,,the ,,silent ,,readers ,,by ,,william ,d4 ,,lewis1 ,pd4,d41 ,litt4,d4 ,,formerly ,,deputy ,,superintendent1 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,instruction ,,commonwealth ,,of ,,pennsylvania ,,albert ,,lindsay ,,rowland1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,,director ,,bureau ,,of ,,teacher ,,training ,,and ,,certification1 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,instruction1 ,,commonwealth ,,of ,,pennsylvania ,,and ,,ethel ,h4 ,,maltby ,,gehres ,,co-,,author ,,of ,,the ,,winston ,,readers ,,illustrated ,,by ,,frederick ,,richardson ,,and ,,edwin ,j4 ,,prittie ,,sixth ,,reader ,,the ,,john ,c4 ,,winston ,,company ,,chicago ,,san ,,francisco ,,philadelphia ,,dallas ,,toronto1 ,,can4 ,copyright1 #aibj1 by ,,the ,,john ,c4 ,,winston ,,company ,,copyright ,,in ,,great ,,britain ,,and ,,the ,,british ,,dominions ,,and ,,possessions ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,introduction ,the purpose of this series4 ,this series of readers is definitely designed to provide working material for the development of efficient silent reading4 ,it is not planned to compete with the many excellent series of readers now available4 ,the authors believe that it will efficiently supplement the well-nigh universal school practice of conducting all reading lessons aloud4 ,oral reading not sufficient4 ,in the majority of classes the pupils are all supplied with the same text4 ,one pupil reads aloud while the others are supposed to follow his reading silently4 ,when he has finished his portion of the text1 the teacher or the pupils make corrections of his pronunciation or phrasing1 and the teacher may ask questions or add comments or explanations4 ,this incentive to adequate expression by the reader is lacking because his classmates all have the text before them2 it is natural for the hearers to read on ahead of the oral reader if the material is of interest2 and it is perfectly easy for them to gaze absently at the book while employing their minds with matters wholly unrelated to the class exercise4 ,perhaps most important of all1 reading aloud is an experience of rare occurrence outside the classroom1 while silent reading is a universal daily experience for all but the illiterate4 ,the mechanics of reading are fairly well mastered in the third--some authorities say the second--grade4 ,some oral reading is doubtless desirable beyond these grades1 but the relative amount should diminish rapidly4 ,experts have recognized the importance of silent reading for many years4 ,briggs and ,coffman showed its value in their book1 ,reading in ,public ,schools1 published in #aijh4 ,studies in this field have been made by ,gray1 ,starch1 ,judd1 ,courtis1 ,monroe1 ,kelly1 and many others4 ,they have made no attempt to deny that oral reading has a place in the curriculum1 but have merely pointed out that from the third grade on its place is less and less important in comparison with silent reading4 ,reading to get the thought quickly4 ,once the mechanics of reading are mastered1 the problem becomes one of speed and accuracy in thought-getting4 ,upon these two qualities depends the pupil's progress in school and his use of the deluge of ideas that appeal only through the printed page4 ,if he reads and understands1 if he quickly grasps the important idea from a mass of details1 if he arranges the relations of the ideas presented1 we say that he is good in geography1 history1 science1 or mathematics4 ,if he comprehends only slowly or fails to understand1 he is a dullard or a defective4 ,speed usually goes with comprehension4 ,at first glance it would seem that comprehension would be inversely proportional to speed2 that is1 the greater the speed the poorer the comprehension and vice versa4 ,the standard tests of ,gray1 ,courtis1 ,kelly1 and ,monroe1 however1 which have been given to thousands of children1 prove exactly the reverse4 ,the rapid silent readers have almost invariably shown the best understanding of the matter read4 ,it would thus seem that concentrated effort on either speed or comprehension would tend to improve the other factor4 ,it is necessary1 however1 to test speed results carefully to insure conscientious reading of the text4 ,the material in these books4 ,in selecting the material for these books the authors have purposely avoided the established paths of literary reputation1 and have selected from a wide variety of sources interesting material representative of the printed matter the child will inevitably read4 ,every effort has been made to avoid the necessity of explanation by the teacher to elucidate the text4 ,in general1 the exercises have been under- rather than over-graded1 as the pupil should read for content and should be as far as possible relieved from technical grammatical or vocabulary difficulties4 ,occasionally1 however1 in each book exercises somewhat more difficult or of a more or less unusual nature have been included1 because everyone1 old or young1 is called upon to read a variety of material1 and pupils should have some experience with selections that require special effort4 ,why we read4 ,most of the reading which we do has one of three purposes3 we read for information2 we read for instruction2 we read for appreciation or entertainment4 ,these purposes are somewhat determined by the nature of the material read4 ,rarely do we read an encyclopedia article for appreciation4 ,on the other hand1 we lose ourselves in the quiet humor of ,rip ,van ,winkle merely for entertainment through appreciation4 ,contrasted with this would be our reading of a biography of ,irving in order to find out who were his ,american contemporaries4 ,the boy who reads an explanation of how to make a rabbit trap with the purpose of making one is reading for instruction1 while his father who scans the evening paper to see how his representative in ,congress or the ,state ,legislature voted on a bill is reading purely for information4 ,the ,pedagogical ,editing4 ,the authors have kept constantly in mind the purposes of each selection in the directions they have given to the pupils4 ,they have also had clearly in mind certain fundamental things that they wish pupils to learn and certain habits which they wish them to form by the use of these books4 ,a perusal of the directions given before and after any given selection will suffice to make this purpose clear4 ,for example1 much attention is given to the writing of headings for certain parts of a selection or to the statement of the most important thought in a given paragraph4 ,with increasing emphasis in the upper grades this type of exercise is developed into the complete outline4 ,the authors believe that practice of this kind will develop in pupils the habit of looking for the important thought and of grouping around it related subordinate ideas4 ,this is perhaps the habit most essential to good reading for instruction or information4 ,on the other hand1 selections which are of a purely literary character and which should be read for appreciation and entertainment are given without exhaustive notes or questions1 because minute discussion of this kind of reading would detract from its value4 ,method of handling the books4 ,many teachers will prefer to keep the books in the class room1 distributing them at the time of the silent reading lesson and collecting them again at its conclusion4 ,in this way the material will remain fresh1 and the drill exercises will always be under the control of the teacher4 ,in many places1 however1 text books are not supplied by the school authorities1 but are purchased by the pupils directly4 ,inasmuch as this series of books contains all the necessary instruction for the use of each exercise1 they become peculiarly helpful where the pupil is thrown upon his own resources4 ,he is able to test his own speed and comprehension and his ability to analyze or outline any of the material by the plain directions that are given for handling the books4 ,although the instructions accompanying various selections are addressed to the pupils1 they contain suggestions for the teacher4 ,it is1 therefore1 important that the teacher read in advance of the lesson such instructions or comments as appear before or after the text or the particular exercise to be read4 ,speed drills4 ,as much of the value of teaching silent reading lies in the development of speed1 a number of exercises are designated as speed drills4 ,for these drills it is suggested that the teacher prepare1 on the mimeograph if possible1 a considerable number of slips to be filled out arranged as follows3 #aj_/d_/bb #e;,a ,g4 ,p4 ,w4 ------- ----- -------------------- ,date ,grade ,teacher's ,initials or ,room ,number4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,name of ,exercise ,page ,pupils ,time in ,minutes ------ --------------- ,brown1 ,mary #e-a_/b ,carmalt1 ,joseph #c ,derr1 ,jane #d ,eldridge1 ,henry #e ,fisher1 ,mary #e-a_/b ,green1 ,alice #f ,hunt1 ,roy #h-a_/b ,knowlton1 ,william #e ,manly1 ,rose #d ,morris1 ,mary #d-a_/b ,newton1 ,george #e ,newton1 ,thomas #d-a_/b ,orr1 ,robert #e ,pierce1 ,helen #f ,porter1 ,clara #e ,roberts1 ,john #d ,rowe1 ,gertrude #f ,smith1 ,fred #e ,vaughn1 ,lee #f ,wilson1 ,alice #c-a_/b #a-c1 #a-c-a_/b1 #c-d1 #b-d-a_/b1 #f-e1 #b-e-a_/b1 #d-f1 #a-h-a_/b4 ,class median #e ,class mode #e ,for a speed drill the teacher should have one of these slips and a watch with a second hand4 ,a stop watch would be valuable4 ,directions should be given for all the pupils to begin reading at the same moment and raise their hands as a signal to the teacher when they have finished4 ,the teacher should give the signal for them to begin as the second hand of her watch reaches sixty4 ,as each pupil raises his hand indicating that he has finished1 the teacher should note the time in half minutes opposite that pupil's name on the drill sheet4 ,any pupil's time should be indicated at the nearest half minute space4 ,for example1 a pupil who finishes at two minutes ten seconds should be marked as two minutes2 one who finishes at two minutes twenty seconds1 at two and one-half4 ,mode and ,median4 ,in the illustration above1 the sheet has been filled with names and scores of a supposed fifth grade class of twenty pupils4 ,on this sheet three minutes occurs once1 three and one-half minutes once1 four minutes three times1 four and one-half minutes twice1 five minutes six times1 five and one-half minutes twice1 six minutes four times and eight and one-half minutes once4 ,the number occurring the largest number of times is five4 ,this number is called the mode4 ,if all the scores are arranged in order with the highest score at the top and the lowest score at the bottom1 the middle score in this series is called the median and is in this case also five4 ,individual scores4 ,the class median or mode is1 however1 not so significant as the individual scores4 ,the class score is always determined by the ease or difficulty as well as by the length of the particular exercise read4 ,this makes comparison with other exercises almost valueless4 ,the only significant comparison in this case is between individuals of the same class1 and between the score of this class and of other classes of parallel grade who have read the same exercise4 ,important facts for ,g4 ,p4 ,w41 the class teacher1 in this case are the individual scores and their relative standing4 ,roy ,hunt1 who took eight and one-half minutes to read this exercise1 is the slowest reader on this occasion4 ,is this true of other occasions8 ,if so1 ,roy needs special help and training4 ,it is also clear that ,joseph ,carmalt and ,alice ,wilson are rapid readers and it is important to see that their comprehension of the exercise is also adequate4 ,thus1 for the class teacher the important facts are the relative scores of the pupils both in comparison with other pupils and with the former scores of the same pupils4 ,scale of approximate speed4 ,the following scale of speeds by grades is based roughly on the ,courtis standard tests and may be somewhat helpful to the teacher who may desire such norms4 ,grade ,words per minute #d #adj-ahj #e #afj-bjj #f #ahj-bbj #g #aij-bcj #h #bjj-bdj ,of course it must be recognized that no standard speeds are possible without also standardizing the material4 ,to be absolutely accurate1 each separate exercise should be its own speed standard4 ,this1 although possible1 would be a device so cumbersome as to defeat its own purpose4 ,every bit of reading presents its peculiar difficulties1 its slow spots1 its points of interest1 its urge to hurry on4 ,these in turn vary with the apperception of the reader1 with his peculiarities1 his interests1 and his motives4 ,these largely determine his speed4 ,the authors have thought it unwise in the vast majority of cases to indicate with any degree of definiteness the time required for various exercises4 ,their experience in trying out these exercises with different classes showed so wide a variation that it was thought that specific statements would tend only to mislead the teacher4 ,testing ,comprehension4 ,it is1 however1 equally important that the teacher know that the pupils are understanding what they read4 ,as each pupil is reading silently1 there is no guarantee of comprehension without some form of check4 ,this may be as simple a device as watching the expression of the children's faces to see registered there appreciation of the exercise read2 or it may be as complex as a dramatic reproduction of the incidents4 ,devices for checking comprehension are suggested in connection with each exercise4 ,the more usual and effective methods of teaching comprehension are dramatization1 reproduction1 writing of headlines1 development of outlines1 expression of opinion based upon facts read1 topical analysis1 the naming of characters and statements of their relationships1 and appreciation of ethical or artistic appeal4 ,the test material4 ,the drill exercise1 although modeled in some cases upon the standard reading and intelligence tests1 expressly disclaim any attempt to displace or supersede these tests4 ,the function of the two is wholly different4 ,the material in the readers is for drill and improvement in speed and comprehension4 ,the standard tests are for the measurement of achievement4 ,no devices can be used as a measure until it has been standardized by application in thousands of concrete cases without substantial variation4 ,standard ,tests4 ,this is the case with a number of standard tests now in general use4 ,in the field of reading the most notable are the ,courtis ,standard ,tests devised by ,s4 ,a4 ,courtis1 ,director of ,instruction1 ,teacher ,training and ,research1 and ,dean of ,teachers ,college1 ,detroit1 ,michigan1 and ,walter ,s4 ,monroe1 ,professor of ,education and ,director of the ,bureau of ,educational ,research1 ,university of ,illinois4 ,the necessary instructions1 record blanks and test sheets giving these tests may be obtained as follows3 ,,directions ,,for ,,ordering ,,standardized ,,tests ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,how many ,how many directions1,used in ,test4 tests record sheets1 what ,publisher4 ,price4 to and other grades4 order4accessories ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,monroe's ,one ,all directions are #c to #h ,public ,including ,standard- copy printed on either ,school complete ized of the test or on the ,publicity directions ,silent the class record sheet4 ,co41 and record ,reading test ,one record sheet is ,bloomington1sheets1 ,tests for furnished with each ,illinois4 #fj;c per each #be copies of the #ajj pupil4test4 ,additional copies2 copies may be postage ordered if desired4 extra1 #i;c per #ajj4 ,courtis's ,one ,folder ,b1 ,series ,r1 #b to #f ,s4 ,a4 ,test only1 ,silent copy contains detailed ,courtis4 #a4hj per ,reading of directions for #ajj2 ,test ,no4 #bthe giving the test and ,folder ,b1 test for scoring by the #e;c2 ,folder for pupils4 ,one copy is ,d1 #e;c2 each needed for each ,class pupil4person giving the ,record test4 ,folder ,d1 ,sheet1 ,series ,r1 contains #a-a_/b;c detailed directions each2 for completing the ,record scoring1 for ,sheet ,no4 recording the #c and scores1 and for ,graph calculating class ,sheet scores4 ,one copy is #a-a_/b;c needed for each each4 person giving the test4 ,a class record sheet for recording the scores of a class is needed for each class4 ,a school record and graph sheet for ,silent ,reading ,no4 #b is needed for each school4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,these tests should be given at least once a year and if possible semi-annually in order to determine progress in speed and comprehension in silent reading1 as well as to measure the pupils by a well established standard4 ,topical recitation4 ,particular emphasis1 especially in the later grades1 should be placed upon the complete presentation of a topic by a pupil standing in front of the class and making the group understand what he has to say without questions by the teacher4 ,more and more this is coming to be emphasized as a means of good teaching everywhere2 and pupils are being trained to stand before a group of their classmates and give an intelligent account of anything of which they have adequate knowledge without the painful tooth-pulling process of extracting ideas4 ,the philosophy of study4 ,one of the most important results of efficient teaching of silent reading is the contribution which it makes to the whole problem of study in the school4 ,briggs says that the primary purpose of the school is to teach people to do better the desirable things that they are likely to do anyway4 ,one of the desirable things that school children are not only likely but certain to have to do is to study4 ,a large portion of the studying that the child as well as the adult does consists in the acquirement of information from the printed page4 ,it is essentially silent reading4 ,much of the difficulty teachers now meet in the inability of their pupils to study will be dispelled by effective teaching of silent reading4 ,probably no use of the same amount of time would yield more definite and valuable results than will thorough instruction in the process of thought getting from a printed page--in other words--silent reading4 ,,acknowledgments ,grateful acknowledgment is made to the following authors and publishers for their courtesy in allowing the use of the copyrighted material in this volume3 to ,j4 ,russell ,smith for ,the ,eskimo and ,otelne1 the ,indian of the ,great ,north ,woods2 to ,a4 and ,c4 ,black for five selections from the series ,peeps at ,many ,lands2 to ,augustus ,r4 ,keller and ,company for ,oscar ,wilde's ,the ,happy ,prince2 to ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein for two selections from ,stories for ,children and ,how to ,tell ,them2 to ,w4 ,f4 ,quarrie and ,company for four selections from ,the ,world ,book2 to ,the ,youth's ,companion for ,john ,clair ,minot's ,pietro's ,adventure1 and ,noblesse ,oblige2 to the ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company for ,the ,mole ,awakes from ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker's ,under the ,open ,sky1 and ,a ,trip to the ,moon from ,charles ,r4 ,gibson's ,the ,stars and ,their ,mysteries2 to ,d4 ,appleton and ,company for two selections from the ,boy ,scouts' ,year ,book2 to the ,federal ,reserve ,bank of ,philadelphia for ,c4 ,a4 ,sienkiewicz's ,the ,safest ,place2 to the ,association ,press for ,the ,first ,potter and ,the ,fire ,spirit from ,hanford ,m4 ,burr's ,around the ,fire2 to ,boys' ,life1 the ,boy ,scouts' ,magazine1 for ,the ,ghost of ,terrible ,terry2 to ,longmans1 ,green and ,company for ,the ,boyhood of a ,painter1 from ,andrew ,lang's ,the ,strange ,story ,book2 and to the ,public ,ledger of ,philadelphia for ,general ,pershing's ,welcome ,home4 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow's ,the ,skeleton in ,armor is used by permission of1 and under arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers4 ,the authors of ,the ,silent ,readers wish to acknowledge the careful and efficient assistance of ,miss ,mabel ,dodge ,holmes of the ,william ,penn ,high ,school of ,philadelphia1 and of ,superintendent ,sidney ,v4 ,rowland of ,radnor ,township1 ,pa4 ,,contents ,,page ,,silent ,,reading #a ,,the ,,eskimo ,j4 ,russell ,smith #b ,,scottish ,,border ,,warfare ,elizabeth ,grierson #i ,,the ,,new ,,wonderland ,mabel ,dodge ,holmes #aa ,,bristol #af ,,on ,,the ,,frontier #ah ,,the ,,happy ,,prince ,oscar ,wilde #ai ,,can ,,you ,,follow ,,directions8 #bi ,,feeding ,,french ,,children #cj ,,genevieve',s ,,letter #cd ,,travel ,robert ,louis ,stevenson #ce ,,how ,,the ,,wish ,,came ,,true #cf ,,rules ,,for ,,using ,,the ,,eyes #cg ,,acting ,,for ,,the ,,movies #ch ,,clear ,,thinking #dj ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,equal ,,chance #da ,,the ,,broken ,,flower-,,pot ,bulwer-,lytton #df ,,saint ,,george ,,and ,,the ,,dragon #ea ,,nonsense ,,test #ef ,,turning ,,out ,,the ,,intruder #eg ,,roosevelt',s ,,favorite ,,study ,william ,draper ,lewis #eh ,,what ,a ,,chimney ,,is #fa ,,is ,,it ,,true8 #fb ,,franklin ,,writes ,,for ,,the ,,newspaper #fc ,,yes ,,or ,,no8 #fd ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,sun-,,dial #fe ,,putting ,,words ,,where ,,they ,,belong #fg ,,an ,,indian ,,buffalo ,,hunt #fh ,,indian ,,life ,,and ,,customs #gf ,,can ,,you ,,understand ,,relationship8 #hi ,,opening ,,the ,,great ,,west #ij ,,turning ,,out ,,the ,,intruder #if ,,the ,,training ,,of ,a ,,boy ,,king ,h4 ,e4 ,marshall #ig ,,some ,,ugly ,,old ,,lawyer #ajc ,,adding ,,the ,,right ,,words #ajd ,,the ,,desert ,,indians' ,,fire ,,bed #aje ,,yes ,,or ,,no8 #aje ,,pietro',s ,,adventure ,john ,clair ,minot #ajf ,,some ,,patriotic ,,mine ,,workers #aaa ,,father ,,domino #aab ,,the ,,good ,,giant ,,wins ,,his ,,fortune #aaf ,,the ,,mole ,,awakes ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker #aag ,,the ,,count ,,and ,,the ,,robbers ,beatrix ,jungman #aai ,,what ,,the ,,earliest ,,men ,,did ,,for ,,us ,smith ,burnham #abd ,,try ,,this #acf ,,putting ,,words ,,where ,,they ,,belong #acg ,,making ,,money ,,earn ,,money #ach ,,heroes ,,of ,,history ,mabel ,dodge ,holmes #aci ,,the ,,skeleton ,,in ,,armor ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow #adi ,,acting ,,for ,,the ,,movies #aef ,,the ,,safest ,,place ,casimir ,a4 ,sienkiewicz #aeh ,,unpatriotic ,,carelessness #afg ,a ,,memory ,,test #afi ,,caliph ,,for ,,one ,,day #agj ,,the ,,first ,,potter ,hanford ,m4 ,burr #ahj ,,finding ,,opposites #ahg ,,it',s ,,quite ,,true6 ,hans ,christian ,andersen #ahh ,,tangled ,,sentences #aia ,,how ,,sella ,,lost ,,her ,,slippers ,mabel ,dodge ,holmes #aib ,,the ,,ghost ,,of ,,terrible ,,terry #aih ,,roast ,,chicken #bjc ,,why ,,the ,,echo ,,answers ,mabel ,dodge ,holmes #bjd ,,the ,,fight ,,with ,,the ,,sea ,beatrix ,jungman #bjg ,,agriculture #baj ,,can ,,you ,,do ,,this ,,one8 #bae ,,the ,,inchcape ,,rock ,robert ,southey #baf ,,some ,,definitions #bah ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,morgarten ,john ,finnemore #bai ,,finding ,,opposites #bbb ,,what ,,mekolka ,,knows #bbc ,,the ,,bear',s ,,night #bbh ,,is ,,it ,,the ,,same ,,bear8 #bca ,,the ,,chinese ,,new ,,year',s ,,day ,lena ,e4 ,johnston #bcb ,,adding ,,the ,,right ,,words #bce ,,the ,,good ,,citizen--,,how ,,he ,,uses ,,matches #bcf ,,noblesse ,,oblige #bdb ,,the ,,magic ,,horse #bdc ,,thinking #bee ,,what ,,is ,a ,,boy ,,scout8 #bef ,,the ,,scout ,,and ,,the ,,knight #beh ,,the ,,fire ,,spirit ,hanford ,m4 ,burr #bei ,,the ,,boyhood ,,of ,a ,,painter ,andrew ,lang #bgc ,,civil ,,death #bgg ,,otelne1 ,,the ,,indian ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,north ,,woods ,j4 ,russell ,smith #bgh ,,which ,,is ,,right8 #bhh ,,verdun ,,belle #bij ,,another ,,nonsense ,,test #bif ,,can ,,you ,,understand ,,relationship8 #big ,,charades #bih ,,general ,,pershing',s ,,welcome ,,home #bii ,,the ,,fairies ,,on ,,the ,,gump ,mabel ,quiller-,couch #cjc ,,thinking ,,and ,,doing #cab ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,the ,,moon ,charles ,r4 ,gibson #cac ,,silent ,,reading ,the book which you are now beginning is1 as its title tells you1 a silent reader2 that is1 a reader that you are to read to yourself1 silently4 ,it is much more interesting to read silently than to read aloud1 and it is also much faster4 ,with all the wonderful books and valuable articles that are being printed every day1 it is important that you learn to read rapidly as well as to understand4 ,the purpose of this book is to help you to read fast and to understand clearly what you read4 ,you will find all sorts of reading2 animal stories1 poems1 fairy tales1 problems1 descriptions of strange places1 puzzles1 war stories1 and lots of other things4 ,we think you will find it very interesting1 but the important thing is to use all this material to make yourself a rapid and at the same time a careful reader4 ,of course you are much too old to move your lips when you read4 ,if you have this habit you must break it at once1 for you will never read rapidly as long as you continue to pronounce words even to yourself4 ,it takes just as long to pronounce a word to yourself as to read it aloud4 ,you must learn not to do so1 if you are to gain speed in reading4 ,your teacher is going to help you in every possible way and will frequently time you when you read and then test you to see if you have understood what you have read4 ,but you will have to do the most yourself if you are really to learn to read rapidly and well4 ,,the ,,eskimo ,you will be able to remember what you read and to tell about it much better if you form the habit of making a brief outline as you go along4 ,you can learn to make this outline without writing anything down1 but in the beginning it would be a good plan to write down the topics as you come to them4 ,at the end of this selection you will find suggestions for making an outline4 ,suppose there was no grocery where you could get bread or flour or potatoes1 no meat shop1 no milk dealer4 ,make it worse and suppose there was no place where you could buy clothes1 shoes1 coal or wood1 balls or bats1 sleds or knives4 ,suppose you had to go without all these things unless your father and mother or brothers and sisters helped you to make them4 ,you would all have to work very hard and even then be poor1 and often hungry1 cold1 and wet4 ,you could not live in town because there is not ground enough there to raise potatoes and other things to eat4 ,you would have to live in the country1 where there is more land near each home4 ,your father would have to learn how to build a house1 how to make shoes1 how to make his tools1 and how to do many things which the people you know never need to think about now4 ,your mother would have to make even the cloth for your clothes and to prepare all the food you had4 ,that is1 your family would have to make everything that you had in your home1 or that you ate1 or wore1 or played with1 or used in the garden4 ,they would be busy all the time4 ,every family would have to have more businesses or trades than you can find in some small towns1 and many of the things you have now they could not make at all1 so you would not have them4 ,for a long time1 a very long time1 that is the way people used to live all over the world4 ,it was a hard life4 ,there are even yet many places where people do not use machines and where every family makes everything for its own use4 ,the ,eskimos live that way4 ,their country is far away to the north4 ,it is a very poor1 cold country1 where very few things will grow1 so there are not many ,eskimos4 ,robinson ,crusoe tried living all by himself for a while1 but he had a lot of tools from the ship1 and his island was rich in food and wood4 ,he found goats there that gave milk2 he found good wild grapes and other fruits2 but he said he had to work very hard1 even though he did not have any family to support4 ,the ,eskimo country is much poorer than ,crusoe's island4 ,it is away up north where the winter is very long and cold1 and the summer is so short that no trees grow1 and there are not many other plants4 ,the ,eskimo has no animals to give milk2 he never heard of potatoes or bread1 to say nothing of cake4 ,it is hard to get the things you need in such a country4 ,for a winter house the ,eskimo often builds a little hut of snow4 ,many boys and girls in the cooler parts of the ,united ,states and ,canada have built a little snow house for sport1 but the ,eskimo finds it the warmest house he can get4 ,if it has a window1 you cannot see through it1 for it is a piece of fish skin that looks like dirty glass4 ,to keep the cold out he makes the doorway so low that people must crawl in4 ,then he builds a long tunnel outside the door to keep the wind out1 and puts a chunk of snow in the outer end of the tunnel for a door4 ,along the sides of the house inside is a bank of snow covered with skins4 ,this is both chair and bed4 ,if he made the room as warm as we make our houses1 the roof would melt and drip down his neck4 ,but he does not have enough fire to warm it much anyhow4 ,the little fire he has for cooking is made by burning the fat of animals in an oil lamp4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,eskimo ,,boy ,,and ,,his ,,father ,,fishing ,not long ago a man named ,rasmussen1 whose father was a missionary in ,greenland and whose mother was an ,eskimo1 made a long journey through ,eskimo land4 ,at one place he found a dead whale on the seashore and the ,eskimos there felt as rich as we should if a carload of coal or fire-wood were dumped down in the yard4 ,they were busy tearing off strips of the fat1 called blubber1 that lies under the whale's skin4 ,some of them were hauling it two days' journey on their sleds4 ,some of the people ,rasmussen saw had never even heard of white men or of any of the things the white man makes4 ,they themselves had to make everything they had4 ,their boats 7or kyaks7 were of seal skins sewed into a water-tight sheet and stretched over a frame-work of whale rib bones and long walrus tusks1 tied together with sinews and strips of leather4 ,in these tiny boats they paddle around in the sea and catch seals with spears4 ,nearly all the ,eskimos live along the seashore where they can catch fish1 seals and walrus4 ,the seal is the greatest wealth the ,eskimo has4 ,the seal eats fish and keeps warm in the ice-cold water because he has a coat of soft1 fine1 water-proof fur1 and under his skin a thick layer of fat4 ,seal meat is bread to the ,eskimo4 ,he cooks with seal fat and makes clothes1 boats1 and tents of the sealskin4 ,in winter the ,eskimo wears two suits of fur1 one with the fur inside and the other with the fur outside4 ,in summer one suit is enough4 ,when spring comes and the snow house begins to melt1 the ,eskimo moves into his sealskin tent or into a stone hut chinked with dirt4 ,some of these stone huts are hundreds of years old4 ,toward the end of summer there are some berries that get ripe on low-growing bushes1 and many bright flowers bloom in the northland4 ,then the ,eskimos sometimes make trips inland4 ,they eat berries1 rabbit meat1 birds1 and wild reindeer4 ,wild ducks and many other birds are there in summer1 but they fly away to warm lands when cold weather comes1 and the people go back to the seashore to lay in their winter supply of seal meat4 ,the wild animals that live here all the time do not seem to mind the cold4 ,they have warm fur1 and the rabbit changes his color to keep from getting caught4 ,he is snow white in winter so that the fox cannot see him on the snow1 but in summer his coat is brown so that the fox cannot see him on the ground4 ,the ,eskimo has one helper1 the dog that pulls his sled4 ,we call him the huskie4 ,this dog has a thick1 warm coat so that he can curl up in the dry snow1 put his four feet and his nose into a little bunch1 lay his bushy tail over them1 and sleep through a blinding snow storm that would freeze a white man to death4 ,sometimes the snow covers him entirely as he sleeps and he has to dig himself out when he wakes up4 ,when ,admiral ,peary went over the ice to the ,north ,pole1 in #aiji1 ,eskimo dogs pulled the sleds that carried his food and tents1 and ,eskimo men helped him4 ,he found them to be honest1 brave men1 trusty helpers1 and good friends4 ,the ,eskimos are very fond of games4 ,they play football and several kinds of shinny1 using long bones for shinny sticks4 ,sometimes they skate on new smooth ice1 using bone skates tied fast to their soft shoes4 ,as they do not go to school and have no books1 the days must seem long in bad weather1 for they have nothing to do but sit around the little fire in the dark smoky little snow house4 ,they have many indoor games4 ,the house is too small to play tag or run around1 so they have sitting down games4 ,there are as many as fifty kinds of string games something like our cat's cradle4 ,this is the simplest kind of living to be found anywhere in the world4 ,every family in the world needs a certain amount of food1 clothes1 fuel1 shelter1 tools1 and playthings4 ,in different countries there are different ways of getting these things1 depending on the weather1 on the things that will grow1 and the things that man finds in the ground1 or in the woods1 or in the sea4 ,each ,eskimo family must make or get all these things for itself4 ,the ,eskimos do not need money because they do not buy nor sell4 ,if two ,eskimos should meet and want to trade two dogs for a sled1 they would just trade as two schoolboys swap knives4 ,the ,eskimos would be much more comfortable if they could trade some of their sealskins for lumber to build houses and for flour and dried fruit to eat with their never ending meat4 ,we cannot trade with them because they are too far away for us to build railroads to their land1 and the sea is so full of ice that ships cannot get through it ,perhaps the aeroplane will let us see more of the ,eskimo4 --,j4 ,russell ,smith4 ,courtesy of the ,john ,c4 ,winston ,co4 ,,questions ,glance quickly at the first paragraph4 ,how would this do as a title or topic for it3 ,doing things for yourself8 ,the second paragraph connects the idea that it is very hard to do everything for yourself with the various things told about the ,eskimo in the rest of the story4 ,so that you may understand better1 the ,eskimo is compared with ,robinson ,crusoe1 who had to do everything for himself but had a better chance because of the country in which he lived4 ,a topic for the second paragraph might be1 ,the ,eskimo's life compared with ,robinson ,crusoe's4 ,beginning with the third paragraph1 the author tells how the ,eskimo lives4 ,it is not necessary to make a topic for every paragraph4 ,we can make a general heading under which some of his ways of living can be grouped4 ,arrange the heading and the sub-headings as follows3 ,how the ,eskimo manages to live4 7a7 ,his house4 7b7 ,his food1 7c7 ,his clothing4 ,now look through the rest of the story1 and you will see that it can be included under the following headings3 ,the ,eskimo dog4 ,eskimo games4 ,why the ,eskimo does not buy and sell4 ,in making an outline it is not necessary to put in every single idea in the piece you are outlining4 ,now1 after going through the selection to see how the outline is made1 you can easily answer the following questions3 #a4 ,how does it happen that you do not have to depend on your own family for the things you eat and wear and use8 ,make a list of the people who help you to get the things necessary for every-day life4 ,your list might begin with the baker1 the milk-man1 and the shoemaker4 #b4 ,try to draw a picture of the outside of the ,eskimo's winter house as it is described here4 #c4 ,make a list of the things you think an ,eskimo boy or girl about your age would do from morning to night--his day's program1 you may call it4 #d4 ,do you think the ,eskimo is glad when summer comes8 ,why8 #e4 ,tell a story that a huskie might tell of his experiences4 #f4 ,make a list of raw materials1 such as wood1 that would make the life of the ,eskimo more comfortable4 ,,scottish ,,border ,,warfare ,from your study of the way to make an outline of ,the ,eskimo1 you will be able to make an outline of ,scottish ,border ,warfare yourself4 ,read the selection through1 and then go back and write topics that cover the main points4 ,legends of the ,scottish borders tell the exciting stories of a warfare that went on for a hundred years1 in the days before ,england and ,scotland were united4 ,the ,borders consisted of that part of the country in the ,south of ,scotland where the boundary was not properly fixed4 ,the ,king of ,england might claim a piece of land that the ,king of ,scotland thought was his1 and the ,king of ,scotland might do the same by the ,king of ,england4 ,and so1 because things were never really settled in these parts1 and men thought they could do pretty much as they liked1 a constant warfare sprang up between the families who lived on the ,english side of the border and those who lived on the ,scottish side4 ,these families formed great clans1 almost like the ,highland clans1 and every man in the clan rose in arms at the bidding of his chief4 ,the warfare which they carried on was not honest fighting so much as something that sounds to us very much like stealing2 only in these old plundering1 or reiving days1 as they were called1 people were not very particular about other people's property1 and right was often decided by might4 ,so when these old ,border chieftains found that their larders were getting empty1 they sent messages around the countryside to their retainers1 telling them to meet them that night at some secret trysting-place1 and ride with them into ,england to steal some ,english yeoman's flock of sheep4 ,in the darkness1 groups of men1 mounted on rough1 shaggy ponies1 would assemble at some lonely spot among the hills and ride stealthily into ,cumberland or ,northumberland1 and surround some ,englishman's little flock of sheep1 or herd of cattle1 and drive them off1 setting fire1 perhaps1 to his cottage and haystacks at the same time4 ,the ,englishman might be unable to retaliate at the moment1 but no sooner were the reivers' backs turned than he betook himself with all haste to his chieftain1 who1 in his turn1 gathered his men together1 and rode over into ,scotland to take vengeance1 and1 if possible1 bring back with him a larger drove of sheep and cattle than had been stolen1 or lifted1 by the ,scotch4 ,and so things went merrily on1 with raids and counter-raids1 and fierce little encounters1 and brave men slain4 ,you can read the accounts of many of these raids in ,sir ,walter ,scott's ,border ,minstrelsy--about ,kinmont ,willie1 ,dick o' the ,cow1 ,jamie ,telfer of the ,fair ,dodhead1 ,johnnie ,armstrong1 and the ,raid of the ,reidswire--and if you ever chance to be traveling between ,hawick and ,carlisle you can look out of the window1 as the train carries you swiftly down ,liddesdale1 and people the hillsides1 in your imagination1 with companies of reivers setting out to harry their auld enemies1 the ,english4 --,from ,a ,peep at ,scotland1 by ,elizabeth ,grierson4 ,,questions #a4 ,what were the ,borders8 #b4 ,from the way they are used1 tell what you think the following words mean3 reiving1 larders1 retainers1 clan1 trysting-place1 yeoman1 retaliate1 lifted1 harry4 ,,the ,,new ,,wonderland ,you have probably1 like ,betty1 the little girl in this story1 read ,alice in ,wonderland4 ,if you haven't1 you will find out1 before you have read very far on this page1 when ,alice lived4 ,glance at the first part of the story and see4 ,alice1 in the book that ,betty had been reading1 had wonderful adventures in a strange country1 where rabbits and caterpillars talked1 and where certain kinds of cake made you grow taller or shorter1 and where people put pepper in tea4 ,anybody would think a country like that was a ,wonderland2 but you will see that ,alice found our everyday1 twentieth-century world is a ,wonderland1 too4 ,see if you can tell why she thought so4 ,betty laid down her book with a sigh4 ,it had been a lovely book1 and she was sorry it was finished4 ,such a humdrum old world6 she said discontentedly4 ,i wish ,i had a chance to go to ,wonderland1 like ,alice4 ,why1 said a voice from the doorway1 isn't this ,wonderland1 then8 ,betty looked up1 startled4 ,she saw a little girl of about her own age1 with long1 light1 straight hair hanging to her waist1 with wide1 wondering blue eyes1 and dressed in the simplest1 most old-fashioned of little white frocks4 ,who are you8 inquired ,betty4 ,why1 don't you know me8 ,i'm ,alice1 said the quaint little girl4 ,how did you get here8 ,i thought you lived a long time ago1 in #ahej or so4 ,oh1 yes1 ,i did begin to live then2 but you see ,i've been traveling in ,wonderland so long that ,i've never had time to grow up4 ,aren't you sorry to have come back to real life1 and begin to do lessons1 and mind what the older people say1 and all8 ,oh1 but ,i haven't6 ,of course1 ,i suppose the people in ,wonderland don't know they are queer1 and so that's why you don't know you live there4 ,well1 said ,betty scornfully1 ,i'm sure ,i don't see anything to wonder at in this old place-- ,just then a bell rang sharply1 and ,betty hurried to answer the telephone4 ,it was her father speaking4 ,she took his message and returned to her guest4 ,what in the world1 said ,alice1 made you talk into that little black cup8 ,why1 that's the telephone4 ,what's a telephone8 ,we didn't have them in my time1 ,i'm sure4 ,oh1 everybody has one now4 ,it lets you talk to somebody 'way off1 over an electric wire4 ,of course1 we read about ,franklin and his kite and all that4 ,let me try it4 ,but when the operator's voice saying ,number1 please8 came to ,alice's ear1 she was so frightened that she dropped the receiver4 ,i can show you lots more things we do with electricity1 said ,betty1 beginning to understand that things which were commonplace to her were wonders to her visitor4 ,you see it's getting dark8 ,now watch4 ,going to the push-button in the wall she snapped on the light2 ,alice jumped at its suddenness4 ,why1 at home we had to find matches and light a lamp1 she said in amazement4 ,that's nothing1 said ,betty4 ,come along4 ,she led her new friend into the dining room1 and showed her how1 by pressing a button1 the rack could be heated for toasting bread1 or heat supplied for the coffee pot4 ,then they went on into the kitchen1 and she showed ,alice the gas stove1 where a flame sprang into life at the turning of a handle2 and the washing-machine1 where the pressing of another button set the clothes to churning up and down in the suds2 and the electric iron1 heated by the pressing of still another button4 ,illustration3 ,,betty ,,showed ,,her ,,the ,,victrola ,why1 nobody needs to do any work at all1 said ,alice admiringly1 while ,betty began to feel that after all she had a great many remarkable things in her house1 which she had never thought much about because they had always been there4 ,as they walked back into the hall1 they heard a click-clicking sound4 ,what's that8 said ,alice4 ,oh1 it's just my big brother's wireless apparatus catching a message4 ,if he were here he could tell us what it says4 ,what's a wireless8 ,why1 you don't know anything much1 do you8 ,betty explained as well as she could about the wireless telegraph4 ,goodness6 ,that's like real magic4 ,you must feel as if you were living in a fairy story4 ,betty had never thought of life in that way1 and was about to tell ,alice how really dull a time she had1 when a sound of music interrupted them4 ,oh1 how lovely6 ,somebody's singing6 ,no1 you little goose1 that's only the victrola1 answered ,betty4 ,what's a victrola8 ,betty tried to explain that it was a machine that caught and imprisoned somebody's voice or the music of some instrument4 ,but ,alice couldn't understand4 ,even when ,betty showed her the victrola1 and the record1 she could hardly believe that a real singer wasn't hidden somewhere making fun of her4 ,while she was still unpersuaded1 ,betty heard her father's key in the lock4 ,she knew the car must still be before the door4 ,father1 father1 she cried1 this is ,alice--from ,wonderland1 you know4 ,won't you take us for a ride8 ,a little one1 said ,betty's father4 ,alice clapped her hands1 for she loved to go driving4 ,but when the two little girls were safely seated in the back seat1 she began to wonder again4 ,where are the horses8 she inquired4 ,horses6 ,why1 it's an automobile4 ,what's an automobile8 ,why1 a carriage that runs of itself4 ,the car started1 and ,alice understood without further explaining4 ,she couldn't ask any more questions1 because the rapid motion quite took away her breath4 ,betty asked ,alice to spend the night with her1 and promised that next morning she would take her to town and show her some more of the sights of the ,new ,wonderland4 ,she went to sleep feeling that after all it wasn't such a humdrum world1 and that she had taken for granted a great many things that1 when you came to think of it1 really made life a fairy tale1 and the world ,wonderland4 --,mabel ,dodge ,holmes4 ,,questions #a4 ,alice was no more surprised than any little girl of #ahej would be4 ,what has happened in the world since that time to make it a ,wonderland8 #b4 ,why was the telephone a wonder to ,alice8 #c4 ,make a list of the wonders ,betty showed ,alice4 ,add to this list any similar wonders that you could show her in your house4 #d4 ,can you think of some of the wonders that ,betty showed ,alice in their trip to the city8 ,,bristol ,here is an account of the ,city of ,bristol taken from an encyclopedia4 ,without reading the whole account1 find as quickly as possible the answer to each of the following questions1 in order4 #a4 ,where is ,bristol8 #b4 ,is it an attractive city8 #c4 ,is it an industrial city8 #d4 ,is it a healthy city8 #e4 ,are there many public buildings there8 #f4 ,if you had children could they be well educated there8 #g4 ,has it had any famous citizens8 #h4 ,is it a seaport or an inland city8 #i4 ,is it a large city8 ,bristol1 a cathedral city of ,england1 situated partly in ,gloucestershire1 partly in ,somersetshire1 but forming a county in itself4 ,in #aiaa it had a population of #ceg1jei4 ,it stands at the confluence of the rivers ,avon and ,frome1 which unite within the city whence the combined stream 7the ,avon7 pursues a course of nearly seven miles to the ,bristol ,channel4 ,the ,avon is a navigable river1 and the tides rise in it to a great height4 ,the town is built partly on low grounds1 partly on eminences1 and has some fine suburban districts1 such as ,clifton1 on the opposite side of the ,avon1 connected with ,bristol by a suspension bridge #gjc feet long and #bde feet above high-water mark4 ,the public buildings are numerous and handsome1 and the number of places of worship very great4 ,the most notable of these are the cathedral1 founded in #aadb1 exhibiting various styles of architecture1 and recently restored and enlarged2 ,st4 ,mary ,redcliff1 said to have been founded in #abic1 and perhaps the finest parish church in the kingdom4 ,among modern buildings are the exchange1 the guild-hall1 the council house1 the post office1 the new grammar school1 the fine arts academy1 the ,west of ,england1 and other banks1 insurance offices1 etc4 ,the charities are exceedingly numerous1 the most important being ,ashley ,down ,orphanage1 for the orphans of ,protestant parents1 founded and still managed by the ,rev4 ,george ,mller1 which may almost be described as a village of orphans4 ,among the educational institutions are the ,university ,college1 the ,theological ,colleges of the ,baptists and ,independents1 ,clifton ,college1 and the ,philosophical ,institute4 ,there is a school of art1 and also a public library4 ,bristol has glassworks1 potteries1 soap works1 tanneries1 sugar refineries1 and chemical works1 shipbuilding and machinery yards4 ,coal is worked extensively within the limits of the borough4 ,the export and import trade is large and varied1 it being one of the leading ,english ports in the foreign trade4 ,regular navigation across the ,atlantic was first established here1 and the ,great ,western1 the pioneer steamship in this route1 was built here4 ,there is a harbor in the city itself1 and the construction of new docks at ,avonmouth and ,portishead has given a fresh impetus to the port4 ,the construction of very large new docks was begun in #aijb4 ,bristol is one of the healthiest of the large towns of the kingdom4 ,it has an excellent water supply chiefly obtained from the ,mendip ,hills4--,in old ,celtic chronicles we find the name ,caer ,oder1 or the ,city of the ,chasm1 given to a place in this neighborhood1 a name peculiarly appropriate to the situation of ,bristol1 or rather of its suburb ,clifton4 ,the ,saxons called it ,bricgstow1 bridge-place4 ,in #acgc it was constituted a county of itself by ,edward ,,iii4 ,it was made the seat of a bisphoric by ,henry ,,viii in #aedb 7now united with ,gloucester74 ,sebastian ,cabot1 ,chatterton1 and ,southey were natives of ,bristol4 ,,on ,,the ,,frontier ,,the ,,setting ,,for ,,an ,,act ,,in ,a ,,play ,your teacher will give the word when you are to begin4 ,she will keep track of the time and will ask you to stop reading in thirty seconds4 ,then she will ask you1 without looking back at the paragraph1 to write answers to the questions at the end4 ,it is a blockhouse in a ,kentucky clearing1 at one of the outposts of civilization to be found all along the frontier of the ,united ,states at the close of the eighteenth century4 ,the sun is about to rise and objects are only dimly seen through the early morning haze4 ,the building itself is at the left4 ,it is made of rough hewn logs4 ,a closed door of heavy planks is shown in the front wall4 ,the windows are narrow loop-holes through which can be seen from time to time the blue barrels of flint-lock rifles4 ,the second story of the blockhouse projects over the first1 so that anyone approaching the wall would be subjected to rifle fire from the floor above4 ,a cleared space in front contains the stumps of several large trees1 behind one of which may be seen a crouching ,indian1 invisible to the blockhouse but easily seen by the audience4 ,well back and at the right is a small stream4 ,beyond both right and back the forest extends indefinitely4 ,shadowy figures are moving among the trees4 ,write answers to the following questions4 ,remember1 that if you are really a good sport and play the game fairly1 you will not look back at the paragraph you have just read4 #a4 ,does the scene show a time of danger or of peace8 #b4 ,are people within the blockhouse8 #c4 ,what means of defense has the blockhouse8 #d4 ,what time of day is it8 #e4 ,on which side of the stage is the blockhouse8 the stream8 ,,the ,,happy ,,prince ,here is a story of a golden statue and a little bird1 both of whom sacrificed a great deal for the sake of others4 ,as you read1 see if you can tell which sacrificed more1 and decide whether you are sorry for them because they gave up so much4 ,high above the city1 on a tall column1 stood the statue of the ,happy ,prince4 ,he was gilded all over with thin leaves of fine gold1 for eyes he had two bright sapphires1 and a large red ruby glowed on his sword-hilt4 ,one night1 there flew over the city a little ,swallow4 ,his friends had gone away to ,egypt six weeks before1 but he had stayed behind1 for he was in love with the most beautiful ,reed4 ,he had met her early in the spring as he was flying down the river after a big yellow moth1 and had been so attracted by her slender waist that he had stopped to talk to her4 ,after the other swallows had gone he felt lonely1 and began to tire of his lady-love4 ,she has no conversation1 he said1 and ,i am afraid that she is a coquette1 for she is always flirting with the wind4 ,and certainly1 whenever the wind blew1 the ,reed made the most graceful curtsies4 ,i admit that she is domestic1 he continued1 but ,i love traveling1 and my wife1 consequently1 should love traveling also4 ,will you come away with me8 he said finally to her2 but the ,reed shook her head1 she was so attached to her home4 ,you have been trifling with me1 he cried4 ,i am off to the ,pyramids4 ,good-bye6 and he flew away4 ,all day long he flew1 and at night-time he arrived at the city4 ,where shall ,i put up8 he said4 ,i hope the town has made preparations4 ,then he saw the statue on the tall column4 ,i will put up there1 he cried2 it is a fine position1 with plenty of fresh air4 ,so he alighted just between the feet of the ,happy ,prince4 ,i have a golden bedroom1 he said softly to himself as he looked round1 and he prepared to go to sleep2 but just as he was putting his head under his wing a large drop of water fell on him4 ,what a curious thing6 he cried1 there is not a single cloud in the sky1 the stars are quite clear and bright1 and yet it is raining4 ,the climate in the north of ,europe is really dreadful4 ,the ,reed used to like the rain1 but that was merely her selfishness4 ,then another drop fell4 ,what is the use of a statue if it cannot keep the rain off8 he said2 ,i must look for a good chimney-pot1 and he determined to fly away4 ,but before he had opened his wings1 a third drop fell1 and he looked up1 and saw--,ah6 what did he see8 ,the eyes of the ,happy ,prince were filled with tears1 and tears were running down his golden cheeks4 ,his face was so beautiful in the moonlight that the little ,swallow was filled with pity4 ,who are you8 he said4 ,i am the ,happy ,prince4 ,why are you weeping then8 asked the swallow2 you have quite drenched me4 ,when ,i was alive and had a human heart1 answered the statue1 ,i did not know what tears were1 for ,i lived in the ,palace of ,sans-,souci 7without care71 where sorrow is not allowed to enter4 ,in the daytime ,i played with my companions in the garden1 and in the evening ,i led the dance in the ,great ,hall4 ,round the garden ran a very lofty wall1 but ,i never cared to ask what lay beyond it1 everything about me was so beautiful4 ,my courtiers called me the ,happy ,prince1 and happy indeed ,i was1 if pleasure be happiness4 ,so ,i lived1 and so ,i died4 ,and now that ,i am dead they have set me up here so high that ,i can see all the ugliness and all the misery of my city1 and though my heart is made of lead yet ,i cannot choose but weep4 ,illustration3 ,,little ,,swallow1 ,,will ,,you ,,not ,,stay ,,with ,,me ,,for ,,one ,,night8 ,what1 is he not of solid gold8 said the ,swallow to himself4 ,he was too polite to make any personal remarks out loud4 ,far away1 continued the statue in a low musical voice1 far away in a little street there is a poor house4 ,one of the windows is open1 and through it ,i can see a woman seated at the table4 ,her face is thin and worn1 and she has coarse1 red hands1 all pricked by the needle1 for she is a seamstress4 ,she is embroidering passion-flowers on a satin gown for the loveliest of the ,queen's maids-of-honor to wear at the next ,court-ball4 ,in a bed in the corner of the room her little boy is lying ill4 ,he has a fever1 and is asking for oranges4 ,his mother has nothing to give him but river water1 so he is crying4 ,swallow1 ,swallow1 little ,swallow1 will you not bring her the ruby out of my sword hilt8 ,my feet are fastened to this pedestal and ,i cannot move4 ,i am waited for in ,egypt1 said the ,swallow4 ,my friends are flying up and down the ,nile and talking to the large lotus-flowers4 ,soon they will go to sleep in the tomb of the great ,king4 ,the ,king is there himself in his painted coffin4 ,he is wrapped in yellow linen1 and embalmed with spices4 ,round his neck is a chain of pale green jade1 and his hands are like withered leaves4 ,swallow1 ,swallow1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince1 will you not stay with me for one night1 and be my messenger8 ,the boy is so thirsty and the mother is so sad4 ,i don't think ,i like boys1 answered the ,swallow4 ,last summer1 when ,i was staying on the river1 there were two rude boys1 the miller's sons1 who were always throwing stones at me4 ,they never hit me1 of course2 we swallows fly far too well for that1 and besides1 ,i come of a family famous for its agility2 but still1 it was a mark of disrespect4 ,but the ,happy ,prince looked so sad that the little ,swallow was sorry4 ,it is very cold here1 he said2 but ,i will stay with you for one night1 and be your messenger4 ,thank you1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince4 ,so the ,swallow picked out the ruby from the ,prince's sword1 and flew away with it in his beak over the roofs of the town4 ,he passed by the cathedral tower1 where the white marble angels were sculptured4 ,he passed by the palace and heard the sound of dancing4 ,a beautiful girl came out on the balcony with her lover4 ,how wonderful the stars are1 he said to her1 and how wonderful is the power of love6 ,i hope my dress will be ready in time for the ,state-ball1 she answered2 ,i have ordered passion-flowers to be embroidered on it2 but the seamstresses are so lazy4 ,he passed over the river1 and saw the lanterns hanging to the masts of the ships4 ,at last he came to the poor house and looked in4 ,the boy was tossing feverishly on his bed1 and the mother had fallen asleep1 she was so tired4 ,in he hopped1 and laid the great ruby on the table beside the woman's thimble4 ,then he flew gently round the bed1 fanning the boy's forehead with his wings4 ,how cool ,i feel1 said the boy1 ,i must be getting better2 and he sank into a delicious slumber4 ,then the ,swallow flew back to the ,happy ,prince1 and told him what he had done4 ,it is curious1 he remarked1 but ,i feel quite warm now1 although it is so cold4 ,that is because you have done a good action1 said the ,prince4 ,and the little ,swallow began to think1 and then fell asleep4 ,thinking always made him sleepy4 ,when day broke he flew down to the river and had a bath4 ,to-night ,i go to ,egypt1 he said1 and he was in high spirits at the prospect4 ,he visited all the public monuments1 and sat a long time on top of the church steeple4 ,wherever he went sparrows chirruped1 and said to each other1 ,what a distinguished stranger6 so he enjoyed himself very much4 ,when the moon rose he flew back and said to the ,happy ,prince3 ,have you any commissions for ,egypt8 ,i am just starting4 ,swallow1 ,swallow1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince1 will you not stay with me one night longer8 ,far away across the city ,i see a young man in a garret4 ,he is leaning over a desk covered with papers1 and in a tumbler by his side there is a bunch of withered violets4 ,his hair is brown and crisp and his lips are red as a pomegranate1 and he has large and dreamy eyes4 ,he is trying to finish a play for the ,director of the ,theatre1 but he is too cold to write any more4 ,there is no fire in the grate1 and hunger has made him faint4 ,i will wait one night longer1 said the ,swallow1 who had a good heart4 ,shall ,i take him another ruby8 ,alas6 ,i have no ruby now1 said the ,prince2 my eyes are all that ,i have left4 ,they are made of rare sapphires which were brought out of ,india a thousand years ago4 ,pluck out one of them and take it to him4 ,he will sell it to the jeweller1 and buy food and firewood1 and finish his play4 ,dear ,prince1 said the ,swallow1 ,i cannot do that2 and he began to weep4 ,swallow1 ,swallow1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince1 do as ,i command you4 ,so the ,swallow plucked out the ,prince's eye1 and flew away to the student's garret4 ,it was easy enough to get in1 as there was a hole in the roof4 ,through this he darted1 and came into the room4 ,the young man had his head buried in his hands1 so he did not hear the flutter of the bird's wings1 and when he looked up he found the beautiful sapphire lying on the withered violets4 ,i am beginning to be appreciated1 he cried2 this is from some great admirer4 ,now ,i can finish my play1 and he looked quite happy4 ,the next day the ,swallow flew down to the harbor4 ,he sat on the mast of a large vessel and watched the sailors hauling big chests out of the hold with ropes4 ,i am going to ,egypt6 cried the ,swallow1 but nobody minded1 and when the moon rose he flew back to the ,happy ,prince4 ,i am come to bid you good-bye1 he cried4 ,swallow1 ,swallow1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince1 will you not stay with me one night longer8 ,it is winter1 answered the ,swallow1 and the chill snow will soon be here4 ,in ,egypt the sun is warm on the green palm-trees1 and the crocodiles lie in the mud and look lazily about them4 ,in the square below1 said the ,happy ,prince1 there stands a little match-girl4 ,she has let her matches fall in the gutter1 and they are all spoiled4 ,her father will beat her if she does not bring home some money1 and she is crying4 ,she has no shoes or stockings1 and her little head is bare4 ,pluck out my other eye1 and give it to her1 and her father will not beat her4 ,i will stay with you one night longer1 said the ,swallow1 but ,i cannot pluck out your eye4 ,you would be quite blind then4 ,swallow1 ,swallow1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince1 do as ,i command you4 ,so he plucked out the ,prince's other eye1 and darted down with it4 ,he swooped past the match-girl1 and slipped the jewel into the palm of her hand4 ,what a lovely bit of glass1 cried the little girl2 and she ran home laughing4 ,then the ,swallow came back to the ,prince4 ,you are blind now1 he said1 so ,i will stay with you always4 ,no1 little ,swallow1 said the poor ,prince1 you must go away to ,egypt4 ,i will stay with you always1 said the ,swallow1 and he slept at the ,prince's feet4 ,next day the ,swallow flew over the great city1 and saw the rich making merry in their beautiful houses1 while the beggars were sitting at the gates4 ,he flew into dark lanes1 and saw the white faces of starving children looking out listlessly at the black streets4 ,under the archway of a bridge two little boys were lying in one another's arms to try and keep themselves warm4 ,then he flew back and told the ,prince what he had seen4 ,i am covered with fine gold1 said the ,prince1 you must take it off leaf by leaf1 and give it to my poor2 the living always think that gold can make them happy4 ,leaf after leaf of the fine gold the ,swallow picked off1 till the ,happy ,prince looked quite dull and grey4 ,leaf after leaf of the fine gold he brought to the poor1 and the children's faces grew rosier1 and they laughed and played games in the street4 ,we have bread now6 they cried4 ,then the snow came1 and after the snow came the frost4 ,the streets looked as if they were made of silver1 they were so bright and glistening2 long icicles like crystal daggers hung down from the eaves of the houses1 everybody went about in furs1 and the little boys wore scarlet caps and skated on the ice4 ,the poor little ,swallow grew colder and colder1 but he would not leave the ,prince1 for he loved him too well4 ,he picked up crumbs outside the baker's door1 and tried to keep himself warm by flapping his wings4 ,but at last he knew that he was going to die4 ,he had just enough strength to fly up to the ,prince's shoulder once more4 ,good-bye1 dear ,prince6 he murmured1 will you let me kiss your hand8 ,i am glad that you are going to ,egypt at last1 little ,swallow1 said the ,prince1 you have stayed too long here2 but you must kiss me on the lips1 for ,i love you4 ,it is not to ,egypt that ,i am going1 said the ,swallow4 ,i am going to the ,house of ,death4 ,death is the brother of ,sleep1 is he not8 ,and he kissed the ,happy ,prince on the lips1 and fell down dead at his feet4 ,at that moment a curious crack sounded inside the statue as if something had broken4 ,the fact is that the leaden heart had snapped right in two4 ,it certainly was a dreadfully hard frost4 ,early the next morning the ,mayor was walking in the square below in company with the ,town ,councillors4 ,as they passed the column he looked up at the statue3 ,dear me6 how shabby the ,happy ,prince looks6 he said4 ,how shabby indeed6 cried the ,town ,councillors1 who always agreed with the ,mayor2 and they went up to look at it4 ,the ruby has fallen out of his sword1 his eyes are gone1 and he is golden no longer1 said the ,mayor2 in fact he is little better than a beggar4 ,little better than a beggar1 said the ,town ,councillors4 ,and here is actually a dead bird at his feet6 continued the ,mayor4 ,we must really issue a proclamation that birds are not to be allowed to die here4 ,and the ,town ,clerk made a note of the suggestion4 ,so they pulled down the statue of the ,happy ,prince4 ,as he is no longer beautiful he is no longer useful1 said the ,art ,professor at the ,university4 ,then they melted the statue in a furnace and the ,mayor held a meeting of the ,corporation to decide what was to be done with the metal4 ,we must have another statue1 of course1 he said1 and it shall be a statue of myself4 ,of myself1 said each of the ,town ,councillors1 and they quarreled4 ,when ,i last heard of them they were quarreling still4 ,what a strange thing6 said the overseer at the foundry4 ,this broken lead heart will not melt in the furnace4 ,we must throw it away4 ,so they threw it on a dust heap where the dead swallow was also lying4 ,bring me the two most precious things in the city1 said ,god to one of ,his ,angels2 and the ,angel brought ,him the leaden heart and the dead bird4 ,you have rightly chosen1 said ,god1 for in my garden of ,paradise this little bird shall sing for evermore1 and in my city of gold the ,happy ,prince shall praise me4 --,oscar ,wilde4 ,courtesy of ,augustus ,r4 ,keller and ,company4 ,it would be too bad to mar this beautiful story by asking questions about it4 ,this is a story to tell4 ,your teacher1 or perhaps the class1 will decide who is to come to the front of the room and tell the story4 ,it would be a good ,christmas story4 ,,can ,,you ,,follow ,,directions8 ,this exercise is given to see if you can follow directions4 ,follow each direction as you read it4 ,do not wait for others to start1 but begin now4 #a4 ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line and your grade on the second4 ,at the left hand side of your paper number the next ten lines from number #a to number #aj4 #b4 ,the words ,,name ,,is ,a ,,john ,,boy',s do not make a good sentence1 but if the words are arranged in order they form a good sentence3 ,,john ,,is ,a ,,boy',s ,,name4 ,this sentence is true4 ,in the same way1 the words ,,books ,,made ,,iron ,,of ,,are1 in this order do not make a good sentence1 but arranged in the right order they form a good sentence3 ,,books ,,are ,,made ,,of ,,iron4 ,this sentence is not true4 #c4 ,here are ten groups of words which can be rearranged into good sentences4 ,when they are rearranged in their right order1 some will be true and some will be false4 ,look at the first set of words4 ,do not write the words in their right order1 but see what they would say if rearranged4 ,if what they would say is true1 write the word true after figure #a on your paper2 but if what they would say is not true1 write the word false after figure #a4 ,do this with each group of words4 #a4 shepherd the his good sheep cares for4 #b4 ,pigeons carry frequently used war to were messages4 #c4 usually elected kings for are four years4 #d4 from get caterpillar we called a silk-worm the silk4 #e4 live the far-away ,eskimos sandy hot in deserts the4 #f4 and coal mined the cotton south are in4 #g4 sail ,spain three set ,columbus from great steamships with4 #h4 chief of ,england the city ,philadelphia is4 #i4 our days long summer and hot are4 #aj4 noted ,california trees is big its for4 ,,feeding ,,french ,,children ,you should all begin reading at the same moment4 ,your teacher will time you and tell you how long it takes you to read this selection4 ,but do not hurry1 for you will be asked to tell the class the things you remember best4 ,maybe you had a big brother or sister or cousin or aunt or uncle who1 during the great war1 worked under the ,red ,cross in ,france4 ,if you did1 he or she may have written home just such letters as this one1 which a big sister wrote to her little brothers in ,america4 ,as you read1 see if you do not think she must be a