,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,,an>*y ,by ,errico ,malate/a ,publi%$ by ! ,free ,society ,libr>y 9 #aijj ,,an>*y4 ---------- ,,an>*y is a ^w :i* comes f ! ,greek1 & signifies1 /rictly speak+1 )\t gov]nm5t3 ! /ate ( a p )\t any con/itut$ au?ority1 t is1 )\t gov]nm5t4 ,be=e su* an organization _h begun to be consid]$ possible & desirable by a :ole class ( ?9k]s1 s z to be tak5 z ! aim ( a p>ty 7:i* p>ty has n[ become "o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 mod]n social w>f>e71 ! ^w ,an>*y 0 tak5 univ]sally 9 ! s5se ( disord] & confusion2 & x is /ill adopt$ 9 t s5se by ! ignorant & by adv]s>ies int]e/$ 9 di/ort+ ! tru?4 ,we %all n ent] into philological discussions2 = ! "q is n philological b hi/orical4 ,! common mean+ ( ! ^w does n misconceive its true etymological signification1 b is d]iv$ f ?is mean+1 ow+ to ! prejudice t gov]nm5t mu/ be a necessity ( ! organization ( social life2 & t consequ5tly a society )\t gov]nm5t mu/ be giv5 up to disord]1 & oscillate betwe5 ! unbridl$ dom9ion ( "s & ! bl9d v5geance ( o!rs4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is prejudice1 & its influ5ce on ! mean+ :i* ! public has giv5 ! ^w1 is easily expla9$4 ,man1 l all liv+ be+s1 adapts & habituates himself to ! conditions 9 :i* he lives1 & transmits by inh]itance 8 acquir$ habits4 ,?us be+ born & hav+ liv$ 9 bondage1 be+ ! desc5dant ( a long l9e ( slaves1 man1 :5 he began to ?9k1 believ$ t slav]y 0 an ess5tial condition ( life2 & lib]ty seem$ to him an impossible ?+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! workman1 =c$ = c5turies1 & ?us habituat$1 to dep5d ^u ! good w ( 8 employ] = "w1 t is1 = bread1 & accu/om$ to see 8 own life at ! disposal ( ^? :o possess ! l& & ! capital1 has end$ 9 believ+ t x is 8 ma/] :o gives him to eat1 & dem&s +5u\sly h[ x w\ld be possible to live1 if !re 7 no ma/] ov] him8 ,9 ! same way1 a man :o _h _h 8 limbs b\nd f 8 bir?1 b _h nev]!less f\nd out h[ to hobble ab\t1 might attribute to ! v h&s t b\nd him 8 ability to move1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld be dim9i%+ & p>alyz+ ! muscul> en]gy ( 8 limbs4 ,if1 !n1 we add to ! natural effect ( habit ! education giv5 him by 8 ma/]s1 ! p>son1 tea*]1 etc41 :o are all int]e/$ 9 tea*+ t ! employ] & ! gov]nm5t are necess>y2 if also we add ! judge & ! bailiff to =ce ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly--& might try to propagate _! op9ions --to keep sil5ce1 we %all und]/& h[ ! prejudice z to ! utility & necessity ( ma/]s & gov]nm5ts has become e/abli%$4 ,suppose a doctor br+s =w>d a complete !ory1 ) a ?\s& ably inv5t$ illu/rations1 to p]suade t man ) ! b\nd limb :om we 7 describ+1 t1 if 8 limb 7 fre$1 he c\ld n walk1 c\ld n ev5 live4 ,! man w\ld def5d 8 b&s furi\sly1 & consid] any "o 8 enemy :o tri$ to te> !m (f4 ,?us1 s9ce x is believ$ t gov]nm5t is necess>y1 & t )\t gov]nm5t !re mu/ be disord] & confusion1 x is natural & logical to suppose t ,an>*y1 :i* signifies )\t gov]nm5t1 mu/ also mean abs5ce ( ord]4 ,nor is ?is fact )\t p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( words4 ,9 ^? epo*s & c\ntries :]e p h consid]$ gov]nm5t by "o man 7mon>*y7 necess>y1 ! ^w republic 7t is1 ! gov]nm5t ( _m7 has be5 us$ precisely l ,an>*y1 to imply disord] & confusion4 ,traces ( ?is signification ( ! ^w are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! popul> language ( almo/ all c\ntries4 ,:5 ?is op9ion is *ang$1 & ! public conv9c$ t gov]nm5t is n necess>y1 b extremely h>mful1 ! ^w ,an>*y1 precisely because x signifies )\t gov]nm5t1 w become equal to say+ natural ord]1 h>mony ( ! ne$s & int]e/s ( all1 complete lib]ty ) complete solid>ity4 ,!re=e1 ^? are wrong :o say t ,an>*i/s h *os5 _! "n badly1 because x is errone\sly und]/ood by ! masses & leads to a false int]pretation4 ,! error does n come f ! ^w1 b f ! ?+4 ,! difficulty :i* ,an>*i/s meet ) 9 spread+ _! views does n dep5d ^u ! "n !y h giv5 !mselves1 b ^u ! fact t _! conceptions /rike at all ! invet]ate prejudices t p h ab\t ! function ( gov]nm5t1 or ! ,/ate1 z x is call$4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 x w be well to expla9 ?is la/ ^w 7! ,/ate7 :i*1 9 our op9ion1 is ! real cause ( mu* misund]/&+4 ,an>*i/s1 & we among !m1 h made use1 & /ill g5]ally make use ( ! ^w ,/ate1 mean+ !reby t collection ( in/itutions1 political1 legislative1 judicial1 milit>y1 f9ancial1 etc41 by means ( :i* ! managem5t ( _! own affairs1 ! guidance ( _! p]sonal conduct & ! c>e ( ensur+ _! own safety are tak5 f ! p & confid$ to c]ta9 individuals4 ,& ^!1 :e!r by usurpation or delegation1 are inve/$ ) ! "r to make laws ov] & = all1 & to con/ra9 ! public to respect !m1 mak+ use ( ! collective =ce ( ! community to ?is end4 ,9 ?is case ! ^w ,/ate means gov]nm5t1 or1 if y l1 x is ! imp]sonal expression1 ab/ract$ f ! /ate ( ?+s1 ( :i* ! gov]nm5t is ! p]sonification4 ,!n su* expressions z abolition ( ! ,/ate1 or society )\t ! ,/ate1 agree p]fectly ) ! conception :i* ,an>*i/s wi% to express ( ! de/ruction ( e political in/itution bas$ on au?ority1 & ( ! con/itution ( a free & equal society1 bas$ ^u h>mony ( int]e/s1 & ! volunt>y contribution ( all to ! satisfaction ( social ne$s4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w ,/ate has _m o!r significations1 & among ^! "s :i* l5d !mselves to miscon/ruction1 p>ticul>ly :5 us$ among m5 ^: sad social position has n af=d$ !m leisure to become accu/om$ to ! delicate di/9ctions ( sci5tific language1 or1 /ill worse1 :5 adopt$ trea*]\sly by adv]s>ies1 :o are int]e/$ 9 conf\nd+ ! s5se1 or d n wi% to compreh5d4 ,?us ! ^w ,/ate is (t5 us$ to indicate any giv5 society1 or collection ( human be+s1 unit$ on a giv5 t]ritory & con/itut+ :at is call$ a social unit1 indep5d5tly ( ! way 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! said body are gr\p$1 or ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,/ate is us$ also simply z a synonym = society4 ,ow+ to ^! significations ( ! ^w1 our adv]s>ies believe1 or r pr(ess to believe1 t ,an>*i/s wi% to aboli% e social relation & all collective "w1 & to r$uce man to a condition ( isolation1 t is1 to a /ate worse ?an savag]y4 ,by ,/ate aga9 is meant only ! supreme adm9i/ration ( a c\ntry1 ! c5tral p[]1 di/9ct f prov9cial or communal p[]2 & !re=e o!rs ?9k t ,an>*i/s wi% m]ely = a t]ritorial dec5tralization1 leav+ ! pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t intact1 & ?us conf\nd+ ,an>*y ) cantonal or communal gov]nm5t4 ,f9ally1 /ate signifies condition1 mode ( liv+1 ! ord] ( social life1 etc41 & !re=e we say1 = example1 t x is necess>y to *ange ! economic /ate ( ! work+ classes1 or t ! ,an>*ical /ate is ! only /ate f\nd$ on ! pr9ciples ( solid>ity1 & o!r simil> phrases4 ,s t if we say also 9 ano!r s5se t we wi% to aboli% ! ,/ate1 we may at once appe> absurd or contradictory4 ,= ^! reasons1 we believe x w\ld be bett] to use ! expression abolition ( ! ,/ate z little z possible1 & to sub/itute = x ano!r cle>] & m concrete--abolition ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 any case1 ! latt] w be ! expression us$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is little "w4 -------------------- ,we h said t ,an>*y is society )\t gov]nm5t4 ,b is ! suppression ( gov]nm5t possible1 desirable1 or wise8 ,let u see4 ,:at is ! gov]nm5t8 ,!re is a disease ( ! human m9d call$ ! metaphysical t5d5cy1 caus+ man1 aft] he has by a logical process ab/ract$ ! quality f an object1 to be subject to a k9d ( halluc9ation :i* makes him take ! ab/raction = ! real ?+4 ,?is metaphysical t5d5cy1 9 spite ( ! bl[s ( positive sci5ce1 has /ill /rong root 9 ! m9ds ( ! majority ( our contempor>y fell[ m54 ,x has su* an influ5ce t _m consid] gov]nm5t an actual entity1 ) c]ta9 giv5 attributes ( reason1 ju/ice1 equity1 indep5d5tly ( ! p :o compose ! gov]nm5t4 ,= ^? :o ?9k 9 ?is way1 gov]nm5t1 or ! ,/ate1 is ! ab/ract social p[]1 & x repres5ts1 always 9 ! ab/ract1 ! g5]al int]e/4 ,x is ! expression ( ! "r ( all1 & consid]$ z limit$ by ! rights ( ea*4 ,?is way ( und]/&+ gov]nm5t is support$ by ^? int]e/$1 to :om x is an urg5t necessity t ! pr9ciple ( au?ority %\ld be ma9ta9$1 & %\ld always survive ! faults & errors ( ! p]sons :o succe$ to ! ex]cise ( p[]4 ,= u1 ! gov]nm5t is ! aggregate ( ! gov]nors2 & ! gov]nors--k+s1 presid5ts1 m9i/]s1 memb]s ( p>liam5t1 & :at n--are ^? :o h ! p[] to make laws1 to regulate ! relations betwe5 m51 & to =ce ob$i5ce to ^! laws4 ,!y are ^? :o decide ^u & claim ! taxes1 en=ce milit>y s]vice1 judge & puni% transgressions ( ! laws4 ,!y subject m5 to regulations1 & sup]vise & sanction private contracts4 ,!y monopolize c]ta9 bran*es ( production & public s]vices1 or1 if !y wi%1 all production & public s]vice4 ,!y promote or h9d] ! ex*ange ( goods4 ,!y make w> or peace ) ! gov]nm5ts ( o!r c\ntries4 ,!y conc$e or )hold free trade & _m ?+s else4 ,9 %ort1 ! gov]nors are ^? :o h ! p[]1 9 a great] or less degree1 to make use ( ! collective =ce ( society1 t is1 ( ! physical1 intellectual1 & economic =ce ( all1 to oblige ea* to d ! said gov]nor's wi%4 ,& ?is p[] con/itutes1 9 our op9ion1 ! v pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t1 ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,b :at reason is !re = ! exi/5ce ( gov]nm5t8 ,:y abdicate "o's own lib]ty1 "o's own initiative 9 favor ( o!r individuals8 ,:y give !m ! p[] to be ! ma/]s1 ) or contr>y to ! wi% ( ea*1 to dispose ( ! =ces ( all 9 _! own way8 ,are ! gov]nors su* v exceptionally gift$ m5 z to enable !m1 ) "s %[ ( reason1 to repres5t ! masses1 & act 9 ! int]e/ ( all m5 bett] ?an all m5 w\ld be able to d = !mselves8 ,are !y s infallible & incorruptible t "o c confide to !m1 ) any semblance ( prud5ce1 ! fate ( ea* & all1 tru/+ to _! k & _! goodness8 ,& ev5 if !re exi/$ m5 ( inf9ite goodness & k1 ev5 if we assume :at has nev] be5 v]ifi$ 9 hi/ory1 & :at we believe x w\ld be impossible to v]ify1 namely1 t ! gov]nm5t might devolve ^u ! able/ & be/1 w\ld ! possession ( gov]nm5tal p[] add any?+ to _! b5efic5t influ5ce8 ,w\ld x n r p>alyze or de/roy x8 ,= ^? :o gov]n f9d x necess>y to occupy !mselves ) ?