,! ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce ,by ,joseph ,donat1 ,s4,j41 ,d4,d4 ,pr(essor ,innsbruck ,univ]sity ,new ,york ,joseph ,f4 ,wagn] #aiad ,,cont5ts ,imprimatur4 ,au?or's ,preface ,to ,! ,engli% ,edition4 ,translator's ,note4 ,fir/ ,section4 ,! ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce & its ,philosophical ,basis4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,sci5ce ,& ,fre$om4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,two ,views ,( ,! ,_w ,& ,_! ,fre$om4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,subjectivism ,& ,its ,fre$om4 ,second ,section4 ,fre$om ( ,rese>* & ,fai?4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,rese>* ,& ,fai? ,9 ,g5]al4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,au?ority ,( ,fai? ,& ,! ,free ,ex]cise ,( ,rese>*4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,unprepossession ,( ,rese>*4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,accusations ,& ,objections4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,witnesses ( ! ,incompatibility ,( ,sci5ce ,& ,fai?4 ,?ird ,section4 ,! ,lib]al ,fre$om ( ,rese>*4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,free ,f ,! ,yoke ,( ,! ,sup]natural4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,unsci5tific ,me?od4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,bitt] ,fruit4 ,f\r? ,section4 ,fre$om ( ,tea*+4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,fre$om ,( ,tea*+ ,& ,e?ics4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,fre$om ,( ,tea*+ ,& ,! ,/ate4 ,fif? ,section4 ,!ology4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,!ology ,& ,sci5ce4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,!ology ,& ,univ]sity4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,,imprimatur4 ,nihil ,ob/at ,,remigius ,,la=t1 ,d4,d4 ,c5sor ,imprimatur ,,john ,,c>d9al ,,f>ley ,ar*bi%op ( ,new ,york ,,new ,,york1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aiad4 ,,copyright1 #aiad1 ,,by ,,joseph ,f4 ,,wagn]1 ,,new ,,york ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,engli% ,,edition4 ,! pres5t "w has already secur$ _m fri5ds 9 ,g]man ,europe4 ,an invitation has n[ be5 ext5d$ = its reception among ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 ) ! object t !re1 too1 x may seek read]s & fri5ds1 & communicate to !m its ?\ghts--! ideas x has to convey & to int]pret4 ,:ile wi%+ x he>tfelt success & good =tune on its j\rney1 ! ,au?or desires x to convey 8 greet+s to its new read]s4 ,?is book has issu$ f ! ?roes ( diss5sion & /rife1 see+ ! light at a "t :51 9 ,au/ria & ,g]many1 ! bitt] =ces ( opposition1 t range !mselves ab\t ! %ibbole? ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce1 7 se5 engag+ 9 a combat ( fi]c] int5sity ?an ev]4 ,yet1 not)/&+1 ?is ,*ild ( ,/rife has le>n$ ! language ( ,peace only4 ,x speaks ! language ( an imp>tial objectivity :i* endeav\rs1 9 a _s ( unimpassion$1 ?\gh e>ne/1 calm1 to range itself ov] ! burn+ que/ions ( ! day--ov] ^? great ,weltans*auung que/ions1 t /& 9 su* close relation ) ! comp5di\s motto3 ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce4 ,yes1 ,fre$om & ,sci5ce s]ve1 9 our age & on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 z trumpet-calls1 to summon toge!r--(t5 inde$ to pit 9 deadly combat--! rival =ces ( opposition4 ,!y are cat*-words t t5d to hold at fev]-pit* ! intellectual life ( mod]n civilization--ag5ts z !y are ( su* mighty & f>-rea*+ influ5ces4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,sci5ce1 :5ce ! mov+ & lead+ ideas ( ! "t take %ape & =m to g =? 9 turn & subject to _! sway ! intellect ( man2 on ! o!r1 ,fre$om--t ,fre$om ( sov]eign emancipation1 t ,*ri/ian ,fre$om ( well-ord]$ self-developm5t1 :i* det]m9e ! actions1 ! /riv+s ( ! human _s1 ev5 z !y control imp]ceptibly ! m>* ( ,sci5ce4 ,:ile ! pres5t volume is connect$ ) ?is *a9 ( pr(\nd problems1 x becomes1 ( itself1 a repres5tation ( ! intellectual life ( our day1 ) its f>-rea*+ philosophical que/ions1 its =ces ( /ruggle & opposition1 its dang]s1 & deep-seat$ evils4 ,! ,au?or has a lively recollection ( an expression :i* he he>d a few ye>s ago1 9 a conv]sation ) an ,am]ican pr(essor1 !n j\rney+ 9 ,europe4 8,"h1 !y talk ( tol]ance10 he obs]v$1 8:ile 9 ,am]ica we put x into practice40 ,! cat*-^w ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce w n1 !re=e1 9 e qu>t] ( ! _w1 s]ve z a call to arms1 caus+ ! oppos+ columns to engage 9 mutual conflict1 z is ! case 9 _m portions ( ,europe4 ,b c]ta9 x is t ev]y:]e alike--9 ! new _w ( ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ! old _w ( ,europe--! human _s has its att5tion engag$ ) ! same id5tical que/ions--^? topics ( n]ve-/ra9+ int]e/ t sway & surge ab\t ?is same cat*-^w l s _m oppos+ =ces4 ,ev]y:]e we %all h ^? t5se oppositions betwe5 sov]eign ,humanity & ,*ri/ianity1 betwe5 ,k & ,fai?1 betwe5 ,law & ,fre$om2 ev]y:]e ^? que/ions on ! ,rights & ,obligations ( ,sci5ce1 on ,ca?olic ,?\ght1 & on ,ca?olic ,doctr9al ,beliefs & ,duties4 ,may x fall to ! lot ( ?is book to be able to communicate to _m a read]1 int]e/$ 9 su* topics1 words ( enlight5m5t & explanation--to "s = ! /r5g!n+ ( _! convictions1 to o!rs = ! correction1 p]haps1 ( _! errone\s views4 ,at home1 :ile w9n+ ! sympa?y ( _m read]s1 x has n fail$ to enc\nt] also antagonism4 ,?is 0 to be expect$4 ,! resolute *ampion+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 z well z _m a c&id expression ( views t\*+ ! intellectual impov]i%m5t & ! ev]-%ift+ position ( un%ackl$ ,free?9k+1 mu/ necess>ily ar\se su* antagonism4 ,may ! pres5t volume meet on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic ) a l>ge %>e ( t tol]ance :i* is put into actual practice !re1 & is !re n m]ely an empty phrase on ! lips ( m56 ,may x contribute some?+ to ! bett] & full] und]/&+ ( ! say+ ( t great ,engli% sci5ti/1 ,,william ,,?omson3 8,d n be afraid ( be+ free-?9k]s6 ,if y ?9k /rongly en\gh1 y w be =c$ by sci5ce to ! belief 9 ,god1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all religion40 ,f9ally1 ,i may be all[$ to express my s9c]e ?anks to ! publi%] = und]tak+ ! "w ( ?is translation4 ,may x accompli% mu* good4 ,j4 ,donat4 ,,univ]sity ,,innsbruck1 ,,*ri/mas1 #aiac4 ,,translator',s ,,note4 ,! ,g]man orig9al is replete ) ref]5ces to works especially 9 ! ,g]man language1 ! au?or hav+ ) great c>e quot$ title & page :5ev] ref]r+ to an au?or4 ,s9ce _m ( ^! ref]5ces are ( value only to ^? famili> ) ! ,g]man1 !y h be5 abbreviat$ or omitt$ 9 ?is ,engli% v]sion1 :5ev] !y w\ld seem to ne$lessly encumb] its pages4 ,^? desir\s ( v]ify+ quotations w be enabl$ to d s 9 all in/ances by a ref]5ce to ! ,g]man orig9al4 ,,fir/ ,,section4 ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,its ,,philosophical ,,basis4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,sci5ce ,& ,fre$om4 ,if a "q is de/9$ to agitate & divide = consid]able l5g? ( "t ! m9ds ( m51 x mu/ und\bt$ly h its root deep 9 ! entire intellectual life ( ! times2 x mu/ be an*or$ 9 pr(\nd philosophical ?\ght1 9 !ories ( life4 ,f ?is s\rce x d]ives its p[] ( captivat+ ! m9ds4 ,all ?is applies to ! "q ( ! ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce4 ,if1 !n1 we desire a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ?is "q1 we mu/ fir/ ( all seek & exam9e its deep] ly+ philosophical basis2 we mu/ trace ! ?reads :i* s closely unite x to ! intellectual life & ef=t ( ! times4 ,b be=e we beg9 our /udy1 let u rememb] a rule ( ! great orator & philosoph] ( anci5t ,rome2 a rule only too (t5 =gott5 9 our times3 8,e philosophical discussion1 ( any?+ :atsoev]1 %\ld beg9 ) a def9ition1 9 ord] to make cle> :at ! discussion is ab\t0 7,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 ,i1 #b74 ,if we w\ld =m a judgm5t z to ! dem& ( sci5ce = fre$om1 z to ! ju/ification ( ?is dem&1 z to its compatibility or incompatibility ) ! duty ( fai?1 ! fir/ "q t naturally arises is3 ,:at is ! purport ( ?is dem&1 :at does x mean8 ,only aft] we h cle>ly circumscrib$ ?is dem& c we approa* its philosophical presumptions & te/ its basis4 ,:at1 !n1 d we und]/& by ,sci5ce1 & :at fre$om may be grant$ to x8 ,sci5ce4 ,:5 a man ( ,nor!rn or ,c5tral ,europe he>s ( sci5ce1 8 ?\ghts g5]ally turn to ! univ]sities & _! tea*]s4 ,to him ! univ]sity is ! home ( sci5ce1 !re its num]\s bran*es dwell 9 good fell[%ip1 !re hundr$s ( m5 h consecrat$ !mselves to its s]vice4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ,europe x is cu/om>y = m5 ( sci5ce to be univ]sity pr(essors4 ,( :at univ]sity is he8 is ask$4 ,celebrat$ sci5ti/s1 l ,helmholtz1 ,liebig1 ,h]tz1 ,kir*h(f2 philosoph]s1 l ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 ,h]b>t2 great philologi/s1 hi/orians1 & s on1 7 univ]sity pr(essors4 ,= all t1 sci5ce & univ]sity are n necess>ily insep>able ?+s4 ,! univ]sity ne$s sci5ce1 b sci5ce does n absolutely ne$ ! univ]sity4 ,sci5ce 0 9 ! _w be=e ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ! "t :5 ,france & ,italy built _! fir/ univ]sities2 & also s9ce !n sci5ce has be5 enri*$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( _m a g5ius :o nev] occupi$ a univ]sity *air4 ,py?agoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,/4 ,augu/9e belong$ to no univ]sities2 ,cop]nicus1 ,newton1 & ,kepl] nev] taught 9 ! high] s*ools4 ,9 ! c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica ! man ( sci5ce & ! univ]sity pr(essor are to ?is day n s mu* id5tical 9 p]son4 ,!re=e1 if ! fre$om ( sci5ce applies pr9cipally to ! high] s*ools & _! tea*]s1 ?is is n its exclusive application4 ,sci5ce & univ]sity are n id5tical t]ms4 ,:at1 !n1 is sci5ce8 ,at ! s\nd ( ?is magic ^w !re arises 9 ! m9ds ( _m ! image ( a sup]human be+3 op5 on 8 lap lies ! book ( wisdom 9 :i* all my/]ies are solv$2 9 8 h& is ! flam+ tor* :i* enlight5s ! pa? d[n into ! l[e/ dep?s ( rese>*1 dispell+ all d>kness4 ,?is1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 is :at sci5ce means4 ,! m]e appeal to ?is infallible be+ suffices to settle all problems1 to sil5ce e contradiction2 woe to him :o d>es op5 8 pr(ane m\? to utt] an ,if or a ,b6 ,7 ?is sci5ce1 !re w\ld be no dispute4 ,we %\ld h to admit t !re c\ld be no limit set to ! fre$om ( ?is be+2 he mu/ %>e ! privileges ( div9e ,intellig5ce1 = no comm& to keep sil5t c be impos$ on ,infallible ,tru?2 !re c be no am5dm5t4 ,b1 alas6 9 ! _w ( reality ?is p]sonifi$ ,sci5ce is n[h]e to be f\nd1 x exi/s solely 9 ! realm ( rhetoric & poetry4 ,sci5ce1 z x exi/s among m51 has its seat1 aft] all1 n[h]e else ?an 9 ! human m9d4 ,x is1 inde$1 no?+ else b ! well-ord]$ summ>y ( k & ( ! rese>* = ! causes ( ?+s4 ,natural sci5ce is ! summ>y ( k & rese>* 9 ! realm ( natural ph5om5a1 arrang$ 9 an ord]ly way1 z a text-book w give x2 t is1 an inve/igation ( ph5om5a & _! causes4 ,a m]e description ( natural ph5om5a1 )\t any explanation1 or ref]5ce ( !m to ! laws ( nature1 w\ld inde$ be tea*+ ab\t nature1 b n natural sci5ce4 ,simil>ly1 ! sci5ce ( hi/ory is ! well-ord]$ summ>y ( k & rese>* 9 ! doma9 ( human ev5ts1 d]iv$ f _! s\rces1 ) ! /atem5t ( facts accord+ to cause & effect4 ,& n all ?is k is c]ta91 & free f d\bt4 ,! mod]n conception ( sci5ce1 z we n[ h x--! anci5ts _h a mu* n>r[] conception--includes c]ta9 z well z unc]ta9 k1 results & hypo!ses1 & ev5 ! activity ( rese>*1 toge!r ) its me?ods4 ,a/ronomy 0 ?us 9 ,ptolemy's "t ! summ>y ( :at 0 !n kn[n ) m or less c]ta9ty ab\t ! />s2 includ$ 9 ?is1 z is well kn[n1 0 ! op9ion t ! sun circles ar\nd ! e>?4 ,& ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle embrac$ 8 philosophical ideas ab\t ,god1 ! _w & man2 h5ce _m errors4 ,fur!r1 :5 speak+ ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 we mean ! :ole numb] ( ! individual sci5ces4 ,x is ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ?is s5se t we h to inve/igate "h4 ,! individual sci5ces are di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r pr9cipally by ! subjects ( :i* !y treat4 ,a/ronomy is di/+ui%$ f palontology & philosophy by ! fact t x treats ( ! />s1 n ( fossils1 or ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( reason4 ,f ?is brief analysis ( concepts x is cle> t sci5ce & sci5tific rese>* are n sup]human be+s1 b an activity or condition ( ! human m9d1 di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y ?\ght ( ! individual only by sy/em & me?od1 &1 commonly1 by great] ?or\ghness & by ! unit$ ef=t ( _m4 ,x is subject to all ! limitations ( ! human m9d4 ,:at foll[s f ?is8 ,two ?+s4 ,let u at once make a brief ref]5ce to bo? ( !m1 because 9 our discussion !y are ( ! greate/ importance4 ,s9ce1 !n1 sci5ce is an activity ( ! human m9d1 x mu/1 l x1 always & ev]y:]e be subject to ! ,tru? & subject to ,god4 ,subject to ! ,tru?3 :5ev] sci5ce comes 9 contact ) x1 x mu/ rev]5tly b[ to ! tru?4 ,& subject to ,god3 if ,god is ! ,creator ( man & ( 8 spiritual & bodily activity1 ,he is also ! ma/] ( 8 :ole be+1 & man is subject to ,him 9 all 8 activity & developm5t1 !re=e 9 8 intellectual life1 & 9 8 arti/ic & sci5tific pursuits4 ,ev]y?+ is & rema9s ! activity ( ! creature4 ,z gravitation rules ! entire planet & its mat]ial activity1 attracts x t[>ds ! sun & makes x circle ar\nd x1 s does ! law ( dep5d5ce on ,god rule ! :ole life ( ! creature4 ,man _c !re=e1 ev5 9 8 sci5tific rese>*1 ignore 8 ,creator1 _c emancipate himself f ,8 au?ority2 & if ,god has giv5 a revelation & dem&s fai?1 ! man ( sci5ce1 too1 mu/ believe4 ,!re _c be an emancipat$1 free1 sci5ce 9 ?is s5se4 ,ano!r consequ5ce is ?is3 s9ce sci5ce is an activity ( ! human m9d1 x %>es all its imp]fections & weaknesses4 ,x is truly fle% ( its fle%4 ,! fruit _c be m p]fect ?an ! tree t produces x1 nor ! fl[] bett] ?an ! plant on :i* x blossom$4 ,n[1 z ! human m9d is ?r\gh\t limit$ 9 its nature1 s is x also 9 its rese>*4 ,x is n giv5 to man to so> al(t on eagle w+s to ! heights ( k1 !nce to gaze ^u tru? ) un]r+ intuition2 ! asc5t mu/ be sl[1 ) con/ant dang]s ( /umbl+1 ev5 ( fall+ headlong4 ,to ^! dang]s mu/ be add$ 8 lat5t likes & dislikes1 :i* imp]ceptibly guide 8 ?\ght1 especially 9 =m+ op9ions on que/ions ( ! _w & ( life1 :i* ! human he>t _c view ) indiff]5ce3 !y influ5ce 8 ?\ght4 ,h5ce ignorance1 d>kness1 & error1 ev]y:]e accompany ! inve/igator individually1 & sci5ce z a :ole1 all ! m ! l(ti] ! que/ions t pres5t !mselves4 ,already ! philosoph] ( ! dim pa/ gave expression to ! compla9t1 t our reason is no m capable ( kn[+ ! div9e ?an ! eyes ( ! owl are ( see+ 9 broad daylight4 ,x is ,ari/otle :o s compla9s4 ,& ! great ,newton1 9 ! ev5+ ( 8 life1 ?us e/imates ! wor? ( 8 k3 8,:at ! _w may ?9k ab\t my lab\r1 ,i d n "k2 ,i feel l a *ild t plays on ! /r& ( ! sea3 n[ & !n ,i may p]haps f9d a pebble or %ell m beautiful ?an ^? ( my playmates1 :ile ! b\ndless ocean lies ev] be=e me ) its undiscov]$ treasures0 7apud ,o4 ,zoeckl]1 ,gottes ,zeug5 im ,rei* d] ,natur 7#aijf71 #agc74 ,! same sorr[ful pla9t is he>d f all s]i\s inve/igators1 especially ^? 9 ! doma9 ( ! natural sci5ces1 :o %\ld h m reason ?an o!rs to be pr\d ( _! a*ievem5ts4 8,h[ev] great ! am\nt ( human k may seem to ! multitude10 writes ! well-kn[n *emi/ ,s*o5be91 8! mo/ exp]i5c$ sci5ti/ feels ! incomplet5ess & pat*work ( x1 & realizes t man s f> has be5 able to le>n b inf9itely little ( :at nature is1 & ( :at c be kn[n40 8,! m exact ! inve/igation10 says ! geologi/ ,qu5/$t1 8s mu* ! m obscure is its beg9n+4 ,inde$1 ! deep] we ?9k to h und]/ood ! s+le p>ts1 ! fur!r ! orig9al plan ( ! ,creator seems to escape u0 7cf4 ,knell]1 ,das ,*ri/5tum und die ,v]tret] d] neu]5 ,naturwiss5s*aft5 7#aijd71 #bjh1 #bha74 8,al?\gh sci5ce10 s we are assur$ by ano!r mod]n savant1 8has br\ght to light _m a treasure1 /ill1 comp>$ ) :at we d n yet "k1 x is z a drop to ! ocean4 ,9 all our k !re w always be ! dang] ( error40 ,we are probably n v f> 9 advance ( ! "t ( ,albre*t von ,hall]1 :o said3 8,we1 all ( u1 err1 only ea* errs 9 a diff]5t way4 ,e passage t has be5 illum9at$ by sci5ce is surr\nd$ by d5se d>kness2 beyond ! visible lies ! invisible40 ,& ,pr(4 ,j4 ,re9ke cont9ues3 8,z e>ly z ! day ( ,socrates1 ! beg9n+ ( philosophy 0 to "k t we "k no?+2 ! end ( philosophy1 to "k t we mu/ believe3 su* is ! inevitable fate ( human wisdom0 7,naturwiss5s*aft und ,religion1 9 ,natur und ,kultur ,,iv 7#aijg71 #dah1 #dbe4 ,pr9t$ also sep>ately74 ,"s ye>s ago ,sir ,w4 ,ramsay1 a not$ sci5ti/1 conclud$ a disc\rse on 8 sci5tific lab\r ) ! words3 8,:5 a man has rea*$ ! middle ( 8 life1 he beg9s to believe t ! long] he lives ! less he kn[s6 ,?is is my excuse = hav+ mole/$ y = an h\r ) my ignorance0 7,e9ige ,betra*tung5 ueb] das p]iodis*e ,gesetz d] ,elem5te4 ,vortrag auf d] #ge4 ,v]sammlung ,deuts*] ,natur=s*] und rzte zu ,cassel 7#aijc774 ,if sci5ce1 !n1 c only ) difficulty lift f visible nature ! veils t hide ! tru?--& ev5 ?is is (t5 beyond its p[]--no wond] x is confront$ ) /ill great] ob/acles :5 x approa*es ! tru?s t are beyond visible nature4 ,moreov]1 x is an old tru? t "h x is l$ n by reason only1 b also1 & ev5 m en]getically1 by self-int]e/4 8,mo/ m510 says ,cic]o1 8are sway$ 9 _! judgm5ts by ei!r love or hatr$1 likes or dislikes0 7,de ,oratore1 ,,ii1 #db74 ,if ?is is ! nature ( human sci5ce1 its adepts w\ld be badly deceiv+ !mselves1 if1 9 ! pride ( le>n+1 !y w\ld reject e correction1 ev5 pr\dly pu%+ aside ! h& ( ,god t rea*es d[n into ! d>kness ( man's intellectual life to (f] its guidance4 ,he :o realizes t he is 9 dang] ( los+ 8 way 9 ! d>k1 w n reject a reliable guide2 & he :o fe>s to /umble w n refuse a help+ h&4 ,self-k is ! si/] ( wisdom1 & ! "m ( mode/y4 ,fre$om4 ,su*1 !n1 is sci5ce3 n ! goddess t emanat$ f ! head ( immortal ,jove1 b ! (fspr+ ( ! puny m9d ( man1 bone ( 8 bone & fle% ( 8 fle%4 ,& ?is sci5ce cries = fre$om4 ,x w\ld be free & act freely2 x urges its claim 9 ! "n ( tru?1 :i* mu/ n be slight$2 9 ! "n ( ! progress ( civilization1 :i* mu/ n be h9d]$4 ,fre$om cle>ly means no?+ less ?an to be untrammel$ & free f re/ra9t1 f fett] & *eck1 9 action1 ?\ght1 & desire4 ,! prison] is free :5 8 *a9s drop (f1 a p is free :5 x has ca/ (f ! yoke ( s]fdom1 ! eagle is free & c spread out its w+s 9 l(ty flight :5 n b\nd d[n to ! e>?4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 %\ld be free 9 its activity f bond1 fett]1 & re/ra9t4 ,does ?is mean x mu/ be free f all re/ra9t & law8 ,%\ld ! hi/orian be giv5 ! "r to make ,solon a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 or ( ! h]oes ( ,troy m$ival knights8 ,%\ld ! sci5ti/ be giv5 ! "r to break e rule ( logic1 to ignore all progress1 & p]haps 9 8 caprici\sness return to ! f\r elem5ts ( ,ari/otle1 or ! a/ronomical *>t ( primitive ages8 ,nobody dem&s ?is4 ,no1 sci5ce mu/ be b\nd by ! tru?4 ,fre$om inde$ %\ld n mean lawlessness4 ,sci5ce rema9s b\nd by ! g5]al laws ( logic1 & by positive facts4 ,tru? is ! irremovable b>ri] set 9 re/ra9t ( ! fre$om ( ev]y?+1 ev5 ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! fre$om ( sci5ce !re=e c only be fre$om f unreasonable re/ra9t & fett]s2 f su* t h9d] x unreasonably 9 its inquiry aft] ! tru?1 & 9 ! communication ( ! results ( its inve/igation4 ,x %\ld be free1 n f ! int]nal bondage ( tru?1 b f ! re/ra9t by ext]nal au?ority1 ! re/ra9t :i* w\ld h9d] x1 9 an improp] way1 f approa*+ ^? que/ions1 & us+ ^? me?ods1 t lead to ! discov]y ( tru?1 & f ackn[l$g+ ! results x has f\nd to be true2 or :i* w\ld unlawfully keep x f mak+ kn[n1 = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 ! results ( its inve/igation4 ,x %\ld be free f any unju/ re/riction1 impos$ by /ate or ,*ur*1 by popul> op9ion1 by p>ty _s1 by hamp]+ protectorate1 or s]vility ( any k9d4 ,f any unju/ re/riction1 we said4 ,= ?is is cle>3 if "u c]ta9 circum/ances !re might be w>rant = a j re/riction by ext]nal au?ority1 su* a re/riction c\ld n be refus$ 9 ! "n ( fre$om4 ,s long1 !n1 z we und]/& by fre$om a lawful fre$om1 !re _c be includ$ 9 ?is ! fre$om f e ext]nal au?ority1 b only f unlawful int]f]5ce4 ,!re is1 !n1 ! "q :e!r !re may be a legitimate re/ra9t1 impos$ by ext]nal au?ority1 :i* man mu/ n evade1 & :at ! nature ( su* re/ra9t may be4 ,we mu/1 moreov]1 take into consid]ation two elem5ts1 :i* are di/+ui%$ 9 ! above def9itions1 bo? belong+ to ! mod]n idea ( sci5tific fre$om4 ,we w call !m fre$om ( rese>*1 & fre$om ( tea*+4 ,! inve/igator & ! sci5ti/ claim ! "o2 ! tea*]1 ! o!r4 ,se>*+ aft] tru?1 & communicat+ ! tru? f\nd1 are1 z is kn[n1 ! pr9cipal occupations ( sci5ce4 ,! sci5ti/ %\ld fir/ ( all be an inve/igator4 ,he %\ld n be cont5t to appropriate to himself ! k ( o!rs1 he %\ld also make 8 own additions to k4 ,he is also commonly a tea*]1 by ^w ( m\?1 z at ! univ]sity1 or by 8 writ+1 9 8 lit]>y activity4 ,rese>*1 z su*1 imp>ts directly a c]ta9 k only to ! inve/igator2 x is ( a private nature & z su* does n rea* beyond him4 ,b by tea*+1 8 ideas are communicat$ to o!rs1 & !n beg9 to influ5ce _! ?\ght1 w1 & action1 (t5 v /rongly4 ,tea*+ is a social factor2 ) x are b\nd up ! weal & woe ( o!rs4 ,suppose a man ( influ5ce conceives 9 8 /udy ! idea t monogamy is an infr+em5t ^u ! univ]sal rights ( man2 %\ld he be giv5 )\t any ado ! "r ( dissem9at+1 by tea*+1 ! imag9$ results ( 8 inve/igation1 to ! confusion ( m51 & ) s]i\s dang] to ! peace ( society8 ,we %all !re=e h to di/+ui% betwe5 fre$om ( rese>* & fre$om ( tea*+4 ,! neglect ( ?is di/9ction causes n a little confusion2 ?us1 if "o compla9s ( 8 convictions be+ trammel$ or 8 lib]ty ( consci5ce be+ violat$1 :5 he is h9d]$ f imm$iately proclaim+ :atev] he calls 8 convictions4 ,private op9ion1 & ! public propag&a ( ?is op9ion1 are evid5tly v diff]5t ?+s4 ,x may be t an op9ion seems to me ! "r "o1 b1 9 spite ( t1 public dissem9ation ( x may1 always or "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 mean dang] to my fell[-m54 ,if ,i am = ?is reason prev5t$ f publi%+ x1 ,i am n !reby h9d]$ f giv+ x my own private ass5t4 ,x is1 moreov]1 q cle> t ! /ate--we disreg>d "h religi\s au?ority--_c at all directly re/rict rese>*1 :i* is some?+ p]sonal4 ,x c only impose re/rictions on ! communication ( "o's ideas by tea*+ !m to o!rs1 :i* is a social function4 ,f ^! few rem>ks w be foll[$ ! impropriety ( ! foll[+1 or simil>1 obs]vations3 8,! fo/]+ ( sci5ce & its tea*+ are n sep>ate functions 444 to ins9uate a tw(old function ( fre$om1 viz41 t ( ! savant & t ( ! tea*]1 w\ld be to dissolve ! unity ( ! moral p]sonality0 7,w4 ,kahl1 ,bek5ntnissgebund5heit und ,lehrfreiheit 7#ahig71 #bb74 ,x is n at all d\ble-deal+ if "s "o does n publicly proclaim "o's private k4 ,is x d\ble-deal+1 is x a violation ( 8! unity ( ! moral p]sonality10 if "o is1 & mu/ be1 sil5t ab\t (ficial secrets8 ,& if "o does n tell1 & is n all[$ to tell1 (ficial secrets1 if "o prev5ts an an>*i/ f spread+ 8 revolution>y ideas1 is ?is a violation ( ! unity ( ! moral p]sonality8 ,x is true t 8to d5y "o's convictions is a violation ( "o ( ! mo/ indubitable pr9ciples ( moral conduct0 7,k4 v4 ,amira1 ,die ,/ellung des akademis*5 ,lehr]s zur ,freiheit 9 ,=s*ung und ,lehre4 ,beilage d] ,mu5*5] ,neue/5 ,na*ri*t54 #i4 ,juli1 #aijh74 ,b x is logically incorrect to conclude !refrom t ! fre$om ( tea*+ %\ld n be re/rict$4 ,to keep sil5ce is n d5y+ "o's convictions4 ,lat] on1 :5 speak+ ( fre$om 9 tea*+1 we %all return to ?is ?\ght & deal ) x m ?or\ghly4 ,s f> !re c be no s]i\s div]sity ( op9ion4 ,fre$om f unju/ re/ra9t is dem&$1 & rightly dem&$1 = sci5ce4 ,! v object ( sci5ce requires x4 ,9 sci5tific rese>* man's p[] ( disc]nm5t %\ld freely develop2 8 incl9ation t[>ds tru? %\ld ex]t itself2 & by communication ( acquir$ k mank9d %\ld advance 9 m5tal & mat]ial culture4 ,! bud bur/s =? & freely unfolds its spl5d\r2 ! butt]fly gr[s unh9d]$ 9 beauty2 ! tree1 too1 wants fre$om1 9 ord] to develop its b\ghs & bran*es accord+ to its nature1 & if y try to b9d & tie x1 x resi/s z mu* z x c4 ,j s is fre$om ne$ful = ! developm5t ( ! noble/ aspirations ( human nature1 = its progress 9 k4 ,e fri5d ( humanity1 e "o :o loves 8 own k9d1 mu/ be 9 sympa?y ) its progress4 ,:o w n rejoice to see ! m9d ( man happily trace ! laws ( nature1 laid d[n by ! ,_s ( ,god 9 ! /illness ( et]nity :5 z yet !re 0 no creature to he$1 ! laws ,he !n plac$ 9 nature 9 ord] t ! reasonable creature might disc]n ! m>ks ( 8 ,creator8 ,:o w\ld n rejoice to see man1 dilig5tly foll[+ ! facts ( hi/ory & /udy+ ! works ( lit]ature & art1 f9d !re9 ! ideas ( ,god reflect$1 z ! rays ( ! sun 9 ! trembl+ drop ( dew1 &1 f9ally1 try+ to solve ! difficult problems ( life8 ,to ?is end has ! ,creator enk9dl$ 9 ! m9d ( man a sp>k ( ,8 own intellig5ce2 to ?is end has ,he put 9 him a desire to inquire & le>n1 a desire :i* has ex]t$ itself mo/ 9 ! noble/ ( m54 ,man is de/9$ to f9d 8 ultimate gratification 9 behold+ ! ,et]nal ,tru? & ,beauty1 a vision :i* w be ! completion ( human sci5ce & culture1 ! highe/ p]fection ( creat$ life4 ,?us man's noble desire = k & tru? mu/ develop1 x mu/ be able to produce leaves & blossoms4 ,= ?is he ne$s fre$om1 free air1 & free light4 ,if sci5ce is to atta9 its high purpose1 x mu/ h fre$om also to imp>t ! k acquir$4 ,x %\ld inde$ fur!r ! progress ( mank9d4 ,by its discov]y x %\ld enhance ! beauty ( human life1 %\ld enri* ! treasure ( human k1 %\ld promote education & morality1 to ! hon\r ( ! ,creator4 ,= ?is end1 too1 fre$om is necess>y3 fre$om to imp>t newly acquir$ k1 else !re w\ld be no pleasure 9 "w1 /agnation r ?an progress4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,two ,views ,( ,! ,_w ,& ,_! ,fre$om4 ,!re c1 !n1 be no diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is matt] among sob]-m9d$ m53 sci5ce mu/ be free f all unju/ h9drances & re/ra9t4 ,b we h n yet f9i%$4 ,we h n ev5 proce$$ v f> on our way4 ,! fur!r "q at once pres5ts itself3 ,:i* are ^? unju/ h9drances & re/ra9ts t sci5tific rese>* & tea*+ may reject8 ,may !re n p]haps be su* :i* x mu/ respect8 ,!re is little mean+ 9 ! cry3 ,fre$om6 ,fre$om6 ,?is attractive ^w1 :i* always f9ds an en?usia/ic e*o 9 man1 may easily prove a mislead+ cat*word1 & become a dang]\s weapon ( ! ?\ghtless & ! unscrupul\s4 ,! "q is n1 :e!r our sci5ce1 or1 to speak m g5]ally1 our intellectual life1 mu/ be free--( t !re c be no d\bt4 ,no life c spr+ up & ?rive )\t due fre$om4 ,! "q is3 ,:at sort ( fre$om8 h[ c x be m precisely def9$8 ,we all1 inde$1 dem& fre$om = ! citiz52 b :at k9d ( fre$om8 ,he %\ld be free f ! fett]s ( tyranny & despotism4 ,d we also dem& t he be free f ! laws ( ! /ate8 ,by no means6 ,on ! contr>y1 he mu/ be subject to ^!1 = ! v reason t he is a citiz5 & n ! inhabitant ( an unciviliz$ _w4 ,we dem& fre$om = ! arti/2 he %\ld n be b\nd by ! tyranny ( fa%ion4 ,d we also dem& t he be exempt f ! laws ( beauty & art8 ,n at all4 ,he mu/ subject himself to ^! if he means to be an arti/ & n a quack4 ,t w\ld n be true fre$om1 b lawlessness & lic5se1 ! privilege ( b>b>ism4 ,fre$om !re=e is a v ambigu\s ^w4 ,!re are two k9ds ( fre$om1 lawful & unlawful3 ! latt] is fre$om f j laws1 ! =m] f unju/ laws4 ,we ask aga91 :at is t lawful fre$om :i* man may claim = 8 sci5tific activity8 ,9 o!r words1 :at are ! re/ra9ts :i* he may reject z unju/1 & z enslav+ ! m9d8--,"h ! ways "p4 ,"h1 too1 our "q goes deep]1 & t\*es some?+ :i* moves m5's m9ds v p[]fully4 ,two diff]5t views ( ! _w1 two opposite conceptions ( man & 8 ?\ght1 come "h 9 collision4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,view ( ! ,_w & its ,fre$om4 ,on ! "o h& !re is ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w3 x is ess5tially also ! "o :i* appe>s self-evid5t to e unbiass$ m9d4 ,9 ?is view man is a creature1 limit$ 9 e way1 !re=e 9 _m ways dep5d5t ^u ext]nal rules1 =ces1 & au?orities4 ,to ,god alone is x res]v$ to be inf9ite1 &1 !re=e1 to possess 9 ,himself all p]fection1 goodness1 & tru?2 = :i* reason !re is no?