 ?is division is enorm\s1 & ! multiplication ( families is1 to "s ext5t1 a natural result ( increas+ly close /udy4 ,b ! di/9ctions betwe5 _m ( ^! re/ on comp>atively slight *>act]s1 & x is likely t ! future discov]y ( new g5]a may aboli% _m among su* di/9ctions z may n[ be drawn4 ,x seems advisable1 !re=e1 9 ! pres5t article to reta9 ! wid] conception ( ! family t has hi!rto cont5t$ mo/ writ]s on ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,a%mead's sup]-families h1 h[ev]1 be5 adopt$ z--f\nd$ on def9ite /ructural *>act]s--!y probably indicate relation%ip m ne>ly ?an ! old] divisions f\nd$ mo/ly on habit4 ,! ,cynipoidea include ! gall-flies & _! p>asitic relations4 ,9 ! ,*alcidoidea1 ,i*neumonoidea & ,proctotrypoidea w be f\nd ne>ly all ! p>asitic ,hym5opt]a ( old] classifications4 ,! ,=micoidea are ! ants4 ,! gr\p ( ,fossores1 or digg+-wasps1 is divid$ by ,a%mead1 "o section =m+ ! ,sphecoidea1 :ile ! o!r1 toge!r ) ! ,*rysidae & ! true wasps1 make up ! ,vespoidea4 ,! ,apoidea consi/s ( ! bees only4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,m>latt1 ,ent4 ,circ4 #bf1 ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,,fig4 #f4--;a1 ,pe> ,saw-fly 7,eriocampoides limac9a72 b1 l>va )\t1 & c1 ) its slimy protective coat2 e1 cocoon2 f1 l>va be=e pupation2 g1 pupa1 magnifi$2 d1 leaves ) l>vae4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,h[>d1 ,ent4 ,te*4 ,bull4 #e ,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agric4 ,,fig4 #g4--;,*alcid 7,dibra*ys b\*eanus71 a hyp]-p>asite4 a1 ,l>va4 d1 ,its head m highly magnifi$4 b1 ,female fly4 c1 ,pupa ( male4 e1 ,feel]4 ,cynipoidea4--,9 ?is division ! ovipositor issues f ! v5tral surface ( ! abdom52 ! pronotum rea*es back to ! tegulae2 ! tro*ant] has two segm5ts2 ! =e-w+ 7fig4 #d1 #b7 has no /igma1 b "o or two areolets4 ,! feel]s ) twelve to fifte5 segm5ts are ?read-l & /raight4 ,all ! insects includ$ 9 ?is gr\p are small & =m two families--! ,cynipidae & ! ,figitidae4 ,!y are ! gall-flies1 _m ( ! species lay+ eggs 9 v>i\s plant-tissues :]e ! pres5ce ( ! l>va causes ! =mation ( a pa?ological gr[? or gall1 always ( a def9ite =m & *>act]i/ic ( ! species2 ! oak-apple & ! b$egu> ( ! rose are famili> examples4 ,o!r flies ( ?is gr\p h ! inquil9e habit1 lay+ _! eggs 9 ! galls ( o!r species1 :ile o!rs aga9 pi]ce ! cuticle ( maggots or aphids1 9 ^: bodies _! l>vae live z p>asites4 ,*alcidoidea4--,?is division resembles ! ,cynipoidea 9 ! position ( ! ovipositor1 & 9 ! two segm5t$ tro*ant]s4 ,! =e-w+ also has no /igma1 & ! :ole w+ is almo/ de/itute ( n]vures & areolets1 :ile ! pronotum does n rea* back to ! tegulae1 & ! feel]s are elb[$ 7fig4 #g74 ,! va/ majority ( ?is gr\p1 includ+ ne>ly #ejjj kn[n species1 are usually reckon$ z a s+le family1 ! ,*alcididae1 compris+ small insects1 (t5 ( bright metallic col\rs1 ^: l>vae are p>asitic 9 insects ( v>i\s ord]s4 ,! fig-insects1 ^: pres5ce 9 rip5+ figs is believ$ ess5tial to ! prop] developm5t ( ! fruit1 belong to ,bla/ophaga & o!r g5]a ( ?is family4 ,!y are rem>kable 9 hav+ w+less males & w+$ females4 ,! polyembryonic developm5t ( an ,encyrtus1 z /udi$ by ,p4 ,m>*al1 is highly rem>kable4 ,! female lays h] egg 9 ! egg ( a small erm9e mo? 7,hyponomeuta7 & ! egg gives rise n to a s+le embryo b to a hundr$1 :i* develop z ! ho/-cat]pill> develops1 be+ f\nd at a lat] /age )9 ! latt] envelop$ 9 a flexible tube4 ,! ,mym>idae or fairy-flies are di/+ui%$ f ! ,*alcididae by _! n>r[ fr+$ w+s 7figs4 #d1 #e7 & by ! situation ( ! ovipositor j 9 front ( ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,!y are among ! mo/ m9ute ( all insects & _! l>vae are probably all p>asitic 9 insects' eggs4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,riley & ,h[>d1 ,insect ,life1 vol4 i4 ,,fig4 #h4--;,i*neumon ,fly 7,rhyssa p]-suasoria7 oviposit+4 ,i*neumonoidea4--,! t5 ?\s& kn[n species includ$ 9 ?is gr\p agree ) ! ,cynipoidea & ,*alcidoidea 9 ! position ( ! ovipositor & 9 ! jo9t$ tro*ant]s1 b are di/+ui%$ by ! =e-w+ possess+ a di/9ct /igma & usually a typical s]ies ( n]vures & areolets 7figs4 #d1 #h74 ,_m ( ! species are ( fair size4 ,!y lay _! eggs 7fig4 #h7 9 ! bodies ( insects & _! l>vae belong+ to v>i\s ord]s4 ,a few small families su* z ! ,evaniidae & ! ,/ephanidae are includ$ "h1 b ! va/ majority ( ! gr\p fall into two l>ge families1 ! ,i*neumonidae & ! ,braconidae1 ! =m] di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( two m$ian 7or discoidal7 cells 9 ! =e-w+ 7figs4 #d1 #g71 :ile ! latt] has only "o 7figs4 #d1 #f74 ,n a few ( ^! insects1 h[ev]1 are entirely w+less4 ,on acc\nt ( _! "w 9 de/roy+ plant-eat+ insects1 ! i*neumon-flies are ( great economic importance4 ,proctotrypoidea4--,?is gr\p may be di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by ! position ( ! ovipositor at ! extreme apex ( ! abdom51 & f ! gr\ps t foll[ 7) v few exceptions7 by ! jo9t$ tro*ant]s ( ! legs4 ,! pronotum rea*es back to ! tegulae4 ,! ,pelec9idae--includ$ "h by ,a%mead--are l>ge insects ) rem>kably elongate abdom5s & undivid$ tro*ant]s4 ,all ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p may be reg>d$ z =m+ a s+le family--! ,proctotrypidae1 includ+ an imm5se numb] ( small p>asitic ,hym5opt]a1 n a few ( :i* are w+less4 ,( special int]e/ are ! trans=mations ( ,platyga/]1 belong+ to ?is family1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,gan91 & famili>iz$ to ,engli% read]s ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock 7,"l ,avebury74 ,! fir/ l>va is broad 9 front & tap]s beh9d to a tail provid$ ) two div]g5t processes1 s t x resembles a small cru/acean4 ,x lives 9 ! grub ( a gall-midge & x ultimately becomes *ang$ into ! usual :ite & fle%y hym5opt]\s l>va4 ,! f\r succe$+ sections1 9 :i* ! ovipositor is modifi$ into a /+ 7always exs]t$ f ! tip ( ! abdom57 & ! tro*ant]s are ) few exceptions simple1 =m ! ,aculeata ( ,l9naeus4 ,=micoidea4--,! ants :i* =m ?is gr\p are readily di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5tiation ( ! females into w+$ que5s & w+less work]s4 ,! pronotum ext5ds back to ! w+-bases1 & ! wai/ is greatly con/rict$ & m>k$ by "o or two nodes4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! females leads to a complex social life1 ! ne/+ habits ( ants & ! v>i\s indu/ries t !y pursue be+ ( surpass+ int]e/ 7see ,,ant74 ,vespoidea4--,?is section includes a numb] ( families *>act]iz$ by ! backw>d ext5sion ( ! pro?orax to ! tegulae & di/+ui%$ f ! ants by ! abs5ce ( nodes at ! base ( ! abdom54 ,! true wasps h ! =e-w+s fold$ l5g?wise :5 at re/ & ! =e-legs ( normal build--n specializ$ = digg+4 ,! ,vespidae or social wasps h que5s & work]s l ! ants1 b bo? ^! =ms ( female are w+$2 ! claws on _! fret are simple4 ,9 ! ,eum5idae or solit>y wasps ! female sex is undiff]5tiat$1 & ! foot claws are too!d4 7,= ! habits ( ^! insects see ,,wasp47 ,! ,*rysididae or ruby wasps are small insects ) a v h>d cuticle exhibit+ brilliant metallic col\rs--blue1 gre5 & crimson4 ,only ?ree or f\r abdom9al segm5ts are visible1 ! h9d] segm5ts be+ sl5d] & retract$ to =m a telescope-l tube 9 :i* ! ovipositor lies4 ,:5 ! ovipositor is br\ght into use ?is tube is ?ru/ out4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ! ne/s ( v>i\s bees & wasps1 ! *rysid l>va liv+ z a cuckoo p>asite4 ,! ,trigonalidae1 a small family ^: l>vae are p>asitic 9 wasps' ne/s1 also probably belong "h4 ,! o!r families ( ! ,vespoidea belong to ! s]ies ( ,fossores or digg+-wasps4 ,9 two ( ! families--! ,mutillidae & ,?ynnidae--! females are w+less & ! l>vae live z p>asites 9 ! l>vae ( o!r insects2 ! female ,mutilla ent]s bumble-bees' ne/s & lays h] eggs 9 ! bee-grubs4 ,9 ! o!r families bo? sexes are w+$1 & ! in/9ct & indu/ry ( ! females are among ! mo/ wond]ful 9 ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,!y make burr[s :]e9 !y place insects or spid]s :i* !y h caught & /ung1 lay+ _! eggs beside ! victim s t ! "y l>vae f9d !mselves 9 pres5ce ( an abundant & appropriate food-supply4 ,valuable obs]vations on ! habits ( ^! insects are due to ,j4 ,h4 ,fabre & ,g4 ,w4 & ,e4 ,peckham4 ,! prey is sometimes /ung 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! n]ve ganglia1 s t x is p>alys$ b n kill$1 ! grub ( ! fossorial wasp dev\r+ its victim alive2 b ?is in/9ct v>ies 9 p]fection1 & 9 _m cases ! l>va fl\ri%es equally :e!r its prey be kill$ or n4 ,! females h a wond]ful p[] ( f9d+ _! burr[s on return+ f _! hunt+ exp$itions4 ,among ! ,vespoid families ( fossorial wasps1 ! ,pompilidae are ! mo/ important4 ,!y are recognizable by _! sl5d] & elongate h9d-legs2 _m ( !m provision _! burr[s ) spid]s4 ,! ,sapygidae are p>asitic on bees1 :ile ! ,scoliidae are l>ge1 robu/ & hairy insects1 _m ( :i* prey ^u ! grubs ( *af]s4 ,sphecoidea4--,9 ?is division are includ$ ! re/ ( ! digg+-wasps1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,vespoidea by ! %ort pronotum n rea*+ backw>d to ! tegulae4 ,!y h usually be5 reckon$ z =m+ a s+le1 v l>ge family--! ,sphegidae--b t5 or twelve subdivisions ( ! gr\p are reg>d$ z di/9ct families by ,a%mead & o!rs4 ,great div]sity is %[n 9 ! details ( /ructure1 habits & nature ( ! prey4 ,species ( ,sphex1 /udi$ by ,fabre1 provision$ _! brood-*amb]s ) crickets4 ,pelopoeus hunts spid]s1 :ile ,ammophila cat*es cat]pill>s = ! b5efit ( h] "y4 ,fabre /ates t ! la/-nam$ insect uses a /one = ! tempor>y clos+ ( h] burr[1 & ! ,peckhams h se5 a female ,ammophila take a /one betwe5 h] m&ibles & use x z a hamm] = p\nd+ d[n ! e>? ov] h] f9i%$ ne/4 ,! habits ( ,bembex are ( especial int]e/4 ,! female1 in/ead ( provision+ h] burr[ ) a supply ( food t w suffice ! l>va = its :ole life1 br+s fre% flies ) :i* %e regul>ly fe$s h] "y4 ,9 ?is in/9ct we h a correspond5ce ) ! habits ( social wasps & bees4 ,yet x may be ?\ght t ! usual in/9ct ( ! digg+-wasps to capture & /ore up food 9 an und]gr\nd burr[ = ! b5efit ( (fspr+ :i* !y w nev] see is ev5 m surpris+4 ,! habit ( "s g5]a is to cat* ! prey be=e mak+ _! tunnel1 b m frequ5tly ! insect digs h] ne/1 & !n hunts = prey to put into x4 ,apoidea4--,! bees :i* make up ?is gr\p agree ) ! ,sphecoidea 9 ! %ort pronotum1 b may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r ,hym5opt]a by ! wid5$ fir/ t>sal segm5t & ! plumose hairs on head & body4 ,!y are usually reg>d$ z =m+ a s+le family--! ,apidae--b !re is v great div]sity 9 /ructural details1 & ,a%mead divides !m into f\rte5 families4 ,! tongue1 = example1 is %ort & obtuse or em>g9ate 9 ,colletes & ,prosopis1 :ile 9 all o!r bees x is po9t$ at ! tip4 ,b 9 ,&r5a & its allies x is comp>atively %ort1 :ile 9 ! high] g5]a1 su* z ,apis & ,bombus1 x is elongate & flexible1 =m+ a mo/ elaborate & p]fect organ = tak+ liquid food4 ,bees fe$ on honey & poll54 ,mo/ ( ! g5]a are solit>y 9 habit1 ! female sex be+ undiff]5tiat$2 b among ! humble-bees & hive-bees we f9d1 z 9 social wasps & ants1 ! occurr5ce ( work]s1 & ! consequ5t elaboration ( a wond]ful insect-society4 7,see ,,bee47 ,,bibliography4--,! lit]ature ( sev]al special families ( ! ,hym5opt]a w be f\nd "u ! articles ,,ant1 ,,bee1 ,,i*neumon-,,fly1 ,,wasp1 c41 ref]r$ to above4 ,among e>li] /ud5ts on /ructure may be m5tion$ ,p4 ,a4 ,latreille1 ,familles naturelles du rgne animal 7,p>is1 #ahbe71 :o recogniz$ ! nature ( ! m$ian segm5t4 ,c4 ,g]/aeck] 7,ar*4 f4 ,naturg4 xx41 #ahfg7 & ,f4 ,brau] 7,sitzb4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi54 lxxxv41 #ahhc7 %\ld also be consult$ on ?is subject4 ,= int]nal anatomy1 specially ! dige/ive organs1 see ,l4 ,duf\r1 ,mm4 savants trang]s1 vii4 7#ahda71 & ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 ,zool4 7#d71 i4 #ahed4 ,= n]v\s sy/em ,h4 ,viallanes1 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 ,zool4 7#g71 ii4 iv4 #ahhf-ahhg1 & ,f4 ,c4 ,k5yon1 ,j\rn4 ,comp4 ,neurol4 vi41 #ahif4 ,= poison & o!r gl&s1 see ,l4 ,bordas1 ,ann4 ,sci4 ,nat4 ,zool4 7#g7 xix41 #ahie4 ,= ! /+ & ovipositor ,h4 ,dewitz1 ,zeits4 wiss4 ,zool4 xxv41 #ahgd1 xxviii41 #ahgg1 & ,f4 ,z&]1 ib4 lxvi41 #ahii4 ,= male g5ital armature ,s4 ,a4 ,peyt\reau1 ,morphologie de l'armure gnitale des insectes 7,bordeaux1 #ahie71 & ,e4 ,z&]1 ,zeits4 wiss4 ,zool4 lxvii41 #aijj4 ,! sy/ematic /ud5t ( ,hym5opt]a is greatly help$ by ,c4 ,g4 de ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogus ,hym5opt]orum 7#aj vols41 ,leipzig1 #ahic-aijb74 ,= g5]al classifications see ,f4 ,w4 ,kon[1 ,entom4 ,na*tr4 7#ahig71 & ,w4 ,h4 ,a%mead1 ,proc4 ,u4,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 xxiii41 #aija2 ! latt] pap] deals also especially ) ! ,i*neumonoidea ( ! globe4 ,= habits & life hi/ories ( ,hym5opt]a see ,j4 ,lubbock 7,"l ,avebury71 ,ants1 ,bees & ,wasps 7#i? ed41 ,london1 #ahhi72 ,c4 ,janet1 tudes sur les f\rmis1 les gupes et les abeilles 7,p>is1 c41 #ahic & onw>ds72 & ,g4 ,w4 & ,e4 ,g4 ,peckham1 ,in/9cts & ,habits ( ,solit>y ,wasps 7,madison1 ,wis4 ,u4,s4,a41 #ahih74 ,monographs ( mo/ ( ! families ( ,briti% ,hym5opt]a h n[ be5 publi%$4 ,= saw-flies & gall-flies1 see ,p4 ,cam]on's ,briti% ,phytophag\s ,hym5opt]a 7#d vols41 ,london1 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahhb-ahic74 ,= ,i*neumonoidea1 ,c4 ,morley's ,i*neumons ( ,great ,brita9 7,plym\?1 #aijc1 c471 & ,t4 ,a4 ,m>%all's ,briti% ,braconidae1 ,trans4 ,entom4 ,soc41 #ahhe-ahii4 ,! small] p>asitic ,hym5opt]a h be5 neglect$ 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce ,a4 ,h4 ,haliday's classical pap]s ,entom4 ,mag4 i4-v41 7#ahcc-ahch7 b ,a%mead's ,nor? ,am]ican ,proctotrypidae 7,bull4 ,u4,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 xlv41 #ahic7 is valuable = ! ,european /ud5t4 ,= ! ,fossores1 wasps1 ants & bees see ,e4 ,saund]s1 ,hym5opt]a ,aculeata ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s 7,london1 #ahif74 ,exhau/ive ref]5ces to g5]al sy/ematic works w be f\nd 9 de ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogue m5tion$ above4 ,( special value to ,engli% /ud5ts are ,c4 ,t4 ,b+ham's ,fauna ( ,briti% ,india1 ,hym5opt]a 7,london1 #ahig & onw>ds71 & ,p4 ,cam]on's volumes on ,hym5opt]a 9 ! ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana4 ,f4 ,smi?'s ,catalogues ( ,hym5opt]a 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,london1 #ahec-ahei7 are well wor?y ( /udy4 7,g4 ,h4 ,c47 ,,hymettus 7,ital4 ,monte ,matto1 h5ce ! mod]n "n ,trello ,v\ni71 a m\nta9 9 ,attica1 b\nd+ ! ,a!nian pla9 on ! ,s4,e4 ,height1 #ccgj ft4 ,x 0 fam\s 9 anci5t times = its bees1 :i* ga!r$ honey ( peculi> flav\r f its aromatic h]bs2 _! fame /ill p]si/s4 ,! spr+ m5tion$ by ,ovid 7,ars ,amat4 iii4 #fhg7 is probably to be recogniz$ ne> ! mona/]y ( ,syriani or ,kaes>iani on ! we/]n slope4 ,?is may be id5tical ) t kn[n z ,greek3 ,kyllon ,pra1 said to be a rem$y = b>r5ness 9 wom54 ,! m>ble ( ,hymettus1 :i* (t5 has a blui% t+e1 0 us$ ext5sively = build+ 9 anci5t ,a!ns1 & also1 9 e>ly times1 = sculpture2 b ! :ite m>ble ( ,p5telicus 0 pref]r$ = bo? purposes4 ,see ,e4 ,dodwell1 ,classical & ,topographical ,t\r 7#ahai71 i4 #dhc4 ,,hymns4--#a4 ,classical ,hymnody4--,! ^w hymn 7,greek3 hymnos7 0 employ$ by ! anci5t ,greeks#a to signify a song or poem compos$ 9 hon\r ( gods1 h]oes or fam\s m51 or to be recit$ on "s joyful1 m\rnful or solemn occasion4 ,polymnia 0 ! "n ( _! lyric muse4 ,hom] makes ,alc9\s ent]ta9 ,odysseus ) a hymn ( ! m9/rel ,demodocus1 on ! capture ( ,troy by ! wood5 horse4 ,! ,works & ,days ( ,hesiod beg9s ) an invocation to ! ,muses to address hymns to ,zeus1 & 9 8 ,!ogonia he speaks ( !m z s++ or inspir+ hymns to all ! div9ities1 & ( ! b>d z _! s]vant1 hymn+ ! glories ( m5 ( old1 & ( ! gods ( ,olympus4 ,p9d> calls by ?is "n odes1 l 8 own1 9 praise ( conqu]ors at ! public games ( ,greece4 ,! ,a!nian dramati/s 7,euripides mo/ frequ5tly7 use ! ^w & its cognate v]bs 9 a simil> mann]2 !y also describe by !m metrical oracles & apoph!gms1 m>tial1 fe/al & hym5eal songs1 dirges & lam5tations or incantations ( woe4 ,hell5ic hymns1 accord+ to ?is conception ( !m1 h come d[n to u1 "s f a v e>ly & o!rs f a late p]iod ( ,greek classical lit]ature4 ,^? :i* pass$ by ! "n ( ,hom]#b 7 already old 9 ! "t ( ,?ucydides4 ,!y are my?ological poems 7sev]al ( !m long71 9 hexamet] v]se--"s v int]e/+4 ,t to ,apollo conta9s a tradition>y hi/ory ( ! orig9 & progress ( ! ,delphic wor%ip2 ^? on ,h]mes & on ,dionysus are m>k$ by mu* livel9ess & poetical fancy4 ,hymns ( a l g5]al "*1 b ( less int]e/ 7?\gh ^! also embody "s f9e poetical traditions ( ! ,greek my?ology1 su* z ! /ory ( ,teiresias1 & t ( ! w&]+s ( ,leto71 7 writt5 9 ! #crd c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 by ,callima*us ( ,cyr5e4 ,clean!s1 ! successor ( ,z5o1 compos$ 7also 9 hexamet]s7 an excell5t & dev\t hymn 7z x is ju/ly call$ by ,cudwor?1 9 8 ,intellectual ,sy/em7 to ,zeus1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,eclogae ( ,/obaeus1 & f :i* ,aratus borr[$ ! words1 ,= we are also ,8 (fspr+1 quot$ by ,/ ,paul at ,a!ns4 ,! s-call$ ,orphic hymns1 9 hexamet] v]se1 /yl$ ,greek3 teletai1 or hymns ( initiation into ! my/]ies ( ! ,hell5ic religion1 are productions ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1--z to :i* le>n$ m5 are n agre$ :e!r !y are e>li] or lat] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,romans did n adopt ! ^w hymn2 nor h we _m ,lat9 poems ( ! classical age to :i* x c prop]ly be appli$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few--su* z ! simple & graceful ,dianae sumus 9 fide 7,dian's vot>ies are we7 ( ,catullus1 & ,dianam t5]ae dicite virg9es 7,s+ to ,dian1 g5tle maid5s7 ( ,horace--:i* approa* mu* m ne>ly ?an any?+ ,hell5ic to ! =m & "* ( mod]n hymnody4 #b4 ,hebrew ,hymnody4--,= ! orig9 & idea ( ,*ri/ian hymnody we mu/ look1 n to ,g5tile1 b to ,hebrew s\rces4 ,/ ,augu/9e's def9ition ( a hymn1 g5]ally accept$ by ,*ri/ian antiquity1 may be summ$ up 9 ! words1 praise to ,god ) song 7cum cantico72 ,b$e und]/ood ! canticum z prop]ly requir+ metre2 ?\gh he ?\ght t :at 9 its orig9al language 0 a true hymn might reta9 t "* 9 an unmetrical translation4 ,mod]n use has enl>g$ ! def9ition2 ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s ext5d x to ! praises ( sa9ts2 & ! ^w n[ compreh5ds rhy?mical prose z well z v]se1 & pray] & spiritual m$itation z well z praise4 ,! mod]n di/9ction betwe5 psalms & hymns is arbitr>y 7see ,,psalms74 ,! =m] ^w 0 us$ by ! ,,lxx4 z a g5]ic designation1 probably because x impli$ an accompanim5t by ! psalt]y 7said by ,eusebius to h be5 ( v anci5t use 9 ! ,ea/7 or o!r in/rum5ts4 ,! cognate v]b psall]e has be5 con/antly appli$ to hymns1 bo? 9 ! ,ea/]n & 9 ! ,we/]n ,*ur*2 & ! same compositions :i* !y describ$ g5]ically z psalms 7 also call$ by ! ,,lxx4 odes 7i4e4 songs7 & hymns4 ,! latt] ^w occurs1 e4g4 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #bj 7! hymns ( ,david ! son ( ,jesse71 9 ,ps4 lxv4 #a1 & also 9 ! ,greek titles ( ! #f?1 #ed?1 #ee?1 #fg? & #gf? 7?is numb]+ ( ! psalms be+ t ( ! ,engli% v]sion1 n ( ! ,,lxx474 ,! #dd? *apt] ( ,ecclesia/icus1 ,let u n[ praise fam\s m51 c41 is entitl$ 9 ! ,greek ,greek3 pat]n hymnos1 ,! ,fa!rs' ,hymn4 ,b$e speaks ( ! :ole book ( ,psalms z call$ lib] hymnorum1 by ! univ]sal cons5t ( ,hebrews1 ,greeks & ,lat9s4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t we f9d our ,"l & ,8 apo/les s++ a hymn 7,greek3 hymnsantes exl?on71 aft] ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]2 ,/ ,paul & ,silas do+ ! same 7,greek3 hymn\n ton !on7 9 _! prison at ,philippi2 ,/ ,james recomm5d+ psalm-s++ 7,greek3 psallet71 & ,/ ,paul psalms & hymns & spiritual songs 7,greek3 psalmois kai hymnois kai dais pneumatikais7 ,/ ,paul also1 9 ! #ad? *apt] ( ! fir/ epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 speaks ( s++ 7,greek3 psal7 & ( e man's psalm 7,greek3 heka/os hymn psalmon e*ei74 ,9 a context :i* pla9ly has ref]5ce to ! assemblies ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ri/ians = common wor%ip4 ,all ! words ?us us$ 7 appli$ by ! ,,lxx4 to ! ,davidical psalms2 x is !re=e possible t ^! only may be int5d$1 9 ! diff]5t places to :i* we h ref]r$4 ,b !re are 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/les sev]al passages 7,eph4 v4 #ad2 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af2 #a ,tim4 vi4 #ae1 #af2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #aa1 #ab7 :i* h s mu* ( ! =m & "* ( lat] ,ori5tal hymnody z to h be5 suppos$ by ,mi*aelis & o!rs to be extracts f orig9al hymns ( ! ,apo/olic age4 ,two ( !m are app>5tly introduc$ z quotations1 ?\gh n f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,a ?ird has n only rhy?m1 b rhyme4 ,! ?anksgiv+ pray] ( ! assembl$ disciples1 record$ 9 ,acts iv41 is bo? 9 sub/ance & 9 mann] poetical2 & 9 ! canticles1 ,magnificat1 ,b5$ictus1 c41 :i* manife/ly foll[$ ! =m & /yle ( ,hebrew poetry1 hymns or songs1 prop] = liturgical use1 h always be5 recogniz$ by ! *ur*4 #c4 ,ea/]n ,*ur* ,hymnody4--,! hymn ( our ,"l1 ! precepts ( ! apo/les1 ! angelic song at ! nativity1 & ,b5$icite omnia op]a are ref]r$ to 9 a curi\s metrical prologue to ! hymn>y ( ! ,moz>abic ,brevi>y z prec$5ts = ! practice ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* foll[$ ! ,ea/]n1 9 :i* hymnody prevail$ f ! e>lie/ times4 ,!rapeutae4 ,philo describes ! ,!raputae 7q4v47 ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,alex&ria z compos]s ( orig9al hymns1 :i* 7z well z old7 7 sung at _! great religi\s fe/ivals--! p li/5+ 9 sil5ce till !y came to ! clos+ /ra9s1 or refra9s1 at ! end ( a hymn or /anza 7! acroteleutia & ephymnia71 9 :i* all1 wom5 z well z m51 he>tily jo9$4 ,^! songs1 he says1 7 9 v>i\s metres 7= :i* he uses a numb] ( te*nical t]ms72 "s 7 *oral1 "s n2 & !y 7 divid$ into v>i\sly con/ruct$ /rophes or /anzas4 ,eusebius1 :o ?\ght t ! ,!raputae 7 communities ( ,*ri/ians1 says t ! ,*ri/ian practice ( 8 own day 0 9 exact accordance ) ?is description4 ,antiphonal s++4 ,! practice1 n only ( s++ hymns1 b ( s++ !m antiphonally1 appe>s1 f ! well-kn[n lett] ( ,pl9y to ,trajan1 to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,bi?ynian *ur*es at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bnd c5tury4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ /ato die ante lucem conv5ire1 c>m5que ,*ri/o1 quasi ,deo1 dic]e secum invicem4 ,?is agrees well1 9 po9t ( "t1 ) ! tradition record$ by ! hi/orian ,socrates1 t ,ignatius 7:o suff]$ m>tyrdom ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajg7 0 l$ by a vision or dream ( angels s++ hymns 9 t mann] to ! ,holy ,tr9ity to introduce antiphonal s++ into ! *ur* ( ,antio*1 f :i* x quickly spread to o!r *ur*es4 ,!re seems to be an allusion to *oral s++ 9 ! epi/le ( ,ignatius himself to ! ,romans1 :]e he exhorts !m1 ,greek3 *oros g5om5oi 7hav+ =m$ !mselves into a *oir71 to s+ praise to ! ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,a /atem5t ( ,!odoret has sometimes be5 suppos$ to ref] ! orig9 ( antiphonal s++ to a mu* lat] date2 b ?is seems to relate only to ! s++ ( ,old ,te/am5t ,psalms 7,greek3 tn ,dauidikn meldian71 ! alt]nate *ant+ ( :i*1 by a *oir divid$ into two p>ts1 0 7accord+ to t /atem5t7 fir/ introduc$ into ! *ur* ( ,antio* by two monks fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( _! "t1 ,flavianus & ,diodorus1 "u ! emp]or ,con/antius ,,ii4 #bnd c5tury4 #crd c5tury4 ,o!r evid5ce ( ! use ( hymns 9 ! #bnd c5tury is conta9$ 9 a fragm5t ( ,caius1 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 :i* ref]s to all ! psalms & odes writt5 by fai?ful bre?r5 f ! beg9n+1 z hymn+ ,*ri/1 ! ,^w ( ,god1 z ,god4 ,t]tullian also1 9 8 description ( ! ,agapae1 or love-fea/s1 ( 8 day1 says t1 aft] wa%+ h&s & br++ 9 lights1 ea* man 0 invit$ to come =w>d & s+ to ,god's praise some?+ ei!r tak5 f ! ,scriptures or ( 8 own composition 7ut quisque de ,sacris ,scripturis vel proprio +5io pote/74 ,george ,bull1 bi%op ( ,/ ,david's1 believ$ "o ( ^? primitive compositions to be ! hymn app5d$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria to 8 ,pa$agogus2 & ,ar*bi%op ,us%] consid]$ ! anci5t morn+ & ev5+ hymns1 ( :i* ! use 0 enjo9$ by ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions1 & :i* are also m5tion$ 9 ! ,tract on ,virg9ity pr9t$ ) ! works ( ,/ ,a?anasius1 & 9 ,/ ,basil's treatise ^u ! ,holy ,_s1 to belong to ! same family4 ,clem5t's hymn1 9 a %ort anapae/ic metre1 beg9n+ ,greek3 /omion pln adan 7or1 accord+ to "s editions1 ,greek3 basileu hagin1 loge p&amatr--translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,*atfield1 ,o ,?\1 ! ,k+ ( ,sa9ts1 all-conqu]+ ,^w71 is rapid1 spirit$ & well-adapt$ = s++4 ,! ,greek ,morn+ ,hymn 7:i*1 z divid$ into v]ses by ,ar*bi%op ,us%] 9 8 treatise ,de ,symbolis1 has a maje/ic rhy?m1 resembl+ a *oric or di?yrambic /rophe7 is ! orig9al =m ( ,gloria 9 ,excelsis1 /ill said or sung1 ) "s v>iations1 9 all bran*es ( ! *ur* :i* h n rel9qui%$ ! use ( liturgies4 ,! ,lat9 =m ( ?is hymn 7( :i* t 9 ! ,engli% communion (fice is an exact translation7 is said1 by ,b$e & o!r anci5t writ]s1 to h be5 br\ght into use at ,rome by ,pope ,telesphorus1 z e>ly z ! "t ( ! emp]or ,hadrian4 ,a ?ird1 ! ,vesp] or ,lamp-light+ hymn 7,greek3 phs hil>on hagias doxs--translat$ by ,canon ,bright ,light ( ,gladness1 ,beam ,div9e71 holds its place to ?is day 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,greek rite4 ,9 ! #crd c5tury ,orig5 seems to h _h 9 8 m9d ! words ( "s o!r hymns or hymn ( l "*1 :5 he says 79 8 treatise ,aga9/ ,celsus73 ,we glorify 9 hymns ,god & ,8 only begott5 ,son2 z d also ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! ,/>s & all ! ho/ ( heav54 ,all ^!1 9 "o ,div9e *orus1 ) ! j among m51 glorify 9 hymns ,god :o is ov] all1 & ,8 only begott5 ,son4 ,s highly 7 ^! compositions e/eem$ 9 ! ,syrian *ur*es t ! c\ncil :i* depos$ ,paul ( ,samosata f ! see ( ,antio* 9 ! "t ( ,aurelian ju/ifi$ t act1 9 its synodical lett] to ! bi%ops ( ,rome & ,alex&ria1 on ?is gr\nd 7among o!rs7 t he _h prohibit$ ! use ( hymns ( t k9d1 by un9spir$ writ]s1 address$ to ,*ri/4 ,aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ! progress ( hymnody became closely connect$ ) *ur* controv]sies4 ,!re _h be5 9 ,edessa1 at ! end ( ! #bnd or e>ly 9 ! #crd c5tury1 a ,gno/ic writ] ( conspicu\s ability1 nam$ ,b>desanes1 :o 0 succe$$1 z ! head ( 8 sect or s*ool1 by 8 son ,h>monius4 ,bo? fa!r & son wrote hymns1 & set !m to agreeable melodies1 :i* acquir$1 & 9 ! #d? c5tury /ill reta9$1 mu* local popul>ity4 ,ephraem ,syrus1 ! fir/ volum9\s hymn-writ] ^: works rema9 to u1 ?9k+ t ! same melodies might be made useful to ! fai?1 if adapt$ to m or?odox words1 compos$ to !m a l>ge numb] ( hymns 9 ! ,syriac language1 pr9cipally 9 tetrasyllabic1 p5tasyllable & heptasyllabic metres1 divid$ into /rophes ( f #d to #ab1 #af & ev5 #bj l9es ea*4 ,:5 a /rophe conta9$ five l9es1 ! fif? 0 g5]ally an ephymnium1 deta*$ 9 s5se1 & consi/+ ( a pray]1 invocation1 doxology or ! l1 to be sung antiphonally1 ei!r 9 full *orus or by a sep>ate "p ( ! *oir4 ,! ,syriac ,*re/oma?y ( ,augu/ ,hahn 7,leipzig1 #ahbe71 & ! ?ird volume ( ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel's ,!saurus ,hymnologicus 7,leipzig1 #ahda-ahef71 conta9 specim5s ( ^! hymns4 ,"s ( !m h be5 translat$ into 7unmetrical7 ,engli% by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,burgess 7,select ,metrical ,hymns ( ,ephrem ,syrus1 c41 #ahec74 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^? s translat$ are on subjects connect$ ) dea?1 resurrection1 judgm5t1 c41 & display n only ,*ri/ian fai? & hope1 b mu* simplicity & t5d]ness ( natural feel+4 ,!odoret speaks ( ! spiritual songs ( ,ephraem z v sweet & pr(itable1 & z add+ mu*1 9 8 7,!odoret's7 "t1 to ! brightness ( ! commemorations ( m>tyrs 9 ! ,syrian ,*ur*4 ,! ,greek hymnody contempor>y ) ,ephraem foll[$1 ) "s lic5ce1 classical models4 ,"o ( its fav\rite metres 0 ! ,anacreontic2 b x also made use ( ! %ort anapae/ic1 ,ionic1 iambic & o!r lyrical measures1 z well z ! hexamet] & p5tamet]4 ,its pr9cipal au?ors 7 ,me?odius1 bi%op ( ,olympus1 :o di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #caa1 ,synesius1 :o became bi%op ( ,ptolemais 9 ,cyr5aica 9 #daj1 & ,gregory ,nazianz51 = a %ort "t 7#chj-cha7 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! m]its ( ^! writ]s h be5 p]haps too mu* depreciat$ by ! admir]s ( ! lat] ,greek ,melodi/s4 ,!y h f\nd an able ,engli% translator 9 ! ,rev4 ,all5 ,*atfield 7,songs & ,hymns ( ,e>lie/ ,greek ,*ri/ian ,poets1 ,london1 #ahgf74 ,among ! mo/ /rik+ ( _! works are ,greek3 mneo ,*ri/e 7,"l ,jesus1 ?9k ( me71 by ,synesius2 ,greek3 se ton aph?iton mon>*n 7,o ,?\1 ! ,"o ,supreme7 & ,greek3 ti soi !leis g5e/hai 7,o s\l ( m9e1 rep9+71 by ,gregory2 also ,greek3 an!n p>!noi 7,! ,bridegroom come?71 by ,me?odius4 ,!re cont9u$ to be ,greek metrical hymn-writ]s1 9 a simil> /yle1 till a mu* lat] date4 ,sophronius1 patri>* ( ,j]usalem 9 ! #g? c5tury1 wrote sev5 ,anacreontic hymns2 & ,/ ,john ,damasc5e1 "o ( ! mo/ copi\s ( ! second s*ool ( ,melodi/s1 0 also ! au?or ( "s long compositions 9 trimet] iambics4 ,p]iod ( ,arian controv]sy4 ,an important developm5t ( hymnody at ,con/ant9ople arose out ( ! ,arian controv]sy4 ,e>ly 9 ! #d? c5tury ,a?anasius _h rebuk$1 n only ! doctr9e ( ,arius1 b ! light "* ( c]ta9 hymns by :i* he endeav\r$ to make t doctr9e popul>4 ,:51 t[>ds ! close ( t c5tury 7#cih71 ,/ ,john ,*ryso/om 0 rais$ to ! metropolitan see1 ! ,arians1 :o 7 /ill num]\s at ,con/ant9ople1 _h no places ( wor%ip )9 ! walls2 b !y 7 9 ! habit ( com+ into ! city at sunset on ,saturdays1 ,sundays & ! great] fe/ivals1 & congregat+ 9 ! porticoes & o!r places ( public resort1 :]e !y sung1 all night ?r\gh1 antiphonal songs1 ) acroteleutia 7clos+ /ra9s1 or refra9s71 expressive ( ,arian doctr9e1 (t5 accompani$ by taunts & insults to ! or?odox4 ,*ryso/om 0 appreh5sive t ?is music might draw "s ( ! simpl] *ur* p to ! ,arian side2 he !re=e organiz$1 9 opposition to x1 "u ! patronage & at ! co/ ( ,eudoxia1 ! empress ( ,arcadius 7!n 8 fri5d71 a sy/em ( nightly processional hymn-s++1 ) silv] crosses1 wax-lights & o!r circum/ances ( c]emonial pomp4 ,riots foll[$1 ) blood%$ on bo? sides1 & ) "s p]sonal injury to ! empress's *ief eunu*1 :o seems to h (ficiat$ z conductor or director ( ! *ur* musicians4 ,?is l$ to ! suppression1 by an imp]ial edict1 ( all public ,arian s++2 :ile 9 ! *ur* ! practice ( nocturnal hymn-s++ on c]ta9 solemn occasions1 ?us fir/ introduc$1 rema9$ an e/abli%$ in/itution4 ,greek sy/em ( hymnody4 ,x is n improbable t "s rudim5ts ( ! peculi> sy/em ( hymnody :i* n[ prevails ?r\gh\t ! ,greek communion1 & ^: aff9ities are r to ! ,hebrew & ,syriac ?an to ! classical =ms1 may h exi/$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,con/ant9ople1 ev5 at t "t4 ,anatolius1 patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ! middle ( ! #e? c5tury1 0 ! precursor ( t sy/em2 b ! reputation ( be+ its prop] f\nd] belongs to ,romanos1 ( :om little m is kn[n ?an t he wrote hymns /ill extant1 & liv$ t[>ds ! end ( t c5tury4 ,! importance ( t sy/em 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,greek *ur* may be und]/ood f ! fact t ,dr ,j4 ,m4 ,neale comput$ f\r-fif?s ( ! :ole space 7ab\t #ejjj pages7 conta9$ 9 ! diff]5t s]vice-books ( t *ur* to be occupi$ by hymnody1 all 9 a language or dialect :i* has ceas$ to be any:]e spok54 ,! sy/em has a peculi> te*nical t]m9ology1 9 :i* ! words trop>ion1 ode1 canon & hirmus 7,greek3 eirmos7 *iefly require explanation4 ,! trop>ion is ! unit ( ! sy/em1 be+ a /rophe or /anza1 se51 :5 analys$1 to be divisible into v]ses or clauses1 ) regulat$ caesuras1 b pr9t$ 9 ! books z a s+le prose s5t5ce1 )\t m>k+ any divisions4 ,! foll[+ 7turn$ into ,engli%1 f a canon by ,john ,mauropus7 may be tak5 z an example3 ,! nev]-sleep+ ,gu>dian1 ! patron ( my s\l1 ! guide ( my life1 allott$ me by ,god1 ,i hymn !e1 ,div9e ,angel ( ,almighty ,god4 ,dr ,neale & mo/ o!r writ]s reg>d all ^! trop>ia z rhy?mical or modulat$ prose4 ,c>d9al ,j4 ,b4 ,pitra1 on ! o!r h&1 :o 9 #ahfg & #ahgf publi%$ two le>n$ works on ?is subject1 ma9ta9s t !y are really metrical1 & gov]n$ by def9ite rules ( prosody1 ( :i* he lays d[n sixte54 ,accord+ to him1 ea* trop>ion conta9s f ?ree to ?irty-?ree v]ses2 ea* v]se v>ies f two to ?irte5 syllables1 (t5 9 a cont9u\s s]ies1 uni=m1 alt]nate or reciprocal1 ! metre be+ always syllabic1 & dep5d+1 n on ! quantity ( v[els or ! position ( consonants1 b on an h>monic s]ies ( acc5ts4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! s]vices solit>y trop>ia are sung1 "u v>i\s names1 contacion1 oecos1 ca?isma1 c41 :i* m>k di/9ctions ei!r 9 _! "* or 9 _! use4 ,an ode is a song or hymn comp\nd$ ( sev]al simil> trop>ia1--usually ?ree1 f\r or five4 ,to ^! is always prefix$ a typical or /&>d trop>ion1 call$ ! hirmus1 by :i* ! syllabic measure1 ! p]iodic s]ies ( acc5ts1 & 9 fact ! :ole /ructure & rhy?m ( ! /anzas :i* foll[ x are regulat$4 ,ea* succe$+ trop>ion 9 ! same ode conta9s ! same numb] ( v]ses1 & ( syllables 9 ea* v]se1 & simil> acc5ts on ! same or equival5t syllables4 ,! hirmus may ei!r =m ! fir/ /anza ( ! ode itself1 or 7z is m frequ5tly ! case7 may be tak5 f "s o!r piece2 &1 :5 s tak51 x is (t5 indicat$ by initial words only1 )\t be+ pr9t$ at l5g?4 ,x is g5]ally pr9t$ )9 commas1 aft] ! prop] rubric ( ! ode4 ,a hymn 9 irregul> /i*]a or /anzas1 )\t a hirmus1 is call$ idiomelon4 ,a sy/em ( ?ree or f\r odes is triodion or tetraodion4 ,a canon is a sy/em ( eight 7!oretically n9e7 connect$ odes1 ! second be+ always suppress$4 ,v>i\s pauses1 reliev$ by ! int]position ( o!r %ort *ants or read+s1 occur dur+ ! s++ ( a :ole canon4 ,! f9al trop>ion 9 ea* ode ( ! s]ies is n unfrequ5tly deta*$ 9 s5se 7l ! ephymnia ( ,ephraem ,syrus71 p>ticul>ly :5 x is 9 ! 7v common7 =m ( a !otokion1 or ascription ( praise to ! "m ( our ,"l1 & :5 x is a recurr+ refra9 or burd54 ,!re 7 two pr9cipal p]iods ( ,greek hymnography con/ruct$ on ^! pr9ciples--! fir/ t ( ,romanos & 8 foll[]s1 ext5d+ ov] ! #f? & #g? c5turies1 ! second t ( ! s*ools :i* arose dur+ ! ,iconocla/ic controv]sy 9 ! #h? c5tury1 & :i* cont9u$ = "s c5turies aft]w>ds1 until ! art itself di$ out4 ,s*ool ( ,romanos4 ,! works ( ! writ]s ( ! =m] p]iod 7 collect$ 9 ,tropologia1 or *ur* hymn-books1 :i* 7 held 9 high e/eem till ! #aj? c5tury1 :5 !y ceas$ to be reg>d$ z *ur*-books1 & s fell into neglect4 ,!y are n[ pres]v$ only 9 a v small numb] ( manuscripts4 ,f ?ree ( ^!1 belong+ to public libr>ies at ,mosc[1 ,tur9 & ,rome1 ,c>d9al ,pitra has pr9t$1 9 8 ,analecta1 a numb] ( int]e/+ examples1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* appe>s to h be5 unkn[n to ,dr ,neale1 & :i*1 9 ! c>d9al's e/imation1 are 9 _m respects sup]ior to ! canons1 c41 ( ! mod]n ,greek s]vice-books1 f :i* all ,neale's translations 7except "s f ,anatolius7 are tak54 ,c>d9al ,pitra's selections include tw5ty-n9e works by ,romanos1 & "s by ,s]gius1 & n9e o!r kn[n1 z well z "s unkn[n1 au?ors4 ,he describes !m z hav+ g5]ally a m dramatic "* ?an ! melodies ( ! lat] p]iod1 & a mu* m animat$ /yle2 & he supposes t !y may h be5 orig9ally sung ) dramatic accompanim5ts1 by way ( sub/itution = ! !atrical p]=mances ( ,pagan times4 ,z an in/ance ( _! peculi> "*1 he m5tions a ,*ri/mas or ,epiphany hymn by ,romanos1 9 tw5ty-five long /rophes1 9 :i* !re is1 fir/1 an acc\nt ( ! ,nativity & its accompany+ wond]s1 & !n a dialogue betwe5 ! wise m51 ! ,virg9 "m & ,joseph4 ,! magi arrive1 are admitt$1 describe ! moral & religi\s condition ( ,p]sia & ! ,ea/1 & ! cause & adv5tures ( _! j\rney1 & !n (f] _! gifts4 ,! ,virg9 int]c$es = !m ) h] ,son1 in/ructs !m 9 "s p>ts ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 & ends ) a pray] = ! salvation ( ! _w4 ,melodi/s4 ,! controv]sies & p]secutions ( ! #h? & succe$+ c5turies turn$ ! ?\ghts ( ! melodi/s ( ! great mona/]ies ( ! ,/udium at ,con/ant9ople & ,/ ,saba 9 ,pale/9e & _! foll[]s1 & ^? ( ! adh]5ts ( ! ,greek rite 9 ,sicily & ,s\? ,italy 7:o suff]$ mu* f ! ,s>ac5s & ! ,normans71 into a less picturesque b m /rictly !ological c\rse2 & ! influ5ce ( ^? controv]sies1 9 :i* ! f9al success ( ! cause ( ,icons 0 l>gely due to ! hymns1 z well z to ! c\rage & suff]+s1 ( ^! confessors1 0 probably ! cause ( _! supplant+1 z !y did1 ! works ( ! old] s*ool4 ,c>d9al ,pitra gives !m ! praise ( hav+ discov]$ a grav] & m solemn /yle ( *ant1 & ( hav+ done mu* to fix ! dogmatic !ology ( _! *ur* ^u its pres5t l9es ( ne> approa* to ! ,roman4 ,among ! melodi/s ( ?is latt] ,greek s*ool !re 7 _m sa9ts ( ! ,greek *ur*1 sev]al patri>*s & two emp]ors--,leo ! ,philosoph]1 & ,con/ant9e ,porphyrog5itus1 8 son4 ,_! greate/ poets 7 ,!odore & ,joseph ( ! ,/udium1 & ,cosmas & ,john 7call$ ,damasc5e7 ( ,/ ,saba4 ,neale translat$ into ,engli% v]se sev]al select$ portions1 or c5toes1 f ! works ( ^! & o!rs1 toge!r ) f\r selections f e>li] works by ,anatolius4 ,"s ( 8 translations--p>ticul>ly ,! day is pa/ & ov]1 f ,anatolius1 & ,*ri/ian1 do/ ?\ see !m1 f ,&rew ( ,crete--h be5 adopt$ into hymn-books us$ 9 _m ,engli% *ur*es2 & ! hymn ,art ?\ we>y1 :i* is r f\nd$ ^u ?an translat$ f "o by ,/eph5 ! ,sabaite1 has obta9$ /ill m g5]al popul>ity4 #d4 ,we/]n ,*ur* ,hymnody4--,x 0 n till ! #d? c5tury t ,greek hymnody 0 imitat$ 9 ! ,we/1 :]e its introduction 0 due to two great lights ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*--,/ ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s & ,/ ,ambrose ( ,milan4 ,hil>y 0 bani%$ f 8 see ( ,poiti]s 9 #cef1 & 0 abs5t f x = ab\t f\r ye>s1 :i* he sp5t 9 ,asia ,m9or1 tak+ "p dur+ t "t 9 "o ( ! c\ncils ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,he ?us _h full opportunity ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! ,greek *ur* music ( t day2 & he wrote 7z ,/ ,j]ome1 :o 0 ?irty ye>s old :5 ,hil>y di$1 & :o 0 well acqua9t$ ) 8 acts & writ+s1 & sp5t "s "t 9 or ne> 8 diocese1 in=ms u7 a book ( hymns1 to "o ( :i* ,j]ome p>ticul>ly ref]s1 9 ! preface to ! second book ( 8 own comm5t>y on ! epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,isidore1 ar*bi%op ( ,seville1 :o presid$ ov] ! f\r? c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 9 8 book on ! (fices ( ! *ur*1 speaks ( ,hil>y z ! fir/ ,lat9 hymn-writ]2 t c\ncil itself1 9 its #ac? canon1 & ! prologue to ! ,moz>abic hymn>y 7:i* is little m ?an a v]sification ( ! canon71 associate 8 "n1 9 ?is respect1 ) t ( ,ambrose4 ,a tradition1 anci5t & widely spread1 ascrib$ to him ! au?or%ip ( ! rem>kable ,hymnum dicat turba fratrum1 hymnum cantus p]sonet 7,b& ( bre?r51 raise ! hymn1 let y\r song ! hymn res\nd71 :i* is a succ9ct n>rative1 9 hymnal =m1 ( ! :ole gospel hi/ory2 & is p]haps ! e>lie/ example ( a /rictly didactic hymn4 ,bo? ,b$e & ,h9cm> mu* admir$ ?is composition1 ?\gh ! =m] does n m5tion1 9 connexion ) x1 ! "n ( ,hil>y4 ,! private use ( hymns ( su* a "* by ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,we/ may probably h prec$$ _! ecclesia/ical use2 = ,j]ome says t 9 8 day ^? :o w5t into ! fields might he> ! pl\ghman at 8 hallelujahs1 ! m[] at 8 hymns1 & ! v9e-dress] s++ ,david's psalms4 ,besides ?is1 sev5 %ort] metrical hymns attribut$ to ,hil>y are /ill extant4 ,ambrose4 ,( ! "p tak5 by ,ambrose1 n long aft] ,hil>y's dea?1 9 br++ ! use ( hymns into ! *ur* ( ,milan1 we h a contempor>y acc\nt f 8 conv]t1 ,/ ,augu/9e4 ,ju/9a1 "m ( ! emp]or ,val5t9ian1 fav\r$ ! ,arians1 & desir$ to remove ,ambrose f 8 see4 ,! dev\t p1 ( :om ,augu/9e's "m1 ,monica1 0 "o1 comb9$ to protect him1 & kept gu>d 9 ! *ur*4 ,!n1 says ,augu/9e1 x 0 fir/ appo9t$ t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ea/]n *ur*es1 hymns & psalms %\ld be sung1 le/ ! p %\ld gr[ we>y & fa9t ?r\gh sorr[2 :i* cu/om has ev] s9ce be5 reta9$1 & has be5 foll[$ by almo/ all congregations 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he describes himself z mov$ to te>s by ! sweetness ( ^! hymns & canticles3--,! voices fl[$ into my e>s2 ! tru? di/ill$ into my he>t2 ,i ov]fl[$ ) dev\t affections1 & 0 happy4 ,to ?is "t1 accord+ to an unc]ta9 b n improbable tradition :i* ascrib$ ! composition ( ! ,te ,deum to ,ambrose1 & connect$ x ) ! conv]sion ( ,augu/9e1 is to be ref]r$ ! comm5cem5t ( ! use 9 ! *ur* ( t sublime unmetrical hymn4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 to be assum$ t ! hymnody ?us introduc$ by ,ambrose 0 f ! fir/ us$ accord+ to ! precise ord] & me?od ( ! lat] ,we/]n ritual4 ,to br+ x into 7sub/antially7 t ord] & me?od appe>s to h be5 ! "w ( ,/ ,b5$ict4 ,walafrid ,/rabo1 ! e>lie/ ecclesia/ical writ] on ?is subject 7:o liv$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #i? c5tury71 says t ,b5$ict1 on ! con/itution ( ! religi\s ord] kn[n by 8 "n 7ab\t #ecj71 appo9t$ ! ,ambrosian hymns to be regul>ly sung 9 8 (fices = ! canonical h\rs4 ,h5ce probably orig9at$ ! practice ( ! ,italian *ur*es1 & ( o!rs :i* foll[$ _! example1 to s+ c]ta9 hymns 7,ambrosian1 or by ! e>ly successors ( ! ,ambrosian s*ool7 daily ?r\gh\t ! week1 at ,vesp]s1 ,lauds & ,nocturns1 & on "s days at ,compl9e also--v>y+ !m ) ! diff]5t ecclesia/ical seasons & fe/ivals1 commemorations ( sa9ts & m>tyrs & o!r special (fices4 ,diff]5t dioceses & religi\s h\ses _h _! own peculi>ities ( ritual1 includ+ su* hymns z 7 approv$ by _! sev]al bi%ops or ecclesia/ical sup]iors1 v>y+ 9 detail1 b all foll[+ ! same g5]al me?od4 ,! national rituals1 :i* 7 fir/ r$uc$ into a =m sub/antially l t :i* has s9ce prevail$1 7 probably ^? ( ,lomb>dy & ( ,spa91 n[ kn[n z ! ,ambrosian & ! ,moz>abic4 ,! age & orig9 ( ! ,spani% ritual are unc]ta91 b x is m5tion$ 9 ! #g? c5tury by ,isidore1 bi%op ( ,seville4 ,x conta9$ a copi\s hymn>y1 ! orig9al =m ( :i* may be reg>d$ z canonically approv$ by ! f\r? c\ncil ( ,tol$o 7#fcc74 ,by ! #ac? canon ( t c\ncil1 an op9ion 7:i* ev5 !n f\nd advocates7 aga9/ ! use 9 *ur*es ( any hymns n tak5 f ! ,scriptures--app>5tly ! same op9ion :i* _h be5 held by ,paul ( ,samosata--0 c5sur$2 & x 0 ord]$ t su* hymns %\ld be us$ 9 ! ,spani% z well z 9 ! ,gallican *ur*es1 ! p5alty ( excommunication be+ d5\nc$ aga9/ all :o might presume to reject !m4 ,! hymns ( :i* ! use 0 ?us e/abli%$ & au?oriz$ 7 ^? :i* ent]$ into ! daily & o!r (fices ( ! *ur*1 aft]w>ds collect$ 9 ! ,brevi>ies2 9 :i* ! hymns prop] = ! week1 & = ! season1 cont9u$ = _m c5turies1 ) v few exceptions1 to be d]iv$ f ! e>lie/ epo* ( ,lat9 ,*ur* poetry--reckon+ t epo* z ext5d+ f ,hil>y & ,ambrose to ! end ( ! pontificate ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,! ,ambrosian music1 to :i* ^? hymns 7 g5]ally sung d[n to ! "t ( ,gregory1 0 m popul> & congregational ?an ! ,gregorian1 :i* !n came into use1 & aft]w>ds prevail$4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ! mass x 0 n ! g5]al practice1 be=e ! inv5tion ( sequ5ces 9 ! #i? c5tury1 to s+ any hymns1 except "s f ! ,scriptures e/eem$ canonical1 su* z ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 7,b5$icite omnia op]a74 ,b to ?is rule !re 71 accord+ to ,walafrid ,/rabo1 "s occasional exceptions2 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,paul9us1 patri>* ( ,aquileia "u ,*>lemagne1 himself a hymn-writ]1 :o frequ5tly us$ hymns1 compos$ by himself or o!rs1 9 ! eu*>i/ic (fice1 especially 9 private masses4 ,"s ( ! hymns call$ ,ambrosian 7ne>ly #ajj 9 numb]7 are beyond all "q by ,ambrose himself1 & ! re/ probably belong to 8 "t or to ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,f\r1 ^? beg9n+ ,aet]ne r]um conditor 7,dread ,fram] ( ! e>? & sky71 ,deus ,creator omnium 7,mak] ( all ?+s1 glori\s ,god71 ,v5i ,r$emptor ,g5tium 7,r$eem] ( ! nations1 come7 & ,jam surgit hora t]tia 7,*ri/ at ?is h\r 0 crucifi$71 are quot$ z works ( ,ambrose by ,augu/9e4 ,^!1 & o!rs by ! h& ( ! same ma/]1 h ! qualities mo/ valuable 9 hymns int5d$ = congregational use4 ,!y are %ort & complete 9 !mselves2 easy1 & at ! same "t elevat$ 9 _! expression & rhy?m2 t]se & mascul9e 9 ?\ght & language2 & 7?\gh sometimes criticiz$ z defici5t 9 !ological precision7 simple1 pure & n te*nical 9 _! r5d]+ ( ! great facts & doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* !y pres5t 9 an objective & n a subjective mann]4 ,!y h ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce1 direct or indirect1 ^u _m ( ! be/ works ( ! same k9d 9 all succe$+ g5]ations4 ,) ! ,ambrosian hymns are prop]ly class$ ^? ( ,hil>y1 & ! contempor>y works ( ,pope ,damasus ,i4 7:o wrote two hymns 9 commemoration ( sa9ts71 & ( ,prud5tius1 f ^: ,ca!m]9a 7,daily ,devotions7 & ,p]i/ephana 7,cr[n-songs = ,m>tyrs71 all poems ( consid]able1 "s ( great l5g?--ab\t tw5ty-eight hymns1 f\nd 9 v>i\s ,brevi>ies1 7 d]iv$4 ,prud5tius 0 a layman1 a native ( ,s>agossa1 & x 0 9 ! ,spani% ritual t 8 hymns 7 mo/ l>gely us$4 ,9 ! ,moz>abic ,brevi>y almo/ ! :ole ( "o ( 8 f9e/ poems 7f :i* mo/ *ur*es took "o "p only1 beg9n+ ,corde natus ex p>5tis7 0 appo9t$ to be sung betwe5 ,ea/] & ,asc5sion-,day1 be+ divid$ into eight or n9e hymns2 & on "s ( ! commemorations ( ,spani% sa9ts long poems f 8 ,p]i/ephana 7 recit$ or sung at l>ge4 ,he is entitl$ to a high rank among ,*ri/ian poets1 _m ( ! hymns tak5 f 8 works be+ full ( f]v\r & sweetness1 & by no means defici5t 9 dignity or /r5g?4 #e? & #f? c5turies4 ,^! writ]s 7 foll[$ 9 ! #e? & e>ly 9 ! #f? c5tury by ! prie/ ,s$ulius1 ^: reputation p]haps exce$$ 8 m]it2 ,elpis1 a noble ,roman lady 7consid]$1 by an errone\s tradition1 to h be5 ! wife ( ! philosophic /atesman ,boetius72 ,pope ,gelasius ,i42 & ,ennodius1 bi%op ( ,pavia4 ,s$ulius & ,elpis wrote v little f :i* hymns c\ld be extract$2 b ! small numb] tak5 f _! compositions obta9$ wide popul>ity1 & h s9ce held _! gr\nd4 ,gelasius 0 ( no great acc\nt z a hymn-writ]2 & ! works ( ,ennodius appe> to h be5 kn[n only 9 ,italy & ,spa94 ,! latt] "p ( ! #f? c5tury produc$ ,pope ,gregory ! ,great & ,v5antius ,=tunatus1 an ,italian poet1 ! fri5d ( ,gregory1 & ! fav\rite ( ,radegunda1 que5 ( ! ,franks1 :o di$ 7#fji7 bi%op ( ,poiti]s4 ,elev5 hymns ( ,gregory1 & twelve or ?irte5 7mo/ly tak5 f long] poems7 by ,=tunatus1 came into g5]al use 9 ! ,italian1 ,gallican & ,briti% *ur*es4 ,^? ( ,gregory are 9 a /yle h>dly di/+ui%able f ! ,ambrosian2 ^? ( ,=tunatus are graceful1 & sometimes vigor\s4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 des]ve ! praise giv5 to him by ,dr ,neale1 ( hav+ /ruck out a new pa? 9 ,lat9 hymnody4 ,on ! contr>y1 he may m ju/ly be describ$ z a disciple ( ! s*ool ( ,prud5tius1 & z hav+ affect$ ! classical /yle1 at lea/ z mu* z any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! poets ( ?is primitive epo*1 :i* clos$ ) ! #f? c5tury1 wrote 9 ! old classical metres1 & made use ( a consid]able v>iety ( !m--anapae/ic1 anacreontic1 h5decasyllabic1 asclepiad1 hexamet]s & p5tamet]s & o!rs4 ,gregory & "s ( ! ,ambrosian au?ors occasionally wrote 9 sapphics2 b ! mo/ frequ5t measure 0 ! iambic dimet]1 &1 next to t1 ! tro*aic4 ,! full alcaic /anza does n appe> to h be5 us$ = *ur* purposes be=e ! #af? c5tury1 ?\gh "s ( its elem5ts 74 ,9 ! great] numb] ( ^! works1 a g5]al int5tion to con=m to ! rules ( ,roman prosody is manife/2 b ev5 ^? writ]s 7l ,prud5tius7 9 :om t con=mity 0 mo/ decid$ all[$ !mselves mu* lib]ty ( deviation f x4 ,o!r works1 includ+ "s ( ! v e>lie/1 & "s ( conspicu\s m]it1 7 ( ! k9d describ$ by ,b$e z n metrical b rhy?mical--i4e4 7z he expla9s ! t]m rhy?m71 modulat$ to ! e> 9 imitation ( diff]5t metres4 ,x w\ld be m correct to call !m metrical--7e4g4 /ill tro*aic or iambic1 c41 b1 accord+ to new laws ( syllabic quantity1 dep5d+ entirely on acc5t1 & n on ! p[] ( v[els or ! position ( consonants7--laws by :i* ! future prosody ( all mod]n ,european nations 0 to be gov]n$4 ,!re are also1 9 ! hymns ( ! primitive p]iod 7ev5 9 ^? ( ,ambrose71 anticipations--irregul> inde$ & incon/ant1 b c]ta9ly n accid5tal--( ano!r great innovation1 de/9$ to receive important developm5ts1 t ( assonance or rhyme1 9 ! f9al lett]s or syllables ( v]ses4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,sacr$ ,lat9 ,poetry1 has trac$ ! :ole c\rse ( ! transition f ! anci5t to ! mod]n =ms ( v]sification1 ascrib+ x to natural & necess>y causes1 :i* made su* *anges ne$ful = ! due developm5t ( ! new =ms ( spiritual & intellectual life1 consequ5t ^u ! conv]sion ( ! ,lat9-speak+ nations to ,*ri/ianity4 #f? c5tury d[nw>ds4 ,f ! #f? c5tury d[nw>ds we see ?is trans=mation mak+ cont9ual progress1 ea* nation ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom add+1 f "t to "t1 to ! e>li] hymns 9 its s]vice-books o!rs ( m rec5t & frequ5tly ( local orig94 ,= ^! additions1 ! commemorations ( sa9ts1 c41 z to :i* ! devotion ( "o place (t5 diff]$ f t ( ano!r1 (f]$ especial opportunities4 ,?is process1 :ile x promot$ ! developm5t ( a m$ieval z di/9ct f ! primitive /yle1 l$ also to mu* det]ioration 9 ! quality ( hymns1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 "s ( ! /ronge/ examples may be f\nd 9 a volume publi%$ 9 #ahfe by ! ,iri% ,ar*aeological ,society f a manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,x conta9s a numb] ( hymns by ,iri% sa9ts ( ! #f?1 #g? & #h? c5turies--9 sev]al in/ances fully rhym$1 & 9 "o mix+ ,erse & ,lat9 b>b>\sly toge!r1 z 0 n uncommon1 at a mu* lat] date1 9 semi-v]nacul> hymns ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,moz>abic ,brevi>y1 & ! collection ( hymns us$ 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon *ur*es1 publi%$ 9 #ahea by ! ,surtees ,society 7*iefly f a ,b5$ict9e ,,ms4 ,9 ! college libr>y ( ,durham1 supplem5t$ by o!r ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 supply _m fur!r illu/rations ( ! same decl9e ( ta/e3--su* ,sapphics1 e4g41 z ! ,fe/um insigne prodiit coruscum ( ,isidore1 & ! ,o v5]&a ,tr9itas laud&a ( ! ,anglo-,saxon books4 ,! e>ly m$ieval p]iod1 h[ev]1 f ! "t ( ,gregory ! ,great to t ( ,hildebr&1 0 f> f defici5t 9 ! production ( good hymns1 :]ev] le>n+ fl\ri%$4 ,b$e 9 ,engl&1 & ,paul ! ,deacon--! au?or ( a fairly classical sapphic ode on ,/ ,john ! ,bapti/--9 ,italy1 7 successful foll[]s ( ! ,ambrosian & ,gregorian /yles4 ,elev5 metrical hymns are attribut$ to ,b$e by ,cass&]2 & !re are also 9 "o ( ,b$e's works 7,collectanea et flores7 two rhy?mical hymns ( consid]able l5g? on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ) ! refra9s ,9 trem5do die & ,att5de homo1 bo? irregul>ly rhym$1 &1 9 p>ts1 n unwor?y ( comp>ison ) ! ,dies ,irae4 ,paul9us1 patri>* ( ,aquileia1 contempor>y ) ,paul1 wrote rhy?mical trimet] iambics 9 a mann] peculi> to himself4 ,!odulph1 bi%op ( ,orleans 7#gic-hce71 au?or ( ! fam\s processional hymn = ,palm ,sunday 9 hexamet]s & p5tamet]s1 ,gloria1 laus1 et honor tibi sit1 ,rex ,*ri/e ,r$emptor 7,glory & hon\r & laud be to ,!e1 ,k+ ,*ri/ ! ,r$eem]71 & ,hrabanus ,maurus1 ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 ! pupil ( ,alcu91 & ! mo/ le>n$ !ologian ( 8 day1 enri*$ ! *ur* ) "s excell5t works4 ,among ! anonym\s hymns ( ! same p]iod !re are ?ree ( great beauty1 ( :i* ! influ5ce may be trac$ 9 mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,new ,j]usalem hymns ( lat] g5]ations1 includ+ ^? ( ,g]many & ,great ,brita93--,urbs beata ,hi]usalem 7,bless$ city1 heav5ly ,salem72 ,alleluia piis edite laudibus 7,alleluias s\nd ye 9 /ra9s ( holy praise--call$1 f its burd51 ,alleluia p]5ne72 & ,alleluia dulce c>m5 7,alleluia1 song ( sweetness71 :i*1 be+ f\nd 9 ,anglo-,saxon hymn>ies c]ta9ly old] ?an ! ,conque/1 _c be ( ! late date assign$ to x1 9 8 ,m$iaeval ,hymns & ,sequ5ces1 by ,neale4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by ! ,*orus novae ,hi]usalem 7,ye ,*oirs ( ,new ,j]usalem7 ( ,fulb]t1 bi%op ( ,*>tres4 ,?is gr\p ( hymns is rem>kable = an attractive union ( melody1 imag9ation1 poetical col\r+ & fai?4 ,x repres5ts1 p]haps1 ! be/ & highe/ type ( ! middle s*ool1 betwe5 ! sev]e ,ambrosian simplicity & ! florid luxuriance ( lat] times4 ,v5i ,creator4 ,notk]4 ,ano!r celebrat$ hymn1 :i* belongs to ! fir/ m$ieval p]iod1 is ! ,v5i ,creator ,spiritus 7,come1 ,holy ,gho/1 our s\ls inspire74 ,! e>lie/ record$ occasion ( its use is t ( a translation 7#hih7 ( ! relics ( ,/ ,m>cellus1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,annals ( ! ,b5$ict9e ord]4 ,x has s9ce be5 con/antly sung ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom 7z v]sions ( x /ill are 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&71 z "p ( ! appo9t$ (fices = ! coronation ( k+s1 ! consecration & ord9ation ( bi%ops & prie/s1 ! assembl+ ( synods & o!r great ecclesia/ical solemnities4 ,x has be5 attribut$--probably 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 corruptions 9 ! text ( ,ekkeh>d's ,life ( ,notk] 7a "w ( ! #ac? c5tury7--to ,*>lemagne4 ,ekkeh>d wrote 9 ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,/ ,gall1 to :i* ,notk] belong$1 ) full access to its records2 & an ignorant int]polator1 reg>dless ( *ronology1 add$1 at "s lat] date1 ! ^w ,great to ! "n ( ! emp]or ,*>les1 :]ev] x 0 m5tion$ 9 t "w4 ,! biograph] relates t ,notk]--a man ( a g5tle1 contemplative nature1 obs]vant ( all ar\nd him1 & accu/om$ to f9d spiritual & poetical sugge/ions 9 common sights & s\nds--0 mov$ by ! s\nd ( a mill-:eel to compose 8 sequ5ce on ! ,holy ,_s1 ,sancti ,spiritus adsit nobis gratia 7,pres5t ) u ev] be ! ,holy ,_s's grace72 & t1 :5 f9i%$1 he s5t x z a pres5t to ! emp]or ,*>les1 :o 9 return s5t him back1 by ! same mess5g]1 ! hymn ,v5i ,creator1 :i* 7says ,ekkeh>d7 ! same ,_s _h inspir$ him to write 7,sibi idem ,spiritus inspirav]at74 ,if ?is /ory is to be cr$it$--&1 f its circum/antial & almo/ dramatic "*1 x has an air ( tru?--! au?or ( ,v5i ,creator 0 n ,*>lemagne1 b 8 gr&son ! emp]or ,*>les ! ,bald4 ,notk] himself long surviv$ t emp]or1 & di$ 9 #iab4 ,sequ5ces4 ,! inv5tion ( sequ5ces by ,notk] may be reg>d$ z ! beg9n+ ( ! lat] m$ieval epo* ( ,lat9 hymnody4 ,9 ! eu*>i/ic s]vice1 9 :i* 7z has be5 /at$7 hymns 7 n g5]ally us$1 x _h be5 ! practice1 except at c]ta9 seasons1 to s+ laud1 or ,alleluia1 betwe5 ! epi/le & ! gospel1 & to fill up :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 a long pause1 by ext5d+ ! cad5ce ^u ! two f9al v[els ( ! ,alleluia into a protract$ /ra9 ( music4 ,x occurr$ to ,notk] t1 :ile pres]v+ ! _s ( t "p ( ! s]vice1 ! monotony ( ! int]val might be reliev$ by introduc+ at t po9t a *ant ( praise specially compos$ = ! purpose4 ,) t view he produc$ ! peculi> species ( rhy?mical composition :i* obta9$ ! "n ( sequ5tia 7probably f foll[+ aft] ! close ( ! ,alleluia71 & also t ( prosa1 because its /ructure 0 orig9ally irregul> & unmetrical1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! ,greek trop>ia1 & ! ,te ,deum1 ,b5$icite & canticles4 ,t x 0 9 "s measure sugge/$ by ! =ms ( ! lat] ,greek hymnody seems probable1 bo? f ! int]c\rse 7at t "t frequ5t7 betwe5 ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n *ur*es1 & f ! application by ,ekkeh>d1 9 8 biography & else:]e 7e4g4 9 ,lyndwood's ,prov9ciale71 ( "s te*nical t]ms1 borr[$ f ! ,greek t]m9ology1 to works ( ,notk] & 8 s*ool & to books conta9+ !m4 ,dr ,neale1 9 a le>n$ diss]tation prefix$ to 8 collection ( sequ5ces f m$ieval ,missals1 & enl>g$ 9 a ,lat9 lett] to ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel 7pr9t$ 9 ! fif? volume ( ,daniel's ,!saurus hymnologicus71 inve/igat$ ! laws ( caesura & modulation :i* are discov]able 9 ^! works4 ,^? fir/ br\ght into use 7 s5t by _! au?or to ,pope ,ni*olas ,i41 :o au?oriz$ _! use1 & t ( o!rs compos$ aft] ! same model by o!r bre?r5 ( ,/ ,gall1 9 all *ur*es ( ! ,we/4 ,al?\gh ! sequ5ces ( ,notk] & 8 s*ool1 :i* !n rapidly pass$ into mo/ ,g]man1 ,fr5* & ,briti% ,missals1 7 n metrical1 ! art ( assonance 0 mu* practis$ 9 !m4 ,_m ( ^? 9 ! ,s>um & ,fr5* ,missals h e v]se1 & ev5 e clause or division ( a v]se1 end+ ) ! same v[el a--p]haps ) "s ref]5ce to ! t]m9al lett] ( ,alleluia4 ,artifices su* z ^! naturally l$ ! way to ! adaptation ( ! same k9d ( composition to regul> metre & fully develop$ rhyme4 ,neale's full & l>ge collection1 & ! second volume ( ,daniel's ,!saurus1 conta9 num]\s examples1 bo? ( ! proses1 prop]ly s call$1 ( ! ,notk]ian type1 & ( ^? ( ! lat] s*ool1 :i* 7f ! religi\s h\se to :i* its *ief writ] belong$7 has be5 call$ ,victor9e4 ,mo/ ,missals appe> to h conta9$ "s ( bo? k9ds4 ,9 ! majority ( ^? f :i* ,neale's specim5s are tak51 ! metrical k9d l>gely prevail$2 b 9 "s 7e4g4 ^? ( ,s>um & ,lige7 ! great] numb] 7 ,notk]ian4 ,( ! sequ5ce on ! ,holy ,gho/1 s5t by ,notk] 7accord+ to ,ekkeh>d7 to ,*>les ! ,bald1 ,neale says t x 0 9 use all ov] ,europe1 ev5 9 ^? c\ntries1 l ,italy & ,spa91 :i* usually reject$ sequ5ces2 & t1 9 ! ,missal ( ,pal5cia1 ! prie/ 0 ord]$ to hold a :ite dove 9 8 h&s1 :ile inton+ ! fir/ syllables1 & !n to let x g4 ,ano!r ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,notk]'s sequ5ces1 beg9n+ ,m$ia 9 vita 7,9 ! mid/ ( life we are 9 dea?71 is said to h be5 sugge/$ to him :ile obs]v+ "s workm5 engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a bridge ov] a torr5t ne> 8 mona/]y4 ,ca!r9e ,w9kwor? 7,*ri/ian ,s+]s ( ,g]many1 #ahfi7 /ates t ?is 0 long us$ z a battle-song1 until ! cu/om 0 =bidd51 on acc\nt ( its be+ suppos$ to ex]cise a magical influ5ce4 ,a translation ( x 7,mitt5 wir im ,leb5 s9d7 is "o ( ,lu!r's fun]al hymns2 & all b ! op5+ s5t5ce ( t "p ( ! burial s]vice ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& :i* is direct$ to be said or sung at ! grave1 :ile ! corpse is made ready to be laid into ! e>?1 is tak5 f x4 ,! ,gold5 ,sequ5ce1 ,v5i1 sancte ,spiritus 7,holy ,_s1 ,"l ( ,light71 is an e>ly example ( ! transition ( sequ5ces f a simply rhy?mical to a metrical =m4 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 :o e/eem$ x ! lovelie/ ( all ! hymns 9 ! :ole circle ( ,lat9 sacr$ poetry1 incl9$ to give cr$it to a tradition :i* ascribes its au?or%ip to ,rob]t ,,ii41 k+ ( ,france1 son ( ,hugh ,capet4 ,o!rs h assign$ to x a lat] date--"s attribut+ x to ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii41 & "s to ,/eph5 ,langton1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury4 ,_m translations1 9 ,g]man1 ,engli% & o!r languages1 atte/ its m]it4 ,b]5g>ius ( ,t\rs1 ,/ ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux & ,abel>d1 9 ! #aa? c5tury & e>ly 9 ! #ab?1 foll[$ 9 ! same track2 & ! art ( ! ,victor9e s*ool 0 c>ri$ to its greate/ p]fection by ,adam ( ,/ ,victor 7:o di$ betwe5 #aagc & #aaid7--! mo/ f]tile1 & 79 ! concurr5t judgm5t ( ,ar*bi%op ,tr5* & ,neale7 ! greate/ ( ! ,lat9 hymnograph]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ar*bi%op's selection conta9s _m excell5t specim5s ( 8 works4 ,dies ,irae4 ,/abat ,mat]4 ,aqu9as4 ,b ! two mo/ widely celebrat$ ( all ?is class ( compositions--works :i* h ex]cis$ ! tal5ts ( ! greate/ musical compos]s1 & ( innum]able translators 9 almo/ all languages--are ! ,dies ,irae 7,t day ( wra?1 t dreadful day71 by ,?omas ( ,celano1 ! companion & biograph] ( ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi1 & ! ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa 7,by ! cross sad vigil keep+7 ( ,jacopone1 or ,jacobus de ,b5$ictis1 a ,franciscan humori/ & re=m]1 :o 0 p]secut$ by ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 = 8 satires on ! prelacy ( ! "t1 & di$ 9 #acjf4 ,besides ^!1 ! #ac? c5tury produc$ ! fam\s sequ5ce ,lauda ,sion salvatorem 7,sion1 lift ?y voice & s+71 & ! f\r o!r well-kn[n sacram5tal hymns ( ,/ ,?omas ,aqu9as1 viz4 ,pange l+ua gloriosi corporis my/]ium 7,s+1 my tongue1 ! ,savi\r's glory71 ,v]bum sup]num prodi5s 7,! ,^w1 desc5d+ f above--n to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,ambrosian hymn f :i* x borr[$ ! fir/ l9e71 ,sacris solemniis juncta s9t gaudia 7,let u ) he>ts r5ew$ our grateful homage pay71 & ,adoro ,te devote1 lat5s ,deitas 7,o ,godhead hid1 dev\tly ,i adore ,!e7--a gr\p ( rem>kable compositions1 writt5 by him = ! !n new fe/ival ( ,corpus ,*ri/i1 ( :i* he induc$ ,pope ,urban ,,iv4 7#abfa-abfe7 to decree ! obs]vance4 ,9 ^! 7( :i* all b ,adoro ,te devote pass$ rapidly into brevi>ies & missals7 ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation is set =? ) a wond]ful degree ( s*ola/ic precision2 & !y ex]cis$1 probably1 a n unimportant influ5ce ^u ! g5]al reception ( t dogma4 ,!y are und\bt$ly works ( g5ius1 p[]ful 9 ?\ght1 feel+ & expression4 ,m$ieval hymns4 ,^! & o!r m$ieval hymn-writ]s ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies may be describ$1 g5]ally1 z poet-s*oolm54 ,_! tone is contemplative1 didactic1 !ological2 !y are especially f]tile & +5i\s 9 ! field ( my/ical int]pretation4 ,two great mona/]ies 9 ! ,ea/ _h1 9 ! #h? & #i? c5turies1 be5 ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ,greek hymnology2 &1 9 ! ,we/1 ?ree mona/]ies--,/ ,gall1 ne> ,con/ance 7:i* 0 long ! especial seat ( ,g]man religi\s lit]ature71 ,cluny 9 ,burgundy & ,/ ,victor1 ne> ,p>is--obta9$ a simil> di/9ction4 ,/ ,gall produc$1 besides ,notk]1 sev]al di/+ui%$ sequ5ce writ]s1 probably 8 pupils--,h>tmann1 ,h]mann & ,gotts*alk--to ! la/ ( :om ,neale ascribes ! ,alleluiatic ,sequ5ce 7,cantemus cuncti melodum nunc ,alleluia71 well kn[n 9 ,engl& ?r\gh 8 translation1 ,! /ra9 upraise ( joy & praise4 ,! *ief poets ( ,cluny 7 two ( its abbots1 ,odo & ,pet] ! ,v5]able 7#aabb-aaef71 & "o ( ,pet]'s monks1 ,b]n>d ( ,morlaix1 :o wrote ! rem>kable poem on ,contempt ( ! ,_w 9 ab\t #cjjj long roll+ leon9e-dactylic v]ses1 f p>ts ( :i* ,neale's popul> hymns1 ,j]usalem ! gold51 c41 are tak54 ,! abbey ( ,/ ,victor1 besides ,adam & 8 foll[] ,pi/or1 0 de/9$ aft]w>ds to produce ! mo/ popul> *ur* poet ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux4 ,!re 7 o!r di/+ui%$ ,lat9 hymn-writ]s ( ! lat] m$ieval p]iod besides ^? already m5tion$4 ,! "n ( ,/ ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux _c be pass$ ov] ) ! m]e m5tion ( ! fact t he 0 ! au?or ( "s metrical sequ5ces4 ,he 01 9 tru?1 ! fa!r1 9 ,lat9 hymnody1 ( t w>m & passionate =m ( devotion :i* "s may consid] to apply too freely to ,div9e ,objects ! language ( human affection1 b :i* has1 nev]!less1 be5 popul> ) _m dev\t p]sons1 9 ,prote/ant z well z ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es4 ,f4 von ,spee1 ,angelus ,silesius1 ,madame ,guyon1 ,bi%op ,k51 ,c\nt ,z9z5dorf & ,fr$]ick ,william ,fab] may be reg>d$ z disciples 9 ?is s*ool4 ,_m hymns1 9 v>i\s languages1 h be5 f\nd$ ^u ,/ ,b]n>d's ,jesu dulcis memoria 7,jesu1 ! v ?\ght ( ,!e71 ,jesu dulc$o cordium 7,jesu1 ,?\ joy ( lov+ he>ts7 & ,jesu ,rex admirabilis 7,o ,jesu1 ,k+ mo/ wond]ful7--?ree portions ( "o poem1 ne>ly #bjj l9es long4 ,pietro ,damiani1 ! fri5d ( ,pope ,gregory ,,vii1 ,m>bode1 bi%op ( ,r5nes1 9 ! #aa?1 ,hildeb]t1 ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs1 9 ! #ab?1 & ,/ ,bonav5tura 9 ! #ac? c5turies1 are o!r em95t m5 :o add$ poetical fame z hymnograph]s to high public di/9ction4 ,be=e ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 ! multiplication ( sequ5ces 7(t5 z un$ify+ 9 matt] z unpoetical 9 /yle7 _h done mu* to degrade ! common conception ( hymnody4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france1 ,portugal1 ,s>d9ia & ,bohemia1 _! use 9 ! v]nacul> language _h be5 all[$4 ,9 ,g]many also !re 7 v]nacul> sequ5ces z e>ly z ! #ab? c5tury1 specim5s ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,c4 ,w9kwor?'s ,*ri/ian ,s+]s ( ,g]many4 ,sc(f+ p>odies ^u sequ5ces are said to h be5 among ! means us$ 9 ,scotl& to discr$it ! old *ur* s]vices4 ,aft] ! #ae? c5tury !y 7 disc\rag$ at ,rome4 ,!y reta9$ = a "t "s ( _! old popul>ity among ,g]man ,prote/ants1 & 7 only gradually rel9qui%$ 9 ,france4 ,a new prose1 9 hon\r ( ,/ ,max5tia1 is among ! compositions ( ,jean ,bapti/e ,santeul2 & ,dr ,daniel's second volume closes ) "o writt5 9 #ahee ^u ! dogma ( ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,roman revision ( hymns4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,r5aissance 0 (f5d$ by all deviations f classical prosody & ,lat9ity4 ,pope ,leo ,x4 direct$ ! :ole body ( ! hymns 9 use at ,rome to be re=m$2 & ! ,hymni novi ecclesia/ici juxta v]am metri et ,lat9itatis normam1 prep>$ by ,za*>ie ,f]r]i 7#adgi-aecj71 a ,b5$ict9e ( ,monte ,cass9o1 aft]w>ds a ,c>?usian & bi%op ( ,gu>dia1 to :om ,leo _h committ$ t task1 appe>$ at ,rome 9 #aebe1 ) ! sanction ( a lat] pope1 ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,! next /ep 0 to revise ! :ole ,roman ,brevi>y4 ,t und]tak+1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh sev]al /ages "u diff]5t popes 7p>ticul>ly ,pius ,v4 & ,clem5t ,,viii471 0 at la/ br\ght to a conclusion by ,urban ,,viii41 9 #afca4 ,f ?is revis$ ,brevi>y a l>ge numb] ( m$ieval hymns1 bo? ( ! e>li] & ! lat] p]iods1 7 exclud$2 & 9 _! places _m new hymns1 includ+ "s by ,pope ,urban himself1 & "s by ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e & ano!r c>d9al 7,silvius ,antonianus7 7 introduc$4 ,! hymns ( ! primitive epo*1 f ,hil>y to ,gregory ! ,great1 = ! mo/ "p reta9$ _! places 7especially 9 ! (fices = e day ( ! week72 & !re rema9$ altoge!r f sev5ty to eighty ( e>li] date ?an ! #aa? c5tury4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 s reta9$ 7 freely alt]$1 & by no means g5]ally improv$4 ,! revis]s appo9t$ by ,pope ,urban 7?ree le>n$ ,jesuits--,/rada1 ,gallucci & ,petrucci7 pr(ess$ to h made z few *anges z possible 9 ! works ( ,ambrose1 ,gregory1 ,prud5tius1 ,s$ulius1 ,=tunatus & o!r poets ( great "n4 ,b "s *anges1 ev5 9 ^? works1 7 made ) consid]able boldness2 & ! pope1 9 ! con/itution by :i* 8 new book 0 promulgat$1 boa/$ t1 ) ! exception ( a v small numb] 7'p]paucis'71 :i* 7 ei!r prose or m]ely rhy?mical1 all ! hymns _h be5 made con=mable to ! laws ( prosody & ,lat9ity1 ^? :i* c\ld n be correct$ by any mild] me?od be+ entirely rewritt54 ,! latt] fate befel1 among o!rs1 ! beautiful ,urbs beata ,hi]usalem1 :i* n[ assum$ ! =m 7to _m1 p]haps1 bett] kn[n71 ( ,caele/is urbs ,j]usalem4 ,( ! v few :i* 7 sp>$1 ! *ief 7 ,ave m>is /ella 7,g5tle /> ( ocean71 ,dies ,irae1 ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa1 ! hymns ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 two ( ,/ ,b]n>d & "o ,ambrosian hymn1 ,jesu no/ra ,r$emptio 7,o ,jesu1 our ,r$emption71 :i* approa*es ne>] ?an o!rs to ! tone ( ,/ ,b]n>d4 ,a !n rec5t hymn ( ,/ ,francis ,xavi]1 ) sc>cely en\gh m]it ( any k9d to atone = its neglect ( prosody1 ,o ,deus1 ego amo ,te 7,o ,god1 ,i love ,!e1 n because71 0 at ! same "t introduc$ )\t *ange4 ,?is hymn>y ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 is n[ 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,communion4 ,p>isian revisions4 ,! ,p>isian hymn>y und]w5t ?ree revisions--! fir/ 9 #aebg1 :5 a new ,psalt]y ) hymns 0 issu$4 ,9 ?is su* *anges only 7 made z ! revis]s ?