very pleasant1 friendly big sister1 not only to her own little brothers1 but also to the little ,french children4 ,do you wish you had been born in ,france and that your names were ,jean1 and ,ren1 and ,etienne instead of ,bill and ,george ,albert and ,ben8 ,and do you wish you wore black sateen aprons instead of woolly blue sweaters8 ,the reason ,i began to write you this letter is that yesterday afternoon ,i put on my hat and coat when ,i ought to have been working1 and went to visit some ,french schools4 ,i went with twenty fine people who all wore ,red ,cross uniforms4 ,the reason ,i went is very interesting4 ,for three years1 while all the men and the big boys in ,france have been fighting1 their mothers and sisters and all the children whom they had to leave behind them have been getting poorer and thinner and hungrier4 ,you see1 since the men have gone to war there haven't been enough of them left to grow the wheat and run the machinery which makes the bread4 ,well1 as ,i said1 the mothers and the little children got thinner and poorer and hungrier1 but the last thing of all that they gave up was a luncheon they served in the afternoon in the schools to the smallest and poorest children4 ,it was such a little luncheon that they called it the taste1 but finally they had to give up even that2 and then when the time came to eat1 the children1 who were just as brave as soldiers1 had to pretend they weren't hungry at all4 ,they went without that luncheon for a number of months1 and then an ,american doctor decided that the boys and girls in that part of ,paris must have that luncheon again4 ,so the doctor rented a bakeshop and he got a ton of nice white ,american flour1 and hundreds and hundreds of cans of ,american condensed milk1 and a very great deal of sugar and some other things1 and went to work making buns4 ,and the reason ,i went to the schools yesterday was to help give out the buns and chocolate for the children's taste4 ,i suppose you think that one bun and one piece of chocolate wasn't much--and we thought so too when we saw all those hungry little faces1 and their little legs that looked quite hollow--but the children thought it was fine4 ,they were so polite1 boys6 ,when we marched into their classrooms they all stood up and saluted us as if they had been soldiers4 ,they showed us their copy books and told us what the lesson was4 ,in one class the master himself was quite scared because he wanted to speak ,english to make us feel at home4 ,but he made us a fine speech1 saying how thankful they all were to their ,american friends for being so generous to them4 ,he thanked us especially for thinking of the children and for trying to help them when their fathers were away fighting4 ,then he asked the boys whose fathers or brothers were in the war to raise their hands1 and1 do you know1 almost every boy could raise his hand4 ,they were proud to do it1 too4 ,their hands went up quickly and some of them waved--as you do when you especially want the teacher to pay attention to you4 ,the master asked the boys whose fathers would never come back to raise their hands1 and there were so many of them that we could hardly bear to count them2 and this time the hands went up very slowly and their faces were very1 very sober4 ,in the first school we went to1 the big hall was decorated with a long string of ,american flags4 ,every one was drawn very carefully1 and then colored with crayons by the littlest children4 ,there were paper chains1 too1 made out of red1 white1 and blue paper2 and finally1 when the buns came in1 the baskets were all decorated with the ,american flag because the ,american people had given the bread4 ,the boys all marched into the hall in a long1 long line1 and1 ,bill and ,junior and ,ben1 ,i was so afraid that there wouldn't be enough buns to go around6 ,they marched up to the baskets1 their little wooden shoes making a terrible clatter on the stone floor2 and every boy got a bun in one hand and a bar of chocolate in the other1 and every boy said ,thank you in ,french1 very politely4 ,i don't think even the smallest forgot that1 though some of them were so excited that they couldn't march straight and some of them couldn't talk at all plainly1 even in ,french4 ,there was one time when ,i got very much excited myself4 ,that was when one little boy1 in a blue soldier suit just like his father's1 said ,thank you in ,english4 ,i nearly dropped all the buns ,i had in my two hands1 ,i was so surprised4 ,the ,mayor of the district1 who probably seemed like the ,president of the ,united ,states to most of the children1 made a speech and told them how sorry the ,americans had been that they couldn't have their lunch in the afternoon1 and how the ,americans wanted them to be strong and well and happy and had given them the buns and the chocolate to help1 and he talked to them in such a pleasant voice and in such a loving sort of way1 that when he said he wanted them to shout1 ,vive l',amerique6 which means1 ,hurrah for the ,united ,states of ,america6 they shouted--really and truly shouted--just as if they'd been little ,american boys4 ,at the next school1 we went to the building where the tiniest children of all learned their kindergarten games4 ,they marched for us1 and sang a little song about the good ,saint ,christopher1 who was kind to little children2 and a little boy who had lost his mother and father in the war and who was really too little to understand1 said a very polite speech to us and promised us that he and his little friends would always remember how kind the ,americans had been to them4 ,he was so tiny that he hid his head in the teacher's apron when he had finished4 ,finally we went to the biggest school of all1 and there we found a great hall filled with classes of little girls1 all dressed in black1 all looking so pale and thin and sad that we were glad to think that perhaps the buns and chocolates we had brought would--in a month or two--bring some color into their poor little faces1 and perhaps even put some fat on their wrists and hands that were so thin they seemed like birds' claws4 ,one of the older girls had made a fine big panel picture here showing the children eating their buns and chocolates and capering up and down just as ,i've seen somebody caper a bit when he was going to have--was it ice cream for ,sunday dinner8 ,at the end1 the nice old ,mayor made another speech1 in which he told us a little bit of how brave the children had been when they were hungry1 and how glad he was that they were now going to have the ,american food1 and then he thanked us all over again4 ,so1 then1 one of the ,american doctors said that when we came over here to ,france with our men1 our food1 and our love1 we weren't making gifts1 we were just trying to pay the debt that ,america had owed to ,france since ,lafayette and his men came across the sea to help us in our war4 ,then the doctor told us how the ,arabs believe that people who once eat even a tiny piece of bread together will always be friends1 so the little children and their teachers1 and the nice old ,mayor1 and all the ,americans from the ,red ,cross ate some of the ,american buns and--that is the end of the story6 --,national ,school ,service4 ,,genevieve',s ,,letter ,here is part of a letter written by a nine-year-old ,french girl to girls of the ,william ,penn ,high ,school1 ,philadelphia1 who had adopted her as their war orphan4 ,after you read it1 tell what kind of little girl you think she is4 ,dear ,sisters3 ,i have just received your letter4 ,i am much touched by your kindness to me1 and for your generous hearts4 ,i am contented to find among you so many devoted new sisters for the poor orphan of this unfortunate war1 which has killed all our fathers4 ,dear ,sisters1 ,i don't want you to see a like war with you1 for it is too frightful and too sad4 ,i shall not speak any more about it2 that gives too much trouble4 ,you ask me of what ,i have the greatest need2 indeed1 that will be a dress if that is possible for you2 for mamma does not want us to abuse your good hearts4 ,the dress1 ,i should like to see it dark blue1 for up to now ,i have always worn black and white4 ,mamma permits me now to wear blue1 and ,i think that will be becoming4 ,mamma has made little economies of money4 ,she is going to have my photograph taken1 and ,i am going to send them4 ,i think that will give you pleasure1 and ,i will write to you often4 ,i do not forget you in my morning and evening prayers4 ,once again1 thanks1 all these sisters whom ,i do not know4 ,but if ,i have the good fortune to grow up1 ,i will see you all with pleasure4 ,,travel ,if you have a strong imagination and have read and have liked your geography and1 perhaps1 some books of travel1 you will enjoy this poem4 ,as you read see how many different places are hinted at4 ,read the poem through2 close your book1 and make a list of all you can remember4 ,i should like to rise and go ,where the golden apples grow2-- ,where below another sky ,parrot islands anchored lie1 ,and1 watched by cockatoos and goats1 ,lonely ,crusoes building boats2-- ,where in sunshine reaching out ,eastern cities1 miles about1 ,are with mosque and minaret ,among sandy gardens set1 ,and the rich goods from near and far ,hang for sale in the bazaar2-- ,where the ,great ,wall round ,china goes1 ,and on one side the desert blows1 ,and with bell and voice and drum1 ,cities on the other hum2-- ,where are forests1 hot as fire1 ,wide as ,england1 tall as a spire1 ,full of apes and cocoanuts ,and the negro hunters' huts2-- ,where the knotty crocodile ,lies and blinks in the ,nile1 ,and the red flamingo flies ,hunting fish before his eyes2-- ,where in jungles1 near and far1 ,man-devouring tigers are1 ,lying close and giving ear ,lest the hunt be drawing near1 ,or a comer-by be seen ,swinging in a palanquin2-- ,where among the desert sands ,some deserted city stands1 ,all its children1 sweep and prince1 ,grown to manhood ages since1 ,not a foot in street or house1 ,not a stir of child or mouse1 ,and when kindly falls the night1 ,in all the town no spark of light4 ,there ,i'll come when ,i'm a man ,with a camel caravan2 ,light a fire in the gloom ,of some dusky dining room2 ,see the pictures on the walls1 ,heroes1 fights1 and festivals2 ,and in a corner find the toys ,of the old ,egyptian boys4 --,robert ,louis ,stevenson4 ,,how ,,the ,,wish ,,came ,,true ,not every child who plans how some day he is going to travel has a chance to carry out his plans4 ,but ,robert ,louis ,stevenson travelled far enough to see nearly all the places he dreamed of4 ,he did not travel just for pleasure1 however2 his health was so poor that he wandered all over the world to find a climate where he could live4 ,the place he found was an island in the ,southern ,pacific1 one of a group called ,samoa1 where he spent all the last years of his life4 ,stevenson was a man who made friends wherever he went4 ,in ,samoa the natives loved him dearly4 ,their name for him was ,tusitala1 the ,teller of ,tales1 because he wrote such wonderful stories4 ,,rules ,,for ,,using ,,the ,,eyes ,read the following rules through once2 then cover the page with a sheet of paper1 and answer the questions4 #a4 ,when reading1 writing1 or doing other close work1 be sure to have good1 clear light1 preferably over the left shoulder if writing1 and not directly in the eyes nor reflected sharply from the paper4 #b4 ,do not hold your work less than #ab inches from your eyes4 #c4 ,do not use the eyes too long continuously--rest them a few minutes occasionally by closing them or by looking into the distance to relax them4 ,one should do this at least every hour1 especially if reading fine type or doing intense1 delicate work4 #d4 ,keep away from places where stone chips1 sparks1 or emery dust is flying4 ,if you have to work where such dangers exist1 wear goggles4 #e4 ,if strong light bothers you1 wear slightly brown non-magnifying glasses outdoors1 with a broad-brimmed hat4 #f4 ,avoid the common towel and do not rub the eyes with dirty hands4 ,contagious eye disease is spread in these two ways4 ,,questions #a4 ,give two rules about the right use of light for reading1 writing1 etc4 #b4 ,how far from your eyes should you hold your book8 #c4 ,give the rule for resting the eyes4 #d4 ,how can you avoid danger from sparks1 emery dust and stone chips8 #e4 ,what should you do if strong light bothers you8 #f4 ,why should you not use a dirty towel or rub your eyes with dirty hands8 ,,acting ,,for ,,the ,,movies ,would you like to go behind the screen and see a great film produced--to see the hundreds of men and women and horses and costumes and properties that are necessary to produce a thrilling story8 ,would you like to take a part in the picture1 and dress up in one of the costumes1 and ride before the clicking cameras8 ,see whether you can take one of these brief scenes and1 by reading carefully all that the paragraph tells you1 picture it before the class so vividly that the class will know which scene you are reproducing4 ,that is what the actor must do every time a film is produced4 ,you may take anything in the room that will help you in making the picture true to the story4 ,you must remember that your success depends upon how well you can express your thought and feeling through your face and hands and body4 #a4 ,he sat on the bank eagerly watching every little ripple on the water and ,jack sat beside him1 not understanding the game at all nor why his master should have become so lazy4 ,suddenly1 ,tom jumped up and1 pulling in the line with a jerk1 danced wildly about1 while ,jack1 now as excited as his master1 barked furiously at the tiny wiggles on the end of the line4 #b4 ,suddenly he drew in his horse and listened anxiously--was that the far off rumble of guns8 ,could the battle have begun8 #c4 ,lawrence counted the change in his hand carefully1 wondering whether the amount he held was just enough or just too little4 ,every now and then he glanced up anxiously1 just to make sure that the price-tag in the window was still #d4ej and that the cost of the football had not in some miraculous manner grown to #ad4ej4 #d4 ,the king's wise men and learned doctors brought down great books in which were written all the laws of the kingdom4 ,they traced through long pages with trembling fingers and anxious1 frowning eyes4 ,at the end of each page they would shake their heads and mutter among themselves1 and as they closed the last ponderous volume they approached the king with many gestures of despair4 ,we cannot find an answer written in all the ,books of the ,kingdom1 your majesty4 #e4 ,i saw some one drawing slowly near along the road4 ,he was plainly blind1 for he tapped before him with a stick1 and wore a great green shade over his eyes and nose2 and he was hunched1 as if with age or weakness1 and wore a large1 old1 tattered sea-cloak with a hood1 that made him appear positively deformed4 ,i never saw a more dreadful looking figure4 ,he stopped a little from the inn1 and raising his voice in an odd sing-song1 addressed the air in front of him4 #f4 ,jerry knew that his life would hang in the balance for the next few minutes1 but he hoped that by hugging close to the shadows of the wall1 and by not making a sound1 he could pass by the careless group around the fire4 ,he crouched down in despair when one of the men turned and apparently looked accusingly at his particular shadow on the wall4 ,but the man made no sign and ,jerry crept on4 #g4 ,one day on their daily rounds they found a disagreeable surprise awaiting them at the lake4 ,their beaver traps were all sprung and were all empty4 ,there was a light snow on the ground and they stooped to examine the signs left by the thief in his hurry4 ,an unmistakable trail led off down the river and they followed it eagerly until a shift in the wind brought more snow and the tracks were covered4 ,,clear ,,thinking ,the following problems are to be answered without the use of figures4 ,read each problem carefully and decide whether your answer should be yes or no4 ,each question requires one or the other of these words2 no other answer will be counted correct4 ,put the answer to the first question on the first line1 and in the margin of the paper1 mark it number #a4 ,use a separate line for each problem and be sure to number your answer to correspond4 ,if you are not sure of the answer1 guess at it and pass on to the next problem4 ,when you have finished1 sign your name and grade at the bottom of the paper1 and wait quietly for the others4 #a4 ,it took ,george thirty-one seconds to read these directions carefully4 ,john read them in twenty-seven seconds4 ,can ,george read faster than ,john8 #b4 ,mary was born in ,february1 #aiaj4 ,her cousin1 ,marion1 is four months older4 ,was ,marion born in #aiaj8 #c4 ,john went with his two brothers to the park4 ,one brother spent twenty-five cents1 the other spent thirty cents4 ,john spent more than these two together4 ,in all did they spend more than one dollar8 #d4 ,when flour sells at eight cents per pound1 ,i can get a barrel for twelve dollars4 ,a barrel of flour weighs almost two hundred pounds4 ,would ,i save more than a dollar by purchasing flour by the barrel8 #e4 ,my father bought a talking-machine for sixty-five dollars1 and a dozen records for twenty-five dollars more4 ,will a hundred dollar bill pay for both8 #f4 ,the regulation boy-scout pace calls for a mile in twelve minutes4 ,could a good scout cover four miles in an hour8 #g4 ,coffee grows only in tropical countries4 ,do you think we import much from ,alaska8 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,equal ,,chance ,this little play gives you a chance to pretend that you are a star actor or actress2 for the central character1 ,young ,america1 is you4 ,in order to succeed in a land of equal chance1 ,young ,america will need four things4 ,find what they are4 ,can you tell how each thing will help him8 ,time3 ,january1 #ai--4 ,place3 ,at the edge of the land4 ,on either side of the stage there are two small curtained windows4 ,at the centre of the stage1 back1 are two long steps leading to a dark1 closed curtain4 ,enter from one side ,father ,time1 from the other ,mother ,space4 ,,father ,,time4--,happy ,new ,year1 ,mother ,space6 ,what do you carry so carefully8 ,,mother ,,space4--,shall ,i let you see8 7,unrolls her large map47 ,see1 a land of rocks and rills1 of woods and templed hills4 ,here are the broad prairies1 here the great mountains full of treasure1 and down here the sweet1 warm southern fields4 ,f4 ,t4 7,looks at the unrolled scroll47--,that seems to be a map of the ,united ,states4 ,m4 ,s4--,most people call it that4 ,i call it the ,land-of-,equal-,chance4 ,f4 ,t4--,an excellent name6 ,m4 ,s4--,by all the fields1 mountains1 cities and prairies1 what sort of child do you think should live here8 ,f4 ,t4--,leave that to me4 7,calls47 ,come1 ,young ,america4 7,calls again and again4 ,at last ,young ,america dressed as a boy scout1 pack on back1 enters cautiously47 ,f4 ,t4--,come1 ,young ,america1 ,mother ,space gives you this chart to the ,land-of-,equal-,chance4 ,go1 the land lies beyond4 ,it is your domain4 ,,young ,,america 7bewildered74--,but what shall ,i do there8 ,must ,i go alone8 ,f4 ,t4--,no1 my child1 you cannot go alone4 ,do you see these four windows8 ,go1 draw aside the curtains4 ,y4 ,a4 7,goes to the first window and draws aside the curtain4 ,above the window is plainly printed ,action47--,here am ,i1 ,young ,america4 ,i must go on a journey4 ,will you go with me1 ,spirit of ,action8 ,,spirit ,,of ,,action 7,appears suddenly at the window47--,go8 ,yes4 ,wait a moment4 7,bounds to the stage47 ,where are you going8 ,y4 ,a4 7,points to the curtain at rear47--,there1 ,spirit of ,action4 ,what will you do if you go with me8 ,,sp4 ,,of ,a4 7,laughs47--,i shall make your blood dance and your heart beat high4 ,i shall fill your hands with glorious work4 ,your muscles shall be strong with the doing4 ,y4 ,a4--,o1 ,spirit of ,action1 you make me want to start at once4 ,i could not do without you4 ,but1 wait4 7,goes to the second window1 draws the curtain back to see the word ,understanding47 ,come1 friend ,understanding4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,understanding4--,here am ,i1 ,young ,america4 ,y4 ,a4--,i am going away1 ,understanding4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,u4--,so6 ,why do you go8 ,y4 ,a4--,i want to go4 ,i do not know exactly why4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,u4 7,comes on the stage47--,then you do need me1 ,young ,america4 ,i will make your eye clear1 and your mind aware4 ,if ,i go with you1 you must think4 ,will you8 ,y4 ,a4--,thinking is hard1 but ,i promise if you show me how4 ,now1 for my next friend4 7,goes to the third window1 draws back the curtain and sees1 ,self-,control47 ,ho1 ,self-,control1 it is ,i1 ,young ,america6 ,come1 go with me6 ,,spirit ,,of ,,self-,,control4--,not so fast6 ,steady1 ,young ,america4 ,go with you8 ,y4 ,a4--,yes1 on a journey4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s-,c4--,if ,i go with you ,i must have a big promise4 ,y4 ,a4--,what8 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s-,c4--,you must play the game of life with fair rules--the same rules for all4 ,y4 ,a4--,yes4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s-,c4--,and you must help make the rules4 ,y4 ,a4--,yes4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s-,c4--,and the hardest of all1 you must obey the rules yourself4 ,y4 ,a4--,i'll try1 ,self-,control4 7,self-,control joins the others on the stage4 ,y4 ,a4 draws aside the curtain from the fourth window1 marked ,sympathy47 ,y4 ,a4--,come1 friend1 ,young ,america is going on a journey4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,sympathy 7,appears47--,a journey8 ,who goes with you8 ,y4 ,a4--,self-,control1 ,understanding1 and ,action4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s4--,you need more than they can give4 ,y4 ,a4--,what more do ,i need8 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s4--,why1 don't you see1 you have no one to make you feel for others in the game4 ,you can't play or work alone4 ,you must join hands and pull together4 7,comes out from the window47 ,take my hand4 ,y4 ,a4 7wonderingly74--,your hand is soft and warm1 ,spirit of ,sympathy4 ,i should like to have you go4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,a4--,hurry1 come1 we must be gone4 ,sit here1 ,young ,america1 let me put these sandals on your feet4 ,there4 ,y4 ,a4--,they fit so well1 ,spirit4 ,and see1 wings6 ,ah1 sandals with wings6 ,,sp4 ,,of ,u4--,sometimes it will be dark4 ,keep this torch burning4 7,she lights the torch and hands it to the boy47 ,y4 ,a4--,how bright it makes the way4 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s-,c4--,there will be rugged heights to climb in that land1 dark abysses into which you might fall4 ,take this staff4 ,my strength is in it4 ,if wild beasts attack you1 defend yourself4 ,be steady1 steady4 ,y4 ,a4--,a staff6 ,how strong it is6 ,,sp4 ,,of ,s4 7,a long garland of flowers trails from her hands4 ,she winds them about ,young ,america and the three other spirits4 ,then she takes ,young ,america's hand47--,come1 we go as one to the ,land-of-,equal-,chance4 7,the group1 bound by their flower chain1 moves up the steps towards the curtain47 ,,sp4 ,,of ,a4 7,springs ahead but holds to the chain47--,open1 open6 ,young ,america is here6 ,,all4--,open1 open for ,young ,america6 7,father ,time and ,mother ,space1 who have been standing aside1 take their places at the large curtain and after a pause slowly lift it1 revealing the figure of ,liberty bathed in shining light4 ,young ,america starts back47 ,,liberty4--,come1 ,young ,america6 ,y4 ,a4 7,aside to companions47--,dare ,i go8 ,,all ,,the ,,spirits4--,we will go with you4 ,,liberty4--,come1 ,young ,america6 7,young ,america advances slowly towards the outstretched arms of ,liberty and kneels4 ,the ,spirits follow forming a group which says1 ,onward into the ,land-of-,equal-,chance47 --,national ,school ,service4 ,,questions ,each of ,young ,america's companions gave him a present4 ,what were the presents8 ,was each a suitable gift to come from its giver8 ,of what use will each gift be8 ,do you think ,young ,america would be likely to succeed with only three of these companions8 ,if so1 which one do you think he can spare8 ,illustration3 ,,come1 ,,young ,,america6 ,,the ,,broken ,,flower-,,pot ,is this a real1 live boy who tells this story8 ,he did two things1 a bad one and a good one4 ,you probably would not have done the bad one4 ,try to think out for yourself1 not to answer the question to your teacher or class1 whether or not you would have done the good one4 ,i ,my father was seated on the lawn before the house1 his straw hat over his eyes1 and his book on his lap4 ,suddenly a beautiful delft blue-and-white flower-pot1 which had been set on the window-sill of an upper story1 fell to the ground with a crash1 and the fragments flew up round my father's feet4 ,but my father continued to read4 ,dear1 dear6 cried my mother1 who was at work in the porch2 my poor flower-pot1 that ,i prized so much6 ,i would rather the best tea-set were broken6 ,the poor geranium ,i reared myself1 and the dear1 dear flower-pot which ,mr4 ,caxton bought for me my last birthday6 ,that naughty child must have done this6 ,i came out of the house as bold as brass1 and said rapidly1 ,yes1 mother1 it was ,i who pushed out the flower-pot4 ,hush6 said my nurse1 while gazing at my father1 who had very slowly taken off his hat1 and was looking on with serious1 wide-awake eyes4 ,hush6 ,and if he did break it1 ma'am1 it was quite an accident4 ,he was standing so1 and he never meant it4 ,did you8 ,speak6 this in a whisper1 or father will be so very angry4 ,well1 said mother1 ,i suppose it was an accident2 take care in the future1 my child4 ,you are sorry1 ,i see1 to have grieved me4 ,there is a kiss2 don't fret4 ,no1 mother1 you must not kiss me2 ,i don't deserve it1 ,i pushed out the flower-pot on purpose4 ,ah6 and why8 said my father1 walking up4 ,for fun6 said ,i1 hanging my head2 just to see how you'd look1 father2 and that's the truth of it4 ,my father threw his book fifty feet off1 stooped down1 and caught me in his arms4 ,boy1 he said1 you have done wrong2 you shall repair it by remembering all your life that your father blessed ,god for giving him a son who spoke truth in spite of fear4 ,,ii ,not long after1 ,mr4 ,squills gave me a beautiful large box of dominoes1 made of cut ivory4 ,this domino box was my delight4 ,i was never tired of playing at dominoes with my old nurse1 and ,i slept with the box under my pillow4 ,ah6 said my father one day when he found me arranging the ivory pieces in the parlor1 do you like that better than all your playthings8 ,oh1 yes1 father6 ,you would be very sorry if mother were to throw that box out of the window and break it1 for fun4 ,i looked pleadingly at my father1 and made no answer4 ,but perhaps you would be very glad1 he went on1 if suddenly one of those good fairies you read of could change the domino box into a beautiful geranium in a lovely blue-and-white flower-pot4 ,then you could have the pleasure of putting it on mother's window-sill4 ,indeed ,i would1 said ,i1 half crying4 ,my dear boy1 ,i believe you2 but good wishes do not mend bad actions2 good actions mend bad actions4 ,so saying he shut the door and went out4 ,my boy1 said he the next day1 ,i am going to walk to town2 will you come8 ,and1 by the by1 fetch your domino box2 ,i should like to show it to a person there4 ,father1 said ,i by the way1 there are no fairies now how then can my domino box be changed into a geranium in a blue-and-white flower-pot8 ,my dear1 said my father1 leaning his hand on my shoulder1 everybody who is in earnest to be good1 carries two fairies about with him--one here1 and he touched my forehead1 and one there1 and he touched my heart4 ,i don't understand1 father4 ,i can wait until you do1 my son4 ,my father stopped at a nursery-gardener's1 and after looking over the flowers1 paused before a large geranium4 ,ah1 this is finer than that which your mother was so fond of4 ,what is the price of this1 sir8 ,only seven and six pence1 said the gardener4 ,my father buttoned up his pocket4 ,i can't afford it to-day1 said he gently1 and we walked out4 ,,iii ,on entering the town we stopped again at a china warehouse4 ,have you a flower-pot like that ,i bought some months ago8 ,ah1 here is one1 marked three and six pence4 ,yes1 that is the price4 ,well1 when mother's birthday comes again1 we must buy her another4 ,that is some months to wait4 ,and we can wait1 my boy4 ,for truth1 that blooms all the year round1 is better than a poor geranium2 and a word that is never broken is better than a piece of delft4 ,my head1 which had been drooping before1 rose again2 but the rush of joy at my heart almost stifled me4 ,i have called to pay your bill1 said my father1 entering a shop4 ,and1 by the by1 he added1 my boy can show you a beautiful domino box4 ,i produced my treasure1 and the shopman praised it highly4 ,it is always well1 my boy1 to know what a thing is worth1 in case one wishes to part with it4 ,if my son gets tired of his plaything1 what will you give him for it8 ,illustration3 ,,my ,,father ,,stopped ,,at ,a ,,nursery-,,gardener',s ,why1 sir1 said the shopman2 ,i think we could give eighteen shillings for it4 ,eighteen shillings6 said my father2 you would give that8 ,well1 my boy1 whenever you do grow tired of your box1 you have my leave to sell it4 ,my father paid his bill1 and went out4 ,i lingered behind a few moments1 and joined him at the end of the street4 ,father1 father6 ,i cried1 clapping my hands1 we can buy the geranium2 we can buy the flower-pot6 ,and ,i pulled a handful of silver from my pocket4 ,did ,i not say right8 said my father4 ,you have found the two fairies6 ,ah1 how proud1 how overjoyed ,i was1 when after placing vase and flower on the window-sill1 ,i plucked my mother by the gown1 and made her follow me to the spot4 ,it is his doing and his money6 said my father2 good actions have mended the bad4 --,from ,the ,caxtons1 by ,bulwer-,lytton4 #a4 ,what did the boy do when he lingered behind a few moments8 #b4 ,if you were to act out this story1 you would have to imagine yourself in several places4 ,make a list of them in the right order4 #c4 ,what do you think seven-and-sixpence means8 ,how much money do you think the boy had left when he had paid for the flower-pot8 #d4 ,what do you think the two fairies were8 #e4 ,this selection is divided into three parts1 each headed with a ,roman numeral4 ,write a heading or topic for each part4 ,,saint ,,george ,,and ,,the ,,dragon ,here is the story of the greatest deed of the patron1 or guardian1 saint of ,england4 ,as you read the story1 try to remember how the young men of ,england1 ,france1 and ,america showed themselves worthy followers of this brave1 noble knight4 ,long ago1 when the knights lived in the land1 there was one knight whose name was ,sir ,george4 ,he was not only braver than all the rest1 but he was so noble1 kind1 and good that the people came to call him ,saint ,george4 ,no robbers ever dared to trouble the people who lived near his castle1 and all the wild animals were killed or driven away1 so the little children could play even in the woods without being afraid4 ,one day ,st4 ,george rode throughout the country4 ,everywhere he saw the men busy at their work in the fields1 the women singing at work in their homes1 and the little children shouting at their play4 ,these people are all safe and happy2 they need me no more1 said ,st4 ,george4 ,but somewhere perhaps there is trouble and fear4 ,there may be some place where little children cannot play in safety2 some woman may have been carried away from her home2 perhaps there are even dragons left to be slain4 ,tomorrow ,i shall ride away and never stop until ,i find work which only a knight can do4 ,early the next morning ,st4 ,george put on his helmet and all his shining armor1 and fastened his sword at his side4 ,then he mounted his great black horse and rode out from his castle gate4 ,down the steep1 rough road he went1 sitting straight and tall1 and looking brave and strong as a knight should look4 ,on through the little village at the foot of the hill and out across the country he rode4 ,everywhere he saw rich fields filled with waving grain2 everywhere there was peace and plenty4 ,he rode on and on until at last he came into a part of the country he had never seen before4 ,he noticed that there were no men working in the fields4 ,the houses which he passed stood silent and empty4 ,the grass along the roadside was scorched as if a fire had passed over it4 ,a field of wheat was all trampled and burned4 ,st4 ,george drew up his horse1 and looked carefully about him4 ,everywhere there was silence and desolation4 ,what can be the dreadful thing which has driven all the people from their homes8 ,i must find out1 and give them help if ,i can1 he said4 ,but there was no one to ask1 so ,st4 ,george rode forward until at last1 far in the distance1 he saw the walls of a city4 ,here surely ,i shall find some one who can tell me the cause of all this1 he said1 so he rode more swiftly toward the city4 ,just then the great gate opened and ,st4 ,george saw crowds of people standing inside the wall4 ,some of them were weeping2 all of them seemed afraid4 ,as ,st4 ,george watched1 he saw a beautiful maiden dressed in white1 with a girdle of scarlet about her waist1 pass through the gate alone4 ,the gate clanged shut1 and the maiden walked along the road1 weeping bitterly4 ,she did not see ,st4 ,george1 who was riding quickly towards her4 ,maiden1 why do you weep8 he asked as he reached her side4 ,she looked up at ,st4 ,george sitting there on his horse1 so straight and tall and beautiful4 ,oh1 ,sir ,knight6 she cried1 ride quickly from this place4 ,you know not the danger you are in6 ,danger6 said ,st4 ,george2 do you think a knight would flee from danger8 ,besides1 you1 a fair1 weak girl1 are here alone4 ,think you a knight would leave you or any woman so8 ,tell me your trouble that ,i may help you4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,george ,,saw ,,the ,,head ,,of ,,the ,,dragon ,,lifted ,,from ,,the ,,pool ,no6 ,no6 she cried4 ,hasten away4 ,you would only lose your life4 ,there is a terrible dragon near4 ,he may come at any moment4 ,one breath would destroy you if he found you here4 ,go6 ,go quickly6 ,tell me more of this1 said ,st4 ,george sternly4 ,why are you here alone to meet this dragon8 ,are there no men left in yon city8 ,oh1 said the maiden1 my father1 the king1 is old and feeble4 ,he has only me to help him take care of his people4 ,this terrible dragon has driven them from their homes1 carried away their cattle1 and ruined their crops4 ,they have all come within the walls of the city for safety4 ,for weeks now the dragon has come to the very gates of the city4 ,we have been forced to give him two sheep each day for his breakfast4 ,yesterday there were no sheep left to give1 so he said that unless a young maiden were given him today he would break down the walls and destroy the city4 ,the people cried to my father to save them1 but he could do nothing4 ,i am going to give myself to the dragon4 ,perhaps if he has me1 the ,princess1 he may spare our people4 ,lead the way1 brave ,princess4 ,show me where this monster may be found4 ,when the ,princess saw ,st4 ,george's flashing eyes and great1 strong arm as he drew forth his sword1 she felt afraid no more4 ,turning1 she led the way to a shining pool4 ,there's where he stays1 she whispered4 ,see1 the water moves4 ,he is waking4 ,st4 ,george saw the head of the dragon lifted from the pool4 ,fold on fold he rose from the water4 ,when he saw ,st4 ,george he gave a roar of rage and plunged toward him4 ,the smoke and flames flew from his nostrils1 and he opened his great jaws as if to swallow both the knight and his horse4 ,st4 ,george shouted and1 waving his sword above his head1 rode at the dragon4 ,quick and hard came the blows from ,st4 ,george's sword4 ,it was a terrible battle4 ,at last the dragon was wounded4 ,he roared with pain and plunged at ,st4 ,george1 opening his great mouth close to the brave ,knight's head4 ,st4 ,george looked carefully1 then struck with all his strength straight down through the dragon's throat1 and he fell at the horse's feet--dead4 ,then ,st4 ,george shouted for joy at his victory4 ,he called to the ,princess4 ,she came and stood beside him4 ,give me the girdle from about your waist1 ,o ,princess1 said ,st4 ,george4 ,the ,princess gave him her girdle and ,st4 ,george bound it around the dragon's neck1 and they pulled the dragon after them by that little silken ribbon back to the city so that all of the people could see that the dragon could never harm them again4 ,when they saw ,st4 ,george bringing the ,princess back in safety and knew that the dragon was slain1 they threw open the gates of the city and sent up great shouts of joy4 ,the ,king heard them and came out from his palace to see why the people were shouting4 ,when he saw his daughter safe he was the happiest of them all4 ,o brave ,knight1 he said1 ,i am old and weak4 ,stay here and help me guard my people from harm4 ,i'll stay as long as ever you have need of me1 ,st4 ,george answered4 ,so he lived in the palace and helped the old ,king take care of his people1 and when the old ,king died1 ,st4 ,george was made ,king in his stead4 ,the people felt happy and safe so long as they had such a brave and good man for their ,king4 --,from ,stories for ,children and ,how to ,tell ,them4 --,courtesy of ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,,questions #a4 ,why did ,st4 ,george feel that he ought to ride away from his home8 ,what do you conclude from this must have been the chief duty of a knight8 #b4 ,what signs did ,st4 ,george find that he had come to a place where there was work for him to do8 #c4 ,for what do you admire the ,princess8 ,which do you think was braver1 ,st4 ,george or she8 #d4 ,what nation recently played the part of the dragon in the world8 ,what form of government did this nation have8 #e4 ,what nations played the part of ,st4 ,george8 ,in what way did the governments of all but one of these nations differ from the dragon nation8 ,,nonsense ,,test ,this is just a little nonsense test but don't be too sure that you can get everything in it exactly right4 ,carry out the following directions very carefully4 ,no matter whether ,benjamin ,franklin was the father of his country or not1 draw a circle in the center of your paper4 ,now if ,december is the first month of the year put the largest of these four numbers in the circle4 7#ag-f-aa-ba74 ,but if not1 put any one of the smaller numbers there4 ,then copy this example on your paper under the circle4 7#g #e 47 ,write a wrong answer to it1 mark it correct and sign your name at the bottom4 ,,turning ,,out ,,the ,,intruder ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line at the right1 and your grade below it on the second line4 ,skip the third line1 but on the next eight lines1 in the margin1 write the figures1 #a to #h4 ,here is an exercise that will let you see not only how well you can follow printed directions1 but also how well you can arrange words in classes or groups4 ,read the first group of words at the bottom of the page4 ,what kind of list does it seem to be8 ,a list of several kinds of fruit1 does it not8 ,or at least it would be a good list of fruit1 if we could omit the word ,,rope1 which does not seem to belong to the list at all4 ,after figure #a1 on your paper1 write the word ,,rope4 ,in each of the other groups there is also a word that should be dropped out4 ,you are going to write these words on your paper4 ,start with the next group1 and when you find the word that should be omitted1 write it after figure #b2 and in the same way1 finish the remaining groups in the exercise4 ,when you finish wait quietly for the others to do so4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 apple lion mountain lumbering automobile peach tiger gulfs farming store rope elephant hills grazing bank grape tusks plain manufacturing station pear horse valley jumping hotel orange cow island fishing church #f4 #g4 #h4 flowers cup chair grass saucer table fence plate room tree pan sofa bush pitcher bench weeds bowl bookcase ,,roosevelt',s ,,favorite ,,study ,you should all begin to read this story at the same moment4 ,at the end of five minutes you will be asked to close your books and follow your teacher's directions4 ,very often the things that a boy or girl likes to do as a child are signs of what he or she will like to do as a man or woman4 ,this is true in the case of ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,one of the subjects in which he was all his life most interested was his favorite study as a boy4 ,it seems that he was not an unusually clever student in his early years4 ,in ,latin and ,greek and mathematics he was poor2 in science and history and geography he made better progress2 but best of all he loved natural history--the study of animals4 ,his first experience in this study befell him when he was nine years old4 ,he was walking past one of the city markets one day1 when he saw a dead seal lying on a slab of wood4 ,he had just been reading about seals1 and it seemed a wonderful thing to see a real one4 ,he became possessed with a longing to own the seal4 ,being unable to form any plan for satisfying that longing1 he contented himself with visiting the market day by day to gaze upon the object which proved so interesting to him4 ,he took the seal's measurements carefully with a folding pocket rule and had considerable difficulty when he came to measuring its girth4 ,somehow or other he got the animal's skull1 and with it he and two of his cousins immediately founded what they called the ,roosevelt ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,at the same time his observations of the seal and the measurements which he had made of it were carefully set down in a blank book4 ,in another blank book were recorded further observations in natural history4 ,this work was entitled1 ,natural ,history on ,insects1 by ,theodore ,roosevelt1 ,jr41 and began in this fashion3 ,all these insects are native of ,north ,america4 ,most of the insects are not in other books4 ,i will write about ants first4 ,the beginning of the treatise on ants is entertaining1 if not deeply scientific4 ,ants1 he writes1 are difided into three sorts for every species4 ,these kinds are officer1 soilder soldier8 and worker4 ,there are about one officer to ten soilders and one soilder to two workers4 ,the book then went on to describe other insects which he had observed1 all of which he assured the reader inhabit ,north ,america4 ,at the end of the volume on insects were a few notes on fishes4 ,among these was a description of the crayfish4 ,i need not describe the form of the crayfish to you1 wrote the young author2 look at the lobster and you have its form4 ,these observations1 recorded at the age of nine years1 are worth mentioning because they show a real interest in the creatures of which he was writing4 ,when ,theodore was thirteen1 his father sent him to a little shop to take lessons in taxidermy1 the stuffing and mounting of animals4 ,then the boy wanted to secure his own specimens2 so his father gave him a gun for that purpose4 ,when he first tried to use this gun1 he was puzzled to find that he could not see the objects at which his companions were shooting4 ,one day some boys with him read aloud an advertisement written in huge letters on a billboard some distance away1 and ,theodore then realized1 for the first time1 that there must be something the matter with his eyes because he could not see the letters4 ,his father soon got him a pair of spectacles1 which1 he says1 opened up a new world to him4 ,when he was fourteen the family went to ,europe1 and1 among other expeditions1 took a trip up the ,nile4 ,before they started on this trip4 ,theodore picked up in ,cairo a book which contained some account of the birds of that region4 ,armed with this book and with the gun which his father had given him1 he secured a number of specimens of birds in ,egypt4 ,unfortunately for the rest of the family1 ,theodore insisted on carrying his natural history specimens about with him from place to place4 ,one day when the family was in ,vienna1 his brother ,elliot inquired plaintively of their father whether it would be possible that he should now and then have a room to himself in the hotels1 instead of being obliged always to share one with ,theodore4 ,mr4 ,roosevelt was perfectly willing to comply1 but inquired the reason for ,elliot's request4 ,elliot said1 ,come and see our room1 and you will understand4 ,when they reached the boys' room1 they found bottles of taxidermist's supplies everywhere1 and in the basin the remains of specimens which ,theodore had lately captured4 ,theodore himself records the fact that he was grubby4 ,i suppose1 he says1 that all growing boys tend to be grubby2 but the small boy with the taste for natural history is generally the very grubbiest of all4 --,adapted from ,the ,life of ,theodore ,roosevelt1 by ,william ,draper ,lewis4 ,courtesy of ,the ,john ,c4 ,winston ,co4 ,,topics ,your teacher will call on you to come to the front of your class and tell about one of the following topics3 #a4 ,roosevelt and the seal4 #b4 ,roosevelt's eyesight4 #c4 ,his trip up the ,nile4 #d4 ,that ,roosevelt boy as a room-mate4 ,,what ,a ,,chimney ,,is ,probably you think you can tell all about a chimney1 but you may be able to learn something interesting from this selection4 ,you should all begin reading at the same time4 ,your teacher will give the signal when to close your books4 ,she will then ask you to write answers to the questions at the end4 ,a hollow tree was the first chimney of our unlettered forefathers4 ,accidentally set on fire1 this tree illustrated the principle upon which all chimneys have been constructed4 ,it showed that warm air1 being lighter than cold air1 tends to rise4 ,when this warm air is confined within an enclosure open at the top and bottom1 a strong upward current fills the space4 ,as the warm air rises1 the cold air rushes in through the opening at the bottom of the shaft1 and in this way a draft is created which supplies the fire at the foot of the chimney with the oxygen it needs to support combustion4 ,simple chimneys are constructed of logs and mortar1 or of stones and mortar1 such as those built for log cabins2 of brick1 also of cement and of iron pipes made for the purpose4 ,since a long column of hot air produces a stronger current than a short one1 the tallest chimneys1 other things being equal1 produce the strongest draft4 ,tall chimneys are larger at the base than at the top4 ,this is to make the structure stable and to increase the draft by contracting the flue at the top4 ,at the bottom the chimney is usually connected with the fire by a flue4 ,a fireplace1 however1 is practically an enlarged part of the chimney4 ,the size and height of a chimney depend upon the size of the furnace4 ,for larger furnaces there is greater danger of making the flue too small than too large4 ,the stacks or chimneys of the largest steamships like the ,mauritania and the ,imperator are so large that two railway trains could run through them abreast1 and they are about #age feet in length4 ,the difference between a chimney and a smokestack is in name only2 chimneys constructed of tubing made from iron plates are usually called stacks4 --,from ,the ,world ,book4 ,courtesy of ,w4 ,f4 ,quarrie ,co4 ,,questions #a4 ,how does a difference between warm and cold air make chimneys useful8 #b4 ,why is a tall chimney better than a short one8 #c4 ,how large are the chimneys or stacks on the largest steamships8 ,,is ,,it ,,true8 ,arrange your paper as you are accustomed to do4 ,number the lines from one to ten4 ,as you read each of the following statements1 decide for yourself if it is true or false1 and write the word true or the word false as the case may be1 on the proper line of your paper4 #a4 ,cloth is woven on looms4 #b4 ,strawberries grow on trees4 #c4 ,the ,american ,indians were always friendly to the early settlers4 #d4 ,russia is a happy country4 #e4 ,the monks of the middle ages were the best educated men of their time4 #f4 ,the ,pilgrims settled ,virginia in #afbj4 #g4 ,it is not important that a voter should be intelligent4 #h4 ,warm clothing costs less than doctors' bills4 #i4 ,education is cheaper than revolution4 #aj4 ,money earns money4 ,,franklin ,,writes ,,for ,,the ,,newspaper ,here is ,benjamin ,franklin's own account of his first attempt at writing4 ,you see1 he did not have a chance to learn to write1 as you do1 by practice in composition in school4 ,my brother had1 in #agbj or #agba1 begun to print a newspaper4 ,it was the second that appeared in ,america1 and was called the ,new ,england ,courant4 ,the only one before it was the ,boston ,news-,letter4 ,i remember his being dissuaded by some of his friends from the undertaking1 as not likely to succeed1 one newspaper being1 in their judgment1 enough for ,america4 ,at this time 7#agga7 there are not less than five and twenty4 ,he went on1 however1 with the undertaking2 and after having worked in composing the types and printing off the sheets1 ,i was employed to carry the papers through the streets to the customers4 ,he had some ingenious men among his friends1 who amused themselves by writing little pieces for this paper1 which gained it credit and made it more in demand2 and these gentlemen often visited us4 ,hearing their conversations1 and their accounts of the approbation their papers were received with1 ,i was excited to try my hand among them2 but being still a boy1 and suspecting that my brother would object to printing anything of mine in his paper if he knew it to be mine1 ,i contrived to disguise my hand2 and1 writing an anonymous paper1 ,i put it in at night under the door of the printing-house4 ,it was found in the morning and communicated to his writing friends when they called in as usual4 ,they read it1 and commented on it in my hearing2 and ,i had the exquisite pleasure of finding it met with their approbation1 and that in their different guesses at the author1 none were named but men of some character among us for learning and ingenuity4 ,i suppose now that ,i was rather lucky in my judges and that perhaps they were not really so very good ones as ,i then esteemed them4 ,encouraged1 however1 by this1 ,i wrote and conveyed in the same way to the press several more papers which were equally approved2 and ,i kept my secret till my small fund of sense for such performances was pretty well exhausted1 and then ,i discovered it1 when ,i began to be considered a little more by my brother's acquaintance1 and in a manner that did not quite please him1 as he thought1 probably with reason1 that it tended to make me too vain4 --,autobiography of ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,,questions #a4 ,what is there in this story that suggests that ,franklin was a modest boy8 #b4 ,how does it seem to you1 from this story1 that young people in ,franklin's day were looked upon by their elders8 #c4 ,was he a good writer when he began8 ,how do you know8 #d4 ,can you tell the meaning of the words in italics1 from their use in the story8 ,look them up in a dictionary and compare the meaning you find with your judgment from the way they were used4 ,,yes ,,or ,,no8 #a4 ,i need six dozen #a-a_/d screws4 ,they will cost me five cents a dozen4 ,there are twelve dozen in a box1 and a box will cost thirty-two cents4 ,would it pay me to get just what ,i need now8 #b4 ,all but three of the girls in our class are members of the ,united ,states ,school ,garden ,army4 ,edith is not a member of the ,united ,states ,school ,garden ,army4 ,is it possible that ,edith is a member of our class8 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,sun-,,dial ,did you ever think how hard it would be to get along without clocks8 ,at almost every city street corner we can look at a clock2 every railway station1 every post office1 every schoolhouse1 has at least one2 and everybody's house contains one or more4 ,and at that1 boys and girls are sometimes late for school4 ,no1 we certainly couldn't manage without these useful mechanisms2 and yet1 there was a time1 not so many centuries ago1 either1 when they were a rare possession2 and a time before that when they had not yet been invented4 ,what did our far-off ancestors do8 ,let us pretend that we are going for a walk in the beautiful garden of a country mansion4 ,here in the midst of a rose bed stands a low stone pillar1 with an upright1 triangular piece of metal attached to its top near the center1 and some figures marked in a circle around the edge4 ,illustration ,this is a sun-dial4 ,the owner of the garden has it here for a pretty ornament2 but in the old times1 before the days of clocks1 people told the time by means of sun-dials1 judging the hour by the position of the shadow cast by the piece of metal upon the stone4 ,if you would like1 just for the fun of it1 to have such a sun-clock in your own little garden1 there is a very easy way to make one4 ,choose a spot of ground that is perfectly flat1 where the sun shines all day long4 ,set up1 or get your father or big brother to set up for you1 a post four or five inches thick4 ,make it stand perfectly firm and straight4 ,now find a thin1 flat piece of board--a box top or a shingle will do--and nail it like a table top on to the top of the post4 ,after these preparations have been made1 you must wait for a clear1 starry night when you can go out and find the ,north ,star4 ,the way to do this is by looking at the ,big ,dipper1 the group of stars that of course you know4 ,the two stars marked ,a and ,b are called the ,pointers2 and1 looking in the direction of the arrow1 the next star in line with them is the ,north ,star4 ,take a straight1 thin stick1 and fasten it to the center of the top of the post1 slanting it so that it will point directly at the ,north ,star4 ,that is all you can do until the next day4 ,illustration ,at twelve o'clock1 if the sun is bright1 you will find your slanting stick casting a shadow on the piece of board4 ,mark the line where it falls1 and put the figure #ab upon it1 to show that this line belongs to twelve o'clock4 ,do the same thing at one1 two1 and three o'clock1 and so on through the afternoon4 ,in the same way1 the next day1 you can mark the morning hours4 ,if you like1 you can print on your sun-dial the motto that is often used for them3 ,non horas sed serenas1 which means ,i mark none but sunny hours4 ,,questions #a4 ,what did our ancestors use instead of a clock8 #b4 ,how can you find the ,north ,star8 #c4 ,can you draw a diagram of the sun-clock8 ,,putting ,,words ,,where ,,they ,,belong ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line and your grade on the second line4 ,divide the rest of your paper into four parts with lines drawn as shown below3 ,,traveling ,,banking ,,grazing ,,seashore ,below is a list of words that is not very well arranged4 ,some words suggest a long railroad journey1 some an errand to the bank1 some the lonely occupation of a cowboy1 and others a vacation at the shore4 ,write the words1 ,,traveling1 ,,banking1 ,,grazing1 ,,seashore at the top of your paper on the fourth line as shown above4 ,now rearrange the words below into four columns under these four heads1 putting all the words that seem to suggest ,,traveling in the first column1 and all the words that suggest ,,banking in the second column1 and every word that suggests ,,grazing or ,,seashore in its proper column4 ,when you finish wait quietly for the others4 discount station flock cattle train interest bridge deposit sheep check vault account cashier salt-lick grass ranch sand waves life-guard balance suitcase taxi signal curve ocean swim fence herd spring adding machine pass-book tree beach fish conductor ticket boardwalk engineer lighthouse steamer ,,an ,,indian ,,buffalo ,,hunt ,this selection was written by a white man who ran away from home when a boy and lived among the ,indians of the plains for twelve years about the middle of the last century4 ,he married an ,indian maiden1 ,washtella1 and became a chief in the tribe4 ,he gives many interesting descriptions of ,indian life and customs1 which probably give some idea of the way our own ancestors may have lived thousands of years ago4 ,the ,indians depended upon the buffalo for their chief supply of food4 ,millions of these animals roamed the plains in vast herds4 ,the ,indians cannot be blamed in the least for slaughtering these animals for food1 but the white men who drove the ,indians from the plains killed the buffaloes often for mere sport1 and exterminated them except for a few small herds now in captivity4 ,read the story as rapidly as you can without skipping or losing the meaning1 and be prepared to stand in front of the class and give a complete discussion of any of the topics given at the end of the selection4 ,when our camp was pitched1 ,i walked out along the banks of the beautiful lake1 to see what ,i could discover4 ,its waters were clear as crystal and full of fish4 ,not a boat1 and perhaps not even a canoe1 had ever rippled its bosom1 and ,i could not but imagine1 as ,i gazed across the blue expanse1 that one day commerce would spring up1 and towns and cities be built upon its green shores4 ,looking to the north1 ,i was startled from my reflections by seeing a large buffalo cow coming down to the water to drink4 ,hastening back to the village1 ,i quickly procured my ,hawkins rifle and ran over the little eminence that hid the lodges from the animal4 ,she had approached quite near the water1 and was not more than one hundred and fifty yards distant from me1 when1 hearing a noise in my rear1 ,i looked back and saw several ,indians running toward me with their guns4 ,the cow at the same moment saw them1 and turned to make off2 but too late1 for ,i had drawn a bead on her heart1 and at one shot dropped her dead4 ,all the village came running and shouting1 and the squaws gathered around the dead buffalo1 jostling and elbowing each other as they tore off the meat4 ,it is the ,indian rule that game is common property1 and my buffalo was soon reduced to a pile of bones by the knives of the busy squaws4 ,i could not help laughing as ,i watched them struggling for the choice morsels4 ,first1 the skin was carefully removed1 and then the muscles and gristle cut away4 ,then1 just as a squaw was about to take the coveted part1 she would be rudely thrust aside1 and some other squaw would take it4 ,these exploits were received with loud shouts of laughter1 and no ill-temper or quarreling was observed among the excited crowd of women who surrounded the carcass4 ,on returning to my lodge1 ,i found ,washtella in great glee over my good luck1 and she explained that it was no small matter to have killed the first buffalo slain in the hunt4 ,presently ,i received a message from the chief1 and was informed by an old ,indian that1 having killed the first buffalo1 ,i would be entitled to lead the hunt on the first day4 ,meat was brought me1 and the skin or robe1 which1 according to the ,indian custom1 is always given to the one who kills the animal4 ,so proud was ,washtella that she did nothing all the evening but talk of my good fortune1 and ,i could not help being amused at the boasts of the little maid4 ,nothing could possibly have happened that would have given her more pleasure4 ,the next morning1 as soon as it was daylight1 ,i was aroused1 and told that the warriors were waiting for me to lead them in the chase4 ,assembling all of them before my lodge1 ,i addressed them1 saying ,i was a young man1 and lacked experience1 but if they would allow me1 ,i would name one worthy to lead them in my place4 ,this was received with loud shouts of approval1 and as soon as quiet was restored1 ,i pointed to a young warrior1 and said3 ,he is a good man1 go and follow him4 ,the warrior ,i had selected was my bitter enemy4 ,as his animosity was well known in the tribe1 the honors thus thrust upon him1 by one from whom he had expected no favors1 surprised and pleased them4 ,for a moment the brave hung his head1 and then came forward1 and1 amid the shouts of the warriors1 gave me his hand4 ,feeling unwell1 ,i did not go upon the hunt that day1 but in the evening1 when the party returned1 my old enemy came to my lodge1 and as a token of his friendship1 presented me with two fine robes he had taken during the day4 ,on the second day ,i went out with the hunters1 and joined in a most exciting chase4 ,under the directions of a chief1 we deployed at wide distances1 and then1 closing in1 surrounded a herd of buffaloes on three sides2 and as soon as the herd began to move1 the chase began4 ,our tough little ponies bore us swiftly along1 and soon the herd was hard pressed4 ,presently it began to scatter1 and then each ,indian1 selected a buffalo and followed the beast up until he had killed it4 ,it is astonishing how fast the great lumbering animals can run1 and although they do not seem to go over the ground very rapidly1 it takes a good horse to come up with them4 ,their shambling lope is equal in speed to an ,american horse's gallop1 and they can climb steep hills and get over rough ground faster than a horse4 ,they run with their heads near the earth1 and a hundred of them will make a mighty noise that resembles the rumbling of distant thunder4 ,the warriors do not stop to touch the game after it is dead1 as the skinning and packing of the meat is the work of the squaws who follow in the wake of the hunters4 ,for this purpose they have pack-ponies1 and two women will skin and pack three or four buffaloes in a day4 ,the meat is brought to the village1 is cut in narrow slices1 about an inch thick1 and three or four inches long4 ,these slices are then hung on poles1 or stretched on small willows laid across a frame-work of poles4 ,the meat is frequently turned1 and is allowed to remain in the sun and air for three days4 ,it should be covered or brought in at night1 and must not be allowed to get wet by rain while it is curing4 ,this is called jerking buffalo1 and is a simple and easy process of curing meat4 ,the pure crisp air of the plains soon dries it1 and then it has a sweet1 pleasant taste4 ,i have known climates on the plains where nearly all the year carcasses could be hung up and left without spoiling until used4 ,meat1 when jerked1 is only about half the weight and size it is when in a raw state4 ,if soaked in water it will swell greatly1 and then1 unless used immediately1 it will spoil4 ,when the buffalo flesh is dried sufficiently1 it is put into parfleshes1 or wrappers1 made of rawhide cut square1 which will hold about half a bushel4 ,they are sewed up at the bottom and sides1 the laps at the top being left open until they are filled4 ,the meat is then laid in flat and packed tightly like plugs of tobacco4 ,when two or three layers of meat have been put in1 hot buffalo fat is brought and poured over it until all the interstices are filled up4 ,then more layers of meat are put in and more fat poured on1 until the parflesh is full1 when the laps are folded over each other and tightly sewed up with sinews4 ,the meat is now ready for winter use1 and two parfleshes are fastened together like a pair of saddle-bags1 and slung across the back of a pony when the ,indians travel4 ,to prevent these bags or wrappers from hurting the ponies' backs1 the under side is lined with fur or bear skin4 ,we had hunted four days from our camp on the lake1 and although we had taken the utmost precaution not unnecessarily to alarm the buffaloes most of them had gone a long distance from the village4 ,a council was called1 and it was determined we should go over to the lakes that lay on the ,jim ,river1 sixty miles distant4 ,we immediately set out1 moving around the lake to the right of the buffaloes1 so as not to disturb them4 ,our route lay across a beautiful level country through which meandered little streams eight or ten miles apart4 ,we traveled leisurely along1 however1 halting on the creeks1 and making about sixteen miles per day1 for many of our ponies were already heavily laden with meat4 ,on the fourth day we reached the lakes1 and again pitched our village4 ,here we found plenty of buffaloes and a great many calves1 which were very acceptable to us1 as we wanted some parfleshes of veal4 ,we hunted four days1 and took a great deal of meat4 ,each family had from three to six parfleshes1 according to its size1 which was as much as it could use during the winter1 and enough for the infirm besides4 ,so the hunt was announced at an end1 and we began to prepare for our return4 ,i had been exceedingly fortunate1 and had taken no less than nine parfleshes of meat and had twelve robes4 ,there are several methods of killing buffaloes besides the regular chase4 ,one of these1 as practiced by the ,indians1 is as follows3 ,the buffaloes are watched until they graze near a precipice1 when two or three ,indians put a buffalo skin on sticks1 and concealing themselves under it1 approach near the herd slowly1 as if grazing4 ,this must be done when the wind is favorable1 and blowing from the buffaloes4 ,if the decoy is successful1 other ,indians make a wide circuit1 surrounding the herd on all sides1 except that toward the bluff4 ,then they steal up as close as possible1 and when the buffaloes1 discover them1 they shout1 shake their blankets and poles1 and close in upon the herd4 ,the animals are greatly alarmed1 but seeing the mock buffalo 7which has managed to attract attention7 set off for the bluffs1 they rush madly after it4 ,when the baiters reach the bluff1 they fling the mock buffalo over the precipice1 and betake themselves to holes in the bank or crevices among the rocks4 ,it is in vain the leaders of the herd halt when they see the chasm2 the mass from behind1 crazed by the poles and blankets of the ,indians1 who are now close upon them1 rush madly on1 and press those in front over the cliff4 ,it is exceedingly dangerous to bait buffalo1 as the herd frequently overtake the false buffalo and trample it beneath their feet1 or the great beasts1 falling among the rock1 crush the ,indian baiters to death4 ,many reckless young ,indians1 who as baiters have gone too far inland1 have1 after the chase1 been found dead on the plain1 or their mangled bodies lay at the foot of the precipice with the carcasses of the animals they had so cruelly deceived4 ,it takes a brave ,indian to be a baiter1 but there are always plenty of young and foolish boys who are anxious to engage in the dangerous sport4 ,after the buffaloes have fallen and killed or maimed themselves1 a party of ,indians who have been concealed near the foot of the precipice suddenly advance and finish them with axes and rifles4 ,our hunt having ended1 the chief ordered that the usual feast and rejoicing should take place4 ,a long pole was provided1 a buffalo head put on the top of it1 and a number of tails nailed1 at right angles1 to the sides4 ,the pole was then set firmly in the ground1 in the center of an open space before the village1 and buffalo heads were piled up around it4 ,the heads were set in a circle1 and arranged to look as hideous as possible4 ,immense quantities of buffalo meat were now brought1 and the feast was made ready4 ,at these feasts nothing but buffalo meat is eaten1 and every one makes it a point to gorge himself to the fullest extent4 ,even the dogs are stuffed1 and the women and children are persuaded to eat while they can force down a bite4 ,the greater the quantity of meat eaten1 the greater the honor2 and some starve themselves for two or three days in advance1 in order to do justice to the occasion4 ,the meat is prepared in every form--boiled1 fried1 broiled1 roasted1 and raw4 ,when one can eat no more1 he goes to the pole1 and as soon as a sufficient number have collected1 the dance begins4 ,the warriors sit in a circle around the pole1 and the squaws1 gaudily dressed and painted1 form a circle around the warriors4 ,at a signal the drums beat1 and all stand