+ above ,him on :i* ,he c\ld be dep5d5t4 ,?is is n ! case ) man4 ,z a creature man is subject to 8 ,creator4 ,! latt] is ma/] ov] man's life & !re=e at ! same "t its ultimate aim4 ,= ?is reason religion is ( obligation to man1 t is1 he mu/ hon\r ,god z ,he dem&s x2 if ,god requires fai? 9 a revelation1 if ,he e/abli%$ a ,*ur* & duly au?oriz$ x to guide u1 we mu/ submit to x4 ,9 ! same way ! intellect ( man is b\nd by ! laws ( objective tru?1 :i* is n ( 8 mak+1 b pres5ts itself to him z a norm3 he mu/ always be subject to x :e!r he wi%es or n4 ,man is1 f9ally1 a factor 9 social life2 he lives 9 ! family1 /ate1 & ,*ur*1 9 ! great society ( mank9d2 ^u !m he is dep5d5t = 8 education & developm5t4 ,& society requires t man be subject to a rul+ au?ority1 t 9 _m ?+s 8 own int]e/s be subord9at$ to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,?is is ! ord] t ,god has e/abli%$ & wi%es obs]v$4 ,h5ce all human au?ority is a p>ticipation 9 ,god's supreme gov]nm5t4 ,?us x comes ab\t t limits may be set to ! sci5ti/'s free expression ( 8 views1 if ! int]e/ ( ! community require x4 ,man is1 nev]!less1 free4 ,b 8 fre$om does n mean complete indep5d5ce2 nor fre$om f all re/ra9t1 b only f ^? ext]nal re/ra9ts :i* are oppos$ to 8 nature & position1 :i* h9d] 8 legitimate developm5t & activity4 ,he possesses fre$om1 b only su* a fre$om z is 8 due1 by :i* he c unfold & develop 8 physical & m5tal p[]s4 ,to keep 8 place ( subord9ation to1 & dep5d5ce on1 ^! high] au?orities & p[]s ( tru? & ord]1 t5ds n to injure b to improve 8 be+1 n to dw>f b to develop 8 p]sonality2 = !y are s\rces ( life to him1 !y imp>t to 8 exi/5ce ord] & h>mony1 !y raise him above himself & 8 own littl5ess1 !y free him f ! prison ( 8 own n>r[ness & selfi%ness1 f ! *a9s ( 8 unruly desires4 ,if a man emancipates himself f ^! bonds1 :i* he ought to be>1 he has fre$om ( c\rse1 b an unnatural fre$om1 :i* w be h>mful & p]haps ru9\s to him4 ,take ! tree1 = in/ance4 ,x %\ld h fre$om = its natural gr[?4 ,if y =ce x to creep along ! gr\nd in/ead ( gr[+ upw>d1 if y d5y x air & light1 y infr+e on ! fre$om x %\ld h4 ,/ill x _c h absolute fre$om1 = x is dep5d5t on ! gr\nd f :i* x d]ives its n\ri%m5t1 dep5d5t on ! laws ( light & atmosph]e & gravitation1 on ! laws ( season2 x mu/ adapt itself to climate & soil4 ,x may n say to ! light3 ,away ) y6--a /unt$ gr[? & de=mity w\ld be ! result ( su* emancipation4 ,x may n say to ! gr\nd3 ,away ) y6--a sad b quick dea? w\ld be its fate4 ,x has its fre$om1 & 9 ?is fre$om x gr[s & ?rives4 ,if x desires great] fre$om1 x w\ld be an unnatural "o1 & x w\ld t5d1 n to its developm5t1 b to its de/ruction4 ,su* is ! ,*ri/ian view ( man & 8 ?\ght4 ,"h1 !n1 !re is b "o "q to solve3 ,are ! ext]nal re/ra9ts impos$ on me 9 my inve/igation & tea*+ aga9/ my nature2 aga9/ ! "r ( my m9d to tru?2 aga9/ my position 9 human society8 ,if s1 !n ,i reject !m1 because !y mean s]fdom1 n duty2 unju/ bonds1 n natural re/ra9t4 ,b if n1 !n ,i d n refuse !m my submission4 ,fre$om ,i want1 b only ! fre$om ( man4 ,"h we pause4 ,suffice x at pres5t to h =mulat$ ! "q2 we %all return to ?is topic lat] & discuss x at great] l5g?4 ,! ,mod]n ,idea ( ,fre$om4 ,! ,*ri/ian view ( man & 8 fre$om1 :i* to pa/ ages appe>$ self-evid5t1 has gr[n obscure to _m m9ds1 & giv5 place to ano!r1 a m mod]n view47#a7 ,= ! mod]n man1 fre$om1 especially fre$om ( intellectual life1 means indep5d5ce f ext]nal ties1 f all au?ority1 or1 to express x positively1 absolute "r ( self-det]m9ation1 autonomy4 ,he does n recognize any law or rule :i* he has n impos$ ^u himself4 ,9 civil life1 ( c\rse1 x is a pr9ciple t man mu/ submit to ext]nal1 legal re/ra9t 9 _m ?+s t d n directly conc]n 8 own p]son1 b only s f> z is necess>y 9 ord] t o!rs1 too1 may enjoy ! same fre$om2 b also "h e citiz5 mu/ be able to %>e 9 ! legislation1 accord+ to ! rules ( con/itutional or republican gov]nm5t4 ,b he mu/ be free f e ext]nal re/ra9t 9 :atev] t\*es ! core ( 8 p]sonality1 8 feel+1 desire1 ?\ght1 & ! expression ( 8 ?\ght4 ,x %\ld n[ be cle>1 f :at has be5 said1 :at is meant by fre$om ( sci5ce4 ,x means indep5d5ce f e ext]nal au?ority & re/ra9t 9 rese>* & tea*+1 ! unh9d]$ developm5t & ass]tion ( "o's own intellectual p]sonality4 ,man mu/ let himself be direct$ only by 8 own judgm5t & 8 in/9ct = ! tru?1 or 8 p]sonal ne$1 )\t he$+ dogmas1 ,*ur* laws1 tradition1 or any o!r ext]nal norm :atsoev]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy & religion1 9 que/ions reg>d+ ! _w & life1 & 9 fundam5tal social que/ions4 ,?is is pr9cipally1 & almo/ exclusively1 ! field 9 :i* an au?oritative influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 or /ate1 or society 9 g5]al1 is to be fe>$4 ,h5ce ! importance ( ! "q ( ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ?is field4 ,?is is also ! mann] 9 :i* ! advocates ( mod]n fre$om ( sci5ce unanim\sly describe x4 ,= ! academic tea*]1 says ,g4 ,kaufmann1 !re are 8/rictly speak+ only ! b>ri]s drawn by 8 own in/9ct = ! tru?4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we dem& fre$om ( sci5ce to-day = ! univ]sity tea*]4 ,! fre$om ( ! sci5ti/ & ( ! academic tea*] mu/ n be limit$ by pat5t$ tru?1 nor by fa9t-he>t$ consid]ation0 7,die ,lehrfreiheit an d5 deuts*5 ,univ]sitaet5 im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t 7#ahih71 #cf74 ,! fir/ resolution propos$ at ! ,second ,conf]5ce ( ,g]man ,univ]sity ,tea*]s1 at ,j5a1 9 ,septemb]1 #aijh1 0 ?is3 8,! purpose ( sci5tific rese>*1 & ! communication ( its results1 dem& t x be indep5d5t ( e consid]ation =eign to sci5tific me?od itself40 ,( ?is resolution we h f ano!r s\rce ! foll[+ explanation3 8,!re=e1 x %\ld be indep5d5t especially ( tradition & ! prejudices ( ! masses1 indep5d5t ( au?ority & social bodies1 indep5d5t ( p>ty int]e/40 7,?is 0 ! addition to ! !sis z orig9ally =mulat$ by ,pr(4 von ,amira4 ,beilage d] ,mu5*5] ,neue/5 ,na*ri*t51 ,july #i1 #aijh47 ,& ,pr(4 ,f4 ,pauls5 writes3 8,no ?\ght c be comm&$ or =bidd5 ! academic tea*] or 8 audi5ce0 7,die deuts*5 ,univ]sitaet5 und das ,univ]sitaets-/udium1 #aijb1 #bhh74 ,a4 ,h>nack likewise tea*es t 8,9 reg>d to rese>* & k !re mu/ be unlimit$ fre$om10 especially 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,"h 8man mu/ fully und]/& 8 own inn]mo/ be+2 ! s\l mu/ recognize its own ne$s & ! indicat$ way to _! satisfaction4 ,?is x c d only :5 x is entirely free40 8,! fe> t !reby ! door to s]i\s error is ?r[n op5 %\ld n 9 ! lea/ det] x1 = ! mo/ s]i\s error ( all is ! op9ion t man %\ld n enjoy p]fect fre$om 9 ! det]m9ation ( 8 /ate0 7,neue ,freie ,presse1 #g ,juni1 #aijh74 ,! same dem&s are made by free-?9k]s1 :o are always & ev]y:]e 9 favor ( free sci5ce4 ,! ,int]national ,congress ( ,free-?9k]s1 held at ,rome 9 ,june1 #aijd1 ?us def9es free-?\ght3 8,s9ce free-?\ght _c conc$e to any au?ority :atev] ! "r to oppose human reason1 or ev5 to sup]s$e x1 x dem&s t its advocates reject directly n only any compulsory belief1 b also e au?ority t tries to en=ce its dogmas1 ev5 ?\gh su* an au?ority be bas$ on revelation1 or ?\gh x comm& ob$i5ce to dogmas or a-priori pr9ciples ( philosophy1 or to ! decisions ( public au?ority or ! vote ( a majority40--,we %all h frequ5t occasion to speak ( ?is fre$om 9 ^! pages4 ,h5ce x is easily se5 t ?is view diff]s f ! "o we consid]$ be=e4 ,fre$om f all ext]nal re/ra9t has sup]s$$ fre$om f unju/ re/ra9t4 ,! presumption has f\nd acceptance t e int]f]5ce by au?ority is unju/1 a violation ( ! natural rights ( man & 8 ?\ght4 ,on :at is ?is presumption bas$8 ,9 o!r words3 ,:at are ! philosophical premises ( mod]n fre$om ( sci5ce8 ,we %all be occupi$ ) ?is "q n[ = "s "t4 ,= only aft] we h att5tively consid]$ x1 c we ga9 an intellig5t idea ( ! nature ( ?is fre$om1 ( its me?ods1 & ( ! ju/ice ( its claims4 ,advocates ( ?is view n infrequ5tly ?9k !y h exhau/$ its mean+ :5 !y h prote/$ aga9/ ecclesia/ical encroa*m5ts1 :5 !y h held =? aga9/ ,syllabus & ,index4 ,( ! deep] ?\ghts x conta9s !y h sc>cely any idea4 ,! ,humanit>ian ,view ( ! ,_w4 ,we may di/+ui% a tw(old basis = ?is view1 a g5]al & a p>ticul> "o4 ,! latt]1 :i* is connect$ ) ! =m]1 is subjectivism 9 ?\ght4 ,! =m]1 ! m g5]al1 at ! same "t ! real basis ( ! mod]n fre$om ( sci5ce1 is t p>ticul> view ( man & 8 position 9 ! _w1 :i* we may call ! !ory ( humanit>ianism4 ,we are famili> ) ?is ^w--x has its hi/ory4 ,! ^w ( itself conveys a good mean+3 x means human nature & dignity1 ?\ght & desire wor?y ( man1 nobility ( culture4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance ! s-call$ 8humani/s0 id5tifi$ culture ) k ( ! anci5t classical lit]ature4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 add$ to ! admiration ( classical lit]ature also pref]5ce = pagan ta/es1 to ! contempt ( ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,s9ce t "t ! ^w humanit>ian has nev] lo/ its un*ri/ian s5se2 x has ev] be5 made ! motto ( m5 :o emancipat$ !mselves f ,god & ,*ri/ianity4 ,h5ce x is ext5sively ! motto ( our times4 ,x has *ang$ ! position ( man4 ,x has =gott5 t man is a creat$1 limit$1 ev5 a fall5 be+1 )al de/9$ = et]nal exi/5ce4 ,to x man is ev]y?+2 man left to himself & to 8 life 9 ?is _w1 sev]$ f ,god & 8 et]nal de/9y1 an absolute1 purely worldly be+4 ,no long] does he look up to ,heav51 no long] does he get f above 8 laws1 8 hope = help1 & /r5g?1 & et]nal life4 ,he is 8 own & only end3 he & 8 e>?ly happ9ess & advancem5t4 ,9 himself alone he sees ! s\rce ( 8 /r5g?1 9 himself he f9ds 8 law1 to himself alone is he responsible1 ! inh]it$ corruption ( 8 nature he has =gott54 ,:at ,god once 0 to our fa!rs--! end & rule ( _! life--t n[ is ,man to _! sons4 ,! an?ropoc5tric has succe$$ ! !oc5tric view ( ! _w4 ,diis ext9ctis successit humanitas 7,man has succe$$ ! fall5 gods74 8,out ( ! corrupt$ nations & decay+ religions let !re arise a m beautiful humanity60 is ! radical cry ( ?is humanit>ian religion4 ,:5 9 #ahib ! battle = a new s*ool law 0 rag+ 9 ,prussia1 ,caprivi1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,empire1 said3 8,x is "h "q ( a contra/ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & a!ism4 ,ess5tial to man is 8 relation to ,god40 ,sc>cely _h ^! words be5 utt]$ :5 a *ampion ( mod]n ?\ght1 ,pr(4 ,fr4 ,jodl1 took up 8 p5 & wrote3 8,no %>p] contra/ ) ! convictions ( ! mod]n _w is imag9able ?an t express$ by ! words ( ! imp]ial ,*ancellor1 #8ess5tial to man is 8 relation to ,god4' ,to ?is s5t5ce1 :i* might be expect$ 9 a spee* ( ,cromwell1 or 9 a papal encyclical1 r ?an f a /atesman ( mod]n ,g]many1 lib]alism mu/ ) all possible emphasis oppose ?is o!r s5t5ce3 ,:at det]m9es ! real wor? ( a man1 is1 fir/ & la/1 8 relation to humanity0 7,moral1 ,religion und ,s*ule1 #ahib1 #ad;f474 ,diis ext9ctis successit humanitas4 ,we %all n d5y t ! mod]n _s is a complicat$ /ructure3 b nei!r c any "o d5y t its *ief *>act]i/ic is ! humanit>ian view1 ) its emancipation f ,god1 its decid$ emphasis ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 & its b\ndless ov]e/imation ( man4 ,an att5tive obs]v] ( ^! days1 %\ld he *ance to come f an old1 ,ca?olic t[n1 & saunt] ) obs]vant eye ?r\gh "o ( our great mod]n cities1 p>ticul>ly a ,prote/ant "o1 w\ld behold a vivid realization ( ?is mod]n view ( ! _w4 ,! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! ,ca?olic t[n ( old 0 ! ,h\se ( ,god4 ,x t[]$ high above ! city1 its spires rea*$ heav5w>d2 ! h\ses ( ! fai?ful clung ar\nd ! ,h\se ( ,god l *icks ab\t ! "m h54 ,! m]e sight told ! behold] t "h dwelt a p ^: ?\ghts 7 direct$ t[>ds ! o!r _w2 ov] _! lives rul$ ! sacr$ peace ( et]nity4 ,b "h all is diff]5t4 ,"h ! mo/ prom95t feature is no long] ! ,h\se ( ,god2 worldly edifices h usurp$ its place2 railroad depots1 b>racks1 city-hall & c\rt-h\se dom9ate ! city4 ,! /ate h\se be>s no long] on its front ! ,*ri/ian motto1 ,nisi ,dom9us cu/odi]it 78,unless ! ,"l keep ! city he wat*e? 9 va9 t keepe? x074 ,x w\ld be consid]$ a degradation %\ld ! /ate base its exi/5ce ^u religion4 ,%\ld1 !n1 ! obs]v] ent] ! legislature he w\ld le>n ! mod]n pr9ciples ( /ate wisdom4 ,! /ate z su* has no relation to religion2 ! pr9ciple is ! sep>ation ( /ate & ,*ur*4 ,9 ! public squ>es he beholds mighty monum5ts1 erect$1 n to religi\s h]oes & lead]s1 z p]haps ( old1 b to great m5 ( ! _w1 *ampions ( national progress4 ,at _! feet lie wrea?s ( homage4 ,!y h br\ght mod]n humanity to its full /ature1 maturity1 & self-consci\sness4 ,"h x is ,man :o is /&+ ev]y:]e 9 ! =egr\nd4 8,x is ,i10 says he1 8t lives "h4 ,"h ,i h pit*$ my t5t1 f ?is e>? come all my joys1 & ?is sun is %9+ ^u my sorr[s40 ,our obs]v]1 w&]+ ab\t1 f9ds ev]y:]e magnific5t /ate-s*ools1 sci5tific in/itutes1 spl5did colleges & univ]sities4 ,9 ye>s gone by a cross or a ^w ( div9e wisdom 0 probably f\nd "h some:]e4 ,x is se5 no m4 ,(t5 x w\ld seem t we c almo/ he> ! words3 8,we w n h ?is ,"o rule ov] u40 ,"h a new race is be+ re>$1 :i* no long] foll[s bl9dly ! 8old tradition10 x believes 9 its own self & its own reason3 culture & sci5ce take ! place ( ! old religion4 ,he f9ds b few *ur*es2 & :]e f\nd !y are mo/ly ov]%ad[$ by great palaces1 &--mo/ly empty4 ,! mod]n man passes !m by4 ,he has no long] any und]/&+ = ! tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x fails to satisfy him because x does n appeal to mod]n ways ( ?9k+ & feel+1 because x does n symbolize ! humanit>ian cre$4 ,8 desire is no long] = ,heav52 8 aspirations are e>?w>d4 8,! life beyond conc]ns me little3 my joys come f ?is _w40 ,contemplat+ mod]n civilization he exclaims1 ) ! k+ ( ,babylon3 8,is n ?is ! great ,babylon1 :i* ,i h built to be ! seat ( ! k+dom1 by ! /r5g? ( my p[]1 & 9 ! glory ( my excell5ce80 7,dan4 iv4 #bg74 ,! doctr9e ( a nature corrupt$ by orig9al s91 ( a d>k5$ intellect t ne$s div9e revelation1 ( a weak5$ w t ne$s /r5g? f above1 ( s9 t dem&s atonem5t1--all ?is has become mean+less to him1 x (f5ds 8 high] s5tim5ts1 8 human dignity4 ,he has no long] any und]/&+ = a ,savi\r ( ! _w1 9 :om alone salvation is to be s\ght1 mu* less = a ,cross4 ,?is sign ( r$emption1 z a c]ta9 h]ald ( mod]n ?\ght rem>k$1 weighs l a m\nta9 ^u ! m9d ( our day4 ,he has no long] any und]/&+ = ! sav+ in/itution ( ! ,*ur*1 by :om he %\ld be l$3 %e is to him an in/itution ( intellectual s]fdom4 ,he makes 8 own religion1 free f dogma1 j z 8 individuality desires1 j z he 8lives0 x4 ,%\ld our obs]v]1 :ile visit+ ! ,prote/ant city1 make a f9al visit to its univ]sity1 he w f9d !re ! ?\ghts1 :i* hi!rto he _h b vaguely felt1 clo!d 9 sci5tific language4 ,!re !y meet 8 gaze1 def9$ %>ply on ! p$e/al ( ,rese>* z ! ,mod]n ,philosophy1 protect$1 (t5 exclusively privileg$1 by ! /ate lic5se ( tea*+4 ,x is ! mod]n sci5tific view ( ! _w1 ! only "o t m5 ( mod]n times may hold4 ,f "h x is to f9d its way to wid] circles4 8,man10 we are told by a pupil ( ,feu]ba*1 9 accord ) 8 ma/]'s tea*+1 8man is man's god4 ,& only by ! en?ronem5t ( ?is human god c ! sup]-human & ultra-human ,god be made sup]flu\s4 ,:at ,*ri/ianity 0 & claim$ to be 9 times gone by1 t n[ is claim$ by humanity40 8,! be+ :i* man 9 religion & !ology rev]es10 cont9ues ,jodl ) ,feu]ba*1 8is 8 own be+1 ! ess5ce ( 8 own desires & ideals4 ,if y elim9ate f ?is conception all t is m]e fancy & contr>y to ! laws ( nature1 :at is left is a cultural ideal ( civilization1 a ref9$ humanity1 :i* w become a reality by its own indep5d5t /r5g? & lab\r0 7,ludwig ,feu]ba*1 #aijd1 #aaa f41 #aid74 8,! greate/ a*ievem5t ( mod]n times10 says ano!r panegyri/ ( emancipat$ humanity1 8is ! deliv]ance f ! traditional bondage ( a direct revelation4444 ,nei!r revelation nor r$emption approa* man f )\t2 he is b\nd r to /ruggle = 8 p]fection by 8 own /r5g?4 ,:at he kn[s ab\t ,god1 nature1 & 8 own self1 is ( 8 own do+4 ,he is 9 reality #8! measure ( all ?+s1 ( ^? t are1 & :y !y are2 ( ^? t are n1 & :y !y are n4' ,( 8 dignity z an image ( ,god1 he has !re=e n lo/ any?+2 on ! contr>y1 he has come ne>] to 8 resemblance to ,god1 8 highe/ end1 by 8 consci\sness ( be+ self-exi/5t & ( hav+ ! de/9y to produce ev]y?+ ( himself2 f a receptive be+ he has become a spontane\s "o2 he has at la/ come to a cle> k ( 8 own real importance & de/9y0 7,spick]1 ,d] ,kampf zwei] ,weltans*auung51 #ahih1 #acd74 ,h5ce 8n to make man religi\s10 to quote aga9 ! above-m5tion$ expon5t ( mod]n wisdom ( life1 8b to educate1 to promote culture among all classes & pr(essions1 ?is is ! task ( ! pres5t "t40 8,religion _c !re=e be ! wat*word ( a progressive humanity2 nei!r ! religion ( ! pa/ nor ! religion t is to be look$ = 9 ! future1 b e?ics0 7,jodl1 ibid41 #ajh1 #aab74 ,e?ics1 to be sure1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( :i* are n ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 by ! keep+ ( :i* we are to rea* our et]nal happ9ess1 b human laws1 :i* are obs]v$ = ! sake ( man4 8,morality & religion10 we are told1 8%all no long] give u a n>r[ ladd] on :i* we1 ea* "o = himself1 climb to ! heights ( ! o!r _w2 we are vault+ a maje/ic dome above ?is e>? "u :i* ! g5]ations come & g1 succe$+ ea* o!r 9 cont9u\s procession4444 ,! day w come :5 ! rays ( ?\ght :i* are n[ dawn+ ^u ! highe/ & free/ m\nta9-tops w br+ ! light ( noonday d[n to mank9d40 ,woe to u1 if f ^! high m\nta9-tops1 :]e ! b>e rocks no long] take life & fecundity f ! heav5s1 ! sad des]t ( e/rangem5t f ,god %\ld ext5d into ! fre% gre5 ( ! valleys6 ,! c5tral ideas ( ! humanit>ian view ( ! _w appe> aga91 ?\gh "u diff]5t =m1 among ,freemasons & free-?9k]s1 agitators = free religion & free s*ools4 ,x is well kn[n t ,freemasonry has emblazon$ 8humanity0 ^u its /&>d4 8,"o ^w ( ! highe/ mean+10 s wrote an (ficial au?ority "s ye>s ago1 8conta9s 9 itself ! pr9ciple1 ! purpose1 & ! :ole t5or ( ,freemasonry1 ?is ^w is humanity4 ,humanity is inde$ ev]y?+ to u40 8,:at is humanity8 ,x is all1 & only t1 :i* is human0 7,freiburg] ,ritual1 #bd4 ,pa*tl]1 ,d] ,goetze d] ,humanitaet1 #ahge1 #bdi f474 8,t :i* is ess5tially human is ! sublime1 div9e1 & ! only ,*ri/ian ideal10 adds ano!r au?ority1 address+ ! aspirant to ,freemasonry4 8,leave beh9d y 9 ! _w y\r diff]5t *ur*-=mulas :5 y ent] our temple1 b let !re always be ) y ! s5se = :at is holy 9 man1 ! religion :i* alone makes u happy0 7,latomia1 #ahfh1 p4 #afg1 ,pa*tl]1 #bdh74 ,z e>ly z #ahbc ! 8,zeits*rift fu] ,freimau]ei0 wrote3 8,we %\ld be accus$ ( idolatry %\ld we p]sonify ! idea ( humanity 9 ! way 9 :i* ! ,div9ity is usually p]sonifi$4 ,?is is inde$ our reason = )hold+ f ! eyes ( pr(ane p]sons ! humanit>ian cult1 till ! "t has come :51 f ea/ to we/1 f noon to midnight1 its high ideal w be pond]$ & its cult propagat$ ev]y:]e0 7,pa*tl]1 #bee74 ,! "t has already come :5 8! rays ( ?\ght t dawn$ ^u ! m\nta9-tops0 are desc5d+ into ! valley4 ,! ,tw5ty-second ,conv5tion ( ,g]man ,free-religioni/s1 at ,go]litz1 at ! end ( ,may1 #aijg1 pass$ ?is resolution3 8,! ,conv5tion sees "o ( its *ief tasks 9 ! alliance ( all anti-cl]icals & free-?9k]s1 & tries by unit$ ef=t to obta9 ?is common end & int]e/ by promot+ culture1 lib]ty ( m9d1 & humanit>ianism40 ,!re 01 moreov]1 tak5 up = discussion ! !sis3 8,free-religioni/s reject ! tea*+ t decl>es man lo/ by orig9al s91 unable to raise himself ( 8 own /r5g? & reason1 t directs him to revelation1 r$emption1 & grace f above40 ,?is view ( ! _w f9ds its mo/ *>act]i/ic expression 9 pan!ism1 :i*1 ?\gh express$ 9 v>i\s & (t5 fanta/ic =ms1 is em95tly ! religion ( mod]n man4 ,f ?is gloomy dep? ( auto!ism ! apo!osis ( man & 8 e>?ly life1 ! mod]n consci\sness ( fre$om1 draws its /r5g? & det]m9ation4 ,to f9d ?is mod]n view ( man express$ 9 ! language ( consi/5t radicalism1 let u he> ,fr4 ,nietzs*e1 ! mo/ mod]n ( all philosoph]s4 ,8 ideal is ! transc5d5tal man1 :o kn[s t ,god is dead1 t n[ !re is no b> to /epp+ =? 9 unre/rict$ fre$om to sup]human greatness & indep5d5ce4 ,to ?is 8ma/]man10 :o deems himself sup]ior to o!rs1 ev]y?+ is licit t s]ves 8 egotism & w1 ev]y?+ t w promote 8 int]e/ to ! disadvantage ( ! rabble2 probity is c[>dice6 8,b n[ ?is god is dead4 ,ye sup]ior m51 ?is god 0 y\r greate/ dang]40 ,?us spoke ,z>a?u/ra4 8,only s9ce ?is god is buri$ d y beg9 to rise4 ,n[ at l5g? ! great ,noon is 9 its z5i?4 ,n[ ! sup]ior man becomes ma/]4 ,onw>d & upw>d1 !n1 ye sup]ior m56 ,at la/ ! m\nta9 ( man's future is 9 travail4 ,god is dead2 let ! sup]ior man arise & live40 7,also spra* ,z>a?u/ra1 ,w4 ,w4 ,,vi1 #dah47 ,&1 9 ! consci\sness t ! ,*ri/ian religion condemns ?is self-exaltation1 he breaks out 9 ?is blasphem\s *>ge3 8,i call ,*ri/ianity ! "o great curse1 ! "o great int]nal corruption4444 ,i call x ! "o immortal1 disgraceful1 blot on mank9d0 7,anti*ri/1 ,w4 ,w4 ,,viii1 #cac74 ,?is is indep5d5t humanity 9 ! cloak ( fanaticism4 ,nietzs*e has c>ri$ ! mod]n view ( ! _w to its f9al consequ5ces2 ! autonom\s man has develop$ into ! god-l sup]man :o c>ries into effect ! behe/3 ,ye %all be z gods2 8 code ( e?ics is t ( ! autocrat :o is above ! notions ( good & bad4 ,& 8let no "o deceive himself10 writes an intellig5t obs]v] ( ! times1 8! _s ( our "t is attun$ to ,nietzs*e's idea40 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly ?is s5tim5t dom9ates m m9ds ?an _m a man le>n$ 9 ! wisdom ( ! s*ools may dream (4 ,did ,nietzs*e create ?is _s8 ,c]ta9ly n3 he grew out ( x1 he has only giv5 x a philosophical sett+4 ,nietzs*e w\ld nev] h caus$ t trem5d\s s5sation1 nev] h ga!r$ ar\nd him 8 en?usia/ic foll[]s1 _h n ! soil be5 prep>$4 ,z x 01 he appe>$ to 880 m5 z ! ,messiah 89 ! fulness ( "t40 ,he1 too1 9 8 own way 8loos5$ ! tongue ( ! dumb & op5$ ! eyes ( ! bl9d40 ,! veil$ anti-,*ri/ian _s1 ! unconsci\s religi\s & e?ical nihilism1 :i* no "o be=e d>$ pr(ess op5ly1 ?\gh x 0 hat*+ 9 ! m9ds1 n[ _h f\nd its 8ma/]10 its 8sci5tific sy/em0 7,von ,grot?uss1 ,tu]m]1 ,,vii1 #aije1 #gi74 ,x is1 ass]ts ,wundt1 8! new ideal ( free p]sonality1 dep5d5t on prec>i\s moods & *ance influ5ces1 t has f\nd 9 ,nietzs*e's philosophy a fanta/ic expression0 7,e?ik1 ed4 #c4 #aije1 p4 #ebb74 ,! ,autonom\s ,man4 ,n[ we h a cle>] idea ( mod]n fre$om4 ,x is kn[n z autonomism4 ,! individual wants to be a law to himself1 8 own c\rt ( la/ appeal2 he wants to develop 8 p]sonality1 feel+1 desires1 & ?\ght1 indep5d5tly ( all au?ority4 ,too long1 x is said1 h man's aspirations be5 direct$ upw>d1 away f ?+s1 ( ?is _w1 to a sup]natural _w4 ,religion & ,*ur* seek to det]m9e 8 ?\ght & desire1 to subject him to dogma4 ,too long has he clung l a *ild to ! apron-/r+s ( au?ority4 ,man has at la/ awok5 to self-consci\sness & to a s5se ( 8 own dignity1 aft] a p]iod ( e/rangem5t1 s to say1 f himself2 he has become himself aga91 z ! poet sang :5 ! c5tury ( ! 8illum9ati0 0 clos+3 8,h[ beautiful1 ) palm ( victory1 ,o man1 ?\ /&e/ at ! c5tury's close1 ,! mightie/ son ?y ,"t has giv5 bir?1 ,by reason free1 by law & precept /rong1 ,alike 9 meekness great & treasure ri*1 ,s long unkn[n conceal$ )9 ?y brea/40 ,yes1 man has discov]$ ! treasure t long lay hidd5 9 8 brea/1 ! se$ & bud t long$ to bur/ =? into life & blossom4 ,n[ ! motto is3 ,indep5d5t self-developm5t2 no m re/ra9t1 b liv+ out "o's p]sonality4 ,! eagle is n giv5 w+s to be b\nd d[n ^u ! e>?2 nor does ! bud come =? nev] to unfold4 ,full fre$om1 !re=e1 too1 = ev]y?+ human6 ,& mod]n man leaps to ! fatal conclusion3 !re=e all int]f]5ce ( ext]nal au?ority is unju/1 is =ce1 con/ra9t ^u my be+2 ! same error t boys fall into :5 life beg9s to t+le ) its fulness ( /r5g?4 ,be+ ignorant ( _! nature1 !y feel any k9d ( dep5d5ce a *a92 only !mselves1 _! judgm5ts & desires1 are law4 ,j s mod]n man1 9 8 deplorable want ( self-k1 fails to see h[ he is cutt+ himself (f f ! s\rce & support ( life2 h[ he is pull+ himself out by ! roots f ! soil :5ce he d]ives 8 /r5g?2 h[1 left to 8 own littl5ess1 he )]s away2 h[1 ab&on$ to 8 own diseas$ nature1 he condemns himself to intellectual decay4 ,autonomism1 individualism1 indep5d5t p]sonality--^! h become ! ideals t p]meate ! man ( ?is age1 & influ5ce ! ?\ght ( ?\s&s )\t _! kn[+ x4 ,! well-kn[n1 ,prote/ant1 !ologian1 ,a4 ,sabati]1 writes3 8,x is n difficult to f9d ! common pr9ciple to :i* all ! expressions & t5d5cies ( ! _s ( mod]n times c be r$uc$ 9 any field :atev]4 ,"o ^w expresses x--! ^w1 #8autonomy4' ,by autonomy ,i und]/& ! firm confid5ce1 :i* ! m9d ( man has atta9$ 9 8 pres5t /age ( developm5t1 t he conta9s 9 himself 8 own rule ( life & norm ( ?\ght1 & t he h>b\rs ! ard5t desire ( realiz+ himself by obey+ 8 own law0 7,la ,religion de la ,culture mod]ne1 #aj74 8,mod]n times10 writes ,r4 ,euck51 8h *ang$ ! position ( ! human subject 444 x has become to !m ! c5tre ( 8 life & ! ultimate end ( 8 endeav\rs0 7,zeits*rift fu] ,philosophie und philosophis*e ,kritik1 #aab 7#ahih71 #afe s474 ,/ill cle>] are ! foll[+ words ( ,g4 ,spick]3 8,man dep5d$ =m]ly ei!r on nature or on revelation1 or on bo? at once2 n[ x is j ! opposite3 man is 9 e way1 !oretically z well z practically1 an autonomi/4 ,if any?+ c d5ote cle>ly ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n & ! old s*ola/ic view1 x is ?is absolute1 subjective1 /&po9t40 8,z we 9 pr9ciple d n int5d to dep5d on any objectivity or au?ority1 !re is no?+ left b ! autonomy ( ! subject0 7,d] ,kampf zwei] ,weltans*auung5 7#ahih71 #adc1 #ade74 ,a not$ apo/le ( mod]n fre$om exclaims en?usia/ically3 8,?is aft] all is fre$om3 an unconditional appreciation ( human greatness1 no matt] h[ x ass]ts itself4 ,?is greate/ happ9ess1 z ,goe! call$ x1 ! humani/s h re/or$ to u4 ,h5ce=? we mu/ ) all our /r5g? reta9 x4 ,:oev] wants to rob u ( x1 ev5 %\ld he desc5d f heav51 is our deadlie/ enemy40 7,h4 ,/4 ,*amb]la947 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t man %\ld /rive = p]fection ( self 9 e respect2 = ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! faculties & good incl9ations ( 8 own be+1 &1 9 ?is s5se1 = a nobl] humanity2 he %\ld also develop & ass]t 8 own peculi> disposition & orig9ality1 s f> z !y are 9 ord]1 & ?us promote a heal?y individualism4 ,b all ?is he %\ld d )9 ! moral bonds ( 8 creat$ & limit$ nature1 be+ conv9c$ t only by keep+ )9 ! "r limits ( 8 be+ c he develop 8 ability & p]sonality h>moni\sly2 he d>e n rea* out1 9 reckless v5ture aft] indep5d5ce1 to free himself f ,god & 8 et]nal end1 & f ! yoke ( tru?2 he d>e n trans=m ! div9e sov]eignty into ! di/ort$ image ( creat$ auto!ism4 ,he :o pr(esses a ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 c see 9 su* a view ( man & 8 fre$om only an utt] misund]/&+ ( human nature & an ov]?r[ ( ! "r ord] ( ?+s4 ,?is ov]?r[1 aga91 c only produce calamity1 int]ior & ext]ior disord]4 ,woe to ! planet t feels its orbit a tyrannical re/ra9t1 & leaves x to move 9 sov]eign fre$om ?r\gh ! univ]se6 ,x w move along free1 & free w x g to ru94 ,woe to ! spe$+ tra9 t leaves its track2 x w spe$ on free1 b inv>iably da% itself to pieces6 ,a nature t ab&ons ! prescrib$ safegu>ds c only deg5]ate into a wild spr\t4 ,we %all see h[ ^! pr9ciples h actually become 9 mod]n intellectual life ! pr9ciples ( negation & intellectual deg5]ation4 ,/4 ,augu/9e /ates ! hi/ory ( mank9d 9 ! foll[+1 ?\ghtful words3 8,a tw(old love divides mank9d into ! ,city ( ! ,_w & ! ,city ( ,god4 ,man's self-love & 8 self-exaltation pu%$ to ! contempt ( ,god con/itute ! ,city ( ! ,_w2 b ! love ( ,god pu%$ to contempt ( self is ! f\ndation ( ! ,city ( ,god40 7,fec]unt itaque civitates duas amores duo1 t]r5am scilicet amor sui usque ad contemptum ,dei1 coele/em v]o amor ,dei usque ad contemptum sui4 ,de civ4 ,dei ,,xiv1 #bh47 ,?us ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :ile contemplat+ ! "t :5 ! w> betwe5 hea!nism & ,*ri/ianity 0 rag+4 ,! same spectacle is pres5t$ to our own eyes to-day1 probably m ?or\ghly ?an ev] be=e 9 hi/ory4 ,! ,p]iod ( ,man's ,emancipation4 ,! mod]n view ( man & 8 fre$om has %ap$ itself gradually 9 rec5t times2 ! pres5t is ev] ! *ild ( ! pa/4 ,! mo/ important factor 9 ?is developm5t 0 und\bt$ly ! ,re=mation4 ,x emancipat$ man 9 ! mo/ important affair1 religi\s life1 f ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 & made him indep5d5t4 8,all h ! "r to try & to judge :at is "r & wrong 9 belief10 s ,lu!r told ! ,*ri/ian nobility ( ! ,g]man nation2 8ev]ybody %all accord+ to 8 believ+ m9d int]pret ! ,scriptures1 x is ! duty ( e believ+ ,*ri/ian to esp\se ! fai?1 to und]/& & def5d x1 & to condemn all errors40 ,prote/antism means ev5 to ! mod]n man 8! ?9k+ m9d's break ) au?ority1 a prote/ aga9/ be+ fett]$ by any?