+s :i* !y d n und]/&1 &1 above all1 to wa/e ! great] "p ( _! en]gy 9 keep+ !mselves 9 p[]1 /riv+ to satisfy _! fri5ds1 hold+ ! discont5t$ 9 *eck1 & ma/]+ ! rebelli\s4 ,aga91 be ! gov]nors good or bad1 wise or ignorant1 :o is x t appo9ts !m to _! (fice8 ,d !y impose !mselves by "r ( w>1 conque/1 or revolution8 ,!n1 :at gu>antees h ! public t _! rul]s h ! g5]al good at he>t8 ,9 ?is case x is simply a "q ( usurpation2 & if ! subjects are discont5t$1 no?+ is left to !m b to ?r[ (f ! yoke1 by an appeal to arms4 ,are ! gov]nors *os5 f a c]ta9 class or p>ty8 ,!n c]ta9ly ! ideas & int]e/s ( t class or p>ty w triumph1 & ! wi%es & int]e/s ( ! o!rs w be sacrific$4 ,are !y elect$ by univ]sal suffrage8 ,n[ numb]s are ! sole crit]ion2 & numb]s are c]ta9ly no pro( ( reason1 ju/ice or capacity4 ,"u univ]sal suffrage1 ! elect$ are ^? :o "k be/ h[ to take 9 ! masses4 ,! m9ority1 :i* may happ5 to be half m9us "o1 is sacrific$4 ,& t )\t consid]+ t !re is ano!r ?+ to take into acc\nt4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n x is impossible to hit ^u an electoral sy/em :i* really ensures election by ! actual majority4 ,_m & v>i\s are ! !ories by :i* m5 h s\ght to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( gov]nm5t4 ,all1 h[ev]1 are f\nd$1 confess$ly or n1 on ! assumption t ! individuals ( a society h contr>y int]e/s1 & t an ext]nal sup]ior p[] is necess>y to oblige "s to respect ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 by prescrib+ & impos+ a rule ( conduct1 accord+ to :i* ! int]e/s at /rife may be h>moniz$ z mu* z possible1 & accord+ to :i* ea* obta9s ! maximum ( satisfaction ) ! m9imum ( sacrifice4 ,if1 say ! !ori/s ( ! au?orit>ian s*ool1 ! int]e/s1 t5d5cies1 & desires ( an individual are 9 opposition to ^? ( ano!r individual1 or mayhap all society1 :o w h ! "r & ! p[] to oblige ! "o to respect ! int]e/s ( ! o!rs8 ,:o w be able to prev5t ! individual citiz5 f (f5d+ ! g5]al w8 ,! lib]ty ( ea*1 say !y1 has = its limit ! lib]ty ( o!rs2 b :o w e/abli% ^? limits1 & :o w cause !m to be respect$8 ,! natural antagonism ( int]e/s & passions creates ! necessity = gov]nm5t1 & ju/ifies au?ority4 ,au?ority int]v5es z mod]ator ( ! social /rife1 & def9es ! limits ( ! rights & duties ( ea*4 ,?is is ! !ory2 b ! !ory1 to be s\nd1 ought to be bas$ ^u facts1 & to expla9 !m4 ,we "k well h[ 9 social economy !ories are too (t5 inv5t$ to ju/ify facts1 t is1 to def5d privilege & cause x to be accept$ tranquilly by ^? :o are its victims4 ,let u "h look at ! facts !mselves4 ,9 all ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 z at ! pres5t epo*1 gov]nm5t is ei!r ! brutal1 viol5t1 arbitr>y dom9ation ( ! few ov] ! _m1 or x is an in/rum5t orda9$ to secure dom9ation & privilege to ^? :o1 by =ce1 or cunn+1 or inh]itance1 h tak5 to !mselves all ! means ( life1 & fir/ & =emo/ ! soil1 :]eby !y hold ! p 9 s]vitude1 mak+ !m "w = _! advantage4 ,gov]nm5ts oppress mank9d 9 two ways1 ei!r directly1 by brute =ce1 t is physical viol5ce1 or indirectly1 by depriv+ !m ( ! means ( subsi/5ce & ?us r$uc+ !m to helplessness at discretion4 ,political p[] orig9at$ 9 ! fir/ me?od2 economic privilege arose f ! second4 ,gov]nm5ts c also oppress man by act+ on 8 emotional nature1 & 9 ?is way con/itute religi\s au?ority4 ,b !re is no reason = ! propagation ( religi\s sup]/itions except t !y def5d & consolidate political & economic privileges4 ,9 primitive society1 :5 ! _w 0 n s d5sely populat$ z n[1 & social relations 7 less complicat$1 :5 any circum/ance prev5t$ ! =mation ( habits & cu/oms ( solid>ity1 or de/roy$ ^? :i* already exi/$1 & e/abli%$ ! dom9ation ( man ov] man1 ! two p[]s1 ! political & ! economical1 7 unit$ 9 ! same h&s --& (t5 also 9 ^? ( "o s+le individual4 ,^? :o _h by =ce conqu]$ & impov]i%$ ! o!rs1 con/ra9$ !m to become _! s]vants1 & p]=m all ?+s = !m accord+ to _! caprice4 ,! victors 7 at once proprietors1 legislators1 k+s1 judges1 & execution]s4 ,b ) ! increase ( population1 ) ! gr[? ( ne$s1 ) ! complication ( social relation%ips1 ! prolong$ cont9uance ( su* despotism became impossible4 ,= _! own security1 ! rul]s1 (t5 mu* aga9/ _! w1 7 oblig$ to dep5d ^u a privileg$ class1 t is1 a c]ta9 numb] ( co-int]e/$ individuals1 & 7 also oblig$ to let ea* ( ^! individuals provide = 8 own su/5ance4 ,nev]!less !y res]v$ to !mselves ! supreme or ultimate control4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rul]s res]v$ to !mselves ! "r to exploit all at _! own conv5i5ce1 & s to satisfy _! k+ly vanity4 ,?us private weal? 0 develop$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! rul+ p[]1 = its protection &--(t5 unconsci\sly--z its accomplice4 ,?us ! class ( proprietors rose4 ,& !y1 conc5trat+ little by little ! means ( weal? 9 _! own h&s1 all ! means ( production1 ! v f\nta9s ( life--agriculture1 indu/ry1 & ex*ange--end$ by becom+ a p[] 9 !mselves4 ,?is p[]1 by ! sup]iority ( its means ( action1 & ! great mass ( int]e/s x embraces1 always ends by m or less op5ly subjugat+ ! political p[]1 t is1 ! gov]nm5t1 :i* x makes its policeman4 ,?is ph5om5on has be5 reproduc$ (t5 9 hi/ory4 ,e "t t1 by invasion or any milit>y ent]prise :atev]1 physical brute =ce has tak5 ! upp] h& 9 society1 ! conqu]ors h %[n ! t5d5cy to conc5trate gov]nm5t & prop]ty 9 _! own h&s4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 z ! gov]nm5t _c att5d to ! production ( weal?1 & ov]look & direct ev]y?+1 x f9ds x ne$ful to conciliate a p[]ful class1 & private prop]ty is aga9 e/abli%$4 ,) x comes ! division ( ! two sorts ( p[]1 t ( ! p]sons :o control ! collective =ce ( society1 & t ( ! proprietors1 ^u :om ^! gov]nors become ess5tially indep5d5t1 because ! proprietors comm& ! s\rces ( ! said collective =ce4 ,b nev] has ?is /ate ( ?+s be5 s acc5tuat$ z 9 mod]n times4 ,! developm5t ( production1 ! imm5se ext5sion ( comm]ce1 ! ext5sive p[] t money has acquir$1 & all ! economic results fl[+ f ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y1 etc41 h secur$ su* supremacy to ! capitali/ class t x is no long] cont5t to tru/ to ! support ( ! gov]nm5t1 & has come to wi% t ! gov]nm5t %all emanate f itself2 a gov]nm5t compos$ ( memb]s ( its own class1 cont9ually "u its control & especially organiz$ to def5d its class aga9/ ! possible rev5ge ( ! dis9h]it$4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! mod]n p>liam5t>y sy/em4 ,today ! gov]nm5t is compos$ ( proprietors1 or p ( _! class s entirely "u _! influ5ce t ! ri*e/ ( !m d n f9d x necess>y to take an active "p 9 x !mselves4 ,ro?s*ild1 = in/ance1 does n ne$ to be ei!r ,m4,p4 or m9i/]1 x is en\gh = him to keep ,m4,p4's & m9i/]s dep5d5t ^u himself4 ,9 _m c\ntries1 ! prolet>iat p>ticipates nom9ally1 m or less1 9 ! election ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is is a concession :i* ! b\rgeois 7i4 e41 proprietory7 class h made1 ei!r to avail !mselves ( popul> support 9 ! /rife aga9/ royal or ari/ocratic p[]1 or to div]t ! att5tion ( ! p f _! own emancipation by giv+ !m an app>5t %>e 9 political p[]4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r ! b\rgeoisie =esaw x or n1 :5 fir/ !y conc$$ to ! p ! "r to vote1 ! fact is t ! "r has prov$ 9 reality a mock]y1 s]v+ only to consolidate ! p[] ( ! b\rgeois1 :ile giv+ to ! mo/ en]getic only ( ! prolet>iat ! illusory hope ( arriv+ at p[]4 ,s also ) univ]sal suffrage--we might say1 especially ) univ]sal suffrage--! gov]nm5t has rema9$ ! s]vant & police ( ! b\rgeois class4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,if ! gov]nm5t %\ld rea* ! po9t ( becom+ ho/ile1 if ! hope ( democracy %\ld ev] be m ?an a delusion deceiv+ ! p1 ! proprietory class1 m5ac$ 9 its int]e/s1 w\ld at once rebel1 & w\ld use all ! =ce & influ5ce :i* come f ! possession ( weal?1 to r$uce ! gov]nm5t to ! simple function ( act+ z policeman4 ,9 all times & 9 all places1 :atev] may be ! "n t ! gov]nm5t takes1 :atev] has be5 its orig91 or its organization1 its ess5tial function is always t ( oppress+ & exploit+ ! masses1 & ( def5d+ ! oppressors & exploit]s4 ,its pr9cipal *>act]i/ic & indisp5sable in/rum5ts are ! bailiff & ! tax collector1 ! soldi] & ! prison4 ,& to ^! are necess>ily add$ ! "t-s]v+ prie/ or tea*]1 z ! case may be1 support$ & protect$ by ! gov]nm5t1 to r5d] ! _s ( ! p s]vile & make !m docile "u ! yoke4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 addition to ?is prim>y bus9ess1 to ?is ess5tial dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5tal action o!r dep>tm5ts h be5 add$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,we ev5 admit t nev]1 or h>dly ev]1 has a gov]nm5t be5 able to exi/ 9 a c\ntry t 0 at all civiliz$ )\t add+ to its oppress+ & exploit+ functions o!rs useful & indisp5sable to social life4 ,b ?is fact makes x none ! less true t gov]nm5t is 9 its nature oppressive & a means ( exploitation1 & t its orig9 & position doom x to be ! def5ce & hot-b$ ( a dom9ant class1 ?us confirm+ & increas+ ! evils ( dom9ation4 ,! gov]nm5t assumes ! bus9ess ( protect+1 m or less vigilantly1 ! life ( citiz5s aga9/ direct & brutal attacks2 ackn[l$ges & legalizes a c]ta9 numb] ( rights & primitive usages & cu/oms1 )\t :i* x is impossible to live 9 society4 ,x organizes & directs c]ta9 public s]vices1 z ! po/1 pres]vation & con/ruction ( roads1 c>e ( ! public heal?1 b5evol5t in/itutions1 workh\ses & su* l2 & x pleases x to pose z ! protector & b5efactor ( ! poor & weak4 ,b x is suffici5t to notice h[ & :y x fulfils ^! functions to prove our po9t4 ,! fact is t ev]y?+ ! gov]nm5t und]takes x is always inspir$ ) ! _s ( dom9ation1 & orda9$ to def5d1 enl>ge1 & p]petuate ! privileges ( prop]ty1 & ^? classes ( :i* gov]nm5t is ! repres5tative & def5d]4 ,a gov]nm5t _c rule = any l5g? ( "t )\t hid+ its true nature beh9d ! pret5ce ( g5]al utility4 ,x _c respect ! lives ( ! privileg$ )\t assum+ ! air ( wi%+ to respect ! lives ( all4 ,x _c cause ! privileges ( "s to be tol]at$ )\t appe>+ z ! cu/odian ( ! rights ( ev]ybody4 ,! law 7&1 ( c\rse1 ^? t h made ! law1 t is1 ! gov]nm5t7 has utiliz$1 says ,kropotk91 ! social s5tim5ts ( man1 work+ into !m ^? precepts ( morality1 :i* man has accept$1 toge!r ) arrangem5ts useful to ! m9ority--! exploit]s--& oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( ^? :o might h rebell$1 _h x n be5 = ?is %[ ( a moral gr\nd4 ,a gov]nm5t _c wi% ! de/ruction ( ! community1 = !n x & ! dom9ant class c\ld n claim _! exploitation-ga9$ weal?2 nor c\ld ! gov]nm5t leave ! community to manage its own affairs2 = !n ! p w\ld soon discov] t x 7! gov]nm5t7 0 necess>y = no o!r end ?an to def5d ! proprietory class :o impov]i% !m1 & w\ld ha/5 to rid !mselves ( bo? gov]nm5t & proprietory class4 ,today 9 ! face ( ! p]si/5t & m5ac+ dem&s ( ! prolet>iat1 gov]nm5ts %[ a t5d5cy to int]f]e 9 ! relations betwe5 employ]s & "w p4 ,?us !y try to arre/ ! labor movem5t1 & to imp$e ) delusive re=ms ! attempts ( ! poor to take to !mselves t :i* is due to !m1 namely an equal %>e ( ! good ?