\ght ju/ifiable ^u ! pr9ciple ( correct+ suppos$ corruptions ( ! orig9al text4 ,( ^!1 ! transposition1 ,urbs ,j]usalem beata1 in/ead ( ,urbs beata ,hi]usalem1 may be tak5 z a typical example4 ,! next revision 0 9 #afgj-afhj1 "u ,c>d9al ,prfixe1 preceptor ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ,francis ,h>lay1 successively ar*bi%ops ( ,p>is1 :o employ$ = ?is purpose ,claude ,santeul1 ( ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,magloire1 &1 ?r\gh him1 obta9$ ! assi/ance ( o!r ,fr5* s*ol>s1 includ+ 8 m celebrat$ bro!r1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,santeul1 ( ! abbey ( ,/ ,victor--bett] kn[n z ,santolius ,victor9us4 ,! ?ird & f9al revision 0 complet$ 9 #agce1 "u ! primacy ( ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op de ,v9timille1 :o engag$ = x ! s]vices ( ,*>les ,c(f91 !n rector ( ! univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,_m old hymns 7 omitt$ 9 ,ar*bi%op ,h>lay's ,brevi>y1 & a l>ge numb] ( new compositions1 by ! ,santeuls & o!rs1 0 introduc$4 ,x /ill1 h[ev]1 reta9$ 9 _! old places 7)\t fur!r *anges ?an _h be5 made 9 #aebg7 ab\t sev5ty ( e>li] date ?an ! #aa? c5tury--includ+ ?irty-"o ,ambrosian1 "o by ,hil>y1 eight by ,prud5tius1 sev5 by ,=tunatus1 ?ree by ,paul ! ,deacon1 two ea* by ,s$ulius1 ,elpis1 ,gregory & ,hrabanus ,maurus1 ,v5i ,creator & ,urbs ,j]usalem beata4 ,mo/ ( ^! disappe>$ 9 #agce1 al?\gh ,c>d9al ,v9timille1 9 8 preface1 pr(ess$ to h /ill admitt$ ! old hymns1 except :5 ! new 7 bett]--7vet]ibus hymnis locus datus e/1 nisi quibus1 ob s5t5ti>um vim1 elegantiam v]borum1 et t5]iores pietatis s5sus1 rec5tiores anteponi satius visum e/74 ,! numb] ( ! new 01 at ! same "t1 v l>gely increas$4 ,only tw5ty-"o m anci5t ?an ! #af? c5tury rema9$1 ( :i* ^? belong+ to ! primitive epo* 7 b eight1 viz4 f\r ,ambrosian1 two by ,=tunatus & "o ea* by ,prud5tius & ,gregory4 ,! numb] ( ,jean ,bapti/e ,santeul's hymns rose to eighty-n9e2 ^? by ,c(f9--includ+ "s old hymns1 e4g4 ,jam lucis orto sid]e 7,once m ! sun is beam+ bright71 :i* he sub/antially re-wrote--7 eighty-?ree2 ^? ( o!r mod]n ,fr5* writ]s1 n9ety-sev54 ,:atev] op9ion may be ent]ta9$ ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ^! ,roman & ,p>isian revisions proce$$1 x w\ld be unju/ to d5y v high praise z hymn-writ]s to sev]al ( _! poets1 especially to ,c(f9 & ,jean ,bapti/e ,santeul4 ,! noble hymn by ,c(f91 beg9n+-- ,o luce qui mortalibus ,o ,?\ :o 9 ! light do/ dwell1 ,lates inaccessa1 ,deus1 ,to mortals unapproa*able1 ,praes5te quo sancti tremunt ,:]e angels veil !m f ,?y rays1 ,nubuntque vultus angeli1 ,& tremble z !y gaze1 & sev]al o!rs ( 8 works1 brea! ! true ,ambrosian _s2 & ?\gh ,santeul 7g5]ally e/eem$ ! bett] poet ( ! two7 delight$ 9 alcaics1 & did n greatly affect ! primitive mann]1 !re c be no "q z to ! excell5ce ( su* hymns z 8 ,fumant ,sabaeis templa vaporibus 7,sweet inc5se brea!s ar\nd71 ,/upete g5tes1 fit ,deus ho/ia 7,tremble1 ye ,g5tile l&s71 ,hymnis dum resonat curia caelitum 7,ye 9 ! h\se ( heav5ly morn71 & ,templi sacratas p&e1 ,sion1 =es 7,o ,sion1 op5 wide ?y gates74 ,x is a /rik+ te/imony to ! m]its ( ^? writ]s t su* accompli%$ translators z ! ,rev4 ,isaac ,williams & ! ,rev4 ,john ,*&l] appe> 7f ! title-page ( ! latt]1 & ! prefaces ( bo?7 to h suppos$ _! hymns to be anci5t & primitive4 ,among ! o!r au?ors associat$ ) !m1 p]haps ! fir/ place is due to ! ,abb ,besnault1 ( ,s5s1 :o contribut$ to ! book ( #agce ! ,urbs beata v]a pacis ,visio ,j]usalem1 9 ! op9ion ( ,neale mu* sup]ior to ! ,caele/is urbs ,j]usalem ( ! ,roman ,brevi>y4 ,?is /ood side by side ) ! ,urbs ,j]usalem beata ( #aebg 79 ! (fice = ! d$ication ( *ur*es7 till #ahbb1 :5 ! old] =m 0 at la/ f9ally exclud$ by ,ar*bi%op de ,quel54 ,! ,p>isian ,brevi>y ( #agce rema9$ 9 use till ! national ,fr5* s]vice-books 7 sup]s$$ 7z !y h lately be51 g5]ally1 if n univ]sally7 by ! ,roman4 ,almo/ all ,fr5* dioceses foll[$1 n inde$ ! ,brevi>y1 b ! example1 ( ,p>is2 & be=e ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury ! anci5t ,lat9 hymnody 0 all b bani%$ f ,france4 ,mod]n ,lat9 hymns4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 aft] ! ,re=mation1 ,lat9 hymns cont9u$ to be us$ ev5 by ,prote/ants4 ,?is 0 ! case at ,halb]/adt until q a rec5t date4 ,9 ,engl&1 a few are /ill occasionally us$ 9 ! old] univ]sities & colleges4 ,"s1 also1 h be5 compos$ 9 bo? c\ntries s9ce ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,c>m9a lyrica ( ,johann ,jakob ,balde1 a native ( ,alsace1 & a ,jesuit prie/ 9 ,bav>ia1 h receiv$ high comm5dation f v em95t ,g]man critics1 p>ticul>ly ,h]d] & ,augu/us ,s*legel4 ,"s ( ! ,lat9 hymns ( ,william ,al>d 7#aegb-afde71 a ,prote/ant refugee f ,belgium1 & pa/or 9 ,hol/e91 h be5 ?\ght wor?y ( a place 9 ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*'s selection4 ,two by ,w4 ,pet]s5 7pr9t$ at ! end ( ,hab]korn's supplem5t to ,jacobi's ,psalmodia ,g]manica7 are good 9 diff]5t ways--"o1 ,jesu dulcis amor meus 7,jesus1 ,!e my s\l do? love71 be+ a g5tle melody ( spiritual devotion1 & ! o!r1 entitl$ ,spes ,sionis1 viol5tly controv]sial aga9/ ,rome4 ,an ,engli% hymn ( ! #ag? c5tury1 9 ! ,ambrosian /yle1 ,te ,deum ,patrem colimus 7,almighty ,fa!r1 j & good71 is sung on e ,may-,day morn+ by ! *ori/]s ( ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 f ! top ( ! t[] ( _! *apel2 & ano!r 9 ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance1 ( ab\t ! same date1 ,te de pr(undis1 summe ,rex 7,!e f ! dep?s1 ,almighty ,k+71 long =m$ "p ( a grace =m]ly sung by ! s*ol>s ( ,w9*e/] ,college4 ,lu!r4 #e4 ,g]man ,hymnody4--,lu!r 0 a pr(ici5t 9 & a lov] ( music4 ,he desir$ 7z he says 9 ! preface to 8 hymn-book ( #aede7 t ?is beautiful ornam5t might 9 a "r mann] s]ve ! great ,creator & ,8 ,*ri/ian p4 ,! p]secut$ ,bohemian or ,hussite ,*ur*1 !n settl$ on ! bord]s ( ,moravia "u ! "n ( ,unit$ ,bre?r51 _h s5t to him1 on a mission 9 #aebb1 ,mi*ael ,weiss1 :o n long aft]w>ds publi%$ a numb] ( ,g]man translations f old ,bohemian hymns 7kn[n z ^? ( ! ,bohemian ,bre?r571 ) "s ( 8 own4 ,^! ,lu!r highly approv$ & recomm5d$4 ,he himself1 9 #aebb1 publi%$ a small volume ( eight hymns1 :i* 0 enl>g$ to #fc 9 #aebg1 & to #abe 9 #aede4 ,he _h =m$ :at he call$ a h\se *oir ( musical fri5ds1 to select su* old & popul> tunes 7:e!r secul> or ecclesia/ical7 z might be f\nd suitable1 & to compose new melodies1 = *ur* use4 ,8 fell[ lab\r]s 9 ?is field 7besides ,weiss7 7 ,ju/us ,jonas1 8 own especial colleague2 ,paul ,eb]1 ! disciple & fri5d ( ,melan*?on2 ,john ,wal!r1 *oirma/] successively to sev]al ,g]man pr9ces1 & pr(essor ( arts1 c41 at ,witt5b]g2 ,ni*olas ,decius1 :o f a monk became a ,prote/ant tea*] 9 ,brunswick1 & translat$ ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis1 c42 & ,paul ,sp]atus1 *apla9 to ,duke ,alb]t ( ,prussia 9 #aebe4 ,"s ( _! works are /ill popul> 9 ,g]many4 ,weiss's ,fun]al ,hymn1 ,nun las/ uns d5 ,leib begrab5 7,n[ lay we calmly 9 ! grave72 ,eb]'s ,h]r ,jesu ,*ri/1 wahr ,m5s* und ,gott 7,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 true ,man & ,god71 & ,w5n wir 9 h*/5 ,n!n se9 7,:5 9 ! h\r ( utmo/ ne$72 ,wal!r's ,new ,heav5s & new ,e>? 7,n[ fa9 my joy\s he>t w\ld s+72 ,decius's ,to ,god on high be ?anks & praise2 & ,sp]atus's ,salvation n[ has come = all1 are among ^? :i* at ! "t produc$ ! greate/ effect1 & are /ill be/ rememb]$4 ,lu!r's own hymns1 ?irty-sev5 9 numb] 7( :i* ab\t twelve are translations or adaptations f ,lat9 orig9als71 are = ! pr9cipal ,*ri/ian seasons2 on ! sacram5ts1 ! *ur*1 grace1 dea?1 c42 & p>aphrases ( sev5 psalms1 ( a passage 9 ,isaiah1 & ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 ,cre$1 ,litany & ,te ,deum4 ,!re is also a v t\*+ & /irr+ song on ! m>tyrdom ( two y\?s by fire at ,brussels1 9 #aebc-aebd4 ,homely & sometimes rugg$ 9 =m1 & = ! mo/ "p objective 9 tone1 !y are full ( fire1 manly simplicity & /rong fai?4 ,?ree rise above ! re/4 ,"o = ,*ri/mas1 ,vom ,himmel ho* da komm i* h] 7,f ,heav5 above to e>? ,i come71 has a rev]5t t5d]ness1 ! influ5ce ( :i* may be trac$ 9 _m lat] productions on ! same subject4 ,t on salvation ?r\gh ,*ri/1 ( a didactic "*1 ,nun freuet eu*1 lieb5 ,*ri/5 g'me9 7,de> ,*ri/ian p1 n[ rejoice71 is said to h made _m conv]sions1 & to h be5 once tak5 up by a l>ge congregation to sil5ce a ,roman ,ca?olic prea*] 9 ! ca!dral ( ,frank=t4 ,pre-em95t above all is ! celebrat$ p>aphrase ( ! #df? ,psalm3 ,e9' fe/e ,burg i/ uns] ,gott 7,a sure /ronghold our ,god is ,he7--! production 7z ,ranke says7 ( ! mom5t 9 :i* ,lu!r1 engag$ 9 a conflict ) a _w ( foes1 s\ght /r5g? 9 ! consci\sness t he 0 def5d+ a div9e cause :i* c\ld nev] p]i%4 ,c>lyle comp>es x to a s\nd ( ,alp9e avalan*es1 or ! fir/ murmur ( e>?quakes4 ,he9e call$ x ! ,m>seillaise ( ! ,re=mation4 ,lu!r sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 tea*+ 8 p at ,witt5b]g to s+ ^! hymns1 :i* soon spread ov] ,g]many4 ,)\t adopt+ ! hyp]bolical say+ ( ,col]idge1 t ,lu!r did z mu* = ! ,re=mation by 8 hymns z by 8 translation ( ! ,bible1 x may truly be affirm$1 t1 among ! second>y means by :i* ! success ( ! ,re=mation 0 promot$1 none 0 m p[]ful4 ,!y 7 sung ev]y:]e--9 ! /reets & fields z well z ! *ur*es1 9 ! work%op & ! palace1 by *ildr5 9 ! cottage & by m>tyrs on ! scaffold4 ,x 0 by !m t a congregational "* 0 giv5 to ! new ,prote/ant wor%ip4 ,?is success !y ow$ p>tly to _! metrical /ructure1 :i*1 ?\gh sometimes complex1 0 recomm5d$ to ! p by its ease & v>iety2 & p>tly to ! tunes & melodies 7_m ( !m already well kn[n & popul>7 to :i* !y 7 set4 ,!y 7 us$ z direct in/rum5ts ( tea*+1 & 7 !re=e1 9 a l>ge measure1 didactic & !ological2 & x may be p>tly ow+ to ?is cause t ,g]man hymnody came to deviate1 s soon & s g5]ally z x did1 f ! simple idea express$ 9 ! anci5t ,augu/9ian def9ition1 & to compreh5d l>ge classes ( compositions :i*1 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries1 w\ld be ?\ght h>dly suitable = *ur* use4 ,foll[]s ( ,lu!r ,! pr9cipal hymn-writ]s ( ! ,lu!ran s*ool1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #af? c5tury1 7 ,nikolaus ,selneck]1 ,h]man & ,hans ,sa*s1 ! %oemak] ( ,nuremb]g1 also kn[n 9 o!r bran*es ( lit]ature4 ,all ^! wrote "s good hymns4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by m5 ( ano!r sort1 to :om ,f4 ,a4 ,cunz gives ! "n ( ma/]-s+]s1 z hav+ rais$ bo? ! poetical & ! musical /&>d ( ,g]man hymnody3--,b>?olomu ,r+waldt1 ,ludwig ,helmbold1 ,johannes ,pappus1 ,m>t9 ,s*all+1 ,rutilius & ,sigismund ,we+>tn]4 ,! pr9cipal topics ( _! hymns 7z if ) "s =eta/e ( ! calamities :i* 7 soon to foll[7 7 ! vanity ( e>?ly ?+s1 resignation to ! ,div9e w1 & prep>ation = dea? & judgm5t4 ,! well-kn[n ,engli% hymn1 ,great ,god1 :at d ,i see & he>1 is f\nd$ ^u "o by ,r+waldt4 ,( a q diff]5t "* 7 two ( great beauty & univ]sal popul>ity1 compos$ by ,philip ,nicolai1 a ,we/phalian pa/or1 dur+ a pe/il5ce 9 #aeig1 & publi%$ by him1 ) f9e *orales1 two ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,"o ( ^! 7! ,sleep]s wake6 a voice is call+1 ( ,m5delssohn's oratorio1 ,/ ,paul7 belongs to ! family ( ,adv5t or ,new ,j]usalem hymns4 ,! o!r1 a ,song ( ! believ+ s\l conc]n+ ! ,heav5ly ,bridegroom 7,wie s*n leu*t't uns d] ,morg5/]n--,o morn+ ,/>1 h[ fair & bright71 became ! fav\rite m>riage hymn ( ,g]many4 ,p]iod ( ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,! hymns produc$ dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> are *>act]i/ic ( t unhappy "t1 :i* 7z ,miss ,w9kwor? says7 caus$ religi\s m5 to look away f ?is _w1 & made _! songs m & m expressive ( p]sonal feel+s4 ,9 po9t ( ref9em5t & graces ( /yle1 ! hymn-writ]s ( ?is p]iod excell$ _! pr$ecessors4 ,_! ta/e 0 *iefly =m$ by ! influ5ce ( ,m>t9 ,opitz1 ! f\nd] ( :at has be5 call$ ! fir/ ,silesian s*ool ( ,g]man poetry1 :o di$ comp>atively "y 9 #afci1 & :o1 ?\gh n ( any great orig9al g5ius1 ex]cis$ mu* p[] z a critic4 ,"s ( ! be/ ( ^! works 7 by m5 :o wrote little4 ,9 ! fam\s battle-song ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 publi%$ 7#afca7 aft] ! victory ( ,breit5feld1 = ! use ( 8 army1 ,v]zage ni*t du ,hufle9 kle9 7,fe> n1 ,o little flock1 ! foe71 we h almo/ c]ta9ly a composition ( ! h]o-k+ himself1 ! v]sification correct$ by 8 *apla9 ,jakob ,fabricius 7#aeic-afed7 & ! music compos$ by ,mi*ael ,alt5burg1 ^: "n has be5 giv5 to ! hymn4 ,?is1 ) ,lu!r's p>aphrase ( ! #fg? ,psalm1 0 sung by ,gu/avus & 8 soldi]s be=e ! battle ( ,ltz5 9 #afcb4 ,two v f9e hymns1 "o ( pray] = deliv]ance & peace1 ! o!r ( tru/ 9 ,god "u calamities1 7 writt5 ab\t ! same "t by ,mat?u ,lw5/]n1 a saddl]'s son1 poet1 musician & /atesman1 :o 0 ennobl$ aft] ! peace by ! emp]or ,f]d9& ,,iii4 ,m>t9 ,r9ckh>t1 9 #afcf1 wrote ! ,*orus ( ,god's fai?ful *ildr5 7,nun danket alle ,gott--,n[ ?ank we all our ,god71 introduc$ by ,m5delssohn 9 8 ,lobgesang1 :i* has be5 call$ ! ,te ,deum ( ,g]many1 be+ usually sung on occasions ( public ?anksgiv+4 ,weissel1 9 #afce1 compos$ a beautiful ,adv5t hymn 7,lift up y\r heads1 ye mighty gates71 & ,j4 ,m4 ,meyf>t1 pr(essor ( !ology at ,erfurt1 9 #afdb1 a f9e adaptation ( ! anci5t ,urbs beata ,hi]usalem4 ,! hymn ( tru/ 9 ,provid5ce by ,george ,neum>k1 libr>ian to t duke ( ,weim> 7,w] nur d5 lieb5 ,gott ls/ walt5--,leave ,god to ord] all ?y ways71 is sc>cely1 if at all1 inf]ior to t ( ,paul ,g]h>dt on ! same !me4 ,paul ,flemm+1 a great travell] & lov] ( nature1 :o di$ 9 #afci1 also wrote excell5t compositions1 col\r$ by ! same tone ( feel+2 & "s1 ( great m]it1 7 compos$1 soon aft] ! close ( ! w>1 by ,l\isa ,h5rietta1 electress ( ,br&5burg1 gr&daught] ( ! fam\s admiral ,coligny1 & "m ( ! fir/ k+ ( ,prussia4 ,) ^! may be class$ 7?\gh ( lat] date7 a few /rik+ hymns ( fai? & pray] "u m5tal anxiety1 by ,anton ,ulri*1 duke ( ,brunswick4 ,ri/4 ,da*4 ,! mo/ copi\s1 & 9 _! day mo/ e/eem$1 hymn-writ]s ( ! fir/ half ( ! #ag? c5tury1 7 ,johann ,he]mann & ,johann ,ri/4 ,he]mann1 a pa/or 9 ,silesia1 ! !atre 79 a peculi> degree7 ( w> & p]secution1 exp]i5c$ 9 8 own p]son a v l>ge %>e ( ! mis]ies ( ! "t1 & sev]al times n>r[ly escap$ a viol5t dea?4 ,8 ,devoti musica cordis1 publi%$ 9 #afcj1 reflects ! feel+s natural "u su* circum/ances4 ,) a correct /yle & good v]sification1 8 tone is subjective1 & ! burd5 ( 8 hymns is n praise1 b pray]4 ,among 8 works 7:i* ent] l>gely into mo/ ,g]man hymn-books71 two ( ! be/ are ! ,song ( ,te>s & ! ,song ( ,com=t1 translat$ by ,miss ,w9kwor? 9 h] ,*ri/ian ,s+]s ( ,g]many4 ,ri/ publi%$ ab\t #fjj hymns1 press$ out ( him1 z he said1 by ! cross4 ,he 0 a pa/or1 & son ( a pa/or1 9 ,hol/e91 & liv$ aft] ! peace to enjoy _m ye>s ( prosp]ity1 be+ appo9t$ poet-laureate to ! emp]or & f9ally ennobl$4 ,! bulk ( 8 hymns1 l ^? ( o!r copi\s writ]s1 are ( inf]ior quality2 b "s1 p>ticul>ly ^? = ,adv5t1 ,epiphany1 ,ea/] ,eve & on ,angels1 are v good4 ,!y are m objective ?an ^? ( ,he]mann1 & writt51 ^u ! :ole1 9 a m manly _s4 ,next to ,he]mann & ,ri/ 9 f]tility ( production1 & above !m 9 poetical g5ius1 0 ,simon ,da*1 pr(essor ( poetry at ,knigsb]g1 :o di$ 9 #afei4 ,miss ,w9kwor? ranks him high among ,g]man poets1 = ! sweetness ( =m & dep? ( t5d] contemplative emotion to be f\nd 9 8 v]ses4 ,g]h>dt4 ,franck4 ,s*effl]4 ,! fame ( all ^! writ]s 0 eclips$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! same c5tury by ?ree ( ! greate/ hymnograph]s :om ,g]many has produc$--,paul ,g]h>dt 7#afjd-afgf71 ,johann ,franck 7#afah-afgg7 & ,johann ,s*effl] 7#afbd-afgg71 ! f\nd] ( ! second ,silesian s*ool1 :o assum$ ! "n ( ,angelus ,silesius4 ,g]h>dt is by univ]sal cons5t ! pr9ce ( ,lu!ran poets4 ,8 compositions1 :i* may be comp>$1 9 _m respects1 to ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,ye>1 are lyric poems1 ( consid]able l5g?1 r ?an hymns1 ?\gh _m hymns h be5 tak5 f !m4 ,!y are1 ) few exceptions1 subjective1 & speak ! language ( individual exp]i5ce4 ,!y occupy a middle gr\nd betwe5 ! mascul9e simplicity ( ! old ,lu!ran /yle & ! highly wr\ght religi\s emotion ( ! lat] pieti/s1 t[>ds :om !y on ! :ole incl9e4 ,be+ ne>ly all excell5t1 x is n easy to di/+ui% among ! #abc ^? :i* are entitl$ to ! highe/ praise4 ,two1 :i* 7 writt5 "o dur+ ! w> & ! o!r aft] ! conclusion ( peace1 ,zeu* e9 zu de95 ,?or5 7,come to ,?y temple "h on e>?71 & ,gottlob1 nun i/ ers*oll5 7,?ank ,god1 x ha? res\nd$71 are hi/orically int]e/+4 ,( ! re/1 "o is well kn[n & highly appreciat$ 9 ,engli% ?r\gh ,wesley's translation1 ,commit ?\ all ?y ways2 & ! ev5+ & spr+-tide hymns 7,n[ all ! woods are sleep+ & ,g =?1 my he>t1 & seek delight7 %[ an exquisite feel+ = nature2 :ile no?+ c be m t5d] & pa!tic ?an ,du bi/ zw> me9 und bleibe/ me9 7,?\'rt m9e1 yes1 /ill ?\ art m9e own71 on ! dea? ( 8 son4 ,franck1 :o 0 burgoma/] ( ,gub5 9 ,lusatia1 has be5 consid]$ by "s second only to ,g]h>dt4 ,if s1 x is ) a great di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,8 approa* to ! lat] pieti/s is clos] ?an t ( ,g]h>dt4 ,8 hymns 7 publi%$1 "u ! title ( ,gei/li*e und weltli*e ,g$i*te1 9 #afgd1 "s ( !m be+ f\nd$ on ,ambrosian & o!r ,lat9 orig9als4 ,miss ,w9kwor? gives !m ! praise ( a cond5s$ & poli%$ /yle & f]vid & impassion$ ?\ght4 ,x 0 aft] 8 conv]sion to ,roman ,ca?olicism t ,s*effl] adopt$ ! "n ( ,angelus ,silesius1 & publi%$ 9 #afeg 8 hymns1 "u a fanta/ic title1 & ) a /ill m fanta/ic preface4 ,_! keynote is div9e love2 !y are en?usia/ic1 int5se1 exub]ant 9 _! sweetness1 l ^? ( ,/ ,b]n>d among m$ieval poets4 ,an adaptation ( "o ( !m1 by ,wesley1 ,!e w ,i love1 my ,/r5g?1 my ,t[]1 is famili> to ,engli% read]s4 ,^? = ! fir/ ,sunday aft] ,epiphany1 = ,sexagesima ,sunday & = ,tr9ity ,sunday1 9 ,lyra ,g]manica1 are good examples ( 8 excell5ces1 ) few ( 8 defects4 ,8 hymns are g5]ally s free f ! expression1 or ev5 ! indirect sugge/ion1 ( ,roman ,ca?olic doctr9e1 t x has be5 suppos$ !y 7 writt5 be=e 8 conv]sion1 ?\gh publi%$ aft]w>ds4 ,! evangelical *ur*es ( ,g]many f\nd no difficulty 9 admitt+ !m to t prom95t place 9 _! s]vices :i* !y h ev] s9ce reta9$4 ,pieti/s4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 a new religi\s s*ool arose1 to :i* ! "n ( ,pieti/s 0 giv51 & ( :i* ,philipp ,jakob ,sp5] 0 e/eem$ ! f\nd]4 ,he & 8 pupils & successors1 ,augu/ ,h]mann ,francke & ,ana/asius ,freyl+haus51 all wrote hymns4 ,sp5]'s hymns are n rem>kable1 & ,francke's are n num]\s4 ,freyl+haus5 0 _! *ief s+]2 8 rhy?m is lively1 8 music florid2 b1 ?\gh 8 book atta9$ extraord9>y popul>ity1 he 0 surpass$ 9 solid m]it by o!r less f]tile writ]s ( ! same s*ool4 ,! ,auf h9auf zu de9] ,freude 7,up1 yes1 upw>d to ?y gladness7 ( ,s*ade may recall to an ,engli% read] a hymn by ,seagrave1 & m ?an "o by ,lyte2 ! ,malab>ian hymn 7z x 0 call$ by ,jacobi7 ( ,johann ,s*tz1 ,all glory to ! ,sov]eign ,good1 has be5 popul> 9 ,engl& z well z ,g]many2 & "o ( ! mo/ exquisite /ra9s ( pi\s resignation ev] writt5 is ,:ate'er my ,god orda9s is "r1 by ,samuel ,rodiga/4 ,ne&]4 ,joa*im ,ne&]1 a s*oolma/] at ,dsseldorf1 & a fri5d ( ,sp5] & ,s*tz 7:o di$ be=e ! full developm5t ( ! ,pieti/ic s*ool71 0 ! fir/ man ( em95ce 9 ! ,re=m$ or ,calv9i/ic ,*ur* :o imitat$ ,lu!ran hymnody4 ,?is he did1 :ile suff]+ p]secution f ! eld]s ( 8 own *ur* = "s o!r religi\s practices1 :i* he _h also le>nt f ,sp5]'s example4 ,z a poet1 he is sometimes defici5t 9 art2 b !re is feel+1 w>m? & sweetness 9 _m ( 8 ,bundesli$] or ,songs ( ! ,cov5ant1 & !y obta9$ g5]al fav\r1 bo? 9 ! ,re=m$ & 9 ,lu!ran congregations4 ,! ,summ] ,hymn 7,o ,?\ true ,god alone7 & t on ! glory ( ,god 9 creation 7,lo1 heav5 & e>? & sea & air7 are in/ances ( 8 be/ /yle4 ,s*molke4 ,dessl]4 ,hill]4 ,arnold4 ,t]/eeg54 ,z9z5dorf4 ,) ! ,pieti/s may be class$ ,b5jam9 ,s*molke & ,dessl]1 repres5tatives ( ! ,or?odox division ( ,sp5]'s s*ool2 ,philipp ,fri$ri* ,hill]1 _! lead+ poet 9 ,s\? ,g]many2 ,gottfri$ ,arnold & ,g]h>d ,t]/eeg51 :o 7 practically indep5d5t ( ecclesia/ical organization1 ?\gh connect$1 "o ) ! ,or?odox & ! o!r ) ! ,re=m$ *ur*es2 & ,nikolaus ,ludwig1 ,graf von ,z9z5dorf4 ,s*molke1 a pa/or 9 ,silesia1 call$ ! ,silesian ,ri/ 7#afgb-agcg71 0 p]haps ! mo/ volum9\s ( all ,g]man hymn-writ]s4 ,he wrote #aahh religi\s poems & hymns1 a l>ge proportion ( :i* d n rise above m$iocrity4 ,8 /yle1 if less ref9$1 is also less subjective & m simple ?an t ( mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,among 8 be/ & mo/ attractive works1 :i* inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to praise too highly1 are ! ,hosianna ,david's ,sohn1 = ,palm ,sunday--mu* resembl+ a %ort] hymn by ,j]emy ,taylor2 & ! ,asc5sion1 ,:itsuntide & ,sabba? hymns--,heav5w>d do? our j\rney t5d1 ,come deck our fea/ to-day1 & ,light ( light1 enlight5 me4 ,dessl] 0 a great] poet ?an ,s*molke4 ,few hymns1 ( ! subjective k9d1 are bett] ?an 8 ,i w n let ,!e g1 ,?\ ,help 9 "t ( ne$1 ,o ,fri5d ( s\ls1 h[ well is me1 & ,n[1 ! pe>ly gates unfold4 ,hill] 7#afii-agfi71 0 a pa/or 9 ,wrttemb]g :o1 fall+ into ill-heal? dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 m9i/ry1 publi%$ a ,gei/li*e ,li$]h/le9 9 a didactic ve91 ) m ta/e ?an p[]1 b 7z ,miss ,w9kwor? says7 9 a tone ( deep1 ?\ghtful1 practical piety4 ,!y 7 s well adapt$ to ! wants ( 8 p t to ?is day ,hill]'s ,casket is priz$1 next to _! ,bibles1 by ! peasantry ( ,wrttemb]g2 & ! num]\s emigrants f t "p ( ,g]many to ,am]ica & o!r =eign c\ntries g5]ally take x ) !m :]ev] !y g4 ,arnold1 a pr(essor at ,giess51 & aft]w>ds a pa/or 9 ,br&5burg1 0 a man ( /rong w1 uncompromis+ "* & au/]e views ( life1 intol]ant & controv]sial t[>ds ^? ^: doctr9e or practice he disapprov$1 & m indiff]5t to sep>atism & sect>ianism ?an ! or?odox g5]ally ?\ght "r4 ,8 hymns1 l ^? ( ,augu/us ,m4 ,toplady1 :om 9 ^! respects he resembl$1 unite ) consid]able /r5g? m g5tl5ess & bread? ( sympa?y ?an might be expect$ f a man ( su* a "*4 ,t]/eeg5 7#afig-agfi71 :o nev] =mally sep>at$ himself f ! ,re=m$ communion1 9 :i* he 0 br\ght up1 b ^: sympa?ies 7 ) ! ,moravians & ) ,z9z5dorf1 01 ( all ! m copi\s ,g]man hymn-writ]s aft] ,lu!r1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable man4 ,pieti/1 my/ic & mission>y1 he 0 also a great religi\s poet4 ,8 #aaa hymns 7 publi%$ ,9 #agca1 9 a volume call$ ,gei/li*] ,blum5grtle9 innig] ,seel54 ,!y are int5sely individual1 m$itative & subjective4 ,wesley's adaptations ( two--,lo6 ,god is "h2 let u adore1 & ,?\ hidd5 ,love ( ,god1 ^: s\rce--are well kn[n4 ,among ^? translat$ by ,miss ,w9kwor?1 ,o ,god1 ,o ,_s1 ,light ( all t live1 & ,come1 bre?r51 let u g1 are specim5s :i* exhibit fav\rably 8 mann] & p[]4 ,miss ,cox speaks ( him z a g5tle heav5-inspir$ s\l1 ^: hymns are ! reflection ( a heav5ly1 happy life1 8 m9d be+ full ( a *ild-l simplicity2 & 8 own poem on ! *ild-"*1 :i* ,miss ,w9kwor? has appropriately connect$ ) ,innoc5ts' day 7,de> ,s\l1 c\ld/ ?\ become a *ild7--"o ( 8 be/ compositions1 exquisitely conceiv$ & express$--%[s t ?is 0 9 tru? ! ideal :i* he s\ght to realize4 ,! hymns ( ,z9z5dorf are (t5 disfigur$ by excess 9 ! application ( ! language & imag]y ( human affections to div9e objects2 & ?is blemi% is also f\nd 9 _m lat] ,moravian hymns4 ,b "o hymn1 at lea/1 ( ,z9z5dorf may be m5tion$ ) unqualifi$ praise1 z unit+ ! m]its ( =ce1 simplicity & brevity--,jesu1 geh voran 7,jesus1 lead ! way71 :i* is taught to mo/ *ildr5 ( religi\s p>5ts 9 ,g]many4 ,wesley's ,jesus1 ,?y blood & righte\sness is a translation f ,z9z5dorf4 ,gell]t4 ,! transition f ,t]/eeg5 & ,z9z5dorf to ,gell]t & ,klop/ock m>ks /rongly ! reaction aga9/ ,pietism :i* took place t[>ds ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! ,gei/li*5 ,od5 und ,li$] ( ,*ri/ian ,f4 ,gell]t 7 publi%$ 9 #ageg1 & are said to h be5 receiv$ ) an en?usiasm almo/ l t :i* greet$ ,lu!r's hymns on _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,x is a pro( ( ! mod]ation bo? ( ! au?or & ( 8 times t !y 7 l>gely us$1 n only by ,prote/ant congregations1 b 9 ^? ,g]man ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es 9 :i* v]nacul> s]vices _h be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 ,!y became ! model :i* 0 foll[$ by mo/ succe$+ hymn-writ]s1 & exce$$ all o!rs 9 popul>ity till ! close ( ! c5tury1 :5 a new wave ( ?\ght 0 g5]at$ by ! movem5t :i* produc$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,s9ce t "t !y h be51 p]haps1 too mu* depreciat$4 ,!y are1 inde$1 cold & didactic1 z comp>$ ) ,s*effl] or ,t]/eeg52 b !re is nev]!less 9 !m a _s ( g5u9e practical piety2 &1 if n m>k$ by g5ius1 !y are pure 9 ta/e1 & (t5 t]se1 vigor\s & graceful4 ,klop/ock4 ,klop/ock1 ! au?or ( ! ,messiah1 _c be consid]$ great z a hymn-writ]1 ?\gh 8 ,sabba? ,hymn 7( :i* !re is a v]sion 9 ,hymns f ! ,l& ( ,lu!r7 is simple & good4 ,g5]ally 8 hymns 7t5 ( :i* are translat$ 9 ,%epp>d's ,=eign ,sacr$ ,lyre7 are artificial & mu* too elaborate4 ,f\qu4 ,( ! romantic s*ool1 :i* came 9 ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! two lead+ writ]s are ,fri$ri* ,leopold von ,h>d5b]g1 call$ ,novalis1 & ,fri$ri* de la ,motte ,f\qu1 ! celebrat$ au?or ( ,und9e & ,s9tram--bo? romance-writ]s1 z well z poets4 ,! g5ius ( ,novalis 0 e>ly lo/ to ! _w2 he di$ 9 #ahja1 n ?irty ye>s old4 ,"s ( 8 hymns are v beautiful2 b ev5 9 su* works z ,?\gh all to ,!e 7 fai?less1 & ,if only ,he is m9e1 !re is a feel+ ( insulation & ( despond5cy z to good 9 ! actual _w1 :i* 0 p]haps insep>able f 8 ecclesia/ical idealism4 ,f\qu surviv$ till #ahdc4 ,9 8 hymns !re is ! same deep fl[ ( feel+1 ri*ness ( imag]y & *>m ( expression :i* di/+ui%es 8 prose works4 ,! two mission>y hymns--,?\1 solemn ,ocean1 rolle/ to ! /r&1 & ,9 our sails all s(t & sweetly--& ! exquisite composition :i* f9ds its motive 9 ! gospel n>rative ( bl9d ,b>timeus1 ,0 du vor taus5d ,jahr5 7f9ely translat$ bo? by ,miss ,w9kwor? & by ,miss ,cox71 are among ! be/ examples4 ,spitta4 ,! lat] ,g]man hymn-writ]s ( ! #ai? c5tury belong1 g5]ally1 to ! reviv$ ,pieti/ic s*ool4 ,"s ( ! be/1 ,johann ,bapti/ von ,alb]t9i1 ,fri$ri* ,adolf ,krumma*]1 & especially ,k>l ,johann ,philipp ,spitta 7#ahja-ahei7 h produc$ works n unwor?y ( ! fame ( _! nation4 ,mr ,massie1 ! able translator ( ,spitta's ,psalt] und ,h>fe 7,leipzig1 #ahcc71 speaks ( x z hav+ obta9$ = him 9 ,g]many a popul>ity only second to t ( ,paul ,g]h>dt4 ,9 ,spitta's poems 7= su* !y g5]ally are1 r ?an hymns7 ! subjective & m$itative tone is temp]$1 n ungracefully1 ) a didactic elem5t2 & !y are n disfigur$ by exagg]at$ s5tim5t1 or by a too florid & rhetorical /yle4 #f4 ,briti% ,hymnody4--,aft] ! ,re=mation1 ! developm5t ( hymnody 0 ret>d$1 9 bo? p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 by ! example & influ5ce ( ,g5eva4 ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] appe>s at "o "t to h be5 dispos$ to foll[ ,lu!r's c\rse1 & to pres5t to ! p1 9 an ,engli% dress1 "s at lea/ ( ! hymns ( ! anci5t *ur*4 ,9 a lett] to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 7,octob] #g1 #aedd71 among "s new processions :i* he _h himself translat$1 into ,engli%1 he m5tions ! ,ea/] hymn1 ,salve1 fe/a dies1 toto memorabilis aevo 7,hail1 glad day1 to be joyfully kept ?r\gh all g5]ations71 ( ,=tunatus4 ,9 ! ,prim] ( #aece 7by ,m>%all7 & ! "o ( #aeci 7by ,bi%op ,hilsey ( ,ro*e/]1 publi%$ by ord] ( ! vic>-g5]al ,cromwell7 !re _h be5 sev]al rude ,engli% hymns1 none ( !m tak5 f anci5t s\rces4 ,k+ ,h5ry's ,prim] ( #aede 7comm&$ by 8 injunction ( ! #f? ( ,may #aede to be us$ ?r\gh\t 8 dom9ions7 0 =m$ on ! model ( ! daily (fices ( ! ,brevi>y2 & x conta9s ,engli% metrical translations f "s ( ! be/-kn[n ,ambrosian & o!r e>ly hymns4 ,b 9 ! succe$+ reign diff]5t views prevail$4 ,a new direction _h be5 giv5 to ! ta/e ( ! ,re=m$ congregations 9 ,france & ,switz]l& by ! ,fr5* metrical translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,psalms1 :i* appe>$ ab\t #aedj4 ,?is 0 ! jo9t "w ( ,clem5t ,m>ot1 valet or groom ( ! *amb] to ,francis ,i41 & ,!odore ,beza1 !n a m]e y\?1 fre% f 8 /udies at ,orleans4 ,m>ot's ,psalms4 ,m>ot's psalms 7 d$icat$ to ! ,fr5* k+ & ! ladies ( ,france1 &1 be+ set to popul> airs1 became fa%ionable4 ,!y 7 sung by ,francis himself1 ! que51 ! pr9cesses & ! c\rti]s1 ^u all sorts ( secul> occasions1 & also1 m s]i\sly & religi\sly1 by ! citiz5s & ! common p4 ,!y 7 soon p]ceiv$ to be a p[] on ! side ( ! ,re=mation4 ,calv91 :o _h settl$ at ,g5eva 9 ! ye> ( ,m>ot's return to ,p>is1 0 !n organiz+ 8 ecclesia/ical sy/em4 ,he reject$ ! hymnody ( ! brevi>ies & missals1 & fell back ^u ! idea1 anci5tly held by ,paul ( ,samosata1 & condemn$ by ! f\r? c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 t :atev] 0 sung 9 *ur*es ought to be tak5 out ( ! ,scriptures4 ,m>ot's ,psalt]1 appe>+ ?us opportunely1 0 introduc$ into 8 new sy/em ( wor%ip1 & app5d$ to 8 cate*ism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 int]dict$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/hood4 ,?us x became a badge to ! "o p>ty ( ! re=m$ pr(ession1 & to ! o!r ( h]esy4 ,/]nhold & ,hopk9s4 ,! example ?us set produc$ 9 ,engl& ! translation commonly kn[n z ! ,old ,v]sion ( ! ,psalms4 ,x 0 begun by ,?omas ,/]nhold1 ^: position 9 ! h\sehold ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & aft]w>ds ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 0 simil> to t ( ,m>ot ) ,francis ,i41 & ^: s]vices to ! =m] ( ^? k+s 7 rew>d$ by a sub/antial legacy "u 8 w4 ,/]nhold publi%$ v]sions ( n9ete5 ,psalms1 ) a d$ication to ,k+ ,edw>d1 & di$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 #aeea1 ) eighte5 m ,psalms add$1 ( ,/]nhold's translat+1 & sev5 o!rs by ,john ,hopk9s1 a ,suffolk cl]gyman4 ,! "w 0 cont9u$ dur+ ,que5 ,m>y's reign by ,briti% refugees at ,g5eva1 ! *ief ( :om 7 ,william ,:itt+ham1 aft]w>ds dean ( ,durham1 :o succe$$ ,john ,knox z m9i/] ( ! ,engli% congregation !re1 & ,william ,ke! or ,kei?1 said by ,/rype to h be5 a ,scotsman4 ,!y publi%$ at ,g5eva 9 #aeef a s]vice-book1 conta9+ fifty-"o ,engli% metrical psalms1 :i* numb] 0 increas$1 9 lat] editions1 to eighty-sev54 ,on ! accession ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ?is ,g5evan ,psalmody 0 at once br\ght into use 9 ,engl&--fir/ 7accord+ to a lett] ( ,bi%op ,jewell to ,pet] ,m>tyr1 dat$ #e? ,m>* #aefj7 9 "o ,london *ur*1 f :i* x quickly spread to o!rs bo? 9 ,london & 9 o!r cities4 ,jewell describes ! effect produc$ by l>ge congregations1 ( z _m z #fjjj p]sons1 "y & old1 wom5 & *ildr51 s++ x aft] ! s]mons at ,/ ,paul's ,cross--add+1 ,id sacrificos et diabolum aegre habet2 vid5t enim sacras conciones hoc pacto pr(undius desc5d]e 9 hom9um animos4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! complet$ ,old ,v]sion 7conta9+ =ty ,psalms by ,/]nhold1 sixty-sev5 by ,hopk9s1 fifte5 by ,:itt+ham1 six by ,ke! & ! re/ by ,?omas ,norton ! dramati/1 ,rob]t ,wisdom1 ,john ,m>ckant & ,?omas ,*ur*y>d7 appe>$ 9 #aefb4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,books ( ,common ,pray]1 ( #aedi1 #aeeb & #aeei1 _h be5 successively e/abli%$ z law by ! acts ( uni=mity ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 & ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,9 ^! no provision 0 made = ! use ( any metrical psalm or hymn on any occasion :atev]1 except at ! consecration ( bi%ops & ! ord9ation ( prie/s1 9 :i* (fices 7fir/ add$ 9 #aeeb7 an ,engli% v]sion ( ,v5i ,creator 7! long] ( ! two n[ 9 use7 0 appo9t$ to be said or sung4 ,! canticles1 ,te ,deum1 ,b5$icite1 ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian ,cre$s1 ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! communion & o!r special (fices 7 also direct$ to be said or sung2 &1 by g5]al rubrics1 ! *ant+ ( ! :ole s]vice 0 all[$4 ,! sil5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! rubrics 9 ^! books z to any o!r s++ 0 n meant to exclude ! use ( psalms n expressly appo9t$1 :5 !y c\ld be us$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! prescrib$ ord] ( any s]vice4 ,x 0 expressly provid$ by ,k+ ,edw>d's fir/ act ( uni=mity 7by lat] acts made applicable to ! lat] books7 t x %\ld be lawful = all m51 z well 9 *ur*es1 *apels1 oratories or o!r places1 to use op5ly any psalms or pray]s tak5 out ( ! ,bible1 at any due "t1 n lett+ or omitt+ !reby ! s]vice1 or any "p !re(1 m5tion$ 9 ! book4 ,& ,que5 ,elizabe?1 by "o ( ! injunctions issu$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( h] reign1 decl>$ h] desire t ! provision made1 9 div]s collegiate & also "s p>i% *ur*es1 = s++ 9 ! *ur*1 s z to promote ! laudable s]vice ( music1 %\ld cont9ue4 ,aft] all[+ ! use ( a mode/ & di/9ct song 9 all p>ts ( ! common pray]s ( ! *ur*1 s t ! same may be z pla9ly und]/&$ z if x 7 read )\t s++1 ! injunction proce$$ ?us--,& yet1 nev]!less1 = ! com=t+ ( su* t delight 9 music1 x may be p]mitt$ t 9 ! beg9n+ or 9 ! end ( ! ,common ,pray]1 ei!r at morn+ or ev5+1 !re may be sung an hymn1 or su* l song to ! praise ( ,almighty ,god1 9 ! be/ sort ( melody & music t may be conv5i5tly devis$1 hav+ respect t ! s5t5ce 7i4e4 s5se7 ( hymn may be und]/&$ & p]ceiv$4 ,! ,old ,v]sion1 :5 publi%$ 7by ,john ,daye1 = ! ,/ation]s' ,company1 cum gratia et privilegio ,regiae ,maje/atis71 bore ^u ! face ( x t x 0 newly set =?1 & all[$ to be sung ( ! p 9 *ur*es1 be=e & aft] morn+ & ev5+ pray]1 z also be=e & aft] ! s]mon4 ,! "q ( its au?ority has be5 at diff]5t times mu* debat$1 *iefly by ,pet] ,heylyn & ,?omas ,w>ton on "o side 7bo? ( :om dislik$ & disp>ag$ x71 & by ,william ,bev]idge1 bi%op ( ,/ ,asaph1 & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,todd on ! o!r4 ,heylyn says1 x 0 p]mitt$ r ?an all[$1 :i* seems to be a di/9ction )\t mu* diff]5ce4 ,all[ance1 :i* is all t ! book claim$ = itself1 is au?orization by way ( p]mission1 n ( comm&m5t4 ,its publication 9 t =m c\ld h>dly h be5 lic5s$1 nor c\ld x h pass$ into use z x did )\t "q1 ?r\gh\t ! *ur*es ( ,engl&1 unless x _h be5 all[$ by "s au?ority !n e/eem$ to be suffici5t4 ,:e!r t au?ority 0 royal or ecclesia/ical does n appe>1 nor 7consid]+ ! proviso 9 ,k+ ,edw>d's act ( uni=mity1 & ,que5 ,elizabe?'s injunctions7 is x v important4 ,no inf]5ce c ju/ly be drawn f ! inability ( inquir]s1 9 ,heylyn's "t or s9ce1 to discov] any public record be>+ ^u ?is subject1 _m public docum5ts ( t p]iod hav+ be5 lo/4 ,9 ?is book1 z publi%$ 9 #aefb1 & = _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 !re 7 7besides ! v]sifi$ ,psalms7 elev5 metrical v]sions ( ! ,te ,deum1 canticles1 ,"l's ,pray] 7! be/ ( :i* is t ( ! ,b5$icite72 & also ,da pacem1 ,dom9e1 a hymn suitable to ! times1 r5d]$ into ,engli% f ,lu!r2 two orig9al hymns ( praise1 to be sung be=e morn+ & ev5+ pray]2 two p5it5tial hymns 7"o ( !m ! humble lam5tation ( a s9n]72 & a hymn ( fai?1 beg9n+1 ,"l1 9 ,!e is all my tru/4 ,9 ^! respects1 & also 9 ! tunes :i* accompani$ ! words 7/at$ by ,dr ,*>les ,burney1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,music1 to be ,g]man1 & n ,fr5*71 !re 0 a dep>ture f ! ,g5evan plat=m4 ,"s ( ^! hymns1 & "s ( ! psalms also 7e4g4 ^? by ,rob]t ,wisdom1 be+ alt]native v]sions71 7 omitt$ at a lat] p]iod2 & _m alt]ations & suppos$ am5dm5ts 7 f "t to "t made by unkn[n h&s 9 ! psalms :i* rema9$1 s t ! text1 z n[ pr9t$1 is 9 _m places diff]5t f t ( #aefb4 ,scot* ,psalms4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! kirk caus$ to be pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #aefd1 & enjo9$ ! use (1 a book entitl$ ,! ,=m ( ,pray]s & ,m9i/ry ( ! ,sacram5ts us$ 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* at ,g5eva1 approv$ & receiv$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&2 :]eto1 besides t 0 9 ! =m] books1 are also add$ sundry o!r pray]s1 ) ! :ole ,psalms ( ,david 9 ,engli% metre4 ,?is conta9$1 f ! ,old ,v]sion1 translations ( =ty ,psalms by ,/]nhold1 fifte5 by ,:itt+ham1 tw5ty-six by ,ke! & ?irty-five by ,hopk9s4 ,( ! rema9d] two 7 by ,john ,pulleyn 7"o ( ! ,g5evan refugees1 :o became ar*deacon ( ,col*e/]72 six by ,rob]t ,pont1 ,knox's son-9-law1 :o 0 a m9i/] ( ! kirk1 & also a "l ( session2 & f\rte5 sign$ ) ! initials ,i4 ,c41 suppos$ to be ,john ,craig2 "o 0 anonym\s1 eight 7 attribut$ to ,n41 two to ,m4 & "o to ,t4 ,n4 respectively4 ,s matt]s cont9u$ 9 bo? *ur*es until ! ,civil ,w>4 ,dur+ ! int]val1 ,k+ ,james ,i4 conceiv$ ! project ( himself mak+ a new v]sion ( ! ,psalms1 & appe>s to h translat$ ?irty-"o ( !m--! correction ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! translation ( ! re/1 he entru/$ to ,sir ,william ,alex&]1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,/irl+4 ,sir ,william hav+ complet$ 8 task1 ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 _h x exam9$ & approv$ by sev]al ar*bi%ops & bi%ops ( ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & caus$ x to be pr9t$ 9 #afca at ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 z ! "w ( ,k+ ,james2 &1 by an ord] "u ! royal sign manual1 recomm5d$ its use 9 all *ur*es ( 8 dom9ions4 ,9 #afcd he enjo9$ ! ,privy ,c\ncil ( ,scotl& n to suff] any o!r psalms1 ( any edition :atev]1 to be pr9t$ 9 or import$ into t k+dom4 ,9 #afcf x 0 republi%$1 & 0 atta*$ to ! fam\s ,scotti% s]vice-book1 ) :i* ! tr\bles began 9 #afcg4 ,x ne$ h>dly be add$ t ! k+ did n succe$ 9 br++ ?is ,psalt] into use 9 ei!r k+dom4 ,:5 ! ,long ,p>liam5t und]took1 9 #afdb1 ! task ( alt]+ ! liturgy1 its att5tion 0 at ! same "t direct$ to psalmody4 ,x _h to judge betwe5 two rival translations ( ! ,psalms--"o by ,francis ,r\se1 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 aft]w>ds "o ( ,cromwell's c\ncillors & f9ally provo/ ( ,eton2 ! o!r by ,william ,b>ton1 a cl]gyman ( ,leice/]4 ,! ,h\se ( ,lords fav\r$ ,b>ton1 ! ,h\se ( ,commons ,r\se1 :o _h made mu* use ( ! lab\rs ( ,sir ,william ,alex&]4 ,bo? v]sions 7 pr9t$ by ord] ( p>liam5t1 & 7 ref]r$ = consid]ation to ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly4 ,!y decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,r\se4 ,8 v]sion1 z f9ally am5d$1 0 publi%$ 9 #afdf1 "u an ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons dat$ #ad? ,novemb] #afde4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 recomm5d$ by ! p>liam5t to ! ,g5]al ,assembly at ,ed9burgh1 :o appo9t$ a committee1 ) l>ge p[]s1 to prep>e a revis$ ,psalt]1 recomm5d+ to _! consid]ation n only ,r\se's book b t ( #aefd1 & two o!r v]sions 7by ,za*>y ,boyd & ,sir ,william ,mure ( ,r[allan71 !n lately execut$ 9 ,scotl&4 ,! result ( ! lab\rs ( ?is committee 0 ! ,p>aphrase ( ! ,psalms1 :i*1 9 #afdi-afej1 by ! concurr5t au?ority ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly & ! committee ( e/ates1 0 ord]$ to be exclusively us$ ?r\gh\t ! *ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,"s use 0 made 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book ( ! v]sions to :i* ! att5tion ( ! revis]s _h be5 direct$1 & also ( ,b>ton's2 b its basis 0 t ( ,r\se4 ,x 0 receiv$ 9 ,scotl& ) great fav\r1 :i* x has ev] s9ce reta9$2 & x is fairly entitl$ to ! praise ( /rik+ a tol]able m$ium betwe5 ! rude homel9ess ( ! ,old1 & ! artificial mod]nism ( ! ,new ,engli% v]sions--p]haps z great a success z 0 possible = su* an und]tak+4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott is said to h dissuad$ any attempt to alt] x1 & to h pron\nc$ x1 ) all its ackn[l$g$ occasional h>%ness1 s beautiful1 t any alt]ations mu/ ev5tually prove only s _m blemi%es4 ,no fur!r /ep t[>ds any au?oriz$ hymnody 0 tak5 by ! kirk ( ,scotl& till ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,9 ,engl&1 two *anges be>+ on *ur* hymnody 7 made ^u ! revision ( ! pray]-book aft] ! ,re/oration1 9 #affa-affb4 ,"o 0 ! addition1 9 ! (fices = consecrat+ bi%ops & orda9+ prie/s1 ( ! %ort] v]sion ( ,v5i ,creator 7,come1 ,holy ,gho/1 our s\ls inspire71 z an alt]native =m4 ,! o!r1 & m important1 0 ! ins]tion ( ! rubric aft] ! ?ird collect1 at morn+ & ev5+ pray]3 ,9 quires & places :]e !y s+1 "h foll[e? ! an!m4 ,by ?is rubric synodical & p>liam5t>y au?ority 0 giv5 = ! int]ruption1 at t po9t1 ( ! prescrib$ ord] ( ! s]vice by s++ an an!m1 ! *oice ( :i* 0 left to ! discretion ( ! m9i/]4 ,^? actually us$1 "u ?is au?ority1 7 = "s "t only unmetrical passages ( scripture1 set to music by ,bl[1 ,purcell & o!r compos]s1 ( ! same k9d ) ! an!ms /ill g5]ally sung 9 ca!dral & collegiate *ur*es4 ,b ! ^w an!m _h no te*nical signification :i* c\ld be an ob/acle to ! use "u ?is rubric ( metrical hymns4 ,tate & ,brady4 ,! ,new ,v]sion ( ! ,psalms1 by ,dr ,ni*olas ,brady & ! poet-laureate ,nahum ,tate 7bo? ,iri%m571 appe>$ 9 #afif1 "u ! sanction ( an ord] 9 c\ncil ( ,william ,,iii41 all[+ & p]mitt+ its use 9 all su* *ur*es1 *apels & congregations z %\ld ?9k fit to receive x4 ,dr ,compton1 bi%op ( ,london1 recomm5d$ x to 8 diocese4 ,no hymns 7 !n app5d$ to x2 b ! au?ors add$ a supplem5t 9 #agjc1 :i* receiv$ an exactly simil> sanction f an ord] 9 c\ncil ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,9 t supplem5t !re 7 sev]al new v]sions ( ! canticles1 & ( ! ,v5i ,creator2 a v>iation ( ! old humble lam5tation ( a s9n]2 six hymns = ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] & ,holy ,communion 7all v]sions or p>aphrases ( scripture71 :i* are /ill usually pr9t$ at ! end ( ! pray]-books conta9+ ! new v]sion2 & a hymn on ! div9e use ( music--all accompani$ by tunes4 ,! au?ors also repr9t$1 ) v good ta/e1 ! excell5t v]sion ( ! ,b5$icite :i* appe>$ 9 ! book ( #aefb4 ,( ! hymns 9 ?is supplem5t1 "o 7,:ile %eph]ds wat*$ _! flocks by night7 greatly exce$$ ! re/ 9 m]it4 ,x has be5 ascrib$ to ,tate1 b x has a "* ( simplicity unlike ! re/ ( 8 works4 ,old & new v]sions comp>$4 ,! relative m]its ( ! ,old & ,new v]sions h be5 v v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,compet5t judges h giv5 ! old ! praise1 :i* c]ta9ly _c be accord$ to ! new1 ( fidelity to ! ,hebrew4 ,9 bo?1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t ^? p>ts :i* h poetical m]it are few & f> betwe52 b a rev]5t ta/e is likely to be m (f5d$ by ! frequ5t sacrifice1 9 ! new1 ( dep? ( tone & accuracy ( s5se to a flu5t commonplace correctness ( v]sification & diction1 ?an by any excessive homel9ess 9 ! old4 ,9 bo?1 h[ev]1 "s psalms1 or portions ( psalms1 are well en\gh r5d]$ to entitle !m to a p]man5t place 9 ! hymn-books--especially ! #h?1 & p>ts ( ! #ah? ,psalm1 by ,/]nhold2 ! #eg?1 #hd? & #ajj?1 by ,hopk9s2 ! #bcrd1 #cd? & #cf?1 & "p ( ! #adh?1 by ,tate & ,brady4 ,! judgm5t :i* a fa/idi\s critic might be dispos$ to pass ^u bo? ^! books may p]haps be consid]ably mitigat$ by comp>+ !m ) ! works ( o!r lab\r]s 9 ! same field1 ( :om ,holl&1 9 8 int]e/+ volumes entitl$ ,psalmi/s ( ,great ,brita91 enum]ates above #aej4 ,"s ( !m h be5 real poets--! celebrat$ e>l ( ,surrey1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney & 8 si/] ! c\ntess ( ,pembroke1 ,george ,s&ys1 ,george ,)]1 ,john ,milton & ,john ,keble4 ,9 _! v]sions1 z might be expect$1 !re are occasional gleams ( p[] & beauty1 exce$+ any?+ to be f\nd 9 ,/]nhold & ,hopk9s1 or ,tate & ,brady2 b ev5 9 ! be/ ^! are r>e1 & *iefly occur :]e ! /rict idea ( translation has be5 mo/ widely dep>t$ f4 ,9 all ( !m1 z a rule1 ! life & _s1 :i* 9 prose v]sions ( ! psalms are s wond]fully pres]v$1 h disappe>$4 ,! conclusion practically sugge/$ by s _m failures is t ! difficulties ( metrical translation1 always great1 are 9 ?is case insup]able2 & t1 :ile ! psalms l o!r p>ts ( scripture are abundantly sugge/ive ( motive & mat]ial = hymnograph]s1 x is by assimilation & adaptation1 & n by any attempt to trans=m _! exact s5se into mod]n poetry1 t !y may be be/ us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ord] 9 c\ncil ( #agjc is ! late/ act ( any public au?ority by :i* an express sanction has be5 giv5 to ! use ( psalms or hymns 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,at ! end1 inde$1 ( _m ,pray]-books1 till ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 !re 7 commonly f\nd1 besides "s ( ! hymns sanction$ by t ord] 9 c\ncil1 or ( ^? conta9$ 9 ! book ( #aefb1 a sacram5tal & a ,*ri/mas hymn by ,doddridge2 a ,*ri/mas hymn 7v>i$ by ,m>t9 ,madan7 f ,*>les ,wesley2 an ,ea/] hymn ( ! #ah? c5tury1 beg9n+ ,jesus ,*ri/ has ris5 to-day2 & abridgm5ts ,bi%op ,k5's ,morn+ & ,ev5+ ,hymns4 ,^! additions fir/ began to be made 9 or ab\t #agia1 9 ,london editions ( ! ,pray]-book & ,psalt]1 at ! m]e w & pleasure 7s f> z appe>s7 ( ! pr9t]s4 ,!y _h no sort ( au?ority4 ,engli% congregational hymnody4 ,9 ! /ate ( au?ority1 op9ion & practice disclos$ by ! prec$+ n>rative may be f\nd ! true explanation ( ! fact t1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,*auc]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 & not)/&+ ! example ( ,g]many1 no native congregational hymnody wor?y ( ! "n arose till aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,yet !re 0 no want ( appreciation ( ! p[] & value ( congregational *ur* music4 ,milton c\ld write1 be=e #afde3-- ,!re let ! peal+ organ bl[ ,to ! full-voic$ quire bel[ ,9 s]vice high1 & an!ms cle>1 ,z may ) sweetness ?r\gh m9e e> ,dissolve me into ec/asies1 ,& br+ all ,heav5 be=e m9e eyes4 ,?omas ,mace1 9 8 ,music's ,monum5t 7#afgf71 ?us describ$ ! effect ( psalm-s++ be=e s]mons by ! congregation 9 ,york ,m9/] on ,sundays1 dur+ ! siege ( #afdd3 ,:5 t va/ concord+ unity ( ! :ole congregational *orus came ?und]+ 91 ev5 s z x made ! v gr\nd %ake "u u1 oh1 ! unutt]able ravi%+ s\l's delight6 9 ! :i* ,i 0 s transport$ & wrapt up 9 high contemplations t !re 0 no room left 9 my :ole man1 body1 s\l & _s1 = any?+ bel[ div9e & heav5ly raptures2 nor c\ld !re possibly be any?+ to :i* t v s++ might be truly comp>$1 except ! "r appreh5sion or conceiv+ ( t glori\s & miracul\s quire1 record$ 9 ! scriptures at ! d$ication ( ! temple4 ,nor 0 !re any want ( m5 well qualifi$1 & by ! turn ( _! m9ds pr$ispos$1 to %9e 9 ?is bran* ( lit]ature4 ,"s 7l ,s&ys1 ,boyd & ,b>ton7 devot$ !mselves altoge!r to p>aphrases ( o!r scriptures z well z ! psalms4 ,o!rs 7l ,george ,h]b]t1 & ,francis & ,john ,qu>les7 moraliz$1 m$itat$1 soliloquiz$ & allegoriz$ 9 v]se4 ,)\t reckon+ ^!1 !re 7 a few1 ev5 be=e ! ,re/oration1 :o came v ne> to ! ideal ( hymnody4 ,w$d]burn4 ,fir/ 9 "t is ! ,scotti% poet ,john ,w$d]burn1 :o translat$ sev]al ( ,lu!r's hymns1 & 9 8 ,comp5di\s ,book ( ,godly & ,spiritual ,songs add$ o!rs ( 8 own 7or 8 bro!rs'7 composition4 ,"s ( ^! poems1 publi%$ be=e #aefj1 are ( uncommon excell5ce1 unit+ ease & melody ( rhy?m1 & /ructural skill1 ) grace ( expression1 & simplicity1 w>m? & reality ( religi\s feel+4 ,^? entitl$ ,give me ?y he>t1 ,g1 he>t1 & ,leave me n1 :i* w be f\nd 9 a collection ( #ahfj call$ ,sacr$ ,songs ( ,scotl&1 require little1 beyond ! *ange ( "s ar*aisms ( language1 to adapt !m = *ur* or dome/ic use at ! pres5t day4 ,dickson4 ,next come ! two hymns ( ,! new ,j]usalem1 by an ,engli% ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ sign+ himself ,f4 ,b4 ,p4 7suppos$ to be ,francis ,bak]1 ,presbyt]71 & by ano!r ,scotti% poet1 ,david ,dickson1 ( :i* ! hi/ory is giv5 by ,dr ,bon> 9 8 edition ( ,dickson's "w4 ,?is 7,dickson's71 :i* beg9s ,o "m de>1 ,j]usalem1 & has long be5 popul> 9 ,scotl&1 is a v>iation & amplification by ! addition ( a l>ge numb] ( new /anzas ( ! ,engli% orig9al1 beg9n+ ,j]usalem1 my happy home1 writt5 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 & pr9t$ 7z appe>s by a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum7 ab\t #afaf1 :5 ,dickson 0 /ill "y4 ,bo? h an easy natural fl[1 & a simple happy r5d]+ ( ! beautiful scriptural imag]y ^u ! subject1 ) a _s ( primitive devotion uncorrupt$ by m$ieval peculi>ities4 ,! ,engli% hymn ( :i* "s /anzas are n[ (t5 sung 9 *ur*es is ! true p>5t ( ! sev]al %ort] =ms1--all ( m ?an common m]it1--:i*1 9 mod]n hymn-books1 beg9 ) ! same fir/ l9e1 b aft]w>ds deviate f ! orig9al4 ,k9dr$ to ^! is ! v f9e & fai?ful translation1 by ,dickson's contempor>y ,drummond ( ,haw?ornd5 ( ! anci5t ,urbs beata ,hi]usalem 7,j]usalem1 t place div9e74 ,o!r anci5t hymns 7two ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ! ,dies ,irae7 7 also well translat$1 9 #afdf1 by ,ri*>d ,cra%aw1 aft] he _h become a ,roman ,ca?olic & _h be5 depriv$ by ! p>liam5t ( 8 fell[%ip at ,cambridge4 ,)]4 ,conspicu\s among ! sacr$ poets ( ! fir/ two ,/u>t reigns 9 ,engl& 0 ,george ,)]4 ,8 ,hymnes & ,songs ( ! ,*ur* appe>$ 9 #afbb-afbc1 "u a pat5t ( ,k+ ,james ,i41 by :i* !y 7 decl>$ wor?y & pr(itable to be ins]t$1 9 conv5i5t mann] & due place1 into e ,engli% ,psalm-book to metre4 ,8 ,hallelujah 79 :i* "s ( ! =m] ,hymnes & ,songs 7 repeat$7 foll[$ 9 #afda4 ,"s ( ! ,hymnes & ,songs 7 set to music by ,orl&o ,gibbons1 & ^? 9 bo? books 7 writt5 to be sung1 ?\gh !re is no evid5ce t ! au?or contemplat$ ! use ( any ( !m 9 *ur*es4 ,!y includ$ hymns = e day 9 ! week 7f\nd$1 z ^? contribut$ ne>ly a c5tury aft]w>ds by ,*>les ,c(f9 to ! ,p>isian ,brevi>y also 71 ^u ! successive works ( ! days ( creation72 hymns = all ! *ur* seasons & fe/ivals1 includ+ sa9ts' days2 hymns = v>i\s public occasions2 & hymns ( pray]1 m$itation & in/ruction1 = all sorts & conditions ( m51 "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances--be+ at once a ,*ri/ian ,ye> & a manual ( practical piety4 ,_m ( !m rise to a v high po9t ( excell5ce1--p>ticul>ly ! g5]al invitation to praise ,god 7,come1 ,o come1 9 pi\s lays71 ) :i* ,hallelujah op5s2 ! ?anksgiv+s = peace & = victory1 ! ,coronation ,hymn1 a ,*ri/mas1 an ,epiphany1 & an ,ea/] ,hymn1 & "o = ,/ ,b>?olomew's day 7,hymns #a1 #gd1 #ge1 & #hd 9 "p i41 & #bf1 #bi1 #cf & #ed 9 "p ii4 ( ,hallelujah74 ,cos94 ,john ,cos91 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,durham1 publi%$ 9 #afbg a volume ( ,private ,devotions1 = ! canonical h\rs & o!r occasions4 ,9 ?is !re are sev5 or eight hymns ( consid]able m]it1--among !m a v good v]sion ( ! ,ambrosian ,jam lucis orto sid]e1 & ! %ort] v]sion ( ! ,v5i ,creator1 :i* 0 introduc$ aft] ! ,re/oration into ! consecration & ord9ation s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,milton4 ,! hymns ( ,milton 7on ! ,nativity1 ,passion1 ,circumcision & at a ,solemn ,music71 writt5 ab\t #afbi1 9 8 e>ly manhood1 7 probably n int5d$ = s++2 b !y are odes full ( *>act]i/ic beauty & p[]4 ,j]emy ,taylor4 ,dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 9 #afed1 ,j]emy ,taylor publi%$ at ! end ( 8 ,gold5 ,grove1 tw5ty-"o hymns1 describ$ by himself z celebrat+ ! my/]ies & *ief fe/ivals ( ! ye>1 accord+ to ! mann] ( ! anci5t *ur*1 fitt$ to ! fancy & devotion ( ! y\ng] & pi\s p]sons1 apt = memory1 & to be jo9$1 to _! o!r pray]s4 ,( ^!1 8 accompli%$ editor1 ,bi%op ,heb]1 ju/ly says3-- ,!y are 9 !mselves1 & on _! own acc\nt1 v int]e/+ compositions4 ,_! metre1 inde$1 :i* is t species ( spuri\s ,p9d>ic :i* 0 fa%ionable ) 8 contempor>ies1 is an ob/acle1 & mu/ always h be5 "o1 to _! introduction into public or private psalmody2 & ! mixture ( t alloy ( conceits & quibbles :i* 0 an equally frequ5t & /ill great] defilem5t ( "s ( ! f9e/ poetry ( ! #ag? c5tury w mat]ially dim9i% _! effect z devotional or descriptive odes4 ,yet1 ) all ^! faults1 !y are p[]ful1 affect+1 & (t5 h>moni\s2 !re are _m passages ( :i* ,c[ley ne$ n h be5 a%am$1 & "s :i* rem9d u1 n disadvantage\sly1 ( ! correspond+ productions ( ,milton4 ,he m5tions p>ticul>ly ! adv5t hymn 7,"l1 come away71 "p ( ! hymn ,on heav51 & 7z m regul> 9 metre1 & 9 words m applicable to public devotion7 ! ,pray] = ,*>ity 7,full ( m]cy1 full ( love74 ,re/oration p]iod4 ,! epo* ( ! ,re/oration produc$ 9 #affd ,samuel ,crossman's ,"y ,man's ,call+1 ) a few ,div9e ,m$itations 9 v]se atta*$ to x2 9 #affh ,john ,au/9's ,devotions 9 ! anci5t way ( (fices1 ) psalms1 hymns & pray]s = e day 9 ! week & e holyday 9 ! ye>2 & 9 #afha ,ri*>d ,baxt]'s ,poetical ,fragm5ts4 ,9 ^! books !re are altoge!r sev5 or eight hymns1 ! :ole or p>ts ( :i* are extremely good3 ,crossman's ,new ,j]usalem 7,sweet place1 sweet place alone71 "o ( ! be/ ( t class1 & ,my life's a %ade1 my days2 ,au/9's ,h>k1 my s\l1 h[ ev]y?+1 ,fa9 w\ld my ?\ghts fly up to ,!e1 ,"l1 n[ ! "t returns1 ,wake all my hopes1 lift up y\r eyes2 & ,baxt]'s ,my :ole1 ?\gh brok5 he>t1 ,o ,"l1 & ,ye holy angels bright4 ,au/9's ,(fices 7he 0 a ,roman ,ca?olic7 seem to h attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,!ophilus ,dorr+ton1 9 #afhf1 publi%$ v>iations ( !m "u ! title ( ,re=m$ ,devotions2 ,george ,hickes1 ! non-juror1 wrote "o ( 8 num]\s recomm5datory prefaces to ,s4 ,hopton's edition2 & ! ,wesleys1 9 _! e>lie/ hymn-book1 adopt$ hymns f !m1 ) little alt]ation4 ,^! writ]s 7 foll[$ by ,john ,mason 9 #afhc1 & ,?omas ,%eph]d 9 #afib1--! =m]1 a c\ntry cl]gyman1 mu* e/eem$ by ,baxt] & o!r ,noncon=mi/s2 ! latt] himself a ,noncon=mi/1 :o f9ally emigrat$ to ,am]ica4 ,betwe5 ^! two m5 !re 0 a close alliance1 ,%eph]d's ,p5it5tial ,cries be+ publi%$ z an addition to ! ,spiritual ,songs ( ,mason4 ,_! hymns came into e>ly use 9 sev]al ,noncon=mi/ congregations2 b1 ) ! exception ( "o by ,mason 7,!re is a /ream :i* issues =?71 !y are n suitable = public s++4 ,9 ^? ( ,mason !re is (t5 a v f9e ve9 ( poetry2 & lat] au?ors h1 by extracts or c5toes f diff]5t p>ts ( 8 works 7:]e !y 7 n disfigur$ by 8 g5]al qua9tness71 con/ruct$ sev]al hymns ( m ?an av]age excell5ce4 ,?ree o!r em95t names ( ! #ag? c5tury rema9 to be m5tion$1 ,john ,dryd51 ,bi%op ,k5 & ,bi%op ,simon ,patrick2 ) :i* may be associat$ t ( ,addison1 ?\gh he wrote 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,dryd51 ,k54 ,patrick ,addison4 ,dryd5's translation ( ,v5i ,creator a cold & lab\r$ p]=mance1 is to be met ) 9 _m hymn-books4 ,abridgm5ts ( ,k5's morn+ & ev5+ hymns are 9 all4 ,^!1 ) ! midnight hymn1 :i* is n inf]ior to !m1 fir/ appe>$ ,9 #afig1 app5d$ to ! ?ird edition ( ! au?or's ,manual ( ,pray]s = ,w9*e/] ,s*ol>s4 ,betwe5 ^! & a l>ge numb] ( o!r hymns 7on ! attributes ( ,god1 & = ! fe/ivals ( ! *ur*7 publi%$ by ,bi%op ,k5 aft] #agjc ! contra/ is rem>kable4 ,! univ]sal acceptance ( ! morn+ & ev5+ hymns is due to _! transp>5t simplicity1 w>m b n ov]/ra9$ devotion1 & extremely popul> /yle4 ,^? aft]w>ds publi%$ h no su* qualities4 ,!y are my/ical1 florid1 /iff1 didactic & seldom poetical1 & des]ve ! neglect into :i* !y h fall54 ,bi%op ,patrick's hymns 7 *iefly translations f ! ,lat91 mo/ ( !m f ,prud5tius4 ,! be/ is a v]sion ( ,alleluia dulce c>m54 ,( ! five attribut$ to ,addison1 n m ?an ?ree are adapt$ to public s++2 "o 7,! spaci\s firmam5t on high7 is a v p]fect & f9i%$ composition1 tak+ rank among ! be/ hymns 9 ! ,engli% language4#c ,f ! preface to ,simon ,br[ne's hymns1 publi%$ 9 #agbj1 we le>n t d[n to ! "t ( ,dr ,watts ! only hymns kn[n to be 9 common use1 ei!r 9 private families or 9 ,*ri/ian assemblies1 7 ^? ( ,b>ton1 ,mason & ,%eph]d1 toge!r ) an attempt to turn "s ( ,george ,h]b]t's poems into common metre1 & a few sacram5tal hymns by au?ors n[ =gott51 nam$ ,joseph ,boyse 7#affj-agbh7 & ,joseph ,/5nett4 ,( ! #adaj au?ors ( orig9al ,briti% hymns enum]at$ 9 ,daniel ,s$gwick's catalogue1 publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 #abac are ( lat] date ?an #agjg2 &1 if any correct enum]ation c\ld be made ( ! total numb] ( hymns ( all k9ds publi%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 be=e & aft] t date1 ! proportion subsequ5t to #agjg w\ld be v mu* l>g]4 ,! ,engli% ,indep5d5ts1 z repres5t$ by ,dr ,isaac ,watts1 h a j claim to be consid]$ ! real f\nd]s ( mod]n ,engli% hymnody4 ,watts 0 ! fir/ to und]/& ! nature ( ! want1 &1 by ! publication ( 8 ,hymns 9 #agjg-agji1 & ,psalms 7n translations1 b hymns f\nd$ on psalms7 9 #agji1 he l$ ! way 9 provid+ = x4 ,8 imm$iate foll[]s 7 ,simon ,br[ne & ,philip ,doddridge4 ,lat] 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 ,joseph ,h>t1 ,?omas ,gibbons1 ,miss ,anne ,/eele1 ,samuel ,m$ley1 ,samuel ,/5nett1 ,john ,ryl&1 ,b5jam9 ,b$dome & ,joseph ,swa9 succe$$ to !m4 ,watts4 ,among ^! writ]s1 mo/ ( :om produc$ "s hymns ( m]it1 & sev]al are extremely volum9\s1 ,isaac ,watts & ,philip ,doddridge are pre-em95t4 ,x has be5 ! fa%ion ) "s to disp>age ,watts1 z if he _h nev] ris5 above ! level ( 8 ,hymns = ,little ,*ildr54 ,no d\bt 8 ta/e is (t5 faulty1 & 8 /yle v unequal1 b1 look+ to ! good1 & disreg>d+ ! l>ge quantity ( inf]ior matt]1 x is probable t m hymns :i* approa* to a v high /&>d ( excell5ce1 & are at ! same "t suitable = congregational use1 may be f\nd 9 8 works ?an 9 ^? ( any o!r ,engli% writ]4 ,su* are ,:5 ,i survey ! wondr\s cross1 ,jesus %all reign :]e'er ! sun 7& also ano!r adaptation ( ! same #gbnd ,psalm71 ,be=e ,jehovah's awful ?rone 7fir/ l9e ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n 81 b ,wesley's71 ,joy to ! _w1 ! ,"l is come1 ,my s\l1 repeat ,8 praise1 ,:y d we m\rn dep>t+ fri5ds1 ,!re is a l& ( pure delight1 ,our ,god1 our help 9 ages pa/1 ,up to ! hills ,i lift m9e eyes1 & _m m4 ,x is true t 9 "s ( ^! cases dross is f\nd 9 ! orig9al poems mix$ ) gold2 b ! process ( sep>ation1 by selection )\t *ange1 is n difficult4 ,z long z pure n]v\s ,engli%1 unaffect$ f]v\r1 /rong simplicity & liquid yet manly sweetness are admitt$ to be *>act]i/ics ( a good hymn1 works su* z ^! mu/ comm& admiration4 ,doddridge4 ,doddridge is1 g5]ally1 mu* m lab\r$ & artificial2 b 8 place also z a hymn-writ] ought to be det]m9$1 n by 8 failures1 b by 8 successes1 ( :i* ! numb] is n inconsid]able4 ,9 8 bett] works he is di/+ui%$ by a graceful & po9t$1 sometimes ev5 a noble /yle4 ,8 ,h>k1 ! glad s\nd1 ! ,savi\r comes 7:i* is1 inde$1 8 ma/]piece71 is z sweet1 vigor\s & p]fect a composition z c any:]e be f\nd4 ,two o!r hymns1 ,h[ g5tle ,god's comm&s1 & t :i*1 9 a =m slightly v>i$1 became ! ,o ,god ( ,be!l1 by ^: h&1 ( ! ,scotti% ,p>aphrases1 well repres5t 8 s(t] mann]4 ,( ! o!r foll[]s 9 ! s*ool ( ,watts1 ,miss ,anne ,/eele 7#agag-aggh7 is ! mo/ popul> & p]haps ! be/4 ,h] hymn beg9n+ ,f> f ^! n>r[ sc5es ( night des]ves high praise1 ev5 by ! side ( o!r good p]=mances on ! same subject4 ,! influ5ce ( ,watts 0 felt 9 ,scotl&1 & among ! fir/ :om x rea*$ !re 0 ,ralph ,ersk9e4 ,?is seems to h be5 aft] ! publication ( ,ersk9e's ,gospel ,sonnets1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agcb1 five ye>s be=e he jo9$ 8 bro!r ,eb5ez] 9 ! ,secession ,*ur*4 ,! ,gospel ,sonnets became1 z "s h said1 a p's classic2 b !re is 9 !m v little :i* belongs to ! category ( hymnody4 ,m ?an n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ?is v curi\s book are occupi$ ) :at are1 9 fact1 !ological treatises & cate*isms1 my/ical m$itations on ,*ri/ z a bridegroom or husb&1 & spiritual enigmas1 p>adoxes1 & anti!tical conceits1 v]sifi$1 x is true1 b ( a quality ( :i* su* l9es z-- ,fai?'s c]ta9 by fiducial arts1 ,s5se by its evid5tial facts1 may be tak5 z a sample4 ,! gra9s ( poetry scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is l>ge mass ( ,calv9i/ic div9ity are v few2 yet 9 "o %ort passage ( sev5 /anzas 7,o s5d me d[n a draught ( love71 ! fire burns ) a brightness s rem>kable z to ju/ify a /rong feel+ ( regret t ! gift :i* ?is writ] evid5tly _h 9 him 0 n m (t5 cultivat$4 ,ano!r passage1 n s well su/a9$1 b ( consid]able beauty 7"p ( ! la/ piece "u ! title ,! believ]'s soliloquy71 became aft]w>ds1 9 ! h&s ( ,john ,b]ridge1 ! f\ndation ( a v /rik+ hymn 7,o happy sa9ts1 :o walk 9 light74 ,aft] 8 secession1 ,ralph ,ersk9e publi%$ two p>aphrases ( ! ,song ( ,solomon1 & a numb] ( o!r ,scripture songs1 p>aphras$1 9 l mann]1 f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,9 ^! ! influ5ce ( ,watts became v app>5t1 n only by a *ange 9 ! writ]'s g5]al /yle1 b by ! direct appropriation ( no small quantity ( matt] f ,dr ,watts's hymns1 ) v>iations :i* 7 n always improvem5ts4 ,8 p>aphrases ( ,i ,cor4 i4 #bd2 ,gal4 vi4 #ad2 ,heb4 vi4 #ag-ai2 ,rev4 v4 #aa1 #ab1 vii4 #aj-ag1 & xii4 #g-ab are little else ?an ,watts trans=m$4 ,"o ( ^! 7,rev4 vii4 #aj-ag7 is int]e/+ z a v>iation & improvem5t1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! orig9al & ! =m :i* x ultimately assum$ z ! #ff? ,p>aphrase ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ( ,watts's ,:at happy m5 or angels ^!1 & ,^! glori\s m9ds1 h[ bright !y %9e4 ,no "o c comp>e x ) its ultimate product1 ,h[ bright ^! glori\s spirits %9e1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ,william ,cam]on foll[$ ,ersk9e1 & only add$ f9i% & grace to 8 "w1--bo? excell+ ,watts1 9 ?is in/ance1 9 simplicity z well z 9 concis5ess4 ,scotti% p>aphrases4 ,( ! contributions to ! au?oriz$ ,p>aphrases 7) ! settlem5t ( :i* committees ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& 7 occupi$ f #agde1 or e>li]1 till #agha71 ! mo/ notewor?y1 besides ! two already m5tion$1 7 ^? ( ,john ,morrison & ^? claim$ = ,mi*ael ,bruce4 ,! obligations ( ^! ,p>aphrases to ,engli% hymnody1 already trac$ 9 "s in/ances 7to :i* may be add$ ! adoption f ,addison ( ?ree out ( ! five hymns app5d$ to !m71 are p]ceptible 9 ! vividness & =ce ) :i* ^! writ]s1 :ile adh]+ ) a sev]e simplicity to ! s5se ( ! passages ( ,scripture :i* !y und]took to r5d]1 fulfill$ ! conception ( a good orig9al hymn4 ,morrison's ,! race t long 9 d>kness p9$ & ,come1 let u to ! ,"l our ,god1 & ,bruce's ,:]e high ! heav5ly temple /&s 7if ?is 0 really 871 are well entitl$ to t praise4 ,! advocates ( ,bruce 9 ! controv]sy1 n yet clos$1 z to ! poems said to h be5 entru/$ by him to ,john ,logan1 & publi%$ by ,logan 9 8 own "n1 also claim = him ! cr$it ( hav+ v>i$ ! p>aphrase ,behold1 ! m\nta9 ( ! ,"l1 f its orig9al =m1 z pr9t$ by ! committee ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 #agde1 by "s excell5t t\*es4 ,me?odi/ hymns4 ,att5tion mu/ n[ be direct$ to ! hymns produc$ by ! ,me?odi/ movem5t1 :i* began ab\t #agch1 & :i* aft]w>ds became divid$1 betwe5 ^? e/eem$ ,arm9ian1 "u ,john ,wesley1 ^? :o adh]$ to ! ,moravians1 :5 ! orig9al alliance betwe5 t body & ! f\nd]s ( ,me?odism 0 dissolv$1 & ! ,calv9i/s1 ( :om ,:itfield 0 ! lead]1 & ,sel9a1 c\ntess ( ,hunt+don1 ! patroness4 ,ea* ( ^! sections _h its own hymn-writ]s1 "s ( :om did1 & o!rs did n1 sec$e f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! ,wesleyans _h ,*>les ,wesley1 ,rob]t ,seagrave & ,?omas ,oliv]s2 ! ,moravians1 ,john ,c5nick1 ) :om1 p]haps1 may be class$ ,john ,byrom1 :o imbib$ ! my/ical ideas ( "s ( ! ,g]man s*ools2 ! ,calv9i/s1 ,augu/us ,montague ,toplady1 ,john ,b]ridge1 ,william ,williams1 ,m>t9 ,madan1 ,?omas ,haweis1 ,r[l& ,hill1 ,john ,newton & ,william ,c[p]4 ,*>les ,wesley4 ,among all ^! writ]s1 ! palm und\bt$ly belongs to ,*>les ,wesley4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( hymns publi%$ by ! two bro!rs are sev]al good translations f ! ,g]man1 believ$ to be by ,john ,wesley1 :o1 al?\gh he translat$ & adapt$1 is n suppos$ to h writt5 any orig9al hymns2 & ! influ5ce ( ,g]man hymnody1 p>ticul>ly ( ! works ( ,paul ,g]h>dt1 ,s*effl]1 ,t]/eeg5 & ,z9z5dorf1 may be trac$ 9 a l>ge proportion ( ,*>les ,wesley's works4 ,he is m subjective & m$itative ?an ,watts & 8 s*ool2 !re is a didactic turn1 ev5 9 8 mo/ objective pieces1 z1 = example1 9 8 ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] hymns2 mo/ ( 8 works are supplicatory1 & 8 faults are connect$ ) ! same habit ( m9d4 ,he is apt to repeat ! same ?\ghts1 & to lose =ce by r$undancy--he runs sometimes ev5 to a t$i\s l5g?2 8 hymns are n always symmetrically con/ruct$1 or well balanc$ & f9i%$ (f4 ,b he has great tru?1 dep? & v>iety ( feel+2 8 diction is manly & always to ! po9t2 nev] florid1 ?\gh sometimes passionate & n free f exagg]ation2 (t5 vivid & picturesque4 ,( 8 spirit$ /yle !re are few bett] examples ?an ,o = a ?