+ positive1 ! m9d's return to itself f self-ali5ation0 7,s*wegl]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie 7#ahhg71 #afg73 8x puts out ( jo9t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* organization1 & ov]turns its sup]natural f\ndation1 q aga9/ its w1 b ) an actual1 & ev] m pla9ly visible1 effect0 7,e4 ,troelts*1 ,die ,b$eutung des ,prote/antismus fu] die ,ent/ehung d] mod]n5 ,welt 7#aijf71 #bi74 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds full autonomy 0 tak5 ) en]gy2 ! emancipation f ext]nal au?ority !n progress$ rapidly 9 ! doma9 ( politics1 sociology1 economy1 & especially ( religion1 to ! v elim9ation ( ev]y?+ sup]natural4 ,!re came ! ,engli% individualism ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! lib]ty ( 8individual conviction10 t]m$ also 8tol]ance10 9 ! s5se ( reject+ e au?oritative int]f]5ce 9 ! sanctu>y ( man's ?\ght & feel+1 0 extoll$2 ( c\rse at fir/ only z ! privilege ( ^? :o 7 intellectually sup]ior4 ,soon ! ,deism ( a ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury & ,locke 0 rea*$2 x 0 ! religion ( natural reason1 ) belief 9 ,god & ! obligation to moral action4 ,:atev] is add$ by positive religions1 & !re=e by ! ,*ri/ian religion1 is sup]flu\s2 h5ce n dogma1 b fre$om6 ,locke1 inde$1 d5i$ to a!i/s /ate tol]ation2 b ,j4 ,tol& already advis$ full fre$om ( ?\ght1 ev5 to ! tol]ance ( a!ism4 ,9 ! ye> #agag ,freemasonry came into exi/5ce 9 ,engl&4 ,adam ,smi? orig9at$ ! idea ( a lib]al political economy :i* frees ! individual f all bond1 ev5 9 ! economic field4 ,! views prevail+ 9 ,engl& !n ex]t great influ5ce 9 ,france4 ,r\sseau & ,voltaire appe>4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many ! enlight5m5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury makes rapid /rides 9 ! direction ( emancipation4 8,! enlight5m5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury10 writes ,h4 ,heltn]1 8n only resumes ! prematurely int]rupt$ "w ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,re=mation1 b c>ries x on indep5d5tly1 & 9 its own way4 ,! ?\ghts & dem&s ( ! #8enlight5$' are bold] & m aggressive1 m unscrupul\s & d>+4444 ,) ,lu!r ! idea ( revelation rema9$ intact2 ! new me?od ( ?\ght rejects ! idea ( a div9e revelation1 & bases all religi\s k on m]ely human ?\ght & s5tim5t4444 ,x is only ! free1 entirely indep5d5t ?\ght t decides 9 tru? & ju/ice1 moral & political rights & duties4 ,reason has rega9$ its self-glory2 man comes to 8 s5ses aga90 7,lit]aturges*i*te des #ah4 ,jahrhund]ts ,,ii 7#ahid71 #eec74 ,kant gave x a philosophical sett+4 ,!n ! ,fr5* ,revolution breaks into fi]ce blaze1 writ+ on ! skies ( ,europe ) flam+ lett]s ! ideas ( emancipat$ humanity2 ! adh]5ts to ! old religion are s5t to ! guillot9e4 ,on ,augu/ #bg1 #aghi1 ! proclamation ( ! 8rights ( man0 is made4 8,! pr9ciples ( #aghi10 z !y are n[ call$1 h5ce=? dom9ate ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! sy/em :i* adopt$ ^! pr9ciples call$ itself1 & /ill calls itself1 ,lib]alism4 ,lib]alism z a pr9ciple--we are speak+ ( ! pr9ciples ( lib]alism1 n ( its adh]5ts1 :o = ! mo/ "p d n c>ry out ^! pr9ciples 9 _! consequ5ces1 & occasionally d n ev5 grasp !m completely--tri$ to accompli% man's utt] emancipation f all ext]nal & sup]ior au?ority4 ,x s\ght to accompli% ?is 9 ! political field1 by in/itut+ con/itutional1 &1 :]ev] possible1 a republican =m ( gov]nm5t2 9 ! field ( economy1 by grant+ fre$om to lab\r & possession1 to capital & comm]ce2 b especially 9 ! field ( morals & religion1 by emancipat+ ?\ght & sci5ce1 & ! entire life ( man1--s*ool1 m>riage1 /ate1--f e religi\s influ5ce & direction1 & 9 ?is s5se x aim$ at humaniz+ ! :ole life ( man4 ,?is is its purpose4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 x aims at e/abli%+ itself 9 ! /ate1 by ga9+ political p[] ?r\gh ! aid ( compulsory laws1 ( c\rse aga9/ all pr9ciples ( fre$om2 x tries to atta9 ?is by compulsory /ate-education1 by obligatory civil m>riage1 & s on4 ,at fir/ !re appe>$ only a mod]ate lib]alism1 :i* gradually gave place to a m radical t5d5cy1 /riv+ m directly & op5ly t[>d ! enfeeblem5t &1 if possible1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w & its *ief repres5tative1 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 #ahdh ! well-kn[n mat]iali/ ,k4 ,vogt said at ! national assembly 9 ,frank=t3 8,e *ur* is oppos$ to a free developm5t ( mank9d1 9 t x dem&s fai? above all4 ,e *ur* is an ob/acle 9 ! way ( man's free intellectual developm5t1 & s9ce ,i am = su* intellectual developm5t ( man1 ,i am aga9/ e *ur*0 7cf4 ,ro!nbue*]1 ,tr5nung von ,/aat und ,kir*e 7#aijh71 #ajf74 ,9 ! field ( economics1 e "o c see h[ lib]alism has fail$4 ,9 "s c\ntries p 7 a%am$ to reta9 its "n any long]4 ,x sudd5ly disappe>$ f public life1 & gave place to its translation1--free ?\ght4 ,?is %[s t nobody c>es to boa/ ( its success4 ,all b>ri]s ( safety _h be5 remov$ 9 a night2 crises1 confusion1 & ! s]i\s dang] ( ! social "q 7 ! consequ5ce4 ,9 ! field ( actual economics x became cle> t ! pr9ciple ( unlimit$ fre$om c\ld n be c>ri$ out1 because x 0 utt]ly ru9\s1 & x really means a complete misund]/&+ ( human nature4 ,!re=e lib]alism has disappe>$ f ?is field1 leav+ to o!rs to solve ! problem x creat$1 & to heal ! w\nds x inflict$4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ! field ( !oretical economics4 ,"h x /ill /rives to dom9ate1 (t5 m ?or\ghly ?an be=e1 no matt] :at "n x may assume4 ,! consequ5ces d n appe> s gross to ! eyes z !y w\ld 9 ! tangible sph]e ( sociology4 ,especially sci5ce x wants to hold 9 subjection to its pr9ciples ( fre$om 9 undim9i%$ sev]ity4 ,t fre$om :i* is id5tifi$ ) absolute indep5d5ce f all au?ority1 especially 9 ! intellectual sph]e1 we %all "h "k z ,lib]al fre$om1 9 contradi/9ction to ,*ri/ian fre$om1 :i* is satisfi$ ) indep5d5ce f unju/ re/ra9t4 ,9 ! =ego+ discussion x has be5 %[n h[ deeply ! lib]al idea ( fre$om is imb$d$ 9 ! un*ri/ian philosophical view ( ! _w4 ,! inevitable result is a fre$om ( sci5ce :i* consid]s e au?oritative int]f]5ce 9 rese>* & tea*+ z an encroa*m5t ^u ! rights ( free developm5t 9 man's p]sonality1 especially 9 ! sph]e ( philosophy & religion4 ,moreov]1 ! humanit>ian view ( ! _w1 insi/+ on ! indep5d5ce ( man & 8 e>?ly life1 naturally dem&s ! exclusion ( ,god & ! o!r _w1 x ord]s ! rejection ( 8dualism0 z unsci5tific1 & ! adoption ( ! moni/ic view 9 its /ead2 an autonom\s sci5ce c h>dly be reconcil$ ) a sup]ior1 re/rict+ au?ority4 ,lat] on we %all demon/rate t ! ma9 law ( mod]n sci5ce is t ! sup]natural is inadmissible4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce sci5ce is n a sup]human be+1 b has its seat 9 ! intellect ( man1 subject to ! psy*ology ( man1 e "o :o kn[s ! he>t ( man w suspect f ! outset t man _c /op at m]ely ignor+1 b w (t5 proce$ to combat & expla9 away fai?1 ! ,*ur*1 & all au?ority t might be consid]$ an oppressor ( ! tru?4 ,?is undue love ( lib]ty w ( itself become a /ruggle = fre$om aga9/ ! oppressor4 ,h[ f> ?is is actually ! case we %all h occasion to discuss lat] on4 ,we h he>d ,nietzs*e's haughty & pr\d boa/4 ,%ortly aft] ! philosoph] _h p5n$ ^! words he 0 /rick5 7#ahhi7 ) p]man5t1 incurable insanity1 ) :i* he 0 afflict$ till 8 dea? 9 #aijj4 ,! 8transc5d5tal man0 0 de?ron$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! ,titan 0 %att]$4 ,he t said ) ,prome!us1 ,i am n a god1 /ill ,i am 9 /r5g? ! equal ( any ( !m1 receiv$ ! ironical answ]1 8,behold he has become z "o ( u0 7,g54 iii4 #bb74 ,he t curs$ ,*ri/ian *>ity t[>ds ! poor & suff]+1 0 n[ ca/ helpless ^u *>ity4 ,8 grave at ,roeck51 ! place also ( 8 bir?1 is a sign ( w>n+ to ! mod]n _w4 ,to ! believ+ ,*ri/ian a diff]5t grave op5s on ,ea/] day4 ,f x comes ! ris5 ,god-man2 9 ,8 h& ! bann] ( immortal victory4 ,x po9ts ! way to true human greatness1 to a sup]ior humanity accord+ to ! w ( ,god4 ,man longs = p]fection2 he longs to g beyond ! n>r[ limits ( 8 pres5t condition4 ,b mod]n man wants to rise to greatness by 8 own /r5g?1 )\t help f above2 he w\ld rise ) giant b\nds1 )\t law4 ,9 8 weakness he falls2 error & scepticism & ! loss ( morality are ! bitt] fruit4 ,ano!r way is po9t$ out by ! great ,fri5d ( ,man4 ,humanity is to be l$ on ! way ( progress by ! h& ( ,god1 by fai? 9 ,god1 support$ by ,8 grace2 ?us man %all p>ticipate 9 ,god's nature1 %all "o day atta9 8 highe/ p]fection 9 et]nal life1 f> beyond ! limits ( 8 pres5t condition4 8,i am ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life40 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,subjectivism ,& ,its ,fre$om4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! mod]n intellect to indep5d5ce 9 its own peculi> sph]e ( ?9k+ & kn[+1 _c fail to "w itself out en]getically4 ,9 ?is sph]e x leads naturally to t view ( human reason+ call$ subjectivism3 ! ?9k+ or reason+ subject is its own law1 ! autonom\s creator & guide ( its ?\ght4 ,h]e9 lies ! ess5tial presumption1 ! v core1 ( ! lib]al fre$om ( sci5ce4 ,:]ev] we turn we meet subjectivism ) its autonom\s rejection ( all au?ority1 its arbitr>y sep>ation ( k f fai?1 its agno/icism1 its relativity to tru? z ! mov+ factor (1 & ! o/5sible w>rant =1 ?is fre$om1 especially 9 ! sph]e :i* x consid]s peculi>ly its own1 philosophy & religion4 ,only :5 we look clos] into its philosophical premises w x be possible to =m a judgm5t ( ! 8sci5tific me?od0 x employs 9 ?is1 its peculi> sph]e1 & ( ! ju/ice ( its claim to be ! sole adm9i/rator ( man's ideal possessions1 & to be altoge!r 8indep5d5t ( e view n con=m+ to ?is sci5tific me?od40 ,be=e consid]+ subjectivism let u by way ( preface set d[n a few consid]ations on ! nature ( human1 intellectual p]ception4 ,objectivism & ,subjectivism4 ,x always has be51 & /ill is1 ! firm conviction ( unbiass$ m51--a conviction :i* irresi/ibly =ces itself ^u u1--t 9 our intellectual p]ception & ?\ght we grasp an objective1 ext]ior ord] ( ?+s1 an exi/5ce di/9ct f our ?\ght2 ( ?is objective reality we reproduce an image 9 our m9ds1 & ?us grasp x intellectually4 ,cognitio e/ similitudo rei1 says ! old s*ool2 t is1 ,k is ! reproduction ( an objective reality1 :i* ?us becomes ! crit]ion ( cognition4 ,! reproduction is a c\nt]p>t ( ! orig9al4 ,9 ?is p]fect resemblance ( our cognition to ! objective reality !re has ev] be5 recogniz$ ! tru? ( k4 ,:5 ! ?9k+ m9d has arriv$ at ! ma!matical tru? t ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is ! product ( ! diamet] multipli$ by ,ludolph's numb]1 x kn[s--unless inde$ x has lo/ its natural c&\r--t x has n ( itself produc$ ?is result ( reason+1 b t x has recogniz$ 9 x an objective reality ( tru?1 di/9ct f its own ?\ght1 & has reproduc$ t tru? 9 itself4 ,& because ?is reproduction corresponds to ! reality1 x is call$ true cognition4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! intellect expresses ! g5]al law ( causality1 namely1 ev]y?+ t happ5s has a cause1 ! intellect is aga9 conv9c$ t x has n ( itself produc$ ?is result ( reason+1 b has only reproduc$ x by assimilat+ to itself an objective tru? :i* is necess>ily s & _c be o!rwise1 & :i* ! m9d mu/ assimilate if x wants to ?9k aright4 ,?is is true n only :5 ! m9d is deal+ ) concrete ?+s1 b also :5 x w\ld give expression to g5]al pr9ciples1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance2 ^!1 too1 are n subjective projections1 b are indep5d5t ( ! ?9k+ subject1 & are et]nal laws4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( human cognition & ?\ght has gradually und]gone an ess5tial *ange1 n inde$ ) ^? outside ! influ5ce ( philosophical speculation1 b ) ! repres5tatives ( mod]n philosophy1 & ^? subject to its influ5ce4 ,objectivism has be5 sup]s$$ by subjectivism4 ,its pr9ciple is ?is3 cognition1 imag9ation1 & ?\ght are n ! intellectual appreh5sion ( an objective _w exi/+ indep5d5t ( u1 ( :i* we reproduce 9 ourselves a c\nt]p>t4 ,no1 ! m9d creates its own results ( reason & cognition2 ! objects be=e u are ! creatures ( ! imag9+ subject4 ,at ! utmo/1 we c b say t our reason+ is ! mann] 9 :i* a hidd5 ext]ior _w appe>s to u4 ,?is mann] mu/ necess>ily con=m to ! peculi>ity ( ! subject1 to 8 faculties & /age ( developm5t2 b ! ext]ior _w z x is 9 itself we c nev] appreh5d4 ,desc>tes1 />t+ ) ! premise t consci\sness is ! beg9n+ ( all c]ta9ty1 0 ! fir/ mod]n philosoph] to ent] ^u ! way ( subjectivism4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,locke1 ,b]keley1 & ,kant4 ,x is due to !m t 9 ! mod]n !ory ( cognition ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ideali/ic subjectivism1 no matt] h[ difficult & unreasonable x may appe> to an ord9>y ?9k]1 has obta9$ s _m advocates :o1 nev]!less1 _c adh]e to x1 b contradict x at e /ep4 8,! _w10 ,s*op5hau] is conv9c$1 8is ! projection ( my idea4444 ,no tru? is m c]ta91 m indep5d5t ( all o!rs1 less 9 ne$ ( pro(1 ?an ?is1 t all !re is to be kn[n1 h5ce ! :ole _w1 is an object only 9 relation to a subject1 a vision ( ! behold]2 9 a ^w1 ! projection ( my own idea4 ,h5ce ! subject is ! be>] ( ! _w0 7,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ,i1 #a-b74 8,x is evid5tly true t k _c g beyond our consci\sness1 & h5ce ! exi/5ce ( ?+s outside ( our sph]e ( consci\sness mu/1 to say ! lea/1 rema9 problematical0 7,d] ,geg5/& d] ,erk5ntniss1 #ahib1 p4 #b74 ,9 l mann] ,o4 ,liebmann says3 8,we c nev] g beyond our individual sph]e ( ideas 7projection ( our ideas71 ev5 ?\gh we appreh5d :at is indep5d5t ( u1 /ill ! absolute reality ( x is kn[n to u only z our own idea0 7,zur ,analysis d] ,wirkli*keit1 #aijj1 p4 #bh74 ,!re=e 8! contra/ betwe5 #8,i' & ! _w10 says ,e4 ,ma*1 8betwe5 feel+ or appreh5sion & ! reality1 falls away0 7,die ,analysis d] ,empf9dung51 #b;d ed41 #aijj1 p4 #i74 ,& a disciple ( ,ma* says3 8,x is important to hold fa/ to ! idea t a self-exi/5t1 div9e ,tru?1 indep5d5t ( ! subject1 objectively b9d+1 en?ron$1 s to say1 above m5 & gods1 is mean+less4444 ,su* a ,tru? is nons5se0 7,h4 ,kle9pet]1 ,kant/udi51 ,,viii1 #aijc1 p4 #cad74 ,none ( ^! repres5tatives ( worldly wisdom are able to fulfil ! fir/ duty ( ! wise man3 8,live accord+ to :at y tea*40 ,ev5 ! sceptic ,hume has to admit t 9 ! common affairs ( life he feels himself compell$ ( necessity to talk & act l o!r p4 ,subjectivism is really no?+ b scepticism1 = x elim9ates ! kn[abl5ess ( objective tru?4 ,b x is a mask$--if y w1 a re=m$--scepticism4 ,cognition is giv5 ano!r purpose2 its task is n at all1 s x is said1 to reproduce or assimilate a _w di/9ct f itself1 b to create its own cont5ts4 ,! v nature ( cognition is rev]s$4 ,! ,autonomy ( ,reason4 ,x 0 ,kant1 ! h]ald ( a new era 9 philosophy1 :o gave to ?is gradually matur+ subjectivism its sci5tific =m & basis4 ,at ! same "t he gave prom95ce to t elem5t ( subjectivism :i* seems to give ju/ification to fre$om ( ?\ght1 to wit1 autonomism1 ! creative p[] ( ! intellect :i* makes its own laws4 ,indep5d5ce ( reason & free ?\ght h become cat*words s9ce ,kant's "t4 ,!y are a preci\s +r$i5t ( ! autonomy ( mod]n man4 ,:5 ! flam+ blaze ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 r$d5+ ! skies ( ,europe1 & inaugurat+ ! re/oration ( ! rights ( man1 ,kant 0 sitt+ 9 8 /udy at ,knigsb]g1 8 he>t beat+ /rongly 9 sympa?y ) ! ,revolution1 = he saw 9 x a hopeful turn ( ! times4 ,an old man ( ne>ly sev5ty1 he foll[$ ! ev5ts ) mo/ passionate int]e/4 ,v>nhag5 records 9 8 ,memoirs1 bas$ on ! /ories ( ,/aegemann1 t1 :5 ! proclamation ( ! ,republic 0 ann\nc$ 9 ! newspap]s1 ,kant1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 said to "s fri5ds3 8,n[ c ,i say ) ,simeon1 #8,n[ do/ ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 dismiss ,?y s]vant 9 peace1 because m9e eyes h se5 ,?y ,salvation' 0 7,h4 ,hettn]1 ,lit]aturges*i*te des #ah4 ,jahrh4 ,,iii1 #d? ed41 #c1 #b1 #ahid1 p4 #ch74 ,:ile on ! o!r side ( ! ,rh9e ! ,jacob9s 7 do+ _! bloody "w ( political lib]ation1 ! ,g]man philosoph]1 ! h]ald ( a new era & an ard5t admir] ( ,r\sseau1 sat 9 8 /udy lab\r+ = man's intellectual lib]ation4 ,to give man ! "r ( autonom\s self-det]m9ation 9 action & ?\ght 0 ! "w ( 8 life4 ,autonomy 0 inde$ to him 8 #8! s\rce' ( all dignity ( man & ( e rational nature0 7,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 ,,ii74 ,& h5ce x 0 t 8 ard5t foll[]s beheld 9 him 8! fir/ p]fect model ( a really free ,g]man1 "o :o _h purg$ himself f e trace ( ,roman absolutism1 dogmatism1 & anti-individualism0 7,h4 ,/4 ,*amb]la91 ,die ,grundlag5 des #ai4 ,jahrh41 #h? ed41 #aijg1 ,,ii1 #aabg74 ,9 8 8,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt50 7,! ,f\ndation ( ! ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics7 & 8,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft0 7,critique ( ,practical ,reason7 ,kant s\ght to e/abli% autonomy 9 moral life & action4 ,man himself1 8 practical reason1 is ! ultimate f\ndation ( all moral obligation2 did man lead a good life out ( ob$i5ce to ,god x w\ld be a het]onomy unwor?y ( ! "n ( 8moral40 8,! autonomy ( ! w10 he tea*es1 8is ! sole pr9ciple ( all moral laws & ! duties alli$ to !m2 all arbitr>y het]onomy1 on ! contr>y1 f> f hav+ any b9d+ =ce1 is contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( morality ( ! w0 7,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]n41 ,elem5t>lehre1 ,i1 #a1 #d4 ,lehrsatz74 ,or1 z amplifi$ by a fai?ful int]pret] ( ! ma/]3 8,9 ! moral _w ! individual %\ld be n only a memb] b also a rul]2 he is a memb] ( ! moral ord] :5 he obeys its law2 he is its rul] :5 he enacts ! law4444 ,! di/9ction betwe5 autonomy & het]onomy sep>ates true f false e?ics1 ! sy/em ( ,kant f all o!r sy/ems4 ,all moral sy/ems1 except t ( ,kant1 are bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( het]onomy2 !y c h no o!r4 ,& critical philosophy 0 ! fir/ to grasp ! pr9ciple ( autonomy0 7,kuno ,fis*]1 ,ges*i*te d] neu5 ,philosophie1 ,,iv1 #b;d ed41 #ahfi1 p4 #aad seq474 ,kant's j man no long] prays 8,?y w be done02 he id5tifies ! law ) himself4 ,nietzs*e's transc5d5tal man is se5 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,autonomy ( ?\ght is ! result ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 & 9 spite ( its inconsi/5cy ( expression1 its involv$ s5t5ces1 its extremely tiresome /yle1 x is & w long cont9ue to be ! text-book ( mod]n philosophy4 ,accord+ to ,kant our cognition consi/s 9 our fa%ion+ ! sub/ance ( our p]ceptions & reason+ aft] innate1 purely subjective1 views & conceptions4 ,"t & place1 & especially ! ab/ract notions ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 necessity1 causality1 sub/ance1 h no tru? indep5d5t ( our ?\ght2 !y are b =ms & patt]ns accord+ to :i* we are =c$ to picture ! _w4 ,_! fir/ matt] is suppli$ by s5se exp]i5ce1 su* z s\nd1 col\r1 feel+2 b ^!1 too1 accord+ to ,kant1 are n objective4 ,no?+ !n rema9s to our cognition t is n purely subjective1 hav+ exi/5ce 9 ourselves alone4 ,our cognition is no long] a reproduction1 b a creation ( its object2 our ?\ght is no long] subject to an ext]nal tru? t may be =c$ ^u x4 8,hi!rto10 says ,kant1 8x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t our cognition mu/ be gov]n$ by objects4444 ,let u see if we _c make bett] headway 9 ! prov9ce ( metaphysics by suppos+ t objects mu/ be gov]n$ by our cognition0 7,kritik d] ,re95 ,v]nunft1 ,vorr$e zur zweit5 ,ausgabe74 ,?is is1 inde$1 no?+ b a complete falsification ( human cognition4 ,x is evid5t to an unbiass$ m9d t !re mu/ be a reason = ev]y?+1 n because ,i s ?9k1 b ,i ?9k s because su* is ! fact2 t ! multiplication table is "r1 n because ,i ?9k s1 b ,i mu/ multiply accord+ to x simply because x is "r4 ,my ?\ght is subject to objective tru?4 ,b ,kant's autonomy means emancipation f objective tru?1 & h5ce1 ?\gh ,kant himself held fa/ to ! un*angeable laws ( ?9k+ & act+1 he en]getically op5$ ! way = subjectivism ) all its consequ5ces4 ,?is 0 ,kant's do+1 & hi/ory cr$its him ) x4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? ev5ts :i* h made m5 fam\s3 ! giv+ to ! ideas & s5tim5ts ( a p]iod _! sci5tific =mula1 & !reby also _! app>5t ju/ification4 ,s*ill] wrote 9 #ahje to ,w4 von ,humboldt3 8,! pr(\nd fundam5tal ideas ( ideal philosophy rema9 an endur+ treasure1 & = ?is reason alone "o %\ld ?9k himself =tunate = hav+ liv$ at ! pres5t "t4444 ,f9ally1 we are bo? ideali/s1 & %\ld be a%am$ to h x said ( u t ?+s made u & n we ! ?+s40 ,fr4 ,pauls5 gives expression to ! op9ion ( _m :5 he says3 8,kant gives to ! intellect ! self-det]m9ation t is ess5tial to x1 & ! position 9 ! _w :i* x des]ves4 ,he has rais$ ! intellect's creative p[] to a position ( hon\r3 ! ess5ce ( ! intellect is fre$om0 7,immanuel ,kant1 #ahih1 p4 #chf74 8,! autonomy ( reason 444 we _c give up0 7,kant1 ,d] ,philosoph des ,prote/antismus1 9 ,philosophia militans1 #b;d ed41 #aija1 p4 #ea74 8,x is inde$ ! (fspr+ ( ,prote/antism40 8,to me x is beyond d\bt10 ,pauls5 cont9ues1 8t ! fundam5tal t5d5cy ( primitive ,prote/antism has "h be5 c>ri$ out 9 all cle>ness0 7,ibid4 #dc74 ,lu!r1 too1 f\nd 9 ! he>t ( ! individual ! unfail+ s\rce ( tru?4 ,= t reason ,kant has be5 call$ ! philosoph] ( ,prote/antism4 ,h5ce ! well-kn[n hi/orian1 ,j4 ,s*]r1 may n be wrong :5 he calls ! philosophy ( ,kant 8! f\ndation ( granite :]eon is built ! fre$om ( ! ,g]man intellect40 ,n[1 inde$1 we easily und]/& ! dem& = fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,x is un9telligible h[ an ext]nal au?ority1 a div9e revelation or infallible ,*ur*1 c\ld h ev] approa*$ man1 assur$ him ( ! tru? ( its tea*+1 & laid ^u him 9 consequ5ce ( ?is te/imony ! obligation ( accept+ x z true4 8,an ext]nal au?ority10 we are assur$1 8be x ev] s great1 w nev] succe$ 9 ar\s+ 9 u a s5se ( obligation2 its laws1 be !y ev] s l(ty & e>ne/1 w be deem$ arbitr>y1 simply because !y come f )\t0 7,sabati]1 ,la ,religion et la ,culture mod]ne1 apud ,fonsegrive1 ,die ,/ellung d] ,ka?olik5 geg5ueb] d] ,wiss5s*aft1 ,deuts* von ,s*ies] 7#aijc71 #aj74 ,man accepts only :at he himself has produc$1 :at is cong5ial to 8 individuality1 :at is 9 h>mony ) 8 p]sonal intellectual life4 ,9 ! place ( tru? /eps 8p]sonal conviction10 ! %ap+ ( "o's views & ideals2 9 ! place ( unselfi% submission to ! tru? /eps ! 8developm5t ( "o's intellectual individuality10 ! 8evolution ( "o's intellectual p]sonality02 9 a ^w1 free-?\ght4 ,ext]ior au?ority c no long] impose an obligation4 8,is !re on e>?10 asks ,pauls51 8an in/ance :]e au?ority c decide = u 9 matt]s ( belief & ?\ght80 ,& he answ]s3 8,!re is none2 !re _c be on ?is e>? an infallible tea*+ au?ority40 ,& :y n8 8,philosophy & sci5ce mu/ refuse to recognize su* an au?ority4444 ,if ,i c\ld believe all t ! ,*ur* or ! ,pope tea*es1 ?is "o ?+ ,i c\ld nev] believe1 t !y are infallible2 x w\ld include a resolution1 once = all1 to r5\nce my own judgm5t reg>d+ :atev] !y decl>e true or false1 good or bad2 x w\ld be ! utt] r5unciation ( ! use ( my reason & consci5ce40 7,ibid4 #ea-ec4 ,we %all (t5 cite ! te/imony ( ,pauls5 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ mod]n ?\ght1 p>tly because he is no long] liv+1 p>tly because he is q an outspok5 repres5tative ( ! mod]n view ( ! _w1 ?\gh g5]ally reg>d$ z mod]ate4 ,moreov]1 he is )\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ widely read ( ! mod]n ,g]man philosoph]s47 ,! demon/ration ( all ?is is q unique4 ,"h x is 9 brief3 ,7 !re an infallible au?ority1 "o :i* necess>ily taught ! tru?1 !n ?\ght & sci5ce w\ld be irrevocably subject$ to ?is au?ority3 t w n d2 !re=e !re is no su* au?ority4 ,or ?us3 ,7 !re an infallible tea*+1 !n we %\ld h to accept x )\t contradiction3 t is impossible2 !re=e !re is no infallibility4 ,h5ce x is cle>1 ! prote/ aga9/ an infallible au?ority1 ev5 ?\gh div9e1--= ! argum5t holds good also 9 reg>d to su* an au?ority1--is n bas$ on ! impossibility ( tea*+ ! tru?1 = ! au?ority is suppos$ to be infallible1 b on man's refusal to be taught4 ,& ?is refusal is made 9 accordance ) t sov]eign fre$om ( ?\ght :i* is ! natural (fspr+ ( subjectivism2 ! pr9cipal r5unciation is bas$ on its d5ial ( objective tru?4 ,x is ! rejection ( ! tru?4 8,9 advanc$ progress10 ,pauls5 cont9ues1 8! individual is also sep>at+ himself f ! intellectual mass ( ! p 9 ord] to enjoy a sep>ate m5tal exi/5ce4444 ,! individual is beg9n+ to h 8 own ideas ab\t ?+s2 he is no long] satisfi$ ) ! common op9ions & notions ab\t ! _w & life :i* h be5 dealt out to him by religion & my?ology3 all philosophy beg9s ) free+ ! individual f common notions40 8,if ! individual ideals ( a p]sonality1 gift$ ) extraord9>y p[] ( m9d & w1 happ5 to come 9 conflict ) ! objective morality ( ! "t1 !n !re results "o ( ^? /ruggles :i* cause ! dramatic crises ( hi/ory4 ,!y :o ?us /ruggl$ 7 ! real h]oes ( mank9d4 ,!y rose aga9/ ! conv5tional & indiff]5t ideals :i* _h gr[n obsolete1 aga9/ untrue appe>ances1 aga9/ ! salt t _h lo/ its sav\r2 !y prea*$ a new tru?1 po9t$ out new aspirations & ideals :i* brea!d a new /r5g? into life & rais$ x to a high] plane0 7,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 #h? ed41 #aijf1 ,i1 #cgb f474 ,truly enc\rag+ words = ! mod]n agitator & re=m]4 ,to summon ! c\rage to rise above ! level ( ! masses1 to feel )9 himself ! c5tre ( gravity1 & to fa%ion 8 ?\ghts reg>dless ( ! :ole _w1 ?is is no?+ less ?an ! beg9n+ ( philosophy & wisdom4 ,& %\ld he feel himself /rong-m9d$ he may simply *ange all moral & religi\s values :i* d n squ>e ) 8 individual judgm5ts4 8,to rema9 fai?ful to "o's own self10 we are told aga91 8t is ! ess5ce ( ?is ideal brav]y4 ,no "o c possess ?is virtue :o does n feel )9 himself ! c5tre ab\t :i* life gravitates2 :oev] pursues ext]ior ?+s z 8 ultimate end _c p5etrate to int]ior fre$om4 ,sp9oza1 by life & tea*+1 is a great prea*] ( ?is fre$om0 7,ibid4 ,,ii1 p4 #bg74 ,self-consci\sness z arrogant z t ( a pan!i/ l ,sp9oza1 :o inde$ did n pursue 8ext]ior ?+s z ! ultimate end10 nor ,god ei!r2 ! self-consci\sness 9 :i* man feels himself ! c5tre ab\t :i* _w & life revolve2 ! w :i* n[ directs ?\ght on its way1--^! are ! life-n]ves ( autonom\s free-?\ght4 ,9 fact1 incl9ation & w1 n objective tru?1 are ! measure & norm ( free-?\ght4 ,?is ,pauls5 aga9 expresses ) a/oni%+ c&\r4 ,accord+ to him1 intellig5ce is aft] all no?+ else ?an a trans=mation ( ! w1 ?is doctr9e is root$ 9 ! m mod]n volunt>i/ic monism1 & is ak9 to subjectivism4 ,if our cognition itself =ms its object1 !n ! real concept ( cognition has be5 lo/ to u1 & 9 its place we h ! w det]m9+ ! action ev5 ( ! intellect4 ,pauls5 says emphatically1 8,intellig5ce is an in/rum5t ( ! w 9 ! s]vice ( pres]vation ( life4444 ,p]haps x c be said t ev5 ! elem5t>y =mations ( ?\ght1 ! logical & metaphysical =ms ( reality1 are already codet]m9$ by ! w4 ,if ! =ms ( ab/ract ?\ght are at all ! result ( biological evolution1 !n ?is mu/ be accept$3 !y are =mations & conceptions ( reality1 :i* h prov$ effective & life-pres]v+1 & h !re=e atta9$ _! object4 ,! pr9ciple ( id5tity is 9 reality n a m]e /atem5t1 n an indicative1 b an imp]ative3 ,a is ,a2 t is1 :at ,i h put d[n z ,a %all be ,a & rema9 ,a4444 ,if ?is be s1 if ?\ght & cognition be det]m9$ fundam5tally by ! w1 !n x is altoge!r un9telligible h[ x might f9ally turn aga9/ ! w1 & =ce ^u x a view aga9/ its w0 7,kant's ,v]haeltniss zur ,metaphysik1 #aijj1 p4 #ca f474 ,we h to d "h ) a confusion ( ideas possible only :5 correct reason+ has sunk to a surpris+ly l[ level4 ,to ?9k ) ! w1 to draw conclusions ) int5tion1 is deg5]ate ?9k+4 ,b n[ we und]/& bett] :at is meant by autonomy ( ?\ght4 ,x gives man lic5se to disreg>d by %all[ reason+ ev]y?