+s ( life :i* o!rs enjoy4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t on ! "o h& ! b\rgeois1 t is1 ! proprietory class1 make w> among !mselves1 & de/roy "o ano!r cont9ually1 & on ! o!r h& t ! gov]nm5t1 al?\gh compos$ ( ! b\rgeois &1 act+ z _! s]vant & protector1 is /ill1 l e o!r s]vant or protector1 cont9ually /riv+ to emancipate itself & to dom9e] ov] its *>ge4 ,?us ?is see-saw game1 ?is sway+ betwe5 conc$+ & )draw+1 ?is seek+ allies among ! p aga9/ ! classes1 & among ! classes aga9/ ! masses1 =ms ! sci5ce ( ! gov]nors1 & bl9ds ! +5u\s & phlegmatic1 :o are always expect+ t salvation is com+ to !m f on high4 ,) all ?is1 ! gov]nm5t does n *ange its nature4 ,if x acts z regulator or gu>antor ( ! rights & duties ( ea*1 x p]v]ts ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice4 ,x ju/ifies wrong & puni%es e act :i* (f5ds or m5aces ! privileges ( ! gov]nors & proprietors4 ,x decl>es j1 legal1 ! mo/ atroci\s exploitation ( ! mis]able1 :i* means a sl[ & cont9u\s mat]ial & moral murd]1 p]petrat$ by ^? :o h on ^? :o h n4 ,aga91 if x adm9i/rates public s]vices1 x always consid]s ! int]e/s ( ! gov]nors & proprietors1 n occupy+ itself ) ! int]e/s ( ! work+ masses1 except 9 s f> z is necess>y to make ! masses will+ to endure _! %>e ( taxation4 ,if x in/ructs1 x fett]s & curtails ! tru?1 & t5ds to prep>e ! m9d & he>t ( ! "y to become ei!r implacable tyrants or docile slaves1 accord+ to ! class to :i* !y belong4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t ev]y?+ becomes a means ( exploitation1 ev]y?+ s]ves z a police measure1 useful to hold ! p 9 *eck4 ,& x mu/ be ?us4 ,if ! life ( mank9d consi/s 9 /rife betwe5 man & man1 naturally !re mu/ be conqu]ors & conqu]$2 & ! gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! prize ( ! /rife1 or is a means ( secur+ to ! victors ! results ( _! victory1 & p]petuat+ ^? results1 w c]ta9ly nev] fall to ^? :o h lo/1 :e!r ! battle be on ! gr\nds ( physical or intellectual /r5g?1 or 9 ! field ( economics4 ,& ^? :o h f\ght to conqu]1 t is1 to secure to !mselves bett] conditions ?an o!rs c h1 to conqu] privilege & add dom9ion to p[]1 & h atta9$ ! victory1 w c]ta9ly n use x to def5d ! rights ( ! vanqui%$1 & to place limits to _! own p[] & to t ( _! fri5ds & p>tizans4 ,! gov]nm5t--or ! ,/ate1 if y w--z judge1 mod]ator ( social /rife1 imp>tial adm9i/rator ( ! public int]e/s1 is a lie4 ,x is an illusion1 a ,utopia1 nev] realiz$ & nev] realizable4 ,if 9 tru?1 ! int]e/s ( m5 mu/ always be contr>y to "o ano!r2 if inde$1 ! /rife betwe5 mank9d has made laws necess>y to human society1 & ! lib]ty ( ! individual mu/ be limit$ by ! lib]ty ( o!r individuals2 !n ea* "o w\ld always seek to make 8 int]e/s triumph ov] ^? ( o!rs4 ,ea* w\ld /rive to enl>ge 8 own lib]ty at ! co/ ( ! lib]ty ( o!rs1 & !re w\ld be gov]nm5t4 ,n simply because x 0 m or less useful to ! totality ( ! memb]s ( society to h a gov]nm5t1 b because ! conqu]ors w\ld wi% to secure to !mselves ! fruits ( victory4 ,!y w\ld wi% effectually to subject ! vanqui%$1 & relieve !mselves ( ! tr\ble ( be+ always on ! def5sive1 & !y w\ld appo9t m51 specially adapt$ to ! bus9ess1 to act z police4 ,7 ?is inde$ actually ! case1 !n humanity w\ld be de/9$ to p]i% amid/ p]iodical conte/s betwe5 ! tyranny ( ! dom9ators & ! rebellion ( ! conqu]$4 ,b =tunately ! future ( humanity is a happi] "o1 because ! law :i* gov]ns x is mild]4 ,?is law is ! law ( solid>ity4 -------------------- ,i4 ,man has two necess>y fundam5tal *>act]i/ics1 ! in/9ct ( 8 own pres]vation1 )\t :i* no be+ c\ld exi/1 & ! in/9ct ( ! pres]vation ( 8 species1 )\t :i* no species c\ld h be5 =m$ or h cont9u$ to exi/4 ,he is naturally driv5 to def5d 8 own exi/5ce & well-be+ & t ( 8 (fspr+ aga9/ e dang]4 ,9 nature1 liv+ be+s f9d two ways ( secur+ _! exi/5ce1 & r5d]+ x pleasant]4 ,! "o is 9 individual /rife ) ! elem5ts1 & ) o!r individuals ( ! same or diff]5t species2 ! o!r is mutual support1 or co-op]ation1 :i* might also be describ$ z association = /rife aga9/ all natural factors1 de/ructive to exi/5ce1 or to ! developm5t & well-be+ ( ! associat$4 ,we d n ne$ to inve/igate 9 ^! pages--& we _c = lack ( space--:at respective proportions 9 ! evolution ( ! organic _w ^! two pr9ciples ( /rife & co-op]ation take4 ,x w suffice to note h[ co-op]ation among m5 7:e!r =c$ or volunt>y7 has become ! sole means ( progress1 ( improvem5t or ( secur+ safety2 & h[ /rife--relic ( an e>li] /age ( exi/5ce--has become ?or\ghly unsuitable z a means ( secur+ ! well-be+ ( individuals1 & produces in/ead injury to all1 bo? ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$4 ,! accumulat$ & transmitt$ exp]i5ce ( successive g5]ations has taught man t by unit+ ) o!r m5 8 pres]vation is bett] secur$ & 8 well-be+ increas$4 ,?us out ( ?is same /rife = exi/5ce1 c>ri$ on aga9/ surr\nd+ nature1 & aga9/ individuals ( _! own species1 ! social in/9ct has be5 develop$ among m51 & has completely trans=m$ ! conditions ( _! life4 ,?r\gh co-op]ation man has be5 enabl$ to evolve out ( animalism1 has ris5 to great p[]1 & elevat$ himself to su* a degree above ! o!r animals1 t metaphysical philosoph]s h believ$ x necess>y to inv5t = him an immat]ial & immortal s\l4 ,_m concurr5t causes h contribut$ to ! =mation ( ?is social in/9ct1 t />t+ f ! animal basis ( ! in/9ct = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 has n[ become s ext5d$ & s int5se t x con/itutes ! ess5tial elem5t ( man's moral nature4 ,man1 h[ev] he evolv$ f inf]ior animal types1 0 a physically weak be+1 un>m$ = ! fight aga9/ c>nivor\s bea/s4 ,b he 0 possess$ ( a bra9 capable ( great developm5t1 & a vocal organ1 able to express ! v>i\s c]ebral vibrations1 by means ( div]se s\nds1 & h&s adapt$ to give ! desir$ =m to matt]4 ,he mu/ h v soon felt ! ne$ & advantages ( association ) 8 fell[s4 ,inde$ x may ev5 be said t he c\ld only rise out ( animalism :5 he became social1 & _h acquir$ ! use ( language1 :i* is at ! same "t a consequ5ce & a pot5t factor ( sociability4 ,! relatively scanty numb] ( ! human species r5d]$ ! /rife = exi/5ce betwe5 man & man1 ev5 beyond ! limits ( association1 less %>p1 less cont9u\s1 & less necess>y4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ h greatly favor$ ! developm5t ( sympa!tic s5tim5ts1 & h left "t = ! discov]y & appreciation ( ! utility ( mutual support4 ,9 %ort1 social life became ! necess>y condition ( man's exi/5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 capacity to modify 8 ext]nal surr\nd+s & adapt !m to 8 own wants1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 primeval p[] 9 co-op]ation ) a great] or less numb] ( associates4 ,8 desires h multipli$ ) ! means ( satisfy+ !m1 & h become ne$s4 ,& division ( labor has aris5 f man's me?odical use ( nature = 8 own advantage4 ,!re=e1 z n[ evolv$1 man c\ld n live ap>t f 8 fell[s )\t fall+ back into a /ate ( animalism4 ,?r\gh ! ref9em5t ( s5sibility1 ) ! multiplication ( social relation%ips1 & ?r\gh habit impress$ on ! species by h]$it>y transmission = ?\s&s ( c5turies1 ?is ne$ ( social life1 ?is int]*ange ( ?\ght & ( affection betwe5 man & man1 has become a mode ( be+ necess>y = our organism4 ,x has be5 trans=m$ into sympa?y1 fri5d%ip & love1 & subsi/s indep5d5tly ( ! mat]ial advantages t association procures4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case1 t man w (t5 face suff]+ ( e k9d1 & ev5 dea?1 = ! satisfaction ( ^! s5tim5ts4 ,! fact is t a totally diff]5t "* has be5 giv5 to ! /rife = exi/5ce betwe5 man & man1 & betwe5 ! inf]ior animals1 by ! enorm\s advantages t association gives to man2 by ! fact t 8 physical p[]s are altoge!r disproportionate to 8 intellectual sup]iority ov] ! bea/s1 s long z he rema9s isolat$2 by 8 possibility ( associat+ ) an ev] increas+ numb] ( individuals1 & ent]+ into m & m intricate & complex relation%ips1 until he rea*es association ) all humanity2 &1 f9ally1 p]haps m ?an all1 by 8 ability to produce1 work+ 9 co-op]ation ) o!rs1 m ?an he ne$s to live ^u4 ,x is evid5t t ^! causes1 toge!r ) ! s5tim5ts ( affection d]iv$ f !m1 mu/ give q a peculi> "* to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among human be+s4 ,al?\gh x is n[ kn[n--& ! rese>*es ( mod]n naturali/s br+ u e day new pro(s--t co-op]ation has play$1 & /ill plays1 a mo/ important "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! organic _w1 nev]!less1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! human /ruggle = exi/5ce & t ( ! inf]ior animals is enorm\s4 ,x is 9 fact proportionate to ! di/ance sep>at+ man f ! o!r animals4 ,& ?is is none ! less true because ( t ,d>w9ian !ory1 :i* ! b\rgeois class h ridd5 to dea?1 little suspect+ ! ext5t to :i* mutual co-op]ation has assi/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! l[] animals4 ,! l[] animals fight ei!r individually1 or1 m (t51 9 little p]man5t or transitory gr\ps1 aga9/ all nature1 ! o!r individuals ( _! own species includ$4 ,"s ( ! m social animals1 su* z ants1 bees1 etc41 associate toge!r 9 ! same an?ill1 or beehive1 b are at w> )1 or indiff]5t t[>ds1 o!r communities ( _! own species4 ,human /rife ) nature1 on ! contr>y1 t5ds always to broad5 association among m51 to unite _! int]e/s1 & to develop ea* individual's s5tim5ts ( affection t[>ds all o!rs1 s t unit$ !y may conqu] & dom9ate ! dang]s ( ext]nal nature by & = humanity4 ,all /rife direct$ t[>ds obta9+ advantages indep5d5tly ( o!r m51 & 9 opposition to !m1 contradicts ! social nature ( mod]n man1 & t5ds to lead x back to a m animal condition4 ,solid>ity1 t is1 h>mony ( int]e/s & s5tim5ts1 ! %>+ ( ea* 9 ! good ( all1 & ( all 9 ! good ( ea*1 is ! /ate 9 :i* alone man c be true to 8 own nature1 & atta9 to ! highe/ developm5t & happ9ess4 ,x is ! aim t[>ds :i* human developm5t t5ds4 ,x is ! "o great pr9ciple1 capable ( reconcil+ all pres5t antagonisms 9 society1 o!rwise irreconcilable4 ,x causes ! lib]ty ( ea* to f9d n its limits1 b its complem5t1 ! necess>y condition ( its cont9ual exi/5ce--9 ! lib]ty ( all4 ,no man1 says ,mi*ael ,bakun91 c recognize 8 own human wor?1 nor 9 consequ5ce realize 8 full developm5t1 if he does n recognize ! wor? ( 8 fell[ m51 & 9 co-op]ation ) !m1 realize 8 own developm5t ?r\gh !m4 ,no man c emancipate himself1 unless at ! same "t he emancipates ^? ar\nd him4 ,my fre$om is ! fre$om ( all2 = ,i am n really free--free n only 9 ?