up4 ,then the squaws sing1 and the warriors move around to the right and the squaws to the left1 each keeping time to the drums4 ,the dance is a slow1 shuffling motion that soon makes one very tired4 ,when one of the ,indians gets tired1 he steps out of the circle and another takes his place4 ,as soon as it is dark1 wood is brought1 fires are made around the pole1 and the dancing is kept up all night4 ,the feasting frequently continues for three days1 and at no time is the pole without its set of dancers4 ,the amount of buffalo consumed is prodigious1 when we consider that1 besides the vast quantities eaten by the ,indians1 each family has from six to ten days4 ,when the feast was over1 we began to prepare in earnest for our return4 ,the meat was carefully distributed1 so that no pony would be overloaded1 and everything was neatly packed4 ,it took both my ponies and all my dogs to carry my meat and lodge1 so ,washtella and ,i had to walk4 ,we considered this no great hardship1 however1 as nearly the whole village was on foot4 ,we made only eight or ten miles a day2 but at last1 after a most fatiguing march1 reached the ,missouri1 and entered our old camp near ,fort ,randall4 --,from ,belden the ,white ,chief4 ,,outline ,,for ,,topical ,,recitations ,introduction--,the ,scene of the ,camp4 #a4 ,my good luck4 7a7 ,killing the first buffalo of the hunt4 7b7 ,cutting up the meat4 7c7 ,receiving appointment as leader4 #b4 ,chasing the buffalo4 #c4 ,the winter's food supply4 7a7 ,drying the meat4 7b7 ,packing4 7c7 ,transporting4 7d7 ,ending the hunt4 #d4 ,killing buffaloes by a decoy4 #e4 ,celebrating a successful hunt4 7a7 ,the place for the ceremony4 7b7 ,the hearty meal4 7c7 ,the dance4 #f4 ,the return to the winter camp4 ,,indian ,,life ,,and ,,customs ,this selection tells of life among the ,indians of our western plains before the buffalo became almost extinct4 ,as you read1 write topics that will enable you to recall the various things the author tells about4 ,your teacher will have two or three of you put your list of topics on the blackboard and will ask various members of the class to come to the front of the room and tell the class about one topic each4 ,while a pupil is reciting no one should raise his hand nor interrupt4 ,be a good sport and give the one who is reciting a chance to make his topic as interesting as he can4 ,this selection can be divided into several large topics with details under each4 ,these details may be stated as sub-topics under the large ones4 ,your teacher may wish you to look it over again to see if you can find the four main topics4 ,nothing is more important in learning to remember what you read than the habit of organizing your material in the form of an outline4 ,a good outline generally takes some such form as this3 ,introduction #a4 ,first main topic 7a7 7b7 7c7 ,sometimes there may be two1 and sometimes several sub-topics4 ,never use any letter if there is only one topic4 ,when there is only one topic under any heading1 you should simply write the topic out4 #b4 ,second main topic 7a7 7b7 7c71 etc4 ,use as many main topics as you need to tell the story or to include the substance of what you are outlining4 ,one can have no appreciative idea of an ,indian village1 unless he has been permitted to come across the prairie through a hot summer's sun1 and suddenly discovers one nestled under the broad shade trees1 beside a clear running stream1 in a green valley4 ,how pleasant the grass then looks2 how refreshing the bright waters1 and how cozy the tall lodges1 with their shaded verandas of thickly interwoven boughs6 ,all day long we had toiled over the scorching plain1 through clouds of grasshoppers that often struck us in the face with sufficient force to make the skin smart for several minutes4 ,once we had seen a mirage of a beautiful lake1 fringed with trees and surrounded by green pastures which invited us to pursue its fleeting shadows1 but we knew all about these deceptions by sad experience1 and pushed steadily on over the burning sands4 ,these mirages often deceive the weary traveler of the desert4 ,suddenly the horseman sees a river or lake1 apparently just ahead of him1 and he rides on and on1 hoping to come up to it4 ,for hours it lies before his eyes1 and then in a moment disappears1 leaving him miles and miles out of his way in the midst of desert sands4 ,men have ridden all day striving to reach the beautiful river just before them1 and then at night have turned back to plod their weary way to where they had started from in the morning4 ,the mirage we had seen was most delightful1 representing a clear lake1 with trees1 meadows1 and villages nestling on its shores1 but it scarcely equalled the reality of the scene when1 late in the afternoon1 we ascended a rise in the prairie1 and saw below us a wide stream lined with green trees1 and on its banks a large ,indian encampment4 ,the ponies pricked up their ears and neighed with pleasure as they smelt the water1 and our own delight was unbounded4 ,we halted for a moment to admire the beautiful prospect4 ,through the majestic trees slanting rays of the sun shivered on the grass6 ,far away1 winding like a huge silver-serpent1 ran the river1 while near by in a shady grove stood the village with the children at play on the green lawns not made by hands4 ,the white sides of the teepees shone in the setting sunlight1 and the smoke curled lazily upward from their dingy tops4 ,bright ribbons and red grass1 looking like streamers on a ship1 fluttered from the lodge-poles1 and gaudily dressed squaws and warriors walked about1 or sat on the green sod under the trees4 ,near the village were hundreds of horses and ponies1 with bright feathers flaunting in their manes and tails as they cropped the rich grass of the valley4 ,a group of noisy children were playing at a game much resembling ten-pins2 some boys were shooting at a mark with arrows1 and up the stream several youths were returning home with rod and line1 and fine strings of speckled trout4 ,scores of men and women were swimming about in the river1 now diving1 and then dousing each other amid screams of laughter from the bystanders on the shore4 ,here and there a young girl darted about like a fish1 her black hair streaming behind her in the water4 ,while we looked1 the little children suddenly ceased from play and ran into the lodges2 mounted men surrounded the herd of horses1 and the swimmers and promenaders hastened toward the village4 ,we had been perceived by the villagers1 and the unexpected arrival of strange horsemen at an ,indian encampment always creates great excitement4 ,they may be friends1 but they are more often enemies1 so the villagers are always prepared for a surprise4 ,soon men were seen running to and fro with guns and bows1 and in a few minutes1 some mounted warriors left the encampment and rode toward us1 going first to the top of the highest mounds to see if they could discover other horsemen in the rear or to the right or left of us4 ,no sooner did they ascertain there were but three in the party1 than they rode boldly up and asked us our business4 ,i told them who we were1 and where we were from1 upon which they cordially invited us to the village4 ,as we approached1 men1 women1 and children poured out of the encampment to look at the strangers1 and having satisfied their curiosity1 the sports and amusements of the evening were renewed4 ,i asked permission to camp of no one1 for ,i needed none4 ,so ,i marched right down to the center of the village1 and finding a vacant space1 pitched my lodge4 ,a few ,santee women gathered about my squaws and chatted with them1 anxious to learn the news from down the river4 ,seeing they were interfering with the unpacking of the ponies and the erecting of the lodge1 ,i unceremoniously ordered them to be gone1 and they went quietly away4 ,the lodge was soon up and the ponies unpacked and put out to graze4 ,having seen things put in order for the night1 ,i sauntered out through the village to learn the news4 ,i was agreeably surprised when ,i learned there was a white man in the village1 who had been sent out to the ,indians as a missionary4 ,all the savages spoke of him as a kind-hearted1 good man1 who was a great friend of the ,great ,spirit1 and of the ,big ,father at ,washington4 ,i made haste to pay my respects to my white brother and found him indeed a good ,christian gentleman4 ,he had a white wife and child1 and he and they were living comfortably and pleasantly with these wild children of the desert4 ,i talked more than an hour with the good man2 it was so delightful to see and speak with one of my own blood and color4 ,when ,i left him1 ,i promised ,i would return the next day and dine with him4 ,it may sound strange to hear one talk of dining out in an ,indian camp1 but the meal was none the less wholesome or abundant on account of the place in which it was served4 ,i found the ,santees a most excellent people4 ,the warriors were men of great pride and bravery4 ,the chiefs of the ,santees were men of few words1 but they were dignified1 courteous1 and truthful in all they said and did4 ,after all my experiences and disappointments among the ,indians of the plains1 ,i could not help admiring and respecting these people1 for here at last ,i had found a tribe such as ,cooper had represented1 and ,longfellow had characterized in ,hiawatha4 ,the ,santee lodges were tall conical-shaped tents1 made of buffalo hide tanned with the hair off1 and stretched around twelve poles4 ,these poles are tied together at the top1 and set around a circle of one hundred and eight feet4 ,the lodge1 when finished1 is thirty-six feet in diameter at the ground4 ,the skin or covering is cut bias1 the small end being fastened to the top of the poles and the long end wrapped round and round the poles1 and finally fastened to the ground with a wooden pin or stone4 ,the poles are not set in the ground1 but the edge of the lodge-cover is pinned down with short pegs made of hard wood4 ,an aperture is left at the top of the lodge for the smoke to escape1 and the fire is built in the center4 ,when the door is open it draws well1 and all the smoke goes up and out at the aperture4 ,these lodges1 although standing on the surface of the ground and apparently very fragile1 will withstand the most violent wind and rain storms4 ,i have seen them outlive the strongest modern tents1 and stand up even when great trees were blown down4 ,during my residence in the ,santee village ,i saw many curious things1 and learned much of the mode of life and ceremonies of the ,indians4 ,most people have seen the bows and arrows used by boys in the eastern ,states1 and those who have observed them know how feeble they are1 not even being capable of killing the smallest animal4 ,do not be surprised1 then1 when ,i tell you that an ,indian with his bow1 will send an arrow entirely through a horse1 a man1 or a buffalo4 ,the shaggy-coated bear or ,rocky ,mountain lion will fall beneath a few shots from the savage's strong bow1 while the fleet wild deer is not swift enough to escape the flight of his arrow4 ,with unerring aim the hunter sends his deadly shaft1 at eighty yards1 into the heart or eye of his game1 and with ease tips birds from the tops of the highest trees4 ,of course1 it requires long practice to acquire such skill in the use of the bow1 but the ,indian will tell you that more depends upon the manufacture of the weapon than the skill of the marksman4 ,with a good ,indian bow and arrow a white man can1 in a few hours1 learn to shoot fairly well1 while with a bow and arrow of his own manufacture he can hardly hit a tree the size of a man's body a rod off4 ,let me teach you how to make a good bow and arrow4 ,and first we will begin with the arrow4 ,the shoots1 or rods1 must be cut in the arrow season2 that is1 when the summer's growth is ended4 ,they must not have any branches or limbs on them1 but must be straight and smooth4 ,the ,indians cut their arrows late in the fall1 when the timber is hardening to withstand the blasts of winter4 ,the sticks are not quite as thick as one's little finger1 and they are sorted and tied in bundles of twenty and twenty-five4 ,these bundles are two and two and one-half feet in length1 and are wrapped tightly from end to end with strips of rawhide or elk skin4 ,the sticks are then hung up over fire in the teepee to be smoked and dried1 and the wrapping keeps them from warping or bending4 ,when they are seasoned1 which takes several weeks1 the bundles are taken down1 the covering removed1 and the bark scraped off4 ,the wood is very tough then1 and of a yellowish color4 ,the next process is to cut the arrow shafts exactly one length1 and in this great care must be used2 for arrows of different lengths fly differently1 and1 unless they are alike1 the hunter's aim is destroyed4 ,another reason for measuring the length of arrows is to identify them2 for no two warriors shoot arrows of precisely the same length4 ,each warrior carries a measuring1 or pattern stick1 and it is necessary only to compare an arrow with the stick to find out to whom it belongs4 ,but should the arrows by chance be of one length1 there are other means of identifying them2 for every hunter has his own private mark in the shaft1 the head1 or the feather4 ,of many thousands ,i have examined1 ,i have never found two arrows exactly alike when they were made by different warriors4 ,when the shafts have been made even1 the next work is to form the notch for the bow-string4 ,this is done with a sharp knife1 and1 when made properly1 the bottom of the notch will be precisely in the center of the shaft4 ,the arrow is then scraped and tapered toward the notch1 leaving a round head an inch long near the notch to prevent the string from splitting the shaft1 and to make a firm hold for the thumb and forefinger in drawing the bow4 ,all the arrows are peeled1 scraped1 and notched1 and then the warrior creases them4 ,to do this1 he takes an arrow-head and scores the shaft in zigzag lines from end to end4 ,these creases1 or fluted gutters1 in the shaft are to let the blood run out when an animal is struck4 ,the blood flows along the little gutters in the wood and runs off the end of the arrow4 ,the arrow-head is made of steel or stone4 ,it is shaped like a heart or dart and has a stem about an inch long4 ,the sides of the stem are nicked or filed out like saw-teeth4 ,nearly all the wild ,indians now use steel arrow-heads1 which are a great article of trade among the savages4 ,certain firms in the ,east manufacture many hundreds of thousands every year and send them to the traders who sell them to the ,indians for furs4 ,when the shaft is ready for the head1 the warrior saws a slit with a nicked knife in the end opposite the notch1 and inserts the stem of the arrow-head4 ,the slit must be exactly in the center of the shaft1 and as deep as the stem is long4 ,when properly adjusted1 the teeth of the stem show themselves on each side of the slit4 ,buffalo1 deer1 or elk sinew is then softened in water1 and the wood is wrapped firmly to the arrowhead1 taking care to fit the sinew in the teeth of the stem to prevent the head from pulling out4 ,the next process is to put on the feathers4 ,to do this properly great care must be taken4 ,turkey or eagle quills are soaked in warm water to make them split easily and uniformly4 ,the feather is then stripped from the quill and put on the shaft of the arrow4 ,three feathers are placed on each shaft1 and they are laid equi-distant along the stem4 ,the big end of the feather is fastened near the notch of the shaft and laid six or eight inches straight along the wood4 ,the feathers are glued to the shaft and wrapped at each end with fine sinew4 ,the arrow is next painted1 marked1 dried1 and is ready for use4 ,it takes a warrior a whole day to make an arrow1 for which the trader allows him ten cents4 ,arrow-heads are put up in packages of a dozen each4 ,they cost the trader half a cent1 or six cents per package1 and are sold to the ,indians at enormous profits4 ,thus1 twelve arrow-heads will be exchanged for a buffalo robe1 worth #h or #i1 and three1 for a beaver skin1 worth #d4 ,indians often buy arrow-heads at these enormous prices1 and then sell the arrow back to the trader at ten cents1 in exchange for goods1 beads1 or knives4 ,travelers on the prairie have often seen the ,indians throwing up signal lights at night1 and have wondered how it was done4 ,i will tell you all about it4 ,they take off the head of the arrow and dip the shaft in gunpowder1 mixed with glue4 ,this they call making fire-arrows4 ,the gunpowder adheres to the wood1 and coats it three or four inches from its end1 to the depth of one-fourth of an inch4 ,chewed bark mixed with dry gunpowder is then fastened to the stick1 and the arrow is ready for use4 ,when it is to be fired1 a warrior places it on his bow-string and draws his bow ready to let it fly2 the point of the arrow is then lowered2 another warrior lights the dry bark1 and it is shot high in the air4 ,when it has gone up a little distance1 it bursts out into flame1 and burns brightly until it falls to the ground4 ,various meanings are attached to these fire-arrow signals4 ,thus1 one arrow meant1 among the ,santees1 ,the enemy are about2 two arrows from the same point1 ,danger2 three1 ,great danger2 many1 ,they are too strong1 or we are falling back2 two arrows sent up at the same moment1 ,we will attack2 three1 ,soon2 four1 ,now2 if shot diagonally1 ,in that direction4 ,these signals are constantly changed1 and are always agreed upon when the party goes out or before it separates4 ,the ,indians send their signals very intelligently1 and seldom make mistakes in telegraphing each other by these silent monitors4 ,the amount of information they can communicate1 by fires and burning arrows1 is perfectly wonderful4 ,every war party carries with it bundles of signal arrows4 ,the bow--the weapon so long in use among the different ,indian tribes of this continent and so typical of ,indian life--is made of various kinds of wood1 and its manufacture is a work of no little labor4 ,even at this day the bow is much used1 and although an ,indian may have a gun1 he is seldom seen without his long bow1 and his quiver well filled with arrows4 ,the gun may get out of order1 and he can not mend it2 the ammunition may become wet1 and there is an end of hunting2 but the faithful bow is always in order1 and its swift arrows ready to fly in wet as well as dry weather4 ,thus reasons the savage1 and so he keeps his bow to fall back upon in case of accident4 ,until the invention of breech-loaders1 the bow was a far more deadly weapon at close range than the best rifle4 ,a warrior could discharge his arrows with much greater rapidity and precision than the most expert woodsman could charge and fire a muzzle-loading rifle4 ,the ,indian boy's first lesson in life is to shoot with a bow4 ,he is furnished with a small bow and beewaks1 or blunt arrows1 so that he will hurt nobody1 and with these he shoots at marks4 ,by and by1 when he has acquired some skill in handling his weapon1 he is given small arrow-points1 and with these he shoots birds1 squirrels1 and small beasts4 ,as he grows older he receives the long-bow1 and at last the strong-bow4 ,these strong-bows are powerful weapons1 and ,i have seen them so stiff that a white man could not bend them more than four inches1 while an ,indian would1 with apparent ease1 draw them to the arrow's head4 ,a shaft fired from one of these bows will go through the body of a buffalo1 and arrow-heads have been found so firmly imbedded in the thigh bones of a man that no force could extract them4 ,the parents take great pride in teaching young ,indians to shoot1 and the development of the muscles and strength of their arms is watched with much interest4 ,a stout arm1 ornamented with knots of muscles is a great honor to an ,indian1 and no one but those who can handle the strong-bow are deemed fit for war4 ,of all the ,indians of the ,west1 the ,sioux and ,crows make the best bows4 ,the ,sioux bow is generally four feet long1 one and a half inches wide1 and an inch thick at the middle4 ,it tapers from the center1 or grasp1 toward the ends1 and is but half an inch wide and half an inch thick at the extremities4 ,at one end the bow-string is notched into the wood and made permanently fast1 while at the other end two notches are cut in the wood1 and the string at that end of the bow is made like a slip-knot or loop4 ,when the bow is to be used1 the warrior sets the end to which the string is made fast firmly on the ground1 and then bends down the other end until the loop slips into the notch4 ,this is called stringing the bow4 ,the bow is never kept strung except when in actual use1 as it would lose its strength and elasticity by being constantly bent4 ,when unstrung1 a good bow is perfectly straight1 and1 if properly made and seasoned1 will always retain its elasticity4 ,the wood generally used in manufacturing bows is ash1 hickory1 iron-wood1 elm1 and cedar4 ,no hickory grows west of the ,missouri1 and it is very difficult to get2 and an ,indian will always pay a high price for a piece of this wood4 ,when the bow is made of cedar1 it need not be seasoned2 but all other woods require seasoning1 and are not worked until perfectly dry4 ,every teepee has its bow-wood hung up with the arrows in the smoke of the fire well out of reach of the flames4 ,a warrior with a sharp knife and a sandstone1 or file1 can make a bow in three days if he works hard1 but it generally takes a week1 and sometimes a month1 to finish a fancy bow4 ,when done1 it is worth three dollars in trade4 ,all the bows differ in length and strength1 being gauged for the arms of those who are to use them2 but a white man would1 until he learned the trick of it1 find himself unable to bend even the weakest war-bow4 ,this has given rise to the impression that the ,indians are stronger than white men1 which is an error2 for1 although only a slight man myself1 ,i learned1 after some practice1 to bend the strongest bow1 and could send a shaft as far or as deep as any savage4 ,on one occasion ,i shot an arrow1 while running1 into a buffalo so that the point came out on the opposite side2 another arrow disappeared in the buffalo1 not even the notch being visible4 ,i have seen a bow throw an arrow five hundred yards1 and have myself often discharged one entirely through a board one inch thick4 ,once ,i found a man's skull transfixed to a tree by an arrow which had gone completely through the bones1 and imbedded itself so deep in the wood as to sustain the weight of the head4 ,he had probably been tied up to the tree and shot4 ,the surface of the bow is made perfectly flat1 then roughened with a file or stone1 the sinew being dipped in hot glue and laid on the wood4 ,the sinew is then lapped at the ends and on the middle or grasp of the bow4 ,the string is attached while green1 twisted1 and left to dry on the bow4 ,the whole outside of the wood and sinew is now covered with a thick solution of glue1 and the bow is done4 ,rough bows look like hickory limbs with the bark on1 but some of them are beautifully painted and ornamented4 ,i once knew a trader to glue some red velvet on a bow1 and the ,indians paid him an immense price for it1 thinking it very wonderful4 ,in traveling1 the bow is carried in a sheath attached to the arrow quiver1 and the whole is slung to the back by a belt of elk or buckskin1 which passes diagonally across the breast1 and is fastened to the ends of the quiver4 ,the quiver and bow-sheath is generally made of the skin of an ox or some wild animal1 and is tanned with the hair on4 ,the quiver is ornamented with tassels or fringe of buckskin1 and the belt across the breast is painted or worked with beads4 ,each ,indian has his sign or name on his belt1 bow1 sheath1 or arrow quiver4 ,the celebrated ,sioux chief1 ,spotted ,tail1 or ,sin-ta ,gallessca1 had his bow-sheath made from the skin of a spotted ox he had killed in a train his warriors captured1 and as the tail was left dangling at the end of the sheath1 the ,indians ever afterward called him ,spotted ,tail1 or ,the man with the ,spotted ,tail4 ,you may be curious to know what this ,indian's name was before he was called ,spotted ,tail1 and ,i must tell you many ,indians never have a name1 while others have half a dozen4 ,some act of bravery1 or an article of clothing1 generally fixes an ,indian's name1 but a new deed1 or a new head-dress1 may change it4 ,to shoot with the bow properly1 it must be held firmly in three fingers of the right hand2 the arrow is fixed on the bow-string with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand1 and the other three fingers are used to pull the string4 ,the shaft of the arrow lays between the thumb and forefinger of the right hand1 which rest over the grasp of the bow4 ,to shoot1 the bow is turned slightly1 so that one end is higher than the other1 and the arrow is then launched4 --,from ,belden the ,white ,chief4 ,,can ,,you ,,understand ,,relationship8 ,this drill will test your ability to recognize easily relationships between words4 ,beginning on the first line1 write the figures #a to #aj4 ,in each group of words below1 the first two words have a certain connection in meaning4 ,when you discover this relationship between the first two words1 you can find among the five words that follow1 two other words that bear the same relationship4 ,for example1 in group one1 the ,,tire is made of ,,rubber4 ,now if you look among the words that follow1 you will easily see that the words ,,house and ,,bricks are related in the same way4 7,the ,,house is made of ,,bricks47 ,write these four words after figure #a on your paper3 #a4 ,,tire ,,rubber house bricks ,look at group two4 ,we can easily see that just as the ,,tailor makes ,,clothes so the ,,baker makes ,,bread4 ,so you will write these four words after figure #b on your paper3 #b4 ,,tailor ,,clothes baker bread ,complete the exercise by selecting the two words in each remaining group that are related in meaning in the same way that the given words are related in meaning4 ,when you have finished1 wait quietly for the others4 #a4 ,,tire1 ,,rubber 7wagon1 circle1 house1 brush1 bricks74 #b4 ,,tailor1 ,,clothes 7baker1 store1 city1 ship1 bread74 #c4 ,,fire1 ,,heat 7knife1 candle1 burn1 light1 wood74 #d4 ,,sailor1 ,,sea 7book1 sing1 soldier1 fight1 land74 #e4 ,,gun1 ,,bullet 7bow1 horse1 shoot1 arrow1 fly74 #f4 ,,young1 ,,quick 7old1 fast1 grow1 father1 slow74 #g4 ,,apple1 ,,tree 7oranges1 south1 grape1 vine1 sweet74 #h4 ,,ceiling1 ,,floor 7sky1 attic1 stair1 earth1 high74 #i4 ,,window1 ,,glass 7silk1 knife1 book1 steel1 pencil74 #aj4 ,,squirrel1 ,,chatters 7bird1 tree1 sings1 fly1 nuts74 ,,opening ,,the ,,great ,,west ,here is a picture of the work of the army of the ,united ,states in opening the great prairie country of the ,west4 ,today we get immense quantities of our food from the states between the ,mississippi ,river and the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,seventy years ago the most of this territory1 now the richest farming country in the ,united ,states1 was inhabited chiefly by roving tribes of ,indians who lived mainly by hunting the buffalo4 ,you will notice many details that show that the story was written many years ago4 ,for instance1 the soldiers are spoken of as blue jackets4 ,make a list of these points as you read4 ,read the selection as rapidly as you can without overlooking important details4 ,when the majority of the class has finished1 your teacher will ask you in turn to stand before the class and recite on the topics given at the end4 ,you should try to make your recitation interesting by giving details that will help your hearers to see what the author has described4 ,as soon as the traveler crosses the ,missouri1 and enters the territories1 he begins to find the blue jackets1 and the farther west he goes the more numerous they become4 ,it is only just to the army to say that it has ever been the pioneer of civilization in ,america4 ,ever since ,washington crossed the ,alleghanies1 and1 with his brave ,virginians1 pushed to the ,ohio1 the work has been steadily going on4 ,from ,pittsburgh1 the army led far down the ,ohio to the ,mississippi1 and thence along the ,father of ,waters to ,new ,orleans2 next west to the ,miami1 and far up the lakes2 then to the ,missouri1 and so on for thousands of miles until the other ocean was reached through ,oregon and ,california4 ,a line of forts is pushed out into the new and uninhabited country1 and presently people come in and settle near the posts4 ,a few years elapse1 and there are hundreds of citizens in all directions4 ,then the forts are sold or pulled down1 and the troops march farther west to new posts4 ,the knapsacks are packed1 the cavalry are mounted1 and we are ready to occupy a new line of country4 ,head of column west1 forward1 march6 and away we go4 ,what an outfit6 ,the long lines of cavalry wind over the hills1 and then follows the compact column of infantry4 ,then come a few pieces of artillery and the train4 ,what a sight6 ,hundreds of wagons1 filled with every conceivable article of food and implement of labor3 steam-engines1 saw-mills1 picks1 shovels1 hoes1 masses of iron1 piles of lumber1 tons of pork1 hard bread1 flour1 rice1 sugar1 coffee1 tea1 and potatoes1 all drawn in huge wagons4 ,six mules or ten oxen are seen tugging the monster wheeled machines along4 ,the train is generally preceded by a score or two of carriages1 ambulances1 and light wagons1 containing the families of officers1 women1 children1 and laundresses4 ,behind the wagon train are driven the herds of cattle and sheep1 and1 last of all1 comes a company of infantry1 and1 perhaps1 one of cavalry4 ,day after day the living1 moving mass toils on toward the setting sun4 ,bridges are built1 gulleys filled1 hill-sides dug down1 and roads cut along precipices4 ,we wonder how the pioneer corps can keep out of our way2 but each day we go steadily forward1 seeing only their work1 never overtaking them4 ,a ride to the front will show us how this is done4 ,it is mid-day1 and a company is going out to relieve the pioneers4 ,the knapsacks are lightened1 and off we go at a quick pace4 ,at sundown we come upon the pioneers1 and find some building a bridge1 while others cut down the hill so the wagons can pass4 ,we relieve them of their shovels1 picks1 and axes1 and one-half of the company goes into camp1 and the other half goes to work4 ,at midnight we are aroused by the beating of the drum1 and the half of the company that is in camp goes out to relieve the working party4 ,at daylight we are relieved in turn2 the work goes on day and night1 and that is the way the pioneers keep ahead of the train4 ,let us return to the column4 ,it is near sunset1 the bugles sound the halt1 and the columns file off into camp4 ,the cavalry horses are sent out to graze1 the tents put up1 fires lighted and the suppers put on to cook4 ,the white canvas gleams in the setting sun1 and the camp resounds with mirth and laughter4 ,water is brought from the brook1 and soap and towels are in great demand to remove the dust and stains of travel4 ,folding chairs1 tables1 beds1 mattresses1 are opened out1 and carpets spread on the ground4 ,the butchers have slaughtered a beef or two1 and the fresh meat is brought in for distribution4 ,the commissary wagons are opened1 and sugar1 coffee1 rice1 hominy1 and canned fruits dealt out4 ,in an hour we sit down to a smoking hot dinner and supper of roast beef1 hot coffee1 fried potatoes1 fresh biscuit1 and canned peaches4 ,if the air is cool the little peaked ,sibley stoves are put up1 and the evening is spent in telling stories1 playing cards1 and singing songs4 ,here is heard the thrumming of a guitar2 there are a lot of officers playing euchre1 and yonder a group of soldiers gathered about their camp-fire telling tales of how they campaigned in ,oregon1 or fought the ,comanches and ,apaches in ,texas and ,new ,mexico twenty years ago4 ,the bugles sound tattoo1 the rolls are called1 taps blow1 the lights are put out1 and the busy camp sinks into stillness4 ,only here and there a light is left burning1 where the quartermaster in his tent is busy over his papers1 the adjutant making the orders for the morrow's march1 or a noisy trio of officers continuing to a late hour their jests and songs4 ,no soldier is allowed to have his light burning after taps1 but the officers can do as they please4 ,every one sleeps soundly1 for each knows he is well guarded4 ,it is near midnight1 and1 if you like1 we will walk about the camp a little4 ,here is the officer of the day1 and we will accompany him4 ,we go out to the edge of the camp1 where a large group of men are gathered about a blazing fire4 ,who comes there8 rings out upon the still night air4 ,friends1 is answered back4 ,advance one and be recognized4 ,this is done1 and then comes the cry of ,officer of day1 turn out the guard4 ,there is a rattling of muskets1 a hurrying and bustling to and fro1 and the guard falls into line and is inspected--so far as to ascertain that all are present and every thing right4 ,frequently an officer1 but most generally a sergeant of experience1 commands the guard1 and all the sentinels are posted according to the directions of the officer of the day1 who receives his instructions from the commanding officer4 ,the wagons are drawn up in long lines or semicircles1 with the tongues inward1 to which are tied the mules and oxen4 ,sentinels pace up and down to see that all goes right1 and rouse the teamsters to tie up the mules that are constantly getting loose4 ,the cry of loose mules will bring a dozen teamsters out of their wagons1 and at least a hundred oaths before the animal is caught and secured4 ,the cavalry wagons are placed twenty to thirty feet apart1 and long ropes drawn through the hind wheels1 to which are picketed the horses4 ,guards are everywhere1 and the sentinels are keenly on the alert4 ,each hill-top has its silent watcher4 ,the herds are kept where there is as much grass as possible1 and mounted herders constantly watch them1 ready for an ,indian alarm or a stampede4 ,a cry of ,indians1 ,indians1 produces great life and commotion among the herders1 guards1 and sentinels1 but the body of the camp does not deign to move unless the firing is very heavy1 and the order given to turn out4 ,this is the ,regular ,army on the march4 ,when the troops enter the ,indian country1 and the attacks become frequent1 the column marches more compactly2 the herds and wagons are kept well up2 the women and children are put among the infantry2 flankers thrown out1 and a howitzer sent to the front to throw shells and frighten off the savages4 ,the boom of a cannon seems to be the voice of advancing civilization1 and greatly terrifies the ,indians4 ,at last the line of country that is to be occupied has been reached1 and a fort is built4 ,this consists of a stockade1 log-houses1 and shelters for the stores4 ,then the troops are divided1 and another fort is built fifty or a hundred miles from the first1 and so on until the whole line is occupied4 ,if there is danger1 earthworks are thrown up1 and one or two pieces mounted4 ,now begins the work in earnest2 keeping open the communication between the forts2 getting up supplies from the rear1 and securing the way for immigration4 ,the country is mapped1 the land surveyed1 the streams looked up and named1 and saw-mills built4 ,settlers come in and open farms near the forts1 and they creep up and down the valleys1 and over the hills1 until they stretch away for hundreds of miles4 ,meanwhile1 there are ,indian battles1 surprises1 and massacres by scores4 ,hundreds lose their lives1 but the settlements go on4 ,there is a little grocery1 a rum shop1 a town1 and by and by a city4 ,every spring1 as soon as the grass grows1 the cavalry takes the field and scours over the country for hundreds of miles4 ,the infantry remains in the posts1 or guards trains to and fro4 ,from ,april until ,december1 the cavalry is on the go constantly1 and the officers are separated from their families4 ,when the snows fall they come into the forts to winter1 but are often routed out by the approach of their savage foes1 and made to march hundreds of miles when the thermometer is far below zero4 ,it is this that makes the troops so savage1 and often causes them to slaughter the ,indians without mercy4 ,after a long and hard summer's campaign1 the officers and men come in tired1 weary1 and only too glad to rejoin their families and rest1 when scarcely have they removed the saddles from their horses' backs1 when murders1 robberies1 and burnings announce the approach of the fierce foe1 and they are ordered out for a winter campaign4 ,full of rage and chagrin1 they go forth breathing vengeance on all ,indians1 and after toiling a month or more1 through ice and snow1 with freezing hands1 feet1 and ears1 they overtake the savages and punish them with terrible severity4 ,in this way our great western plains are opened to civilization4 ,every year millions of acres are added to our national domain4 ,the wild prairie with its countless buffaloes and its skulking1 murderous war-parties of red men becomes the frontier2 the frontier becomes the settled farms and villages2 the iron horse and the telegraph connect it with the great ,east2 and still the pioneer and the army push ahead to open up still more of the richest land in the world to the conquering axe and plow of the ,anglo-,saxon4 --,from ,belden the ,white ,chief4 ,pupils should be prepared to recite on the following topics3 #a4 ,moving west1 then moving west again4 #b4 ,what an army train carried4 #c4 ,the work of the pioneer corps4 #d4 ,an army camp at night 7a7 ,supper4 7b7 ,changing the guard4 7c7 ,how the camp was protected4 #e4 ,development of a fort into a settlement4 #f4 ,summary4 ,write answers to the following questions3 #a4 ,who of your relations might have been one of these soldiers2 your older brother1 your father1 your grandfather1 or your great grandfather8 #b4 ,name three kinds of food that we eat every day that come from the part of the country opened as described in this selection4 #c4 ,tell some of the sounds you might have heard if you had been sleeping in one of the wagons when camped for the night4 ,,turning ,,out ,,the ,,intruder ,here is another exercise that will help you see how well you can arrange words in groups4 ,what kind of list is the first group of words below8 ,do all the words under figure #a belong in that list8 ,would it be a better list without the word ,,velvet8 ,write ,,velvet on the first line of your paper4 ,in each group of words1 there is one that does not belong there4 ,find the misplaced word in each group1 writing one under the other4 ,you have now made a new list of words of one class by taking one word out of each group4 ,pick out a good heading for this new list and write it as the top4 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 corn copper satin teaching horse velvet tin coasting surveying sheep potatoes muslin swimming building oxen wheat lead tennis linen dog barley brass skating mining silk beets gold football printing cattle ,,the ,,training ,,of ,a ,,boy ,,king ,we think little of kings and princes nowadays4 ,they appear chiefly in our fairy stories when we know they are pure creations of somebody's imagination4 ,possibly some of you have wished you had been born a prince or princess4 ,this story will give you a glimpse of the real life of a prince who was the son of one of the most powerful kings of ,england4 ,almost everybody knows something about ,queen ,elizabeth1 the famous queen who made ,england such a powerful country long ago in the sixteenth century4 ,and almost everybody knows something about her older sister1 ,queen ,mary1 who caused so much sorrow to ,england because of religious persecution4 ,but not nearly so many people know about their younger brother1 ,king ,edward the ,sixth1 who came to the throne before either of his sisters1 and whose short life was full of burdens and anxieties4 ,this story tells something about the way in which a boy had to be educated if he was going to be a king4 ,you will see that he had very little chance for freedom or happiness4 ,read the story through quickly1 and then glance back and make an outline of it4 ,your teacher will let two or three of you tell the story from the outline you have made4 ,almost four hundred years ago all ,london was rejoicing because of the birth of a prince1 the son of the wicked ,henry the ,eighth4 ,to be sure1 ,henry had two other children1 ,mary and ,elizabeth2 but there were reasons1 it was thought1 why neither of them could inherit the throne4 ,so the people were glad when little ,edward was born2 anthems of joy were sung in all the churches2 bonfires were lit1 and bells rang4 ,three days later1 when the baby prince was baptized1 the way from the palace to the chapel was hung with silk and velvet and cloth of gold1 and lined with torch-bearers4 ,noble lords held a shining canopy over his head1 and others carried the towels and basins needed in the ceremony4 ,his sister ,mary1 a gracious lady of twenty-one1 was his godmother1 the archbishop was his godfather1 and little red-haired ,elizabeth1 only four years old1 also had a share in the ceremony4 ,ten days later joy was turned to mourning1 for the ,queen died1 and little ,prince ,edward was left motherless4 ,the baby1 however1 had a kind nurse and many servants1 four of whom were called rockers1 as it was then thought right to rock a baby in his cradle or in the arms4 ,all these servants were charged to watch and guard the ,prince night and day lest any harm should befall him1 for1 as ,king ,henry said1 he was the whole realm's most precious jewel4 ,while ,edward was a little child he lived chiefly in the country1 and was brought up till he was six years old by the women of the household4 ,after that he had learned men for his schoolmasters1 and they taught him languages1 philosophy1 and such art and science as were known at the time4 ,such studies sound like very grown-up lessons for a little boy1 do they not8 ,a large part of education in those days consisted of ,greek and ,latin4 ,both ,edward and his sister ,elizabeth were very fond of books1 and many were the happy mornings that the two children spent together over their lessons4 ,besides his sister1 ,edward had other school companions4 ,in order that he might not be alone1 several boys1 the sons of noblemen1 were brought up in the palace along with the ,prince4 ,one of them1 it is said1 was known as ,edward's whipping boy2 that is1 if the ,prince misbehaved1 as he seldom did1 this boy was punished for it1 as it was not thought proper to punish the ,prince himself4 ,by the time he was eight1 the boy could both read and write ,latin4 ,he wrote his letters in ,latin1 and several of them1 along with three of his exercise books1 have been handed down to the present time4 ,the books are filled with ,greek and ,latin exercises4 ,he must have been a clever boy1 and must also have studied hard and long4 ,one winter morning when ,edward was nine years old1 gentlemen came riding out from ,london with the news that his father1 ,king ,henry1 was dead1 and that ,edward was the new ,king4 ,he wept bitterly1 for to him his father had always been loving and gentle1 however cruel he was to others4 ,but the boy could not weep long1 for he had to mount his horse and ride to ,london to be welcomed by the people4 ,the next day all the nobles came and knelt before him to kiss his hand and swear that they would always be loyal4 ,but ,edward was still too young to be really king4 ,his father had left the government in the hands of eighteen men whom he named4 ,these men now decided that they would put all the power into the hands of the most important one among them1 ,edward's uncle1 the ,duke of ,somerset1 who should be called ,lord ,protector4 ,for a long time hardly a day passed without some tiresome state ceremony to which the little ,king had to go4 ,you can imagine that he grew very tired of so much showing off4 ,at last came the coronation4 ,the day before it1 ,king ,edward rode through the streets in solemn procession1 clad in a suit of white velvet and silver1 adorned with pearls and diamonds4 ,the trappings of his horse were crimson and gold embroidered with pearls4 ,the progress of the procession was very slow1 lasting from noon till nightfall2 for in every open space was a raised platform hung with gay curtains1 where a company of actors1 acrobats1 or singing children would give some kind of exhibition which the ,king must stay to watch4 ,one thing that we must suppose he particularly liked was a wonderful tightrope walker4 ,but after all1 he was only a little nine-year-old boy1 and you can imagine that he was very tired when the long day was over and he went home to bed4 ,next day at nine ,edward was on his way to ,westminster ,abbey for the long and splendid ceremony of the coronation1 at which he was formally presented to the people and crowned by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,after two more days of feasting and celebration1 the young ,king settled down to a quiet life again4 ,but now it was a very lonely life and not so happy a one4 ,he saw little of his sisters2 and though he went on with his lessons1 they were often interrupted by the business of the state4 ,for though he had no real power1 and the ,lord ,protector actually ruled ,england1 yet the little boy had to go through the form of approving or disapproving of what was done4 ,now the ,duke of ,somerset was very ambitious1 and since he had so much of the power of a king1 he began to act and to talk as if he were really king4 ,this made some people angry and other people jealous4 ,one of the jealous ones was ,lord ,seymour1 the ,protector's brother4 ,somerset was very stern with ,edward1 and kept him very short of money1 so ,seymour tried to win the young ,king's liking by kindness and by gifts of pocket-money1 which kings like as well as other boys4 ,but ,seymour's enemies were too strong for him2 he was shut up in the tower1 and ,somerset so influenced the child king that he consented to have his kind uncle condemned to death4 ,it seems a pity that a boy so wise and good should have been so cold-hearted4 ,it must have been because all the men around him were hard and cold2 if he had only not been a king he might have been warm and loving and full of gratitude for kindness4 ,meantime ,somerset went on being more and more proud and ambitious and making more and more people hate him4 ,finally1 after he had put down two rebellions by very cruel means1 another nobleman1 the ,duke of ,northumberland1 formed a plot to kill ,somerset and become ,protector himself4 ,when ,somerset heard this1 he went to ,edward's palace1 and frightened the boy into going away with him on his flight4 ,he thought that the people would spare his own life out of love and respect for ,edward1 and like a coward he used the young ,king as a shield4 ,it was dusk when they set out1 and the crowded courtyard of the palace was alight with moving torches and glittering armor4 ,confused and alarmed by the champing of the horses1 the rattle of steel1 and the sound of voices1 the boy cried out1 ,i pray1 good people1 be good to us and to our uncle4 ,then ,somerset made a long1 angry speech to the people1 telling them that he knew of the plot to kill him and seize the ,king4 ,he finished his speech in truly cowardly fashion4 ,i tell you1 he said1 if anything is attempted against me1 here1 pointing to the ,king1 is he who shall die before me4 ,the ,king and his uncle fled away safely to ,windsor4 ,they rode almost all night1 and arrived at dawn4 ,nothing was ready for them2 they were not expected1 and there was neither food nor fire4 ,the ,october nights were cold1 and the boy1 who was never strong1 fell ill of cold and weariness and fear4 ,at ,windsor he lived closely guarded1 and felt as if he were in prison1 for the place was then only a fortress1 not a beautiful castle as it is now4 ,he did not stay long at ,windsor1 however4 ,somerset's enemies came after him1 and presented to ,edward all their charges against the cruel1 ambitious ,protector4 ,edward seems to have listened to them very readily1 and not to have tried to save his uncle when he was taken and shut up in the ,tower of ,london4 ,and later1 when ,somerset was beheaded1 the ,king cared little about his uncle's fate4 ,it seems strange that so lovable a boy should have said not one word of regret1 even though he had never liked his uncle4 ,so1 in the midst of anxiety and strife and scenes that hardened his boyish heart1 ,edward grew to be fifteen years old4 ,he was now beginning to take great interest in the government1 and to show that he had a mind and will of his own4 ,yet1 ,king though he was1 he still went on with lessons4 ,so earnest was he that he was held up to all the boys of ,england1 as an example4 ,at the same time1 however1 he liked to play1 though he had sadly little chance for it4 ,he played a game something like baseball1 and tennis1 and was fond of archery as a sport4 ,you will be interested to read what were the things that a boy who was to be a king had learned by the time he was fifteen4 ,he could speak and write ,latin and ,french as well as ,english4 ,he read ,greek1 ,italian1 and ,spanish4 ,he had studied the geography of his own country thoroughly1 and knew all about the chief ports of ,england1 ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,france4 ,he had studied fortifications1 and the places where they needed to be built or strengthened4 ,he astonished his advisers by the intelligence with which he could talk about affairs of state4 ,it seems likely1 does it not1 that ,edward would have made an excellent ,king if ever he had taken the government into his own hands8 ,for the only fault that shows plainly in him is his coldness of heart4 ,but he had never been strong1 and before he was sixteen he became very ill1 as a result of a cough that he had had for a long time4 ,he had not strength to fight off the disease2 so1 patiently and gently as he had lived1 the boy ,king died4 ,he had had a chance to be neither a real boy nor a real ,king4 --,adapted from ,boy-,kings and ,girl-,queens1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,marshall4 ,,some ,,ugly ,,old ,,lawyer ,one of the things that made ,president ,lincoln great was his kindness in small things4 ,here is a story1 told by a man who saw the incident take place1 that gives an instance of such kindness4 ,you should all begin reading this story at the same moment4 ,at the end of one minute your teacher will ask you to close your books and answer the questions she asks4 ,one day ,president ,lincoln was met in the park between the ,white ,house and the ,war ,department by an irate1 crippled soldier1 who was swearing in a high key1 cursing the ,government from the ,president down4 ,mr4 ,lincoln paused and asked him what was the matter4 ,matter enough1 was the reply4 ,i want my money4 ,i have been discharged here1 and can't get my pay4 ,mr4 ,lincoln asked if he had his papers1 saying that he used to practice law in a small way1 and possibly could help him4 ,the soldier rather ungraciously said that he had the papers4 ,my friend and ,i stepped behind some convenient shrubbery where we could watch the result4 ,mr4 ,lincoln took the papers from the hands of the angry soldier1 and sat down with him at the foot of a convenient tree1 where he examined them carefully1 and writing a line on the back1 told the soldier to take them to ,mr4 ,potts1 ,chief ,clerk of the ,war ,department1 who would doubtless attend to the matter at once4 ,after ,mr4 ,lincoln had left the soldier1 we stepped out and asked him if he knew whom he had been talking with4 ,some ugly old fellow who pretends to be a lawyer1 was the reply4 ,my companion asked to see the papers1 and on their being handed to him1 pointed to the indorsement they had received4 ,to the soldier's great surprise and confusion1 this indorsement read3 ,mr4 ,potts1 attend to this man's case at once and see that he gets his pay4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,questions #a4 ,why was ,mr4 ,lincoln willing to help the soldier8 #b4 ,why didn't he tell the soldier who he was8 #c4 ,is there a joke in this story8 ,if so1 whom was the joke on8 ,,adding ,,the ,,right ,,words ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line and your grade on the second line4 ,do not write anything on the third line1 but on the next six lines1 write in the margin the numbers #a to #f4 ,below are six lists of words4 ,all the words included in each list are related in some way4 ,for instance1 all the words in the first list name colors-- red yellow orange ,after figure #a on your paper write two other words that might be included in this list of colors4 ,any two color-words will be correct4 ,now in the same way find out what kind of words are included in the second list and after figure #b write two words that could be added to this list4 ,complete the exercise by adding to each of the remaining lists in the same manner4 ,when you finish1 wait quietly for the others4 #a4 red1 yellow1 orange4 #b4 wash1 scrub1 dust4 #c4 trolley car1 bicycle1 carriage4 #d4 desk1 picture1 bookcase4 #e4 ,marion1 ,louise1 ,ruth4 #f4 harp1 piano1 cornet4 ,,the ,,desert ,,indians' ,,fire ,,bed ,you may have one minute in which to read this selection4 ,the ,indians of our ,american ,sahara are compelled by circumstances to overcome conditions not encountered by their brothers of the plains and mountains4 ,the fire bed is among the most useful and original methods employed by them to sleep warm1 in the open1 as in fall and spring the nights are very cold4 ,a shallow trench is scooped out in the sand1 about six feet in length1 three feet wide1 and six or eight inches deep4 ,the sand is banked up on the sides1 and a fire is then made in the pit1 covering the entire length4 ,this not only warms the bottom but the banked sides as well4 ,after the fire has burned long enough to warm the sand thoroughly1 the larger unburned sticks are thrown out1 but all live coals are left in the pit4 ,the sand on the sides is now covered over the coals to a depth of about four inches4 ,the sleeper will then lie down in the warm sand2 and1 if he possesses a blanket1 he will throw it over him1 thus keeping in the heat1 and will sleep warm4 ,i have tried this out myself many times1 both upon the desert and in the mountains1 and have never suffered from the cold4 --,boy ,scouts' ,year ,book4 ,courtesy of ,d4 ,appleton and ,company4 ,describe to your teacher how the ,desert ,indians are able to sleep out of doors in warm beds4 ,,yes ,,or ,,no8 #a4 ,all dogs have a keen sense of smell4 ,my pet animal has a keen sense of smell2 do you know that my pet is a dog8 #b4 ,it took ,george six minutes to finish his exercise correctly4 ,john finished in five minutes1 but most of his answers were wrong4 ,was ,george the better reader8 ,,pietro',s ,,adventure ,you should all begin reading at the same moment4 ,your teacher will announce before you begin how much time she is going to give you4 ,she will divide the class into three equal groups according to speed and find out which group writes the best answers to the questions at the end of this selection4 ,i ,pietro ,vittori was playing in the shade of an olive grove on a mountain side that overlooked the sea near ,naples4 ,just below him was a white road that stretched away into the distance for many miles4 ,far below the road the blue water sparkled in the sunshine4 ,it was a beautiful spot4 ,pietro1 who had never been far from the olive grove and the mountain side1 supposed that all the world was like it4 ,as he looked at the road1 he saw a little cloud of dust in the distance2 soon a motor car moved slowly along the road until it came to a stop4 ,the driver and a man on the seat behind him got out and busied themselves about the car4 ,they looked at the long slope of the road before them and shook their heads4 ,drawn by curiosity1 ,pietro moved nearer and nearer until he stood beside the road4 ,he could see that something was wrong1 but he understood no word that the strangers spoke4 ,suddenly the glance of the man fell on the bright-eyed1 barefoot lad1 and he asked ,pietro a question4 ,his voice was kindly1 but ,pietro could only shake his head4 ,then the man laughed and patted ,pietro's brown curls4 ,he led the boy to the side of the car1 and pointed to a tank beneath the seat of the driver4 ,this time ,pietro understood2 he knew that the tank contained the wonderful fluid that made the car go4 ,this car could go no farther because the supply of the wonderful fluid was used up4 ,it was all plain enough1 and he knew what he could do to help4 ,his dark eyes shone brightly as he looked up at the man4 ,illustration3 ,,si1 ,,si1 ,,signore6 ,,he ,,cried ,,eagerly ,si1 si1 signore6 he cried1 eagerly2 and in an instant more he was flying up the long slope1 until at last he was out of sight round a curve4 ,the driver of the car started to follow him1 but soon gave up the attempt1 for it was very hot4 ,all the way to the village ,pietro ran as fast as his bare feet would carry him--two kilometres or more4 ,it was nearly an hour before ,pietro came hurrying back4 ,with him was the man from the shop in the village1 and he bore a filled can in either hand4 ,the travelers were patiently waiting4 ,they could do nothing else1 for their only hope lay in ,pietro1 unless by chance another motor car should come along4 ,when they were ready to start again1 the man patted ,pietro's curly head once more1 and slipped some bright silver coins into his hand--to the great surprise of ,pietro1 who had never seen other coins than those made of copper4 ,then the man leaped to his seat1 and the whole party waved their hands to ,pietro1 and called out gayly to him in their strange language2 then the car sped out of sight4 ,then ,pietro hurried up through the olive grove to his little home1 where the bright silver coins surprised his parents even more than they had surprised him4 ,now that was only a small adventure2 but adventures were few in ,pietro's life1 and so he thought of it often through the weeks and months that followed4 ,a year later1 with his parents and his brothers and sisters1 he went over the mountains to ,naples1 and sailed in a great ship across the ocean to ,boston2 and all that meant so many adventures that he almost forgot his long run over the hot and dusty road to help the strangers4 ,,ii ,pietro had lived in the ,north ,end of ,boston about two years1 when he had another adventure4 ,late one afternoon1 toward the end of ,november1 he was walking slowly along the street on his way home from school4 ,his heart was heavy4 ,at school he had just been learning the story of ,thanksgiving1 and he had heard much about ,thanksgiving celebrations2 but he knew that there would be no ,thanksgiving dinner in the crowded little rooms where he lived1 for the family was large1 and his father had long been without work4 ,as two men passed him1 one said to the other1 ,how this part of ,boston has changed6 ,i thought ,i could take you straight to the ,old ,north ,church1 but ,i seem to be getting lost4 ,pietro sprang to the man's side4 ,i know the way6 he cried4 ,let me show you6 ,and ,i can tell you all about the church where ,paul ,revere hung the lanterns4 ,the two men looked down1 and laughed4 ,that is the way with the little ,italian boys2 they soon become real ,americans1 said the one who had spoken first4 ,we shall be glad to have you guide us1 he added to ,pietro4 ,so ,pietro proudly walked before them1 and led the way1 first to the historic church1 and then to the old cemetery on ,copp's ,hill1 near by4 ,all this time the man was watching him curiously4 ,i think you and ,i have met before1 he said at length4 ,do you remember me8 ,for the first time ,pietro looked long and hard at the man's face4 ,then he cried out1 ,yes1 yes6 ,i did not see before6 ,you were the man in the car that stopped on the ,amalfi road4 ,he fairly danced for pleasure that the strange man had remembered him so long4 ,then he hurried on3 ,see6 ,i can talk with you now6 ,i am an ,american6 ,i go to school6 ,you see1 said the man laughingly1 as he turned to his friend1 ,i can remember the face of a bright ,italian boy better than ,i can the streets of my own city4 ,then he told his friend of the help that ,pietro had given when the motor car stopped on the ,italian mountain side4 ,with a few questions1 he drew from ,pietro his own story1 and he watched the brown-eyed boy closely as they talked4 ,pietro1 he said1 at last1 ,i like you1 and ,i want to be your friend4 ,keep on in school and study4 ,come and see me to talk things over once in a while4 ,i'll be able to help you when it is time for you to go to work4 ,in the meantime ,i can find work for your father4 ,he gave ,pietro his address1 and checked the words of thanks that came pouring out4 ,and this1 the man went on1 will give you all a ,thanksgiving dinner as a reward for your work as guide this afternoon4 ,a bill was pressed into ,pietro's hand1 and the men hurried on4 ,pietro stood where they left him1 and looked first at the bill in his hand1 and then at the two men1 who turned and waved their hands as they went round a corner4 ,so it came about that the fortunes of the ,vittori family took a sudden change for the better1 and there was a happy ,thanksgiving dinner in their tenement--all as a result of ,pietro's cheerful readiness to be of help three years before1 when strangers were in trouble on an ,italian mountain side4 --,john ,clair ,minot4 ,courtesy of ,the ,youth's ,companion4 ,,questions #a4 ,near what city did the first part of this story take place8 #b4 ,in what city did the second part occur8 #c4 ,what service did ,pietro do for the travelers in the first part8 #d4 ,what happened to ,pietro between the first and second parts of the story8 #e4 ,did ,pietro do anything in the second part of the story similar to what he did in the first8 #f4 ,do you think the ,american gentleman had a good memory8 #g4 ,pietro was very polite and obliging1 wasn't he8 ,what two good things did he do for his family by being so8 #h4 ,what do you think ,si1 si1 signore means8 ,why are these three words printed in italics8 ,,some ,,patriotic ,,mine ,,workers ,you should all begin reading this selection at the same moment4 ,can you read it thoroughly in thirty seconds8 ,not all the good soldiers in the ,american army which helped to win the ,world ,war were in the trenches1 or even in ,france4 ,and they were not all young men4 ,see if you do not think the following occurrence proves the truth of this statement4 ,in ,october1 #aiah1 shortly before the war ended1 one hundred and fifty mine workers1 who had retired from service after earning enough to support themselves in their old age1 returned to the mines at ,stoneboro1 ,pennsylvania1 when they learned of the shortage of men during the war4 ,they mined four thousand tons of coal while they waited for the railway siding to be completed to the new opening where they were to work4 --,youth's ,companion4 ,,questions ,why is it right to call these men patriotic8 ,is that kind of patriotism needed only in war time8 ,,father ,,domino ,it was the early spring time4 ,the snow banks were melting away1 leaving the brown earth soft enough for the flowers to push through as soon as they felt the warmth of the sun4 ,across the high hill1 which sloped down to the river1 came a pair of foxes4 ,the splendid ,silver ,fox1 with a black mark across the eyes like a mask1 was called ,domino4 ,the dainty little lady fox by his side1 with a red coat and an elegant ruffle of white1 was ,snowyruff4 ,they had met one day in the woods1 and chosen each other for mates and friends for life1 as is the way of foxes4 ,now they were searching through the woods for a place to build their home4 ,snowyruff looked about the piney glade1 nosed the ground1 then began to dig4 ,it was her way of saying1 ,i am satisfied4 ,we'll set up housekeeping here4 ,she did not know that she had chosen the same sunny slope on which ,domino himself had lived as a tiny cub1 but she did know that it was a fine place for a home for a family of foxes4 ,the hillside would be sheltered and warm2 the den door would be hidden by the pine thicket near4 ,the deep snow and deep leaves had kept the earth soft enough for her to dig1 so she worked away with a will4 ,domino sat on the hill and kept guard for an hour1 then he took her place and worked while ,snowyruff kept watch4 ,so1 working together1 they built their home2 a cozy1 well-hidden den it was1 too4 ,no eye could detect it1 though within a dozen feet2 and as the warm spring sunshine set the grass growing1 it was better hidden each day4 ,the pair were more and more careful not to be seen near the den4 ,at last one day ,snowyruff said to ,domino3 ,keep away now6 and he kept away from the den for days4 ,while he was absent a wonderful thing happened3 ,five little foxes were born6 ,when ,snowyruff left them to slip down to the river for a cooling drink of water1 ,domino was there on the bank watching4 ,she said to him in plain ,fox language3 ,you must not come home yet1 so he crouched with his head flat on the leaves1 and she hurried back to the den4 ,the next day when she was hungry1 she ate some of the food which they had stored up in the dry sand of the side chamber of the den4 ,two days later1 she went to the door1 and there was a pile of food--,domino had stolen down and left it for her and their babies4 ,after that1 every day1 there was food at the door1 or hidden in the grass near by4 ,when the cubs were nine days old their eyes opened1 they whimpered less1 and ,snowyruff felt it safer to leave them4 ,domino now came in to see his family1 and a proud father he was4 ,he guarded them with the greatest care1 and was as devoted to them as ,mother ,snowyruff herself4 ,when they were about a month old1 the little toddlers were brought out into the sunlight in front of the den4 ,there they romped and wrestled and raced with each other4 ,sometimes they chased flies or bumble-bees1 sometimes they made a fine game of catching ,mother's tail1 or tussled over a dried duck's wing4 ,as the days passed and the young foxes grew stronger1 ,domino and ,snowyruff began teaching them to find food for themselves4 ,live game was brought home each day4 ,sometimes a frog1 or a fat field mouse1 was brought1 and then turned loose for the youngsters to re-capture4 ,once ,domino called1 ,chur-chur-chur1 and when the rollicking cubs came tumbling over one another1 he dropped a live muskrat in their midst4 ,they pounced on it1 but the muskrat was a desperate fighter4 ,it seemed for a time that he would win1 but the father and mother only looked on4 ,they must let their children learn to do hard things for themselves1 so they waited until one cub was strong enough and quick enough to lay the muskrat low4 ,the happy growing days went by1 and the cubs had not learned the meaning of fear4 ,one day ,domino was returning home with food4 ,five little black noses1 ten little beady eyes1 set in woolly heads1 were bunched at the den door4 ,suddenly the bay of a hound sounded near and ,domino leaped on a stump to listen4 ,there was no mistake2 the hound was coming nearer the home place4 ,snowyruff warned the little ones1 and ,domino loped bravely out to meet his enemy4 ,he showed himself boldly1 and even barked defiance at the big hound1 then dashed away1 leading him farther and farther from the den4 ,domino ran hard for an hour1 then began trying to throw the hound off his trail1 but it was not easy4 ,the hound was swift and keen in following the trail1 and though he doubled1 crossed1 and tried every trick he knew1 ,domino could not throw him off4 ,the fox ran lightly ahead1 the hound crashing heavily after him1 baying loudly4 ,at last ,domino led his enemy along a narrow ledge which ran at the edge of a cliff overhanging the river4 ,on they went4 ,domino was growing very tired4 ,his steps were lagging so that the hound was gaining upon him at every jump4 ,up and up they went2 ,domino went slower still4 ,the hound could see him just ahead4 ,he drew closer with each bound4 ,at last ,domino reached the top of the cliff4 ,his black coat