\s& tongues to s+1 ,bl[ ye ! trumpet1 bl[1 ,rejoice1 ! ,"l is ,k+ & ,come1 let u jo9 our fri5ds above2 ( 8 m t5d] ve91 ,happy s\l1 ?y days are end$2 & ( 8 f]vid contemplative /yle 7)\t go+ beyond hymns fit = g5]al use71 ,o ,?\ :o e>ne/ f above1 ,=? 9 ,?y "n1 ,o ,"l1 ,i g & ,et]nal beam ( light div9e4 ,) ^? ^: ta/e is = hymns 9 :i* w>m religi\s feel+s are w>mly & demon/ratively express$1 ,jesus1 lov] ( my s\l1 is z popul> z any ( ^!4 ,oliv]s4 ,( ! o!r ,wesleyan hymn-writ]s1 ,oliv]s1 orig9ally a ,wel% %oemak] & aft]w>ds a prea*]1 is ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,he is ! au?or ( only two works1 bo? odes1 9 a /ately metre1 & f _! l5g? unfit = congregational s++1 b "o ( !m1 ,! ,god ( ,abraham praise1 an ode ( s+ul> p[] & beauty4 ,c5nick1 ,hammond1 ,byrom4 ,! ,moravian ,me?odi/s produc$ few hymns n[ available = g5]al use4 ,! be/ are ,c5nick's ,*ildr5 ( ! heav5ly ,k+ & ,hammond's ,awake & s+ ! song ( ,moses & ! ,lamb1 ! =m] ( :i* 7abridg$71 & ! latt] z v>i$ by ,madan1 are f\nd 9 _m hymn-books1 & are des]v$ly e/eem$4 ,john ,byrom1 ^: "n we h ?\ght x conv5i5t to connect ) ^!1 ?\gh he did n belong to ! ,moravian community1 0 ! au?or ( a ,*ri/mas hymn 7,*ri/ians awake1 salute ! happy morn7 :i* enjoys great popul>ity2 & also ( a %ort subjective hymn1 v f9e bo? 9 feel+ & 9 expression1 ,my _s longe? = ,!e )9 my tr\bl$ brea/4 ,toplady4 ,! contributions ( ! ,calv9i/ic ,me?odi/s to ,engli% hymnody are ( great] ext5t & value4 ,few writ]s ( hymns _h high] gifts ?an ,toplady1 au?or ( ,rock ( ages1 by "s e/eem$ ! f9e/ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,he 0 a man ( ard5t temp]am5t1 en?usia/ic zeal1 /rong convictions & great en]gy ( "*4 ,he _h1 says "o ( 8 biograph]s1 ! c\rage ( a lion1 b 8 frame 0 brittle z glass4 ,betwe5 him & ,john ,wesley !re 0 a viol5t opposition ( op9ion1 & mu* acrimoni\s controv]sy2 b ! same f]v\r & zeal :i* made him an intemp]ate !ologian gave w>m?1 ri*ness & spirituality to 8 hymns4 ,9 "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i*1 l ,dea?less pr9ciple1 arise1 are m$itations aft] ! ,g]man mann]1 & n )\t direct obligation to ,g]man orig9als1 ! sett+ is some:at too artificial2 b 8 art is nev] inconsi/5t ) a g5u9e fl[ ( real feel+4 ,o!rs 7e4g4 ,:5 languor & disease invade & ,y\r h>ps1 ye trembl+ sa9ts7 fail to su/a9 to ! end ! beauty ) :i* !y began1 & w\ld h be5 bett] = abridgm5t4 ,b 9 all ^!1 & 9 mo/ ( 8 o!r works1 !re is great =ce & sweetness1 bo? ( ?\ght & language1 & an easy & h>moni\s v]sification4 ,b]ridge1 ,williams & ,r4 ,hill4 ,b]ridge1 ,william ,williams 7#agag-agia7 & ,r[l& ,hill1 all m5 rem>kable = ecc5tricity1 activity & ! devotion ( _! lives to ! special "w ( mission>y prea*+1 ?\gh n ! au?ors ( _m good hymns1 compos$1 or adapt$ f e>li] compositions1 "s ( great m]it4 ,"o ( ,b]ridge1 adapt$ f ,ersk9e1 has be5 already m5tion$2 ano!r1 adapt$ f ,watts1 is ,jesus1 ca/ a look on me4 ,williams1 a ,wel%man1 :o wrote ,guide me1 ,o ,?\ great ,jehovah1 0 especially an apo/le ( ,calv9i/ic ,me?odism 9 8 own c\ntry1 & 8 hymns are /ill mu* us$ 9 ! pr9cipality4 ,r[l& ,hill wrote ! popul> hymn beg9n+ ,exalt$ high at ,god's "r h&4 ,c[p] & ,newton4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! numb] z well z ! quality ( good hymns available = g5]al use is to be reg>d$1 ! au?ors ( ! ,olney ,hymns are entitl$ to be plac$ at ! head ( all ! writ]s ( ?is ,calv9i/ic s*ool4 ,! great] numb] ( ! ,olney ,hymns are1 no d\bt1 homely & didactic2 b to ! be/ ( !m1 & !y are no inconsid]able proportion1 ! t5d]ness ( ,c[p] & ! manl9ess ( ,john ,newton 7#agbe-ahjg7 give ! int]e/ ( contra/1 z well z t ( su/a9$ reality4 ,if ,newton c>ri$ to "s excess ! s\nd pr9ciple laid d[n by him1 t p]spicuity1 simplicity & ease %\ld be *iefly att5d$ to1 & ! imag]y & col\r+ ( poetry1 if admitt$ at all1 %\ld be indulg$ v sp>+ly & ) great judgm5t1 if he is (t5 dry & colloquial1 he rises at o!r times into s\l-animat+ /ra9s1 su* z ,glori\s ?+s ( !e are spok51 ,zion1 city ( our ,god2 & sometimes 7z 9 ,approa*1 my s\l1 ! m]cy seat7 rivals ,c[p] himself 9 dep? ( feel+4 ,c[p]'s hymns 9 ?is book are1 almo/ )\t exception1 wor?y ( 8 "n4 ,among !m are ,h>k1 my s\l1 x is ! ,"l1 ,!re is a f\nta9 fill$ ) blood1 ,f> f ! _w1 ,o ,"l1 ,i flee1 ,god moves 9 a my/]i\s way & ,sometimes a light surprises4 ,"s1 p]haps1 ev5 ( ^!1 & o!rs ( equal excell5ce 7su* z ,o = a clos] walk ) ,god71 speak ! language ( a special exp]i5ce1 :i*1 9 ,c[p]'s case1 0 only too real1 b :i* c\ld n1 )\t a degree ( unreality n desirable 9 ex]cises ( public wor%ip1 be appli$ to !mselves by all ord9>y ,*ri/ians4 #ai?-c5tury hymns4 ,r4 ,grant4 ,b[dl]4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury !re 7 n _m indications ( ! t5d5cy1 :i* aft]w>ds became manife/1 to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( ,briti% hymnody4 ,! ,rema9s ( ,h5ry ,kirke ,:ite1 publi%$ by ,s\!y 9 #ahjg1 conta9$ a s]ies ( hymns1 "s ( :i* are /ill 9 use2 & a few ( ,bi%op ,heb]'s hymns & ^? ( ,sir ,rob]t ,grant1 :i*1 ?\gh (f5d+ r too mu* aga9/ ,john ,newton's canon1 are well kn[n & popul>1 appe>$ betwe5 #ahaa & #ahaf1 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,obs]v]4 ,9 ,john ,b[dl]'s ,rema9s1 publi%$ soon aft] 8 dea? 9 #ahae1 !re are a few m ( ! same1 p]haps too s*ol>like1 "*4 ,b ! *ief hymn-writ]s ( t p]iod 7 two cl]gym5 ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*--"o 9 ,irel&1 ,?omas ,kelly1 & ! o!r 9 ,engl&1 ,william ,hurn--:o bo? became ,noncon=mi/s1 & ! ,moravian poet1 ,james ,montgom]y 7#agga-ahed71 a native ( ,scotl&4 ,kelly4 ,kelly 0 ! son ( an ,iri% judge1 & 9 #ahjd publi%$ a small volume ( n9ety-six hymns1 :i* grew 9 successive editions till1 9 ! la/ be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahed1 !y am\nt$ to #gfe4 ,!re is1 z might be expect$1 9 ?is great numb] a l>ge prepond]ance ( ! didactic & commonplace4 ,b n a few v excell5t hymns may be ga!r$ f !m4 ,simple & natural1 )\t ! vivacity & t]s5ess ( ,watts or ! sev]ity ( ,newton1 ,kelly has "s po9ts 9 common ) bo? ^? writ]s1 & he is less subjective ?an mo/ ( ! ,me?odi/ s*ool4 ,8 hymns beg9n+ ,lo6 ,he comes1 let all adore ,him1 & ,?r\gh ! day ,?y love ha? sp>$ u1 h a ri*1 melodi\s movem5t2 & ano!r1 ,we s+ ! praise ( ,him :o di$1 is di/+ui%$ by a calm1 subdu$ p[]1 ris+ gradually f a r l[ to a v high key4 ,hurn4 ,hurn publi%$ 9 #ahac a volume ( #cgj hymns1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds increas$ to #dbj4 ,!re is little 9 !m :i* des]ves to be sav$ f oblivion2 b "o at lea/1 ,!re is a riv] deep & broad1 may be> comp>ison ) ! be/ ( ^? :i* h be5 produc$ ^u ! same1 & x is r a fav\rite1 !me4 ,montgom]y4 ,! ,psalms & ,hymns ( ,james ,montgom]y 7 publi%$ 9 #ahbb & #ahbe1 ?\gh writt5 e>li]4 ,m cultivat$ & arti/ic ?an ,kelly1 he is less simple & natural4 ,8 ,hail to ! ,"l's ,ano9t$1 ,songs ( praise ! angels sang & ,m]cy alone c meet my case are among 8 mo/ successful ef=ts4 ,collections ( hymns4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 ! collections ( miscellane\s hymns = congregational use1 ( :i* ! example 0 set by ! ,wesleys1 ,:itfield1 ,toplady & ,lady ,hunt+don1 _h greatly multipli$2 & ) !m ! practice 7= :i*1 inde$1 too _m prec$5ts exi/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,lat9 & ,g]man hymnody7 ( e collector alt]+ ! compositions ( o!r m5 )\t scruple1 to suit 8 own doctr9e or ta/e2 ) ! effect1 too g5]ally1 ( pat*+ & disfigur+1 spoil+ & emasculat+ ! works s alt]$1 sub/itut+ neutral t9ts = natural col\r+1 & a dead = a liv+ s5se4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ! use ( ^! collections _h become frequ5t 9 *ur*es & *apels1 pr9cipally 9 cities & t[ns1 :]e ! s5tim5ts ( ! cl]gy approximat$ to ^? ( ! ,noncon=mi/s4 ,9 rural p>i%es1 :5 ! cl]gy 7 n ( ! ,evangelical s*ool1 !y 7 g5]ally held 9 disfav\r2 = :i*1 ev5 if doctr9al prepossessions _h n ent]$ into ! "q1 ! great want ( ta/e & judgm5t (t5 manife/$ 9 _! compilation1 & p]haps also ! prevail+ m$iocrity ( ! bulk ( ! orig9al compositions f :i* mo/ ( !m 7 d]iv$1 w\ld be en\gh to acc\nt4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! idea t no hymns ought to be us$ 9 any s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 except prose an!ms aft] ! ?ird collect1 )\t express royal or ecclesia/ical au?ority1 cont9u$ d[n to t "t l>gely to prevail among high *ur*m54 ,heb]1 ,milman1 ,keble4 ,mant4 ,newman4 ,two publications1 :i* appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 #ahbg--;,bi%op ,heb]'s ,hymns1 ) a few add$ by ,dean ,milman1 & ,john ,keble's ,*ri/ian ,ye> 7n a hymn-book1 b "o f :i* sev]al admirable hymns h be5 tak51 & ! well-spr+ ( _m /reams ( ?\ght & feel+ by :i* good hymns h s9ce be5 produc$7--introduc$ a new epo*1 break+ d[n ! b>ri] z to hymnody :i* _h till !n exi/$ betwe5 ! diff]5t !ological s*ools ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,9 ?is movem5t ,ri*>d ,mant1 bi%op ( ,d[n1 0 also "o ( ! fir/ to co-op]ate4 ,x soon receiv$ a great additional impulse f ! increas$ att5tion :i*1 ab\t ! same "t1 began to be paid to anci5t hymnody1 & f ! publication 9 #ahcc ( ,buns5's ,gesangbu*4 ,among its e>lie/ fruits 0 ! ,lyra apo/olica1 conta9+ hymns1 sonnets & o!r devotional poems1 mo/ ( !m orig9ally contribut$ by "s ( ! lead+ au?ors ( ! ,tracts = ! ,times to ! ,briti% ,magaz9e2 ! f9e/ ( :i* is ! pa!tic ,lead1 k9dly ,light1 amid ?' encircl+ gloom1 by ,c>d9al ,newman--well kn[n1 & univ]sally admir$4 ,f t "t hymns & hymn-writ]s rapidly multipli$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,scotl& also4 ,ne>ly #fjj au?ors ^: publications 7 lat] ?an #ahbg are enum]at$ 9 ,s$gwick's catalogue ( #ahfc1 & ab\t half a million hymns are n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,works1 critical & hi/orical1 ^u ! subject ( hymns1 h also multipli$2 & collections = *ur* use h become innum]able--sev]al ( ! v>i\s religi\s d5om9ations1 & _m ( ! lead+ ecclesia/ical & religi\s societies1 hav+ issu$ hymn-books ( _! own1 9 addition to ^? compil$ = p>ticul> dioceses1 *ur*es & *apels1 & to books 7l ,hymns ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 publi%$ #ahfa1 supplem5t$ #ahhi1 revis$ edition1 #aije7 :i* h become popul> )\t any sanction f au?ority4 ,to m5tion all ! au?ors ( good hymns s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ?is new epo* w\ld be impossible2 b probably no names c\ld be *os5 m fairly repres5tative ( its *>act]i/ic m]its1 & p]haps also ( "s ( its defects1 ?an ^? ( ,josiah ,cond] & ,james ,edme/on among ,engli% ,noncon=mi/s2 ,h5ry ,francis ,lyte & ,*>lotte ,elliott among evangelicals 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&2 ,john ,mason ,neale & ,*ri/oph] ,wordswor?1 bi%op ( ,l9coln1 among ,engli% *ur*m5 ( ! high] s*ool2 ,ar?ur ,p5rhyn ,/anley1 ,edw>d ,h4 ,plumptre1 ,frances ,ridley ,hav]gal2 & 9 ,scotl&1 ,dr ,horatius ,bon>1 ,dr ,norman ,macleod & ,dr ,george ,ma!son4 ,am]ican hymn-writ]s belong to ! same s*ools1 & h be5 affect$ by ! same influ5ces4 ,"s ( !m h enjoy$ a j reputation on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,among ^? be/ kn[n are ,john ,gre5leaf ,:itti]1 ,bi%op ,doane1 ,dr ,w4 ,a4 ,muhl5b]g & ,?omas ,ha/+s2 & x is difficult to praise too highly su* works z ! ,*ri/mas hymn1 ,x came ^u ! midnight cle>1 by ,edmund ,h4 ,se>s2 ! ,asc5sion hymn1 ,?\1 :o did/ /oop bel[1 by ,mrs ,s4 ,e4 ,miles2 two by ,dr ,ray ,palm]1 ,my fai? looks up to ,!e1 ,?\ ,lamb ( ,calv>y1 & ,jesus1 ,?\ joy ( lov+ he>ts1 ! latt] ( :i* is ! be/ among sev]al good ,engli% v]sions ( ,jesu1 dulc$o1 cordium2 & ,"l ( all be+1 ?ron$ af>1 by ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 ,! m mod]n ,moody & ,sankey hymns 7see ,moody1 ,d4 ,l47 popul>iz$ a new ,evangelical type1 & ! ,salvation ,army has c>ri$ ?is /ill f>!r4 #g4 ,conclusion4--,! object aim$ at 9 ?is article has be5 to trace ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal s*ools ( anci5t & mod]n hymnody1 & especially ! hi/ory ( its use 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,= ?is purpose x has n be5 ?\ght necess>y to give any acc\nt ( ! hymns ( ,rac9e1 ,madame ,guyon & o!rs1 :o c h>dly be class$ ) any s*ool1 nor ( ! works ( ,caes> ,malan ( ,g5eva 7#aghg-ahfd7 & o!r q mod]n hymn-writ]s ( ! ,re=m$ *ur*es 9 ,switz]l& & ,france4 ,on a g5]al view ( ! :ole subject1 hymnody is se5 to h be5 a n inconsid]able factor 9 religi\s wor%ip4 ,x has be5 sometimes employ$ to dissem9ate & popul>ize p>ticul> views1 b its _s & influ5ce has be51 on ! :ole1 ca?olic4 ,x has embodi$ ! fai?1 tru/ & hope1 & no small "p ( ! inw>d exp]i5ce1 ( g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( m51 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries & climates1 ( _m diff]5t nations1 & 9 _m v>ieties ( circum/ances & condition4 ,col\r$1 inde$1 by ^! diff]5ces1 & also by ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! same tru?s h be5 appreh5d$ by diff]5t m9ds & sometimes reflect+ p>tial & imp]fect conceptions ( !m1 & errors ) :i* !y h be5 associat$ 9 p>ticul> *ur*es1 times & places1 its te/imony is1 nev]!less1 g5]ally ! same4 ,x has ^u x a /amp ( g5u95ess :i* _c be mi/ak54 ,x be>s witness to ! =ce ( a c5tral attraction m p[]ful ?an all causes ( diff]5ce1 :i* b9ds toge!r times anci5t & mod]n1 nations ( v>i\s race & language1 *ur*m5 & noncon=mi/s1 *ur*es re=m$ & unre=m$2 to a true fundam5tal unity among good ,*ri/ians2 & to a sub/antial id5tity 9 _! moral & spiritual exp]i5ce4 7,s47 ,! regul> practice ( hymnody 9 ,engli% musical hi/ory dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,lu!r's v]ses 7 adapt$ sometimes to anci5t *ur* melodies1 sometimes to tunes ( secul> songs1 & sometimes _h music compos$ = !m by himself & o!rs4 ,_m rhym+ ,lat9 hymns are ( e>li] date ^: tunes are id5tifi$ ) !m1 "s ( :i* tunes1 ) ! subject ( _! ,lat9 text1 are among ! ,re=m]'s appropriations2 b x 0 he :o put ! words ( praise & pray] into ! popul> m\?1 associat$ ) rhy?mical music :i* aid$ to impr9t ! words ^u ! memory & to en=ce _! enunciation4 ,9 conjunction ) 8 fri5d ,johann ,wal!r1 ,lu!r issu$ a collection ( poems = *oral s++ 9 #aebd1 :i* 0 foll[$ by _m o!rs 9 ,nor? ,g]many4 ,! ,engli% v]sions ( ! ,psalms by ,/]nhold & ,hopk9s & _! pr$ecessors1 & ! ,fr5* v]sion by ,clem5t ,m>ot & ,!odore ,beza1 7 writt5 ) ! same purpose ( fitt+ sacr$ m9/relsy to ! voice ( ! multitude4 ,g\dimel 9 #aeff & ,claud9 le ,jeune 9 #afjg pr9t$ h>monizations ( tunes t _h !n become /&>d = ! ,psalms1 & 9 ,engl& sev]al su* publications appe>$1 culm9at+ 9 ,?omas ,rav5scr(t's fam\s collection1 ,! ,:ole ,book ( ,psalms 7#afba72 9 all ( ^! ! arrangem5ts ( ! tunes 7 by v>i\s ma/]s4 ,! ,engli% practice ( hymn-s++ 0 mu* /r5g!n$ on ! return ( ! exil$ re=m]s f ,frank=t & ,g5eva1 :5 x became s g5]al t1 accord+ to ,bi%op ,jewell1 ?\s&s ( ! populace :o assembl$ at ,paul's ,cross to he> ! prea*+ w\ld jo9 9 ! s++ ( psalms be=e & aft] ! s]mon4 ,! plac+ ( ! *oral song ( ! *ur* )9 ! lips ( ! p _h great religi\s & moral influ5ce2 x has _h also its great effect ^u art1 %[n 9 ! productions ( ! ,nor? ,g]man musicians ev] s9ce ! fir/ days ( ! ,re=mation1 :i* ab\nd 9 ex]cises ( s*ol>%ip & imag9ation wr\ght ^u ! tunes ( e/abli%$ acceptance4 ,"s ( ^! are accompanim5ts to ! tunes ) int]ludes betwe5 ! sev]al /ra9s1 & "s are compositions = ! organ or = or*e/ral in/rum5ts t consi/ ( su* elaboration ( ! !mes z is display$ 9 accompanim5ts to voices1 b ( f> m complicat$ & ext5d$ "*4 ,a special art-=m t 0 develop$ to a v high degree1 b has pass$ into comp>ative disuse1 0 ! /ructure ( all v>ieties ( c\nt]po9t extemporane\sly ^u ! kn[n hymn-tunes 7*orals71 & sev]al ma/]s acquir$ great fame by success 9 its practice1 ( :om ,j4 ,a4 ,re9k5 7#afbc-agbb71 ,johann ,pa*elbel 7#afec-agjf71 ,georg ,boehm & ! great ,j4 ,s4 ,ba* are specially memorable4 ,! hymnody ( ,nor? ,g]many has = arti/ic treatm5t a /rong advantage :i* is unpossess$ by t ( ,engl&1 9 t = ! mo/ "p ! same v]ses are associat$ ) ! same tunes1 s t1 :5ev] ! text or ! music is he>d1 ei!r prompts recollection ( ! o!r1 :]eas 9 ,engl& tunes 7 always & are n[ (t5 compos$ to metres & n to poems2 any tune 9 a giv5 metre is available = e poem 9 ! same1 & h5ce !re are v>i\s tunes to "o poem1 & v>i\s poems to "o tune4#d ,9 ,engl& a tune is nam$ g5]ally aft] "s place--z ,york1 ,w9dsor1 ,dundee1--or by "s o!r unsignify+ ^w2 9 ,nor? ,g]many a tune is mo/ly nam$ by ! initial words ( ! v]ses to :i* x is alli$1 & consequ5tly1 :5ev] x is he>d1 :e!r ) words or )\t1 x necess>ily sugge/s to ! he>] ! :ole subject ( t hymn ( :i* x is ! musical moiety undivorceable f ! lit]>y half4 ,manifold z !y are1 k ( ! *oral tunes is includ$ 9 ! e>lie/ s*ool+ ( e ,lu!ran & e ,calv9i/ 9 ,g]many1 :i* ?us enables all to take "p 9 p]=mance ( ! tunes1 & h5ce expressly ! def9ition ( *oral4 ,compositions gr\nd$ on ! /&>d tune are !n n m]ely s*ool ex]cises1 b works ( art :i* l9k ! sympa?ies ( ! writ] & ! li/5]1 & aim at express+ ! feel+ prompt$ by ! hymn "u treatm5t4 ,,bibliography3 ,i4 ,anci5t4--,george ,cass&]1 ,hymni ecclesia/ici 7,cologne1 #aeef72 ,georgius ,fabricius1 ,pot>um vet]um ecclesia/icorum 7,frank=t1 #aegh72 ,c>d9al ,j4 ,m4 ,?omasius1 ,hymn>ium 9 ,op]a1 ii4 #cea seq4 7,rome1 #agdg72 ,a4 ,j4 ,ramba*1 ,an?ologie *ri/li*] ,gesnge 7,altona1 #ahag72 ,h4 ,a4 ,daniel1 ,!saurus hymnologicus 7,leipzig1 #e vols41 #ahda-ahef72 ,j4 ,m4 ,neale1 ,hymni ecclesiae et sequ5tiae 7,london1 #ahea-aheb72 & ,hymns ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* 7#ahfc74 ,! diss]tation prefix$ to ! second volume ( ! ,acta sanctorum ( ! ,boll&i/s2 ,c>d9al ,j4 ,b4 ,pitra1 ,hymnographie de l'glise grecque 7#ahfg71 ,analecta sacra 7#ahgf72 ,w4 ,*ri/ & ,m4 ,p>anikas1 ,an?ologia ,graeca c>m9um ,*ri/ianorum 7,leipzig1 #ahga72 ,f4 ,a4 ,m>*1 ,lat9 ,hymns ) ,engli% ,notes 7,new ,york1 #ahge72 ,r4 ,c4 ,tr5*1 ,sacr$ ,lat9 ,poetry 7,london1 #d? ed41 #ahgd72 ,j4 ,pauly1 ,hymni brevi>ii ,romani 7,aix-la-,*apelle1 #c vols41 #ahfh-ahgj72 ,pimont1 ,les ,hymnes du brviaire roma9 7vols4 #a-c1 #ahgd-ahhd1 unf9i%$72 ,a4 ,w4 ,f4 ,fis*]1 ,kir*5li$]-,lexicon 7,go?a1 #ahgh-ahgi72 ,j4 ,kays]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] lte/5 ,kir*5hymn5 7#ahha72 ,m4 ,manitius1 ,ges*i*te d] *ri/li*5 late9is*5 ,poesie 7,/uttg>t1 #ahia72 ,john ,julian1 ,diction>y ( ,hymnology 7#ahib1 new ed4 #aijg74 ,= criticisms ( metre1 see also ,huem]1 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die lte/5 *ri/li*5 ,rhy?m5 7#ahgi72 ,e4 ,b\vy1 ,potes et mlodes 7,nmes1 #ahhf72 ,c4 ,krumba*]1 ,ges*i*te d] byzant9is*5 ,lit]atur 7,muni*1 #ahig1 p4 #gjj seq472 ,j4 ,m4 ,neale1 ,lat9 diss]tation prefix$ to ,daniel's ,!saurus1 vol4 #e2 & ,d4 ,j4 ,donahoe1 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,hymns 7,london1 #aiji74 ,,ii4 ,m$ieval4--,walafrid ,/rabo's treatise1 *4 #be1 ,de hymnis1 c42 ,radulph ( ,tongres1 ,de psalt>io obs]v&o 7#ad? c5tury72 ,cli*tava5s1 ,elucidatorium ecclesia/icum 7,p>is1 #aeef72 ,fau/9us ,arevalus1 ,hymnodia ,hispanica 7,rome1 #aghf72 ,e4 du ,mril1 ,posies populaires lat9es antrieures au ,,xiiie sicle 7,p>is1 #ahdc72 ,j4 ,/ev5son1 ,lat9 ,hymns ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur* 7,surtees ,society1 ,durham1 #ahea72 ,norman1 ,hymn>ium ,s>isburi5se 7,london1 #ahea72 ,j4 ,d4 ,*amb]s1 ,psalt]1 c41 accord+ to ! ,s>um use 7#aheb72 ,f4 ,j4 ,mone1 ,late9is*e ,hymn5 des ,mittelalt]s 7,freiburg1 #c vols41 #ahec-ahee72 ,ph4 ,wack]nagel1 ,das deuts*e ,kir*5li$ von d] lte/5 ,zeit bis zum ,anfang des #ag4 ,jahrhund]ts1 vol4 i4 7,leipzig1 #ahfd72 ,e4 ,dmml]1 ,potae lat9i aevi ,c>ol9i 7#ahha-ahij72 ! ,hymnologis*e ,beitrge3 ,quell5 und ,=s*ung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] late9is*5 ,hymn5di*tung1 edit$ by ,c4 ,blume & ,g4 ,m4 ,dreves 7,leipzig1 #ahig72 ,g4 ,c4 ,f4 ,mohnike1 ,hymnologis*e ,=s*ung52 ,klemm+1 ,hymni et sequ5tiae 9 regno ,sueciae 7,/ockholm1 #d vols41 #ahhe-ahhg72 ,das ka?olis*e deuts*e ,kir*5li$ 7vol4 i4 by ,k4 ,sev]9 ,mei/]1 #ahfb1 vol4 ii4 by ,w4 ,baumk]1 #ahhc72 ! ,hymnodia ,hib]ica1 ,spanis*e ,hymn5 des ,mittelalt]s1 vol4 xvi4 7#ahid72 ! ,hymnodia ,gotica1 ,moz>abis*e ,hymn5 des altspanis*5 ,ritus1 vol4 xxvii4 7#ahig72 ,j4 ,dank1 ,vetus hymn>ium ecclesia/icae ,hung>iae 7,budape/1 #ahic72 ,j4 ,h4 ,b]n>d & ,r4 ,atk9son1 ,! ,iri% ,lib] ,hymnorum 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahih72 ,c4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*evali]1 ,posie liturgique du moy5 ge 7,p>is1 #ahic74 ,,iii4 ,mod]n4--,j4 ,c4 ,jacobi1 ,psalmodia ,g]manica 7#agbb-agbe & #agcb1 ) supplem5t add$ by ,j4 ,hab]korn1 #agfe72 ,f4 ,a4 ,cunz1 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,kir*5li$es 7,leipzig1 #ahee72 ,b>on von ,buns51 ,v]su* e9es allgeme95 ,gesang- und ,gebetbu*es 7#ahcc7 & ,allgeme9es evangelis*es ,gesang- und ,gebetbu* 7#ahdf72 ,ca!r9e ,w9kwor?1 ,*ri/ian ,s+]s ( ,g]many 7#ahfi7 & ,lyra ,g]manica 7#ahee72 ,ca!r9e ,h4 ,dunn1 ,hymns f ! ,g]man 7#aheg72 ,frances ,e4 ,cox1 ,sacr$ ,hymns f ! ,g]man 7,london1 #ahda72 ,massie1 ,lyra dome/ica 7#ahfj72 ,app5dix on ,scotti% ,psalmody 9 ,d4 ,la+'s edition ( ,baillie's ,lett]s & ,j\rnals 7#ahda-ahdb72 ,j4 & ,c4 ,wesley1 ,collection ( ,psalms & ,hymns 7#agda72 ,josiah ,mill]1 ,our ,hymns1 _! ,au?ors & ,orig9 7#ahff72 ,john ,gadsby1 ,memoirs ( ! ,pr9cipal ,hymn-writ]s 7#crd ed41 #ahfa72 ,l4 ,c4 ,biggs1 ,annotations to ,hymns ,anci5t & ,mod]n 7#ahfg72 ,daniel ,s$gwick1 ,compreh5sive ,index ( ,names ( ,orig9al ,au?ors ( ,hymns 7#bnd ed41 #ahfc72 ,r4 ,e4 ,pro!ro1 ,! ,psalms 9 ,human ,life 7#aijg72 ,c4 ,j4 ,br&t & ,l4 ,helweg1 ,d5 danske ,psalm$igtn+ 7,cop5hag51 #ahdf-ahdg72 ,j4 ,n4 ,ska>1 ,norsk ,salmehi/orie 7,b]g51 #ahgi-ahhj72 ,h4 ,s*ck1 ,sv5sk ,lit]aturhi/oria 7,/ockholm1 #ahij72 ,rudolf ,wolkan1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,lit]atur 9 ,bhm51 #bdf-bef1 & ,das deuts*e ,kir*5li$ d] bhm4 ,brd] 7,prague1 #ahia72 ,zahn1 ,die gei/li*5 ,li$] d] ,brd] 9 ,bhm51 ,mhr5 u4 ,pol5 7,nuremb]g1 #ahge72 & ,j4 ,mll]1 ,bohemian ,bre?r5's ,hymnody1 9 ,j4 ,julian's ,diction>y ( ,hymnology4 ,= acc\nt ( hymn-tunes1 c41 see ,w4 ,c[an & ,james ,love1 ,music ( ! ,*ur* ,hymnody & ! ,psalt] 9 ,metre 7,london1 #aija72 & ,dick9son1 ,music 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur* 7,new ,york1 #aijb72 ,s4 ,kmm]le1 ,encyklopdie d] evangelis*5 ,kir*5musik 7#d vols41 #ahhh-ahie72 ,*r4 ,palm]1 ,evangelis*e ,hymnologie 7,/uttg>t1 #ahfe72 & ,p4 ,urto ,kornmll]1 ,lexikon d] kir*li*5 ,tonkun/ 7#ahia74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! hi/ory ( ! hymn naturally beg9s ) ,greece1 b x may be f\nd 9 "s =m mu* e>li]2 ,assyria & ,egypt h left specim5s1 :ile ,india has ! ,v$ic hymns1 & ,confucius collect$ praise songs 9 ,*9a4 #b ,see ,,greek ,,lit]ature4 #c ,! au?or%ip ( ?is & ( "o o!r1 ,:5 all ?y m]cies1 ,o my ,god1 has be5 made a subject ( controv]sy1--be+ claim$ = ,&rew ,m>vell 7:o di$ 9 #afgh71 9 ! preface to ,capta9 ,e4 ,?ompson's edition 7#aggf7 ( ,m>vell's ,works4 ,b ?is claim does n appe> to be sub/antiat$4 ,! editor did n give 8 read]s ! means ( judg+ z to ! real age1 "* or value ( a manuscript to :i* he ref]r$2 he did n say t ^! portions ( x 7 9 ,m>vell's h&writ+2 he did n ev5 himself include !m among ,m>vell's poems1 z publi%$ 9 ! body ( 8 edition2 & he advanc$ a l claim on l gr\nds to two o!r poems1 9 v diff]5t /yles1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ z _! own by ,tickell & ,mallet4 ,x is c]ta9 t all ! five hymns 7 fir/ made public 9 #agab1 9 pap]s contribut$ by ,addison to ! ,spectator 7,nos4 #dda1 #dec1 #dfe1 #dhi1 #eac71 9 :i* !y 7 introduc$ 9 a way :i* might h be5 expect$ if !y 7 by ! h& :i* wrote ^? pap]s1 b :i* w\ld h be5 improbable1 & unwor?y ( ,addison1 if !y 7 unpubli%$ works ( a writ] ( s mu* g5ius1 & su* note 9 8 day1 z ,m>vell4 ,!y are all pr9t$ z ,addison's 9 ,dr ,johnson's ,briti% ,poets4 #d ,! old tune = ! #ajj? ,psalm & ,cr(t's tune = ! #ajd? are almo/ ! only exceptions1 unless ,god save ! ,k+ may be class$ "u hymnody4 ,9 ,scotl& also ! tune = ! #abd? ,psalm is associat$ ) its prop] text4 ,,hypae?ros 7,gr4 ,greek3 hypai?ros1 b5ea? ! sky1 9 ! op5 air1 ,greek3 hypo1 b5ea?1 & ,greek3 ai?r1 air71 ! ,greek t]m quot$ by ,vitruvius 7iii4 #b7 = ! op5+ 9 ! middle ( ! ro( ( deca/yle temples1 ( :i* !re 0 no example 9 ,rome1 b "o 9 ,a!ns 9 ! temple ( ,jupit] ,olympius1 :i* is octa/yle4 ,b at ! "t he wrote 7c4 #be ,b4,c47 ! cella ( ?is temple 0 unro($1 because ! columns :i* _h be5 provid$ to c>ry1 at all ev5ts1 "p ( ! ceil+ & ro( _h be5 tak5 away by ,sulla 9 #hj ,b4,c4 ,! deca/yle temple ( ,apollo ,didymaeus ne> ,miletus 01 accord+ to ,/rabo 7c4 #ej ,b4,c471 unro($1 on acc\nt ( ! va/ness ( its cella1 9 :i* preci\s groves ( laurel bu%es 7 plant$4 ,ap>t f ^! two examples1 ! ref]5ces 9 v>i\s writ]s to an op5+ ( "s k9d 9 ! ro(s ( temples d$icat$ to p>ticul> deities1 & ! /atem5t ( ,vitruvius1 :i* 0 d\btless bas$ on ! writ+s ( ,greek au?ors1 t 9 deca/yle or l>ge temples ! c5tre 0 op5 to ! sky & )\t a ro( 7m$ium autem sub divo e/ s9e tecto71 r5d] ! exi/5ce ( ! hypae?ros probable 9 "s cases2 & !re=e ,c4 ,r4 ,cock]ell's discov]y 9 ! temple at ,aeg9a ( two fragm5ts ( a cop+-/one1 9 :i* !re 7 s9k+s on "o side to receive ! tiles & cov]+ tiles1 has be5 ( great importance 9 ! discussion ( ?is subject4 ,9 ! conjectural re/oration ( ! opaion or op5+ 9 ! ro( %[n 9 ,cock]ell's draw+1 x has be5 made ne$lessly l>ge1 hav+ an area ( ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! sup]ficial area ( ! cella betwe5 ! columns1 & s9ce 9 ! ,pan!on at ,rome ! relative proportions ( ! c5tral op5+ 9 ! dome & ! area ( ! ,rotunda are #a3 #bb1 & ! light !re is ample1 9 ! cle>] atmosph]e ( ,greece x might h be5 less4 ,! l>g] ! op5+ ! m conspicu\s w\ld be ! not* 9 ! ro( :i* is s greatly object$ to2 9 ?is respect ,t4 ,j4 ,hittorff w\ld seem to be ne>] ! tru? :51 9 8 conjectural re/oration ( ,temple ,r4 at ,sel9us1 he %[s an opaion ab\t half ! relative size %[n 9 ,cock]ell's ( t at ,aeg9a1 ! cop+ on ! side elevation be+ mu* less noticeable4 ,! problem 0 app>5tly solv$ 9 ano!r way at ,bassae1 :]e1 9 ! excavations ( ! temple ( ,apollo by ,cock]ell & ,b>on ,hall] von ,hall]/e91 ?ree m>ble tiles 7 f\nd ) pi]c$ op5+s 9 !m ab\t #ah 94 by #aj 942 five ( ^! pi]c$ tiles on ei!r side w\ld h amply light$ ! int]ior ( ! cella1 & ! am\nt ( ra9 pass+ ?r\gh 7a s]i\s elem5t to be consid]$ 9 a c\ntry :]e torr5tial ra9s occasionally fall7 w\ld n be v great or m ?an c\ld be reta9$ to dry up 9 ! cella sunk pavem5t4 ,9 fav\r ( bo? ^! me?ods ( light+ ! int]ior ( ! cella1 ! s>cophagus tomb at ,cyr5e1 ab\t #bj ft4 long1 c>v$ 9 imitation ( a temple1 has be5 adduc$1 because1 on ! top ( ! ro( & 9 its c5tre1 !re is a rais$ cop+1 & a simil> feature is f\nd on a tomb f\nd ne> ,delos2 an example f ,crete n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum %[s a pi]c$ tile on ea* side ( ! ro(1 & a l>ge numb] ( pi]c$ tiles h be5 f\nd 9 ,pompeii1 "s ( !m surr\nd$ ) a rim id5tical ) t ( ! m>ble tiles at ,bassae4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m au?orities1 among !m ,dr ,w4 ,drpfeld1 :o h adh]$ to _! orig9al op9ion t x 0 only ?r\gh ! op5 doorway t light 0 ev] admitt$ into ! cella1 & ) ! cle> atmosph]e ( ,greece & ! reflections f ! m>ble pavem5t su* light+ w\ld be q suffici5t4 ,!re rema9s /ill ano!r s\rce ( light to be consid]$1 t pass+ ?r\gh ! ,p>ian m>ble tiles ( ! ro(2 ! sup]ior transluc5cy ( ,p>ian to any o!r m>ble may h sugge/$ its employm5t = ! ro(s ( temples1 & if1 9 ! fram$ ceil+s c>ri$ ov] ! cella1 op5+s 7 left1 "s light f ! ,p>ian tile ro( might h be5 obta9$4 ,x is possibly to ?is t ,plut>* ref]s :5 describ+ ! ceil+ & ro( ( ! temple ( ,demet] at ,eleusis1 :]e ! columns 9 ! int]ior ( ! temple c>ri$ a ceil+1 probably con/ruct$ ( timb]s cross+ "o ano!r at "r angles1 & "o or m ( ! spaces 0 left op51 :i* ,x5ocles surm\nt$ by a ro( =m$ ( tiles4 ,james ,f]gusson put =w>d _m ye>s ago a conjectural re/oration 9 :i* he adopt$ a cl]e/ory above ! sup]impos$ columns inside ! cella2 9 ord] to provide ! light = ^! w9d[s he indicat$ two tr5*es 9 ! ro(1 "o on ea* side1 & po9t$ out t ! great ,hall ( ,columns at ,k>nak 0 light$ 9 ?is way ) cl]e/ory w9d[s2 b 9 ! fir/ place ! light 9 ! latt] 0 obta9$ ov] ! flat ro(s cov]+ l[] portions ( ! hall1 & 9 ! second place1 z x r>ely ra9s 9 ,!bes1 !re c\ld be no difficulty ab\t ! dra9age1 :ile 9 ,greece1 ) ! torr5tial ra9s & sn[1 ^! tr5*es w\ld be delug$ ) wat]1 & ) all ! appliances ( ! pres5t day x w\ld be impossible to keep ^! cl]e/ory w9d[s wat]tight4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 /ill ano!r objection to ,f]gusson's !ory2 ! wat] collect+ 9 ^! tr5*es on ! ro( w\ld h to be dis*>g$1 = :i* ,f]gusson's sugge/ions are q inadequate1 & ! g>goyles %[n 9 ! cella wall w\ld make ! p]i/yle insupportable j at ! "t :5 x 0 requir$ = %elt]4 ,no dra9age o!rwise ( any k9d has ev] be5 f\nd 9 any ,greek temple1 :i* is fatal to ,f]gusson's view4 ,nor is x 9 accordance ) ! def9ition op5 to ! sky4 ,engli% ca!drals & *ur*es are all light$ by cl]e/ory w9d[s1 b no "o has describ$ !m z op5 to ! sky1 & al?\gh ,vitruvius's /atem5ts are sometimes confus+1 8 description is f> too cle> to leave any misund]/&+ z to ! light+ ( temples 7:]e x 0 necess>y on acc\nt ( great l5g?7 ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ro(4 ,!re is "o o!r !ory :i* has be5 put =w>d1 b :i* c only apply to non-p]i/yl> temples1--t light & air 0 admitt$ ?r\gh ! metopes1 ! ap]tures betwe5 ! beams cross+ ! cella1--& x has be5 assum$ t because ,ore/es 0 advis$ 9 "o ( ! ,greek plays to climb up & look ?r\gh ! metopes ( ! temple1 ^! 7 left op52 b if ,ore/es c\ld look 91 s c\ld ! birds1 & ! /atue ( ! god w\ld be defil$4 ,! metopes 7 probably fill$ 9 ) %utt]s ( "s k9d :i* ,ore/es knew h[ to op54 7,r4 ,p4 ,s47 ,,hypallage 7,gr4 ,greek3 hypallag1 int]*ange or ex*ange71 a rhetorical figure1 9 :i* ! prop] relation betwe5 two words accord+ to ! rules ( syntax are inv]t$4 ,! /ock in/ance is t 9 ,virgil1 ,a54 iii4 #fa1 :]e d>e classibus au/ros1 to give w9ds to ! fleet1 is put = d>e classes au/ris1 to give ! fleet to ! w9ds4 ,! t]m is also loosely appli$ to figures ( spee* prop]ly kn[n z metonymy &1 g5]ally1 to any /rik+ turn ( expression4 ,,hypatia 7,greek3 ,hypatia7 7c4 ,a4,d4 #cgj-dae7 ma!matician & philosoph]1 born 9 ,alex&ria1 0 ! daught] ( ,!on1 also a ma!matician & philosoph]1 au?or ( s*olia on ,euclid & a comm5t>y on ! ,almage/1 9 :i* x is sugge/$ t he 0 assi/$ by ,hypatia 7on ! #crd book74 ,aft] lectur+ 9 h] native city1 ,hypatia ultimately became ! recogniz$ head ( ! ,neoplatonic s*ool !re 7c4 #djj74 ,h] great eloqu5ce & r>e mode/y & beauty1 comb9$ ) h] rem>kable intellectual gifts1 attract$ to h] class-room a l>ge numb] ( pupils4 ,among ^! 0 ,synesius1 aft]w>ds 7c4 #daj7 bi%op ( ,ptolemas1 sev]al ( ^: lett]s to h]1 full ( *ivalr\s admiration & rev]5ce1 are /ill extant4 ,suidas1 misl$ by an incomplete exc]pt 9 ,photius f ! life ( ,isidorus 7! ,neoplatoni/7 by ,damascius1 /ates t ,hypatia 0 ! wife ( ,isidorus2 b ?is is *ronologically impossible1 s9ce ,isidorus c\ld n h be5 born be=e #dcd 7see ,ho*e 9 ,philologus74 ,%ortly aft] ! accession ( ,cyril to ! patri>*ate ( ,alex&ria 9 #dab1 ow+ to h] intimacy ) ,ore/es1 ! pagan prefect ( ! city1 ,hypatia 0 b>b>\sly murd]$ by ! ,nitrian monks & ! fanatical ,*ri/ian mob 7,m>* #dae74 ,socrates has relat$ h[ %e 0 torn f h] *>iot1 dragg$ to ! ,caes>eum 7!n a ,*ri/ian *ur*71 /ripp$ nak$1 done to dea? ) oy/]-%ells 7,greek3 o/rakois aneilon1 p]haps cut h] ?roat7 & f9ally burnt piecemeal4 ,mo/ prom95t among ! actual p]petrators ( ! crime 0 "o ,pet]1 a read]2 b !re seems little reason to d\bt ,cyril's complicity 7see ,,cyril ,,( ,,alex&ria74 ,hypatia1 accord+ to ,suidas1 0 ! au?or ( comm5t>ies on ! ,ari?metica ( ,diophantus ( ,alex&ria1 on ! ,conics ( ,apollonius ( ,p]ga & on ! a/ronomical canon 7( ,ptolemy74 ,^! works are lo/2 b _! titles1 comb9$ ) expressions 9 ! lett]s ( ,synesius1 :o consult$ h] ab\t ! con/ruction ( an a/rolabe & a hydroscope1 indicate t %e devot$ h]self specially to a/ronomy & ma!matics4 ,little is kn[n ( h] philosophical op9ions1 b %e appe>s to h embrac$ ! intellectual r ?an ! my/ical side ( ,neoplatonism1 & to h be5 a foll[] ( ,plot9us r ?an ( ,porphyry & ,iambli*us4 ,zell]1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,outl9es ( ,greek ,philosophy 7#ahhf1 ,eng4 trans4 p4 #cdg71 /ates t %e appe>s to h taught ! ,neoplatonic doctr9e 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,iambli*us _h /at$ x4 ,a ,lat9 lett] to ,cyril on behalf ( ,ne/orius1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,collectio nova conciliorum1 i4 7#afbc71 by ,/ephanus ,baluzius 7ti5ne ,baluze1 q4v471 & sometimes attribut$ to h]1 is und\bt$ly spuri\s4 ,! /ory ( ,hypatia appe>s 9 a consid]ably disguis$ yet /ill recognizable =m 9 ! leg5d ( ,/ ,ca!r9e z record$ 9 ! ,roman ,brevi>y 7,novemb] #be71 & /ill m fully 9 ! ,m>tyrologies 7see ,a4 ,b4 ,jameson1 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art 7#ahfg7 ii4 #dfg47 ,! *ief s\rce = ! little we "k ab\t ,hypatia is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,socrates 7,hi/4 ecclesia/ica1 vii4 #ae74 ,%e is ! subject ( an epigram by ,palladas 9 ! ,greek ,an?ology 7ix4 #djj74 ,see ,fabricius1 ,biblio!ca ,graeca 7ed4 ,h>les71 ix4 #ahg2 ,john ,tol&1 ,tetradymus 7#agbj72 ,r4 ,ho*e 9 ,philologus 7#ahfj71 xv4 #dce2 monographs by ,/ephan ,wolf 7,cz]n[itz1 #ahgi71 ,h4 ,ligi] 7,dijon1 #ahhj7 & ,w4 ,a4 ,mey] 7,heidelb]g1 #ahhe71 :o devotes att5tion to ! relation ( ,hypatia to ! *ief repres5tatives ( ,neoplatonism2 ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 ,hi/4 ( ! ,lat] ,roman ,empire 7#ahhi71 i4 #bjh1cag2 ,a4 ,gld5p5n+1 ,ges*i*te des o/rmis*5 ,rei*es unt] ,arcadius und ,!odosius ,,ii4 7,halle1 #ahhe71 p4 #bcj2 ,wetz] & ,welte1 ,kir*5lexikon1 vi4 7#ahhi71 f a ,ca?olic /&po9t4 ,! /ory ( ,hypatia also =ms ! basis ( ! well-kn[n hi/orical romance by ,*>les ,k+sley 7#ahec74 ,,hyp]baton 7,gr4 ,greek3 hup]baton1 a /epp+ ov]71 ! "n ( a figure ( spee*1 consi/+ ( a transposition ( words f _! natural ord]1 su* z ! plac+ ( ! object be=e in/ead ( aft] ! v]b4 ,x is a common me?od ( secur+ emphasis4 ,,hyp]bola1 a conic section1 consi/+ ( two op5 bran*es1 ea* ext5d+ to inf9ity4 ,x may be def9$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! 9 solido def9ition z ! section ( a cone by a plane at a less incl9ation to ! axis ?an ! g5]ator br+s out ! exi/5ce ( ! two inf9ite bran*es if we imag9e ! cone to be d\ble & to ext5d to inf9ity4 ,! 9 plano def9ition1 i4e4 z ! conic hav+ an ecc5tricity great] ?an unity1 is a conv5i5t />t+-po9t = ! ,euclidian inve/igation4 ,9 projective geometry x may be def9$ z ! conic :i* int]sects ! l9e at inf9ity 9 two real po9ts1 or to :i* x is possible to draw two real tang5ts f ! c5tre4 ,analytically1 x is def9$ by an equation ( ! second degree1 ( :i* ! highe/ t]ms h real roots 7see ,,conic ,,section74 ,:ile resembl+ ! p>abola 9 ext5d+ to inf9ity1 ! curve has close/ aff9ities to ! ellipse4 ,?us x has a real c5tre1 two foci1 two directrices & two v]tices2 ! transv]se axis1 jo9+ ! v]tices1 corresponds to ! major axis ( ! ellipse1 & ! l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre & p]p5dicul> to ?is axis is call$ ! conjugate axis1 & corresponds to ! m9or axis ( ! ellipse2 ab\t ^! axes ! curve is symmetrical4 ,! curve does n appe> to int]sect ! conjugate axis1 b ! introduction ( imag9>ies p]mits u to reg>d x z cutt+ ?is axis 9 two unreal po9ts4 ,call+ ! foci ,s1 ,s1 ! real v]tices ,a1 ,a1 ! extremities ( ! conjugate axis ,b1 ,b' & ! c5tre ,c1 ! positions ( ,b1 ,b are giv5 by ,,ab ,,ab ,,cs4 ,if a rectangle be con/ruct$ ab\t ,,aa & ,,bb1 ! diagonals ( ?is figure are ! asymptotes ( ! curve2 !y are ! tang5ts f ! c5tre1 & h5ce t\* ! curve at inf9ity4 ,^! two l9es may be pictur$ 9 ! 9 solido def9ition z ! section ( a cone by a plane ?r\gh its v]tex & p>allel to ! plane g5]at+ ! hyp]bola4 ,if ! asymptotes be p]p5dicul>1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! pr9cipal axes be equal1 ! curve is call$ ! rectangul> hyp]bola4 ,! hyp]bola :i* has = its transv]se & conjugate axes ! transv]se & conjugate axes ( ano!r hyp]bola is said to be ! conjugate hyp]bola4 ,"s prop]ties ( ! curve w be briefly /at$3 ,if ,,pn be ! ord9ate ( ! po9t ,p on ! curve1 ,,aa' ! v]tices1 ,x ! meet ( ! directrix & axis & ,c ! c5tre1 !n ,,pn3 ,,an,,na3 3 ,,sx3 ,,ax,a,x1 i4e4 ,,pn is to ,,an,,na 9 a con/ant ratio4 ,! circle on ,,aa' z diamet] is call$ ! auxili>ly circle2 obvi\sly ,,an,,na' equals ! squ>e ( ! tang5t to ?is circle f ,n1 & h5ce ! ratio ( ,,pn to ! tang5t to ! auxili>ly circle f ,n equals ! ratio ( ! conjugate axis to ! transv]se4 ,we may obs]ve t ! asymptotes int]sect ?is circle 9 ! same po9ts z ! directrices4 ,an important prop]ty is3 ! diff]5ce ( ! focal di/ances ( any po9t on ! curve equals ! transv]se axis4 ,! tang5t at any po9t bisects ! angle betwe5 ! focal di/ances ( ! po9t1 & ! normal is equally incl9$ to ! focal di/ances4 ,also ! auxili>ly circle is ! locus ( ! feet ( ! p]p5dicul>s f ! foci on any tang5t4 ,two tang5ts f any po9t are equally incl9$ to ! focal di/ance ( ! po9t4 ,if ! tang5t at ,p meet ! conjugate axis 9 t1 & ! transv]se 9 ,n1 !n ,ct4 ,,pn ,,bc2 simil>ly if g & ,g be ! correspond+ int]sections ( ! normal1 ,,pg 3 ,pg 3 3 ,,bc 3 ,,ac4 ,a diamet] is a l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre & t]m9at$ by ! curve3 x bisects all *ords p>allel to ! tang5ts at its extremities2 ! diamet] p>allel to ^! *ords is its conjugate diamet]4 ,any diamet] is a mean proportional betwe5 ! transv]se axis & ! focal *ord p>allel to ! diamet]4 ,any l9e cuts (f equal di/ances betwe5 ! curve & ! asymptotes4 ,if ! tang5t at ,p meets ! asymptotes 9 ,r1 ,r'1 !n ,,cr,,cr ,,cs4 ,! geometry ( ! rectangul> hyp]bola is simplifi$ by ! fact t its pr9cipal axes are equal4 ,analytically ! hyp]bola is giv5 by ax #b;hxy by #b;gx #b;fy c #j :]e9 ab h4 ,ref]r$ to ! c5tre ?is becomes ,ax #b;,hxy ,by ,c #j2 & if ! axes ( coord9ates be ! pr9cipal axes ( ! curve1 ! equation is fur!r simplifi$ to ,ax - ,by ,c1 or if ! semi-transv]se axis be a1 & ! semi-conjugate b1 x_/a - y_/b #a4 ,?is is ! mo/ commonly us$ =m4 ,9 ! rectangul> hyp]bola a b2 h5ce its equation is x - y #j4 ,! equations to ! asymptotes are x_/a y_/b & x y respectively4 ,ref]r$ to ! asymptotes z axes ! g5]al equation becomes xy k2 obvi\sly ! axes are oblique 9 ! g5]al hyp]bola & rectangul> 9 ! rectangul> hyp]bola4 ,! values ( ! con/ant k are 7a b7 & a respectively4 7,see ,,geometry3 ,analytical2 ,projective47 ,,hyp]bole 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 hyp]balle91 to ?r[ beyond71 a figure ( rhetoric :]eby ! speak] expresses m ?an ! tru?1 9 ord] to produce a vivid impression2 h5ce1 an exagg]ation4 ,,hyp]boreans 7,greek3 ,hyp]boreoi1 ,hyp]boreioi71 a my?ical p intimately connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,apollo4 ,_! "n does n occur 9 ! ,iliad or ! ,odyssey1 b ,h]odotus 7iv4 #cb7 /ates t !y 7 m5tion$ 9 ,hesiod & 9 ! ,epigoni1 an epic ( ! ,!ban cycle4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 two maid5s1 ,opis & ,arge1 & lat] two o!rs1 ,hyp]o*e & ,laodice1 escort$ by five m51 call$ by ! ,delians ,p]ph]es1 7 s5t by ! ,hyp]boreans ) c]ta9 (f]+s to ,delos4 ,f9d+ t _! mess5g]s did n return1 ! ,hyp]boreans adopt$ ! plan ( wrapp+ ! (f]+s 9 :eat-/raw & reque/$ _! neighb\rs to h& !m on to ! next nation1 & s on1 till !y f9ally rea*$ ,delos4 ,! !ory ( ,h4 ,l4 ,ahr5s1 t ,hyp]boreans & ,p]ph]es are id5tical1 is n[ widely accept$4 ,9 "s ( ! dialects ( nor!rn ,greece 7especially ,mac$onia & ,delphi7 phi _h a t5d5cy to become beta4 ,! orig9al =m ( ,greek3 ,p]ph]ees 0 ,greek3 hyp]ph]etai or ,greek3 hyp]phoroi 7^? :o c>ry ov]71 :i* becom+ ,greek3 hyp]boroi gave rise to ! popul> d]ivation f ,greek3 boreas 7dwell]s beyond ! nor? w9d74 ,! ,hyp]boreans 7 ?us ! be>]s ( ! sacrificial gifts to ,apollo ov] l& & sea1 irrespective ( _! home1 ! "n be+ giv5 to ,delphians1 ,!ssalians1 ,a!nians & ,delians4 ,x is object$ by ,o4 ,s*rd] t ! =m ,greek3 ,p]ph]ees requires a passive mean+1 ^? :o are c>ri$ r\nd ! alt>1 p]haps danc]s l ! :irl+ d]vi%es2 di/+ui%+ !m f ! ,hyp]boreans1 he expla9s ! latt] z ^? :o live above ! m\nta9s1 t is1 9 heav54 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! d]ivation f ,greek3 boreas1 ! home ( ! ,hyp]boreans 0 plac$ 9 a region beyond ! nor? w9d1 a p>adise l ! ,elysian pla9s1 inaccessible by l& or sea1 :i!r ,apollo c\ld remove ^? mortals :o _h liv$ a life ( piety4 ,x 0 a l& ( p]petual sun%9e & great f]tility2 its inhabitants 7 free f disease & w>4 ,! duration ( _! life 0 #ajjj ye>s1 b if any desir$ to %ort5 x1 he deck$ himself ) g>l&s & ?rew himself f a rock into ! sea4 ,! close connexion ( ! ,hyp]boreans ) ! cult ( ,apollo may be se5 by comp>+ ! ,hyp]borean my?s1 ! *>act]s ( :i* by _! names mo/ly recall ,apollo or ,artemis 7,agyieus1 ,opis1 ,heca]gos1 ,loxo71 ) ! c]emonial ( ! ,apoll9e wor%ip4 ,no meat 0 eat5 at ! ,pyanepsia2 ! ,hyp]boreans 7 veget>ians4 ,at ! fe/ival ( ,apollo at ,leucas a victim flung himself f a rock into ! sea1 l ! ,hyp]borean :o 0 tir$ ( life4 ,accord+ to an ,a!nian decree 7#chj ,b4,c47 asses 7 sacrific$ to ,apollo at ,delphi1 & ,p9d> 7,py?ia1 x4 #cc7 speaks ( hecatombs ( asses be+ (f]$ to him by ! ,hyp]boreans4 ,z ! latt] convey$ sacrificial gifts to ,delos hidd5 9 :eat-/raw1 s at ! ,?>gelia a %eaf ( corn 0 c>ri$ r\nd 9 procession1 conceal+ a symbol ( ! god 7= o!r resemblances see ,crusius's article74 ,al?\gh ! ,hyp]borean leg5ds are ma9ly connect$ ) ,delphi & ,delos1 traces ( !m are f\nd 9 ,argos 7! /ories ( ,h]acles1 ,p]seus1 ,io71 ,attica1 ,mac$onia1 ,?race1 ,sicily & ,italy 7:i* ,niebuhr inde$ consid]s _! orig9al home74 ,9 mod]n times ! "n has be5 appli$ to a gr\p ( races1 :i* includes ! ,*uk*is1 ,koryaks1 ,yukaghirs1 ,a9us1 ,gilyaks & ,kam*adales1 inhabit+ ! arctic regions ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,b if ev] e?nically "o1 ! ,asiatic & ,am]ican bran*es are n[ z f> ap>t f ea* o!r z !y bo? are f ! ,mongolo-,tat> /ock4 ,see ,o4 ,crusius 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon d] ,my?ologie2 ,o4 ,s*rd] 9 ,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft 7#aijd71 viii4 #fi2 ,w4 ,mannh>dt1 ,wald- und ,feldkulte 7#aije72 ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7#aijg71 iv4 #ajj4 ,,hyp]eides 7c4 #cij-cbb ,b4,c471 "o ( ! t5 ,attic orators1 0 ! son ( ,glaucippus1 ( ! deme ( ,collytus4 ,hav+ /udi$ "u ,isocrates1 he began life z a writ] ( spee*es = ! c\rts1 & 9 #cfj he prosecut$ ,autocles1 a g5]al *>g$ ) treason 9 ,?race 7frags4 #ee-fe1 ,blass74 ,at ! "t ( ! s-call$ ,social ,w> 7#ceh-cee7 he accus$ ,ari/ophon1 !n "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial m5 at ,a!ns1 ( malpractices 7frags4 #dj-dd1 ,blass71 & impea*$ ,philocrates 7#cdc7 = high treason4 ,f ! peace ( #cdf to #cbd ,hyp]eides support$ ,demo/h5es 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ,mac$on2 b 9 ! affair ( ,h>palus he 0 "o ( ! t5 public prosecutors ( ,demo/h5es1 & on ! exile ( 8 =m] lead] he became ! head ( ! patriotic p>ty 7#cbd74 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 he 0 ! *ief promot] ( ! ,lamian w> aga9/ ,antipat] & ,crat]us4 ,aft] ! decisive defeat at ,crannon 7#cbb71 ,hyp]eides & ! o!r orators1 ^: surr5d] 0 dem&$ by ,antipat]1 7 condemn$ to dea? by ! ,a!nian p>tisans ( ,mac$onia4 ,hyp]eides fl$ to ,aeg9a1 b ,antipat]'s emiss>ies dragg$ him f ! temple ( ,aeacus1 :]e he _h tak5 refuge1 & put him to dea?2 accord+ to o!rs1 he 0 tak5 be=e ,antipat] at ,a!ns or ,cleonae4 ,8 body 0 aft]w>ds remov$ to ,a!ns = burial4 ,hyp]eides 0 an ard5t pursu] ( ! beautiful1 :i* 9 8 "t g5]ally meant pleasure & luxury4 ,8 temp] 0 easy-go+ & humor\s2 & h5ce1 ?\gh 9 8 developm5t ( ! p]iodic s5t5ce he foll[$ ,isocrates1 ! ess5tial t5d5cies ( 8 /yle are ^? ( ,lysias1 :om he surpass$1 h[ev]1 9 ! ri*ness ( 8 vocabul>y & 9 ! v>iety ( 8 p[]s4 ,8 diction 0 pla9 & =cible1 ?\gh he occasionally indulg$ 9 long comp\nd words probably borr[$ f ! ,middle ,com$y1 ) :i*1 & ) ! ev]yday life ( 8 "t1 he 0 9 full sympa?y4 ,8 composition 0 simple4 ,he 0 specially di/+ui%$ = subtlety ( expression1 grace & wit1 z well z = tact 9 approa*+ 8 case & h&l+ 8 subject matt]4 ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb sums up ! criticism ( pseudo-,long9us 7,de sublimitate1 #cd7 9 ! phrase--,hyp]eides 0 ! ,%]idan ( ,a!ns4 ,sev5ty-sev5 spee*es 7 attribut$ to ,hyp]eides1 ( :i* tw5ty-five 7 reg>d$ z spuri\s ev5 by anci5t critics4 ,x is said t a ,,ms4 ( mo/ ( ! spee*es 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! #af? c5tury 9 ! libr>y ( ,mat?ias ,corv9us1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 at ,(51 b 0 de/roy$ at ! capture ( ! city by ! ,turks 9 #aebf4 ,only a few fragm5ts 7 kn[n until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,9 #ahdg l>ge fragm5ts ( 8 spee*es ,aga9/ ,demo/h5es 7see above7 & ,= ,lycophron 7incid5tally int]e/+ z elucidat+ ! ord] ( m>riage processions & o!r details ( ,a!nian life1 & ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t ( ,lemnos71 & ! :ole ( ! ,= ,eux5ippus 7c4 #ccj1 a locus classicus on ,greek3 eisangeliai or /ate prosecutions71 7 f\nd 9 a tomb at ,!bes 9 ,egypt1 & 9 #ahef a consid]able portion ( a ,greek3 logos epitaphios1 a ,fun]al ,oration ov] ,leo/h5es & 8 comrades :o _h fall5 9 ! ,lamian w>1 ! be/ extant specim5 ( epideictic oratory 7see ,,bab+ton1 ,,*ur*ill74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury fur!r discov]ies 7 made ( ! conclusion ( ! spee* ,aga9/ ,philippides 7deal+ ) a ,greek3 graph p>anomn1 or indictm5t = ! proposal ( an uncon/itutional measure1 aris+ out ( ! disputes ( ! ,mac$onian & anti-,mac$onian p>ties at ,a!ns71 & ( ! :ole ( ! ,aga9/ ,a!nog5es 7a p]fum] accus$ ( fraud 9 ! sale ( 8 bus9ess74 ,^! h be5 edit$ by ,f4 ,g4 ,k5yon 7#ahic74 ,an important spee* t is lo/ is ! ,deliacus 7frags4 #fg-ge1 ,blass7 on ! presid5cy ( ! ,delian temple claim$ by bo? ,a!ns & ,delos1 :i* 0 adjudg$ by ! ,amphictyons to ,a!ns4 ,on ,hyp]eides g5]ally see pseudo-,plut>*1 ,decem oratorum vitae2 ,f4 ,blass1 ,attis*e ,b]$samkeit1 iii42 ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb1 ,attic ,orators1 ii4 #cha4 ,a full li/ ( editions & articles is giv5 9 ,f4 ,blass1 ,hyp]idis orationes sex cum cet]>um fragm5tis 7#ahid1 ,teubn] s]ies71 to :i* may be add$ ,i4 ,bassi1 ,le ,quattro ,orazioni di ,ip]ide 7introduction & notes1 #ahhh71 & ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys 9 ,classical ,review 7,janu>y #ahie7 7a review ( ! editions ( ,k5yon & ,blass74 ,= ! disc\rse aga9/ ,a!nog5es see ,h4 ,weil1 tudes sur l'antiquit grecque 7#aijj74 ,,hyp]ion1 9 ,greek my?ology1 "o ( ! ,titans1 son ( ,uranus & ,gaea & fa!r ( ,helios1 ! sun-god 7,hesiod1 ,!og4 #acd1 #cga2 ,apollodorus i4 #a4 #b74 ,9 ! well-kn[n passage 9 ,%akespe>e 7,hamlet1 i4 #b3 ,hyp]ion to a satyr1 :]e z 9 o!r poets ! v[el -i- ?\gh really long1 is %ort5$ = metrical reasons7 ,hyp]ion is us$ = ,apollo z expressive ( ! idea ( beauty4 ,! "n is (t5 us$ z an epi!t ( ,helios1 :o is himself sometimes call$ simply ,hyp]ion4 ,x is expla9$ z 7#a7 he :o moves above 7,greek3 hyp]-in71 b ! quantity ( ! v[el is aga9/ ?is2 7#b7 he :o is above 7,greek3 hyp]i-n74 ,o!rs take x to be a patronymic 9 =m1 l ,greek3 ,kronin1 ,molin4 ,,hyp]/h5e1 a rock-=m+ m9]al belong+ to ! gr\p ( or?orhombic pyrox5es4 ,x diff]s f ! o!r memb]s 7en/atite q4v4 & bronzite7 ( ?is gr\p 9 conta9+ a consid]able am\nt ( iron replac+ magnesium3 ! *emical =mula is 7,mg1 ,fe7,si,o#c4 ,di/9ctly develop$ cry/als are r>e1 ! m9]al be+ usually f\nd z foliat$ masses emb$d$ 9 ^? igne\s rocks--norite1 hyp]/h5e-&esite1 c4--( :i* x =ms an ess5tial con/itu5t4 ,! co>sely gra9$ labradorite-hyp]/h5e-rock 7norite7 ( ! isl& ( ,/ ,paul (f ! coa/ ( ,labrador has furni%$ ! mo/ typical mat]ial2 & = ?is reason ! m9]al has be5 kn[n z ,labrador hornbl5de or paulite4 ,! col\r is br[ni%-black1 & ! pleo*rism /rong2 ! h>dness is #f1 & ! specific gravity #c4d-c4e4 ,on c]ta9 surfaces x displays a brilliant copp]-r$ metallic %e5 or s*ill]1 :i* has ! same orig9 z ! bronzy %e5 ( bronzite 7q4v471 b is ev5 m pron\nc$4 ,l bronzite1 x is sometimes cut & poli%$ = ornam5tal purposes4 7,l4 ,j4 ,s47 ,,hyp]trophy 7,gr4 ,greek3 hyp]1 ov]1 & ,greek3 troph1 n\ri%m5t71 a t]m 9 m$ic9e employ$ to designate an abnormal increase 9 bulk ( "o or m ( ! organs or compon5t tissues ( ! body 7see ,,pa?ology74 ,9 its /rict s5se ?is t]m c only be appli$ :]e ! increase affects ! natural textures ( a "p1 & is n applicable :]e ! enl>gem5t is due to ! pres5ce ( "s extrane\s morbid =mation4 ,hyp]trophy ( a "p may manife/ itself ei!r by simply an increase 9 ! size ( its con/itu5ts1 or by ?is comb9$ ) an increase 9 _! numb] 7hyp]plasia74 ,9 _m in/ances bo? are associat$4 ,! conditions giv+ rise to hyp]trophy are ! rev]se ( ^? describ$ z produc+ ,atrophy 7q4v474 ,!y are concisely /at$ by ,sir ,james ,paget z be+ *iefly or only ?ree1 namely3 7#a7 ! increas$ ex]cise ( a "p 9 its heal?y functions2 7#b7 an increas$ accumulation 9 ! blood ( ! p>ticul> mat]ials :i* a "p appropriates to its nutrition or 9 secretion2 & 7#c7 an increas$ afflux ( heal?y blood4 ,illu/rations are furni%$ ( ! fir/ ( ^! conditions by ! high developm5t ( muscul> tissue "u habitual active ex]cise2 ( ! second 9 ! case ( obesity1 :i* is an hyp]trophy ( ! fatty tissues1 ! elem5ts ( :i* are furni%$ by ! blood2 & ( ! ?ird 9 ! occasional ov]gr[? ( hair 9 ! neighb\rhood ( p>ts :i* are ! seat ( inflammation4 ,obvi\sly !re=e1 9 _m in/ances1 hyp]trophy _c be reg>d$ z a deviation f heal?1 b r on ! contr>y z indicative ( a high degree ( nutrition & physical p[]4 ,ev5 9 ^? cases :]e x is f\nd associat$ ) disease1 x is (t5 produc$ z a salut>y ef=t ( nature to comp5sate = ob/ructions or o!r difficulties :i* h aris5 9 ! sy/em1 & ?us to w>d (f evil consequ5ces4 ,no bett] example ( ?is c be se5 ?an 9 ! case ( c]ta9 =ms ( he>t disease1 :]e f defect at "s ( ! natural orifices ( t organ ! onw>d fl[ ( ! blood is int]f]$ )1 & w\ld soon give rise to s]i\s emb>rassm5t to ! circulation1 7 x n t beh9d ! seat ( ob/ruction ! he>t gradually becomes hyp]trophi$1 & ?us acquires great] propell+ p[] to ov]come ! resi/ance 9 front4 ,aga91 x has be5 notic$1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 d\ble organs su* z ! kidneys1 t :5 "o has be5 de/roy$ by disease ! o!r has become hyp]trophi$ to su* a degree z enables x to dis*>ge ! functions ( bo?4 ,hyp]trophy may1 h[ev]1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances con/itute a disease1 z 9 goitre & elephantiasis 7q4v471 & also 9 ! case ( c]ta9 tum\rs & gr[?s 7su* z cutane\s excresc5ces1 fatty tum\rs1 muc\s polypi1 c471 :i* are simply enl>gem5ts ( normal textures4 ,hyp]trophy does n 9 all cases involve an increase 9 bulk2 =1 j z 9 atrophy !re may be no dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! affect$ organ1 s 9 hyp]trophy !re may be no increase4 ,?is is apt to be ! case :]e c]ta9 only ( ! elem5ts ( an organ und]go increase1 :ile ! o!rs rema9 unaffect$ or are actually atrophi$ by ! pressure ( ! hyp]trophi$ tissue1 z is se5 9 ! disease kn[n z cirrhosis ( ! liv]4 ,a spuri\s hyp]trophy is obs]v$ 9 ! r>e disease to :i* ,g4 ,b4 ,du*5ne appli$ ! "n ( pseudo-hyp]trophic p>alysis4 ,?is ailm5t1 :i* appe>s to be conf9$ to *ildr51 consi/s ess5tially ( a progressive loss ( p[] accompani$ ) a rem>kable enl>gem5t ( c]ta9 muscles or gr\ps ( muscles1 m r>ely ( ! :ole muscul> sy/em4 ,?is increase ( bulk is1 h[ev]1 n a true hyp]trophy1 b r an excessive developm5t ( connective tissue 9 ! sub/ance ( ! muscles1 ! prop] texture ( :i* t5ds 9 consequ5ce to und]go atrophy or deg5]ation4 ,! appe>ance pres5t$ by a *ild suff]+ f ?is disease is /rik+4 ,! attitude & gait are rem>kably alt]$1 ! *ild /&+ ) %\ld]s ?r[n back1 small ( ! back deeply curv$ inw>ds1 & legs wide ap>t1 :ile walk+ is accompani$ ) a peculi> sw++ or rock+ movem5t4 ,! calves ( ! legs1 ! buttocks1 ! muscles ( ! back1 & occasionally o!r muscles1 are se5 to be unduly enl>g$1 & contra/ /rangely ) ! g5]al feebl5ess4 ,! progress ( ! disease is m>k$ by increas+ failure ( locomotory p[]1 & ultimately by complete p>alysis ( ! limbs4 ,! malady is little am5able to treatm5t1 &1 al?\gh (t5 prolong$ = ye>s1 g5]ally proves fatal be=e ! p]iod ( maturity4 ,,hypnotism1 a t]m n[ 9 g5]al use z cov]+ all t p]ta9s to ! art ( induc+ ! hypnotic /ate1 or hypnosis1 & to ! /udy ( t /ate1 its conditions1 peculi>ities & effects4 ,hypnosis is a condition1 alli$ to normal sleep 7,gr4 ,greek3 hypnos71 :i* c be induc$ 9 a l>ge majority ( normal p]sons4 ,its mo/ *>act]i/ic & con/ant symptom is ! increas$ sugge/ibility ( ! subject 7see ,,sugge/ion74 ,o!r symptoms are v v>i$ & diff] widely 9 diff]5t subjects & 9 ! same subject at diff]5t times4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! increas$ sugge/ibility & all ! o!r symptoms ( hypnosis imply "s abnormal condition ( ! bra9 ( a tempor>y & h>mless nature4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 all ages & 9 almo/ all c\ntries individuals h occasionally fall5 into abnormal /ates ( m9d m or less closely resembl+ ! hypnotic /ate1 & h !reby excit$ ! sup]/iti\s wond] ( _! fell[s4 ,9 "s cases ! /ate has be5 delib]ately induc$1 9 o!rs x has appe>$ spontane\sly1 g5]ally "u ! influ5ce ( "s emotional excitem5t4 ,! mo/ famili> ( ^! alli$ /ates is ! somnambulism or sleep-walk+ to :i* "s p]sons seem to be h]$it>ily dispos$4 ,( a r diff]5t type are ! /ates ( ec/asy into :i* religi\s en?usia/s h occasionally fall5 & :i* 7 especially frequ5t among ! peoples ( ,europe dur+ ! middle ages4 ,:ile 9 ?is condition individuals h appe>$ to be ins5sitive to all impressions made on _! s5se-organs1 ev5 to su* z w\ld excite acute pa9 9 normal p]sons1 h be5 capable ( ma9ta9+ rigid po/ures = long p]iods ( "t1 h exp]i5c$ vivid halluc9ations1 & h produc$1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! imag9ation1 extraord9>y organic *anges 9 ! body1 su* z ! bloody /igmata on ! h&s & feet 9 sev]al well-atte/$ in/ances4 ,x has be5 prov$ 9 rec5t ye>s t effects ( all ^! k9ds may be produc$ by hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,diff]5t aga91 b closely p>allel$ by "s subjects 9 hypnosis1 is ! /ate ( latah into :i* a c]ta9 proportion ( p]sons ( ! ,malay race are liable to fall4 ,^! p]sons1 if _! att5tion is sudd5ly & =cibly drawn to any o!r p]son1 w beg9 to imitate 8 e action & attitude1 & may d s 9 spite ( _! be/ ef=ts to re/ra9 _! imitative movem5ts4 ,among ! half-br$ ,fr5*-,canadians ( ! =e/ regions ( ,canada occur individuals1 kn[n z jump]s1 :o are liable to fall sudd5ly into a simil> /ate ( abject imitativ5ess1 & ! same peculi> behavi\r has be5 obs]v$ among "s ( ! remote tribes ( ,sib]ia4 ,! delib]ate induction ( /ates id5tical )1 or closely alli$ to1 hypnosis is practis$ by _m b>b>\s & savage peoples1 g5]ally = c]emonial purposes4 ,?us1 c]ta9 d]vi%es ( ,algi]s are said to induce 9 !mselves1 by ! aid ( ! s\nd ( drums1 monoton\s songs & movem5ts1 a /ate 9 :i* !y are ins5sitive to pa91 & a simil> practice ( religi\s devotees is report$ f ,tibet4 ,p]haps ! mo/ m>vell\s a*ievem5t among well-atte/$ cases ( ?is sort is t ( c]ta9 yogis ( ,h9du/an2 by long tra9+ & practice !y seem to acquire ! p[] ( arre/+ almo/ completely all _! vital functions4 ,an int5se ef=t ( ab/raction f ! impressions ( ! out] _w1 a prolong$ fixation ( ! eyes ^u ! nose or 9 "s o!r /ra9$ position & a p[] ( greatly sl[+ ! respiration1 ^! seem to be important features ( _! proc$ure = ! atta9m5t ( _! abnormal /ates4 ,9 spite ( ! wide di/ribution 9 "t & space1 & ! n v infrequ5t occurr5ce1 ( ^! in/ances ( /ates id5tical ) or alli$ to hypnosis1 "s ?ree c5turies ( en?usia/ic inve/igation & ( bitt] controv]sy 7 requir$ to e/abli% ! occurr5ce ( ! hypnotic /ate among ! facts accept$ by ! _w ( ,european sci5ce4 ,sci5tific int]e/ 9 !m may be trac$ back at lea/ z f> z ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,p>acelsus _h f\nd$ ! sympa!tic sy/em ( m$ic9e1 accord+ to :i* ! />s & o!r bodies1 especially magnets1 influ5ce m5 by means ( a subtle emanation or fluid t p]vades all space4 ,j4 ,b4 van ,helmont1 a di/+ui%$ man ( sci5ce ( ! latt] "p ( ! #af? c5tury1 ext5d$ ?is doctr9e by tea*+ t a simil> magnetic fluid radiates f m51 & t x c be guid$ by _! wills to influ5ce directly ! m9ds & bodies ( o!rs4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury !re appe>$ 9 ,engl& sev]al p]sons :o claim$ to h ! p[] ( cur+ diseases by /rok+ ) ! h&4 ,notable among/ ^! 0 ,val5t9e ,greatrakes1 ( ,affane1 9 ! c\nty ( ,wat]=d1 ,irel&1 :o 0 born 9 ,febru>y #afbh1 & :o attract$ great att5tion 9 ,engl& by 8 suppos$ p[] ( cur+ ! k+'s evil1 or scr(ula4 ,_m ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5tific & !ological m5 ( ! day1 su* z ,rob]t ,boyle & ,r4 ,cudwor?1 witness$ & atte/$ ! cures suppos$ to be effect$ by ,greatrakes1 & ?\s&s ( suff]]s cr[d$ to him f all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury ,john ,joseph ,gassn]1 a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ 9 ,swabia1 took up ! notion t ! majority ( diseases arose f demoniacal possession1 & c\ld only be cur$ by exorcism4 ,8 me?od 0 und\bt$ly simil> to t aft]w>ds foll[$ by ,mesm] & o!rs1 & he _h an extraord9>y influ5ce ov] ! n]v\s sy/ems ( 8 pati5ts4 ,gassn]1 h[ev]1 believ$ 8 p[] to be altoge!r sup]natural4 ,b x 0 n until ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury t ! doctr9e ( a magnetic fluid excit$ great popul> int]e/ & became ! subject ( fi]ce controv]sy 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,f4 ,a4 ,mesm] 7q4v471 a physician ( ,vi5na1 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 br++ ! doctr9e into prom95ce4 ,he develop$ x by po/ulat+ a specializ$ v>iety ( magnetic fluid :i* he call$ animal magnetism2 & he claim$ to be able to cure _m diseases by means ( ?is animal magnetism1 tea*+1 also1 t x may be imp>t$ to & /or$ up 9 in]t objects1 :i* are !reby r5d]$ pot5t to cure disease4 ,x w\ld seem t ,mesm] himself 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! artificial somnambulism :i* = ne>ly a c5tury 0 call$ mesm]ic or magnetic sleep1 & :i* is n[ famili> z hypnosis ( a well-m>k$ degree4 ,x 0 obs]v$ & describ$ ab\t ! ye> #aghj by ! m>quis de ,puysgur1 a disciple ( ,mesm]1 :o %[$ t1 :ile subjects 7 9 ?is /ate1 n only c\ld "s ( _! diseases be cur$1 b also _! movem5ts c\ld be controll$ by ! magnetiz]1 & t !y usually rememb]$ no?+ ( ! ev5ts ( ! p]iod ( sleep :5 re/or$ to normal consci\sness4 ,^! are ?ree ( ! mo/ important features ( hypnosis1 & ! mod]n /udy ( hypnotism may !re=e be said to h be5 initiat$ at ?is date by ,puysgur4 ,=1 ?\gh x is probable t ?is /ate _h (t5 be5 induc$ by ! e>li] magneti/s1 !y _h n recogniz$ t ! peculi> behavi\r ( _! pati5ts result$ f _! be+ plung$ into ?is artificial sleep1 b _h attribut$ all ! symptoms !y obs]v$ to ! direct physical action ( ext]nal ag5ts ^u ! pati5ts4 ,! success ( ,mesm] & 8 disciples1 especially great 9 ! fa%ionable _w1 l$ to ! appo9tm5t 9 ,p>is ( a royal commission = ! inve/igation ( _! claims4 ,! commission1 :i* includ$ m5 ( great em95ce1 notably ,a4 ,l4 ,lavoisi] & ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 report$ 9 ! ye> #aghd t x c\ld n accept ! evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( ! magnetic fluid2 b x did n express an op9ion z to ! reality ( ! cures said to be effect$ by its means1 nor z to ! nature ( ! magnetic sleep4 ,?is report & ! social upheavals ( ! foll[+ ye>s seem to h aboli%$ ! public int]e/ 9 animal magnetism = ! space ( "o g5]ation2 aft] :i* ,alex&re ,b]tr&1 a ,p>isian physician1 reviv$ x by 8 acute inve/igations & int]pretations ( ! ph5om5a4 ,b]tr& 0 ! fir/ to give an explanation ( ! facts ( ! k9d t is n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,he exhibit$ ! aff9ity ( ! magnetic sleep to ord9>y somnambulism1 & he taught t ! peculi> effects are to be reg>d$ z due to ! sugge/ions ( ! op]ator work+ !mselves out 9 ! m9d & body ( ! magnetiz$ subject1 i4e4 he reg>d$ ! influ5ce ( ! magnetiz] z ex]t$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ! m9d ( ! subject & only indirectly ?r\gh ! m9d ^u ! body4 ,%ortly aft] ?is revival ( public int]e/1 namely 9 ! ye> #ahca1 a committee ( ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is report$ fav\rably ^u magnetism z a !rapeutic ag5cy1 & be=e _m ye>s _h elaps$ x 0 ext5sively practis$ by ! physicians ( all ,european c\ntries1 ) few exceptions1 ( :i* ,engl& 0 ! mo/ notable4 ,mo/ ( ! practition]s ( ?is p]iod adh]$ to ! doctr9e ( ! magnetic fluid emanat+ f ! op]ator to 8 pati5t1 & ! acceptance ( ?is doctr9e 0 commonly comb9$ ) belief 9 phr5ology1 a/rology & ! influ5ce ( metals & magnets1 ext]nally appli$1 9 cur+ disease & 9 produc+ a v>iety ( /range s5sations & o!r affections ( ! m9d4 ,^! beliefs1 claim+ to re/ ^u c>efully obs]v$ facts1 7 giv5 a new elaboration & a m impos+ claim to be sci5tifically e/abli%$ by ! doctr9e ( odylic =ce prop\nd$ by ,b>on ,k>l von ,rei*5ba*4 ,9 ?is mass ( ill-bas$ ass]tion & belief ! valuable tru?s ( animal magnetism & ! psy*ological explanations ( !m giv5 by ,b]tr& 7 swamp$ & well-nigh lo/ sight (4 ,= x 0 ?is seem+ly insep>able association betwe5 ! facts ( hypnotism & ^! biz>re practices & baseless beliefs t bl9d$ ! l>g] & m sob] "p ( ! sci5tific _w1 & l$ !m p]si/5tly to ass]t t all ?is gr\p ( alleg$ ph5om5a 0 a mass ( quack]y1 fraud & sup]/ition4 ,& ! fact t magnetism 0 practis$ = pecuni>y ga91 (t5 9 a %ameless mann]1 by expon5ts :o claim$ to cure by its means e conceivable ill1 r5d]$ ?is attitude on ! "p ( ! m$ical pr(ession inevitable & p]haps excusable1 ?\gh n ju/ifiable4 ,x 0 ow+ to ?is baleful association t ,john ,elliotson1 "o ( ! lead+ ,london physicians ( t "t1 :o became an ard5t advocate ( magnetism & :o f\nd$ & edit$ ! ,zoi/ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! subject1 0 driv5 out ( ! pr(ession4 ,?is association may p]haps be held1 also1 to excuse ! ho/ile attitude ( ! m$ical pr(ession t[>ds ,james ,esdaile1 a surgeon1 :o1 practis+ 9 a gov]nm5t hospital 9 ,calcutta among ! natives ( ,india1 p]=m$ _m major op]ations1 su* z ! amputation ( limbs1 pa9lessly & ) ! mo/ excell5t results by aid ( ! magnetic sleep4 ,= bo? ,elliotson & ,esdaile1 ?\gh hon\rable practition]s1 accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! magnetic fluid & _m ( ! errone\s beliefs t commonly 7 b\nd up ) x4 ,9 #ahda ,james ,braid1 a surgeon ( ,man*e/]1 r$iscov]$ indep5d5tly ,b]tr&'s physiological & psy*ological explanations ( ! facts1 c>ri$ !m fur!r1 & plac$ hypnotism1 z he nam$ ! /udy1 on a s\nd basis4 ,braid %[$ t subjects 9 magnetic sleep1 f> f be+ 9 a pr(\ndly ins5sitive condition1 are (t5 abnormally susceptible to impressions on ! s5ses1 & %[$ t _m ( ! peculi>ities ( _! behavi\r 7 due to sugge/ions1 made v]bally or o!rwise1 b un9t5tionally1 by ! op]ator or by onlook]s4 ,x seems1 on look+ back on ! hi/ory ( hypnotism1 t at ?is "t x 0 9 a fair way to secure g5]al recognition z a mo/ int]e/+ subject ( psy*ological /udy & a valuable addition to ! res\rces ( ! physician4 ,b x 0 de/9$ once m to be d5i$ its rights by (ficial sci5ce & to fall back into disrepute4 ,?is 0 due to ! co9cid5ce ab\t ! ye> #ahdh ( two ev5ts ( "s importance1 namely--! discov]y ( ! anae/hetic prop]ties ( *lor(orm & ! sudd5 rise ( mod]n spiritualism4 ,! =m] af=d$ a v conv5i5t sub/itute = ! mo/ obvi\s practical application ( hypnotism1 ! production ( anae/hesia dur+ surgical op]ations2 ! latt] involv$ x once m 9 a mass ( fraud & sup]/ition1 &1 = ! popul> m9d1 drove x back to ! region ( ! m>vell\s1 ! sup]natural & ! dang]\s1 made x1 9 fact1 once m a bran* ( ! black art4 ,f ?is "t onw>d !re took place a gradual diff]5tiation ( ! animal magnetism ( ! #ah? c5tury into two div]g+ bran*es1 hypnotism & spiritualism1 two bran*es :i*1 h[ev]1 are n yet entirely sep>at$ &1 p]haps1 nev] w be4 ,at ! same "t ! orig9al sy/em ( animal magnetism has liv$ on 9 an enfeebl$ condition & is n[ v ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 ext9ct4 ,9 ! developm5t ( hypnotism s9ce ! "t ( ,braid we may di/+ui% ?ree l9es1 ! physiological1 ! psy*ological & ! pa?ological4 ,! la/ may be dismiss$ 9 a few words4 ,its pr9cipal repres5tative 0 ,j4 ,m4 ,*>cot1 :o taught at ! ,salptrire 9 ,p>is t hypnosis is ess5tially a symptom ( a morbid condition ( hy/]ia or hy/]o-epilepsy4 ,?is doctr9e1 :i*1 ow+ to ! great repute enjoy$ by ,*>cot1 has done mu* to ret>d ! application ( hypnotism1 is n[ completely discr$it$4 ,! work]s ( ! physiological p>ty atta*$ special importance to ! fixation ( ! eyes1 or to o!r =ms ( long cont9u$ & monoton\s1 or viol5t1 s5sory /imulation 9 ! induction ( hypnosis4 ,!y believ$ t by act+ on ! s5ses 9 ^! ways !y induc$ a peculi> condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! tempor>y abolition ( ! c]ebral functions & ! consequ5t r$uction ( ! subject to ma*9e-l unconsci\s automatism4 ,! lead+ expon5t ( ?is view 0 ,r4 ,heid5ha91 pr(essor ( physiology at ,breslau1 ^: exp]im5tal inve/igations play$ a l>ge "p 9 conv9c+ ! sci5tific _w ( ! g5u95ess ( ! lead+ symptoms ( hypnosis4 ,! purely psy*ological doctr9e ( hypnosis puts aside all physical & physiological influ5ces & effects z ( b little or no importance1 & seeks a psy*ological explanation ( ! induction ( hypnosis & ( all ! ph5om5a4 ,?is dates f #ahhd1 :5 ,h4 ,b]nheim1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,nancy1 publi%$ 8 "w ,de la ,sugge/ion 7republi%$ 9 #ahhg ) a second "p on ! !rapeutics ( hypnotism74 ,b]nheim 0 l$ to ! /udy ( hypnotism by ,a4 ,a4 ,libeault1 :o = tw5ty ye>s _h us$ x v l>gely & successfully 9 8 g5]al practice among ! poor ( ,nancy4 ,libeault r$iscov]$ indep5d5tly1 & ,b]nheim made kn[n to ! _w ! tru?s1 twice previ\sly discov]$ & twice lo/ sight (1 t expectation is a mo/ important factor 9 ! induction ( hypnosis1 t increas$ sugge/ibility is its ess5tial symptom1 & t 9 g5]al ! op]ator works ^u 8 pati5t by m5tal influ5ces4 ,al?