\ght1 b 9 de$--if my fre$om & my "r d n f9d _! confirmation & sanction 9 ! lib]ty & "r ( all m5 my equals4 ,x matt]s mu* to me :at all o!r m5 are1 = h[ev] indep5d5t ,i may seem1 or may believe myself to be1 by virtue ( my social position1 :e!r z pope1 cz>1 emp]or1 or prime m9i/]1 ,i am all ! :ile ! product ( ^? :o are ! lea/ among m54 ,if ^! are ignorant1 mis]able1 or enslav$1 my exi/5ce is limit$ by _! ignorance1 mis]y1 or slav]y4 ,i1 ?\gh an intellig5t & enlight5$ man1 am made /upid by _! /upidity2 ?\gh brave1 am enslav$ by _! slav]y2 ?\gh ri*1 tremble be=e _! pov]ty2 ?\gh privileg$1 gr[ pale at ! ?\ght ( possible ju/ice = !m4 ,i1 :o wi% to be free1 _c be s1 because ar\nd me are m5 :o d n yet desire fre$om1 &1 n desir+ x1 become1 z oppos$ to me1 ! in/rum5ts ( my oppression4 ,solid>ity1 !n1 is ! condition 9 :i* man c atta9 ! highe/ degree ( security & ( well-be+4 ,!re=e1 egoism itself1 t is1 ! exclusive consid]ation ( individual int]e/s1 impels man & human society t[>ds solid>ity4 ,or r egoism & altruism 7consid]ation ( ! int]e/s ( o!rs7 are unit$ 9 ?is "o s5tim5t1 z ! int]e/ ( ! individual is "o ) ! int]e/s ( society4 ,h[ev]1 man c\ld n pass at once f animalism to humanity2 f brutal /rife betwe5 man & man to ! collective /rife ( all mank9d1 unit$ 9 "o bro!rhood ( mutual aid aga9/ ext]nal nature4 ,guid$ by ! advantages t association & ! consequ5t division ( labor (f]1 man evolv$ t[>ds solid>ity1 b 8 evolution enc\nt]$ an ob/acle :i* l$ him1 & /ill leads him1 away f 8 aim4 ,he discov]$ t he c\ld realize ! advantages ( co-op]ation1 at lea/ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & = ! mat]ial & primitive wants t !n compris$ all 8 ne$s1 by mak+ o!r m5 subject to himself1 in/ead ( associat+ on an equality ) !m4 ,?us ! f]oci\s & anti-social in/9cts1 inh]it$ f 8 be/ial ance/ry1 aga9 obta9$ ! upp] h&4 ,he =c$ ! weak] to "w = him1 pref]r+ to dom9e] ov] r ?an to associate frat]nally ) 8 fell[s4 ,p]haps also 9 mo/ cases x 0 by exploit+ ! conqu]$ 9 w> t man le>nt = ! fir/ "t ! b5efits ( association & ! help t c be obta9$ f mutual support4 ,?us x has come ab\t t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! utility ( co-op]ation1 :i* ought to lead to ! triumph ( solid>ity 9 all human conc]ns1 has turn$ to ! advantage ( private prop]ty & ( gov]nm5t2 9 o!r words1 to ! exploitation ( ! labor ( ! _m1 = ! sake ( ! privileg$ few4 ,!re has always be5 association & co-op]ation1 )\t :i* human life w\ld be impossible2 b x has be5 co-op]ation impos$ & regulat$ by ! few 9 _! own p>ticul> int]e/4 ,f ?is fact arises a great contradiction ) :i* ! hi/ory ( mank9d is fill$4 ,on ! "o h&1 we f9d ! t5d5cy to associate & frat]nize = ! purpose ( conqu]+ & adapt+ ! ext]nal _w to human ne$s1 & = ! satisfaction ( ! human affections2 :ile1 on ! o!r h& we see ! t5d5cy to divide into z _m sep>ate & ho/ile factions z !re are diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,^! factions are det]m9$1 = in/ance1 by geographical & e?nological conditions1 by diff]5ces 9 economic position1 by privileges acquir$ by "s & s\ght to be secur$ by o!rs1 or by suff]+ endur$1 ) ! ev] recurr+ desire to rebel4 ,! pr9ciple ( ea* = himself1 t is1 ( w> ( all aga9/ all1 has come 9 ! c\rse ( "t to complicate1 lead a/ray1 & p>alyze ! w> ( all comb9$ aga9/ nature1 = ! common advantage ( ! human race1 :i* c\ld only be completely successful by act+ on ! pr9ciple ( all = ea*1 & ea* = all4 ,great h be5 ! evils :i* humanity has suff]$ by ?is int]m+l+ ( dom9ation & exploitation ) human association4 ,b 9 spite ( ! atroci\s oppression to :i* ! masses submit1 ( ! mis]y1 vice1 crime1 & degradation :i* oppression & slav]y produce1 among ! slaves & _! ma/]s1 & 9 spite ( ! hatr$s1 ! ext]m9at+ w>s1 & ! antagonisms ( artificially creat$ int]e/s1 ! social in/9ct has surviv$ & ev5 develop$4 ,co-op]ation1 hav+ be5 always ! necess>y condition = successful combat aga9/ ext]nal nature1 has !re=e be5 ! p]man5t cause ( m5's com+ toge!r1 & consequ5tly ( ! developm5t ( _! sympa!tic s5tim5ts4 ,ev5 ! oppression ( ! masses has itself caus$ ! oppress$ to frat]nize among !mselves4 ,inde$ x has be5 solely ow+ to ?is feel+ ( solid>ity1 m or less consci\s & m or less widespread among ! oppress$1 t !y h be5 able to endure ! oppression1 & t man has resi/$ ! causes ( dea? 9 8 mid/4 ,9 ! pres5t1 ! imm5se developm5t ( production1 ! gr[? ( human ne$s :i* _c be satisfi$ except by ! unit$ ef=ts ( a l>ge numb] ( m5 9 all c\ntries1 ! ext5d$ means ( communication1 habits ( travel1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 comm]ce1 ev5 w> itself--all ^! h drawn & are /ill draw+ humanity into a compact body1 e section ( :i*1 closely knit toge!r1 c f9d its satisfaction & lib]ty only 9 ! developm5t & heal? ( all o!r sections compos+ ! :ole4 ,! inhabitant ( ,naples is z mu* int]e/$ 9 ! amelioration ( ! hygi5ic condition ( ! peoples on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 f :5ce ! *ol]a is br\ght to him1 z 9 ! improvem5t ( ! sew]age ( 8 own t[n4 ,! well-be+1 lib]ty1 or =tune ( ! m\nta9e]1 lo/ among ! precipices ( ! ,app59es1 does n dep5d alone on ! /ate ( well-be+ or ( mis]y 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( 8 own village live1 or ev5 on ! g5]al condition ( ! ,italian p1 b also on ! condition ( ! work]s 9 ,am]ica1 or ,au/ralia1 on ! discov]y ( a ,sw$i% sci5ti/1 on ! moral & mat]ial conditions ( ! ,*9ese1 on w> or peace 9 ,africa2 9 %ort1 x dep5ds on all ! great & small circum/ances :i* affect ! human be+ 9 any spot :atev] ( ! _w4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( society1 ! va/ solid>ity :i* unites all m5 is 9 a great degree unconsci\s1 s9ce x arises spontane\sly f ! friction ( p>ticul> int]e/s1 :ile m5 occupy !mselves little or n at all ) g5]al int]e/s4 ,& ?is is ! mo/ evid5t pro( t solid>ity is ! natural law ( human life1 :i* imposes itself1 s to speak1 9 spite ( all ob/acles1 & ev5 ^? artificially creat$ by society z at pres5t con/itut$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! oppress$ masses1 nev] :olly resign$ to oppression & mis]y1 :o today m ?an ev] %[ !mselves ard5t = ju/ice1 lib]ty1 & well-be+1 are beg9n+ to und]/& t !y _c emancipate !mselves except by unit+1 ?r\gh solid>ity ) all ! oppress$ & exploit$ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,& !y und]/& also t ! indisp5sable condition ( _! emancipation is ! possession ( ! means ( production1 ( ! soil & ( ! in/rum5ts ( labor1 & fur!r ! abolition ( private prop]ty4 ,sci5ce & ! obs]vation ( social ph5om5a %[ t ?is abolition w\ld be ( imm5se advantage 9 ! end1 ev5 to ! privileg$ classes1 if only !y c\ld br+ !mselves to r5\nce ! _s ( dom9ation1 & concur ) all _! fell[ m5 9 labor+ = ! common good4 ---------- ,n[1 %\ld ! oppress$ masses "s day refuse to "w = _! oppressors1 %\ld !y take possession ( ! soil & ! in/rum5ts ( labor1 & apply !m = _! own use & advantage1 & t ( all :o "w1 %\ld !y no long] submit to ! dom9ation1 ei!r ( brute =ce or economic privilege2 %\ld ! _s ( human fell[%ip & ! s5tim5t ( human solid>ity1 /r5g!n$ by common int]e/s1 gr[ among ! p1 & put an end to /rife betwe5 nations2 !n :at gr\nd w\ld !re be = ! exi/5ce ( a gov]nm5t8 ,private prop]ty aboli%$1 gov]nm5t--:i* is its def5d] --mu/ disappe>4 ,%\ld x survive1 x w\ld cont9ually t5d to recon/ruct1 "u "o =m or ano!r1 a privileg$ & oppressive class4 ,& ! abolition ( gov]nm5t does n1 nor _c1 signify ! do+ away ) human association4 ,f> o!rwise1 = t co-op]ation :i* today is en=c$1 & direct$ to ! advantage ( ! few1 w\ld be free & volunt>y1 direct$ to ! advantage ( all4 ,!re=e x w\ld become m int5se & efficaci\s4 ,! social in/9ct & ! s5tim5t ( solid>ity w\ld develop to ! highe/ degree2 & e individual w\ld d all 9 8 p[] = ! good ( o!rs1 z mu* = ! satisfaction ( 8 own well und]/ood int]e/s z = ! gratification ( 8 sympa!tic s5tim5ts4 ,by ! free association ( all1 a social organization w\ld arise ?r\gh ! spontane\s gr\p+ ( m5 accord+ to _! ne$s & sympa?ies1 f ! l[ to ! high1 f ! simple to ! complex1 />t+ f ! m imm$iate to arrive at ! m di/ant & g5]al int]e/s4 ,?is organization w\ld h = its aim ! greate/ good & fulle/ lib]ty to all2 x w\ld embrace all humanity 9 "o common bro!rhood1 & w\ld be modifi$ & improv$ z circum/ances 7 modifi$ & *ang$1 accord+ to ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is society ( free m51 ?is society ( fri5ds w\ld be ,an>*y4 -------------------- ,,ii4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ gov]nm5t z x is1 & z x necess>ily mu/ be 9 a society f\nd$ ^u privilege1 ^u ! exploitation & oppression ( man by man1 ^u antagonism ( int]e/s & social /rife1 9 a ^w1 ^u private prop]ty4 ,we h se5 h[ ?is /ate ( /rife1 f> f be+ a necess>y condition ( human life1 is contr>y to ! int]e/s ( ! individual & ( ! species4 ,we h obs]v$ h[ co-op]ation1 solid>ity 7( int]e/7 is ! law ( human progress1 & we h conclud$ t1 ) ! abolition ( private prop]ty & ! cessation ( all dom9ation ( man ov] man1 !re1 w\ld be no reason = gov]nm5t to exi/--!re=e x ought to be aboli%$4 ,b1 x may be object$1 if ! pr9ciple on :i* social organization is n[ f\nd$ 7 to be *ang$1 & solid>ity sub/itut$ = /rife1 common prop]ty = private prop]ty1 ! gov]nm5t also w\ld *ange its nature4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! protector & repres5tative ( ! int]e/s ( "o class1 x w\ld become1 if !re 7 no long] any classes1 repres5tative ( all society4 ,its mission w\ld be to secure & regulate social co-op]ation 9 ! int]e/s ( all1 & to fulfil public s]vices ( g5]al utility4 ,x w\ld def5d society aga9/ possible attempts to re-e/abli% privilege1 & prev5t or repress all attacks1 by :omsoev] set on foot1 aga9/ ! life1 well-be+1 or lib]ty ( ea*4 ,!re are 9 society c]ta9 matt]s too important1 requir+ too mu* con/ant1 regul> att5tion1 = !m to be left to ! volunt>y managem5t ( individuals1 )\t dang] ( ev]y?