gleamed against the sky4 ,he could go no farther2 it was the end of the trail4 ,the hound plunged forward1 and leaped at the fox2 but ,domino sprang lightly aside1 and the hound plunged headlong over the rugged cliff4 ,he was hurled down into the icy flood below4 ,he swam out as best he could1 battered and bleeding1 and limped home1 whining with pain4 ,domino turned back and ran to the den1 where five little black noses1 ten little beady eyes1 set in five little woolly heads1 waited for their father4 ,illustration3 ,,live ,,game ,,was ,,brought ,,home ,,each ,,day ,the hound never came back again1 and the ,fox family lived in peace until the little foxes grew large enough to leave the home den and make homes for themselves4 --,from ,stories for ,children and ,how to ,tell ,them4 ,courtesy of ,j4 ,berg ,esenwein4 ,,questions #a4 ,what kind of home does a fox build for his family8 #b4 ,what kind of lessons did the ,fox children have to be taught8 #c4 ,what did ,domino do that reminds you of what a human father would do for his family8 #d4 ,make a list of the things the ,fox family did that seem almost human4 ,,the ,,good ,,giant ,,wins ,,his ,,fortune ,here is just one movie scene1 just enough to fill up this page4 ,if you have forgotten how to play it1 refer to the directions on page #ch4 ,ha1 said the giant as he stooped down and picked up something4 ,here is the key4 ,then he unbolted the door and walked into the vault where he saw chests of gold and silver arranged along the wall4 ,he marked dozens of them with the chalk that he had in his pocket4 ,when he had finished1 he put a purse full of diamonds in his pocket1 swung a bag full of money over his shoulder1 and went out without another word1 locking the terrified steward in4 ,,the ,,mole ,,awakes ,one of the facts discovered by a student of nature is that every part of an animal's body is fitted to perform its special task1 and to help the animal live in the surroundings where it finds its home4 ,notice three ways in which the mole's bodily equipment is fitted to the life he leads4 ,dig is expressed in every line of the mole's body4 ,digging is his life-work1 and to this ,nature has adapted his every organ4 ,his eyes are of no use in this underground life1 and so they have dwindled away until externally there is little sign of them4 ,objects he probably never sees with any distinctness1 though he still can tell light from darkness4 ,but he seems to recognize light only to avoid it4 ,in the darkness of his tunnels not only would his eyes be useless1 but dirt would be apt to get into them while he is digging2 so they are gradually leaving him4 ,the ears1 too1 or that part of them that projects from the head1 would be in the way4 ,so they have been discarded4 ,the inner and most important part of the ear1 however1 still remains1 and the mole hears quite well4 ,his most remarkable difference from ordinary animals is in the arms4 ,these are very short1 and the hands are broad1 hard1 and horny1 and have very firm claws4 ,when ,i catch a good1 vigorous mole1 ,i find ,i scarcely have force enough in my thumb and forefinger to hold his front feet together4 ,he can often separate them in spite of all my straining4 ,his other muscles are comparatively weak4 ,the hands have been altered into great shovels1 and when he tries to walk over smooth1 level ground or on a floor he moves with odd1 quick steps1 resting on the sides and not on the palms of his hands4 ,he reminds one of a wound-up toy that is held in the air and allowed to run down4 ,but when he gets under the sod1 the heaving line that forms over him as he digs shows that there he is in his proper element4 ,most animals would get dirty leading such a life1 but you never see a cleaner animal than the mole4 ,he comes out of the loose earth and squirms about a little1 and he is clean4 ,his smooth gray fur1 shading to a silvery hue when it is ruffled1 is very short and close and exceedingly dry4 ,indeed ,i know no animal with a more velvety coat4 ,he would be a delightful pet to handle were it not for his ceaseless wriggling4 ,then too he carries a strong musky odor4 ,this latter1 indeed1 is his only defence and ,i fear it is a poor one4 ,certainly it does not usually deter a dog from snapping him up4 ,but perhaps it is meant for his friends rather than his foes4 ,friendly moles may scent each other from afar4 ,the mole is a reversible machine4 ,he can run forward or backward at will4 ,probably as a result of this habit1 it is wonderful how alike are the two ends of his body1 his nose and his tail4 ,each is slender and each is bare2 each is very sensitive1 and the tail is just about as long as the nose4 ,i think he uses whichever happens to precede1 as a feeler1 when he is making his way through his tunnel4 ,for once having made a good big runway1 he is very apt to keep on using it through the season4 ,i doubt not he is often forced to travel backwards through his burrow4 ,then his tail must serve him as an effective guide4 --,from ,under the ,open ,sky1 by ,s4 ,c4 ,schmucker4 ,courtesy of ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 ,,questions #a4 ,explain what the author means by saying1 ,the mole is a reversible machine4 #b4 ,how long did it take you to read this selection8 ,,the ,,count ,,and ,,the ,,robbers ,ever since the ,world's ,war began1 we have heard a great deal about ,belgium1 the gallant little country which saved the world1 and ,holland1 her sturdy neighbor which stayed neutral4 ,both these small countries were once called the ,netherlands4 ,nether means lower2 you can see how suitable a name lower lands is for a country that is much of it below sea level4 ,until the fifteenth century this country had no one ruler1 but was cut up into many little parts1 each governed by a duke or count4 ,here is the story of a kind count1 who ruled in one part of the land in the twelfth century4 ,in the twelfth century there ruled in ,bruges a certain ,count ,bordewyn1 whose fathers had reigned for many years before him4 ,bruges1 in those days1 was one of the most important centres of the ,netherlands1 and the count was a kind and good man whose only thought was to make his people happy4 ,in order that they might not be afraid to tell him their needs1 he went about among them dressed as a farmer and a peasant2 and they1 thinking he was one of themselves1 spoke out freely in his presence4 ,one night he left his castle1 and1 poorly dressed1 went out into the country to see if there was any good he could do4 ,it was a dark1 cold night1 and after walking for some time he was glad to see the lights of a house in the distance4 ,when he reached the building1 he knocked at the door and went in4 ,he found himself at a wedding-party given by a farmer whose daughter had been married that day4 ,the good count was very happy to be of the party1 and without letting the people know who he was1 he sat down with them and sang and feasted4 ,it was very late when they1 much against their will1 let him leave them1 and he walked back through the lonely country1 making plans for his people's happiness4 ,suddenly he heard a whistle1 and five men rushed out from a clump of trees and threw themselves upon him4 ,the ,count struggled to the trees1 set his back against one and prepared to fight4 ,the robbers were armed with knives1 but the ,count had only a big stick4 ,on they rushed at him4 ,he struck at the first one with all his strength1 and hit him so hard that he fell to the ground4 ,another one crept up to his side1 and would have cut his head open2 but the ,count turned quickly1 and1 catching the stroke on his stick1 snatched the knife from the robber's hand1 and with a blow sent him to join his comrade senseless on the ground4 ,this left three against one1 and the ,count felt his strength giving way under their blows4 ,still full of courage1 he swung the stick round his head to keep the wretches at a distance1 and1 as loudly as he could1 he prayed to ,god to send him help4 ,at this moment he saw dimly outlined against the darkness a human figure4 ,in its hands it wielded a strange weapon1 which soon was falling again and again on the heads and shoulders of the three bandits until they took to their heels and ran4 ,at first the ,count thought it was some angel from heaven come to his help1 but as the figure drew nearer he saw that it was a farmer1 and that the mysterious weapon was a flail4 ,the ,count and the farmer embraced each other1 and for a moment did not speak4 ,then said the ,count1 ,my brave fellow6 ,how can ,i thank you8 ,you have saved my life6 ,but the farmer would not listen to his thanks2 ,no1 no1 said he2 ,i have done only what you would have done for me in the same circumstances1 and nothing more need be said4 ,i take it that you are a merchant earning a living for your wife and family1 as ,i try to do for mine4 ,but the ,count insisted that the farmer should ask some favor4 ,listen6 said he2 ,i am in the service of the ,count1 and perhaps can do you some great good4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,robbers ,,were ,,armed ,,with ,,knives ,for a time the farmer was silent1 and then1 hesitating very much1 he told the ,count his dearest wish4 ,for thirty years ,i have worked on a piece of land2 with this flail ,i have beaten the corn1 and ,i have loved the farm as my child4 ,yesterday my master died1 and the land will pass into strange hands and out of my care4 ,the ,count had listened quietly to his story1 and at last spoke3 ,but1 my friend1 this is not such a difficult matter4 ,how would you like the land for your own8 ,the poor farmer wept with emotion4 ,really1 is it possible that you have such influence8 said he4 ,come to the castle to-morrow1 said the ,count1 and ask for the ,captain of the ,guard4 ,and the farmer1 mystified and wondering1 went slowly home4 ,when his wife opened the door1 she was very angry with him for being so late2 but ,cornelius--that was the farmer's name--explained what had happened1 and although the wife could scarcely believe that such good fortune could be theirs1 yet they went to bed full of hope4 ,at daybreak ,cornelius dressed in his best and set off for the castle1 followed by the prayers and blessings of his wife4 ,when he arrived he was so frightened that he could hardly speak to the big soldiers who guarded the door1 but at last he gave his message and asked to see the ,captain4 ,he followed the soldier into a splendid hall richly hung with tapestries1 and soon the man whose life he had saved came into the room4 ,he was dressed so beautifully in silk and cloth of gold that ,cornelius hardly recognized him1 and when he did he was afraid to ask his question4 ,but his friend told him not to fear1 that the ,count was favorable to him4 ,he led the trembling ,cornelius through many rooms and at last stopped outside a big door4 ,in this hall you will see the ,count4 ,ask for what you wish1 he said4 ,but ,cornelius said he was so much afraid that he dared not ask4 ,besides1 how shall ,i know the ,count from all his followers8 he inquired4 ,and the answer was that all the people in the room would kneel1 bare-headed1 except ,count ,bordewyn himself4 ,so ,cornelius followed his guide into the great hall where all the ,court was assembled in grandeur1 and1 looking round him1 he perceived that the only persons standing were himself and the man whose life he had saved4 ,seeing this1 he at once knew that this man was the ,count1 and he flung himself on his knees and begged forgiveness for his presumption in speaking to him as he had done4 ,but the ,count1 taking his hands1 raised him to his feet and embraced him1 and telling his ,court the history of the previous night1 he commanded them to treat ,cornelius with every respect4 ,he gave him the farm and land for his own1 and stocked it with grain and cattle4 --,from ,a ,peep at the ,netherlands1 by ,beatrix ,jungman4 #a4 ,what was the ,count's object in going about in disguise8 #b4 ,what do you think he gained by it8 #c4 ,what risks did he run8 #d4 ,do you think the farmer deserved so great a reward8 #e4 ,what is a flail8 ,you can find out from the story1 without using a dictionary4 #f4 ,do you suppose the ,count's people loved him8 ,why8 #g4 ,what difference do you see between the way the subjects of the ,count treated him in his castle and the way ,americans would treat their mayor1 governor1 or president8 #h4 ,name the three scenes in this story4 ,,what ,,the ,,earliest ,,men ,,did ,,for ,,us ,you are now going to read a chapter of history4 ,it will help you to see how our ancestors learned some things that are very common to us today1 but which had to be learned before the wonderful comforts we enjoy were possible4 ,you will like to study history if you keep in mind that it does not just tell of something that happened a long time ago1 but that it shows how our civilization with its homes and schools and churches and government and our great railroads and steamships and factories came into existence4 ,the thing we call civilization has grown and changed in thousands of years much as you have grown and changed in the few years that you can remember4 ,you will need to read this selection very carefully4 ,your teacher will ask you the questions at the end and probably a good many more4 ,see if you can read it the first time so thoroughly that you can answer all the questions4 ,it will help you very much if you will write topics as you go along4 ,in the fourth paragraph you will find a list of things that man has always needed4 ,if you use each of these things as a heading and under it make a list of the steps of man's progress1 you will probably find that you have mastered the selection4 ,history is the story of what men have done in the past4 ,it was not until men had learned how to write that they could keep a record of what they did4 ,but men lived upon the earth for many thousand years before they knew how to write4 ,in that early time they learned how to do many things which we are still doing and to make many things which we are still making and using4 ,in these ways they did much to make life what it is for us4 ,how is it possible for us to know anything about what life was like in those ancient times when men could not write8 ,did you ever find an ,indian arrow-head8 ,perhaps you have seen a collection of stone arrow-heads and axes4 ,these relics and others like them tell us many things about the people who made them4 ,then there are people now living1 like the natives of ,australia or some of the tribes of ,american ,indians1 who still use1 or used until very recently1 these crude stone implements1 and who live very much as our own ancestors lived many thousand years ago4 ,the earliest men lived but little better than the animals in the forest about them4 ,they were without shelter or clothing and had only such food as they could find from day to day4 ,men have either found or made everything that we now have4 ,early man possessed a great advantage over all the animals because he had a better brain and a wonderful pair of hands with which he could make the weapons1 tools1 and other things that he needed4 ,men have always needed food1 shelter1 clothing1 and the means of protection against the dangers around them4 ,it took our early ancestors many thousand years to learn how to provide themselves with these simple necessities of life4 ,at first men lived upon the roots1 herbs1 wild berries1 and fruits in the forest4 ,sometimes they found birds' nests in the trees and ate the eggs or the young birds4 ,occasionally they found a dead bird or animal and thus learned to like the taste of flesh4 ,they hunted for shellfish by the seashore and caught fish in the streams and lakes4 ,then they began to kill the smaller animals with stones or clubs and in this way they became meat eaters4 ,when men had learned how to make knives1 spears1 and bows and arrows1 they could kill the larger animals and get a better supply of food4 ,for a long time all food was eaten raw1 because the use of fire was unknown4 ,we do not know how man discovered fire4 ,he may have kindled it first from a tree set aflame by the lightning4 ,by and by he found that a spark could be produced by striking two stones together in the right way or that he could make a fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together4 ,the making of fire was one of the most wonderful inventions in the world4 ,men could now cook their food4 ,at first they roasted bits of meat before the blaze or in the hot ashes4 ,later1 when they had learned how to make vessels that would hold water1 they began to boil all kinds of food over the fire4 ,for a long time men procured their food by hunting1 trapping1 and fishing4 ,during this time they began to capture and tame the young of some of the wild animals4 ,probably the dog was the first domestic animal4 ,the cow was also domesticated at a very early period4 ,man used her meat and milk for food and her skin for clothing4 ,he made tools and implements out of her bones and horns4 ,no other animal has been more useful to him4 ,the goat and the sheep1 the hog and the ass1 and later the horse1 were tamed by early men long before real history began4 ,after these animals had been domesticated by the hunters and trappers1 some men became shepherds and herdsmen and wandered from place to place with their flocks and herds in search of the best pastures4 ,presently another step was taken toward civilized life4 ,men had long known that the seeds of some of the wild grasses and plants were good to eat4 ,now some one noticed that if these seeds were sown they sprang up and brought forth many more seeds4 ,then it was discovered that the seeds grew better and yielded a more abundant crop if the ground were broken up and made soft before the seed was sown4 ,because of these discoveries some men began to be farmers4 ,by cultivation1 the wild grasses which grew in the fields or beside the rivers were developed into wheat1 oats1 barley1 and rice1 the great cereals of the world4 ,when men began to procure their food by cultivating the soil it became necessary for them to remain in the same place in order to gather the harvest when it ripened4 ,they could no longer wander from place to place as they had done when they were only hunters or shepherds4 ,they now began to live in permanent villages and to cultivate the land lying near by4 ,in this way the beginning of farming led to a settled life and the making of permanent homes4 ,probably the earliest men had only such shelter from the rain and protection from wild animals as the trees gave them4 ,after a time men began to live in dens and caves in the earth4 ,these people are called the cave dwellers4 ,still later men built huts by bending young trees together1 weaving branches between them1 and covering the whole structure with leaves and bark4 ,when the hut was built of poles covered with the skins of animals it became a tent4 ,many of the people who wandered from place to place with their flocks and herds dwelt in tents4 ,when men settled near the fields that they were beginning to cultivate1 they built permanent homes of stone plastered with mud or of bricks made of clay and dried in the sun4 ,the roofs were covered with brush or timber4 ,then fire places and rude chimneys were added to these simple houses1 and in other ways man's dwelling place was gradually improved4 ,the first clothing was probably made from the leaves of trees or from grasses matted together4 ,when man became a good hunter he wore the skins of the animals that he killed4 ,the ancestors of all of us were once clad in skins4 ,the women of those early days used to cure the skins of small animals by drying them4 ,they then made garments of them by sewing them together with needles of bone and the sinews of animals for thread4 ,the women scraped and worked the large skins until they were soft and pliable4 ,these they used for clothing1 or for blankets1 or for the covering of their tents4 ,still later1 the women learned to spin yarn from wool sheared from the sheep and from the thread of the flax which they were beginning to raise4 ,the next step was to weave the yarn and the thread into woolen and linen cloth4 ,it was because early man had the mind to invent and the hands to make the weapons1 tools1 and utensils which he needed that he was able to make such progress in procuring food1 shelter1 and clothing4 ,man's first weapon was a club4 ,a stone which he used to crack nuts with probably was his earliest tool4 ,at first he simply found stones of the right shape for his purpose4 ,then he began to chip a piece of flint until it had a rough edge4 ,now he had a hatchet as well as a hammer4 ,because he held this hatchet in his hand it has been called a fist-hatchet4 ,a great many of these fist-hatchets have been found4 ,in the course of time man learned how to use thongs of rawhide to bind handles to his fist-hatchets4 ,now he had axes and spears4 ,it was a great day in the long climb toward civilized ways of living when some unknown inventor made the first bow4 ,with arrows tipped with sharp bits of stone1 man could now kill the larger animals4 ,stone knives were used to skin the game4 ,flint scrapers and other implements were very useful in scraping and softening the skins to fit them for use4 ,by using pieces of flint with rough edges as saws and files1 men began to make tools of horn1 bones1 and shells4 ,they now possessed daggers and hammers of horn and awls and needles of bone4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,house ,for many thousand years1 stone arrow-heads1 knives1 and axes were made with rough1 chipped edges4 ,this time is sometimes called the ,old ,stone ,age4 ,when men had learned to make better tools of their stone knives and axes by grinding and polishing them to a smooth1 sharp edge1 they had entered upon the ,new ,stone ,age4 ,the next great forward step in human progress was taken when men discovered metals and began to use them4 ,copper was the first metal used1 but it was soon found that it was too soft for making many articles4 ,presently it was discovered that if a little tin were mixed with the copper it made a harder metal called bronze4 ,so many weapons1 tools1 and ornaments were made of bronze that the time when it was used is called the ,bronze ,age4 ,iron is the most useful of all the metals4 ,it is much harder than bronze and better suited in every way for making tools and implements4 ,it took man a long time to learn how to use it1 because it is not so easy to work as copper and bronze4 ,when man made this king of metals his servant1 he traveled a long1 long way on the road which leads to civilization4 ,the men invented the weapons and some of the tools of the earliest ages4 ,but it is probable that the women first made many useful tools and utensils4 ,women wove the first baskets to use in gathering and carrying berries1 nuts1 and other articles of food4 ,they used to cover fish with clay in order to bake them in the coals and they noticed how the fires hardened the clay4 ,then by molding clay over baskets so that they could be hung over the fire1 women gradually learned how to make earthenware pots and bowls4 ,afterwards they cut spoons1 ladles1 and drinking cups from shells1 gourds1 and the horns of animals4 ,in these ways our foremothers made their first cooking utensils and their first dishes for holding and serving food and drink4 ,illustration3 ,,clay ,,bowls ,,and ,,woven ,,baskets ,women were not only the first basket-makers and potters4 ,they were also the first spinners and weavers4 ,they ground the first grain into flour with mortars and pestles of stone4 ,later they made simple mills for this purpose4 ,in fact1 women who lived before the dawn of history1 began nearly all the household arts and crafts and in this way helped all the people who have lived since then4 ,our earliest ancestors1 like ourselves1 found it necessary to carry things from place to place4 ,but they lived long before the days of the railroad and the steamship4 ,the first burdens were borne by the women4 ,they followed the men who hunted1 and carried the meat and the hides of the slain animals back to the camp4 ,after the dog1 the donkey1 and the horse had been tamed1 articles to be transported were packed upon their backs or dragged upon the ground behind them4 ,sleds were made in the northern lands4 ,canoes and boats were built by the dwellers by the rivers and the sea4 ,last of all1 the wheeled cart was invented4 ,all these things are older than history4 ,we often call our own time the age of invention4 ,the steam engine1 the telegraph1 and the many uses of electricity are all modern4 ,they have made wonderful changes in our ways of living4 ,but these changes in our lives are not as remarkable as were those made in the lives of our earliest ancestors so long ago by such inventions as the fishhook and the bow and arrow1 and such discoveries as how to make fire1 how to make pottery1 how to domesticate animals and plants1 and how to smelt and work the metals4 ,nowadays children have homes and are cared for by their parents4 ,among the very earliest men there was nothing like our homes or our families4 ,each person found his own food and took care of himself4 ,of course1 mothers cared for their babies1 but nobody took care of a child after he was large enough to find his own food4 ,then he had to shift for himself4 ,when he wanted his breakfast or his dinner he dug roots or hunted for berries1 nuts1 or acorns4 ,sometimes he feasted upon birds' eggs or upon a rabbit or a squirrel which he had caught4 ,the honey which he found in the nests of the wild bees was his only candy and he was apt to get well stung in taking it4 ,he lived in constant fear of the wild animals around him and usually slept in a tree for safety4 ,he spent his entire life in this way4 ,there are many things that people can do better by working together4 ,it took many years for early men to learn to help one another4 ,when they became cave dwellers and learned how to make fire1 the first family group began to be formed4 ,this group was called the clan4 ,the clan simply means those who were kin to each other2 that is1 a number of men and women who believed that they were descended from a common ancestor4 ,at first the common ancestor was a woman1 the clan mother4 ,in those days1 relationship was always counted on the mother's side4 ,when a man married he went to live with the clan of his wife4 ,in the course of time groups of clans came to be called tribes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,transportation ,a long time later1 after the animals had been domesticated and men had come to own flocks and herds and other things that we call property1 the father became the head of the family1 as we know it today4 ,our kind of a family with the father as its head existed before history began4 ,words had to be invented1 just as tools were4 ,at first men had no language4 ,very slowly they gave names to the things about them and learned to talk to each other4 ,mothers sang jingles and lullabies to their babies4 ,around the campfire at night men told how they had hunted the wild beasts4 ,women talked as they gathered and prepared food or dressed the skins of the wild animals4 ,mothers wanted their children to be brave and wise1 so they told them stories about the bravest and wisest of their clan in the olden time4 ,perhaps this is why children1 and older people too for that matter1 have always been fond of stories4 ,in these ways languages grew and the simple beginnings of literature were made4 ,people have always been fond of ornaments4 ,the earliest men wore necklaces of teeth and claws4 ,later they made beads of bronze or of gold4 ,the women tried to make their baskets and their clothes as beautiful as possible by coloring them with natural dyes4 ,some of the men liked to draw pictures of wild animals upon pieces of bone or upon the walls of their homes in the caves4 ,people learned to count upon their fingers1 and to use various parts of their bodies1 like the finger1 the hand1 and the arm1 as measures of length4 ,for example1 the cubit of which we read in the ,bible was the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger4 ,our arts and sciences have grown from such crude and simple beginnings4 ,our early ancestors lived in fear of many things about them4 ,they thought that fire1 the rivers1 the sea1 the sun1 and many other natural objects were alive and could harm them or help them4 ,so they offered gifts to all these things and prayed to them for help4 ,early men also believed that the souls of their ancestors lived after death1 and that these ancestors could help them or harm them4 ,they thought that if they offered gifts of food1 and drink at the graves of their dead1 the spirits of the departed would be pleased and would protect the living members of their families4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the dead were neglected or forgotten they would become evil spirits who might bring great misfortune upon the living4 ,they also thought that if the dead were not properly buried they would become ghosts1 haunting the places they had known when they were alive4 ,because of these ideas early men were very careful to worship their ancestors4 ,the first religions of the world grew out of these beliefs and practices of primitive men with reference to nature and to their own ancestors4 --,from ,our ,beginnings in ,europe and ,america1 by ,smith ,burnham4 ,courtesy of ,the ,john ,c4 ,winston ,co4 ,,questions #a4 ,make a list of the things in everyday life which we take for granted as necessities which the earliest men had to learn how to make4 #b4 ,what was the earliest important discovery made by man8 ,do you think this was as important as the discovery of electricity8 ,why8 ,name any inventions that have come into common use within your own or your parents' lifetime4 #c4 ,before man discovered fire1 what did he eat8 ,mention two steps by which he came to have better food to eat4 #d4 ,mention in order five kinds of dwellings which the early men lived in1 and three kinds of clothing which they wore4 #e4 ,what useful things did women do in these early days8 #f4 ,why is your hand more useful than the paw of an animal8 #g4 ,from what source did each article of food on your dinner table to-day come8 ,how many people had something to do with this food before it reached you8 #h4 ,compare the clothing of people to-day with that of primitive man4 ,are we more or less dependent on others for food and clothing than primitive man8 #i4 ,we are still making new words4 ,make a list of words that have come into use since the ,world ,war began4 ,,try ,,this ,this nonsense test must be worked out carefully or it may fool you4 ,you will need only a small piece of paper for your answers4 #a4 ,if your name is ,geraldine1 or if you are not yet past #cg years of age1 or ,if lollypops grow on butternut trees ,and godgillies ride on the galloping breeze-- sign your name anywhere on your paper4 ,then1 if you have signed your name1 never mind the second paragraph1 but skip to the third4 #b4 ,rub out your name and write the name of the first president of the ,united ,states in its stead4 ,then take the remaining paragraph4 #c4 ,write your name again in some other part of your paper and hand it in4 ,,putting ,,words ,,where ,,they ,,belong ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line and your grade on the second line4 ,divide the rest of your paper into four parts with lines drawn as shown below4 ,let the lines be drawn up as far as the third line of your paper4 ,,ship ,,building ,,agriculture ,,mining ,,manufacturing ,write the words1 ,,ship ,,building1 ,,agriculture1 ,,mining1 ,,manufacturing1 at the top of the four spaces on the fourth line1 as shown above4 ,below is a long list of words that is not very well arranged4 ,on your paper re-arrange the words so that every word that concerns ,,ship ,,building is placed in the first list1 and every word that concerns ,,agriculture is placed in the second list1 and every word that concerns ,,mining or ,,manufacturing is placed in its proper list4 ,if you finish before the others wait quietly for them to complete their work4 ore crane mast dock mill loom bulkheads blast weaving cultivation drill crop irrigation keel fertilizer carpets launch safety-lamp silk dyes reaping lace soil rigging riveter pick pump cave-in shaft spinning anchor shuttle miner steel plates elevator sowing harvester grain textiles tractor ,,making ,,money ,,earn ,,money ,the table given below tells how much your savings will amount to at four per cent interest compounded semi-annually4 ,one dollar a month is a little less than twenty-five cents a week4 ,from this table1 answer the following questions3 #a4 ,if you save one dollar a month1 how much will you have in three years8 ,five years8 ,eight years8 ,ten years8 #b4 ,if you save four dollars a month--less than a dollar a week--how much will you have in six years8 ,ten years8 #c4 ,if you save ten dollars a month1 how much will you have in seven years8 ,ten years8 #d4 ,if you save five dollars a month for ten years1 will you have more or less than if you save ten dollars a month for five years8 #e4 ,can you explain to the class how to read the table8 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,monthly savings4 #a year #b years #c years #d years #e years ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #ab4bd #bd4ih #ch4bd #eb4jc #ff4ci #b #bd4dh #di4if #gf4dh #ajd4jf #acb4gg #c #cf4gc #gd4id #aad4ga #aef4aj #aii4af #d #dh4ig #ii4ic #aeb4ie #bjh4ac #bfe4ee #e #fa4ba #abd4ia #aia4ai #bfj4af #cca4id #aj #abb4db #bdi4ha #chb4ch #ebj4cb #ffc4hg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,monthly savings4 #f years #g years #h years #i years #aj years ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a #ha4cb #if4hg #aac4jd #abi4hc #adg4ce #b #afb4fe #aic4gd #bbf4ji #bei4fg #bid4gj #c #bdc4ig #bij4fa #cci4ac #chi4ej #ddb4je #d #cbe4cj #chg4dh #deb4ah #eai4cd #ehi4ci #e #djf4fb #dhd4ce #efe4bb #fdi4ag #gcf4gd #aj #hac4be #ifh4hi #a1acj4de #a1bih4ce #a1dgc4dh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- --,from ,fifteen ,lessons in ,thrift4 ,,heroes ,,of ,,history ,there were four children at the big second-story window that looked out over the broad avenue where the historical pageant was to pass2 four children in very high spirits4 ,of course they were excited and happy2 it was a wonderful place for seeing1 and it was a wonderful parade that they were to watch--a celebration of the ending of the great ,world's ,war4 ,the procession was to take the form of a series of groups of figures representing great persons from the history of the five important nations that had been allies in the struggle4 ,alfred and ,betty and ,francis and ,dick had been talking for days about the great event4 ,they were sure that they would enjoy it1 for though ,alfred1 the oldest1 was not thirteen yet1 and ,dick1 the baby1 was but seven1 they all thought they knew something about history4 ,and if they weren't able to recognize all the characters in the pageant1 they need only ask ,aunt ,eleanor1 who sat with them in the group at the window4 ,from far up the street came the sound of a band1 and all the watchers stood on tiptoe or craned their necks to catch the first glimpse of the marching lines4 ,it was a regimental band1 with the colors carried proudly4 ,how everyone cheered for the lines of khaki soldiers who followed next6 ,then noisy enthusiasm gave place to eager and interested questions about the first historical group4 ,and nobody in all the watching crowd had more questions to ask than our windowful of children4 ,the center of the strangely costumed company was a blonde1 bearded1 kingly figure1 wearing a crown of gold1 a coat of mail1 and a long1 flowing cloak4 ,one hand was on the jeweled hilt of his sword2 the other clasped to his breast a parchment-bound book4 ,behind him were two attendants4 ,aunt ,eleanor1 watching her charges with as much interest as they watched the street1 saw that they looked puzzled1 though ,alfred was trying to pretend that he knew the name of the king4 ,you ought to feel honored1 ,alfred1 said ,aunt ,eleanor4 ,that splendid looking ,englishman has the same name as you4 ,of course1 said the boy1 pretending that he had understood all the time4 ,it's ,alfred the ,great4 ,he1 turning loftily to the younger children1 who couldn't be expected to know so much1 was the first really important king of ,england4 ,he was a great fighter1 and finally conquered all his enemies4 ,but once he had to run away1 after a battle1 and hide in a peasant's hut in disguise4 ,the woman there didn't know who he was1 and she went away and left him to watch some cakes that were on the fire baking4 ,he was so busy thinking about how to get his kingdom back that he let them burn1 and when she came back she scolded him4 ,those queer round things that the other man is carrying on that wooden tray must be the cakes1 exclaimed ,betty4 ,yes1 said their aunt4 ,and do you see the musician with the harp8 ,that is to remind us that ,king ,alfred was fond of music1 and did all he could to help it flourish4 ,he was more than just a fighter2 he wanted his people to learn all they could1 so he started schools1 and he founded ,oxford ,college1 the oldest college in ,england4 ,don't you see the book in his hand to show that he was fond of reading8 ,it was very unusual in those days1 a thousand years ago1 for even a king so much as to know how to read4 ,but right after him in the procession is another warrior king who loved learning and music and all the arts of peace4 ,and sure enough1 as ,king ,alfred of ,england passed out of sight1 there followed another kingly figure1 very tall and clad all in iron4 ,helmet1 shield1 gloves1 boots--all were iron1 and the wearer was terrible to look at1 so strong and merciless he seemed4 ,behind him came a group of horsemen carrying iron spears with glittering points and with gay banners fluttering from their shafts4 ,well1 said ,betty1 he may have loved peace1 but he doesn't look it4 ,who is he1 anyway8 ,he represents the first great king of ,france1 ,charlemagne1 a name that means ,charles the ,great4 ,he lived at about the same time with ,alfred4 ,he was a great conqueror and overcame all his neighbors4 ,he even led a huge army across the ,alps and conquered the northern part of ,italy4 ,there he had himself crowned with a famous ,iron ,crown that was worn by the king of that country4 ,but when he was not fighting he was building beautiful palaces and chapels1 and encouraging all the learned men of the country4 ,there seem to be a lot of soldiers in this parade1 said nine-year-old ,francis1 ,here comes another4 ,who's he8 ,he must be a ,crusader1 said ,betty1 for he has a red cross on his white cloak1 and armor underneath it4 ,he's a king1 too1 said little ,dick4 ,he's got a crown on4 ,what's a ,crusader1 ,auntie8 ,and is he one8 ,the ,crusaders lived about three hundred years later than ,alfred and ,charlemagne4 ,in that time the ,turks--yes1 the same kind of ,turks whom you have heard about as persecuting the poor little ,armenian children--had come into possession of the ,holy ,land in ,palestine4 ,all the ,christian countries wanted to drive them out1 so that heathen might not be in possession of ,jerusalem and the ,holy ,sepulcher4 ,so from ,france and ,italy and ,germany and ,england great armies went out to fight against the ,saracens1 as the ,turks in ,palestine were then called4 ,and they wore red crosses on their cloaks to show that they were going on a holy war4 ,did they get the land back8 asked ,francis4 ,why1 no1 silly1 cried ,alfred4 ,don't you remember just last year ,general ,allenby conquered ,jerusalem1 in the big war8 ,the ,turks had been there all that time4 ,but wasn't that ,crusader1 nodding toward the rider disappearing in the distance1 somebody special8 ,yes1 indeed4 ,you aren't the only boy here that has a king's name4 ,this was a king with the same name as ,dick--,richard of ,england1 whom his people loved to call the ,lion ,hearted1 because he was so brave4 ,i could tell by the banner with the lion on it that floated above his head4 ,there are lots of fine stories about ,king ,richard4 ,one tells how he was captured by an enemy on the way home from one of the ,crusades and kept shut up in a tower for a year2 and how he was found and rescued by a friend of his who was a sweet singer1 and who went about singing a little song that the king loved1 until at last he heard the king's voice sing in answer to him from the tower window4 ,then there's a story of how he came back to ,england in disguise1 and kept his wicked brother ,john from stealing his throne4 ,some day you must read ,sir ,walter ,scott's famous novel1 ',ivanhoe1' which tells all about the adventures of ,richard in disguise4 ,a convenient gap in the procession had given ,aunt ,eleanor time to tell the children this much about ,king ,richard2 but now another group1 a very soberly dressed company1 too1 claimed their attention4 ,the central figure was not a king in armor this time1 but a grave1 determined looking man clad in black velvet1 with a deep lace collar and a wide black hat and feather4 ,the children at once demanded his name4 ,i must look at my program to find out who he is1 said their aunt4 ,oh1 yes2 ,william of ,orange4 ,both he and his little country1 ,holland1 have a wonderful story4 ,five hundred years ago the lands that are now ,belgium and ,holland belonged to ,spain4 ,as time went on the ,spanish king1 ,philip1 oppressed them more and more cruelly1 and wouldn't let them have any freedom at all1 either in politics or religion4 ,but they were a liberty-loving people1 and toward the end of the sixteenth century they rose in rebellion against ,spain4 ,this stern-looking ,hollander was their greatest leader4 ,he was called ,william the ,silent1 because of an event early in his career4 ,one day the ,french king1 who was in league with ,spain1 and who thought ,prince ,william was in sympathy with their side1 betrayed to him all the details of a secret plot4 ,william was filled with horror and very angry1 but he kept perfectly still1 and didn't even show by the movement of an eyelash that he was anything but friendly and interested4 ,he was called 'silent'1 you see1 not because he didn't talk much1 but because he could keep a secret4 ,and was that when ,holland and ,belgium got to be independent countries8 ,and why aren't they all one country1 then8 ,oh1 the part that is ,holland won its independence then1 though poor ,william was murdered before the fight was finished4 ,it was one of the earliest of ,european republics4 ,but the part that is ,belgium came to terms with ,spain after ,william's death1 and wasn't a separate country till long after4 ,you see1 the ,holland part was made up of people of the ,protestant religion1 while the ,belgian part1 like ,spain1 was ,catholic4 ,i suppose that's why he's in this procession1 because when he lived he really belonged to ,belgium as well as to ,holland1 said ,alfred thoughtfully4 ,oh6 cried ,betty1 clapping her hands1 ,i know who that next lot are6 ,the lady in the ruff1 with the little jeweled band in her hair1 must be ,queen ,elizabeth1 and those are her courtiers4 ,now every one of us has a namesake in the pageant1 except ,francis4 ,if ,i'm not mistaken1 said her aunt1 ,francis has a namesake in this very group4 ,yes1 surely--do you see the man with the pointed beard and the model of a ship in his hand8 ,that is ,sir ,francis ,drake1 the great seaman4 ,over and over his little ship went in chase of the ,spaniards1 who were ,england's greatest enemies at this time4 ,elizabeth ruled at the same time when the ,dutch1 too1 were fighting ,spain4 ,there was nothing too daring or dangerous for ,drake to attempt4 ,he was the first ,englishman to sail around the world1 a voyage which took more than two years4 ,once he sailed right into a ,spanish harbor and burned all the ,spanish ships there1 which were being made ready for an attack on ,england4 ,and he and his friends1 bold adventurers like himself1 laid the foundation of the power of ,england on the sea4 ,i suppose the man with the red velvet cloak is ,raleigh1 and that's the cloak he spread down for ,elizabeth to walk on4 ,yes4 ,and do you see that kind1 merry-looking man in black1 with the simple white collar1 carrying an actor's mask in his hand8 ,that must be ,shakespeare1 the greatest writer of plays that ever lived4 ,and ,i believe the man beside him1 holding a great roll of manuscript and a quill pen1 is ,spenser1 the poet who wrote a wonderful book called the ',faerie ,queen' in honor of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,we've had somebody from ,france and ,belgium and ,england1 said ,betty4 ,i wonder if there won't be an ,american pretty soon8 ,there couldn't have been an ,american yet1 stupid1 ,alfred informed her1 because there weren't any people in our part of ,america in ,queen ,elizabeth's time4 ,oh1 so there weren't4 ,there comes a soldier with an ,indian chief and an ,indian girl close behind him--he must be ,american1 or the ,indians wouldn't be there4 ,guess he's ,john ,smith1 spoke up ,francis1 'cause ,i know he had his life saved by ,pocahontas--that's the ,indian girl4 ,but ,i don't know what else he did4 ,oh1 he was the leader of the first colony to be settled by the ,english in this country4 ,what colony was it1 ,alfred8 ,you can tell1 surely4 ,of course1 ,jamestown1 in ,virginia4 ,that was why the ,indians got mad at him1 because the white men were taking their lands away4 ,a burst of specially enthusiastic cheering arose from the street4 ,the reason for it was the approach of a kindly-faced gentleman in dark gray coat and knee-breeches1 with silver shoe-buckles and broad-brimmed ,quaker hat4 ,it was ,william ,penn1 of course1 looking for all the world like the statue on the high ,city ,hall tower4 ,there was no need for ,aunt ,eleanor to give any information about him1 for these were ,philadelphia children1 who knew and loved the founder of the green country town that had grown to be so large a city4 ,nor was there any need to explain about the next figure to arrive1 a stately general on horseback1 in white wig1 cocked hat1 and ,revolutionary uniform of blue and buff4 ,behind him1 in an old-fashioned carriage1 rode ,betsy ,ross1 holding the newly adopted ,stars and ,stripes1 at which the men in the crowd doffed their hats4 ,but the next figure puzzled our little group of children4 ,it was a very short man1 stockily built1 yet full of dignity4 ,he1 too1 wore a cocked hat1 and a plain uniform4 ,he walked with head bent forward and hands clasped behind him1 and his piercing black eyes looked at the ground4 ,the children could not guess who he was1 so ,aunt ,eleanor had to tell them4 ,that is the great ,french conquerer ,napoleon ,bonaparte4 ,he began life as an ordinary citizen1 and won his way to the very top by his wonderful military genius4 ,he won so many battles in command of the ,french armies1 after the ,french ,revolution at the end of the eighteenth century1 that the people chose him to be consul1 a position something like that of the president of a republic4 ,then he loved power so that he got control of the government and had himself made emperor1 so that ,france wasn't a republic any more4 ,after that he set out to conquer all of ,europe1 and he nearly succeeded4 ,but one winter he went to ,russia1 and the cold and snow almost entirely destroyed his army2 and he never could succeed in beating ,england4 ,it was the great ,english general1 the ,duke of ,wellington1 who finally crushed ,napoleon at the battle of ,waterloo--you've heard of that8 ,well1 after that the fallen ,emperor was sent away to a little island1 ,st4 ,helena1 that belonged to ,england1 and there he was kept a prisoner till the end of his life4 ,he was something like the ,german ,kaiser in the ,world's ,war1 wasn't he8 said ,alfred4 ,he wanted to conquer all ,europe--and the ,united ,states1 too4 ,yes1 you'll learn that every once in so often history repeats itself4 ,but we'll hope that the ,kaiser's effort to conquer the world will be the last of such things1 and that such a war may never be repeated4 ,oh1 who is that rough looking man in the red flannel shirt8 cried ,betty4 ,that very red shirt tells me who he is1 said her aunt4 ,have you been wondering when we were going to have one of the heroes of ,italy8 ,well1 this is an ,italian patriot named ,garibaldi4 ,about sixty years ago1 when ,italy was struggling to get free from ,austria1 and to be an independent nation1 ,garibaldi gathered together as many brave soldiers as he could1 in the southern part of the country1 and they marched to the help of their countrymen in a time of very great need4 ,as a part of their uniform they wore red shirts4 ,but one of the most interesting things about ,garibaldi is that when his country wanted to give him a high position1 he said he would rather go back to the farm he had bought for himself1 and live his life out as a plain1 ordinary man4 ,little ,dick had been keeping very still and listening1 for all the people in the parade had been those that he never had heard of before4 ,but suddenly he jumped to his feet in excitement4 ,he1 like every other child in the crowd1 knew who was that tall1 awkward1 homely person in the long black frock coat and the high silk hat4 ,there could be no mistaking that kind1 sad face1 with the patient1 farseeing eyes4 ,behind the great president rode two soldierly figures--,general ,grant in his blue uniform1 and ,general ,lee in the gray1 on his beloved white horse1 ,traveller4 ,nor could there be any mistaking of the energetic figure in hunting dress that followed him1 whose face wore a smile that could not be spoiled by the heavy eyeglasses that were so familiar a part of a well-known countenance4 ,teddy1 cheered the crowd1 with the enthusiasm that always is stirred by true1 generous manliness4 ,the afternoon was growing late4 ,one group remained1 with which the procession was to close4 ,on horseback rode a tall1 soldierly figure1 dressed in khaki1 with an officer's hat bearing royal insignia1 and with his breast covered with medals4 ,a pair of keen blue eyes smiled out of a clear-cut1 earnest face4 ,behind him1 in an automobile1 rode a thin1 worn old man in the scarlet robe and close scarlet cap of a cardinal4 ,i need not tell you who they are1 said ,aunt ,eleanor4 ,they stand to us for the little country that in #aiad saved the world by sacrificing herself4 ,king ,albert of ,belgium led his own armies into battle2 his queen1 ,elizabeth1 nursed the wounded in the hospitals2 and ,cardinal ,mercier stayed with his people to cheer and comfort them4 ,i think they are the greatest heroes of all1 said ,betty softly4 ,any man is a hero1 dear1 said her aunt1 who spends his life for the help and safety of his people1 not thinking what it costs himself4 --,mabel ,dodge ,holmes4 ,,questions #a4 ,make a list of the heroes whom you can remember in the procession4 #b4 ,was there any one of them whom you did not know about before8 #c4 ,which one would you like to read more about8 #d4 ,do you know any facts about any of these heroes that are not told in this story8 ,if so1 write a title for the story you can tell1 and be ready to tell it to your classmates4 #e4 ,do you know the name of any hero whom you would have added to those in the procession8 #f4 ,some of the figures are not mentioned by name4 ,give the names of any of these you remember4 ,,the ,,skeleton ,,in ,,armor ,in the poem that follows1 the poet tells us of a strange and fearful visitor that once came to him--the spirit of some ancient viking of the ,northland all dressed in armor and carrying sword and shield4 ,in order to understand the poem1 you must remember that the vikings were bold sea-rovers and fierce warriors who set out in their long swift boats in search after plunder and adventure4 ,some of them are even said to have come over to ,america long before ,columbus ever dreamed of the new world4 ,the poem was suggested to ,mr4 ,longfellow by the finding of a skeleton clad in broken and rusted armor and buried in the sands of the ,new ,england shore1 and by a very ancient tower that must have been built on the coast by the ,northmen many years before #adib4 ,these two facts are true1 but of course the story that the poet made of them is merely a good story4 ,the poet's strange guest is one of these sea-robbers1 who tells how as a youth he had won the love of a blue-eyed princess of the far ,north1 only to find that her father forbade their marriage4 ,in the first stanza the poet asks a question2 the rest of the poem tells what the spirit of the viking said4 ,but you will want to read the story as the poet has told it4 ,speak6 speak6 thou fearful guest6 ,who1 with they hollow breast ,still in rude armor drest1 ,comest to daunt me6 ,wrapt not in ,eastern balms1 ,but with thy fleshless palms ,stretched1 as if asking alms1 ,why dost thou haunt me8 ,then1 from those cavernous eyes ,pale flashes seemed to rise1 ,as when the ,northern skies ,gleam in ,december2 ,and1 like the water's flow ,under ,december's snow1 ,came a dull voice of woe ,from the heart's chamber4 ,i was a ,viking old6 ,my deeds1 though manifold1 ,no ,skald in song has told1 ,no ,saga taught thee6 ,take heed1 that in thy verse ,thou dost the tale rehearse1 ,else dread a dead man's curse2 ,for this ,i sought thee4 ,far in the ,northern ,land1 ,by the wild ,baltic's strand1 ,i1 with my childish hand1 ,tamed the gerfalcon2 ,and1 with my skates fast-bound1 ,skimmed the half-frozen ,sound1 ,that the poor whimpering hound ,trembled to walk on4 ,oft to his frozen lair ,tracked ,i the grisly bear1 ,while from my path the hare ,fled like a shadow2 ,oft through the forest dark ,followed the were-wolf's bark1 ,until the soaring lark ,sang from the meadow4 ,but when ,i older grew1 ,joining a corsair's crew1 ,o'er the dark sea ,i flew ,with the marauders4 ,wild was the life we led2 ,many the souls that sped1 ,many the hearts that bled1 ,by our stern orders4 ,once as ,i told in glee ,tales of the stormy sea1 ,soft eyes did gaze on me1 ,burning yet tender2 ,and as the white stars shine ,on the dark ,norway pine1 ,on that dark heart of mine ,fell their soft splendor4 ,i wooed the blue-eyed maid1 ,yielding1 yet half afraid1 ,and in the forest's shade ,our vows were plighted4 ,under its loosened vest ,fluttered her little breast1 ,like birds within their nest ,by the hawk frighted4 ,bright in her father's hall ,shields gleamed upon the wall1 ,loud sang the minstrels all1 ,chanting his glory2 ,when of old ,hildebrand ,i asked his daughter's hand1 ,mute did the minstrels stand ,to hear my story4 ,while the brown ale he quaffed1 ,loud then the champion laughed ,and as the wing-gusts waft ,the sea-foam brightly1 ,so the loud laugh of scorn1 ,out of those lips unshorn1 ,from the deep drinking-horn ,blew the foam lightly4 ,she was a ,prince's child1 ,i but a ,viking wild1 ,and though she blushed and smiled1 ,i was discarded6 ,should not the dove so white ,follow the sea-mew's flight1 ,why did they leave that night ,her nest unguarded8 ,scarce had ,i put to sea1 ,bearing the maid with me1 ,fairest of all was she ,among the ,norsemen6 ,when on the white sea-strand1 ,waving his armed hand1 ,saw we old ,hildebrand1 ,with twenty horsemen4 ,illustration3 ,i ,,wooed ,,the ,,blue-,,eyed ,,maid ,then launched they to the blast1 ,bent like a reed each mast1 ,yet we were gaining fast1 ,when the wind failed us2 ,and with a sudden flaw ,came round the gusty ,skaw1 ,so that our foe we saw ,laugh as he hailed us4 ,and as to catch the gale ,round veered the flapping sail1 ,death6 was the helmsman's hail1 ,death without quarter6 ,mid-ships with iron keel ,struck we her ribs of steel2 ,down her black hulk did reel ,through the black water6 ,as with his wings aslant1 ,sails the fierce cormorant1 ,seeking some rocky haunt1 ,with his prey laden1 ,so toward the open main1 ,beating the sea again1 ,through the wild hurricane1 ,bore ,i the maiden4 ,three weeks we westward bore1 ,and when the storm was o'er1 ,cloud-like we saw the shore ,stretching to leeward2 ,there for my lady's bower ,built ,i the lofty tower1 ,which1 to this very hour1 ,stands looking seaward4 ,there lived we many years2 ,time dried the maiden's tears2 ,she had forgot her fears1 ,she was a mother2 ,death closed her mild blue eyes1 ,under that tower she lies2 ,ne'er shall the sun arise ,on such another6 ,still grew my bosom then1 ,still as a stagnant fen6 ,hateful to me were men1 ,the sunlight hateful6 ,in the vast forest here1 ,clad in my warlike gear1 ,fell ,i upon my spear1 ,o1 death was grateful6 ,thus1 seamed with many scars1 ,bursting these prison bars1 ,up to its native stars ,my soul ascended6 ,there from the flowing bowl ,deep drinks the warrior's soul1 ,skoal6 to the ,northland6 skoal6 ,thus the tale ended4 --,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4 ,courtesy of ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,company4 ,,acting ,,for ,,the ,,movies ,here is another set of movie scenes4 ,if you forget how we played the first set1 look on page #ch and see just what to do4 #a4 ,the blind man came slowly down the road1 tapping restlessly with his stick to guide him1 and stopping every now and again to listen for some fellow traveler who might lead him to the town beyond the hill4 #b4 ,when they reached the open country1 ,aladdin had to gather sticks and to build a great fire for the magician1 his uncle4 #c4 ,aladdin's uncle stirred the fire until it blazed brightly4 ,then he threw in some magical powder and as a thick cloud of smoke arose1 he made mystical signs over the fire1 and muttered some strange words that ,aladdin could not understand4 #d4 ,the ,indian squatted down with legs crossed under him and waited for the morning sun to enable him to take up the trail again4 ,whenever the fire died away1 he arose silently and replenished the fuel1 but except for these breaks1 one might have thought him a beautifully carved image4 #e4 ,none of the villagers knew ,rip when he came back4 ,he was old and stiff and bent with age4 ,he carried on his shoulder his cherished musket1 now useless and covered with rust4 ,as the people crowded round him he scanned each face in turn1 hoping to recognize some former familiar acquaintance4 #f4 ,sir ,roger drew his sword1 and taking advantage of a corner in the garden wall1 which might make a cowardly attack in the rear impossible1 he waited for the band to approach4 ,he knew that he was caught like a fox in this narrow garden1 and he looked eagerly to count how many were against him4 #g4 ,hardly had the ,sheriff ridden off with his men1 before ,robin ,hood came down the road1 still dressed in the long gown that old ,mother ,hobbes had given him1 and walking with the help of a cane1 like an old woman1 bent with years4 #h4 ,the savage raised his spear1 and was about to cast it1 but some slight sound caused him to hesitate an instant with the long shaft balancing lightly in his grasp4 #i4 ,an aged palmer came down the road4 ,he was evidently returning from a long pilgrimage1 for his cloak was old and tattered1 his shoes were dusty and patched1 and every few steps he stopped to rest on his long staff4 #aj4 ,the tinker1 very tired from his run1 sat down on a large stone by the roadside4 ,after looking cautiously about1 he took the king's letter from his pocket and read it4 ,then folding it carefully again1 and returning it to his pocket1 he rose and started down the road singing cheerily4 #aa4 ,he had tramped for three hours and had not discovered a single familiar sign4 ,there was no sign in the cloudy sky to serve him as finger post4 ,he climbed a tall tree that seemed to promise a view of the surrounding landscape1 but everything was strange4 ,he had read somewhere that the trees are mossy and green on the north side1 but when he looked1 even the trees seemed to be as uncertain as he4 ,in despair he sat down on a fallen log and waited4 #ab4 ,white ,eagle looked far out over the plain4 ,beyond the now dry river basin and the green strip of brush and scrubby trees that bordered it1 he could trace the slow1 crawling wagon-train trailing out and winding like a lazy serpent through the dust4 ,when he had counted for a second time to be sure1 he drew back from the edge of the bluff1 built two tiny fires1 and watched the thin columns of smoke as they curled straight up in the air4 ,,the ,,safest ,,place ,here is a story of real human interest4 ,we are all foreigners here in ,america except the ,american ,indians4 ,the ancestors of some of us came before those of others2 and it is the duty of those of us whose ancestors have been here the longest to help the strange-looking1 strange-speaking people who come to us from ,europe to feel at home in our country4 ,the government has tried hard to protect the immigrants from dishonest people who have tried to cheat them out of their earnings4 ,one of the good things that came out of the ,world's ,war was a knowledge on the part of almost all of our people of the safe investments that the government offers in bonds and thrift stamps4 ,at last the way is clear6 ,stefan spoke with much emotion as he counted the roll of notes1 clean and soiled1 that lay before him on the table in his little room in the over-crowded boarding house4 ,as he fingered the bills1 he saw before him each detail of the past two years--,new ,york harbor with ,liberty flinging up her welcome torch2 the thrill of arrival in the city of his dreams2 the days that followed1 days of discouragement1 home-sickness1 and poverty1 among strangers speaking strange tongues1 with a medley of unfamiliar manners and customs4 ,he saw with vivid clearness the first dollar he had earned1 and he forgot the slow1 painful processes of saving--the self-denial and the sacrifice--in the picture of what those sacrifices were to bring4 ,she will come1 he murmured4 ,on the same boat perhaps4 ,when she gets the ticket1 she will leave that war-threatened land and she will come to me4 ,he smiled4 ,then as his face suddenly clouded he started forward on the rickety chair with a violence that threatened its frailness4 ,if anything should happen6 ,if ,i should lose the money6 ,greatly disturbed he gathered up the precious bills as though to shield them from possible loss4 ,he rose to place them in the old hiding place in his trunk1 but that no longer satisfied him4 ,he wavered1 then said3 ,no1 that won't do4 ,i must see ,ian about this4 ,he knows4 ,he is wise4 ,i will see ,ian this very minute4 ,wrapping the money in a piece of old newspaper and carefully placing it in an inner pocket1 he set out4 ,he went straight to the dingy office in a side alley of the foreign section of the town1 where through the dusty window could be seen the grizzled head of ,ian ,skeemersky1 the real estate agent and private banker1 whose sign1 written by his own hand1 hung over the entrance4 ,after greetings had been exchanged1 he anxiously put the case before his shrewd friend1 whose eyes sparkled with eagerness as he replied smoothly4 ,nothing so easy and so safe in the world1 my dear fellow4 ,put your money in my bank4 ,you will get good interest and can withdraw it whenever you want it4 ,stefan hesitated for a second4 ,so much was at stake6 ,his slow mind must have time to weigh the proposal4 ,as he noted the earnestness and assurance of ,skeemersky's face1 belief in this shrewd friend decided4 ,he drew out the pack and laid it on the desk before ,skeemersky1 whose long fingers closed over it at once4 ,you have done well1 ,stefan ,broda1 your money is as safe with me as if it was in ,mt4 ,vavel1 he declared4 ,stefan felt that he had done well4 ,the phrase as safe as ,mt4 ,vavel lingered in his mind4 ,it helped him be patient in the long weeks in the factory where he worked during the winter2 it consoled him during the dull days while he waited for the open springtime when he planned to send for ,agatha4 ,when he heard of others losing their small savings in various ways he congratulated himself on the security of his own1 as safe as ,vavel1 he would repeat4 ,one sunny morning in ,march1 just as he decided to stop on his way from work to withdraw the three hundred dollars for ,agatha's expenses1 there came to him a neighbor1 in great excitement4 ,peter's face was red1 his eyes startling and his voice hoarse4 ,that--that robber1 that scoundrel6 he stuttered4 ,that ,skeemersky4 ,he has gone1 gone1 do you hear8 ,he has taken it all1 all the money in his cursed bank4 ,stefan could not believe his ears4 ,skeemersky gone1 and the money1 too6 ,as safe as ,vavel6 he had said4 ,he stared for a moment and then broke out1 weeping for the first time since his mother's death1 cursing the smooth trickster with hearty ,polish curses4 ,may the thunder-bolt strike him6 he cried4 ,i will lay hands on him4 ,i will choke that money out of his black soul4 ,come1 we will go6 ,they rushed out1 boiling with rage1 only to find a crowd of other dupes before the shabby little office in the side-alley4 ,the tightly closed door and the blank windows told the story more clearly than any words4 ,skeemersky had gone--the bank was no more6 ,despair took strong hold of ,stefan4 ,for two days he roamed the streets1 not eating nor drinking1 sleepless4 ,he saw no further1 no hope--all was blackness and desolation4 ,when he came back to the boarding house on the third day he found a letter from ,agatha4 ,he read it with tears and intolerable anguish and he passionately kissed the final sentence3 ,every bit of me is yours and ,i shall never change4 ,this tender faith was balm to his anguish4 ,he put the letter in a pocket nearest his heart1 while a new look came to his tired face4 ,almost unconsciously he began to build a new future on the ruins of the old4 ,he swiftly mapped out his course4 ,the season for farmwork was at hand4 ,he would go back to the open skies and broad fields of ,god's world4 ,he packed a few belongings in the rusty brown-paper suitcase and boarded the trolley for the long ride4 ,he knew what he should do if he could rent a suitable piece of land4 ,he had spent the previous summer on a farm in the onion-growing section of the ,connecticut ,valley2 he knew what large profits might be gotten with hard labor from a comparatively small plot of ground4 ,he figured that three or four acres would give him the needed amount in the fall1 if he had health and good weather4 ,he found the man whom he sought1 secured the land1 and went to work4 ,all that season he slaved early and late1 weeding on his knees in the damp earth the interminable rows of tiny1 delicate plants where the weeds sprang like magic4 ,he heeded neither scorching sun1 nor soaking rain4 ,he cared nothing for the monotony of the toil4 ,always he saw before him the steamer that should bring ,agatha1 from the hazards of war1 to him and security4 ,by ,september he had once again the dream within his grasp4 ,he was back in the old room in the crowded boarding house1 and in his bluish tin trunk at the foot of the bed were hidden five hundred and fifteen dollars in crisp1 clean notes4 ,his earliest belief in his trunk had come back a hundredfold4 ,he would not trust any bank1 private or national1 with the fruit of his heart-breaking toil4 ,banking systems and government investments were all beyond his grasp4 ,skeemersky had taught him to distrust others--the little thin trunk would not run away4 ,this conviction of safety obsessed him4 ,he preached it to others1 to his fellow-boarders1 especially to the friendly young man in the room across the hall4 ,see1 he would say1 waving a hand toward the great untrustworthy world of finance beyond his little window4 ,they run away--those bankers4 ,i have a better place4 ,he did not tell the friendly young man where or how much he had hidden4 ,he merely smiled mysteriously4 ,his faith in his trunk was absolute4 ,day after day1 when returning from work in the factory1 he took out his roll of notes and rejoiced that he had found the solution2 he counted the days when he should send for his love4 ,it was hard for him to wait for the lagging spring1 but a winter journey in war-time from ,russian ,poland to ,new ,england was not to be thought of for his ,agatha4 ,blind faith often leads to the pit4 ,stefan1 upon a night in late winter1 found his theory shattered4 ,the