\gh !y w5t too f> 9 ! direction ( ignor+ ! peculi>ity ( ! /ate ( ! bra9 9 hypnosis & ! pr$ispos+ effect ( monoton\s s5sory /imulation1 & 9 seek+ to id5tify hypnosis ) normal sleep1 ! views ( ! ,nancy inve/igators h prevail$1 & are n[ 9 ! ma9 g5]ally accept$4 ,_! me?ods ( v]bal sugge/ion h be5 adopt$ by lead+ physicians 9 almo/ all civiliz$ c\ntries & h be5 prov$ to be efficaci\s 9 ! relief ( _m disord]s2 & z a me?od ( psy*ological inve/igation hypnotism has prov$1 especially 9 ! h&s ( ! late ,ed4 ,gurney1 ( ,dr ,pi]re ,janet & ( o!r inve/igators1 capable ( ?r[+ mu* light on ! con/itution ( ! m9d1 has op5$ up a numb] ( problems ( ! deepe/ int]e/1 & has done m ?an any o!r ( ! _m bran*es ( mod]n psy*ology to %[ ! limitations & comp>ative b>r5ness ( ! old psy*ology t reli$ on introspection alone & figur$ z a dep>tm5t ( g5]al philosophy4 ,9 ,engl&1 always ! la/ to ent] into ! g5]al movem5t ( ! ,european m9d1 ! prejudice1 incr$ulity & ignorant misrepres5tation ) :i* hypnotism has ev]y:]e be5 receiv$ h resi/$ its progress m /ubbornly ?an else:]e2 b ev5 9 ,engl& its reality & its value z a !rapeutic ag5t h at la/ be5 (ficially recogniz$4 ,9 #ahib1 j fifty ye>s aft] ,braid cle>ly demon/rat$ ! facts & publi%$ explanations ( !m almo/ id5tical ) ^? n[ accept$1 a committee ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association report$ fav\rably ^u hypnotism aft] a se>*+ inve/igation2 x is n[ regul>ly employ$ by a numb] ( physicians ( high /&+1 & ! =mation 9 #aijg ( ,! ,m$ical ,society = ! ,/udy ( ,sugge/ive ,!rapeutics %[s t ! foot+ x has ga9$ is likely to be made good4 ,induction ( ,hypnosis4--,x has n[ be5 abundantly prov$ t hypnosis c be induc$ 9 ! great majority ( normal p]sons1 provid$ t !y will+ly submit !mselves to ! process4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ op]ators h succe$$ 9 hypnotiz+ m ?an #ij ( ! cases !y h attempt$1 & mo/ ( !m are agre$ t failure to induce hypnosis 9 any case is due ei!r to lack ( skill & tact on ! "p ( ! op]ator1 or to "s unfav\rable m5tal condition ( ! subject4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t "s races or peoples are by nature m readily hypnotizable ?an o!rs2 ( ! ,fr5* p especially ?is has be5 ma9ta9$4 ,b !re is no suffici5t gr\nd = ?is /atem5t4 ,! diff]5ces t und\bt$ly obta9 betwe5 populations ( diff]5t regions 9 respect to ! ease or difficulty ) :i* a l>ge proportion ( all p]sons c be hypnotiz$ are suffici5tly expla9$ by ! diff]5ces ( ! attitude ( ! public t[>ds hypnotism2 9 ,france1 e4g41 & especially 9 ,nancy1 hypnotism has be5 made kn[n to ! public *iefly z a recogniz$ auxili>y to ! bett] kn[n me?ods ( m$ical treatm5t1 :]eas 9 ,engl& ! m$ical pr(ession has all[$ ! public to make acqua9tance ) hypnotism ?r\gh ! m$ium ( disgu/+ /age-p]=mances ^: only object 0 to raise a laugh1 & has1 ) few exceptions1 jo9$ 9 ! g5]al *orus ( condemnation & mi/ru/4 ,h5ce 9 ,france pati5ts submit !mselves ) confid5ce & goodwill to hypnotic treatm5t1 :]eas 9 ,engl& x is /ill necess>y 9 mo/ cases to remove an ill-bas$ prejudice be=e ! treatm5t c be und]tak5 ) hope ( success4 ,= ! confid5ce & goodwill ( ! pati5t are almo/ ess5tial to success1 & ev5 aft] hypnosis has be5 induc$ on sev]al occasions a pati5t may be s influ5c$ by injudici\s fri5ds t he _c aga9 be hypnotiz$ or1 if hypnotiz$1 is mu* less am5able to ! p[] ( sugge/ion4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( hypnotization are curr5t1 b mo/ practition]s comb9e ! me?ods ( ,braid & ( ,b]nheim4 ,aft] ask+ ! pati5t to resign himself passively into _! h&s1 & aft] seat+ him 9 a com=table arm-*air1 !y direct him to fix 8 eyes ^u "s small object held g5]ally 9 su* a position t "s slight muscul> /ra9 is involv$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! fixation2 !y !n sugge/ to him v]bally ! idea or expectation ( sleep & ! s5sations t normally accompany ! oncom+ ( sleep1 ! heav9ess ( ! eyes1 ! slackness ( ! limbs & s =?2 & :5 ! eyes %[ signs ( fatigue1 !y ei!r close !m by g5tle pressure or tell ! subject to close !m4 ,_m also pass _! h&s sl[ly & regul>ly ov] ! face1 ) or )\t contact4 ,! old magnetiz]s atta*$ great importance to su* passes1 believ+ t by !m ! magnetic fluid 0 imp>t$ to ! pati5t2 b x seems cle> t1 9 s f> z !y contribute to induce hypnosis1 x is 9 _! "* m]ely ( g5tle1 monoton\s1 s5sory /imulations4 ,a well-dispos$ subject soon falls into a dr[sy /ate & t5ds to pass into natural sleep2 b by spee*1 by passes1 or by manipulat+ 8 limbs ! op]ator keeps 9 t\* ) him1 keeps 8 wan+ att5tion op5 to ! impressions he himself makes4 ,mo/ subjects !n f9d x difficult or impossible to op5 _! eyes or to make any o!r movem5t :i* is =bidd5 or said to be impossible by ! op]ator1 al?\gh !y may be fully consci\s ( all t goes on ab\t !m & may h ! conviction t if !y did b make an ef=t !y c\ld break ! spell4 ,?is is a light /age ( hypnosis beyond :i* "s subjects c h>dly be induc$ to pass & beyond :i* few pass at ! fir/ attempt4 ,b on successive occasions1 or ev5 on ! fir/ occasion1 a fav\rable subject passes into deep] /ages ( hypnosis4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to di/+ui% cle>ly m>k$ & con/antly occurr+ /ages4 ,b x seems n[ cle> t ! complex ( symptoms display$ v>ies 9 all cases ) ! idiosyncrasies ( ! subject & ) ! me?ods adopt$ by ! op]ator4 ,9 _m subjects a waxy rigidity ( ! limbs appe>s spontane\sly or c be induc$ by sugge/ion2 ! limbs !n reta9 = long p]iods )\t fatigue any position giv5 !m by ! op]ator4 ,! mo/ susceptible subjects pass into ! /age kn[n z artificial somnambulism4 ,9 ?is condition !y cont9ue to respond to all sugge/ions made by ! op]ator1 b seem z ins5sitive to all o!r impressions z a p]son 9 pr(\nd sleep or 9 coma2 & on awak+ f ?is condition !y are usually oblivi\s ( all t !y h he>d1 said or done dur+ ! somnambuli/ic p]iod4 ,:5 9 ?is la/ condition pati5ts are usually m pr(\ndly influ5c$ by sugge/ions1 especially po/-hypnotic sugge/ions1 ?an :5 9 ! light] /ages2 b ! light] /ages suffice = ! production ( _m !rapeutic effects4 ,:5 a pati5t is completely hypnotiz$1 8 movem5ts1 8 s5ses1 8 ideas &1 to "s ext5t1 ev5 ! organic processes ov] :i* he has no volunt>y control become m or less completely subject to ! sugge/ions ( ! op]ator2 & usually he is responsive to ! op]ator alone 7rapport7 unless he is in/ruct$ by ! latt] to respond also to ! sugge/ions ( o!r p]sons4 ,if left to himself ! hypnotiz$ subject w usually awake to 8 normal /ate aft] a p]iod :i* is long] 9 proportion to ! dep? ( hypnosis2 & ! deep] /ages seem to pass ov] into normal sleep4 ,! subject c 9 almo/ e case be br\ght quickly back to ! normal /ate by ! v]bal comm& ( ! op]ator4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,effects produc$ by ,sugge/ion dur+ ,hypnosis4--,! subject may n only be r5d]$ incapable ( contract+ any ( ! muscles ( ! volunt>y sy/em1 b may also be made to use !m ) extraord9>ily great or su/a9$ =ce 7?\gh by no means 9 all cases74 ,he c ) difficulty refra9 f p]=m+ any action comm&$ by ! op]ator1 & usually c>ries out any simple comm& )\t hesitation4 ,any "o ( ! s5se-organs1 or any s5sory region su* z ! sk9 or deep tissues ( "o limb may be r5d]$ anae/hetic by v]bal sugge/ion1 aid$ p]haps by "s g5tle manipulation ( ! "p4 ,on ?is fact dep5ds ! surgical application ( hypnotism4 ,sceptical obs]v]s are always incl9$ to d\bt ! g5u95ess ( ! anae/hesia produc$ by a m]e ^w ( comm&1 b ! numb] ( surgical op]ations p]=m$ "u hypnotic anae/hesia suffices to put its reality beyond all "q4 ,a conv9c+ exp]im5t may1 h[ev]1 be made on almo/ any good subject4 ,anae/hesia ( "o eye may be sugge/$ & its reality te/$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,anae/hesia ( ! left eye may be sugge/$1 & ! subject be in/ruct$ to fix 8 gaze on a di/ant po9t & to give "s signal z soon z he sees ! op]ator's f+] 9 ! p]iph]al field ( view4 ,! op]ator !n br+s 8 f+] sl[ly f beh9d & to ! "r =w>ds t[>ds ! subject's l9e ( sight4 ,! subject signals z soon z x crosses ! normal temporal b\nd>y ( ! field ( view ( ! "r eye4 ,! op]ator !n br+s 8 f+] =w>d f a po9t beh9d & to ! left ( ! subject's head4 ,! subject all[s x to cross ! monocul> field ( ! left eye & signals only :5 ! f+] ent]s ! field ( vision ( ! "r eye across its nasal b\nd>y4 ,s9ce few p]sons1 o!r ?an physiologi/s or m$ical m51 are aw>e ( ! relations ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! monocul> & b9ocul> fields ( vision1 ! success ( ?is exp]im5t af=ds pro( t ! f+] rema9s invisible to ! subject dur+ its passage across ! monocul> field ( ! left eye4 ,! abolition ( pa91 especially ( neuralgias1 ! pa9 ( rheumatic & o!r inflammations1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ valuable applications ( hypnotism1 is an effect closely alli$ to ! production ( su* anae/hesia4 ,x has (t5 be5 /at$ t 9 hypnosis ! s5ses may be r5d]$ extraord9>ily acute or hyp]ae/hetic1 s t impressions too fa9t to affect ! s5ses ( ! normal p]son may be p]ceiv$ by ! hypnotiz$ subject2 b 9 view ( ! fact t mo/ obs]v]s are ignorant ( ! normal limits ( s5sitivity & discrim9ation1 all su* /atem5ts mu/ be receiv$ ) caution1 until we h m conv9c+ evid5ce ?an has yet be5 br\ght =w>d4 ,positive & ,negative ,halluc9ations are among ! mo/ /rik+ effects ( hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,a good subject may be made to exp]i5ce an halluc9atory p]ception ( almo/ any object1 ! m easily ! less unusual & out ( h>mony ) ! surr\nd+s is ! sugge/$ object4 ,he may1 e4g41 be giv5 a blank c>d & ask$ if he ?9ks x a good photograph ( himself4 ,he may !n ass5t & describe ! photograph 9 "s detail1 &1 :at is m a/oni%+1 he may pick out ! c>d z ! "o be>+ ! photograph1 aft] x has be5 mix$ ) o!r simil> blank c>ds4 ,?is seems to be due to ! "p play$ by po9ts de repre1 insignificant details ( surface or texture1 :i* s]ve z an objective basis ar\nd :i* ! halluc9atory image is con/ruct$ by ! pictorial imag9ation ( ! subject4 ,a negative halluc9ation may be induc$ by tell+ ! subject t a c]ta9 object or p]son is no long] pres5t1 :5 he ignores 9 e way t object or p]son4 ,?is is m puzzl+ ?an ! positive halluc9ation & w be ref]r$ to aga9 9 discuss+ ! !ory ( hypnosis4 ,bo? k9ds ( halluc9ation t5d to be sy/ematically & logically develop$2 if1 e4g41 ! subject is told t a c]ta9 p]son is no long] visible1 he may become ins5sitive to impressions made on any s5se by t p]son4 ,delusions1 or false beliefs z to _! pres5t situation or pa/ exp]i5ces may be induc$ 9 _m subjects4 ,on be+ assur$ t he is "s o!r p]son1 or t he is 9 "s /range situation1 ! subject may accept ! sugge/ion & adapt 8 behavi\r ) great hi/rionic skill to ! induc$ delusion4 ,x is probable t _m1 p]haps all1 subjects are vaguely aw>e1 z we sometimes are 9 dreams1 t ! delusions & halluc9ations !y exp]i5ce are ( an unreal nature4 ,9 ! light] /ages ( hypnosis a subject usually rememb]s ! ev5ts ( 8 wak+ life1 b 9 ! deep] /ages he is apt1 :ile rememb]+ ! ev5ts ( previ\s hypnotic p]iods1 to be incapable ( recall+ 8 normal life2 b 9 ?is respect1 z also 9 respect to ! ext5t to :i* on awak+ he rememb]s ! ev5ts ( ! hypnotic p]iod1 ! sugge/ions ( ! op]ator usually play a det]m9+ "p4 ,among ! organic *anges t h be5 produc$ by hypnotic sugge/ion are sl[+ or accel]ation ( ! c>diac & respiratory rhy?ms2 rise & fall ( body-temp]ature ?r\gh two or ?ree degrees2 local ery!ma & ev5 inflammation ( ! sk9 ) vesication or exudation ( small drops ( blood2 evacuation ( ! b[el & vomit+2 modifications ( ! secretory activity ( gl&s1 especially ( ! sweat-gl&s4 ,po/-hypnotic ,effects4--,mo/ subjects 9 :om any appreciable degree ( hypnosis c be induc$ %[ "s susceptibility to po/-hypnotic sugge/ion1 i4e4 !y may cont9ue to be influ5c$1 :5 re/or$ to ! fully wak+ /ate1 by sugge/ions made dur+ hypnosis1 m especially if ! op]ator sugge/s t ?is %all be ! case2 z a rule1 ! deep] ! /age ( hypnosis rea*$1 ! m effective are po/-hypnotic sugge/ions4 ,! !rapeutic applications ( hypnotism dep5d 9 ! ma9 ^u ?is po/-hypnotic cont9uance ( ! work+ ( sugge/ions4 ,if a subject is told t on awak+1 or on a c]ta9 signal1 or aft] ! lapse ( a giv5 int]val ( "t f ! mom5t ( awak+1 he w p]=m a c]ta9 action1 he usually feels "s incl9ation to c>ry out ! sugge/ion at ! appropriate mom5t4 ,if he rememb]s t ! action has be5 sugge/$ to him he may refuse to p]=m x1 & if x is "o repugnant to 8 moral nature1 or m]ely "o t w\ld make him appe> ridicul\s1 he may p]si/ 9 8 refusal4 ,b if ! action is ( a simple & ord9>y nature he w usually p]=m x1 rem>k+ t he _c be com=table till x is done4 ,if ! subject 0 deeply hypnotiz$ & rememb]s no?+ ( ! hypnotic p]iod1 he w c>ry out ! po/-hypnotic sugge/ion 9 almo/ e case1 no matt] h[ complicat$ or absurd x may be1 s long z x is n "o f :i* 8 normal self w\ld be extremely av]se2 & he w respond appropriately to ! sugge/$ signals1 al?\gh he is n consci\s ( _! hav+ be5 nam$2 he w (t5 p]=m ! action 9 a v natural way1 & w1 if que/ion$1 give "s m or less adequate reason = x4 ,su* actions1 det]m9$ by po/-hypnotic sugge/ions ( :i* no consci\s memory rema9s1 may be c>ri$ out ev5 aft] ! lapse ( _m weeks or ev5 mon?s4 ,inhibitions ( movem5t1 anae/hesia1 positive & negative halluc9ations1 & delusions may also be made to p]si/ = brief p]iods aft] ! t]m9ation ( hypnosis2 & organic effects1 su* z ! action ( ! b[els1 ! oncom+ ( sleep & ! cessation ( pa91 may be det]m9$ by po/-hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,9 %ort1 x may be said t 9 a good subject all ! k9ds ( sugge/ion :i* w take effect dur+ hypnosis w also be effective if giv5 z po/-hypnotic sugge/ions4 ,!ory ( ! ,hypnotic ,/ate4--,v _m s call$ !ories ( hypnosis h be5 prop\nd$1 b few ( !m dem& s]i\s consid]ation4 ,"o au?or ascribes all ! symptoms to c]ebral anaemia1 ano!r to c]ebral conge/ion1 a ?ird to tempor>y suppression ( ! functions ( ! c]ebrum1 a f\r? to abnormal c]ebral excitability1 a fif? to ! indep5d5t function+ ( "o hemisph]e4 ,ano!r seeks to expla9 all ! facts by say+ t 9 hypnosis our normal consci\sness disappe>s & is replac$ by a dream-consci\sness2 & yet ano!r by ! assumption t e human organism comprises two m5tal selves or p]sonalities1 a normal "o & "o :i* only comes into activity dur+ sleep & hypnosis4 ,mo/ ( ^! !ories w\ld1 ev5 if true1 c>ry u b a little way t[>ds a complete und]/&+ ( ! facts4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o !ory or pr9ciple ( explanation :i* is n[ gradually tak+ %ape "u ! h&s ( a numb] ( ! m p5etrat+ work]s 9 ?is field1 & :i* does seem to r5d] intelligible _m ( ! pr9ciple facts4 ,?is is ! !ory ( m5tal dissociation4 ,x is cle> t a !ory ( hypnosis mu/ attempt to give "s acc\nt ( ! peculi> condition ( ! bra9 :i* is und\bt$ly pres5t z an ess5tial feature ( ! /ate4 ,x is !re=e n en\gh to say ) ,b]nheim t hypnosis is a /ate ( abnormally increas$ sugge/ibility produc$ by sugge/ion2 nor is x en\gh1 ?\gh x is p>tially true1 to say t x is a /ate ( mono-ideism or "o ( abnormally great conc5tration ( att5tion4 ,any !ory mu/ be /at$ 9 t]ms ( physiological psy*ology1 x mu/ take acc\nt ( bo? ! psy*ical & ! n]v\s peculi>ities ( ! hypnotic /ate2 x mu/ exhibit ! physiological condition z 9 "s degree simil> to t obta9+ 9 normal sleep2 b pr9cipally x mu/ acc\nt = t abnormally great receptivity = ideas1 & t abnormally int5se & effective op]ation ( ideas s receiv$1 :i* con/itute abnormally great sugge/ibility4 ,! !ory ( m5tal dissociation may be /at$ 9 purely m5tal t]ms1 or prim>ily 9 t]ms ( n]v\s /ructure & function1 & ! latt] mode ( /atem5t is probably ! m pr(itable at ! pres5t "t4 ,! increas$ effectiv5ess ( ideas might be due to "o ( two conditions3 7#a7 x might be t c]ta9 tracts ( ! bra9 or ! :ole bra9 7 9 a condition ( abnormally great excitability2 or 7#b7 an idea might op]ate m effectively 9 ! m9d & on ! body1 n because x1 or ! und]ly+ bra9-process 0 m int5se ?an normally1 b because x work$ out its effects free f ! int]f]5ce ( contr>y or irrelevant ideas t might weak5 its =ce4 ,x is along ?is second l9e t ! !ory ( m5tal dissociation attempts to expla9 ! increas$ sugge/ibility ( hypnosis4 ,to und]/& ! !ory we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! nature ( m5tal process 9 g5]al & ( its n]v\s concomitants4 ,m5tal process consi/s 9 ! int]play1 n m]ely ( ideas1 b r ( complex dispositions :i* are ! m or less endur+ conditions ( ! rise ( ideas to consci\sness4 ,ea* su* disposition seems capable ( rema9+ inactive or quiesc5t = long p]iods1 & ( be+ excit$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 ei!r by impressions made ^u ! s5se-organs or by ! spread ( excitem5t f o!r dispositions4 ,:5 its excitem5t rises above a c]ta9 pit* ( int5sity1 ! correspond+ idea rises to ! focus ( consci\sness4 ,^! dispositions are ess5tial factors ( all m5tal process1 ! ess5tial conditions ( all m5tal ret5tion4 ,!y may be call$ simply m5tal dispositions1 _! nature be+ left undef9$2 b = our pres5t purpose x is advantage\s to reg>d !m z neural dispositions1 complex functional gr\ps ( n]v\s elem5ts or neurones4 ,! neurones ( ea* su* gr\p mu/ be conceiv$ z be+ s intimately connect$ ) "o ano!r t ! excitem5t ( any "p ( ! gr\p at once spreads ?r\gh ! :ole gr\p or disposition1 s t x always functions z a unit4 ,! :ole c]ebrum mu/ be conceiv$ z consi/+ ( a great numb] ( su* dispositions1 inextricably int]wov51 b int]connect$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion ) v v>i\s degrees ( intimacy2 gr\ps ( dispositions are v intimately connect$ to =m neural sy/ems1 s t ! excitem5t ( any "o memb] ( su* a sy/em t5ds to spread 9 succession to all ! o!r memb]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a peculi>ity ( ! reciprocal relations ( all su* dispositions & sy/ems t ! excitem5t ( any "o to su* a degree t ! correspond+ idea rises to consci\sness prev5ts or inhibits ! excitem5t ( o!rs1 i4e4 all ( !m are 9 relations ( reciprocal inhibition ) "o ano!r 7see ,,muscle ,,& ,,n]ve74 ,! excitem5t ( dispositions associat$ toge!r to =m a sy/em t5ds t[>ds "s end :i*1 ei!r imm$iately or remotely1 is an action1 a bodily movem5t1 9 _m cases a movem5t ( ! organs ( spee* only4 ,n[ we "k f _m exact exp]im5ts t ! neural dispositions act & react ^u "o ano!r to "s ext5t1 ev5 :5 !y are excit$ only 9 s feeble a degree t ! correspond+ ideas d n rise to consci\sness4 ,9 ! normal /ate ( ! bra91 !n1 :5 any idea is pres5t to consci\sness1 ! correspond+ neural disposition is 9 a /ate ( dom9ant excitem5t1 b ! int5sity ( t excitem5t is mod]at$1 depress$ or p>tially inhibit$ by ! sub-excitem5t ( _m rival or compet+ dispositions ( o!r sy/ems ) :i* x is connect$4 ,suppose n[ t all ! n]v\s connexions betwe5 ! multitud9\s dispositions ( ! c]ebrum are by "s means r5d]$ less effective1 t ! association-pa?s are p>tially block$ or functionally depress$2 ! result w be t1 :ile ! mo/ intimate connexions1 ^? betwe5 dispositions ( any "o sy/em rema9 functional or p]meable1 ! weak] less intimate connexions1 ^? betwe5 dispositions belong+ to diff]5t sy/ems w be practically aboli%$ = ! "t be+2 ea* sy/em ( dispositions w !n function m or less z an isolat$ sy/em1 & its activity w no long] be subject to ! depress+ or inhibit+ influ5ce ( o!r sy/ems2 !re=e ea* sy/em1 on be+ excit$ 9 any way1 w t5d to its end ) m ?an normal =ce1 be+ fre$ f all int]f]5ces2 t is to say1 ea* idea or sy/em ( ideas w t5d to "w itself out & to realize itself 9 action imm$iately1 )\t suff]+ ! opposition ( antagoni/ic ideas :i*1 9 ! normal /ate ( ! bra91 might altoge!r prev5t its realization 9 action4 ,! !ory ( m5tal dissociation assumes t ! abnormal /ate ( ! bra9 t obta9s dur+ hypnosis is ( ?is k9d1 a tempor>y functional depression ( all1 or ( _m ( ! associations or n]v\s l9ks betwe5 ! neural dispositions2 t is1 x reg>ds hypnosis z a /ate ( relative dissociation4 ,! light] ! /age ( hypnosis ! slight] is ! degree ( dissociation1 ! deep] ! /age ! m ne>ly complete is ! dissociation4 ,x is n ess5tial t ! !ory %\ld expla9 9 :at *ange ?is /age ( dissociation consi/s1 b a view compatible ) all t we "k ( ! functions ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em may be sugge/$4 ,! connexions betwe5 neural dispositions involve synapses or cell-junctions1 & ^! seem to be ! places ( v>iable resi/ance :i* dem>cate ! dispositions & sy/ems2 & !re is good reason to ?9k t _! resi/ances v>y ) ! /ate ( ! neurones :i* !y connect1 be+ l[]$ :5 ^! are excit$ & rais$ :5 _! excitem5t ebbs4 ,n[1 9 ! wak+ /ate1 ! v>i$ /imuli1 :i* con/antly ra9 ^u all ! s5se-organs1 ma9ta9 ! :ole c]ebrum 9 a /ate ( sub-excitem5t1 keep all ! c]ebral neurones p>tially *>g$ ) free n]v\s en]gy4 ,:5 ! subject lies d[n to sleep or submits himself to ! hypnotiz] he arre/s z f> z possible ! fl[ ( 8 ?\ghts1 & ! s5sory /imuli are dim9i%$ 9 numb] & int5sity4 ,"u ^! conditions ! g5]al c]ebral activity t5ds to subside1 ! free en]gy ) :i* ! c]ebral neurones are *>g$ ebbs away1 & ! synaptic resi/ances rise proportionally2 !n ! effect ( s5sory impressions t5ds to be conf9$ to ! l[] n]v\s level1 & ! bra9 t5ds to come to re/4 ,if ?is takes place ! condition ( normal sleep is realiz$4 ,b 9 induc+ hypnosis ! op]ator1 by means ( 8 words & manipulations1 keeps "o sy/em ( ideas & ! correspond+ neural sy/em 9 activity1 namely1 ! ideas connect$ ) himself2 ?us he keeps op5 "o *annel ( entry to ! bra9 & m9d1 & ?r\gh ?is "o op5 *annel he c introduce :atev] ideas he pleases2 & ! ideas s introduc$ !n op]ate ) abnormally great effect because !y "w 9 a free field1 un*eck$ by rival ideas & t5d5cies4 ,?is !ory ( relative dissociation has two great m]its3 9 ! fir/ place x goes f> t[>ds enabl+ u to und]/& 9 "s degree mo/ ( ! ph5om5a ( hypnosis2 secondly1 we h good evid5ce t dissociation really occurs 9 deep hypnosis & 9 "s alli$ /ates4 ,any "o may readily "w out = himself ! application ( ! !ory to ! explanation ( ! p[] ( ! op]ator's sugge/ions to control movem5t1 to induce anae/hesia1 halluc9ations & delusions1 & to ex]t on ! organic processes an influ5ce great] ?an c be ex]t$ by m5tal processes 9 ! normal /ate ( ! bra94 ,b ! positive evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( dissociation is a matt] ( great psy*ological int]e/ & its nature mu/ be briefly indicat$4 ,! ph5om5a ( automatic spee* & writ+ af=d ! be/ evid5ce ( c]ebral dissociation4 ,_m p]sons c1 :ile 9 an app>5tly normal or b v slightly abnormal condition1 produce automatic writ+1 i4e4 intelligibly writt5 s5t5ces1 9 "s cases long connect$ passages1 ( ^: import !y h no k1 _! self-consci\s intellig5ce be+ cont9u\sly direct$ to "s o!r task4 ,! c>ry+ out ( po/-hypnotic sugge/ions af=ds 9 _m cases simil> evid5ce4 ,?us a subject may be told t aft] wak+ he w p]=m "s action :5 a giv5 signal1 su* z a c\gh1 is repeat$ = ! fif? "t4 ,9 ! po/-hypnotic /ate he rema9s unaw>e ( 8 in/ructions1 is n consci\s ( not+ ! signals1 & yet c>ries out ! sugge/ion at ! fif? signal1 !reby prov+ t ! signals h be5 9 "s s5se not$ & c\nt$4 ,_m int]e/+ v>ieties ( ?is exp]im5t h be5 made1 "s ( mu* great] complexity2 b all agree+ 9 indicat+ t ! sugge/$ action is prep>$ = & det]m9$ by c]ebral processes t d n affect ! consci\sness ( ! subject1 b seem to occur z a sy/em ( processes deta*$ f ! ma9 /ream ( c]ebral activity2 t is to say1 !y imply ! op]ation ( relatively dissociat$ neural sy/ems4 ,_m au?orities g fur!r ?an ?is2 !y argue t1 s9ce actions ( ! k9d describ$ are det]m9$ by processes :i* involve op]ations1 su* z c\nt+1 t we are accu/om$ to reg>d z di/9ctly m5tal 9 "* & t normally involve consci\s activity1 we mu/ believe t 9 ^! cases also consci\sness or psy*ical activity is involv$1 b t x rema9s z a sep>ate sy/em or /ream ( consci\sness concurr5t ) ! normal or p]sonal consci\sness4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! /udy ( v>i\s abnormal m5tal /ates1 especially ! inve/igations by ,fr5* physicians ( sev]e =ms ( hy/]ia1 h br\ght to light _m facts :i* seem to ju/ify ?is assumption ( a second>y /ream ( consci\sness1 a co- or sub-consci\sness coexi/5t ) ! p]sonal consci\sness2 al?\gh1 f ! nature ( ! case1 an absolute pro( ( su* co-consci\sness c h>dly be obta9$4 ,! co-consci\sness seems to v>y 9 degree ( complexity & coh]5ce f a m]e succession ( fragm5t>y s5sations to an organiz$ /ream ( m5tal activity1 :i* may rival 9 all respects ! prim>y consci\sness2 & 9 cases ( ! latt] type x is usual to speak ( ! pres5ce ( a second>y p]sonality4 ,! co-consci\sness seems 9 ! simpl] cases1 e4g4 9 cases ( hy/]ical or hypnotic anae/hesia1 to consi/ ( elem5ts split (f f ! normal prim>y consci\sness1 :i* rema9s correspond+ly poor]2 & ! assumption is usually made t su* a /ream ( co-consci\sness is ! psy*ical correlate ( gr\ps & sy/ems ( neurones dissociat$ f ! ma9 mass ( c]ebral neurones4 ,if1 9 spite ( s]i\s objections1 we ent]ta9 ?is conception1 we f9d t x helps u to give "s acc\nt ( v>i\s hypnotic ph5om5a t o!rwise rema9 q inexplicable2 "s su* conception seems to be requir$ m p>ticul>ly by ! facts ( negative halluc9ation & ! execution ( po/-hypnotic sugge/ions involv+ su* op]ations z c\nt+ & exact discrim9ation )\t prim>y consci\sness4 ,sup]normal ,hypnotic ,ph5om5a4--,! facts hi!rto consid]$1 /range & p]plex+ z _m ( !m are1 d n seem to dem& = _! explanation any pr9ciples ( action fundam5tally diff]5t f ^? op]ative 9 ! normal human m9d4 ,b mu* ( ! int]e/ t has c5tr$ 9 hypnotism 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 due to ! fact t "s ( its manife/ations seem to g beyond all su* pr9ciples ( explanation1 & to sugge/ ! reality ( modes ( influ5ce & action t sci5ce has n hi!rto recogniz$4 ,( ^! by f> ! be/ atte/$ are ! po/-hypnotic unconsci\s reckon+ ( "t & telepa?y or ?\ght-transf]5ce 7= ! latt] see ,,telepa?y74 ,! po/-hypnotic reckon+ & not+ ( ! lapse ( "t seems 9 "s in/ances to h be5 c>ri$ out1 9 ! abs5ce ( all extrane\s aids & ) complete unconsci\sness on ! "p ( ! normal p]sonality1 ) su* extreme precision t ! a*ievem5t _c be acc\nt$ = by any int5sification ( any faculty t we at pres5t recognize or und]/&4 ,?us1 ,dr ,milne ,bramwell has report$ ! case ( a pati5t :o1 :5 comm&$ 9 hypnosis to p]=m "s simple action aft] ! lapse ( _m ?\s&s ( m9utes1 w\ld c>ry out ! sugge/ion punctually to ! m9ute1 )\t any means ( kn[+ ! exact "t ( day at :i* ! sugge/ion 0 giv5 or ! "t ( day at ! mom5t its p]=mance fell due2 m rec5tly a simil> case1 ev5 m /rik+ 9 "s respects1 has be5 c>efully obs]v$ & describ$ by ,dr ,t4 ,w4 ,mit*ell4 ,o!r report$ ph5om5a1 su* z telae/hesia or clairvoyance1 & telek9esia1 are h>dly suffici5tly well atte/$ to dem& s]i\s consid]ation 9 ?is place4 ,m$ical ,applications ( ,hypnotism4--,! /udy & practice ( hypnotism is n yet1 & probably nev] w be1 reg>d$ z a normal "p ( ! "w ( ! g5]al practition]4 ,its successful application dem&s s mu* "t1 tact1 & special exp]i5ce1 t x w probably rema91 z x is n[1 & z x is p]haps desirable t x %\ld rema91 a specializ$ bran* ( m$ical practice4 ,9 ,engl& x is only 9 rec5t ye>s t x has be5 possible = a m$ical man to apply x 9 8 practice )\t incurr+ pr(essional odium & "s risk ( loss ( reputation4 ,t1 9 c]ta9 classes ( cases1 x may effect a cure or br+ relief :5 all o!r modes ( treatm5t are ( no avail is n[ rapidly becom+ recogniz$2 b x is less g5]ally recogniz$ t x may be us$ ) great advantage z a supplem5t to o!r modes ( treatm5t 9 reliev+ symptoms t are acc5tuat$ by n]v\s irritability or m5tal di/urbance4 ,a ?ird wide field ( usefulness lies be=e x 9 ! cure ( undesirable habits ( _m k9ds4 ,"u ! fir/ head+ may be put insomnia1 neuralgia1 neura/h5ia1 hy/]ia 9 almo/ all its _m =ms2 "u ! second1 inflammations su* z t ( *ronic rheumatism1 contractures & p>alyses result+ f gross lesion ( ! bra91 epilepsy1 dyspepsia1 m5/rual irregul>ities1 sea-sickness2 "u ! ?ird1 inebriety1 ! morphia & o!r drug habits1 nail-bit+1 enuresis nocturna1 ma/urbation1 con/ipation1 facial & o!r twit*+s4 ,9 pron\nc$ m5tal diseases hypnotism seems to be almo/ useless2 = 9 g5]al t]ms x may be said t x c be appli$ mo/ effectively :]e ! bra91 ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* x works1 is s\nd & vigor\s4 ,! widespread prejudice aga9/ ! use ( hypnotism is no d\bt l>gely due to ! m>vell\s & 7to mo/ m9ds7 my/]i\s "* ( ! effects producible by its means2 & ?is prejudice may be expect$ to dim9i% z our insight into ! mode ( its op]ation deep5s4 ,! m purely bodily results a*iev$ by hypnotic sugge/ion become 9 "s degree intelligible if we reg>d x z a p[]ful means ( div]t+ n]v\s en]gy f "o *annel or organ to o!rs1 s z to give physiological re/ to an ov]work$ organ or tissue1 or s z to lead to ! atrophy ( "o n]v\s habit & ! replacem5t ( x by a m desirable habit4 ,& 9 ! cure ( ^? disord]s :i* involve a l>ge m5tal elem5t ! ess5tial "p play$ by x is to drive out "s habitually recurr5t idea & to replace x by "s idea1 expectation or conviction ( heal?y t5d5cy4 ,x seems cle> t ! v>i\s sy/ems ( m9d-cur+ 9 ! h&s ( p]sons lack+ all m$ical tra9+1 :i* are n[ s frequ5tly ! cause ( di/ress+ & ne$less disa/]s1 owe _! rapid spread to ! fact t ! m$ical pr(ession has hi!rto neglect$ to atta* suffici5t importance to ! m5tal factor 9 ! causation & cure ( disease2 & x seems cle>1 too1 t a m g5]al & m intellig5t appreciation ( ! possibilities ( hypnotic treatm5t w\ld con/itute ! be/ means at ! disposal ( ! pr(ession = combat+ ?is gr[+ evil4 ,! ,dang]s ( ,hypnotism4--,mu* has be5 writt5 on ?is head ( late ye>s1 & "s ( ! en?usia/ic advocates ( hypnotic treatm5t h done h>m to _! cause by ignor+ or d5y+ 9 a too ?or\ghgo+ mann] ! possibility ( undesirable results ( ! spread ( ! k & practice ( hypnotism4 ,l all p[]ful ag5cies1 *lor(orm or morphia1 dynamite or /rong electric curr5ts1 hypnotic sugge/ion c only be safely us$ by ^? :o h special k & exp]i5ce1 &1 l !m1 x is liable to abuse4 ,!re is little d\bt t1 if a subject is repeat$ly hypnotiz$ & made to ent]ta9 all k9ds ( absurd delusions & to c>ry out v frequ5tly po/-hypnotic sugge/ions1 he may be liable to "s ill-def9$ h>m2 also1 t an unpr9cipl$ hypnotiz] might secure an undue influ5ce ov] a naturally weak subject4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = ! belief t hypnotic treatm5t1 appli$ ) good int5tions & reasonable c>e & judgm5t1 does or c produce delet]i\s effects1 su* z weak5+ ( ! w or liability to fall spontane\sly into hypnosis4 ,all physicians ( l>ge exp]i5ce 9 hypnotic practice are 9 agreem5t 9 respect to ?is po9t4 ,b "s diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! possibility ( delib]ately induc+ a subject to commit improp] or crim9al actions dur+ hypnosis or by po/-hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t subjects reta9 ev5 9 deep hypnosis a v consid]able p[] ( resi/ance to any sugge/ion t is repugnant to _! moral nature2 & x has be5 %[n t1 on "s cases 9 :i* a subject 9 hypnosis is made to p]=m "s o/5sibly crim9al action1 su* z fir+ an unload$ pi/ol at a by/&] or putt+ poison into a cup = him to dr9k1 he is aw>e1 h[ev] obscurely1 ( ! unreal nature ( ! situation4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be admitt$ t a p]son lack+ 9 moral s5tim5ts might be induc$ to commit actions f :i* 9 ! normal /ate he w\ld ab/a91 if only f fe> ( puni%m5t2 & x is probable t a skilful & evil-int5tion$ op]ator c\ld 9 "s cases s deceive a well-dispos$ subject z to lead him into wrong-do+4 ,! prop] precaution aga9/ su* dang]s is legislative regulation ( ! practice ( hypnotism su* z is already en=c$ 9 "s c\ntries4 ,,bibliography4--,! lit]ature ( hypnotism has increas$ 9 volume at a rapid rate dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,( rec5t writ+s ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z among ! mo/ important3--,treatm5t by ,hypnotism & ,sugge/ion by ,c4 ,lloyd ,tuckey1 ,m4,d4 7#e? ed41 ,london1 #aijg72 ,hypnotism1 its ,hi/ory1 ,practice & ,!ory1 by ,j4 ,milne ,bramwell1 ,m4,b4 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #aijf72 ,hypnotism1 by ,alb]t ,moll 7#e? ed41 ,london1 #aija74 ,all ^! ?ree books give good g5]al acc\nts ( hypnotism1 ! fir/ be+ ! mo/ /rictly m$ical1 ! la/ ! mo/ g5]al 9 its treatm5t4 ,see also ,hypnotism3 or ,sugge/ion 9 ,psy*o-,!rapy1 by ,augu/ ,=el 7translat$ f ! #e? ,g]man ed4 by ,g4 ,h4 ,w4 ,armit1 ,london1 #aijf72 a numb] ( pap]s by ,ed4 ,gurney1 & by ,ed4 ,gurney & ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s 9 ,proc4 ( ! ,soc4 = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 especially ,! ,/ages ( ,hypnotism1 9 vol4 ii42 also "s m rec5t pap]s 9 ! same j\rnal by o!r h&s2 *apt] on ,hypnotism 9 ,human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( bodily ,dea?1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s 7,london1 #aijc72 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,sugge/ion1 by ,boris ,sidis1 ,ph4,d4 7,new ,york1 #ahih72 ,zur ,psy*ologie d] ,sugge/ion1 by ,pr(4 ,?4 ,lipp1 & o!r pap]s 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,hypnotismus4 ,( special hi/orical int]e/ are ! foll[+3--tude sur le zoomagntisme1 p> ,a4 ,a4 ,libeault 7,p>is1 #ahhc72 ,hypnotisme1 sugge/ion1 psy*o-?rapie1 p> ,pr(4 ,b]nheim 7,p>is1 #ahia72 ,braid on ,hypnotism 7a new issue ( ,james ,braid's ,neurypnology71 edit$ by ,a4 ,e4 ,waite 7,london1 #ahii72 ,trait du somnambulisme1 by ,a4 ,b]tr& 7,p>is1 #ahbf74 ,a full bibliography is app5d$ to ,dr ,milne ,bramwell's ,hypnotism4 7,w4 ,mc,d47 ,,hypocau/ 7,gr4 ,greek3 hypokau/on3 hypo1 b5ea?1 & ,greek3 kaue91 to burn71 ! t]m giv5 to ! *amb] =m$ "u ! floors ( ! ,roman ba?s1 ?r\gh :i* ! hot air f ! furnace pass$1 sometimes to a s+le flue1 z 9 ! case ( ! tepid>ium1 b 9 ! calid>ium & sweat+-room to a s]ies ( flues plac$ side by side =m+ ! l9+ ( ! walls4 ,! floor ( ! hot-air *amb] consi/$ ( tiles1 #b ft4 squ>e1 laid on a b$ ( concrete2 on ?is a s]ies ( dw>f pi]s #b ft4 high 7 built ( #h-;94 squ>e tiles plac$ ab\t #af 94 ap>t1 :i* c>ri$ ! floor ( ! hall or room2 ?is floor 0 =m$ ( a b$ ( concrete cov]$ ) lay]s ( p\nd$ bricks & m>ble cem5t1 on :i* ! m>ble pavem5t 9 slabs or tess]ae 0 laid4 ,9 cold] c\ntries1 z = in/ance 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 ! liv+ rooms 7 all heat$ 9 a simil> way1 & r\nd ,trves 7,tri]7 bo? sy/ems h be5 f\nd 9 two or ?ree ,roman villas1 ) ! "o flue = ! ord9>y rooms & sev]al wall flues = ! hot ba?s4 ,9 ,engl& ^! hypocau/s are f\nd 9 e ,roman settlem5t1 & ! *ief int]e/ 9 ^! is c5tr$ 9 ! magnific5t mosaic pavem5ts ) :i* ! pr9cipal rooms 7 laid4 ,_m ( ! pavem5ts f\nd 9 ,london & else:]e h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% or ! ,guildhall museums2 & 9 "s ( ! prov9cial t[ns1 su* z ,leice/] & ,l9coln1 !y rema9 9 situ _m feet bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! t[n4 ,,hypo*ondriasis 7synonyms--! sple51 ! vap\rs71 a m$ical t]m 7f ,greek3 to hypo*ondrion1 ta hypo*ondria1 ! s(t "p ( ! body imm$iately "u ! ,greek3 *ondros or c>tilage ( ! brea/-bone7 giv5 by ! anci5ts1 & inde$ by physicians d[n to ! "t ( ,william ,cull51 to diseases or d]angem5ts ( "o or m ( ! abdom9al visc]a4 ,cull5 7,cl9ical ,lectures1 #aggg7 classifi$ x among/ n]v\s diseases1 & ,jean ,pi]re ,falret 7#agid-ahgj7 m fully describ$ x z a morbid condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em *>act]iz$ by depression ( feel+ & false beliefs z to an impair$ /ate ( ! heal?4 ,! subjects ( hypo*ondriasis are = ! mo/ "p memb]s ( families 9 :i* h]$it>y pr$isposition to degradation ( ! n]v\s sy/em is /rong1 or ^? :o h suff]$ f morbid influ5ces affect+ ?is sy/em dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( life4 ,x may be dep5d5t on depress+ disease affect+ ! g5]al sy/em1 b "u su* circum/ances x is g5]ally s complicat$ ) ! symptoms ( hy/]ia z to r5d] diff]5tiation difficult 7see ,,hy/]ia74 ,hypo*ondriasis is (t5 h&$ d[n f "o g5]ation to ano!r 9 its individual =m1 b x is also n unfrequ5tly to be met ) 9 an individual z ! sole manife/ation 9 him ( a family t5d5cy to insanity4 ,9 its mo/ common =m x is manife/$ by simple false belief z to ! /ate ( ! heal?1 ! intellect be+ o!rwise unaffect$4 ,we may in/ance ! vap\ri% woman or ! spl5etic z t]ms society has appli$ to its mild] manife/ations4 ,su* p]sons are con/antly ass]t+ a weak /ate ( heal? al?\gh no palpable cause c be discov]$4 ,9 its m def9ite phases pa9 or uneasy s5sations are ref]r$ by ! pati5t to "s p>ticul> region1 g5]ally ! abdom51 ! he>t or ! head4 ,t ^! are subjective is app>5t f ! fact t ! g5]al heal? is good3 all ! functions ( ! v>i\s sy/ems are duly p]=m$2 ! pati5t eats & sleeps well2 &1 :5 any circum/ance tempor>ily ov]rides ! false belief1 he is happy & com=table4 ,no appeal to ! reason is ( any avail1 & ! hypo*ondriac idea s dom9ates 8 exi/5ce z to r5d] him unable to p]=m ! ord9>y duties ( life4 ,9 its mo/ aggravat$ =m hypo*ondriasis am\nts to actual insanity1 delusions aris+ z to ! exi/5ce ( liv+ creatures 9 ! inte/9es or bra91 or to ! effect t ! body is mat]ially *ang$2 e4g4 into glass1 wood1 c4 ,! symptoms ( ?is condition may be remitt5t2 !y may ev5 disappe> = ye>s1 & only return on ! adv5t ( "s excit+ cause4 ,suicide is occasionally committ$ 9 ord] to escape f ! con/ant mis]y4 ,recov]y c only be look$ = by plac+ ! pati5t "u su* morally hygi5ic conditions z may help to turn 8 m9d to o!r matt]s4 7,see also ,,neuropa?ology47 ,,hypocrisy1 pret5ce1 or false assumption ( a high "*1 especially 9 reg>d to religi\s belief or practice4 ,! ,greek ,greek3 hypokrisis1 f :i* ! ^w is d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,old ,fr5*1 meant prim>ily ! act+ ( a "p on ! /age1 f ,greek3 hypokr9e/hai1 to give an answ]1 to speak dialogue1 play a "p on ! /age1 h5ce to practice dissimulation4 ,,hypo/asis1 9 !ology1 a t]m frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ! ,tr9it>ian controv]sies ( ! #d? & #e? c5turies4 ,accord+ to ,ir5aeus 7i4 #e1 #d7 x 0 introduc$ into !ology by ,gno/ic writ]s1 & 9 e>lie/ ecclesia/ical usage appe>s1 z among ! ,/oics1 to h be5 synonym\s ) ,greek3 ousia4 ,?us ,dionysius ( ,rome 7cf4 ,r\?1 ,rel4 ,sacr4 iii4 #cgc7 condemns ! attempt to sev] ! ,godhead into ?ree sep>ate hypo/ases & ?ree deities1 & ! ,nic5e ,cre$ 9 ! ana!mas speaks ( ,greek3 ex het]as hypo/ases ousias4 ,alongside1 h[ev]1 ( ?is p]si/5t int]*ange !re 0 a desire to di/+ui% betwe5 ! t]ms1 & to conf9e ,greek3 hypo/asis to ! ,div9e p]sons4 ,?is t5d5cy arose 9 ,alex&ria1 & its progress may be se5 9 comp>+ ! e>ly & lat] writ+s ( ,a?anasius4 ,t writ]1 9 view ( ! ,arian tr\ble1 felt t x 0 bett] to speak ( ,greek3 ousia z ! common undiff]5tiat$ sub/ance ( ,deity1 & ,greek3 hypo/asis z ,deity exi/+ 9 a p]sonal mode1 ! sub/ance ( ,deity ) c]ta9 special prop]ties 7,greek3 ousia meta t9n idimatn74 ,at ! c\ncil ( ,alex&ria 9 #cfb ! phrase ,greek3 treis hypo/aseis 0 p]mitt$1 & ! "w ( ?is c\ncil 0 supplem5t$ by ,basil1 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus & ,gregory ( ,nyssa 9 ! =mula ,greek3 mia ousia1 treis hypo/aseis or ,greek3 mia ousia en tris9 hypo/ases94 ,! results arriv$ at by ^! ,cappadocian fa!rs 7 /at$ 9 a lat] age by ,john ( ,damascus 7,de or?4 fid4 iii4 #f71 quot$ 9 ,r4 ,l4 ,ottley1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation1 ii4 #beg4 ,,hypo/yle1 9 ar*itecture1 ! t]m appli$ to a hall1 ! flat ceil+ ( :i* is support$ by columns1 z 9 ! ,hall ( ,columns at ,k>nak4 ,9 ?is case ! columns flank+ ! c5tral av5ue are ( great] height ?an ^? ( ! side aisles1 & ?is admits ( op5+s 9 ! wall above ! small] columns1 ?r\gh :i* light is admitt$ ov] ! aisle ro(1 ?r\gh cl]e/ory w9d[s4 ,,hyposulphite ,,( ,,soda1 ! "n orig9ally giv5 to ! sub/ance kn[n 9 *emi/ry z sodium ?iosulphate1 ,na#b,s#b,o#c2 ! e>li] "n is /ill commonly us$1 especially by photograph]s1 :o employ ?is *emical z a fix]4 ,9 sy/ematic *emi/ry1 sodium hyposulphite is a salt ( hyposulphur\s acid1 to :i* ,s*utz5b]g] gave ! =mula ,h#b,,s#b1 b :i* ,b]n?s5 %[$ to be ,h#b,s#b,o#d4 7,see ,,sulphur47 ,,hypo!c 7,lat4 hypo!ca1 ,gr4 ,greek3 hypo?k71 9 ,roman law1 ! mo/ advanc$ =m ( ! contract ( pl$ge4 ,a specific ?+ may be giv5 absolutely to a cr$itor on ! und]/&+ t x is to be giv5 back :5 ! cr$itor's debt is paid2 or ! prop]ty 9 ! ?+ may be assign$ to ! cr$itor :ile ! debtor is all[$ to rema9 9 possession1 ! cr$itor z own] be+ able to take possession if 8 debt is n dis*>g$4 ,"h we h ! k9d ( security kn[n z pl$ge & mortgage respectively4 ,9 ! hypo!ca1 ! prop]ty does n pass to ! cr$itor1 nor does he get possession1 b he acquires a pref]5tial "r to h 8 debt paid out ( ! hypo!cat$ prop]ty2 t is1 he c sell x & pay himself out ( ! proce$s1 or 9 default ( a pur*as] he c become ! own] himself4 ,! "n & ! pr9ciple h pass$ into ! law ( ,scotl&1 :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 conv5tional hypo!cs1 z bottomry & respond5tia1 & tacit hypo!cs e/abli%$ by law4 ,( ! latt] ! mo/ important is ! l&lord's hypo!c = r5t 7correspond+ to di/ress 9 ! law ( ,engl&71 :i* ext5ds ov] ! produce ( ! l& & ! cattle & %eep f$ on x1 & ov] /ock & horses us$ 9 husb&ry4 ,! law ( agricultural hypo!c long caus$ mu* discont5t 9 ,scotl&2 its op]ation 0 re/rict$ by ! ,hypo!c ,am5dm5t 7,scotl&7 ,act #ahfg1 & f9ally by ! ,hypo!c ,abolition 7,scotl&7 ,act #ahhj x 0 enact$ t ! l&lord's "r ( hypo!c = ! r5t ( l&1 includ+ ! r5t ( any build+s !reon1 exce$+ two acres 9 ext5t1 let = agriculture or pa/ure1 %all cease & det]m9e4 ,by ! same act & by ! ,agricultural ,hold+s 7,scotl&7 ,act #ahhc o!r rights & rem$ies = r5t1 :]e ! "r ( hypo!c _h ceas$1 7 giv5 to ! l&lord4 ,,hypo!sis 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 hypoti!nai1 to put "u2 cf4 ,lat4 suppositio1 f sub-pon]e71 9 ord9>y language1 an explanation1 supposition or assumption1 :i* is put =w>d 9 ! abs5ce ( asc]ta9$ facts or causes4 ,bo? 9 ord9>y life & 9 ! acquisition ( sci5tific k hypo!sis is all-important4 ,a detective's "w consi/s l>gely 9 =m+ & te/+ hypo!sis4 ,if an a/ronom] is confront$ by "s ph5om5on :i* has no obvi\s explanation he may po/ulate "s set ( conditions :i* f 8 g5]al k ( ! subject w\ld or might give rise to ! ph5om5on 9 "q2 he !n te/s 8 hypo!sis until he discov]s :e!r x does or does n conflict ) ! facts4 ,an example ( ?is process is t ( ! discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune3 c]ta9 p]turbations ( ! orbit ( ,uranus _h be5 obs]v$1 & x 0 se5 t ^! c\ld be expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( a !n unkn[n planet1 & ?is hypo!sis 0 v]ifi$ by actual obs]vation4 ,! progress ( inductive k is by ! =mation ( successive hypo!ses1 & x frequ5tly happ5s t ! demolition ( "o or ev5 _m hypo!ses is ! direct road to a new & accurate hypo!sis1 i4e4 to fre% k4 ,a hypo!sis may1 !re=e1 turn out to be entirely wrong1 yet x may be ( ! greate/ practical use4 ,! recognition ( ! importance ( hypo!ses has l$ to v>i\s attempts at draw+ up exact rules = _! =mation1 b logicians are g5]ally agre$ t only v elem5t>y pr9ciples c be laid d[n4 ,?us a hypo!sis mu/ conta9 no?+ :i* is at v>iance ) kn[n facts or pr9ciples3 x %\ld n po/ulate conditions :i* _c be v]ifi$ empirically4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 7,logic ,,iii4 xiv4 #d7 laid d[n ! pr9ciple t a hypo!sis is n g5u9ely sci5tific if x is de/9$ always to rema9 a hypo!sis3 x mu/ be ( su* a nature z to be ei!r prov$ or disprov$ by comp>ison ) obs]v$ facts3 9 ! same _s ,bacon said t 9 se>*+ = causes 9 nature ,deum semp] excipimus4 ,mill's pr9ciple1 ?\gh s\nd 9 ! ab/ract1 has1 except 9 a few cases1 little practical value 9 det]m9+ ! admissibility ( hypo!ses1 & 9 practice any rule :i* t5ds to disc\rage hypo!sis is 9 g5]al undesirable4 ,! mo/ satisfactory *eck on hypo!sis is exp]t k 9 ! p>ticul> field ( rese>* by :i* rigor\s te/s may be appli$4 ,?is te/ is r\ghly ( two k9ds1 fir/ by ! ultimate pr9ciples or presuppositions on :i* a p>ticul> bran* ( k re/s1 & second by ! comp>ison ( correlative facts4 ,useful light is %$ on ?is di/9ction by ,lotze1 :o contra/s 7,logic1 #bgc7 po/ulates 7absolutely necess>y assumptions )\t :i* ! cont5t ( ! obs]vation ) :i* we are deal+ w\ld contradict ! laws ( our ?\ght7 ) hypo!ses1 :i* he def9es z conjectures1 :i* seek to fill up ! po/ulate ?us ab/ractly /at$ by specify+ ! concrete causes1 =ces or processes1 out ( :i* ! giv5 ph5om5on really arose 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 :ile 9 o!r cases maybe ! same po/ulate is to be satisfi$ by utt]ly diff]5t ?\gh equival5t comb9ations ( =ces or active elem5ts4 ,?us a hypo!sis may be rul$ out by pr9ciples or po/ulates )\t any ref]5ce to ! concrete facts :i* belong to t division ( ! subject to expla9 :i* ! hypo!sis is =mulat$4 ,a true hypo!sis1 !re=e1 seeks n m]ely to connect or colligate two sep>ate facts1 b to d ?is 9 ! light ( & subject to c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to classify hypo!ses & to di/+ui% hypo!sis f a !ory or a m]e conjecture3 none ( ^! h any great practical importance1 ! diff]5ces be+ only 9 degree1 n 9 k9d4 ,! adjective hypo!tical is us$1 9 ! same s5se1 bo? loosely 9 contradi/9ction to real or actual1 & te*nically 9 ! phrases hypo!tical judgm5t & hypo!tical syllogism4 7,see ,,logic & ,,syllogism47 ,see ,naville1 ,la ,logique de l'hypo?se 7#ahhj71 & textbooks ( logic1 e4g4 ^? ( ,jevons1 ,bosanquet1 ,joseph2 ,liebmann1 ,d] ,klimax d4 ,!ori54 ,,hypotra*elium 7,gr4 ,greek3 hypotra*lion1 ! l[] "p ( ! neck1 ,greek3 tra*los71 9 classical ar*itecture1 ! space betwe5 ! annulet ( ! e*9us & ! upp] b$ ( ! %afts1 includ+1 accord+ to ,c4 ,r4 ,cock]ell1 ! ?ree grooves or s9k+s f\nd 9 "s ( ! old] examples1 z 9 ! temple ( ,neptune at ,pae/um & ! temple ( ,aphaea at ,aeg9a2 !re be+ only "o groove 9 ! ,p>!non1 ! ,!seum & lat] examples4 ,9 ! temple ( ,c]es & ! s-call$ ,basilica at ,pae/um ! hypotra*elium consi/s ( a concave s9k+ c>v$ ) v]tical l9es sugge/ive ( leaves1 ! tops ( :i* project =w>d4 ,a simil> decoration is f\nd 9 ! capital ( ! columns flank+ ! tomb ( ,agamemnon at ,myc5ae1 b "h ! hypotra*elium projects =w>d ) a cavetto m\ld+1 & is c>v$ ) triple leaves l ! buds ( a rose4 ,9 ! ,roman ,doric ,ord] ! t]m 0 sometimes appli$ to t :i* is g5]ally kn[n z ! neck+1 ! space betwe5 ! fillet & ! annulet4 ,,hypsomet] 7,gr4 ,greek3 hypsos1 height1 ,greek3 metron1 a measure71 an in/rum5t = measur+ heights :i* employs ! pr9ciples t ! boil+-po9t ( a liquid is l[]$ by dim9i%+ ! pressure1 & t ! b>ometric pressure v>ies ) ! height ( ! po9t ( obs]vation4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a cyl9drical vessel 9 :i* ! liquid1 usually wat]1 is boil$1 surm\nt$ by a jacket$ column1 9 ! out] p>titions ( :i* ! vap\r circulates1 :ile 9 ! c5tral "o a !rmomet] is plac$4 ,to d$uce ! height ( ! /ation f ! obs]v$ boil+-po9t1 x is necess>y to "k ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! boil+-po9t & pressure1 & also betwe5 ! pressure & height ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,hyracoidea1 a subord] ( ungulate mammals repres5t$ at ! pres5t day only by ! ,syrian hyrax 7,procavia syriaca71 ! coney ( ! ,bible1 & its num]\s ,african relatives1 all ( :i* may be includ$ 9 ! s+le g5us ,procavia 7or ,hyrax71 & consequ5tly 9 ! family ,procaviidae4 ,^! creatures h no prop] ,engli% "n1 & are g5]ally kn[n z hyraxes1 f ! sci5tific t]m 7,hyrax7 by :i* !y 7 = _m ye>s designat$--a t]m :i* has un=tunately _h to give place to ! e>li] ,procavia4 ,9 size ^! animals may be comp>$ r\ghly to rabbits & h>es2 & !y h rod5t-l habits1 hun*+ up _! backs aft] ! fa%ion ( "s =eign memb]s ( ! h>e-family1 m especially ! ,liu-,kiu rabbit4 ,9 ! matt] ( nom5clature ^! animals h be5 s+ul>ly un=tunate4 ,9 ! title hyrax !y h1 = in/ance1 usurp$ ! ,greek "n = ! %rew-m\se2 :ile 9 ! ,bible !y h be5 giv5 ! old ,engli% "n = ! rabbit4 ,p]haps rock-rabbit w\ld be ! be/ "n4 ,at ! ,cape !y are kn[n to ! ,dut* z dass 7badg]71 :i* has be5 angliciz$ into dassie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,cape ,hyrax 7,procavia cap5sis74 ,z reg>ds ! rec5t =ms1 ! d5tition 9 ! fully adult animal consi/s only ( incisors & *eek-tee?1 ! =mula be+ i4 1 c4 #j_/j1 p4 #d_/d m4 #c_/c4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a m9ute upp] can9e develop$ at fir/1 :i* is e>ly %$2 & 9 ext9ct =ms ?is too? 0 functional & mol>-l4 ,! upp] incisors h p]si/5t pulps1 & are curv$ longitud9ally1 =m+ a semicircle z 9 rod5ts2 !y are1 h[ev]1 n flatt5$ f be=e backw>ds z 9 t ord]1 b prismatic1 ) an ant]o-ext]nal1 an ant]o-int]nal & a po/]ior surface1 ! fir/ two only be+ cov]$ ) enamel2 _! tips are consequ5tly n *isel-%ap$1 b %>p-po9t$4 ,!y are prec$$ by functional1 root$ milk-tee?4 ,! l[] incisors h long tap]+ roots1 b n ( p]si/5t gr[?2 & are /raight1 direct$ some:at =w>ds1 ) awl-%ap$1 tri-lob$ cr[ns4 ,beh9d ! incisors is a consid]able gap1 foll[$ by ! *eek-tee?1 :i* are all contigu\s1 & =m$ almo/ exactly on ! patt]n ( "s ( ! p]issodactyle ungulates4 ,! milk-d5tition includes ?ree pairs ( incisors & "o ( can9es 9 ea* jaw4 ,! hyoid ar* is unlike t ( any kn[n mammal4 ,! dorsal & lumb> v]tebrae are v num]\s1 #bh to #cj1 ( :i* #ba or #bb be> ribs4 ,! tail is extremely %ort4 ,!re are no clavicles4 ,9 ! =e foot1 ! ?ree middle toes are subequally develop$1 ! fif? is pres5t1 b small]1 & ! fir/ is rudim5t>y1 al?\gh1 9 "o species at lea/1 all its normal bones are pres5t4 ,! t]m9al phalanges ( ! f\r out] digits are small1 some:at conical & flatt5$ 9 =m4 ,! c>pus has a di/9ct os c5trale4 ,!re is a slight ridge on ! femur 9 ! place ( a ?ird tro*ant]4 ,! fibula is complete1 ?icke/ at its upp] end1 :]e x g5]ally unites ) ! tibia4 ,! articulation betwe5 ! tibia & a/ragalus is m complex ?an 9 o!r mammals1 ! end ( ! malleolus ent]+ into x4 ,! h9d-foot is v l t ( a rh9oc]os1 hav+ ?ree well-develop$ toes4 ,!re is no trace ( a fir/ toe1 & ! fif? meta-t>sal is repres5t$ by a small nodule4 ,! t]m9al phalange ( ! inn] 7or second7 digit is deeply cleft1 & has a peculi> long curv$ claw1 ! o!rs hav+ %ort broad nails4 ,! /oma* is =m$ ^u mu* ! same pr9ciple z t ( ! horse or rh9oc]os1 b is m elongat$ transv]sely & divid$ by a con/riction into two cavities--a l>ge left cul de sac1 l9$ by a v d5se :ite epi!lium1 & a "r pyloric cavity1 ) a ?ick1 s(t1 vascul> l9+4 ,! inte/9al canal is long1 & has1 9 addition to ! ord9>y %ort1 b capaci\s & sacculat$ caecum at ! comm5cem5t ( ! colon1 l[] d[n1 a pair ( l>ge1 conical1 po9t$ caeca4 ,! liv] is mu* subdivid$1 & !re is no gall-bladd]4 ,! bra9 resembles t ( typical ungulates f> m ?an t ( rod5ts4 ,! te/es are p]man5tly abdom9al4 ,! uret]s op5 into ! fundus ( ! bladd] z 9 "s ,rod5ts4 ,! female has six teats1 ( :i* f\r are +u9al & two axill>y1 & ! plac5ta is zon>y & decidu\s4 ,!re is a gl& on ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,skull & ,d5tition ( ,tree-,hyrax 7,procavia dorsalis74 ,! m typical memb]s ( ! g5us are t]re/rial 9 _! habits1 & _! *eek-tee? h ne>ly ! same patt]n z 9 rh9oc]oses2 :ile ! int]val betwe5 ! upp] incisors is less ?an ! wid? ( ! tee?2 & ! l[] incisors are only slightly not*$ at ! cutt+ edge4 ,v]tebrae3 ,c4 #g1 ,d4 #bb1 ,l4 #h1 ,s4 #f1 ,c4 #f4 ,( ?is =m ! e>lie/ kn[n species1 ,p4 cap5sis1 is ! type2 b !re are _m o!r species1 z ,p4 syriaca1 & ,p4 brucei f ,syria & ea/]n ,africa4 ,!y inhabit m\nta9\s & rocky regions1 & live on ! gr\nd4 ,9 a second section ! mol> tee? h ! same patt]n z 9 ,palaeo!rium 7except t ! ?ird l[] mol> has b two lobes72 ! int]val betwe5 ! upp] incisors exce$s ! wid? ( ! tee?2 & ! l[] incisors h di/9ctly tri-lob$ cr[ns4 ,v]tebrae3 ,c4 #g1 ,d4 #ba1 ,l4 #g1 ,s4 #e1 ,c4 #aj4 ,! memb]s ( ?is section frequ5t ! trunks & l>ge bran*es ( trees1 sleep+ 9 holes4 ,!re are sev]al species f ,we/]n & ,s\? ,africa1 z ,p4 arboreus & ,p4 dorsalis4 ,! memb]s ( bo? gr\ps appe> to h a p[] l t possess$ by geckos ( cl++ to v]tical surfaces ( rocks & trees by ! soles ( _! feet4 ,ext9ct ,hyracoids4--,= _m ye>s ext9ct repres5tatives ( ! ,hyracoidea 7 unkn[n1 p>tly ow+ to ! fact t c]ta9 fossils 7 n recogniz$ z really belong+ to t gr\p4 ,! longe/ kn[n ( ^! 0 orig9ally nam$ ,leptodon graecus1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! preoccupation ( ! g5]ic title1 ! designation has be5 *ang$ to ,pliohyrax graecus4 ,?is animal1 ^: rema9s occur 9 ! ,l[] ,plioc5e ( bo? ,attica & ,samos1 0 ab\t ! size ( a donkey1 & possess$ ?ree pairs ( upp] incisor tee?1 ( :i* ! inn]mo/ 7 l>ge & trih$ral1 recall+ ^? ( ! exi/+ g5us4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! two out] pairs ( incisors 7 9 contact ) "o ano!r & ) ! can9es1 s z to =m on ea* side a s]ies cont9u\s ) ! *eek-tee?4 ,! next repres5tatives ( ! gr\p occur 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e b$s ( ! ,fayum di/rict ( ,egypt1 :]e ! g5]a ,sagha!rium & ,megalohyrax occur4 ,^! are reg>d$ z repres5t+ a di/9ct family1 ! ,sagha!riidae1 *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( ! full s]ies ( tw5ty-two tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 among :i* ! fir/ pair ( incisors 0 modifi$ to =m trih$ral rootless tusks1 :ile ! two rema9+ pairs 7 sep>at$ f "o ano!r & f ! tee? 9 front by gaps4 ,! can9e 0 l a premol>1 & 9 contact ) ! fir/ too? ( t s]ies2 & ! *eek-tee? 7 %ort-cr[n$1 ) ! premol> simpl] ?an ! mol>s1 & a ?ird lobe to ! la/ l[] too? ( ! latt] s]ies4 ,! memb]s ( ?is g5us 7 small or m$ium-siz$ ungulates ) s+le-root$ incisors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! repres5tatives ( ! contempor>y g5us ,megalohyrax 7 approximately z l>ge z ,pliohyrax1 & 9 "s in/ances _h d\ble roots to ! second & ?ird incisors4 ,x is n[ possible to def9e ! subord] ,hyracoidea z includ+ ungulates ) a c5trale 9 ! c>pus1 plantigrade feet1 9 :i* ! fir/ & fif? toes are r$uc$ 9 great] or less degree1 & clavicles & a =am5 9 ! l[] end ( ! hum]us are abs5t4 ,! femur has a small ?ird tro*ant]1 ! radius & ulna & tibia & fibula are respectively sep>ate1 at lea/ 9 ! "y1 & ! fibula articulates ) ! a/ragalus4 ,! e>li] =ms _h ! full s]ies ( #dd tee?1 ) ! premol>s simpl] ?an ! mol>s2 b 9 ! lat] types ! can9es & "s ( ! incisors disappe>1 & at lea/ ! h9d] premol>s become mol>-l4 ,9 all cases ! fir/ upp] incisors are l>ge & rootless4 ,t ! gr\p orig9at$ 9 ,africa !re c be no reasonable d\bt2 & x is rem>kable t s e>ly z ! ,upp] ,eoc5e ! types 9 exi/5ce diff]$ comp>atively little 9 /ructure f ! mod]n =ms4 ,9 fact ! hyraxes 7 !n almo/ z di/9ct f o!r mammals z !y are at ! pres5t day4 ,see also ,c4 ,w4 ,&rews1 ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,t]ti>y ,v]tebrata ( ! ,fayum1 ,briti% ,museum 7#aijf74 7,r4 ,l4997 ,,hyrcania4 7#a7 ,an anci5t di/rict ( ,asia1 s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & b\nd$ on ! ,e4 by ! riv] ,oxus1 call$ ,virkana1 or ,wolf's ,l&1 9 ,old ,p]sian4 ,x 0 a wide & indef9ite tract4 ,its *ief city is call$ ,tape by ,/rabo1 ,zadrac>ta by ,arrian 7probably ! mod]n ,a/>abad74 ,! latt] is evid5tly ! same z ,c>ta1 m5tion$ by ,/rabo z an important city4 ,little is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,x5ophon says x 0 subdu$ by ! ,assyrians2 ,curtius t #fjjj ,hyrcanians 7 9 ! army ( ,d>ius ,,iii4 7#b7 ,two t[ns nam$ ,hyrcania are m5tion$1 "o 9 ,hyrcania1 ! o!r 9 ,lydia4 ,! latt] is said to h d]iv$ its "n f a colony ( ,hyrcanians1 transport$ ?i!r by ! ,p]sians4 ,,hyrcanus 7,greek3 ,hykanos71 a ,greek surname1 ( unkn[n orig91 borne by sev]al ,jews ( ! ,maccabaean p]iod4 ,,john ,,hyrcanus ,i41 high prie/ ( ! ,jews f #ace to #aje ,b4,c41 0 ! y\nge/ son ( ,simon ,maccabaeus4 ,9 #acg ,b4,c4 he1 along ) 8 bro!r ,judas1 comm&$ ! =ce :i* repell$ ! invasion ( ,judaea l$ by ,c5debeus1 ! g5]al ( ,antio*us ,,vii4 ,sidetes4 ,on ! assass9ation ( 8 fa!r & two eld] bro!rs by ,ptolemy1 gov]nor ( ,j]i*o1 8 bro!r-9-law1 9 ,febru>y #ace1 he succe$$ to ! high prie/hood & ! supreme au?ority 9 ,judaea4 ,:ile /ill engag$ 9 ! /ruggle ) ,ptolemy1 he 0 attack$ by ,antio*us ) a l>ge army 7#acd71 & compell$ to %ut himself up 9 ,j]usalem2 aft] a sev]e siege peace 0 at la/ secur$ only on condition ( a ,jewi% dis>mam5t1 & ! paym5t ( an indemnity & an annual tribute1 = :i* ho/ages 7 tak54 ,9 #abi he accompani$ ,antio*us z a vassal pr9ce on 8 ill-fat$ ,p>?ian exp$ition2 return+1 h[ev]1 to ,judaea be=e w9t]1 he escap$ ! f9al disa/]4 ,by ! judici\s mission ( an embassy to ,rome he n[ obta9$ confirmation ( ! alliance :i* 8 fa!r _h previ\sly made ) ! gr[+ we/]n p[]2 at ! same "t he avail$ himself ( ! weak5$ /ate ( ! ,syrian mon>*y "u ,demetrius ,,ii4 to ov]run ,sam>ia1 & also to invade ,idumaea1 :i* he completely subdu$1 compell+ its inhabitants to receive circumcision & accept ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,aft] a long p]iod ( re/ he direct$ 8 arms aga9/ ! t[n ( ,sam>ia1 :i*1 9 spite ( ! int]v5tion ( ,antio*us1 8 sons ,antigonus & ,ari/obulus ultimately took1 & by 8 ord]s raz$ to ! gr\nd 7c4 #ajj ,b4,c474 ,he di$ 9 #aje1 & 0 succe$$ by ,ari/obulus1 ! elde/ ( 8 five sons4 ,! ext]nal policy ( ,hyrcanus 0 m>k$ by consid]able en]gy & tact1 &1 aid$ z x 0 by fav\r+ circum/ances1 0 s successful z to leave ! ,jewi% nation 9 a position ( indep5d5ce & ( influ5ce su* z x _h n kn[n s9ce ! days ( ,solomon4 ,dur+ its lat] ye>s 8 reign 0 mu* di/urb$1 h[ev]1 by ! cont5tions = asc5dancy :i* arose betwe5 ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 ! two rival sects or p>ties :i* !n = ! fir/ "t 7"u ^? names at lea/7 came into prom95ce4 ,josephus has relat$ ! curi\s circum/ances "u :i* he ultimately transf]r$ 8 p]sonal support f ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,,john ,,hyrcanus ,,ii41 high prie/ f #gh to #dj ,b4,c41 0 ! elde/ son ( ,alex&] ,jannaeus by 8 wife ,alex&ra1 & 0 ?us a gr&son ( ! prec$+4 ,:5 8 fa!r di$ 9 #gh1 he 0 by 8 "m =?) appo9t$ high prie/1 & on h] dea? 9 #fi he claim$ ! succession to ! supreme civil au?ority also2 b1 aft] a brief & tr\bl$ reign ( ?ree mon?s1 he 0 compell$ to abdicate bo? k+ly & prie/ly dignities 9 fav\r ( 8 m en]getic & ambiti\s y\ng] bro!r ,ari/obulus ,,ii4 ,9 #fc x suit$ ! policy ( ,pompey t he %\ld be re/or$ to ! high prie/hood1 ) "s semblance ( supreme comm&1 b ( mu* ( ?is semblance ev5 he 0 soon aga9 depriv$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! pro-consul ,gab9ius1 accord+ to :i* ,pale/9e 0 9 #eg ,b4,c4 divid$ into five sep>ate circles 7,greek3 synodoi1 syn$ria74 ,= s]vices r5d]$ to ,caes> aft] ! battle ( ,ph>salia1 he 0 aga9 rew>d$ ) ! sov]eignty 7,greek3 pro/asia t\ e?n\s1 ,jos4 ,ant4 xx4 #aj7 9 #dg ,b4,c41 ,antipat] ( ,idumaea1 h[ev]1 be+ at ! same "t made procurator ( ,judaea4 ,9 #da ,b4,c4 he 0 practically sup]s$$ by ,antony's appo9tm5t ( ,h]od & ,phasael to be tetr>*s ( ,judaea2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,p>?ians1 depriv$ ( 8 e>s t he might be p]man5tly disqualifi$ = prie/ly (fice1 & c>ri$ to ,babylon4 ,he 0 p]mitt$ 9 #cc ,b4,c4 to return to ,j]usalem1 :]e on a *>ge ( treasonable correspond5ce ) ,mal*us1 k+ ( ,arabia1 he 0 put to dea? 9 #cj ,b4,c4 ,see ,josephus 7,ant4 xiii4 #h-aj2 xiv4 #e-ac2 ,bell4 ,jud4 i4 #b2 i4 #h-ac74 ,also ,,maccabees1 ,hi/ory4 7,j4 ,h4 ,a4 ,h47 ,,hyssop 7,hyssopus (fic9alis71 a g>d5 h]b belong+ to ! natural ord] ,labiatae1 =m]ly cultivat$ = use 9 dome/ic m$ic9e4 ,x is a small p]5nial plant ab\t #b ft4 high1 ) sl5d]1 quadrangul>1 woody /ems2 n>r[ly elliptical1 po9t$1 entire1 dott$ leaves1 ab\t #a 94 long & #a_/c 94 wide1 gr[+ 9 pairs on ! /em2 & long t]m9al1 erect1 half-:orl$1 leafy spikes ( small violet-blue fl[]s1 :i* are 9 blossom f ,june to ,septemb]4 ,v>ieties ( ! plant occur 9 g>d5s ) r$ & :ite fl[]s1 also "o hav+ v>iegat$ leaves4 ,! leaves h a w>m1 aromatic1 bitt] ta/e1 & are believ$ to owe _! prop]ties to a volatile oil :i* is pres5t 9 ! proportion ( to 4 ,hyssop is a native ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 its range ext5d+ ea/w>d to c5tral ,asia4 ,a /rong tea made ( ! leaves1 & sweet5$ ) honey1 0 =m]ly us$ 9 pulmon>y & cat>rhal affections1 & ext]nally z an application to bruises & indol5t swell+s4 ,! h$ge hyssop 7,gratiola (fic9alis7 belongs to ! natural ord] ,scrophul>iaceae1 & is a native ( m>%y l&s 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 :5ce x 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 m ?an #cjj ye>s ago4 ,l ,hyssopus (fic9alis1 x has smoo? opposite entire leaves1 b ! /ems are cyl9drical1 ! leaves twice ! size1 & ! fl[]s solit>y 9 ! axils ( ! leaves & hav+ a yell[i%-r$ ve9$ tube & blui%-:ite limb1 :ile ! capsules are oval & _m-se$$4 ,! h]b has a bitt]1 nause\s ta/e1 b is almo/ od\rless4 ,9 small quantities x acts z a purgative1 diuretic & emetic :5 tak5 int]nally4 ,x 0 =m]ly (ficial 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,ph>macopoeia1 be+ e/eem$ z a rem$y = dropsy4 ,x is said to h =m$ ! basis ( a celebrat$ no/rum = g\t1 call$ ,eau mdic9ale1 & 9 =m] times 0 call$ ,gratia ,dei4 ,:5 gr[+ 9 abundance1 z x does 9 "s damp pa/ures 9 ,switz]l&1 x becomes dang]\s to cattle4 ,g4 p]uviana is kn[n to possess simil> prop]ties4 ,! hyssop 7'ezob7 ( ,scripture 7,ex4 xii4 #bb2 ,lev4 xiv4 #d1 #f2 ,numb4 xix4 #f1 #ah2 #a ,k+s v4 #ac 7iv4 #cc72 ,ps4 li4 #i 7#g72 ,john xix4 #bi71 a wall-gr[+ plant adapt$ = spr9kl+ purposes1 has long be5 ! subject ( le>n$ disputation1 ! only po9t on :i* all h agre$ be+ t x is n to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,hyssopus (fic9alis1 :i* is n a native ( ,pale/9e4 ,no few] ?an eighte5 plants h be5 suppos$ by v>i\s au?ors to answ] ! conditions1 & ,celsius has devot$ m ?an =ty pages to ! discussion ( _! sev]al claims4 ,by ,tri/ram 7,ox=d ,bible = ,tea*]s1 #ahhj7 & o!rs ! cap] plant 7,capp>is sp9osa7 is suppos$ to be meant2 b1 ap>t f o!r difficulties1 ?is id5tification is op5 to ! objection t ! cap] seems to be1 at lea/ 9 "o passage 7,eccl4 xii4 #e71 o!rwise designat$ 7'abiy-ynah74 ,!nius 7on #a ,k+s v4 #ac7 sugge/s ,or?otri*um saxatile4 ,! mo/ probable op9ion w\ld seem to be t f\nd 9 ,maimonides & _m lat] writ]s1 accord+ to :i* ! ,hebrew 'ezob is to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,arabic sa'at>1 n[ und]/ood to be ,satureja ,?ymus1 a plant ( v frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e1 ) :i* ,?ymus ,s]pyllum1 or wild ?yme1 & ,satureja ,?ymbra are closely alli$4 ,its smell1 ta/e & m$ic9al prop]ties are simil> to ^? ( ,h4 (fic9alis4 ,9 ,morocco ! sa'at> ( ! ,arabs is ,origanum compactum2 & x appe>s probable t sev]al plants ( ! g5]a ,?ymus1 ,origanum & o!rs ne>ly alli$ 9 =m & habit1 & f\nd 9 simil> localities1 7 us$ "u ! "n ( hyssop4 ,,hy/aspes 7! ,greek =m ( ! ,p]sian ,vi%taspa74 7#a7 ,a semi-leg5d>y k+ 7kava71 prais$ by ,zoroa/] z 8 protector & a true believ]1 son ( ,aurvataspa 7,lohrasp74 ,! lat] tradition & ! ,%ahname ( ,fird\si makes him 79 ! mod]n =m ,kai ,gu%tasp7 k+ ( ,iran4 ,z ,zoroa/] probably prea*$ 8 religion 9 ea/]n ,iran1 ,vi%taspa mu/ h be5 a dyna/ 9 ,bactria or ,sogdiana4 ,! ,zoroa/rian religion 0 already dom9ant 9 ,m$ia 9 ! "t ( ! ,assyrian k+ ,s>gon 7c4 #gae ,b4,c471 & _h be5 propagat$ "h probably 9 mu* e>li] times 7cf4 ,,p]sia72 ! "t ( ,zoroa/] & ,vi%taspa may !re=e be put at c4 #ajjj ,b4,c4 7#b7 ,a ,p]sian1 fa!r ( ,d>ius ,i41 "u ^: reign he 0 gov]nor ( ,p>?ia1 z ,d>ius himself m5tions 9 ! ,behi/un inscription 7#b4 #fe74 ,by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxiii4 #f4 #cb1 & by _m mod]n au?ors he has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! protector ( ,zoroa/]1 :i* is equally impossible = *ronological & hi/orical reasons1 & f ! evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( ,zoroa/rianism itself 7see ,,p]sia3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory74 7,ed4 ,m47 ,,hy/]esis 7,gr4 ,greek3 hy/]sis1 f ,greek3 hy/]e91 to lag beh9d71 a t]m add$ to ! vocabul>y ( physical sci5ce by ,j4 ,a4 ,ew+1 :o def9es x z foll[s3 ,:5 !re are two qualities ,m & ,n su* t cyclic v>iations ( ,n cause cyclic v>iations ( ,m1 !n if ! *anges ( ,m lag beh9d ^? ( ,n1 we may say t !re is hy/]esis 9 ! relation ( ,m to ,n 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahhe1 #agf1 p4 #ebd74 ,! ph5om5on is be/ kn[n 9 connexion ) magnetism4 ,if an iron b> is subject$ to a magnetic =ce :i* is fir/ gradually increas$ to a maximum & !n gradually dim9i%$1 ! result+ magnetization ( ! b> = any giv5 value ( ! magnetic =ce w be great] :5 ! =ce is decreas+ ?an :5 x is increas+2 ! iron always t5ds to reta9 ! magnetic condition :i* x has previ\sly acquir$1 & *anges ( its magnetization consequ5tly lag beh9d *anges ( ! magnetic =ce4 ,?us !re is hy/]esis 9 ! relation ( magnetization to magnetic =ce4 ,9 consequ5ce ( hy/]esis ! process ( magnetiz+ a piece ( iron to a c]ta9 int5sity & !n re/or+ x to its orig9al condition1 or ( effect+ a d\ble rev]sal ( its magnetization1 involves ! exp5diture ( en]gy1 :i* is dissipat$ z heat 9 ! iron4 ,electrical g5]ators & trans=m]s (t5 conta9 pieces ( iron ! magnetization ( :i* is rev]s$ _m times 9 a second1 & 9 ord] to economize p[] & to avoid undue heat+ x is ess5tial t hy/]esis %\ld 9 su* cases be z small z possible4 ,iron & mild /eels %[+ rem>kably little hy/]esis are n[ specially manufactur$ = use 9 ! con/ruction ( electrical ma*9]y4 7,see ,,magnetism47 ,,hy/]ia1 a t]m appli$ to an affection :i* may manife/ itself by a v>iety ( symptoms1 & :i* dep5ds ^u a disord]$ condition ( ! highe/ n]v\s c5tres4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by psy*ical peculi>ities1 :ile 9 addition !re is (t5 d]angem5t ( ! functions subs]v$ by ! l[] c]ebral & sp9al c5tres4 ,hi/ological exam9ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em has fail$ to disclose associat$ /ructural alt]ations4 ,by ! anci5ts & by mod]n physicians d[n to ! "t ( ,syd5ham ! symptoms ( hy/]ia 7 suppos$ to be directly due to di/urbances ( ! ut]us 7,gr4 ,greek3 hy/]a1 :5ce ! "n74 ,?is view is n[ univ]sally recogniz$ to be errone\s4 ,! t]m functional is (t5 us$ by ,engli% neurologi/s z synonym\s ) hy/]ical1 a nom5clature :i* is t5tatively advantage\s s9ce x is at lea/ non-committal4 ,p4 ,j4 ,mbius has def9$ hy/]ia z a /ate 9 :i* ideas control ! body & produce morbid *anges 9 its functions4 ,p4 ,janet1 :o has done mu* to popul>ize ! psy*ical orig9 ( ! affection1 holds t !re is a limitation ( ! field ( consci\sness comp>able to ! contraction ( ! visual fields met ) 9 ! disease4 ,! hy/]ical subject1 accord+ to ?is view1 is incapable ( tak+ into ! field ( consci\sness all ! impressions ( :i* ! normal individual is consci\s4 ,/rong mom5t>y impressions are no long] controll$ s effici5tly because ( ! defective simultane\s impressions ( previ\s memories4 ,h5ce ! read9ess ) :i* ! impulse ( ! mom5t is obey$1 ! loss ( emotional control & ! increas$ susceptibility to ext]nal sugge/ion1 :i* are s *>act]i/ic4 ,a second>y subconsci\s m5tal /ate is eng5d]$ by ! relegation ( less prom95t impressions to a l[] sph]e4 ,! dual p]sonality :i* is typically exemplifi$ 9 somnambulism & 9 ! hypnotic /ate is ?us induc$4 ,! explanation ( hy/]ical symptoms :i* are indep5d5t ( ! w1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* ! individual may be unaw>e1 is to be f\nd 9 a relative prepond]ance ( ?is second>y subconsci\s /ate z comp>$ ) ! prim>y consci\s p]sonality4 ,an elaboration ( ?is !ory af=ds an explanation ( hy/]ical symptoms dep5d5t ^u a fix$ idea4 ,! foll[+ def9ition ( hy/]ia has rec5tly be5 advanc$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,f4 ,bab9ski3 ,hy/]ia is a psy*ical condition manife/+ itself pr9cipally by signs t may be t]m$ prim>y1 & 9 an accessory s5se o!rs t we may call second>y4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! prim>y signs is t !y may be exactly reproduc$ 9 c]ta9 subjects by sugge/ion & dispell$ by p]suasion4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! second>y signs is t !y are closely relat$ to ! prim>y ph5om5a4 ,! causes ( hy/]ia may be divid$ into 7a7 ! pr$ispos+1 su* z h]$it>y pr$isposition to n]v\s disease1 sex1 age & national idiosyncrasy2 & 7b7 ! imm$iate1 su* z m5tal & physical exhau/ion1 fright & o!r emotional influ5ces1 pregnancy1 ! pu]p]al condition1 diseases ( ! ut]us & its app5dages1 & ! depress+ influ5ce ( injury or g5]al disease4 ,p]haps1 tak5 ov] all1 h]$it>y pr$isposition to n]ve-in/ability may be ass]t$ z ! mo/ prolific cause4 ,!re is frequ5tly direct inh]itance1 & cases ( epilepsy & insanity or o!r =m ( n]v\s disease are r>ely want+ :5 ! family hi/ory is c>efully enquir$ into4 ,z reg>ds age1 ! condition is apt to appe> at ! evolution p]iods ( life--pub]ty1 pregnancy & ! climact]ic--)\t any fur!r assignable cause except t fir/ spok5 (4 ,x is r>e 9 "y *ildr51 b v frequ5t 9 girls betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & tw5ty-five1 :ile x sometimes manife/s itself 9 wom5 at ! m5opause4 ,x is mu* m common 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male--9 ! proportion ( #bj to #a4 ,c]ta9 races are m liable to ! disease ?an o!rs2 ?us ! ,lat9 races are mu* m prone to hy/]ia ?an are ^? :o come ( a ,teutonic /ock1 & 9 m aggravat$ & complex =ms4 ,9 ,engl& x has be5 ass]t$ t an undue proportion ( cases occur among ,jews4 ,occupation1 or be x r said want ( occupation1 is a prolific cause4 ,?is is noticeable m especially 9 ! high] classes ( society4 ,an hy/]ical attack may occur z an imm$iate sequel to an epileptic fit4 ,if ! pati5t suff]s only f petit mal 7see ,,epilepsy71 unaccompani$ by true epileptic fits1 ! significance ( ! hy/]ical seizure1 :i* is really a po/-epileptic ph5om5on1 may rema9 unrecogniz$4 ,x is conv5i5t to gr\p ! v v>i$ symptoms ( hy/]ia into p>oxysmal & *ronic4 ,! popul> t]m hy/]ics is appli$ to an explosion ( emotionalism1 g5]ally ! result ( m5tal excitem5t1 on :i* convulsive fits may sup]v5e4 ,! *>act]s ( ^! v>y1 & may closely resemble epilepsy4 ,! hy/]ical fit is g5]ally prec$$ by an aura or w>n+4 ,?is sometimes takes ! =m ( a s5sation z ( a lump 9 ! ?roat 7globus hy/]icus74 ,! pati5t may fall1 b v r>ely is injur$ 9 s do+4 ,! eyes are (t5 tightly clos$1 ! body & limbs become rigid1 & ! back may become s ar*$ t ! pati5t re/s on h] heels & head 7opi/hotonos74 ,?is /age is usually foll[$ by viol5t /ruggl+ movem5ts4 ,!re is no loss ( consci\sness4 ,! attack may la/ = half-an-h\r or ev5 long]4 ,hy/]ical fits 9 _! fully-develop$ =m are r>ely se5 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh common 9 ,france4 ,9 ! *ronic condition we f9d an extraord9>y complexity ( symptoms1 bo? physical & m5tal4 ,! physical symptoms are extremely div]se4 ,!re may be a p>alysis ( "o or m limbs associat$ ) rigidity1 :i* may p]si/ = weeks1 mon?s or ye>s4 ,9 "s cases1 ! pati5t is unable to walk2 9 o!rs !re are peculi>ities ( ! gait q unlike any?