+ gett+ into disord]4 ,if !re 7 no gov]nm5t1 :o w\ld organize ! supply & di/ribution ( provisions8 ,:o regulate matt]s p]ta9+ to public hygi5e1 ! po/al1 telegraph1 & railway s]vices1 etc48 ,:o w\ld direct public in/ruction8 ,:o und]take ^? great works ( exploration1 improvem5t on a l>ge scale1 sci5tific ent]prise1 etc41 :i* trans=m ! face ( ! e>? & augm5t a hundr$fold ! p[] ( man8 ,:o w\ld c>e = ! pres]vation & increase ( capital1 t x might be transmitt$ to po/]ity1 enri*$ & improv$8 ,:o w\ld prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 or ! irrational exploitation1 & !re=e impov]i%m5t ( ! soil8 ,:o w\ld !re be to prev5t & repress crimes1 t is1 anti-social acts8 ,:at ( ^? :o1 disreg>d+ ! law ( solid>ity1 w\ld n "w8 ,or ( ^? :o might spread infecti\s disease 9 a c\ntry1 by refus+ to submit to ! regulation ( hygi5e by sci5ce8 ,or :at aga9 c\ld be done ) ^? :o1 :e!r insane or no1 might set fire to ! h>ve/1 injure *ildr51 or abuse & take advantage ( ! weak8 ,to de/roy private prop]ty & aboli% exi/+ gov]nm5t1 )\t recon/itut+ a gov]nm5t t w\ld organize collective life & secure social solid>ity1 w\ld n be to aboli% privilege1 & br+ peace & prosp]ity ^u e>?4 ,x w\ld be to de/roy1 e social bond1 to leave humanity to fall back into b>b>ism1 to beg9 aga9 ! reign ( ea* = himself2 :i* w\ld e/abli% ! triumph1 fir/ly1 ( brute =ce1 &1 secondly1 ( economic privilege4 ---------- ,su* are ! objections br\ght =w>d by au?orit>ians1 ev5 by ^? :o are ,sociali/s1 t is1 :o wi% to aboli% private prop]ty1 & class gov]nm5t f\nd$ ^u ! sy/em ( private prop]ty4 ,we reply3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n true t ) a *ange ( social conditions1 ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t & its functions w\ld also *ange4 ,organs & functions are insep>able t]ms4 ,take f an organ its function1 & ei!r ! organ w die1 or ! function w re9/ate itself4 ,place an army 9 a c\ntry :]e !re is no reason = or fe> ( =eign w>1 & ?is army w provoke w>1 or1 if x d n succe$ 9 do+ t1 x w disb&4 ,a police =ce1 :]e !re are no crimes to discov]1 & del9qu5ts to arre/1 w provoke or inv5t crimes1 or w cease to exi/4 ,= c5turies1 !re exi/$ 9 ,france an in/itution1 n[ includ$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! =e/s1 = ! ext]m9ation ( ! wolves & o!r noxi\s bea/s4 ,no "o w be surpris$ to le>n t1 j on acc\nt ( ?is in/itution1 wolves /ill exi/ 9 ,france1 & t1 9 rigor\s seasons1 !y d great damage4 ,! public take little he$ ( ! wolves1 because !re are ! appo9t$ (ficials1 ^: duty x is to ?9k ab\t !m4 ,& ! (ficials d hunt !m1 b 9 an intellig5t mann]1 sp>+ _! caves1 & all[+ "t = reproduction1 t !y may n run ! risk ( entirely de/roy+ su* an int]e/+ species4 ,! ,fr5* peasants h inde$ little confid5ce 9 ^! (ficial wolf-hunt]s1 & reg>d !m r z ! wolf-pres]v]s4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 :at w\ld ^! (ficials d if !re 7 no long] any wolves to ext]m9ate8 ,a gov]nm5t1 t is1 a numb] ( p]sons deput$ to make ! laws1 & entitl$ to use ! collective =ces ( society to make e individual to respect ^! laws1 already con/itutes a class privileg$ & sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! community4 ,su* a class1 l e elect$ body1 w seek in/9ctively to4 enl>ge its p[]s2 to place itself above ! control ( ! p2 to impose its t5d5cies1 & to make its own int]e/s pr$om9ate4 ,plac$ 9 a privileg$ position1 ! gov]nm5t always f9ds itself 9 antagonism to ! masses1 ( ^: =ce x disposes4 ,fur!rmore1 a gov]nm5t1 ) ! be/ int5tion1 c\ld nev] satisfy ev]ybody1 ev5 if x succe$$ 9 satisfy+ "s4 ,x mu/ !re=e always be def5d+ itself aga9/ ! discont5t$1 & = t reason mu/ ally itself ) ! satisfi$ section ( ! community = necess>y support4 ,& 9 ?is mann] w arise aga9 ! old /ory ( a privileg$ class1 :i* _c help b be develop$ 9 conjunction ) ! gov]nm5t4 ,?is class1 if x c\ld n aga9 acquire possession ( ! soil1 w\ld c]ta9ly monopolize ! mo/ favor$ spots1 & w\ld n be 9 ! end less oppressive1 or less an in/rum5t ( exploitation ?an ! capitali/ class4 ,! gov]nors1 accu/om$ to comm&1 w\ld nev] wi% to mix ) ! common cr[d4 ,if !y c\ld n reta9 ! p[] 9 _! own h&s1 !y w\ld at lea/ secure to !mselves privileg$ positions = ! "t :5 !y w\ld be out ( (fice4 ,!y w\ld use all ! means !y h 9 _! p[] to get _! own fri5ds elect$ z _! successors1 :o w\ld 9 _! turn be support$ & protect$ by _! pr$ecessors4 ,& ?us ! gov]nm5t w\ld pass & repass into ! same h&s1 & ! democracy1 t is1 ! gov]nm5t presumably ( ! :ole p1 w\ld end1 z x always has done1 9 becom+ an olig>*y1 or ! gov]nm5t ( a few1 ! gov]nm5t ( a class4 ,& ?is all-p[]ful1 oppressive1 all-absorb+ olig>*y w\ld h always 9 its c>e1 t is1 at its disposition1 e bit ( social capital1 all public s]vices1 f ! production & di/ribution ( provisions to ! manufacture ( mat*es1 f ! control ( ! univ]sity to t ( ! music hall4 ---------- ,b let u ev5 suppose t ! gov]nm5t did n necess>ily con/itute a privileg$ class1 & c\ld exi/ )\t =m+ ar\nd itself a new privileg$ class4 ,let u imag9e t x c\ld rema9 truly repres5tative1 ! s]vant--if y w--( all society4 ,:at purpose w\ld x !n s]ve8 ,9 :at p>ticul> & 9 :at mann] w\ld x augm5t ! p[]1 intellig5ce1 _s ( solid>ity1 c>e ( ! g5]al welf>e1 pres5t & to come1 t at any giv5 mom5t exi/$ 9 a giv5 society8 ,x is always ! old /ory ( ! man ) b\nd limbs1 :o1 hav+ manag$ to live 9 spite ( 8 b&s1 believes t he lives by means ( !m4 ,we are accu/om$ to live "u a gov]nm5t1 :i* makes use ( all t en]gy1 t intellig5ce1 & t w :i* x c direct to its own ends2 b :i* h9d]s1 p>alyzes & suppresses ^? t are useless or ho/ile to x4 ,& we imag9e t all t is done 9 society is done by virtue ( ! gov]nm5t1 & t )\t ! gov]nm5t !re w\ld be nei!r en]gy1 intellig5ce1 nor good w 9 society4 ,s x happ5s 7z we h already said7 t ! proprietor :o has possess$ himself ( ! soil1 has x cultivat$ = 8 own p>ticul> pr(it1 leav+ ! labor] ! b>e/ necessities ( life = :i* he c & w cont9ue to labor4 ,:ile ! enslav$ labor] ?9ks t he c\ld n live )\t 8 ma/]1 z ?\gh x 7 he :o creat$ ! e>? & ! =ces ( nature4 ,:at c gov]nm5t ( itself add to ! moral & mat]ial =ces :i* exi/ 9 a society8 ,unless x be l ! ,god ( ! ,bible1 :o creat$ ! univ]se out ( no?+8 ,z no?+ is creat$ 9 ! s-call$ mat]ial _w1 s 9 ?is m complicat$ =m ( ! mat]ial _w1 :i* is ! social _w1 no?+ c be creat$4 ,& !re=e gov]nors c dispose ( no o!r =ce ?an t :i* is already 9 society4 ,& inde$ n by any means ( all ( t1 z mu* =ce is necess>ily p>alyz$ & de/roy$ by gov]nm5tal me?ods ( action1 :ile m aga9 is wa/$ 9 ! friction ) rebelli\s elem5ts1 inevitably great 9 su* an artificial me*anism4 ,:5ev] gov]nors orig9ate any?+ ( !mselves1 x is z m5 & n z gov]nors1 t !y d s4 ,& ( t am\nt ( =ce1 bo? mat]ial & moral1 :i* does rema9 at ! disposition ( ! gov]nm5t1 only an inf9itesimally small "p a*ieves an end really useful to society4 ,! rema9d] is ei!r consum$ 9 actively repress+ rebelli\s opposition1 or is o!rwise div]t$ f ! aim ( g5]al utility1 & turn$ to ! pr(it ( ! few1 & to ! injury ( ! majority ( m54 ,s mu* has be5 made ( ! "p t individual initiative & social action play respectively 9 ! life & progress ( human society2 & su* is ! confusion ( metaphysical language1 t ^? :o affirm t individual initiative is ! s\rce & ag5cy ( all action seem to be ass]t+ some?+ q prepo/]\s4 ,9 reality1 x is a truism1 :i* becomes app>5t directly we beg9 to expla9 ! actual facts repres5t$ by ^! words4 ,! real be+ is ! man1 ! individual2 society or ! collectivity1 & ! ,/ate or gov]nm5t :i* pr(esses to repres5t x1 if n holl[ ab/ractions1 c be no?+ else ?an aggregates ( individuals4 ,& x is )9 ! individual organism t all ?\ghts & all human action necess>ily h _! orig94 ,orig9ally individual1 !y become collective ?\ghts & actions1 :5 %>$ 9 common by _m individuals4 ,social action1 !n1 is n ! negation1 nor ! complem5t ( individual initiative1 b x is ! sum total ( ! initiatives1 ?\ghts & actions ( all ! individuals compos+ society3 a result :i*1 o!r ?+s equal1 is m or less great accord+ z ! individual =ces t5d t[>d ! same aim1 or are div]g5t & oppos$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! au?orit>ians make out1 by social action is meant gov]nm5tal action1 !n x is aga9 ! result ( individual =ces1 b only ( ^? individuals :o ei!r =m "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 or by virtue ( _! position are enabl$ to influ5ce ! conduct ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?us1 9 ! conte/ ( c5turies betwe5 lib]ty & au?ority1 or1 9 o!r words1 betwe5 social equality & social ca/es1 ! "q at issue has n really be5 ! relations betwe5 society & ! individual1 nor ! increase ( individual indep5d5ce at ! co/ ( social control1 or vice v]sa4 ,r x has _h to d ) prev5t+ any "o individual f oppress+ ! o!rs2 ) giv+ to ev]yone ! same rights & ! same means ( action4 ,x has _h to d ) sub/itut+ ! initiative ( all1 :i* mu/ naturally result 9 ! advantage ( all1 = ! initiative ( ! few1 :i* necess>ily results 9 ! suppression ( all ! o!rs4 ,x is always1 9 %ort1 ! "q ( putt+ an end to ! dom9ation & exploitation ( man by man 9 su* a way t all are int]e/$ 9 ! common welf>e2 & t ! individual =ce ( ea*1 in/ead ( oppress+1 combat+ or suppress+ o!rs1 w f9d ! possibility ( complete developm5t1 & e "o w seek to associate ) o!rs = ! great] advantage ( all4 ,f :at we h said1 x foll[s t ! exi/5ce ( a gov]nm5t1 ev5 ^u ! hypo!sis t ! ideal gov]nm5t ( au?orit>ian ,sociali/s 7 possible1 f> f produc+ an increase ( productive =ce1 w\ld imm5sely dim9i% x2 because ! gov]nm5t w\ld re/rict initiative to ! few4 ,x w\ld give ^! few ! "r to d all ?+s1 )\t be+ able1 ( c\rse1 to end[ !m ) ! k or und]/&+ ( all ?+s4 ,9 fact1 if y dive/ legislation & all ! op]ations ( gov]nm5t ( :at is int5d$ to protect ! privileg$1 & :at repres5ts ! wi%es ( ! privileg$ classes alone1 no?