+ t cla%es ) 8 own w4 8,:at ,i h put d[n z ,a %all be ,a & rema9 ,a60 ,x is n[ cle> t subjectivism & autonomism 9 ?9k+ are root$ 9 ! positive disreg>d ( objective tru?1 9 ! refusal ( an unconditional subjection to x2 !y mean emancipation f ! tru?4 ,"h we h ! mo/ /rik+ & deepe/ diff]5ce betwe5 mod]n subjectivi/ic & ,*ri/ian objective ?\ght4 ,! latt] adh]es to ! old conviction t our ?\ghts d n make ! tru?1 b are subject to an objective ord] ( ?+s z a norm4 ,= ?is reason autonom\s fre$om & subjective caprice1 a mann] ( reason+ t w\ld approa* tru? z a lawgiv]1 & ev5 *ange x accord+ to "t & circum/ance1 are un9telligible 9 ! ,*ri/ian objective ?\ght4 ,?is ?\ght submits unselfi%ly to tru? :]ev] met1 be x )\t a div9e revelation or ) x1 if ! revelation be b v\*$ =4 ,& ! rew>d ( ?is unselfi%ness is ! pres]vation ( ! tru?4 ,b subjectivism1 ) its fre$om1 leads inevitably to ! loss ( ! tru?2 x is scepticism 9 pr9ciple1 9 fact1 if my ?\ghts are n a c\nt]p>t ( an objective _w1 b only a subjectively produc$ image2 n k ( an ext]nal reality1 b only a figm5t ( ! imag9ation1 a projection1 !n ,i c h no assurance t !y are m ?an an empty dream4 ,! ,mod]n ,sep>ation ( ,k & ,fai?4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be too mu* to expect t subjectivism 9 mod]n ?\ght & sci5tific "w %\ld g to ! v limit1 viz41 to disreg>d all reason+1 to advance at w any !ory :atev]1 to sil5ce disagreeable critics by m]ely ref]r+ to "o's autonomy 9 ?9k+1 & d5y+ t any "o c atta9 to absolute tru?4 ,errors 9 empirical speculation nev] prosp] z o!rs d2 ! p[] ( natural evid5ce ass]ts itself at e /ep1 & te>s d[n ! artificial cobwebs ( app>5tly sci5tific scepticism4 ,x ass]ts itself less /rongly :]e ! oppos+ p[] ( natural evid5ce is weak]1 ?an is ! case 9 matt]s ( actual s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,"h inde$ "o sees ! objective reality be=e him1 :i* he _c fa%ion accord+ to 8 caprice4 ,! a/ronom] has no ?\ght ( creat+ 8 own />ry sky1 nor does ! ar*ologi/ wi% to create out ( 8 own m9d ! hi/ory ( anci5t nations4 ,!y bo? desire to "k & to reveal ! reality4 ,b 9 ! supras5sible sph]e1 9 deal+ ) que/ions ( ! :5ce & :i!r ( human life1 :]e !re is "q ( religion & morals1 !re autonomy & scepticism ass]t !mselves z ?\gh !y 7 9 _! own c\ntry1 !re ! free-?9k] /eps 91 boa/+ ( 8 indep5d5ce & tak+ = 8 motto ! axiom ( anci5t sophi/ry3 ! measure ( all ?+s is man4 ,"h at ! same "t ! natural product ( subjectivism1 sceptic agno/icism1 has full sway4 ,9 su* matt]s1 we are told1 !re is no c]ta9 tru?2 no?+ c be prov$1 no?+ refut$3 !y are all matt]s ( fai?--n fai?1 ( c\rse1 9 ! ,ca?olic s5se4 ,! latt] is ! acceptance by reason ( recogniz$ div9e te/imony1 h5ce an act ( ! intellect4 ,! mod]n s-call$ fai?1 on ! contr>y1 is n an act ( ! intellect1 b is suppos$ to be a vague feel+1 a want1 a long+ & /riv+ aft] ! div9e 9 "o's inn]mo/ s\l1 :i* div9e is !n to be grasp$ by ! s\l 9 "s my/]i\s way z some?+ imm$iately pres5t 9 x4 ,?is feel+ is said to em]ge f ! subconsci\sness ( ! s\l1 & to raise 9 ! m9d ^? images & symbols :i* we enc\nt] 9 ! doctr9es ( ! v>i\s religions1 v>y+ accord+ to times & m54 ,!y are only ! symbols = t unutt]able exp]i5ce ( ! div9e1 :i* c be z little express$ by def9itions & t5ets z s\nds c by col\r4 ,x is a conviction ( ! ideal & div9e1 b diff]5t f ! conviction ( reason2 x is an inn]1 actual exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce !re c no long] be absolute religi\s tru?1 no un*angeable dogmas1 :i* w\ld h to be adh]$ to =ev]4 ,9 religion1 9 views ( ! _w & life1 ! free feel+ ( ! human subject holds sway1 a feel+ t exp]i5ces & weaves toge!r ^? ?\ghts & ideals t are 9 accord ) 8 individuality4 ,?is is ! mod]n doctr9e4 ,! d>k my/icism ( ! anci5t ,ea/ & ! agno/icism ( mod]n times "h jo9 h&s4 ,?is mod]n me?od ( sep>at+ k & fai? is1 z we all "k1 a prom95t feature ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,k1 t is1 cognition by reason1 is said to exi/ only 9 ! doma9 ( ! natural sci5ces & hi/ory4 ,( :at may be beyond ^! we c h no true k4 ,"h1 too1 ,kant has l$ ! way2 = ! important result ( 8 criticism is 8 incessant injunction3 we c h true k only ( empiric objects1 nev] ( ?+s ly+ beyond ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses2 our ideas are m]ely subjective con/ructions ( ! reason :i* obta9 weight & mean+ only by apply+ !m to objects ( s5se exp]im5t4 ,h5ce ,god1 immortality1 fre$om1 & ! l1 rema9 =ev] outside ! field ( our !oretical or cognitive reason4 ,nev]!less ,kant did n l to drop ^! tru?s4 ,h5ce he con/ruct$ = himself a conviction ( ano!r k9d4 ,! 8practical reason0 is to guide man's action 9 accompli%+ ! task 9 :i* h] m timid si/]1 !oretical reason1 fail$4 ,& x does x1 too4 ,x simply 8po/ulates0 ^! tru?s2 !y are its 8po/ulates10 s9ce )\t !m moral life & moral ord]1 :i* x is b\nd to recognize1 w\ld be impossible4 ,no "o kn[s1 ( c\rse1 :e!r ?is be tru?1 b x ought to be tru?4 ,/at pro ratione voluntas4 ,! ,gordian knot is cut4 8,x is s10 ! w n[ cries f ! dep?s ( ! s\l1 8,i believe x02 :ile ! intellect /&s hesitat+ly by prote/+ 8,i don't "k :e!r x is s or n40 ,d\bt & conviction embrace ea* o!r2 ,yes & ,no meet peacefully4 8,i _h to susp5d k10 ,kant sugge/s1 89 ord] to make room = fai?0 7,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 #b4 ,vorr$e74 8,x is an exig5cy ( pure practical reason bas$ on duty10 he fur!r comm5ts on 8 po/ulate1 8to make some?+ ! highe/ good1 ! object ( my w1 9 ord] to fur!r x ) all my p[]4 ,h]e91 h[ev]1 ,i h to assume its possibility1 & !re=e its conditions1 viz41 ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 because ,i _c prove !m by speculative reason1 nor yet disprove !m40 ,?us 8! j man may say ,i wi% t !re be a ,god2 ,i insi/ ^u x1 ,i w n h my fai? tak5 f me0 7,kritik d] prakt4 ,v]nunft1 #a4 ,teil1 #b4 ,bu*1 #b ,,viii74 ,o!rs h foll[$ ! lead ( ,kant4 ,= philosoph]s1 ,prote/ant !ologians1 & mod]ni/s1 he has become ! pilot 9 :om !y tru/4 8,kant's critical philosophy10 says ,pauls51 8gives to k :at belongs to x--! entire _w ( ph5om5a1 = ! free/ inve/igation2 on ! o!r h&1 x gives to fai? its et]nal "r1 viz41 ! int]pretation ( life & ! _w accord+ to _! value0 7,immanuel ,kant1 #ahih1 #f74 8,fai? does n simply re/ ^u pro(s1 b ^u practical necessity02 8x does n come f ! intellect1 b f ! he>t & w0 7,e9leitung 9 die ,philosophie1 #aj? ed41 #aijc1 #bga1 #bfi74 8,religion is n a sci5ce1 h5ce x _c be prov$ nor disprov$40 8,!re=e man's view ( ! _w does n dep5d on ! intellect1 b solely on 8 w4444 ,! ultimate & highe/ tru?s1 tru?s by :i* man lives & = :i* he dies1 h n _! s\rce 9 sci5tific k1 b come f ! he>t & f ! individual w40 ,9 a simil> /ra9 ,r4 ,falk5b]g writes3 8,! views ( ! _w gr[+ out ( ! *ronology ( ! human race1 z ! blossoms ( a g5]al process ( civilization1 are n s mu* ?\ghts z rhy?ms ( ?9k+1 n !ories b views1 saturat$ ) appreciations4444 ,n only optimism & pessimism1 det]m9ism & doctr9e ( fre$om1 b also pan!ism & individualism1 idealism & mat]ialism1 ev5 rationalism & s5sualism1 h _! roots ultimately 9 ! affections1 & ev5 :ile work+ ) ! tools ( reason rema9 = ! mo/ "p matt]s ( fai?1 s5tim5t1 & resolve0 7,ges*i*te d] neu5 ,philosophie1 #e? ed41 #aije1 p4 #c74 ,y may look up any books or magaz9es ( mod]n philosophy or ,prote/ant !ology1 & y w f9d 9 all ( !m 8t fai? is a k9d ( conviction = :i* !re is no ne$ ( pro(0 7,h4 ,lu$emann1 ,prot4 ,monat%efte ,,ix1 #aijc1 #cfg74 ,?is emotional fai? has be5 introduc$ into ,prote/ant !ology especially by ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,x is also ?is view ( ! m rec5t philosophy t ! mod]ni/s h adopt$4 ,!y !mselves confess3 8,! mod]ni/s 9 accord ) mod]n psy*ology di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 k & fai?4 ,! intellectual processes :i* lead to !m appe> to ! mod]ni/s altoge!r =eign to & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,?is is "o ( our fundam5tal pr9ciples0 7,programma dei ,mod]ni/i 7#aijh71 #aba74 ,religi\s in/ruction = *ildr5 w !n h to become altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! dem& is already made = 8a reca/ ( ?\ght f ! sph]e ( ! intellect into ! sph]e ( affection40 ,away1 s !y clam\r1 away ) ! dogmas ( creation1 ( ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god1 ( ,8 miracles1 z taught 9 ! old s*ools6 ,= all ^! are religi\s ideas4 ,pupils ( ! high] grades %\ld be told 8! pla9 tru? ab\t ! degree ( hi/oricity 9 elem5t>y religi\s pr9ciples4444 ,! fundam5tal idea ( religion c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$ by tea*+1 x has its seat 9 s5tim5t1 l--excuse ! t]m--an insane idea0 7,fr4 ,nieb]gall1 ,*ri/li*e ,welt1 #aiji1 p4 #dc74 ,?is dualism ( 8fai?0 & k is z unt5able z x is common4 ,x is a psy*ological impossibility z well z a sad degradation ( religion4 ,h[ c ,i s]i\sly believe1 & s]i\sly hold = true1 a view ( ! _w ( :i* ,i d n "k :e!r x be really true1 :5 ! intellect unceas+ly :isp]s 9 my e>3 x is all imag9ation6 ,z long z fai? is a conviction s long mu/ x be an activity ( ! intellect4 ,) my feel+ & w ,i may inde$ wi% t some?+ be true2 b to wi% simply t !re be a ,god is n to be conv9c$ t !re actually is a ,god4 ,by m]ely long+ & desir+ ,i c be z little conv9c$ z ,i c make progress 9 virtue by ! use ( my feet1 or rep5t ( s9s by a too?a*e4 ,x is 4 ,a dualism ( ?is k9d1 betwe5 head & he>t1 d\bt & belief1 betwe5 ! ,no ( ! m9d & ! ,yes ( ! he>t1 is a process incompatible ) logic & psy*ology4 ,h[ c\ld su* a dualism be ma9ta9$ = any l5g? ( "t8 ,x may p]haps la/ long] 9 "o 9 :om a vivid imag9ation has dimm$ ! cle>ness ( intellect2 b :]e ! intellectual life is cle>1 reason w v soon emancipate itself f a deceptive imag9ation4 ,"o may g on dream+ ( ideal images1 b z soon z ! intellect awak5s !y vani%4 ,halluc9ations are tak5 = real :ile ! m9d is affect$1 b !y pass away ! mom5t x sees cle>ly4 ,kant himself1 ! fa!r ( mod]n agno/ic my/icism1 has made x q cle> t 8 po/ulates ( fai? conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l1 h nev] tak5 9 him ! place ( e>ne/ conviction4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ place ,kant holds t !re are no duties t[>ds ,god1 s9ce ,he is m]ely a creature ( our m9d4 8,s9ce ?is idea proce$s entirely f ourselves1 & is a product ( ours1 we h "h be=e u a po/ulat$ be+ t[>ds :om we _c h an obligation2 = its reality w\ld h to be prov$ fir/ by exp]i5ce 7or reveal$702 b 8to h religion is a duty man owes to himself40 ,aga91 he dislikes an oa?1 he asks :e!r an oa? be possible & b9d+1 s9ce we swe> only on condition t !re is a ,god 7)\t1 h[ev]1 /ipulat+ x1 z did ,protagoras74 ,& he ?9ks t 89 fact all oa?s tak5 hone/ly & discreetly h be5 tak5 9 no o!r s5se0 7,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 ,,ii1 #ah1 ,bes*luss74 ,pray] he dislikes /ill m4 8,pray]10 he says1 8z an int]nal =m ( cult1 & !re=e consid]$ z a means ( grace1 is a sup]/iti\s delusion 7feticism74444 ,a he>ty wi% to please ,god 9 all our actions1 t is1 a disposition pres5t 9 all our actions to p]=m !m z if 9 ! s]vice ( ,god1 is a _s ( pray] t c & ought to be our p]petual guide40 8,by ?is desire1 ! _s ( pray]1 man seeks to influ5ce only himself2 by pray]1 s9ce man expresses himself 9 words1 h5ce outw>dly1 he seeks to influ5ce ,god4 ,9 ! =m] s5se a pray] c be made ) all s9c]ity1 ?\gh man does n pret5d to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ,god fully e/abli%$2 9 ! latt] =m1 z an address1 he assumes ?is highe/ ,be+ z p]sonally pres5t1 or at lea/ pret5ds t he is conv9c$ ( its pres5ce1 9 ! belief t ev5 if x %\ld n be s x c d him no h>m1 on ! contr>y x may w9 him fav\r2 h5ce 9 ! latt] =m ( actual pray] we %all n f9d ! s9c]ity z p]fect z 9 ! =m]4 ,! tru? ( ?is la/ rem>k any "o w f9d confirm$ :5 he imag9es to himself a pi\s & well-mean+ man1 b r backw>d 9 reg>d to su* advanc$ religi\s ideas1 surpris$ by ano!r man :ile1 ,i w n say pray+ al\d1 b only 9 an attitude ( pray]2 any "o w expect1 )\t my say+ s1 t t man w be confus$1 z if he 7 9 a condition ( :i* he ought to be a%am$4 ,b :y ?is8 ,a man caught talk+ al\d to himself raises at once ! suspicion t 8 m9d is slightly d]ang$2 & n altoge!r wrongly1 because "o w\ld seem out ( m9d if f\nd all alone mak+ ge/ures z ?\gh he _h somebody else be=e him2 t1 h[ev]1 is ! case 9 ! example giv50 7,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 #d4 ,/ueck1 #b1 #d1 ,allgeme9e ,anm]kung74 ,?us x happ5s t 9 8 op9ion ^? :o h advanc$ 9 p]fection cease to pray4 ,nor does x seem t ,kant is s]i\s ab\t 8 po/ulate ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,ask$ by ,la*>pe :at he ?\ght ( ! s\l1 he did n answ] at fir/1 b rem>k$1 :5 ! "q 0 repeat$3 8,we mu/ n make too mu* boa/ ( x0 7,h4 ,hettn]1 ,lit]at4 ,ges*4 des #ah4 ,jahrh41 ,,iii1 #d4 ed41 #c1 p4 #bf4 ,f ,v>nhaus5's ,d5kwu]digkeit574 ,?\s&s h ) ,kant de/roy$ _! religi\s conviction by a boa/ful scepticism1 &1 l him1 f9ally giv5 x up to replace its lack by artificial autosugge/ions4 ,& is n ! religi\s life ( man !reby made completely valueless8 ,! highe/ tru?s on :i* ! m9d ( man lives1 & :i* f ! fir/ /age ( 8 exi/5ce n only int]e/$ b deeply /irr$ him1 become fiction1 pictures ( ! fancy1 sugge/ions ( an effem9ate m9d1 t _c make a la/+ impression on /rong] m9ds4 ,& h[ c ! products ( autosugge/ion give com=t & /r5g? 9 h\rs ( ne$ & trial8 ,x is true !y d n impose any obligations4 ,e "o is free to =m 8 own notions ( life2 !y are n to be tak5 s]i\sly anyway1 :e!r !y be ?is or t2 !y are all equally true & equally false4 ,buddhism is j z true z ,*ri/ianity1 ,mat]ialism z true z ,spiritualism1 ,mohamm$anism z true z ,quak]ism1 ! wisdom ( ! ,sa9ts z true z ! philosophy ( ! worldly4 8,! mo/ beautiful fl[] is gr[+ on ! same soil 7t ( ! emotions7 ) ! ranke/ we$0 7,hegel74 ,! decision re/s ) s5tim5ts :i* admit ( no argu+4 ,?us all is made ov] to scepticism1 to t con/ant d\bt+ :i* degrades & unn]ves ! high] life ( mod]n times1 to t mod]n agno/icism :i*1 ?\gh be>+ ! di/9ction ( ari/ocratic res]ve1 is 9 reality dulness & pov]ty ( intellect2 n a p]fection ( ! human intellect1 b a hide\s disease1 all ! m dang]\s because difficult to cure4 ,x is ! neura/h5ia ( ! intellect ( :i* ! physical neura/h5ia ( our g5]ation is ! c\nt]p>t4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>k betwe5 man & ! l[] animals has ev] be5 held to be t ! =m] c\ld kn[+ly /ep beyond ! sph]e ( ! s5ses1 into t _w ( :i* 8 intellect is a "p4 ,! conviction has always prevail$ t man by means ( 8 own valid laws ( ?\ght1 = in/ance1 ! pr9ciple ( causality1 c\ld safely asc5d f ! visible _w to an invisible "o4 ,?us also ! physician concludes ! int]ior cause ( ! disease f ! ext]ior symptoms1 ! physici/ ?us comes to ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( atoms & ions :i* he has nev] se51 & ! a/ronom] calculates ) ,lev]ri] ! exi/5ce & location ( />s :i* no eye has yet detect$4 ,"o ?+ has c]ta9ly be5 e/abli%$3 a free s5tim5t c n[ ass]t itself ) sov]eignty 9 ! mo/ important sph]es ( intellectual life1 )\t any b>ri]s ( /ation>y tru?s & immovable ,*ri/ian dogmas2 "o is n[ free to fa%ion 8 religion & ideals to suit ! individuum ineffabile4 ,! latt] asks no long] :at religion dem&s ( him1 b r h[ religion c s]ve 8 purposes4 8,= ! gods10 x is said1 8:i* we n[ ackn[l$ge1 are ^? we ne$1 :i* we c use1 ^: dem&s confirm & /r5g!n our own p]sonal dem&s & ^? ( our fell[-m54444 ,we apply !reby only ! pr9ciple ( elim9ation ( ev]y?+ unsuitable to man1 & ( ! survival ( ! fitte/1 to our own religi\s convictions02 8we turn to t religion :i* be/ suits our own individuality0 7,w4 ,james74 ,arrogant d\bt c n[ und]m9e all fundam5tal tru?s ( ,*ri/ian fai? until !y crumble to pieces2 beside x rises ! free g5ius ( ! new religion1 on ^: emblem ! "n ( ,god is no long] emblazon$1 b ! glitt]+ seal ( an indep5d5t humanity4 ,relative ,tru?4 ,fre$om ( ?\ght appe>s /ill m ju/ifi$ :5 we take a fur!r /ep :i* br+s u to ! consequ5ce ( subjectivism2 i4e41 :5 we advance s f> z to ass]t t !re are no un*angeable & 9 ?is s5se no absolute tru?s1 b only tempor>y1 *angeable1 relative tru?s4 ,& mod]n ?\ght does pr(ess ?is3 !re is no absolute tru?1 no religio et philosophia p]5nis2 diff]5t pr9ciples & views are ju/ifi$ & ev5 necess>y = diff]5t times & ev5 classes4 ,?is removes ano!r b>ri] to fre$om ( ?\ght1 viz41 allegiance to g5]ally accept$ tru?s & to ! convictions ( bygone ages4 ,! logicalness ( ?is fur!r /ep c h>dly be d5i$4 ,if ! human intellect1 indep5d5t ( ! laws ( objective tru?1 fa%ions its own object & tru?1 especially 9 ?+s above ! s5ses1 :y c x n =m = itself1 at diff]5t p]iods & 9 diff]5t /ages ( life1 a diff]5t religion & ano!r view ( ! _w8 ,_c ! human subject pass ?r\gh diff]5t phases8 ,he inde$ *anges 8 co/ume & /yle ( ar*itecture2 :y n also 8 ?\ghts8 ,e product ( ?\ght w\ld !n be ! "r "o = ! "t1 b w\ld be unt5able = a fur!r /age ( 8 intellectual g5esis & gr[?1 & w\ld h to be replac$ by a new "o4 ,! nature ( subjectivi/ic ?\ght is no long] an ob/acle to ?is4 ,besides1 we h ! mod]n idea ( evolution1 already pr$om9ant 9 all fields3 ! _w1 ! species ( plants & animals1 man himself ) 8 :ole life1 8 language1 "r1 family1 all ( !m ! products ( a p]petual evolution1 ev]y?+ con/antly *ang+4 ,:y n also 8 religion1 morality1 & view ( ! _w8 ,!y are only reflexes ( a tempor>y /ate ( civilization4 ,h5ce also "h motion & *ange1 evolution into new %apes6 ,!re=e1 s x is said1 we h n[ brok5 def9itely ) ! 8dogmatic me?od ( reason+0 ( ! belief 9 revelation1 & ( s*ola/ic philosophy :i* adh]$ to absolute tru?4 ,!y are replac$ by ! hi/orical-g5etical reason+ ( ! saeculum hi/oricum :i* 8has disc>d$ absolute tru?3 !re are only relative1 no et]nal tru?s0 7,pauls51 ,immanuel ,kant1 #ahih1 #chi74 ,we are fur!r assur$ t 8?is treatm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ?\ght prevails 9 ! sci5tific _w2 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* alone has n adopt$ x4 ,%e /ill cl+s to dogmatic reason+1 & t is natural to h]2 %e is sure t %e is 9 possession ( ! absolute tru?0 7,idem1 ,philosophia militans1 #b;d ed41 #aija1 #e74 ,outside ( ?is ,*ur* e p]iod ( "t is free to con/ruct its own !ories1 :i* w ev5tually g ) x z !y came ) x4 ,we meet ?is relative tru?1 & all ! indef9able hazy notions id5tifi$ ) x1 9 all sph]es4 ,! mod]n hi/ory ( philosophy & religion conc$es to e sy/em & religion ! "r to _! hi/oric position3 !y are necess>y phases ( evolution4 ,! notion ( immutable problems & tru?s by :i* any sy/em ( ?\ght w\ld h to be measur$ has be5 lo/4 8,! appe>ance & rejection ( a sy/em10 says ,j4 ,e4 ,erdmann1 8is a necessity ( _w-hi/ory4 ,! =m] 0 dem&$ by ! "* ( ! "t :i* ! sy/em reflect$1 ! latt] aga9 is dem&$ by ! fact t ! "t has *ang$0 7,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 #crd1 ,i1 #ahgh1 #d74 ,& ,pr(essor ,euck5 says3 8,despite all its advantages1 su* a view & con/ruction ( life is n a def9ite tru?1 x rema9s an attempt1 a problem t always causes new discord among m9ds0 7,grundl9i5 e9] neu5 ,leb5sans*auung1 #aijg1 #b74 8,?us1 if accord+ to ,hegel ! com+ into be+ con/itutes ! tru? ( be+1 ! ideals & aims also mu/ %>e 9 ! mobility1 & tru? becomes a *ild ( ! times 7v]itas temporis filia74 ,t app>5tly subjects life to a full-bl[n relativism1 b su* a relativism has lo/ all its t]ror by ! det]ioration ( ! old] me?od ( reason+4 ,= agreem5t ) exi/+ tru? is no long] its *ief object40 7,gei/ige ,/roemung5 d] ,geg5w>t1 #aijd1 p4 #aig74 ,! new !ory ( k assures u q g5]ally3 8,x is a va9 attempt to s+le out c]ta9 la/+ primitive =ms ( consci\sness1 ackn[l$g$ con/ant elem5ts ( ! m9d1 to reta9 !m4 ,e #8a-priori' pr9ciple :i* is ?us ma9ta9$ z an unali5able d[ry ( ?\ght1 z a necess>y result ( its psy*ological & physiological #8disposition1' w prove an ob/acle ( :i* ! progress ( sci5ce w /e] cle> soon] or lat]0 7,e4 ,cassir]1 ,das ,erk5ntnissproblem 9 d] ,philosophie und ,wiss5s*aft d] neu]5 ,zeit1 #aijf1 #f74 ,t ?is relativism is also lay+ h&1 m & m firmly1 ^u mod]n e?ics is well kn[n4 ,"o (t5 gets ! conviction t1 z ,e4 ,we/]m>k tea*es1 8!re is no absolute /&>d ( morality10 t 8!re are no g5]al tru?s10 8t all moral values10 z ,pr(4 ,r4 ,broda writes1 8are relative & v>y+ ) e p1 e civilization1 e society1 e free p]son0 7,dokum5te des ,=ts*ritts1 #aijh1 #cfb74 ,?us mod]n subjectivism has lo/ all s5se = def9ite rules ( ?\ght2 9 its frantic ru% = fre$om & 9 its confus$ excitem5t x seeks to upset all b>ri]s4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 we may disreg>d convictions ?\s&s ( ye>s old1 by simply obs]v+ t !y suit$ =m] ages b n ! pres5t2 t !y p]haps suit ! un$ucat$ b n ! educat$4 ,h5ce=? "o may also reject ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity by m]ely po9t+ out t !y 7 at "o "t ( importance1 b are n suit$ to ! mod]n man4 ,t is an idea readily grasp$1 "o :i* has already become q g5]al ) ^? :o are m5tally tir$ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at is dem&$ is a fur!r evolution also ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 a cont9u\s cultivation ( fre]1 high] =ms1 an undogmatic ,*ri/ianity )\t duty to believe1 )\t a ,*ur*3 no?+ else1 9 ! end1 b a veil$ humanit>ian religion4 8,x w be difficult = com+ g5]ations to und]/&10 says ,pauls51 9 ! same s5se1 8h[ our "t c\ld cl+ 9 religi\s in/ruction ) su* peace ( m9d to a sy/em :i*1 hav+ orig9at$ sev]al c5turies ago "u entirely diff]5t conditions ( intellectual life1 /&s 9 /rik+ contra/ to facts & ideas accept$ by our "t ev]y:]e outside ! s*ools40 ,h5ce a revision ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity is ne$$4 ,away ) ev]y?+ sup]natural & miracul\s1 ob$i5ce to fai?1 orig9al s91 r$emption3 all ?is s\nds /range to ! mod]n man4 8,s !re rema9s b "o way3 to adapt ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* to ! !ories & views ( our times0 7,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 #h? ed41 #aijf1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdg1 #bej74 ,& ,euck5 says simil>ly3 8,we c adopt ! doctr9al sy/em ( ! ,*ur* only by retir+ f ! pres5t back to ! pa/0 7,zeits*r4 fu] ,philosophie u4 ,phil4 ,kritik #aab1 #ahih1 #afe74 ,!re=e we dem& evolution ( ! ,*ri/ian religion6 8,let u n bl9dly foll[ antiquat$ doctr9es dispos$ ( by sci5ce10 we are exhort$4 8,let !re be no fe> le/ our belief 9 ,god & true piety suff] by x6 ,let u rememb] t ev]y?+ e>?ly is 9 cont9ual motion1 c>ri$ along by ! ru%+ riv] ( life40 ,onw>d1 !re=e1 to advancem5t6 444 *e]fully av[+ ! wat*word3 8evolution ( religion0 7,fr4 ,delitzs*1 ,zweit] ,vortrag ueb] ,babel u4 ,bibel1 #de4 ?\s&1 #aijd1 #db74 ,mod]n ,prote/ant !ology has a*iev$ a great deal 9 ?is direction2 its evolution has progress$ to a complete dis9tegration ( ,*ri/ianity1 by adapt+ x to mod]n ideas s ?or\ghly t !re is n a s+le ?\ght left :i* ?is ,*ri/ianity1 r$uc$ to mean+less words1 might n accept4 ,?is is ! relativism ( ! pres5t subjectivi/ic reason+ & its consequ5ces4 ,n[1 x is true t !re is room = a c]ta9 relativity & evolution 9 ! field ( ?\ght & tru?4 ,!re is a relative tru? 9 ! s5se t our k ( x is nev] exhau/ive4 ,ev5 ! et]nal tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion we always "k only imp]fectly1 & we ought to p]fect our k cont9ually2 e/abli%$ facts ( hi/ory c also be kn[n1 if /udi$1 9 great] detail4 ,?us !re is progress & evolution4 ,b f ?is we may n conclude t !re c be no fix$ tru?s at all4 ,9 ! a/ronomy ( to-day "o c surely h ! conviction t ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,cop]nicus's ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se mu/ rema9 an un*angeable tru?1 & t ! "t w nev] come :5 we %all g back to ! obsolete doctr9es ( old ,ptolemy1 :o made ! sun revolve ar\nd ! e>?4 ,is a/ronomy !re=e exclud$ f progress & evolution8 ,x is moreov] true t ! individual z well z ! community pass ?r\gh an intellectual evolution 9 ! s5se t !y gradually increase _! k & correct _! errors1 t lit]ature & ! s*ools gradually enhance ! en]gy & weal? ( our ideas & ?\ghts4 ,b a progressive *ange ( ! laws ( ?\ght1 to ! effect t we mu/ n[ hold to a proposition :i* at ano!r "t we %\ld naturally reject z unt5able1 c be ma9ta9$ only ^u ! supposition t ! ?\ght ( evolution has driv5 all o!rs out ( ! intellect4 ,x w\ld be absurd to hold t ! same view c\ld be true at "o "t & false at ano!r1 t ! same views ab\t ! _w & life c\ld be "r to-day & wrong to-morr[1 to be accept$ to-day & reject$ to-morr[4 ,a view is ei!r true or false4 ,if true1 x is always true & w>rant$4 ,or 0 old ,?ales "r :5 he decl>$ ! _w to consi/ ( wat]2 7 ,plato & ,ari/otle "r 9 ma9ta9+ t x consi/$ ( ideas1 or =ms1 ) real exi/5ces2 0 ,fi*te & 8 "t "r ) 8 ,ego1 & are f9ally ,s*op5hau]1 ,wundt1 & ,pauls5 "r 9 claim+ ! _w to be ! "w ( ! w8 ,7 our h]oic ance/ors "r1 z ! !ories ( evolution claim1 9 hold+ t trees are inhabit$ by gho/s2 7 !n ! ,greeks "r ) _! idea ( a ho/ ( gods dwell+ 9 ! ,olympus2 & lat] on1 0 ! civiliz$ _w "r 9 hold+ t !re is b "o ,god1 a p]sonal "o2 &1 aft] t1 are _m o!rs ( to-day "r :5 !y tell u t ! _w1 & nature itself1 is god8 ,^! are conclusions t ?reat5 confusion to ! human bra94 ,& yet !y are ! logical consequ5ces ( 8relative tru?10 & any "o reluctant to accept ^! consequ5ces w\ld prove !reby t he has nev] realiz$ :at absurdities are m>ket$ z relative tru?4 ,or %all we give x up1 z entirely impossible1 to judge ( ! tru? or fals5ess ( doctr9es & views8 ,are we to value !m only s f> z !y are adapt$ to a p]iod1 & z m\ld+ & b5efit+ t p]iod8 ,?is op9ion inde$ is held4 8,! values ( sci5ce & philosophy10 says ,pauls51 8( our arts & poetry1 consi/ 9 :at !y give u2 :e!r a di/ant future w /ill use !m is v que/ionable4 ,s*ola/ic philosophy has pass$ away2 we use x no long]2 t is1 h[ev]1 no pro( aga9/ its value2 if x has made ! g5]ations liv+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! ,middle ,ages m intellig5t & wise 444 !n x has done all t c\ld rightfully be expect$ ( x3 hav+ s]v$ its purpose1 x may be laid ) ! dead3 !re is no philosophy ( endur+ value40 8,:atev] new ideas a p produces f its own inn] nature w be b5eficial to x4 ,nature may be confid5tly expect$ to produce "h & ev]y:]e at ! "r "t :at is prop] & necess>y0 7,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 #h? ed41 #aijf1 ,i1 #cci1 seq41 ,,ii1 #bda74 ,we h "h a v deplorable misconception ( ! real value ( tru?1 degrad+ x to suit pass+ int]e/s & to promote !m4 ,?is also is 9 con=mity ) subjectivism4 ,b :at c\ld be answ]$ to ! /raight "q3 suppose ! op9ions :i* "s pref] to call 8false0 are m useful & valuable ?an 8tru?08 ,none b ,nietzs*e _h ! c\rage to say t 8! falsity ( a judgm5t is n yet a suffici5t prejudice aga9/ x2 "h our new spee* w p]haps s\nd /range/4 ,! "q is3 ,h[ f> is t judgm5t life-promot+1 life-su/a9+1 pres]vative1 ev5 creative ( species1 & we are incl9$1 on pr9ciple1 to say t ! false/ judgm5ts are to u ! mo/ indisp5sable0 7,j5seits von ,gut und ,boese1 ,i1 #d1 ,w4 ,w4 ,,vii1 #ab47 ,! view t doctr9es & op9ions become especially or exclusively true & valuable by _! usefulness = practical life1 has become 9 our times ! pr9ciple ( pragmatism4 ,:at o!rs ?\ght out only half way1 ,nietzs*e reasons out to ! end4 ,to :at l5g?s ?is contempt ( objective tru? may lead a man ( su* an hone/ "* z ,pauls51 is le>n$ f 8 advice to ! mod]n ,prote/ant prea*] :o c no long] believe :at he has to prea* to 8 or?odox congregation3 he may speak j z suits 8 congregation1 or?odox z well z unor?odox1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( relative tru?4 8,let u assume10 he says1 8t 8 congregation is ( a remote c\ntry village1 :]e n ! slighte/ report ( ! happ5+s 9 !ology & lit]ature has p5etrat$1 :]e ! names ( ,/rauss & ,r5an are z little he>d z ^? ( ,kant & ,s*lei]ma*]4 ,"h ! ,bible is /ill tak5 to be ! lit]al ,^w ( ,god1 transmitt$ to u by holy m5 commission$ to d x4 ,9 ?is case ! prea*] may speak )\t scruple ( t book 9 ! same way z 8 pres5t he>]s are us$ to4 ,w\ld he ?us be say+ :at is wrong8 ,:at is meant by say+ ! ,bible is ! ,^w ( ,god8 ,! same prea*]1 if transf]r$ to o!r surr\nd+s :]e he has to address read]s ( ,/rauss & ,kant1 may *ange 8 mann] ( speak+ )\t *ang+ 8 view or )\t violat+ ! tru? "o way or ! o!r4 ,he w\ld be speak+ to !m f _! own po9t ( view4444 ,aga91 %\ld ! same prea*] publi% 8 philosophical sci5tific rese>*1 he c\ld speak ( ,holy ,scripture 9 an entirely diff]5t way44440 ,& he adds3 8,"s h tak5 exception to ?is op9ion40 ,surely n )\t reason6 ,a ju/ification ( ?is c\nsel 0 attempt$ 9 ^! words3 8,j z ! electric inc&esc5t light & ! tall[-c&le may exi/ side by side1 & z ea* ( !m may s]ve its purpose 9 its prop] place1 s !re exi/ also side by side v>i\s physical & metaphysical ideas & fundam5tal notions3 ! sci5ti/ & ! philosoph] & ! old gr&mo!r 9 h] cottage on ! remote m\nta9-side1 _c ?9k ( ! _w 9 ! same way0 7,e?ik ,,ii1 #bdj-bdd74 ,b ! argum5t1 if x %\ld prove any?