+ met ) 9 organic disease4 ,p]v]sions ( s5sation are usually pres5t2 a common in/ance is ! s5sation ( a nail be+ driv5 ?r\gh ! v]tex ( ! head 7clavus hy/]icus74 ,! region ( ! sp9e is a v frequ5t seat ( hy/]ical pa94 ,loss ( s5sation 7anae/hesia71 ( :i* ! pati5t may be unaw>e1 is ( common occurr5ce4 ,v (t5 ?is s5sory loss is limit$ exactly to "o-half ( ! body1 includ+ ! leg1 arm & face on t side 7hemianae/hesia74 ,s5sation to t\*1 pa91 heat & cold1 & electrical /imuli may h completely disappe>$ 9 ! anae/hetic region4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! anae/hesia is relative or x may be p>tial1 c]ta9 =ms ( s5sation rema9+ intact4 ,anae/hesia is almo/ always accompani$ by an inability to recognize ! exact position ( ! affect$ limb :5 ! eyes are clos$4 ,:5 hemianae/hesia is pres5t1 sight1 he>+1 ta/e & smell are usually impair$ on t side ( ! body4 ,(t5 !re is loss ( voice 7hy/]ical aphonia74 ,x is to su* cases ( hy/]ical p>alysis & s5sory di/urbance t ! wond]ful cures effect$ by quacks & *>latans may be ref]r$4 ,! m5tal symptoms h n ! same t5d5cy to pass away sudd5ly4 ,!y may be spok5 ( z int]-p>oxysmal & p>oxysmal4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! =m] are extreme emotionalism comb9$ ) ob/ructiv5ess1 a desire to be an object ( int]e/ & a con/ant crav+ = sympa?y :i* is (t5 procur$ at an imm5se sacrifice ( p]sonal com=t4 ,ob/ructiv5ess is ! inv>iable symptom4 ,hy/]ia may pass into absolute insanity4 ,! treatm5t ( hy/]ia dem&s great tact & firmness on ! "p ( ! physician4 ,! affection is a def9ite entity & has to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f mal+]+1 ) :i* x is s (t5 errone\sly reg>d$ z synonym\s4 ,drugs are ( little value4 ,! moral treatm5t is all-important4 ,9 sev]e cases1 removal f home surr\nd+s & isolation1 ei!r 9 a hospital w>d or nurs+ home1 are ess5tial1 9 ord] t full b5efit may be d]iv$ f psy*o!rapeutic measures4 ,,bibliography4--,*>cot1 ,leons sur les maladies du sy/me n]veuse 7#ahgg72 ,s4 ,weir ,mit*ell1 ,lectures on ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em especially 9 ,wom5 7#ahhe72 ,buzz>d1 ,simulation ( ,hy/]ia by ,organic ,n]v\s ,disease 7#ahia72 ,pitres1 ,leons cl9iques sur l'hy/rie et l'hypnotisme 7#ahia72 ,ri*]1 tudes cl9iques sur la gr&e hy/rie 7#ahia72 ,gilles de la ,t\rette1 ,trait cl9ique et ?rapeutique de l'hy/rie 7#ahia72 ,ba/ian1 ,hy/]ical or ,functional ,p>alysis 7#ahic72 ,orm]od1 ,art4 ,hy/]ia1 9 ,clif=d ,allbutt's ,sy/em ( ,m$ic9e 7#ahii72 ,camus & ,pagnez1 ,isolem5t et ,psy*o!rapie 7#aijd74 7,j4 ,b4 ,t42 ,e4 ,bra47 ,,hy/]on-,,prot]on 7,gr4 ,greek3 hy/]on1 latt]1 & ,greek3 prot]on1 =m]71 a figure ( spee*1 9 :i* ! ord] ( words or phrases is inv]t$1 & t :i* %\ld logically or naturally come la/ is put fir/1 to secure emphasis = ! pr9cipal idea2 ! classical example is ,virgil's moriamur et 9 m$ia arma ruamus1 let u die & *>ge into ! ?ick ( ! fight 7,a54 ii4 #ceh74 ,! t]m is also appli$ to any inv]sion 9 ord] ( ev5ts1 argum5ts1 c4 ,,hy!1 a m>ket t[n & wat]+-place1 "o ( ! ,c9que ,ports1 & a municipal & p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,k5t1 ,engl&1 #fg m4 ,s4,e4 by ,e4 ( ,london on a bran* ( ! ,s\? ,ea/]n ,*a?am railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #eeeg4 ,x is beautifully situat$ at ! foot ( a /eep hill ne> ! ea/]n extremity ( ,romney ,m>%1 ab\t half a mile f ! sea1 & consi/s pr9cipally ( "o long /reet runn+ p>allel ) ! %ore1 ) :i* x is connect$ by a /raight av5ue ( wy* elms4 ,on acc\nt ( its f9e situation & picturesque & int]e/+ neighb\rhood1 x is a fav\rite wat]+-place4 ,a sea-wall & p>ade ext5d ea/w>d to ,s&gate1 a di/ance ( #c m4 ,!re is communication ) ,s&gate by means ( a tramway along ! front4 ,on ! slope ( ! hill above ! t[n /&s ! f9e *ur* ( ,/ ,leon>d1 p>tly ,late ,norman1 ) a v beautiful ,e>ly ,engli% *ancel4 ,! t[] 0 rebuilt ab\t #agej4 ,9 a vault "u ! *ancel !re is a collection ( human skulls & bones suppos$ to be ! rema9s ( m5 kill$ 9 a battle ne> ,hy! 9 #def4 ,lionel ,luk9 7#agdb-ahcd71 inv5tor ( ! life-boat1 is buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,hy! possesses a guildhall f\nd$ 9 #agid & two hospitals1 t ( ,/ ,b>?olomew f\nd$ by ,haimo1 bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 9 #accf1 & t ( ,/ ,john 7rebuilt 9 #ahjb71 ( /ill great] antiquity b unkn[n date1 f\nd$ orig9ally = ! reception ( lep]s4 ,a gov]nm5t s*ool ( musketry1 9 :i* in/ructors = ! army are tra9$1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahed1 & has be5 ext5d$ s9ce1 & ! ,%orncliffe milit>y camp is )9 #b m4 ( ! t[n4 ,lympne1 :i* is n[ #c m4 inl&1 is ?\ght to h be5 ! orig9al h>b\r :i* gave ,hy! a place among ! ,c9que ,ports4 ,! c\rse ( ! anci5t e/u>y may be di/9ctly trac$ f "h along ! road to ,hy!1 ! sea-s& ly+ on ! surface & col\r+ ! soil4 ,"h are rema9s ( a ,roman =tress1 & excavations h br\ght to light _m rema9s ( ! ,roman ,portus ,lemanis4 ,l>ge portions ( ! =tress walls are /&+4 ,at ! s\?-we/ corn] is "o ( ! circul> t[]s :i* occurr$ along ! l9e ( wall4 ,! site is n[ occupi$ by ! f9e old ca/ellat$ mansion ( ,/udfall ca/le1 =m]ly a resid5ce ( ! ar*deacons ( ,cant]bury4 ,! "n d5otes a fall5 place1 & is n infrequ5tly ?us appli$ to anci5t rema9s4 ,! *ur* at ,lympne is ,e>ly ,engli%1 ) a ,norman t[] built by ,ar*bi%op ,lanfranc1 & ,roman mat]ial may be trac$ 9 ! walls4 ,a %ort di/ance ea/ is ,%ipway or ,%epway ,cross1 :]e "s ( ! great assemblies relat+ to ! ,c9que ,ports 7 held4 ,a mile nor? f ,hy! is ,saltwood ,ca/le1 ( v anci5t orig91 b rebuilt 9 ! "t ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,! ca/le 0 grant$ to ! see ( ,cant]bury 9 #ajbf1 b es*eat$ to ! cr[n 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 :5 ! murd] ( ,?omas ,beckett is said to h be5 conc]t$ "h1 & hav+ be5 re/or$ to ! ar*bi%ops by ,k+ ,john rema9$ a resid5ce ( !irs until ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,x 0 re/or$ z a resid5ce 9 #ahhb4 ,ab\t #b m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,saltwood are rema9s ( ! =tifi$ #ad?-c5tury manor-h\se ( ,we/5hang]4 ,x is quadrangul> & surr\nd$ by a moat1 & ( ! n9e t[]s 7alt]nately squ>e & r\nd7 by :i* ! walls 7 def5d$1 ?ree rema94 ,! p>liam5t>y bor\gh ( ,hy!1 :i* includes ,folke/one1 ,s&gate & a numb] ( neighb\r+ villages1 returns "o memb]4 ,! t[n is gov]n$ by a mayor1 #d ald]m5 & #ab c\ncillors4 ,area #bfag acres4 ,hy! 7,h$a1 ,heya1 ,he!1 ,hi!1 i4e4 l&+-place7 0 kn[n z a port 9 ,saxon times1 & 0 grant$ by ,halfd51 a ,saxon !gn1 to ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,cant]bury4 ,9 ! ,domesday ,survey ! bor\gh is ent]$ among ! ar*bi%op's l&s z appurt5ant to 8 manor ( ,saltwood1 & ! bailiff ( ! t[n 0 appo9t$ by ! ar*bi%op4 ,hy! 0 evid5tly a ,c9que ,port be=e ! ,conque/1 z ,k+ ,john 9 #abje confirm$ ! lib]ties1 viz4 fre$om f toll1 ! "r to be implead$ only at ! ,%epway c\rt1 c41 :i* ! t[nsm5 _h "u ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,! lib]ties ( ! ,c9que ,ports 7 confirm$ 9 ,magna ,c>ta & lat] by ,edw>d ,i4 9 a g5]al *>t]1 :i* 0 confirm$1 (t5 ) additions1 by subsequ5t k+s d[n to ,james ,,ii4 ,john's *>t] to ,hy! 0 confirm$ by ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,h5ry ,v4 & ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,^! *>t]s 7 grant$ to ! ,c9que ,ports 9 return = ! fifty-sev5 %ips :i* !y suppli$ = ! royal s]vice1 ( :i* five 7 contribut$ by ,hy!4 ,! ports 7 fir/ repres5t$ 9 ! p>liam5t ( #acfe1 to :i* !y ea* s5t f\r memb]s4 ,hy! 0 gov]n$ by twelve jurats until #aegd1 :5 x 0 incorporat$ by ,elizabe? "u ! title ( ! mayor1 jurats & commonalty ( ,hy!2 a fair = ! sale ( fi%1 c41 0 also grant$1 to be held on ! fea/ ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul4 ,z ! sea gradually retreat$ f ,hy! & ! h>b\r became *ok$ up ) s&1 ! t[n suff]$ ! fate ( o!r places ne> x1 & lo/ its old importance4 ,i ! n9? lett] ( ! ,engli% & ,lat9 alphabet1 ! t5? 9 ! ,greek & ,pho5ician1 because 9 ^! ! symbol ,te? 7! ,greek !ta7 prec$$ x4 ,te? 0 n includ$ 9 ! ,lat9 alphabet because t language _h no s\nd correspond+ to ! ,greek !ta1 b ! symbol 0 metamorphos$ & utiliz$ z ! num]al ,c #ajj1 :i* took ?is =m ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! initial lett] ( ! ,lat9 c5tum4 ,! "n ( ,i 9 ! ,pho5ician alphabet 0 ,yod4 ,?\gh 9 =m x seems ! simple/ ( lett]s x 0 orig9ally mu* m complex4 ,9 ,pho5ician x takes ! =m symbol1 :i* is f\nd also 9 ! e>lie/ ,syriac & ,pale/9ian inscriptions ) little modification4 ,ultimately 9 ,hebrew x became r$uc$ to a v small symbol1 :5ce comes its use z a t]m ( contempt = ?+s ( no importance z 9 n "o jot or tittle 7,mat!w v4 #ah74 ,! "n pass$ f ,pho5ician to ,greek1 & !nce to ! ,lat9 ( ! vulgate z iota1 & f ! ,lat9 ! ,engli% ^w is d]iv$4 ,among/ ! ,greeks ( ,asia x appe>s only z ! simple upright ,i1 b 9 "s ( ! olde/ alphabets else:]e1 z ,crete1 ,!ra1 ,attica1 ,a*aia & its colonies 9 l[] ,italy1 x takes ! =m symbol or ,s1 :ile at ,cor9? & ,corcyra x appe>s fir/ 9 a =m closely resembl+ ! lat] ,greek sigma ,sigma4 ,x _h orig9ally no cross-/roke at top & bottom4 ,i be+ n i b z4 ,! ,pho5ician alphabet hav+ no v[el symbols1 ! value ( yod 0 t ( ! ,engli% y4 ,9 ,greek1 :]e ! consonant s\nd _h disappe>$ or be5 conv]t$ into h1 ,i is regul>ly us$ z a v[el4 ,occasionally1 z 9 ,pamphylian1 x is us$ dialectically z a glide betwe5 i & ano!r v[el1 z 9 ! prop] "n ,greek3 ,damatriius4 ,9 ,lat9 ,i 0 us$ alike = bo? v[el & consonant1 z 9 iugum 7yoke74 ,! s\nd repres5t$ by x 0 approximately t /ill assign$ to i on ! cont95t4 ,nei!r ,greek nor ,lat9 made any di/9ction 9 writ+ betwe5 %ort & long i1 ?\gh 9 ! ,lat9 ( ! ,empire ! long s\nd 0 occasionally repres5t$ by a long] =m ( ! symbol ,i4 ,! dot ov] ! i beg9s 9 ! #e? or #f? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,9 pronunciation ! ,engli% %ort i is a m op5 s\nd ?an t ( mo/ languages1 & does n correspond to ! ,greek & ,lat9 s\nd4 ,nor are ! ,engli% %ort & long i ( ! same quality4 ,! %ort i 9 ,sweet's t]m9ology is a high-front-wide v[el1 ! long i1 9 ,engli% (t5 spelt ee 9 words l se$1 is diph?ong$1 beg9n+ l ! %ort v[el b becom+ high] z x proce$s4 ,! ,lat9 %ort i1 h[ev]1 9 f9al syllables 0 op5 & ultimately became e1 e4g4 9 ! neut] ( i-/ems z utile f utili-s4 ,m$ially bo? ! %ort & ! long s\nds are v common 9 syllables :i* 7 orig9ally unacc5t$1 because 9 su* positions _m o!r s\nds pass$ into i3 (ficio b facio1 r$imo b emo1 quidlibet b lubet 7libet is lat]72 collido b la$o1 fido f an old] feido1 i/is 7dative plural7 f an e>li] i/ois4 7,p4 ,gi47 ,,iambic1 ! t]m employ$ 9 prosody to d5ote a succession ( v]ses1 ea* consi/+ ( a foot or metre call$ an iambus 7,greek3 iambos71 =m$ ( two syllables1 ( :i* ! fir/ is %ort & ! second long 7u --74 ,aft] ! dactylic hexamet]1 ! iambic trimet] 0 ! mo/ popul> metre ( anci5t ,greece4 ,ar*ilo*us is said to h be5 ! inv5tor ( ?is iambic v]se1 ! ,greek3 trimetros consi/+ ( ?ree iambic f$4 ,9 ! ,greek trag$ians an iambic l9e is =m$ ( six feet arrang$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! foll[+ s*eme3-- u -- u -- u -- u -- u -- u -- u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u -- -- -- -- -- -- -- u u -- u u u u -- ,mu* ( ! beauty ( ! v]se dep5ds on ! caesura1 :i* is usually ,9 ! middle ( ! ?ird foot1 & f> less frequ5tly 9 ! middle ( ! f\r?4 ,! ,engli% language runs m naturally 9 ! iambic metre ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! normal blank v]se 9 ,engli% is f\nd$ ^u an iambic basis1 & ,milton's l9e-- ,& swims or s9ks or wades or creeps or flies -- exhibits x 9 its primitive =m4 ,! ord9>y alex&r9e ( ,fr5* lit]ature is a hexapod iambic1 b 9 all que/ions ( quantity 9 mod]n prosody great c>e has to be ex]cis$ to recollect t all ascriptions ( classic names to mod]n =ms ( rhym$ or blank v]se are m]ely approximate4 ,! octosyllabic1 or f\r-foot iambic metre1 has f\nd great fav\r 9 ,engli% v]se f\nd$ on old romances4 ,decasyllabic iambic l9es rhym+ toge!r =m an h]oic metre4 ,,iambli*us 7d4 c4 ,a4,d4 #ccj71 ! *ief repres5tative ( ,syrian ,neoplatonism1 is only imp]fectly kn[n to u 9 ! ev5ts ( 8 life & ! details ( 8 cre$4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 f ,suidas1 & f 8 biograph] ,eunapius1 t he 0 born at ,*alcis 9 ,coele-,syria1 ! scion ( a ri* & illu/ri\s family1 t he /udi$ "u ,anatolius & aft]w>ds "u ,porphyry1 ! pupil ( ,plot9us1 t he himself ga!r$ toge!r a l>ge numb] ( disciples ( diff]5t nations ) :om he liv$ on t]ms ( g5ial fri5d%ip1 t he wrote v>i\s philosophical books1 & t he di$ dur+ ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1--accord+ to ,fabricius1 be=e ,a4,d4 #ccc4 ,8 resid5ce 7probably7 at 8 native t[n ( ,*alcis 0 v>i$ by a ye>ly visit ) 8 pupils to ! ba?s ( ,gad>a4 ,( ! books ref]r$ to by ,suidas only a fraction has be5 pres]v$4 ,8 comm5t>ies on ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & works on ! ,*aldaean !ology & on ! s\l1 are lo/4 ,= our k ( 8 sy/em we are indebt$ p>tly to ! fragm5ts ( ^! writ+s pres]v$ by ,/obaeus & o!rs1 & to ! notices ( 8 successors1 especially ,proclus1 p>tly to 8 five extant books1 ! sections ( a great "w on ! ,py?agorean philosophy4 ,besides ^!1 ,proclus 7#dab-dhe7 seems to h ascrib$ to him#a ! au?or%ip ( ! celebrat$ book ,on ! ,egyptian ,my/]ies 7s-call$71 & al?\gh its diff]5ces 9 /yle & 9 "s po9ts ( doctr9e f ! writ+s j m5tion$ make x improbable t ! "w 0 by ,iambli*us himself1 x c]ta9ly emanat$ f 8 s*ool1 & 9 its sy/ematic attempt to give a speculative ju/ification ( ! poly!i/ic cultus ( ! day1 m>ks ! turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght at :i* ,iambli*us /ood4 ,z a speculative !ory ,neoplatonism 7q4v47 _h receiv$ its highe/ developm5t f ,plot9us4 ,! modifications introduc$ by ,iambli*us 7 ! elaboration 9 great] detail ( its =mal divisions1 ! m sy/ematic application ( ! ,py?agorean numb]-symbolism1 & *iefly1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,ori5tal sy/ems1 ! ?or\gh-go+ my?ic int]pretation ( :at ! previ\s philosophy _h /ill reg>d$ z notional4 ,x is on ! la/ acc\nt1 probably1 t ,iambli*us 0 look$ ^u ) su* extravagant v5]ation4 ,z a philosoph] he _h le>n+ inde$1 b little orig9ality4 ,8 aim 0 to give a philosophical r5d]+ ( ! popul> religion4 ,by 8 contempor>ies he 0 accr$it$ ) miracul\s p[]s 7:i* he1 h[ev]1 disclaim$71 & by 8 foll[]s 9 ! decl9e ( ,greek philosophy1 & 8 admir]s on its revival 9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies1 8 "n 0 sc>cely m5tion$ )\t ! epi!t div9e or mo/ div9e1 :ile1 n cont5t ) ! m mode/ eulogy ( ,eunapius t he 0 inf]ior to ,porphyry only 9 /yle1 ! emp]or ,julian reg>d$ him z n ev5 second to ,plato1 & said t he w\ld give all ! gold ( ,lydia = "o epi/le ( ,iambli*us4 ,!oretically1 ! philosophy ( ,plot9us 0 an attempt to h>monize ! pr9ciples ( ! v>i\s ,greek s*ools4 ,at ! head ( 8 sy/em he plac$ ! transc5d5t incommunicable "o 7,greek3 h5 ame!kton71 ^: fir/-begott5 is intellect 7,greek3 n\s71 f :i* proce$s s\l 7,greek3 psy*71 :i* 9 turn gives bir? to ,greek3 physis1 ! realm ( nature4 ,imm$iately aft] ! absolute "o1 ,iambli*us introduc$ a second sup]exi/5t unity to /& betwe5 x & ! _m z ! produc] ( intellect1 & made ! ?ree succe$+ mom5ts ( ! developm5t 7intellect1 s\l & nature7 und]go v>i\s modifications4 ,he speaks ( !m z intellectual 7,greek3 !oi no]oi71 supramundane 7,greek3 hyp]kosmioi71 & mundane gods 7,greek3 egkosmioi74 ,! fir/ ( ^!--:i* ,plot9us repres5t$ "u ! ?ree /ages ( 7objective7 be+ 7,greek3 on71 7subjective7 life 7,greek3 z71 & 7realiz$7 intellect 7,greek3 n\s7--is di/+ui%$ by him into sph]es ( intelligible gods 7,greek3 !oi notoi7 & ( intellectual gods 7,greek3 !oi no]oi71 ea* subdivid$ into triads1 ! latt] sph]e be+ ! place ( ideas1 ! =m] ( ! ar*etypes ( ^! ideas4 ,betwe5 ^! two worlds1 at once sep>at+ & unit+ !m1 "s s*ol>s ?9k !re 0 ins]t$ by ,iambli*us1 z aft]w>ds by ,proclus1 a ?ird sph]e p>tak+ ( ! nature ( bo? 7,greek3 !oi notoi kai no]oi74 ,b ?is supposition dep5ds on a m]ely conjectural em5dation ( ! text4 ,we read1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! intellectual hebdomad he assign$ ! ?ird rank among ! fa!rs to ! ,demiurge4 ,! ,demiurge1 ,zeus1 or _w-creat+ pot5cy1 is ?us id5tifi$ ) ! p]fect$ ,greek3 n\s1 ! intellectual triad be+ increas$ to a hebdomad1 probably 7z ,zell] supposes7 ?r\gh ! subdivision ( its fir/ two memb]s4 ,z 9 ,plot9us ,greek3 n\s produc$ nature by m$iation ( ,greek3 psy*1 s "h ! intelligible gods are foll[$ by a triad ( psy*ic gods4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is incommunicable & supramundane1 :ile ! o!r two seem to be mundane ?\gh rational4 ,9 ! ?ird class1 or mundane gods 7,greek3 !oi egkosmioi71 !re is a /ill great] weal? ( div9ities1 ( v>i\s local position1 function1 & rank4 ,we read ( gods1 angels1 demons & h]oes1 ( twelve heav5ly gods ^: numb] is increas$ to ?irty-six or ?ree hundr$ & sixty1 & ( sev5ty-two o!r gods proce$+ f !m1 ( tw5ty-"o *iefs 7,greek3 hegemones7 & =ty-two nature-gods 7,greek3 !oi g5esi\rgoi71 besides gu>dian div9ities1 ( p>ticul> individuals & nations4 ,! _w is ?us peopl$ by a cr[d ( sup]human be+s influ5c+ natural ev5ts1 possess+ & communicat+ k ( ! future1 & n inaccessible to pray]s & (f]+s4 ,! :ole ( ?is complex !ory is rul$ by a ma!matical =mulism ( triad1 hebdomad1 c41 :ile ! fir/ pr9ciple is id5tifi$ ) ! monad1 ,greek3 n\s ) ! dyad1 & ,greek3 psy* ) ! triad1 symbolic mean+s be+ also assign$ to ! o!r numb]s4 ,! !orems ( ma!matics1 he says1 apply absolutely to all ?+s1 f ?+s div9e to orig9al matt] 7,greek3 hyl74 ,b ?\gh he ?us subjects all ?+s to numb]1 he holds else:]e t numb]s are indep5d5t exi/5ces1 & occupy a middle place betwe5 ! limit$ & unlimit$4 ,ano!r difficulty ( ! sy/em is ! acc\nt giv5 ( nature4 ,x is said to be b\nd by ! indissoluble *a9s ( necessity :i* m5 call fate1 z di/+ui%$ f div9e ?+s :i* are n subject to fate4 ,yet1 be+ itself ! result ( high] p[]s becom+ corporeal1 a cont9ual /ream ( elevat+ influ5ce fl[s f !m to x1 int]f]+ ) its necess>y laws & turn+ to good ends ! imp]fect & evil4 ,( evil no satisfactory acc\nt is giv52 x is said to h be5 g5]at$ accid5tally4 ,9 8 doctr9e ( man ,iambli*us reta9s = ! s\l ! middle place betwe5 intellect & nature :i* x occupies 9 ! univ]sal ord]4 ,he rejects ! passionless & purely intellectual "* ascrib$ to ! human s\l by ,plot9us1 di/+ui%+ x %>ply bo? f ^? above & ^? bel[ x4 ,he ma9ta9s t x moves betwe5 ! high] & l[] sph]es1 t x desc5ds by a necess>y law 7n solely = trial or puni%m5t7 into ! body1 &1 pass+ p]haps f "o human body to ano!r1 returns aga9 to ! sup]s5sible4 ,?is return is effect$ by ! virtu\s activities :i* ! s\l p]=ms ?r\gh its own p[] ( free w1 & by ! assi/ance ( ! gods4 ,^! virtues 7 classifi$ by ,porphyry z political1 purify+ 7,greek3 ka?>tikai71 !oretical1 & p>adigmatic2 & to ^! ,iambli*us adds a fif? class ( prie/ly virtues 7,greek3 hi]atikai aretai71 9 :i* ! div9e/ "p ( ! s\l raises itself above intellect to absolute be+4 ,iambli*us does n seem ev] to h atta9$ to t ec/atic communion ) & absorption 9 deity :i* 0 ! aim ( e>li] ,neoplatonism1 & :i* ,plot9us enjoy$ f\r times 9 8 life1 ,porphyry once4 ,inde$ 8 t5d5cy 0 n s mu* to raise man to ,god z to br+ ! gods d[n to m5--a t5d5cy %[n /ill m pla9ly 9 ! ,answ] ( ,abamon ! ma/] to ,porphyry's lett] to ,anebo & solutions ( ! d\bts !re9 express$1 aft]w>ds entitl$ ! ,lib] de my/]iis1 & ascrib$ to ,iambli*us4 ,9 answ] to que/ions rais$ & d\bts express$ by ,porphyry1 ! writ] ( ?is treatise appeals to ! innate idea all m5 h ( ! gods z te/ify+ to ! exi/5ce ( div9ities c\ntless 9 numb] & v>i\s 9 rank 7to ! correct arrangem5t ( :i* he1 l ,iambli*us1 atta*es ! greate/ importance74 ,he holds ) ! latt] t above all pr9ciples ( be+ & intellig5ce /&s ! absolute "o1 f :om ! fir/ god & k+ spontane\sly proce$s2 :ile aft] ^! foll[ ! e!real1 empyrean1 & heav5ly gods1 & ! v>i\s ord]s ( ar*angels1 angels1 demons1 & h]oes di/+ui%$ 9 nature1 p[]1 & activity1 & 9 great] pr(usion ?an ev5 ! imag9ation ( ,iambli*us _h conceiv$4 ,he says t all ! gods are good 7?\gh he 9 ano!r place admits ! exi/5ce ( evil demons :o mu/ be propitiat$71 & traces ! s\rce ( evil to matt]2 rebuts ! objection t _! answ]+ pray] implies passivity on ! "p ( gods or demons2 def5ds div9ation1 soo?say+1 & !urgic practices z manife/ations ( ! div9e activity2 describes ! appe>ances ( ! diff]5t sorts ( div9ities2 discusses ! v>i\s k9ds ( sacrifice1 :i* he says mu/ be suitable to ! diff]5t natures ( ! gods1 mat]ial & immat]ial1 & to ! d\ble condition ( ! sacrific] z b\nd to ! body or free f x 7diff]+ ?us 9 8 psy*ology f ,iambli*us72 &1 9 conclusion1 /ates t ! only way to happ9ess is ?r\gh k ( & union ) ! gods1 & t !urgic practices alone prep>e ! m9d = ?is union--aga9 go+ beyond 8 ma/]1 :o held assidu\s contemplation ( div9e ?+s to be suffici5t4 ,x is ! passionless nature ( ! s\l :i* p]mits x to be ?us unit$ to div9e be+s1--k ( ?is my/ic union & ( ! wor%ip associat$ ) x hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! ,egyptian prie/s1 :o le>nt x f ,h]mes4 ,on "o po9t only does ! au?or ( ! ,de my/]iis seem n to g s f> z ,iambli*us 9 ?us mak+ philosophy subs]vi5t to prie/craft4 ,he condemns z folly & impiety ! wor%ip ( images ( ! gods1 ?\gh 8 ma/] held t ^! simulacra 7 fill$ ) div9e p[]1 :e!r made by ! h& ( man or 7z he believ$7 fall5 f heav54 ,b images c\ld easily be disp5s$ ) f ! po9t ( view ( ! writ]1 :o n only held t all ?+s 7 full ( gods 7,greek3 panta plr !n1 z ,?ales said71 b ?\ght t ea* man _h a special div9ity ( 8 own--an ,greek3 idios daimn--z 8 gu>d & companion4 ,! foll[+ are ! extant works ( ,iambli*us3 7#a7 ,on ! ,py?agorean 7,life ,greek3 ,p]i t\ ,py?agorik\ bi\71 ed4 ,t4 ,kiessl+ 7#ahae71 ,a4 ,nauck 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahhd72 = a discussion ( ! au?orities us$ see ,e4 ,rohde 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 xxvi41 xxvii4 7#ahga1 #ahgb72 ,eng4 trans4 by ,?omas ,taylor 7#ahah71 7#b7 ,! ,exhortation to ,philosophy 7,greek3 ,logos protreptikos eis philosophian71 ed4 ,t4 ,kiessl+ 7#ahac72 ,h4 ,piselli 7#ahhh74 7#c7 ,! treatise ,on ! ,g5]al ,sci5ce ( ,ma!matics 7,greek3 ,p]i ts ko9s ma?matks epi/ms71 ed4 ,j4 ,g4 ,friis 7,cop5hag51 #agij71 ,n4 ,fe/a 7,leipzig1 #ahia74 7#d7 ,! book ,on ! ,ari?metic ( ,nicoma*us 7,greek3 ,p]i ts ,nikoma*\ ari?mtiks eisaggs71 along ) fragm5ts on fate 7,greek3 ,p]i heim>m5s7 & pray] 7,greek3 ,p]i eu*s71 ed4 ,s4 ,t5nulius 7#afhh71 ! ,ari?metic by ,h4 ,pi/elli 7#ahid74 7#e7 ,! ,!ological ,pr9ciples ( ,ari?metic 7,greek3 ,!olog\m5a ts ari?mtiks7--! sev5? book ( ! s]ies--by ,f4 ,a/ 7,leipzig1 #ahag74 ,two lo/ books1 treat+ ( ! physical & e?ical signification ( numb]s1 /ood fif? & six?1 :ile books on music1 geometry & a/ronomy foll[$4 ,! emp]or ,julian _h a great admiration = ,iambli*us1 :om he consid]$ intellectually n inf]ior to ,plato2 b ! ,lett]s to ,iamblicus ! ,philosoph] :i* be> 8 "n are n[ g5]ally consid]$ spuri\s4 ,! s-call$ ,lib] de my/]iis 0 fir/ edit$1 ) ,lat9 translation & notes1 by ,t4 ,gale 7,ox=d1 #afgh71 & m rec5tly by ,c4 ,p>!y 7,b]l91 #aheg72 ,eng4 trans4 by ,?omas ,taylor 7#ahba74 ,!re is a monograph on ,iambli*us by ,g4 ,e4 ,heb5/reit 7,de ,iambli*i1 philosophi ,syri1 doctr9a1 ,leipzig1 #agfd71 & "o ( ! ,de my/4 by ,h>less 7,das ,bu* v4 d4 gypt4 ,my/41 ,muni*1 #aheh74 ,! be/ acc\nts ( ,iambli*us are ^? ( ,zell]1 ,phil4 d4 ,grie*51 iii4 #b1 pp4 #fac sq41 #bnd ed42 ,e4 ,va*]ot1 ,hi/4 de l'cole d',alex&rie 7#ahdf71 ii4 #eg sq42 ,j4 ,simon1 ,hi/4 de l'cole d',alex&rie 7#ahde72 ,a4 ,e4 ,*aignet1 ,hi/oire de la psy*ologie des ,grecs 7,p>is1 #ahic7 v4 #fg-ajh2 ,t4 ,:ittak]1 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s 7,cambridge1 #aija74 7,w4 ,r4 ,s47 ,,footnote3 #a ,besides ! anonym\s te/imony prefix$ to an anci5t ,,ms4 ( ,proclus1 ,de ,my/4 viii4 #c seems to be quot$ by ! latt] z ,iambli*us's4 ,cf4 ,me9]s4 ,judicium de libro qui de ,my/4 ,aeg4 inscribitur1 9 ,comm5t4 ,soc4 ,reg4 ,sci4 ,gott41 vol4 iv41 #agha1 p4 #gg4 ,,iambli*us1 ( ,syria1 ! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek romance writ]s1 fl\ri%$ 9 ! #bnd c5tury ,a4,d4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ,greek3 ,babylniaka1 ! loves ( ,rhodanes & ,s9onis1 ( :i* an epitome is pres]v$ 9 ,photius 7cod4 #id74 ,g>mus1 a leg5d>y k+ ( ,babylon1 =ces ,s9onis to m>ry him & ?r[s ,rhodanes into prison4 ,! lov]s manage to escape1 & aft] _m s+ul> adv5tures1 9 :i* magic plays a consid]able "p1 ,g>mus is ov]?r[n by ,rhodanes1 :o becomes k+ ( ,babylon4 ,accord+ to ,suidas1 ,iambli*us 0 a fre$man1 & a s*olia/'s note on ,photius fur!r in=ms u t he 0 a native ,syrian 7n desc5d$ f ,greek settl]s72 t he borr[$ ! mat]ial = 8 romance f a love /ory told him by 8 ,babylonian tutor1 & t he subsequ5tly appli$ himself ) great success to ! /udy ( ,greek4 ,a ,,ms4 ( ! orig9al 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,escorial is said to h be5 de/roy$ by fire 9 #afgj4 ,only a few fragm5ts h be5 pres]v$1 9 addition to ,photius's epitome4 ,see ,scriptores erotici1 ed4 ,a4 ,hirs*ig 7#ahef7 & ,r4 ,h]*] 7#aheh72 ,a4 ,mai1 ,scriptorum vet]um nova collectio1 ii42 ,e4 ,rohde1 ,d] grie*is*e ,roman 7#aijj74 ,,iann9a 7i4e4 ! city ( ,/ ,john2 ,gr4 ,ioann9a2 ,turk ,yani2 also writt5 ,jan9a1 ,jann9a1 &1 accord+ to its ,albanian pronunciation1 ,yan9a71 ! capital ( ! vilayet ( ,iann9a1 ,albania1 ,european ,turkey4 ,pop4 7#aije7 ab\t #bb1jjj4 ,! l>ge/ e?nical gr\ps 9 ! population are ! ,albanian & ,greek2 ! pure/ =m ( colloquial ,greek is spok5 "h among ! weal?y & highly educat$ m]*ant families4 ,! position ( ,iann9a is /rik+ly picturesque4 ,at ! foot ( ! grey lime/one mass ( ,m\nt ,mitzekeli 7#aejj ft471 :i* =ms "p ( ! f9e range ( hills runn+ nor? f ! ,gulf ( ,arta1 !re lies a valley 7! ,hellopia ( antiquity7 p>tly occupi$ by a lake2 & ! city is built on ! slopes ( a slight em95ce1 /ret*+ d[n to ! we/]n %ore4 ,x has greatly decl9$ f ! /ate ( b>b>ic prosp]ity :i* x enjoy$ f #aghh to #ahbb1 :5 x 0 ! seat ( ,ali ,pa%a 7q4v471 & 0 e/imat$ to h f #cj1jjj to #ej1jjj inhabitants4 ,! =tress--,demir ,kule or ,iron ,ca/le1 :i*1 l ! pr9cipal s]aglio1 0 built on a promontory jutt+ into ! lake--is n[ 9 ru9s4 ,b ! city is ! seat ( a ,greek ar*bi%op1 & /ill possesses _m mosques & *ur*es1 besides synagogues1 a ,greek college 7gymnasium71 a libr>y & a hospital4 ,sayades 7opposite ,corfu7 & ,arta are ! places ?r\gh :i* x receives its imports4 ,! ri* gold & silv] embroid]y = :i* ! city has long be5 fam\s is /ill "o ( ! notable articles 9 its baza>2 b ! comm]cial importance ( ,iann9a has notably decl9$ s9ce ! cession ( ,arta & ,!ssaly to ,greece 9 #ahha4 ,iann9a _h previ\sly be5 "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( ! ,!ssalian gra9 trade2 x n[ exports little except *eese1 hides1 bitum5 & %eepsk9s to ! annual value ( ab\t #abj1jjj2 ! imports1 :i* supply only ! local dem& = provisions1 textile goods1 h>dw>e1 c41 are wor? ab\t d\ble t sum4 ,! lake ( ,iann9a 7p]haps to be id5tifi$ ) ! ,pambotus or ,pambotis ( antiquity7 is #f m4 long1 & has an area ( #bd sq4m41 ) an extreme dep? ( less ?an #ce ft4 ,9 "t ( flood x is unit$ ) ! small] lake ( ,lab*i/as to ! nor?4 ,!re are no afflu5ts ( any consid]able size1 & ! only outlets are und]gr\nd passages or katavo?ra ext5d+ = _m miles ?r\gh ! calc>e\s rocks4 ,! !ory support$ by ,w4 ,m4 ,leake 7,nor!rn ,greece1 ,london1 #ahce7 t ! citadel ( ,iann9a is to be id5tifi$ ) ,dodona1 is n[ g5]ally ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! claims ( a m s\!rn site4 ,z ,anna ,comn5a1 9 describ+ ! capture ( ! t[n 7,greek3 ta ,ioann9a7 by ,bohemond 9 #ajhb1 speaks ( ! walls z be+ dilapidat$1 x may be suppos$ t ! place exi/$ be=e ! #aa? c5tury4 ,x is m5tion$ f "t to "t 9 ! ,byzant9e annals1 & on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! lord%ip ( ,epirus by ,mi*ael ,angelus ,comn5us ,ducas1 x became 8 capital4 ,9 ! middle ages x 0 successively attack$ by ,s]bs1 ,mac$onians & ,albanians2 b x 0 9 possession ( ! successors ( ,mi*ael :5 ! =ces ( ! ,sultan ,murad appe>$ be=e x 9 #adcj 7cf4 ,hahn1 ,alban4 ,/udi51 ,j5a #ahed1 pp4 #cai-cbb74 ,s9ce #adca x has cont9u$ "u ,turki% rule4 ,descriptions ( ,iann9a w be f\nd 9 ,holl&'s ,travels 7#ahae72 ,hughes1 ,travels 9 ,greece1 c4 7#ahcj72 ,h4 ,f4 ,toz]1 ,rese>*es 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,turkey 7,london1 #ahfi74 ,see also ,,albania & ! au?orities !re cit$4 ,,iapetus1 9 ,greek my?ology1 son ( ,uranus & ,gaea1 "o ( ! ,titans1 fa!r ( ,atlas1 ,prome!us1 ,epime!us & ,m5oetius1 ! p]sonifications ( c]ta9 human qualities 7,hesiod1 ,!og4 #ejg74 ,z a puni%m5t = hav+ revolt$ aga9/ ,zeus1 he 0 imprison$ 9 ,t>t>us 7,hom]1 ,iliad1 viii4 #dgi7 or und]nea? ! isl& ( ,in>ime (f ! coa/ ( ,campania 7,silius ,italicus xii4 #adh74 ,hyg9us makes him ! son ( ,t>t>us & ,gaea1 & "o ( ! giants4 ,iapetus 0 consid]$ ! orig9al ance/or ( ! human race1 z ! fa!r ( ,prome!us & gr&fa!r ( ,deucalion4 ,! "n is probably id5tical ) ,japhet 7,japhe?71 & ! son ( ,noah 9 ! ,greek leg5d ( ! flood becomes ! ance/or ( 7,noah7 ,deucalion4 ,iapetus z ! repres5tative ( an obsolete ord] ( ?+s is describ$ z w>r+ aga9/ ! new ord] "u ,zeus1 & is naturally relegat$ to ,t>t>us4 ,see ,f4 ,g4 ,welck]1 ,grie*is*e ,gtt]lehre1 i4 7#aheg72 ,c4 ,h4 ,vlck]1 ,die ,my?ologie des ,iapetis*5 ,ges*le*tes 7#ahbd72 ,m4 ,may]1 ,gigant5 und ,titan5 7#ahhg74 ,,iapydes1 or ,,iapodes1 "o ( ! ?ree *ief peoples ( ,roman ,illyria4 ,!y occupi$ ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry on ! nor? betwe5 ! ,arsia 7,arsa7 & ,t$anius 7p]haps ! ,z]manja71 :i* sep>at$ !m f ! ,liburnians4 ,_! t]ritory =m$ "p ( ! mod]n ,croatia4 ,!y are describ$ by ,/rabo z a mix$ race ( ,celts & ,illyrians1 :o us$ ,celtic weapons1 tattoo$ !mselves1 & liv$ *iefly on spelt & millet4 ,!y 7 a w>like race1 addict$ to plund]+ exp$itions4 ,9 #abi ,b4,c4 ,c4 ,sempronius ,tuditanus celebrat$ a triumph ov] !m1 & 9 #cd ,b4,c4 !y 7 f9ally cru%$ by ,augu/us4 ,!y appe> to h _h a fo$us ) ,rome1 b subsequ5tly rebell$4 ,see ,/rabo iv4 #bjg1 vii4 #cac-cae2 ,dio ,cassius xlix4 #ce2 ,appian1 ,illyrica1 #aj1 #ad1 #af2 ,livy1 ,epit4 lix4 #aca2 ,tibullus iv4 #a4 #ajh2 ,cic]o1 ,pro ,balbo1 #ad4 ,,iatro*emi/ry 7co9$ f ,gr4 ,greek3 iatros1 a physician1 & *emi/ry71 a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry1 dur+ :i* ! object ( ?is sci5ce 0 held to be n to make gold b to prep>e m$ic9es4 ,?is doctr9e dom9at$ *emical ?\ght dur+ ! #af? c5tury1 its =emo/ support]s be+ ,p>acelsus1 van ,helmont & de la ,bo ,sylvius4 ,b x gave way to ! new def9ition =mulat$ by ,boyle1 viz4 t ! prop] doma9 ( *emi/ry 0 to det]m9e ! composition ( sub/ances4 7,see ,,*emi/ry3 ,i4 ,hi/ory2 ,,m$ic9e47 ,,iazyges1 a tribe ( ,s>matians fir/ he>d ( on ! ,maeotis1 :]e !y 7 among ! allies ( ,mi?radates ! ,great4 ,mov+ we/w>d across ,scy?ia1 & h5ce call$ ,metana/ae1 !y 7 on ! l[] ,danube by ! "t ( ,ovid1 & ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej occupi$ ! pla9s ea/ ( ! ,!iss4 ,"h1 "u ! g5]al "n ( ,s>matae1 !y 7 a p]petual tr\ble to ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,dacia4 ,!y 7 divid$ into freem5 & s]fs 7,s>matae ,limigantes71 ! latt] ( :om _h a diff]5t mann] ( life & 7 probably an old] settl$ population enslav$ by nomad ma/]s4 ,!y rose aga9/ !m 9 ,a4,d4 #ccd1 b 7 repress$ by =eign aid4 ,no?+ is he>d ( ,iazyges or ,s>matae aft] ! ,hunni% invasions4 ,graves at ,kesz!ly & else:]e 9 ! ,!iss valley1 %[n by _! cont5ts to belong to nomads ( ! fir/ c5turies ,a4,d41 are ref]r$ to ! ,iazyges4 7,e4 ,h4 ,m47 ,,ibadan1 a t[n ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa1 9 ,yorubal&1 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 #abc m4 by rail ,n4,e4 ( ,lagos1 & ab\t #ej m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,abeokuta4 ,pop4 #aiaj e/imat$ at #aej1jjj4 ,! t[n occupies ! slope ( a hill1 & /ret*es into ! valley ?r\gh :i* ! riv] ,ona fl[s4 ,x is enclos$ by mud walls1 :i* h a circuit ( #ah m41 & is encompass$ by cultivat$ l& #e or #f m4 9 bread?4 ,! native h\ses are all l[1 ?at*$ /ructures1 enclos+ a squ>e c\rt1 & ! only break 9 ! mud wall is ! door4 ,!re are num]\s mosques1 ori%as 7idol-h\ses7 & op5 spaces %ad$ ) trees4 ,!re are a few build+s 9 ! ,european /yle4 ,mo/ ( ! inhabitants are engag$ 9 agriculture2 b a great v>iety ( h&icrafts is also c>ri$ on4 ,ibadan is ! capital ( "o ( ! ,yoruba /ates & enjoys a l>ge measure ( autonomy4 ,nom9ally ! /ate is subject to ! alaf9 7rul]7 ( ,oyo2 b x is virtually indep5d5t4 ,! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( two *iefs1 a civil & a milit>y1 ! bale & ! balogun2 ^! toge!r =m ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal4 ,!re is also an iyaloda or "m ( ! t[n1 to :om are submitt$ all ! disputes ( ! wom54 ,ibadan long _h a feud ) ,abeokuta1 b on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,briti% protectorate ! int]tribal w>s 7 /opp$4 ,9 #ahfb ! p ( ,ibadan de/roy$ ,ijaya1 a neighb\r+ t[n ( #fj1jjj inhabitants4 ,a ,briti% resid5t & a deta*m5t ( ,hausa troops are /ation$ at ,ibadan4 ,see also ,,yorubas1 ,,abeokuta & ,,lagos4 ,,ibagu1 or ,,san ,,bonifacio ,,de ,,ibagu1 a city ( ,colombia1 & capital ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,tolima1 ab\t #fj m4 ,w4 ( ,bogot & #ah m4 ,n4,w4 ( ! ,nevado de ,tolima4 ,pop4 7#aijj1 e/imate7 #ac1jjj4 ,ibagu is built on a beautiful pla9 betwe5 ! ,*ipalo & ,combeima1 small afflu5ts ( ! ,cuello1 a we/]n tribut>y ( ! ,magdal5a4 ,its elevation1 #dcjj ft4 above ! sea1 gives x a mild1 subtropical climate4 ,! pla9 & ! neighb\r+ valleys produce cacao1 tobacco1 rice & sug>-cane4 ,!re are two !rmal spr+s 9 ! vic9ity1 & undevelop$ m9es ( sulphur & silv]4 ,! city has an end[$ college4 ,x is an important comm]cial c5tre1 be+ on ! road :i* crosses ! ,qu9dio pass1 or p>amo1 into ! ,cauca valley4 ,ibagu 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeej & 0 ! capital ( ! republic = a %ort "t 9 #ahed4 ,,ib>ra1 a city ( ,ecuador & capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,imbabura1 ab\t #ej m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,quito1 on a small f]tile pla9 at ! nor!rn foot ( ,imbabura volcano1 #gcjj ft4 above sea-level4 ,pop4 7#aijj1 e/imate7 #ejjj4 ,x /&s on ! left bank ( ! ,tahu&o1 a small /ream ^: wat]s fl[ nor? & we/ to ! ,pacific ?r\gh ! ,mira1 & is sep>at$ f ! high] plateau ( ,quito by an elevat$ transv]se ridge ( :i* ! ,imbabura & ,moj&a volcanoes =m a "p4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is m\nta9\s1 ! valleys be+ v f]tile4 ,ib>ra itself has a mild1 humid climate1 & is set 9 ! mid/ ( or*>ds & g>d5s4 ,x is ! see ( a bi%op & has a l>ge numb] ( *ur*es & conv5ts1 & _m sub/antial resid5ces4 ,ib>ra has manufactures ( cotton & wooll5 fabrics1 hats1 s&als 7alp>gates71 sacks & rope f cabulla fibre1 laces1 sug> & v>i\s k9ds ( di/ill$ spirits & cordials made f ! sug>-cane gr[n 9 ! vic9ity4 ,mules are br$ = ! ,colombian m>kets ( ,pa/o & ,popayan4 ,ib>ra 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeig by ,alv>o de ,ib>ra1 ! presid5t ( ,quito4 ,x has suff]$ f ! eruptions ( ,imbabura1 & m sev]ely f e>?quakes1 t ( #ahei caus+ great damage to its public build+s1 & ! great] "o ( ! #af? ( ,augu/ #ahfh almo/ completely de/roy$ ! t[n & kill$ a l>ge numb] ( its inhabitants4 ,! village ( ,c>ranqui1 #a m4 f ,ib>ra1 is ! bir?place ( ,atahualpa1 ! ,inca sov]eign execut$ by ,piz>ro1 & close by is ! small lake call$ ,yagu>co*a :]e ! army ( ,huaynacapac1 ! fa!r ( ,atahualpa1 inflict$ a bloody defeat on ! ,c>ranquis4 ,ano!r aborig9al battle-field is t ( ,hatuntaqui1 ne> ,ib>ra1 :]e ,huaynacapac won a decisive victory & add$ ! great] "p ( ,ecuador to 8 realm4 ,! :ole region is full ( tolas1 or ,indian burial m\nds4 ,,ib]ians 7,ib]i1 ,greek3 ,ibres71 an anci5t p inhabit+ p>ts ( ! ,spani% p59sula4 ,_! e?nic aff9ities are n kn[n1 & our k ( _! hi/ory is comp>atively slight4 ,x is almo/ impossible to make any /atem5t 9 reg>d to !m :i* w meet ) g5]al agreem5t4 ,at ! same "t1 ! g5]al l9es ( ,ib]ian controv]sy are cle> en\gh ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ! ,ib]ians are 7#a7 hi/orical1 7#b7 numismatic1 7#c7 l+ui/ic1 7#d7 an?ropological4 #a4 ,hi/orical4--,! "n seems to h be5 appli$ by ! e>li] ,greek navigators to ! peoples :o inhabit$ ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,spa92 probably x orig9ally meant ^? :o dwelt by ! riv] ,ib]us 7mod4 ,ebro74 ,x is possible 7,b\d>d1 tudes sur l'alphabet ibri5 7,p>is1 #aheb7 t ! riv]-"n itself repres5ts ! ,basque phrase ibay-erri ! c\ntry ( ! riv]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 old] ,greek usage 7z 9 ,?uc4 vi4 #a7 ! t]m ,ib]ia is said to h embrac$ ! c\ntry z f> ea/ z ! ,rhone 7see ,h]odorus ( ,h]aclea1 ,fragm4 ,hi/4 ,gr4 ii4 #cd71 & by ! "t ( ,/rabo x 0 ! common ,greek "n = ! ,spani% p59sula4 ,ib]ians ?us meant sometimes ! population ( ! p59sula 9 g5]al & sometimes1 x w\ld appe>1 ! peoples ( "s def9ite race 7,greek3 g5os7 :i* =m$ "o elem5t 9 t population4 ,( ! tribal di/ribution ( ?is race1 ( its l+ui/ic1 social & political *>act]i/ics1 & ( ! hi/ory ( its relation to ! o!r peoples ( ,spa91 we h only ! mo/ g5]al1 fragm5t>y & contradictory acc\nts4 ,on ! :ole1 ! hi/orical evid5ce indicates t 9 ,spa91 :5 x fir/ became kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans !re exi/$ _m sep>ate & v>i\sly civiliz$ tribes connect$ by at lea/ app>5t id5tity ( race1 & by simil>ity 7b n id5tity7 ( language1 & suffici5tly di/+ui%$ by _! g5]al *>act]i/ics f ,pho5icians1 ,romans & ,celts4 ,! /atem5t ( ,diodorus ,siculus t ! m+l+ ( ^! ,ib]ians ) ! immigrant ,celts gave rise to ! ,celtib]ians is 9 itself probable4 ,v>ro & ,dionysius ,af] propos$ to id5tify ! ,ib]ians ( ,spa9 ) ! ,ib]ians ( ! ,caucasus1 ! "o reg>d+ ! ea/]n1 & o!r ! we/]n1 settlem5ts z ! e>li]4 #b4 ,numismatic4--,k ( anci5t ,ib]ian language & hi/ory is ma9ly d]iv$ f a v>iety ( co9s1 f\nd widely di/ribut$ 9 ! p59sula1#a & also 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,n>bonne4 ,!y are inscrib$ 9 an alphabet :i* has _m po9ts ( simil>ity ) ! we/]n ,greek alphabets1 & "s ) ! ,punic alphabet2 b :i* seems to reta9 a few *>act]s f an old] script ak9 to ^? ( ,m9oan ,crete & ,roman ,libya4#b ,! same ,ib]ian alphabet is f\nd also r>ely 9 inscriptions4 ,! co9age began be=e ! ,roman conque/ 0 complet$2 ! monet>y sy/em resembles t ( ! ,roman republic1 ) values analog\s to d5>ii & qu9>ii4 ,! co9 inscriptions usually give only ! "n ( ! t[n1 e4g4 ,,plplis 7,bilbilis71 ,,klaqriqs 7,calagurris71 ,,seqbrics 7,segobriga71 ,,tmaniav 7,dumania74 ,! types %[ late ,greek & p]haps also late ,punic influ5ce1 b approximate lat] to ,roman models4 ,! commone/ rev]se type1 a *>g+ horseman1 reappe>s on ! ,roman co9s ( ,bilbilis1 ,osca1 ,segobriga & o!r places4 ,ano!r common type is "o man lead+ two horses or br&i%+ a sword or a b[4 ,! obv]se has usually a male head1 sometimes inscrib$ ) :at appe>s to be a native "n4 #c4 ,l+ui/ic4--,! survival ( ! non-,aryan language among ! ,basques ar\nd ! we/ ,pyr5ees has sugge/$ ! attempt to int]pret by its means a l>ge class ( simil>-s\nd+ place-names ( anci5t ,spa91 "s ( :i* are au!nticat$ by _! occurr5ce on ! inscrib$ co9s1 & to l9k x ) o!r traces ( non-,aryan spee* r\nd ! %ores ( ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean & on ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( ,europe4 ,?is phase ( ,ib]ian !ory op5s ) ,k4 ,w4 ,humboldt 7,prfung d] ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,urbewohn] ,hispani5s v]mittel/ d] waskis*5 ,spra*e1 ,b]l91 #ahba71 :o cont5d$ t !re exi/$ once a s+le great ,ib]ian p1 speak+ a di/9ct language ( _! own2 t an ess5tially ,ib]ian population 0 to be f\nd 9 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia & ,corsica1 9 s\!rn ,france1 & ev5 9 ! ,briti% ,isles2 & t ! ,basques ( ! pres5t day 7 remnants ( ?is race1 :i* _h else:]e be5 expell$ or absorb$4 ,?is la/ 0 ! c5tral & ! sem9al idea ( ! "w1 & x has be5 ! po9t r\nd :i* ! battle ( s*ol>%ip has ma9ly rag$4 ,! pr9cipal evid5ce :i* ,humboldt adduc$ 9 its support 0 ! possibility ( expla9+ a va/ numb] ( ! anci5t topographical names ( ,spa91 & ( o!r ass]t$ ,ib]ian di/ricts1 by ! =ms & significations ( ,basque4 ,9 reply1 ,grasl9 7,de l',ibrie1 ,p>is1 #ahci71 ma9ta9$ t ! "n ,ib]ia 0 no?+ b a ,greek misnom] ( ,spa91 & t !re 0 no pro( t ! ,basque p _h ev] occupi$ a wid] area ?an at pres5t2 & ,blad 7,orig9e des ,basques1 ,p>is1 #ahfi7 took ! same l9e ( argum5t1 hold+ t ,ib]ia is a purely geographical t]m1 t !re 0 no prop] ,ib]ian race1 t ! ,basques 7 always %ut 9 by ali5 races1 t _! aff9ity is /ill to seek1 & t ! :ole ,basque-,ib]ian !ory is a figm5t4 ,8 ma9 cont5tion has met ) "s acceptance1#c b ! great curr5t ( e?nographical speculation /ill fl[s 9 ! direction indicat$ by ,humboldt4 #d4 ,an?ropological4--,humboldt's ,ib]ian !ory dep5d$ p>tly on l+ui/ic comp>isons1 b p>tly on 8 obs]vation ( widespread simil>ity ( physical type among ! population ( s\?-we/]n ,europe4 ,s9ce 8 "t ! an?ropological rese>*es ( ,broca1 ,?urnam & ,davis1 ,huxley1 ,busk1 ,b$doe1 ,vir*[1 ,tub9o & o!rs h prov$ ! exi/5ce 9 ,europe1 f ,neoli?ic times1 ( a race1 small ( /ature1 ) long or oval skulls1 & accu/om$ to bury _! dead 9 tombs4 ,_! rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ,belgium & ,france1 9 ,brita91 ,g]many & ,d5m>k1 z well z 9 ,spa92 & !y be> a close resemblance to a type :i* is common among ! ,basques z well z all ov] ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 ,?is ,neoli?ic race has consequ5tly be5 nicknam$ ,ib]ians1 & x is n[ common to speak ( ! ,ib]ian ance/ry ( ! p ( ,brita91 recogniz+ ! racial *>act]i/ics ( ,ib]ians 9 ! small sw>?y ,wel%man1 ! small d>k ,highl&]1 & ! ,black ,celts to ! we/ ( ! ,%annon1 z well z 9 ! typical inhabitants ( ,aquitania & ,brittany4#d ,lat] inve/igators w5t fur!r4 ,m4 d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 = example 7,les ,premi]s habitants de l',europe1 ,p>is1 #ahgg71 ma9ta9$ t besides possess+ ,spa91 ,gaul1 ,italy & ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,ib]ian peoples p5etrat$ into ! ,balkan p59sula1 & occupi$ a "p ( nor!rn ,africa1 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia2 & x is n[ g5]ally accept$ t a race ) fairly uni=m *>act]i/ics 0 at "o "t 9 possession ( ! s\? ( ,france 7or at lea/ ( ,aquitania71 ! :ole ( ,spa9 f ! ,pyr5ees to ! /raits1 ! ,can>y ,isl&s 7! ,guan*es7 a "p ( nor!rn ,africa & ,corsica4 ,:e!r ?is type is m conv5i5tly designat$ by ! ^w ,ib]ian1 or by "s o!r "n 7,eur-african1 ,m$it]ranean1 c47 is a matt] ( comp>ative indiff]5ce1 provid$ t !re is no misund]/&+ z to ! /eps by :i* ! t]m ,ib]ian atta9$ its mean+ 9 mod]n an?ropology4 ,,au?orities4--,k4 ,w4 von ,humboldt1 b] die cantabris*e od] baskis*e ,spra*e 9 ,adelung1 ,mi?ridates iv4 7#ahag71 & ,prfung d4 ,unt]su*ung5 4 die ,urbewohn] ,hispani5s v]mittel/ d] waskis*5 ,spra*e 7,b]l91 #ahba72 ,l4 ,f4 ,grasl91 ,de l',ibrie 7,p>is1 #ahch72 ,t4 ,b4 ,g4 ,m4 ,bory de ,/ ,v9c5t1 ,essai gologique sur le g5re huma9 7#ahch72 ,g4 ,lagneau1 ,sur l'e?nologie des peuples ibri5s1 9 ,bull4 soc4 an?rop4 7#ahfg71 pp4 #adf-afa2 ,j4 ,f4 ,blad1 tudes sur l'orig9e des ,basques 7,p>is1 #ahfi71 ,df5se des tudes1 c4 7,p>is1 #ahgj72 ,phillips1 ,die ,e9w&]ung d] ,ib]] 9 die pyr54 ,halb9sel 7,vi5na1 #ahgj71 b] das ib]is*e ,alphabet 7,vi5na1 #ahgj72 ,w4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 ,! ,nor!rn ,range ( ! ,basques1 9 ,=tnightly ,rev4 ,n4,s4 xvi4 #cbc-ccg 7#ahgd72 ,w4 ,t4 van ,eys1 ,la ,langue ibri5ne et la langue basque1 9 ,revue de l+ui/ique1 pp4 #c-ae 7#ahgd72 ,w4 ,web/]1 ,! ,basque & ! ,kelt1 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 v4 #e-bi 7#ahge72 ,f4 ,m4 ,tub9o1 ,los ,aborig9es ib]icos o los ,b]b]os en la p59sula 7,madrid1 #ahgf72 ,a4 ,lu*aire1 ,les ,orig9es l+ui/iques de l',aquita9e 7,p>is1 #ahgg72 ,w4 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhj72 ,a4 ,ca/a+1 ,les ,orig9es des ,aquita9s1 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,e?4 ,n4,s4 #a1 pp4 #ahc-cbh 7#ahhd72 ,g4 ,c4 ,c4 ,g]l&1 ,die ,bask5 und die ,ib]] 9 ,grb]1 ,grundriss d4 roman4 ,philologie1 #a1 pp4 #cac-ccd 7#ahhh72 ,m4 ,h4 d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 ,les ,premi]s habitants de l',europe 7#ahhi-ahid72 ,j4 ,f4 ,blad1 ,les ,vascons avant leur tablissem5t en ,novempopulanie1 ,ag54 7#ahia72 ,w4 ,web/]1 ,! ,celt-ib]ians1 ,academy xl4 #bfh-bfi 7& consequ5t correspond5ce7 7#ahia72 ,j4 ,rhys1 ,! ,inscriptions & ,language ( ! ,nor!rn ,picts1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,ant4 ,scot4 xxvi4 #bfc-cea 7#ahib72 ,f4 ,fita1 ,el ,vascu5ce en las inscripciones gmicas1 ,bol4 ,real4 ,acad4 ,hi/4 ,madrid 7,june #ahic71 xxii4 #egi-ehg2 ,g4 v4 d4 ,gabel5tz1 ,baskis* u4 ,b]b]is*1 ,sitz4 k4 preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 #eic-fac 7,b]l91 #ahic71 ,die ,v]w&ts*aft d] ,baskis*5 mit d] ,b]b]-,spra*e ,nordafrikas na*gewies5 7,brauns*weig1 #ahid72 ,m4 ,h4 d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 ,les ,celtes en ,espagne1 ,rev4 celtique1 xiv4 #ceg-cie 7#ahid72 ,g4 ,bus*an1 b] die ib]is*e ,rasse1 ,ausl&1 lxvi4 #cdb-cdd 7#ahid72 ,f4 ,olriz y ,aguil]a1 ,di/ribucion geografica del indice cefalico en ,espaa 7,madrid1 #ahid71 ,la ,talla humana en ,espaa 9 ,discursos ,r4 ,acad4 ,m$ic9a xxxvi4 #chi 7,madrid1 #ahif72 ,r4 ,collignon1 ,la ,race basque1 ,l',an?ropologie1 v4 #bgf-bhg 7#ahid72 ,t4 de ,aranzadi1 ,le ,peuple basque1 rsum ,bull4 soc4 d'an?4 #eaj-ebj 7#ahid71 ,consid]aciones ac]ca de la raza basca ,euskel-,erria xxxv4 #cc1 #fe1 #ig1 #abi 7#ahif72 ,h4 ,s*u*h>dt1 ,baskis*e ,/udi51 i4 b] die ,ent/ehung d] ,bezugs=m5 des baskis*5 ,zeitworts2 ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,k4 ,akad4 d] ,wiss41 ,phil4-,hi/41 ,classe1 ,bd4 #db1 ,abh4 #c4 7,wi51 #ahic72 ,ph4 ,salmon1 ,rev4 m5s4 c4 d'an?r4 v4 #aee-aha1 #bad-bbj 7#ahie72 ,r4 ,collignon1 ,an?r4 du ,s4-,o4 de la ,france1 ,mm4 ,soc4 ,an?r4 #c4 #a4 #d4 p4 #a-abi 7#ahie71 ,ann4 de gogr4 v4 #aef-aff 7#ahif71 & ) ,j4 ,d5ik]1 ,les ,maures de ,sngal1 ,l',an?r4 vii4 #eg-fi 7#ahig72 ,g4 ,h]v1 ,rev4 m5s4 c4 d'an?r4 vi4 #ig-aji 7#ahif72 ,g4 ,s]gi1 ,africa3 ,an?ropologia della /irpe ,camitica 7,tur91 #ahig71 ,arii ed ,italici 7#ahih72 ,l4 de ,hoyos ,sa9z1 ,l',an?ropologie et la prhi/orique en ,espagne et en ,portugal en #ahig1 ,l',an?ropologie1 ix4 #cg-ea 7#ahih72 ,j4 ,d5ik] 7see ,collignon7 ,les ,races de l',europe1 ,l',an?ropologie1 ix4 #aac-acc 7#ahih72 ,m4 ,gze1 ,de quelques rapports entre les langues b]bre et basque1 ,mm4 soc4 ar*4 du ,midi de la ,france1 xiii4 ,see also ! works quot$ 9 ! footnotes2 & ! bibliography "u ,,basques4 7,j4 ,l4 ,m47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= ! prehi/oric civilization ( ! p59sula z a :ole see ,,spa94 #b ,p4 ,a4 ,b\d>d's tudes sur l'alphabet ibri5 7,p>is1 #aheb74 & ,numismatique ibri5ne 7,bzi]s1 #ahei72 ,aloiss ,heiss1 ,notes sur les monnaies celtibri5nes 7,p>is1 #ahfe71 & ,description gnrale des monnaies antiques de l',espagne 7,p>is1 #ahgj72 ,phillips1 b] das ib]is*e ,alphabet 7,vi5na1 #ahgj71 ,die ,e9w&]ung d] ,ib]] 9 die pyr54 ,halb9sel 7,vi5na1 #ahgj72 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,j\rn4 ,an?r4 ,in/4 xxix4 7#ahii7 #bjd1 & above all ,e4 ,hbn]1 ,monum5ta l+uae ,ib]icae4 #c ,w4 van ,eys1 = example1 ,la ,langue ibri5ne et la langue basque1 9 ,revue de l+ui/ique1 goes aga9/ ,humboldt2 b ,pr9ce ,napoleon & to a consid]able ext5t ,a4 ,lu*aire ma9ta9 ! ju/ice ( 8 me?od & ! value ( _m ( 8 results4 ,see ,lu*aire1 ,les ,orig9es l+ui/iques de l',aquita9e 7,p>is1 #ahgg74 #d ,comp>e ! int]e/+ rsum ( ! :ole "q 9 ,boyd ,dawk9s's ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita9 7,london1 #ahhj74 ,,ibex1 "o ( ! names ( ! ,alp9e wild goat1 o!rwise kn[n z ! /e9bok & b\quet91 & sci5tifically z ,capra ibex4 ,=m]ly ! ibex 0 common on ! m\nta9-ranges ( ,g]many1 ,switz]l& & ,tirol1 b is n[ conf9$ to ! ,alps :i* sep>ate ,valais f ,pi$mont1 & to ! l(ty peaks ( ,savoy1 :]e its exi/5ce is ma9ly due to game-laws4 ,! ibex is a h&some animal1 measur+ ab\t #d ft4 9 l5g? & /&+ ab\t #dj 94 at ! %\ld]4 ,! sk9 is cov]$ 9 summ] ) a %ort fur ( an a%y-grey col\r1 & 9 w9t] ) mu* long] yell[i%-br[n hair conceal+ a d5se fur b5ea?4 ,! horns ( ! male rise f ! cre/ ( ! skull1 & aft] b5d+ gradually backw>ds t]m9ate 9 smoo? tips2 ! front surface ( ! rema9d] c>ry+ bold transv]se ridges or knots4 ,ab\t #a yd4 is ! maximum record$ l5g? ( ibex-horns4 ,! fact t ! =e-legs are some:at %ort] ?an ^? beh9d enables ! ibex to asc5d m\nta9 slopes ) m facility ?an x c desc5d1 :ile its ho(s are z h>d z /eel1 r\gh und]nea? & :5 walk+ ov] a flat surface capable ( be+ spread out4 ,^!1 toge!r ) its p[]ful s9ews1 enable x to take prodigi\s leaps1 to balance itself on ! smalle/ foo?old & to scale almo/ p]p5dicul> rocks4 ,ibex live habitually at a great] height ?an *amois or any o!r ,alp9e mammals1 _! v]tical limit be+ ! l9e ( p]petual sn[4 ,!re !y re/ 9 sunny nooks dur+ ! day1 desc5d+ at night to ! highe/ woods to graze4 ,ibex are greg>i\s1 fe$+ 9 h]ds ( t5 to fifte5 individuals2 b ! old males g5]ally live ap>t f1 & usually at great] elevations ?an1 ! females & "y4 ,!y utt] a %>p :i/l+ s\nd n unlike t ( ! *amois1 b :5 greatly irritat$ or fright5$ make a peculi> snort+ noise4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation 9 ! female is n9ety days1 aft] :i* %e produces--usually at ! end ( ,june--a s+le "y "o :i* is able at once to foll[ its "m4 ,kids :5 caught "y & f$ on goat's milk c be readily tam$2 & 9 ! #af? c5tury "y tam$ ibex 7 frequ5tly driv5 to ! m\nta9s along ) ! goats1 9 ^: company !y w\ld aft]w>ds return4 ,ev5 wild ibex h be5 kn[n to /ray among ! h]ds ( goats1 al?\gh !y %un ! society ( *amois4 ,its fle% is said to resemble mutton1 b has a flav\r ( game4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,ibex 7,capra ibex74 ,by naturali/s ! "n ibex has be5 ext5d$ to embrace all ! k9dr$ species ( wild goats1 :ile by sportsm5 x is us$ 9 a /ill m ela/ic s5se1 to include n only ! true wild goat 7kn[n 9 ,india z ! ,s9d ibex7 b ev5 ! %ort-horn$ ,hemitragus hylocrius ( ! ,nilgiris4 ,deal+ only ) species zoologically kn[n z ibex1 ! "o ne>e/ ak9 to ! ,european k9d is ! ,asiatic or ,sib]ian ibex 7,capra sibirica71 :i*1 ) sev]al local phases1 ext5ds f ! nor!rn side ( ,ka%mir ov] an enorm\s area 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,^! ibex1 especially ! race f ! ,?ian ,%an1 are incomp>ably f9] ?an ! ,european species1 _! bold knott$ horns sometimes atta9+ a l5g? ( close on #fj 94 ,! ,arabian1 or ,nubian1 ibex 7,c4 nubiana7 is *>act]iz$ by ! m sl5d] type ( horn1 9 :i* ! front edge is mu* n>r[]2 :ile ! ,simi5 ibex 7,c4 vali7 ( ,c5tral ,abyss9ia is a v l>ge & d>k-col\r$ animal1 ) ! horns black in/ead ( br[ni%1 & be>+ only slightly m>k$ front ridges4 ,! ,caucasian ibex 7,c4 caucasica71 or tur1 is a :olly fox-col\r$ animal1 9 :i* ! horns are /ill flatt] 9 front1 & ?us dep>t yet fur!r f ! ibex type4 ,9 ! ,spani% ibex 7,c4 pyr5aica7 ! horns are flatt5$1 ) ill-def9$ knobs1 & a spiral twi/4 7,see ,,goat47 7,w4 ,h4 ,f42 ,r4 ,l4997 ,,ibis1 "o ( ! sacr$ birds ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,james ,bruce id5tifi$ ?is bird ) ! ,abu-,hannes or ,fa!r ,john ( ! ,abyss9ians1 & 9 #agij x receiv$ f ,la?am 7,index orni?ologicus1 p4 #gjf7 ! "n ( ,tantalus ae?iopicus4 ,?is det]m9ation 0 plac$ beyond "q by ,cuvi] 7,ann4 du ,musum1 iv4 #aaf-ace7 & ,savigny 7,hi/4 nat4 et my?ol4 de l'ibis7 9 #ahje4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 remov$ x f ! ,l9naean g5us ,tantalus &1 ,lacpde hav+ "s ye>s be=e f\nd$ a g5us ,ibis1 x 0 transf]r$ ?i!r1 & is n[ g5]ally kn[n z ,i4 ae?iopica1 ?\gh "s speak ( x z ,i4 religiosa4 ,no attempt c "h be made to treat ! ibis f a my?ological or antiqu>ian po9t ( view4 ,savigny's memoir conta9s a great deal ( matt] on ! subject4 ,wilk9son 7,anci5t ,egyptians1 s]4 #b1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bag-bbd7 add$ "s ( ! results ( lat] rese>*1 & ,r5\f 9 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures expla9s ! orig9 ( ! my?4 ,! ibis is *iefly an inhabitant ( ! ,nile bas9 f ,dongola s\?w>d1 z well z ( ,kord(an & ,s5n>2 :5ce ab\t midsumm] x moves nor?w>ds to ,egypt4#a ,9 ,l[] ,egypt x be>s ! "n ( ,abu-m5gel1 or fa!r ( ! sickle1 f ! =m ( its bill1 b x does n /ay long 9 t c\ntry1 disappe>+ :5 ! ,nile has subsid$4 ,h5ce mo/ travell]s h fail$ to meet ) x !re#b 7s9ce _! acqua9tance ) ! birds ( ,egypt is limit$ to ^? :i* frequ5t ! c\ntry 9 w9t]71 & writ]s h d5i$ g5]ally to ?is species a place 9 its mod]n fauna 7cf4 ,%elley1 ,birds ( ,egypt1 p4 #bfa74 ,h[ev]1 9 #ahfd1 von ,heugl9 7,j\rn4 fr ,orni?ologie1 #ahfe1 p4 #ajj7 saw a "y bird :i* _h be5 %ot 9 ! ,delta1 & ,e4 ,c4 ,taylor 7,ibis1 #ahgh1 p4 #cgb7 saw an adult :i* _h be5 kill$ ne> ,lake ,m5zal 9 #ahgg4 ,! /ory told to ,h]odotus ( its de/roy+ snakes is1 accord+ to ,savigny1 devoid ( tru?1 b ,cuvi] /ates t he discov]$ p>tly dige/$ rema9s ( a snake 9 ! /oma* ( a mummi$ ibis4 ,! ibis is some:at l>g] ?an a curlew1 ,num5ius arquata1 :i* bird x resembles1 ) a mu* /\t] bill & /\t] legs4 ,! head & great] "p ( ! neck are b>e & black4 ,! plumage is :ite1 except ! prim>ies1 :i* are black1 & a black plume1 =m$ by ! second>ies1 t]tials & l[] scapul>s1 & ri*ly gloss$ ) bronze1 blue & gre51 :i* curves gracefully ov] ! h9d-qu>t]s4 ,! bill & feet are also black4 ,! "y lack ! ornam5tal plume1 & 9 !m ! head & neck are clo!d ) %ort black fea!rs1 :ile ! bill is yell[4 ,! ne/ is plac$ 9 bu%es or high trees1 ! bird g5]ally build+ 9 companies1 & 9 ! middle ( ,augu/ von ,heugl9 7,orn4 ,nord-,o/-,afrikas1 p4 #aach7 f\nd t x _h f two to f\r "y or mu* incubat$ eggs4#c ,^! are ( a d+y :ite1 spla%$1 spott$ & speckl$ ) r$di%-br[n4 ,cong5]ic ) ! typical ibis are two or ?ree o!r species1 ! ,i4 melanocephala ( ,india1 ! ,i4 molucca or ,i4 /rictip5nis1 ( ,au/ralia1 & ! ,i4 b]ni]i ( ,madagasc>1 all ( :i* closely resemble ,i4 ae?iopica2 :ile _m o!r =ms n v f> remov$ f x1 ?\gh plac$ by au?ors 9 di/9ct g5]a1#d are kn[n4 ,among ^! are sev]al beautiful species su* z ! ,japanese ,g]onticus nippon1 ! ,lophotibis cri/ata ( ,madagasc>1 & ! sc>let ibis1#e ,eudocimus rub]1 ( ,am]ica4 ,! glossy ibis1 ,plegadis falc9ellus1 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral & ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 z well z 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe 7:5ce x n unfrequ5tly /rays to ! ,briti% ,isl&s71 ,africa1 ,asia & ,au/ralia4 ,?is bird1 believ$ to be ! second k9d ( ibis spok5 ( by ,h]odotus1 is r small] ?an ! sacr$ ibis1 & mo/ly ( a d>k *e/nut col\r ) brilliant gre5 & purple reflections on ! upp] p>ts1 exhibit+1 h[ev]1 :5 "y none ( ! ruf\s hue4 ,?is species lays eggs ( a deep sea-gre5 col\r1 hav+ :olly ! "* ( h]on's eggs1 & x (t5 bre$s 9 company ) h]ons1 :ile ! eggs ( all o!r ibises ^: eggs are kn[n resemble ^? ( ! sacr$ ibis4 ,?\gh ibises resemble ! curlews ext]nally1 !re is no aff9ity betwe5 !m4 ,! ,ibididae are m ne>ly relat$ to ! /orks1 ,ciconiidae1 & /ill m to ! spoonbills1 ,plataleidae1 ) :i* latt] _m sy/emati/s consid] !m to =m "o gr\p1 ! ,hemiglottides ( ,nitzs*4 ,toge!r ^! gr\ps =m ! sub-ord] ,ciconiae ( ! ord] ,ciconii=mes4 ,! true ibises are also to be cle>ly sep>at$ f ! wood-ibises1 ,tantalidae1 ( :i* !re are f\r or five species1 by sev]al n unimportant /ructural *>act]s4 ,fossil rema9s ( a true ibis1 ,i4 pagana1 h be5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ! middle ,t]ti>y b$s ( ,france4#f 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x has be5 said to occur occasionally 9 ,europe 7,greece & s\!rn ,russia74 #b ,e4 ,c4 ,taylor rem>k$ 7,ibis1 #ahei1 p4 #ea71 t ! buff-back$ h]on1 ,ardea bubulcus1 0 made by ! t\ri/s' dragomans to d duty = ! sacr$ ibis1 & ?is seems to be no novel practice1 s9ce by x1 or some?+ l x1 ,hasselqvi/ 0 misl$1 & ?r\gh him ,l9naeus4 #c ,! ibis has m ?an once ne/$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,zoological ,society 9 ,london1 & ev5 re>$ its "y !re4 #d ,= "s acc\nt ( ^! may be consult$ ,dr ,rei*5['s pap] 9 ,j\rn4 fr ,orni?ologie 7#ahgg71 pp4 #adc-aef2 ,elliot's 9 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,society 7#ahgg71 pp4 #dgg-eaj2 & t ( ,ou/alet 9 ,n\v4 ,ar*4 du ,musum1 s]4 #b1 vols4 i4 pp4 #afg-ahd4 #e ,x is a popul> error--especially among pa9t]s--t ?is bird 0 ! sacr$ ibis ( ! ,egyptians4 #f ,! "n ,ibis 0 select$ z ! title ( an orni?ological magaz9e1 frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ?is & o!r articles1 :i* made its fir/ appe>ance 9 #ahei4 ,,iblis1 or ,,eblis1 9 ,moslem my?ology ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% devil4 ,he figures (t5] 9 ! ,koran "u ! "n ,%aitan1 ,iblis be+ m5tion$ #aa times1 :]eas ,%aitan appe>s 9 #hg passages4 ,he is *ief ( ! spirits ( evil1 & 8 p]sonality is adapt$ to t ( 8 ,jewi% prototype4 ,iblis rebell$ aga9/ ,allah & 0 expell$ f ,p>adise4 ,! ,koranic leg5d is t 8 fall 0 a puni%m5t = 8 refusal to wor%ip ,adam4 ,condemn$ to dea? he 0 aft]w>ds respit$ till ! judgm5t day 7,koran vii4 #ac74 ,see ,gu/av ,weil1 ,! ,bible1 ! ,koran & ! ,talmud 7,london1 #ahdf74 ,,ibn ',,abd ,,rabbihi ,abu ',um> ,ahmad ibn ,mahomm$ ibn ',abd ,rabbihi 7#hfj-idj71 ,arabian poet1 0 born 9 ,cordova & desc5d$ f a fre$ slave ( ,hi%am1 ! second ,spani% ,omayyad caliph4 ,he enjoy$ a great reputation = le>n+ & eloqu5ce4 ,no diwan ( 8 is extant1 b _m selections f 8 poems are giv5 9 ! ,yatimat ud-,dahr1 i4 #dab-dcf 7,damascus1 #ahhg74 ,m widely kn[n ?an 8 poetry is 8 great an?ology1 ! ',iqd ul-,f>id 7,! ,preci\s ,necklace71 a "w divid$ into tw5ty-five sections1 ! ?irte5? be+ nam$ ! middle jewel ( ! necklace1 ! *apt]s on ei!r side ( ?is be+ nam$ aft] o!r jewels4 ,x is an adab book 7see ,,arabia3 ,lit]ature1 section ,belles ,lettres7 resembl+ ,ibn ,qutaiba's ',uyun ul-,akhb>1 f :i* x borr[s l>gely4 ,x has be5 pr9t$1 sev]al times 9 ,cairo 7#ahgf1 #ahhf1 c474 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ',,arabi ,muhyiudd9 ,abu ',abdallah ibn ul-',arabi 7#aafe-abdj71 ,moslem !ologian & my/ic1 0 born 9 ,murcia & educat$ 9 ,seville4 ,:5 ?irty-eight he travell$ 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,bagdad1 ,mosul & ,asia ,m9or1 aft] :i* he liv$ 9 ,damascus = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,9 law he 0 a ,zahirite1 9 !ology a my/ic ( ! extreme ord]1 ?