+ rema9s b ! aggregate ( individual gov]nors4 ,! ,/ate1 says ,sismondi1 is always a cons]vative p[] t au?orizes1 regulates & organizes ! conque/s ( progress 7& hi/ory te/ifies t x applies !m to ! pr(it ( its own & ! o!r privileg$ classes7 b nev] does inaugurate !m4 ,new ideas always orig9ate f b5ea?1 are conceiv$ 9 ! f\ndations ( society1 & !n1 :5 divulg$1 !y become op9ion & gr[4 ,b !y mu/ always meet on _! pa?1 & combat ! con/itut$ p[]s ( tradition1 cu/om1 privilege & error4 ---------- ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ society c\ld exi/ )\t a gov]nm5t1 x is suffici5t to turn our att5tion = a %ort space to :at actually goes on 9 our pres5t society4 ,we %all see t 9 reality ! mo/ important social functions are fulfill$ ev5 n[-a-days outside ! int]v5tion ( gov]nm5t4 ,also t gov]nm5t only int]f]es to exploit ! masses1 or def5d ! privileg$ class1 or1 la/ly1 to sanction1 mo/ unnecess>ily1 all t has be5 done )\t its aid1 (t5 9 spite ( & 9 opposition to x4 ,m5 "w1 ex*ange1 /udy1 travel1 foll[ z !y *oose ! curr5t rules ( morality1 or hygi5e2 !y pr(it by ! progress ( sci5ce & art1 h numb]less mutual int]e/s )\t ev] feel+ ! ne$ ( anyone to direct !m h[ to conduct !mselves 9 reg>d to ^! matt]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is j ^? ?+s 9 :i* !re is no gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce t prosp] be/1 & t give rise to ! lea/ cont5tion1 be+ unconsci\sly adapt$ to ! wi% ( all 9 ! way f\nd mo/ useful & agreeable4 ,nor is gov]nm5t m necess>y 9 ! case ( l>ge und]tak+s1 or = ^? public s]vices :i* require ! con/ant co-op]ation ( _m p ( diff]5t conditions & c\ntries4 ,?\s&s ( ^! und]tak+s are ev5 n[ ! "w ( volunt>ily =m$ associations4 ,& ^! are1 by ! ackn[l$gm5t ( e "o1 ! und]tak+s :i* succe$ ! be/4 ,nor d we ref] to ! association ( capitali/s1 organiz$ by means ( exploitation1 al?\gh ev5 !y %[ capabilities & p[]s ( free association1 :i* may ext5d ad libitum until x embraces all ! peoples ( all l&s1 & includes ! wide/ & mo/ v>y+ int]e/s4 ,b we speak r ( ^? associations inspir$ by ! love ( humanity1 or by ! passion = k1 or ev5 simply by ! desire = amusem5t & love ( applause1 z ^! bett] repres5t su* gr\p+ z w exi/ 9 a society :]e1 private prop]ty & int]nal /rife betwe5 m5 be+ aboli%$1 ea* w f9d 8 int]e/s synonym\s ) ! int]e/s ( e "o else1 & 8 greate/ satisfaction 9 do+ good & pleas+ o!rs4 ,sci5tific societies & congresses1 int]national life-boat & ,r$ ,cross associations1 etc41 labor]s' unions1 peace societies1 volunte]s :o ha/5 to ! rescue at times ( great public calamity are all examples1 among ?\s&s1 ( t p[] ( ! _s ( association1 :i* always %[s itself :5 a ne$ arises1 or an en?usiasm takes hold1 & ! means d n fail4 ,t volunt>y associations d n cov] ! _w1 & d n embrace e bran* ( mat]ial & moral activity1 is ! fault ( ! ob/acles plac$ 9 _! way by gov]nm5ts1 ( ! antagonisms creat$ by ! possession ( private prop]ty1 & ( ! impot5ce & degradation to :i* ! monopoliz+ ( weal? on ! "p ( ! few r$uces ! majority ( mank9d4 ,! gov]nm5t takes *>ge1 = in/ance1 ( ! po/al & telegraphic s]vices4 ,b 9 :at way does x really assi/ !m8 ,:5 ! p are 9 su* a condition z to be able to enjoy1 & feel ! ne$ ( su* s]vices1 !y w ?9k ab\t organiz+ !m2 & ! man ) ! necess>y te*nical k w n require a c]tificate f ! gov]nm5t to enable him to set to "w4 ,! m g5]al & urg5t ! ne$1 ! m volunte]s w (f] to satisfy x4 ,w\ld ! p h ! ability necess>y to provide & di/ribute provisions8 ,oh6 nev] fe>1 !y w n die ( hung]1 wait+ = a gov]nm5t to pass laws on ! subject4 ,:]ev] a gov]nm5t exi/s1 x mu/ wait until ! p h fir/ organiz$ ev]y?+1 & !n come ) its laws to sanction & exploit t :i* has be5 already done4 ,x is evid5t t private int]e/ is ! great motive = all activity4 ,t be+ s1 :5 ! int]e/ ( e "o becomes ! int]e/ ( ea* 7& x necess>ily w become s z soon z private prop]ty is aboli%$7 !n all w be active4 ,& if n[ !y "w 9 ! int]e/ ( ! few1 s mu* ! m & s mu* ! bett] w !y "w to satisfy ! int]e/s ( all4 ,x is h>d to und]/& h[ anyone c believe t public s]vices indisp5sable to social life c be bett] secur$ by ord] ( a gov]nm5t ?an ?r\gh ! work]s !mselves1 :o by _! own *oice or by agreem5t made ) o!rs1 c>ry !m out "u ! imm$iate control ( all int]e/$4 ,c]ta9ly 9 e collective und]tak+ on a l>ge scale1 !re is ne$ = division ( labor1 = te*nical direction1 adm9i/ration1 etc4 ,b ! au?orit>ians are m]ely play+ ) words1 :5 !y d$uce a reason = ! exi/5ce ( gov]nm5t1 f ! v real necessity = organization ( labor4 ,! gov]nm5t1 we mu/ repeat1 is ! aggregate ( ! individuals :o h _h giv5 !m1 or h tak5 ! "r or ! means to make laws1 & =ce ! p to obey !m4 ,! adm9i/rators1 eng9e]s1 etc41 on ! o!r h&1 are m5 :o receive or assume ! *>ge ( do+ a c]ta9 "w1 & :o d x4 ,gov]nm5t signifies delegation ( p[]1 t is1 abdication ( ! initiative & sov]eignty ( e "o into ! h&s ( ! few4 ,adm9i/ration signifies delegation ( "w1 t is1 a *>ge giv5 & accept$1 ! free ex*ange ( s]vices f\nd$ on free agreem5t4 ,a gov]nor is a privileg$ p]son1 because he has ! "r to comm& o!rs1 & to avail himself ( ! =ce ( o!rs1 to make 8 own ideas & desires triumph4 ,an adm9i/rator or te*nical director is a work] l o!rs1 9 a society1 ( c\rse1 :]e all h equal opportunities ( developm5t1 & all are1 or c be1 at ! same "t intellectual & manual work]s2 :5 !re are no o!r diff]5ces betwe5 m5 ?an ^? d]iv$ f div]sity ( tal5ts1 & all "w & all social functions give an equal "r to ! enjoym5t ( social advantages4 ,! functions ( gov]nm5t are1 9 %ort1 n to be conf\nd$ ) adm9i/rative functions1 z !y are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,t !y are today s (t5 confus$ is entirely on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( economic & political privilege4 ---------- ,b let u ha/5 to pass on to ^? functions = :i* gov]nm5t is ?\ght indisp5sable by all :o are n ,an>*i/s4 ,^! are ! int]nal & ext]nal def5ce ( society1 t is1 ,w>1 ,police & ,ju/ice4 ,gov]nm5t be+ aboli%$1 & social weal? at ! disposal ( e "o1 all antagonism betwe5 v>i\s nations w\ld soon cease2 & !re w\ld consequ5tly be no m cause = w>4 ,moreov]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 9 any c\ntry :]e ! _s ( rebellion is gr[+1 ev5 if x d n f9d an e*o ?r\gh\t ! l&1 x w be c]ta9 ( s mu* sympa?y t ! gov]nm5t w n d>e to s5d all its troops to a =eign w>1 = fe> ! revolution %\ld break out at home4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ! rul]s ( c\ntries n yet emancipat$ w\ld wi% & c\ld attempt to r$uce a free p to s]vitude1 w\ld ^! require a gov]nm5t to enable !m to def5d !mselves8 ,to make w>1 we ne$ m5 :o h ! necess>y geographical & te*nical k1 &1 above all1 p will+ to fight4 ,a gov]nm5t has no means ( augm5t+ ! ability ( ! =m]1 or ! will+ness or c\rage ( ! latt]4 ,& ! exp]i5ce ( hi/ory tea*es t a p really desir\s ( def5d+ _! own c\ntry are inv9cible4 ,9 ,italy e "o kn[s h[ ?rones tremble1 & regul> armies ( hir$ soldi]s vani% be=e troops ( volunte]s1 t is1 armies ,an>*ically =m$4 ---------- ,& z to ! police & ju/ice1 _m imag9e t if x 7 n = ! police & ! judges1 ev]ybody w\ld be free to kill1 violate or injure o!rs z ! humor took him2 t ,an>*i/s1 if !y are true to _! pr9ciples1 w\ld l to see ?is /range k9d ( lib]ty respect$2 lib]ty t violates or de/roys ! life & fre$om ( o!rs unre/ra9$4 ,su* p believe t we1 hav+ ov]?r[n ! gov]nm5t & private prop]ty1 %all !n tranquilly all[ ! re-e/abli%m5t ( bo?1 out ( respect = ! lib]ty ( ^? :o may feel ! ne$ ( hav+ a gov]nm5t & private prop]ty4 ,a /range mode inde$ ( con/ru+ our ideas6 ,9 tru?1 "o may bett] answ] su* notions ) a %rug ( ! %\ld]s ?an by tak+ ! tr\ble to confute !m4 ,! lib]ty we wi% =1 = ourselves & o!rs1 is n an absolute1 ab/ract1 metaphysical lib]ty1 :i* 9 practice c only am\nt to ! oppression ( ! weak4 ,b we wi% = a tangible lib]ty1 ! possible lib]ty1 :i* is ! consci\s communion ( int]e/s1 t is1 volunt>y solid>ity4 ,we proclaim ! maxim3 ,d z y w2 & 9 ?is our program is almo/ entirely conta9$1 because1 z may be easily und]/ood1 we hold t 9 a society )\t gov]nm5t or prop]ty1 ea* "o w wi% t :i* he %\ld4 ,b if1 9 consequ5ce ( a false education1 receiv$ 9 ! pres5t society1 or ( physical disease1 or :atev] o!r cause1 an individual %\ld wi% to injure o!rs1 y may be sure we %\ld adopt all ! means 9 our p[] to prev5t him4 ,z we "k t a man's "* is ! consequ5ce ( 8 physical organism1 & ( ! cosmic & social influ5ces surr\nd+ him1 we c]ta9ly %all n conf\nd ! sacr$ "r ( self-def5ce1 ) ! absurdly assum$ "r to puni%4 ,also1 we %all n reg>d ! del9qu5t1 t is1 ! man :o commits anti-social acts1 z ! rebel he seems 9 ! eyes ( ! judges n[adays4 ,we %all reg>d him z a sick bro!r 9 ne$ ( cure4 ,we !re=e %all n act t[>ds him 9 ! _s ( hatr$1 :5 repress+ him1 b %all conf9e ourselves solely to self-protection4 ,we %all n seek to rev5ge ourselves1 b r to rescue ! un=tunate "o by e means t sci5ce sugge/s4 ,9 !ory1 ,an>*i/s may g a/ray l o!rs1 los+ sight ( ! reality "u a semblance ( logic2 b x is q c]ta9 t ! emancipat$ p w n let _! de>ly b\ght lib]ty & welf>e be attack$ ) impunity4 ,if ! necessity arose1 !y w\ld provide = _! own def5ce aga9/ ! anti-social t5d5cies ( c]ta9 among/ !m4 ,b h[ d ^? ^: bus9ess x n[ is to make ! laws1 protect society8 ,or ^? o!rs :o live by seek+ = & inv5t+ new infr+em5ts ( law8 ,ev5 n[1 :5 ! masses ( ! p really disapprove ( any?+ & ?9k x injuri\s1 !y always f9d a way to prev5t x v mu* m effectually ?an all ! pr(essional legislators1 con/ables or judges4 ,dur+ insurrections1 ! p1 ?\gh v mi/ak5ly1 h en=c$ ! respect = private prop]ty2 & !y h secur$ ?is respect f> bett] ?an an army ( policem5 c\ld h done4 ,cu/oms always foll[ ! ne$s & s5tim5ts ( ! majority2 & !y are always ! m respect$1 ! less !y are subject to ! sanction ( law4 ,?is is because e "o sees & compreh5ds _! utility1 & because ! int]e/$ p>ties1 n delud+ !mselves ) ! idea t gov]nm5t w protect !m1 are !mselves conc]n$ 9 see+ ! cu/om respect$4 ,! economical use ( wat] is ( v great importance to a c>avan cross+ ! des]ts ( ,africa4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 wat] is a sacr$ ?