+1 mu/ be =mulat$ ?us3 8,z ! inc&esc5t light c at ! same "t be a tall[-c&le1 j s c two diff]5t & opposite views ab\t "o & ! same ?+ be at ! same "t bo? "r40 ,?us1 ?anks to ! sci5ce ( mod]n subjectivism1 e fix$ & un*angeable tru?1 especially 9 ! sph]e ( philosophy & religion1 is remov$1 & ) x also e b>ri] to fre$om ( ?\ght 9 sci5ce z well z else:]e4 ,! human intellect 9 its autonom\s self-consci\sness may n only reject ^? tru?s :i* are propos$ by revelation or ! ,*ur*2 x may n only exp]i5ce its views ( religion & ! _w by giv+ free activity to its feel+s1 x also kn[s t to be no long] satisfi$ ) ! old tru?s means to be progressive4 ,above we h sket*$ ! deep]-ly+ ?\ghts on :i* ! lib]al fre$om ( sci5ce is bas$2 x is ! humanit>ian view ( ! _w ) its emancipation ( man1 & autonom\s scepticism 9 ?\ght1 jo9$ to t sceptical disreg>d ( tru? :i* once ! repres5tative ( expir+ pagan antiquity compris$ 9 ! words3 ,quid e/ v]itas8 ,n[ we also und]/& bett] ! lib]al sci5ce :i* (t5 claims ! privilege ( be+ 8!0 sci5ce1 & :i* only too (t5 likes to put d[n z unw>rant$ & inf]ior e o!r sci5ce t does n pursue its inve/igations 9 ! same way4 ,we und]/& its me?ods ( ?\ght 9 philosophy & religion1 = :i* x claims an exclusive privilege2 we c also =m a judgm5t ( its claim to be ! lead] ( humanity 9 place ( fai?4 ,no d\bt !re are _m :o are flirt+ ) ?is fre$om )\t accept+ its pr9ciples entirely4 ,!y d n reason out ! ?+ to ! end1 !y argue aga9/ ! invasion ( ! ,*ur* into ! field ( sci5ce1 & po9t to ,galileo2 !y d5\nce ,index & ,syllabus1 & !n believe !y h !re) exhau/$ ! mean+ ( fre$om ( sci5ce4 ,t ! real matt] 9 "q is a view ( ! _w diametrically oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian view1 t a *ang$ !ory ( cognition is und]ly+ x1 is by _m b insuffici5tly realiz$4 ,?is fre$om is n acceptable to "o :o pr(esses ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,he w n (f] any feeble apology to ! eulogi/ ( ?is fre$om1 z1 = in/ance3 ,inde$ y are q "r ab\t y\r fre$om1 b please rememb] t ,i1 too1 z a fai?ful ,*ri/ian am entitl$ to pr(ess fre$om4 ,no2 ! answ] c only be3 ,fre$om1 yes2 b ?is fre$om1 no4 ,a :olly diff]5t view ( ! _w sep>ates me f x4 ,i see 9 x n fre$om b rebellion1 n ! rights ( man b upheaval1 n a real boon ( mank9d b real dang]4 ,! pr9ciple ( lib]alism has 9 ! field ( social economy already done en\gh to wreck man's welf>e4 ,x has "h prov$ its incompet5ce z a factor ( civilization4 ,t 9 sci5ce also1 :]e x is active 9 ! field ( philosophy & religion1 lib]alism is ! pr9ciple ( ov]?r[+ true sci5ce1 )\t any appreciation = tru? & human nature1 t x is a pr9ciple ( intellectual paup]ism & decay1 t x despoils man ( 8 greate/ treasures1 inh]it$ f bett] c5turies--?is we %all prove conclusively4 ,x is difficult to say h[ long ! high tide ( lib]alism w sweep ov] ! fields ( mod]n intellectual life be=e x subsides4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t j s long x w rema9 a dang] to ,*ri/ian civilization1 & to ! intellectual life ( mank9d4 ,,second ,,section4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,rese>* ,,& ,,fai?4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,rese>* ,& ,fai? ,9 ,g5]al4 ,introduction4 ,:5 ! y\? gr[+ to maturity beg9s to feel ! developm5t ( 8 own /r5g?1 x may happ5 t he f9ds 8 dep5d5ce on home unbe>ably try+4 ,p]haps he w say1 8,fa!r1 give me ! portion ( sub/ance t falle? to me10 & !n dep>t into a /range c\ntry4 ,! m5 ( ,europe h = c5turies liv$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion z 9 _! fa!rs' h\se1 & h f>$ well4 ,b to _m *ildr5 ( our "t ! old home/ead has become too conf9+4 ,mod]n man1 we are told1 has at la/ come to 8 s5ses4 ,he wants to develop 8 p]sonality1 ?\ghts1 & s5tim5ts freely1 indep5d5tly ( e au?ority4 ,he turns 8 back on 8 fa!r's h\se4 ,8 p>t+ words are ! accusation3 ,! old ,*ur* 8opposes ! mod]n pr9ciples ( free individuality1 ! "r to dra9 ! cup ( "o's own reason & p]sonal life1 & x sets itself aga9/ ! :ole ( mod]n feel+1 inve/igation1 & activity0 7,?4 ,ziegl]1 ,ges*4 d] ,e?ik1 ,,ii1 #b;d ed41 #ahib1 p4 #ehi74 ,we are already acqua9t$ ) ?is fre$om4 ,we approa* n[ ! ma9 "q3 ,:at is ! true relation ( ! fre$om1 :i* man may rightly claim = 8 sci5tific activity & reason1 to ext]nal laws & regulations8 ,is man really ju/ifi$ to reject !m all on ! plea t !y degrade 8 intellect & are an ob/acle to 8 developm5t1 or does ?is rejection b manife/ an error into :i* 8 desire ( fre$om has decoy$ him8 ,?is is ! "q1 x w be rememb]$1 t we rea*$ soon 9 ! beg9n+ ( our inve/igation4 ,we h already f\nd ! categorical answ]--an emphatic rejection ( su* ju/ification2 we also trac$ ! hypo!ses on :i* ! answ] re/s4 ,we n[ return to ! "q to discuss x 9 pr9ciple4 ,we beg9 ) ! fre$om ( sci5tific rese>*1 9 ord] to take up aft]w>ds ! fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,:at are ^? ext]nal p[]s t may int]rupt or caution ! sci5ti/ 9 8 inve/igations & problems8 ,"h we d n yet consid] ! sci5ti/ z a tea*]1 communicat+ to ! public ! result ( 8 inve/igation1 8 ideas & views1 f ! univ]sity *air to 8 sci5tific audi5ce1 or to a wid] circle ( he>]s by means ( publications2 we "h reg>d him 9 8 private /udy only1 9 ! pursuit ( :i* he p]haps enc\nt]s new que/ions1 & new solutions sugge/ !mselves to him4 ,:at fre$om c he & mu/ he enjoy "h8 ,?is private fre$om mu/ evid5tly be judg$ f a po9t ( view o!r ?an t f :i* ! fre$om 9 tea*+ %\ld be judg$4 ,) ! latt]1 ! int]e/s ( 8 contempor>ies mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & ! "q mu/ be consid]$1 :e!r !y suff] by su* tea*+4 ,! fre$om ( ! sci5ti/ is great] ?an t ( ! tea*]4 ,moreov]1 rese>* is ! pr9cipal & mo/ important activity ( sci5ce3 no?+1 surely1 is taught t has n be5 previ\sly inve/igat$4 ,if1 !re=e1 rese>* is 9 any way re/rict$1 s also is tea*+2 b n vice v]sa4 ,are !re1 !n1 ext]ior au?orities t may re/ra9 rese>* & reason+1 & :at are !y8 ,"o :o lives 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w kn[s at once ( :at au?ority to ?9k4 ,x is n ! /ate4 ,! /ate _c directly influ5ce ! private "w ( ! /ud5t3 if x may ex]t its influ5ce directly ^u any?+1 x is only ^u fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,no1 ! au?ority to ?9k ( is ! au?ority ( ! fai?1 reveal$ religion & its gu>dian1 ! ,*ur*4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n ! only au?ority4 ,ev5 if a revelation f heav5 _h n be5 giv5 u1 yet ^? g5]al convictions ( mank9d1 common to all nations & times1 ( ! immutability ( ! laws ( ?\ght & morality1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a supramundane ,god1 ( ! retribution = moral conduct to be made 9 ! _w to come1 ( ! sanctity ( /ate-au?ority1 ( ! necessity ( private prop]ty1 & o!rs1 w\ld ev] rema9 mo/ rev]$ utt]ances ( tru?4 ,no "o w\ld be all[$ to contradict ?is av[al ( all mank9d1 rely+ on 8 own reason+1 :i* he calls sci5ce1 & give ! lie to ! reason+ ( all o!r m51 9 ord] to make 8 own reason ! sole measure ( tru?4 ,b = ! pres5t let u pass ov] ! natural au?ority ( mank9d1 ( its convictions & traditions4 ,x is surpass$ & replac$ by ! au?ority ( fai? :i* belongs to our ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! latt] comes to u claim+ to possess ! only true view ( ! _w1 & lay+ ^u u ! obligation ( accept+ x4 ,x has ev5 ! c\rage to put its ana!ma ^u propositions :i* ! sci5ti/ may call sci5ce2 x d>es write out a li/ ( ! propositions :i* x condemns z unt5able4 ,aga9/ ?is au?ority ! prote/ is rais$3 ,:]e is fre$om ( rese>*1 if "o _c ev5 indulge 9 8 own ideas1 if ! intellect is to be cropp$ & fett]$8 ,:at is to become ( frank1 unprejudic$ inve/igation1 if ,i am f ! outset b\nd to c]ta9 propositions1 if f ! outset ! result at :i* ,i mu/ arrive is already det]m9$8 ,x is intellectual bondage t ! man ( fai? is langui%+ 94 ,?us reads ! indictm5t2 ?us s\nds ! battle-cry4 ,is ! indictm5t ju/ifi$8 ,c & %all sci5ce take fai? z a guide 9 _m in/ances )\t detrim5t to its own innate fre$om8 ,& :]e1 & :58 ,fir/1 ! m g5]al "q3 ,is fre$om ( rese>* compatible ) ! duty to believe1 or d !y exclude ea* o!r 9 pr9ciple8 ,:at ,fai? is ,n4 ,:at1 !n1 is fai?1 & :at does ! duty to believe dem& ( u8 ,"h we meet at once ) a false proposition :i* ! oppon5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? w n ab&on4 ,to !m fai? is always a bl9d ass5t1 9 giv+ :i* "o does n ask1 nor d>e ask1 :e!r ! proposition be true--a belief )\t p]sonal conviction4 ,accord+ to !m ! believ] holds himself 8captive to ! tea*+ ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,he _c reflect p]sonally1 b foll[s bl9dly ! lead ( au?ority & =ce ( habit40 ,?us 8,ca?olicism is ! religion ( bondage0 7,w4 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 #c;d ed41 #aijc1 ,,ii1 #bee1 #bed74 ,to !m x is b an 8uncritical submission to ! exi/+ au?ority1 un9flu5c$ ei!r by ! te/imony ( ! s5ses or ! reflection ( ! intellect0 7,k4 ,m5g]1 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 #bd ,nov41 #aijg74 ,! campaign = lib]al sci5ce is d5\nc+ ^? :o 8ev5 to-day d>e to dem& bl9d fai?10 8)\t pro( or criticism10 fai? 9 ! 8^w ( ! ,popes & m5 pret5d+ to be int]pret]s & emiss>ies ( ,god1 m5 :o h prov$ _! incompet5ce & inability by ! physical & religi\s co]cion to :i* !y h subject$ mank9d0 7,t4 ,g4 ,mas>yk1 ,v boji o nboz5/vi1 ,! ,battle = ,religion1 #aijd1 p4 #aj1 #bc74 ,to be sure1 if ! ,*ri/ian fai? 7 su*1 x w\ld be intellectual slav]y4 ,if ,i am compell$ to believe some?+ ( :i* ,i _c "k ! tru?1 ?is is co]cion1 & conflicts ) ! nature ( ! intellect & its "r to tru?4 ,infidelity w\ld !n be lib]ation4 ,b fai? is n t4 ,z a rule ?is view is bas$ on a presumption1 :i* has already be5 ext5sively discuss$1 viz41 t fai? & religion h no?+ at all to d ) intellectual activity1 b are m]ely ! product ( ! he>t1 a s5tim5tal1 freely act+ notion2 =1 ( metaphysical objects no human intellect c =m a c]ta9 conviction4 ,x is subjectivism t leads to ?is view4 ,accord+ to x ! subject creates its own _w ( ?\ght1 free 9 action & feel+1 n inde$ ev]y:]e1--9 ! sph]e ( s5se-exp]i5ce ! evid5ce ( ! concrete is too great1--b at lea/ 9 ! sph]e ( metaphysical tru?4 ,su* modes ( expression f9d _! way also into ,ca?olic lit]ature & language2 ev5 "h we meet ) ! ass]tion t religion is a matt] ( ! he>t1 & = t v reason has no?+ to d ) sci5ce4 ,on ! :ole x is a rem>kable fact t among believ+ m5 _m expressions are curr5t t h be5 co9$ 9 ! m9t ( mod]n philosophy1 & h !re receiv$ a special significance4 ,!y are us$ )\t real k ( _! orig9 & purpos$ mean+2 b ! words d n fail to col\r _! ideas1 & to create imp]ceptibly a /range tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,"o :o is ( ! op9ion t religion & views ( ! _w are b s5tim5t & feel+1 :i* *ange ) "o's p]sonality & individuality1 c1 ( c\rse1 no long] und]/& a dogmatic ,*ri/ianity & ! obligation to hold fa/ to cle>ly def9$ dogmas z un*angeable tru?4 ,i c hold dogmas & doctr9al decisions to be unque/ionably true only :5 ,i c conv9ce myself ( _! cr$ibility by ! judgm5t ( my reason4 ,if ,i _c d t1 & am /ill b\nd to believe !m1 )\t ! lea/ d\bt1 !n su* ob$i5ce is compulsory repression ( ! reason4 ,!n x w\ld inde$ be necess>y = ! ,*ur*1 z ,kant says1 8to in/il into its flock a pi\s dread ( ! lea/ deviation f c]ta9 articles ( fai? bas$ on hi/ory1 & a dread ( all inve/igation1 to su* a degree t !y d>e n let a d\bt rise1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 aga9/ ! articles propos$ = _! belief1 because ?is w\ld be tantam\nt to l5d+ an e> to ! evil _s0 7,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft1 #c4 ,/ueck1 #b4 ,abtlg474 ,fix$ dogmas may !n at ! v mo/1 accord+ to ! great ma/] ( mod]n ?\ght1 be ( p$agogic value to a m9or1 until he be gr[n to maturity4 ,b to m advanc$ m9ds mu/ be unconditionally conc$$ ! fre$om to con/ruct dogmas z !y ?9k be/1 viz41 z symbols & images = ! subjective ?\ght !y und]lie4 ,?is also1 z is well kn[n1 is an article ( ,mod]nism1 :i* "h aga9 foll[s 9 ! /eps ( ,kant4 8,ecclesia/ical fai?10 says ,kant1 8may be useful z a vehicle to m9ors :o c grasp a purely rational religion only ?r\gh symbols1 until 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ow+ to ! g5]al enlight5m5t1 !y c ) ! cons5t ( ev]ybody ex*ange ! =m ( degrad+ means ( co]cion = an ecclesia/ical =m suitable to ! dignity ( a moral religion--t ( free fai?40 8,! membranes10 he says 9 ano!r place1 89 :i* ! embryo fir/ %ap$ itself into man mu/ be ca/ (f1 if he is to see ! light ( day4 ,! apron-/r+s ( sacr$ tradition ) its app5dages1 viz41 ! /atutes & obs]vances :i* at "o "t did good s]vice1 c gradually be disp5s$ )2 !y may ev5 become a h>mful h9drance :5 "o is gr[+ to manhood40 ,( c\rse1 to him :o takes ! position ( ,kant's dualism ( belief & rational judgm5t1 fre$om f e au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?1 & 9 ?is s5se tol]ance1 w appe> to be self-evid5t4 ,:atev] has no?+ to d ) k1 b is m]ely ! p]sonal result ( an inn]1 subjective exp]i5ce1 _c be (f]$ by ext]nal au?ority z matt] = in/ruction4 ,! sole /&>d = ?is belief is ! autonom\s subject & its own ne$s4 ,9 ?is s5se ,h>nack tells u3 8,! k]nel ( "o's be+ is to be grasp$ 9 its own dep?s & ! s\l is m]ely to recognize its own ne$s & ! road trac$ out = _! gratification4 ,?is c only be done ) ! fulle/ fre$om4 ,any re/ra9t "h is tantam\nt to ! de/ruction ( ! problem2 any submission to ! tea*+ ( o!rs 444 is treason to "o's own religion0 7,religioes] ,glaube und freie ,=s*ung4 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 #g4 ,juni1 #aijh74 ,to h "o's religion det]m9$ by any au?ority1 ev5 a div9e "o1 w\ld be treason to ! sov]eignty ( man6 ,view$ f ?is /&po9t1 ! reconciliation betwe5 fai? & sci5ce is no long] a problem4 ,& !y congratulate !mselves on ! solution ( ?is vex+ "q4 ,n[1 !y say1 deliv]ance f an oppressive mis]y has be5 f\nd1 n[ ! peace s\ght = s long is re/or$4 ,a fair division has be5 made3 two worlds1 ! _w ( ! s5ses1 & ! _w above s5se exp]i5ce4 ,"o belongs to sci5ce1 :]e x n[ rules supreme2 ! o!r belongs to fai?1 :]e x c move freely1 undi/urb$ by1 & ev5 unapproa*able to sci5ce4 ,j z ! />s 9 ! sky are inaccessible to ! cu/odian ( civil ord]1--he c nei!r support !m nor h9d] !m1 nor pull !m d[n1--j s ! realm ( fai? is inaccessible to sci5ce3 peace reigns ev]y:]e4 ,*e]$ on by ?is treaty ( peace1 ,pauls5 writes3 8,?us critical philosophy has solv$ ! old problem ( ! relation ( k to fai?4 ,kant is conv9c$ t by prop]ly sett+ ! limits he has succe$$ 9 lay+ ! f\ndation = real & endur+ peace betwe5 !m4 ,9 fact1 ^u ?is 9 ! fir/ place w re/ ! importance & vitality ( 8 philosophy4 ,x gives to k1 on ! "o h&1 :at belongs to x = unlimit$ rese>*1 ! :ole _w ( ph5om5a2 on ! o!r h& x gives to fai? its et]nal "r1 ! int]pretation ( life & ! _w f ! view-po9t ( values4 ,!re c be no d\bt t h]e9 lies ! cause ( ! great impression made by ,kant ^u 8 "t2 he appe>$ z ! lib]ator f unbe>able susp5se0 7,immanuel ,kant1 #ahih1 #f74 ,to a critical obs]v]1 su* peace-mak+ is utt]ly incompreh5sible4 ,!y probably did n consid] t 9 ?is way religion & fai? 7 n lib]at$1 b dispossess$2 n br\ght to a place ( safety1 b transf]r$ f ! realm ( reality into ! realm ( fancy4 ,simil>ly an aggressive rul] might address a neighb\r+ pr9ce ?us3 ,we _c agree any long]1 let u make peace3 y reta9 all y\r titles1 & ,i %all see to y\r dec5t support1 b y w h to lay d[n y\r cr[n & sov]eignty & leave ! c\ntry--9 ?is way we c h peace4 ,religion1 once ! greate/ p[] 9 ! life ( man1 = ! sake ( :i* man made sacrifices & ev5 laid d[n 8 life1 has n[ become a matt] ( /]ile devotion2 x may1 moreov]1 no long] claim p[] & importance2 x is n[ r$uc$ to a poetic feel+1 ) :i* "o c fill up intellectual vacancies4 ,no long] is man "h = religion's sake2 religion is "h = man's sake4 ,a buttonhole fl[]1 a poetic p]fume to spr9kle ov] 8 p]son4 ,= he does n want to give up religion entirely4 8,we are ! less incl9$ to give up religion =?)1 s9ce we are prone to consid] a religi\s disposition z a pr]ogative ( human nature1 ev5 z its noble/ title40 ,?us ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 :5 he ask$ ( ^? :o sympa?iz$ ) 8 op9ions1 ,h we /ill religion8 7,d] alte u4 neue ,glaube1 ,,ii1 n4 #cc74 ,( c\rse religion has n[ become some?+ q diff]5t2 x has be5 consign$ to deep degradation4 ,to be sure1 feel+ is ( great importance 9 religion4 ,dissatisfaction ) ! ?+s ( ?is e>?1 man's long+ = some?+ high]1 = ! ,inf9ite1 8 crav+ = immortality1 = aid & consolation--are all naturally seek+ = religi\s tru?s4 ,if ^! are kn[n1 !y 9 turn ar\se fe> & hope1 love & gratitude2 !y become a s\rce ( happ9ess & inspiration4 ,b ^! feel+s h no mean+ unless we are c]ta9 t !re exi/s some?+ correspond+ to !m2 mu* less c\ld !y ( !mselves be a conviction1 j z little z hung] c\ld conv9ce u t we h food & dr9k4 ,if "o _c p]ceive t !re is a ,god1 a ,provid5ce1 a life beyond1 !n religion s9ks to ! level ( a hazy feel+1 )\t reason & tru?1 :i* mu/ appe> fooli% to m5 :o ?9k1--z 8! great phantasmagoria ( ! human m9d1 :i* we call religion0 7,jodl1 ,g$ank5 b] ,re=m ,ka?olizismus1 #aijb1 #ab71--:i* dep>ts f ! sph]e ( rational intellectual life1 & :i* _m h ev5 begun to contemplate f ! view-po9t ( psy*opa?ology4 ,x is only due to ! aft]-effect ( a m religi\s pa/ t religion is suff]$ to lead /ill a life ( pret5ce3 moral support 9 /ruggles x c give no m1 nor com=t 9 d>k h\rs1 mu* less may x presume to guide man's ?\ght4 ,x /&s f> bel[ sci5ce4 ,despair ( ! possibility ( kn[+ high] tru?s is confront+ u1 ! disease ( det]iorat+ times & intellectually decay+ nations4 ,b j z ,*ri/ianity1 once 9 y\?ful vig\r1 w5t to ! rescue ( an old ,_w dy+ ( scepticism1 j z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has ev] upheld ! rights ( reason1 especially aga9/ ,prote/antism1 :i* f its beg9n+ has torn asund] fai? & k3 s ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* /&s to ?is day unaffect$ by ! d\bt+ t5d5cy ( our times1 uphold+ ! rights ( reason4 ,x also upholds fai?4 ,b its fai? has no?+ to d ) mod]n agno/icism4 ,:at ,fai? ,is4 ,:at1 !n1 accord+ to ,ca?olic doctr9e1 is fai? & ! duty to believe8 ,let u briefly recall to m9d ! fundam5tal t5ets ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x tells u t ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b m especially 9 ! ,new1 ?r\gh ,8 ,inc>nate ,son1 ,god has reveal$ to man all ^? religi\s & moral tru?s :i* are necess>y & suffici5t = ! atta9m5t ( 8 sup]natural end4 ,"s ( !m are tru?s :i* reason by itself c\ld n discov]2 o!rs x c\ld discov]1 b only by great lab\r4 ,& ?is div9e revelation dem&s belief4 ,belief is natural to man4 ,! *ild believes its p>5ts1 ! judge believes ! witnesses1 ! rul] believes 8 c\nsellors4 ,god wi%$ to meet man 9 ?is way1 & to give him c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! highe/ tru?s4 ,b revelation 0 to be an h]itage ( mank9d1 x 0 to be transmitt$ & laid unadult]at$ be=e all g5]ations4 ,= ?is reason x c\ld n be left unprotect$ to ! vicissitudes ( "t1 or ! arbitr>y int]pretation ( ! individual4 ,x w\ld h utt]ly fail$ 9 its purpose ( transmitt+ sure k ( c]ta9 tru?1--! hi/ory ( ,prote/antism proves ?is1--_h x be5 giv5 m]ely ) ! injunction3 ,receive :at ,i h committ$ to y\r keep+1 & d ) x :at y please4 ,no1 x _h to be made secure aga9/ subjective1 arbitr>y *oice4 ,to ?is end ,*ri/ e/abli%$ an int]national organization1 ! ,*ur*1 & committ$ to x ,8 ,gospel z a means ( grace1 toge!r ) ! "r & sacr$ duty to tea* x to all m5 9 ,8 ,"n1 to keep inviolate ! heirloom ( revelation1 def5d+ x aga9/ all error4 8,go+1 !re=e1 tea* ye all nations0 7,matt4 xxviii4 #ai71 0 ,8 comm&4 8,g ye into ! :ole _w & prea* ! ,gospel to e creature2 he t believe? & is baptiz$ %all be sav$1 b he t believe? n %all be condemn$0 7,m>k xvi4 #ae74 8,he t he>e? y1 he>e? ,me1 & he t despise? y1 despise? ,me0 7,luke x4 #af74 8,behold1 ,i am ) y all days1 ev5 to ! consummation ( ! _w0 7,matt4 xxviii4 #bj74 ,he gave ,8 div9e aid to ! ,*ur*1 9 ord] t %e might infallibly keep ,8 doctr9e to ! v end ( "t4 ,?us ! div9e revelation & ! ,*ur* approa* all m5 ) ! duty to believe3 8he t believe? %all be sav$10 ,god gravely comm&s2 8& if he w n he> ! ,*ur*1 let him be to !e z ! hea!n & publican0 7,matt4 xviii4 #ag74 ,!y lay _! tea*+s be=e ! human intellect1 bidd+ x reta9 !m z indubitable tru?1 ^u _! infallible te/imony1 yet only aft] conv9c+ itself t ,god has really spok51 & t ?is ,*ur* is ! true "o1 :i* _c err4 ,& only aft] hav+ conv9c$ itself ( ! cr$ibility ( ! propos$ tea*+ is x oblig$ to believe4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian m9d1 fai? is ! reasonable conviction ( ! tru? ( :at is propos$ = belief1 by reason ( an ackn[l$g$ infallible te/imony4 ,! ,ca?olic dogma we f9d expla9$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 :i* _h to expose s _m errors t are liable 9 our days to confuse ! fai?ful 9 _! notions ( fai? & ,*ur*4 8,?is fai?10 says ! ,vatican ,c\ncil 7,sess4 ,,iii1 *ap4 #c71 8:i* is ! beg9n+ ( human salvation1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* tea*es to be a sup]natural virtue1 by :i*1 ?r\gh ! inspiration & co-op]ation ( ! grace ( ,god1 we believe to be true :at ,he has reveal$1 n on acc\nt ( ! intr9sic tru? ( x1 p]ceiv$ by ! natural light ( reason1 b on ! au?ority ( ,god :o gives ! revelation1 :o c nei!r deceive nor be deceiv$4444 ,nev]!less1 9 ord] t ! s]vice ( our belief might be 9 accord ) reason 7#8a reasonable s]vice'7 ,god will$ to unite to ! int]nal helps ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ext]nal pro(s ( ,8 revelation1 to wit1 ext]nal works div9e1 especially miracles & prophecies1 :i*1 cle>ly demon/rat+ ,god's omnipot5ce & inf9ite k1 are mo/ c]ta9 signs ( div9e revelation & are suit$ to ! intellig5ce ( all40 ,! ,c\ncil adds expressly ! canon3 8,if any "o say t div9e revelation _c be made cr$ible by ext]ior signs1 & t m5 ought !re=e to be mov$ to belief solely by _! int]ior exp]i5ce or individual inspiration1 let him be ana!ma40 ,we h "h /at$ ! ,ca?olic dogma z unanim\sly taught by all ,*ri/ian c5turies1 by all ,fa!rs & !ologians4 ,h5ce1 ! act ( fai? by :i* ,i believe t ! ,son ( ,god became man1 t ,i %all rise f ! dead1 is fir/ ( all a judgm5t ( ! reason1 n an act ( ! w1 or a feel+ ( ! he>t4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a c]ta9 rational judgm5t ^u weighty reasons1 n1 inde$1 su* :i* ,i draw f intellectual k1 b ^? :i* re/ ^u ! infallible te/imony ( ,god4 ,! act ( fai? agrees !re=e ) ass5t to hi/oric tru? 9 t x is ( ! same k9d ( k1 b ^u ! au?ority ( infallible te/imony4 ,j z ,i believe t ,alex&] once m>*$ victori\sly ?r\gh ,asia1 because !re is sure te/imony to t effect1 s ,i believe t ,i %all rise f ! dead1 because ,god has reveal$ x4 ,! diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! =m] case we h only human te/imony1 :]eas 9 ! latt] ,god ,himself speaks4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,ca?olic tea*+1 fai? & k may be di/9ct f ea* o!r1 b 9 a s5se q diff]5t f t ( ! repres5tatives ( mod]n1 s5tim5tal fai?4 ,! latt] und]/& k1 9 ?is connection1 to be any judgm5t ( ! reason bas$ ^u evid5ce1 & !y d5y t fai? is su*2 b to a ,ca?olic1 fai?1 too1 is a judgm5t ( ! reason1 & 9 ?is s5se true k2 only x is n k 9 ! m common s5se ( a cognition d]iv$ f "o's own m5tal activity )\t ! ext]nal means ( au?ority4 ,z we h he>d f ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 x is ! recogniz$ fact ( div9e revelation :i* be/[s ^u ! matt] ( fai? its c]ta9ty 9 reason4 ,h5ce ! k ( ?is fact mu/ prec$e fai? itself4 ,b ! k mu/ be c]ta91 n m]ely a belief1 = x is ! v presupposition ( belief1 b a k1 d]iv$ f ! intellect1 :i* may at any "t be trac$ back to sci5tific pro(s if !re is ! requisite philosophical tra9+4 ,s long z man is n c]ta9 t ,god has spok51 he _c h fai? accord+ to ! ,ca?olic view4 ,"o ( ! s5t5ces condemn$ by ,innoc5t ,,xi41 to say no?+ ( o!r ecclesia/ical te/imonies1 is ?is3 8,! ass5t ( sup]natural fai?1 useful = salvation1 c exi/ ) m]ely probable in=mation ( ! fact ( revelation1 ev5 ) ! fe> t ,god has n spok540 ,& v rec5tly !re has be5 condemn$ also ! proposition3 8,! ass5t ( fai? ultimately re/s ^u a sum ( probabilities0 7,decretum ,lam5tabile1 ,july #c1 #aijg4 ,s5t4 #be74 ,x _c be our task "h to %[ at l5g? h[ ! ,*ri/ian arrives at ?is c]ta9 k4 ,our pres5t purpose is only to /ate ! ,ca?olic concept ( fai?4 ,we h already he>d ! ,vatican ,c\ncil ref] to miracles & prophecies4 ,to mo/ ( ! fai?ful ! *ief fact t (f]s !m ?is security is ! wond]ful ph5om5on ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* itself1 :i* proposes to !m ! doctr9es ( fai? z div9e revelation4 ,?us aga9 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil def9es cle>ly3 8,to enable u to d our duty 9 embrac+ ! true fai? & rema9+ 9 x /eadfa/ly1 ,god has ?r\gh ,8 inc>nate ,son e/abli%$ ! ,*ur* & set pla9 m>ks ^u ,8 in/itution1 9 ord] t x may be recogniz$ by all z ! gu>dian & int]pret] ( revelation4 ,= only ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* possesses all ^? arrangem5ts1 s v>i\s & wond]ful1 made by ,god 9 ord] to demon/rate publicly ! cr$ibility ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,inde$ ! ,*ur* ( itself1 because ( its wond]ful propagation1 its pre-em95t sanctity & inexhau/ible fecundity 9 ev]y?+ good1 its ,ca?olic unity & inv9cible duration1 is a gr& p]man5t pro( ( its cr$ibility & irrefutable te/imony 9 behalf ( its div9e mission4 ,?us1 l a '/&>d unto ! nations1' x invites ^? to come to x :o h n yet believ$1 & assures its *ildr5 t ! fai? !y pr(ess re/s ^u a mo/ firm f\ndation40 ,! ,ca?olic looks ) pride ^u 8 ,*ur*3 %e has /ood all ! trials ( hi/ory4 ,he sees h] endure1 ?\gh )9 h>ass$ by h]esies & endang]$ by v>i\s unwor?9ess & incapacity ( h] prie/s1 & attack$ incessantly f )\t by irreconcilable enemies1 yet prevail+ victori\sly ?r\gh ! c5turies1 bless+1 conv]t+ nations & belov$ by !m2 :ile by h] side worldly k+doms1 support$ by armies & weapons1 g d[n into ! grave ( human in/ability4 ,! mo/ wond]ful fact 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 contr>y to all laws ( natural1 hi/orical ev5ts1--"h a high] h& is pla9ly ?ru/ into human hi/ory2 x is ! fulfilm5t ( ! div9e promise3 8,i am ) y all days1 ev5 to ! consummation ( ! _w40 8,! gates ( hell %all n prevail aga9/ x40 ,he sees ! ,sa9ts1 :o h liv$ 9 ?is ,*ur* & h become sa9ts ?r\gh h]1 ^? sup]human h]oes ( virtue1 :o f> surpass ! laws ( human capacity4 ,9 ! mo/ widely diff]5t /ates ( life 9 ! ,*ur* he sees virtue gr[ 9 ! degree 9 :i* "o submits to h] guidance4 ,he witnesses ! rem>kable spectacle1 t ev]y?