friendly young man had gone1 and the crisp1 clean notes had disappeared with him6 ,in this second crash of his hopes he was numbed4 ,he neither wept nor cursed4 ,he silently shrank into himself4 ,he grew abstracted4 ,he stared at the world with unseeing eyes4 ,in the turmoil of his distracted mind there was but one growing determination not to be beaten by fate4 ,it was not1 however1 until the news of the ,german campaign in ,warsaw1 that his resolve took definite shape4 ,borrowing two hundred dollars1 he sent the money to ,agatha in ,poland1 and regardless of winter or war1 urged her to come at once4 ,when1 after long weeks of suspense1 he stood by the gate at ,ellis ,island waiting for the sight of her dear1 familiar face among the surging crowd of tagged and numbered immigrants beyond the iron barrier1 a great wave of joyous hope flooded his heart4 ,all his disasters were forgotten when he caught the glint of her pale hair under the embroidered kerchief4 ,banks and trunks went to oblivion as he took her small roughened hands in his own4 ,destiny had no terrors for him4 ,on the train he poured out his heart to her4 ,he told her of his great efforts and his greater misfortunes4 ,he made her see his challenge to destiny4 ,he pictured his emotions in the last weeks4 ,and he wound up with an eager entreaty for immediate marriage4 ,let us no longer delay1 he urged4 ,let us find the good priest4 ,but ,agatha was not to be hurried4 ,her blue eyes showed her own sorrow for the words her lips spoke4 ,our love1 my ,stefan1 will not change4 ,but your money is gone4 ,we cannot live without money4 ,i shall work1 and you shall work4 ,then we will marry4 ,stefan protested vigorously1 but he knew that she was right4 ,he saw that he must yield4 ,he proposed a compromise4 ,let us work then for this spring and summer--you in the silk mill and ,i in my onion patch1 he said1 and marry in the fall4 ,i can wait no longer than that4 ,agatha could find no fault with this4 ,it won her approval of both heart and her reason4 ,slipping her hand in his1 she nestled closer and they began their hopeful planning1 while the train sped on1 bearing them to the peaceful valley of their future labors4 ,all the plans--sensible and practical--they made that wonderful first day1 were marvelously realized1 not by mere happy chance1 but through a great steadfastness of purpose and unfaltering toil4 ,by thrift and frugality1 by self-denial and sacrifice1 they accomplished the miracle4 ,and they were happy in the doing of it1 because they worked together4 ,neither ,stefan nor ,agatha had ever labored so willingly4 ,the radiance of a united future lighted the way--always just ahead they saw the hearth-fire gleaming4 ,the spring and summer passed swiftly4 ,stefan and ,agatha learned of ,america's entry into the world war with anxious hearts4 ,they dreaded the quenching of that hearth-fire4 ,but their fears were groundless4 ,instead of depreciation and loss the war brought added prosperity4 ,the wages in the silk mill were raised4 ,stefan's onion sets sold at double prices4 ,at the end of the season they found that they had exceeded their hopes1 in spite of paying off the debt and the increased cost of living4 ,at last1 as ,stefan had said1 the way was clear4 ,the crown of their hopes1 the wedding day1 was set and their friends invited4 ,a stone house with a little ground had been secured4 ,the furniture was installed4 ,everything was ready for the marriage feast on the next day4 ,as they left the cozy little house in the long shadows of the ,september sunset1 ,stefan turned at the gate to look back4 ,his dream was realized4 ,destiny had not taken up his challenge so far1 and he determined to make the future sure4 ,unconsciously his hand stole to the inner pocket where a modest roll of notes--the remains of their combined savings lay warm and safe4 ,in all their anxious discussions1 he and ,agatha had not been able to find a place safe enough to satisfy their fears4 ,bankers and trunks had betrayed their trust4 ,stefan sighed4 ,he had hoped to have this matter off his mind before the happy morrow4 ,he wished ,agatha would offer some solution and he turned to her with the old question on his lips4 ,but he did not ask it4 ,another voice took up the story4 ,it was old ,shelton1 the farmer for whom ,stefan had worked the first summer in the valley4 ,his small eyes were twinkling and his long chin beard wagged importantly4 ,hello1 ,steve1 how'r ye8 ,settin' up in fine style1 ,i see4 ,must be gittin' rich these days4 ,stefan thought at first that the shrewd old fellow's chuckle of delight was a tribute to his and ,agatha's achievement4 ,but he was soon enlightened as to its real source4 ,old ,shelton bestowed hearty praise on the little house and neat garden1 he congratulated him in advance for the morrow1 but his small eyes fairly snapped as he added1 tapping his own pocket4 ,ye'v spent a pile of money on all this there1 and ,i s'pose you ain't got much left--,i got somepin here that 'ud interest ye4 ,it was the answer to ,stefan's unuttered question4 ,he started as old ,shelton pulled out from his pocket two yellowish1 stiff folders with much black lettering upon them1 which1 when opened by ,shelton's toil-worn fingers1 disclosed a number of large square stamps pasted on the printed squares4 ,agatha1 woman-like1 was quick to inquire4 ,old ,shelton explained with zest4 ,he showed them first the ,thrift card with its green twenty-five cent stamps4 ,i got them at odd times1 at the post office1 he told them with his exultant chuckle4 ,these here1 showing the ,savings ,certificates with blue five-dollar stamps1 ,i bought right out when ,i saw what a sure thing it was4 ,safe as ,uncle ,sam's ,capitol at ,washington4 ,can't never bust up1 these can't4 ,no1 siree6 ,long as this here country holds out1 these here stamps are worth the coin6 ,and look at the money ye make on 'em4 ,and he explained the process by which today's purchaser of a blue stamp would be the possessor of a five-dollar note when the stamps matured at the end of five years4 ,only four-nineteen1 ye see1 he pointed with a horny finger4 ,only four-nineteen today1 but five good round dollars in five years4 ,ye can't beat that1 ,i tell ye4 ,not to be safe and sound1 ye understand4 ,stefan and ,agatha looked at each other4 ,they knew old ,shelton to be the shrewdest1 most cautious man in the community4 ,in a moment they knew what they should do with the modest roll of bills4 ,the safe place had been found4 ,the ,united ,states ,treasury was the only spot4 ,as safe as ,vavel6 murmured ,stefan as the old farmer after repeated congratulations and chuckled approval of the young people's eager acceptance of his gospel of thrift1 disappeared down the long road4 ,as safe as ,vavel1 he repeated1 and a great surge of joyful relief flooded his very soul4 ,he put his arm about ,agatha and they turned their faces toward the sunset glow4 ,in the dim glory of the skies they saw the steadfast gleam of their own dear hearth-fire4 ,the good ,god has shown us the way1 they said4 --,casimir ,a4 ,sienkiewicz4 ,courtesy ,federal ,reserve ,bank of ,philadelphia4 ,this story can be easily divided into a definite series of shorter stories4 ,the titles of these shorter stories will serve as an outline4 ,look over the selection quickly1 and write the outline4 ,,questions ,even government bonds and thrift stamps have to be guarded so that they will not be lost1 burned1 or stolen4 ,where is the safest place to keep such valuable things as liberty bonds and thrift stamps8 ,how much does it cost to rent a safe place for your savings8 ,where can you rent one in your town8 ,,unpatriotic ,,carelessness ,are you careless8 ,that makes you stop and think a bit1 doesn't it8 ,if you are honest with yourself1 the answer probably will be ,yes1 for almost everybody in this country is careless4 ,that is the principal reason why we have so many fires4 ,here are some figures that should open our eyes4 ,in #aiac1 the year before the outbreak of the war1 the average fire-loss for each man1 woman and child in ,france was #di cents2 in ,england it was #cc cents2 in ,germany1 #bh cents2 in ,austria1 #be cents2 in ,italy1 #be cents2 in ,switzerland1 #ae cents2 and in ,holland1 only #aa cents4 ,in the ,united ,states for the same year the direct loss was #b4aj--;and the indirect loss was far higher4 ,our record was1 therefore1 more than four times as bad as that of ,france1 and nearly twenty times as bad as that of ,holland4 ,vienna and ,chicago are cities of about the same size4 ,vienna had fire losses for the year #aiac of #cjc1bjj2 ,chicago's were #e1eac1bcg1 or more than eighteen times as great4 ,new ,york ,city's fire losses were about four and one-half times as large as those of ,london4 ,a similar comparison might be made with many other cities4 ,can we be proud of such figures8 ,of course there are more wooden buildings in ,america than in ,europe4 ,this is a condition which will take many years to change4 ,but the most serious cause of fires could be removed at once1 if all the people would assist2 this cause is found in one word--carelessness4 ,it must be admitted that the ,united ,states1 with all its advantages1 is a nation of careless people4 ,carelessness is not a thing to be proud of2 it is a great national sin4 ,it shows itself in many habits of recklessness1 wastefulness1 and untidiness4 ,it burns our towns2 it leads people to risk their lives at railroad crossings and other places of danger2 it takes chances with health2 it is shown in all dirty streets1 littered back yards1 and untidy homes4 ,it has been well described by ,roy ,k4 ,moulton1 a writer in the ,news of ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 as follows3 ,,who ,,am ,i8 ,i am more powerful than the combined armies of the world4 ,i am more deadly than bullets1 and ,i have wrecked more homes than the mightiest of siege guns4 ,i steal in the ,united ,states alone over #cjj1jjj1jjj each year4 ,i spare no one1 and find my victims among the rich and poor alike1 the young and old1 the strong and the weak2 widows and orphans know me4 ,i massacre thousands upon thousands of wage-earners in a year4 ,i lurk in unseen places1 and do most of my work silently4 ,you are warned against me1 but you heed not4 ,i am relentless4 ,i am everywhere2 in the home1 on the street1 in the factory1 at railroad crossings1 and on the sea4 ,i bring sickness1 degradation and death1 and yet few seek to avoid me4 ,i destroy1 crush and maim2 ,i give nothing1 but take all4 ,i am your worst enemy4 ,i ,,am ,,carelessness4 ,if a foreign army should land upon our shores1 it could not wreak more destruction than this4 ,if such an army should come and any ,american were found to be giving it aid1 he would be called a traitor to his country4 ,every patriot would rise against such a foe4 ,the spirit of carelessness in the ,united ,states is really a greater enemy than any foreign invader1 and it is found in millions of little unconscious acts of carelessness4 ,whenever you1 yourself1 commit such an act1 therefore1 you really range yourself as an enemy of your country1 but if you begin earnestly to watch your actions and to form new habits of carefulness1 you will be helping our great nation to become safer1 healthier1 happier1 and more useful to humanity4 ,this is the spirit of true patriotism4 ,if1 then1 you are determined to try with all your might to form these new habits of carefulness1 the first great step toward preventing fire will have been taken4 --,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters4 ,,questions ,when you have finished reading1 write the answers to these questions4 ,if you can not answer immediately1 find the answer somewhere in the story1 but do not read it all again2 read only enough to get the correct answer4 #a4 ,what two reasons can you find to account for the greater loss by fire in the ,united ,states than in ,europe8 #b4 ,which of these two reasons can be the more quickly removed8 ,which one can you help to remove8 #c4 ,what other bad results besides fires come from our great national sin8 #d4 ,do you think it is fair to call a careless person unpatriotic8 ,why8 ,a ,,memory ,,test ,can you memorize by one careful reading these five lines which tell of the great result of a small piece of carelessness8 ,for want of a nail the shoe was lost2 ,for want of a shoe the horse was lost2 ,for want of the horse the rider was lost2 ,for want of the rider the battle was lost2 ,for want of the battle a kingdom was lost4 ,,caliph ,,for ,,one ,,day ,this story1 ,caliph for ,one ,day1 is a tale from ,the ,arabian ,nights4 ,if you have never read this story1 you will find it very interesting4 ,of course you have heard of ,ali ,baba1 and of ,aladdin with his wonderful lamp1 and of the ,old ,man of the ,sea4 ,your teacher would like to know which of you have read any of the ,arabian ,nights tales and which of these tales you have read4 ,you ought to try to read such stories as this rapidly4 ,to some extent the rapidity with which you read is a habit4 ,every one forms his own habits2 and if you will try hard you can form habits that will be useful to you as long as you live4 ,one of these habits is that of reading rapidly4 ,the sun was just setting1 and its last rays gilded the roofs and towers of the ,city of ,bagdad1 on the river ,tigris2 and far away1 also1 on the ripples of the river fell the evening light1 and the numerous boats and ships which moved about on the surface of the water seemed to plough through melted gold4 ,on the railing of a high bridge which led over the ,tigris leaned a young man1 who now turned his face towards the sparkling water1 now towards the people passing over the bridge4 ,his attention1 however1 appeared to be given less to the inhabitants of the city than to those who might be taken for strangers through their appearance and behavior4 ,the eyes of many a passer-by were turned also upon him1 and it seemed many times as if one or another of them wished to approach him4 ,but a stern1 repelling glance from the young man had the effect1 each time of making them go on their way after a slight hesitation1 shaking the head4 ,suddenly two men drew near4 ,the first of them seemed1 judging from his clothing1 to be a rich business man from the city of ,mussal2 the second1 who followed him at some distance1 was apparently his servant4 ,when the man waiting upon the bridge saw them come up to him1 he straightened up and went to meet them4 ,greeting respectfully the man who was apparently a merchant1 he said3 ,sir1 if1 as ,i assume1 you are a stranger in this city1 ,i beg you to come home with me and sleep in my house4 ,as the stranger seemed rather taken by surprise1 he continued3 ,i am called ',queer ,abu ,hassan'1 and live in my own house4 ,i have made it my duty for some time to take a stranger home with me every evening as my guest1 and entertain him there as well as ,i can until the following morning4 ,you would do me a great honor if you would accept my invitation4 ,the stranger was no one else than the ,caliph ,harun ,alrashid1 who was thus caught on one of his favorite wanderings through the city accompanied by one of his slaves4 ,after a few kindly words he agreed1 called his servant to him1 and both joined ,abu ,hassan1 who soon brought them to his house not far away4 ,here he bade them lie down and make themselves at home4 ,soon a servant appeared and brought their supper4 ,it consisted of several well prepared dishes1 and seemed to please both strangers very well4 ,all kinds of fruit were placed upon the table for dessert1 and after the meal was finished they had a lively conversation1 in which ,abu ,hassan's mother took part when she came in to greet the guests4 ,although neither she nor her son had any idea of the lofty position of their guest1 they bustled around him so pleasantly and kindly that ,harun stretched himself out comfortably on a divan and took his share in the talk with real enjoyment4 ,at last the ,caliph requested ,abu ,hassan to tell him his history4 ,and so the host of the evening began as follows3 ,i am the son of a very rich merchant1 who died only too young1 and ,i had a good education as a boy4 ,but if my father made any mistake at that time1 it was that he gave me very little money1 and so prevented my learning how to spend more wisely1 which must really be learned in order to be done properly4 ,so1 after his death1 ,i devoted myself to this occupation with a number of other young fellows1 and enjoyed myself at such a rate that ,i soon had got rid of a great part of my property4 ,fortunately ,i saw soon enough the abyss into which my way of living must lead me4 ,for this reason ,i drew back1 but first decided to test my friends and see whether they were true or not4 ,i told them that ,i had gone through all my money1 and asked them to help me4 ,not one of them gave me a reassuring answer4 ,furthermore1 they avoided me1 and acted on the street as if they had never known me4 ,this contemptible behavior hurt me so deeply1 that ,i came near to hating the whole human race4 ,but after ,i had lived a long time in melancholy loneliness1 ,i pulled myself together again1 and decided to go out among people once more4 ,i promised myself1 however1 never again to invite a friend1 but only strangers1 and never to keep one longer than one night in my house1 and if ,i ever saw them again to act as if ,i had never seen them4 ,so this evening1 just before ,i saw you1 ,i turned away from several persons who had been my guests before1 and who were about to speak to me4 ,the ,caliph laughed1 and said3 ,no one can blame you under such circumstances1 and because of your extraordinary experience4 ,after ,abu ,hassan's mother had retired the young man brought out a bottle of his best wine1 and presented a glass of it to the ,caliph1 after first politely tasting it4 ,the ,caliph drank to him1 and asked ,abu if he could not do him a favor in return for his kind hospitality4 ,but ,abu answered with a smile3 ,you understand1 sir1 that ,i do not count upon recognition1 and to-morrow morning will not know you any more4 ,that's so1 laughed ,harun2 but ,i had forgotten it4 ,you can1 however1 pay no further attention to me if you wish1 and yet if it is distasteful to you to ask a favor for yourself1 request a helping hand to be given to somebody else4 ,sir1 cried ,abu ,hassan1 my friends were not of the quality that ,i would want to do anything for them1 nor will ,i harm them1 either4 ,so ,i would not know what wish ,i could make4 ,but wait6 he broke out suddenly4 ,there is one wish which ,i have often thought of and will tell you of1 although you cannot fulfil it1 and perhaps will find it extremely ridiculous4 ,but you will at least understand why people call me ',queer ,abu ,hassan'4 ,let's hear it1 said the ,caliph4 ,abu ,hassan sighed1 and announced3 ,just for one day ,i would like to be ,caliph4 ,and what influences you to this wish8 asked ,harun4 ,would you carry out some important law in the ,state8 ,or look out for yourself immediately8 ,neither one nor the other1 answered ,queer ,abu ,hassan4 ,i would just like to have some scamps among my neighbors thoroughly beaten4 ,and you would like to be caliph merely for this purpose8 laughed ,harun ,alrashid4 ,certainly1 sir1 replied ,abu ,hassan1 because ,i cannot get a suitable punishment measured out to them in any other way4 ,since they are rascals1 they would easily get away from the judge to whom ,i might denounce them4 ,do you think so8 asked the ,caliph4 ,they would the more surely avoid punishment1 said ,abu ,hassan1 because their ringleader is a holy ,imam of respected appearance1 whom the judge would never believe capable of any wrong action1 and yet they slander all the respectable people in this quarter of the city1 and try by using every means to gain an influence over the consciences of the ,faithful1 while they themselves pay but scant attention to the laws of the ,koran4 ,well1 said the ,caliph1 as he tried to calm ,abu ,hassan1 who had worked himself up to a rage1 perhaps your wish to see these scoundrels properly punished will come true in some way1 even if you are not the ,commander of the ,faithful4 ,let us drink to the realization of your wish4 ,the ,caliph seized the bottle and filled the glasses full1 at the same time dropping a pinch of white powder into ,abu ,hassan's glass without his noticing it4 ,hardly had they drank it off before ,abu ,hassan nodded his head and fell into a deep sleep4 ,the ,caliph immediately called his slave1 and ordered him to take the sleeping man on his shoulders and bear him to the palace4 ,then he left ,abu ,hassan's house1 pulling the door to1 but not shutting it4 ,once arrived at his palace1 ,harun ,alrashid ordered ,abu ,hassan to be clothed in a splendid night robe and laid in the ,caliph's own costly bed4 ,then the officers1 servants1 slaves1 and slave women received the strictest orders to carry out ,abu ,hassan's commissions faithfully next morning1 and1 above all1 to treat him as if he were the ,commander of the ,faithful4 ,you can imagine ,abu ,hassan's astonishment when he woke up next morning in the splendid bed and looked around at the room so beautifully decorated with gold and expensive wall hangings4 ,at first he thought he was dreaming4 ,he kept opening and closing his eyes1 trying to find out for sure if he were asleep or awake4 ,still greater was his amazement when he caught sight of a garment of woven gold near his bed1 and a caliph's cap on a silken cushion4 ,but yet he could not believe that these were all real things1 and he had to convince himself by feeling them that he was not in a world of dreams4 ,illustration3 ,,please ,,bite ,,my ,,finger ,where am ,i1 then8 he cried4 ,what has happened to me8 ,everything looks as if ,i were in the ,caliph's palace4 ,or have ,i become ,caliph myself over night8 ,while scolding himself for his foolish thoughts1 he was trying all the time to go to sleep again4 ,but suddenly the lofty double doors of his chamber opened1 and a troop of wonderfully beautiful women and black slaves stepped in4 ,one band of women began to sing and play charming music on different instruments4 ,the others threw themselves down before him1 and one of the black slaves stepped to the bedside and said3 ,commander of the ,faithful1 it is time for early prayers4 ,may it please you to get up8 ,whether ,i'm ,caliph or not1 ,i will get up at least just to see how this adventure turns out6 ,hardly did he show his intention of raising himself when the slaves jumped in a hurry to help him1 and to dress him in the golden morning gown4 ,at the same time all those present shouted3 ,commander of the ,faithful1 ,god give you a blessed day6 ,now1 this was too much for poor ,abu ,hassan4 ,he called one of the women to him1 and said3 ,please bite my finger1 so ,i can see if ,i am dreaming or not4 ,the slave that he called knew that ,harun ,alrashid was watching everything from the next room1 and wished to amuse the real ,commander of the ,faithful4 ,so she bit ,abu ,hassan's finger sharply4 ,the quickness with which ,abu ,hassan pulled back his finger made the hidden ,caliph almost split his sides with laughing1 and he congratulated himself that he had found such an enjoyable diversion by carrying his plan through4 ,he said to himself3 ,abu ,hassan could hardly be more curious than ,i am to know how the story will end4 ,but ,abu ,hassan was thinking3 ,i cannot understand this surprising change1 but it seems to me that the queer ,hassan of yesterday has become the real ,caliph of today4 ,so he let them put his clothes on him without resistance1 and with a certain dignified manner which the ,caliph noticed with great pleasure4 ,then they washed his head1 face and hands with deliciously scented water4 ,finally the ,grand ,vizier announced1 with many a bow of respect1 that the great people of the court and of the realm were assembled and expecting the appearance of the ,commander of the ,faithful4 ,so ,abu ,hassan drew himself up to his full height1 and1 preceded by armed soldiers and a number of chamberlains resplendent in gold1 walked to the great throne room1 where he was led to the throne by the chamberlains4 ,the doors of the hall opened1 and the ,commanders-in-,chief of the ,army1 the ,governors of the ,provinces and the nobles of the country marched in in a wonderful parade and greeted ,abu ,hassan as ,caliph4 ,they stepped forward to the throne1 dropped on their knees1 and touched the carpet before him with their foreheads4 ,abu ,hassan took all of this as quietly as if he had been ,caliph since youth4 ,he listened to the ,grand ,vizier's address1 took part in the consultations over matters of state1 and decided difficult points with such a sound understanding of human nature that the real ,caliph1 who stood disguised among the officers1 was greatly pleased4 ,suddenly ,abu ,hassan made a sign to the ,grand ,vizier to interrupt his address4 ,where is the ,chief of ,police of our capital city8 he cried4 ,let him be brought here immediately4 ,when the man called for had appeared and announced himself1 at the command of his mighty master1 ,abu said3 ,in the mosque of the new quarter you will find an ,imam and four other old men4 ,i wish you to arrest them and give each one hundred stripes with the bastinado4 ,then let them be mounted backwards on camels and led through the city accompanied by a herald1 who shall call out these words3 ',in this way the ,commander of the ,faithful punishes those who meddle in matters that do not concern them1 and who know nothing better to do than bring trouble and pain to their neighbors4' ,after this sentence is completed1 however1 you are then to tell them that they must leave that quarter of the city1 and not set foot in it again under penalty of death4 ,while the magistrate hurried away to carry out ,abu ,hassan's command1 the ,grand ,vizier went on with his address4 ,an hour later the ,chief of ,police came back with the news that the ,caliph's orders had been conscientiously fulfilled1 at which ,abu ,hassan felt the greatest satisfaction1 while ,harun ,alrashid thoroughly enjoyed seeing his substitute arrive so quickly at the realization of his long cherished wish4 ,after the business matters were finished1 there took place another stately reception of numerous foreign ambassadors1 and finally the new ,caliph betook himself with his whole court to dinner4 ,it consisted of a selection of the most delicate food and wine1 and lasted late into the evening1 with music and all kinds of dancing4 ,abu ,hassan had behaved in such a dignified manner for all this time that now he showed every favor to the people in his neighborhood1 and even condescended to talk with the slaves4 ,it was fairly late when one of the most beautiful of the slave girls came up to ,abu ,hassan and offered him a glass of the sweetest wine prepared especially for the ,caliph4 ,abu ,hassan was charmed1 and had not any suspicion that the delicious mixture contained a potent sleeping powder4 ,he drank it off1 and in a few minutes fell into a sound sleep4 ,as quickly as he was brought away the day before1 just so speedily now was he transported into his own dwelling4 ,next morning the ,caliph for ,one ,day woke up again as ,abu ,hassan1 and found himself in his old circumstances4 ,in spite of all his calls and shouts1 neither the slaves nor the court officers of yesterday hurried to him to ask his wishes4 ,he was sadly perplexed at first at this new change1 but he soon got over it1 and consoled himself with thinking that at least he had had a beautiful dream4 ,when his mother told him that he had in fact disappeared for a whole day1 and when he also learned that the ,imam and his fellows had been punished exactly as he had ordered when ,caliph1 he did not know what to think of the whole adventure at all4 ,finally1 he leaned to his mother's view1 who explained it by saying that some spirit had taken him away and had executed the ,imam's punishment4 ,he was thankful indeed to be rid of his rascally neighbors1 but he could never give himself an explanation of what had moved the spirit to help him4 ,in the end1 however1 he put the whole story out of his mind1 and became again what he had been before--,queer ,abu ,hassan1 or the ,caliph for ,one ,day4 --,arabian ,nights4 ,,the ,,first ,,potter ,ang was a mighty hunter and also a priest of ,odin1 but ,oma was a famous housewife or cave-wife1 and not only ,suta1 the wife of ,wang1 came to take lessons of her1 but many other women who had heard of her wonderful skill in cooking old food in new ways and discovering new foods which the magic of the fire made palatable4 ,she had learned not merely how to cook the meat which ,ang brought1 but to dry it so that it would keep for a long time4 ,she discovered how to make a coarse flour from nuts and acorns and to bake cakes on flat stones4 ,at the fire feast the cooking of ,oma made as great an impression as the wisdom and strength of ,ang4 ,but her greatest discovery was the art of making pottery dishes out of clay and baking them before the fire4 ,for a long time women had made baskets of reeds and willow twigs in which they could carry dry foods1 but the problem was to get something in which they could carry liquids4 ,sometimes they used skin bottles1 but they soon leaked and the water rotted them out4 ,then some clever woman smeared the inside of a closely woven basket with resinous pitch4 ,another lined her baskets with clay and baked them in the sun1 but water would soon soften the clay4 ,then came ,oma and the fire and the art of baking clay4 ,this is the way it happened4 ,oma had been lining some baskets with clay1 and little ,om tried to imitate her4 ,since it was cold he sat as near to the fire as he could1 and after he had finished one1 he would put it on a stone near the fire until he had a row of them4 ,then the wind changed suddenly and blew the fire towards him1 and he had to move quickly1 leaving his clay baskets on the rock4 ,he called to his mother to get them1 but she had no notion of getting burned for so small a cause and she was too busy to bother1 as mothers often are4 ,that night after ,om had gone to sleep she sat by the fire with ,ang1 and her eyes spied the little row of clay baskets4 ,she picked one up to show the father what a clever boy his son was getting to be4 ,as she touched the clay1 she found it dry and hard as no clay she had ever touched before4 ,some of the baskets were dry and crumbly1 but two or three in the center were hard as stone4 ,a thought came to her4 ,she ran to the brook and filled the hardest with water and brought them back to the fire4 ,they did not soften or leak4 ,then she put them on a flat stone and pushed them almost into the fire4 ,soon the water in them began to bubble and steam4 ,look6 cried ,oma4 ,at the touch of the ,red ,one a little ,cloud ,spirit goes up to the great ,cloud ,spirits that fly in the blue above us4 ,then ,ang knew that ,odin had given a new gift4 ,this time the ,red ,one has spoken to you2 what has he said8 ,oma carefully drew the little clay pots from the fire1 and after they had cooled she examined them4 ,two of them were cracked1 but one was firm and solid as if it had been cut from stone4 ,she held it up before ,ang in triumph4 ,this is what we have been waiting for since the beginning of time4 ,the ,red ,one has worked magic on the clay1 and its old enemy1 the water1 cannot eat through it4 ,the next day ,oma made baskets lined with clay1 and then1 putting them on flat stones1 pushed them into the heat of the fire4 ,some of them crumbled1 but others baked hard and firm4 ,as the heat burned off the inclosing basket1 the pattern was left molded on the clay4 ,after many experiments ,oma learned just what clay to use and how to bake it4 ,and she made pots of all sizes and arranged them on ledges of her cave and filled them with nuts and seeds4 ,then she learned how to use the clay pots for cooking4 ,in the old days she had placed scraps of meat and bone and roots in a pitch-lined basket and then added water and hot stones from the fire4 ,of course the pitch softened and gave an unpleasant taste to the stew1 and often the hot water softened it so much that the basket became like a sieve4 ,but now ,oma could mix her stews and brews and boil them until they were soft and delicious1 and the clay dish was just as good as before4 ,and ,suta and other women came to look2 and they wondered and tasted1 and smacked their lips1 and asked how it was done1 then went home to do likewise4 ,and the fame of ,ang and ,oma grew in the north land1 and men said1 ,they are loved by the ,great ,one4 ,but if ,oma made the first pottery and the most useful1 ,suta1 wife of ,wang1 made the most beautiful4 ,after she had learned to bake the clay so that neither fire nor water would harm it1 she amused herself by making dishes of queer shapes4 ,then she discovered it was not necessary to make the basket molds1 and that if she made marks on the clay they would be baked in4 ,she began by making a little row of nail prints about the rim--77777777774 ,then she made rough pictures of animals and men with a sharpened stick4 ,and the fame of ,suta went out also through the north land1 and they came from far away to see the wonderful things which she had done4 ,others tried1 but no one could make such beautiful dishes as ,suta4 ,before the great fire feast an idea came to ,suta like a dream in the night1 she knew not from where4 ,she would make a great bowl for ,odin and she would mold on it pictures of his gifts1 so that all who saw would remember from whom the good things came4 ,with great care she shaped a bowl as high as a five-year-old child and so large that a grown man could not circle it with his arms4 ,on it she pictured the man who shot the first deer with a stone-tipped arrow1 the man who made the first snare for the wild birds1 the man who first crossed the deep water in a hollowed log1 ,ang striking fire from the flints1 ,oma baking the clay dishes4 ,then she hesitated4 ,these and many things more the ,great ,one had given2 what would ,he give next8 ,what did she want most8 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,potter ,now ,suta was not like ,ang or ,wang or even like ,oma4 ,wang had thought sometimes that she was not so good a cook as ,oma1 and that she spent too much time listening to the song of the birds and watching the play of the light on the water and the woods and the far-off hills4 ,she did these things sometimes when he thought she ought to get wood for the fire or cook something for him1 and he grumbled a little4 ,but now that she made dishes of clay which no one else could make and all men said1 ,what a fortunate man ,wang is to have a woman that can make such things6 ,wang began to be very proud of her4 ,he even went so far as to get wood for the fire1 which he did not think man's work4 ,and what did ,suta the dreamer want8 ,she did not want more food or more clothes or a bigger cave2 she wanted the power to mold in clay the things she saw and loved4 ,so she put on the great bowl for the ,all-,father a picture of a woman1 with her back turned on the lookers and a sharpened stick in her hand1 just ready to work the soft clay1 but waiting for the power to draw on clay the picture in her mind4 ,it was the first expression of the unsatisfied yearning of the artist for beauty and the power to express it4 ,for ,suta was the mother of those who love the beautiful and long to give it permanent form4 ,when the bowl for the ,giver was finished1 it was placed on a stone foundation in front of the stone altar1 which ,ang and ,wang had made4 ,at the feast it was filled with sparkling water from a spring near by1 and as the men danced about the fire they dipped their hands in it as they passed by and sprinkled the water on the fire and on themselves and sang3 ,singing water of the brook1 ,shining laughter of the wood1 ,talking picture of the clay1 ,earth and fire and water1 all ,are voices of the ,great4 ,all who saw the great bowl which ,suta had made were filled with wonder1 and they wanted her to make something for them4 ,then the great idea came to ,wang4 ,now ,wang was not so strong as ,ang or so good a hunter1 but he wanted just as much to eat and just as warm furs to wear4 ,he liked better to sit talking with some crony in the shade in summer or by the fire in winter4 ,talking and sitting were the two things of which he never tired4 ,now when the world was young1 such men went hungry and cold1 and ,wang had done so often1 and1 more's the pity1 ,suta and little ,sut2 but then came the idea4 ,every one wanted ,suta's clay dishes2 he wanted deer's meat and bear's1 and furs1 and the choicest seeds and nuts4 ,he would barter the things which ,suta made for the things he wanted4 ,suta would do the work2 others would bring food and furs and fruits2 he would sit in front of the cave and give as little of the first for as much of the second as possible4 ,and the idea worked4 ,suta loved to mold the plastic clay and decorate it4 ,many wanted the things which she had made1 and ,wang's wily tongue multiplied the number of those who were willing to pay for what they wanted4 ,so ,wang became the father of a long line of traders1 and the ,wang family had more food than they could eat and more furs than they could wear4 ,wang grew thick in the belly and thin in the calf1 but it suited him1 and ,suta was too busy with her clay to care4 ,and ,wang the trader became almost as great a man as ,ang the priest4 ,and ,oma1 wife of ,ang1 grew envious of ,suta1 wife of ,wang4 ,and she grumbled to ,ang3 ,did not you find the ,red ,one and bring ,wang and ,suta so that they should not perish from the cold8 ,have you not fed them with meat of your own hunting8 ,did not ,i learn from the ,red ,one how to harden and mold the clay8 ,did ,i not show ,suta8 ,do ,i not work harder than she8 ,am ,i not a better cook8 ,can ,i not make better coats of fur8 ,but see1 little ,sut has finer furs than ,om and is fatter4 ,and all who come now pass by our cave1 except at the great feasts1 or when they are sick and in trouble1 and go to talk with ,wang and look at ,suta4 ,is she so much better to look at than ,oma8 ,but ,ang comforted her with wisdom that had come from long broodings under the shadow of the ,keeper of ,secrets4 ,the ,giver has differing gifts4 ,to the fire he gives one1 to the water another1 to the earth another4 ,to ,suta he gave the love of beauty2 to you he gave the love of doing and making2 and the joy of doing is greater than the joy of having4 ,to each her gifts as the ,great ,one wills4 ,and ,i would rather be the man of ,oma than of ,suta4 ,so ,oma was comforted1 though she often sighed wistfully as she saw men and women go by to the cave of ,wang or watched ,suta deftly mold some new thought into the yielding clay4 --,from ,around the ,fire1 by ,hanford ,m4 ,burr4 ,courtesy of ,association ,press4 ,,finding ,,opposites ,this drill will not only test your ability to follow printed directions1 but also your ability to exercise a careful choice of words4 ,follow the directions very closely4 #a4 ,arrange your paper with your name on the first and your grade on the second line4 ,beginning with the fourth line1 in the margin1 write the figures #a to #aj4 #b4 ,below are ten sets of words4 ,in each case1 the first word is followed by four other words1 one of which is exactly opposite in meaning to the first word4 ,you are going to find these opposites4 ,look at group one4 ,,high is the first word4 ,of the four words that follow it1 which do you think is the exact opposite of ,,high8 ,of course it is ,,low4 ,write this pair of opposites after figure #a on your paper as follows3 #a4 ,,high ,,low #c4 ,after figure #b1 write the second pair of opposites3 #b4 ,,great ,,small ,complete the exercise by selecting the opposites from each remaining group1 and writing them after the proper figure on your paper4 ,when you have finished put down your pencil and wait quietly for the others4 #a4 ,,high 7sky1 low1 above1 deep74 #b4 ,,great 7less1 large1 small1 beautiful74 #c4 ,,hill 7mountain1 valley1 high1 river74 #d4 ,,many 7few1 more1 plenty1 less74 #e4 ,,gradual 7quick1 slowly1 sudden1 degree74 #f4 ,,wound 7sword1 nurse1 heal1 bind74 #g4 ,,light 7bright1 sun1 shadow1 darkness74 #h4 ,,straight 7long1 uneven1 twist1 crooked74 #i4 ,,land 7plain1 water1 farm1 river74 #aj4 ,,spring 7fall1 cool1 ,october1 green74 ,,it',s ,,quite ,,true6 ,this story might have been named ,gossip4 ,when you have read it through1 tell why this would be a good name for it4 ,you should all begin reading at the same moment4 ,your teacher will divide you into three groups1 as explained before the story on page #ajf1 and ask you the questions at the end of the story4 ,that is a terrible affair6 said a ,hen2 and she said it in a quarter of the town where the occurrence had not happened4 ,that is a terrible affair in the poultry-house4 ,i cannot sleep alone to-night6 ,it is quite fortunate that there are many of us on the roost together6 ,and she told a tale1 at which the feathers of the other birds stood on end1 and the cock's comb fell down flat4 ,it's quite true6 ,but we will begin at the beginning2 and the beginning begins in a poultry-house in another part of the town4 ,the sun went down1 and the fowls jumped up on their perch to roost4 ,there was a ,hen1 with white feathers and short legs1 who laid her right number of eggs1 and was a respectable hen in every way2 as she flew up on to the roost she pecked herself with her beak1 and a little feather fell out4 ,there it goes6 said she2 the more ,i peck myself the handsomer ,i grow6 ,and she said it quite merrily1 for she was a joker among the hens1 though1 as ,i have said1 she was very respectable2 and then she went to sleep4 ,it was dark all around2 hen sat by hen2 but the one that sat next to the merry hen did not sleep3 she heard and she didn't hear1 as one should do in this world if one wishes to live in quiet2 but she could not refrain from telling it to her next neighbor4 ,did you hear what was said here just now8 ,i name no names2 but here is a hen who wants to peck her feathers out to look well4 ,if ,i were a cock ,i should despise her4 ,then she too went to sleep4 ,and just above the hens sat the ,owl1 with her husband and her little owlets2 the family had sharp ears1 and they all heard every word that the neighboring ,hen had spoken1 and they rolled their eyes1 and the ,mother-,owl clapped her wings and said3 ,don't listen to it6 ,but ,i suppose you heard what was said there8 ,i heard it with my own ears1 and one must hear much before one's ears fall off4 ,there is one among the fowls who has so completely forgotten what is becoming conduct in a hen that she pulls out all her feathers1 and then lets the cock see her4 ,prenez garde aux enfants1 said the ,father-,owl4 ,that's not fit for the children to hear4 ,i'll tell it to the neighbor owl2 she's a very proper owl to associate with4 ,and she flew away4 ,hoo6 hoo6 to-whoo6 they both screeched in front of the neighbor's dovecote to the doves within4 ,have you heard it8 ,have you heard it8 ,hoo6 hoo6 there's a hen who has pulled out all her feathers for the sake of the cock4 ,she'll die with cold1 if she not dead already4 ,coo6 coo6 ,where1 where8 cried the ,pigeons4 ,in the neighbor's poultry-yard4 ,i've as good as seen it myself4 ,it's hardly proper to repeat the story1 but it's quite true6 ,believe it6 believe every single word of it6 cooed the ,pigeons1 and they cooed down into their own poultry-yard4 ,there's a hen1 and some say that there are two of them that have plucked out all their feathers1 that they may not look like the rest1 and that they may attract the cock's attention4 ,that's a bold game1 for one may catch cold and die of a fever1 and they are both dead4 ,wake up6 wake up6 crowed the ,cock1 and he flew up on the plank2 his eyes were still very heavy with sleep1 but yet he crowed4 ,three hens have died of an unfortunate attachment to a cock4 ,they have plucked out all their feathers4 ,that's a terrible story4 ,i won't keep it to myself2 let it travel farther4 ,let it travel farther6 piped the bats2 and the fowls clucked and the cocks crowed1 ,let it go farther6 let it go farther6 ,and so the story traveled from poultry-yard to poultry-yard1 and at last came back to the place from which it had gone forth4 ,five fowls1 it was told1 have plucked out all their feathers to show which of them had become thinnest out of love to the cock2 and then they have pecked each other1 and fallen down dead to the shame and disgrace of their families1 and to the great loss of the proprietor4 ,and the hen who had lost the little loose feather1 of course did not know her own story again2 and as she was a very respectable hen1 she said3 ,i despise those fowls2 but there are many of that sort4 ,one ought not to hush up such a thing1 and ,i shall do what ,i can that the story may get into the papers1 and then it will be spread over all the country1 and that will serve those fowls right1 and their families too4 ,it was put into the newspaper2 it was printed2 and it's quite true--that one little feather may swell till it becomes five fowls4 --,hans ,christian ,andersen4 ,,questions #a4 ,are you in the same group you were the last time the class was divided in this way8 #b4 ,what was the remark out of which all the gossip grew8 #c4 ,how may one little feather become five fowls8 ,,tangled ,,sentences ,this exercise is given to see if you can follow directions4 ,follow each direction as you read it4 ,do not wait for others to start1 but begin now4 #a4 ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line and your grade on the second4 ,at the left hand side of your paper number the next ten lines from number #a to number #aj4 #b4 ,the words ,,name ,,is ,a ,,john ,,boy',s do not make a good sentence1 but if the words are arranged in order they form a good sentence3 ,,john ,,is ,a ,,boy',s ,,name4 ,this sentence is true4 ,in the same way1 the words ,,books ,,made ,,of ,,iron ,,are1 in this order do not make a good sentence1 but arranged in the right order they form a good sentence3 ,,books ,,are ,,made ,,of ,,iron4 ,this sentence is not true4 #c4 ,here are ten groups of words which can be rearranged into good sentences4 ,when they are rearranged in their right order1 some will be true and some will be false4 ,look at the first set of words4 ,do not write the words in their right order1 but see what they would say if rearranged4 ,if what they would say is true1 write the word true after figure #a on your paper2 but if what they would say is not true1 write the word false after figure #a4 ,do this with each group of words4 #a4 ,brazil for noted coffee is its #b4 largest ,rhode ,island in the state is the ,union #c4 the ,john ,hancock signed ,independence ,declaration of #d4 sugar products and rice of are the ,south #e4 ,columbus the ,new ,york discovered of city #f4 important ,san ,francisco on city ,pacific coast is an the #g4 famous a ,william ,tell ,american was #h4 ,camel tusks the has like an and elephant a trunk #i4 return songbirds the spring time the in #aj4 snow ,panama land of is a ice and ,,how ,,sella ,,lost ,,her ,,slippers ,you have heard about the early peoples who found out how to use tools1 how to build fires1 how to make clothes out of skins of animals1 and how to do all the other everyday things that once had to be done for the very first time4 ,science has found out for us the facts about how all these things were done first4 ,but in the old days1 before there was any knowledge of science1 people had to explain such matters as best they could1 by means of legends1 such as that of ,prometheus1 who1 as you have heard1 stole fire from heaven4 ,here is a legend that suggests how water was first tamed and made a servant of man4 ,in the days of old1 when wonderful things happened1 there lived in a pleasant dwelling beside a brook in the forest a young girl named ,sella1 a name which means a shadow4 ,although she was very beautiful1 so that everyone admired her1 she did not like to stay very much of the time with other people4 ,she liked better to gather flowers on the bank of the stream1 or to sit in the shade of a great rock listening to the sweet murmur of the flowing water4 ,it was her delight to wander up the stream1 tracing to the source in the mountains each of the little brooks that fed the larger one4 ,she knew every little spring that stole forth from under a hanging rock1 and every little rill that came trickling down the bare hillside4 ,often she rowed her little boat out on the lake or on the wide river into which the stream ran4 ,in the days when ,sella lived girls were not taught anything except the things that it was thought belonged to woman's place1 such as sewing1 the keeping of the house1 and the art of making one's self charming and agreeable4 ,for a girl to go out into the world to make her own way as girls do now was an unheard-of thing4 ,girls must stay at home and leave adventure to the men of the family4 ,sella was not at all contented with such an arrangement4 ,she looked at her two brothers enviously1 thinking1 ,if ,i were only a boy1 ,i could follow the river down to the sea and see all the strange peoples and customs in other parts of the world4 ,i should like to see what kind of houses they have1 and how they build their stately ships1 what kind of flowers grow in their gardens1 and what fruits ripen in their orchards4 ,here men make their living by raising sheep1 but there ,i hear they sprinkle the great plains with corn1 which springs up and ripens and is harvested to give bread to all the nations4 ,i long to see all these things1 and ,i would have seen them1 long ago1 if ,i were not so unlucky as to be a girl4 ,one morning in early spring ,sella came to her mother in breathless excitement4 ,see1 mother dear1 she said1 what ,i have found on the bank of the stream6 ,and she showed a pair of white slippers1 spangled and embroidered in silver4 ,see1 my name is worked on the edge2 and just look1 mother1 they fit me6 ,to be sure1 they are very dainty1 said her prudent mother4 ,but they do not belong to you4 ,perhaps some careless passer-by dropped them there1 or perhaps they were put there as a snare to lead you into harm4 ,i don't like the look of the letters embroidered on them2 they don't seem to me to spell your name1 but rather to look like magic signs that may work you evil4 ,nay1 daughter1 you must not wear them4 ,so ,sella hung the slippers in the porch1 so that anyone who had lost them could see them as she passed by4 ,no one claimed them1 however4 ,at last1 one day in ,may1 ,sella did not appear at the noonday meal4 ,they looked for her in all her favorite places and shouted her name through the woods1 but all in vain4 ,at night they went out with torches still seeking her4 ,all the next day they searched1 climbing high into the mountains4 ,towards evening of the second day1 when they had given up hope1 suddenly ,sella appeared at her mother's side where she sat alone and sad4 ,oh1 mother1 forgive me1 she cried4 ,i just tried the slippers on for a moment1 and before ,i could take them off again ,i found them carrying me along as if my feet had wings4 ,at the bank of the stream there waited for me a lovely creature1 with flowing hair and filmy green garments4 ,she took my hand and led me right into the stream1 and together we went along in the midst of it4 ,gayly we leaped the crag and swam the pool and glided between shady meadow banks4 ,the stream broadened and became a river1 and still we went onward1 past stately towns1 and under leaning masts of gallant ships1 till at last we reached the sea and passed below its waves4 ,the seaweed grew on tall stems like trees1 and ,i could see the coral1 the gleaming fish1 and the rosy shells lying on the white sand at the bottom4 ,herds of sea creatures went by us1 dolphins and whales and even sharks1 but they turned aside to make room for us4 ,bella's mother interrupted her4 ,this is just a dream1 dear ,sella1 a vain dream4 ,no1 mother1 for here is what my guide gave me to prove my story true4 ,and ,sella showed a sea-green scarf1 adding1 ,and she told me to keep the slippers1 and that whenever ,i put them on ,i could go down to the bottom of the ocean again and see all the lovely things4 ,oh1 mother1 it is so beautiful there6 ,but after we had wandered about a long time ,i grew weary1 and longed for my dear mountain home4 ,and so she brought me back2 and now ,i will never leave your side again4 ,and she flung her arms about her mother and kissed her1 begging forgiveness once again4 ,sella kept her promise4 ,but1 sadly enough1 she did not have to keep it long1 for in less than two years from that ,may day her mother died4 ,the little mountain home was very sad4 ,but after her first grief passed1 ,sella was very often absent from the household1 and her father and brothers and older sister knew that she was away in the world of waters with her friends the water-nymphs4 ,when she was at home she often sat looking blankly into space1 with her thoughts far away4 ,her brothers tried to persuade her not to go away from them so often1 but she only looked at them sorrowfully1 and wept1 saying never a word in answer to their pleading4 ,at last there came a day of merriment and good cheer in the quiet home4 ,bella's sister was to be married4 ,the guests came from hill and valley in all the country round4 ,sella welcomed them1 beautiful and calm as usual1 with her clear blue eyes1 fair hair1 and skin as white as the water-lily4 ,she looked like a water nymph herself1 so much of her time had been spent in her beloved water4 ,now it happened that that very morning the older of her two brothers had been out upon the hillside and had seen ,sella come out from the stream1 and had noticed where she put her slippers in a cleft of rock behind a tree4 ,now1 under cover of the merriment of the wedding while all the youths and maidens were dancing1 the two brothers stole away to the spot where the slippers lay hidden1 took them out1 followed the brook down a little way to where its current flowed very rapidly1 and dropped them in4 ,the stream seemed to lift welcoming hands to catch them1 and they slid rapidly out of sight4 ,then the brothers returned to the house4 ,as evening came near1 ,sella grew tired of the feasting and dancing and noise and longed for the quiet that she could find below the sea4 ,so she ran out to the brook to get her slippers4 ,they were gone6 ,she searched all along the brookside1 but could not find them4 ,frightened1 she ran wildly from place to place1 and searched in the same spots over and over4 ,someone had taken them2 and it did not take her long to think who the someone was4 ,she ran to the house and charged her brothers with the theft4 ,they frankly told her all that they had done1 saying that it was because they loved her so4 ,we could not bear to have the cold world of waters steal our sister from us4 ,now you can never go away from us again4 ,when ,sella heard how the stream had seized and carried away her precious slippers1 she gave a broken-hearted shriek4 ,they are gone forever6 ,oh1 how cruel you have been to me6 ,and she left them and ran away to her room1 locked her door1 and would not let anyone in to comfort her4 ,all night she wept and mourned1 knowing that never again could she visit the sea caves and meadows where she so loved to roam1 nor talk with the gentle sea-nymphs4 ,all the next day she wandered alone by the brook1 envying its shining waters which danced along on their way to the sea4 ,but by the next day she became more used to her loss1 and began to resolve that since it was no use to mourn for what was gone1 she would begin a new life whose days should be given to quiet tasks of good in the great world4 ,she knew that she had learned many things about the water that men everywhere would be glad to know4 ,in patient1 loving service she would forget her loss4 ,so the years passed4 ,sella still loved to haunt the springs and brooks as in her cheerful childhood4 ,she taught men to know the right places in which to dig wells1 so as to be sure to find water beneath the earth4 ,she showed them how to build aqueducts by which to bring the water from the mountain streams to towns far away from any water4 ,she showed them how to tame the rushing stream and make its water drive the millwheel4 ,she bade them build cisterns and pools and reservoirs to catch the rain-water in the wet season1 so that in the dry months of the year it could be carried in canals into the parched fields to irrigate them4 ,everywhere ,sella's name was loved and honored4 ,bryant1 our first ,american poet1 who has told this story in lovely verses which you must read some day1 speaks of ,sella's age and death in the lines which follow4 ,still she kept1 as age came on1 ,her stately presence2 still her eyes looked forth ,from under their calm brows as brightly clear ,as the transparent wells by which she sat ,so oft in childhood4 ,still she kept her fair ,unwrinkled features1 though her locks were white4 ,a hundred times had summer1 since her birth1 ,opened the water-lily on the lakes1 ,so old traditions tell1 before she died4 ,a hundred cities mourned her4----,by the brook ,that rippling ran beside the cottage door ,where she was born1 they reared her monument4 ,ere long the current parted and flowed round ,the marble base1 forming a little isle1 ,and there the flowers that love the running stream1 ,iris and orchid1 and the cardinal flower1 ,crowded and hung caressingly around ,the stone engraved with ,sella's honored name4 --,mabel ,dodge ,holmes4 ,,the ,,ghost ,,of ,,terrible ,,terry ,here is a real boy story in real boy talk4 ,it is a first-class story to outline4 ,read it through--you will be so much interested that you can't help reading fast--then close the book and make an outline4 ,i am the ghost of ,terrible ,terry6 ,i have murdered ten men in cold blood and buried their bones1 in the dark of the moon1 on the crest of ,death-,rattle ,hill6 ,you will meet me there at dark on the evening of ,october #cj6 ,if you fail me ,,beware4 7,following which was a crudely drawn skull and cross bones47 ,gosh6 ,that was all ,george ,taylor could say as he read the letter which his father had just brought home in the evening mail4 ,the mere thought of ,death-,rattle ,hill after dark was enough to make a fellow's heart jump into his throat1 for ,death-,rattle ,hill had received its name from a popular superstition that grew out of the murder there1 in pioneer days1 of an old trapper4 ,this trapper1 ,dad ,smith1 as he was known on the frontier1 was returning to his cabin in the wilderness1 after selling his winter catch of furs1 when he was attacked at dusk by ,terrible ,terry1 a notorious desperado of the early days4 ,he was found the next day with more than a score of knife-wounds in his body4 ,legend credited ,terry with numerous other ghastly crimes until at last he met his fate in a manner which remains a mystery4 ,his body was found in the woods not far from the spot where ,smith was murdered4 ,a rifle ball had passed through his throat4 ,from then on stories were circulated concerning peculiar noises that could be heard at dusk on the hill4 ,these noises1 so the tales agreed1 resembled a choking1 gasping sound--such as a man might make in struggling for breath4 ,so it came about that this hill came to be known throughout all the country as ,death-,rattle ,hill4 ,gosh6 said ,taylor once more as these thoughts went racing through his head4 ,then he jerked his cap from its hook in the hall and ran down the alley to see if any other of the boys had received a similar message4 ,carrots ,crawford1 ,pepper ,perkins and several other members of the troop were talking excitedly4 ,hey1 ,george1 they called as the scout appeared1 did you get one1 too8 ,do you mean a letter from ,terrible ,terry8 ,sure thing1 said ,pepper2 all the fellows got them4 ,it's just another of ,mr4 ,james' stunts4 ,say1 ,scouts1 remember that party we had at headquarters last ,hallowe'en8 ,didn't we have a circus6 ,and ,i'll bet this year we'll have a bigger time yet6 ,after much discussion the group broke1 and only ,taylor and ,pepper ,perkins remained4 ,if the departing scouts had been thinking less about the queer noises that were supposed to be heard on ,death-,rattle ,hill1 they might have observed that these two leading lights of ,glenwood troop had their heads together in earnest consultation4 ,it was ten days until the last of ,october2 ten days filled with the greatest anticipation for the members of ,glenwood troop2 although every scout in the troop felt a peculiar sinking feeling at the pit of the stomach at the thought of ,death-,rattle ,hill1 not one of them would have admitted it1 and not one of them thought of failing to keep his appointment with ,terrible ,terry1 especially after the rumor was spread that each scout should go armed with a fork1 a spoon and a tin cup4 ,the boys agreed among themselves that they would meet at troop headquarters and march in a body to ,death-,rattle ,hill4 ,hallowe'en evening came at last4 ,the members of ,glenwood ,troop reported at their headquarters to a man1 quaking inwardly if the truth were known1 but prepared to keep their rendezvous with the ghost of a cut-throat in the most haunted spot in all the land6 ,great was their relief when ,mr4 ,james appeared and said he had thought it best to accompany the boys on such a dangerous undertaking4 ,they started out1 rather more boisterously than usual1 laughing1 shouting and singing1 but the nearer they got to ,death-,rattle ,hill the quieter they became4 ,by the time they reached the crest of the hill they were huddled together like sheep4 ,here we are1 boys1 came the ,scoutmaster's cheery voice at last as the scouts reached a little clearing between two tall ,norway pines4 ,not far from one of the trees a huge bonfire had been built4 ,mr4 ,james struck a match1 the flames ran quickly through the dry sticks and logs1 and in almost no time the clearing was light as day4 ,with the lighting of the fire1 the spell that had been cast over the boys by thoughts of ,terrible ,terry was partially broken1 and they entered into the games and stunts that ,mr ,james had planned for them with their customary spirit4 ,with their hands tied behind their backs they tried to bite apples suspended from the branches of the pine by long strings and bobbed for apples in a big tub of water4 ,they had boxing and wrestling bouts1 dug pennies with their teeth out of shallow pans partly filled with flour1 held a war-dance around the fire and yelled as only hungry boys can yell when ,mr4 ,james produced a pail of steaming cocoa1 a big box of dogs1 a pan full of doughnuts1 and a box of red apples4 ,but in spite of all they could do to forget the stories of ,death-,rattle ,hill they could not escape a vague1 uneasy feeling1 and many a furtive glance was cast into the surrounding trees and bushes4 ,when the last drop of cocoa had disappeared and the last red apple had followed the dogs and doughnuts to their doom1 the boys crawled close to the glowing embers of the fire and1 following their usual custom1 begged ,mr4 ,james for a story4 ,the fire was slowly dying1 and the occasional flickering flames cast fantastic shadows on the hazel bushes and the trees4 ,we have all heard more or less about strange sights and sounds in places where men have met with violent death1 said ,mr4 ,james by way of beginning his yarn4 ,for instance1 ,i have been told that in this very clearing there grows a peculiar red moss which traces in exact outline the spots on the earth where the old trapper ,smith's life-blood dyed the sod4 ,hunters have told me that no animals ever cross this clearing--that in the dead of winter not even a rabbit track breaks the smooth expanse of snow which is marred only by a ghastly crimson stain where poor old ,smith's body was found4 ,but let me get on with my story4 ,thirteen years ago this very night an old hunchback peddler1 who had been selling his wares in the backwoods settlements1 lost his bearings in the forest and found himself at dusk in this very clearing4 ,being completely exhausted from his wanderings1 he decided to make himself as comfortable as possible for the night4 ,he built a fire in the early evening1 and1 as the embers slowly settled into ashes fell into a half sleep leaning against his pack4 ,just how long he dozed by the fire he could not tell1 nor could he remember exactly what wakened him1 yet suddenly he was startled into consciousness1 every nerve a-tingle with a sense of impending danger4 ,some power he could not sense drew his attention irresistibly to a huge pine tree--that one right there6 ,with his eyes starting from their sockets he sat incapable of movement1 waiting--waiting--when suddenly---- ,out of the pine on which every scout was focusing his gaze came an unmistakable choking1 gasping sound4 ,an instant later a faintly glowing light appeared4 ,great goodness6 ,look there6 exclaimed ,patrol ,leader ,crawford in a husky voice4 ,with a piercing shriek a horrible apparition floated out of the branches of the pine4 ,its white hair was covered with ghastly clots of red4 ,its arms waved wildly1 moving the folds of a flowing white garment splotched with blood4 ,transfixed with horror1 the boys sat frozen in their tracks as ,,the ,,thing rushed toward them4 ,then there came a huge splash in the bobbing tub behind them and an unmistakably human voice exclaimed1 ,oh1 thunder6 ,the voice belonged to ,pepper ,perkins1 and the ,scoutmaster's flashlight revealed its owner in a sitting posture in the tub of water1 whence he had fallen from a low branch of a tree directly over his head4 ,meanwhile the ghost that had floated out of the pine was having troubles of its own4 ,it stopped floating with a sudden jerk and hung suspended in mid-air1 with a pair of khaki legs dangling beneath the flowing garment and kicking around for something solid to stand on1 while a very unghostly voice pleaded1 ,gosh1 sakes6 ,can't you help a feller down8 ,a few turns of the flashlight revealed the whole plot4 ,the ghost had floated on a wire stretched from the huge pine to the smaller one across the clearing4 ,the faintly glowing light was a flashlight enclosed in a paper sack1 the horrible head-dress a piece of old fur robe smeared with red paint1 and the shriek a siren whistle4 ,you have heard how ,death-,rattle ,hill came by its name4 ,and now you know how it came about that ,george ,taylor of the ,glenwood ,scouts acquired the name of ,terry--a name which he bears to this day4 --,courtesy of ,boys' ,life4 ,copyrighted1 #aiah1 by ,boys' ,life1 ,the ,boy ,scouts' ,magazine4 ,,roast ,,chicken ,all begin at the same moment4 ,you may take thirty seconds to prepare to tell this story4 ,an ,american private spied a rooster prowling around a farm house in ,no ,man's ,land just after the ,americans had captured ,very4 ,being hungry1 and having an appetite for roast chicken1 this ,american private decided to crawl up on the rooster and trap him in the building4 ,the ,american was about to lay his hands on the astonished rooster when a ,german entered the rear door of the building bent on the same mission4 ,both were so surprised that they stood for a moment and glared at each other1 then the ,american motioned for the ,german to do a right flank on the prey they were after and both closed in on him4 ,the rooster was captured by the ,american1 who later returned to the ,american lines with both rooster and ,german in tow4 ,later1 at the regimental ,p4 ,c41 the ,german roasted the chicken for his captor1 who shared it with him4 --,association ,men4 ,,why ,,the ,,echo ,,answers ,here is one of the beautiful ,greek myths that everyone is supposed to know4 ,try to read it so carefully in five minutes that you can tell it from start to finish without being questioned or prompted4 ,your teacher will let two or three of you tell the story4 ,perhaps some of you can do it well enough to tell it to one of the lower classes in the school4 ,in the ancient days in ,greece1 people believed not only in the great gods and goddesses1 such as the god of the sea1 the god of the sun1 the goddess of the moon1 or the goddess of the harvest1 but also in many less important beings who took care of smaller things in the world of nature4 ,in every river