\gh pr(ess+ or?odox ,a%'arite !ology & combat+ 9 _m po9ts ! ,indo-,p]sian my/icism 7pan!ism74 ,he claims to h _h conv]sations ) all ! prophets pa/ & future1 & reports conv]sations ) ,god himself4 ,( 8 num]\s works ab\t #aej /ill exi/4 ,! mo/ ext5sive is ! twelve-volume ,futuhat ul-,makkiyat 7,meccan ,revelations71 a g5]al encyclopa$ia ( ,sufic beliefs & doctr9es4 ,num]\s extracts f ?is "w are conta9$ 9 ,%a'rani's 7d4 #aefe7 manual ( ,sufic dogma 7,yawaqit7 publi%$ sev]al times 9 ,cairo4 ,a %ort acc\nt ( ^! works is giv5 9 ,a4 von ,krem]'s ,ges*i*te d] h]rs*5d5 ,ide5 des ,islams1 pp4 #ajb-aji 7,leipzig1 #ahfh74 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic & m accessible "w ( ,ibn ',arabi is ! ,fusus ul-,hikam1 on ! nature & importance ( ! tw5ty-sev5 *ief prophets1 writt5 9 #abcj 7ed4 ,bulaq1 #ahcg7 & ) ! ,comm5t>y 7,cairo1 #ahia7 ( ,qa%ani 7d4 #acej72 cf4 analysis by ,m4 ,s*re9] 9 ,j\rnal ( ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1 lii4 #eaf-ebe4 ,( "s #bhi works said to h be5 writt5 by ,ibn ',arabi #aej are m5tion$ 9 ,c4 ,brockelmann's ,ges*4 d] arabis*5 ,litt]atur1 vol4 i4 7,weim>1 #ahih71 pp4 #dda-ddh4 ,see also ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs1 pp4 #cii-djd 7,london1 #aijg74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,a?ir1 ! family "n ( ?ree bro!rs1 all fam\s 9 ,arabian lit]ature1 born at ,jazirat ibn ',um> 9 ,kurdi/an4 ,! elde/ bro!r1 kn[n z ,,majd ,,ud-,,d9 7#aadi-abaj71 0 long 9 ! s]vice ( ! amir ( ,mosul1 & 0 an e>ne/ /ud5t ( tradition & language4 ,8 diction>y ( traditions 7,kitab un-,nihaya7 0 publi%$ at ,cairo 7#ahic71 & 8 diction>y ( family names 7,kitab ul-,murassa'7 has be5 edit$ by ,seybold 7,weim>1 #ahif74 ,! y\nge/ bro!r1 kn[n z ,,diya ,,ud-,,d9 7#aafc-abci71 s]v$ ,salad9 f #aaia on1 !n 8 son1 al-,malik ul-,afdal1 & 0 aft]w>ds 9 ,egypt1 ,samosata1 ,aleppo1 ,mosul & ,bagdad4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ae/hetic & /yli/ic critics 9 ,arabian lit]ature4 ,8 ,kitab ul-,ma?al1 publi%$ 9 ,bulaq 9 #ahfe 7cf4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1 xxxv4 #adh1 & ,goldzih]'s ,abh&lung51 i4 #afa sqq471 conta9s "s v indep5d5t criticism ( anci5t & mod]n ,arabic v]se4 ,"s ( 8 lett]s h be5 publi%$ by ,d4 ,s4 ,m>goli\? ,on ! ,royal ,correspond5ce ( ,diya ed-,d9 el-,jaz>i 9 ! ,actes du dixime congrs int]national des ori5tali/es1 sect4 #c1 pp4 #g-ba4 ,! bro!r be/ kn[n by ! simple "n ( ,ibn ,a?ir 0 ,,abu-,l-,,hasan ',,izzudd9 ,,mahomm$ ,,ibn ,,ul-,,a?ir 7#aafj-abcd71 :o devot$ himself to ! /udy ( hi/ory & tradition4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o he settl$ ) 8 fa!r 9 ,mosul & cont9u$ 8 /udies !re4 ,9 ! s]vice ( ! amir = _m ye>s1 he visit$ ,bagdad & ,j]usalem & lat] ,aleppo & ,damascus4 ,he di$ 9 ,mosul4 ,8 great hi/ory1 ! ,kamil1 ext5ds to ! ye> #abca2 x has be5 edit$ by ,c4 ,j4 ,tornb]g1 ,ibn al-,a?iri ,*ronicon quod p]fectissimum inscribitur 7#ad vols41 ,leid51 #ahea-ahgf71 & has be5 publi%$ 9 #ab vols4 9 ,cairo 7#ahgc & #ahhf74 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is "w up to ,a4,h4 #caj 7,a4,d4 #ibc7 is an abbreviation ( ! "w ( ,tab>i 7q4v47 ) additions4 ,ibn ,a?ir also wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,atabegs ( ,mosul1 publi%$ 9 ! ,recueil des hi/ori5s des croisades 7vol4 ii41 ,p>is72 a "w 7,usd ul-,ghaba71 giv+ an acc\nt ( #gejj companions ( ,mahomet 7#e vols41 ,cairo1 #ahfc71 & a comp5dium 7! ,lubab7 ( ,sam'ani's ,kitab ul-,ansab 7cf4 ,f4 ,w/5feld's ,specim5 el-,lobabi1 ,gtt+51 #ahce74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,batuta1 i4e4 ,,abu ,,abdullah ,,mahomm$1 surnam$ ,,ibn ,,batuta 7#acjd-acgh71 ! greate/ ( ,moslem travell]s1 0 born at ,tangi] 9 #acjd4 ,he ent]$ on 8 travels at tw5ty-"o 7#acbe7 & clos$ !m 9 #acee4 ,he began by trav]s+ ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean f ,tangi] to ,alex&ria1 f9d+ "t to m>ry two wives on ! road4 ,aft] "s /ay at ,cairo1 !n probably ! greate/ city 9 ! _w 7exclud+ ,*9a71 & an unsuccessful attempt to rea* ,mecca f ,aidhab on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 he visit$ ,pale/9e1 ,aleppo & ,damascus4 ,he !n made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a1 & visit$ ! %r9e ( ,ali at ,ma%had-,ali1 travell+ !nce to ,basra1 & across ! m\nta9s ( ,khuzi/an to ,isfahan1 !nce to ,%iraz & back to ,kufa & ,bagdad4 ,aft] an excursion to ,mosul & ,di>bekr1 he made ! haj a second "t1 /ay+ at ,mecca ?ree ye>s4 ,he next sail$ d[n ! ,r$ ,sea to ,ad5 7!n a place ( great trade71 ! s+ul> position ( :i* he describes1 notic+ its dep5d5ce = wat]-supply ^u ! great ci/]ns re/or$ 9 mod]n times4 ,he cont9u$ 8 voyage d[n ! ,african coa/1 visit+1 among o!r places1 ,mombasa & ,quiloa 7,kilwa74 ,return+ nor? he pass$ by ! *ief cities ( ,oman to ,new ,ormuz 7,hurmuz71 :i* _h ab\t #ae ye>s be=e1 c4 #acae1 be5 transf]r$ to its fam\s isl&-site f ! ma9l& 7,old ,ormuz74 ,aft] visit+ o!r p>ts ( ! gulf he cross$ ! bread? ( ,arabia to ,mecca1 mak+ ! haj = ! ?ird "t4 ,cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea1 he made a j\rney ( great h>d%ip to ,sy5e1 & !nce along ! ,nile to ,cairo4 ,aft] ?is1 travell+ ?r\gh ,syria1 he made a circuit among ! petty ,turki% /ates into :i* ,asia ,m9or 0 divid$ aft] ! fall ( ! k+dom ( ,rum 7,iconium74 ,he n[ cross$ ! ,black ,sea to ,kaffa1 !n ma9ly occupi$ by ! ,g5oese1 & app>5tly ! fir/ ,*ri/ian city he _h se51 = he 0 mu* p]turb$ by ! bell-r++4 ,he next travell$ into ,kip*ak 7! ,mongol khanate ( ,russia71 & jo9$ ! camp ( ! reign+ khan ,mahomm$ ,uzbeg1 f :om ! great & het]og5e\s ,uzbeg race is p]haps nam$4 ,among o!r places 9 ?is empire he travell$ to ,bolgh> 7#ed #ed ,n47 9 ord] to witness ! %ortness ( ! summ] night1 & desir$ to cont9ue 8 travels nor? into ! ,l& ( ,d>kness 79 ! extreme nor? ( ,russia71 ( :i* wond]ful ?+s 7 told1 b 0 oblig$ to =ego ?is4 ,return+ to ! khan's camp he jo9$ ! cortge ( "o ( ! ,khatuns1 :o 0 a ,greek pr9cess by bir? 7probably illegitimate7 & 9 h] tra9 travell$ to ,con/ant9ople1 :]e he _h an int]view ) ! emp]or ,&ronikos ,,iii4 ! ,y\ng] 7#acbh-acda74 ,he tells h[1 z he pass$ ! city gates1 he he>d ! gu>ds mutt]+ ,s>ak9u4 ,return+ to ! c\rt ( ,uzbeg1 at ,s>ai on ! ,volga1 he cross$ ! /eppes to ,khw>izm & ,bokh>a2 !nce ?r\gh ,khorasan & ,kabul1 & ov] ! ,h9du ,ku% 7to :i* he gives t "n1 its fir/ occurr5ce74 ,he rea*$ ! ,indus1 on 8 own /atem5t1 9 ,septemb]1 #accc4 ,?is closes ! fir/ "p ( 8 n>rative4 ,f ,s9d1 :i* he trav]s$ to ! sea & back aga91 he proce$$ to ,multan1 & ev5tually1 on ! invitation ( ,mahomm$ ,tughlak1 ! reign+ sov]eign1 to ,delhi4 ,mahomm$ 0 a s+ul> "*1 full ( pret5ce at lea/ to _m accompli%m5ts & virtues1 ! f\nd] ( public *>ities1 & a pr(use patron ( s*ol>s1 b a p>ricide1 a fratricide1 & z madly caprici\s1 blood?ir/y & unju/ z ,caligula4 ,no day did 8 palace gate fail to witness ! elevation ( "s abject to afflu5ce & ! torture & murd] ( "s liv+ s\l4 ,he appo9t$ ! travell] to be kazi ( ,delhi1 ) a pres5t ( #ab1jjj silv] d9>s 7rupees71 & an annual sal>y ( ! same am\nt1 besides an assignm5t ( village l&s4 ,9 ! sultan's s]vice ,ibn ,batuta rema9$ eight ye>s2 b 8 good =tune /imulat$ 8 natural extravagance1 & 8 debts soon am\nt$ to f\r or five times 8 sal>y4 ,at la/ he fell into disfav\r & retir$ f c\rt1 only to be summon$ aga9 on a cong5ial duty4 ,! emp]or ( ,*9a1 la/ ( ! ,mongol dyna/y1 _h s5t a mission to ,delhi1 & ! ,moor 0 to accompany ! return embassy 7#acdb74 ,! p>ty travell$ ?r\gh c5tral ,india to ,cambay & !nce sail$ to ,calicut1 class$ by ! travell] ) ! neighb\r+ ,kaulam 7,quilon71 ,alex&ria1 ,sudak 9 ! ,crimea1 & ,zayton 7,amoy h>b\r7 9 ,*9a1 z "o ( ! greate/ trad+ hav5s 9 ! _w--an int]e/+ enum]ation f "o :o _h se5 !m all4 ,! mission p>ty 0 to emb>k 9 ,*9ese junks 7! ^w us$7 & small] vessels1 b t c>ry+ ! o!r envoys & ! pres5ts1 :i* />t$ be=e ,ibn ,batuta 0 ready1 0 wreck$ totally2 ! vessel t he _h engag$ w5t (f ) 8 prop]ty1 & he 0 left on ! bea* ( ,calicut4 ,n d>+ to return to ,delhi1 he rema9$ ab\t ,honore & o!r cities ( ! we/]n coa/1 tak+ "p 9 v>i\s adv5tures1 among o!rs ! capture ( ,s9dabur 7,goa71 & visit+ ! ,maldive ,isl&s1 :]e he became kazi1 & m>ri$ f\r wives1 & ( :i* he has left ! be/ m$ieval acc\nt1 h>dly surpass$ by any mod]n4 ,9 ,augu/ #acdd he left ! ,maldives = ,ceylon2 "h he made ! pilgrimage to ! ,footm>k ( our ,fa!r ,adam4 ,!nce he betook himself to ,maab> 7! ,corom&el coa/71 :]e he jo9$ a ,mussulman adv5tur]1 resid+ at ,madura1 :o _h made himself ma/] ( mu* ( t region4 ,aft] once m visit+ ,malab>1 ,can>a & ! ,maldives1 he dep>t$ = ,b5gal1 a voyage ( =ty-?ree days1 l&+ at ,sadkawan 7,*ittagong74 ,9 ,b5gal he visit$ ! fam\s ,moslem sa9t ,%aykh ,jalaludd91 ^: %r9e 7,%ah ,jalal at ,silhet7 is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,return+ to ! delta1 he took %ip at ,sun>ganw 7ne> ,dacca7 on a junk b\nd = ,java 7i4e4 ,java ,m9or ( ,m>co ,polo1 or ,sumatra74 ,t\*+ ! coa/ ( ,arakan or ,burma1 he rea*$ ,sumatra 9 =ty days1 & 0 provid$ ) a junk = ,*9a by ,malik al ,dhahir1 a zeal\s disciple ( ,islam1 :i* _h rec5tly spread among ! /ates on ! nor!rn coa/ ( t isl&4 ,call+ 7app>5tly7 at ,cambodia on 8 way1 ,ibn ,batuta rea*$ ,*9a at ,zayton 7,amoy h>b\r71 fam\s f ,m>co ,polo2 he also visit$ ,s9 ,kalan or ,canton1 & pr(esses to h be5 9 ,khansa 7,k9say ( ,m>co ,polo1 i4e4 ,hang*au71 & ,khanbalik 7,cambaluc or ,pek+74 ,! tru? ( 8 visit to ^! two cities1 & especially to ! la/1 has be5 que/ion$4 ,! travell]'s hi/ory1 n lea/ 9 ,*9a1 s+ul>ly illu/rates ! free masonry ( ,islam1 & its p[] ( c>ry+ a ,moslem doctor ov] ! kn[n _w ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,on 8 way home he saw ! great bird ,rukh 7evid5tly1 f 8 description1 an isl& lift$ by refraction72 revisit$ ,sumatra1 ,malab>1 ,oman1 ,p]sia1 ,bagdad1 & cross$ ! great des]t to ,palmyra & ,damascus1 :]e he got 8 fir/ news ( home1 & he>d ( 8 fa!r's dea? fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,div]g+ to ,hama? & ,aleppo1 on 8 return to ,damascus1 he f\nd ! ,black ,dea? rag+1 s t two ?\s& f\r hundr$ di$ 9 "o day4 ,revisit+ ,j]usalem & ,cairo he made ! haj a f\r? "t1 & f9ally reappe>$ at ,fez 7visit+ ,s>d9ia en r\te7 on ! #h? ( ,novemb] #acdi1 aft] tw5ty-f\r ye>s' abs5ce4 ,morocco1 he felt1 01 aft] all1 ! be/ ( c\ntries4 ,! dirhems ( ! ,we/ are b little2 b !n y get m = !m4 ,aft] go+ home to ,tangi]1 ,ibn ,batuta cross$ into ,spa9 & made ! r\nd ( ,&alusia1 includ+ ,gibralt>1 :i* _h j !n /ood a siege f ! ,roman tyrant ,adfunus 7,alphonso ,,xi4 ( ,ca/ile1 #acab-acej74 ,9 #aceb ! re/less man />t$ = ,c5tral ,africa1 pass+ by ! oases ( ! ,sah>a 7:]e ! h\ses 7 built ( rock-salt1 z ,h]odotus tells1 & ro($ ) camel sk9s7 to ,timbuktu & ,gogo on ! ,nig]1 a riv] :i* he calls ! ,nile1 believ+ x to fl[ d[n into ,egypt1 an op9ion ma9ta9$ by "s up to ! date ( ,l&]'s discov]y4 ,be+ !n recall$ by 8 own k+1 he return$ to ,fez 7e>ly 9 #aced7 via ,takadda1 ,hagg> & ,tuat4 ,?us end$ 8 tw5ty-eight ye>s' w&]+s :i* 9 _! ma9 l9es alone exce$$ #ge1jjj m4 ,by royal ord] he dictat$ 8 n>rative to ,mahomm$ ,ibn ,juzai1 :o concludes ! "w1 #ac? ( ,decemb] #acee 7,a4,d47 ) ! decl>ation3 ,?is ,%aykh is ! travell] ( our age2 & he :o %\ld call him ! travell] ( ! :ole body ( ,islam w\ld n exce$ ! tru?4 ,ibn ,batuta di$ 9 #acgh1 ag$ sev5ty-?ree4 ,ibn ,batuta's travels h only be5 kn[n 9 ,europe dur+ ! #ai? c5tury2 at fir/ m]ely by ,arabic abridgm5ts 9 ! ,go?a & ,cambridge libr>ies4 ,notices or extracts _h be5 publi%$ by ,seetz5 7c4 #ahjh71 ,koseg>t5 7#ahah71 ,apetz 7#ahai71 & ,burckh>dt 7#ahai71 :5 9 #ahbi ,dr ,s4 ,lee publi%$ = ! ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund a v]sion f ! abridg$ ,,mss4 at ,cambridge1 :i* attract$ mu* int]e/4 ,! ,fr5* capture ( ,con/ant9a af=d$ ,,mss4 ( ! complete "w1 "o ( !m ! autograph ( ,ibn ,juzai4 ,& f ^!1 aft] v]sions ( fragm5ts by v>i\s ,fr5* s*ol>s1 0 d]iv$ at la/ 7#aheh-ahei7 ! /&>d edition & translation ( ! :ole by ,m4 ,dfrm]y & ,dr ,sangu9etti1 9 #d vols4 ,see also ,sir ,h5ry ,yule1 ,ca?ay1 ii4 #cig-ebf2 ,c4 ,raymond ,beazley1 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography1 iii4 #ece-ech4 ,?\gh !re are "s s+ul> *ronological difficulties 9 ! n>rative1 & a good _m cursory inaccuracies & exagg]ations1 !re is no "p ( x except1 p]haps1 c]ta9 portions ( ! j\rneys 9 nor? ,*9a1 :i* is op5 to d\bt4 ,! acc\nts ( ! ,maldive ,isl&s1 & ( ! ,negro c\ntries on ! ,nig]1 are replete ) int]e/+ & accurate p>ticul>s4 ,! =m] agrees surpris+ly ) t giv5 by ! only o!r =eign resid5t we "k (1 ,pyr>d de la ,val1 two hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]4 ,ibn ,batuta's /atem5ts & anecdotes reg>d+ ! %[y virtues & solid vices ( ,sultan ,muhammad ,tughlak are 9 entire agreem5t ) ,indian hi/orians1 & add _m fre% details4 7,h4 ,y42 ,c4 ,r4 ,b47 ,,ibn ,,duraid ,abu ,bakr ,mahomm$ ibn ul-,hasan ibn ,duraid ul-,azdi 7#hcg-icd71 ,arabian poet & philologi/1 0 born at ,basra ( s\? ,arabian /ock4 ,at 8 native place he 0 tra9$ "u v>i\s tea*]s1 b fl$ 9 #hga to ,oman at ! "t ,basra 0 attack$ by ! negroes1 kn[n z ! ,zanj1 "u ,muhallabi4 ,aft] liv+ twelve ye>s 9 ,oman he w5t to ,p]sia1 &1 "u ! protection ( ! gov]nor1 ',abdallah ibn ,mahomm$ ibn ,mikal1 & 8 son1 ,isma'il1 wrote 8 *ief works4 ,9 #ibj he w5t to ,bagdad1 :]e he receiv$ a p5sion f ! caliph ,moqtadir4 ,! ,maqsura1 a poem 9 praise ( ,ibn ,mikal & 8 son1 has be5 edit$ by ,a4 ,haitsma 7#aggc7 ,e4 ,s*eidius 7#aghf7 & ,n4 ,boyes5 7#ahbh74 ,v>i\s comm5t>ies on ! poem exi/ 9 ,,ms4 7cf4 ,c4 ,brockelmann1 ,ges*4 d] ar4 ,lit41 i4 #baa ff41 ,weim>1 #ahih71 ,! ,jamh>a fi-l-,lugha is a l>ge diction>y writt5 9 ,p]sian b n pr9t$4 ,ano!r "w is ! ,kitab ul-,i%tiqaq 7,book ( ,etymology71 edit$ by ,f4 ,w/5feld 7,gtt+51 #ahed72 x 0 writt5 9 opposition to ! anti-,arabian p>ty to %[ ! etymological connexion ( ! ,arabian tribal names4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,f>adi ,abu-l-,walid ',abdallah ibn ul-,f>adi 7#ifb-ajab71 ,arabian hi/orian1 0 born at ,cordova & /udi$ law & tradition4 ,9 #iib he made ! pilgrimage & proce$$ to ,egypt & ,kairawan1 /udy+ 9 ^! places4 ,aft] 8 return 9 #ajji he became cadi 9 ,val5cia1 & 0 kill$ at ,cordova :5 ! ,b]b]s took ! city4 ,8 *ief "w is ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,le>n$ ,m5 ( ,&alusia1 edit$ by ,f4 ,cod]a 7,madrid1 #ahia-ahib74 ,he wrote also a hi/ory ( ! poets ( ,&alusia4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,f>id ,abu-l-,qasim ',um> ibn ul-,f>id 7#aaha-abce71 ,arabian poet1 0 born 9 ,cairo1 liv$ = "s "t 9 ,mecca & di$ 9 ,cairo4 ,8 poetry is entirely ,sufic1 & he 0 e/eem$ ! greate/ my/ic poet ( ! ,arabs4 ,"s ( 8 poems are said to h be5 writt5 9 ec/asies4 ,8 diwan has be5 publi%$ ) comm5t>y at ,beirut1 #ahhg1 c42 ) ! comm5t>ies ( ,bur9i 7d4 #afae7 & ',abdul-,ghani 7d4 #agcj7 at ,m>seilles1 #ahec1 & at ,cairo2 & ) ! comm5t>y ( ,ru%ayyid ,ghalib 7#ai? c5tury7 at ,cairo1 #ahic4 ,"o ( ! sep>ate poems 0 edit$ by ,j4 von ,hamm] ,purg/all z ,das arabis*e hohe ,li$ d] ,liebe 7,vi5na1 #ahed74 ,see ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs 7,london1 #aijg71 pp4 #cid-cih4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,gabirol ,,solomon ,,b5 ,,judah1 ,jewi% poet & philosoph]1 0 born at ,malaga1 probably ab\t #ajba4 ,! e>ly "p ( 8 tr\bl\s life 0 sp5t at ,s>agossa1 b few p]sonal details ( x are record$4 ,8 p>5ts di$ :ile he 0 a *ild & he 0 "u ! protection fir/ ( a c]ta9 ,jeku?iel1 :o di$ 9 #ajci1 & aft]w>ds ( ,samuel ha-,nagid1 ! well-kn[n patron ( le>n+4 ,8 passionate disposition1 h[ev]1 embitt]$ no d\bt by 8 mis=tunes1 involv$ him 9 frequ5t difficulties & l$ to 8 qu>rell+ ) ,samuel4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t he di$ "y1 al?\gh ! date is unc]ta94 ,al ,h>izi#a says at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 & ,moses b4 ,ezra#b ab\t ?irty1 b ,abraham ,zaccuto#c /ates t he di$ 7at ,val5cia7 9 #ajgj4 ,m4 ,/e9s*neid]#d accepts ! date #ajeh4 ,8 lit]>y activity began e>ly4 ,he is said to h compos$ poems at ! age ( sixte51 & elegies by him are extant on ,hai ,gaon 7di$ 9 #ajch7 & ,jeku?iel 7di$ 9 #ajci71 ea* ( :i* 0 writt5 probably soon aft] ! dea? ( ! p]son commemorat$4 ,ab\t ! same "t he also wrote 8 ',anaq1 a poem on gramm>1 ( :i* only #ig l9es out ( #djj are pres]v$4 ,moses b5 ,ezra says ( him t he imitat$ ,moslem models1 & 0 ! fir/ to op5 to ,jewi% poets ! door ( v]sification1#e mean+ t he fir/ popul>iz$ ! use ( ,arabic metres 9 ,hebrew4 ,x is z a poet t he has be5 kn[n to ! ,jews to ! pres5t day1 & admir$ = ! y\?ful fre%ness & beauty ( 8 "w1 9 :i* he may be comp>$ to ! romantic s*ool 9 ,france & ,engl& 9 ! e>ly #ai? c5tury4 ,besides 8 lyrical & satirical poems1 he contribut$ _m ( ! f9e/ compositions to ! liturgy 7"s ( !m ) ! acro/ic ,%elomoh ha-qato71 :i* are widely diff]5t f ! artificial mann] ( ! e>li] payyetanim4 ,! be/ kn[n ( 8 long] liturgical compositions are ! philosophical ,ke!r ,malku? 7= ! ,day ( ,atonem5t7 & ! ,azh>o?1 on ! #fac precepts 7= ,%ebhu'o?74 ,ow+ to 8 pure biblical /yle he _h an abid+ influ5ce on subsequ5t liturgical writ]s4 ,outside ! ,jewi% community he 0 kn[n z ! philosoph] ,avicebron 7,av5cebrol1 ,avicebrol1 c47 ,! cr$it ( id5tify+ ?is "n z a m$ieval corruption ( ,ibn ,gabirol is due to ,s4 ,munk1 :o %[$ t selections made by ,%em ,tobh ,palq]a 7or ,falq]a7 f ! ,meqor ,hayyim 7! ,hebrew translation ( an ,arabic orig9al7 by ,ibn ,gabirol1 correspond$ to ! ,lat9 ,fons ,vitae ( ,avicebron4 ,! ,lat9 v]sion1 made by ,johannes ,hispal5sis & ,gundisalvi ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! au?or's dea?1 _h at once become kn[n among ! ,s*oolm5 ( ! #ab? c5tury & ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce ^u !m1 al?\gh s little 0 kn[n ( ! au?or t x 0 d\bt$ :e!r he 0 a ,*ri/ian or a ,moslem4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,fons ,vitae 0 entirely new to ! c\ntry ( its orig91 & be+ drawn l>gely f ,neoplatonic s\rces c\ld n be expect$ to f9d fav\r ) ,jewi% ?9k]s4 ,its di/9ctive doctr9es are3 7#a7 t all creat$ be+s1 spiritual or corporeal1 are compos$ ( matt] & =m1 ! v>i\s species ( matt] be+ b v>ieties ( ! univ]sal matt]1 & simil>ly all =ms be+ conta9$ 9 "o univ]sal =m2 7#b7 t betwe5 ! primal ,"o & ! intellect 7! ,greek3 n\s ( ,plot9us7 !re is int]pos$ ! div9e ,w1 :i* is itself div9e & above ! di/9ction ( =m & matt]1 b is ! cause ( _! union 9 ! be+ next to itself1 ! intellect1 9 :i* ,avicebron holds t ! di/9ction does exi/4 ,! doctr9e t !re is a mat]ial1 z well z a =mal1 elem5t 9 all creat$ be+s 0 explicitly adopt$ f ,avicebron by ,duns ,scotus 7z aga9/ ! view ( ,alb]tus ,magnus & ,?omas ,aqu9as71 & p]haps 8 exaltation ( ! w above ! intellect is due to ! same influ5ce4 ,avicebron develops 8 philosophical sy/em ?r\gh\t q indep5d5tly ( 8 religi\s views--a practice :olly =eign to ,jewi% tea*]s1 & "o :i* c\ld n be acceptable to !m4 ,inde$1 ?is *>ge is expressly br\ght aga9/ him by ,abraham b5 ,david ( ,tol$o 7di$ 9 #aahj74 ,x is d\btless ?is non-religi\s attitude :i* acc\nts = ! small att5tion paid to ! ,fons ,vitae by ! ,jews1 z comp>$ ) ! wide influ5ce ( ! philosophy ( ,maimonides4 ,! o!r important "w ( ,ibn ,gabirol is ,islah al-akhlaq 7! improvem5t ( "*71 a popul> "w 9 ,arabic1 translat$ into ,hebrew 7,tiqqun middo? ha-nephe%7 by ,judah ibn ,tibbon4 ,x is widely diff]5t 9 treatm5t f ! ,fons1 be+ int5d$ z a practical n a speculative "w4 ,! collection ( moral maxims1 compil$ 9 ,arabic b be/ kn[n 79 ! ,hebrew translation ( ,judah ibn ,tibbon7 z ,mibh> ha-p59im1 is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,ibn ,gabirol1 ?\gh on less c]ta9 gr\nds4 ,,bibliography4--,texts ( ! liturgical poems are to be f\nd 9 ! pray]-books3 o!rs 9 ,dukes & ,edelmann1 ,treasures ( ,ox=d 7,ox=d1 #ahej72 ,dukes1 ,%ire ,%elomoh 7,hanov]1 #aheh72 ,s4 ,sa*s1 ,%ir ha-%irim a%] li-,%elomoh 7,p>is1 #ahfh1 incomplete72 ,brody1 ,die weltli*5 ,g$i*te des 444 ,gabirol 7,b]l91 #ahig1 c474 ,av5cebrolis ,fons ,vitae 7,lat9 text7 9 ,clem5s ,bumk]'s ,beitrge zur ,ges*4 d4 ,philosophie1 ,bd4 i4 ,hefte #b-d 7,mn/]1 #ahib72 ,! ,improvem5t ( ! ,moral ,qualities ,arabic & ,engli% ed4 by ,s4 ,s4 ,wise 7,new ,york1 #aija72 ,a ,*oice ( ,pe>ls ,hebrew & ,engli% ed4 by ,as*] 7,london1 #ahei74 ,on ! philosophy 9 g5]al3 ,s4 ,munk1 ,mlanges 7quot$ above72 ,guttmann1 ,die ,philosophie des ,sal4-ibn ,gabirol 7,gtt+51 #ahhi72 ,d4 ,kaufmann1 ,/udi5 b] ,sal4-ibn ,gabirol 7,budape/1 #ahii72 ,s4 ,horovitz1 ,die ,psy*ologie ,ibn ,gabirols1 9 ! ,jahresb]i*t des jd4 !ol4 ,sem9>s ,frnckel's*] ,/iftung 7,breslau1 #aijj72 ,wittmann1 ,zur ,/ellung ,av5cebrols 444 79 ,bumk]'s ,beitrge1 ,bd4 v4 ,heft #a1 ,mn/]1 #aije74 7,a4 ,cy47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,jud4 ,h>4 ,macam1 ed4 ,lag>de 7,gtt+51 #ahhc71 p4 #hi1 l4 #fa4 #b ,see ! passage quot$ by ,munk1 ,mlanges de philosophie arabe et juive 7,p>is1 #ahei71 pp4 #bfd & #eag4 #c ,lib] ,ju*ass91 ed4 ,filip[ski 7,london1 #aheg71 p4 #bag4 #d ,hebr4 b]setzung5 7,b]l91 #ahic71 #bai1 note #gj2 cf4 ,kaufmann1 ,/udi5 b] ,sal4-ibn ,gabirol 7,budape/1 #ahii71 p4 #gi1 note #b4 #e ,see ,munk1 op4 cit4 pp4 #eae-eaf1 transl4 on pp4 #bfc-bfd4 ,metre _h be5 already us$ by ,duna%4 ,,ibn ,,haukal1 /rictly ,,ibn ,,hauqal1 a #aj? c5tury ,arabian geograph]4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( 8 life4 ,8 "w on geography1 writt5 9 #igg1 is only a revision & ext5sion ( ! ,masalik ul-,mamalik ( al-,i/akhri1 :o wrote 9 #iea4 ,?is itself 0 a revis$ edition ( ! ,kitab ul-,a%kal or ,suw> ul-,aqalim ( ,abu ,zaid ul-,balkhi1 :o wrote ab\t #iba4 ,ibn ,haukal's "w 0 publi%$ by ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje 7,leid51 #ahgc74 ,an anonym\s epitome ( ! book 0 writt5 9 #abcc4 ,see ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje1 ,die ,i/ahri-,balhi ,frage1 9 ! ,zeits*rift d] deuts*5 ,morg5lndis*5 ,gesells*aft1 xxv4 #db sqq4 ,,ibn ,,hazm ,abu ,mahomm$ ',ali ibn ,ahmad ibn ,hazm 7#iid-ajfd71 ,moslem !ologian1 0 born 9 a suburb ( ,cordova4 ,he /udi$ hi/ory1 law & !ology1 & became a vizi] z 8 fa!r _h be5 be=e him1 b 0 depos$ = h]esy1 & sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life quietly 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 legal matt]s he belong$ fir/ to ! ,%afi'ite s*ool1 b came to adopt ! views ( ! ,zahirites1 :o admitt$ only ! ext]nal s5se ( ! ,koran & tradition1 disall[+ ! use ( analogy 7,qiyas7 & ,taqlid 7appeal to ! au?ority ( an imam71 & object+ altoge!r to ! use ( individual op9ion 7,ra'y74 ,e s5t5ce ( ! ,koran 0 to be int]pret$ 9 a g5]al & univ]sal s5se2 ! special application to ! circum/ances ( ! "t x 0 writt5 0 d5i$4 ,e ^w ( ! ,koran 0 to be tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 b t s5se 0 to be le>n$ f o!r uses 9 ! ,koran itself1 n f ! mean+ 9 o!r lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,! special feature ( ,ibn ,hazm's tea*+ 0 t he ext5d$ ! application ( ^! pr9ciples f ! /udy ( law to t ( dogmatic !ology4 ,he ?us f\nd himself 9 opposition at "o "t to ! ,mo'tazilites1 at ano!r to ! ,a%'arites4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 =m+ a s*ool4 ,8 *ief "w is ! ,kitab ul-,milal wan-,nihal1 or ,book ( ,sects 7publi%$ 9 ,cairo1 #ahii74 ,= 8 tea*+ cf4 ,i4 ,goldzih]1 ,die ,zahirit51 pp4 #aaf-agb 7,leipzig1 7#ahhd71 & ,m4 ,s*re9] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1 lii4 #dfd-dhf4 ,= a li/ ( 8 o!r works see ,c4 ,brockelmann's ,ges*i*te d] arabis*5 ,lit]atur1 vol4 i4 7,weim>1 #ahih71 p4 #djj4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,hi%am ,abu ,mahomm$ ',abdulmalik ibn ,hi%am ibn ,ayyub ul-,himy>i 7d4 #hcd71 ,arabian biograph]1 /udi$ 9 ,kufa b liv$ aft]w>ds 9 ,fo/at 7old ,cairo71 :]e he ga9$ a "n z a gramm>ian & /ud5t ( language & hi/ory4 ,8 *ief "w is 8 edition ( ,ibn ,i%aq's 7q4v47 ,life ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 :i* has be5 edit$ by ,f4 ,w/5feld 7,gtt+51 #aheh-ahfj74 ,an abridg$ ,g]man translation has be5 made by ,g4 ,weil 7,/uttg>t1 #ahfd2 cf4 ,p4 ,brnnle1 ,die ,comm5tator5 des ,ibn ,i%aq und ihre ,s*oli51 ,halle1 #ahie74 ,ibn ,hi%am is said to h writt5 a "w expla9+ ! difficult words :i* occur 9 poems on ! life ( ! ,apo/le1 & ano!r on ! g5ealogies ( ! ,himy>ites & _! pr9ces4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,i%aq ,mahomm$ ibn ,i%aq ,abu ',abdallah 7d4 #gfh71 ,arabic hi/orian1 liv$ 9 ,m$9a1 :]e he int]e/$ himself to su* an ext5t 9 ! details ( ! ,prophet's life t he 0 attack$ by ^? to :om 8 "w seem$ to h a rationali/ic t5d5cy4 ,he consequ5tly left ,m$9a 9 #gcc1 & w5t to ,alex&ria1 !n to ,kufa & ,hira1 & f9ally to ,bagdad1 :]e ! caliph ,mansur provid$ him ) ! means ( writ+ 8 great "w4 ,?is 0 ! ,life ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god1 :i* is n[ lo/ & is kn[n to u only 9 ! rec5sion ( ,ibn ,hi%am 7q4v474 ,! "w has be5 attack$ by ,arabian writ]s 7z 9 ! ,fihri/7 z untru/wor?y1 & x seems cle> t he introduc$ =g$ v]ses 7cf4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1 xiv4 #bhh sqq474 ,x rema9s1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ important works ( ! age4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,jubair ,abu-l ,husa9 ,mahomm$ ibn ,ahmad ibn ,jubair 7#aade-abag71 ,arabian geograph]1 0 born 9 ,val5cia4 ,at ,granada he /udi$ ! ,koran1 tradition1 law & lit]ature1 & lat] became secret>y to ! ,mohad gov]nor ( t city4 ,dur+ ?is "t he compos$ _m poems4 ,9 #aahc he left ! c\rt & travell$ to ,alex&ria1 ,j]usalem1 ,m$9a1 ,mecca1 ,damascus1 ,mosul & ,bagdad1 return+ 9 #aahe by way ( ,sicily4 ,! ,travels ( ,ibn ,jubair 7 edit$ by ,w4 ,wright 7,leid51 #aheb72 & a new edition ( ?is text1 revis$ by ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje1 0 publi%$ by ! ,gibb ,tru/ees 7,london1 #aijg74 ,! "p relat+ to ,sicily 0 publi%$1 ) ,fr5* translation & notes1 by ,m4 ,am>i 9 ! ,j\rnal asiatique 7#ahde-ahdf7 & a ,fr5* translation alone ( ! same "p by ,g4 ,crolla 9 ,museon1 vi4 #abc-acb4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,khaldun ,abu ,zaid ibn ,mahomm$ ibn ,mahomm$ ibn ,khaldun 7#accb-adjf71 ,arabic hi/orian1 0 born at ,tunis4 ,he /udi$ ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,arabic le>n+ ) great success4 ,9 #aceb he obta9$ employm5t "u ! ,m>9id sultan ,abu ,inan 7,f>is ,i47 at ,fez4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #acef1 8 integrity hav+ be5 suspect$1 he 0 ?r[n into prison until ! dea? ( ,abu ,inan 9 #aceh1 :5 ! vizi] al-,hasan ibn ,om> set him at lib]ty & re9/at$ him 9 8 rank & (fices4 ,he "h cont9u$ to r5d] great s]vice to ,abu ,salem 7,ibrahim ,,iii471 ,abu ,inan's successor1 b1 hav+ (f5d$ ! prime m9i/]1 he obta9$ p]mission to emigrate to ,spa91 :]e1 at ,granada1 he 0 receiv$ ) great cordiality by ,ibn al ,ahm>1 :o _h be5 greatly indebt$ to 8 good (fices :5 an exile at ! c\rt ( ,abu ,salem4 ,! fav\rs he receiv$ f ! sov]eign excit$ ! jeal\sy ( ! vizi]1 & he 0 driv5 back to ,africa 7#acfd71 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) great cordiality by ! sultan ( ,b\gie1 ,abu ,abdallah1 :o _h be5 =m]ly 8 companion 9 prison4 ,on ! fall ( ,abu ,abdallah ,ibn ,khaldun rais$ a l>ge =ce among/ ! des]t ,arabs1 & ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! sultan ( ,tlemen4 ,a few ye>s lat] he 0 tak5 prison] by ,abdalaziz 7',abd ul ',aziz71 :o _h defeat$ ! sultan ( ,tlemen & seiz$ ! ?rone4 ,he !n ent]$ a mona/ic e/abli%m5t1 & occupi$ himself ) s*ola/ic duties1 until 9 #acgj he 0 s5t = to ,tlemen by ! new sultan4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ',abd ul ',aziz he resid$ at ,fez1 enjoy+ ! patronage & confid5ce ( ! reg5t4 ,aft] "s fur!r vicissitudes 9 #acgh he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! sultan ( 8 native t[n ( ,tunis1 :]e he devot$ himself almo/ exclusively to 8 /udies & wrote 8 hi/ory ( ! ,b]b]s4 ,hav+ receiv$ p]mission to make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 he rea*$ ,cairo1 :]e he 0 pres5t$ to ! sultan1 al-,malik udh-,dhahir ,b>kuk1 :o insi/$ on 8 rema9+ !re1 & 9 ! ye> #achd made him gr& cadi ( ! ,malikite rite = ,cairo4 ,?is (fice he fill$ ) great prud5ce & probity1 remov+ _m abuses 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ,egypt4 ,at ?is "t ! %ip 9 :i* 8 wife & family1 ) all 8 prop]ty1 7 com+ to jo9 him1 0 wreck$1 & e "o on bo>d lo/4 ,he endeav\r$ to f9d consolation 9 ! completion ( 8 hi/ory ( ! ,arabs ( ,spa94 ,at ! same "t he 0 remov$ f 8 (fice ( cadi1 :i* gave him m leisure = 8 "w4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 & on 8 return liv$ 9 retirem5t 9 ! ,fayum until #acii1 :5 he 0 aga9 call$ ^u to resume 8 functions z cadi4 ,he 0 remov$ & re9/at$ 9 ! (fice no few] ?an five times4 ,9 #adjj he 0 s5t to ,damascus1 9 connexion ) ! exp$ition int5d$ to oppose ,timur or ,tam]lane4 ,:5 ,timur _h become ma/] ( ! situation1 ,ibn ,khaldun let himself d[n f ! walls ( ! city by a rope1 & pres5t$ himself be=e ! conqu]or1 :o p]mitt$ him to return to ,egypt4 ,ibn ,khaldun di$ on ! #af? ( ,m>* #adjf1 at ! age ( sixty-f\r4 ,! great "w by :i* he is kn[n is a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 b x deals m p>ticul>ly ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,arabs ( ,spa9 & ,africa4 ,its ,arabic title is ,kitab ul',ib>1 wa diwan el ,mubtada wa'l ,khab>1 fi ayyam ul ',arab wa'l',ajam wa'l ,b]b]2 t is1 ,! ,book ( ,examples & ! ,collection ( ,orig9s & ,in=mation respect+ ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs1 ,=eign]s & ,b]b]s4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree books1 an introduction & an autobiography4 ,book i4 treats ( ! influ5ce ( civilization ^u man2 book ii4 ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,arabs & o!r peoples f ! remote/ antiquity until ! au?or's own times2 book iii4 ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,b]b] tribes & ( ! k+doms f\nd$ by t race 9 ,nor? ,africa4 ,! introduction is an elaborate treatise on ! sci5ce ( hi/ory & ! developm5t ( society1 & ! autobiography conta9s ! hi/ory1 n only ( ! au?or himself1 b ( 8 family & ( ! dyna/ies :i* rul$ 9 ,fez1 ,tunis & ,tlemen dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,an edition ( ! ,arabic text has be5 pr9t$ at ,bulaq1 7#g vols41 #ahfg7 & a "p ( ! "w has be5 translat$ by ! late ,b>on ,mc,g4 de ,slane "u ! title ( ,hi/oire des ,b]bres 7,algi]s1 #aheb-ahef72 x conta9s an admirable acc\nt ( ! au?or & analysis ( 8 "w4 ,vol4 i41 ! ,muqaddama 7preface71 0 publi%$ by ,m4 ,quatremre 7#c vols41 ,p>is1 #aheh71 (t5 republi%$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & a ,fr5* translation 0 made by ,mc,g4 de ,slane 7#c vols41 ,p>is1 #ahfb-ahfh74 ,! p>ts ( ! hi/ory ref]r+ to ! exp$itions ( ! ,franks into ,moslem l&s 7 edit$ by ,c4 ,j4 ,tornb]g 7,upsala1 #ahdj71 & ! p>ts treat+ ( ! ,banu-l ,ahm> k+s ( ,granada 7 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,gaudefroy-,demombynes 9 ! ,j\rnal asiatique1 s]4 #i1 vol4 xiii4 ,! ,autobiography ( ,ibn ,khaldun 0 translat$ into ,fr5* by de ,slane 9 ! ,j\rnal asiatique1 s]4 #d1 vol4 iii4 ,= an ,engli% appreciation ( ! philosophical _s ( ,ibn ,khaldun see ,r4 ,fl9t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 7,ed9burgh1 #ahic71 pp4 #aeg-agj4 7,e4 ,h4 ,p42 ,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,khallikan ,abu-l ',abbas ,ahmad ibn ,khallikan 7#abaa-abhb71 ,arabian biograph]1 0 born at ,arbela1 ! son ( a pr(essor reput$ to be asc5d$ f ! ,b>mecides ( ! c\rt ( ,h>un al-,ra%id4 ,:5 eighte5 he w5t to ,aleppo1 :]e he /udi$ = six ye>s1 !n to ,damascus1 & 9 #abch to ,alex&ria & ,cairo4 ,9 #abeb he m>ri$ & became *ief cadi ( ,syria 9 ,damascus 9 #abfa4 ,hav+ held ?is (fice = t5 ye>s1 he 0 pr(essor 9 ,cairo until #abgh1 :5 he aga9 took (fice 9 ,damascus = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 #abha he accept$ a pr(essor%ip 9 ! same city1 b di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,8 great "w is ! ,kitab ,wafayat ul-,a'yan1 ,! ,obitu>ies ( ,em95t ,m54 ,x conta9s 9 alphabetical ord] ! lives ( ! mo/ celebrat$ p]sons ( ,moslem hi/ory & lit]ature1 except ^? ( ,mahomet1 ! f\r caliphs & ! companions ( ,mahomet & _! foll[]s 7! ,tabiun74 ,! "w is anecdotal & conta9s _m brief extracts f ! poetry ( ! writ]s4 ,x 0 publi%$ by ,f4 ,w/5feld 7,gtt+51 #ahce-ahdc71 9 "p by ,mc,g4 de ,slane 7,p>is1 #ahch-ahdb71 & also 9 ,cairo 7#ahei & #ahhb74 ,an ,engli% translation by ,mc,g4 de ,slane 0 publi%$ = ! ,ori5tal ,translation ,fund 9 #d vols4 7,london1 #ahdb-ahga74 ,?irte5 extra biographies f a manuscript 9 ,am/]dam 7 publi%$ by ,pijnappel 7,am/]dam1 #ahde74 ,a ,p]sian translation exi/s 9 manuscript1 & v>i\s extracts f ! "w are kn[n4 ,sev]al supplem5ts to ! book h be5 writt51 ! be/ kn[n be+ t ( ,mahomm$ ibn ,%akir 7d4 #acfb71 publi%$ at ,cairo #ahhb4 ,a collection ( poems by ,ibn ,khallikan is also extant4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,qutaiba1 or ,,kotaiba ,abu ,mahomm$ ibn ,muslim ibn ,qutaiba 7#hbh-hhi71 ,arabian writ]1 0 born at ,bagdad or ,kufa1 & 0 ( ,iranian desc5t1 8 fa!r belong+ to ,m]v4 ,hav+ /udi$ tradition & philology he became cadi 9 ,d9aw> & aft]w>ds tea*] 9 ,bagdad1 :]e he di$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ repres5tative ( ! eclectic s*ool ( ,bagdad philologi/s t succe$$ ! s*ools ( ,kufa & ,basra 7see ,,arabia3 ,lit]ature1 section ,gramm>74 ,al?\gh engag$ also 9 !ological polemic 7cf4 ,i4 ,goldzih]1 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi51 ii4 #acf1 ,halle1 #ahij71 8 *ief works 7 direct$ to ! tra9+ ( ! ideal secret>y4 ,( ^! five may be said to =m a s]ies4 ,! ,adab ul-,katib 7,tra9+ ( ! ,secret>y7 conta9s in/ruction 9 writ+ & is a comp5dium ( ,arabic /yle4 ,x has be5 edit$ by ,max ,grn]t 7,leid51 #aijj74 ,! ,kitab u%-,%>ab is /ill 9 manuscript4 ,! ,kitab ul-,ma'arif has be5 edit$ by ,f4 ,w/5feld z ! ,h&bu* d] ,ges*i*te#a 7,gtt+51 #ahej72 ! ,kitab u%-,%i'r wa%-,%u'arai 7,book ( ,poetry & ,poets7 edit$ by ,m4 ,j4 de ,goeje 7,leid51 #aijd74b ,! fif? & mo/ important is ! ',uyun ul-,akhb>1 :i* deals 9 t5 books ) lord%ip1 w>1 nobility1 "*1 sci5ce & eloqu5ce1 asceticism1 fri5d%ip1 reque/s1 foods & wom51 ) _m illu/rations f hi/ory1 poetry & prov]b 7ed4 ,c4 ,brockelmann1 ,leid51 #aijj sqq474 ,= o!r works 7:i* 7 mu* quot$ by lat] ,arabian writ]s7 see ,c4 ,brockelmann1 ,ges*4 d] arabis*5 ,lit]atur1 vol4 i4 7,weim>1 #ahih71 pp4 #abj-abb4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,summ>y 9 ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #chg f4 #b ,! preface 0 translat$ into ,g]man by ,!odor ,nldeke 9 8 ,beitrge 7,hanov]1 #ahfd71 pp4 #a-ea4 ,,ibn ,,sa',d ,abu ',abdallah ,mahomm$ ibn ,sa'd ibn ,mani' uz-,zuhri1 (t5 call$ ,katib ul-,waqidi 7secret>y ( ,waqidi7 ( ,basra 7d4 #hde71 ,arabian biograph]1 receiv$ 8 tra9+ 9 tradition f ,waqidi & o!r celebrat$ tea*]s4 ,he liv$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ,bagdad1 & _h ! reputation ( be+ bo? tru/wor?y & accurate 9 8 writ+s1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce1 7 mu* us$ by lat] writ]s4 ,8 "w1 ! ,kitab ul-,tabaqat ul-,kabir 7#ae vols47 conta9s ! lives ( ,mahomet1 8 ,companions & ,help]s 7includ+ ^? :o f\ght at ,badr z a special class7 & ( ! foll[+ g5]ation 7! ,foll[]s7 :o receiv$ _! traditions f ! p]sonal fri5ds ( ! ,prophet4 ,?is "w has be5 edit$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,e4 ,sa*au 7,leid51 #aijd sqq472 cf4 ,o4 ,lo?1 ,das ,class5bu* des ,ibn ,sa'd 7,leipzig1 #ahfi74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,tibbon1 a family ( ,jewi% translators1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,prov5ce 9 ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies4 ,!y all made orig9al contributions to philosophical & sci5tific lit]ature1 b _! p]man5t fame is bas$ on _! translations4 ,betwe5 !m !y r5d]$ into ,hebrew all ! *ief ,jewi% writ+s ( ! middle ages4 ,^! ,hebrew translations 71 9 _! turn1 r5d]$ into ,lat9 7by ,buxtorf & o!rs7 & 9 ?is =m ! works ( ,jewi% au?ors f\nd _! way into ! le>n$ circles ( ,europe4 ,! *ief memb]s ( ! ,ibn ,tibbon family 7 7#a7 ,,judah ,,b5 ,,saul 7#aabj-aaij71 :o 0 born 9 ,spa9 b settl$ 9 ,lunel4 ,he translat$ ! works ( ,bahya1 ,halevi1 ,saadiah & ! grammatical treatises ( ,janah4 7#b7 ,8 son1 ,,samuel 7#aaej-abcj71 translat$ ! ,guide ( ! ,p]plex$ by ,maimonides4 ,he ju/ly t]m$ 8 fa!r ! fa!r ( ! ,translators1 b ,samuel's own me?od surpass$ 8 fa!r's 9 lucidity & fidelity to ! orig9al4 7#c7 ,son ( ,samuel1 ,,moses 7di$ #abhc74 ,he translat$ into ,hebrew a l>ge numb] ( ,arabic books 7includ+ ! ,arabic =m ( ,euclid74 ,! ,ibn ,tibbon family ?us r5d]$ conspicu\s s]vices to ,european culture1 & did mu* to fur!r among ,jews :o did n und]/& ,arabic ! /udy ( sci5ce & philosophy4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,ibn ,,tufail1 or ,,t(ail ,abu ,bakr ,mahomm$ ibn ',abd-ul-,malik ibn ,tufail ul-,qaisi 7d4 #aahe71 ,moslem philosoph]1 0 born at ,guadix ne> ,granada4 ,!re he receiv$ a good tra9+ 9 philosophy & m$ic9e1 & is said to h be5 a pupil ( ,avempace 7q4v474 ,he became secret>y to ! gov]nor ( ,granada1 & lat] physician & vizi] to ! ,mohad caliph1 ,abu ,ya'qub ,yusuf4 ,he di$ at ,morocco4 ,8 *ief "w is a philosophical romance1 9 :i* he describes ! awak5+ & gr[? ( intellect 9 a *ild remov$ f ! influ5ces ( ord9>y life4 ,its ,arabic title is ,risalat ,hayy ibn ,yaqzan2 x 0 edit$ by ,e4 ,pococke z ,philosophus autodidactus 7,ox=d1 #afga2 #bnd ed41 #agjj71 & ) a ,fr5* translation by ,l4 ,gau?i] 7,algi]s1 #aijj74 ,an ,engli% translation by ,s4 ,ockley 0 publi%$ 9 #agjh & has be5 repr9t$ s9ce4 ,a ,spani% translation by ,f4 ,pons ,boigues 0 publi%$ at ,s>agossa 7#aijj74 ,ano!r "w ( ,ibn ,tufail1 ! ,kitab ,asr> ul-,hikma ul-ma%raqiyya 7,secrets ( ,ea/]n ,sci5ce71 0 publi%$ at ,bulaq 7#ahhb72 cf4 ,s4 ,munk1 ,mlanges 7#ahei71 pp4 #daj sqq41 & ,t4 ,j4 de ,bo]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie im ,islam 7,/uttg>t1 #aija71 pp4 #afj sqq4 7also an ,engli% translation74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibn ,,usaibi',a ,muwaffaqudd9 ,abu-l-',abbas ,ahmad ibn ul-,qasim ibn ,abi ,usaibi'a 7#abjc-abgj71 ,arabian physician1 0 born at ,damascus1 ! son ( an oculi/1 & /udi$ m$ic9e at ,damascus & ,cairo4 ,9 #abcf he 0 appo9t$ by ,salad9 physician to a new hospital 9 ,cairo1 b surr5d]$ ! appo9tm5t ! foll[+ ye> to take up a po/ giv5 him by ! amir ( ,damascus 9 ,salkhad ne> t city4 ,!re he liv$ & di$4 ,he wrote ',uyun ul-,anba'fi ,tabaqat ul-,atibba' or ,lives ( ! ,physicians1 :i* 9 its fir/ edition 7#abde-abdf7 0 d$icat$ to ! vizi] ( ,damascus4 ,?is he enl>g$1 ?\gh x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! new edition 0 made public 9 ! lifetime ( ! au?or4 ,edition by ,a4 ,mll] 7,knigsb]g1 #ahhd74 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibo1 a di/rict ( ,briti% ,we/ ,africa1 on ! l[] ,nig] imm$iately above ! delta1 & ma9ly on ! ea/]n bank ( ! riv]4 ,! *ief t[n1 frequ5tly call$ by ! same "n 7m correctly ,abo or boh71 lies on a creek :i* falls into ! ma9 /ream ab\t #aej m4 f its m\? & conta9s f #fjjj to #hjjj inhabitants4 ,! ,ibo are a /rong well-built ,negro race4 ,_! wom5 are di/+ui%$ by _! embonpo9t4 ,! language ( ! ,ibo is "o ( ! mo/ widely spok5 on ! l[] ,nig]4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,s*n began its r$uction 9 #ahda1 & 9 #ahfa he publi%$ a gramm> 7,oku ,ibo ,grammatical ,elem5ts1 ,london1 ,*ur* ,miss4 ,soc474 7,see ,,nig]ia47 ,,ibrahim ,,al-,,mausili 7#gdb-hjd71 ,arabian s+]1 0 born ( ,p]sian p>5ts settl$ 9 ,kufa4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s 8 p>5ts di$ & he 0 tra9$ by an uncle4 ,s++1 n /udy1 attract$ him1 & at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he fl$ to ,mosul1 :]e he jo9$ a b& ( wild y\?s4 ,aft] a ye> he w5t to ,rai 7,rei1 ,rhagae71 :]e he met an ambassador ( ! caliph ,mansur1 :o enabl$ him to come to ,basra & take s++ lessons4 ,8 fame z a s+] spread1 & ! caliph ,mahdi br\ght him to ! c\rt4 ,!re he rema9$ a fav\rite "u ,hadi1 :ile ,h>un al-,ra%id kept him always ) him until 8 dea?1 :5 he ord]$ 8 son 7,ma'mun7 to say ! pray] ov] 8 corpse4 ,ibrahim1 z might be expect$1 0 no /rict ,moslem4 ,two or ?ree times he 0 kn\t$ & imprison$ = excess 9 w9e-dr9k+1 b 0 always tak5 into fav\r aga94 ,8 p[]s ( song 7 f> beyond any?+ else kn[n at ! "t4 ,two ( 8 pupils1 8 son ,i%aq & ,muh>iq1 atta9$ celebrity aft] him4 ,see ! ,preface to ,w4 ,ahlw>dt's ,abu ,n[as 7,greifswald1 #ahfa71 pp4 #ac-ah1 & ! _m /ories ( 8 life 9 ! ,kitab ul-,aghani1 v4 #b-di4 7,g4 ,w4 ,t47 ,,ibrahim ,,pa%a 7#aghi-ahdh71 ,egyptian g5]al1 is sometimes spok5 ( z ! adopt$ son ( ,mehemet ,ali1 pa%a ( ,egypt4 ,he is also & m commonly call$ 8 son4 ,he 0 born 9 8 fa!r's native t[n1 ,kavala 9 ,?race4 ,dur+ 8 fa!r's /ruggle to e/abli% himself 9 ,egypt1 ,ibrahim1 !n sixte5 ye>s ( age1 0 s5t z a ho/age to ! ,ottoman capitan pa%a 7admiral71 b :5 ,mehemet ,ali 0 recogniz$ z pa%a1 & _h defeat$ ! ,engli% exp$ition "u ,g5]al ,a4 ,m4 ,fras]1 he 0 all[$ to return to ,egypt4 ,:5 ,mehemet ,ali w5t to ,arabia to prosecute ! w> aga9/ ! ,wahhabis 9 #ahac1 ,ibrahim 0 left 9 comm& 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,he cont9u$ ! w> ) ! brok5 p[] ( ! ,mamelukes1 :om he suppress$4 ,9 #ahaf he succe$$ 8 bro!r ,tusun 9 comm& ( ! ,egyptian =ces 9 ,arabia4 ,mehemet ,ali _h already begun to introduce ,european discipl9e into 8 army1 & ,ibrahim _h probably receiv$ "s tra9+1 b 8 fir/ campaign 0 conduct$ m 9 ! old ,asiatic /yle ?an 8 lat] op]ations4 ,! campaign la/$ two ye>s1 & t]m9at$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,wahhabis z a political p[]4 ,ibrahim l&$ at ,yembo1 ! port ( ,m$9a1 on ! #cj? ( ,septemb] #ahaf4 ,! holy cities _h be5 recov]$ f ! ,wahhabis1 & ,ibrahim's task 0 to foll[ !m into ! des]t ( ,nejd & de/roy _! =tresses4 ,su* tra9+ z ! ,egyptian troops _h receiv$1 & _! artill]y1 gave !m a m>k$ sup]iority 9 ! op5 field4 ,b ! difficulty ( cross+ ! des]t to ! ,wahhabi /ronghold ( ,d]aiya1 "s #djj m4 ea/ ( ,m$9a1 & ! c\rage ( _! oppon5ts1 made ! conque/ a v ardu\s "o4 ,ibrahim display$ great en]gy & t5acity1 %>+ all ! h>d%ips ( 8 army1 & nev] all[+ himself to be disc\rag$ by failure4 ,by ! end ( ,septemb] #ahah he _h =c$ ! ,wahhabi lead] to surr5d]1 & _h tak5 ,d]aiya1 :i* he ru9$4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,decemb] #ahai he made a triumphal entry into ,cairo4 ,aft] 8 return he gave effective support to ! ,fr5*man1 ,colonel ,sve 7,suleiman ,pa%a71 :o 0 employ$ to drill ! army on ! ,european model4 ,ibrahim set an example by submitt+ to be drill$ z a recruit4 ,:5 9 #ahbd ,mehemet ,ali 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ! ,morea by ! sultan1 :o desir$ 8 help aga9/ ! insurg5t ,greeks1 he s5t ,ibrahim ) a squadron & an army ( #ag1jjj m54 ,! exp$ition sail$ on ! #aj? ( ,july #ahbd1 b 0 = "s mon?s unable to d m ?an come & g betwe5 ,rhodes & ,crete4 ,! fe> ( ! ,greek fire %ips /opp$ 8 way to ! ,morea4 ,:5 ! ,greek sailors mut9i$ f want ( pay1 he 0 able to l& at ,modon on ! #bf? ( ,febru>y #ahbe4 ,he rema9$ 9 ! ,morea till ! capitulation ( ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahbh 0 =c$ on him by ! int]v5tion ( ! ,we/]n p[]s4 ,ibrahim's op]ations 9 ! ,morea 7 en]getic & f]oci\s4 ,he easily defeat$ ! ,greeks 9 ! op5 field1 & ?\gh ! siege ( ,missolonghi prov$ co/ly to 8 own troops & to ! ,turks :o op]at$ ) him1 he br\ght x to a successful t]m9ation on ! #bd? ( ,april #ahbf4 ,! ,greek gu]rilla b&s h>ass$ 8 army1 & 9 rev5ge he desolat$ ! c\ntry & s5t ?\s&s ( ! inhabitants into slav]y 9 ,egypt4 ,^! measures ( repression ar\s$ great indignation 9 ,europe1 & l$ fir/ to ! int]v5tion ( ! ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,russian squadrons 7see ,,nav>9o1 ,,battle ,,(71 & !n to ! l&+ ( a ,fr5* exp$ition>y =ce4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! capitulation ( ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahbh1 ,ibrahim evacuat$ ! c\ntry4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t ! ,turki% gov]nm5t1 jeal\s ( 8 p[]1 _h laid a plot to prev5t him & 8 troops f return+ to ,egypt4 ,engli% (fic]s :o saw him at ,nav>9o describe him z %ort1 grossly fat & deeply m>k$ ) smallpox4 ,8 obesity did n cause any abatem5t ( activity :5 next he took ! field4 ,9 #ahca1 8 fa!r's qu>rel ) ! ,porte hav+ become flagrant1 ,ibrahim 0 s5t to conqu] ,syria4 ,he c>ri$ out 8 task ) truly rem>kable en]gy4 ,he took ,acre aft] a sev]e siege on ! #bg? ( ,may #ahcb1 occupi$ ,damascus1 defeat$ a ,turki% army at ,homs on ! #h? ( ,july1 defeat$ ano!r ,turki% army at ,beilan on ! #bi? ( ,july1 invad$ ,asia ,m9or1 & f9ally r\t$ ! gr& vizi] at ,konia on ! #ba/ ( ,decemb]4 ,! conv5tion ( ,kutaiah on ! #f? ( ,may left ,syria = a "t 9 ! h&s ( ,mehemet ,ali4 ,ibrahim 0 und\bt$ly help$ by ,colonel ,sve & ! ,european (fic]s 9 8 army1 b 8 intellig5t docility to _! advice1 z well z 8 p]sonal h>dihood & en]gy1 comp>e mo/ fav\rably ) ! slo?1 ignorance & arrogant conceit ( ! ,turki% g5]als oppos$ to him4 ,he is entitl$ to full cr$it = ! diplomatic judgm5t & tact he %[$ 9 secur+ ! support ( ! inhabitants1 :om he protect$ & ^: rivalries he utiliz$4 ,aft] ! campaign ( #ahcb & #ahcc ,ibrahim rema9$ z gov]nor 9 ,syria4 ,he might p]haps h adm9i/]$ successfully1 b ! exactions he 0 compell$ to en=ce by 8 fa!r soon ru9$ ! popul>ity ( 8 gov]nm5t & provok$ revolts4 ,9 #ahch ! ,porte felt /rong en\gh to r5ew ! /ruggle1 & w> broke out once m4 ,ibrahim won 8 la/ victory = 8 fa!r at ,nezib on ! #bd? ( ,june #ahci4 ,b ,great ,brita9 & ,au/ria int]v5$ to pres]ve ! integrity ( ,turkey4 ,_! squadrons cut 8 communications by sea ) ,egypt1 a g5]al revolt isolat$ him 9 ,syria1 & he 0 f9ally compell$ to evacuate ! c\ntry 9 ,febru>y #ahda4 ,ibrahim sp5t ! re/ ( 8 life 9 peace1 b 8 heal? 0 ru9$4 ,9 #ahdf he paid a visit to we/]n ,europe1 :]e he 0 receiv$ ) "s respect & a great deal ( curiosity4 ,:5 8 fa!r became imbecile 9 #ahdh he held ! reg5cy till 8 own dea? on ! #aj? ( ,novemb] #ahdh4 ,see ,ed\>d ,g\91 ,l'gypte au ,,xixe sicle 7,p>is1 #ahdg72 ,aim ,v+tr9i]1 ,soliman-,pa%a 7,colonel ,sve7 7,p>is1 #ahhf74 ,a great deal ( unpubli%$ mat]ial ( ! highe/ int]e/ ) reg>d to ,ibrahim's p]sonality & 8 sy/em 9 ,syria is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,=eign ,(fice ar*ives2 = ref]5ces to ^! see ,cambridge ,mod4 ,hi/4 x4 #heb1 bibliography to *ap4 xvii4 ,,ibs51 ,,h5rik 7#ahbh-aijf71 ,norwegian dramatic & lyric poet1 elde/ son ( ,knud ,h5riks5 ,ibs51 a m]*ant1 & ( 8 wife ,m>i*5 ,cornelia ,alt5burg1 0 born at ,ski5 on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #ahbh4 ,= five g5]ations ! family _h consi/$ on ! fa!r's side ( a bl5d+ ( ! ,dani%1 ,g]man & ,scotti% races1 ) no int]mixture ( pure ,norwegian4 ,9 #ahcf ,knud ,ibs5 became insolv5t1 & ! family )drew1 9 great pov]ty1 to a cottage 9 ! outskirts ( ! t[n4 ,aft] brief s*ool+ at ,ski51 ,ibs5 01 t[>ds ! close ( #ahdc1 appr5tic$ to an apo!c>y 9 ,grim/ad2 "h he rema9$ ?r\gh sev5 dre>y ye>s ( drudg]y1 :i* set _! m>k ^u 8 _s4 ,9 #ahdg1 9 8 n9ete5? ye>1 he began to write poetry4 ,he made a gloomy & almo/ s9i/] impression ^u p]sons :o met him at ?is "t1 & "o ( 8 associates ( ^? days has record$ t ,ibs5 walk$ ab\t ,grim/ad l a my/]y seal$ ) sev5 seals4 ,he _h cont9u$1 by assidu\s read+1 8 self-education1 & 9 #ahej he contriv$ to come up z a /ud5t to ,*ri/iania4 ,9 ! same ye> he publi%$ 8 fir/ "w1 ! blank-v]se trag$y ( ,catil9a1 "u ! pseudonym ,brynjolf ,bj>me4 ,a second drama1 ,! ,vik+'s ,b>r[1 0 act$ 7b n pr9t$7 a few mon?s lat]2 ,ibs5 0 at ?is "t entirely "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,dani% poet ,oehl5s*lg]4 ,dur+ ! next ye> or two he made a v prec>i\s livelihood 9 ,*ri/iania z a j\rnali/1 b 9 ,novemb] #ahea he _h ! good =tune to be appo9t$ /age-poet at ! little !atre ( ,b]g51 ) a small b regul> sal>y4 ,he 0 practically manag] at ?is h\se1 & he also receiv$ a travell+ /ip5d4 ,9 #aheb1 !re=e1 he w5t = five mon?s to /udy ! /age1 to ,cop5hag5 & to ,dresd54 ,among _m dramatic exp]im5ts :i* ,ibs5 made 9 ,b]g51 ! mo/ consid]able & mo/ satisfactory is ! saga-drama ( ,mi/ress ,+] at /raat1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 #ahee2 & pr9t$ at ,*ri/iania 9 #aheg2 "h are already p]ceptible "s qualities ( 8 mature "*4 ,mu* less significant1 al?\gh at ! "t m successful1 is ,! ,fea/ at ,solhaug1 a trag$y produc$ 9 ,b]g5 9 #ahef2 "h = a mom5t ,ibs5 ab&on$ 8 own nasc5t mann] = an imitation ( ! popul> romantic dramati/ ( ,d5m>k1 ,h5rik ,h]tz4 ,x is noticeable t ,ibs51 by f> ! mo/ orig9al ( mod]n writ]s = ! /age1 0 rem>kably sl[ 9 discov]+ ! true b5t ( 8 g5ius4 ,8 next dramatic "w 0 ! romantic trag$y ( ,olaf ,liljekrans1 p]=m$ 9 #aheg1 b unpr9t$ until #ahih4 ,?is 0 ! la/ play ,ibs5 wrote 9 ,b]g54 ,9 ! summ] ( ! =m] ye> 8 five ye>s' appo9tm5t came to an end1 & he return$ to ,*ri/iania4 ,almo/ imm$iately he began ! composition ( a "w :i* %[$ an extraord9>y advance on all t he _h writt5 be=e1 ! beautiful saga-drama ( ,! ,w>riors 9 ,helgel&1 9 :i* he ?rew (f completely ! influ5ce ( ! ,dani% romantic trag$ians1 & took 8 mat]ial directly f ! anci5t ,icel&ic s\rces4 ,?is play m>ks an epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ,norwegian lit]ature4 ,x 0 receiv$ by ! manag]s1 bo? 9 ,*ri/iania & ,cop5hag51 ) contemptu\s disapproval1 & 9 ! autumn ( #aheg ,ibs5 c\ld n contrive to produce x ev5 at ! new !atre ( :i* he 0 n[ ! manag]4 ,! ,w>riors 0 pr9t$ at ,*ri/iania 9 #aheh1 b 0 n act$ any:]e until #ahfa4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,ibs5 suff]$ _m rev]ses & humiliations1 b he p]si/$ 9 8 own l9e 9 art4 ,"s ( 8 f9e/ %ort poems1 among o!rs ! admirable seaf>+ romance1 ,t]je ,vig51 belong to ! ye> #ahfj4 ,! annoyances :i* ,ibs5 suff]$1 & ! retrograde & ignorant conditions :i* he felt ar\nd him 9 ,norway1 develop$ ! ironic qualities 9 8 g5ius1 & he became an acid satiri/4 ,! brilliant rhym$ drama1 ,love's ,com$y1 a ma/]piece ( lyric wit & incisive vivacity1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,?is 0 a prote/ aga9/ ! conv5tionality :i* dead5s ! beauty ( all ! =mal relations betwe5 m5 & wom51 & aga9/ ! pett9ess1 ! publicity1 & ! pros9ess ( betro!d & m>ri$ life among ! middle classes 9 ,norway2 x %[$ h[ society murd]s ! poetry ( love4 ,= "s "t pa/ ,ibs5 _h be5 m$itat+ ano!r saga-drama 9 prose1 & 9 #ahfd ?is appe>$1 ,kongsemn]ne 7,! ,pret5d]s74 ,^! works1 h[ev]1 n[ s univ]sally admir$1 conta9$ an elem5t ( /rang5ess :i* 0 n welcome :5 !y 7 new4 ,ibs5's position 9 ,*ri/iania grew m & m disagreeable1 & he _h positive mis=tunes :i* add$ to 8 emb>rassm5t4 ,9 #ahfb 8 !atre became bankrupt1 & he 0 glad to accept ! poorly-paid po/ ( ae/hetic advis] at ! o!r h\se4 ,an attempt to obta9 a poet's p5sion 7digt]gage7 0 unsuccessful2 ! ,/or?+1 :i* _h j vot$ "o to ,bjrnson1 refus$ to d ! same = ,ibs54 ,8 cup 0 full ( disillusion & bitt]ness1 & 9 ,april #ahfd he />t$1 by ,b]l9 & ,trie/e1 ultimately to settle 9 ,rome4 ,8 ang] & scorn gave po9t to ! satirical arr[s :i* he %ot back to 8 ?ankless fa!rl& f ,italy 9 ! spl5did poem ( ,br&1 publi%$ 9 ,cop5hag5 9 #ahff1 a fi]ce attack on ! ,laodicean /ate ( religi\s & moral s5tim5t 9 ! ,norway ( t day2 ! c5tral figure1 ! /]n prie/ ,br&1 :o attempts to live l ,*ri/ & is snubb$ & h\nd$ away by 8 latitud9>ian companions1 is "o ( ! f9e/ conceptions ( a mod]n poet4 ,ibs5 _h sc>cely clos$ ,br& be=e he />t$ a ?ird lyrico-dramatic satire4 ,pe] ,gynt 7#ahfg71 :i* rema9s1 9 a te*nical s5se1 ! mo/ highly f9i%$ ( all 8 metrical works4 ,9 ,br& ! h]o _h d5\nc$ c]ta9 weaknesses :i* ,ibs5 saw 9 ! ,norwegian "*1 b ^! & o!r faults are p]sonifi$ 9 ! h]o ( ,pe] ,gynt2 or r1 9 ?is figure ! poet pictur$1 9 a type1 ! ,norwegian nation 9 all ! egotism1 vacillation1 & lukew>mness :i* he believ$ to be *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,ibs51 h[ev]1 act$ bett] ?an he prea*$1 & he soon =got 8 ab/raction 9 ! portrait ( ,pe] ,gynt z a human individual4 ,9 ?is magnific5t "w mod]n ,norwegian lit]ature fir/ rises to a level ) ! f9e/ ,european poetry ( ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahfi ,ibs5 wrote ! e>lie/ ( 8 prose dramas1 ! political com$y1 ,! ,"y ,m5's ,league1 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t he ex]cis$ 8 extraord9>y gift = p]fectly natural & yet pregnant dialogue4 ,ibs5 0 9 ,egypt1 9 ,octob] #ahfi1 :5 8 com$y 0 put on ! /age 9 ,*ri/iania1 amid viol5t expressions ( ho/ility2 on he>+ ! news1 he wrote 8 brilliant little poem ( defiance1 call$ ,at ,port ,sad4 ,by ?is "t1 h[ev]1 he _h become a successful au?or2 ,br& sold l>gely1 & has cont9u$ to be ! mo/ popul> ( ,ibs5's writ+s4 ,9 #ahff1 moreov]1 ! ,/or?+ _h be5 p]suad$ to vote him a poet's p5sion1 & !re 0 n[ an end ( ,ibs5's long /ruggle ) pov]ty4 ,9 #ahfh he left ,rome1 & settl$ 9 ,dresd5 until #ahgd1 :5 he return$ to ,norway4 ,b aft] a %ort visit he w5t back to ,g]many1 & liv$ fir/ at ,dresd51 aft]w>ds at ,muni*1 & did n f9ally settle 9 ,*ri/iania until #ahia4 ,8 %ort] lyrical poems 7 collect$ 9 #ahga1 & 9 t ye> 8 "n & c]ta9 ( 8 writ+s 7 = ! fir/ "t m5tion$ to ! ,engli% public4 ,at ?is "t he 0 revis+ 8 old works1 :i* 7 out ( pr9t1 & :i* he w\ld n resign aga9 to ! read+ _w until he _h subject$ !m to :at 9 "s in/ances 7= example1 ,mi/ress ,+] at /raat7 am\nt$ to practical recomposition4 ,9 #ahgc he publi%$ a d\ble drama1 ea* "p ( :i* 0 ( unusual bulk1 ! :ole =m+ ! trag$y ( ,emp]or & ,galilean2 ?is1 ,ibs5's late/ hi/orical play1 has = subject ! unsuccessful /ruggle ( ,julian ! ,apo/ate to hold ! _w aga9/ ! ris+ tide ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! "w is ( an exp]im5tal k9d1 & takes its place betwe5 ! e>ly poetry & ! lat] prose ( ! au?or4 ,comp>$ ) ! s]ies ( plays :i* ,ibs5 _h already inaugurat$ ) ,! ,"y ,m5's ,league1 ,emp]or & ,galilean pres]ves a col\r ( idealism & ev5 ( my/icism :i* 0 = _m ye>s to be abs5t f ,ibs5's writ+s1 b to reappe> 9 8 old age ) ,! ,ma/]-build]4 ,!re is "s f\ndation = ! *>ge t ,ibs5 has made 8 romantic ,greek emp]or ne$lessly squalid1 & t he has robb$ him1 at la/1 too r\ghly ( all t made him a sympa!tic expon5t ( ,hell5ism4 ,ibs5 0 n[ greatly occupi$ by ! political spectacle ( ,g]many at w> fir/ 9 ,d5m>k1 !n 9 ,france1 & he believ$ t all ?+s 7 conspir+ to />t a new epo* ( individualism4 ,he 0 !re=e deeply disgu/$ by ! ,p>is commune1 & disappo9t$ by ! cons]vative reaction :i* succe$$ x4 ,?is disillusion 9 political matt]s _h a v direct influ5ce ^u ,ibs5's lit]>y "w4 ,x p]suad$ him t no?+ c\ld be expect$ 9 ! way ( re=m f democracies1 f l>ge bl9d masses ( m5 mov$ caprici\sly 9 any direction1 b t ! sole hope = ! future mu/ lie 9 ! /udy ( p]sonality1 9 ! developm5t ( individual "*4 ,he set himself to diagnose ! conditions ( society1 :i* he _h conv9c$ himself lay sick unto dea?4 ,hi!rto ,ibs5 _h usually employ$ rhym$ v]se = 8 dramatic compositions1 or1 9 ! case ( 8 saga-plays1 a /udi$ & artificial prose4 ,n[1 9 spite ( ! surpris+ a*ievem5ts ( 8 poetry1 he det]m9$ to ab&on v]sification1 & to write only 9 ! language ( ev]yday conv]sation4 ,9 ! fir/ drama ( ?is 8 new p]iod1 ,! ,pill>s ( ,society 7#ahgg71 he dealt ) ! problem ( hypocrisy 9 a small comm]cial c5tre ( indu/ry1 & he drew 9 ! ,b]nick family a m>vell\s picture ( social egotism 9 a prosp]\s seaport t[n4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 simil>ity betwe5 ?is piece & ,a ,doll's ,h\se 7#ahgi71 al?\gh ! latt] 0 mu* ! m successful 9 awak5+ curiosity4 ,inde$1 no production ( ,ibs5's has be5 s widely discuss$ z ?is1 :i* is nev]!less n ! mo/ coh]5tly conceiv$ ( 8 plays4 ,"h also1 social hypocrisy1 0 ! object ( ! playwright's satire1 b ?is "t ma9ly 9 relation to m>riage4 ,9 ,a ,doll's ,h\se ,ibs5 fir/ develop$ 8 views ) reg>d to ! individualism ( woman4 ,9 8 previ\s writ+s he _h depict$ woman z a devot$ & will+ sacrifice to man2 "h he beg9s to expla9 t %e has no less a duty to h]self1 & mu/ keep alive h] own conception ( hon\r & ( responsibility4 ,! conclusion ( ,a ,doll's ,h\se 0 viol5tly & cont9u\sly discuss$ ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ,europe1 & to ! situation ( ,nora ,helm] is probably due m ?an to any?+ else ! long tradition t ,ibs5 is immoral4 ,he brav$ conv5tion /ill m audaci\sly 9 ,gho/s 7#ahha71 p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! s]ies ( plays 9 :i* ,ibs5 diagnoses ! diseases ( mod]n society4 ,x 0 receiv$ 9 ,norway ) a tumult ( ill-w1 & ! au?or 0 attack$ no less v5om\sly ?an he _h be5 tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,ibs5 0 a/oni%$ & indignant at ! reception giv5 to ,gho/s1 & at ! insol5t indiff]5tism ( ! majority to all ideas ( social re=m4 ,he wrote1 m z a pamphlet ?an z a play1 :at is yet "o ( ! mo/ effective ( 8 com$ies1 ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p 7#ahhb74 ,dr ,/ockmann1 ! h]o ( t piece1 discov]s t ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ba?+-/ation on :i* ! little t[n dep5ds is faulty1 & ! wat] impure & dang]\s4 ,he supposes t ! corporation w be grateful to h ^! defici5cies po9t$ out2 on ! contr>y1 !y h\nd him out ( _! mid/ z an enemy ( ! p4 ,9 ?is play occurs ,ibs5's fam\s & typical say+1 a m9ority may be "r--a majority is always wrong4 ,?is polemical com$y seem$ at fir/ to be some:at weak5$ by ! p]sonal indignation :i* runs ?r\gh x1 b x has held ! /age4 ,ibs5's next drama1 ,! ,wild ,duck 7#ahhd71 0 writt5 9 s+ul> contra/ ) ! ze/ & fire :i* _h inspir$ ,an ,enemy ( ! ,p4 ,"h he is squalid & pessimi/ic to a degree else:]e unp>allel$ 9 8 writ+s2 x is n q c]ta9 t he is n "h guilty ( a t\* ( p>ody ( himself4 ,! ma9 figure ( ! play is an unheal?y1 unlucky en?usia/1 :o goes ab\t mak+ hopeless mis*ief by expos+ weak places 9 ! sordid subt]fuges ( o!rs4 ,?is drama conta9s a figure1 ,hjlm> ,ekdal1 :o claims ! bad pre-em95ce ( be+ ! meane/ sc\ndrel 9 all drama4 ,! ,wild ,duck is ! d>ke/1 ! lea/ reliev$1 ( ,ibs5's /udies ( social life1 & 8 object 9 compos+ x is n obvi\s4 ,) ,rosm]%olm 7#ahhf7 he rose to ! height ( 8 g5ius aga92 ?is is a m\rnful1 b nei!r a pessimi/ic nor a cynical play4 ,! fates :i* hang r\nd ! contra/$ lives ( ,rosm] & ,rebecca1 ! weak-will$ scrupul\s man & ! /rong-will$ un%r9k+ woman1 ! old culture & ! new1 ! sickly consci5ce & ! robu/ "o1 create a spl5did dramatic anti!sis4 ,ibs5 !n began to compose a s]ies ( dramas1 ( a m & m symbolical & poetic "*2 ! e>lie/ ( ^! 0 ! my/ical ,! ,lady f ! ,sea 7#ahhh74 ,at ,*ri/mas #ahij he br\ght out ,h$da ,gabl]2 two ye>s lat] ,! ,ma/]-build] 7,bygme/] ,solnaes71 9 :i* _m critics see ! highe/ atta9m5t ( 8 g5ius2 at ! close ( #ahid ,little ,eyolf2 9 #ahif ,john ,gabriel ,borkman2 & 9 #aijj ,:5 ,we ,dead ,awak54 ,on ! occasion ( 8 sev5tie? bir?day 7#ahih7 ,ibs5 0 ! recipi5t ( ! highe/ hon\rs f 8 own c\ntry & ( congratulations & gifts f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a colossal bronze /atue ( him 0 erect$ outside ! new ,national ,!atre1 ,*ri/iania1 9 ,septemb] #ahii4 ,9 #aija 8 heal? began to decl9e1 & he 0 ord]$ by ! physician to ab&on e species ( m5tal ef=t4 ,! evil advanc$1 & he became unconsci\s ( ! passage ( ev5ts4 ,aft] l+]+ 9 ?is sad condition he di$1 )\t suff]+1 on ! #bcrd ( ,may #aijf1 & 0 accord$ a public fun]al1 ) ! highe/ national hon\rs4 ,no rec5t writ] belong+ to ! small] c\ntries ( ,europe has _h s widely spread a fame z t ( ,ibs51 & al?\gh ! value ( 8 dramatic "w is /ill conte/$1 x has receiv$ ! complim5t ( vivaci\s discussion 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,!re w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 less viol5ce 9 ?is discussion if x _h be5 p]ceiv$ t ! au?or does n pose z a moral tea*]1 b z an imag9ative inve/igator4 ,he (t5 & ) mu* heat insi/$ t he 0 n call$ ^u z a poet to sugge/ a rem$y = ! diseases ( society1 b to diagnose !m4 ,9 ?is he 0 diametrically oppos$ to ,tol/oi1 :o admitt$ t he wrote 8 books = ! heal+ ( ! nations4 ,if ! subjects :i* ,ibs5 treats1 or "s ( !m1 are op5 to controv]sy1 we are at lea/ on firm gr\nd 9 do+ homage to ! spl5d\r ( 8 art z a playwright4 ,he re9troduc$ into mod]n dramatic lit]ature some?+ ( ! velocity & inevitability ( ,greek tragic intrigue4 ,x is v r>ely t any te*nical fault c be f\nd ) ! ar*itecture ( 8 plots1 & 8 dialogue is ! mo/ lifelike t ! mod]n /age has se54 ,8 long appr5tice%ip to ! !atre 0 ( imm5se s]vice to him 9 ?is respect4 ,9 e c\ntry1 ?\gh lea/ p]haps 9 ,engl&1 ! influ5ce ( ,ibs5 has be5 m>k$ 9 ! !atrical productions ( ! y\ng] s*ool4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 on ! r>e occasions :5 8 dramas are act$1 !y awak5 great int]e/ among intellig5t playgo]s4 ,! editions ( ,ibs5's works are num]\s1 b ! f9al text is includ$ 9 ! ,saml$e ,va]k]1 ) a bibliography by ,j4 ,b4 ,halvors51 publi%$ 9 ,cop5hag51 9 #aj vols4 7#ahih-aijb74 ,!y h be5 translat$ into ! pr9cipal ,european languages1 & into ,japanese4 ,! /udy ( ,ibs5 9 ,engli% 0 begun by ,mr ,gosse 9 #ahgb1 & cont9u$ by ,mr ,william ,ar*]1 ^: v]sion ( ,ibs5's prose dramas appe>$ 9 #e vols4 7#ahij1 #ahia2 new & revis$ edition1 #aijf74 ,o!r translators h be5 ,mr ,c4 ,h]=d1 ,mr ,r4 ,a4 ,/reatfield1 ,miss ,frances ,"l & ,mr ,adie4 ,8 ,correspond5ce 0 edit$1 9 #b vols41 "u ! sup]vision ( 8 son1 ,sigurd ,ibs51 9 #aijd 7,eng4 trans41 #aije74 ,critical /udies on ! writ+s & position ( ,ibs5 are innum]able1 & only ^? :i* 7 influ5tial 9 guid+ op9ion1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( 8 c>e]1 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 c be m5tion$ "h3 ,georg ,br&es /hetiske ,/udi] 7,cop5hag51 #ahfh72 ,les ,quesnel1 ,posie sc&9ave 7,p>is #ahgd72 ,valfrid ,vals5ius1 ,h5rik ,ibs5 7,hels+=s1 #ahgi72 ,edmund ,gosse1 ,/udies 9 ,nor!rn ,lit]ature 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,l4 ,pass>ge1 ,h5rik ,ibs5 7,leipzig1 #ahhc72 ,g4 ,br&es1 ,bjrnson o* ,ibs5 7,/ockholm1 #ahhb72 ,h5rik ,jaeg]1 ,h5rik ,ibs5 #ahbh-ahhh 7,cop5hag51 #ahhh2 ,eng4 trans41 #ahij72 ,t4 ,t]wey1 ,h5rik ,ibs5 7,am/]dam1 #ahhb72 ,g4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 ,! ,qu9tess5ce ( ,ibs5 7,london1 #ahib74 ,9 ,france ,c\nt ,moritz ,prozor c>ri$ on an ard5t propag&a 9 fav\r ( ,ibs5 f #ahhe1 & ,jules ,lematre's articles 9 8 ,les ,contempora9s & ,impressions de ?tre did mu* to enc\rage discussion4 ,w4 ,ar*] =w>d$ ! cause 9 ,engl& f #ahgh onw>ds4 ,9 ,g]many ,ibs5 began to be kn[n 9 #ahff1 :5 ,john ,grieg1 ,p4 ,f4 ,siebold & ,adolf ,/rodtmann successively drew att5tion to 8 e>ly dramas2 b 8 real popul>ity among ! ,g]mans dates f #ahhj4 7,e4 ,g47 ,,ibycus1 ( ,rhegium 9 ,italy1 ,greek lyric poet1 contempor>y ( ,anacreon1 fl\ri%$ 9 ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,not)/&+ 8 good position at home1 he liv$ a w&]+ life1 & sp5t a consid]able "t at ! c\rt ( ,polycrates1 tyrant ( ,samos4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea? is ?us relat$3 ,:ile 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cor9?1 ! poet 0 mortally w\nd$ by robb]s4 ,z he lay dy+ he saw a flock ( cranes fly+ ov]head1 & call$ ^u !m to av5ge 8 dea?4 ,! murd]]s betook !mselves to ,cor9?1 & soon aft]1 :ile sitt+ 9 ! !atre1 saw ! cranes hov]+ above4 ,"o ( !m1 ei!r 9 al>m or je/1 ejaculat$1 ,behold ! av5g]s ( ,ibycus1 & ?us gave ! clue to ! detection ( ! crime 7,plut>*1 ,de ,g>rulitate1 xiv474 ,! phrase1 ! cranes ( ,ibycus1 pass$ into a prov]b among ! ,greeks = ! discov]y ( crime ?r\gh div9e int]v5tion4 ,accord+ to ,suidas1 ,ibycus wrote sev5 books ( lyrics1 to "s ext5t my?ical & h]oic1 b ma9ly erotic 7,cic]o1 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv4 #cc71 celebrat+ ! *>ms ( beautiful y\?s & girls4 ,f4 ,g4 ,welck] sugge/s t !y 7 sung by *oruses ( boys at ! beauty competitions held at ,lesbos4 ,al?\gh ! metre & dialect are ,dorian1 ! poems brea! ! _s ( ,aeolian melic poetry4 ,! be/ editions ( ! fragm5ts are by ,f4 ,w4 ,s*neidew9 7#ahcc7 & ,b]gk1 ,potae lyrici ,graeci4 ,,ica 7,,yca1 or ,,ecca71 a city ( s\!rn ,p]u & ! capital ( a dep>tm5t ( ! same "n1 #agj m4 ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,lima1 & #df m4 by rail ,s4,e4 ( ,pisco2 its port on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,pop4 7#aijf1 (ficial e/imate7 #fjjj4 ,x lies 9 a valley ( ! foo?ills ( ! ,cordill]a ,occid5tal1 :i* is wat]$ by ! ,rio de ,ica1 is made highly f]tile by irrigation1 & is fill$ ) v9ey>ds & cotton fields2 betwe5 ?is valley & ! coa/ is a des]t4 ,! orig9al t[n 0 f\nd$ 9 #aefc1 #d m4 ,e4 ( its pres5t site1 b x 0 de/roy$ by ! e>?quake ( #aega1 & aga9 by t ( #affd1 aft] :i* ! pres5t t[n 0 laid out ne> ! ru9s4 ,9 #ahhb a ,*ilean m>aud+ exp$ition inflict$ great damage to private prop]ty 9 ! t[n & vic9ity4 ,^! repeat$ disa/]s give ! place a p>tially ru9$ appe>ance1 b x has consid]able comm]cial & indu/rial prosp]ity4 ,x has a l>ge cotton factory & !re are "s small] indu/ries4 ,w9e-mak+ is "o ( ! pr9cipal indu/ries ( ! valley1 & mu* br&y1 call$ pisco1 is export$ f ,pisco4 ,a new indu/ry is t ( dry+ ! fruits = :i* ?is region is celebrat$4 ,ica is ! seat ( a national college4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ,,ica lies betwe5 ! ,we/]n ,cordill]a & ! ,pacific coa/1 & ext5ds f ! dep>tm5t ( ,lima ,s4,e4 to t ( ,arequipa4 ,pop4 7#aijf1 (ficial e/imate7 #fh1bbj2 area #hgba sq4 m4 ,ica is 9 ! ra9less region ( ,p]u1 & ! great] "p ( its surface is b>r54 ,x is cross$ by ! riv]s ,pisco1 ,ica & ,gr&e1 ^: tribut>ies dra9 ! we/]n slope ( ! ,cordill]a1 & ^: valleys are f]tile & highly cultivat$4 ,! valley ( ! ,nasca1 a tribut>y ( ! ,gr&e1 is celebrat$ = an ext5sive irrigat+ sy/em con/ruct$ by ! natives be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! pr9cipal products ( ! dep>tm5t are cotton1 grapes1 w9e1 spirits1 sug> & fruit4 ,^! are two good ports on ! nor!rn coa/1 ,tambo de ,mora & ,pisco1 ! latt] be+ connect$ ) ! capital by a railway across ! des]t1 #df m4 long4 ,,ice 7a ^w common to ,teutonic languages2 cf4 ,g]4 ,eis71 ! solid cry/all9e =m :i* wat] assumes :5 expos$ to a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature4 ,x is a col\rless cry/all9e sub/ance1 assum+ =ms belong+ to ! hexagonal sy/em1 & di/+ui%$ by a well-m>k$ habit ( tw9n+1 :i* occasions ! beautiful ice fl[]s display$ by ho>-fro/4 ,x is frequ5tly precipitat$ z ho>-fro/1 sn[ or hail2 & 9 ! glaci]s & sn[s ( l(ty m\nta9 sy/ems or ( regions ( high latitude x exi/s on a gigantic scale1 be+ especially *>act]i/ic ( ! seas & l&s ar\nd ! poles4 ,9 v>i\s regions1 especially 9 ,france & ,italy1 great quantities ( ice =m 9 caves1 :i*1 9 virtue ( _! dep? bel[ ! e>?'s surface1 _! height above ! sea-level1 or _! exposure to suitable w9ds1 or to two or m ( ^! conditions 9 comb9ation1 are unaffect$ by ord9>y climatic *anges1 s t ! mean annual temp]ature is suffici5tly l[ to ensure ! p]man5cy ( ! ice4 ,! temp]ature at :i* wat] freezes1 & also at :i* ice melts1 is s readily det]m9$ t x is employ$ z "o ( ! /&>d temp]atures 9 ! graduation ( ord9>y !rmomet] scales1 ?is temp]ature be+ ! z]o ( ! ,c5tigrade & ,raumur scales1 & #cb ( ! ,fahr5heit 7see ,,!rmometry74 ,9 ! act ( freez+1 wat]1 ?