+ noble & good is attract$ by ! ,*ur*1 & _! contr>y repell$4 ,he sees ! miracles :i* nev] cease 9 h] mid/4 ,f9ally he beholds h] admirable unity & vigor\s fai?2 %e alone hold+ firm to h] tea*+1 n compromis+ ) any error2 %e alone hold+ fe>lessly al(t ! pr9ciple ( div9e au?ority1 & ?us becom+ a beacon to _m :o are seek+ a safe %elt] f spiritual ru94 ,9 addition we f9ally h t h>mony & gr&eur ( ! tru?s ( fai?1 &--p]haps n 9 ! la/ place--t calm & peace ( m9d1 produc$ 9 ! fai?ful s\l by a life l$ accord+ to ?is fai?1 by pray] & ! reception ( ! ,sacram5ts4 ,?is is a cle> pro( t :]e ! ,_s ( ,god brea!s !re _c be ! seat ( untru?4 ,^! are suffici5t pro(s to produce ev5 9 ! un$ucat$1 & 9 *ildr51 true & reasonable c]ta9ty1 provid$ !y h _h suffici5t in/ruction 9 religion4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be emphasiz$ t ?is conviction produc$ by fai? ne$ n fir/ be ga9$ by sci5tific inve/igation ( ! motives ( fai?1 or by m9ute or ext5sive !ological /udies4 ,a wrong notion ( human k frequ5tly leads to ! op9ion t !re is no true c]ta9ty at all unless x is ! result ( sci5tific /udy--a presumption on :i* is bas$ ! claim ( fre$om ( sci5ce to disreg>d any conviction1 be x ev] s sacr$1 & ! claim t x is res]v$ to sci5ce alone to atta9 ! sure possession ( ! tru?4 ,lat] on we %all dwell m at l5g? ^u ?is important po9t4 ,let x suffice "h to rem>k t ! intellect c atta9 real c]ta9ty ev5 )\t sci5tific rese>*2 mo/ ( our convictions1 :i* we all hold unhesitat+ly z true1 are ( ?is k9d4 ,!y con/itute a belief t is bas$ ^u ! real k ( ! reason1 :i* k is n1 h[ev]1 s cle> & di/9ct t x c\ld be demon/rat$ easily 9 sci5tific =m4 ,! c]ta9ty ( fai?1 !re=e1 is bas$ ^u ! k t ,god ,himself v\*es = ! tru? ( ! tea*+s ( fai?4 ,?is relieves ! fai?ful f ! necessity ( obta9+ by 8 own reflection an insight into ! intr9sic reasons ( ! :y & ! :]e=e ( ! propos$ tru?1 & to exam9e 9 ea* in/ance ! correctness ( ! ?+4 ,he kn[s t ,god has reveal$ x1 t ,8 infallible ,*ur* v\*es = x2 h5ce x is cr$ible & true2 t suffices = him1 j z tru/wor?y evid5ce suffices = ! hi/orian conc]n+ facts :i* he himself has n obs]v$4 ,let no "o say t fai? is a bl9d belief & bl9d ob$i5ce1 & t dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 or1 to use ano!r phrase1 8! religion ( ! law1 dem&s fir/ ( all ob$i5ce3 x is true x w\ld l1 besides t1 an int]ior ass5t = its ?\ghts & comm&m5ts1 b :]e ?is is lack+ ! law itself furni%es ! ways & means to comp5sate ! lack ( ?is int]nal ass5t1 if only ob$i5ce is !re0 7,a4 ,h>nack1 ,religioes] ,glaube u4 freie ,=s*ung4 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,june #g1 #aijh74 ,nor let any "o say t free rese>* has 8at lea/ ?is advantage ov] dogma1 t its claims c be prov$1 :i* is n true ( ! o!r's claims0 7,j4 ,h4 van't ,h(f1 ibid41 ,dec4 #bi1 #aijg74 ,^! are misrepres5tations4 ,!re is no ob$i5ce to fai? :i* is n int]nal ass5t & conviction1 & !re is no cl++ to dogmas :i* is n bas$ on motives ( fai?1 or :i* c\ld n at any "t be subject$ to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,if ! t]m 8bl9dness ( belief0 7 int5d$ to express only t ! believ] holds ! reveal$ doctr9e to be true1 n because he has discov]$ its tru? by 8 own reason+1 b on ! au?ority ( ,god1 !n we might suff] ! mislead+ ^w4 ,b x is utt]ly false 9 ! s5se t ! believ] has no conviction at all4 ,ev5 ?\gh o!rs h x n1 ! fai?ful ,ca?olic1 ! believ+ ,*ri/ian1 has x1 & x is p]sonal conviction4 ,he has conv9c$ himself t ,god has spok51 & ( ! cr$ibility & h5ce ! tru? ( ! reveal$ doctr9e1 by 8 own reason1 & ?is is :y he ass5ts4 ,/ill great] is ! misrepres5tation ( ! real motive ( fai?1 if x is held to be ! op9ion ( ! ,pope or ( ,roman ,prelates4 ,wundt ?us mis/ates ! ,ca?olic position3 8,n e "o c acquire k4 ,b any "o c believe4 ,! enlight5$ lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* h]self fir/ ( all1 h k1 & by d9t ( au?ority det]m9e :at is to be believ$0 7,e?ik1 #c;d ed41 #aijc1 ,i1 p4 #cdb74 ,accord+ to ! popul> sci5tific propag&a ( unbelief1 we h to deal 9 ! ,*ur* m]ely ) 8ignorant monks1 ,asiatic patri>*s1 & simil> dignit>ies1 "s v sup]/iti\s1 :o1 = in/ance1 assembl$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury & decid$ by vote t ! ,gospel is ! ^w ( ,god2 we h to deal ) m5 :o h prov$ _! incapacity & incompet5ce0 7,mas>yk1 ,im ,kampfe um die ,religion1 #aijd1 pp4 #bb-bc74 ,any "o :o %>es su* ideas ab\t ! sup]naturalness ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has1 ( c\rse1 =feit$ 8 claim to und]/& ,ca?olic life & fai?4 ,! ,ca?olic believes 9 8 ,*ur*1 n on any acc\nt ( ,asiatic patri>*s & sup]/iti\s dignit>ies1 b because %e is l$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 & ! ,pope mu/ believe ! same z ! humble/ ( ! fai?ful3 nei!r ! ,pope himself relies ^u 8 own judgm5t1 nor does ! ,ca?olic :o tru/s 9 ! ^w ( ! ,pope4 ,we add a few rem>ks :i* may fur!r illu/rate ! action ( fai?4 ,! k ( ! fact ( revelation1 h5ce ( ! cr$ibility ( ! tru?s reveal$1 is c]ta91 z %[n above4 ,nev]!less1 x does n compel reason to ass5t4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances x w\ld be impossible to ?9k ( "o's own exi/5ce1 ( ! elem5t>y laws ( ma!matics1 )\t be+ con/ra9$ by ! evid5ce to give direct int]nal ass5t4 ,b insight into ! tru? ( a ?+ is n always ( ?is high degree ( cle>ness4 ,9 su* cases x is an empirical law ( ! m9d t reason disc]ns ( itself ! logical necessity1 t is1 if x desires to proce$ accord+ to ! m]its ( ! case1 )\t1 h[ev]1 act+ "u physical con/ra9t4 ,!re rema9s !n ! det]m9ation1 ! comm& ( ! w4 ,?is is g5]ally true ( _m judgm5ts ab\t natural ?+s1 b especially true ( belief4 ,! k ( ! fact ( revelation is true & c]ta91 ?\gh x might be /ill cle>]4 ,! tru?s (f]$ by div9e revelation are too deep = u to compreh5d !m fully2 !y imply que/ions & difficulties = u to pond]4 ,we feel ! physical possibility ( pond]+ ^! difficulties1 al?\gh we see at ! same "t t ! difficulty is explod$ by ! c]ta9ty ( ! fact ( revelation2 b we rema9 free 9 giv+ our ass5t4 ,h]e9 lies ! possibility ( m]itori\s fai?1 ! possibility ( ! creature r5d]+ to ,god ! free tribute ( 8 free submission4 ,at ! same "t x op5s ! possibility ( turn+ volunt>ily to d\bts1 & ( submitt+ to !m m & m1 till ! m9d becomes cl\d$ & ensn>$ by error4 ,?us1 s9ce fai? dep5ds on free w1 ! w is /rictly comm&$ to impel ! intellect to ass5t & cl+ to fai? & to put aside d\bts4 ,god has reveal$ ! tru?s ( fai? t !y may be firmly believ$4 ,h5ce fai? is a product ( ! w also1 & may become "p & p>cel ( ! s5tim5tal life4 ,firmly believ$1 reveal$ tru?s eng5d] 9 man love & gratitude1 fe> & hope4 ,& be+ beautiful & com=t+1 !y are embrac$ f]v5tly by ! he>t1 & become objects ( desire1 s\rces ( com=t & happ9ess4 ,nev]!less !y are 9 !mselves1 & rema91 rational judgm5ts1 bas$ ^u insight & k2 j z ! fond recollections ( home are & rema9 acts ( cognition1 ?\gh our affections are tw9$ r\nd ^? rem9isc5ces l wrea?s ( ev]gre54 ,:at has j be5 said illu/rates also ano!r po9t1--! relation ( fai? to grace4 ,! ,vatican ,c\ncil says3 8,fai? is a sup]natural virtue by :i*1 ?r\gh ! inspiration & co-op]ation ( ! grace ( ,god1 we believe to be true :at ,he has reveal$40 ,fai? is call$ a gift ( ,god1 a "w ( grace4 ,b ?is mu/ n mislead u to ?9k t x is a my/ical process1 tak+ place 9 ! human m9d1 inde$1 b n mov+ along ! natural c\rse ( human cognition1 b along q a diff]5t c\rse3 p]haps an imm$iate my/ical grasp ( ! reveal$ tru?1 :ile natural intellig5ce /&s aside1 n und]/&+ x4 ,?is w\ld be return+ to our />t+ po9t1--mak+ fai? any?+ b a judgm5t ( ! reason4 ,x is a common doctr9e ( !ology t ! process ( fai? diff]s no?+ 9 k9d f ! natural process ( human intellect 9 its appreh5sion ( ! tru?4 ,x is belief on gr\nds recogniz$ z suffici5t motives = ass5t4 ,:at !n does grace d8 ,two ?+s4 ,fir/1 x elevates ! act ( ! s\l 9 ! process ( believ+ to a high] sph]e4 ,j z sanctify+ grace elevates ! s\l itself to a sup]natural sph]e1 p]mitt+ x to p>take ( ! nature ( ,god1 s does ! grace ( fai? raise ! acts ( ! s\l to ! sup]natural ord]4 ,! k9d ( cognition1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! same3 j z a r+ does n alt] its =m by be+ gold5 in/ead ( silv]4 ,9 ! second place1 grace is assi/ance3 x enlight5s ! intellect t x may be able to see m cle>ly1 n giv+ to motives ( fai? an importance :i* !y h n ( !mselves1 b help+ ! intellect to see !m z !y are2 remov+ ! tr\bles & dang]s ( d\bt :i* beset ! m9d1 s t x may reta9 t calmness :i* g5]ally accompanies ! possession ( ! tru?4 ,! pl$ge ( ?is assi/ance is giv5 ! ,*ri/ian at baptism & ) ea* increase ( sanctify+ grace4 ,b ! actual effect ( grace dep5ds on _m conditions4 ,if "o omits pray] & neglects religi\s duties1 deaf5s "o's e> to ! ^w ( ,god1 incurs kn[+ly unnecess>y dang]s to fai?1 =sakes ! pa? ( virtue1 !n grace may )draw to a consid]able ext5t2 d\bts become /rong]1 intellectual d>kness & confusion increase1 & man goes on apace t[>ds infidelity4 ,?is is ! ,ca?olic doctr9e conc]n+ fai?4 ,fai? & ,reason4 ,b to return to our "q3 ,9 :at relation d fai? & ! duty to believe /& to fre$om ( rese>*8 ,we said t fre$om ( rese>* consi/s 9 exemption f all unju/ ext]nal re/ra9t1 t is1 f ^? ext]nal h9drances to ! action ( ! human intellect :i* prev5t x f atta9+ its natural end4 ,n[ :at is ?is natural end8 ,! answ] w make cle> :at re/ra9t & laws mu/ be respect$ by ! human m9d1 & :i* may be rightly reject$4 ,on ! coat-(-arms ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity is writt5 ! beautiful ^w 8,tru?40 ,^u ! human m9d1 too1 is inscrib$ ! ^w ,v]itati--= ! tru?4 ,! human m9d exi/s = ! sake ( tru?2 = ! tru? x reasons & se>*es2 x is its natural object1 z s\nd is ! object ( ! human e>1 & light & col\r ! object ( ! eye4 ,& tru? attracts ! m9d /rongly4 ,! *ild wants ! tru?1 & tries to get x by its _m que/ions2 ! hi/orian wants ! tru?1 & tries to get x by 8 incessant se>*+ & collect+4 8,i c h>dly resi/ my crav+10 ,william von ,humboldt confesses1 8to see & "k & exam9e z mu* z possible3 aft] all1 man seems to be "h only = ! purpose ( appropriat+ to himself1 mak+ 8 own prop]ty1 ! prop]ty ( 8 intellect1 all t surr\nds him--& life is %ort4 ,:5 ,i dep>t ?is life ,i %\ld l to leave beh9d me z little z possible unexp]i5c$ by me0 7apud ,o4 ,willmann1 ,didaktik als ,bildungslehre1 #c;d ed41 ,,ii1 #aijc1 p4 #g74 ,! great physici/1 ,w4 ,?omson1 a few ye>s ago clos$ a life ( eighty-?ree ye>s--he di$ 9 ,decemb]1 #aijg--;devot$ to ! la/ to unabat$ se>* = ! tru?4 ,x is true n all are call$ to lab\r 9 ?is field l ,w4 ,?omson4 ,b e "o :o has capability may & %\ld help to promote ! noble "w4 ,only !y are exclud$ :o d n want to look = ! tru?1 or :o are ev5 ready1 = ext]nal consid]ations1 to pass (f falsehood = ! tru?1 unprov$ = e/abli%$ results4 8,i "k ( no?+10 says ! anci5t sage1 ,plato1 8t is m wor?y ( ! human m9d ?an tru?0 7,rep4 ,,vi1 p4 #dhc c474 ,& s ! poet ,p9d> s+s3 8,que5 ,tru?1 ! "m ( sublime ,virtue40 ,if ?is is ! aim ( ! human m9d & its sci5ce1 !re is b "o fre$om ( rese>*1 ! fre$om = ! tru?1 ! "r n to be hamp]$ 9 se>*+ = ! tru?1 n to be =c$ to hold z true :at has n be5 previ\sly v\*$ = to ! intellect z true2 9 a ^w1 ! fre$om to we> b "o *a91 ! gold5 *a9 ( ! tru?4 ,h5ce1 if ! sci5ti/ %\ld be compell$ by p>ty int]e/1 or public op9ion1 to pursue a c\rse 9 sci5ce :i* he _c ackn[l$ge z ! "r "o2 if ! y\ng] sci5ti/ %\ld feel con/ra9$ to con=m ! results ( 8 rese>* to ! pleasure ( 8 old] colleagues or ( m5 ( "n1 aga9/ 8 own bett] judgm5t1 !n he w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 rightful fre$om ( se>*+ = ! tru?1 & ( decid+ = himself :5 he has f\nd x4 ,b !re is "o sort ( fre$om ! sci5ti/ %\ld nev] claim--fre$om aga9/ ! tru?1 fre$om to ignore ! tru?1 to emancipate himself f ! tru?4 ,he is b\nd to accept e tru?1 suffici5tly prov$1 ev5 religi\s dogmas1 miracles too1 provid$ !y are au!nticat$4 ,n fre$om1 b tru?1 is ! purpose ( rese>*3 emancipation f ! tru? is deg5]ation ( ! intellect1 de/ruction ( sci5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 does ! duty to believe require ( ! fai?ful ,*ri/ian8 ,he is requir$1 fir/ ( all1 to assure himself ( ! c]ta9 cr$ibility ( ^? tru?s :i* he is requir$ to believe1 & "h au!ntic pro(s are (f]$ him4 ,on 8 p]ception ( ! cr$ibility ( ^! tru?s1 he ought to ass5t to & accept ,god's te/imony4 ,h5ce !re %\ld be no co]cion to believe )\t int]ior conviction1 no ob/acle put 9 ! way ( recogniz+ ! tru?4 ,:]e1 !n1 is "h any opposition to ! lawful fre$om ( rese>*1 to ! "r ( unimp$$ se>* = ! tru?8 ,h[ is reason h9d]$ 9 its se>* = ! tru? :5 tru? is (f]$ x by an infallible au?ority8 ,we h "h no opposition to ! laws ( reason1 b due hon\r to its sacr$ rights2 no bondage1 b elevation & enri*m5t1 completion & cr[n+ ( its ?\ght1 = ! highe/ tru? has be5 communicat$ to ! reason t x may be ( "o m9d ) t ,inf9ite ,wisdom :i* has %ap$ reason = ! tru?1 & f :i* x obta9s its light z ! planet f ! sun ar\nd :i* x revolves4 ,!re=e1 x _c be said t 8! ,ca?olic resolves to believe z true :at ! ,*ur* tea*es 9 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 b 7 he (f]$ any?+ else z ,*ur* doctr9e he w\ld accept x z well4 ,h5ce ^! doctr9es d n express 8 own p]sonal op9ions1 !y are some?+ extrane\s to him40 7,w4 ,h]rmann1 ,roemis*e u4 evangelis*e ,sittli*keit1 #c;d ed41 #aijc1 p4 #c74 ,no1 :at ! ,ca?olic1 :at any true ,*ri/ian1 believes by fai?1 t is 8 inn]mo/ conviction1 z x is ! firm conviction ( ! hi/orian t :at he has drawn f reliable s\rces is true4--,b :at if ! contr>y 7 (f]$ him8 ,well1 ?is assumption is absurd2 & :y8 ,because ,god & ,8 ,*ur* are infallible1 & an infallible au?ority _c speak ! tru? & its contr>y at ! same "t4 ,mu* less ?an a reliable hi/orical witness c te/ify to ! tru? & its contr>y at ! same "t4 ,?is same conviction gives to ! fai?ful ,*ri/ian ! firm assurance t no c]ta9 result ( human rese>* w ev] come 9 conflict ) 8 fai?1 j z ! ma!matician does n fe> t 8 pr9ciple w ev] be contradict$ by any fur!r "w4 ,tru? c nev] contradict tru?4 8,?us we believe & ?us we tea* & h]e9 lies our salvation40 ,x is ! v old conviction ( ! fai?ful ,*ri/ian 8t philosophy1 t is1 ! /udy ( wisdom1 & religion are n diff]5t ?+s40 ,non aliam esse philosophiam1 i4e41 sapi5tiae /udium et aliam religionem 7,augu/9us1 ,de ,v]a ,religione1 #e74 ,x is precisely ?is t enables ! believ+ sci5ti/ to devote himself ) great fre$om & imp>tiality to rese>* 9 e field1 & to ackn[l$ge any c]tifi$ result )\t fe> ( ev] hav+ to /op be=e a def9ite conclusion4 ,su* is ! peace betwe5 fai? & sci5ce accord+ to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,!y are n torn ap>t1 b jo9 h&s peacefully1 l tru? ) tru?1 l two c]ta9 convictions1 only ga9$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,simil> is ! peace & h>mony betwe5 ! results ( v>i\s sci5ces1 z physics & a/ronomy1 geology & biology1 :i* results1 ?\gh arriv$ at by diff]5t me?ods1 are /ill n oppos$ to ea* o!r1 because !y are bo? true4 ,! au?ority ( fai?1 h[ev]1 mu/ be infallible2 ! au?ority ( a sci5ti/1 a s*ool or ! /ate1 c nev] approa* u ) an absolute obligation to believe x1 because x _c v\* = ! tru?4 ,to ! ,ca?olic 8 ,*ur* proves itself infallible2 h5ce ev]y?+ is "h logically consequ5t4 ,prote/ant ,*ur* au?orities h n infallibility1 nor d !y claim x4 ,h5ce _! precepts are se5 m & m oppos$4 ,h5ce to ! ,prote/ant ! firm atta*m5t ( ! ,ca?olic to 8 ,*ur* mu/ ev] rema9 un9telligible1 & x is regrettable t ,ca?olics take in/ruction f ,prote/ants ab\t _! relation to _! ,*ur*47#b7 ,we mu/ g a /ep fur!r4 ,if !re is a div9e revelation or an infallible ,*ur*--we speak only hypo!tically--!n no man & no sci5tific rese>* c claim ! "r to contradict ?is revelation & ,*ur*4 ,sci5tific rese>* is n ! hypo/atiz$ activity ( a sup]human g5ius1 ( a god-l intellig5ce4 ,no1 x is ! activity ( a human intellect1 & ! latt] is subject to ,god & tru? ev]y:]e4 ,!re c be no fre$om to oppose ! tru?2 no privilege n to be b\nd to ! tru? b r to h ! "r to con/ruct "o's views autonom\sly4 ,b "h lies ! deep] reason :y to-day ?\s&s to :om ,kant's autonomism 9 ?\ght has become ! n]ve ( _! intellectual life1 w h no?+ to d ) guidance by revelation & ,*ur*4 ,!y c no long] und]/& t _! reason %\ld accept ! tru? f an ext]nal au?ority1 n1 inde$1 because !y w\ld n f9d ! tru?1 b because !y w\ld lose _! indep5d5ce4 ,x 0 ,sabati] :o ma9ta9$ t 8an ext]nal au?ority1 no matt] h[ great "o may ?9k x to be1 does n suffice to ar\se 9 u any s5se ( obligation40 ,& ,?4 ,lipps says on ?is fur!r3 8,if ob$i5ce is tak5 9 its n>r[] s5se1 t is1 ( det]m9ation by ! w ( ano!r1 !n no ob$i5ce is moral40 8,9 brief1 ob$i5ce is immoral--n z a fact b z a feel+1 betok5+ an unfree1 slavi% m9d0 7,die e?iseb5 ,grundfrag51 #b;d ed41 #aije1 p4 #aai74 ,& ,w4 ,h]rmann assures u4 8,we w\ld deem x a s9 if we d>$ treat a proposition z true ( :i* ! ideas are n our own4 ,if we %\ld f9d su* a proposition 9 ! ,bible1 !n we may p]haps resolve to wait & see :e!r its tru? _c be br\ght home to u aft] we h obta9$ a cle>] & /rong] insight ( ourselves4 ,b f ! resolution to take t proposition z true )\t m ado1 we c\ld n promise ourselves any?+ b5eficial40 ,x is = ! sov]eign subject himself to decide :e!r ! ideas (f]$ are compatible ) ! re/ ( 8 notions4 ,a tru? (f]$ f )\t is acceptable to ! subject only :51 & because1 he c produce ( himself at ! same "t :at is (f]$2 b he _c accept ! obligation ( submitt+ to t tru? 9 ob$i5ce to fai?4 8,!re is no infallible tea*+ au?ority on e>?1 nor c !re be any4 ,philosophy & sci5ce w\ld h to contradict !mselves to ackn[l$ge x10 says ano!r *ampion ( ,kant's fre$om 7,pauls51 ,philosophia militans1 #b;d ed41 p4 #eb74 ,h5ce ! reason :y !re _c be any infallible au?ority is1 n because x does n (f] ! tru?1 b because ! human intellect mu/ n be *a9$ d[n4 ,n[1 ?is is no long] true fre$om1 b rebellion aga9/ ! sacr$ "r t tru? has ov] ! intellect4 ,x is rebellion aga9/ ! supreme au?ority ( ,god1 :o c oblige man to embrace ,8 revelation ) t reason :i* ,he ,himself has be/[$ ^u man4 ,x is a misconception ( ! human m9d1 = x is by no means ! s\rce ( tru? & absolute k1 b weak & 9 ne$ ( supplem5t4 ,_m tru?s x _c by itself f9d at all1 :ile 9 ! que/ = o!rs x ne$s safe guidance le/ x lose its way4 ,if x refuses to be supplem5t$ & guid$ f above1 x dem&s ! fre$om ( ! weak v9e all[$ to break loose f ! ne$$ support ( ! tree1 ! fre$om ( ! planet all[$ to deviate f its orbit to be hopelessly wreck$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,! b>r5ness & dis9tegration 9 ! ideal life ( our own un*ri/ian age1 are cle> te/imony t fre$om is n only lawlessness b a s9 aga9/ "o's own nature4 ,or1 d !y seek to save !mselves by ass]t+ t a div9e revelation & ! f\nd+ ( an infallible ,*ur* are impossible8 ,v well1 !n1 let !m prove x4 ,on ?is ! "q h+es4 ,if !y c prove x to u1 t v mom5t we %all cease to be fai?ful ,ca?olics1 & ,*ri/ianity w h be5 ! mo/ /up5d\s lie 9 hi/ory4 ,b if ! rev]se is ! case1 !n all declamations 9 ! "n ( free rese>* fall to ! gr\nd4 ,?is impossibility1 h[ev]1 c\ld only be prov$ by ! aid ( a presumption4 ,?is presumption is a!ism1 :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 or at lea/ d\bts x4 ,if x is admitt$ t !re is a p]sonal ,god1 !n x is self-evid5t t ,he c give a revelation1 & f\nd an infallible ,*ur*1 & c oblige all to believe4 ,b h]e) collapses also ! lib]al pr9ciple t1 9 reason+1 "o may reject an ext]nal au?ority4 ,h5ce ! pr9ciple ( lib]al fre$om 9 sci5ce c only !n be tak5 s]i\sly1 :5 "o advances to a!ism4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !y w say ) ,nietzs*e3 ,god is dead2 long live ! transc5d5tal man6 ,our ass]tions are prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! enlight5m5t began by exclud+ all revelation2 b x 0 desir$ to reta9 ! rational tru? ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,s9ce !n1 lib]al sci5ce has be5 aim+ at a!ism 9 philosophy1 :e!r op5 or mask$4 ,& if we foll[ up ! c>e] ( m5 :o h left _! fai?1 we %all soon f9d t if !y d n seek peace 9 ! %elt]+ h>b\r ( ?\ghtlessness1 !y h rea*$ ! t]m9al /ation ( a!ism4 ,!re is no /opp+ on ?is incl9e4 ,s9ce x is ! express fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! lib]al fre$om ( rese>*1 t sci5ce is n b\nd to any ext]nal au?ority1 x is evid5t t x is no?+ else b ! refusal to submit to ,god's au?ority1 h5ce1 also1 to submit to tru? if x appe>s z revelation4 ,=1 ei!r x is admitt$ t if !re is a div9e revelation1 we h to give x our ass5t--& 9 ?is ev5t lib]al fre$om ( sci5ce w\ld h to be ab&on$1--or ?is lib]al fre$om is adopt$ 9 real e>ne/--!n x mu/ be admitt$ t x is tantam\nt to radical apo/asy & defection f ! tru?4 ,if a man wi%es to be a fai?ful ,*ri/ian & at ! same "t to uphold ! lib]al fre$om ( sci5ce1 !n he has nev] made cle> to himself :at he wi%es4 ,ecce ancilla ,dom9i4 ,?us spoke ! ,"m ( ! ,"l1 :5 %e he>d ! message t %e 0 to receive ! ,^w ( ! et]nal ,fa!r 9 h] bosom4 ,?is ^w ( humility & submission 0 ! condition "u :i* %e c\ld receive 9 h]self ! et]nal ,wisdom ( ! ,fa!r4 ,behold1 ! ,h&maid ( ! ,"l6 ,?is ^w ( humility & submission to ,god mu/ also be spok5 by ! creature's intellig5ce1 if x desires by fai? to %>e 9 ,god's tru?4 ,)\t humility ( m9d a fai?ful atta*m5t to ,god is impossible2 pride & arrogance lead to des]tion ( ,god1 fai?1 & tru?4 ,multum errant1 quoniam sup]bi sunt1 says ,augu/9e ( ! err+ companions ( 8 y\?4 ,only if !re is humility does ,god's wisdom cross ! ?re%old ( ! creature's m9d1 only if !re is humility c x be said ( man3 ,et v]bum c>o factum e/ et habitat 9 nobis1 pl5um gratiae et v]itatis4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,au?ority ,( ,fai? ,& ,! ,free ,ex]cise ,( ,rese>*4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks4 ,we mu/ n /op at :at we h j said 9 g5]al ab\t ! relation betwe5 ! fre$om ( rese>* & ! obligation to believe4 ,we mu/ g fur!r into detail1 9 ord] to give a m exact explanation ( h[ & :]e ! au?ority ( fai? cla%es ) rese>* & re/ra9s x4 ,is x true t ! believ+ sci5ti/ _c move freely 9 8 rese>*1 t !re are b>ri]s on all sides :i* he may n ov]/ep8 ,is x true t ! ,*ur* may prescribe = ! ,ca?olic sci5ti/ :at he is all[$ to def5d & approve1 :at he ought to refute & reprove1 suppress or advocate1 s t 8 eyes mu/ ev] be turn$ t[>ds ,rome1 to inquire & asc]ta9 :at might !re be approv$8 ,& :at a *a9 ( proscriptions ( free ?9k+ is atta*$ to ! "n ( ,rome6 ,index1 ,syllabus1 ,galileo--l9k aft] l9k is add$ to ?is *a9 ( mis]able slav]y6 ,we %all say some?+ m ab\t ?is *a9 lat] on4 ,fir/ we mu/ consid] ! pr9cipal "q3 ,:]e & h[ d fai? & sci5ce come 9 contact8 ,& :at we are go+ to say we %all cond5se into f\r po9ts4 ,?us fre$om ( sci5ce w be m precisely def9$2 x w be %[n :at fre$om revelation1 & especially ! gu>dian ( revelation1 ! ,*ur*1 (f]s to sci5ce3 !re c be no d\bt t its natural fre$om ( ex]cise mu/ be left to sci5ce intact4 ,we %all deal 9 ! fir/ place ) ! pr(ane sci5ces1 &1 at lea/ = ! pres5t1 leave aside ! discussion ( !ology1 s9ce x is cle> t !ology1 be+ ! sci5ce ( fai?1 mu/ assume a peculi> position 9 reg>d to ! au?ority ( fai?3 !ology1 moreov]1 is a special m>k = attack2 accord+ly we %all deal ) x p>ticul>ly lat] on4 ,h[ev]1 ! pr9ciples to be cit$1 be+ ( a g5]al nature1 ref] also to ! sci5ce ( fai?1 & = ?is reason we %all h occasion to ref] to !m4 #a4 ,au?ority ( ,fai? & ,private ,au?ority4 ,we (t5 meet ) ! mo/ inconceivable notions4 ,we are told q s]i\sly t ! ,*ur* tea*es1 & t ! ,ca?olic has !re=e to believe1 t ! e>? is a flat disc surr\nd$ by ! sea1 z ! anci5ts believ$2 above x is a vault1 bel[ x hell-fire2 t ! e>? /&s /ill & ! sun & />s revolve ab\t x1 j z ,ptolemy ( ,egypt taught2 t ,god creat$ ! :ole _w j z x is n[ 9 exactly six days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*2 t ,he made ! sun & moon1 j z !y are n[ illum9at+ ! skies2 t ! /rata1 j z !y n[ look :5 b>$ by ! geologi/'s hamm]1 ev5 ! coal-fields & petrifi$ saurians & fossils--all 7 made1 j z !y n[ are1 well nigh six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ,scriptures tea* ?is1 ! ,fa!rs ( old & ! !ologians believe ?is3 & t is :]e ! ,ca?olic mu/ get 8 sci5ce4 ,& !n !y are a/oni%$1 & consid] dogma retreat+ be=e sci5ce1 :5 !y see o!r notions prevail+1 :5 !y see ,ca?olic sci5ti/s def5d )\t prejudice ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ev5 ! sy/em ( ! :ole univ]se1 f "s primitive matt]1 or assume an organic evolution1 z f> z sci5ce supports x 7cf4 ,braun1 ,ueb] ,kosmologie u4 ,/&punkt *ri/li*4 ,wiss41 #b;d ed41 #aijf1 etc474 ,!y w\ld be /ill m a/oni%$ p]haps to le>n t simil> ideas _h long ago be5 propos$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas 7cf4 ,summa c4 ,g4 l4 #c1 c4 #gg2 ,knab5bau]1 9 ,/imm5 a4 ,m4 ,laa* xiii1 #ge seq474 ,a di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* & ! private views ( individuals1 s*ools1 or p]iods4 ,only ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* is ! obligatory /&>d ( ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic ?\ght1 n ! op9ion ( individuals4 ,h5ce n ev]y?+ t ,ca?olic savants h held to be true belongs to ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,only :5 !ologians unanim\sly decl>e some?+ to be conta9$ 9 ! deposit ( reveal$ tru?1 or ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1--only !n is _! tea*+ au?oritative2 n because x is ! tea*+ ( !ologians1 b because x is conta9$ 9 revelation or ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,else ! maxim holds good3 ,tantum valet auctoritas1 quantum argum5ta4 ,nor is all t :i* a =m] age f\nd 9 ,holy ,scripture1 !re=e to be believ$ z reveal$ tru?1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r int]pretations4 ,! =ego+ may be elucidat$ by ! examples giv5 above4 ,:5 ,holy ,writ describes 9 figurative language & ,ori5tal1 demon/rative /yle1 h[ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & e>?1 ! sun & moon1 ! sea & its cont5ts1 x means to tea* u religi\s tru?s3 t ,god is ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ev]y?+1 & h5ce t ! sun & moon1 = in/ance1 are n uncreat$ deities1 z ! ,egyptian believ$ !m to be4 ,! n>rative ne$ n be tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1 z if ,god imm$iately =m$ ev]y?+ 9 ! exact condition z x n[ appe>s to u2 x may be int]pret$ 9 ! s5se t ,god let ! pres5t condition ( ?