lived a god1 for whom the stream was named4 ,the woods were full of fair maidens called nymphs1 whom mortal eyes could not see4 ,they had various names1 according to the particular objects which were their care4 ,the nymphs who lived each in her own tree were called dryads2 those who dwelt in the springs and brooks were naiads2 while those whose home was in the rocks and hills were oreads4 ,of all the mountain nymphs1 or oreads1 the most beautiful was a maiden named ,echo4 ,she was one of the troop of maidens who followed and attended ,diana1 the goddess of the woodlands4 ,echo was very faithful to all her tasks1 devoted to her mistress1 and beloved by all her companions4 ,her one fault was that1 like many another girl1 she was too fond of talking4 ,her tongue ran all day long4 ,it did not matter whether or not she had anything important to talk about2 talk she must4 ,the other nymphs were used to it1 and didn't pay much attention2 indeed1 they hardly listened to her1 a thing which often happens to people who never know when to stop talking4 ,but ,juno1 the queen of the gods1 one day grew so tired of ,echo's ceaseless chatter that she condemned her to lose her power to speak1 except to repeat the words of someone who spoke to her4 ,this was hard enough when it meant simply that the maiden could no longer talk to her companions4 ,if you have ever had so severe a cold that you have lost your voice for a day or two1 you know how many things you think of that you want to say simply because you are unable to say them4 ,that was poor ,echo's case1 only it was to last forever instead of for a few days4 ,but far worse than this was to happen to the unfortunate maiden4 ,one day1 not long after she had lost her tongue1 as we say1 she saw for the first time the beautiful youth ,narcissus1 son of one of the river gods4 ,from that moment ,echo's heart was gone as well as her voice1 for she fell in love immediately4 ,but alas6 how could she let him know it8 ,she could not speak at all1 except to mimic his last words whenever he spoke4 ,and his words did not at all express the feelings which she wanted to utter4 ,for instance1 when ,narcissus1 who did not care anything about the lovesick ,echo1 and who was anxious to get away1 cried to her1 ,let us leave one another1 she answered with all her heart1 ,one another1 and tried to hasten after him4 ,but he could not or would not understand1 and did not wait for her4 ,at last ,narcissus1 who you can readily see was not as kind as he was beautiful1 growing utterly weary of having the forlorn nymph pursue him1 said rudely to her1 ,i cannot bear to come near you4 ,near you1 repeated ,echo with all her heart1 ready to fling her arms about his neck4 ,hands off6 he cried1 starting back4 ,i would rather die than thou shouldst have me4 ,have me1 pleaded the unhappy ,echo1 but all in vain4 ,the cruel youth would have nothing to do with her4 ,from that time on she withdrew herself from the company of the other nymphs1 and wandered alone in hidden caves and among the remotest cliffs of the mountains4 ,gradually she faded away till there was nothing left of her but her voice1 which still repeated the last part of any sound she heard4 ,sometimes when you are in the woods or mountains1 if you call aloud1 you will hear your own voice seeming to come back to you like an answer4 ,it is not your voice1 you see1 but that of the unfortunate oread2 so we call the sound that rings and rolls along in answer to our voices1 by the maiden's name1 ,echo4 ,perhaps you would like to know what happened to the unkind ,narcissus4 ,echo was not the only maiden whom he scorned4 ,he avoided all the nymphs1 for the only person whom he really loved was himself4 ,as time went on he loved himself more and more1 especially as he saw the reflection of his own beautiful face in the water4 ,he spent his days stooping over the deep1 still pool that made the best mirror4 ,he talked to his own image in the still surface2 he tried to embrace it1 stooping so far over that he almost fell in4 ,but the mirrored face made no response to all his pleadings4 ,he was being well paid for his treatment of ,echo4 ,at last1 in despair because his love was not returned1 he pined away and died of a broken heart4 ,like other people who love themselves best1 he got no happiness from his vanity and selfishness4 ,perhaps you are wondering why the youth whom ,echo loved bore the name of our delicate white spring flower4 ,it is because that flower first sprang up from the ground on the spot where the beautiful ,narcissus was buried4 --,mabel ,dodge ,holmes4 ,,the ,,fight ,,with ,,the ,,sea ,before you begin to read this selection1 look up the word reclaim4 ,this is a good selection for outlining4 ,you can write four or five topics that will cover the substance of the piece4 ,your teacher will keep track of the time it takes each of you to read the selection and make your outline4 ,there are some learned people who tell us that a great many years ago the island which we call ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,wales was one with the continent of ,europe4 ,they say that the sea gradually made its way through a stretch of low-lying land1 till at last ,great ,britain was completely cut off from the continent4 ,we all know that the ,eastern counties of ,england which face the little country of ,holland are just as flat and marshy as the opposite shores4 ,the farmers and laborers in these countries are continually endeavoring to make good pasture-land of the unhealthy marshes and fens1 as they are called1 and each year sees acres of land reclaimed and turned to good use2 but also each year a little land is stolen from these counties by the greedy sea4 ,the patient ,dutch people on the other shore are carrying on the same kind of work4 ,they make wonderful dykes and drive the sea always a little further and further back2 and though much of their country is actually beneath the level of the sea1 they jealously guard the treasure they have captured1 with so much perseverance and energy that the tyrant sea is kept in subjection4 ,of course1 as the land lies lower than the water1 the natural result would be that the water would flood the land unless it were kept out by an embankment2 and this wonderful little nation1 so brave and daring as to defy the sea1 have surrounded their land with dykes1 which are huge banks towering above the lowlands of the country1 and preventing the sea from obtaining entrance4 ,of course1 these dykes could be made only gradually as the sea was turned from one spot to another by dams and locks1 and these facts will give you a far better proof than any other ,i could find of the wonderful character and the great courage and perseverance of a nation which has reclaimed its fatherland from the sea4 ,you will not be surprised to be told that such a land is very damp and misty4 ,all the surface is cut up by innumerable canals4 ,if you could see the whole country from a height1 it would look like an enormous puzzle4 ,it consists of hundreds of green patches cut up by the waterways1 and decorated with red-roofed villages and towns4 ,through all of these canals flows the same water2 all of them are connected with one another4 ,here and there the canals are wide1 and bear much traffic on their placid surfaces4 ,through miles of green fields wander little baby canals1 draining the pasture-lands1 and bravely carrying barges which drift slowly in single file from one busy centre to another4 ,there are plenty of railways1 but the trains are generally slow1 and in many places the land perceptibly gives way as the heavy train presses it1 so most of the conveyance is done on the canals4 ,it is still part of the everyday life of ,holland to reclaim the stretches of mud and marsh from the sea4 ,when this has been done1 the land is first enclosed with a dyke to prevent any water flowing into it4 ,on the edge of this dyke wind-mills are erected1 each of which works a pump4 ,you remember how every picture of a ,dutch landscape shows a country dotted with windmills with wide-spreading arms and sails4 ,as the mills draw up the water1 it is discharged into a canal1 which takes it to the sea4 ,only fifty years ago1 an immense piece of submerged land called the ,haarlem ,lake was drained and rendered fit for cultivation1 and one of the favorite projects of certain ,dutch ministers is the draining of the ,zuyder ,zee1 an enormous stretch of water of which you have certainly heard1 and which once must have been dry land4 ,when ,i traveled in ,holland1 one of the greatest discomforts which ,i experienced was the want of good drinking water4 ,the ,dutch people are used to it1 and drink a good deal of tea and coffee2 but both are taken so strong and so bitter1 that1 even if made with the purest water1 they would be undrinkable for you and me4 ,once1 when ,i was staying in a tiny village called ,volendam1 ,i had taken a little crying child home to his mother1 whom ,i knew4 ,she wanted to wash his face which ,i could hardly see through dirt and tears1 and from where do you think she drew her water8 ,she lifted a loose board in the floor of her room1 and there1 immediately underneath1 was a canal which passed under her house4 ,the house was built on piles over the water1 and the whole family used this dirty water for everything--to wash in and to cook with and to drink4 ,besides much dirt1 there were two or three tiny fish in the bucket that she took up when ,i was there1 and when ,i asked her if she filtered the water at all for drinking1 she shook her head1 not understanding the reason for anything of the kind4 ,so ,i told her how much better it would be for her and her family if she boiled the water before drinking it2 but she replied that she thought this would take away all the taste4 ,just imagine wanting your water to taste of dirt and fishes6 --,from ,a ,peep at the ,netherlands1 by ,beatrix ,jungman4 ,,agriculture ,here is an article from a cyclopedia for schools4 ,the farther you go in school1 the more frequently you will need to consult such books4 ,in such cases you should learn to turn quickly to the part of this article you want without reading it all through4 ,sometimes the topic you are looking up will be the same as one of the headings in the book4 ,often it will not4 ,instead of reading the whole article1 however1 you will generally be able to judge what heading is likely to cover your topic4 ,if you don't find what you want1 keep looking4 ,for example1 if you wished to find more about wheat1 oats1 poultry or cattle you would turn to other volumes of this cyclopedia and read the special article on the subject you were seeking4 ,your teacher will assign different individuals or different sections of the class one or more of the following topics covered in this selection4 ,of course you will not think that you have in this brief selection anything like a complete discussion of each of these topics4 ,you will1 however1 find something interesting about each of them4 #a4 ,how much time it takes to raise a bushel of corn4 #b4 ,how barren areas can be made productive4 #c4 ,four causes of progress in agriculture4 #d4 ,four different kinds of agriculture4 #e4 ,where ,america raises her cereals4 #f4 ,what agriculture does for each of us4 #g4 ,good roads and the farmer4 #h4 ,things the farmer has to fight4 #i4 ,truck farming4 #aj4 ,where animals thrive4 #aa4 ,agriculture experiment stations4 #ab4 ,changes in agriculture methods4 ,agriculture is the art of cultivating the soil to produce material for feeding and clothing the human race4 ,it is the oldest of all occupations4 ,the first farmer1 says ,emerson1 was the first man1 and all historic nobility rests on possession and use of the land4 ,agriculture is also the most widely-extended of all occupations1 and it lies at the foundation of all other industries4 ,daniel ,webster once said1 ,when tillage begins1 other arts follow4 ,the farmers1 therefore1 are the founders of civilization4 ,unless man were fed and clothed the race would perish4 ,,illustrating ,,its ,,importance4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,adams with their children1 ,john1 aged #ad1 and ,mary1 aged #ab1 lived in the city4 ,like many other city children1 ,john and ,mary knew but little of the country1 and did not seriously consider farming or anything connected with it4 ,their father and mother1 however1 had come from the farm1 and they decided to help ,john and ,mary to obtain correct ideas of the country and of a life such as they lived in their younger days4 ,john1 where did this bread come from8 asked ,mr4 ,adams1 at dinner4 ,why1 mother bought it at the baker's1 ,i suppose4 ,very well1 but where did the baker get it8 ,oh1 ,i know1 said ,mary1 he makes it4 ,but what is it made of8 continued the father4 ,there is flour in it1 said ,john1 and water1 and--and--lots of other things4 ,a boy never knows anything about cooking2 let me tell1 said ,mary4 ,bread is made of flour1 water and yeast and--what else do they put in it1 mother8 ,i don't see as you know much more about it than ,i do1 said ,john4 ,you children can learn how to make bread some other time1 said ,mr4 ,adams2 ,i want to know where the baker got his flour4 ,he bought it of the wholesale grocer1 replied ,john4 ,well1 where did the grocer get it8 ,that is about as far as ,i can go1 said ,john4 ,i have often wondered where all the things we eat come from1 but ,i have so many things to study in school that ,i don't have time to read about anything more4 ,well1 replied the father1 suppose we make a little study of these things at dinner4 ,let us begin with the bread4 ,what you and ,mary have said is true1 but we need to look into the subject a little further1 if we would know the real source from which we obtain bread and all other articles of food4 ,the real source of all these is the farm1 and were it not for the farmers all the people who live in the city1 as we do1 should soon be without food4 ,why1 ,i never thought of that before2 ,i never supposed the farmer amounted to much1 anyway1 said ,john4 ,mary expressed a similar idea1 and both asked their father to tell them about those common articles of food which we all eat without giving a thought to the source from which they come or the labor required to prepare them for our use4 ,during the next few days ,mr4 ,adams took the children on a number of imaginary journeys4 ,with him they visited in fancy the great wheat fields of the ,dakotas and ,canada1 the corn belt in ,illinois and ,iowa1 the cattle ranches of ,texas and ,montana1 the fruit orchards of the ,pacific states1 the dairy farms and creameries of ,wisconsin1 the sugar plantations of ,louisiana1 the beet farms of ,michigan and ,colorado1 and the poultry farms near some of our great cities4 ,then he took them to far-off lands--to the coffee plantations of ,brazil1 the tea gardens of ,formosa1 the rice plantations of ,china and the spice groves of ,india4 ,before these imaginary excursions were ended1 ,john and ,mary learned that everything they ate1 except salt1 came from a farm in some part of the world and that agriculture was carried on in every country4 ,but ,mr4 ,adams did not stop here4 ,in the same delightful way he led the children to the study of cotton1 flax1 wool1 and silk1 so that they were convinced that we depend upon the farm for what we wear as well as for what we eat4 ,in their minds the farmer at once became a very important individual4 ,,progress ,,of ,,agriculture4--,agriculture began when the first man selected plants for his food4 ,his next step was to scratch the ground with a stick and plant seed4 ,then he took a forked stick and made a plow of it4 ,two or more men hauled this plow while another held it in position4 ,but this labor was too hard1 so man tamed the ox and the ass and made them do the hauling and the carrying of his burdens1 as well4 ,from these simple beginnings1 agriculture has advanced through the centuries until to-day traction engines haul over our great wheat fields gang plows that turn more than fifty furrows at a time4 ,later these same engines haul over the fields of ripened grain a machine which at one operation harvests1 thrashes and sacks the grain ready for market--does everything1 one humorist says1 except to cash the check for the crop4 ,such has been the progress in agriculture since the middle of the last century that the labor of producing a bushel of wheat with the most modern appliances has been reduced from a little over three hours to about ten minutes4 ,formerly it required four and one-half hours' labor to produce a bushel of corn2 now it requires less than forty minutes4 ,then1 it took thirty-five and one-half hours' labor to grow a ton of hay2 now1 it takes eleven hours and thirty-four minutes4 ,but this is not all4 ,production has been increased many fold2 new and better varieties of grains1 vegetables1 fruits and live stock are being constantly produced2 the use of agricultural machinery has enabled the farmer to give more attention to the business side of his affairs1 and the best farms are now operated on a systematic plan which includes both the fields and the home4 ,,causes ,,of ,,progress4--,while the progress of agriculture may seem to have been slow1 it has advanced about as rapidly as other arts4 ,the more rapid advance of recent times is due chiefly to the following causes3 ,transportation4--,it is of no advantage to the farmer to raise crops that he cannot market2 therefore1 good roads form one of the most essential conditions to his success4 ,of these the country has far too few1 but railways have become so numerous that most farms are now within a few miles of a station if not directly on the railway itself4 ,increased facilities for marketing his crop have greatly increased the farmers' production4 ,machinery4--,the machines which have done most towards the progress of agriculture are the harvester1 or reaping machine1 the gang plow1 the seeder and the horse hoe4 ,what these have accomplished in reducing the cost of production is told in the preceding paragraph4 ,without these inventions cultivation of the large farms in the ,prairie states and the ,canadian provinces of the ,northwest would be impossible4 ,many other machines have also contributed their share4 ,among these are the steam thrasher1 the traction engine1 the gasoline engine1 and the cream separator4 ,moreover1 we must not forget the improvement in the simpler farm implements such as the hoe1 the spade1 the rake1 and the ax1 which1 by being made lighter and of better material than in the long-ago1 have enabled those using them to do more work with less expenditure of strength4 ,chemistry4--,the application of chemistry to soils1 plants1 and fertilizers lies at the foundation of scientific agriculture4 ,the farmer can now learn from the nearest agricultural experiment station what fertilizer is best suited to his soil and what crops he can grow with greatest success4 ,agricultural chemistry is now applied to the study of soils1 of plant food and of fertilizers wherever there is an agricultural college4 ,education4--,not many years ago the average farmer was glad to express his contempt for what he styled book farming4 ,happily1 that day is past1 and agricultural education 7see subheading1 below7 now occupies an important position in the educational systems of all civilized countries4 ,in the ,united ,states and ,canada the demand for graduates from agricultural colleges and high schools is greater than these institutions are able to supply4 ,furthermore1 the outlook for supervisors and teachers of agriculture is so promising that young men from the city constitute no inconsiderable portion of the student body of these institutions4 ,this is the beginning of a right sort of movement from the city to the country1 and it is increasing4 ,scientific ,agriculture4--,all the foregoing movements have combined to make agriculture a science as well as an art4 ,the influence of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations extends to the remotest regions1 and everywhere the trained scientist is helping the farmer to solve his problems and to make his farm more profitable4 ,no longer can the old hit-or-miss methods maintain themselves in competition with the scientific methods of the new agriculture1 which in the near future will not only render productive vast areas still barren1 but also reclaim the so-called worn-out farms and repopulate with prosperous families those which have been abandoned4 ,prevention of ,disease4--,the application of scientific methods to the study of those diseases of plants and animals which are ever robbing the farmer of his profits constitutes one of the most important contributions of science to agriculture1 and is saving annually millions of dollars to the farmers4 ,while not all of these diseases are conquered1 many of them have been2 the ravages of others have been checked1 and new victories are gained each year4 ,insect ,pests4--,what has been said about the study of disease applies with equal force to the study of destructive insects4 ,these pests also deprive the farmer of a portion of his income every season1 and1 now and then1 they destroy his crop altogether4 ,through the discoveries made by the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington and in ,canada by the same department of government1 and at the various experiment stations1 we are now able to deal successfully with these pests on the ,american continent4 ,,branches4--,agriculture is so widely extended over the earth and so varied in its industries that it is naturally divided into a number of branches4 ,while many farmers are interested in several of these branches1 each gives special attention to one or two4 ,the farmer in the corn belt1 for instance1 makes corn the chief product of his land1 but he must give enough attention to growing other crops and to dairying to produce sufficient food for his family and live stock1 unless he would purchase this food at an expense considerably greater than would be required to raise it4 ,likewise1 the dairy husbandman must raise most of the feed for his herd to make his business profitable4 ,the following are the chief branches of agriculture in ,america3 ,raising ,cereals4--,in some regions the soil and climate are especially suited to raising cereals4 ,for instance1 ,canada1 ,minnesota and ,north ,dakota are adapted to raising spring wheat1 and this constitutes their chief crop4 ,on the other hand1 ,kansas is especially suited to raising winter wheat4 ,illinois and ,iowa are the great corn states1 because of the particular adaptation of the soil and climate of the corn belt to the production of this cereal4 ,the growing of cereals is more widely extended than any other branch of agriculture4 ,other ,crops4--,in some of the ,northern states having a cool climate and in ,southern ,canada1 flax is extensively grown on new soil4 ,potatoes are also successful in these regions4 ,oats is an extensive crop throughout the northern half of the ,united ,states and in most of the ,canadian provinces4 ,in ,texas1 ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 and a number of the other ,southern states1 cotton constitutes the chief source of revenue4 ,fodder crops1 including corn for ensilage1 clover1 timothy and alfalfa1 are also of great importance in those localities where live stock is raised or dairying is the chief line of agricultural industry4 ,horticulture4--,horticulture is that branch of agriculture which includes the raising of flowers1 garden vegetables1 and fruit4 ,the growing of vegetables and other garden produce for market is usually called truck farming1 and this branch of horticulture is very common near large cities and in those localities where soil and climate admit of raising two or more crops a year4 ,the raising of fruit is probably the most extensive branch of horticulture1 particularly in those regions which depend upon irrigation for their supply of water4 ,all forms of horticulture are intensified farming--that is1 the thorough cultivation of small tracts of land that is highly fertilized4 ,live ,stock4--,some localities are especially adapted to raising live stock4 ,iowa and ,illinois1 for instance raise large numbers of hogs1 which are fattened on corn4 ,iowa also raises beef cattle4 ,kentucky is noted for its fine horses2 ,montana1 ,wyoming1 and several other states contain extensive grazing lands where thousands of sheep find pasturage1 and in ,texas beef cattle are raised in large numbers4 ,dairy ,husbandry4--,sections of the country having a cool climate1 an abundance of pure water1 and soil adapted to growing alfalfa and other ensilage crops are suited to dairying1 and this branch of agriculture is of great importance in those states4 ,poultry4--,the proceeds from the poultry raised in the ,united ,states exceed those received from the wheat crop2 strange as this statement may seem1 the hen is a mighty asset4 ,some poultry is found on nearly every farm1 but there are numerous small farms which are devoted entirely to raising chickens1 and when rightly managed1 they prove a profitable investment4 --,from ,the ,world ,book4 ,courtesy of ,w4 ,f4 ,quarrie ,co4 ,,can ,,you ,,do ,,this ,,one8 ,here is another little nonsense test4 ,be sure that you do exactly as the test directs4 ,at the top of your paper copy the longest of these three words3 boy1 noise1 trouble--and then1 if there are more than seven letters in the word that you have just written1 write the figure #g underneath the word1 but if not1 do not write anything but pass on to the next paragraph4 ,if you think that ,christopher ,columbus used an ocean steamer to discover ,america make three crosses at the bottom of your paper1 but if you think he must have used a canoe make only two crosses4 ,now no matter whether there are five days in the week or not1 write five days in the center of your paper1 sign your first name below it and hand in your answers4 ,,the ,,inchcape ,,rock ,read the poem through as fast as you can1 but not so fast as to fail to get the full meaning4 ,when all have finished1 your teacher will ask you to write the story the poem tells4 ,it will be interesting to keep track of the exact time it takes each of you to read the poem and to see whether those who read it more quickly tell the story better than those who read more slowly4 ,can you take in every word without speaking1 whispering1 or moving your lips8 ,no stir in the air1 no stir in the sea1 ,the ship was as still as she could be1 ,her sails from heaven received no motion1 ,her keel was steady in the ocean4 ,without either sign or sound of their shock ,the waves flow over the ,inchcape ,rock2 ,so little they rose1 so little they fell1 ,they did not move the ,inchcape ,bell4 ,the good old ,abbot of ,aberbrothok ,had placed that bell on the ,inchcape ,rock2 ,on a buoy in the storm it floated and swung1 ,and over the waves its warning rung4 ,when the ,rock was hid by the surges' swell1 ,the mariners heard the warning bell2 ,and then they knew the perilous ,rock1 ,and blest the ,abbot of ,aberbrothok4 ,the sun in heaven was shining gay1 ,all things were joyful on that day2 ,the sea-birds scream'd as they wheel'd round1 ,and there was joyance in their sound4 ,the buoy of the ,inchcape ,bell was seen ,a darker speck on the ocean green2 ,sir ,ralph the ,rover walk'd his deck1 ,and he fix'd his eye on the darker speck4 ,he felt the cheering power of spring1 ,it made him whistle1 it made him sing2 ,his heart was mirthful to excess1 ,but the ,rover's mirth was wickedness4 ,his eye was on the ,inchcape float2 ,quoth he1 ,my men1 put out the boat1 ,and row me to the ,inchcape ,rock1 ,and ,i'll plague the priest of ,aberbrothok4 ,the boat is lower'd1 the boatmen row1 ,and to the ,inchcape ,rock they go2 ,sir ,ralph bent over from the boat1 ,and he cut the bell from the ,inchcape float4 ,down sunk the bell1 with a gurgling sound1 ,the bubbles rose and burst around2 ,quoth ,sir ,ralph1 ,the next who comes to the ,rock ,won't bless the ,abbot of ,aberbrothok4 ,sir ,ralph the ,rover sail'd away1 ,he scour'd the seas for many a day2 ,and now grown rich with plundered store1 ,he steers his course for ,scotland's shore4 ,so thick a haze o'erspreads the sky ,they cannot see the sun on high2 ,the wind hath blown a gale all day1 ,at evening it hath died away4 ,on the deck the ,rover takes his stand1 ,so dark it is they see no land4 ,quoth ,sir ,ralph1 ,it will be lighter soon1 ,for there is the dawn of the rising moon4 ,can'st hear1 said one1 the breakers roar8 ,for methinks we should be near the shore2 ,now where we are ,i cannot tell1 ,but ,i wish ,i could hear the ,inchcape ,bell4 ,they hear no sound1 the swell is strong2 ,though the wind hath fallen1 they drift along1 ,till the vessel strikes with a shivering shock2 ,cried they1 ,it is the ,inchcape ,rock6 ,sir ,ralph the ,rover tore his hair1 ,he curst himself in his despair2 ,the waves rush in on every side1 ,the ship is sinking beneath the tide4 ,but even in his dying fear ,one dreadful sound could the ,rover hear1 ,a sound as if with the ,inchcape ,bell1 ,the fiends below were ringing his knell4 --,robert ,southey4 ,,some ,,definitions ,such a poem as this one is called a ballad4 ,a ballad always tells a story2 it is never a very long poem2 and it is always a poem of the sort that could be set to music and sung4 ,each group of lines in any poem is called a stanza1 not a verse1 as perhaps you have been used to calling it4 ,in this poem you see that there are stanzas of four lines each4 ,two lines that rhyme with each other are called a couplet4 ,how many couplets are there in each stanza8 ,can you find the two words from which the most rhymes are made8 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,morgarten ,can you read this selection thoroughly in four minutes8 ,some of you can read it in less time than that4 ,one of the most really democratic countries in the world today is ,switzerland1 the little republic among the ,alps4 ,it has a long and glorious history1 for it is the earliest of modern republics4 ,its sections1 instead of being called states1 are called cantons4 ,switzerland originally belonged to ,austria1 in the early days when ,austria was ruled not by an emperor but by a duke4 ,the dukes of ,austria were cruel tyrants1 and this story tells how the ,swiss mountaineers first began to free themselves from ,austrian rule1 in the battle of ,morgarten in the year #acae4 ,as you read the story1 notice3 #a4 ,the differences between ,swiss and ,austrians in numbers and equipment4 #b4 ,what gave the ,swiss an advantage over the ,austrians4 ,there are people who doubt the story of ,william ,tell and ,gessler1 the ,swiss archer and the ,austrian tyrant2 but no one can doubt the great and decisive victory won at ,morgarten by the ,swiss on the #aeth of ,november1 #acae4 ,three cantons beside the lake--,schwyz1 ,uri1 and ,unterwalden3 the three ,forest ,cantons1 as they were called1 because of their great woods--were resolved to be free of ,austrian rule4 ,the ,austrian ,duke determined to crush them once and for all4 ,he regarded it as a very easy matter4 ,he had vast numbers of horsemen and footmen1 all splendidly armed and well trained in warfare2 his opponents were a few peasants1 who clung to their native hills1 and loved freedom1 and were ready to die for it4 ,the ,austrians looked upon the affair as a mere hunting excursion4 ,they provided themselves with cartloads of ropes to lead back prisoners and the herds of cattle they expected to seize4 ,when the men of the forest heard that their enemies were marching upon them1 they gathered to defend their rights as freemen4 ,they mustered thirteen hundred fighting men1 armed with the rudest of weapons1 many having nothing in their hands save heavy clubs1 spiked with iron4 ,but before night fell those spiked clubs had been dipped in the best blood of ,austria4 ,twenty-four thousand of the ,duke's finest troops1 led by his brother ,leopold1 advanced against these shepherds and herdsmen1 and the two armies met on the slopes of ,morgarten4 ,at this point a narrow pass ascends the hill-side2 upon one side of the pass lies the mountain1 upon the other the deep waters of the lake4 ,at the head of the pass stood the small band of ,swiss1 calmly surveying the splendid host of steel-clad knights and men-at-arms which rode against them4 ,the ,austrians pushed up the slope confident of victory4 ,but as the latter rode up the pass an avalanche was loosed upon them--not an avalanche of snow1 but one prepared by the ,swiss themselves4 ,great stones1 rocks1 and trunks of trees had been poised on the edge of the heights above the pass4 ,when the ,austrians were seen below1 these were thrust over the brink of the descent1 and came rolling1 leaping1 thundering down the mountainside1 and crashing in among the horsemen4 ,many were struck down1 and the horses became so terrified that the whole body of the assailants was thrown into utter confusion4 ,here was the opportunity of the ,swiss1 and they did not let it slip4 ,down the pass they swept upon the bewildered foe1 and assailed them furiously with their swords1 their halberds 7a heavy shaft of wood fitted with axe and spear-point71 and with their great iron-spiked clubs4 ,the ,austrians tried to turn back and escape1 but in vain4 ,they were caught in the narrow pass as in a net4 ,many sprang from their horses and tried to get away on foot2 but they slipped on the rocks1 and the nimble mountaineers1 whose nailed shoes gave them good foothold on their native slopes1 and who were used to climbing over perilous heights1 caught and destroyed them easily4 ,it was hardly a battle3 it was a mere slaughter4 ,great numbers of the ,austrians were slain on the spot2 many were driven into the lake and drowned2 the rest fled4 ,among the latter was ,duke ,leopold1 who himself narrowly escaped with his life4 ,one who saw him on his flight from this fatal field said that he looked like death1 and quite distracted4 ,well might he look distracted4 ,he had left behind him a battleground drenched with the best blood of ,austria2 while of the brave ,swiss only fourteen men had fallen4 ,the latter could scarce believe at first that they had won so mighty a victory2 but when they saw the ,austrians flying for their lives1 and knew that the day was indeed their own1 they fell on their knees upon this forever famous field of ,morgarten1 and thanked ,god for deliverance from the power of ,austria2 and to this day a service of thanksgiving is held every year on the anniversary of that great fight4 ,year by year1 on the #aeth of ,november1 ,swiss men and women visit that sacred spot where the liberty of their land was won in one of the decisive battles of the world1 for after ,morgarten the ,forest ,cantons never lost their freedom again4 --,from ,a ,peep at ,switzerland1 by ,john ,finnemore4 ,,finding ,,opposites ,this is another drill that asks you to make a careful choice of words4 ,do not write your name at the top of the paper this time1 but beginning on the first line1 write the figures #a to #ab in the margin4 ,below are ten sets of words4 ,in each set1 the first word is followed by four other words4 ,among these four words there is one that is exactly opposite in meaning to the first word in the group4 ,look at the first group4 ,,summer is the first word4 ,of the four words that follow it which one is the opposite in meaning to ,,summer8 ,,winter1 of course4 ,write this pair of opposites after figure #a on your paper as follows3 #a4 ,,summer ,,winter ,after figure #b write the second pair of opposites3 #b4 ,,tight ,,loose ,complete the drill by selecting the opposites from each remaining group1 and writing them after the proper figure on your paper4 ,when finished1 sign your name in the lower right-hand corner of your paper and wait quietly for the others4 #a4 ,,summer 7snow1 winter1 skating1 ,january74 #b4 ,,tight 7small1 larger1 loose1 bind74 #c4 ,,long 7straight1 heavy1 short1 reach74 #d4 ,,left 7before1 right1 corner1 wrong74 #e4 ,,storm 7calm1 rain1 sun1 wind74 #f4 ,,round 7box1 cake1 seat1 square74 #g4 ,,beautiful 7picture1 flower1 girl1 ugly74 #h4 ,,cold 7winter1 ice1 warm1 weather74 #i4 ,,help 7mother1 book1 lift1 hinder74 #aj4 ,,rough 7place1 smooth1 cotton1 paper74 #aa4 ,,sweet 7candy1 sour1 smile1 lemon74 #ab4 ,,polite 7courtesy1 manners1 rude1 clumsy74 ,,what ,,mekolka ,,knows ,here is a story of ,mekolka1 a little boy whose home is in the far northern part of ,russia4 ,mekolka is a ,samoyad2 that is1 a dweller on the northern coast of ,russia or ,siberia4 ,the ,tundra is a wide1 almost level plain without any trees4 ,as you read1 make a list of the things ,mekolka can do with his hands4 ,what do you think a disha must be8 ,what is a toor8 ,mekolka does not know how to read print1 but he can read in the book of all out-doors4 ,what is the lesson he knows best8 ,mekolka's clothes have queer ,russian names4 ,see if you can tell1 from the way each is described1 what is a militza1 what is a soveek1 and what are pimmies8 ,how does ,mekolka keep track of the months and days8 ,if you were a little ,samoyad boy1 it is more than likely that you would not go to school1 unless you were one of a family that went off in a procession of sleighs at the beginning of every winter to some small town on the ,petchora1 or even farther on to ,mezen or ,archangel on the ,white ,sea4 ,then there would be some small school for you to go to while the days were dark1 till the approach of spring brought with it a new packing up and long sleigh drive back to the haunts of seal and walrus4 ,but it is just as likely that there would be no school and no lessons4 ,mekolka1 for instance1 though he has picked up a little learning--a very little--from the ,russian traders1 and from friends who have traveled over the ,tundra1 knows very few of the things you know4 ,but he can use his fingers with great skill1 and if he cannot write much1 he can make a beautiful pattern with one knife on the horn handle of another one4 ,in fact1 he is quite skilful in carving the reindeer horns4 ,he is always on the lookout for a good piece of horn1 and whenever he finds the shed antlers of a reindeer--for the deer cast off their antlers and grow new ones every spring--he picks them up and puts them to season4 ,there are regular piles of these antlers about4 ,it is the custom for everyone to put the ones he finds on to one of these heaps1 and to take the horn he wants to work from the more seasoned pieces at the bottom of the heap4 ,mekolka always chooses his piece with great care1 cuts it down to the right shape1 and as often as not decorates it with a metal pattern4 ,for this he has to cut his design in a regular groove all over the horn4 ,having got his grooves deep and wide enough he puts some white-looking metal on the fire in a piece of wood scooped out like a cup4 ,the metal soon melts1 and ,mekolka pours it into the groove and prevents it from running off by holding a piece of paper tight round the horn4 ,the metal cools1 and the edges are cut away4 ,then he polishes it with sand1 after which he possesses a beautiful knife-handle4 ,sometimes ,mekolka goes in for ornaments without regard to use1 and makes himself a ring4 ,this time he makes the groove in a round piece of wood1 which he has pared down to the right size1 and runs in the same metal as before1 with the piece of paper held tight1 to support the metal on the under side4 ,then he cuts away the wood1 and brings out knife and sand for the finishing2 at the end he puts it on his finger with a look of proud content4 ,some of the patterns he makes on the knife-handles are really very beautiful1 so that the ,russian traders are glad to take them away in return for snuff and tobacco4 ,mekolka can make a sleigh and mend it when required1 throw the disha when he wants to catch a reindeer1 and bring it round its horn at the first throw4 ,he can harness a team of five correctly1 and drive them like the wind4 ,at the gullies he is splendid2 he puts the deer to a gallop when he sees the ravine ahead2 then over they go1 sleigh and all1 ,mekolka sitting there1 proud and unmoved4 ,sometimes the ravine cannot be treated this way4 ,then ,mekolka brings the team up to the edge and holds his toor--the long driving pole--across them to make them stand evenly4 ,then he dexterously removes the pole and shouts to the deer2 at once they leap together across the cleft and climb up the steep snow wall on the other side by the grip of their outspread hoofs4 ,they are not long at the top with the sleigh before ,mekolka has slithered down and scrambled up the walls of the ravine1 where they are less steep and where the ravine is not quite so narrow4 ,he is quickly on to his sleigh again while the deer race forwards4 ,it is cold work racing through the chill air1 which is frequently thick with an icy mist2 but ,mekolka is clad from head to foot in fur4 ,his militza of reindeer-skin with fur inside often has a hood and mittens attached to it and covers him like a smock from head to knees4 ,on his feet he wears pimmies1 which reach up to the militza1 and are generally made of sealskin with the fur cut into strips to form an attractive pattern4 ,over the militza he sometimes puts a soveek1 the ,samoyad overcoat4 ,here the fur is worn outside1 and the garment is big and roomy4 ,after a long journey the reindeer must be unharnessed for feeding4 ,they find their own food1 of course1 and ,mekolka seizes the chance to go to sleep4 ,he always goes to sleep in the same queer way2 he sits down on the ground1 pulls his arms out of the sleeves1 and then lies flat on his back4 ,the empty sleeves stretch out stiffly by his side1 and look1 of course1 as though the arms are in them1 though the hands have found a warmer spot inside on his chest4 ,the air on the ,tundra1 and1 indeed1 in all the ,arctic region has a curious way of deceiving the traveler4 ,it makes things look like something else4 ,take a day when the sunshine lights up the scene and the grey1 lichen-covered mounds take wonderful colors in the distance from the blue sky and the haze4 ,though lakes of water appear to grow and fill the far-off hollows1 ,mekolka knows they are not lakes1 but little snowdrifts4 ,it is the mirage that plays these little tricks4 ,so when he sees mighty ships sailing over the sea1 he knows it is nothing more than blocks of ice1 while what looks like a great headland on the coast is nothing but a little mound thirty or forty feet high4 ,and if1 when alone1 he sees half a dozen other ,samoyads come to the river-bank within a couple of hundred yards and then stop while one sits on a stone1 he doesn't call out or walk toward them2 he knows quite well that in a minute or two they will form themselves into a group of bernacle geese1 or a family of snow buntings2 in fact1 he is quite prepared to hear one suddenly burst into song 7for the snow bunting is the gayest warbler of the ,arctic71 and to find a cleft in the peat where there will be a nest1 lined with dead grasses and the white feathers of the willow-grouse1 and holding half a dozen eggs4 ,he knows every bird that flies overhead1 and can name them1 too1 though his names are very different from ours4 ,he knows that the snow bunting arrives about the middle of ,april1 and he begins to watch for its appearance as soon as the days are getting long4 ,he has no calendar of months and days to look at1 but he makes notches on a stick--one for each day1 with an extra cut at the seventh--and he is just as quick in glancing at his stick and telling you the date as an ,american boy would be with his printed calendar4 ,he will watch for the purple sandpiper in ,may1 and find its eggs in ,june1 though they are very hard to find for anyone with eyes less trained than ,mekolka's4 ,the nest is always built in some hollow among the ,arctic willow or lichen1 and the eggs are difficult enough to see1 as is the bird itself when sitting on them--they all look so exactly like the ground4 ,and the bird will let you come ever so close to her--in fact1 almost tread on her--before she will leave her cherished eggs4 ,mekolka can tell you about the behavior of the little stint when he came upon her nest one day4 ,it had four precious eggs in it4 ,when the old bird found she was really discovered1 she jigged about like an acrobat1 squeaked like a mouse1 and did everything she could to take off ,mekolka's attention from the nest4 ,as that did not work1 the little bird twittered and pretended to be lame1 running about as though asking to be caught2 but all she wanted was that no one should notice that deep hole in the ground half full of dried birch-leaves where her four cherished eggs were laid4 ,the little stint had been into a creek in ,scotland early in ,june1 and wanted to get back there with four chicks before the end of ,july4 ,she did not want to lose those eggs and go back all that long journey without any little ones4 ,not that she is very kind to them after they begin to grow1 for on the very earliest opportunity she kicks them out of the nest to teach them self-reliance6 --,from ,finn and ,samoyad4 ,imagine that you have been for a long visit to ,mekolka4 ,your teacher will call on some one to come to the front of the class to tell about each of the following experiences3 #a4 ,helping ,mekolka make a horn knife-handle4 #b4 ,a ride with ,mekolka4 #c4 ,being fooled by a mirage4 #d4 ,some birds ,i saw with ,mekolka4 ,,the ,,bear',s ,,night ,you should all begin reading at the same moment4 ,when you have finished1 close your book and raise your hand4 ,your teacher will divide the class into three equal groups according to speed4 ,she will ask you to write answers to the questions given at the end of the story and will appoint a committee of one pupil from each group to look the answers over and report which of the three groups has given the best answers4 ,have you seen the brown bears at the ,zoo8 ,do you remember how restlessly they walk up and down1 or stand on their hind legs and wave their noses in the air8 ,you will not wonder at it1 when you read how independent a bear is at home1 and how cozily he spends the long1 dark winter4 ,it would seem that within or near the ,arctic ,circle ,nature gives a big yawn at the end of her energetic summer1 and settles down to her long winter sleep4 ,certainly some of her children prepare for sleep with plenty of care1 especially ,bruin1 the big brown bear of ,finland4 ,even in the summer he goes sniffing round in the strong marshlands of the north or in the forests to the east4 ,that will make a good couch for me1 he thinks1 as he spies a cosy nook among some big boulders4 ,he makes a note of the place1 and goes on to look at other possible sites4 ,he decides nothing then1 but waits till the snow comes4 ,then the house-hunting must be undertaken seriously1 and he tramps through the soft white carpet1 leaving a well-marked spoor to tell the tale of his journeys4 ,he is very fat after his summer feast of berries and roots1 and his heavy body ploughs a deep furrow along the snow4 ,when once he has fixed on his boulders or tree trunks1 he becomes very suspicious1 and spends several days walking round and round his lodgings1 on the watch for an enemy4 ,he wants to be quite sure that no one can see him go to rest1 and by going all round in a ring he catches the wind whichever way it may be blowing4 ,if he scents danger he is off1 and so fleet of foot is he that no hunter can catch him4 ,in short1 ,master ,bruin is so much on the alert that it takes a very wary hunter to catch him before he goes to rest4 ,bruin is a good weather-prophet1 and can sniff the signs of a coming snow-storm better than most2 so when at last he has chosen his couch he arranges to nestle down in it just as a heavy fall of snow is coming which will1 he knows1 cover up both his trail and himself1 and so conceal all his traces from the curious4 ,sometimes he is a little out in his calculations1 for his furrows are so deep that nothing short of a gale1 with its heavy drifts of snow1 will quite obliterate them4 ,the hunter ,finn1 however1 has been watching1 and has marked ,bruin in his quest4 ,he finds the spoor before it is lost1 and travels along it till it enters some wood or hiding place4 ,then on his skis1 or snowshoes1 he starts across it and describes a big circle4 ,if he cuts the spoor again farther on1 he knows that ,bruin has not yet halted1 so another circle must be described4 ,but if the ski-er comes back to the first line of spoor without having crossed it again1 then honey paws must be within his circuit4 ,the hunter keeps his secret to himself and tells no one1 because he will get the money for the skin1 and also a reward from the ,government for killing the animal4 ,there is no hurry1 for the bear1 when once settled in his snug quarters1 will doze away quite comfortably through the winter4 ,his ears and nose1 however1 seem to keep awake1 even though his eyes are shut1 and a scent of danger will cause him to move quickly and silently away to a new couch4 ,as spring approaches1 the ,finn tells a few of his chosen friends about the matter1 and together they go off to hunt ,flatnose1 as they often call him1 before he wakes up1 thin and hungry1 after his six months' fast4 ,warily they search1 till they see a mass of snow covering a heap of rocks or a pile of fallen pine-trees4 ,then they whisper3 ,the bear is sleeping under that heap of snow4 ,they fire a few guns1 the dogs bark1 the men shout2 altogether the bear receives a very effective morning call4 ,he is very easily awakened1 but he is in no haste to show himself1 and waits while he thinks over matters1 and prepares for a strategic and rapid retreat1 for he has met danger before1 and found his fleetness his greatest defence4 ,in the meantime the hunters have fired a few shots into his retreat in the hope of stinging him into action1 but they probably hit only his protective stones4 ,then they gather twigs and branches together and light a bonfire at his very door1 or what they guess to be his door1 trusting that the wind will carry the smoke to his nostrils4 ,some of their efforts succeed in their object2 there is an upheaving of the snow2 ,flatnose pushes out his head4 ,then follow the shoulders and front paws1 and soon the huge brown body rises as he sits upright on his haunches4 ,he gives a terrific growl1 which shows he is not to be trifled with2 and1 indeed1 this is his most dangerous time1 for he is very hungry after his long foodless sleep1 and ready to attack anything--cow1 reindeer1 or man4 ,the dogs are much too frightened to go near him4 ,they bark at a distance4 ,one man fires a shot and hits4 ,the bear shows his teeth and hisses as he makes a rush forwards4 ,another shot makes him look round1 and the dogs grow bolder4 ,a shot in the muzzle makes him quite furious1 and he springs at one of the dogs4 ,he catches one dog by the back and flings it howling over the snow4 ,then he springs at the other1 and tears his ear or paw4 ,wild with fury1 he rushes toward his attackers1 but between them he is soon laid low1 and carried off in a sleigh4 ,his skin alone will be worth many dollars1 and the flesh more1 so that with the ,government grant1 the men will have a comfortable little sum each as a result of their hunting4 ,it is not without danger1 this bear-hunt1 neither is it certain of success2 for if the bear once dodges the early shots1 he will manage to get through the trees and disappear in a way that is almost uncanny4 ,so when a man has once been on a bear-hunt and brought his prey safely home1 he becomes a hero in his village4 --,from ,finn and ,samoyad4 ,draw a diagram1 showing3 #a4 ,a hollow tree4 #b4 ,a pile of rocks4 #c4 ,a fallen pine-tree4 #d4 ,the track made by the bear in seeking a winter bed4 #e4 ,the bear's stopping place4 #f4 ,the track made by the hunter in a circle4 ,you will have to indicate the two tracks by two different kinds of lines4 ,what is a spoor8 ,,is ,,it ,,the ,,same ,,bear8 ,in ,longfellow's ,hiawatha1 the poet describes a bear asleep1 as follows3 ,he had stolen the ,belt of ,wampum1 ,from the ,great ,bear of the mountains1 ,from the terror of the nations1 ,as he lay asleep and cumbrous ,on the summit of the mountains1 ,like a rock with mosses on it1 ,spotted brown and gray with mosses4 ,,the ,,chinese ,,new ,,year',s ,,day ,at ,new ,year time ,hok-a1 the ,chinese boy1 and ,gold-needle1 his sister1 and their cousins always have plenty of fun4 ,their grandmother once told them a story of why there was always so much feasting then4 ,she said3 ,they tell us that the people of long ago had a saying that on the last day of the twelfth month a great flood would drown everyone4 ,when the people of that time heard this1 they were very sad1 and thought1 ',now we are going to die1 let us take the food we have and eat1 and the clothes we have and dress up gaily'4 ,so they took rice1 and fried rice-cakes1 and prepared strained rice and basins of vegetables1 in order to take leave of their ancestors4 7,the 'ancestors' mean the spirits of their ancestors1 who are supposed to live in wooden tablets kept on a table placed against the wall of the chief room47 ,when they had worshipped the ancestors1 all the family sat together round the table to eat their rice and put a little stove underneath because it was winter1 and they needed a fire to warm themselves4 ,on that night they shut the door very close and put a prop against it4 ,they did not dare to go to sleep1 but watched anxiously for the flood to come4 ,at daybreak they opened the door1 and discovered that there was no flood4 ,that was ,new ,year's ,day4 ,they immediately ran out to visit their friends and relatives1 and found that none of them had been drowned either2 so they all congratulated one another1 and drank tea and wine4 ,from that time there have always been feasting and visiting and congratulations at ,new ,year4 ,hok-a and ,gold-needle have been looking forward to the holiday for a long time4 ,all the people in the house have been busy for days4 ,the dust and dirt of the year has been swept from the house into the street4 ,the men have been hurrying about collecting any money that was owing to them1 for no bills must be left over till ,new ,year4 ,mother and aunts have been sitting by the door to catch the light to darn1 and mend1 and make1 for everyone must have something fine to wear on ,new ,year's day4 ,such a cooking goes on the day before6 and such a frying of rice flour cakes you never saw4 ,pigs and ducks and chickens and even poor little fish have a bad time of it just then4 ,the great day arrives1 and ,hok-a and ,gold-needle dress themselves in their new clothes4 ,hok-a has a blue coat1 with a yellow silk waistcoat on the top of it1 green silk anklets1 and a green cap2 while his little sister is gay in a pink coat and blue trousers trimmed with black1 and wears some silver pins and cloth flowers in her shining black hair4 ,by twelve o'clock all is ready4 ,the men and boys1 in long blue or green gowns1 are gathered in the hall1 and prostrate themselves three times begging the idols and the spirits of their ancestors to eat the food prepared for them4 ,a basin of rice and another of vegetables1 with a piece of meat1 is carried to the bed-room for the ,mother ,bed ,spirit to eat1 as1 if they don't feed her1 she will revenge herself by tripping up the children4 ,the ,kitchen ,god1 too1 must have his share1 and the fireplace is gaily decorated with flowers4 ,when they have finished worshipping1 a lot of silver and paper money is burnt1 that the spirits may buy good things in the other world1 and have a nice time4 ,then all the family gather round for the feast of the year4 ,usually the men eat alone and the women afterwards1 but on this day everyone has a place4 ,such fun they have1 roasting cockles and parching beans6 ,everyone must give a stir to the bean-pan4 ,a little stove is carried to the table1 and wine is warmed over it1 for all to have a taste4 ,a great supply of celery has been laid in1 and the stalks must be boiled and swallowed whole1 to give long life4 ,when the feast is finished1 the grandfather hands a piece of money to each1 so that they may have money the year through4 ,then a basin of rice and a bit of meat is given to the dog1 a treat he gets only once a year4 ,it is time to light up now4 ,a bit of sugar-cane is stuck behind each door1 and in each room food is placed for the spirits4 ,there is so much noise and merriment that1 for a wonder1 the rats don't dare to peep out2 so they say that the rats are marrying and giving in marriage4 ,twelve bamboo lamps are lighted in the hall1 and afterwards carried out to burn4 ,everybody gathers round to watch which goes out first1 as each lantern stands for a month1 and the first that burns black means a month of rain4 ,if it is the first month the children are sad1 for that is holiday-time4 ,and it usually is the first1 as it is carried out before the others4 ,our little friend ,hok-a has been saving up for weeks1 so as to buy plenty of squibs and fireworks to let off on this day1 just as ,american boys used to do for the #dth of ,july4 ,his father has bought hundreds of them1 too1 and so has everyone else in the place2 the cracking of them is heard everywhere4 ,a great bonfire is kindled1 and the children jump over it1 singing3 ,jump busily1 jump away--the fire burns bright6 ,it is late before anyone gets to bed1 for they think that the longer the children sit up1 the longer the old people will live4 ,some dutiful boys and girls sit up all night long6 ,next morning there is a great deal of visiting1 and1 ,i am sorry to say1 a great deal of gambling4 ,nobody works1 and everybody is supposed to be in good humor4 --,from ,a ,peep at ,china1 by ,lena ,e4 ,johnston4 ,,adding ,,the ,,right ,,words ,this drill is given to see how well you can follow printed directions1 and how well you understand the way the words are grouped at the bottom of the page4 ,there is something for you to write in each of the following paragraphs1 and your ability to read and understand will be judged by how exactly you follow these directions4 #a4 ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line to the right1 and your grade below it on the second line4 #b4 ,do not write anything on the third line1 but on the next six lines in the margin1 write the figures from #a to #aj4 #c4 ,the first group of words at the bottom of the page is a list of farm-products2 you can easily name other words that might be added to this list1 such as3 beans rye oats ,write two of these new words after figure #a on your paper4 #d4 ,there are nine other lists of words1 and each list names not farm-products1 but some other things4 ,after figure #b on your paper1 write two other words that could properly be added to the second group of words4 #e4 ,in the same way1 write two more words that could rightly belong to each of the other eight groups of words4 ,when you finish wait quietly for the others4 #a4 corn1 potatoes1 wheat1 peas4 #b4 chisel1 plane1 file1 axe4 #c4 creek1 ocean1 gulf1 sea4 #d4 fireman1 librarian1 teacher1 physician4 #e4 overcoat1 fur cap1 overshoes1 muffler4 #f4 meat1 horns1 tallow1 hair4 #g4 pencil1 pen1 blotter1 stamps4 #h4 cup1 saucer1 plate1 bowl4 #i4 door1 window1 stairs1 chimney4 #aj4 tennis1 croquet1 hockey1 baseball4 ,,the ,,good ,,citizen--,,how ,,he ,,uses ,,matches ,there are two things you can do with every good and useful thing--use it and abuse it4 ,here you are going to read about the abuse of a very useful thing1 indeed--a match4 ,when things are a common1 everyday part of the household1 people are apt to treat them carelessly2 and carelessness always means trouble4 ,as you read1 think whether anything in this article hits you4 ,this is a good selection to outline4 ,perhaps your teacher will have some of the best outlines put on the blackboard4 ,the match is one of the most valuable and one of the most dangerous articles made by man4 ,it has been in use for less than one hundred years1 but think of trying to get along without it6 ,suppose1 for example1 that you were camping far from any houses1 and discovered1 when the time came to cook dinner1 that you had lost your matches4 ,what would you do8 ,would you rub sticks together like the ,indian or make a bow-drill like the ,eskimo8 ,these were the methods used by mankind for thousands and thousands of years1 but they mean desperately hard work1 as you would soon realize4 ,you would be fortunate if you could find a bit of flint from which to strike sparks with steel as your great-grandfather probably did4 ,but even in that case you would appreciate matches as never before4 ,it was not until the year #ahbg that an ,english druggist named ,john ,walker made the first practical friction-matches1 known as ,congreves4 ,a folded piece of glass-paper went with every box1 and in order to light the match one had to draw it in one hand quickly through the folds of the paper held tightly pressed together with the other4 ,another kind of match1 the ,promethean1 appeared a little later4 ,it had at one end a thin glass globule1 which it was necessary to press in producing fire4 ,thus people went on experimenting1 for everyone was interested and there was great demand4 ,gradually methods of making that were better and cheaper were discovered1 until1 to-day1 matches are found in every home4 ,it is said that more matches are sold in the ,united ,states than in all the rest of the world4 ,more than seven hundred million matches are used in the ,united ,states each day4 ,you can hardly imagine such a figure4 ,if a factory made just one match for every minute1 night and day1 it would take nearly fourteen hundred years for it to produce as many matches as this country uses in a single day4 ,or--to put it in another way--nearly five hundred thousand flames are struck every minute on an average4 ,there is not one of these flames that would not develop into a destructive fire if it had a chance4 ,consequently1 every match must be regarded1 and must be treated1 as a possible source of great damage4 ,matches1 to-day1 are of two general classes3 ,those which may be struck upon any rough surface1 and the so-called safety matches1 made to be struck only upon the box4 ,but there are good matches and bad matches in both classes4 ,in other words1 while the safety match1 as a rule1 is safer than the kind first mentioned1 a poorly made strike-on-the-box match may be more dangerous than a well-made strike-anywhere match4 ,therefore1 we ought to know something about what a match is1 as well as how to use it4 ,here is a match4 ,what could appear more harmless8 ,a tiny stick of wood1 shorter than your finger1 coated at one end with some substance that forms a little bulb1 or head--who would believe that it can be either a blessing or a deadly peril1 according to the way in which it is used8 ,the secret of fire-production lies in the head of the match4 ,this contains certain chemicals which take fire easily when heated1 and it also contains particles of ground flint in order to create heat by friction when the match is struck4 ,if two objects are rubbed quickly together1 the resulting friction brings heat1 and all the more easily and quickly if one of the objects be rough4 ,if you sandpaper a board1 rubbing it hard1 you will soon find both paper and board becoming warm4 ,thus friction from striking a match produces sufficient heat to cause the head to burst into flame4 ,now1 it must be remembered that even careful persons may meet with accidents through the use of bad matches4 ,sometimes1 when struck1 the blazing head will fly off1 or the stick will break and fall2 sometimes1 too1 the match will continue to glow after the flame has been blown out4 ,these are signs that the match is poorly made2 probably it is of some very cheap brand1 for such things never happen with good matches4 ,carefulness1 therefore1 must begin at the time of buying4 ,one should always notice the brand and always order by brand4 ,whenever a brand is found to have any of these faults it should be avoided in future1 no matter how low the price may be4 ,the best of the strike-anywhere matches are given a special treatment to keep the head from flying off when struck1 and also to guard it from being set on fire accidentally4 ,great care is also taken in the preparation of the wood to safeguard against breaking4 ,but as a class1 the safety matches are less dangerous4 ,matches of all kinds are carefully tested in the great ,underwriters' ,laboratories1 which ,the ,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters maintains in ,chicago1 and those that are able to pass the test are labeled by the ,laboratories4 ,it is always a protection to find one of these labels on a box4 ,the ,laboratories have no interest in the sale of matches1 and any manufacturer who will make goods of the right grade can secure the label4 ,let us suppose that your house is provided with good matches1 those having solid heads and tough sticks4 ,there will be no danger if you are always careful when using them4 ,but are you8 ,here are some questions for you to answer4 ,do you ever throw away a match which is burning or even glowing8 ,never do this again4 ,it has caused hundreds of deaths and has burned thousands of homes4 ,how do you strike a match--away from you or toward you8 ,probably you have never thought about this1 but think of it hereafter1 and form the habit of always striking away from you4 ,thus1 if the match breaks or its head flies off1 it will not be likely to set fire to your clothing4 ,in lighting matches upon a box1 first close the box2 otherwise the flame may set fire to the whole box4 ,if the box is set in a box-holder1 such as those used by smokers1 wherein the upper part of the box is open1 place the box so that the heads are not exposed4 ,in striking a match upon such a holder1 always strike downward away from the open end4 ,if matches are spilled1 do you stop at once and pick up every one8 ,if you leave them strewn about for even a little while1 you may forget them until after mischief has been done4 ,a match on the floor is always a dangerous thing4 ,it may be stepped on and ignited1 or it may be found by a little child1 or it may be carried into the wall or under the floor by a rat or mouse4 ,it is not probable that mice often start fires by gnawing match-heads1 but they do like to use them in building nests in warm1 comfortable places1 close to chimneys or furnace pipes4 ,dangerous fires may come from this cause or from matches rubbed against beams while being carried to the nest4 ,where do you keep your matches8 ,are they out of reach of little children1 as they always should be8 ,are they kept away from the stove1 or the stovepipe1 or any other place where they may become overheated8 ,are they loose in a drawer or on a shelf1 or are they in a covered box or dish of metal or earthenware8 ,sometimes uncovered matches are ignited by the sun's rays shining through a lens-forming bubble in a window-pane4 ,do you carry matches on your person8 ,a child should never be allowed to do this4 ,he may be careful1 but some careless child may ask him for a match4 ,always be on the safe side4 ,a grown person should never permit himself to carry loose matches in his pocket4 ,the ,state ,fire ,marshal of ,iowa says3 ,some men1 especially smokers1 are in the habit of carrying matches around with them4 ,it is the easiest thing in the world for matches carried around loose in a man's pocket to drop out4 ,suppose the man has work to do about a barn4 ,a match drops out on the barn floor and a horse steps on it4 ,it is a parlor-match and ignites1 setting fire to hay and other inflammable material found in barns4 ,then the barn burns and the cause of fire is reported something like this3 ,unknown4 ,nobody had been in the barn for some time4 ,everything safe when the barn was closed up4 ,six hundred and ninety-four barn fires took place in ,iowa in #aiad4 ,hundreds of these were reported as of unknown origin1 but it is safe to say that in a great number of cases1 if the cause could have been traced1 it would have been found to be a match that had dropped out of a smoker's pocket4 ,until we find some better device for producing fire1 matches will continue to be used in immense numbers1 and they will always be a source of danger in the hands of careless people1 and even careful people may be imperiled by the actions