\gh its temp]ature rema9s un*ang$1 und]goes a rem>kable expansion s t ice at #j ,c4 is less d5se ?an wat]--a fact demon/rat$ by its p[] ( float+4 ,! sub-aque\s ret5tion ( gr\nd-ice or an*or-ice1 :i* =ms 9 c]ta9 circum/ances at ! bottom ( /reams or pools 9 :i* !re are _m eddies1 is due to ! cohesion betwe5 x & ! /ones or rocks :i* compose ! b$ ( ! /reams or pools4 ,z wat] exp&s on freez+1 s conv]sely ice contracts on melt+2 & ! ice-cold wat] ?us =m$ cont9ues to contract :5 heat$ until x has rea*$ its po9t ( maximum d5sity1 ! temp]ature at :i* ?is occurs be+ ab\t #ci ,fahr1 or #d ,c4 ,above ?is po9t wat] cont9u\sly exp&s1 & at no temp]ature is x less d5se ?an ice z is %[n by ! foll[+ table3-- ,d5sity ( ice at #j;,c4 4#iage wat] at #j;,c4 4#iiihh #d;,c4 #a4jjjjj #aj;,c4 4#iiigf #ajj;,c4 4#iehff ,"u ! influ5ce ( heat1 ice itself behaves z mo/ solids d1 contract+ :5 cool$1 exp&+ :5 heat$4 ,accord+ to ,plck]1 ! coeffici5t ( cubical dilatation at mod]ately l[ temp]atures is #j4jjjaehe4 ,f a s]ies ( elaborate exp]im5ts1 ,p]son d$uc$ #j4eje z ! specific heat ( ice1 or ab\t half t ( wat]4 ,?\gh no rise ( temp]ature accompanies ! melt+ ( ice1 !re is yet a def9ite quantity ( heat absorb$1 namely1 ab\t #hj calories p] gram2 ?is is call$ ! lat5t heat ( fusion ( wat] 7see ,,fusion74 ,! same am\nt ( heat is evolv$ :5 wat] becomes ice4 ,t ice c be melt$ by increase ( pressure 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,james ,?omson 9 #ahdi4 ,he %[$ t1 s9ce wat] exp&s on freez+1 ! laws ( !rmodynamics require t its freez+-po9t mu/ be l[]$ by increase ( pressure2 & he calculat$ t = e additional atmosph]e ( pressure ! freez+-po9t ( wat] 0 l[]$ by #j4jjge4 ,?is result 0 v]ifi$ by 8 bro!r1 ,sir ,william ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv971 9 #ahej4 ,! ,?omsons & ,h4 ,l4 ,f4 ,helmholtz successfully appli$ ?is behavi\r ( ice "u pressure to ! explanation ( _m prop]ties ( ! sub/ance4 ,:5 two blocks ( ice at #j ,c4 are press$ toge!r or ev5 simply laid 9 contact1 !y gradually unite along _! t\*+ surfaces till !y =m "o block4 ,?is regelation is due to ! increas$ pressure at ! v>i\s po9ts ( contact caus+ ! ice !re to melt & cool4 ,! wat] s =m$ t5ds to escape1 ?us reliev+ ! pressure = an in/ant1 refreez+ & return+ to ! orig9al temp]ature4 ,?is succession ( melt+ & freez+1 ) _! accompany+ !rmal effects1 goes on until ! two blocks are cem5t$ into "o4 ,ice =ms ov] fre% wat] if ! temp]ature ( ! air has be5 = a suffici5t "t at or bel[ ! freez+-po9t2 b n until ! :ole mass ( wat] has be5 cool$ d[n to its po9t ( maximum d5sity1 s t ! subsequ5t cool+ ( ! surface c give rise to no convection curr5ts1 is freez+ possible4 ,sea-wat]1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 does n freeze till its temp]ature is r$uc$ to ab\t -#b ,c42 & ! ice1 :5 =m$1 is f\nd to h reject$ f\r-fif?s ( ! salt :i* 0 orig9ally pres5t4 ,9 ! upp] prov9ces ( ,india wat] is made to freeze dur+ cold cle> nights by leav+ x ov]night 9 por\s vessels1 or 9 bottles :i* are enwrapp$ 9 moi/5$ clo?4 ,! wat] !n freezes 9 virtue ( ! cold produc$ by its own evaporation or by ! dry+ ( ! moi/5$ wrapp]4 ,9 ,b5gal ! natives resort to a /ill m elaborate =c+ ( ! conditions4 ,pits are dug ab\t #b ft4 deep & fill$ ?ree-qu>t]s full ) dry /raw1 on :i* are set flat por\s pans conta9+ ! wat] to be froz54 ,expos$ ov]night to a cool dry g5tle w9d f ! nor?-we/1 ! wat] evaporates at ! exp5se ( its own heat1 & ! consequ5t cool+ takes place ) suffici5t rapidity to ov]balance ! sl[ influx ( heat f above ?r\gh ! cool$ d5se air or f bel[ ?r\gh ! badly conduct+ /raw4 ,see ,,wat]1 & = ! manufacture ( ice see ,,refrig]at+4 ,,iceb]g 7f ice & ,b]g1 ,g]4 = hill1 m\nta971 a float+ mass ( ice brok5 f ! end ( a glaci] or f an ice-%eet4 ,! ^w is sometimes1 b r>ely1 appli$ to ! ar* ( an ,arctic glaci] view$ f ! sea4 ,x is m commonly us$ to describe huge float+ masses ( ice t drift f pol> regions into navigable wat]s4 ,!y are occasionally enc\nt]$ f> beyond ! pol> regions1 ris+ into beautiful =ms ) break]s ro>+ into _! caves & /reams ( wat] p\r+ f _! p9nacles 9 ! w>m] air4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y re/ 9 comp>atively w>m wat]1 melt+ takes place mo/ rapidly at ! base & !y frequ5tly ov]turn4 ,only "o-n9? ( ! mass ( ice is se5 above wat]4 ,:5 a glaci] desc5ds to ! sea1 z 9 ,alaska1 & advances into wat]1 ! dep? ( :i* approa*es its ?ickness1 ! ends are brok5 (f & ! deta*$ masses float away z iceb]gs4 ,_m ( ! b]gs are ov]turn$1 or at lea/ tilt$1 z !y set sail4 ,if ?is does n happ5 at once x is likely to occur lat] z ! result ( ! wave-cutt+ & melt+ :i* di/urb _! equilibrium 7,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 & ,r4 ,d4 ,salisbury1 ,geology3 ,processes & _! ,results1 #aije74 ,^! b]gs c>ry a load ( dbris f ! glaci] & gradually /rew _! load ^u ! sea floor4 ,!y d n travel f> be=e los+ all /ony & e>?y dbris1 b glacial mat]ial f\nd 9 dr$g+s %[s t iceb]gs occasionally c>ry _! load f> f l&4 ,! /ructure ( ! iceb]g v>ies ) its orig9 & is always t ( ! glaci] or ice-%eet f :i* x 0 brok54 ,! break+ (f ( ! ice-%eet f a ,gre5l& glaci] is call$ locally ! calv+ ( ! glaci]4 ,! con/antly r5ew$ mat]ial f :i* ! iceb]gs are =m$ is br\ght d[n by ! motion ( ! glaci]4 ,! ice-%eet cracks at ! end1 & masses break (f1 ow+ to ! upw>d pressure ( ! wat] ^u ! light] ice :i* is pu%$ into x4 ,?is is accompli%$ ) consid]able viol5ce4 ,! dis9tegration ( an ,arctic ice-%eet is a simpl] matt]1 z ! ice is already float+4 ,,icel& 7,dan4 ,isl&71 an isl& 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 belong+ to ,d5m>k4 ,its extreme nor!rly po9t is t\*$ by ! ,arctic ,circle2 x lies betwe5 #ac #bb & #bd #ce ,w41 & betwe5 #fc #ab & #ff #cc ,n41 & has an area ( #dj1dcg sq4 m4 ,its l5g? is #bih m4 & its bread? #aid m41 ! %ape be+ a r\gh oval1 brok5 at ! nor?-we/1 :]e a p59sula1 div]sifi$ by a great numb] ( fjords1 projects f ! ma9 portion ( ! isl&4 ,! total l5g? ( ! coa/-l9e is ab\t #cgcj m41 ( :i* approximately "o-?ird belongs to ! nor?-we/]n p59sula4 ,icel& is a plateau or tablel&1 built up ( volcanic rocks ( old] & y\ng] =mation1 & pi]c$ on all sides by fjords & valleys4 ,comp>$ ) ! tablel&1 ! l[l&s h a relatively small area1 namely1 "o-f\rte5? ( ! :ole2 b ^! l[l&s are almo/ ! only p>ts ( ! isl& :i* are inhabit$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rig\r ( its climate1 ! c5tral tablel& is absolutely un9habitable4 ,at ! outside1 n m ?an "o-f\r? ( ! area ( ,icel& is inhabit$2 ! re/ consi/s ( elevat$ des]ts1 lava /reams & glaci]s4 ,! nor?-we/ p59sula is sep>at$ f ! ma9 mass ( ! isl& by ! bays ,hunafli & ,breiifjrr1 s t !re are really two tablel&s1 a l>g] & a small]4 ,! i/hmus :i* connects ! two is only #d m4 across1 b has an altitude ( #gdh ft4 ,! mean elevation ( ! nor?-we/ p59sula is #bjjj ft4 ,! fjords & gl5s :i* cut into x are %ut 9 by precipit\s walls ( basalt1 :i* pla9ly %[s t !y h be5 =m$ by erosion ?r\gh ! mass ( ! plateau4 ,! surface ( ?is tablel& is also b>e & desolate1 be+ cov]$ ) gravel & fragm5ts ( rock4 ,"h & !re are l>ge /raggl+ sn[fields1 ! l>ge/ be+ ,glmu & ,drangajkull1#a on ! culm9at+ po9ts ( ! plateau4 ,! only inhabit$ di/ricts are ! %ores ( ! fjords1 :]e grass gr[s capable ( support+ %eep2 b a l>ge proportion ( ! population ga9 _! livelihood by fi%+4 ,! o!r & l>g] tablel&1 :i* con/itutes ! sub/antial "p ( ,icel&1 rea*es its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! s\?-ea/1 9 ! gigantic sn[field ( ,vatnajkull1 :i* cov]s #ccjj sq4 m4 ,! axis ( highe/ elevation ( ,icel& /ret*es f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 f ! head ( ,hvammsfjrr to ,hornafjrr1 & f ?is wat]-p>t+ ! riv]s desc5d on bo? sides4 ,! cre/ ( ! wat]-p>t+ is cr[n$ by a *a9 ( sn[-capp$ m\nta9s1 sep>at$ by broad pat*es ( l[] gr\nd4 ,!y are really a *a9 ( m9or plateaus :i* rise #dejj to #fbej ft4 above sea-level & #bjjj to #cjjj ft4 above ! tablel& itself4 ,9 ! extreme ea/ is ,vatnajkull1 :i* is sep>at$ f ,tungnafellsjkull by ,von>sk>d 7#ccjj ft474 ,betwe5 ,tungnafellsjkull & ,h(sjkull lies ! broad depression ( ,spr5gis&r 7#bacj ft474 ,cont9u+ nor?-we/1 betwe5 ,h(sjkull & ! next sn[-capp$ m\nta91 ,langjkull1 lies ,kjlur 7#bjjj ft472 & betwe5 ,langjkull & ,eiriksjkull1 ,flosask>d 7#bfcj ft474 ,to ! nor? ( ! jkl> la/ m5tion$ !re are a numb] ( lakes1 all well /ock$ ) fi%4 ,num]\s valleys or gl5s p5etrate into ! tablel&1 especially on ! nor? & ea/1 & betwe5 !m long m\nta9 spurs1 sections ( ! tablel& :i* h resi/$ ! action ( erosion1 ?ru/ !mselves t[>ds ! sea4 ,( ^! ! mo/ consid]able is ! mass cr[n$ by ,mrdalsjkull1 :i* /ret*es t[>ds ! s\?4 ,! int]ior ( ! tablel& consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( b>r51 grassless des]ts1 ! surface be+ cov]$ by gravel1 loose fragm5ts ( rock1 lava1 drifts&1 volcanic a%es & glacial detritus4 ,save ! l[] p>ts ( ! l>g] gl5s1 !re are no l[l&s on ! nor? & ea/4 ,! s\? coa/ is flat next ! sea2 b imm$iately und]nea? ,vatnajkull !re is a /rip ( gravel & s&1 br\ght d[n & deposit$ by ! glacial /reams4 ,! l>ge/ l[-ly+ pla9 ( ,icel&1 ly+ betwe5 ,mrdalsjkull & ,reykjanes1 has an area ( ab\t #aeej sq4 m4 ,9 its l[e/ p>ts ?is pla9 b>ely keeps above sea-level1 b x rises gradually t[>ds ! int]ior1 t]m9at+ 9 a ramification ( valleys4 ,its maximum altitude is atta9$ at #cha ft4 ne> ,geysir4 ,on ! we/ ( ,m\nt ,hekla ?is pla9 connects by a regul> slope directly ) ! tablel&1 to ! great injury ( its inhabit$ di/ricts1 :i* are ?us expos$ to ! cl\ds ( pumice du/ & drifts& t cov] l>ge areas ( ! int]ior4 ,nev]!less ! great] "p ( ?is l[l& pla9 produces good grass1 & is relatively well inhabit$4 ,! pla9 is dra9$ by ?ree riv]s--,m>k>fljt1 ,?jrs & ,oelfus--all ( l>ge volume1 & num]\s small] /reams4 ,t[>ds ! we/ !re exi/ a numb] ( w>m spr+s4 ,!re is ano!r l[l& pla9 ar\nd ! head ( ,faxafli1 ne>ly #djj sq4 m4 9 ext5t4 ,z a rule ! surface ( ?is second pla9 is v m>%y4 ,sev]al dales or gl5s p5etrate ! c5tral tablel&2 ! ea/]n "p ( ?is l[l& is call$ ,borg>fjrr1 ! we/]n "p ,mr>4 ,! great bays on ! we/ ( ! isl& 7,faxafli & ,breiifjrr71#b z well z ! _m bays on ! nor?1 :i* are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by rocky promontories1 appe> to owe _! orig9 to subsid5ces ( ! surface2 :]eas ! fjords ( ! nor?-we/ p59sula1 :i* make excell5t h>b\rs1 & ^? ( ! ea/ coa/ seem to be ! result *iefly ( erosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,icel&4 ,glaci]s4--,an area ( #eagj sq4 m4 is cov]$ ) sn[fields & glaci]s4 ,?is extraord9>y developm5t ( ice & sn[ is due to ! raw1 moi/ climate1 ! l>ge ra9fall & ! l[ summ] temp]ature4 ,! sn[-l9e v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&1 its range be+ f #acjj to #dbej ft4 ,x is highe/ on ! tablel&1 on ! nor? side ( ,vatnajkull1 & l[e/ on ! nor?-we/ p59sula1 to ! s\? ( ,nor? ,cape4 ,)\t exception ! great nvs ( ,icel& belong to ! int]ior tablel&4 ,!y consi/ ( slightly r\nd$ domes or bill[y sn[fields ( va/ ?ickness4 ,9 ext]nal appe>ance !y be> a clos] resemblance to ! glaci]s ( ! ,pol> regions ?an to ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,! l>ge/ sn[fields are ,vatnajkull 7#cbhj sq4 m471 ,h(sjkull 7#ebj7 ,langjkull 7#ejj7 & ,mrdalsjkull 7#cij74 ,! glaci]s :i* /ream (f f ^! sn[fields are (t5 ( va/ ext5t1 e4g4 ! l>ge/ glaci] ( ,vatnajkull has an area ( #aej to #bjj sq4 m41 b ! great] numb] are small4 ,altoge!r1 m ?an #abj glaci]s are kn[n 9 ,icel&4 ,x is on ! s\? side ( ,vatnajkull t !y desc5d l[e/2 ! l[] end ( ,breidam]kurjkull 0 9 ! ye> #ahid only #cj ft4 above sea-level4 ,! glaci]s ( ! nor?-we/ p59sula also desc5d ne>ly to sea-level4 ,! great numb] ( /reams ( l>ge volume is due to ! moi/ climate & ! abundance ( glaci]s1 & ! milky :ite or yell[i%-br[n col\r ( _! wat]s 7:5ce ! common "n ,hvt1 :ite7 is due to ! glacial clays4 ,! majority ( !m *ange _! c\rses v (t51 & v>y greatly 9 volume2 frequ5tly !y are impetu\s torr5ts1 =m+ num]\s wat]falls4 ,icel& also possesses a great numb] ( lakes1 ! l>ge/ be+ ,?+vallavatn#c & ,?orisvatn1 ea* ab\t #bg sq4 m4 9 area4 ,mvatn1 9 ! nor?1 is well kn[n f ! natural beauty ( its surr\nd+s4 ,above its surface t[] a great numb] ( volcanoes & sev]al crat]s1 & its wat]s are alive ) wat]-f[l1 a multitude ( ducks ( v>i\s species bre$+ on its isl&s4 ,! lakes ( ,icel& owe _! orig9 to diff]5t causes1 "s be+ due to glacial erosion1 o!rs to volcanic subsid5ce4 ,mvatn fills a depression betwe5 lava /reams1 & has a dep? ( n m ?an #h ft4 ,! gr\p ( lakes call$ ,fiskivtn 7or ,veidivtn71 :i* lie 9 a desolate region to ! we/ ( ,vatnajkull1 consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( crat] lakes4 ,! gr\ps ( lakes :i* lie nor?-we/ f ,langjkull occupy bas9s =m$ betwe5 ridges ( glacial gravel2 & 9 ! valleys num]\s lakes are f\nd at ! backs ( ! old mora9es4 ,volcanoes4--,icel& is "o ( ! mo/ volcanic regions ( ! e>?2 volcanic activity has gone on cont9u\sly f ! =mation ( ! isl& 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 !re h 9 hi/oric times be5 eruptions f tw5ty-five volcanic v5ts4 ,altoge!r #ajg volcanoes are kn[n to exi/ 9 ,icel&1 ) ?\s&s ( crat]s1 great & small4 ,! lava-/reams :i* h fl[$ f !m s9ce ! ,glacial epo* n[ cov] an area ( #dfej sq4 m4 ,!y are gr\p$ 9 d5se masses r\nd ! volcanoes f :i* !y h fl[$1 ! bulk ( ! lava dat+ f outbreaks :i* occurr$ 9 prehi/oric times4 ,! l>ge/ volume ( lava :i* has issu$ at "o outfl[ )9 hi/oric times is ! /ream :i* came f ! crat]s ( ,laki at ,skapt4 ,?is belongs to ! ye> #aghc1 & cov]s an area ( #bah sq4 m41 & am\nts to a volume repres5t$ by a cube ea* ( ^: sides measures #g m4 ,! l>ge/ unbrok5 lava-field 9 ,icel& is ,odaahraun 7,lava ( ,evil ,de$s71 ^u ! tablel& nor? f ,vatnajkull 7#bjjj to #djjj ft4 above sea-level74 ,x is ! accretion ( c\ntless eruptions f ov] tw5ty volcanoes1 & cov]s an area ( #acjj sq4m4 7or1 includ+ all its ramifications & m9or deta*$ /reams1 #agjj sq4 m471 & its volume w\ld fill a cube measur+ #ac4d m4 9 e direction4 ,z reg>ds _! sup]ficies1 ! lava-/reams diff] greatly4 ,sometimes !y are v unev5 & jagg$ 7apalhraun71 consi/+ ( blocks ( lava loosely flung toge!r 9 ! utmo/ confusion4 ,! great lava-fields1 h[ev]1 are compos$ ( va/ %eets ( lava1 ruptur$ & riv5 9 div]s ways 7helluhraun74 ,! smoo? surface ( ! visc\s bill[y lava is fur!r div]sifi$ by long twi/$ ropes1 curv+ backw>ds & =w>ds up & d[n ! undulations4 ,moreov]1 !re are gigantic fissures1 runn+ = sev]al miles1 caus$ by subsid5ces ( ! und]ly+ sections4 ,! be/-kn[n fissure ( ?is "* is ,almannagj at ,?+vellir4 ,on ! occasion ( outbreaks ! f9e a%es are scatt]$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! isl&1 & sometimes c>ri$ f> across ! ,atlantic4 ,aft] ! eruption ( ,katla 9 #afbe ! a%es 7 bl[n z f> z ,b]g5 9 ,norway1 & :5 ,askja 0 9 eruption 9 #ahge a ra9 ( a%es fell on ! we/ coa/ ( ,norway #aa h\rs #dj m9utes1 & at ,/ockholm #ae h\rs1 aft]w>ds4 ,! volcanic a% frequ5tly proves extremely h>mful1 de/roy+ ! pa/ures s t ! %eep & cattle die ( hung] & disease4 ,! outbreak ( ,laki 9 #aghc occasion$ ! loss ( #aa1ejj cattle1 #bh1jjj horses & #aij1ejj %eep--t is to say1 #ec ( ! cattle 9 ! isl&1 #gg ( ! horses & #hb ( ! %eep4 ,aft] t ! isl& 0 visit$ by a fam9e1 :i* de/roy$ #iejj p1 or "o-fif? ( ! total population4 ,! ,icel&ic volcanoes may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 7#a7 cone-%ap$1 l ,vesuvius1 built up ( alt]nate lay]s ( a%es1 scoriae & lava2 7#b7 cupola-%ap$1 ) an easy slope & a va/ crat] op5+ at ! top--^! %ield-%ap$ cupolas are compos$ entirely ( lay]s ( lava1 & _! incl9ation is seldom /eep] ?an #g-h2 7#c7 *a9s ( crat]s runn+ close alongside a fissure 9 ! gr\nd4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! individual crat]s are l[1 g5]ally n exce$+ #cjj to #ejj ft4 ,^! crat] *a9s are bo? v common & (t5 v long4 ,! *a9 ( ,laki1 :i* 0 =m$ 9 #aghc1 ext5ds #bj m41 & embraces ab\t "o hundr$ sep>ate crat]s4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! lava-/reams are vomit$ /raight out ( gigantic fissures 9 ! e>? )\t any crat] be+ =m$4 ,_m ( ! ,icel&ic volcanoes dur+ _! p]iods ( quiesc5ce are cov]$ ) sn[ & ice4 ,!n :5 an outbreak occurs ! sn[ & ice melt1 & 9 t way !y sometimes give rise to s]i\s cata/rophes 7jkulhlaup71 ?r\gh l>ge areas be+ sudd5ly inundat$ by great floods ( wat]1 :i* be> masses ( ice float+ on _! surface4 ,katla caus$ v s]i\s de/ruction 9 ?is way by conv]t+ sev]al cultivat$ di/ricts into b>r5 wa/es4 ,9 ! same way 9 ! ye> #acfb ,o]fajkull1 ! l(tie/ m\nta9 9 ,icel& 7#fdbd ft471 swept =ty f>ms1 toge!r ) _! inhabitants & live /ock1 bodily into ! ocean4 ,! be/-kn[n volcano is ,hekla 7#eajh ft471 :i* 0 9 eruption eighte5 times )9 ! hi/oric p]iod d[n to #ahde4 ,katla dur+ ! same p]iod 0 active ?irte5 times d[n to #ahfj4 ,! l>ge/ volcano is ,askja1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! lava-field ( ,odaahraun4 ,its crat] measures #cd sq4 m4 9 area4 ,at ,mvatn !re are sev]al volcanoes1 :i* 7 p>ticul>ly active 9 ! ye>s #agbd-agcj4 ,on sev]al occasions !re h be5 volcanic outbreaks "u ! sea outside ! p59sula ( ,reykjanes1 isl&s appe>+ & aft]w>ds disappe>+ aga94 ,! crat] *a9 ( ,laki has only be5 9 eruption once 9 hi/oric times1 namely1 ! viol5t & disa/r\s outbreak ( #aghc4 ,icel&1 h[ev]1 possesses no con/antly active volcano4 ,!re are (t5 long int]vals betwe5 ! successive outbreaks1 & _m ( ! volcanoes 7& ?is is especially true ( ! *a9s ( crat]s7 h only v5t$ !mselves 9 a solit>y outbur/4 ,e>?quakes are frequ5t1 especially 9 ! di/ricts :i* are peculi>ly volcanic4 ,hi/orical evid5ce goes to %[ t !y are closely associat$ ) ?ree naturally def9$ regions3 7#a7 ! region betwe5 ,skjlf&i & ,ax>fjrr 9 ! nor?1 :]e viol5t e>? trembl+s are extremely common2 7#b7 at ,faxafli1 :]e m9or vibrations are frequ5t2 7#c7 ! s\!rn l[l&s1 betwe5 ,reykjanes & ,mrdalsjkull1 h frequ5tly be5 deva/at$ by viol5t e>?quake %ocks1 ) great loss ( prop]ty & life1 e4g4 on ! #ad?-#af? ( ,augu/ #aghd1 :5 #ib f>m/eads 7 totally de/roy$1 & #cgb f>m/eads & #aa *ur*es 7 s]i\sly damag$2 & aga9 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] #ahif1 :5 ano!r t]rible e>?quake de/roy$ #afa f>m/eads & damag$ #aee o!rs4 ,hot spr+s are f\nd 9 e "p ( ,icel&1 bo? s+ly & 9 gr\ps2 !y are p>ticul>ly num]\s 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! s\!rn l[l&s1 :]e among/ o!rs is ! fam\s ,geys] 7q4v474 ,sulphur spr+s & boil+ mud lakes are also g5]al 9 ! volcanic di/ricts2 & 9 places !re are c>bonic acid spr+s1 ^! m especially on ! p59sula ( ,snfellsnes1 nor? ( ,faxafli4 ,geology4--,icel& is built up almo/ entirely ( volcanic rocks1 none ( !m old]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! e>li] fl[s 7 probably contemporane\s ) ^? ( ,gre5l&1 ! ,froes1 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,scotl& & ! nor?-ea/ ( ,irel&4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties are basalt & palagonitic breccias1 ! =m] cov]+ two-?irds ( ! entire area1 ! latt] ! rema9+ "o-?ird4 ,comp>$ ) ^! two sy/ems1 all o!r =mations h an insignificant developm5t4 ,! palagonitic breccias1 :i* /ret* 9 an irregul> belt across ! isl&1 are y\ng] ?an ! basalt4 ,9 ! nor?-we/1 nor? & ea/ ! coa/s are =m$ ( basalt1 & rise 9 /eep1 gloomy walls ( rock to altitudes ( #cjjj ft4 & m above sea-level4 ,deposits ( clay1 ) rema9s ( plants ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 lignite & tree-trunks press$ flat1 :i* ! ,icel&]s call surt>br&ur1 occur 9 places 9 ! he>t ( ! basalt =mation4 ,^! fossilif]\s /rata are develop$ 9 greate/ ?ickness 9 ! nor?-we/ p59sula4 ,inde$1 9 "s few places well-m>k$ impressions ( leaves & fruit h be5 discov]$1 prov+ t 9 ,t]ti>y times ,icel& possess$ ext5sive =e/s1 & its annual mean temp]ature mu/ h be5 at lea/ #dh ,fahr41 :]eas ! pres5t mean is #ce4f4 ,! palagonitic breccias1 :i* atta9 _! greate/ developm5t 9 ! s\? ( ! isl& & on ! tablel&1 consi/ ( r$di%1 br[n or yell[i% rocks1 tuffs & breccias1 belong+ to sev]al diff]5t gr\ps or divisions1 ! y\nge/ ( :i* seems to be ( a date subsequ5t to ! ,glacial epo*4 ,all ov] ,icel&1 9 bo? ! basalt & breccia =mations1 !re occur small intrusive b$s & dikes ( lip>ite1 & z ?is rock is ( a light] col\r ?an ! basalt1 x is visible f a di/ance4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ! isl&1 9 ! p>i% ( ,ln1 !re exi/ a few m\nta9s ( gabbro1 a rock :i* does n occur 9 any o!r "p ( ,icel&4 ,ne> ,hsavik 9 ! nor? !re h be5 f\nd m>9e deposits conta9+ a numb] ( m>9e %ells2 !y belong to ! ,r$ ,crag division ( ! ,plioc5e4 ,9 ! middle ( ,icel&1 :]e ! geological f\ndation is tuff & breccias1 l>ge areas are buri$ "u anci5t outfl[s ( lava1 :i* be> evid5ces ( glacial scrat*+4 ,^! lava /reams1 :i* are ( a dol]itic "*1 fl[$ be=e ! ,glacial age1 or dur+ its cont9uance1 out ( lava cones ) gigantic crat] op5+s1 su* z may be se5 at ! pres5t day4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial epo* ! :ole ( ,icel& 0 cov]$ by a va/ %eet ( inl& ice1 except = a few small isolat$ peaks ris+ along its out] m>g9s4 ,?is ice-cap _h on ! tablel& a ?ickness ( #bcjj to #bfjj ft4 ,rocks scor$ by glacial ice & %[+ pla9 indications ( /riation1 toge!r ) ?\s&s ( erratic blocks1 are f\nd scatt]$ all ov] ,icel&4 ,signs ( elevation subsequ5t to ! ,glacial epo* are common all r\nd ! isl&1 especially on ! nor?-we/ p59sula4 ,!re are f\nd /rik+ly develop$ m>9e t]races ( gravel1 %ore l9es & surf bea*es m>k$ on ! solid rock4 ,9 sev]al places !re are traces ( %ells2 & sometimes skeletal rema9s ( :ales & walruses1 z well z anci5t driftwood1 h be5 discov]$ at tol]able di/ances f ! pres5t coa/4 ,! anci5t %ore-l9es occur at two diff]5t altitudes4 ,along ! high]1 #bcj to #bff ft4 above ! exi/+ sea-level1 %ells h be5 f\nd :i* are *>act]i/ic ( high ,arctic latitudes & no long] exi/ 9 ,icel&2 :]eas on ! l[] %ore-l9e1 #ajj to #acj ft41 ! %ells belong to species :i* occur among/ ! coa/ fauna ( ! pres5t day4 ,! geys]s & o!r hot spr+s are due to ! same causes z ! active volcanoes1 & ! e>?quakes are probably manife/ations ( ! same =ces4 ,a feature ( special int]e/ to geologi/s 9 ! pres5t conditions ( ! isl& is ! great p[] ( ! w9d bo? z a transport+ & d5ud+ ag5t4 ,! rock sculpture is (t5 v simil> to t ( a tropical des]t4#d ,climate4--,consid]+ its high latitude & situation1 ,icel& has a relatively mild climate4 ,! meteorological conditions v>y greatly1 h[ev]1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,9 ! s\? & ea/ ! wea!r is g5]ally *angeable1 /ormy & moi/2 :il/ on ! nor? ! ra9fall is less4 ,! climate ( ! int]ior tablel& approximates to ! cont95tal type & is (t5 extremely cold4 ,! mean annual temp]ature is #cg4b ,f4 9 ,/ykki%lmr on ,breiifjrr1 #ch4e at ,eyr>bakki 9 ! s\? ( ,icel&1 #da at ,ve/mannyj>1 #cf at ,akureyri 9 ! nor?1 #cf4g on ,b]ufjrr 9 ! ea/1 & #cj4f at ,mdrudalr on ! c5tral tablel&4 ,! range is great n only f ye> to ye>1 b also f mon? to mon?4 ,= in/ance1 at ,/ykki%lmr ! highe/ annual mean = ,m>* 0 #ci4g1 & ! l[e/ #h1 dur+ a p]iod ( ?irty-eight ye>s4 ,icel& lies contigu\s to t "p ( ! nor? ,atlantic 9 :i* ! %ift+ areas ( l[ pressure prevail1 s t /orms are frequ5t & ! b>omet] is seldom firm4 ,! b>ometric pressure at sea-level 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,icel& dur+ ! p]iod #ahgh-aijj v>i$ betwe5 #cj4h & #bg4a 94 ,! climate ( ! coa/s is relatively mild 9 summ]1 b tol]ably cold 9 w9t]4 ,! w9t] means ( ! nor? & ea/ coa/s av]age #ca4g & #ca4c ,f4 respectively2 ! summ] means1 #db4h & #dd4f2 & ! means ( ! ye>1 #cc4a & #ce4f4 ,! w9t] means ( ! s\? & we/ coa/s av]age #cb & #ca4g respectively2 ! summ] means1 #dh4b & #ej2 ! annual means1 #cg4d & #ci4b4 ,! ra9fall on ! s\? & ea/ coa/s is consid]able1 e4g4 at ,ve/mannyj>1 #di4d 94 9 ! ye>2 at ,b]ufjrr1 #dc4f 94 ,on ! we/ coa/ x is less1 e4g4 #bd4c 94 at ,/ykki%lmr2 b lea/ ( all on ! nor? coa/1 be+ only #ad4f 94 on ! isl& ( ,grimsey1 :i* lies (f t coa/4 ,mi/ is commonly preval5t on ! ea/ coa/2 at ,b]ufjrr !re is mi/ on no few] ?an #bab days 9 ! ye>4 ,! s\? & we/ coa/s are wa%$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & ! nor? coa/ by an ,arctic curr5t1 :i* frequ5tly br+s ) x a quantity ( drift-ice1 & ?us ex]cises a consid]able effect ^u ! climate ( ! isl&2 sometimes x blocks ! nor? coa/ 9 ! summ] mon?s4 ,on ! :ole1 dur+ ! #ai? c5tury1 ! nor? coa/ 0 free f ice on an av]age ( "o ye> 9 e f\r or five4 ,! cle>ness ( ! atmosph]e has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$4 ,?und]/orms occur mo/ly 9 w9t]4 ,flora4--,! vegetation pres5ts ! *>act]i/ics ( an ,arctic ,european type1 & is tol]ably uni=m ?r\gh\t ! isl&1 ! diff]5ces ev5 on ! tablel& be+ slight4 ,at pres5t #dce species ( phan]ogams & vascul> cryptogams are kn[n2 ! l[] ord]s h be5 little inve/igat$4 ,! grasses are ( ! greate/ importance to ! inhabitants1 = ^u !m !y are dep5d5t = ! keep ( _! live /ock4 ,hea!r cov]s l>ge tracts1 & also af=ds pa/ure = %eep4 ,! developm5t ( =e/ trees is insignificant4 ,bir* woods exi/ 9 a good _m places1 especially 9 ! w>m] valleys2 b ! trees are v %ort1 sc>cely atta9+ m ?an #c to #aj ft4 9 height4 ,9 a few places1 h[ev]1 !y rea* #ac to #bj ft4 & occasionally m4 ,a few m\nta9 a% or r[an trees 7,sorbus aucup>ia7 are f\nd s+ly "h & !re1 & atta9 to #cj ft4 9 height4 ,will[s are also pretty g5]al1 ! highe/ 9 gr[? be+ ,salix phyllicifolia1 #g to #aj ft4 ,! wild flora ( ,icel& is small & delicate1 ) bright bloom1 ! hea?s be+ especially admir$4 ,wild cr[b]ries & bilb]ries are ! only fruit f\nd 9 ! isl&4 ,fauna4--,! ,icel&ic fauna is ( a sub-,arctic type4 ,b :ile ! species are few1 ! individuals are (t5 num]\s4 ,! l& mammals are v poorly repres5t$2 & x is d\btful :e!r any species is indig5\s4 ,! pol> be> is an occasional visitant1 be+ br\ght to ! coa/ by ! ,gre5l& drift-ice4 ,foxes are common1 bo? ! :ite & ! blue occurr+2 mice & ! br[n rat h be5 introduc$1 ?\gh "o v>iety ( m\se is possibly indig5\s4 ,re9de] 7 introduc$ 9 #aggj4 ,! m>9e mammalia are num]\s4 ,! walrus is n[ seldom se51 al?\gh 9 prehi/oric times x 0 common4 ,!re are num]\s species ( seals2 & ! seas ab\nd 9 :ales4 ,( birds !re are ov] #ajj species1 m ?an "o-half be+ aquatic4 ,9 ! int]ior ! :i/l+ swan is common1 & num]\s v>ieties ( ducks are f\nd 9 ! lakes4 ,! eid] duck1 :i* bre$s on ! isl&s ( ,breiifjrr1 is a s\rce ( livelihood to ! inhabitants1 z are also ! _m k9ds ( sea-f[l :i* bre$ on ! sea-cliffs4 ,icel& possesses nei!r reptiles nor batra*ians4 ,! fi% fauna is abundant 9 individuals1 "s sixty-eight species be+ f\nd (f ! coa/s4 ,! cod fi%]ies are among/ ! mo/ important 9 ! _w4 ,l>ge quantities ( h]r+1 plaice & halibut are also tak54 ,_m ( ! riv]s ab\nd 9 salmon1 & tr\t are pl5tiful 9 ! lakes & /reams4 ,population & ,t[ns4--,! c5sus ( #ahij gave a total population ( #gj1ibg1 & ?is numb] _h increas$ by #aija to #gh1dhi4 ,! increase dur+ ! #ai? c5tury 0 #bg1jjj1 :ile at lea/ #ae1fjj ,icel&]s emigrat$ to ,am]ica1 *iefly to ,manitoba1 f #ahgb to ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,! l>ge/ t[n is ,reykjavik on ,faxafli1 ) #fgjj inhabitants1 ! capital ( ! isl&1 & ! place ( resid5ce ( ! gov]nor-g5]al & ! bi%op4 ,"h ! ,al?+ meets2 & "h1 fur!r1 are ! pr9cipal public in/itutions ( ! isl& 7libr>y1 s*ools1 c474 ,! t[n possesses a /atue to ,?orvalds51 ! fam\s sculptor1 :o 0 ( ,icel&ic desc5t4 ,! rema9+ t[ns include ,isafjrr 7pop4 #ajjj7 on ! nor?-we/ p59sula1 ,akureyri 7#ajjj7 on ! nor? & ,seydisfjrr 7#hjj7 9 ! ea/4 ,indu/ries4--,! pr9cipal occupation ( ! ,icel&]s is cattle-bre$+1 & m p>ticul>ly %eep-bre$+1 al?\gh ! fi%+ indu/ries h come rapidly to ! front 9 mod]n times4 ,9 #ahej1 #hb ( ! population 7 dep5d5t ^u cattle-bre$+ & #g ^u fi%+2 9 #ahij ! numb]s 7 #fd & #ah respectively4 ,! culture ( gra9 is n practis$ 9 ,icel&2 all bread-/uffs are import$4 ,9 anci5t times b>ley 0 gr[n 9 "s places1 b x nev] paid = ! co/ ( cultivation4 ,cattle-bre$+ has decl9$ 9 importance1 :ile ! numb] ( %eep has increas$4 ,=m]ly g>d5+ 0 ( no importance1 b consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ?is bran* 9 mod]n times1 z also 9 ! cultivation ( potatoes & turnips4 ,fruit-trees w n ?rive2 b black & r$ currants & rhub>b are gr[n1 ! la/-nam$ do+ excell5tly4 ,icel& possesses f\r agricultural s*ools1 "o agricultural society1 & small agricultural associations 9 ne>ly e di/rict4 ,! fi%]ies give employm5t to ab\t #ab1jjj p4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! fi%+ is c>ri$ on f op5 boats1 not)/&+ ! dang]s ( s /ormy a coa/4 ,b l>g] deck$ vessels h come into increas+ use4 ,9 summ] ! wat]s are visit$ by a great numb] ( =eign fi%]m51 inclusive ( ab\t #cjj fi%+-boats f ,fr5* ports1 z well z by fi%+-boats f ! ,froes & ,norway1 & /eam trawl]s f ,engl&4 ,excell5t pr(it is made 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! isl& f ! h]r+ fi%]y2 ?is is especially ! case on ! ea/ coa/4 ,!re are m>9e insurance societies & a s*ool ( navigation at ,reykjavik4 ,! export ( fi% & fi% products has greatly increas$4 ,9 #ahdi to #ahee ! annual av]age export$ 0 #adhj tons2 :]eas at ! close ( ! c5tury 79 #ahii7 x am\nt$ to #aa1cci tons & #fh1jgi b>rels ( oil1 valu$ at #bgf1eif4 ,comm]ce4--,f ! fir/ colonization ( ! isl& d[n to ! #ad? c5tury ! trade 0 9 ! h&s ( native ,icel&]s & ,norsem52 9 ! #ae? c5tury x 0 *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,engli%1 9 ! #af? ( ,g]mans f ! ,hanse t[ns4 ,f #afjb to #aghf comm]ce 0 a monopoly ( ! ,dani% gov]nm5t2 9 ! latt] ye> x 0 decl>$ free to all ,dani% subjects & 9 #ahed free to all nations4 ,s9ce #ahgd1 :5 ,icel& obta9$ h] own adm9i/ration1 comm]ce has increas$ consid]ably4 ,?us ! total value ( ! imports & exports toge!r 9 #ahdi did n exce$ #agj1jjj2 :ile 9 #ahia-ahie ! imports av]ag$ #cef1jjj & ! exports #cdj1jjj4 ,9 #aijb imports 7 valu$ at #eif1aic & exports at #eaa1jhc4 ,trade is almo/ entirely ) ,d5m>k1 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ,norway & ,sw$51 9 ?is ord] accord+ to value4 ,! pr9cipal native products export$ are live %eep1 horses1 salt meat1 wool & hides1 to :i* mu/ be add$ ! fi% products--cod1 tra9-oil1 h]r+ & salmon--eid]d[n & wooll5 w>es4 ,! sp9n+1 weav+ & knitt+ ( wool is a widespread indu/ry1 & ! native twe$ 7vamal7 is ! pr9cipal mat]ial = ! clo?+ ( ! inhabitants4 ,! imports consi/ pr9cipally ( c]eals & fl\r1 c(fee1 sug>1 ale1 w9es & spirits1 tobacco1 manufactur$ w>es1 iron & metal w>es1 timb]1 salt1 coal1 c4 ,! money1 weights & measures 9 use are ! same z 9 ,d5m>k4 ,! ,isl&s ,bank 9 ,reykjavik 7#aijd7 is au?oriz$ to issue bank-notes up to #acc1ijj 9 total value4 ,communications4--,all l& j\rneys are made on horseback1 & 9 ! remot] p>ts all goods h to be transport$ by ! same means4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! isl& !re exi/ no prop] roads ev5 9 ! inhabit$ di/ricts1 b only bridle-pa?s1 & 9 ! un9habit$ di/ricts n ev5 ^!4 ,nev]!less mu* has be5 done to improve su* pa?s z !re are1 & sev]al miles ( driv+ roads h be5 made1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\?4 ,s9ce #ahhh _m bridges h be5 built2 previ\s to t ye> !re 0 none4 ,! l>g] riv]s h be5 spann$ by iron sw+-bridges1 & ! ,bl&a is cross$ by a fix$ iron bridge4 ,po/al connexion is ma9ta9$ ) ,d5m>k by /eam]s1 :i* sail f ,cop5hag5 & call at ,lei?4 ,besides1 /eam]s g r\nd ! isl&1 t\*+ at ne>ly e port4 ,religion4--,! ,icel&]s are ,lu!rans4 ,= ecclesia/ical purposes ! isl& is divid$ into #bj dean]ies & #adb p>i%es1 & ! affairs ( ea* ecclesia/ical p>i% are adm9i/]$ by a p>i% c\ncil1 & 9 ea* dean]y by a di/rict 7hj]a7 c\ncil4 ,:5 a liv+ falls vacant1 ! gov]nor-g5]al ( ! isl&1 aft] consultation ) ! bi%op1 selects ?ree c&idates1 & f ^! ! congregation *ooses "o1 ! election be+ subsequ5tly confirm$ by ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 liv+s1 h[ev]1 ! election requires confirmation by ! cr[n4 ,9 #ahdg a !ological sem9>y 0 f\nd$ at ,reykjavik1 & !re ! majority ( ! ,icel&ic m9i/ry are educat$2 "s1 h[ev]1 are graduates ( ! univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,heal?4--,! public heal? has greatly improv$ 9 mod]n times2 ! dea?-rate ( "y *ildr5 has especially dim9i%$4 ,?is improvem5t is due to great] cleanl9ess1 bett] dwell+s1 bett] n\ri%m5t1 & ! increase 9 ! numb] ( doctors4 ,!re are n[ doctors 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :]eas =m]ly !re 7 h>dly any 9 ! isl&4 ,!re is a mod]n asylum = leprosy at ,laug>nes ne> ,reykjavik1 & a m$ical s*ool at ,reykjavik1 op5$ 9 #ahgf4 ,! g5]al sanit>y affairs ( ! isl& are "u ! control ( a *ief surgeon 7national physician7 :o lives 9 ,reykjavik1 & has sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! doctors & ! m$ical s*ool4 ,gov]nm5t4--,accord+ to ! con/itution grant$ to ,icel& 9 #ahgd1 ! k+ ( ,d5m>k %>es ! legislative p[] ) ! ,al?+1 an assembly ( #cf memb]s1 #cj ( :om are elect$ by h\sehold suffrage1 & #f nom9at$ by ! k+4 ,! ,al?+ meets e second ye>1 & sits 9 two divisions1 ! upp] & ! l[]4 ,! upp] division consi/s ( ! #f memb]s nom9at$ by ! k+ & #f elect$ by ! repres5tatives ( ! p out ( _! own body4 ,! l[] division consi/s ( ! rema9+ #bd repres5tative memb]s4 ,! m9i/] = ,icel&1 :o resid$ 9 ,cop5hag5 until #aijc1 :5 8 (fice 0 transf]r$ to ,reykjavik1 is responsible to ! k+ & ! ,al?+ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! con/itution1 & he submits to ! k+ = confirmation ! legislative measures propos$ by ! ,al?+4 ,! k+ appo9ts a gov]nor-g5]al 7l&%f+i7 :o is resid5t 9 ! isl& & c>ries on ! gov]nm5t on ! responsibility ( ! m9i/]4 ,=m]ly ,icel& 0 divid$ into f\r qu>t]s1 ! ea/1 ! s\?1 ! we/ & nor?4 ,n[ ! nor? & ! ea/ are unit$ "u "o gov]nor1 & ! s\? & ! we/ "u ano!r4 ,! isl& is fur!r divid$ into #ah sslur 7c\nties71 & ^! aga9 into #afi hreppur 7rapes7 or poor-law di/ricts4 ,responsible to ! gov]nors are ! %]iffs 7sslum5n71 :o act z tax ga!r]s1 not>ies public & judges ( fir/ in/ance2 ! %]iff has 9 e hreppur an assi/ant1 call$ hrepp/jri4 ,9 e hreppur !re is also a repres5tative committee1 :o adm9i/] ! poor laws1 & look aft] ! g5]al conc]ns ( ! hreppur4 ,^! committees are controll$ by ! committees ( ! sslur 7c\nty bo>ds71 & ^! aga9 are "u ! control ( ! amtsr 7qu>t] bo>d71 consi/+ ( ?ree memb]s4 ,f ! %]iff c\rts appeals lie to ! sup]ior c\rt at ,reykjavik1 consi/+ ( ?ree judges4 ,appeals may be tak5 9 all crim9al cases & mo/ civil cases to ! supreme c\rt at ,cop5hag54 ,icel& has h] own budget1 ! ,al?+ hav+1 by ! con/itution ( #ahgd1 ! "r to vote its own supplies4 ,z ! ,al?+ only meets e o!r ye>1 ! budget is pass$ = two ye>s at once4 ,! total income & exp5diture are ea* ab\t #gj1jjj p] f9ancial p]iod4 ,!re is a national res]ve fund ( ab\t #fj1jjj1 b no public debt2 nor is !re any contribution = ei!r milit>y or naval purposes4 ,icel& has h] own cu/oms s]vice1 b ! only import duties levi$ are ^u spirits1 tobacco1 c(fee & sug>1 & 9 ea* case ! duties are fairly l[4 ,education4--,education is pretty widespread among/ ! p4 ,9 ! t[ns & fi%+ villages !re are a few elem5t>y s*ools1 b (t5 ! *ildr5 are in/ruct$ at home2 9 "s places by p]ipatetic tea*]s4 ,x is incumb5t ^u ! cl]gy to see t all *ildr5 are taught read+1 writ+ & ari?metic4 ,! p are great read]s2 consid]+ ! numb] ( ! inhabitants1 books & p]iodicals h a v ext5sive circulation4 ,eighte5 newspap]s are issu$ 7once & twice a week71 besides sev]al j\rnals1 & ,icel& has always be5 di/+ui%$ = h] native lit]ature4 ,at ,reykjavik !re are a ,lat9 s*ool1 a m$ical s*ool & a !ological s*ool2 at ,mdruvellir & ,hafn>fjrr1 mod]n high s*ools 7,reals*ul572 & 9 addition to ^! !re are f\r agricultural s*ools1 a s*ool ( navigation1 & ?ree girls' s*ools4 ,! national libr>y at ,reykjavik conta9s "s #dj1jjj volumes & #cjjj ,,mss4 ,at ! same place !re is also a valuable ar*aeological collection4 ,among/ ! le>n$ societies are ! ,icel&ic ,lit]>y ,society 7,bokm5tafjelag71 ! society ( ! ,fri5ds ( ! ,p1 & ! ,ar*aeological ,society ( ,reykjavik4 ,,au?orities4--,among num]\s works ( ,dr ,?orvald ,?orodds51 see ,ges*i*te d] ,isl&s ,geographie 7,leipzig1 #ahih72 & ! foll[+ articles 9 ,geografisk ,tidskrift 7,cop5hag573 ,om ,isl&s geografiske og geologiske ,und]sgelse 7#ahic72 ,isl&ske ,fjorde og ,bugt] 7#aija72 ,geog4 og geol4 ,und]s4 v$ d5 sydlige ,del af ,faxafli paa ,isl& 7#aijc72 ,lavark5] og ,vulkan] paa ,isl&s ,hjl& 7#aije74 ,see also ,c4 ,s4 ,=bes1 ,icel& 7,london1 #ahfj72 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld1 ,icel&1 its ,sc5es & ,sagas 7,london1 #ahfc72 ,sir ,r4 ,f4 ,burton1 ,ultima ,?ule 7,ed9burgh1 #ahge72 ,w4 ,t4 ,mc,cormick1 ,a ,ride across ,icel& 7,london1 #ahib72 ,j4 ,coles1 ,summ] ,travell+ 9 ,icel& 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,h4 ,j4 ,john/on ,lavis1 ,notes on ! ,geography1 ,geology1 ,agriculture & ,economics ( ,icel&1 ,scott4 ,geog4 ,mag4 xi4 7#ahie72 ,w4 ,bisik]1 ,across ,icel& 7,london1 #aijb72 ,j4 ,hann1 ,die ,anomali5 d] ,witt]ung auf ,isl& 9 dem ,zeitraume #ahea-aijj1 c41 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 ,vi5na ,acad4 ,sci4 7#aijd72 ,p4 ,h]mann1 ,isl& 9 ,v]gang5heit und ,geg5w>t 7,leipzig1 #aijg74 ,also ,geografisk ,tidskrift1 & ! ,geographical ,j\rnal 7,london71 passim4 7,?4 ,t47 ,,hi/ory ,%ortly aft] ! discov]y ( ,icel& by ! ,sc&9avian1 c4 #hej 7x _h long be5 inhabit$ by a small colony ( ,iri% ,culdees71 a /ream ( immigration set 9 t[>ds x1 :i* la/$ = sixty ye>s1 & result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( "s #djjj home/eads4 ,9 ?is immigration ?ree di/9ct /reams c be trac$4 7#a7 ,ab\t #hgj-hij f\r great noblem5 f ,norway1 ,+olf1 ,ketil ,hng1 ,skalla-,grim & ,?orolf1 settl$ ) _! dep5dants 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ! new f\nd l&4 7#b7 ,9 #hij-ijj !re came f ! we/]n ,isl&s ,que5 ,aud1 wid[ ( ,olaf ! ,:ite1 k+ ( ,dubl91 prec$$ & foll[$ by a numb] ( h] k9sm5 & relations 7_m l h]self be+ ,*ri/ians71 ,helgi ,biolan1 ,biorn ! ,ea/]n1 ,helgi ! ,lean1 ,ketil ! ,fooli%1 c41 :o settl$ ! be/ l& 9 ! isl& 7we/1 nor?-we/ & nor?71 & f\nd$ families :o long sway$ its de/9ies4 ,!re also came f ! ,we/]n ,isl&s a fell[%ip ( vik+s seek+ a free home 9 ! nor?4 ,!y _h coloniz$ ! we/ 9 ! vik+ times2 !y _h f\ght at ,hafursfir?1 help+ _! /ay-at-home k9sm5 aga9/ ! c5tralization ( ! great head-k+1 :o1 :5 he _h cru%$ opposition 9 ,norway1 foll[$ up 8 victory by compell+ !m to flee or b[ to 8 rule4 ,su* 7 ,+imund ! ,old1 ,geirmund ,hellsk91 ,?ord ,be>die 7:o _h w$ ,/4 ,edmund's gr&daught]17 ,audun ,%ackle1 ,bryniulf ! ,old1 ,uni1 to :om ,h>old promis$ ! e>ldom ( ! new l& if he c\ld make ! settl]s ackn[l$ge him z k+ 7a hopeless project71 & o!rs by :om ! nor?-we/1 nor? & ea/ 7 almo/ completely claim$4 7#c7 ,9 #ijj-icj a few m incom]s direct f ,norway complet$ ! settlem5t ( ! s\?1 nor?-ea/ & s\?-ea/4 ,among !m 7 ,e>l ,hrollaug 7half-bro!r ( ,hrolf ,gang] & ( ! fir/ e>l ( ,orkney71 ,hialti1 ,hrafnkell ,frey's prie/1 & ! sons ( ,asbiorn4 ,fully ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! l& 0 settl$ f ! we/1 & among ^! immigrants !re 0 no small proportion ( ,iri% blood4 ,9 #aajj !re 7 #dejj frankl9s1 i4e4 ab\t #ej1jjj s\ls4 ,table ( ,icel&ic ,lit]ature & ,hi/ory4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,i4 ,! ,commonweal?4 #djj ye>s4 ,h]oic ,age4 #hgj- #icj ,poetry ( ,we/]n ,isl&s4 ,settlem5t by coloni/s f ,we/]n ,isles & ,norway4 #icj- #ihj ,e>ly ,icel&ic poets1 ,con/itution work$ out--,ev5ts ( *iefly abroad4 e>li] sagas take place4 #ihj-ajcj ,icel&ic poets abroad4 ,*ri/ianity comes 9--,ev5ts ( ------------ lat] sagas take place4 ,saga ,tell+4 #ajcj-aajj ,fir/ era ( phonetic ,peace--,ecclesia/ical organization4 *ange4 ------------ ,! ,lit]>y ,age4 #aajj-aaej ,,ari & 8 s*ool-- ,,?orodd--,v]nacul> writ+ beg9s4 #aaej-abbj ,,saga-,,writ]s--,second ,fir/ civil w>s--#abjh-bb--,rise ( g5]ation ( hi/orians4 ,/urlungs4 #abbj-abdh ,,snorri & 8 ,second civil w>s1 #abbf-eh--;,fall s*ool--,biograph]s4 ( ,great ,h\ses4 #abdh-abhd ,,/urla--,second era ( ,*ange ( law1 #abga--,submission to phonetic *ange4 ,norwegian k+s4 ------------ ,,ii4 ,m$ievalism4 #bej ye>s4 ,cont95tal ,influ5ce *iefly ,norse4 #abhd-acbj ,collect+ & edit+-- ,=eign influ5ce ?r\gh ,norway4 ,=eign romances4 #acbj-acij ,annali/s--,copyi/s--,new ,great eruptions1 #acfb & ,m$ieval poetry beg9s4 #achi--;,epidemics--,dani% rule1 #achj4 #acij-adac ,dea? ( old ,epidemics--,norse trade--,close ( traditions1 c4 int]c\rse ) ,norway4 ------------ ,d>k ,age4 #adac-aecj ,only ,m$ieval poetry ,isolation f fl\ri%es4 ,cont95t--,engli% trade4 ------------ ,,iii4 ,re=mation--,absolute ,rule--,decay4 #cbj ye>s4 ,re=mation4 #aecj-aege ,,odd--,pr9t+--,?ird era ,religi\s /ruggle--,new ( phonetic *ange4 organization--,hanse trade ------------ ,r5aissance4 #aege-afdj ,fir/ antiqu>ians4 ,dani% monopoly--,pirates' ravages4 #afdj-agjj ,,hallgrim--,pap] copies tak54 ------------ ,gradual ,decay4 #agjj-agcj ,,jon ,,vidal9--,arni ,i ,d _/ ,smallpox kills "o-?ird ,magnusson--,,mss4 tak5 n e population1 #agjg4 abroad4 c c ,great fam9e1 #aj1jjj die1 #agcj-agfh ,egg]t ,olafsson4 r a #agei--,%eep plague1 e y #agfb--;,eruption1 #agfe #agfh-ahjj ,f9n ,jonsson--,icel&ic a 4 ,great eruption1 #aghc4 s*ol>s abroad4 s ,beg9n+s ( recov]y-- #ahjj-ahej ,rationali/ic i ,travell]s make kn[n isl& movem5t--,european n to ,europe--,free con/itution influ5ces fir/ felt4 g 9 ,d5m>k1 #ahdh4 ------------ ,,iv4 ,mod]n ,icel&4 ,recov]y ( ,icel&4 #ahej-ahgd ,mod]n ?\ght & ,increas+ weal? & population-- le>n+--,icel&ic ,free trade1 #ahed--;,jon ,sigurdsson s*ol>s abroad & home rule /ruggle4 #ahgd ,home rule grant$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,organization4 ,! unit ( ,icel&ic politics 0 ! home/ead ) its frankl9-own] 7bu5di71 its primal organization ! hundr$-moot 7?+71 its tie ! gor 7god>7 or *iefta9%ip4 ,! *ief :o _h l$ a b& ( k9sm5 & dep5dants to ! new l&1 tak5 a claim !re1 & p>cell$ x out among !m1 naturally became _! lead]1 presid+ z prie/ at ! temple fea/s & sacrifices ( hea!n times1 act+ z speak] ( _! moot1 & z _! repres5tative t[>ds ! neighb\r+ *iefs4 ,he 0 n a feudal "l nor a local %]iff1 = any frankl9 c\ld *ange 8 gor :5 he w\ld1 & ! rights ( judgm5t by pe]s 7 9 full use2 moreov]1 ! (fice c\ld be bequea!d1 sold1 divid$ or pl$g$ by ! possessor2 /ill ! gi _h consid]able p[] z long z ! commonweal? la/$4 ,disputes betwe5 neighb\r+ *iefs & _! cli5ts1 & unc]ta9ty z to ! law1 br\ght ab\t ! ,con/itution ( ,ulfliot 7c4 #icj71 :i* appo9t$ a c5tral moot = ! :ole isl&1 ! ,al?+1 & a speak] to speak a s+le law 7pr9cipally t foll[$ by ! ,gula-moot 9 ,norway72 ! ,re=ms ( ,?ord ,gellir 7#ifd71 settl+ a fix$ numb] ( moots & *iefta9cies1 divid+ ! isl& into f\r qu>t]s 7?us *>act]iz$ by ,ari3 nor?1 ?icke/ settl$1 mo/ fam\s2 ea/1 fir/ completely settl$2 s\?1 be/ l& & greate/ *iefs2 we/1 rem>kable = noble families71 to ea* ( :i* a head-c\rt1 ! qu>t]-c\rt1 0 assign$2 & ! ,innovations ( ,skapti 7ascrib$ 9 ! saga to ,nial7 ! ,law-,speak] 7d4 #ajcj71 :o set up a fif? c\rt z ! ultimate tribunal 9 crim9al matt]s1 & /r5g!n$ ! community aga9/ ! *iefs4 ,b "h con/itutional gr[? ceas$3 ! law-mak+ body made few & unimportant modifications ( cu/om2 ! c\rts 7 /ill too weak = ! *iefs :o misus$ & defi$ !m2 ! speak]'s p[] 0 n suffici5tly support$ to enable him to be any m ?an a highly respect$ "l *ief ju/ice1 :]eas he ought to h become a ju/iza if an>*y 0 to be avoid$2 ev5 ! ecclesia/ical innovations1 :ile !y secur$ peace = a "t1 provok$ 9 ! end ! /ruggles :i* put an end to ! commonweal?4 ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ c4 #ajjj4 ,ti!s 7 e/abli%$ 9 #ajif1 & an ecclesia/ical code made c4 #aabe4 ,! fir/ disputes ab\t ! jurisdiction ( ! cl]gy 7 mov$ by ,gudmund 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 br++ on a civil w>1 :ile ! que/ions ( patronage & rights ov] glebe & mortma9l& occupi$ ,bi%op ,arni & 8 adv]s>ies fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ! l& 0 "u ,norwegian vic]oys & ,norwegian law4 ,= ! civil w>s broke d[n ! great h\ses :o _h monopoliz$ ! *iefta9cies2 & aft] viol5t /ruggles 79 :i* ! ,/urlungs ( ! fir/ g5]ation p]i%$ at ,orlyg/ad1 #abch1 & ,reykiaholt1 #abda1 :ile ( ! second g5]ation ,?ord ,kakali 0 call$ away by ! k+ 9 #abej1 & ,?orgils ,sk>di sla9 9 #abeh7 ! submission ( ! isl& to ,norway qu>t] aft] qu>t]1 took place 9 #abfb-abfd1 "u ,gizur's auspices1 & ! old ,common ,law 0 replac$ by ! ,new ,norse ,code ,ironside 9 #abga4 ,! political life & law ( ! old days is abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! sagas 7especially ,eyrbyggia1 ,hamsa-,?ori1 ,reykdla1 ,hrafnkell1 & ,niala71 ! two collections ( law-scrolls 7,codex ,regius1 c4 #abce1 & ,/ad>hol's ,book1 c4 #abga71 ! ,libellus1 ! ,lib]fragm5ts1 & ! ,l&namabk ( ,ari1 & ! ,diplomat>ium4 ,k4 ,maur] has made ! subject 8 own 9 8 ,beitrge1 ,isl&1 ,grgs1 c4 ,! m$ieval ,icel&ic *ur* _h two bi%oprics1 ,skalholt 7,s41 ,w41 & ,e47 #ajef1 & ,hol> 7,n47 #aajf1 & ab\t #age p>i%es 7two-?irds ( :i* belong$ to ! s\!rn bi%opric74 ,!y belong$ to ! metropolitan see ( ,brem51 !n to ,lund1 la/ly to ,nid>os1 #abcg4 ,!re 7 sev]al religi\s f\ndations3 ,?+ore 7f\nd$ #aacc71 ,?w]a 7#aaee71 ,hit>dale 7c4 #aaff71 ,kirkby ,nunn]y 7#aahd71 ,/ad ,nunn]y 7#abif71 & ,saurby 7c4 #abjj7 7 ,b5$ict9e1 :ile ,v] 7#aafh71 ,flatey aft] ,holyfell 7#aagb71 ,videy 7#abbf71 ,madd]field ,priory 7#abif71 & ,skrid ,priory 7#ad? c5tury7 7 ,augu/9ian4 ,! bi%ops1 elect$ by ! p at ! ,al?+ till #abcg1 enjoy$ consid]able p[]2 two1 ,?orlak ( ,skalholt & ,john ( ,hol>1 7 publicly vot$ sa9ts at ! ,al?+1 & "o1 ,gudmund1 receiv$ ! title ( ,good by decree ( ! bi%op & *apt]4 ,full details z to ecclesia/ical hi/ory w be f\nd 9 ! ,biskupasgur 7edit$ by ,dr ,vigfusson74 ,mode ( life4 ,icel& 0 n agricultural b pa/oral1 dep5d+ ^u flocks ,mode ( & h]ds = subsi/5ce1 =1 ?\gh rye & o!r gra9 w\ld gr[ 9 fav\r$ localities1 ! hay1 self-s[n1 0 ! only regul> crop4 ,9 "s di/ricts ! fi%]ies & f[l+ 7 ( importance1 b n9e-t5?s ( ! population liv$ by _! %eep & cattle4 ,life on ea* home/ead 0 regul>ly portion$ out3 out door occupations--fi%+1 %eph]d+1 f[l+1 & ! hay-mak+ & fuel-ga!r+--occupy+ ! summ]2 :ile indoor bus9ess--weav+1 tool-mak+1 c4--fill$ up ! long w9t]4 ,! ye> 0 brok5 by ! spr+ fea/s & moots1 ! great ,al?+ meet+ at midsumm]1 ! m>riage & arval ga!r+s aft] ! summ]1 & ! long yule fea/s at midw9t]4 ,!re 7 b two degrees ( m51 free & unfree1 ?\gh only ! frankl9s _h any political p[]2 &1 f ! nature ( ! life1 social int]c\rse 0 unre/ra9$ & unfett]$2 gi & ?rall liv$ ! same lives1 ate ! same food1 spoke ! same tongue1 & diff]$ little 9 clo?+ or habits4 ,! ?rall _h a h\se ( 8 own & 0 r ville9 or s]f ?an slave1 hav+ rights & a legal price by law4 ,dur+ ! hea!n days _m great *iefs pass$ "p ( _! lives 9 ,norway at ! k+'s c\rt1 b aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,icel& !y kept m at home1 visit+ ! cont95t1 h[ev]1 = purposes ( /ate1 suits ) cl]gy1 c4 ,trade 0 f ! fir/ almo/ entirely 9 =eign 7,norse7 h&s4 ,! introduction ( a *ur* sy/em br\ght little *ange4 ,! great families put _! memb]s into ord]s1 & s cont9u$ to enjoy ! pr(its ( ! l& :i* !y _h giv5 to ! *ur*2 ! prie/s m>ri$ & o!rwise behav$ l ! frankl9s ar\nd !m 9 ev]yday matt]s1 f>m+1 trad+1 go+ to law l laym54 ,effects ( ! ,union4 ,life 9 ! commonweal? 0 turbul5t & an>*ic1 b free & v>i$2 x produc$ m5 ( m>k1 & fo/]$ brav]y1 adv5ture & progress4 ,b on ! union ) ,norway all ?is ceas$1 & !re 0 left b a l[ dead level ( poor peasant proprietors c>eless ( all save h[ to live by z little lab\r z possible1 & pay z few taxes z !y c\ld to _! =eign rul]s4 ,! isl& receiv$ a =eign gov]nor 7,e>l1 ,hird/jori or ,/iptamtsmadr z he 0 successively call$71 & 0 p>cell$ out into c\nties 7sslur71 adm9i/]$ by %]iffs 7sslumadr7 appo9t$ by ! k+4 ,a royal c\rt took ! place ( ! ,al?+ c\rts2 ! local bus9ess ( ! local ?+s 0 c>ri$ out by ! 7hrepp/jri7 bailiff1 a subord9ate ( ! %]iff2 & ! gor1 ?+s1 qu>t]-c\rts1 trial by jury1 c41 7 swept away by ^! innovations4 ,! p[] ( ! cr[n 0 increas$ by ! confiscation ( ! great ,/urlung e/ates1 :i* 7 und]leas$ to f>m]s1 :ile ! e>ly fall+ (f ( ! ,norse trade ?reat5$ to deprive ! isl& ( ! means ( exi/5ce2 = ! great epidemics & eruptions ( ! #ad? c5tury _h gravely attack$ its pa/oral weal? & ru9$ mu* ( its pa/ure & fi%]y4 ,! union ( ! ,?ree ,cr[ns transf]r$ ! practical rule ( ,icel& to ,d5m>k 9 #abhj1 & ! old ,treaty ( ,union1 by :i* ! isl& _h res]v$ its ess5tial rights1 0 disreg>d$ by ! absolute ,dani% mon>*s2 b1 ?\gh new taxation 0 impos$1 x 0 r _! c>eless neglect ?an _! too active int]f]5ce t damag$ ,icel&'s int]e/s4 ,b = an ,engli% trade1 :i* sprang up out ( ! half-smuggl+1 half-buccane]+ ent]prise ( ! ,bri/ol m]*ants1 ! isl& w\ld h f>$ badly1 = dur+ ! :ole ( ! #ae? c5tury _! trade ) ,engl&1 export+ sulphur1 eid]d[n 7( :i* ! ,engli% taught !m ! value71 wool1 & salt /ock-fi%1 & import+ z be=e wood1 iron1 honey1 w9e1 gra9 & flax goods1 0 _! only l9k ) ! out] _w4 ,?is p]iod ( ,icel&'s exi/5ce is ev5tless3 %e _h got peace b ) few ( its bless+s2 all _s seem$ to h di$ ) ! commonweal?2 ev5 %eph]d+ & su* agriculture z !re _h be5 sank to a l[] /age2 wagons1 pl\ghs & c>ts w5t out ( use & k2 ar*itecture 9 timb] became a lo/ art1 & ! f9e c>v$ & pa9t$ halls ( ! hea!n days 7 replac$ by turf-wall$ b>ns half sunk 9 ! e>?2 ! l>ge deck$ lugg]s ( ! old days gave way to small undeck$ fi%+-boats4 ,! ,re=mation4 ,! ,re=mation 9 ,icel& wak5$ m5's m9ds1 b x left _! circum/ances little *ang$4 ,?\gh ! fires ( m>tyrdom 7 nev] light$ 9 ,icel&1 ! /ory ( ! easily accept$ ,re=mation is n altoge!r a pleasant "o4 ,:5 x 0 accompli%$1 ! little knot ( able m5 :o came to ! front did mu* 9 pres]v+ ! records ( ! pa/1 :ile ,odd & ,hallgrim exhibit ! noble/ impulses ( _! "t4 ,:ile !re 0 ?is revolution 9 religion a social & political revolution nev] came to ,icel&4 ,! ,hanse trade replac$ ! ,engli% = ! worse2 & ! ,dani% monopoly :i* succe$$ x :5 ! ,dani% k+s began to act aga9 ) vig\r 0 /ill less pr(itable4 ,! glebes & hospital l&s 7 a fre% p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! cr[n1 & ! subs]vi5t ,lu!ran cl]gy became ! mo/ p[]ful class 9 ! isl&1 :ile ! sy/em ( "u-leas+ at rackr5t & %ort lease ) unsecur$ t5ant "r ext5d$ ov] at lea/ a qu>t] ( ! bett] l&4 ,decad5ce4 ,a new plague1 t ( ! ,engli%1 ,gascon & ,alg]9e pirates1 m>k$ ! close ( ! #af? c5tury & op5+ ( ! #ag?1 caus+ widespread panic & "s deva/ation 9 #aegi1 #afac-afaf & #afbg4 ,no?+ po9ts m to ! helplessness ( ! natives' condition ?an _! p[]lessness aga9/ ^! foes4 ,b ! #ah? c5tury is ! mo/ gloomy 9 ,icel&'s annals4 ,smallpox1 fam9e1 %eep disease1 & ! eruptions ( #agfe & #aghc foll[ ea* o!r 9 t]rible succession4 ,aga9/ su* visitations1 :i* r$uc$ ! population by ab\t a f\r?1 little c\ld be done4 ,! few lit]>y m51 ^: "w 0 done & ^: books 7 publi%$ abroad1 7 only conc]n$ ) ! pa/1 & ,jon ,vidal9 is ! "o man ( m>k1 beside ,egg]t ,olafsson1 :o work$ & wrote = 8 own g5]ation4#e ,mod]n times4 ,gradually ! ideas :i* 7 agitat+ ,europe spread ?r\gh ,sc&9avia into ,icel&1 & its claims 7 m respectfully li/5$ to4 ,! cont95tal sy/em1 :i*1 by its lead+ to ! blockade ( ,d5m>k1 ?reat5$ to />ve ,icel&1 0 neutraliz$ by special action ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,trade & fi%]y grew a little brisk]1 & at l5g? ! turn came4 ,! rationali/ic movem5t1 head$ by ,magnus ,/eph5son1 a patriotic1 n>r[-m9d$ lawy]1 did little good z f> z *ur* re=m w5t1 b 0 accompani$ by a m successful ef=t to educate ! p4 ,a ,useful ,k ,society 0 =m$ & did "s hone/ "w4 ,newspap]s & p]iodicals 7 publi%$1 & ! v /ir :i* ! ecclesia/ical disputes enc\rag$ did good4 ,:5 free trade came1 & :5 ! free con/itution ( ,d5m>k _h produc$ its legitimate effects1 ! endeav\rs ( a few patriots su* z ,jon ,sigurdsson 7 able to pu% on ! next g5]ation a /ep fur!r4 ,que/ions ( a mod]n political complexion arose2 ! cattle export controv]sy & ! great home rule /ruggle began4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s' agitation home rule 0 conc$$ 9 #ahgd 7see above1 ,gov]nm5t74 7,f4 ,y4 ,p47 ,,anci5t ,,lit]ature ,poetry4--,icel& has always borne a high r5[n = song1 b has nev] produc$ a poet ( ! highe/ ord]1 ! qualities :i* 9 o!r l&s 7 mo/ s\ght = & admir$ 9 poetry be+ 9 ,icel& lavi%$ on ! saga1 a prose epic1 :ile ,icel&ic poetry is to be rat$ v high = ! "o quality :i* its au?ors h ev] aim$ at--melody ( s\nd4 ,to ^! g5]alizations !re are few exceptions1 ?\gh ,icel&ic lit]ature includes a gr\p ( poems :i* possess qualities ( high imag9ation1 deep pa?os1 fre% love ( nature1 passionate dramatic p[]1 & noble simplicity ( language :i* ,icel&ic poetry lacks4 ,! solution is t ^! poems d n belong to ,icel& at all4 ,!y are ! poetry ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s4 ,x 0 among ! ,sc&9avian coloni/s ( ! ,briti% coa/s t 9 ! fir/ g5]ations aft] ! colonization ( ,icel& !refrom a magnific5t s*ool ( poetry arose1 to :i* we owe works t = p[] & beauty c be p>allel$ 9 no ,teutonic language till c5turies aft] _! date4 ,to ?is s*ool1 :i* is totally di/9ct f ! ,icel&ic1 ran its own c\rse ap>t & p]i%$ be=e ! #ac? c5tury1 ! foll[+ works belong 7( _! au?ors we h sc>cely a "n or two2 _! dates c be r>ely exactly fix$1 b !y lie betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! #i? & ! end ( ! #aj? c5turies71 classifi$ into gr\ps3-- 7a7 ,! ,helgi trilogy 7la/ ?ird lo/ save a few v]ses1 b pres]v$ 9 prose 9 ,hromund ,gripsson's ,saga71 ! ,rais+ ( ,anganty & ,dea? ( ,hialm> 79 ,h]v>> ,saga71 ! fragm5ts ( a ,volsung ,lay 7,volsungakiraa7 7"p int]polat$ 9 e>li] poems1 "p und]ly+ ! prose 9 ,volsunga ,saga71 all by "o poet1 to :om ,dr ,vigfusson w\ld also ascribe ,vlusp1 ,vegtamskvia1 rymskvia1 ,grtta ,song & ,vlund>kvia4 7b7 ,! ,dramatic ,poems3--,flyt+ ( ,loki1 ! ,fr ,skirnis1 ! ,h>b>slio & sev]al fragm5ts1 all "o man's "w1 to ^: s*ool belong1 probably1 ! ,lay und]ly+ ! /ory ( ,iv>'s dea? 9 ,skioldunga ,saga4 7c7 ,! ,didactic ,poetry3--,grmnisml1 ,vafprunisml1 ,alvssmal1 c4 7d7 ,! ,g5ealogical & ,my?ological ,poems3--,hyndluljo writt5 = "o ( ! ,haurda-,k>i family1 s fam\s 9 ! ,orkneys2 ,yngl+atal & ,hau/long1 by ,?iodolf ( ,hv92 ,rig's ,?ul1 c4 7e7 ,! ,dirges & ,battle ,songs--su* z t on ,hafur-fir? ,battle ,hrafnsmal1 by ,?iodolf ( ,hv9 or ,?orbjrn ,hornkl(i1 %ortly aft] #hgj2 ,eirik's ,dirge 7,erksml7 betwe5 #iej & #ifi2 ! ,d>t-,lay on ,clont>f ,battle 7#ajad72 ,barka-mal 7fragm5ts ( :i* we h1 & p>aphrase ( m is f\nd 9 ,hrolf ,kraki's ,saga & 9 ,saxo74 ,!re are also fragm5ts ( poems 9 ,half's ,saga1 ,asmund ,kappa-,bana's ,saga1 9 ! ,lat9 v]ses ( ,saxo1 & ! ,%ield ,lays 7,ragn>sdrapa7 by ,bragi1 c41 ( ?is s*ool1 :i* closes ) ! ,sun-,song1 a p[]ful ,*ri/ian ,dantesque poem1 recall+ "s ( ! e>ly compositions ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*1 & ) ! #ab?-c5tury ,lay ( ,ragn>1 ,lay ( ,/>kad1 ,! ,prov]b ,song 7,havamal7 & ,krakumal1 to :i* we may add ^? s+ul> ,gloss-poems1 ! ulur1 :i* also belong to ! ,we/]n ,isles4 ,to ,gre5l&1 ,icel&'s f>!/ colony1 f\nd$ 9 ! #aj? c5tury1 we owe ! two ,lays ( ,atli1 & probably ,hymiskvtia1 :i*1 ?\gh ( a weird]1 h>%] ca/1 yet belong to ! ,we/]n ,isles s*ool & n to ,icel&4 ,9 =m all ^! poems belong to two or ?ree classes3--kvia1 an epic cantil5a2 tl1 a g5ealogical poem2 drapa1 songs ( praise1 c41 writt5 9 modifications ( ! old ,teutonic metre :i* we "k 9 ,be[ulf2 galdr & lokkr1 spell & *>m songs 9 a m lyric measure2 & ml1 a dialogue poem1 & liod1 a lay1 9 elegiac measure suit$ to ! subject4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ?is ,we/]n s*ool are no d\bt ! result ( ! contact ( ,sc&9avian coloni/s ( ! vik+-tide1 liv+ lives ( ! wilde/ adv5ture1 ) an imag9ative & civiliz$ race1 t ex]cis$ ^u !m a v /rong & la/+ influ5ce 7! effects ( :i* 7 also felt 9 ,icel&1 b 9 a diff]5t way74 ,! frequ5t int]m>riages :i* m+l$ ! be/ families ( ei!r race are suffici5t pro( ( ! close communion ( ,nor?m5 & ,celts 9 ! #i? & #aj? c5turies1 :ile !re are 9 ! poems !mselves traces ( ,celtic my?ology1 language & mann]s4#f ,:5 "o turns to ! e>ly poetry ( ! ,sc&9avian cont95t1 pres]v$ 9 ! rune-/aves on ! memorial /ones ( ,sw$51 ,norway & ,d5m>k1 9 ! didactic ,havamal1 ! ,great ,volsung ,lay 7i4e4 ,sigurd ,,ii41 ,fafnis's ,lay1 ,sigrdrifa's ,lay7 & ,hamdismal1 all cont95tal1 & all entirely consonant to ! rema9s ( ,old ,engli% poetry 9 metre1 feel+ & treatm5t1 "o c see t x is ) ?is s*ool t ! ,icel&ic mak]s are 9 sympa?y1 & t f x _! v]se naturally desc5ds4 ,:ile %rewdness1 pla9 /raight=w>dness1 & a c]ta9 /]n way ( look+ at life are common to bo?1 ! ,icel&ic s*ool adds a complexity ( /ructure & ornam5t1 an elaborate my?ological & enigmatical phraseology1 & a regul>ity ( rhyme1 assonance1 luxuriance1 quantity & syllabification1 :i* x caught f ! ,lat9 & ,celtic poets1 & adapt$ ) exquisite +5uity to its own ma9 object1 t ( secur+ ! greate/ possible beauty ( s\nd4 ,! fir/ g5]ations ( ,icel&ic poets resemble 9 _m ways ! lat] tr\bad\rs2 ! books ( ! k+s & ! sagas are full ( _! /range lives4 ,m5 ( good bir? 7ne>ly always1 too1 ( ,celtic blood on "o side at lea/71 !y leave ,icel& "y & atta* !mselves to ! k+s & e>ls ( ! nor?1 liv+ 9 _! c\rts z _! h5*m51 %>+ _! adv5tures 9 weal & woe1 prais+ _! victories1 & hymn+ _! dea?s if !y did n fall by _! sides--m5 ( quick passion1 unhappy 9 _! loves1 jeal\s ( rival poets & ( _! own fame1 ev] ready to answ] criticism ) a satire or ) a sword-?ru/1 b cl++ ?r\gh all to _! art1 9 :i* !y atta9$ mo/ m>vell\s skill4 ,su* m5 7 ,egil1 ! foe ( ,eirik ,bloodaxe & ! fri5d ( !l/an2 ,kormak1 ! hot-head$ *ampion2 ,eyv9d1 ,k+ ,haakon's poet1 call$ ,skaldaspillir1 because he copi$ 9 8 dirge ov] t k+ ! old] & f9] ,erksml2 ,gunnlaug1 :o sang at !lr$'s c\rt1 & fell at ! h&s ( a bro!r b>d1 ,hrafn2 ,hallfr$1 ,olaf ,tryggvason's poet1 :o lies 9 ,iona by ! side ( ,macbe?2 ,sighvat1 ,sa9t ,olafs h5*man1 mo/ prolific ( all 8 comrades2 ,?ormod1 ,coalbr['s poet1 :o di$ s++ aft] ,/ickle/ad battle2 ,ref1 ,ott> ! ,black1 ,arnor ! e>ls' poet1 &1 ( ^? ^: poetry 0 almo/ conf9$ to ,icel&1 ,gretti1 ,biorn ! ,hitdale *ampion1 & ! two model ,icel&ic ma/]s1 ,e9> ,skulason & ,m>kus ! ,lawman1 bo? ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,x is impossible to d m "h ?an m5tion ! names ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! long roll ( poets :i* are not$ 9 ! works ( ,snorri & 9 ! two ,skalda-tal4 ,!y range f ! r\gh & noble pa?os ( ,egil1 ! my/ic obscurity ( ,kormak1 ! pride & grief ( ,hallfr$1 & ! m>vell\s1 flu5cy ( ,sighvat1 to ! florid intricacy ( ,e9> & ,m>kus4 ,! art ( poetry /ood to ! ,icel&]s 9 lieu ( music2 sc>cely any prom95t man b knew h[ to turn a mock+ or laudatory /anza1 & d[n to ! fall ( ! commonweal? ! accompli%m5t 0 9 high reque/4 ,9 ! lit]>y age ! *ief poets belong to ! great ,/urlung family1 ,snorri & 8 two nephews1 ,/urla & ,olaf1 ! ,:ite ,poet1 be+ ! mo/ fam\s mak]s ( _! day4 ,inde$1 x is 9 ,snorri's ,edda1 a poetic gramm> ( a v p]fect k9d1 t ! be/ examples ( ! :ole ( nor!rn poetry are to be f\nd4 ,! la/ "p1 ,hattatal1 a treatise on metre1 0 writt5 = ,e>l ,skuli ab\t #abbb1 9 imitation ( ,e>l ,rognvald & ,hall's ,hattalykill 7,clavis metrica7 ( #aaej4 ,! second "p1 ,skaldskap>-mal1 a gradus ( synonyms & epi!ts1 :i* conta9s ov] #bdj quotations f #fe poets1 & #aj anonym\s lays--a treasury ( v]se--0 compos$ c4 #abcj4 ,! fir/ "p1 an exquisite sket* ( nor!rn my?ology1 ,gylfa-g9n+1 0 probably prefix$ to ! :ole lat]4 ,!re is "s ( ,/urla's poetry 9 8 ,isl5d+a ,saga1 & v]ses ( ,snorri occur 9 ! ,grammatical ,treatise on figures ( spee*1 c41 ( ,olaf1 :i* conta9s ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty quotations f v>i\s au?ors1 & 0 writt5 ab\t #abej4 ,besides ^? s\rces1 ! ,k+s' ,lives ( ,snorri & lat] au?ors conta9 a great deal ( v]se by ,icel&ic poets4 ,k+ ,h>old ,sigurdsson1 :o fell at ,/am=d ,bridge #ajff1 0 bo? a good critic & compos$ himself4 ,_m tales are told ( him & 8 poet visitors & h5*m54 ,! ,icel&ic sagas also comprise mu* v]se :i* is p>tly g5u9e1 p>tly ! "w ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5tury editors4 ,?us !re are g5u9e pieces 9 ,nial's ,saga 7*aps4 #cd1 #gh1 #ajc1 #abf1 #adf71 9 ,eyrbyggia1 ,laxdla1 ,egil's ,saga 7"p only71 ,grettla 7two & a half /anzas1 cf4 ,l&namabk71 ,biorn's ,saga1 ,gunnlaug's ,saga1 ,hav>d's ,saga1 ,kormak's ,saga1 ,viga-,glum's ,saga1 ,erik ! ,r$'s ,saga & ,fo/brdra ,saga4 ,9 ,nial's1 ,gisli's & ,droplaug's ,sons' ,sagas !re is good v]se ( a lat] poet1 & 9 _m sagas wor?less rubbi% foi/$ 9 z ornam5tal4 ,to ^! may be add$ two or ?ree works ( a semi-lit]>y k9d1 compos$ by le>n$ m51 n by h]oes & w>riors4 ,su* are ,konunga-tl1 ,hugsv9nsml 7a p>aphrase ( ,cato's ,di/i*s71 ,m]l9's ,prophecy 7p>aphras$ f ,ge(frey ( ,monm\? by ,gunnlaug ! monk71 ,jomsvik+a-drapa 7by ,bi%op ,ketil71 & ! ,isl5d+a-drapa1 :i* has pres]v$ brief notices ( sev]al lo/ sagas conc]n+ ,icel&ic wor?ies1 ) :i* ,gudmund>-drapa1 ?\gh ( ! #ad? c5tury1 may be also plac$4 ,j z ! *ange ( law gave ! dea?-bl[ to an already p]i%+ commonweal?1 s ! ru% ( m$ieval influ5ce1 :i* foll[$ ! union ) ,norway1 complet$ a process :i* _h be5 9 =ce s9ce ! end ( ! #aa? c5tury1 :5 x ov]?rew ! old ,icel&ic poetry 9 fav\r ( ! rimur4 ,! introduction ( ! danz1 ballads 7or =nkvdi1 z !y are n[ call$7 = s++1 ) a burd51 usually relat+ to a love-tale1 :i* 7 imm5sely popul> ) ! p & p]=m$ by :ole companies at w$d+s1 yule fea/s & ! l1 _h relegat$ ! regul> ,icel&ic poetry to m s]i\s ev5ts or to ! m cultivat$ ( ! *iefs4 ,b ^! jigs1 z ! ,elizabe?ans w\ld h call$ !m1 dissatisfi$ ! popul> e> 9 "o way3 !y 71 l old ,engli% ballads1 :i* !y closely resembl$1 9 rhyme1 b void ( allit]ation1 & accord+ly !y 7 modifi$ & replac$ by ! rimur1 ! /aple lit]>y product ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,^! 7 rhym$ b also allit]ative1 9 regul> =m1 ) prologue or mansong 7(t5 ! prettie/ "p ( ! :ole71 ma9 portion tell+ ! tale 7mo/ly d]iv$ 9 e>ly days f ! ,fr5* romances ( ! ,c>lov+ian1 ,ar?urian or ,alex&rian cycles1 or f ! my?ic or skrk-sgur71 & epilogue4 ,_! *ief value to u lies 9 _! hav+ pres]v$ v]sions ( sev]al ,fr5* poems n[ lo/1 & 9 _! evid5ce z to ! feel+s & b5t ( ,icel&]s 9 ! ,d>k ,age ( ! isl&'s hi/ory4 ,! r+ & melody :i* !y all possess is _! *ief beauty4 ,( ! e>lie/1 ,olafsrima1 by ,e9> ,gilsson 7c4 #acej71 & ! be/1 ! ,ari/ophanic ,skda-rima 7c4 #adcj71 by ,e9> ,fo/ri1 ! names may be giv54 ,rimur on sacr$ subjects 0 call$ diktur2 ( ^!1 on ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts' lives1 _m rema94 ,! mo/ notable ( its class is ! ,lilia ( ,ey/e9 ,asgrimsson1 a monk ( ,holyfell 7c4 #acej71 a mo/ sweet s\nd+ song4 ,lat] ! poems ( ! fam\s ,jon ,arason 7b4 #adhd71 la/ ,ca?olic bi%op ( ,hol> 7c4 #aecj71 ,liomr 7gleam7 & ,psl>grtr 7passion-te>s71 des]ve m5tion4 ,arason is also celebrat$ z hav+ introduc$ pr9t+ into ,icel&4 ,ta/e has sunk s9ce ! old days2 b /ill ?is rimur poetry is popul> & g5u9e4 ,moreov]1 ! v prosaic & artificial v]se ( ,/urla & ! la/ ( ! old s*ool des]v$ ! oblivion :i* came ov] !m1 z a casual p]usal ( ! /anzas scatt]$ ?r\gh ,isl5d+a w prove4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t a c]ta9 numb] ( k5n+> 7poetical p>aphrases7 h surviv$ f ! old s*ool ev5 to ! pres5t day1 ?\gh ! mass ( !m h happily p]i%$4 ,! *ange 9 ! phonesis ( ! language is well illu/rat$ by ! new metres z comp>$ ) ! old ,icel&ic drott-kvdi 9 its v>i$ =ms4 ,mo/ ( ! old] rimur & diktur are z yet unpr9t$4 ,_m ( ! =nkvdi are pr9t$ 9 a volume ( ! old ,nordiske ,litt]alur-,samfund4 ,! effects ( ! ,re=mation 0 deeply felt 9 ,icel&ic lit]ature1 bo? prose & v]se4 ,! "n ( ,hallgrim ,petursson1 ^: ,passion-hymns1 ! fl[] ( all ,icel&ic poetry1 h be5 ! mo/ popul> composition 9 ! language1 is =emo/ ( all writ]s s9ce ! second *ange ( fai?4 ,! g5tle sweetness ( ?