+2 & no sane man dreams ( wa/+ x4 ,conspirators are oblig$ to act secretly2 s secrecy is pres]v$ among !m1 & obloquy re/s on :osoev] violates x4 ,gambl+ debts are n gu>ante$ by law2 b among gambl]s x is consid]$ di%onorable n to pay !m1 & ! del9qu5t feels himself di%onor$ by n fulfill+ 8 obligations4 ,is x on acc\nt ( ! police t m p are n murd]$8 ,! great] "p ( ! ,italian p nev] see ! police except at long int]vals4 ,millions ( m5 g ov] ! m\nta9s & ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 f> f ! protect+ eye ( au?ority1 :]e !y might be attack$ )\t ! slighte/ fe> ( _! assailants be+ trac$2 b !y run no great] risk ?an ^? :o live 9 ! be/ gu>d$ spots4 ,/ati/ics %[ t ! numb] ( crimes rise 9 proportion to ! increase ( repressive measures2 :ile !y v>y rapidly ) ! fluctuations ( economic conditions & ) ! /ate ( public op9ion4 ,prev5tive laws1 h[ev]1 only conc]n unusual1 exceptional acts4 ,e-day life goes on beyond ! limits ( ! crim9al code1 & is regulat$ almo/ unconsci\sly by ! tacit & volunt>y ass5t ( all1 by means ( a numb] ( usages & cu/oms mu* m important to social life ?an ! dictates ( law4 ,& !y are also mu* bett] obs]v$1 al?\gh completely dive/$ ( any sanction beyond ! natural odium :i* falls ^u ^? :o violate !m1 & su* injury z ?is odium br+s ) x4 ,:5 disputes arise1 w\ld n volunt>ily accept$ arbitration or ! pressure ( public op9ion be f> m likely to br+ ab\t a j settlem5t ( ! difficulties 9 "q ?an an irresponsible magi/rate1 :o has ! "r to pass judgm5t ^u ev]ybody & ev]y?+1 & :o is necess>ily incompet5t & !re=e unju/8 ,z e =m ( gov]nm5t only s]ves to protect ! privileg$ classes1 s d police & judges only aim at repress+ ^? crimes1 (t5 n consid]$ crim9al by ! masses1 :i* (f5d only ! privileges ( ! rul]s or prop]ty-own]s4 ,= ! real def5ce ( society1 ! def5ce ( ! welf>e & lib]ty ( all1 !re c be no?+ m p]nici\s ?an ! =mation ( ?is class ( function>ies1 :o exi/ on ! pret5ce ( def5d+ all1 & !re=e habitually reg>d e man z game to be hunt$ d[n1 (t5 /rik+ at ! comm& ( a sup]ior (fic]1 )\t !mselves ev5 kn[+ :y1 l hir$ assass9s & m]c5>ies4 ---------- ,all t y h said may be true1 say "s2 ,an>*y may be a p]fect =m ( social life2 b we h no desire to take a leap 9 ! d>k4 ,!re=e1 tell u h[ y\r society w be organiz$4 ,!n foll[s a long /r+ ( que/ions1 :i* w\ld be v int]e/+ if x 7 our bus9ess to /udy ! problems t might arise 9 an emancipat$ society1 b ( :i* x is useless & absurd to imag9e t we c\ld n[ (f] a def9ite solution4 ,accord+ to :at me?od w *ildr5 be taught8 ,h[ w production & di/ribution be organiz$8 ,w !re /ill be l>ge cities1 or w p spread equally ov] all ! surface ( ! e>?8 ,w all ! inhabitants ( ,sib]ia w9t] at ,nice8 ,w e "o d9e on p>tridges & dr9k *ampagne8 ,:o w be ! m9]s & sailors8 ,:o w cle> ! dra9s8 ,w ! sick be nurs$ at home or 9 hospitals8 ,:o w arrange ! railway "t-table8 ,:at w happ5 if ! eng9e-driv] falls ill :ile ! tra9 is on its way8 ,& s on1 )\t end1 z ?\gh we c\ld prophesy all ! k & exp]i5ce ( ! future "t1 or c\ld1 9 ! "n ( ,an>*y1 prescribe = ! com+ man :at "t he %\ld g to b$1 & on :at days he %\ld cut 8 nails6 ,inde$ if our read]s expect f u an answ] to ^! que/ions1 or ev5 to ^? among !m really s]i\s & important1 :i* _c be any?+ m ?an our own private op9ion at ?is pres5t h\r1 we mu/ h succe$$ badly 9 our endeavor to expla9 :at ,an>*y is4 ,we are no m prophets ?an o!r m52 & %\ld we pret5d to give an (ficial solution to all ! problems t w arise 9 ! life ( ! future society1 we %\ld h inde$ a curi\s idea ( ! abolition ( gov]nm5t4 ,we %\ld !n be describ+ a gov]nm5t1 dictat+1 l ! cl]gy1 a univ]sal code = ! pres5t & all future "t4 ,see+ t we h nei!r police nor prisons to en=ce our doctr9e1 humanity might laugh ) impunity at u & our pret5sions4 ,nev]!less1 we consid] s]i\sly all ! problems ( social life :i* n[ sugge/ !mselves1 on acc\nt ( _! sci5tific int]e/1 & because1 hop+ to see ,an>*y realiz$1 we wi% to help t[>ds ! organization ( ! new society4 ,we h !re=e our own ideas on ^! subjects1 ideas :i* are to our m9ds likely to be p]man5t or transitory1 accord+ to ! respective cases4 ,& did space p]mit1 we might add some:at m on ^! po9ts4 ,b ! fact t we today ?9k 9 a c]ta9 way on a giv5 "q is no pro( t su* w be ! mode ( proc$ure 9 ! future4 ,:o c =esee ! activities :i* may develop 9 humanity :5 x is emancipat$ f mis]y & oppression8 ,:5 all h ! means ( in/ruction & self-developm5t8 ,:5 ! /rife betwe5 m51 ) ! hatr$ & ranc\r x bre$s1 w be no long] a necess>y condition ( exi/5ce8 ,:o c =esee ! progress ( sci5ce1 ! new s\rces ( production1 means ( communication1 etc48 ,! "o ess5tial is t a society be con/itut$ 9 :i* ! exploitation & dom9ation ( man by man are impossible4 ,t ! society1 9 o!r words1 be su* t ! means ( exi/5ce & developm5t ( labor be free & op5 to e "o1 & all be able to co-op]ate1 accord+ to _! wi%es & _! k1 9 ! organization ( social life4 ,"u su* conditions1 ev]y?+ w necess>ily be p]=m$ 9 compliance ) ! ne$s ( all1 accord+ to ! k & possibilities ( ! mom5t4 ,& ev]y?+ w improve ) ! increase ( k & p[]4 ,9 fact1 a program :i* w\ld t\* ! basis ( ! new social con/itution c\ld n d m1 aft] all1 ?an indicate a me?od4 ,& me?od1 m ?an any?+ else1 def9es p>ties & det]m9es _! importance 9 hi/ory4 ,me?od ap>t1 e "o says he wi%es = ! good ( mank9d2 & _m d truly wi% = x4 ,z p>ties disappe>1 e organiz$ action direct$ to a def9ite end disappe>s likewise4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to consid] ,an>*y z1 above all1 a me?od4 ,!re are two me?ods by :i* ! diff]5t p>ties1 n ,an>*i/ic1 expect1 or say !y expect1 to br+ ab\t ! greate/ good ( ea* & all4 ,^! are ! au?orit>ian or ,/ate ,sociali/ & ! individuali/ me?ods4 ,! =m] entru/s ! direction ( social life to a few2 & x w\ld result 9 ! exploitation & oppression ( ! masses by t few4 ,! second p>ty tru/s to ! free initiative ( individuals1 & proclaims1 if n ! abolition1 ! r$uction ( gov]nm5t4 ,h[ev]1 z x respects private prop]ty1 & is f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( ea* = himself1 & !re=e on competition1 its lib]ty is only ! lib]ty ( ! /rong1 ! lic5se ( ^? :o h1 to oppress & exploit ! weak :o h no?+4 ,f> f produc+ h>mony1 x w\ld t5d always to augm5t ! di/ance betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor1 & end also ?r\gh exploitation & dom9ation 9 au?ority4 ,?is second me?od1 ,individualism1 is 9 !ory a k9d ( ,an>*y )\t ,socialism4 ,x is !re=e no bett] ?an a lie1 because lib]ty is n possible )\t equality1 & true ,an>*y _c be )\t ,solid>ity1 )\t ,socialism4 ,! criticism :i* ,individuali/s pass on gov]nm5t is m]ely ! wi% to deprive x ( c]ta9 functions1 to virtually h& !m ov] to ! capitali/4 ,b x _c attack ^? repressive functions :i* =m ! ess5ce ( gov]nm5t2 = )\t an arm$ =ce ! propriet>y sy/em c\ld n be upheld4 ,nay1 ev5 m1 "u ,individualism1 ! repressive p[] ( gov]nm5t mu/ always increase1 9 proportion to ! increase1 by means ( free competition1 ( ! want ( equality & h>mony4 ,an>*i/s pres5t a new me?od2 ! free initiative ( all & free agreem5t2 !n1 aft] ! revolution>y abolition ( private prop]ty1 e "o w h equal p[] to dispose ( social weal?4 ,?is me?od1 n admitt+ ! re-e/abli%m5t ( private prop]ty1 mu/ lead1 by means ( free association1 to ! complete triumph ( ! pr9ciples ( solid>ity4 ,?us we see t all ! problems put =w>d to combat ! ,an>*i/ic idea are on ! contr>y argum5ts 9 favor ( ,an>*y2 because x alone indicates ! way 9 :i*1 by exp]i5ce1 ^? solutions :i* correspond to ! dicta ( sci5ce1 & to ! ne$s & wi%es ( all1 c be/ be f\nd4 ,h[ w *ildr5 be educat$8 ,we d n "k4 ,:at !n8 ,! p>5ts1 tea*]s & all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( ! ris+ g5]ation1 w meet1 discuss1 agree & diff]1 & !n divide accord+ to _! v>i\s op9ions1 putt+ into practice ! me?ods :i* !y respectively hold to be be/4 ,t me?od :i*1 :5 tri$1 produces ! be/ results1 w triumph 9 ! end4 ,& s = all ! problems t may arise4 ---------- ,accord+ to :at we h s f> said1 x is evid5t t ,an>*y1 z ! ,an>*i/s conceive x1 & z alone x c be compreh5d$1 is bas$ on ,socialism4 ,fur!rmore1 7 x n = t s*ool ( ,sociali/s :o artificially divide ! natural unity ( ! social "q1 consid]+ only "s deta*$ po9ts1 & 7 x n also = ! equivocations ) :i* !y /rive to h9d] ! social revolution1 we might say "r away t ,an>*y is synonym\s ) ,socialism4 ,because bo? signify ! abolition ( exploitation & ( ! dom9ation ( man ov] man1 :e!r ma9ta9$ by ! =ce ( arms or by ! monopolization ( ! means ( life4 ,an>*y1 l ,socialism1 has = its basis & necess>y po9t ( dep>ture equality ( conditions4 ,its aim is solid>ity1 & its me?od lib]ty4 ,x is n p]fection1 nor is x ! absolute ideal1 :i*1 l ! horizon1 always rec$es z we advance t[>ds x4 ,b x is ! op5 road to all progress & to all improvem5t1 made 9 ! int]e/ ( all humanity4 ---------- ,!re are au?orit>ians :o grant t ,an>*y is ! mode ( social life :i* alone op5s ! way to ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ possible good = mank9d1 because x alone c put an end to e class int]e/$ 9 keep+ ! masses oppress$ & mis]able4 ,!y also grant t ,an>*y is possible1 because x does no?+ m ?an release humanity f an ob/acle--gov]nm5t--aga9/ :i* x has always _h to fight its pa9ful way t[>ds progress4 ,nev]!less1 ^! au?orit>ians1 re9=c$ by _m w>m lov]s ( lib]ty & ju/ice 9 !ory1 retire into _! la/ entr5*m5ts1 because !y are afraid ( lib]ty1 & _c be p]suad$ t mank9d c\ld live & prosp] )\t tea*]s & pa/ors2 /ill1 h>d press$ by ! tru?1 !y pitifully dem& to h ! reign ( lib]ty put (f = a :ile1 inde$ = z long z possible4 ,su* is ! sub/ance ( ! argum5ts t meet u at ?is /age4 ,a society )\t a gov]nm5t1 :i* w\ld act by free1 volunt>y co-op]ation1 tru/+ entirely to ! spontane\s action ( ^? int]e/$1 & f\nd$ altoge!r on solid>ity & sympa?y1 is c]ta9ly1 !y say1 a v beautiful ideal1 b1 l all ideals1 x is a ca/le 9 ! air4 ,we f9d ourselves plac$ 9 a human society1 :i* has always be5 divid$ into oppressors & oppress$2 & if ! =m] are full ( ! _s ( dom9ation1 & h all ! vices ( tyrants1 ! latt] are corrupt$ by s]vility1 & h ^? /ill worse vices1 :i* are ! result ( enslavem5t4 ,! s5tim5t ( solid>ity is f> f be+ dom9ant 9 man at ! pres5t day2 & if x is true t ! diff]5t classes ( m5 are becom+ m & m unanim\s among !mselves1 x is none ! less true t t :i* is mo/ conspicu\s & impresses itself mo/ on human "* today is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is a fact t ea* fights daily aga9/ e "o else1 & competition presses ^u all1 workm5 & ma/]s1 caus+ e man to become a wolf t[>ds e o!r man4 ,h[ c ^! m51 educat$ 9 a society bas$ ^u antagonism betwe5 individuals z well z classes1 be trans=m$ 9 a mom5t & become capable ( liv+ 9 a society 9 :i* ea* %all d z he likes1 & z he %\ld1 )\t ext]nal co]cion1 c>+ = ! good ( o!rs1 simply by ! impulse ( _! own nature8 ,& ) :at he>t or :at common s5se c y tru/ to a revolution on ! "p ( an ignorant1 turbul5t mass1 weak5$ by mis]y1 /upefi$ by prie/craft1 :o are today bl9dly sangu9>y & tomorr[ w let !mselves be humbugg$ by any knave1 :o d>es to call himself _! ma/]8 ,w\ld x n be m prud5t to advance gradually t[>ds ! ,an>*i/ic ideal1 pass+ ?r\gh ,republican1 ,democratic & ,sociali/ic /ages8 ,w n an educative gov]nm5t1 compos$ ( ! be/ m51 be necess>y to prep>e ! advanc+ g5]ations = _! future de/9y8 ,^! objections also ought n to appe> valid if we h succe$$ 9 mak+ our read]s und]/& :at we h already said1 & 9 conv9c+ !m ( x4 ,b 9 any case1 ev5 at ! risk ( repetition1 x may be z well to answ] !m4 ,we f9d ourselves cont9ually met by ! false notion t gov]nm5t is 9 itself a new =ce1 sprung up "o kn[s n :5ce1 :i* ( itself adds some?