+s gradually gr[ out ( ! =ces & mat]ials & plan ( nature ,he creat$1 ! result ( a l5g?y evolution4 ,:5 our ,"l tells u 9 ! gospel t ,8 ,fa!r 9 heav5 fe$s ! birds ( ! air & clo!s ! grass ( ! field1 we "k t ?is is to be und]/ood z a m$iate action ( ,god1 :i* ,he ex]cises ?r\gh ! in/9ct ( animals & ?r\gh natural =ces :i* ,he creat$ = ! purpose4 ,n[ :5 =m] ages1 read+ ! n>rative ( ,g5esis1 g5]ally und]/ood an imm$iate creation ( ! _w1 because ! k ( nature at ! "t did n admit ( any o!r int]pretation1 x is by no means necess>y to conclude f x t e o!r int]pretation mu/ be reject$ z aga9/ ! ,bible1 or t ! ,*ur* h]self has prescrib$ ?is lit]al int]pretation z ! only correct "o4 ,z is kn[n1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! greate/ ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*1 _h ano!r v lib]al explanation ( ! ,g5esis n>rative1 & ! ,*ur* has nev] c5sur$ him4 7,he taught t ! :ole _w _h be5 creat$ at "o "t1 & t ! six days ( ! ,mosaic n>rative 7 ! logical divisions ( an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( creatures47 ,& n[ ! int]pretations v>y greatly4 ,! passages 9 ,scripture1 9 :i*1 accord+ to popul> modes ( expression1 ! sun is said to rise & set & revolve ab\t ! e>?1 ! latt] /&+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w--^!1 too1 7 int]pret$ lit]ally 9 ! days ( ! ,fa!rs3 !re 0 no cause = int]pret+ !m o!rwise2 b x 0 only due to defective k ( nature at ! "t4 ,^! tempor>y errors rema9$ till correct$ by rese>* 9 ! field ( ! natural sci5ces3 _h ! discov]ies be5 made soon]1 ! errors1 too1 w\ld h disappe>$ soon]4 ,! ,*ur* kn[s1 & ! holy ,fa!rs knew1 t x is n ! purpose ( ,holy ,writ to tea* pr(ane sci5ces1 b to in/ruct 9 fai? & morals2 if x speaks ( o!r matt]s1 x is b occasionally1 & !n 9 ! idiom ( common life1 :i* is n ! same z ! sci5tific language ( ! speciali/4 ,inde$1 ! ,bible does n int5d to give sci5tific in/ruction 9 su* matt]s1 nor c\ld x h done s at a "t :5 m5 7 n ripe = su* enlight5m5t4 ,?us ,/4 ,augu/9e insi/s t ! ,_s ( ,god :o spoke ?r\gh ! au?ors ( ,scripture did n int5d to in/ruct m5 9 matt]s :i* d n s]ve = salvation1 & h5ce he objects to ! ,scriptures be+ tak5 lit]ally 9 reg>d to su* matt]s1 because ! ,bible adapts itself to man's mann] ( spee*3 a di/9ction is to be made betwe5 lett] & s5se 78,multi multum disputant de iis rebus1 quae majore prud5tia no/ri auctores omis]unt1 ad beatam vitam non pr(uturas disc5tibus 444 ,brevit] dic5dum e/1 444 ,spiritum ,dei1 qui p] ipsos loquebatur1 noluisse ita doc]e hom9es nulli saluti pr(uturas10 ,de ,g54 ad lit41 ,,ii1 #i1 n4 #bj4 ,cf4 ,de ,g54 contra ,mani*4 #a1 #e1 n4 #c2 #aa1 n4 #ag74 ,he fur!r cautions ,bible /ud5ts aga9/ putt+ _! own int]pretation ^u obscure passages & !n claim+ x to be dogma1 because "o may easily g a/ray & ?us make ! ,scriptures appe> ridicul\s4 8,9 rebus obscuris atque a no/ris oculis remotissimis1 si qua inde scripta etiam div9a leg]imus1 quae poss9t salva fide1 qua imbuimur1 alias atque alias p>]e s5t5tias1 9 nullam e>um nos praecipiti affirmatione proiciamus1 ut si =te1 dilig5tius discussa v]itas eam recte labefactav]it1 corruamus1 non pro s5t5tia div9>um scriptur>um s$ pro nosctra ita dimicantes1 ut eam velimus scriptur>um esse1 quae no/ra e/0 7,de g5esi ad lit4 ,i1 #ah n4 #cg74 8,pl]umque accidit1 ut aliquid de t]ra1 de coelo1 de cet]is mundi huius elem5tis 444 etiam non *ri/ianus ita nov]it1 ut c]tissima ratione et exp]i5tia t5eat4 ,turpe e/ autem nimis et p]niciosum ac maxime cav5dum1 ut *ri/ianus de 8 rebus quasi secundum *ri/ianas lit]as loqu5tem ita delir>e quilibet infidelis audiat1 ut1 quemadmodum dicitur1 toto coelo err>e conspici5s1 risum t5]e vix possit0 7,ibid4 ,i1 #ai n4 #ci74 ,cf4 also ,i1 #ba4 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9 also expresses himself 9 ?is s5se3 8,multum autem nocet1 talia1 quae ad pietatis doctr9am non spectant1 vel ass]]e vel neg>e1 quasi p]t95tia ad sacram doctr9am 444 ,unde mihi videtur tutius esse1 ut haec1 quae philosophi communius s5s]unt et no/rae fidei non repugnant1 neque sic esse ass]5da ut dogmata fidei1 licet aliqu&o sub nom9e philosophorum introducantur1 neque sic esse neg&a tamquam fidei contr>ia1 ne sapi5tibus huius mundi contemn5di doctr9am fidei occasio praebeatur0 7,opusc4 ,x4 ad ,jo4 ,v]cel4 ,proem474 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* concurs ) ?is1 z laid d[n 9 num]\s docum5ts1 _m ( !m quot+ ! above-m5tion$ words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,x also insi/s t ! int]pretation ( ! ,fa!rs be only tak5 z a /&>d ( ! ,*ur*'s explanation ( ! mean+ ( ,scripture :5 !y are unanim\s on ! mean+ ( a passage relat+ to fai? & morals2 b n to o!r ?+s 7cf4 ,encycl4 ,provid5tissimus1 ,d5z4 #aj ed41 n4 #aidg1 #aidd2 ,conc4 ,trid41 sess4 ,,iv41 ,conc4 ,vat4 sess4 ,,iii41 c4 #b1 ,d5z4 nn4 #ghf1 #aghh74 ,n[ if "o simply op5s ,holy ,scripture1 takes up "s passage at r&om1 expla9s x 9 its mo/ lit]al s5se1 & !n insi/s t ?is is ! evid5t mean+1 & goes on to ass]t ) ! same insi/5ce t ?is is ! int]pretation ( ! ,*ur*1 & a "p ( ! fai? ( ,ca?olics 9 reg>d to ! natural sci5ces1 !n ( c\rse x is v easy to make out contradictions betwe5 fai? & sci5ce3 b su* ef=ts _c claim to be sci5tific4 ,x is n necess>y to "k !ology & ! pr9ciples ( ,ca?olic exegesis2 b x is n prop] t ^? :o are ignorant ( ^! matt]s pass judgm5t on !m1 n ev5 9 ! "n ( objective rese>*4 ,h5ce we may easily see :at we %\ld ?9k ( a writ] :o ass]ts t ! exam9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian-,ca?olic idea ( ! _w leads to ! foll[+ results3 8,! ,books ( ,moses1 inspir$ by div9e revelation1 are ! gold5 key to ! und]/&+ ( ! :ole hi/ory ( creation4 ,o!r ,scriptural passages ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 etc41 are to be consid]$ z supplem5t>y to ^!4 ,accord+ to ^! au?orities ! e>? is a flat disc1 surr\nd$ by ! sea4 ,above x ar*es ! firmam5t ( heav51 ) its great lights = day & night4 ,bel[ x are purgatory & hell4 ,all ?is is n ! gradual outgr[? ( l5g?y evolution1 b 0 creat$ by ,god out ( no?+ 9 a few days1 ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago1 ( :i* f\r ?\s& are reckon$ be=e ,*ri/ & two ?\s& aft] ,*ri/4 ,al?\gh mod]n sci5ce has long s9ce e/abli%$ t ! ,biblical n>rative is ( no wor?1 no?+ b an imp]fect reproduction ( old] my?s1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* cont9ues to tea* x lit]ally to ?is v day1 spread+ x broadca/ by ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( cate*isms1 & insi/+ on x be+ le>n$ z a "p ( religi\s in/ruction 9 all s*ools1 & to be accept$ z ! reveal$ tru?0 7,l4 ,wahrmund1 ,ka?olis*e ,weltans*auung und freie ,wiss5s*aft1 #aijh1 p4 #ad4 ,! sci5tific value ( ?is "w has be5 consid]$ by ,l4 ,fonck1 ,ka?olis*e ,weltans*74 8,cl]icalism10 we are told1 8/&s on a rigidly fix$ view ( ! _w1 correspond+ 9 "p to ! *ildhood ( mank9d1 to ! dawn+ ( civilization4444 ,philosophy1 built ^u ! results ( progress1 s9ce x is unceas+ly =c+ its way ahead1 _c rema9 9 accord ) ! notions belong+ to a remote pa/1 p>tly to ,babylonian & ,egyptian civilization1 p>tly to ! ?\ght ( nomadic times40 ,x is !n po9t$ out h[ ?is view ( ! _w on :i* cl]icalism1 t is1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is bas$1 has already be5 ov]?r[n 9 _m in/ances4 8,! geoc5tric position1 ! doctr9e ( our e>? be+ ! c5tre & man ! ultimate aim ( ! univ]se1 mu/ ne$s be ab&on$ by ! _w ( sci5ti/s1 9 view ( ! new sy/em ( ,cop]nicus2 ! doctr9e also ( ! e>? be+ a disc mu/ be ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! voyage ( ,columbus1 & subsequ5t discov]ies1 :i* make x c]ta9 t ! e>? is a globe0 7,pr(4 ,k4 ,m5g]1 ,die ,erob]ung d] ,univ]sitaet54 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,nov4 #bd1 #aijg74 ,x is surpris+ :at little k suffices to w>rant writ+ ab\t !ological matt]s 9 ! "n ( 8objective rese>*40 ,^! passages1 9 reg>d to _! sci5tific cont5ts & mann]1 recall vividly an ,am]ican "w t appe>$ "s "t ago1 & rea*$ _m editions4 ,x is entitl$1 8,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict ,betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce10 by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]4 ,! book 0 answ]$ by a compet5t au?ority1 ,de ,sm$t1 ,s4 ,j41 8,l',eglise et la ,sci5ce10 #ahgg4 ,x seems ,drap]'s argum5ts h s9ce become a patt]n = _m4 ,he1 too1 ma9ta9s t ,holy ,writ has always be5 decl>$ by ! ,*ur* & ! ,fa!rs to be a s\rce ( pr(ane sci5ce4 ,?is1 he /ates1 is true especially ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,we read3 8,! book ( ,g5esis 444 also 9 a philosophical po9t ( view became ! gr& au?ority ( ,patri/ic sci5ce4 ,a/ronomy1 geology1 geography1 an?ropology1 *ronology1 & inde$ all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( human k1 7 made to con=m to x4444 ,! doctr9es ( ,/4 ,augu/9e h _h ! effect ( ?us plac+ !ology 9 antagonism ) sci5ce44440 8,no "o did m ?an ?is ,fa!r to br+ sci5ce & religion into antagonism2 x 0 ma9ly he :o div]t$ ! ,bible f its true (fice--a guide to purity ( life--& plac$ x 9 ! p]il\s position ( be+ ! arbit] ( human k44440 8,:at1 !n1 is t sacr$1 t reveal$ sci5ce1 decl>$ by ! ,fa!rs to be ! sum ( all k8444 ,z to ! e>?1 x affirm$ t x is a flat surface1 ov] :i* ! sky is spread l a dome4 ,9 ?is ! sun & moon & />s move1 s t !y may give light by day & by night to man4444 ,above ! sky or firmam5t is heav52 9 ! d>k & fi]y space b5ea? ! e>? is hell44440 7pp4 #eg-fc74 ,by read+ aga9 :at we said above1 especially ! urg5t admonitions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e n to look ^u ! ,scriptures z a text-book ( pr(ane sci5ce1 "o w be able to appreciate ! sci5tific quality ( ! book 9 "q4 ,! fancy ( ?is writ] has di/ort$ ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur* into a mon/] t has no?+ m important to d ?an to tread d[n & cru% sci5ce & civilization4 ,a few examples w suffice to %[ h[ he proves ! contradictions betwe5 fai? & sci5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion tea*es t man is subject to dea? z a p5alty = orig9al s93 prior to t s9 dea? _h no p[] ov] ,adam & ,eve4 ,x is claim$ t ?is is a contradiction ( sci5ce4 ,b h[8 ,long be=e ,adam1 ?\s&s ( animals & plants _h di$1 ! au?or ass]ts4 8,! doctr9e decl>$ to be or?odox by ecclesia/ical au?ority is ov]?r[n by ! unque/ionable discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,long be=e a human be+ _h appe>$ on e>? millions ( individuals1 nay1 m1 ?\s&s ( species & ev5 g5]a _h di$0 7p4 #eg74 ,! au?or has completely miss$ ! po9t4 ,! matt] 9 "q is n ! dea? ( animals & plants1 b ! dea? ( man4 ,! infallibility ( ! ,pope is refut$ by ! fact t he fail$ to =esee ! result ( ! w> betwe5 ,france & ,g]many4 8,not)/&+ 8 infallibility1 :i* implies omnisci5ce1 ,8 ,hol9ess did n =esee ! issue ( ! ,franco-,prussian w>0 7p4 #ceb1 also p4 #cfb74 ,h[ high 8 hi/orical /atem5ts are to be rat$ is %[n by ! ass]tion t ,cyril ( ,alex&ria _h mu* to d ) ! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 7p4 #ee72 t auricul> confession 0 introduc$ by ! ,f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil 9 #abae 7p4 #bjh74 ,he asks :5 ! idea orig9at$ t ! ,p5tateu* 0 writt5 by ,moses "u div9e inspiration1 & he f9ds t 8n until aft] ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era 0 !re any su* extravagant dem& on human cr$ulity0 7p4 #bbj74 ,x w\ld seem incr$ible t any "o c\ld write su* /uff4 ,! au?or says 9 8 preface3 8,i _h also devot$ mu* att5tion to ! exp]im5tal inve/igation ( natural ph5om5a1 & _h publi%$ _m well-kn[n memoirs on su* subjects4 ,& p]haps no "o c give himself to ^! pursuits1 & sp5d a l>ge "p ( 8 life 9 ! public tea*+ ( sci5ce1 )\t p>tak+ ( t love ( imp>tiality & tru? :i* philosophy incites0 7,,viii-,,ix74 ,we d n c>e to argue ) ! au?or ab\t 8 exp]i5ce 9 exp]im5tal rese>*1 nor ab\t 8 love = ! tru?1 b he himself has %[n sup]abundantly t !y h n suffic$ to keep him cle> f sci5tific %all[ness & ! grosse/ blund]s4 ,nev]!less1 x seems t 8 sci5tific ability obta9$ = him 9 ! consid]ation ( _m ! weight ( an au?ority4 ,haeckel1 9 8 8,weltraetsel10 ref]s repeat$ly to ! book1 & recomm5ds 8its tru?ful /atem5ts & excell5t discussion0 to 8 read]s 7,weltraetsel1 #ag4 ,kap41 ,wiss5s*aft u4 ,*ri/5tum74 ,su* is ! fa%ion 9 :i* contradictions betwe5 fai? & sci5ce1 & ! ,*ur*'s ho/ility t[>ds sci5tific rese>*1 are prov$4 ,! result is t we mu/ di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 dogmas ( fai? & private op9ions or int]pretations4 ,( c\rse x may frequ5tly happ51 & has happ5$1 t ! ,*ri/ian savant is too timor\s1 & looks askance at ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 & ev5 ?9ks he ought to resi/ !m1 because he is afraid t religi\s tru? might be oppos$ by !m4 ,nor c x be said t ?is timidity is altoge!r )\t excuse1 = !re 0 h>dly "o sci5tific discov]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t 0 n imm$iately grasp$ & exploit$ by eag] enemies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,too (t5 has sci5ce be5 made ! m5ial ( infidelity1 & ! ass]tion has be5 untir+ly repeat$ t sci5ce & fai? _c agree4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t timid s\ls become suspici\s1 t !y are prone to resi/ ! :ole !ory ( evolution 9 a lump1 in/ead ( try+ to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is ( sci5tific value 9 x1 & :at is misus$ = ! purpose ( d5y+ creation4 ,nev]!less1 su* n>r[-m9d$ness is /rongly to be c5sur$4 ,x has (t5 caus$ ! reproa*1 t ,ca?olics lack ! fre$om to admit sci5tific discov]ies4 ,!y =get ! wise admonition ( ! pr9ce ( m$ival !ologians1 t x 7 advisable1 9 reg>d to sci5tific views :i* h no?+ to d ) religion1 nei!r to set !m d[n z tru?s ( fai?1 nor ei!r to reject !m z contr>y to fai? le/ occasion be giv5 to ?9k contemptu\sly ( ! fai?4 ,z long z m5 are & m5 ?9k1 n>r[-m9d$ness w nev] be lack+4 ,h5ce if ! believ+ sci5ti/ wants to "k :e!r he is runn+ c\nt] to fai? 9 any p>ticul>1 he has to asc]ta9 f !ological text-books :at ! ,*ur* decl>es to belong to fai?1 :at explanation ( ,holy ,scripture is unconditionally b9d+1 & n :at is ! individual op9ion ( !ologians1 mu* less :at "s pi\s nurse is tell+ ! little ones4 ,?is is ! fir/ rule conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 fai? & sci5ce3 x /ates :at ! sci5ti/ is n ti$ d[n to4 #b4 ,sci5ce ,reta9s its ,me?od ( ,rese>*4 ,b :5 & h[ may ! sci5ti/ be re/rict$8 ,"h we come to ! second po9t3 ! directions :i* fai? may give to ! pr(ane sci5ces are 9 !mselves n ( a positive b ( a negative k9d2 revelation & ,*ur* _c tell ! sci5ti/ :at he is to ass]t or def5d 9 ! field ( ! pr(ane sci5ces1 b only :at propositions he mu/ avoid4 ,?us e sci5ce is left free to pursue its own me?od ( rese>*4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& ?is4 ,fai? draws f div9e revelation2 pr(ane sci5ces1 z su*1 d n draw f div9e revelation1 b only f exp]i5ce & reason4 ,philosophy w\ld cease to be philosophy & become !ology did x demon/rate ! immortality ( ! s\l by revelation4 ,! an?ropologi/ w\ld cease to be an an?ropologi/ & become a !ologian if he w\ld attempt to prove ! common orig9 ( mank9d by ,holy ,scripture4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pr(ane sci5ces are di/+ui%$ f fai? & !ology by _! =mal object1 by ! end !y h 9 view1 by ! sci5tific me?od ) :i* !y h&le _! subject4 ,!ology1 ( c\rse1 uses revelation ext5sively2 & 9 ?is x diff]s f ! o!r sci5ces4 ,h5ce fai? _c comm& ! an?ropologi/ to def5d also 9 pr(ane sci5ce ! common orig9 ( ! human race f ,adam & ,eve1 because x is held to be a reveal$ tru?4 ,he mu/ say3 ,i believe z a ,*ri/ian t ?is is true1 e/abli%$ by div9e revelation1 & no sci5ce w ev] prove ! contr>y2 b :e!r ,i c positively def5d ?is fact z result+ f an?ropology1 dep5ds on my ability to corroborate x by ! me?ods ( ?is sci5ce1 t is by ! te/imony ( pr(ane hi/ory4 ,& j z little c\ld ! hi/orian be requir$ to obta9 hi/orical results ( :i* he _c produce ! evid5ce accord+ to 8 me?od4 ,!re=e fai? c only tell ! pr(ane sci5ti/ t he mu/ n ass]t any?+ :i* is held by fai? to be errone\s2 t x is false to say !re is no?+ b =ce & matt]1 t ! human s\l ends 9 dea?1 or t ! v>i\s families ( ! human race h n a common orig94 ,z soon z ! sci5ti/ kn[s by fai? t a ?+ is false1 he is b\nd to refra9 f ass]t+ x3 b\nd 9 ! fir/ place by ! duty to believe1 b also by ! pr9ciples ( 8 own sci5ce1 :i* is to f9d n error1 b tru?1 :i* =bids to ass]t :at has be5 prov$ to be errone\s4 ,p]haps 8 own means w n enable him to prove ! tru? indep5d5tly ( revelation2 !n f ! /&po9t ( 8 sci5ce he mu/ say1 ,non liquet4 ,! position ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* agrees ) ^! pr9ciples4 ,%e kn[s1 & emphasizes t sci5ce has its own me?od1 & h5ce a natural "r & fre$om to proce$ 9 its own field accord+ to its me?od4 ,! ,*ur* rejects b "o k9d ( fre$om1 viz41 ! fre$om to prop\nd a doctr9e prov$ by fai? to be errone\s4 8,! ,*ur* by no means =bids ^! discipl9es to use 9 _! own field _! own pr9ciples & me?od10 decl>es ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 8,b1 :ile ackn[l$g+ ?is lawful fre$om1 ! ,*ur* takes c>e to prev5t !m f tak+ up errors 9 opposition to div9e tea*+1 or f creat+ confusion by transgress+ _! limits & invad+ ! realm ( fai?0 7,vat4 sess4 ,,iii1 *4 #d4 ,cf4 also ! lett] ( ,pius ,,ix41 8,gravissimas10 ( ,dec4 #aa1 #ahfb1 to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,muni*1 ,d5z4 n4 #afff1 seq47 ,^! few rem>ks %[ ! lack ( intellig5ce 9 ! *>ge t 8,ca?olic philosophy />ts f dogmas & revelation10 or t ! ,*ur* w\ld dictate to sci5ti/s ev]y?+ !y %\ld tea*2 t1 accord+ to its pr9ciples x c\ld claim ! "r 8to impose ^u a physici/ ( ,zeppel9's era ! task ( prov+ ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/ or ! ,assumption ( ,m>y by aro/atic rules40 ,?is is simply gross ignorance or misrepres5tation4 #c4 ,re/ra9t ,only 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,revelation4 ,9 :at matt]s may fai? & ! ,*ur* be a guide to rese>* 9 ?is negative s5se8 ,9 all fields1 or only "s8 ,evid5tly only 9 _! own sph]e4 ,b to ! sph]e ( fai? belongs only :at is conta9$ 9 div9e revelation1 viz41 ! tru?s ( religion & morality1 z laid d[n 9 ,scripture & tradition1 ! tru?s ( ,god & ,8 "w ( salvation1 ( man & 8 way to 8 et]nal de/9y1 ( ! means ( grace1 & ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:atev] lies outside ( t sph]e does n belong to ! prov9ce ( fai?4 ,?is is true also ( ! tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! purpose ( ! ,*ur* is to gu>d fai?fully ! treasure ( div9e revelation & to transmit x 9 an au?oritative mann] to mank9d3 h5ce h] au?ority 9 tea*+ is conf9$ to :at is conta9$ 9 revelation1 & :at is necess>y = an effici5t cu/ody & transmission ( x to mank9d4 ,h5ce %e may decl>e c]ta9 tru?s z reveal$1 %e may reject oppos+ errors1 %e may condemn books (f5sive to fai?1 %e may approve or reject sy/ems ( e?ics4 ,b %e _c set up :olly new religi\s tru?s or revelations4 ,depositum cu/odi--?is is ! purpose ( ! ,*ur*4 ,/ill less are matt]s ( an entirely pr(ane nature subject to ! tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur*4 ,pr(ane sci5ces c !re=e receive direction f fai? only 9 ^? matt]s :i* at ! same "t belong to ! prov9ce ( fai?4 ,:at foll[s f ?is8 ,x foll[s t almo/ all ! pr(ane sci5ces are incapable ( be+ in/ruct$ or re/rict$ by fai?1 because _! prov9ce lies outside t ( fai?1 & does n come 9 t\* ) x3 !y are left to !mselves to correct _! errors4 ,:5 ! a/ronom] 9 8 obs]vatory wat*es ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 & bases !reon 8 ma!matical calculations1 :5 ! physici/ or *emi/ 9 8 laboratory obs]ves ! laws ( nature or makes new discov]ies1 :5 ! pa?ologi/ /udies ! symptoms ( diseases 9 organisms1 no w>n+ voice int]rupts _! "w ( /udy4 ,( c\rse :5 !y d5y ! creation1 ! possibility ( miracles1 !n !y conflict ) fai?2 b !n !y h ceas$ to be naturali/s1 !y h become philosoph]s4 ,:5 ! botani/ or zologi/ 9 8 laboratory is /udy+ plants & animals & collect+ 8 specim5s1 :5 ! palontologi/ is excavat+ & exam9+ 8 fossils1 !y enjoy p]fect fre$om3 all ?is has no?+ directly to d ) fai?4 ,& !re is no w>n+ sign set up = ! geograph] or geologi/ :5 settl+ ! orographical or hydrographical conditions ( c\ntries or measur+ geological /rata2 no dang] signal di/urbs ! l+ui/ 9 e/abli%+ ! gramm> ( unkn[n languages1 nor ! ar*ologi/ or ! hi/orian1 :5 !y discov] new docum5ts or deciph] inscriptions4 ,nor does anybody int]rupt ! ma!matician 9 8 calculations4 ,:at unnecess>y worry1 !n1 = ! repres5tatives ( ma!matics1 geology1 palontology1 & *emi/ry to write burn+ prote/s aga9/ ! fett]s ( dogma 9 ! int]e/ ( _! sci5tific activity6 ,& x is sup]flu\s worry = pr(essors ( ! te*nical arts to get excit$ by imag9+ t electricity & /eam mu/ be treat$ accord+ to ecclesia/ical precepts4 ,nor is !re ne$ ( emphasiz+ ! /atem5t t !re _c be a ,ca?olic *emi/ry1 geography1 or ma!matics--x is self-evid5t4 ,h5ce almo/ ! entire prov9ce ( ! pr(ane sci5ces1 :i* are ! pride ( our age & occupy ! =emo/ position 9 our univ]sities1 ) _! laboratories1 in/itutes & obs]vatories & meteorological /ations1 are free & p]fectly undi/urb$ by fai?4 ,if accord+ly any "o %\ld be ( ! op9ion t ! ,*ri/ian-m9d$ sci5ti/ 7 h9d]$ 9 8 sci5tific rese>*1 he w\ld h to consid] him an unhamp]$ inve/igator at lea/ 9 ?is va/ field4 ,mo/ 9 t\* ) fai? comes philosophy4 ,n 9 ! va/ field ( logic1 ( empirical psy*ology1 9 que/ions conc]n+ ! ess5ce ( bodies & _! =ces1 9 matt]s ( m]e hi/ory ( philosophy2 b 9 que/ions ( views ( ! _w & life1 9 metaphysics & e?ics1 x does4 ,^!1 ! highe/ que/ions1 be>+ on ! direction & pursuit ( human life1 matt]s t mo/ occupy ! human m9d1 are at ! same "t subjects ( revelation2 ,god ,himself has deign$ to tea* ! tru? 9 ^! matt]s1 to make !m safe = all "t aga9/ ! error ( ! m9d ( man4 ,"h philosoph]s enc\nt] dang]-signals4 ,!y he>1 :at _! reason ev5 tells !m1 t x is errone\s to ?9k !re is no _w ( spirits1 no ,god above nature1 no immortality1 no life h]eaft]1 no provid5ce4 ,nor c\ld "o say t philosophy is ! los] by be+ kept f error :i* endang]s human life4 ,n[h]e are errors s apt to occur z 9 que/ions :i* are outside ! sph]e ( imm$iate exp]i5ce2 n[h]e are self-deceptions m common ?an !re1 :]e disposition & "* cont9ually influ5ce ! m9d4 ,a mod]n repres5tative ( philosophy1 ,e4 ,adickes1 writes z foll[s3 8,9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory 7( metaphysics7 !re h be5 giv5 long s9ce all ! pr9cipal answ]s t are at all possible to all metaphysical que/ions4 ,! build+ up ( metaphysical sy/ems c & w proce$1 nev]!less1 & _! multiplicity w rema94444 ,( c\rse1 progress w n be ga9$ !reby3 results w n ga9 9 c]ta9ty1 contradictions & my/]ies d n dim9i%40 8,if ! greate/ ( ! anci5t ,greek natural sci5ti/s1 physicians1 & geograph]s %\ld rise aga9 !y w\ld be amaz$ at ! progress made 9 _! sci5ces2 l beg9n]s !y w\ld sit at ! feet ( tea*]s ( our day1 !y w\ld lack ! mo/ elem5t>y ideas2 !y w\ld fir/ h to le>n :at e gramm>-s*ool boy kn[s1 & mu* ( :at !y once consid]$ a*ievem5ts w\ld be disclos$ to !m z deception or m]e hypo!sis4 ,on ! o!r h& a ,plato1 an ,ari/otle1 a ,z5o or ,epicurus1 might readily take "p 9 our discussions ab\t ,god & ! s\l1 ab\t virtue & immortality4 ,& !y c\ld safely use _! old weapons1 ! ke5ness ( :i* has suff]$ b little f ! ru/ ( "t & ! attacks ( oppon5ts4 ,!y w\ld be a/oni%$ at ! little progress made1 s t n[1 aft] two ?\s& ye>s1 ! same answ]s are giv5 to ! same que/ions40 7,*>akt] und ,weltans*auung1 #aije1 p4 #bd74 ,a sci5ce :i* mu/ make su* a confession has no reason to reject ) haughty self-confid5ce ! intimations ( a div9e revelation4 ,! sci5ce ( hi/ory aga9 has n ! duty ( prais+ ev]y?+ t has happ5$ )9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* or else to repress x2 no1 only ! tru? is desir$4 ,b x mu/ n />t out ) ! assumption t ,god's influ5ce 9 ! _w1 a div9e revelation1 miracles1 & a sup]natural guidance ( ! ,*ur*1 are impossible2 nor mu/ x attempt to con/rue hi/ory accord+ to t assumption4 ,h5ce x mu/ n und]take to expla9 ! religion ( ! ,jewi% nation1 or ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 by unconditionally ignor+ ev]y?+ sup]natural1 & attempt+ to elim9ate x by prejudic$ rese>* & by means ( natural factors1 :e!r !y be call$ ,babylonic my?s or ,greek philosophy or any?+ else2 x mu/ n impugn ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospel1 claim+ t reports ( miracles mu/ be false2 x mu/ n write ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & delib]ately ignore its sup]natural "*1 z if x 7 ! viol5t /ruggle ( a f$]ation ( prie/s = univ]sal rule4 ,assur$ results und\bt$ly are arriv$ at 9 hi/ory less frequ5tly ?an 9 o!r sci5ces2 x (f]s full play to suppositions1 hypo!ses1 con/ructive fancy1 ! influ5ce ( ideas inculcat$ by education & p]sonal views ( ! _w1 especially :5 summ+ up facts4 ,h5ce "h m ?an any:]e else mu/ moral "* & unselfi% love ( ! tru? /& high] ?an ! desire = fre$om4 ,! hi/ory ( religion & an?ropology mu/ be =bidd5 to assume t ! human m9d is b a product ( animal evolution1 t !re=e religion & morality1 family & /ate life1 reason & language1 & ! entire intellectual & social life h necess>ily evolv$ f ! fir/ /ages ( animal life4 ,if we add t jurisprud5ce 9 its highe/ pr9ciples comes 9 t\* ) fai?1 & t x also mu/ n dispute ! div9e "r ( ! ,*ur*1 we h m5tion$ ! mo/ important sci5ces & in/ances 9 :i* ! inve/igator mu/ take fai? into consid]ation4 ,we n[ und]/& 9 :at s5se we may rightly speak ( a 8,*ri/ian philosophy & sci5ce0 or ( a 8,ca?olic sci5ce ( hi/ory40 ,surely n 9 ?is s5se t philosophy & hi/ory h to draw _! results f ,holy ,scripture or f ! dogmatical decisions ( ! ,*ur*2 nor 9 ! s5se t !y h to make positive def5ce = ev]y?+ t ! ,*ur* f9ds x necess>y to prescribe4 ,! s5se is m]ely ?is3 !y guide !mselves by fai?1 z we said above1 by refra9+ f propositions & presumptions prov$ by fai? to be false4 ,9 a l>ge measure ?is is also ! mean+ ( ! (t5-misrepres5t$ t]m1 ,ca?olic ,univ]sity4 ,9 ! rev]se s5se we may speak ( a lib]al sci5ce4 ,x is t sci5ce :i* 9 ! field ( philosophy & religion guides itself by ! pr9ciples ( lib]alism & ! pr9ciple ( lib]al fre$om & ! rejection ( fai?4 ,b to speak ( a ,ca?olic1 ,prote/ant1 ,lib]al *emi/ry or ma!matics1 has no s5se at all1 because ^! discipl9es1 l mo/ o!r pr(ane sci5ces1 h no direct connection ) ,ca?olicism1 ,prote/antism1 or ,lib]alism4 ,t we h /at$ correctly ! attitude ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is evid5c$ by m ?an "o (ficial docum5t4 ,9 ! decree ( ! ,holy ,(fice ( ,july #c1 #aijg1 ! s-call$ ,syllabus ( ,pius ,x41 ! foll[+ 7#e47 proposition is condemn$3 8,inasmu* z ! treasure ( fai? conta9s only reveal$ tru?s1 x does n behoove ! ,*ur* "u any consid]ation to pass judgm5t on ! ass]tions made by human sci5ces40 ,simil>ly 0 ! proposition 7#ad71 likewise condemn$ 9 ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix43 8,philosophy mu/ be pursu$ )\t any reg>d to sup]natural revelation40 ,^! condemnations /irr$ up ang]3 8,n[10 x 0 said1 8! ,*ur* wants to subject ! :ole ( human k to h] judgm5t3 ?is is unbe>able insol5ce40 ,b :at foll[s f ^! condemnations8 ,! opposite tru? ass]t$ 9 !m is ?is3 ! ,*ur* 9 "o respect mu/ pass judgm5t on ! ass]tions made by human sci5ce1 namely1 9 s f> z !y come 9 conflict ) ! doctr9es ( fai?4 ,! only fre$om reject$ by ! ,c\ncil is ! fre$om to contradict reveal$ tru?3 x mu/ n be held 8t human sci5ce may be pursu$ ) fre$om1 t its ass]tions c be consid]$ true & mu/ n be reject$ by ! ,*ur* ev5 if !y contradict a reveal$ doctr9e40 7sess4 ,,iii1 *4 #d1 c4 #b74 ,! ,*ur* does n want to judge on matt]s ( pr(ane sci5ce2 b %e claims ! "r1 due to h] z gu>dian appo9t$ = ! pres]vation ( ! pure fai?1 to raise h] w>n+ voice :51 = in/ance1 natural sci5ce transgresses its limits & trespasses on ! prov9ce ( religion by d5y+ ! creation ( ! _w4 ,x is b self-def5ce aga9/ an attack ^u h] inviolable doma94 ,b %e does n claim ! au?ority to sit 9 judgm5t ^u ! results ( a/ro-physics1 ^u ! atom-hypo!sis1 or its opposite2 or on ! acceptance ( a !ory ab\t ions or e>?quakes4 ,ano!r "q may be t\*$ ^u3 ,is ! ,ca?olic hi/orian free to proce$ /eadily 9 ! se>* aft] hi/oric tru?1 ev5 :]e he discov]s facts :i* d n reflect hon\r on 8 ,*ur*8 ,& :]e x is a "q ( unc]ta91 private revelation1 ( d\btfulness ( relics & o!r sacr$ objects expos$ = public wor%ip1 may he proce$ undi/urb$ ) 8 critical rese>*1 or is he re/ra9$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority8 ,%\ld ! ,ca?olic meet ) d>k passages 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 ,*ur*1 !n e well-mean+ obs]v] w dem& t he display 9 ! treatm5t ( su* matt]s a pi\s =be>ance = 8 ,*ur*4 ,8 respect = h] w dictate ?is4 ,unsp>+ criticism & hunt+ = blemi%es & %ad[s mu/ be exclud$4 ,b he _c on ?is acc\nt be b\nd to pass by ! unpleasant facts he may meet 9 8 rese>*es1 or to cloak or d5y !m aga9/ 8 bett] k4 ,he kn[s t ! div9ity ( 8 ,*ur* %[s itself to be/ advantage j because1 not)/&+ _m weaknesses & faults1 pa/ & pres5t1 %e passes unvanqui%$ & imp]i%able ?r\gh all /orms1--a tok5 ( ! sup]natural orig9 ( h] /r5g? & p[] ( endurance4 ,x 0 ?is v ?\ght t mov$ ,leo ,,xiii4 to op5 ! ,vatican ,ar*ives = free/ rese>* to fri5d & enemy1--! cle>e/ pro( t c\ld possibly be giv5 t ! ,*ur* does n fe> hi/orical tru?4 ,9 8 lett] ( admonition1 ( ,augu/ #ah1 #ahhc1 urg+ ! fo/]+ ( hi/oriography1 ! same ,pope gives ! foll[+ rules = ! ,ca?olic sci5ti/3 8,! fir/ law ( hi/ory is t x mu/ n say any?+ false2 ! second1 t x mu/ n be afraid ( say+ ! tru?1 le/ a suspicion ( p>tiality & unfairness arise40 ,an excell5t example ( ! application ( ^! rules is f\nd 9 ,l4 v4 ,pa/or's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,popes10 especially 9 :at he says ab\t ,alex&] ,,vi4 & ,leo ,x4 ,9 8 hi/orical inve/igation ( private revelations1 su* z ^? ( ,/4 ,g]trude1 ,/4 ,me*tild1 ,bl4 ,juliana ( ,lige1 or ( relics & objects ( v5]ation1 ! hi/orian is likewise n re/rict$ by ,*ur*-direction4 ,hav+ m]ely ! task ( pres]v+ ! treasure ( ! fai? receiv$ f ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les1 ! ,*ur* 9 h] function z ,tea*] nev] v\*es = ! div9e orig9 ( new1 private revelations1 nor = ! accuracy ( pi\s traditions ( ano!r k9d4 ,true1 %e decides au?oritatively :e!r private revelations conta9 any?