\ght1 & ! exquisite h>mony ( word+ 9 8 poems1 m ?an ju/ify ! popul> v]dict4 ,8 ,hymns 7 f9i%$ 9 #affj & publi%$ 9 #afff1 two great ,prote/ant poets ?us be+ contempor>ies4 ,a collection ( ,re=mation hymns1 adapt$1 _m ( !m1 f ! ,g]man1 ! ,hol>-book1 _h prec$$ !m 9 #afai4 ,!re 0 a good deal ( v]se-writ+ ( a secul> k9d1 f> inf]ior 9 e way1 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 spite ( ! _m physical di/resses t weigh$ ^u ! isl&1 ballads 7=nkvdi7 7 /ill writt51 ceas+ ab\t #agej1 rimur compos$1 & m elaborate compositions publi%$4 ,! mo/ notable names are ^? ( ! improvisatore ,/eph5 ! ,bl9d2 ,?orlak ,gudbr&sson1 au?or ( ,ulf>-,rmur1 d4 #agjg2 ,john ,magnusson1 :o wrote ,hri/afla1 a didactic poem2 ,/efan ,olafsson1 compos] ( psalms1 rimur1 c41 d4 #afhh2 ,gunn> ,plsson1 ! au?or ( ,gunn>slag1 (t5 pr9t$ ) ! ,eddic poems1 c4 #agia2 & ,egg]t ,olafsson1 travell]1 naturali/ & patriot1 ^: untimely dea? 9 #agfh 0 a great loss to 8 c\ntry4 ,8 ,bunad>-balkr1 a ,georgic writt51 l ,tuss]'s ,po9ts1 ) a practical view ( rais+ ! /ate ( agriculture1 has always be5 mu* priz$4 ,paul ,vidal9's ditties are v nave & clev]4 ,( lat] poets1 d[n to m rec5t times1 p]haps ! be/ 0 ,sigurd ( ,broadfir?1 _m ( ^: prettie/ poems 7 compos$ 9 ,gre5l& l ^? ( ,jon ,bi>nisson be=e him1 c4 #agej2 ,john ,?orlaksson's translation ( ,milton's great epic into ,eddic v]se is praisewor?y 9 int5tion1 b1 z may be imag9$1 falls f> %ort ( its aim4 ,he also turn$ ,pope's ,essay on ,man & ,klop/ock's ,messiah into ,icel&ic4 ,b5$ikt ,grndal tri$ ! same exp]im5t ) ,hom] 9 8 ,ilion's ,kvdi1 c4 #ahbe4 ,!re is a f9e prose translation ( ! ,odyssey by ,swe9bjrn ,egillson1 ! lexicograph]1 bo? fai?ful & poetic 9 high degree4 ,sagas4--,! real /r5g? ( anci5t ,icel&ic lit]ature is %[n 9 its mo/ indig5\s gr[?1 ! ,saga 7see also ,,saga74 ,?is is1 9 its pure/ =m1 ! life ( a h]o1 compos$ 9 regul> =m1 gov]n$ by fix$ rules1 & int5d$ = oral recitation4 ,x be>s ! /ronge/ lik5ess to ! epic 9 all save its unv]sifi$ =m2 9 bo? are f\nd1 z fix$ ess5tials1 simplicity ( plot1 *ronological ord] ( ev5ts1 set phrases us$ ev5 9 describ+ ! re/less play ( emotion or ! *angeful =tunes ( a fight or a /orm1 :ile 9 bo? ! abs5ce ( digression1 comm5t or intrusion ( ! n>rator's p]son is inv>iably ma9ta9$4 ,! saga grew up 9 ! quiet] days :i* foll[$ ! *ange ( fai? 7#ajjb71 :5 ! de$s ( ! great families' h]oes 7 /ill *]i%$ by _! desc5dants1 & ! exploits ( ! great k+s ( ,norway & ,d5m>k h&$ d[n ) rev]5ce4 ,tell+ ( /ories 0 a recogniz$ =m ( ent]ta9m5t at all fea/s & ga!r+s1 & x 0 ! necessity ( ! recit] :i* gradually work$ !m into a regul> =m1 by :i* ! memory 0 reliev$ & ! arti/ic features ( ! /ory all[$ to be m c>efully elaborat$4 ,t ?is =m 0 s p]fect mu/ be attribut$ to ,iri% influ5ce1 )\t :i* inde$ !re w\ld h be5 a saga1 b n ! same saga4 ,x is to ! we/ t ! be/ sagas belong2 x is to ! we/ t ne>ly e classic writ] ^: "n we "k belongs2 & x is precisely 9 ! we/ t ! admixture ( ,iri% blood is greate/4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,iri% tales ) ! saga1 !re w be felt deep div]g5cies 9 matt]1 /yle & ta/e1 ! ri*ness ( "o contra/+ ) ! *a/5$ simplicity ( ! o!r2 ! "o's half-comic1 half-e>ne/ bomba/ is :olly unlike ! o!r's grim hum\r2 ! m>vell\s1 s une>?ly 9 ! "o1 is almo/ cr$ible 9 ! o!r2 b 9 bo? are ! ke5 grasp ( "*1 ! bit+ phrase1 ! love ( action & ! delight 9 blood :i* almo/ assumes ! g>b ( a religi\s passion4 ,:5 ! saga _h be5 fix$ by a g5]ation or two ( oral recit]s1 x 0 writt5 d[n2 & ?is /]eotyp$ ! =m1 s t aft]w>ds :5 lit]>y works 7 compos$ by le>n$ m5 7su* z ,abbot ,k>l's ,sw]ri's ,saga & ,/urla's ,isl5d+a7 ! same /yle 0 adopt$4 ,icel&ic sagas4 ,tak+ fir/ ! sagas relat+ to ,icel&]s1 ( :i* "s ?irty-five or =ty rema9 out ( ?rice t numb]1 !y 7 fir/ writt5 d[n betwe5 #aadj & #abbj1 9 ! g5]ation :i* succe$$ ,ari & felt ! impulse 8 books _h giv5 to writ+1 on sep>ate scrolls1 no d\bt ma9ly = ! recit]'s conv5i5ce2 !y !n w5t ?r\gh ! diff]5t phases :i* su* popul> compositions h to pass 9 all l&s--edit+ & comp\nd+ 7#abbj-abfj71 padd+ & amplify+ 7#abfj-acjj71 & f9ally collection 9 l>ge ,,mss4 7#ad? c5tury74 ,sagas exi/ %[+ all ^! phases1 "s primitive & r\gh1 "s ref9$ & beautifi$1 "s dilut$ & weak5$1 accord+ z _! copyi/s h be5 fai?ful1 arti/ic or fooli%2 = ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,,mss4 h all p]i%$4 ,we h also complex sagas put toge!r 9 ! #ac? c5tury out ( ! scrolls relat+ to a giv5 locality1 su* a gr\p z /ill exi/s unt\*$ 9 ,vapnfird+a be+ fus$ into su* a saga z ,niala or ,laxdla4 ,( ! au?ors no?+ is kn[n2 we c only guess t "s belong to ! ,/urlung s*ool4 ,accord+ to subject !y fall into two classes1 ^? relat+ to ! old] g5]ation be=e ,*ri/ianity & ^? tell+ ( ,/ ,olaf's contempor>ies2 only two fall into a ?ird g5]ation4 ,beg9n+ ) ! sagas ( ! we/1 mo/ p]fect 9 /yle & =m1 ! e>lie/ 9 subject is t ( ,gold-,?ori 7c4 #icj71 ^: adv5tur\s c>e] x relates2 ,h5sa-orissaga tells ( ! burn+ ( ,blund-,ketil1 a noble *ief1 an ev5t :i* l$ to ,?ord ,gelli's re=ms next ye> 7c4 #ifd72 ,gislasaga 7#ifj-ihj7 tells ( ! c>e] & dea? ( t ill-fat$ outlaw2 x is beautifully writt51 & ! v]ses by ! editor 7#ac? c5tury7 are good & appropriate2 ,hord's ,saga 7#ihj7 is ! life ( a b& ( outlaws on ,:alesfir?1 & especially ( _! lead] ,hord4 ,( lat] subject are ! sagas ( ,hav>d & 8 rev5ge = 8 son1 murd]$ by a neighb\r+ *ief 7#iig-ajjb72 ( ! ,heiarirgasaga 7#iij-ajad71 a typical tale ( a great blood feud1 writt5 9 ! mo/ primitive prose2 ( ,gunnlaug & ,hrafn 7,gunnlaugssaga ,orm/ungu1 #ihj-ajjh71 ! rival poets & _! ill-/>r$ love4 ,! v]se 9 ?is saga is important & int]e/+4 ,to ! we/ also belong ! ?ree great complex sagas ,egla1 ,eyrbyggia & ,laxdla4 ,! fir/ 7#hgj-ihj71 aft] notic+ ! migration ( ! fa!r & gr&fa!r ( ! h]o poet ,egil1 & ! orig9 ( ! feud betwe5 !m & ! k+s ( ,norway1 treats fully ( ,egil's c>e]1 8 enmity ) ,eirik ,bloodaxe1 8 s]vice ) !l/an1 & f9ally1 aft] _m adv5tures abroad1 ( 8 latt] days 9 ,icel& at ,borg1 illu/rat+ v cle>ly :at mann] ( m5 ^? great settl]s & _! desc5dants 71 & ! feel+s ( pride & fre$om :i* l$ !m to ,icel&4 ,! /yle is t ( ,snorri1 :o _h himself dwelt at ,borg4 ,eyrbyggia 7#hij-ajca7 is ! saga ( politics1 ! mo/ loosely wov5 ( all ! comp\nd /ories4 ,x includes a mass ( in=mation on ! law1 religion1 traditions1 c41 ( ! hea!n days 9 ,icel&1 & ! lives ( ,eric1 ! real discov]] ( ,gre5l&1 ,biorn ( ,broadwick1 a fam\s *ief1 & ,snorri1 ! greate/ /atesman ( 8 day4 ,dr ,vigfusson w\ld ascribe its edit+ & completion to ,/urla ! ,lawman1 c4 #abej4 ,laxdla 7#iaj-ajbf7 is ! saga ( ,romance4 ,its h]o9e ,gudrun is ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,icel&ic ladies4 ,h] love = ,ki>tan ! poet1 & 8 c>e] abroad1 8 betrayal by 8 fri5d ,bolli1 ! sad dea? ( ,ki>tan at 8 h&s1 ! rev5ge tak5 = him on ,bolli1 ^: slay]s are !mselves aft]w>ds put to dea?1 & ! end ( ,gudrun1 :o becomes an an*orite aft] h] /ormy life1 make up ! pi? ( ! /ory4 ,! contra/ ( ! *>act]s1 ! ri* /yle & f9e dialogue :i* are s rem>kable 9 ?is saga1 h mu* 9 common ) ! be/ works ( ! ,/urlung s*ool4 ,( ! nor? !re are ! sagas ( ,kormak 7#icj-ifj71 mo/ primitive ( all1 a tale ( a wild poet's love & feuds1 conta9+ _m notices ( ! hea!n times2 ( ,vatzdlasaga 7#hij-ihj71 relat+ to ! settlem5t & ! *ief family 9 ,wat]dale2 ( ,hallfr$ ! poet 7#iif-ajad71 n>rat+ 8 =tune at ,k+ ,olafs c\rt1 8 love affairs 9 ,icel&1 & f9ally 8 dea? & burial at ,iona2 ( ,reyk-dla 7#iij71 :i* pres]ves ! lives ( ,askell & 8 son ,viga-,skuti2 ( ,sv>f-dla 7#ihj-iij71 a cruel1 co>se /ory ( ! old days1 ) "s good sc5es 9 x1 un=tunately imp]fect1 *apt]s #a-aj be+ =g$2 ( ,viga-,glum 7#igj-iij71 a f9e /ory ( a hea!n h]o1 brave1 crafty & cruel4 ,to ! nor? also belong ! sagas ( ,gretti ! ,/rong 7#ajaj-ajca71 ! life & dea? ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ,icel&ic outlaws1 ! real /ory ( ^: c>e] is mix$ up ) ! my?ical adv5tures ( ,be[ulf1 "h put d[n to ,gretti1 & ) late romantic episodes & fabul\s folk-tales 7,dr ,vigfusson w\ld ascribe ! be/ p>ts ( ?is saga to ,/urla2 its la/ editor1 ^: additions w\ld be bett] away1 mu/ h t\*$ x up ab\t #acjj71 & ! /ories ( ! ,ljosvetn+asaga 7#ajji-ajfj74 ,gudmund ! ,mighty & 8 family & neighb\rs are ! h]oes ( ^! tales1 :i* =m a little cycle4 ,! ,b&a-manna saga 7#ajej-ajfj71 ! only com$y among ! sagas1 is also a nor!rn tale2 x relates ! /ruggles ( a plebeian :o gets a *ieftancy aga9/ ! old families ( ! neighb\rhood1 :om he successfully outwits2 l-k(ra attr is a lat] imitation ( x 9 ! same humor\s /ra94 ,! sagas ( ! nor? are r\gh] & co>s] ?an ^? ( ! we/1 b h a good deal ( individual "*4 ,( tales relat+ to ! ea/ !re survive ! ,weapon-fir? cycle--! tales ( ,?or/e9 ! ,:ite 7c4 #ijj71 ( ,?or/e9 ! ,/affsmitt5 7c4 #ihe71 ( ,gunn> ,?idr&'s ,bane 7#ajjj-ajjh7 & ( ! ,weapon-fir? ,m5 7#ige-iij71 all relat+ to ! family ( ,h( & _! fri5ds & k9 = sev]al g5]ations--& ! /ory ( ,hrafnkell ,frey's ,prie/ 7c4 #ifj71 ! mo/ idyllic ( sagas & be/ ( ! ea/]n tales4 ,( lat] times !re are ,droplaug's ,sons' ,saga 7#iig-ajjg71 writt5 probably ab\t #aaaj1 & pres]v$ 9 ! unc\? /yle ( ! orig9al 7a bro!r's rev5ge = 8 bro!r's dea? is ! sub/ance ( x2 ,br&krossa attr is an app5dix to x71 & ! tales ( ,?or/e9 ,hall ( ,side's ,son 7c4 #ajad7 & 8 bro!r ,?idr&i 7c4 #iif71 :i* belong to ! cycle ( ,hall o' ,side's ,saga1 unhappily lo/2 !y are weird tales ( blood%$ & magic1 ) idyllic & pa!tic episodes4 ,! sagas ( ! s\? are ei!r lo/ or absorb$ 9 t ( ,nial 7#igj-ajad71 a long & complex /ory into :i* are wov5 ! tales ( ,gunn> ,nial1 & p>ts ( o!rs1 z ,brian ,boroimhe1 ,hall o' ,side1 c4 ,x is1 :e!r we look at /yle1 cont5ts or legal & hi/orical weight1 ! =emo/ ( all sagas4 ,x deals especially ) law1 & conta9s ! pi? & ! moral ( all e>ly ,icel&ic hi/ory4 ,its h]o ,nial1 type ( ! good lawy]1 is contra/$ ) its villa9 ,mord1 ! ensample ( cunn+1 *icane1 & legal wrong do+2 & a great "p ( ! saga is tak5 up ) ! ?ree cases & suits ( ! divorce1 ! dea? ( ,hoskuld & ! burn+ ( ,nial1 :i* are giv5 ) great m9ut5ess4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( its dramatis p]sonae give x ! livelie/ int]e/ ?r\gh\t4 ,! wom5 ,hallg]da1 ,b]g?ora & ,ragnhild are z %>ply contra/$ z ! m5 ,gunn>1 ,sk>ph$91 ,flosi & ,k>i4 ,! pa?os ( su* trag$ies z ! dea? ( ,gunn> & ,hoskuld & ! burn+ is int]rupt$ by ! hum\r ( ! ,al?+ sc5es & ! intellectual int]e/ ( ! legal proce$+s4 ,! plot deal+ fir/ ) ! life & dea? ( ,gunn>1 type ( ! *ivalry ( 8 day1 !n ) ! burn+ ( ,nial by ,flosi1 & h[ x came ab\t1 & la/ly ) ,k>i's rev5ge on ! burn]s1 is ! ideal saga-plot4 ,! au?or mu/ h be5 ( ! ea/1 a good lawy] & g5ealogi/1 & h compos$ x ab\t #abej1 to judge f int]nal evid5ce4 ,x has be5 ov]work$ by a lat] editor1 c4 #acjj1 :o ins]t$ _m spuri\s v]ses4 ,( ,gre5l& & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,relat+ p>tly to ,icel&1 b mo/ly to ,gre5l& & ,v9l& 7,n4 ,am]ica71 are ! ,floamannasaga 7#ihe-iij71 a good /ory ( ! adv5tures ( ,?orgils & ( ! /ruggles ( %ipwreck$ coloni/s 9 ,gre5l&1 a graphic & t]rible picture2 & ,eirikssaga raua 7#iij-ajjj71 two v]sions1 "o nor!rn 7,flatey-book71 "o we/]n1 ! bett] 79 ,hawk's ,book1 & ,,am4 #eeg71 ! /ory ( ! discov]y ( ,gre5l& & ,v9l& 7,am]ica7 by ! ,icel&]s at ! end ( ! #i? c5tury4 ,lat] is ! ,fo/brdrasaga 7#ajae-ajcj71 a v int]e/+ /ory1 told 9 a qua9t romantic /yle1 ( ,?orgeir1 ! reckless h5*man ( ,k+ ,olaf1 & h[ 8 dea? 0 rev5g$ 9 ,gre5l& by 8 sworn bro!r ! true-he>t$ ,?ormod ,coalbr['s poet1 :o aft]w>d dies at ,/ickle/ad4 ,! tale ( ,e9> ,sookisson 7c4 #aabe7 may also be notic$4 ,! lo/ saga ( ,poet ,helgi1 ( :i* only fragm5ts rema91 0 also laid 9 ,gre5l&4 ,besides complete sagas !re are emb$d$ 9 ! ,heimskr+la num]\s small ttir or episodes1 small tales ( ,icel&]s' adv5tures1 (t5 relat+ to poets & _! lives at ! k+s' c\rts2 "o or two ( ^! seem to be fragm5ts ( sagas n[ lo/4 ,among ! m notable are ^? ( ,orm ,/orolfsson1 ,ogmund ,dijtt1 ,halldor ,snorrason1 ,?or/e9 ,oxfoot1 ,hromund ,halt1 ,?orwald ,tasaldi1 ,svadi & ,arnor ,h]l+>-nef1 ,audunn ( ,we/fir?1 ,sneglu-,halli1 ,hrafn ( ,hrutfiord1 ,hreid> ,heimski1 ,gisli ,illugison1 ,iv> ! poet1 ,gull-su ,?ord1 ,e9> ,skulason ! poet1 ,mani ! poet1 c4 ,! =g$ ,icel&ic sagas appe> z e>ly z ! #ac? c5tury4 ,!y are v poor1 & ei!r work$ up on h9ts giv5 9 g5u9e /ories or altoge!r apocryphal4 ,hi/ory4--,ab\t ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,ha/+s 0 born ,ari ,froi ,?orgilsson 7#ajfg-aadh71 "o ( ! blood ( ,que5 ,aud1 :o f\nd$ ! fam\s hi/orical s*ool ( ,icel&1 & himself produc$ its greate/ monum5t 9 a "w :i* c be comp>$ = value ) ! ,engli% ,domesday ,book4 ,ne>ly all t we "k ( ! hea!n commonweal? may be trac$ to ! collections ( ,ari4 ,x 0 he too t fix$ ! /yle 9 :i* hi/ory %\ld be compos$ 9 ,icel&4 ,x 0 he t secur$ & put into ord] ! va/ mass ( fragm5t>y tradition t 0 already dy+ out 9 8 day4 ,& p]haps x is ! highe/ praise ( all to him t he wrote 9 8 own ,dani% tongue1 & s ensur$ ! use ( t tongue by ! cultur$ ( aft] g5]ations4 ,ari's great works are ,konungabk1 or ,! ,book ( ,k+s1 relat+ ! hi/ory ( ! k+s ( ,norway f ! rise ( ! ,yngl+ dyna/y d[n to ! dea? ( ,h>ald ,sigurdsson 9 ! ye> ( 8 own bir?4 ,?is book he compos$ f ! dictation ( old m5 su* z ,odd ,kolsson1 f ! g5ealogical poems1 & f ! v>i\s dirges1 battle-songs & eulogia ( ! poets4 ,x is mo/ probable t he also compil$ %ort] ,k+s' ,books relat+ to ,d5m>k & p]haps to ,engl&4 ,! ,konungabk is pres]v$ "u ! ,heimskr+la ( ,snorri ,/urloson1 p>ts ( x almo/ z !y came f ,ari's h&s1 = example ,yngl+a & ,h>ald ,fairhair's ,saga1 & ! prefaces /at+ ! plan & critical f\ndations ( ! "w1 p>ts ( x only us$ z a framework = ! magnific5t sup]/ructure ( ! lives ( ! two ,olafs1 & ( ,h>ald ,h>drada & 8 nephew ,magnus ! ,good4 ,! be/ text ( ,ari's ,konungabk 7,yngl+a1 & ! sagas d[n to b n includ+ ,olaf ,tryggvason's7 is t ( ,frisbk4 ,! ,book ( ,settlem5ts 7,l&namabk7 is a wond]ful p]=mance1 bo? 9 its s*eme & c>ry+ out4 ,x is divid$ into five p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* conta9s a brief acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ! isl&2 ! o!r f\r1 "o by "o tak+ a qu>t] ( ! l&1 describe ! "n1 p$igree & hi/ory ( ea* settl] 9 geographical ord]1 notice ! mo/ important facts 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 desc5dants1 ! names ( _! home/eads1 _! c\rts & temples1 ?us includ+ m5tion ( #djjj p]sons1 "o-?ird ( :om are wom51 & #bjjj places4 ,! mass ( in=mation conta9$ 9 s small a space1 ! cle>ness & accuracy ( ! details1 ! imm5se am\nt ( life :i* is brea!d into ! :ole1 a/oni% ! read]1 :5 he reflects t ?is colossal task 0 accompli%$ by "o man1 = 8 collaborator ,kolsegg m]ely fill$ up 8 plan ) reg>d to "p ( ! ea/ coa/1 a di/rict ) :i* ,ari 9 8 we/]n home at ,/ad 0 little famili>4 ,l&namabk has rea*$ u 9 two complete editions1 "o edit$ by ,/urla1 :o br\ght d[n ! g5ealogies to 8 own gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r1 ,/urla & ,gudny1 & "o by ,hawk1 :o traces ! p$igrees /ill lat] to himself4 ,ari also wrote a ,book ( ,icel&]s 7,isl5d+abk1 c4 #aabg71 :i* has p]i%$ z a :ole1 b fragm5ts ( x are emb$d$ 9 _m sagas & ,k+s' ,lives2 x seems to h be5 a complete epitome ( 8 e>li] works1 toge!r ) an acc\nt ( ! con/itutional hi/ory1 ecclesia/ical & civil1 ( ,icel&4 ,an abridgm5t ( ! latt] "p ( x1 ! little ,libellus ,isl&orum 7to :i* ! title ( ! bigg] ,lib]--,isl5d+abk--is (t5 giv571 0 made by ! hi/orian = 8 fri5ds ,bi%ops ,ketil & ,?orlak1 = :om he wrote ! ,lib] 7c4 #aacg74 ,?is *>m+ little book is1 ) ! mu* lat] collections ( laws1 our sole au?ority = ! ,icel&ic con/itution ( ! commonweal?1 b1 mu* z x tells1 ! lo/ ,lib] w\ld h be5 ( /ill great] importance4 ,kri/ni-,saga1 ! /ory ( ! *ri/5+ ( ,icel&1 is also a "w ( ,ari's1 ov]laid by a lat] editor1 b (t5 pres]v+ ,ari's v words4 ,?is saga1 toge!r ) sev]al scatt]$ tales ( e>ly ,*ri/ians 9 ,icel& be=e ! *ange ( fai? 7#ajjb71 may h made up a section ( ! lo/ ,lib]4 ,( ! au?or ( ^! works little is kn[n4 ,he liv$ 9 quiet days a quiet life2 b he %[s himself 9 8 works1 z ,snorri describes him1 a man wise1 ( good memory & a speak] ( ! tru?4 ,if ,?ucydides is ju/ly acc\nt$ ! fir/ political hi/orian1 ,ari may be fitly /yl$ ! fir/ ( sci5tific hi/orians4 ,a fam\s contempor>y & fri5d ( ,ari is ,smund 7#ajef-aaca71 a great *ur*man1 ^: le>n+ s impress$ 8 age t he got ! reputation ( a magician4 ,he 0 ! fri5d ( ,bi%op ,john1 ! f\nd] ( ! great ,odd-,v]j> family1 & ! au?or ( a ,book ( ,k+s f ,h>ald ,fairhair to ,magnus ! ,good1 9 :i* he seems to h fix$ ! exact *ronology ( ea* reign4 ,x is mo/ probable t he wrote 9 ,lat94 ,! idea t he _h any?+ to d ) ! poetic ,edda 9 g5]al1 or ! ,sun's ,song 9 p>ticul>1 is unf\nd$4 ,! flame :i* ,ari _h k9dl$ 0 f$ by 8 successors 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,eirik ,oddsson 7c4 #aaej7 wrote ! lives ( ,sigurd ,evil-deacon & ! sons ( ,h>old ,gille1 9 8 ,hryggi>-,/ykki 7,%eldrake71 ( :i* p>ts rema9 9 ! ,,mss4 collections ( ,k+s' ,lives1 ,mork9-sk9na1 c4 ,k>l ,jonsson1 abbot ( ,?+ore1 ! ,b5$ict9e m9i/]1 wrote 7c4 #aahd7 ,sv]rissaga f ! lips ( t great k+1 a f9e racy biography1 ) a /yle & _s ( its own4 ,bglunga-,sgur tell ! /ory ( ! civil w>s :i* foll[$ ,sv]ri's dea?4 ,!y are probably by a contempor>y4 ,! ,lat9 ,lives ( ,/ ,olaf1 ,odd's 9 ,lat9 7c4 #aage71 compil$ f orig9al au?orities1 & ! ,leg5d>y ,life1 by ano!r monk ^: "n is lo/1 are ( ! m$ieval ,lat9 s*ool ( ,smund to :i* ,gunnlaug belong$4 ,snorri ,/urlason 7q4v47 0 kn[n to 8 contempor>ies z a /atesman & poet2 to u he is above all an hi/orian4 ,snorri 7#aagi-abda7 wrote ! ,lives ( ! ,k+s 7,heimskr+la71 f ,olaf ,tryggvason to ,sigurd ! ,crusad] inclusive2 & we h !m sub/antially z !y came f 8 h& 9 ! ,great ,k+ ,olaf's ,saga2 ,/ ,olaf's ,saga1 z 9 ,heimskr+la & ! ,/ockholm ,,ms42 & ! succe$+ ,k+s' ,lives1 z 9 ,hulda & ,hrokk9sk9na1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 a few episodes h be5 ins]t$4 ,^! works 7 indebt$ = _! facts to ,ari's lab\rs1 & to sagas writt5 s9ce ,ari's dea?2 b ! /yle & treatm5t ( !m are ,snorri's own4 ,! f9e ,?ucydidean spee*es1 ! dramatic p[] ( grasp+ "*1 & ! pa?os & poetry t run ?r\gh ! /ories1 along ) a hum\r su* z is %[n 9 ! ,edda1 & a v>i$ grace ( /yle t nev] flags or palls1 make ,snorri "o ( ! greate/ ( hi/orians4 ,"h x %\ld be notic$ t ,heimskr+la & its class ( ,,mss4 7,eirsp5nil1 ,j(rask9na1 ,gull9sk9na1 ,fris-bok & ,kr+la7 d n give ! full text ( ,snorri's works4 ,!y are abridgm5ts made 9 ,norway by ,icel&]s = _! ,norwegian patrons1 ! ,life ( ,/ ,olaf alone be+ pres]v$ intact1 = ! great int]e/ ( ! ,norwegians lay 9 him1 b all ! o!r ,k+s' ,lives be+ m or less mutilat$1 s t !y _c be tru/$ = hi/oric purposes2 nor d !y give a fair idea ( ,snorri's /yle4 ,agrip is a #ab?-c5tury comp5dium ( ! ,k+s' ,lives f ,h>ald ,fairhair to ,sv]ri1 by a s*ola/ic writ] ( ! s*ool ( ,smund4 ,z ! only ,icel&ic abridgm5t ( ,norwegian hi/ory tak5 n f ,snorri b s\rces n[ lo/1 x is ( wor?4 ,its real title is ,konunga-tal4 ,noregs ,konunga-tal1 n[ call$ ,fagrsk9na1 is a ,norse comp5dium ( ! ,k+s' ,lives f ,halfdan ! ,black to ,sv]ri's accession1 probably writt5 = ,k+ ,haakon1 to :om x 0 read on 8 dea?-b$4 ,x is an orig9al "w1 & conta9s mu* n f\nd else:]e4 ,z non-,icel&ic x is only notic$ "h = complet5ess4 ,/yrmi ,k>ason1 a contempor>y ( ,snorri's1 dy+ 9 #abde1 0 a di/+ui%$ *ur*man 7lawman twice7 & s*ol>4 ,he wrote a ,life ( ,/ ,olaf1 n[ lo/2 8 au?ority is cit$4 ,he also copi$ out ,l&namabk & ,sv]ri's ,life f 8 ,,mss41 ( :i* surviv+ copies 7 tak54 ,/urla1 ,snorri's nephew1 wrote ! ,hakonssaga & ,magnussaga at ! reque/ ( ,k+ ,magnus1 f9i%+ ! fir/ c4 #abfe1 ! latt] c4 #abhj4 ,k+ ,haakon's ,life is pres]v$ 9 full2 ( ! o!r only fragm5ts rema94 ,^! are ! la/ ( ! s]ies ( hi/oric works :i* ,ari's lab\rs began1 f :i* ! hi/ory ( ,norway = #ejj ye>s mu/ be ga!r$4 ,a few books relat+ ! hi/ory ( o!r ,sc&9avian realms w complete ?is survey4 ,9 ,skioldunga-bok 0 told ! hi/ory ( ! e>ly k+s ( ,d5m>k1 p]haps d]iv$ f ,ari's collections1 & runn+ p>allel to ,yngl+a4 ,! e>li] "p ( x has p]i%$ save a fragm5t ,sogu-brot1 & citations & p>aphrases 9 ,saxo1 & ! my?ical ,ragn> ,lodbrok's & ,gongu-,hrolf's ,sagas2 ! latt] "p1 ,lives ( ,h>old ,bluetoo? & ! ,k+s d[n to ,sveyn ,,ii41 is /ill 9 exi/5ce & kn[n z ,skioldunga4 ,! ,knutssaga is ( lat] orig9 & sep>ate au?or%ips1 p>allel to ,snorri's ,heimskr+la1 b e>li] 9 date4 ,! ,lives ( ,k+ ,valdem> & 8 ,son1 writt5 c4 #aahe1 by a contempor>y ( ,abbot ,k>l's1 are ! la/ ( ?is s]ies4 ,! :ole 7 edit$ & compil$ into "o book1 (t5 quot$ z ,skioldunga1 by a #ac?-c5tury editor1 possibly ,olaf1 ! ,:ite ,poet1 ,/urla's bro!r1 gue/ & fri5d ( ,k+ ,valdem> ,,ii4 ,jomsvik+a ,saga1 ! hi/ory ( ! pirates ( ,jom1 d[n to ,knut ! ,great's days1 also relates to ,dani% hi/ory4 ,! complex "w n[ kn[n z ,orkney+a is made up ( ! ,e>ls' ,saga1 lives ( ! fir/ great e>ls1 ,turf-,e9>1 ,?orf9n1 c42 ! ,life ( ,/ ,magnus1 f\nd$ p>tly on ,abbot ,rob]t's ,lat9 life ( him 7c4 #aaej7 an ,orkney "w1 p>tly on ,norse or ,icel&ic biographies2 a ,mirade-book ( ! same sa9t2 ! ,lives ( ,e>l ,rognwald & ,sveyn1 ! la/ ( ! vik+s1 & a few episodes su* z ! ,burn+ ( ,bi%op ,adam4 ,a s*ola/ic sket* ( ! rise ( ! ,sc&9avian empire1 ! ,f\ndation ( ,norway1 dat+ c4 #aabj1 is prefix$ to ! :ole4 ,frey+a tells ! tale ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,freys or ,f>oes1 & ! lives ( its *iefs ,sigmund & ,leif1 compos$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury f _! sep>ate sagas by an ,icel&] ( ! ,/urlung s*ool4 ,biographies4--,! saga has already be5 %[n 9 two =ms1 its orig9al epic %ape & its lat] developm5t appli$ to ! lives ( ,norwegian & ,dani% k+s & e>ls1 z h]oic b deep] & broad] subjects ?an be=e4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury x is put to a ?ird use1 to tell ! pla9 /ory ( m5's lives = _! contempor>ies1 aft] satisfy+ :i* dem& x dies away = ev]4 ,^! biographies are m lit]>y & m$ieval & less poetic ?an ! ,icel&ic sagas & k+'s lives2 _! simplicity1 tru?1 realism & purity ( /yle are ! same4 ,!y run 9 two p>allel /reams1 "s be+ conc]n$ ) *iefs & *ampions1 "s ) bi%ops4 ,! =m] are mo/ly f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! complex mass ( /ories kn[n z ,/urlunga1 f :i* ,dr ,vigfusson has extricat$ !m1 & = ! fir/ "t set !m 9 ord]4 ,among !m are ! sagas ( ,?orgils & ,haflidi 7#aaah-aaba71 ! feud & peacemak+ ( two great *iefs1 contempor>ies ( ,ari2 ( ,/urla 7#aaej-aahc71 ! f\nd] ( ! great ,/urlung family1 d[n to ! settlem5t ( 8 great lawsuit by ,jon ,loptsson1 :o !reupon took 8 son ,snorri ! hi/orian to fo/]age1--a humor\s /ory b ) traces ( ! decad5ce ab\t x1 & glimpses ( ! evil days t 7 to come2 ( ! nund>-br5nusaga 7#aahe-abjj71 a tale ( feud & fire-rais+ 9 ! nor? ( ! isl&1 ! h]o ( :i*1 ,gudmund ,dyri1 goes at la/ into a cloi/]2 ( ,hrafn ,sve9biornsson 7#aaij-abac71 ! noble/ ,icel&] ( 8 day1 w>rior1 lee*1 seaman1 craftsman1 poet & *ief1 ^: life at home1 travels & pilgrimages abroad 7,hrafn 0 "o ( ! fir/ to visit ,becket's %r9e71 & dea? at ! h&s ( a foe :om he _h twice sp>$1 are rec\nt$ by a lov+ fri5d 9 pi\s memory ( 8 virtues1 c4 #abbj2 ( ron ,hiorleifsson 7#abjj-abee71 a man ^: /r5g?1 c\rage & adv5tures befit r a h5*man ( ,olaf ,tryggvason ?an "o ( ,k+ ,haakon's ?anes 7! beg9n+ ( ! feuds t rise r\nd ,bi%op ,gudmund are told "h71 ( ! ,sv9efell-m5 7#abdh-abeb71 a pitiful /ory ( a family feud 9 ! f> ea/ ( ,icel&4 ,b ! mo/ important works ( ?is class are ! ,isl5d+a ,saga & ,?orgils ,saga ( ,lawman ,/urla4 ,/urla & 8 bro!r ,olaf 7 ! sons ( ,?ord ,/urlason & 8 mi/ress ,?ora4 ,/urla 0 born & br\ght up 9 prosp]\s times1 b 8 manhood 0 pass$ 9 ! mid/ ( /rife1 9 :i* 8 family fell "o by "o1 & he himself1 ?\gh a peaceful man :o c>$ little = politics1 0 m ?an once =c$ to fly = 8 life4 ,:ile 9 refuge ) ,k+ ,magnus1 9 ,norway1 he wrote 8 two sagas ( t k+ & 8 fa!r4 ,aft] 8 fir/ /ay 9 ,norway he came back 9 #abga1 ) ! new ,norse law-book1 & s]v$ a second "t z lawman4 ,! ,isl5d+a mu/ h be5 ! "w ( 8 lat] ye>s1 compos$ at ,fairey 9 ,broadfir?1 :]e he di$1 #cj? ,july #abhd1 ag$ ab\t sev5ty ye>s4 ,! saga ( ,?orgils ,sk>di 7#abeb-abfa7 seems to h be5 ! fir/ ( 8 works on ,icel&ic contempor>y hi/ory2 x deals ) ! life ( 8 own nephew1 especially 8 c>e] 9 ,icel& f #abeb to #abeh4 ,! second "p ( ,isl5d+a 7#abdb-abfb71 :i* relates to ! second "p ( ! civil w>1 tell+ ( ! c>e]s ( ,?ord ,kakali1 ,kolbe9 ! ,"y1 ,e>l ,gizur & ,hrafn ,oddsson4 ,! end is imp]fect1 !re be+ a blank ( "s ye>s be=e ! fragm5t>y end+ to :i* an editor has affix$ a notice ( ! au?or's dea?4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,isl5d+a 7#abjb-abdb7 tells ( ! beg9n+ & fir/ "p ( ! civil w>s1 ! lives ( ,snorri & ,sighvat1 ,/urla's uncles1 ( 8 c\s9 & namesake ,/urla ,sighvatsson1 ( ,bi%op ,gudmund1 & ,?orwald ,gizursson1--! fall ( ! ,/urlungs1 & ) !m ! la/ hopes ( ! great h\ses to ma9ta9 ! commonweal?1 be+ ! climax ( ! /ory4 ,/urla's p[] lies 9 8 fai?fulness to nature1 m9ute obs]vance ( detail & purity ( /yle4 ,! great ext5t ( 8 subject1 & ! difficulty ( deal+ ) x 9 ! saga =m1 are mo/ skilfully ov]come2 nor does he all[ prejudice or fav\r to /& 9 ! way ( ! tru?4 ,he ranks bel[ ,ari 9 value & bel[ ,snorri 9 p[]2 b no "o else c dispute 8 place 9 ! fir/ rank ( ,icel&ic writ]s4 ,( ! ecclesia/ical biograph]s1 an anonym\s ,skalholt cl]k is ! be/4 ,he wrote ,hungrvaka1 lives ( ! fir/ five bi%ops ( ,skalholt1 & biographies ( 8 patron ,bi%op ,paul 7,plssaga7 & also ( ,/ ,?orlak 7,?orlakssaga74 ,!y are full ( int]e/+ notices ( social & *ur* life4 ,?orlak 0 a le>n$ man1 & _h /udi$ at ,p>is & ,l9coln1 :i* he left 9 #aafa4 ,^! lives cov] ! ye>s #ajef-aaic4 ,! life ( ,/ ,john1 a great re=m]1 a contempor>y ( ,?orodd1 :om he employ$ to build a *ur* = him1 is by ano!r au?or 7#ajeb-aaba74 ,! life ( ,gudmund 7,gudmund> ,saga ,goda71 z prie/1 rec\nts ! e>ly life ( ?is ,icel&ic ,becket till 8 election z bi%op 7#aafj-abjb72 8 aft] c>e] mu/ be s\ght out 9 ,isl5d+a4 ,x is writt5 by a fri5d & contempor>y4 ,a lat] life by ,arngrim1 abbot ( ,?+ore1 writt5 c4 #acej1 z evid5ce ( 8 subject's sanctity1 tells a good deal ab\t ,icel&ic life1 c4 ,! lives ( ,bi%ops ,arni & ,lawr5ce br+ d[n our k ( ,icel&ic hi/ory into ! #ad? c5tury4 ,! =m] "w1 ,arna ,saga ,biskups1 is imp]fect2 x is ! record ( ! /ruggles ( *ur* & /ate ov] patronage rights & glebes1 writt5 c4 #acae2 x n[ cov]s only ! ye>s #abfi-abia2 a great _m docum5ts are giv5 9 x1 aft] ! mod]n fa%ion4 ,! latt]1 ,laur5tius ,saga ,biskups1 by 8 disciple1 prie/ ,e9> ,haflidason1 is a *>m+ biography ( a good & pi\s man1 ^: *equ]$ c>e] 9 ,norway & ,icel& is picturesquely told 7#acbd-acca74 ,x is ! la/ ( ! sagas4 ,bi%op ,jon's ,table-,talk 7#acbe-acci7 is also wor? notic+2 x conta9s _m popul> /ories :i* ! good bi%op1 :o _h /udi$ at ,bologna & ,p>is1 0 wont to tell to 8 fri5ds4 ,annals4--,! ,annals are n[ almo/ ! sole mat]ial = ,icel&ic hi/ory2 !y _h begun e>li]1 b aft] #acca !y got full] & ri*]1 till !y end 9 #adcj4 ,! be/ are ,annales ,regii1 end+ #acjf1 ,e9> ,haflidason's ,annals1 kn[n z ,lawman's ,annals1 rea*+ to #acib1 & pres]v$ ) o!rs 9 ,flatey-book1 & ! ,new ,annals1 la/ ( all4 ,! ,diplomat>ium ,isl&icum1 edit$ by ,jon ,sigurdsson1 conta9s :at rema9s ( de$s1 inv5tories1 lett]s1 c41 f ! old days1 complet+ our scanty mat]ial = ?is d>k p]iod ( ! isl&'s hi/ory4 ,lit]ature ( ,=eign ,orig94--,aft] ! union ) ,norway & *ange ( law g5u9e tradition di$ out ) ! great h\ses4 ,! ord9>y m$ieval lit]ature rea*$ ,icel& ?r\gh ,norway1 & e "o began to put x into a v]nacul> dress1 s neglect+ _! own classics t b = a few collectors l ,lawman ,hauk !y w\ld h p]i%$ entirely4 ,! ,norwegian k+s1 ,haakon ,haakonson 7c4 #abbe71 & ,haakon ,v4 7c4 #acje71 employ$ ,icel&]s at _! c\rts 9 translat+ ! ,fr5* romances ( ! ,alex&]1 ,ar?ur & ,*>lemagne cycles4 ,"s =ty or fifty ( ^! ,ridd>a-,sgur 7,romances ( ,*ivalry7 rema94 ,!y rea*$ ,icel& & 7 eag]ly read1 _m ,rimur be+ f\nd$ on !m4 ,norse v]sions ( ,m>y ( ,brittany's ,lays1 ! /ories ( ,brutus & ( ,troy1 & "p ( ! ,ph>salia translat$ are also f\nd4 ,! ,speculum ,regale1 ) its int]e/+ geographical & social in=mation1 is also ,norse1 writt5 c4 #abdj1 by a ,halogal&]4 ,! computi/ic & ari?metical treatises ( ,/iorn-,odd1 ,bi>ni ! ,numb]-skill$ 7d4 #aagc71 & ,hauk ,erl5dsson ! ,lawman 7d4 #accd71 & ! geography ( ,iv> ,b>dsson1 a ,norwegian 7c4 #acdj71 are ( c\rse ( =eign orig94 ,a few tracts on geography1 c41 9 ,hauk's book1 & a ,guide to ! ,holy ,l&1 by ,ni*olas1 abbot ( ,?w]a 7d4 #aaeh71 complete ! li/ ( sci5tific works4 ,! /ories :i* conta9 ! la/ lees ( ! old my?ology & pre-hi/ory seem to be also non-,icel&ic1 b amplifi$ by ,icel&ic editors1 :o probably got ! plots f ! ,we/]n ,isl&s4 ,vlsunga ,saga & ,h]v>> ,saga conta9 quotations & p>aphrases ( lays by ! ,helgi poet1 & ,half's1 ,ragn>'s & ,asmund ,kappabana's ,sagas all h bits ( ,we/]n poetry 9 !m4 ,hrolf ,kraki's ,saga p>aphrases "p ( ,bi>kamal2 ,hromund ,gripsson's gives ! /ory ( ,helgi & ,k>a 7! lo/ ?ird ( ! ,helgi trilogy72 ,gautrek's ,arr[ ,odd's1 ,fri?i('s ,sagas1 c41 conta9 %r$s ( true tradition amid/ a mass ( lat] fictiti\s matt] ( no wor?4 ,) ! ,ridd>a-,sgur !y enjoy$ great popul>ity 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 & gave matt] = _m ,rimur4 ,?idrek's ,saga1 a late v]sion ( ! ,vlsung /ory1 is ( ,norse composition 7c4 #abcj71 f ,nor? ,g]man s\rces4 ,! m$ieval religi\s lit]ature ( ,we/]n ,europe also influ5c$ ,icel&1 & ! ,homilies 7l ! ,laws7 71 accord+ to ,?orodd1 ! e>lie/ books writt5 9 ! v]nacul>1 ant$at+ ev5 ,ari's hi/ories4 ,! lives ( ! ,virg91 ! ,apo/les & ! ,sa9ts fill _m ,,mss4 7edit$ 9 f\r l>ge volumes by ,pr(essor ,ung]71 & are ! works ( _m au?ors1 *iefly ( ! #ac? & #ad? c5turies2 among/ !m are ! lives ( ,,ss4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,oswald ( ,nor?umbria1 ,dun/an & ,?omas ( ,cant]bury4 ,( ! au?ors we "k ,prie/ ,b]g ,gun/e9sson 7d4 #abaa72 ,kygri-,biorn1 bi%op-elect 7d4 #abcg72 ,bi%op ,br& 7d4 #abfd72 ,abbot ,runolf 7d4 #acjg72 ,bi%op ,lawr5ce's son ,arni 7c4 #accj72 ,abbot ,b]g 7c4 #acdj71 c4 ,a p>aphrase ( ! hi/orical books ( ! ,bible 0 made by ,bi%op ,br& 7d4 #abfd71 call$ ,gyd+a ,sgur4 ,ab\t #acaj ,k+ ,haakon ,v4 ord]$ a comm5t>y on ! ,bible to be made1 :i* 0 complet$ d[n to ,exodus xix4 ,to ?is ,br&'s "w 0 aft]w>ds affix$1 & ! :ole is kn[n z ,/iorn4 ,! ,norse v]sion ( ! fam\s ,b>laam & ,josaphat1 made = ,pr9ce ,haakon 7c4 #abdj71 mu/ n be =gott54 ,po/-classical ,lit]ature4--,! po/-classical lit]ature falls *iefly "u ?ree heads--religi\s1 lit]>y & sci5tific4 ,"u ! fir/ comes =emo/ ! noble translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t by ,odd ,gottskalksson1 son ( ! bi%op ( ,hl>4 ,br\ght up 9 ,norway1 he travell$ 9 ,d5m>k & ,g]many1 & took ^u him ! new fai? be=e he return$ to ,icel&1 :]e he became secret>y to ,bi%op ,ogmund ( ,skalholt4 ,"h he began by translat+ ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w into 8 "m-tongue 9 secret4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! rema9d] ( ! ,new ,te/am5t at 8 own h\se at ,olves1 he took x to ,d5m>k1 :]e x 0 pr9t$ at ,roskild 9 #aedj4 ,odd aft]w>ds translat$ ! ,psalms1 & sev]al devotional works ( ! day1 ,corv9us's ,epi/les1 c4 ,he 0 made lawman ( ! nor? & we/1 & di$ f a fall 9 ! ,laxa 9 ,kios1 ,june #aeef4 ,?ree ye>s aft] 8 dea? ! fir/ press 0 set up 9 ,icel& by ,john ,mat!wson1 at ,breidabol/ad1 9 ,hunafloe1 & a ,gospel & ,epi/le ,book1 accord+ to ,odd's v]sion1 issu$ f x 9 #aefb4 ,9 #aehd ,bi%op ,gudbr&1 :o _h br\ght ov] a spl5did f\nt ( type f ,d5m>k 9 #aege 7:i* he complet$ ) 8 own h&s71 pr9t$ a translation ( ! :ole ,bible at ,hl>1 incorporat+ ,odd's v]sions & "s books 7,prov]bs & ! ,son ( ,sira*1 #aehj7 translat$ by ,bi%op ,giz>1 b supply+ mo/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t himself4 ,?is f9e volume 0 ! basis ( e ,bible issu$ = ,icel& till #ahbf1 :5 x 0 replac$ by a bad mod]n v]sion4 ,= beauty ( language & fai?ful simplicity ( /yle ! f9] p>ts ( ?is v]sion1 especially ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,! mo/ notable !ological "w ,icel& ev] produc$ is ! ,po/ill-,book ( ,bi%op ,john ,vidal9 7#afff-agbj71 ^: bold homely /yle & /irr+ eloqu5ce made ,john's ,book1 z x is lov+ly call$1 a fav\rite 9 e h\sehold1 till 9 ! #ai? c5tury x 0 replac$ = ! worse by ! m s5tim5tal & poli%$ ,dani% tracts & s]mons4 ,!ological lit]ature is v popul>1 & _m works on ?is subject1 *iefly translations1 w be f\nd 9 ! li/s ( ,icel&ic bibliograph]s4 ,! fir/ mod]n sci5tific "w is ! ,it] p] patriam ( ,egg]t ,olafsson & ,bi>ni ,paulsson1 :i* gives an acc\nt ( ! physical peculi>ities--fauna1 flora1 c4--( ! isl& z f> z c\ld be done at ! date ( its appe>ance1 #aggb4 ,! isl& 0 fir/ made kn[n to ! _w by ?is book & by ! sket* ( ,unno von ,troil1 a ,sw$e1 :o accompani$ ,sir ,joseph ,banks to ,icel& 9 #aggb1 & aft]w>ds wrote a s]ies ( lett]s on ! l& & its lit]ature1 c4 ,?is t\r 0 ! =]unn] ( an endless s]ies ( travels1 ( :i* ^? ( ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook]1 ,sir ,g4 ,s4 ,mack5zie 7#ahaj71 ,eb5ez] ,h5d]son 7#ahah71 ,joseph ,paul ,gaim>d 7#ahch-ahdc71 ,paijkull 7#ahfg7 &1 la/ly1 t ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,burton1 an excell5t acc\nt ( ! l& & p1 cramm$ ) in=mation ( e k9d 7#ahge71 are ! be/4 ,icel& is emphatically a l& ( prov]bs1 :ile ( folk-tales1 ^? o!r keys to ! p's he>t1 !re is pl5tiful /ore4 ,e>ly "w 9 ?is direction 0 done by ,jon ,gudmundsson1 ,olaf ! ,old & ,john ,olafsson 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 :o all put traditions on pap]1 & _! lab\rs 7 complet$ by ! magnific5t collection ( ,jon ,arnason 7#ahfb-ahfd71 :o 0 inspir$ by ! example ( ! ,grimms4 ,_m tales are b weak e*oes ( ! sagas2 _m 7 family leg5ds1 _m are old fairy tales 9 a g>b suit$ to _! new nor!rn home2 b1 besides all ^!1 !re are a numb] ( traditions & sup]/itions ( indig5\s orig94 ,! ,r5aissance ( ,icel& dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury1 :5 a s*ool ( antiqu>ies arose4 ,arngrim ,jonsson's ,brevis ,comm5t>ius 7#aeic71 & ,crymogaea 7#afji71 7 ! fir/-fruits ( ?is movem5t1 ( :i* ,bi%ops ,odd1 ,?orlak & ,bryniulf 7wor?y p>allels to ,p>k] & ,laud7 7 ! wise & e>ne/ support]s4 ,! fir/ 7d4 #afcj7 collect$ mu* mat]ial = *ur* hi/ory4 ,! second 7d4 #afef7 sav$ ,/urlunga & ! ,bi%ops' ,lives1 enc\rag$ ,john ,egilsson to write 8 ,new ,hung]wak]1 lives ( ! bi%ops ( ! ,d>k ,ages & ,re=mation1 & help$ ,biorn ( ,sk>dsa 7d4 #afee71 a bold & patriotic antiqu>y 7^: ,annals cont9ue ,e9>'s71 9 8 rese>*es4 ,! la/ 7d4 #afge7 collect$ a f9e libr>y ( ,,mss41 & employ$ ! fam\s copyi/ ,john ,erl5dsson1 to :om & ! bi%op's bro!r1 ,john ,gizur>sson 7d4 #afdh71 we are indebt$ = transcripts ( _m lo/ ,,mss4 ,torfaeus 7#afcf-agai7 & ,b>?ol91 a ,dane 7d4 #afij71 r\s$ ! ta/e = nor!rn lit]ature 9 ,europe1 a ta/e :i* has nev] s9ce flagg$2 & soon aft] !m ,arni ,magnusson 7#affc-agcj7 transf]r$ all t rema9$ ( vellum & good pap] ,,mss4 9 ,icel& to ,d5m>k1 & laid ! f\ndations ( ! fam\s libr>y & beque/1 = :i* all ,icel&ic /ud5ts are s mu* behold54 ,= ov] =ty ye>s ,arni /uck to 8 task1 rescu+ e scrap he c\ld lay h&s on f ! risks ( ! ,icel&ic climate & c>elessness1 & :5 he di$ only "o good ,,mss4 rema9$ 9 ! isl&4 ,besides 8 magnific5t collection1 !re are a few ,,mss4 ( great value at ,upsala1 at ,/ockholm1 & 9 ! old royal collection at ,cop5hag54 ,^? 9 ! univ]sity libr>y 9 ! latt] city p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( #agbh4 ,sagas 7 pr9t$ at ,upsala & ,cop5hag5 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 & ! ,arna-,magnaean fund has be5 work+ s9ce #aggb4 ,9 t ye> appe>$ also ! fir/ volume ( ,bi%op ,f9n ,jonsson's ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica ,isl&iae1 a "w ( high value & mu* erudition1 conta9+ n only ecclesia/ical b civil & lit]>y hi/ory1 illu/rat$ by a well-*os5 mass ( docum5ts1 #hgj-agdj4 ,x has be5 cont9u$ by ,bi%op ,p4 ,pet]son to mod]n times1 #agdj-ahdj4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 ( mod]n obs]v]s & s*ol>s mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! p]iodicals1 ,safn1 ,felagsrit1 ,ny ,felagsrit & o!rs4 ,john ,espol9's ,arbkr is v good up to its date1 #ahba4 ,a brilliant sket* ( ,icel&ic classic lit]ature is giv5 by ,dr ,gudbr&r ,vigfusson 9 ! ,prolegom5a to ,/urlunga ,saga 7,ox=d1 #ahgi74 ,x replaces mu* e>li] "w1 especially ! ,sciagraphia ( ,halfdan ,e9>sson 7#aggg71 & ! ,saga-,bibliotek ( ,mll]4 ,! num]\s editions ( ! classics by ! ,icel&ic societies1 ! ,dani% ,socit des ,antiquits1 ,nordiske ,litt]atur ,samfund1 & ! new ,gammel ,nordisk ,litt]atur ,samfund1 ! spl5did ,norwegian editions ( ,ung]1 ! lab\rs ( ! ,icel&]s ,sigurdsson & ,gislason1 & ( ^? =eign s*ol>s 9 ,sc&9avia & ,g]many :o h ?r[n !mselves into ! "w ( illu/rat+1 publi%+ & edit+ ! sagas & poems 7m5 l ,p4 ,a4 ,mun*1 ,s4 ,bugge1 ,f4 ,w4 ,b]gmann1 ,?4 ,mbius & ,k4 von ,maur]1 to "n only a few71 c only be ref]r$ to "h4 ,see also ,f9nur ,jnsson1 ,d5 ,oldnorske og ,oldislanske ,litt]aturs ,hi/orie 7,cop5hag51 #ahic-aijj72 ,r4 ,b4 ,&]son's translation 7,*icago1 #ahhd7 ( ,w9kel ,horn's ,hi/ory ( ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,sc&9avian ,nor?2 & ,w4 ,morris & ,e4 ,magnusson's ,saga ,libr>y4 7,f4 ,y4 ,p47 ,,rec5t ,,lit]ature ,! rec5t lit]ature ( ,icel& has be5 9 a m fl\ri%+ /ate ?an ev] be=e s9ce ! #ac? c5tury4 ,lyrical poetry is by f> ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ int]e/+ portion ( x4 ,! great influ5ce ( ,jnas ,hallgrmsson 7#ahjg-ahde7 is /ill felt1 & 8 s*ool 0 ! reign+ "o up to ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury1 al?\gh !n a *ange seem$ to be 9 sight4 ,! mo/ successful poet ( ?is s*ool is ,/e+rmr ,?or/e9sson 7b4 #ahcj74 ,he is specially fam\s = 8 spl5did descriptions ( sc5]y 7,! ,song ( ,gilsbakki71 8 love-songs & 8 s>ca/ic epigrams4 ,z a translator he has enri*$ ! lit]ature ) ,! ,arabian ,nights1 ,sakuntala1 ,k+ ,le> & sev]al o!r ma/]pieces ( =eign lit]ature4 ,equal 9 fame is ,mat?z ,jo*umsson 7b4 #ahce71 :o1 foll[+ ano!r ( ,jnas ,hallgrmsson's _m ways1 has successfully reviv$ ! old metres ( ! classical ,icel&ic poets1 :om he resembles 9 8 maje/ic1 b sometimes too gorge\s1 language4 ,he is z an arti/ inf]ior to ,/e+rmr ,?or/e9sson1 b surpasses him 9 bold flight ( imag9ation4 ,he has successfully treat$ subjects f ,icel&ic hi/ory ,grettislj1 a s]ies ( poems ab\t ! fam\s outlaw ,grettir4 ,8 *ief fault is a c]ta9 c>elessness 9 writ+2 he c nev] write a bad poem1 b r>ely a poem absolutely flawless4 ,he has translat$ ,tegnr's ,fri?i(s ,saga1 sev]al plays ( ,%akespe>e & "s o!r =eign ma/]pieces4 ,! great religi\s poet ( ,icel&1 ,hallgrmr ,ptursson1 has f\nd a wor?y successor 9 ,valdem> ,briem 7b4 #ahdh71 ^: ,songs ( ! ,bible are des]v$ly popul>4 ,he is l ,mat?z ,jo*umsson 9 ! copi\s fl[ ( 8 rhetoric2 "s ( 8 poems are p]fect bo? z reg>ds =m & cont5ts1 b he sometimes neglects ! latt] :ile poli%+ ! =m]4 ,an int]e/+ position is occupi$ by ,b5$ict ,grndal 7b4 #ahbf71 ^: trave/ies ( ! old romantic /ories1#g & 8 ,ari/ophanic drama ,g&rei9 7,! ,magic ,ride7 ab\t contempor>y ev5ts1 are among ! be/ satirical & humor\s productions ( ,icel&ic lit]ature4 ,influ5c$ by ,jnas ,hallgrmsson ) reg>d to language & poetic diction1 b keep+ unbrok5 ! traditions ( ,icel&ic m$ieval poetry ma9ta9$ by ,sigurr ,breifjr 7#agih-ahdf71 is ano!r s*ool ( poets1 v unlike ! fir/4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ?is s*ool 0 be/ repres5t$ by ,hjlm> ,jnsson f ,bla 7#agif-ahge71 a poor f>m] ) little education1 b end[$ ) great poetical tal5ts1 & ! au?or ( satirical v]ses n inf]ior to ^? ( ,juv5al bo? 9 =ce & co>s5ess4 ,9 ! la/ decades ( ! #ai? c5tury ?is s*ool produc$ two poets ( a v high ord]1 bo? di/9ctly orig9al & ,icel&ic4 ,"o is ,pll ,olafsson 7b4 #ahbg74 ,8 songs are mo/ly writt5 9 ! m$ieval quatra9s 7f]skeytla71 & are g5]ally ( a humor\s & satirical "*2 8 convivial songs are kn[n by he>t by e mod]n ,icel&]2 & al?\gh "s ( ! poets ( ! pres5t day are m admir$1 !re is none :o is m lov$ by ! p4 ,! o!r is or/e9n ,erl+sson 7b4 #aheh74 ,8 exquisite satirical songs1 9 an easy & elegant b /ill manly & spl5did language1 h rais$ mu* discussion4 ,( 8 poems may be m5tion$ ,! ,oa?1 a s]ies ( mo/ beautiful ballads1 ) a tragical love-/ory ( ! #ag? c5tury z _! base1 b ) _m & happy satirical allusions to mod]n life2 ,jrundr1 a long poem ab\t ! convict k+1 ! ,dani% pirate ,jrg5s51 :o ne>ly succe$$ 9 mak+ himself ! ma/] ( ,icel&1 & ,! ,fate ( ! ,gods & ,! ,m5 ( ! ,we/ 7! ,am]icans71 two poems :i*1 ) _! anti-cl]ical & half-sociali/ic t5d5cies1 h caus$ /rong prote/s f or?odox ,lu!ran cl]gy4 ,ne> to ?is s*ool1 b /ill /&+ ap>t1 is ,grmur ,?oms5 7b4 #ahbj74 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! 'eighties a new s*ool arose--hav+ its orig9 9 ! colony ( ,icel&ic /ud5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,!y _h all att5d$ ! lectures ( ,georg ,br&es1 ! great re=m] ( ,sc&9avian lit]ature1 &1 influ5c$ by 8 lit]>y !ories1 !y *ose _! models 9 ! reali/ic s*ool4 ,?is s*ool is v dissimil> f ! half-romantic s*ool ( ,jnas ,hallgrmsson2 x is ne>] ! national ,icel&ic s*ool repres5t$ by ,pll ,olafsson & or/e9n ,erl+sson1 b diff]s f ^? writ]s by introduc+ =eign elem5ts hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,icel&ic lit]ature1 &--especially 9 ! case ( ! prose-writ]s--by imitat+ closely ! /yle & mann] ( "s ( ! great ,norwegian noveli/s4 ,_! influ5ce br\ght ! ,icel&ic lit]ature into new roads1 & x is int]e/+ to see h[ ! t\gh ,icel&ic elem5t gradually assimilates ! =eign4 ,( ! lyrical poets1 ,hannes ,haf/e9n 7b4 #ahfa7 is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,9 8 spl5did ballad1 ,! ,dea? ( ,sk>ph$9n1 & 9 8 beautiful s]ies ( songs describ+ a voyage ?r\gh "s ( ! mo/ picturesque p>ts ( ,icel&1 he is entirely orig9al2 b 9 8 love-songs1 beautiful z _m ( !m are1 a /rong =eign influ5ce c be obs]v$4 ,among ! innovations ( ?is poet we may note a pr$ilection = new metres1 sometimes adopt$ f =eign languages1 sometimes inv5t$ by himself1 a ?+ practis$ r>ely & g5]ally ) small success by ! ,icel&ic poets4 ,no ,icel&ic noveli/ has z yet equall$ ,jn ,?rodds5 7#ahai-ahfh74 ,! influ5ce ( ! reali/ic s*ool has ( late be5 pr$om9ant4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ] ( t s*ool has be5 ,ge/ur ,plsson 7#aheb-ahia71 ^: %ort /ories ) _! %>p & bit+ satire h produc$ _m imitations 9 ,icel&4 ,! be/ are ,a ,home ( ,love & ,capta9 ,sigurd4 ,jnas ,jnasson 7b4 #ahef71 a cl]gyman ( nor!rn ,icel&1 has1 9 a s]ies ( novels & %ort /ories1 giv5 accurate1 b some:at dry1 descriptions ( ! m gloomy sides ( ,icel&ic c\ntry life4 ,8 be/ novel is ,r&ir f ,hvassafell1 an hi/orical novel ( ! middle ages4 ,besides ^! we may m5tion ,torfhildur ,hlm1 "o ( ! few wom5 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ,icel&ic lit]ature4 ,h] novels are mo/ly hi/orical4 ,! la/ decade ( ! #ai? c5tury saw ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t !atre at ,reykjavik4 ,! poet ,mat?z ,jo*umsson has writt5 sev]al dramas1 b _! *ief m]its are lyrical4 ,! mo/ successful ( ,icel&ic dramati/s z yet is ,indri ,e9>sson1 ^: plays1 *iefly hi/orical1 9 spite ( excessive rhetoric1 are v int]e/+ & possess a true dramatic _s4 ,9 geography & geology orvaldr ,?orodds5 has acquir$ a ,european fame = 8 rese>*es & travels 9 ,icel&1 especially 9 ! r>ely-visit$ int]ior4 ,( 8 num]\s writ+s 9 ,icel&ic1 ,dani% & ,g]man1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,icel&ic ,geography is a monum5tal "w4 ,9 hi/ory ,pll ,mel/e's 7b4 #ahab7 *ief "w1 ! l>ge ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 belongs to ?is p]iod1 & its pure /yle has _h a b5eficial influ5ce ^u mod]n ,icel&ic prose4 ,( ! y\ng] hi/orians we may m5tion orkell ,bj>nason 7,hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,icel&74 ,jn orkelsson 7b4 #ahbb71 inspector ( ! ar*ives ( ,icel&1 has r5d]$ great s]vices to ! /udy ( ,icel&ic hi/ory & lit]ature by 8 editions ( ! ,diplomat>ium ,isl&icum & ,obitu>ium ,isl&icum1 & by 8 ,icel&ic ,poetry 9 ! #ae? & #af? ,c5tury1 writt5 9 ,dani%1 an indisp5sable "w = any /ud5t ( t p]iod4 ,a lead+ position among ,icel&ic lexicograph]s is occupi$ by ,jn orkelsson1 =m]ly head ( ! ,lat9 s*ool at ,reykjavik1 ^: ,supplem5t til isl&ske ,ordbg]1 an ,icel&ic-,dani% vocabul>y 7?ree sep>ate collections71 has h>dly be5 equall$ 9 le>n+ & accuracy4 ,o!r di/+ui%$ philologi/s are 8 successor z head ( ! ,lat9 s*ool1 ,bjrn ,magnsson ,ols5 7,rese>*es on ,/urlunga1 ,ari ! ,wise1 ,! ,runes 9 ! ,old ,icel&ic ,lit]ature--! la/ two works 9 ,dani%72 ,f9nur ,jnsson1 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 7,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,norwegian & ,icel&ic ,lit]ature1 9 ,dani%1 & excell5t editions ( _m old ,icel&ic classical works72 & ,valtr ,gumundsson1 lectur] at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 7sev]al works on ! old ar*itecture ( ,sc&9avia7 & editor ( ! influ5tial ,icel&ic lit]>y & political review1 ,eimrei9 7,! ,locomotive74 ,see ,j4 ,c4 ,poe/ion1 ,isl&is*e ,di*t] d] ,neuzeit 7,leipzig1 #ahig72 ,c4 ,k*l]1 ,ges*i*te d] islndis*5 ,di*tung d] ,neuzeit 7,leipzig1 #ahif72 ,ph4 ,s*weitz]1 ,isl&2 ,l& und ,leute 7,leipzig1 #ahhe72 ,alex&] ,baumg>tn]1 ,isl& und die ,f>o] 7,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahhi74 7,s4 ,bl47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,jkull1 plural jkl>1 ,icel4 sn[field1 glaci]4 #b ,fli1 bay2 fjrr1 fjord4 #c ,vatn1 lake4 #d ,see ,?4 ,?orodds51 ,explorations 9 ,icel& dur+ ! ye>s #ahha-ahih1 ,geographical ,j\rnal1 vol4 xiii4 7#ahii71 pp4 #bea-bgd1 #dhj-eac1 ) map4 #e ,= ! p]iods succe$+ ! union1 ,dani% /ate pap]s & ! ,hi/ory ( ,f9n ,jonsson are ! be/ au?ority4 #f ,_m ( ^! poems 7 ,engli%$ 9 prose by ! translator ( ,mallet1 by ,b4 ,?orpe 9 8 ,smund's ,edda1 & two or ?ree by ,messrs ,morris & ,magnuss51 z app5dices to _! translation ( ,volsunga ,saga4 ,e>li] translations 9 v]se are ^? 9 ,dryd5's ,miscellany 7vol4 vi71 ,a4 ,cottle's ,edda1 ,ma?ias's ,translations1 & ,w4 ,h]b]t's ,old ,icel&ic ,poetry4 ,gray's v]sions ( ,d>rad>-liod & ,vegtamskvia are well kn[n4 #g ,e4g4 ,! ,battle ( ! ,pla9s ( ,dea?1 a burlesque on ! battle ( ,solf]9o4 ,,icel& ,,moss1 a li*5 7,cetr>ia isl&ica7 ^: erect or asc5d+ foliace\s habit gives x some?+ ( ! appe>ance ( a moss1 :5ce probably ! "n4 ,x is (t5 ( a pale *e/nut col\r1 b v>ies consid]ably1 be+ sometimes almo/ entirely greyi% :ite2 & gr[s to a height ( f #c to #d 941 ! bran*es be+ *annell$ or roll$ into tubes1 :i* t]m9ate 9 flatt5$ lobes ) fr+$ edges4 ,x gr[s abundantly 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( nor!rn c\ntries1 & x is specially *>act]i/ic ( ! lava slopes & pla9s ( ! we/ & nor? ( ,icel&4 ,x is f\nd on ! m\nta9s ( nor? ,wales1 nor? ,engl&1 ,scotl& & s\?-we/ ,irel&4 ,z met ) 9 comm]ce x is a light-grey h>% c>tilag9\s body1 almo/ de/itute ( col\r1 & hav+ a slightly bitt] ta/e4 ,x conta9s ab\t #gj ( li*59 or li*5-/>*1 a body isom]ic ) common />*1 b want+ any appe>ance ( /ructure4 ,x also yields a peculi> modification ( *lorophyll1 call$ ?allo*lor1 fum>ic acid1 li*5o-/e>ic acid & cetr>ic acid1 to :i* la/ x owes its bitt] ta/e4 ,x =ms a nutriti\s & easily dige/$ amylace\s food1 be+ us$ 9 place ( />* 9 "s prep>ations ( cocoa4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 great reque/1 & ev5 9 ,icel& x is only habitually resort$ to 9 seasons ( sc>city4 ,cetr>ic acid or cetr>91 a :ite micro-cry/all9e p[d] ) a bitt] ta/e1 is readily soluble 9 alcohol1 & slightly soluble 9 wat] & e!r4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ = m$ic9al use1 9 doses ( #b to #d gra9s1 z a bitt] tonic & ap]i5t4 ,,ice-,,plant1 ! popul> "n = ,mesembryan!mum cry/all9um1 a h>dy annual mo/ effective = rockwork4 ,x is a l[-gr[+ spread+ h]bace\s plant ) ! fle%y /em & leaves cov]$ ) l>ge glitt]+ papillae :i* give x ! appe>ance ( be+ coat$ ) ice4 ,x is a dry-c\ntry plant1 a native ( ,greece & o!r p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean region1 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,s\? ,africa & ,cali=nia4 ,mesembryan!mum is a l>ge g5us 7conta9+ ab\t #cjj species7 ( erect or pro/rate fle%y h]bs or l[ %rubs1 mo/ly natives ( ,s\? ,africa1 & r>ely h>dy 9 ! ,briti% ,isles :]e !y are mo/ly gr[n z gre5h\se plants4 ,!y be> conspicu\s :ite1 yell[ or r$ fl[]s ) _m petals ins]t$ 9 ! calyx-tube4 ,! ?ick fle%y leaves are v v>iable 9 %ape1 & (t5 h sp9y rigid hairs on ! m>g94 ,!y are ess5tially sun-lov+ plants4 ,! be/-kn[n memb] ( ! g5us is ,m4 cordifolium1 v>4 v>iegatum1 ) he>t-%ap$ gre5 & silv]y leaves & bright rosy-purple fl[]s4 ,x is ext5sively us$ = edg+ fl[]-b$s & bord]s dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,,ice-,,ya*t+1 ! sport ( sail+ & rac+ ice-boats4 ,x is practis$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ,norway & ,sw$51 to "s ext5t1 & is v popul> 9 ,holl& & on ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&1 b its highe/ developm5t is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,! ,dut* ice-ya*t is a flat-bottom$ boat re/+ crossways ^u a plank+ ab\t ?ree feet wide & sixte5 long1 to :i* are affix$ f\r /eel runn]s1 "o ea* at b[1 /]n & ea* end ( ! plank+4 ,! rudd] is a fif? runn] fix$ to a till]4 ,heavy ma9sails & jibs are g5]ally us$ & ! boat is built m = safety ?an = spe$4 ,! ice-boat ( ! ,gulf ( ,f9l& is a ,v-%ap$ frame ) a heavy plank runn+ f b[ to /]n1 9 :i* ! ma/ is /epp$4 ,! /]n or /e]+ runn] is work$ by a till] or :eel4 ,! sail is a l>ge lug & ! boom & gaff are atta*$ to ! ma/ by travell]s4 ,! pass5g]s sit ^u planks or rope nett+4 ,! ,russian boats are fa/] ?an ! ,dut*4 ,9 #agij ice-ya*t+ 0 9 vogue on ! ,hudson riv]1 its headqu>t]s be+ at ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,new ,york4 ,! type 0 a squ>e box on ?ree runn]s1 ! two =w>d ones be+ nail$ to ! box & ! ?ird act+ z a rudd] op]at$ by a till]4 ,! sail 0 a fla!ad$ sprit4 ,?is primitive /yle g5]ally obta9$ until #ahec1 :5 triangul> frames ) boxes = ! crew aft & jib & ma9sail rig 7 introduc$4 ,a heavy1 h>d-rid+ type soon develop$1 ) %ort gaffs1 l[ sails1 l>ge jibs & booms ext5d+ f> ov] ! /]n4 ,x 0 ov]-canvass$ & ! ma/ 0 /epp$ directly ov] ! runn]-plank1 br++ ! c5tre ( sail-balance s f> aft t ! boats 7 apt to run away1 & ! ov]-canvass+ frequ5tly caus$ ! w9dw>d runn] to sw+ up into ! air to a dang]\s height4 ,! l>ge/ & fa/e/ example ( ?is type1 :i* prevail$ until #ahgi1 0 ,commodore ,j4 ,a4 ,roosevelt's fir/ ,icicle1 :i* measur$ #fi ft4 ov] all & c>ri$ #ajgj sq4 ft4 ( canvas4 ,9 #ahgi ,mr ,h4 ,relyea built ! ,rob]t ,scott1 :i* _h a s+le backbone & wire guy-ropes1 & x became ! model = all ,hudson riv] ice-ya*ts4 ,ma/s 7 n[ /epp$ f>!r =w>d1 jibs 7 %ort5$1 booms cut d[n1 & ! c5tre ( sail-balance 0 br\ght m inbo>d & high] up1 caus+ ! c5tres ( ef=t & resi/ance to come m 9 h>mony4 ,! %all[ /e]+-box became elliptical4 ,9 #ahha occurr$ ! fir/ race = ! ,am]ican ,*all5ge ,p5nant1 :i* repres5ts ! *ampion%ip ( ! ,hudson riv]1 ! clubs compet+ includ+ ! ,hudson riv]1 ,nor? ,%rewsbury1 ,orange lake1 ,newburgh & ,c>?age ,ice-,ya*t ,clubs4 ,! races are usually sail$ five times r\nd a triangle ( :i* ea* leg measures "o mile1 at lea/ two ( ! legs be+ to w9dw>d4 ,ice-ya*ts are divid$ into f\r classes1 c>ry+ respectively #fjj sq4 ft4 ( canvas or m1 betwe5 #dej & #fjj1 betwe5 #cjj & #dej1 & less ?an #cjj sq4 ft4 ,ice-ya*t+ is v popul> on ! ,great ,lakes1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 ! ,k+/on 7,ont>io7 ,club hav+ a fleet ( ov] #be sail4 ,o!r important c5tres ( ! sport are ,lakes ,m9netonka & ,:ite ,be> 9 ,m9nesota1 ,lakes ,w9nebago & ,pep9 9 ,wiscons91 ,b> ,h>bor lake 9 ,ma9e1 ! ,/ ,lawr5ce riv]1 ,qu9te ,bay & ,lake ,*ampla94 ,a mod]n ice-ya*t is made ( a s+le-piece backbone ! entire l5g? ( ! boat1 & a runn]-plank ^u :i* x re/s at "r angles1 ! two =m+ a kite-%ap$ frame4 ,! be/ woods = ^! pieces are basswood1 butt]nut & p9e4 ,!y are cut f ! log 9 su* a way t ! he>t ( ! timb] exp&s1 giv+ ! planks a p]man5t curve1 :i*1 9 ! f9i%$ boat1 is turn$ upw>d4 ,! two =w>d runn]s1 usually made ( s(t ca/ iron & ab\t #b ft4 #g 94 long & #b 94 high1 are set into oak frames a little ov] #e ft4 long & #e 94 high4 ,! runn]s h a cutt+ edge ( #ij1 ?\gh a ,v-%ap$ edge is (t5 pref]r$ = rac+4 ,! rudd] is a runn] ab\t #c ft4 #g 94 long1 work$ by a till]1 sometimes made v long1 #g ft4 n be+ uncommon4 ,?is enables ! helmsman to lie 9 ! box at full l5g? & /e] ) 8 feet1 leav+ 8 h&s free to t5d ! %eet4 ,ma/s & sp>s are g5]ally made holl[ = rac+-ya*ts & ! rigg+ is pliable /eel wire4 ,! sails are ( #aj-oz4 duck = a boat c>ry+ #djj sq4 ft4 ( canvas4 ,!y h v high peaks1 %ort hoi/s & long booms4 ,! ma9sail & jib rig is g5]al1 b a d\ble-ma/$ late5 rig has be5 f\nd advantage\s4 ,! =emo/ ice-ya*t build] ( ,am]ica is ,g4 ,e4 ,buckh\t ( ,p\ghkeepsie4 ,an ice-ya*t ab\t #dj ft4 9 l5g? w c>ry #f or #g pass5g]s or crew1 :o are di/ribut$ 9 su* a mann] z to pres]ve ! balance ( ! boat4 ,9 a good breeze ! crew lie out on ! w9dw>d side ( ! runn]-plank to balance ! boat & r$uce ! pressure on ! leew>d runn]4 ,a c\rse ( #bj m4 ) _m turns has be5 sail$ on ! ,hudson 9 less ?an #dh m9utes1 ! record = a measur$ mile ) fly+ />t be+ at ! rate ( ab\t #gb m4 an h\r4 ,9 a high w9d1 h[ev]1 ice-ya*ts (t5 move at ! rate ( #he & ev5 #ij m4 an h\r4 ,sev]al ( ! laws ( ice navigation seem m>vell\s to ! un9itiat$4 ,commodore ,irv+ ,gr9nell1 :o has made a sci5tific /udy ( ! sport1 says3 ,! two m>k$ peculi>ities ( ice-ya*t+ :i* cause x to diff] mat]ially f ya*t+ on ! sea are3 7#a7 ,sail+ fa/] ?an ! w9d4 7#b7 ,%eets flat aft "u all circum/ances4 ,mr ,h4 ,a4 ,buck1 9 ! ,badm9ton ,libr>y1 ,skat+1 ,curl+1 ,toboggan+1 c41 ?us expla9s ^! p>adoxes4 ,an ice-boat sails fa/] ?an ! w9d because %e inv>iably sails at "s angle to x4 ,! mom5tum is increas$ by e puff ( w9d /rik+ ! sails obliquely1 until x is f9ally equall$ by ! increase ( friction eng5d]$4 ,?us ! cont9u$ bur/s ( w9d aga9/ ! sails cause a great] accumulation ( spe$ 9 ! ice-ya*t ?an is possess$ by ! w9d itself4 ,:5 ! boat sails directly be=e ! w9d %e is1 l a balloon1 at its m]cy1 & ?us does n sail fa/] ?an ! w9d4 ,! ice-ya*t always sails ) its %eets flat aft1 because ! great] spe$ ( ! boat *anges ! angle at :i* ! w9d /rikes ! sail f t at :i* x w\ld /rike if ! ya*t 7 /ation>y to su* a degree t1 9 :atev] direction ! ya*t is sail+1 ! result is always ! same z if ! ya*t 7 close-haul$ to ! w9d4 ,x foll[s t ! ya*t is actually ov]haul+ ! w9d1 & h] canvas %iv]s z if 9 ! w9d's eye4 ,:5 eas$ (f h] mom5tum becomes less & less until x drops to ! velocity ( ! w9d1 :5 %e c readily be /opp$ by be+ spun r\nd & br\ght head to ! w9d4 ,! latt] me?od is "o way ( com+ to1 in/ead ( luff+ up 9 ! usual way f a beam w9d4 ,9 beat+ to w9dw>d an ice-boat is h&l$ l a wat] ya*t1 ?\gh %e po9ts m closely4 ,on ! bays ne> ,new ,york a peculi> k9d ( ice-boat has develop$1 call$ scoot]1 :i* may be describ$ z a toboggan ) a sail4 ,a typical scoot] is ab\t #ae ft4 long ) an extreme beam ( #e ft41 p]fectly oval 9 =m & flat4 ,x has ma9sail & jib c>ri$ on a ma/ #i or #aj ft4 long & set well aft1 & is provid$ ) two long p>allel metal runn]s4 ,!re is no rudd]1 ! scoot] be+ /e]$ entirely by trimm+ ! sails1 p>ticul>ly ! jib4 ,z ! craft is flat & buoyant x sails well 9 wat]1 & c ?us be us$ on v ?9 ice )\t dang]4 ,a spe$ ( #ej m4 an h\r has be5 atta9$ by a scoot] 7see ,out+ = ,m>* #aije74 ,see ,ice ,sports1 9 ! ,i/hmian ,libr>y2 ,skat+1 ,curl+1 ,toboggan+1 c4 9 ! ,badm9ton ,libr>y4 ,i-,,*',,ang 7,,yi-,,*',,ang1 anci5tly kn[n z ,yi-l+71 a t[n ( ,*9a 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hu-peh1 "o ( ! f\r ports op5$ to =eign trade by treaty 9 #ahgg4 ,x is situat$ 9 #cj #db ,n4 & 7approximately7 #aaa #bj ,e41 on ! ,yangtsze-,kiang1 #ajjj m4 f ,%anghai4 ,built on ! left bank ( ! riv] :]e x escapes f ! rav9es & gorges :i* = #cej m4 h imprison$ its *annel1 ,i-*'ang is expos$ to consid]able risk ( floods2 9 #ahgj ! wat]s rose #bj ft4 9 "o day1 & ! t[n _h _m ( its h\ses & ab\t half ( its wall swept away4 ,! fir/ ,engli% vessels to asc5d ! riv] z f> z ,i-*'ang 7 ^? ( ,admiral ,sir ,james ,hope's exp$ition 9 #ahfa4 ,all c>go to or f ,sze*'u5 is "h tran%ipp$ f /eam] to junk1 or vice v]s4 ,ab\t #aj m4 above ,i-*'ang ! fam$ sc5]y ( ! ,yangtsze gorges beg9s4 ,?r\gh ^! ! great riv] runs 9 a s]ies ( rapids1 :i* make navigation by vessels ( any size extremely difficult4 ,a v l>ge trade1 nev]!less1 is c>ri$ on by ?is r\te betwe5 ,*ungk'+ & ,i-*'ang4 ,z a local c5tre ( di/ribution ?is port is ( no great consequ5ce1 ! tran%ipm5t trade ) ,sze*'u5 be+ almo/ its sole bus9ess4 ,! population is e/imat$ at #ce1jjj4 ,! numb] ( =eign resid5ts is v small1 trade be+ c>ri$ on by ,*9ese ag5ts4 ,be=e ! anti-opium campaign ( #aijf 7see ,,*9a7 opium 0 mu* gr[n4 ,! trade ( ! port am\nt$ 9 #ahii to #eca1bbi1 & 9 #aijd to #dbd1ddb1 ! pr9cipal import be+ cotton y>n & ! pr9cipal export opium4 ,,i*neumon 7,gr4 ,greek3 i*neumn1 f ,greek3 i*neue91 to track out71 ! common "n ( ! ,nor? ,african repres5tative ( a numb] ( small weasel-%ap$ mammals belong+ to ! c>nivor\s family ,viv]ridae2 ! ,indian repres5tatives ( ! gr\p be+ kn[n z mongooses4 ,a l>ge numb] ( species ( ! type g5us are kn[n1 & range ov] s\!rn ,asia & all ,africa1 ! typical ,h]pe/es i*neumon also occurr+ 9 ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,! latt] is an inhabitant ( ,egypt & ! nor? ( ,africa1 :]e x is kn[n to =eign resid5ts z ,ph>aoh's rat4 ,x is cov]$ ) long h>% fur ( a tawny-grey col\r1 d>k] on ! head & along ! middle ( ! back1 its legs r$di% & its feet & tail black4 ,x lives l>gely on rats & mice1 birds & reptiles1 & = ?is reason x is dome/icat$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fond ( p\ltry & _! eggs1 & its depr$ations among f[ls detract f its m]its z a v]m9-kill]4 ,dur+ ! inundations ( ! ,nile x is said to approa* ! habitations ( man1 b at o!r seasons x keeps to ! fields & to ! banks ( ! riv]4 ,! ,indian mongoose 7,h4 mungo7 is consid]ably small] ?an ! ,egyptian animal1 ) fur ( a pale-grey col\r1 ! hairs be+ l>gely :ite-r+$1 :ile ! *eeks & ?roat are m or less r$di%4 ,l ! =m] x is frequ5tly dome/icat$4 ,x is especially s]viceable 9 ,india z a s]p5t-kill]1 de/roy+ n only ! eggs & "y ( ^! creatures1 b kill+ ! mo/ v5om\s adult snakes4 ,! fact t x survives ^? enc\nt]s has l$ to ! belief t x ei!r enjoys immunity f ! effects ( snake poison1 or t aft] be+ bitt5 x has rec\rse1 z ! ,h9dus ma9ta91 to ! root ( a plant z an antidote4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t :5 actually bitt5 x falls a victim to ! poison z rapidly z o!r mammals1 :ile !re is no evid5ce ( its seek+ a vegetable antidote4 ,! tru? seems to be t ! mongoose1 by its exce$+ agility & quickness ( eye1 avoids ! fangs ( ! snake :ile fix+ its own tee? 9 ! back ( ! reptile's neck4 ,moreov]1 :5 excit$1 ! mongoose erects its long /iff hair1 & x mu/ be v difficult = a snake to drive its fangs ?r\gh ?is & ! ?ick sk9 :i* all ! memb]s ( ! g5us possess4 ,! mongoose nev] hesitates to attack a snake2 ! mom5t he sees 8 enemy1 8 :ole nature1 writes a spectator ( "o ( ^? fights1 appe>s to be *ang$4 ,8 fur /&s on end1 & he pres5ts ! inc>nation ( int5se rage4 ,! snake inv>iably attempts to escape1 b1 f9d+ x impossible to evade ! rapid onslaught ( ! mongoose1 raises 8 cre/ & la%es out fi]cely at 8 little p]secutor1 :o seems to delight 9 dodg+ out ( ! way j 9 "t4 ,?is goes on until ! mongoose sees 8 opportunity1 :5 l lightn+ he ru%es 9 & seizes ! snake ) 8 tee? by ! back ( ! neck close to ! head1 %ak+ him z a t]ri] does a rat4 ,^! tactics are repeat$ until ! snake is kill$4 ,! mongoose is equally dext]\s 9 kill+ rats & o!r f\r-foot$ v]m94 ,illu/ration3 ,egyptian ,i*neumon 7,h]pe/es i*neumon74 ,,i*neumon-,,fly1 a g5]al "n appli$ to p>asitic insects ( ! section ,i*neumonoidea 7or ,entomophaga71 ord] ,hym5opt]a1 f ! typical g5us ,i*neumon1 belong+ to ! *ief family ( t section--itself fancifully s call$ aft] ! ,egyptian mammal 7,h]pe/es74 ,! species ( ! families 7,i*neumonidae1 ,braconidae1 ,evaniidae1 ,proctotrypidae1 & ,*alcididae7 are (t5 indiscrim9ately call$ ,i*neumons1 b ! sup]-family ( ! ,i*neumonoidea 9 ! classification ( ,w4 ,h4 ,a%mead conta9s only ! ,evaniidae1 ! ,/ephanidae1 & ! l>ge assemblage ( insects usually includ$ 9 ! two families ( ! ,i*neumonidae & ! ,braconidae1 :i* are respectively equival5t to ! ,i*neumones g5u9i & ,i4 adsciti ( old] naturali/s1 *iefly diff]+ 9 ! =m] hav+ two recurr5t n]ves to ! ant]ior w+1 :il/ ! latt] has only "o su* n]ve4 ,! ,i*neumonidae prop] are "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive gr\ps ( insects4 ,grav5hor/ describ$ "s #afej ,european species1 to :i* consid]able subsequ5t additions h be5 made4 ,!re are #f sub-families ( ! ,i*neumonidae1 viz4 ! ,i*neumon9ae1 ,crypt9ae1 ,agriotyp9ae1 ,ophion9ae1 ,tryphon9ae & ,pimpl9ae1 diff]+ consid]ably 9 size & facies1 b unit$ 9 ! common attribute ( be+1 9 _! e>li] /ages1 p>asitic ^u o!r insects4 ,!y h all long n>r[ bodies2 a small free head ) long fili=m or setace\s ant5nae1 :i* are nev] elb[$1 & h always m ?an sixte5 jo9ts2 ! abdom5 atta*$ to ! ?orax at its h9d] extremity betwe5 ! base ( ! po/]ior coxae1 & provid$ 9 ! female ) a /raight ovipositor (t5 exs]t$ & v long2 & ! w+s ve9$1 ) p]fect cells on ! disk ( ! front pair4 ,a%mead proposes to sep>ate ! ,agriotypidae 7:i* are rem>kable = _! aquatic habit1 be+ p>asitic on caddis-worms7 f ! ,i*neumonidae on acc\nt ( _! firm v5tral abdom9al segm5ts & sp9$ scutellum4 ,he also sep>ates f ! ,braconidae ! ,alysiidae z a di/9ct family2 !y h peculi> m&ibles ) out-turn$ tips4 ,_! p>asitic habits r5d] ^! flies ( great importance 9 ! economy ( nature1 z !y s]ve to *eck any inord9ate increase 9 ! numb]s ( injuri\s insects4 ,)\t _! aid x w\ld 9 _m cases be impossible = ! agriculturi/ to hold 8 own aga9/ ! ravages ( 8 m9ute insect foes1 ^: habits are n suffici5tly kn[n to r5d] artificial *ecks or de/roy+ ag5ts available4 ,! females ( all ! species are con/antly on ! al]t to discov] ! prop] liv+ food = _! own l>vae1 :i* are hat*$ f ! eggs !y deposit 9 or on ! eggs1 l>vae or pupae ( o!r insects ( all ord]s1 *iefly ,lepidopt]a1 ! cat]pill>s ( butt]flies & mo?s be+ specially attack$ 7z also are spid]s74 ,any "o :o has wat*$ insect life dur+ ! summ] c h>dly h fail$ to notice ! busy way 9 :i* ! p>5t i*neumon1 a small f\r-w+$ fly1 ) con/antly vibrat+ ant5nae1 se>*es = h] prey2 & ! clu/]s ( m9ute cocoons r\nd ! rema9s ( "s cabbage-butt]fly cat]pill> mu/ also h be5 obs]v$ by _m4 ,?is is ! "w ( ,apanteles 7or ,microga/]7 glom]atus1 "o ( ! ,braconidae1 :i* 9 days pa/ 0 a s\rce ( disquietude to naturali/s1 :o believ$ t ! life ( ! "o defunct l>va _h transmigrat$ into ! num]\s small] flies re>$ f x4 ,i*neumon-flies :i* attack ext]nal fe$]s h a %ort ovipositor1 b ^? atta*$ to wood-fe$+ insects h t organ ( great l5g?1 = ! purpose ( rea*+ ! haunts ( _! conceal$ prey4 ,?us a species f ,japan 7,bracon p5etrator7 has its ovipositor n9e times ! l5g? ( ! body2 & ! l>ge species ( ,rhyssa & ,ephialtes1 p>asitic on ,sirex & l>ge wood-bor+ beetles 9 temp]ate ,europe1 h v long in/rum5ts 7) :i* :5 h&l$ !y w endeav\r to /+1 sometimes p5etrat+ ! sk971 9 ord] to get at _! secret$ victims4 ,a common r$di%-col\r$ species ( ,ophion 7,o4 obscurum71 ) a sabre-%ap$ abdom51 is notewor?y f ! fact ( its eggs be+ atta*$ by /alks outside ! body ( ! cat]pill> ( ! puss-mo? 7,c]ura v9ula74 ,lepidopt]i/s wi%+ to bre$ ! latt] cut (f ! eggs ( ! p>asite ) scissors4 ,! l>vae ( ! i*neumon-flies are :ite1 fle%y1 cyl9drical1 footless grubs2 ! majority ( !m sp9 silk cocoons be=e pupat+1 (t5 9 a mass 7sometimes almo/ geometrically71 & sometimes 9 lay]s ( diff]5t col\rs & texture4 ,,au?orities4--,among ! old] works on ,i*neumonoidea may be specially m5tion$ ,j4 ,l4 ,k4 ,grav5hor/1 ,i*neumonologia ,europaea 7,breslau1 #ahbi72 ,a4 ,h4 ,haliday 7,entom4 ,mag4 i4-v41 #ahcc-ahch71 & ,a4 ,fr/] 7,v]h&l4 ,naturhi/4 ,v]4 ,rhe9l4 u4 ,we/ph4 xix41 xxv41 #ahfb1 #ahfh74 ,full ref]5ce to ! sy/ematic lit]ature ( ! gr\p w be f\nd 9 ,c4 ,g4 de ,dalla ,torre's ,catalogus hym5opt]orum1 vols1 iii41 iv4 7,leipzig1 #ahih-aijb71 & a compreh5sive summ>y 9 ,w4 ,h4 ,a%mead's rec5t memoir 7,proc4 ,u4,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 xxiii41 #aija74 ,= ! ,briti% species consult ,c4 ,morley1 ,i*neumons ( ,great ,brita9 7,plym\?1 #aijc71 & ,t4 ,a4 ,m>%all 7,trans4 ,entom4 ,soc41 #ahhe-ahii74 7,g4 ,h4 ,c47 ,,i*nography 7,gr4 ,greek3 i*nos1 a trace1 & ,greek3 graph1 description71 9 ar*itecture1 a t]m def9$ by ,vitruvius 7i4#b7 z ! gr\nd-plan ( ! "w1 i4e4 ! geometrical projection or horizontal section repres5t+ ! plan ( any build+1 tak5 at su* a level z to %[ ! out] walls1 ) ! doorways1 w9d[s1 fireplaces1 c41 & ! correct ?ickness ( ! walls2 ! position ( pi]s1 columns or pila/]s1 c\rty>ds & o!r features :i* con/itute ! design4