+ to ! sum ( ! =ce & capability ( ^? :om x is compos$ & ( ^? :o obey x4 ,:ile1 on ! contr>y1 all t is done is done by individual m54 ,! gov]nm5t1 z a gov]nm5t1 adds no?+ save ! t5d5cy to monopolize = ! advantage ( c]ta9 p>ties or classes1 & to repress all initiative f beyond its own circle4 ,to aboli% au?ority or gov]nm5t does n mean to de/roy ! individual or collective =ces1 :i* are at "w 9 society1 nor ! influ5ce m5 ex]t ov] "o ano!r4 ,t w\ld be to r$uce humanity to an aggregate ( in]t & sep>ate atoms2 an impossibility :i*1 if x c\ld be p]=m$1 w\ld be ! de/ruction ( any society1 ! dea? bl[ to mank9d4 ,to aboli% au?ority1 means to aboli% ! monopoly ( =ce & ( influ5ce4 ,x means to aboli% t /ate ( ?+s by :i* social =ce1 t is1 ! collective =ce ( all 9 a society1 is made ! in/rum5t ( ! ?\ght1 w & int]e/s ( a small numb] ( individuals4 ,^!1 by means ( ! collective =ce1 suppress ! lib]ty ( e "o else1 to ! advantage ( _! own ideas4 ,9 o!r words1 x means to de/roy a mode ( organization by means ( :i* ! future is exploit$1 betwe5 "o revolution & ano!r1 to ! pr(it ( ^? :o h be5 ! victors ( ! mom5t4 ,mi*ael ,bakun91 9 an article publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 ass]ts t ! great means ( action ( ! ,int]national 7 ! propagat+ ( _! ideas1 & ! organization ( ! spontane\s action ( its memb]s 9 reg>d to ! masses4 ,he !n adds3 ,to :oev] might pret5d t action s organiz$ w\ld be an outrage on ! lib]ty ( ! masses1 or an attempt to create a new au?oritative p[]1 we w\ld reply t he is a sophi/ & a fool4 ,s mu* ! worse = ^? :o ignore ! natural1 social law ( human solid>ity1 to ! ext5t ( imag9+ t an absolute mutual indep5d5ce ( individuals & ( masses is a possible or ev5 desirable ?+4 ,to desire x1 w\ld be to wi% = ! de/ruction ( society2 = all social life is no?+ else ?an ?is mutual & incessant int]dep5d5ce among individuals & masses4 ,all individuals1 ev5 ! mo/ gift$ & /ronge/1 inde$ mo/ ( all ! mo/ gift$ & /ronge/1 are at e mom5t ( _! lives1 at ! same "t1 produc]s & products4 ,equal lib]ty = e individual is only ! resultant1 cont9ually reproduc$1 ( ?is mass ( mat]ial1 intellectual & moral influ5ce ex]cis$ on him by all ! individuals ar\nd him1 belong+ to ! society 9 :i* he 0 born1 has develop$ & dies4 ,to wi% to escape ?is influ5ce 9 ! "n ( a transc5d5tal lib]ty1 div9e1 absolutely egoi/ic & suffici5t to itself1 is ! t5d5cy to annihilation4 ,to refra9 f influ5c+ o!rs1 w\ld mean to refra9 f all social action1 inde$ to ab/a9 f all expression ( "o's ?\ghts & s5tim5ts1 & simply to become non-exi/5t4 ,?is indep5d5ce1 s mu* extoll$ by ideali/s & metaphysicians1 individual lib]ty conceiv$ 9 ?is s5se w\ld am\nt to self-annihilation4 ,9 nature1 z 9 human society1 :i* is also a "p ( ?is same nature1 all t exi/s lives only by comply+ ) ! supreme conditions ( int]action1 :i* is m or less positive & pot5t ) reg>d to ! lives ( o!r be+s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! individual4 ,& :5 we v9dicate ! lib]ty ( ! masses1 we d n pret5d to aboli% any?+ ( ! natural influ5ces t individuals or gr\ps ( individuals ex]t ^u "o ano!r4 ,:at we wi% = is ! abolition ( artificial influ5ces1 :i* are privileg$1 legal & (ficial4 ,c]ta9ly1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( mank9d1 oppress$ by mis]y1 /upefi$ by sup]/ition & sunk 9 degradation1 ! human lot dep5ds ^u a relatively small numb] ( individuals4 ,( c\rse1 all m5 w n be able to rise 9 a mom5t to ! height ( p]ceiv+ _! duty1 or ev5 ! enjoym5t ( s regulat+ _! own action t o!rs also w d]ive ! greate/ possible b5efit f x4 ,b because n[adays ! ?\ghtful & guid+ =ces at "w 9 society are few1 t is no reason = p>alyz+ !m /ill m1 & = ! subjection ( _m individuals to ! direction ( a few4 ,x is no reason = con/itut+ society 9 su* a mann] t ! mo/ active =ces1 ! highe/ capacities are1 9 ! end1 f\nd outside ! gov]nm5t1 & almo/ depriv$ ( influ5ce on social life4 ,all ?is n[ happ5s ow+ to ! in]tia t secur$ positions fo/]1 to h]$ity1 to protectionism1 to p>ty _s & to all ! me*anism ( gov]nm5t4 ,= ^? 9 gov]nm5t (fice1 tak5 out ( _! =m] social position1 prim>ily conc]n$ 9 reta9+ p[]1 lose all p[] to act spontane\sly1 & become only an ob/acle to ! free action ( o!rs4 ,) ! abolition ( ?is negative pot5cy con/itut+ gov]nm5t1 society w become t :i* x c be1 ) ! giv5 =ces & capabilities ( ! mom5t4 ,if !re are educat$ m5 desir\s ( spread+ education1 !y w organize ! s*ools1 & w be con/ra9$ to make ! use & enjoym5t to be d]iv$ f education felt4 ,& if !re are no su* m51 or only a few ( !m1 a gov]nm5t _c create !m4 ,all x c d1 z 9 fact x does n[adays1 is to take ^! few away f practical1 fruitful "w 9 ! sph]e ( education1 & put !m to direct f above :at has to be impos$ by ! help ( a police sy/em4 ,s !y make out ( intellig5t & impassionate tea*]s m]e politicians1 :o become useless p>asites1 entirely absorb$ 9 impos+ _! own hobbies1 & 9 ma9ta9+ !mselves 9 p[]4 ,if !re are doctors & tea*]s ( hygi5e1 !y w organize !mselves = ! s]vice ( heal?4 ,& if !re are none1 a gov]nm5t _c create !m2 all t x c d is to discr$it !m 9 ! eyes ( ! p1 :o are incl9$ to ent]ta9 suspicions1 sometimes only too well f\nd$1 ) reg>d to ev]y?+ :i* is impos$ ^u !m4 ,if !re are eng9e]s & me*anics1 !y w organize ! railways1 etc2 & if !re are none1 a gov]nm5t _c create !m4 ,! revolution1 by aboli%+ gov]nm5t & private prop]ty1 w n create =ce :i* does n exi/2 b x w leave a free field = ! ex]cise ( all available =ce & ( all exi/5t capacity4 ,:ile x w de/roy e class int]e/$ 9 keep+ ! masses degrad$1 x w act 9 su* a way t e "o w be free to "w & make 8 influ5ce felt1 9 proportion to 8 own capacity1 & 9 con=mity ) 8 s5tim5ts & int]e/s4 ,& x is only ?us t ! elevation ( ! masses is possible2 = x is only ) lib]ty t "o c le>n to be free1 z x is only by work+ t "o c le>n to "w4 ,a gov]nm5t1 ev5 _h x no o!r advantages1 mu/ always h t ( habituat+ ! gov]n$ to subjection1 & mu/ also t5d to become m oppressive & m necess>y1 9 proportion z its subjects are m ob$i5t & docile4 ,b suppose gov]nm5t 7 ! direction ( affairs by ! be/ p4 ,:o are ! be/8 ,& h[ %all we recognize _! sup]iority4 ,! majority are g5]ally atta*$ to old prejudices1 & h ideas & in/9cts already outgr[n by ! m favor$ m9ority4 ,b ( ! v>i\s m9orities1 :o all believe !mselves 9 ! "r1 z no d\bt _m ( !m are 9 "p1 :i* %all be *os5 to rule8 ,& by :om8 ,& by :at crit]ion8 ,see+ t ! future alone c prove :i* among !m is ! mu/ sup]ior4 ,if y *oose a hundr$ p>tisans ( dictator%ip1 y w discov] t ea* "o ( ! hundr$ believes himself capable ( be+1 if n sole dictator1 at lea/ ( assi/+ v mat]ially 9 ! dictatorial gov]nm5t4 ,! dictators w\ld be ^? :o1 by "o means or ano!r1 succe$$ 9 impos+ !mselves on society4 ,&1 9 c\rse ( "t1 all _! en]gy w\ld inevitably be employ$ 9 def5d+ !mselves aga9/ ! attacks ( _! adv]s>ies1 totally oblivi\s ( _! desire1 if ev] !y _h _h x1 to be m]ely an educative p[]4 ,%\ld gov]nm5t be1 on ! o!r h&1 elect$ by univ]sal suffrage1 & s be ! emanation1 m or less s9c]e1 ( ! wi% ( ! majority8 ,b if y consid] ^! wor?y electors z incapable ( provid+ = _! own int]e/s1 h[ c !y ev] be capable ( !mselves *oos+ directors to guide !m wisely8 ,h[ solve ?is problem ( social al*emy3 ,to elect a gov]nm5t ( g5iuses by ! votes ( a mass ( fools8 ,& :at w be ! lot ( ! m9ority1 :o are ! mo/ intellig5t1 mo/ active & mo/ advanc$ 9 society8 ---------- ,to solve ! social problem to ! advantage ( all1 !re is only "o way4 ,to expel ! gov]nm5t by revolution>y means1 to expropriate ! hold]s ( social weal?1 putt+ ev]y?+ at ! disposition ( all1 & to leave all exi/+ =ce1 capacity & good-w among m5 free to provide = ! ne$s ( all4 ,we fight = ,an>*y & = ,socialism2 because we believe t ,an>*y & ,socialism ought to be br\ght into op]ation z soon z possible4 ,:i* means t ! revolution mu/ drive away ! gov]nm5t1 aboli% private prop]ty1 & entru/ all public s]vice1 :i* w !n embrace all social life1 to ! spontane\s1 free1 un(ficial & unau?oriz$ op]ation ( all ^? int]e/$ & all ^? will+ volunte]s4 ,!re w c]ta9ly be difficulties & inconv5i5ces2 b ! p w be resolute2 & !y alone c solve all difficulties ,an>*ically1 t is1 by direct action ( ^? int]e/$ & by free agreem5t4 ,we _c say :e!r ,an>*y & ,socialism w triumph aft] ! next revolution>y attempt2 b ?is is c]ta91 t if any ( ! s-call$ transition programs triumph1 x w be because we h be5 tempor>ily beat51 & nev] because we h ?\ght x wise to leave 9 exi/5ce any "o "p ( t evil sy/em "u :i* humanity groans4 ,:atev] happ5s1 we %all h "s influ5ce on ev5ts1 by our numb]s1 our en]gy1 our intellig5ce & our /eadfa/ness4 ,also1 ev5 if we are n[ conqu]$1 our "w w n h be5 9 va92 = ! m decid$ we %all h be5 9 aim+ at ! realization ( all our dem&s1 ! less !re w be ( gov]nm5t & ( private prop]ty 9 ! new society4 ,& we %all h done a great "w2 = human progress is measur$ by ! degree 9 :i* gov]nm5t & private prop]ty are adm9i/]$4 ,if today we fall )\t l[]+ our colors1 our cause is c]ta9 ( victory tomorr[4 --------------------