of careless people about them4 ,there are no safety-rules more important than those applying to the use of matches1 and habits of carefulness should be formed by every person4 ,some one has said3 ,matches do not think with their heads4 ,when you use them1 your head has to do all the thinking4 ,do the thinking6 ,put them out6 ,,safety ,,rules ,,for ,,buying ,,matches #a4 ,purchase by brand1 and always avoid brands which break1 lose their heads1 or glow after being blown out4 #b4 ,look for the label of the ,underwriters' ,laboratories4 #c4 ,give the preference to strike-on-the-box1 or safety matches1 but1 in case of buying the strike-anywhere match1 get one that has a protected tip4 ,,safety ,,rules ,,for ,,using ,,matches #a4 ,keep them in covered boxes or dishes1 away from the heat of stoves and stovepipes and out of the reach of rats and mice4 #b4 ,strike matches away from you4 ,if you are striking on a box1 first close the box4 ,strike downward on the box4 --,national ,board of ,fire ,underwriters4 ,,questions #a4 ,make three more rules for using matches4 #b4 ,what is the meaning of the following words8 friction experimenting ,underwriters safety-matches inflammable peril ignite avoid accidentally device #c4 ,tell three ways in which matches may be dangerous4 ,,noblesse ,,oblige ,noblesse oblige is a ,french expression 7pronounced nblss bleejh7 which means1 ,high birth or position makes one responsible for the good of those lower than he in position4 ,the following story tells of a ,british officer during the ,world ,war who did not forget this motto4 ,the story was told by the writer of a book narrating experiences at the front4 ,as you read1 think how you would have felt if you had been one of the young colonel's men4 ,a great love and sympathy always seem to exist between the ,british officer and his men4 ,one of the reasons is the justice and unselfishness of the officer4 ,for instance1 a ,british officer among the walking wounded never goes ahead of his men to have his wounds dressed4 ,outside of one dressing station sat a young colonel with a bad wound4 ,one of the secretaries noticed him and said1 ,you had better get into the dressing station at once4 ,it is not my turn4 ,i will not go out of turn4 ,some four hours later1 the secretary1 passing out food and drink1 again noticed the colonel4 ,here6 ,why haven't you had your wounds dressed8 he exclaimed4 ,i am waiting for my turn4 ,but it was your turn a long time ago4 ,are you sure8 ,of course ,i am4 ,come1 let me help you4 ,into the dressing room he staggered4 ,he had no idea that he had done a heroic thing4 --,youth's ,companion4 #a4 ,could the young colonel have had his wounds dressed earlier if he had wished8 #b4 ,why did he not do so8 ,,the ,,magic ,,horse ,here is another ,arabian fairy tale4 ,it is much longer than the story of the queer man who was made ,caliph for a day and is also very different from that tale4 ,but it is a fine story of adventure filled with surprises and with all the changes of fortune that fairy stories so often have4 ,of course1 all sixth grade boys and girls know that the ,indian who is spoken of is an ,east ,indian of ,asia and not a ,north ,american ,indian4 ,on the ,nevrouz1 that is to say1 the new day1 which is the first of the year1 and the beginning of the spring1 an ancient and solemn feast was observed through all ,persia4 ,at the court1 this feast was always attended with the greatest splendor4 ,all artists1 natives or strangers1 were allowed at that time to produce their several inventions before the king2 who never failed to confer liberal rewards on those whose abilities deserved them4 ,near the close of one of these feasts1 an ,indian presented himself before the king with an artificial horse of the most perfect workmanship1 richly accoutred4 ,i flatter myself1 sir1 said the ,indian1 addressing himself to the king1 that your majesty hath never seen anything so wonderful as this horse1 either now1 or at any former ,nevrouz4 ,the king surveyed the horse with attention4 ,i see nothing1 said he1 but a fine piece of sculpture1 which any able artist may equal4 ,sir1 replied the ,indian1 it is not his form1 but his use that ,i commend so highly4 ,on his back ,i can convey myself through the air to the most distant part of the earth1 in a very short time4 ,i can even instruct any other person to ride in the same manner4 ,such is the curiosity ,i have the honor to present to your majesty's notice4 ,the king was highly pleased with this account of the ,indian's horse1 and desired to see a proof of his abilities4 ,there is1 said the king1 pointing to a mountain about three leagues off1 on the summit of that mountain1 a palm-tree of a particular quality1 which ,i should know from all others2 go1 fetch me a branch of it4 ,the ,indian mounted his horse1 and turning a peg which was in the neck1 away he flew with him1 and they were presently out of sight4 ,within a quarter of an hour he was seen returning with a palm branch in his hand1 which1 as soon as he had descended and alighted1 he laid at the king's feet4 ,the king was greatly pleased with this extraordinary performance1 and resolved to purchase the horse if he could prevail with the owner to part with him4 ,accordingly1 he asked the ,indian if he was to be sold4 ,sir1 replied the ,indian1 ,i should not have produced my horse to your majesty if it had been absolutely impossible for me to sell him4 ,yet the artist from whom ,i received him1 laid me under the most solemn injunction that ,i should never part with him for money2 nor on any terms but such as ,i might request your pardon before ,i presume to name them4 ,the king impatiently answered that he forgave his demand1 even if it was to reach his crown2 but he reserved to himself the power of refusal1 if he thought that demand too exorbitant4 ,the ,indian then replied that he was ready to resign his horse if his majesty would condescend to bestow on him the princess1 his daughter1 in marriage4 ,when the courtiers heard this extravagant request1 they all burst into loud laughter2 but the prince ,firouz ,shah1 the only son of the king1 was enraged1 and the more so when he saw the king pensive1 debating with himself what answer to return4 ,going up to his father1 he said1 ,i entreat your majesty will pardon the liberty ,i am about to take1 but is it possible you can hesitate a moment what answer to make to this insolent fellow8 ,can you bear to think of degrading our house by an alliance with a scandalous juggler8 ,the king approved of his son's spirit1 but argued that if he refused to comply with the ,indian's proposal1 perhaps some other sovereign might be less nice1 and by that means become possessed of the greatest curiosity in the world4 ,he ended his reply by desiring his son to examine the horse attentively1 and give his opinion of him4 ,respect for his father made him receive these orders in silence4 ,he approached the horse1 and the ,indian drew near to instruct the prince in the method of managing him2 but the haughty young man was in too great a fury to listen to him4 ,he spurned the kneeling ,indian contemptuously1 and leaping into the saddle1 he turned the peg1 and the horse flew away with him4 ,the ,indian was exceedingly alarmed when he saw the prince depart before he had learned how to manage the horse4 ,he threw himself once more at the king's feet1 and besought his majesty not to blame him for any accident which might befall the prince1 since his own impetuosity had exposed him to danger4 ,the king had no apprehension for his son1 till he saw the ,indian so terrified4 ,he then felt all the horrors of the prince's situation4 ,he cursed the ,indian and his fatal horse1 and ordered his officers to seize and conduct him to prison4 ,if my son does not return safe1 said he1 in a short time1 thy paltry life1 at least1 shall be sacrificed to my vengeance4 ,in the meantime1 ,firouz ,shah was carried through the air with inconceivable swiftness1 till at length he could scarcely discern the earth at all4 ,he then wished to return1 which he expected to do by turning the peg the contrary way2 but when he found the horse continued to rise from the earth1 and proceed forward at the same time with greater swiftness1 he was alarmed and began to regret his pride and anger4 ,he turned the peg about every way to no purpose2 in this situation he retained1 notwithstanding1 a perfect presence of mind1 and1 on examining the horse closely1 he at last perceived another peg behind the ear4 ,on turning that peg he presently found that he descended in the same oblique manner that he had mounted1 but not so swiftly4 ,as he drew near the earth1 he lost the light by degrees1 till he came into total darkness4 ,he did not attempt1 therefore1 to guide the horse1 but waited patiently1 though not without apprehension1 till he should alight4 ,it was midnight when the horse stopped1 and ,firouz dismounted1 faint with hunger and fatigue4 ,he groped about and found he was on the roof of some large building4 ,at length he came to some steps1 which he descended1 and rambled about in the dark for some time2 at last1 on opening a door1 he found a light1 and saw a number of black guards asleep on pallets1 with their sabres lying by them4 ,this convinced him that he was in a palace1 and that this chamber was the guard room of some princess4 ,as he knew if any of the guards should awake he would be in great danger1 he resolved to enter the next apartment1 and throw himself on the mercy of the lady who inhabited it4 ,he found there asleep on a sofa a young lady1 whose exquisite beauty captivated his heart the moment he beheld her4 ,her women were sleeping in little beds around her4 ,the prince gazed on her for a long time1 forgetful of his situation2 and1 at length he knelt down1 and gently pulling her hand toward him1 he kissed it4 ,the motion awakened the princess1 who was surprised to find a stranger at her bedside4 ,she would have cried out1 but ,firouz besought her patience4 ,he told her that he was the son of a king1 and that a very extraordinary accident1 which he would relate1 had brought him to the necessity of claiming her protection4 ,the lady was the daughter of the king of ,bengal4 ,many of her attendants were by this time awakened4 ,she told ,firouz1 therefore1 that she should be glad to hear the particulars of his adventure in the morning1 but for the present besought him to withdraw4 ,at the same time she ordered her attendants to conduct him to a chamber1 and supply him with such refreshments as he wanted4 ,the prince attended her the next day and related to her all the particulars of the arrival of the ,indian with his horse1 of his insolent demand1 and its consequences4 ,he concluded his account of his journey by observing that however much he had been enraged at the ,indian1 he now began to consider him his benefactor2 since1 added he1 he has been the cause of my being known to a lady whose chains ,i shall be proud to wear as long as ,i live4 ,the princess received this compliment in such a manner as showed it was very acceptable to her4 ,she invited the prince to repose a few days in her palace to recover himself from the fatigue and alarm he had undergone4 ,he accepted this invitation2 and being much together1 they fell more and more in love with each other4 ,and1 at last1 when filial duty obliged ,firouz to think of returning to ,persia1 the fond princess1 fearing she should see him no more1 dropped a hint that she should not be afraid to trust herself with him on the enchanted horse2 and the prince1 equally enamored1 failed not to confirm her in this rash adventure4 ,everything being agreed on between the lovers1 they repaired1 one morning at daybreak1 to the roof where the horse still remained2 and ,firouz assisted the princess to mount him4 ,he then placed himself before her1 and turning the peg1 they were out of sight before any of the attendants in the palace were stirring2 and in two hours the prince discovered the capital of ,persia4 ,he would not alight at the king's palace1 but directed his course to a small cottage in a wood1 a little distance from town1 that he might inform his father who the lady was1 and secure her a reception suitable to her dignity4 ,when they alighted1 he led her into a handsome apartment1 and ordered the keeper of the house to show her all imaginable respect4 ,then he hastened to the palace1 where the king received him with unspeakable joy4 ,firouz related to his father all that had befallen him1 and the king was so delighted with his son's safe arrival1 that he readily complied with his desire that the wedding ceremonies between him and the princess should be immediately celebrated4 ,while the necessary preparations were being made1 the king ordered the ,indian1 who was to have been executed the next day1 to be released from prison1 and brought before him4 ,my son's safe arrival1 said the king to him1 hath preserved thy life4 ,take thy horse1 and begone from my dominions2 where1 if thou art ever seen again1 ,i will not fail to put thee to death4 ,the ,indian being then freed from his chains1 and set at liberty1 withdrew in silence4 ,but he meditated a severe revenge4 ,he had learned from those who fetched him out of prison1 that ,firouz had brought home with him a beautiful princess1 to whom he was about to be married4 ,he was told also that she was at the house in the wood1 where he was directed to go and take away his horse4 ,while ,firouz was preparing a great retinue to conduct the princess in state to the palace1 the ,indian hastened to the house in the wood1 and told the keeper he was sent by the prince to conduct her1 on the horse1 to the capital2 and that the whole court and people were waiting with impatience for the wonderful sight4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,prince ,,of ,,persia ,,carries ,,away ,,the ,,princess ,,of ,,bengal ,the keeper knew that the ,indian had been imprisoned on account of the prince's absence2 and1 seeing him now at liberty1 he believed all he said4 ,he presented the traitor to the princess1 who1 not doubting but he came from ,firouz1 readily agreed to go with him4 ,the ,indian1 overjoyed at his success1 mounted his horse1 took the princess behind him1 and turning the peg1 the horse immediately ascended into the air4 ,the king and his whole court were on the road to the house in the wood1 to conduct the princess of ,bengal from thence to the palace2 when the ,indian1 to brave them1 and revenge the severe treatment he had received1 passed several times over their heads with his prize4 ,the rage and grief of the king were extreme4 ,he loaded the villain with a thousand execrations1 in which he was joined by the courtiers and people4 ,the ,indian1 having expressed his contempt for them1 and his triumph over the king and his son1 was presently out of sight4 ,but who can describe the horror and despair of ,firouz1 when he saw his beloved princess torn from him by a vile ,indian he so thoroughly detested1 and found himself unable to afford her the least assistance4 ,at first he abandoned himself to despair2 but1 recollecting that such a conduct would neither recover the princess nor punish the captor1 he restrained his affliction1 and began to consider how he could best effect these desirable purposes4 ,he put on the habit of a dervish1 and left the palace the same evening1 uncertain which way to go1 but determined not to return till he had found his princess again4 ,in the meantime1 the ,indian having pursued his journey for several hours1 alighted in a wood1 near the capital of ,cashmere4 ,as he was hungry himself1 and doubted not but the princess was so too1 he left her by the side of a brook and flew away on the horse to the city to procure provisions4 ,the princess made the best use in her power of his absence2 and though faint for want of food1 she traveled on1 and had got a considerable distance from the place where he left her1 when she had the mortification to see him return and alight close by her2 for the ,indian had wished to be set down wherever the princess was1 and the horse always obeyed the desire of the rider4 ,the ,indian produced some wine and provisions1 and ate heartily1 urging her to follow his example1 which she thought it best to do4 ,when they had done1 he drew near and began to pay his addresses to the princess1 which she repulsed with indignation4 ,her outcries drew a company of horsemen to her assistance4 ,they proved to be the sultan of ,cashmere and his attendants1 returning from a day's hunting4 ,when the sultan asked of the ,indian why he annoyed the lady1 he boldly answered that she was his wife2 but the princess1 though she knew not the quality of the sultan1 besought his protection1 and declared that by the basest deceit only she had been thrown into the power of such a reptile4 ,the sultan of ,cashmere was very chivalrous4 ,the disorder and distress of the princess added to her beauty and interested the monarch4 ,judging that1 whether the ,indian was the husband of the lady or not1 he would be best out of the way1 he pretended to be much enraged against him1 and ordered his head to be stuck off immediately4 ,he then conducted the princess to his palace1 and directed his attendants to bring the horse after them1 though he knew nothing of the use of it4 ,the princess of ,bengal rejoiced at her deliverance4 ,she entertained hopes that the sultan of ,cashmere would generously restore her to the prince of ,persia2 but she was much deceived2 for as soon as the sultan learned that she was daughter to the king of ,bengal1 he determined to marry her1 and that no untoward circumstances might happen to prevent it1 he gave orders for the necessary preparations to be completed by the next day4 ,in the morning the princess was awakened early by the sounding of trumpets1 the beating of drums1 and other noisy tokens of public joy1 which echoed through the palace and city4 ,on her asking the cause of this rejoicing1 she was told it was to celebrate her marriage with their sultan1 which was to take place presently4 ,the princess' attachment to ,firouz would have made any other man disagreeable to her4 ,but this conduct of the sultan of ,cashmere in proclaiming their nuptials1 without even having asked her consent1 at once enraged and terrified her4 ,she was entirely in his power2 and the disrespect he had paid her convinced her that she had everything to fear from his violence1 if she refused to comply with his wishes4 ,thus critically situated1 she had recourse to art4 ,she arose and dressed herself fancifully1 and in her whole behavior appeared to her women to be unsettled in her intellect4 ,the sultan was soon told of his misfortune1 and on his approach she put on the appearance of frenzy1 and endeavored to fly at him2 and this fury she ever after affected whenever he came in her sight4 ,the sultan was much disturbed at this unfortunate event1 as he thought it1 and offered large rewards to any physician who could cure her1 but the princess would not suffer any one to come near her1 so that all hope of her recovery began to be despaired of4 ,during this interval1 ,firouz1 disguised as a dervish1 had traveled through many provinces1 full of grief1 and uncertain which way to direct his course in search of his beloved princess4 ,at last1 passing through a town in ,india1 he heard an account that a princess of ,bengal had run mad on the day of the celebration of her nuptials with the sultan of ,cashmere4 ,slender as was the hope that such a report gave him1 he resolved to travel to the capital of that kingdom2 where1 when he arrived1 he had the happiness to find he had not journeyed in vain4 ,he learned all the particulars of her having been delivered from the ,indian by their sultan1 and that the very next day she was seized with madness4 ,firouz saw at once the reason of the princess' conduct1 and was delighted with this tender proof of her love and constancy to him4 ,all the difficulty which remained was to obtain an opportunity of speaking to her4 ,to gain this1 he put on the clothes of a physician1 and1 presenting himself to the sultan1 undertook to cure the princess4 ,his services being accepted1 he desired first to see her1 without being seen by her4 ,for this purpose he was conveyed into a closet1 whence he saw her unobserved4 ,she was carelessly singing a song1 in which she deplored the unhappy fate which had forever deprived her of the object she loved so tenderly4 ,when he quitted the closet1 he told the sultan she was not incurable1 but that it was necessary for him to speak with her alone2 and that notwithstanding her violent fits at the sight of physicians1 he knew how to make her attend to him4 ,as the princess had been long thought incurable1 the sultan made no difficulty of complying with the supposed physician's request4 ,as soon as he entered her apartment1 she began to rave at him in her usual furious manner1 on which he went up close to her1 and said1 in a low voice1 ,i am the prince of ,persia4 ,the princess ceased to rave1 and the attendants withdrew1 rejoiced at this proof of the physician's abilities4 ,after mutual congratulations1 ,firouz acquainted her with the plan he had formed for her deliverance4 ,he then returned to the sultan1 who demanded eagerly what hopes he now entertained4 ,the pretended physician shook his head1 and said1 ,all depends upon a mere chance2 the princess1 a few hours before she was taken ill1 had touched something that was enchanted4 ,unless ,i can obtain that something1 whatever it may be1 ,i cannot cure her4 ,the sultan of ,cashmere presently recollected the horse1 which was still preserved in his treasury4 ,he showed it to the imaginary physician1 who1 on seeing it1 very gravely said1 ,i congratulate your majesty on the certainty of my success4 ,let this horse be brought out into the great square before the palace1 and let the princess attend2 ,i will promise that in a few minutes she shall be perfectly cured4 ,accordingly1 the following morning the horse was placed in the middle of the square1 and the supposed physician drew a large circle1 and placed around it chafing dishes1 with a little fire in each4 ,the sultan1 full of expectation1 with all his nobles and ministers of state1 attended4 ,the princess was brought out veiled1 conducted within the circle1 and the physician placed her on the enchanted horse4 ,he then went round to each chafing dish1 and threw in a certain drug1 which presently raised such a cloud of smoke that neither the physician1 the princess1 nor the horse could be seen through it4 ,at that instant the prince of ,persia mounted the horse2 and1 turning the peg1 while the horse ascended into the air1 he distinctly pronounced these words3 ,sultan of ,cashmere1 when thou wouldst marry princesses who implore thy protection1 learn first to obtain their consent4 ,the same day the prince of ,persia and his beloved princess arrived safely at his father's court1 when their nuptials were immediately celebrated with the greatest splendor4 --,arabian ,nights4 ,,thinking ,arrange your paper with your name on the first line1 at the right1 and your grade below it on the second line4 ,put nothing on the next line4 ,here are ten problems to be answered1 not with figures1 but with the word1 yes or no4 ,no other answer will be satisfactory4 ,put the answer to the first problem on the fourth line1 and in the margin of your paper mark it number #a4 ,use a new line for each new answer guess at it1 and pass on to the next problem4 #a4 ,one day last ,june1 ,i picked sixty-five pounds of cherries4 ,my mother wanted about thirty pounds4 ,did ,i have enough to sell ,mrs4 ,clark thirty pounds also8 #b4 ,sugar-cane grows in a moist tropical region4 ,if you were a farmer in ,kansas1 would you plant most of your farm with sugar-cane8 #c4 ,all the boys and girls of the ,sixth ,grade belong to the ,school ,library4 ,marie is in the ,sixth ,grade4 ,is she a member of the ,library8 #d4 ,john is older than ,robert4 ,i am younger than ,john4 ,do you know that ,robert is older than ,i am8 #e4 ,i have been saving since last vacation in order to buy a bicycle4 ,it will cost me #ai4ej1 but ,i have already saved more than half of this4 ,if my father gives me ten dollars for my birthday shall ,i be able to get the bicycle8 #f4 ,all the boys in the ,sixth ,grade have enlisted in the ,united ,states ,school ,garden ,army4 ,robert is a member of the ,united ,states ,school ,garden ,army4 ,does that prove that he is a member of the ,sixth ,grade8 #g4 ,hawaii has a warm moist climate4 ,from what you read in the second problem1 would you expect to find sugar-cane growing there8 #h4 ,john is three years younger than ,robert4 ,i am one year older than ,john4 ,is ,robert the oldest8 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,boy ,,scout8 ,perhaps you are a ,boy ,scout already1 though not a very big one4 ,perhaps you intend to be one some day4 ,in this description of the best kind of ,scout1 find reasons why you would like to be one4 ,a ,scout enjoys a hike through the woods more than he does a walk in the city streets4 ,he can tell north or south or east or west by the signs4 ,he can tie a knot that will hold2 he can climb a tree which seems impossible to others2 he can swim a river2 he can pitch a tent2 he can mend a tear in his trousers2 he can tell you which fruits and seeds are poisonous and which are not2 he can sight nut-bearing trees from a distance4 ,if he lives near the ocean or a lake he can reef a sail or take his trick at the wheel1 and1 if near any body of water at all he can pull an oar or use paddles and sculls2 in the woods he knows the names of birds and animals2 in the water he tells you the different varieties of fish4 ,a ,scout walks through the woods with silent tread4 ,no dry twigs snap under his feet1 and no loose stones turn over and throw him off his balance4 ,his eyes are keen and he sees many things that others do not see4 ,he sees tracks and signs which reveal to him the nature and habits of the creatures that made them4 ,he knows how to stalk birds and animals and how to study them in their natural haunts4 ,he sees much1 but is little seen4 ,a ,scout1 like an old frontiersman1 does not shout his wisdom from the housetops4 ,he possesses the quiet power that comes from knowledge4 ,he speaks softly and answers questions modestly4 ,he knows a braggart but he does not challenge him1 allowing the boaster to expose his ignorance by his own loose-wagging tongue4 ,a ,scout can kindle a fire in the forest on the wettest day1 and he seldom uses more than one match4 ,when no matches can be had1 he can still have a fire1 for he knows the secret of the rubbing sticks used by the ,indians1 and he knows how to start a blaze with only his knife blade and a piece of flint4 ,he knows1 also1 the danger of forest fires2 so he kindles a blaze that will not spread4 ,the fire once started1 what a meal he can prepare out there in the open6 ,just watch him and compare his appetite with that of a boy who lounges at a lunch counter in a crowded city4 ,he knows the unwritten rules of the campfire1 and he contributes his share to the pleasures of the council4 ,he also knows when to sit silent before the ruddy embers and give his mind free play4 ,a ,scout holds his honor to be his most precious possession1 and he would rather die than have it stained4 ,he knows what is his duty1 and all obligations imposed by duty he fulfills of his own free will4 ,his sense of honor is his only task-master1 and his honor he guards as jealously as did the knights of old4 ,in this manner a ,scout wins the confidence and respect of all people4 ,a ,scout practices self-control1 for he knows that men who master problems in the world must first master themselves4 ,he keeps a close guard on his tongue1 for he knows that loud speech is often a cloak to ignorance1 that swearing is a sign of weakness1 and that untruthfulness shatters the confidence of others4 ,he keeps a close guard on his appetite and eats moderately of food which will make him strong2 he never uses alcoholic liquors because he does not wish to poison his body2 he desires a clear1 active brain1 so he avoids tobacco4 ,a ,scout never flinches in the face of danger2 for he knows that at such a time every faculty must be alert to preserve his safety and that of others4 ,he knows what to do in case of fire1 or panic1 or shipwreck2 he trains his mind to direct and his body to act4 ,in all emergencies he sets an example of resourcefulness1 coolness and courage1 and considers the safety of others before that of himself4 ,he is especially considerate of the helpless and weak4 ,a ,scout can make himself known to a brother ,scout wherever he may be by a method which only ,scouts can know4 ,he has brothers in every city in the land and in every country in the world4 ,wherever he goes he can give his signs and be assured of a friendly welcome4 ,he can talk with a brother ,scout without making a sound or he can make known his message by imitating the click of a telegraph key4 --,from ,the ,boy ,scouts' ,year ,book1 ,courtesy of ,d4 ,appleton and ,company4 ,,questions #a4 ,why would you like a ,boy ,scout as a companion if you were lost in the woods8 #b4 ,what is meant by1 ,his sense of honor is his only task-master8 #c4 ,why would you trust a ,boy ,scout who lived up to the teachings of the ,boy ,scouts8 ,,the ,,scout ,,and ,,the ,,knight ,some of the pledges which the knights of ,king ,arthur's ,round ,table had to take were not unlike the code of the ,boy ,scouts4 ,find the points of likeness in these lines from ,tennyson's version of the vows3 ,to honor his own word as if his ,god's2 ,to ride abroad redressing human wrongs2 ,to speak no slander1 no1 nor listen to it4 ,,the ,,fire ,,spirit ,here is a splendid story that makes the discovery of fire real to us because it shows us how a man might have felt4 ,this is a story to read and enjoy4 ,no questions will be asked about it1 but you may ask your teacher to explain anything you do not understand4 ,perhaps you would like to tell the story to your parents or friends or to some class below yours in the school4 ,before the years were counted or the circuit of the seasons reckoned1 man lived where it was always summer1 and summer heat ruled the ,northland1 now ruled by winter cold4 ,as the scepter of the ,frost ,king reached farther and farther south1 men slowly and reluctantly retreated from the old homes4 ,but some lingered through the fireless winters for the love of the familiar places and the beauty of the northern spring and summer4 ,among those who lingered was ,ang1 the mighty hunter4 ,his home was in a cave at the edge of the great forest4 ,it faced the south so that it could catch all the scant rays of the winter's sun4 ,the mouth of the cave was partly closed by a screen of fir boughs1 while a bark slab1 torn from a big tree1 formed a rude door4 ,inside the cave were bunks piled high with dry moss and leaves1 with the skins of animals which ,ang had slain thrown over them4 ,it was not yet midwinter1 but it was cold1 bitter cold4 ,as ,ang sat in front of his cave1 chipping knife blades and arrow points from flint1 he moved from time to time to keep in the feeble light of the sun1 but it seemed to have little warmth1 and he shivered and grumbled to himself3 ,every year the cold grows stronger4 ,the old men tell of a time when it came late and went soon1 but that must have been long ago4 ,ugh6 but it is cold6 ,it gets under my bearskin2 it nips my ears and numbs my hands4 ,i wish ,i had taken the long journey to the ,southland1 but it was far for the woman and the child1 and ,i hoped that the ,ice ,giant would grow old and lose his strength--and ,i was born here2 my father and my father's father hunted in these woods and fished in this river1 and men1 like trees1 take root4 ,the sun sank into a cold gray cloud in the west4 ,the bite of the wind grew sharper4 ,the hoarse cough of a child echoed from the cave behind him1 and the dull crooning song of the mother1 as she tried to warm the sick child at her breast1 could be heard as the wind was lulled for a moment4 ,colder and more cold it grew1 but ,ang would not enter the cave4 ,he could not bear to hear the troubled breathing of the child or see the face of the mother4 ,he dreaded the coming of the grim ,white ,spirit for this1 his last child4 ,sometimes he fancied he could hear him rushing through the woods above the cliff1 and feel the chill of his breath on his face4 ,had he no other food but children1 this dread hunter8 ,colder and more cold it grew1 but ,ang still lingered4 ,he piled dry moss about his feet and tried to bring warmth to his numb hands by hammering off flakes of flint which he would later shape into rough weapons and tools4 ,he struck two flints together in a kind of dumb fury4 ,it was a glancing blow1 and one of the flints dropped into the dry moss at his feet with a flicker of sparks4 ,a coil of gray smoke crept out of the moss like a serpent coming out of his hole4 ,a bright spot at its heart grew brighter and brighter1 and then red flames lapped hungrily4 ,ang leaped to his feet in astonishment4 ,at the smiting of the flint the ,fire ,spirit had been born4 ,its breath was the breath of summer4 ,he stretched out his hands over the flames1 and the cold loosened its grip4 ,he touched the flame1 and it stung him like an angry bee4 ,clearly the ,spirit must not be handled4 ,awe and wonder filled the mind of ,ang4 ,he fell on his knees and prayed to the ,fire ,spirit3 ,spirit of light and heat1 ,thou hast come in our hour of need--,i know not whence4 ,stay and keep away the terrible cold ,spirit with thy red arrows4 ,stay6 ,i will deny thee nothing4 ,if ,thou art hungry1 ,i will feed thee4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,fire ,,spirit ,as ,ang watched the fire1 it hungrily ate up the dry moss1 and lapped the dry sticks4 ,he brought more and fed them to the reaching flames4 ,the northern darkness had shut in the rest of the world1 light lingered at the door of the cave of ,ang1 and the warm breath of the fire brought back the heat of summer in the midst of winter4 ,joy filled the heart of ,ang1 and he called to the mother and the child3 ,oma1 ,om1 come6 ,the ,great ,one has heard4 ,come1 come1 come quickly4 ,the bark door opened1 and the mother came out holding the child to her breast4 ,a cry of wonder broke from her as she saw the fire1 but wonder gave way to the mother instinct4 ,the ,all-,father had heard4 ,here were warmth and light4 ,the gray huntsman should not have her child4 ,she crouched by the fire1 holding the babe in her arms so that she sheltered it from the encircling cold while the glowing fire warmed and healed it4 ,with gratitude and awe she watched the color come back to the child's face1 and then she looked with eager questioning at the face of ,ang1 as it shone with a light brighter than that of the fire4 ,finally he spoke3 ,i sat at the going in of the cave4 ,fear gripped me2 the cold smote me4 ,i said1 ,odin has forgotten4 ,it may be that he has gone to the ,southland because the cold was stronger than he4 ,i heard the barking of the child4 ,the dread of the great robber was on me4 ,i tried to forget4 ,i smote the flints together4 ,star-flies seemed to leap from the stone1 and the fire was born in the heart of the moss4 ,then ,ang stood by the mother and the child and placed his left hand on the head of the mother and raised his right hand to the sky to which the leaping flames pointed and said3 ,great ,father1 now ,i know that none is greater than ,thou2 not even the giants of the ,north4 ,thy shining arrows have driven the huntsman back4 ,and ,i know that ,thine eyes see farther than the eagle floating in the sky1 for thou hast seen us alone in the great woods1 and ,thine ear is quicker to hear than that of the mother listening for the cry of her first-born1 for thou hast heard the cry that did not rise to our lips4 ,henceforth the fire shall be the sign of ,thee4 ,as the flames leap up the sky1 so shall our thoughts leap to ,thee1 ,our ,father4 ,all through the long cold winter ,ang and ,oma fed the fire1 and ,om grew well and strong again4 ,they very soon found that the fire1 though it gave so freely the life-giving light and heat1 had to be treated with great care4 ,it was a good servant but a poor master4 ,one day little ,om toddled too close and burned his hand on a live coal4 ,on another day the wind blew the sparks from the fire into the dry rushes which screened the entrance to the cave1 and in a moment the cave was filled with flames and smoke1 and ,oma had to cover her head and that of ,om with skins1 and dash out into the open4 ,all the bedding of dry leaves was burned up1 and some of the skins were badly scorched4 ,the wooden handles of many of ,ang's spears and arrows and knives were burned also4 ,it took many days of hard work to replace what the fire had eaten4 ,so they came to fear as well as to love it4 ,but ,ang and ,oma learned one thing from the fire which burned out their cave that was worth more than a thousand fires could destroy4 ,part of a deer1 which ,ang had killed1 hung inside of the cave4 ,it had been very hard to get1 and it was almost the first thing which ,ang thought of after the fire had burned down4 ,if that had been destroyed1 they might starve before he could kill another one4 ,he dashed into the cave to see if anything was left1 the fear of hunger already gripping his vitals4 ,a strange new odor filled his nostrils and doubled his hunger--the smell of roasted venison4 ,the deer still hung from the side of the cave4 ,the hair had been burned off and the skin hung in rolls1 but the flesh was there1 brown1 hot1 dripping red4 ,at ,ang's call ,oma hurried in4 ,it needed but one whiff of the fragrant air to convince her that the touch of fire had made of the cold frozen meat food more delicious than the fruits of summer4 ,she snatched a long stone knife from her belt and cut strips of venison steak from the smoking mass and gave to ,ang and ,om4 ,after they had eaten1 ,ang looked into the glowing embers of the fire in front of the cave and pondered4 ,the ,fire ,spirit had grown angry because they had taken only one of the gifts of the ,great ,father and had burned out the cave1 but it had showed them what its magic touch would do to the frozen meat4 ,the wonder of it grew on him4 ,as he looked into the world at the heart of the coals1 he saw the promise of a better one than that in which he lived--a world in which the sons of his son's sons should have discovered all the gifts of the ,fire ,spirit4 ,as ,ang looked into the fire1 ,oma looked into the face of ,ang and wondered at what she saw there4 ,his look seemed to pierce the blackness behind the fire a hundred days' journey4 ,father of my son1 what seest thou in the fire8 ,i see1 said ,ang1 the spirits of the things which are to be4 ,i see1 but do not understand all that ,i see4 ,i see our son's sons talking fire1 the flames leaping from their mouths like tongues2 ,i see them crossing the ,big ,water in great logs which breathe out fire and smoke4 ,i see--but there are no words to tell thee all that ,i see4 ,and ,oma looked into the embers1 and she too saw the flickering spirits of the things to be4 ,she saw countless fires--fires in the woods1 fires in caves1 fires on altars--but those who tended the fires were the daughters of her daughters4 ,in a few days the damage done by the fire was repaired4 ,it was ,oma who discovered that water stopped the hunger of the fire1 and when it grew too fierce she beat it back with boughs dipped in the stream which ran before their cave4 ,the warmth of the fire and the cooked meat made little ,om grow as no boy had ever grown in the cold season1 and before the winter was over he was running about as sturdily as a young bear4 ,but it made trouble for ,oma4 ,the woods were full of savage wild beasts1 bears1 panthers1 and wolves4 ,even ,ang1 with his strength and cunning and great stone axe and sharp knives1 was in constant danger4 ,when he went out to hunt1 ,oma always feared till he came back4 ,what chance then would little ,om have8 ,so she tried to keep him always in the clearing before the cave1 but the task grew harder and harder as the weather grew warmer and ,om's legs stronger and his eyes more curious4 ,one evening1 just as the dark was shutting in1 ,oma was cracking some bones to get some choice marrow for ,ang's supper after he returned from his hunting1 and for a moment her back was turned to the boy4 ,when she looked for him he had slipped away into the darkness4 ,the cry of a hyena broke on the stillness of the night1 savage1 blood-curdling4 ,then came a terrified scream from little ,om4 ,she leaped to her feet in terror4 ,where8 ,where8 ,which way8 ,the sound seemed to come from all directions4 ,not knowing what she did1 she snatched a burning brand from the fire and dashed into the darkness1 leaving a trail of flame behind her4 ,she had gone only a few yards when she came upon the beast crouching over little ,om4 ,thoughtless of all danger to herself1 ,oma leaped at the savage beast1 whirling the burning brand about her head4 ,the hyena gave a snarl of surprise and fear1 dropped ,om1 and sprang away into the thicket1 with leaps longer than any he had made in his life1 for the fear of the fire was on him4 ,oma snatched her baby to her breast and hurried back to the cave1 crooning over him as she went4 ,she brought him to the fire and stripped off his little fur coat2 that was in shreds1 but the child's skin was only slightly scratched4 ,as she locked him in her arms to comfort him1 ,ang suddenly leaped out of the darkness1 his great stone axe swinging in his hands4 ,terror was in his face2 sweat dropped from him like rain4 ,the hyena6 ,i heard his cry here and that of little ,om6 ,oma pointed to the baby in her arms1 to the torn skin at her feet1 to the smoldering branch and to the darkness which had swallowed the great beast4 ,it was only a moment1 but he slipped away into the darkness2 ,i heard the cry1 the cry of the beast and the cry of the child4 ,i caught up a brand from the fire and ran2 the fearless one ran at the sight of it4 ,the child is safe1 see6 ,and ,om looked at his father through tear-dimmed eyes4 ,then ,ang knelt by the side of the child and its mother and prayed3 ,o ,thou who are greater than the greatest and mightier than the mightiest1 again ,thou hast saved us by the red magic4 ,by it ,thou hast made us1 ,thy children1 masters of the beasts of the wood1 for the fear of the ,red ,one is upon them all4 ,as the strength of the winter passed and the snow began to melt1 ,ang had a visit from ,wang1 who lived some days' journey to the east4 ,during the winter the men of the ,north saw little of each other4 ,each family needed a large hunting ground1 and men had not learned to live together4 ,the distances between the families were so great that when the snow was deep in the woods months passed in which the isolated families saw no human beings outside of their own circle4 ,but when the ice broke up and the snow melted1 the men who were on fairly friendly terms paid visits to each other and exchanged stories of the winter's experiences4 ,now ,wang approached the cave of ,ang with great ceremony4 ,it was neither good manners nor safe to approach another man's home too suddenly4 ,one could not be sure of a welcome1 and it was always assumed that one who came suddenly was an enemy4 ,so ,wang strolled out on an open spot by the bank of the river which flowed by the cave of ,ang1 and acted as if he did not know that there was another human being within a day's journey4 ,he tossed stones into the water and watched the ripples4 ,then he imitated the call of the wild fowl on the river banks4 ,for a time ,ang ignored him1 going about as if he saw no one4 ,but ,oma and ,om peered out curiously from the mouth of the cave4 ,at last ,ang wandered down to the river's edge and looked aimlessly everywhere but where ,wang stood4 ,he too tossed many stones into the river4 ,finally1 apparently satisfied that all the demands of primitive etiquette had been met1 ,ang turned to ,wang and put his left hand over his heart and raised his right to the sky4 ,wang did the same2 they were of one blood and children of the ,great ,father4 ,both dropped their weapons where they stood and went to meet each other unarmed4 ,ang and ,wang had played together as boys1 hunted together as young men1 and taken wives from the same family1 but each spring1 after the winter's separation1 they met with the same elaborate ceremony1 because it was the man custom4 ,when the men were seated1 ,oma and ,om came out and sat near by4 ,a long winter1 said ,ang4 ,a long winter1 answered ,wang4 ,much cold1 said ,ang4 ,much cold1 answered ,wang4 ,the woman and the boy8 asked ,wang4 ,the woman is well1 and the child grows like a bear's cub1 replied ,ang4 ,wang turned and looked at ,oma and ,om and gave a grunt of surprise4 ,why1 they are as fat and sleek as if it was the time of fruits and nuts instead of the end of the great cold1 when even the bear is so thin that he casts no shadow4 ,has the eagle carried thee to the ,southland on its wings8 ,have you found food that cold does not harden8 ,has ,odin fed you8 ,my woman sits all day at the going in of the cave4 ,she looks old like the moss-bearded oak4 ,she notices nothing1 but talks ever about the little one whom the ,black ,robber took2 she cares not for the child that is left1 who cries for food like a young kid whose mother the wolves have eaten4 ,and my strength has not come again4 ,my traps and snares take nothing1 and my arrow is slower than the flying deer4 ,at this ,oma leaped to her feet and brought a piece of dried venison from the cave and a cake made from a flour of pounded nuts and seeds and put them before the hungry man4 ,he ate ravenously1 like a famished wolf1 in silence1 but questioning with eager eye1 ,how8 ,why8 ,what8 ,and ,ang answered the unspoken question3 ,it was cold1 so cold that the blood in one's body ran slow and became like ice in the stream4 ,the meat became like stone4 ,the supply of nuts failed4 ,the woman grew weak4 ,the huntsman from the north took the child by the throat4 ,his breath came hard4 ,i said1 ',he will be taken as the others have been taken1 and the mother will not stay without the child1 and ,i shall be alone1' and ,i cried to the ,great ,one1 to ,odin1 the ,all-,father3 ',we are cold1 give us heat2 we are hungry1 give us food4' ,i heard no answer2 there was no voice2 but the prayer was heard4 ,i sat by the going in of the cave1 making knives of flint1 not thinking to use them1 but hoping to forget and cover up the hoarse crying of the child with the noise of the flints4 ,so ,i smote two stones together1 and the chips fell into the dry moss at my feet4 ,there was a buzzing noise like that of a bee in a flower2 a little white cloud rose from the moss1 then spots of light like star-flies at night4 ,red tongues reached out and ate up the moss and the dry sticks4 ,i saw that the ,red ,one was hungry1 and ,i gave him more moss and dry wood to eat4 ,he grew big and bright1 and his breath was warm like that of summer1 and ,oma brought out the child1 and he drove away the barking sickness from the child's throat4 ,then we knew that ,odin had heard us4 ,and ,ang told ,wang how they had learned to cook the venison2 how they had learned to feed the ,red ,one and keep him from wandering4 ,he told how the fear of him was on all the beasts of the woods1 so that not even the most savage and the most hungry dared stand before him2 and the smallest child was safe within the circle of light4 ,then they took the wondering ,wang and showed him the sacred fire1 gift of the ,keeper of ,secrets2 they cooked venison over the coals so that he might taste it4 ,and when ,wang started for home ,oma gave him a shoulder of smoked deer's meat and cakes made of acorn meal4 ,and now a strange thing happened4 ,pity stirred the heart of ,ang4 ,odin had helped him in the time of his troubles2 why should he not help ,wang8 ,he turned to ,oma4 ,the hunting is good2 the stream is full of fish2 the ,red ,one can warm more than three4 ,i will go and bring ,wang and his woman and his child4 ,they can live in the cave which we thought should be ,om's4 ,it is the will of the ,all-,father that men should live together4 ,and the men went together and brought ,wang's wife and child1 and they made a screen and bark door for the new cave home4 ,oma taught ,suta1 wife of ,wang1 the mysteries of the fire1 and ,ang and ,wang became the first neighbors1 and that also was one of the gifts of the ,revealer1 through the ,spirit of the ,fire4 ,as time went on1 the story of ,ang1 the fire-man1 spread through all the north country1 and often men came as ,wang had done1 many day's journey1 through trackless forest1 to see the wonderful fire in front of the cave of ,ang4 ,but ,ang told to no one but ,wang the secret of how to call the ,fire ,spirit4 ,to men who were friendly he gave live coals to carry away in bowls hollowed out of soapstone4 ,men who were the enemies of ,ang did not dare come near his cave for fear of the red knives which guarded it4 ,by and by men began to say to each other1 as they went to hunt or sat about the carefully tended fire1 that ,ang1 the fire-man1 must be loved by ,odin1 and they came to ,ang and said3 ,tell us of the ,great ,one1 and ,ang was troubled because he had not heard his voice or seen him4 ,as he hunted in the stillness of the forest1 he pondered3 ,why had no one ever seen the ,great ,spirit8 ,or was the sky his face and the sun and moon his eyes8 ,why had no one heard his voice8 ,or was the thunder his voice8 ,if so1 no one understood his language4 ,the more he thought1 the more troubled he became4 ,for days at a time he rarely spoke and went about as one in a dream1 and ,oma said to ,wang and to others who came1 ,the spell of ,odin is on him1 and they began to look on ,ang with awe and wonder4 ,one night as ,ang was far from home and slept in a cave on a hill-side1 he dreamed that his shadow self left his body and journeyed to a far country1 and there he saw his father and his father's father and the men of long ago4 ,they all sat about a great fire and beckoned to him to join their circle4 ,there was a silence like that before the storm1 and each one in the circle looked steadfastly into the fire1 which burned on and on1 though no one fed its flames4 ,as ,ang continued to look into the flames1 it seemed as if something was lifted from his eyes and he saw what no one had seen before4 ,the earth was the body of ,odin4 ,his life was the life of all4 ,he had not one voice like man1 but many4 ,he spoke in the thunder1 in the voice of the storm1 but also in the song of the birds and in the words of one's best beloved4 ,ang awoke just as the sun was driving the mists from the valley beneath him1 and these words came to his lips as if they were a message from the dream-world which he had just left3 ,the wise son of the ,all-,father sees him everywhere and hears his voice always4 ,for the first time in his life ,ang saw the beauty of the world at his feet1 and the song of the birds which filled the vibrant air awoke a new joy of melody and harmony in his soul4 ,as ,oma and ,om came out to meet him1 he looked at them with newly opened eyes4 ,how beautiful was the ruddy brown sheen of ,oma's hair and the light in her eyes as she welcomed him6 ,and little ,om's eyes sparkled like dewdrops in the light of early morning1 and his laughter was like the splashing of a brook over its pebbles4 ,when ,ang told ,oma of his dream1 she answered3 ,the men were right4 ,the spell of the ,keeper of ,secrets was on thee4 ,thou art a man apart4 ,henceforth thou shalt tell men the will of the ,one who hides himself4 ,and so ,ang became one of the voices of ,odin4 ,from far and near men in trouble and men in doubt came to him1 and he spoke words of comfort and wisdom4 ,and every year before the cold kept men apart they gathered at the home of ,ang4 ,they built a great stone altar1 and each man threw a log upon the fire which ,ang had kindled4 ,and they brought the choicest from their hunting and had a great feast1 but they always gave the best to ,ang1 and he put it in the fire1 saying1 ,the best we have is ,thine and we are ,thine4 ,and when they had feasted and were satisfied1 ,ang talked to them of the ,all-,father1 and each year his words were wiser and more winning4 ,before the men departed each took a brand from the fire and marched about the altar chanting3 ,spirit red1 ,spirit red1 ,thine hunger has been fed4 ,spirit hot1 ,spirit hot1 ,forget us not1 forget us not ,as the year grows old ,keep us from the cold6 ,in the darkness of the night ,be our shining light1 ,spirit white1 ,spirit white6 --,from ,around the ,fire1 by ,hanford ,m4 ,burr4 ,courtesy of ,association ,press4 ,,the ,,boyhood ,,of ,a ,,painter ,during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries there took place1 first in ,italy and afterwards in the other countries of ,europe1 a great change known in history as the ,renaissance4 ,the long word simply means rebirth1 and the name was given to this period because then all the interest in art and literature and music and beauty of every kind1 which had seemed for centuries to be dead1 came to life again4 ,painters and poets and musicians began to fill the world with their songs and their pictures4 ,you are going to read now the story of one of the most famous of the painters of the fifteenth century in ,italy4 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 the great painter1 was the son of a lawyer in the beautiful city of ,florence4 ,even as a tiny child he began to show what profession he was likely to follow1 for as soon as he could crawl1 he would scramble away when his mother was not looking1 to a place in the garden where after a shower there was always a pile of mud4 ,he would sit happily on the ground pinching the mud into some sort of shape1 and the older he grew the more the shape became like that of some object that he knew4 ,when his mother missed him and came in search of him1 the baby would scream in disgust1 and the only way to quiet him was to play on the lute1 an instrument very much like our mandolin4 ,ser ,piero1 ,leonardo's father1 was very proud of his astonishing little son1 and resolved that he must have the very best teachers that could be found4 ,so the boy was still very young when his lessons began4 ,lessons were no trouble to him1 for he quite took away the breath of all his teachers by his amazing quickness1 no matter whether the work was arithmetic1 or languages1 or music4 ,whatever he heard once he understood and remembered4 ,whatever lessons he might be doing1 however1 ,leonardo spent his spare time in drawing and in modelling figures in clay4 ,his father decided that this was the talent which the boy ought specially to make use of4 ,so he took his son to his friend the sculptor ,verocchio4 ,when they reached the studio1 ,leonardo was given some clay and told to model anything he liked4 ,he sat down on the floor1 and soon finished a tiny statuette which was so lifelike that it might have been the work of the sculptor himself4 ,verocchio was delighted1 and declared that he must have this boy as a pupil at once4 ,as ,leonardo grew older1 he began to outstrip his master in the art of painting1 though not in that of sculpture4 ,at one time1 it is said1 ,verocchio was working on a picture of the baptism of ,jesus by ,john1 in which an angel was represented as standing at one side4 ,he entrusted the painting of this angel to his pupil4 ,when the master came to look at the finished figure1 he stood gazing in astonished silence4 ,he was too true an artist not to feel that he and ,leonardo had changed places1 and that the boy's painting of the angel was worth all the rest of the picture4 ,the story goes that ,verocchio was so impressed by the feeling that he could only do badly what ,leonardo could do perfectly that he never painted again4 ,one of the most interesting tales of the artist's boyhood tells of his painting of a shield4 ,his father1 ,ser ,piero1 had gone to his country house outside of ,florence4 ,one evening a farmer of the neighborhood was brought to him as he sat in the garden1 asking that he might speak with ,ser ,piero4 ,he knew the farmer well1 for they had often gone fishing together4 ,well1 what now1 ,francisco8 he asked1 as the farmer came up bowing and bearing in his hands a wooden shield4 ,francisco explained that he had cut down a fig tree near his house1 as it was too old to bear fruit1 and that he had cut out of its wood the shield he was carrying4 ,he had brought it to ,ser ,piero1 hoping that the master would have the goodness to get it painted with some design1 for he wished to hang it up in his kitchen as a remembrance of the old tree4 ,so when ,ser ,piero next went to ,florence he took the shield to his son1 not telling him to whom it belonged1 but merely asking him to paint something on it4 ,leonardo1 examining the piece of wood1 found that it was rough and ill made1 and that it would need much finishing before it would be possible to paint on it4 ,so he held it before the fire till the fibres were softened and the crookedness straightened out1 and then he planed and polished it4 ,when it was all ready1 he began to think about what the picture on it should be4 ,a look of mischief came into his eyes4 ,i know6 he said to himself4 ,a shield ought to have on it some frightful thing1 so that the very sight of it may make the enemies of its wearer tremble4 ,the person who sees this shield shall be as frightened as if he beheld the head of ,medusa2 only instead of being turned to stone1 he will most likely run away4 ,you see1 he did not know that the shield was to adorn the home of a simple farmer4 ,smiling to himself1 ,leonardo went out into the fields and hunted about until he had collected a large number of strange creatures1 hedgehogs1 lizards1 locusts1 snakes1 and many others4 ,these he carried home and locked up in the room he used for a workshop1 where no one was allowed to enter but himself4 ,using the ugly things as models1 he began to paint on the shield a monster formed out of all the creatures1 with eyes and legs everywhere4 ,it was a long time before he succeeded in making anything frightful enough to suit him4 ,again and again he erased his work and did it over1 trying to combine his creatures differently4 ,but at last something so terrible stared him in the face that he almost felt frightened himself4 ,the monster is ready1 he said with a laugh2 but ,i must find a background fitting for him4 ,so he painted as a background a black and narrow cavern1 at whose mouth stood the shapeless creature he had made1 all eyes1 all legs1 all savage jaws4 ,flames poured from it on every side1 and a cloud of vapor rose upwards from its many nostrils4 ,after days of hard work1 ,leonardo at last went to his father and told him he had finished the shield1 which he hoped would please its owner4 ,ser ,piero came at once1 and was led into the partly darkened studio1 where in just the right light the shield stood on an easel4 ,but no sooner was the father within the room than he turned to fly1 so terrible was the object that met his gaze4 ,it will do1 ,i see1 said ,leonardo4 ,i wanted to make something so dreadful that everyone would shiver with fear at the sight of it4 ,take it away with you now2 but ,i had better wrap it up1 or you will frighten people out of their wits as you go along4 ,ser ,piero took the shield and went away without telling his son anything about old ,francisco4 ,but he was quite sure that the farmer would not like the picture1 and that it was not at all suitable to hang in a farmhouse kitchen2 and more than that1 he felt it was far too wonderful a painting to fall into the hands of a peasant and never be famous4 ,so in order to save the old man's feelings1 he went to a shop and bought a shield of the same size as the first one1 which had on it a device of a heart pierced by an arrow2 and the next time he went to the country he sent for ,francisco to come and get it4 ,oh1 your ,excellency1 how beautiful6 cried the old man in delight1 as he received his shield after his long waiting4 ,i thought you would be pleased1 answered ,ser ,piero1 thinking to himself how frightened rather than pleased the farmer would have been with ,leonardo's monster4 --,adapted from ,the ,strange ,story ,book1 by ,andrew ,lang4 ,,questions ,this selection consists of three parts4 ,where does each part end8 ,write an appropriate title for each part4 ,,civil ,,death ,all should begin reading at the same moment4 ,can you after one minute give a good account of the meaning of civil death8 ,according to law a person may be alive and enjoying good health and still under certain conditions be dead to all his civil rights4 ,in some states1 as ,new ,york1 this is true of one sentenced to the state prison for life2 all his civil rights are taken from him and to the world he is as dead4 ,in all states1 absence for a specified time without any knowledge of the whereabouts of the individual renders him legally dead to his civil rights2 this period is in most states seven years4 ,supposing ,a1 living in ,wisconsin1 should leave his home and family and go to ,alaska4 ,if at the end of seven years no word had been received from him1 the law assumes him to be dead2 his estate can be settled by probate1 provided the family consents1 and his wife may legally marry again4 ,should he afterwards return he could not compel the court to restore his estate or family2 these are legally forfeited1 beyond all redress4 --,from ,the ,world ,book4 ,courtesy of ,w4 ,f4 ,quarrie ,co4 ,,otelne1 ,,the ,,indian ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,north ,,woods ,in the movies you have surely seen pictures of the ,far ,north--,alaska or northern ,canada1 or even the northern ,united ,states--with the brave1 rough men who live about mining or lumber camps or trading posts4 ,in many of the pictures1 you remember1 there have been ,indians4 ,here is an account of the life of those ,indians when they are away from the trading posts4 ,at the end of this story you will find an outline partly made out4 ,after you have read the story through1 compare it with the outline1 and fill in the topics left blank under a1 b1 c1 etc4 ,you may add more sub-topics if you think you need them4 ,when white men first came to ,america1 they thought it was a country called ,india of which they had often heard4 ,so they called the people they found here ,indians4 ,they also called them red men1 because they were about the color of a copper cent that has been carried a while4 ,these red men did not have many tools and other things to make it easy to work and to live4 ,they had no horses1 cows1 pigs1 sheep or chickens1 so they had to catch wild animals for food4 ,they had no guns nor rifles1 but made spears and bows and arrows with which to kill their game4 ,they had no iron4 ,their arrow points and spear heads were of sharpened stone1 as was a heavy tool they made something like our hatchet4 ,it was a very dull1 poor hatchet4 ,they had no cloth to make clothes4 ,instead1 they used the skins of wild animals they caught or shot with their bows and arrows4 ,instead of houses they had tents or wigwams made of skins4 ,the ,indians thought the white men's things were wonderful1 and they were much pleased to trade furs and game for blankets1 guns1 powder1 and bullets4 ,the ,indians like bright1 pretty things1 so they were very fond of trading for beads to make necklaces and ornaments for their suits4 ,after a long time1 the white men took most of the ,indians' country1 but there is still a large part of ,north ,america where there are more ,indians than white men4 ,this is far to the north in ,canada1 in a wide strip between the towns and farms of the white men and the cold1 snow land of the ,eskimos4 ,the soldiers who have been to the ,great ,war tell us much about ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany2 but the country where the ,indians still have their hunting grounds is larger than all of these countries put together4 ,the region is covered with evergreen forests1 a great silent land of deep snow and trees and cold4 ,it is too cold and rocky for the white man to make farms1 so he has not cut down the trees4 ,there are no cities nor houses1 nothing but forests where the ,indian hunts game and lives in his tent as he has always lived4 ,to trade with these ,indians1 the white men have built stores in the edge of the ,indian country4 ,they are called ,posts--,trading ,posts4 ,when the warm days of ,june come and the ice is all melted1 the keeper of a ,post begins to look up the river watching for canoes to come around the bend4 ,at last he sees one4 ,in front sits an ,indian woman paddling1 and in the stern of the canoe sits ,otelne1 her husband1 paddling and also steering4 ,they are coming to the post to trade4 ,in the middle of the boat are a boy1 a girl1 a brand new baby1 and a dog4 ,the boy's name is ,akusk 7arrow72 the girl's name is ,wabogum 7flower74 ,the baby's name is ,wabshish 7little white hare74 ,he is tied to a board to keep him safe and warm4 ,the canoe contains one more thing1 very precious1 a big bundle of fur skins4 ,this is the wages of a whole year1 the result of a hard winter's work in the forest4 ,the keeper of the ,post shakes hands with ,otelne4 ,otelne opens the bale of furs1 and the first afternoon he and his wife trade a few muskrat skins for some flour1 beans1 bacon and canned peaches4 ,then the ,indians camp and have a feast4 ,other canoes come down the river bringing other families until the post becomes a great picnic ground4 ,they talk over the happenings of the winter1 of getting lost in storms1 of upsetting their canoes1 of falling through the ice1 of the bears they have caught1 and the wolves that have chased them4 ,they wonder what has happened to the ,indians who do not come back4 ,they have canoe races and the different families1 or tribes1 play match games of la crosse4 ,this game1 which the white men learned from the ,indians1 is now the national game of ,canada1 as baseball is of the ,united ,states4 ,in ,august the trading is over1 and the ,indians start back to the hunting grounds for another year's work4 ,the canoe is loaded full4 ,instead of the bale of furs1 ,otelne has in his canoe a new tent1 a sheet-iron stove1 some stove pipe1 twenty-five steel traps1 a rifle1 one thousand cartridges1 fish hooks and fishing line1 a wood saw1 knives1 axes1 buckets1 blankets1 and a lot of white men's clothes4 ,he did not buy any shoes because he would rather have the moccasins he makes himself4 ,it is hard work to paddle the heavy load up the river against the swift current4 ,presently they hear the roaring noise of a waterfall where the stream jumps down over some rocks4 ,the canoe cannot pass this1 so they all get out and carry the canoe and all its load1 bit by bit1 along a little path that leads to the quiet water above the falls4 ,here they load the canoe again and paddle on1 but they soon come to another carrying place1 or portage as it is called1 and have to unload again4 ,they are not afraid to leave their belongings while they go back to the foot of the falls1 for no ,indian would think of stealing anything he found in this way4 ,you can see why the ,indians do not use white men's boats1 for no white man's boat is as light as the birch bark canoe4 ,you can also see why they do not take much food from the post4 ,they cannot carry it and all they need for camping and hunting too4 ,they must have the tent and traps1 so they take only food enough to last until they get far enough from the post to find game4 ,after a few days' journey they leave the main stream and go up one of its branches4 ,here they come to a place where the stream widens into a lake4 ,the water is very still1 and as the fishing is good1 the ,indians camp here for a week and rest4 ,there are so many wolves and wild cats in the woods that ,otelne puts up the tent on a little island out in the middle of the lake4 ,for many days they go on upstream4 ,over and over again they have to carry their goods around rapids4 ,the dark branches of spruce1 hemlock1 and fir trees often hang over the stream4 ,trout1 pickerel1 and other fish dart in behind the rocks around which the currents flow4 ,sometimes a muskrat1 a beaver1 or an otter swims quickly into his hole in the bank4 ,but sometimes the rifle is too quick for him and the ,indians have fresh meat for supper4 ,each day they pass the mouths of little streams and the main stream gets smaller and smaller1 till at last it is hardly more than a brook4 ,they are busy nearly all the time carrying their supplies around rapids4 ,at last they can go no farther in the canoe because the stream has grown too small and rocky4 ,to go still farther in their direction1 the ,indians must find a stream which flows the opposite way4 ,to find this stream they must cross a hill1 because1 you see1 the water will run down the hill on the other side1 gathering more and more water1 and getting larger as it goes4 ,this water parting is called a divide1 or watershed4 ,there is such a divide at the top of every mountain range4 ,for instance1 all the rivers flowing east of the ,alleghany ,mountains run east to the ,atlantic ,ocean2 all those flowing west run finally into the ,mississippi ,river4 ,so the ,alleghany ,mountains are a divide4 ,otelne knows of one place where the streams bend in such a way that he can1 in an hour1 carry his canoe from canoe-water on one stream to canoe-water on the stream over the hill4 ,the ,indians know where these good portages are just as country boys know where they can catch rabbits1 or as city boys know where they can find a place to play4 ,for many days1 ,otelne steers his canoe down stream1 camping on the bank each night4 ,in late ,october the first snow falls4 ,they camp beside the lonely river1 and the fur hunting begins in earnest4 ,otelne fixes a round of traps4 ,he starts away from his tent and makes a large circle in the forest1 fixing a round of traps as he goes4 ,when he cannot see the sun1 he keeps his direction through the forest by noticing the moss which grows only on the shady side of a tree trunk4 ,he can keep his direction at night1 too1 if he can see the stars1 for long before white men came1 ,indians had noticed that one star always seemed to be in the same place4 ,they call it the ,great ,star4 ,we call it the ,north ,star4 ,the pointers in the ,great ,dipper show us where it is4 ,otelne watches them every clear night4 ,twenty miles he travels1 setting his traps wherever he sees in the snow the tracks of the animals he wants4 ,he drags sweet-smelling meat along the snow1 hoping that animals crossing this trail will follow it to the traps4 ,after a day or two1 he goes around again1 putting fresh bait on his traps and taking out the animals he has caught4 ,after several rounds1 he finds that game is getting scarce here1 so he and his wife put the tent and all their things on two toboggans 7sleds71 tuck the baby down in the blankets1 and trudge all day through the forest4 ,when night comes they put up the tent on the snow1 cut evergreen boughs to make a thick carpet1 and build a fire in the sheet-iron stove4 ,all winter long they move every two or three weeks1 finding a new camp whenever a new hunting-ground is necessary4 ,illustration3 ,,otelne ,,walks ,,on ,,snow ,,shoes4 ,can you see ,otelne as he visits his traps8 ,he walks on snow shoes to keep from sinking into the snow which is now three feet deep4 ,his big dog pulls a toboggan on which is an axe1 a package of raw smoked meat in a little box of birch bark1 and a roll of blankets4 ,akusk1 the twelve-year-old boy1 goes with his father1 from whom he learns all the ,indian arts and the ways of the animals in the forest4 ,it is all the schooling he ever gets4 ,how would you like to get your schooling that way8 ,the first trap is empty and the bait gone1 so ,otelne puts fresh bait in it4 ,the second trap holds a fine mink1 dead and frozen stiff4 ,his skin is worth ten dollars4 ,the fifth trap has in it the foot of a muskrat and some scraps of fur lying around4 ,some hungry animal has raided the trap1 and the big dog1 ,wagush1 smells the trail1 whines1 and jumps about so that he upsets the sled4 ,otelne turns him loose1 and away he goes yelping through the forest1 until at last his regular baying tells ,otelne that he has treed the animal4 ,it is a lynx4 ,the rifle brings him down and he is placed on the sled along with the mink4 ,at nightfall1 ten miles from the tent1 they come to a shelter made of boughs4 ,when ,otelne set the traps1 he built this shelter to keep off the cold wind1 for he knew he would have to sleep here on bitter cold nights4 ,he builds a roaring fire in front of the shelter4 ,they eat the mink1 give the scraps and bones to ,wagush1 wrap up in rabbit-skin blankets1 and lie down with their heads toward the shelter1 their feet toward the fire1 and the dog beside them4 ,two hours later ,wagush wakes them with a growl4 ,two wolves are prowling around in the spruce trees1 but wolves fear fire1 so ,otelne throws on more wood and they slink away4 ,at dawn the ,indians are up and on their way to the rest of the traps4 ,they kill a bear4 ,this is great luck1 for now they have meat enough to last for weeks4 ,even with the help of ,akusk and ,wagush1 ,otelne has hard work to drag that bear on the toboggan six miles back to the tent4 ,all three are so weary they have to rest all the next day4 ,sulian1 the mother1 who skins the animals1 takes care of the skins and smokes the meat4 ,that is her part of the work4 ,you may be sure that the children are glad to see their father and brother come back1 for there isn't another family within twenty miles1 nor is there one white man within a hundred miles4 ,day after day1 through the long1 cold winter1 ,otelne and his family hunt the fur that they can trade for the white man's tools and supplies4 ,when the trapping season ends1 ,otelne is four hundred miles from the post1 and it takes many weeks of canoeing to get back there for summer trading4 ,they carry with them a bundle of smoked meat to eat where game or fish cannot be found4 ,each year ,indian families go out for furs and never come back4 ,the canoe may upset and swift water carry away all their things4 ,sometimes they get lost and freeze to death in terrible blizzards4 ,the hunting may be bad1 so they starve4 ,the father may be drowned or break his leg and freeze to death away out in the forest4 ,then the mother cannot get enough game to keep the children alive1 so they all starve and the wolves eat them4 ,the fur gatherer has a hard1 cold life in the far ,north1 but it is better than it used to be before he traded with the white man and got guns1 knives1 traps1 and fish hooks4 ,when all goes well with the fur gatherer1 the boys and girls in the little tent play many games4 ,they are fond of checkers4 ,to make a checker-board1 they split a piece of wood out of a log1 smooth one side of it with an axe1 mark it into squares with a knife1 and blacken some of them with charcoal4 ,for men1 they saw off short pieces of a stick as thick as your thumb4 ,jackstraws is another favorite game1 but the straws are tiny canoe paddles1 knives1 guns1 snowshoes1 snow shovels1 and canoes1 all whittled out of wood1 making a queer looking pile4 ,they have one campfire game in which they shake up eight disks of bone in a bowl4 ,this game is so hard to learn that my friend1 ,professor ,speck1 spent three days learning it1 and the rules for counting the score would fill three pages of a book like this one4 ,this game1 so hard to learn1 shows that the ,indian would be as smart as the white man if he had a chance to learn the same things4 ,white men who hunt with the ,indians like them and say they are good companions4 ,the white men from the trading posts bring the furs down to our great cities1 where they are made into mittens and muffs and coats and ladies' furs1 and the next winter1 while the ,indian is back in the forest following his traps1 we can see people wearing the furs in almost any part of the ,united ,states4 --,j4 ,russell ,smith4 ,courtesy of ,the ,john ,c4 ,winston ,co4 ,,outline #a4 ,early life of the ,indians4 #b4 ,their present home in the ,north4 #c4 ,a visit to the trading post4 7a7 ,who came 7b7 7c7 #d4 ,the ,indians' return4 7a7 7b7 #e4 ,the life of a trapper4 7a7 7b7 7c7 7d7 #f4 ,games4 ,,questions #a4 ,the setting of a story tells the place of the story1 when it occurs1 and who are the actors4 ,your teacher will ask one of you to give the setting of ,otelne1 the ,indian of the ,great ,north ,woods4 #b4 ,if you were an ,indian boy or girl1 how do you think you would feel during the winter about the summer trip to the trading post8 #c4 ,how does the trading post help the ,indians8 ,make a list of things they buy4 ,what can you think of that the author of the story did not mention8 ,what else besides the cost will the ,indians have to think of when deciding whether or not to buy anything8 #d4 ,tell about the trip back into the woods after visiting the post4 ,why do they go so far8 #e4 ,tell the story of a visit to the trap with ,otelne as if you were ,akusk4 ,don't be afraid to put in probable incidents not told by the author4 ,,which ,,is ,,right8 ,arrange your papers with your name and grade on the first line2 place the date and your room or teacher's name on the second line2 leave the third line blank1 and1 beginning with the fourth line1 number the lines from one to seven4 ,this exercise is to help you to read quickly and accurately4 ,see that you understand all the directions in each problem before you try to carry them out4 ,on the other hand1 work as quickly as you can4 #a4 ,how am ,i to sing your praise ,happy chimney-corner days1 ,sitting safe in nursery nooks ,reading picture story-books4 7,stevenson--,picture ,books in ,winter47 ,if this is a picture of play1 draw a horseshoe on the first line4 ,if it is a picture of quiet1 draw a hitching-post4 #b4 ,the long war with the ,danes had left ,england without law and order4 ,trade and commerce had almost ceased to exist4 ,the monasteries and churches were in ruins and the schools nearly all destroyed4 ,which of the words below best states the cause of this destruction8 ,famine ,trade ,war ,disease ,write your answer on the second line4 #c4 ,the axle in breaking had thrown the full weight of the heavy cart upon the body of the unconscious boy4 ,although there were many willing hands ready to help1 none could lift the weight4 ,jean saw the crowd and hurried to the spot4 ,bracing himself1 he placed his massive shoulders against the side of the cart4 ,slowly but surely it lifted and the child was drawn safely from beneath4 ,which of the following words best describes ,jean8 kind thoughtful strong brave good ,write your answer on the third line4 #d4 ,if you think after reading this paragraph that it is easy to land a trout1 write the word hard on the fourth line4 ,if you think it is hard1 write the word easy there4 ,trout fishing in mountain streams is said to be the greatest sport in the world4 ,when a trout has been caught on the hook1 it is usually a question of which will tire first1 the fish or the fisherman4 ,often the fish will get the best of it and the fisherman be forced to go home with a broken rod and no fish for his pains4 #e4 ,if in the following words c is found with h more often than with r1 write church on the fifth line4 ,but if c is found more often with r1 write crown there4 checkers cruller bench candy crunch #f4 ,on the sixth line write any words in this sentence which have the same number of letters as the fourth word of the sentence1 but which have no letters in common4 #g4 ,if a soldier wears out a pair of shoes every month1 how many pairs of shoes will be needed for a regiment of #cjjj men for a year of service8 ,write the answer on the seventh line4 ,,verdun ,,belle ,this is the story of ,verdun ,belle1 a trench dog1 who adopted a young leatherneck1 followed him to the edge of the battle around ,chateau-,thierry and was waiting for him when they carried him out4 ,it is a true story4 ,belle was a setter1 shabby white1 with great splotches of chocolate brown in her coat4 ,her ears were brown and silken4 ,she was under size and would not have stood a chance among the haughtier breeds shown in splendor at dog shows in ,madison ,square ,garden4 ,but the marines in the regiment to which she attached herself thought there never was a dog like her since the world began4 ,no one in the regiment knew whence she came or why4 ,when she joined the outfit in a sector near ,verdun1 she singled out one of the privates as her very own and attached herself to him for the duration of the war4 ,the young marine would talk long and earnestly to her1 and every one declared that ,belle could compr ,english4 ,she used to curl up at his feet when he slept or follow silently to keep him company at the listening post4 ,she would sit hopefully in front of him whenever he settled down with his laden mess kit1 which the cooks always heaped extra high in honor of ,belle4 ,belle was as used to war as the most weather-beaten ,french poilu4 ,the tremble of the ground did not disturb her and the whining whir of the shells overhead only made her twitch and wrinkle her nose in her sleep4 ,she was trench-broken4 ,you could have put a plate of savory pork chops on the parapet and nothing would have induced her to go after them4 ,she weathered many a gas attack4 ,her master contrived a protection for her by cutting down and twisting a ,french gas mask4 ,at first this sack over her nose irritated her tremendously2 but once1 when she was trying to claw it off with her forepaws1 she got a whiff of the poisoned air4 ,then a great light dawned on ,belle2 and after that1 at the first alarm1 she would race for her mask4 ,you could not have taken it from her until her master's pat on her back told her everything was all right4 ,in the middle of ,may1 ,belle presented a proud but not particularly astonished regiment with nine confused and wriggling puppies1 black-and-white1 or1 like the mother1 brown-and-white1 and possessed of immense appetites4 ,seven of these were alive and kicking when the order came for the regiment to pull up stakes and speed across ,france to help stem the ,german tide north of the troubled ,marne4 ,in the rush and hubbub of marching orders ,belle and her brood were forgotten by every one but the young marine4 ,it never once entered his head to leave her or her pups behind4 ,somewhere he found a market basket and tumbled the litter into that4 ,he could carry the pups1 he explained1 and the mother dog would trot at his heels4 ,now the amount of hardware a marine is expected to carry on the march is carefully calculated to the maximum strength of the average soldier1 yet this leatherneck found extra muscle somewhere for his precious basket4 ,if it came to the worst1 he thought1 he could jettison his pack4 ,it was not very clear in his mind what he would do with his charges during a battle1 but he trusted to luck and ,verdun ,belle4 ,for twenty-five miles he carried his burden along the parched ,french highway4 ,no one wanted to jeer him out of it1 nor could have if they would4 ,when there followed a long advance by camion1 he yielded his place to the basket of wriggling pups1 while he himself hung on the tail-board4 ,but there was more hiking1 and the basket proved too much4 ,it seemed that the battle line was somewhere far off4 ,solemnly the young marine killed four of the puppies1 discarded the basket and slipped the other three into his shirt4 ,thus he trudged on his way1 carrying those three1 pouched in forest green1 as a kangaroo carries its young1 while the mother dog trotted trustingly behind4 ,one night he found that one of the black-and-white pups was dead4 ,the road by this time was black with hurrying troops1 lumbering lorries jostling the line of advancing ambulances1 and dust-gray columns of soldiers moving on as far ahead and as far behind as the eye could see4 ,passing silently in the other direction was the desolate procession of refugees from the invaded countryside4 ,now and then a herd of cows or a little cluster of fugitives from some desolated village1 trundling their most cherished possessions in wheelbarrows and baby carts1 would cause an eddy in the traffic4 ,somewhere in this crowding and confusion ,belle was lost4 ,in the morning there was no sign of her1 and the young marine did not know what to do4 ,he begged a cup of milk from an old ,french woman1 and with the eye dropper from his kit he tried to feed the two pups4 ,it did not work well4 ,faintly the wind brought down the valley from far ahead the sound of cannon4 ,soon he would be in the thick of it1 and there was no ,belle to care for the pups4 ,two ambulances of a field hospital were passing in the unending caravan4 ,a lieutenant who looked human was in the front seat of one of them1 a sergeant beside him4 ,the leatherneck ran up to them1 blurted out his story1 gazed at them imploringly and thrust the puppies into their hands4 ,take good care of them1 he said2 ,i don't suppose ,i'll ever see them again4 ,and he was gone4 ,a little later in the day that field hospital was pitching its tents and setting up its kitchens and tables in a deserted farm4 ,amid all the hurry of preparation for the big job ahead they found time to worry about those pups4 ,the problem was food4 ,corned willy was tried and found wanting4 ,finally the first sergeant hunted up a farm-bred private1 and the two of them spent that evening chasing four nervous and distrustful cows around a pasture trying vainly to capture enough milk to provide supper for the new members of the hospital staff4 ,next morning the problem was still unsolved4 ,but it was solved that evening4 ,for that evening a fresh contingent of marines trooped by the farm and in their wake1 tired1 anxious1 but undiscouraged1 was ,verdun ,belle4 ,six miles back two days before she had lost her master1 and until she should find him again she evidently had thought that any marine was better than none4 ,the troops did not halt at the farm1 but ,belle did4 ,at the gate she stopped dead in her tracks1 drew in her lolling tongue1 sniffed inquiringly at the evening air1 and1 like a flash1 a white streak along the drive1 she raced to the distant tree1 where1 on a pile of discarded dressings in the shade1 the pups were sleeping4 ,all the corps men stopped work and stood around and marveled4 ,for the onlooker it was such a family reunion as warms the heart4 ,for the worried mess sergeant it was a great relief4 ,for the pups it was a mess call1 clear and unmistakable4 ,so with renewed faith in her heart and only one worry left in her mind1 ,verdun ,belle and her puppies settled down with this field hospital4 ,when the next day the reach of the artillery made it advisable to move down the valley to the shelter of a fine hillside chateau1 you may be sure that room was made in the first ambulance for the three wanderers4 ,illustration3 ,,two ,,cots ,,were ,,shoved ,,together ,,under ,a ,,spreading ,,tree ,in a grove of trees beside the house the tents were pitched and the cots of the expected patients ranged side by side4 ,the wounded came--came hour after hour in steady streams1 and the boys of the hospital worked on them night and day4 ,they could not possibly keep track of all the cases1 but there was one who did4 ,always a mistress of the art of keeping out from under foot1 very quietly ,belle hung around and investigated each ambulance that turned in from the main road and backed up with its load of pain to the door of the receiving room4 ,then one evening they lifted out a young marine1 listless in the half stupor of shell shock4 ,to the busy workers he was just ,case ,no4 ,such and ,such1 but there was no need to tell any one who saw the wild rejoicing of the dog that ,belle had found her own at last4 ,the first consciousness her master had of his new surroundings was the feel of her rough pink tongue licking the dust from his face4 ,and those who passed that way on the following ,sunday found two cots shoved together in the kindly shade of a spreading tree4 ,on one the mother dog lay1 contented with her puppies4 ,fast asleep on the other1 his arm thrown out so that one grimy hand could touch one silken ear1 lay the young marine4 ,before long they would have to ship him on to the evacuation hospital1 on from there to the base hospital1 on and on and on4 ,it was not very clear to anyone how another separation could be prevented4 ,it was a perplexing question1 but they knew in their hearts that they could safely leave the answer to some one else4 ,they could leave it to ,verdun ,belle4 --,stars and ,stripes4 #a4 ,compr and poilu are soldiers' ,french4 ,from the way they are used here1 what do you think they mean8 #b4 ,the following are war terms4 ,see if you can find out1 if you do not already know1 what they mean4 sector camion listening post lorries mess kit leatherneck parapet corned willy jettison evacuation hospital #c4 ,why do you like the young marine8 #d4 ,how do you suppose ,belle solved the problem left to her8 #e4 ,does the story make you feel amused or sad8 ,,another ,,nonsense ,,test ,you will need only a small piece of paper in order to solve this test4 ,read the directions very carefully and do nothing but what they say4 ,at the top of your paper write east no matter whether the sun rises there or not4 ,now if ,christmas comes in ,december put a cross in the center of your paper1 but if not1 put a circle there or else a square4 ,at the bottom of your paper write a wrong answer to the first of the following questions3 #a4 ,when did ,columbus discover ,america8 #b4 ,who invented the electric light8 ,do not answer the second question unless you have skipped the first4 ,but if you know the answer sign your own name in the lower right hand corner of your paper1 but if you do not know1 sign in the lower left hand corner4 ,,can ,,you ,,understand ,,relationship8 ,this drill will test your ability to recognize easily the relationships between words and between things1 an ability very necessary for both reading and thinking4 #a4 ,write your name on the first line of your paper1 and your grade on the second at the right4 ,beginning with the fourth line write the figures #a to #aj4 #b4 ,in each group below1 the first two words have a certain connection in meaning4 ,when you see this relationship between the first two words1 you can find among the five words that follow two other words that bear the same relationship4 ,thus1 in group one1 the ,,saw is a tool used by the ,,carpenter4 ,now if you look among the word that follow1 you will see that the words ,,farmer and ,,plough are connected in meaning in the same way4 ,write these four words after figure #a3 #a4 ,,carpenter ,,saw farmer plough #c4 ,look at group two4 ,,hen and ,,chicks are words that have a certain relation1 and similarly1 of the five words that follow1 ,,cat and ,,kittens are the only two that are connected in the same way4 ,write these four words after figure #b3 #b4 ,,hen ,,chicks cat kittens #d4 ,complete the exercise by selecting the two words in each remaining group that are related in meaning in the same way that the given words are related in meaning4 ,when finished1 wait quietly for the others4 #a4 ,,carpenter1 ,,saw 7farmer1 sky1 plough1 trees1 field74 #b4 ,,hen1 ,,chicks 7corn1 feed1 cat1 milk1 kittens74 #c4 ,,automobile1 ,,garage 7wheel1 horse1 owner1 stable1 door74 #d4 ,,cow1 ,,milk 7sheep1 pasture1 grass1 fence1 wool74 #e4 ,,aeroplane1 ,,air 7sail1 pilot1 ship1 sea1 wind74 #f4 ,,rail1 ,,steel 7locomotive1 window1 house1 door1 glass74 #g4 ,,spool1 ,,thread 7shelf1 librarian1 books1 picture1 print74 #h4 ,,poet1 ,,poem 7verse1 rhyme1 brush1 artist1 picture74 #i4 ,,wool1 ,,sweater 7knit1 silk1 dress1 seamstress1 scissors74 #aj4 ,,summer1 ,,rain 7winter1 sled1 ,december1 snow1 overcoat74 ,,charades ,did you ever play charades8 ,here is a brief statement about charades taken from a cyclopedia4 ,see if you can read it through in a half-minute so as to give the substance of it4 ,a charade is a popular form of riddle1 the answer to which is a word of several syllables1 each of which alone is in itself a word4 ,each syllable1 taken as a word1 is described1 and finally a puzzling definition of the whole word is given4 ,the following is an example3 ,some one threw my first and second at me1 and it hit my third4 ,it did not hurt me1 for it was only a branch of my whole4 ,the answer is ,mistletoe4 ,a girl1 sitting under a high table1 would suggest the word misunderstand4 ,a pleasing charade requiring more thought is in the form of a rhyme1 as-- ,my first is a circle1 my second a cross2 ,if you meet with my whole1 look out for a toss4 ,the answer is ,ox4 ,then1 too1 charades are often presented in the form of little plays1 each syllable representing a scene4 ,they are then called acting charades4 ,this form of amusement is much in vogue on social occasions4 ,it is thought the name was derived from a ,french word meaning idle talk1 which in its turn was derived from ,spanish words meaning speech and actions of a clown4 --,from ,the ,world ,book4 ,courtesy of ,w4 ,f4 ,quarrie ,co4 ,,general ,,pershing',s ,,welcome ,,home ,more people1 perhaps1 read a newspaper every day than read any other form of print4 ,at the breakfast table1 in the trolley car1 or in the railroad train1 morning and evening you see readers buried in their newspapers4 ,many people read at least two papers a day1 and many people read very little else4 ,but unfortunately a great many of these people read the newspapers very hastily1 and sometimes they fail to grasp the real sense of the column beneath the catchy headlines4 ,they need practice in the rapid and intelligent reading of a news article4 ,you may begin to have that sort of practice now1 if you will read rapidly the following newspaper account of the homecoming1 in ,september1 #aiai1 of one of ,america's greatest soldiers1 and be able to answer the following questions4 ,your teacher may ask each row of pupils to be responsible for two or three of the questions4 #a4 ,when and where and from what ship did ,general ,pershing land8 #b4 ,who else came home on that ship8 #c4 ,how often and where did ,general ,pershing reply to addresses of welcome8 #d4 ,what important person made the chief address of welcome8 #e4 ,what proof of the nation's gratitude was given to ,general ,pershing8 #f4 ,where would you like best to have been among the crowd of onlookers8 #g4 ,do you think you would like ,general ,pershing if you were one of his officers or soldiers8 ,why8 #h4 ,what was the most important thing that ,general ,pershing said8 #i4 ,on whom was the joke1 ,general ,march or the sentry8 ,,pershing ,,takes ,,honors ,,in ,,name ,,of ,,hero ,,dead 99 99 99 99 99 ,tribute ,belongs to ,men ,who ,fell1 ,general ,tells ,cheering ,throng in ,new ,york 99 99 99 99 99 ,,welcome ,,eclipses ,,any ,,ever ,,staged ,,in ,,city 99 99 99 99 99 ,thousands ,await ,through the ,night to ,greet ,america's ,jack on ,return ,home 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wilson ,,sends ,,message 99 99 99 99 99 ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #h4--;,general ,john ,j4 ,pershing1 commander-in-chief of the ,a4 ,e4 ,f41 came home from ,france today and was welcomed in a manner which fully conveyed to him the gratitude and pride with which the ,american people estimate his services in leading the nation's greatest army to victory in the world's greatest war4 ,from early morning1 when the sea monster ,leviathan arrived in the ,hudson--a shadowy giant in a misty sunrise--until the middle of the afternoon1 when the general insisted upon an intermission for a much-needed nap1 he was the central figure of a demonstration which for brilliancy and gayety has rarely been equaled in the history of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the presentation of his permanent commission as a full general in the regular army1 accomplished by the secretary of war ten minutes after the general had stepped upon ,american soil1 while perhaps the most important tribute1 was merely an auspicious beginning of what was to follow4 ,a river pageant on the ,hudson from ,hoboken to the ,battery1 a triumphal march through surging crowds on ,broadway and ,fifth ,avenue1 exercises at the ,city ,hall1 during which he was given the freedom of the city for four days2 a reception1 a luncheon1 and in the evening a dinner and a theatre party in his honor--all this was part of the crowded and colorful program4 ,none was surprised1 therefore1 when the distinguished guest good-naturedly remarked that if this continued long he would almost wish that the war had gone on4 ,,pleased ,,to ,,be ,,back ,,home ,the general accepted it all quietly and simply4 ,he was pleased to be home4 ,he could not conceal that1 but neither could he conceal the fact that he would have preferred to come home without so much fuss being stirred up about it4 ,he bowed1 nodded1 waved1 or smiled acknowledgment of the cheering4 ,the ,pershing smile1 incidentally1 will without doubt take its place among the famous smiles of ,america4 ,all great ,americans seem to have a characteristic smile4 ,there was the ,roosevelt smile1 and there are the ,taft and ,wilson smiles1 and now there is the ,pershing smile1 quite as striking as any of the others4 ,the people liked it immensely2 but more than that they liked the brief responses made by the general to the eulogies delivered by the secretary of war1 the governor of ,new ,york1 and the mayor of the city4 ,he accepted all of them--with a reservation1 that reservation being that he accepted them not for himself but for the boys who went over and fought and died for the flag4 ,it was this that convinced the people that ,pershing was truly a great man4 ,the ,leviathan1 bringing1 besides ,general ,pershing1 his picked composite regiment and what is left of the first division1 the first to go over and the last to come back1 tied up at ,hoboken at #i3ee o'clock1 with the commander-in-chief of the overseas forces on top of its pilot house4 ,assembled on the pier were nearly #ajjj welfare workers1 soldiers and guests4 ,,general ,,march ,,held ,,up ,the first to board the vessel as soon as the gangplank had been lowered1 with the exception of two naval officers1 was a party of newspaper correspondents and photographers4 ,at this point there was an amusing incident that somewhat relieved the anxiety and general excitement4 ,a sentry1 seeing the correspondents and photographers making ready for an immediate rush on the vessel1 raised his voice in protest4 ,general ,peyton ,c4 ,march1 chief of staff1 stepped forward with assurances that everything would be all right4 ,but the sentry1 sticking to his point with surprising determination1 in view of the high rank he was addressing1 would not be assured1 and those who were listening understood his audacity when he stood up straight in front of ,general ,march and declared3 ,but1 sir1 ,i have just been talking with the secretary of war1 sir1 and he says1 sir1 that no one can go aboard4 ,general ,march was as surprised as any one else4 ,having no reply to make to a declaration of that kind1 despite his rank1 he sought out the secretary of war and soon returned saying he had straightened things out4 ,then came the laugh4 ,very well1 sir1 said the sentry1 saluting nervously1 and by this time in perspiration from excitement4 ,b-b-b-but ,i have only eight more days to go and ,i-,i-,i naturally d-don't want to get into any j-j-am with the secretary of w-war1 sir4 ,,met ,,by ,,secretary ,,baker ,as he stepped from the gangplank ,general ,pershing was greeted by ,secretary ,baker and escorted to an open space1 where a small dais had been erected in front of a group of chairs4 ,the chairs were occupied by the guests and other staff officers1 while ,secretary ,baker and the guest of honor took seats on the platform4 ,here there is to be a momentary halt in the day's program to extend to ,general ,pershing a word of greeting and a message from the ,president1 said ,mr4 ,baker1 opening the first ceremony of the general's official welcome4 ,this incident in today's events is to be brief1 and immediately after its conclusion ,general ,pershing will become the guest of the city of ,new ,york4 ,,commission ,,is ,,presented ,then it was that the secretary presented the hero with his permanent commission as general in the regular army1 after which he delivered a brief address1 closing with a message of greeting from ,president ,wilson4 ,,pershing ,,remembers ,,dead ,secretary ,baker then presented ,general ,pershing1 who was received with applause that lasted two minutes4 ,if these compliments and tributes are to continue for long1 declared the ,general1 ,i am sure that ,i shall wish that the war had continued4 ,to say that ,i am happy would be a waste of words4 ,i cannot describe the emotions that fill my heart4 ,you have been very complimentary to me1 ,mr4 ,secretary1 more complimentary than ,i deserve4 ,i can only reply by saying that the war was won by the united effort of the nation4 ,the army abroad felt the inspiration that came from the effort of the people at home4 ,the morale of an army is dependent upon the morale of the people behind it2 and ,i am proud to say that the morale of the ,american people never gave us cause for anything but inspiration4 ,on an occasion of this kind we must not forget the fellows who faced a well-trained enemy with only partial training themselves4 ,it is to them we owe the tribute4 ,i hope their graves may be fittingly decorated as an eternal shrine to be visited by ,americans in the future as a place where the lesson of patriotism may always be learned anew4 ,i wish to take this occasion to thank the people1 the ,president1 and you1 ,mr4 ,secretary1 for the confidence that was placed in me4 ,this confidence made the complex task in ,france inestimably more easy4 ,then came the street procession to ,city ,hall ,park1 through the ,broadway ,canyon4 ,people were crowded five and six deep on both sides of the street2 from hundreds of office windows high in the air there was a veritable snowfall of confetti and torn bits of paper2 miles and miles of ticker tape thrown promiscuously from the same windows became interlaced and tangled in midair1 giving the highway the aspect of a street in another1 more fantastic world2 airplanes glided as low as possible over the thoroughfare2 while whistles and automobile horns blew and church bells rang for an hour without intermission4 ,the crowds unleashed reserves of enthusiasm that had been held in restraint by recent strikes and other sober concerns4 ,here comes ,pershing6 ,hurrah for ,black ,jack6 ,we're glad to see you back6 ,,officially ,,welcomed ,,by ,,city ,at ,city ,hall ,general ,pershing and the members of his staff1 who accompanied him on the ,leviathan1 were officially welcomed by the city4 ,after the addresses of the mayor and the governor they were turned over to a committee of citizens1 headed by ,rodman ,wanamaker4 ,here the general made his second address since returning from ,france1 and1 as before1 emphasized what seemed to be his central thought--that he accepts the praise and the adulation for and in the name of those who fought and died4 ,after the ,city ,hall exercises the procession was resumed1 this time on ,fifth ,avenue4 ,arriving at the ,waldorf1 the general retired for a nap1 apologizing1 but declaring that he needed rest badly4 ,a dinner tonight1 followed by a theatre party at the ,hippodrome1 both given by the ,rodman ,wanamaker committee1 ended the day's celebration4 --,courtesy ,the ,philadelphia ,public ,ledger4 ,,the ,,fairies ,,on ,,the ,,gump ,long1 long ago the original inhabitants of ,england were driven by their enemies to take refuge in the western mountains1 many being forced to cross the water to ,ireland4 ,the descendants of these people now live in ,cornwall and in ,wales and they are quite different from the people of the rest of ,england4 ,this is a very pleasant retelling of one of their folk tales4 ,down by ,st4 ,just1 not far from ,cape ,cornwall and the sea1 is a small hill1 called ,the ,gump1 where the ,small ,people used to hold their revels1 and where our grandfathers and grandmothers used to be allowed to stand and look on and listen4 ,people believed in the ,fairies in those days1 so the ,fairies in return often helped the people1 and did them all sorts of kindnesses4 ,indeed1 they would do so now if folks had not grown so learned and disbelieving4 ,it seems strange that because they have got more knowledge of some matters1 they should have grown more ignorant of others1 and declare that there never were such things as ,fairies1 just because they have neither eyes nor minds to see them6 ,of course1 no one could expect the sensitive little creatures to appear when they are sneered at and scoffed at4 ,all the same1 though1 they are as much about us as ever they were1 and if you or ,i1 who do believe in the ,little ,people1 were to go to the ,gump on the right nights at the right hour1 we should see them feasting and dancing and holding their revels just as of old4 ,if1 though1 you do go1 you must be very careful to keep at a distance1 and not to trespass on their fairy ground1 for that is a great offense4 ,there was1 once upon a time1 a grasping mean old fellow who did so1 and pretty well he was punished for his daring4 ,it is his story ,i am going to tell you4 ,well1 this old man used to listen to the tales the people told of the ,fairies and their riches1 and their wonderful treasures1 until he could scarcely bear to hear any more1 he longed so to have some of those riches for himself2 and at last his covetousness grew so great1 that he said to himself he must and would have some1 or he should die of vexation4 ,so one night1 when the ,harvest ,moon was at the full1 he started off alone1 and very stealthily1 to walk to the ,gump1 for he did not want his neighbors to know anything at all about his plans4 ,he was very nervous1 for it is a very desolate spot1 but his greed was greater than his fear1 and he made himself go forward1 though he longed all the time to hurry home to the safe shelter of his house and his bed4 ,when he was still at some distance from the enchanted spot1 strains of the most exquisite music anyone could possibly imagine reached his ear1 and as he stood listening it seemed to come nearer and nearer until1 at last1 it was close about him4 ,the most wonderful part1 though1 of it all was that there was nothing to be seen1 no person1 no bird1 not an animal even4 ,the empty moor stretched away on every side1 the ,gump lay bare and desolate before him4 ,the only living being on it that night was himself4 ,the music1 indeed1 seemed to come from under the ground1 and such strange music it was1 too1 so gentle1 so touching1 it made the old miser weep1 in spite of himself1 and then1 even while the tears were still running down his cheeks1 he was forced to laugh quite merrily1 and even to dance1 though he certainly did not want to do either4 ,after that it was not surprising that he found himself marching along1 step and step1 keeping time with the music as it played first slowly and with stately tread1 then fast and lively4 ,all the time1 though1 that he was laughing and weeping1 marching or dancing1 his wicked mind was full of thoughts as to how he should get at the fairy treasure4 ,at last1 when he got close to the ,gump1 the music ceased1 and suddenly1 with a loud crashing noise which nearly scared the old man out of his senses1 the whole hill seemed to open as if by magic1 and in one instant every spot was lighted up4 ,thousands of little lights of all colors gleamed everywhere1 silver stars twinkled and sparkled on every furze-bush1 tiny lamps hung from every blade of grass4 ,it was a more lovely sight than one ever sees nowadays4 ,then1 out from the open hill marched troops of little ,spriggans4 ,spriggans1 you must know1 are the ,small ,people who live in rocks and stones1 and cromlechs1 the most mischievous1 thievish little creatures that ever lived1 and woe betide anyone who meddles with their dwelling-places4 ,well1 first came all those ,spriggans1 and then a large band of musicians followed by troops of soldiers1 each troop carrying a beautiful banner1 which waved and streamed out as though a brisk breeze were blowing1 whereas in reality there was not a breath of wind stirring4 ,these hosts of ,little ,people quickly took up their places in perfect order all about the ,gump1 and1 though they appeared quite unconscious of his presence1 a great number formed a ring all around the old man4 ,he was greatly amazed1 but1 ,never mind1 he thought1 they are such little whipper-snappers ,i can easily squash them with my foot if they try on any ,may-games with me4 ,as soon as the musicians1 the ,spriggans1 and the soldiers had arranged themselves1 out came a lot of servants carrying most lovely gold and silver vessels1 goblets1 too1 cut out of single rubies1 and diamonds1 and emeralds1 and every kind of precious stone4 ,then came others bearing rich meats and pastry1 luscious fruits and preserves1 everything1 in fact1 that one could think of that was dainty and appetizing4 ,each servant placed his burden on the tables in its proper place1 then silently retired4 ,can you not imagine how the glorious scene dazzled the old man1 and how his eyes glistened1 and his fingers itched to grab at some of the wonderful things and carry them off8 ,he knew that even one only of those flashing goblets would make him rich for ever4 ,he was just thinking that nowhere in the world could there be a more beautiful sight1 when1 lo and behold6 the illumination became twenty times as brilliant1 and out of the hill came thousands and thousands of exquisitely dressed ladies and gentlemen1 all in rows1 each gentleman leading a lady1 and all marching in perfect time and order4 ,they came in companies of a thousand each1 and each company was differently attired4 ,in the first the gentlemen were all dressed in yellow satin covered with copper-colored spangles2 on their heads they wore copper-colored helmets with waving1 yellow plumes1 and on their feet yellow shoes with copper heels4 ,the flashing of the copper in the moonlight was almost blinding4 ,their companions all were dressed alike in white satin gowns edged with large turquoises1 and on their tiny feet pale blue shoes with buckles formed of one large turquoise set in pearls4 ,the gentlemen conducted the ladies to their places on the ,gump1 and with a courtly bow left them1 themselves retiring to a little distance4 ,the next troop then came up2 in this the gentlemen were all attired in black trimmed with silver1 silver helmets with black plumes1 black stockings and silver shoes4 ,their ladies were dressed in pink embroidered in gold1 with waving pink plumes in their hair1 and golden buckles on their pink shoes4 ,in the next troop the men were dressed in blue and white1 and the ladies in green1 with diamonds all around the hem of the gown1 flashing in their hair1 and hanging in long ropes from their necks2 on their green shoes single diamonds blazed and flashed4 ,so they came1 troop after troop1 more than ,i can describe1 or you could remember1 only ,i must tell you that the last of all were the most lovely4 ,the ladies1 all of whom had dark hair1 were clad in white velvet lined with the palest violet silk1 while round the hems of the skirts and on the bodices were bands of soft white swansdown4 ,swansdown also edged the little violet cloaks which hung from their shoulders4 ,i cannot describe to you how beautiful they looked1 with their rosy1 smiling faces1 and long black curls4 ,on their heads they wore little silver crowns set with amethysts2 amethysts1 too1 sparkled on their necks and over their gowns4 ,in their hands they carried long trails of the lovely blossom of the wistaria4 ,their companions were clad in white and green1 and in their left hands they carried silver rods with emerald stars at the top4 ,it really seemed at one time as though the troops of ,little ,people would never cease pouring out of the hill4 ,they did so at last1 though1 and as soon as all were in their places the music suddenly changed4 ,the old man by this time seemed able to see more clearly1 and hear more distinctly1 and his sense of smell grew keener4 ,never were such flashing gems as here1 never had any flowers such scents as these that were here4 ,there were now thousands of little ladies gathered on the ,gump1 and these all broke out into song at the same instant4 ,the words were in an unknown tongue1 but the song was evidently about some great personages who were about to emerge from the amazing hill1 for again it opened1 and again poured forth a crowd of ,small ,people4 ,first of all came a bevy of little girls in white gauze1 scattering flowers1 which as soon as they touched the ground1 sprang up into full life and threw out leaves and more flowers1 full of exquisite scents2 then came a number of boys playing on shells as though they were harps1 and making ravishing music1 while after them came hundreds and hundreds of little men clad in green and gold1 followed by a perfect forest of banners spreading and waving on the air4 ,then last1 but more beautiful than all that had gone before1 was carried a raised platform covered with silk embroidered with real gold1 and edged with crystals1 and on the platform were seated a prince and princess of such surpassing loveliness that no words can be found to describe them4 ,they were dressed in the richest velvet1 and covered with precious stones which blazed and sparkled in the myriad lights until the eye could scarce bear to look at them4 ,over her lovely robe the princess's hair flowed down to the floor1 where it rested in great shining1 golden waves4 ,in her hand she held a golden sceptre1 on the top of which blazed a diamond as large as a walnut1 while the prince carried one with a sapphire of equal size4 ,after a deal of marching backwards and forwards1 the platform was placed on the highest point of the ,gump1 which was now a hill of flowers1 and every fairy walked up and bowed1 said something to the prince and princess1 and passed on to a seat at the tables4 ,at length all were seated1 whereupon the prince gave a signal1 on which a number of footmen came forward carrying a table laden with dainty food in solid gold dishes1 and wines in goblets of precious stones which they placed on the platform before the prince and princess4 ,as soon as the royal pair began to eat1 all the hosts around them followed their example1 and such a merry1 jovial meal they had4 ,the viands disappeared as fast as they could go1 laughter and talk sounded on all sides1 and never a sign did any of them give that they knew that a human being was watching them4 ,ah6 thought the old miser to himself4 ,i can't get all ,i'd like to1 but if ,i could reach up to the prince's table ,i could get enough at one grab to set me up for life6 ,stooping down1 he slowly and stealthily dragged himself nearer and nearer to the table4 ,he felt quite sure that no one could see him4 ,what he himself did not see was that hundreds of wicked little ,spriggans had tied ropes on to him and were holding fast to the ends4 ,he crawled and crawled so slowly and carefully that it took him some time to get over the ground1 but he managed it at last1 and got quite close up to the lovely little pair4 ,once there he paused for a moment and looked back1--perhaps to see if the way was clear for him to run when he had done what he meant to do4 ,he was rather startled to find that all was as dark as dark could be1 and that he could see nothing at all behind him4 ,however1 he tried to cheer himself by thinking it was only that his eyes were dazzled by looking at the bright lights so long4 ,he was even more startled1 though1 when he turned round to the ,gump again1 to find that every eye of all those hundreds and thousands of fairies on the hill was looking straight into his eyes4 ,at first he was really frightened1 but as they did nothing but look1 he told himself that they could not really be gazing at him1 and grew braver with the thought4 ,then slowly bringing up his hat1 as a boy does to catch a butterfly1 he was just going to bring it down on the silken platform and capture prince and princess1 table1 gold dishes and all1 when hark6 ,a shrill whistle sounded1 the old man's hand1 with the hat in it1 was paralyzed in the air1 so that he could not move it backwards or forwards1 and in an instant every light went out1 and all was pitchy darkness4 ,there was a whir-r-r and a buzz1 and a whir-r-r1 as if a swarm of bees were flying by him1 and the old man felt himself fastened so securely to the ground that1 do what he would1 he could not move an inch1 and all the time he felt himself being pinched1 and pricked1 and tweaked from top to toe1 so that not an inch of him was free from torment4 ,he was lying on his back at the foot of the ,gump1 though how he got there he could never tell4 ,his arms were stretched out and fastened down1 so that he could not do anything to drive off his tormentors1 his legs were so secured that he could not even relieve himself by kicking1 and his tongue was tied with cords1 so that he could not call out4 ,there he lay1 no one knows how long1 for to him it seemed hours1 and no one else but the fairies knew anything about it4 ,at last he felt a lot of little feet running over him1 but whose they were he had no idea until something perched on his nose1 and by the light of the moon he saw it was a ,spriggan4 ,his wicked old heart sank when he realized that he had got into their clutches1 for all his life he had heard what wicked little creatures they were4 ,the little imp on his nose kicked and danced and stamped about in great delight at finding himself perched up so high4 ,we all know how painful it is to have one's nose knocked1 even ever so little1 so you may imagine that the old miser did not enjoy himself at all4 ,master ,spriggan did1 though4 ,he roared with laughter1 as though he were having a huge joke1 until at last1 rising suddenly to his feet and standing on the tips of his tiny toes1 he shouted sharply1 ,away6 away6 ,i smell the day6 and to the old man's great relief off he flew in a great hurry1 followed by all his mischievous little companions who had been playing games1 and running races all over their victim's body4 ,left at last to himself1 the mortified old man lay for some time1 thinking over all that had happened1 trying to collect his senses1 and wondering how he should manage to escape from his bonds1 for he might lie there for a week without any human being coming near the place4 ,till sunrise he lay there1 trying to think of some plan1 and then1 what do you think he saw8 ,why1 that he had not been tied down by ropes at all1 but only by thousands of gossamer webs6 ,and there they were now1 all over him1 with the dew on them sparkling like the diamonds that the princess had worn the night before4 ,and those dewdrop diamonds were all the jewels he got for his night's work4 ,when he made this discovery he turned over and groaned and wept with rage and shame1 and never1 to his dying day1 could he bear to look at sparkling gold or gems4 ,at last1 afraid lest he should be missed1 and searchers be sent out to look for him1 he got up1 brushed off the dewy webs1 and putting on his battered old hat1 crept slowly home4 ,he was wet through with dew1 cold1 full of rheumatism1 and very much ashamed of himself4 ,very good care he took to keep that night's experiences to himself4 ,no one must know his shame4 ,years after1 though1 when he had become a changed man1 and repented of his former greediness1 he let out the story bit by bit to be a lesson to others1 until his friends and neighbors1 who loved to listen to anything about fairies1 had gathered it all as ,i have told it to you here4 ,and you may be quite sure it is all true1 for the old man was not clever enough to invent it4 --,from ,strange ,stories from ,cornwall1 by ,mabel ,quiller-,couch4 ,,thinking ,,and ,,doing ,arrange your papers with your name and grade on the first line2 place the date and your room or teacher's name on the second line2 leave the third line blank1 and1 beginning with the fourth line1 number the lines from #a to #f4 ,this exercise is to help you read quietly and accurately4 ,see that you understand all the directions in each problem before you attempt to carry them out4 ,on the other hand1 work as quickly as you can4 #a4 ,if ,christopher ,columbus lived before ,george ,washington1 make a cross on the first line1 but if ,george ,washington lived before ,columbus1 write the word old there4 #b4 ,an egg which is not fresh will float in salt water4 ,out of a dozen eggs seven floated and five sank4 ,were there more fresh eggs or more stale eggs in the dozen8 ,write your answer on the second line4 #c4 ,and what is so rare as a day in ,june8 ,then if ever come perfect days4 ,this is a quotation from a poem by ,james ,russell ,lowell4 ,if you think from these lines that the poet prefers ,june weather to ,october weather1 write the word summer on the third line4 ,if you think he prefers ,october weather1 write the word autumn there4 #d4 ,at an army camp in ,georgia the flag on the flag-staff at headquarters was blowing toward ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,from what general direction was the wind8 ,write your answer on the fourth line4 #e4 ,all the education of the middle ages was to be found in the monasteries4 ,from this fact which would you expect to find the better educated1 churchmen or soldiers8 #f4 ,if pink is lighter than red1 and red is lighter than purple1 which of these colors is darker than red8 ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,the ,,moon ,you should all begin reading at the same time4 ,this is a selection that you can read easily4 ,you will have to pay close attention1 however1 because you will be asked questions about the interesting facts told here4 ,your teacher will decide when to have you close your books4 ,then she will have a contest between the boys and girls or between sections of the class to see which group can answer the questions better4 ,when we were very young we had a nursery rhyme which told of an old witch who rode away upon a broomstick to sweep the cobwebs from the sky4 ,of course we understood that it was just a nonsense rhyme4 ,but nowadays when people can really fly up in the air1 not on broomsticks but on aeroplanes1 it does not seem so nonsensical4 ,suppose we agree to take a trip1 in our imagination1 right away up into the sky till we reach the moon6 ,of course1 we can never hope really to fly to the moon4 ,one reason is that the air goes up only a comparatively short distance4 ,but you can do wonderful things in your imagination6 ,we shall suppose we have a machine that does not require air in which to fly1 and that we can live very comfortably in an enclosed cabin attached to this wonderful flying machine4 ,at what speed are we going to make our machine fly8 ,some aeroplanes have traveled more than one hundred miles in an hour1 but that speed will be far too slow for us because we have such great distances to go4 ,flying at one hundred miles per hour1 we should not reach the moon for three months4 ,and the moon is our nearest neighbor in space4 ,the sun is four hundred times as far away as the moon1 so it would take us a hundred years to reach the sun4 ,and even this far-distant sun seems a near neighbor when we think of the distance from us to the fixed stars4 ,to reach the nearest of the stars it would take us millions of years4 ,i am not going to ask you to imagine yourself living for millions of years1 shut up in the cabin of our flying machine4 ,it is quite evident that we must increase the speed of our machine4 ,suppose we make it go as fast as a ray of light can travel6 ,how fast is that8 ,the speed of light is so great than any race we set for it on this earth seems no time at all4 ,you know that it takes us several months to travel round this world in a steamer4 ,of course we could go far faster in a flying machine4 ,but even if we could keep flying all the time at one hundred miles per hour1 it would take us ten days4 ,suppose now that it were possible to send a ray of light on this same journey around the world4 ,it would have traveled right round before you could count one4 ,indeed it could travel five hundred times round the world in one minute4 ,that may help to give you some vague sort of idea of the speed at which our flying machine is to travel4 ,even at this unthinkable speed1 it would take us about four years to reach the nearest star4 ,does it really take light several years to travel from a star to us8 ,it does2 it takes light hundreds of years to reach us from some of the distant stars4 ,if one of these far-distant stars should disappear suddenly1 you and ,i would know nothing about the change4 ,when we looked up into the sky we should still see the star shining away year after year4 ,our children and our grandchildren would still believe the star to be where it had been always1 for the last rays of light1 sent out by the star before it disappeared1 would take hundreds of years to reach this world4 ,there is no hope of our ever reaching these very distant stars in our imaginary flying machine2 it would be too big a tax on our imagination to live in the cabin of our machine for hundreds of years4 ,for the present we shall be content with a trip to the moon4 ,but one boy says that he cannot imagine our flying machine forcing its way through the air at the enormous speed at which light travels4 ,even when traveling by motor car1 at the comparative snail-pace of1 say1 forty miles per hour1 we have to see that hats and veils are well fastened on4 ,this boy says that he has been told that a good deal of the additional energy required to drive a train at sixty miles an hour is used up in forcing the train through the ocean of air4 ,we quite agree with this boy that it would be very difficult to imagine our machine traveling through the air at the speed of light4 ,we shall get over this difficulty by making our machine not exceed one hundred miles per hour so long as we are in the ocean of air4 ,when we get beyond this great blanket of air1 we can increase our speed to that of light4 ,i am very glad that we have come to this arrangement1 for ,i had just been thinking that our journey to the moon would be a very disappointing one1 as it would have taken only about one second to get there4 ,now our journey will be much slower and we shall have time to look about us4 ,when we emerge from the misty clouds we cannot see the instruments for the moisture on the window4 ,by the time it clears we are about two miles upwards off the earth4 ,we find that the temperature has fallen down below freezing-point4 ,we are rather surprised1 as it looks lovely and warm in the sunshine4 ,the moment we shoot above the clouds we are in the sunshine1 with the sea of clouds below us4 ,our thermometer is placed in the shade1 so that the direct rays of the sun cannot reach it1 as we wish to know the temperature of the surrounding air4 ,the reason why it is colder here than down on the surface of the earth is that we have climbed out of the thickest part of the great blanket of air which serves to keep you warm4 ,the air is what you might describe as much thicker near the earth1 but1 to speak more correctly1 we should say that the air is much denser at the surface of the earth4 ,up here it is much flimsier4 ,one girl says that she climbed a high mountain with her father1 on a beautiful summer day1 and it was so cold on the top of the mountain they could not stay there many minutes4 ,we keep rushing upwards and in half an hour we know that we must be about fifty miles from the earth1 as we have been traveling at the rate of one hundred miles per hour4 ,the air at this height is so rare that we could not possibly live in it4 ,it is a good thing that we are in an enclosed cabin1 and have plenty of fresh air in liquid form1 which gives off ordinary air just at the rate we require it4 ,we know that in about an hour and a half we should be clear of the atmosphere altogether1 and that we may travel thereafter at the speed of light1 which means about eleven million miles per minute4 ,one little girl says she is feeling very sleepy1 and as she was too excited to sleep much last night1 ,i advise her to lie down and have a sleep now2 we shall waken her when we arrive at the moon4 ,imagine then that we have arrived at the moon4 ,it looks like our own world1 the earth1 only there is nothing growing on it2 it seems to be all bare rocks4 ,but the mountains look very high2 some of them are really higher than the highest mountains on the earth4 ,most of the children in our cabin say that they thought the moon was quite smooth1 and had a sort of polished surface4 ,when they were told that the moon did not send out light1 but merely reflected the light of the sun1 they pictured some sort of mirror-like surface4 ,we are startled by a sudden cry of surprise behind us2 the little girl who was sleeping has wakened up1 and looking out of the window behind us1 she calls3 ,oh6 look how huge the moon has grown6 ,it is far1 far bigger than the sun6 ,looking out at her window1 we see what does look like a giant moon4 ,but our little friend is very much surprised when ,i tell her that that is old ,mother ,earth1 and that the rocky mountains close to us are part of the moon4 ,but how can the earth shine like the moon8 ,in exactly the same way as the moon shines2 both merely reflect the light sent out by the sun4 ,we can scarcely believe that this huge half-moon1 standing out so clearly against a jet-black sky1 is really the earth which we left a few hours ago in broad daylight4 ,but the people on the part of it which we speak of as shining like the moon are still in broad daylight4 ,those people living on the half of the great globe which appears dark to us are in darkness except for the light which is reaching them from this moon up here where we are at present4 ,one boy says that some of the astronomers on the earth may be looking at us through their telescopes1 and he starts making ,boy ,scout signals with his arms4 ,he is disappointed when ,i tell him that the very best telescope on earth would not enable the astronomers to see our flying machine even as a speck on the face of the moon4 ,if our machine had been as big as one of our largest buildings1 it could then have been seen as a tiny dot4 ,but we cannot help staring at that great ball on which we live1 and which we left so recently4 ,this distant view gives us a good idea of how much bigger the earth is than the moon4 ,of course if you look down at the moon at present you can get no idea of its size2 you can see only a small part of it1 just as you could see only a small part of the earth until you made this imaginary voyage skywards4 ,but you can remember what the moon looked like when you saw it from the earth4 ,looking back now at the far-distant earth1 you would say that it was much more than four times the size of the moon4 ,when we are comparing the sizes of the earth and the moon1 and the other heavenly bodies1 it is usual to speak of their diameters4 ,the word diameter is made out of two ,greek words which mean a measure through4 ,the diameter of the moon or of the earth is just the distance right through the center from one side to the other4 ,we say that the diameter of the earth is four times as great as the diameter of the moon1 but the earth could contain sixty-four moons4 ,suppose we take a quiet cruise about the moon in our imaginary flying machine4 ,one boy remarks that he is glad it is a fine day1 for1 although we cannot leave the cabin of our flying machine1 we can see much better on a fine day4 ,another boy says he guesses that if we were to stay here for a hundred years it would be fine every day4 ,he is quite right4 ,there are no clouds around the moon1 and so there cannot be any rain4 ,when we looked at the moon from the earth1 the moon's surface seemed to be beautifully smooth1 but now that we have traveled to it in our flying machine we find it to be anything but smooth4 ,it seems to be covered entirely with high mountains1 and great rings of mountains4 ,one boy says that those large basins formed by the rings of mountains remind him of some mountains that he saw on the earth1 and that he was told the mountains had formed the crater of a great volcano in the long ago4 ,but what is a volcano8 ,although a volcano is described often as a burning mountain1 it is not really burning1 but it has a large chimney in the center of it reaching far down into the earth4 ,great quantities of molten rock-material are hurled up this chimney while the volcano is active4 ,there are a few active volcanoes on the earth today1 but there are traces of very many more that have long ceased to be active4 ,one boy hopes that we may find an active volcano as we cruise around the moon1 but he will be disappointed4 ,the moon is no longer a hot body like the earth1 and the earth used to be very much hotter than at present1 when there were a great many volcanoes at work4 ,looking at the moon1 we can see that it must have been very hot at one time also2 it seems so covered with volcanic mountains that one ring sometimes overlaps another4 ,but what is this huge dark-colored part of the moon8 ,one boy guesses that it is a sea or a lake1 and when ,i tell him that there is no water on the moon he is very much surprised4 ,he says that there must have been water at one time1 for he has seen a map of the moon1 and it contained a lot of ,latin names which his tutor told him meant the ,sea of ,rains1 the ,sea of ,tranquillity1 the ,lake of ,dreams1 and so on4 ,no doubt the map which the boy saw was quite a correct map of the moon1 for we speak of those dark patches as seas and lakes1 although we know now that no water exists1 and probably never existed1 on the moon4 ,it is those great dark patches on the moon which seem to form the man's face2 this dark patch which we are coming to is the one which forms his right eye4 ,it is called the ,sea of ,rains4 ,how bright the mountains look in the sunshine1 and how black their shadows are4 ,that is because there is no air4 ,notice how very clearly you can see the far-distant mountain ranges4 ,you can scarcely believe me when ,i tell you that the mountains on either side of that great crater are more than one hundred miles apart4 ,but do you not remember how the mountains on the earth have appeared to us sometimes to be very much nearer than usual8 ,if you asked the reason for this1 you were told that it was because the atmosphere happened to be particularly clear4 ,well6 here on the moon we have no air at all and that is why we can see everything so very clearly4 ,one little girl says that she had been wondering why there is nothing growing on the moon1 but now she sees that not even grass1 nor moss1 nor heather could grow1 since there is no air and no water4 ,not only are the mountains bare rock1 but the whole surface of the land is the same4 --,from ,the ,stars and ,their ,mysteries1 by ,charles ,r4 ,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,questions #a4 ,why can no aeroplane ever fly to the moon8 #b4 ,how long would it take an aeroplane flying #ajj miles an hour to reach the moon8 #c4 ,how much farther away is the sun than the moon8 #d4 ,give some idea how far away the fixed stars are4 #e4 ,why is it colder as we rise up in the air8 #f4 ,what does the surface of the moon look like8 #g4 ,how would the earth look to a person on the moon8 #h4 ,how much larger is the earth than the moon8 #i4 ,what is the weather on the moon8 #aj4 ,what is a volcano8 #aa4 ,why could you see a long distance on the moon8 #ab4 ,why does nothing grow on the moon8 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,page x3 ,there is a split hyphenated word in the table4 ,it was done to shorten the width of the table4 ,page #be3 ,added starting quote mark4 7444 the ,swallow1 and the 4447 ,page #bh3 ,added starting quote mark4 7444the ,mayor4 ,we must 4447 ,page #dg3 ,added the word to1 looks like it was omitted by the printer4 7444 to walk to town2 will 4447 ,corrected obvious spelling and punctuation errors throughout4 ,the parfleches is mispelled parfleshes throughout the text4 ,the text as has been left unchanged4 ,there are several words that appear both as a hypenated word and an un-hyphenated word in the text1 such as hill-side and hillside4 ,the text as has been left unchanged4