+ aga9/ fai? & morals1 b %e decides no?+ m4 ,if %e accepts su* revelations or traditions z g5u9e1 %e claims = ! facts 9 "q only t human fai? :i* corresponds to _! hi/orical pro(4 ,?is is cle>ly /at$ by ! rec5t encyclical ,pasc5di3 8,9 judg+ ( pi\s traditions1 ! foll[+ mu/ be kept 9 m9d3 ! ,*ur* employs su* prud5ce 9 treat+ ( ^! matt]s t %e does n all[ su* traditions to be writt5 ab\t except ) great precaution & only aft] mak+ ! decl>ations requir$ by ,urban ,,viii42 & ev5 !n1 aft] ?is has be5 prop]ly done1 ! ,*ur* by no means ass]ts ! tru? ( ! private revelation or ( ! tradition1 b m]ely p]mits !m to be believ$1 provid$ !re be suffici5t human reasons4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t ! ,sacr$ ,congregation ( ,rites decl>$ ?irty-"o ye>s ago3 #8,^! app>itions are nei!r approv$ nor condemn$ by ! ,holy ,see2 x m]ely p]mits !m to be believ$ 9 a natural way1 provid$ ! tradition on :i* !y re/ be corroborat$ by cr$ible te/imonies & docum5ts4' ,:oev] foll[s ?is maxim is safe4 ,! v5]ation ( su* ?+s is always conditional1 x is only relative1 & on ! condition t ! tradition be true4 ,9 s f> only is ! v5]ation absolute z x relates to ! ,sa9t to :om ! v5]ation is paid4 ,! same applies to ! v5]ation ( relics40 7,b5$ict ,,xiv4 says ( private revelations3 8,pra$ictis revelationibus etsi approbatis1 non deb]e nec posse a nobis adhib]i ass5sum fidei ca?olicae1 s$ tantum fidei humanae juxta regulas prud5tiae1 juxta quas pra$ictae revelationes sunt probabiles et pie cr$ibiles40 ,de ,s]v4 ,dei beatificatione1 ,,iii1 c4 ult4 n4 #ae74 ,h5ce ! hi/orian is free to inve/igate su* traditions critically1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t he does n violate ! rev]5ce due to sacr$ ?+s4 #d4 ,infallible & ,non-,infallible ,tea*+s4 ,n[ to consid] a la/ po9t4 ,does x n re/ entirely ) ! pleasure ( ecclesia/ical au?ority1 z w\ld seem f :at has be5 said above1 to suppress at any "t ! results1 or at lea/ ! hypo!ses1 ( sci5tific rese>* by po9t+ to putative tru?s ( fai? presum$ to be 9 opposition8 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 ! sci5ti/ w\ld be at ! m]cy ( a zeal\s ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,or w x p]haps be said t ?is au?ority is infallible 9 its e decision8 ,?9k ( ,galileo1 ( ! int]dict aga9/ ! ,cop]nican view ( ! _w1 & y w be able fully to appreciate ! dang] allud$ to6 ,we %all lat] on return to ! fam\s case ( ,galileo4 ,= ! pres5t we only call att5tion to a di/9ction :i* mu/ n be ov]look$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 infallible tea*+s & ^? t are n infallible47#c7 ,accord+ to ,ca?olic tea*+1 ! univ]sal tea*+ body ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 decl>+ unanim\sly to be an object ( fai? some?+ relat+ to fai? & morals1 is end[$ ) infallibility1 & also :5 9 its daily practice ( ! fai? x unanim\sly pr(esses a doctr9e to be a tru? ( fai?4 ,?is infallibility is also possess$ by ! ,pope alone :51 act+ 9 8 capacity z ,supreme ,tea*] ( ! ,*ur* 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals1 he int5ds to give a p]man5t decision = ! :ole ,*ur* 7ex ca!dra74 ,besides ^! infallible tea*+s !re are also non-infallible tea*+s1 & !y are ! m frequ5t4 ,su* are1 fir/ ( all1 ! ord9>y doctr9al utt]ances ( ! ,pope himself 9 8 regul> sup]vision ( ! tea*+ ( doctr9e3 ^! in/ructions & decl>ations are ( a l[] k9d ?an ^? p]emptory ones t are pron\nc$ ex ca!dra3 he is infallible only 9 ! utt]ance ( ^! ultimate1 supreme decisions1 ! *ief bulw>k1 z x 71 erect$ aga9/ ! floods ( error4 ,decisions ex ca!dra are v r>e4 ,encyclical lett]s1 too1 are1 z a rule1 n infallible4 ,x is self-evid5t t ! !ological op9ions & /atem5ts ( ! ,pope z a private p]son1 n z ,supreme ,head ( ! ,*ur*1 d n belong "h at all4 ,!y h no (ficial "* & are 9 no way b9d+4 ,among decisions t are n infallible are fur!r includ$1 9 v>i\s degrees1 ! doctr9al utt]ances ( ,bi%ops1 ( p>ticul> synods1 & especially ^? ( ! ,roman ,congregations4 ,! latt] are bodies ( ,c>d9als1 delegat$ by ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*1 z highe/ ,papal bo>ds1 to co-op]ate ) him 9 ! v>i\s (fices ( adm9i/ration4 ,( ^!1 ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice & t ( ! ,index may also r5d] decisions on doctr9al que/ions4 ,al?\gh ! ,congregations act by virtue ( _! delegation f ! ,pope1 & publi% _! decrees ) 8 cons5t1 ! decisions are n decisions ( ! ,pope himself1 b rema9 decisions ( ! ,c>d9als4 ,mu* less c ! infallibility ( ! ,pope pass ov] to !m3 x is 8 p]sonal pr]ogative1 ! aid ( ! ,holy ,gho/ is promis$ to him1 & protects 8 judgm5ts "u c]ta9 conditions aga9/ error4 ,b ! ,ca?olic owes submission also to ! non-infallible tea*+s2 & n only an out] submission1 a rev]5t sil5ce1 t (f5ds n ei!r v]bally or 9 writ+ aga9/ ! decision r5d]$1 b he owes also 8 inn] ass5t4 ,b x _c be t unconditional inn] ass5t :i* he owes to ! infallible decision1 = ?is he holds to be irrevocably c]ta92 nor is 8 ass5t to non-infallible decisions a real act ( fai?4 ,he is n giv5 any unconditional gu>antee ( ! tru?4 ,an error is1 ( c\rse1 mo/ unlikely1 b n absolutely impossible4 ,h5ce ! fai?ful ,ca?olic %\ld always be ready to accept su* decisions 9 z f> z !y are w>rant$ by recogniz$ tru?4 ,?is applies to all k9ds ( doctr9al tea*+1 b ( c\rse 9 diff]5t ways1 correspond+ to ! degree ( au?ority1--= in/ance1 ,papal decisions are ( high] au?ority ?an ^? ( ! ,congregations1--yet x applies also to ! doctr9al decisions ( ! ,congregations1 because !y are ! ord9>y tea*+ organs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 #aheg1 _h =bidd5 ! works ( ,gu5!r & _m ?\ght !y c\ld evade ! decision1 ,pius ,,ix4 wrote1 ,june #ae1 to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne3 8,! decree is s f>-rea*+ t nobody may ?9k himself free n to hold :at we h confirm$40 ,simil> 0 :at ! ,pope _h writt5 to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,me*eln aft] ! condemnation ( ! ontological errors ( ,ubagh4 ,! ,motu proprio ( ,pius ,x4 ( ,novemb] #h1 #aijg1 speaks simil>ly ( ! obligation ( submission to ! decisions ( ! ,papal ,biblical ,commission relat+ to doctr9es1 & to ! decrees ( ,congregations :5 approv$ by ! ,pope4 7,cf4 also ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix41 s5t4 #bb47 ,!ologians agree t ?is requisite int]nal ass5t is n ! same z irrevocable ass5t4 ,?is 0 also decl>$ by ,pius ,,ix4 9 8 lett] to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,muni*-,freis+1 say+ t ?is inn] submission is by no means fai?2 & no !ologian w ascribe infallibility to a m]e congregational decree4 7,see on ?is po9t3 e4g4 ,gris>1 ,galilei/udi51 #ahhb1 #aga seq4 ,cr4 ,pes*1 ,!ol4 ,zeitfrag51 ,er/e ,folge1 #aijj1 ,,iii4 ,egg]1 ,/reifli*t] ueb] die frei]e ,bibel=s*ung1 #ahhi47 ,x w\ld be errone\s to ?9k t only 9 rec5t times1 aft] ! emb>rassm5t caus$ by ! regrettable ,galileo decision ! subtle di/9ction _h be5 inv5t$ t congregational decisions are n b9d+ on ,ca?olics ) absolute =ce4 ,?is 0 taught by !ologians long be=e ! ,galileo case caus$ any excitem5t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! celebrat$ writ] on ,moral ,!ology1 ,lacroix1 said3 8,! decl>ations ( none ( ^! ,congregations are infallible4444 ,no infallibility is promis$ to ! ,congregation 9 s f> z x is view$ z sep>ate f ! ,pope0 7,!ologia ,moralis1 #agbi1 ,i1 n4 #bae74 ,raccioli1 soon aft] ! ,galileo trial1 wrote3 8,! ,holy ,congregation ( ,c>d9als z sep>ate f ! ,pope _c give to any proposition ! prop] au?ority ( fai?40 ,& he adds3 8,!re be+ extant no decision ( ! ,pope1 or ( a ,c\ncil direct$ & confirm$ by him1 ! proposition ( ! sun mov+ & ! e>? /&+ /ill _c on ! /r5g? ( a congregational decree be consid]$ a tru? t mu/ be believ$0 7,almage/um novum1 #afea1 ,i1 #eb74 ,! obligation to give int]ior ass5t also to an au?ority n infallible1 _c seem /range if ?is au?ority (f]s a gu>antee = ! tru? comm5surate to ! ass5t dem&$4 ,we c]ta9ly ask ( a *ild to receive ! in/ruction f 8 p>5t & tea*] ) int]nal ass5t1 s f> z ! latt] does n run c\nt] to its in/9ct = ! tru?1 else ! education ( ! *ild & ! ne$ful influ5ce ov] its intellectual life w\ld be impossible4 ,^u ! ,*ur* has be5 be/[$ by h] div9e ,f\nd] ! task ( guid+ ! fai?ful au?oritatively 9 ! educational matt]s committ$ to ! ,*ur*1 & n only 9 _! y\? b ?r\gh\t _! lives4 ,?is guidance 9 religion & morality w\ld be impossible if ! fai?ful c\ld con/antly d5y _! int]nal ass5t to ! in/ruction ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* is giv5 g5]ally 9 a =m t is n infallible4 ,! full p[] ( ! ,*ur* to tea* ) au?ority implies a correspond+ duty ( ! fai?ful to ass5t to h] tea*+s z f> z ?is is possible4 ,does n ! sci5tific speciali/ ?9k himself oblig$ to accept a proposition on ! /r5g? ( a c]ta9 au?ority1 ev5 if ! latt]'s infallibility is n e/abli%$8 ,he reads 9 8 sci5tific p]iodical & f9ds 9 x ! report ( special rese>*es made by a colleague4 ,he _c exam9e !m ov] aga91 yet he accepts !m because ( ! reliability ( 8 colleague1 9 :i* he sees ! gu>antee ( tru?4 ,likewise1 only m s1 does ! ,ca?olic owe x to 8 s5se ( tru? to impose ^u himself an ass5t ev5 :]e ! repres5tatives ( ! tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur* are n end[$ 9 _! decision ) ! gift ( infallibility4 ,= he kn[s t ev5 9 su* tea*+s ! ,*ur* is commonly "u ! guidance ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :o w seldom tol]ate error4 ,he is promis$ to ! tea*+ ,*ur* = ! safe guidance ( ! fai?ful2 ^! decl>ations are1 h[ev]1 ! ord9>y doctr9al utt]ances ( t ecclesia/ical (fice4 ,& ! ,holy ,gho/ _c p]mit t ! tea*+ au?ority %\ld by a wrong decision =feit ! confid5ce x enjoys4 ,moreov]1 ?is au?ority ranks v high ev5 :5 look$ at f a purely human /&po9t4 ,^? :o are inve/$ ) x are mo/ly m5 ( great le>n+1 compet5t to give su* doctr9al decisions by virtue ( _! exp]i5ce & position1 & le>n$ advis]s are at _! side4 ,!y are guid$ by ! tradition & wisdom ( a univ]sal ,*ur*1 :i* measures its hi/ory by ?\s&s ( ye>s3 ! decisions1 too1 are = ! mo/ "p b ! application or repetition ( previ\s doctr9al utt]ances4 ,besides1 !re is ! hesitat+ caution :i* advances to a decision only aft] long delib]ations1 & 9 undemon/rat$ matt]s usually refra9s f decision2 a caution :i* has increas$ /ill m 9 rec5t times1 s9ce s _m subtle que/ions h aris5 on ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce & fai?4 ,x is also kn[n t _m inquisitive eyes are con/antly turn$ on ,rome1 & a s+le wrong decision might entail mo/ disagreeable consequ5ces = fri5d & foe4 ,! pressure mu/ be v great be=e a mu*-disput$ "q is tak5 up at all4 ,( c\rse x is by no means impossible t difficulties may pile up 9 su* a way t an error may really be made4 ,hi/ory kn[s ( su* a case4 ,b ! v fact t ! "o case ( ,galileo is always quot$1 &1 !re=e1 t 9 ! long hi/ory ( ! ,congregations ?is is consid]$ to be almo/ ! only case ( importance1 is a pro( h[ c>efully ! ,congregations proce$1 & t sup]natural aid is grant$ !m4 ,an in/itution :i* 9 ! c\rse ( its long exi/5ce _h to reply to innum]able que/ions & aga9/ :i* only "o wrong decision ( importance c be po9t$ out1 mu/ necess>ily be an exempl>y in/itution4 ,an in/itution s free f human error mu/ surely be guid$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! _m cases 9 :i* sci5ce has _h to correct itself1 _h to ab&on its long-*ampion$ propositions z unt5able4 ,?us1 9 a giv5 case1 ! decision is n difficult = ! ,ca?olic4 ,on "o side /& ! repres5tatives ( a sci5ce :i* has err$1 v (t51 incomp>ably m frequ5tly ?an ! ecclesia/ical tea*+ au?ority1 & :i* lacks ! special aid ( ,god4 ,on ! o!r side is ! ecclesia/ical au?ority1 :i* has almo/ nev] err$1 & :i* enjoys special div9e aid2 moreov]1 x exam9es into its que/ions ) great] caution & c>e1 because x has m to lose4 ,9 addition x is almo/ inv>iably able to po9t to a l>ge numb]1 & frequ5tly ! majority1 ( savants :o indorse its decisions1 because ^! mo/ly conc]n disput$ que/ions n yet sci5tifically det]m9$4 ,h5ce ! ,ca?olic w f9d no difficulty 9 presum+ t ! decision is 9 accord ) ! tru?2 ! m s because1 z a rule1 he himself is unable to exam9e sci5tifically bo? sides ( ! "q4 ,%\ld any "o1 nev]!less1 be cle>ly conv9c$1 by sub/antial & valid reasons1 t !re has be5 prejudgm5t1 !n he w\ld n be any long] oblig$ to give x 8 int]ior ass5t3 tru? be=e all else4 ,x w\ld be easy1 too1 by pres5t+ reliable in=mation to an au?oritative qu>t]1 to secure ! triumph ( ! tru?4 ,h[ev]1 9 ?is case a man mu/ be ev] on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! t5d5cy to ov]rate 8 own argum5ts4 ,9 excitem5t he easily ?9ks himself to be c]ta9ly 9 ! "r1 b :5 consid]+ ! matt] quietly be=e ,god & 8 consci5ce1 he w r>ely come to ! conclusion t x w\ld be wise to set 8 judgm5t above ! decision4 ,9 ! case ( ,galileo ! decision ( ! ,congregation 0 by no means oppos$ by a cle> conviction ( ! tru? ( ! opposite4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a m rec5t decision ( ! ,congregation1 =bidd+ craniotomy4 ,x has (t5 be5 d5\nc$4 ,! "q 0 submitt$ to ! ,congregation ( ! ,holy ,(fice :e!r x 7 p]missible to tea* t craniotomy is all[able 9 case ! "m _c give bir? to ! *ild1 & t bo? w h to die unless ! *ild be kill$ & remov$ by a surgical op]ation4 ,! ,congregation answ]$ twice 9 ! negative1 9 ,may & ,augu/1 #ahhi4 ,nei!r craniotomy1 nor any op]ation imply+ ! direct murd] ( ! *ild or "m c be taught to be p]missible4 ,! reason on :i* ! answ]s 7 bas$ is t ! direct murd] ( an innoc5t p]son 9 ord] to save human life is nev] all[able2 & ?is applies to ! murd] ( a *ild1 :i* has z mu* "r to its life z any o!r p]son4 ,9 ! case ( craniotomy we h ! direct murd] ( ! *ild4 ,we1 too1 %all h to admit1 if we judge accord+ to ! objective morality ( ! action1 t ! ,congregation is 9 ! "r2 ?\gh x may seem h>d to let bo? "m & *ild die r ?an take a life directly1 we %all h to admit t x is m 9 accord ) ! sanctity ( ! moral law ?an ! opposite1 ?\gh ! latt] may seem pref]able to m$ical practice4 ,view$ 9 ! int]e/ ( tru? & ! purity ( ! moral law1 x is gratify+ to "k t !re is a c\rt c\rage\s en\gh to uphold ?is law always & ev]y:]e1 ev5 :5 x becomes h>d4 ,s mu* ab\t ass5t+ to doctr9al decisions t are n infallible4 ,9 reg>d to infallible decisions1 ! ,ca?olic kn[s t !re are c]ta9 tru?s :i* no result ( sci5ce c contradict4 ,to ^! decisions he owes unconditional submission1 & he gives x ) conviction3 he kn[s ! promise1 8,i am ) y always1 ev5 unto ! consummation ( ! _w40 ,new decisions ( ?is k9d are v r>e4 ,:5 ! dogma ( ! ,infallibility ( ! ,pope 0 proclaim$ 9 #ahgj1 ! fe> 0 frequ5tly express$ t ! ,head ( ! ,roman ,*ur* w\ld ha/5 to make ! fulle/ use ( ?is pr]ogative1 by erect+ !ological b>ri]s at all nooks & corn]s 9 ! realm ( ?\ght4 ,! fe> did n come true2 x 0 unf\nd$4 ,a ,prote/ant sci5ti/ wrote rec5tly3 8,^? :o ?\ght ,doell+]'s pr$iction ( a prolific crop ( dogmas w\ld come true 7 disappo9t$4 ,!re has be5 no new dogma pron\nc$ s9ce #ahgj1 al?\gh !re 7 _m pi\s op9ions t c]ta9 circles w\ld h be5 only too glad to see confirm$4 ,on look+ calmly at ! dogma ( infallibility x is se5 t x 01 aft] all1 n s bad z _h be5 fe>$ dur+ ! fir/ excitem5t0 7,k4 ,holl1 ,mod]nismus1 #aijh1 p4 #i1 ,religionsges*4 ,volksbue*]1 ,,iv1 #g1 ,heft74 ,we may get a good idea ( ! precaution tak5 prior to ! proclamation ( an infallible decision by p]us+ ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil1 publi%$ by ,gr&]a?1 9 ?ree volumes4 ,he describes ! proce$+s ) consci5ti\s objectiv5ess4 ,he %[s h[ m9utely all que/ions _h be5 previ\sly /udi$1 ) all ! available means ( sci5tific inve/igation1 & h[ m9utely & freely !y 7 discuss$ by ! mo/ v5]able repres5tatives ( ! ,ca?olic _w4 ,c>d9al ,gibbons1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,baltimore1 gave 8 impressions ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil z foll[s3 8,i happ5$ to be ! y\nge/ ,bi%op t att5d$ ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,vatican1 &1 :ile my y\? & inexp]i5ce impos$ on me a discreet sil5ce among my eld]s1 ,i d n rememb] to h miss$ a s+le session1 & ,i 0 an att5tive li/5] at all ! debates4444 ,i ?9k ,i am n exagg]at+ :5 ,i say t ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,vatican has be5 excell$ by few1 if any1 delib]ative assemblies1 civil or ecclesia/ical1 t h ev] met1 :e!r we consid] ! maturity ( ye>s ( its memb]s1 _! le>n+1 _! exp]i5ce & piety1 or ! widespread influ5ce ( ! ,decrees t !y fram$ = ! spiritual & moral welf>e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,republic4 8,! y\nge/ ,bi%op 9 ! ,c\ncil 0 ?irty-six ye>s old4 ,fully ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,prelates rang$ betwe5 fifty-six & n9ety ye>s4 ,! great majority1 !re=e1 _h gr[n gray 9 ! s]vice ( _! ,div9e ,ma/]4 ,sev]al ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 b5t ) age1 might be se5 pass+ ?r\gh ,/4 ,pet]'s ,basilica to ! c\ncil *amb] e morn+1 lean+ ) "o h& on _! /aff1 ! o!r re/+ on ! %\ld] ( _! secret>y4 ,"o or two bl9d ,bi%ops c\ld be obs]v$1 guid$ by _! s]vants1 z !y advanc$ to _! po/s ) tott]+ /eps1 det]m9$ to aid ! ,*ur* 9 _! decl9+ ye>s by ! wisdom ( _! c\nsel1 z !y _h consecrat$ to h] _! vigor\s manhood by _! ,apo/olic lab\rs4 8,b to ! gravity ( ye>s ! memb]s ( ! ,c\ncil g5]ally unit$ pr(\nd & v>i$ le>n+4444 8,!y 7 m51 too1 ( _w-wide exp]i5ce & close obs]vation4 ,ea* ,bi%op br\ght ) him an intimate k ( ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry & ( ! religi\s1 moral1 social1 & political condition ( ! p among :om he liv$4 ,"o c\ld le>n m f an h\r's int]view ) ?is liv+ encyclopdia ( div9es1 :o 7 a _w 9 m9iature1 ?an f a week's /udy ( books4444 ,! mo/ ample lib]ty ( discussion prevail$ 9 ! ,c\ncil4 ,?is fre$om ! ,holy ,fa!r pl$g$ at ! op5+ ( ! synod1 & ! pl$ge 0 religi\sly kept4 ,i c safely say t nei!r 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons1 nor 9 ! ,fr5* ,*amb]s1 nor 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 nor 9 our ,am]ican ,congress1 w\ld a wid] lib]ty ( debate be tol]at$ ?an 0 grant$ 9 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,! presid+ ,c>d9al exhibit$ a c\rtesy ( mann] & a =be>ance ev5 9 ! heat ( debate t 0 wor?y ( all praise4 ,i d n ?9k t he call$ a speak] to ord] m ?an a doz5 times dur+ ! eighty-n9e sessions1 & !n only 9 def]5ce to ! diss5t+ murmurs or dem&s ( "s ,bi%ops4 ,a ,prelate repres5t+ ! smalle/ diocese _h ! same rights t 7 accord$ to ! highe/ dignit>y 9 ! ,*amb]4 ,!re 0 no limit prescrib$ z to ! l5g? ( ! spee*es4 ,we may judge ( ! wide scope ( discussion f ! s+le fact t ! debate on ! ,infallibility ( ! ,pope la/$ two mon?s1 occupy+ tw5ty-five sessions1 & 0 p>ticipat$ 9 by "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five ,prelates1 n c\nt+ "o hundr$ o!rs :o h&$ 9 writt5 obs]vations4 ,no /one 0 left unturn$1 no text ( ,sacr$ ,scripture1 no passage 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 no page ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory be>+ on ! subject1 escap$ ! vigilant inve/igations ( ! ,bi%ops1 s t ! :ole tru? ( ,god might be br\ght to light4444 8,! mo/ important debate 9 ! ,c\ncil 0 t on ! ,infallibility ( ! ,pope4 ,x may be prop] to obs]ve "h t ! discussion 0 r on ! exp$i5cy or opportun5ess ( def9+ ! dogma ?an on ! intr9sic tru? ( ! doctr9e itself4 ,! numb] ( ,prelates :o que/ion$ ! claim ( ,papal ,infallibility c\ld be c\nt$ on ! f+]s ( a s+le h&4 ,_m ( ! speak]s1 inde$1 impugn$ ! dogma1 n because !y did n p]sonally accept x1 b ) ! view ( po9t+ out ! difficulties ) :i* ! tea*+ body ( ! ,*ur* w\ld h to cont5d 9 v9dicat+ x be=e ! _w4 ,i h li/5$ 9 ! c\ncil *amb] to f> m subtle1 m plausible1 & m se>*+ objections aga9/ ?is pr]ogative ( ! ,pope ?an ,i h ev] read or he>d f ! p5 or tongue ( ! mo/ le>n$ & =midable ,prote/ant assailant0 7,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,april1 #ahid74 ,ob$i5ce ( ,fai? & ,fre$om ( ,action4 ,9 look+ back at :at has be5 said1 we see ! ju/ice ( ! "q3 :]e is "h any real injury to lawful fre$om 9 ?\ght & sci5tific rese>*8 ,9 mo/ ( ! pr(ane sci5ces ! sci5ti/ receives no directions f ! au?ority ( fai?2 he is altoge!r free1 z long z he keeps )9 8 prov9ce4 ,9 "s matt]s he is giv5 a li/ ( errors to bew>e (3 ^! are 9 ! fir/ place ! great que/ions conc]n+ views ( ! _w & life1 ( :i*1 aft] all1 x is v difficult to obta9 sci5tific k4 ,b "h he kn[s1 ?r\gh ! conviction he has ( ! tru? ( 8 fai?1 t he is (f]$ ! tru? free f error & prejudice4 ,x is true1 adh]+ to a religi\s au?ority implies re/ra9t4 ,b x is only ! re/ra9t ( tru?4 ,tru? does n lose its claim ^u ! m9d because x is (f]$ to ! latt] by a sup]natural au?ority2 mu* less does ! ,creator lose ! "r to ! tribute ( homage ( 8 rational creature2 & ?is tribute is r5d]$ by volunt>y submission to ! reveal$ tru?4 ,^u ! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 has be5 laid ! task ( pres]v+ unadult]at$ ! legacy ( h] ,f\nd] f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,%e is responsible be=e ,god & hi/ory = ! fai?ful pres5tation ( ! mo/ sacr$ inh]itance ( mank9d4 ,!re=e ! ,*ur* mu/ raise h] voice :5 ! puny ?\ghts ( m51 call$ sci5ce & progress1 rise aga9/ ! sav+ tru? to disp>age1 to falsify1 to annihilate x4 ,x is n sci5ce ! ,*ur* opposes1 b error2 n tru?1 b ! emancipation ( ! human m9d f ,god's au?ority1 an emancipation t is try+ to hide its real self "u ! guise ( sci5tific tru?4 8,! ,*ur*10 says ! ,vatican ,c\ncil 7,sess4 ,,iii1 *4 #d71 8hav+ receiv$ ) h] apo/olic (fice to tea*1 ! obligation ( pres]v+ ! legacy ( ! fai?1 has also ! ,god-giv5 "r & duty to condemn :at is falsely call$ sci5ce1 'le/ any "o be *eat$ by philosophy & va9 deceit4'0 ,t ! d5ial ( ! fai? is flippantly call$ sci5ce does n alt] ! case4 ,:at det]m9es ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* is n eag]ness to rule1 n a prop5sity to apply =ce to ! m9d1 b loyalty to h] vocation4 ,if x is disagreeable = any sup]ior to h to correct ^? "u him1 !n x requires an h]oic /r5g? & c\rage to cry out "t & aga9 to ! :ole _w & its lead+ m9ds1 ,erra/is1 y h err$6 ,x requires h]oism to reject1 to oppose & condemn1 "t & aga91 propositions sail+ "u ! flag ( progress1 light & enlight5m5t1 9 spite ( ! prote/ ( ^? conc]n$1 :o d5\nce :atev] opposes !m z d>kness & retrogression4 ,h[ mu* easi] x w\ld be to fawn ^u ! pet ideas ( ! age1 ,neo-prote/antism & ,mod]nism1 & ?us to ga9 _! approval1 ?an to he> repeat$ly ! di/ress+ words1 8,we w n h h] to rule ov] u--crucifige1 crucifige60 ,b :y n let sci5ce correct itself8 ,:y ^! viol5t condemnations & indictm5ts8 ,sci5ce1 by virtue ( its in/9ct = ! tru? w by itself f9d ! way back1 :5 x has gone on ! wrong track2 only be pati5t4 ,sci5ce has 9 itself ! cure = all its defects4 ,has x n already all by itself ov]come num]\s errors 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies8 ,inde$1 7 !re no?+ at /ake b sci5tific !ories !y might be readily left to !mselves3 ! loss to mank9d w\ld n be great4 ,b "h !re are m important issues at /ake4 ,! protection ( ! fai?1 ( tru?s ( ! va/e/ importance = ,*ri/ian life & ! s\ls ( m54 ,& x is ! duty ( ! ,*ur* to protect h] *>ges f go+ a/ray1 f dang]s to salvation4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( !m w\ld suff] h>m be=e x w\ld please sci5ce to correct its h]esies6 ,x (t5 takes a long "t to pull d[n ! idols plac$ ^u p$e/als1 & !n x may be only to erect ano!r idol4 ,h[ long w x take mod]n philosophy to agree t ! w ( man is free1 t !re is a sub/antial immortal s\l1 t a ,creator ( ! _w dwells above ! heav5s8 ,is ! ,*ur* to wait till ! m5 ( sci5ce make up _! m9ds to desi/ f d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 & to b[ be=e ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?8 ,%\ld %e mean:ile look on calmly h[ su* ru9\s doctr9es are p]vad+ & p5etrat+ society deep] & deep]8 ,s\ls _c wait ?us to suff] %ipwreck4 ,f9ally1 ! duty to believe rema9s ! same = all1 = ! sci5ti/1 too--he is n free to delay 8 ass5t until he has exhau/$ all 8 antagoni/ic sci5tific exp]im5ts4 ,to be sure1 ! sci5ti/ is re/rict$ 9 s f> z he is n all[$ to pursue any & e hypo!sis1 reg>dless ( ! immutable tru?2 he may no long] foll[ e sci5tific fa%ion4 ,b is ?is a real detrim5t to ! human intellect & sci5ce8 ,has n e sci5ce to be> re/ra9t f o!r sci5ces at all times8 ,! adh]5t ( ,d>w9's !ory ( natural selection ne$s a billion ye>s = 8 sl[ evolution2 b ! geologi/ tells him t nei!r ! =mation ( ! e>?'s surface nor ! /rata or sub-/rata h tak5 s long 9 =mation--he corrects him4 ,:5 ! philosoph]1 draw+ ! logical d$uctions f 8 mat]iali/ic views ( ! _w1 assumes t ! fir/ liv+ be+ sprang f lifeless matt]1 ! naturali/ in=ms him t ?is is contradict$ by facts--!re nev] has be5 a case ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,! naturali/ is correct$ by ! bett] exp]im5t ( m5 ( 8 pr(ession1 ! sci5tific au?or is correct$ by 8 critic4 ,h5ce if a man submits to ! guidance ( o!r m5 ( 8 pr(ession1 if "o sci5ce accepts direction f ano!r sci5ce1 )\t any "o see+ any injury to fre$om !re91 :y1 !n1 %\ld x be m5tal oppression = ,god's infallible wisdom to call out ?r\gh ,8 ,*ur* to ! fallible human m9d3 ?is is error1 ,i decl>e x s8 ,:5 ! guide-po/ po9ts out to ! travell] t he is on ! wrong way1 w ! w&]] indignantly res5t ! correction z an int]f]5ce ) 8 fre$om ( action8 ,is ! rail+ along ! /eep precipice1 to gu>d aga9/ fall+ d[n1 an int]f]5ce ) lib]ty8 ,is ! ligh?\se1 w>n+ ! sailor ( cliffs & %oals1 any int]f]5ce ) 8 fre$om8 ,g5]ally ^? :o oppose ! ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic duty to believe use ! foll[+ argum5t3 ,:]e !re is re/ra9t & dep5d5ce !re is no fre$om2 ! ,*ri/ian1 & especially ! ,ca?olic1 is re/ra9$ & dep5d5t2 h5ce he is n free3 consequ5tly he has no true sci5ce1 because !re c be no true sci5ce )\t fre$om4 ,9 ! same way x may be argu$3 ,! civiliz$ nation is re/ra9$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! civil ord]1 !re=e x is n free4 ,! c>eful writ] ( sci5tific works is ti$ d[n on all sides by ! rules ( logic1 by ! dictates ( good /yle1 by sci5tific usages3 h5ce he is n free4 ,let u n lose sight ( ! "q4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! man :o does n bo!r ab\t fai? has a great] out] fre$om ?an ! man :o does4 ,we speak purposely ( out] fre$om4 ,x is q ano!r "q1 :]e real int]nal fre$om exi/s1 i4e41 fre$om f ! fett]s ( "o's own incl9ations & prejudices1--9 ! religi\sly discipl9$ m9d1 or 9 ! o!r4 ,"h we speak ( inn] fre$om4 ,obvi\sly x is great] 9 ! =m]4 ,! de] 9 ! =e/ is fre] 9 8 movem5ts ?an ! cauti\s m\nta9-climb]1 :o keeps to m>k$ roads & pa?s1 s z to j\rney safely1 yet ! latt] is n )\t fre$om4 ,nor w any "o d5y t ! ,au/ralian bu%man enjoys a great] out] fre$om ?an ! civiliz$ :ite1 re/ra9$ by laws1 by rules & regulations1 by /&>ds ( dec5cy4 ,& ! busy writ] ( _m ?+s & ev]y?+1 :o 9 8 writ+ nev] pays any att5tion to logic1 to sci5tific =m1 to /yle & tact1 has m fre$om ?an "o :o /rictly con=ms to all ^!4 ,e civilization1 culture1 & education implies re/riction ( fre$om1 & ! m ! rejection ( dep5d5ce & laws increases ! ne>] we approa* ! /ate ( uncultur$ & b>b>\s nations4 ,! same applies to intellectual culture4 ,! high] x is1 ! m le>n+ & m5tal culture a man has1 ! great] ! numb] ( tru?s1 pr9ciples1 & intellectual /&>ds he c>ries )9 him4 ,by ^! he is b\nd if he wants to advance into ! high] sph]es ( intellectuality4 ,& ! m ! intellect rejects laws & /&>ds ! m unregulat$ & dull its intellectual life w become4 ,! m "o kn[s ! m /rictly is he b\nd to tru? 9 e respect2 ! less "o kn[s ! fre] he is to commit errors4 ,?is is no advantage1 x is ! privilege ( ! ignorant & untra9$ m9d4 ,! believ] is b\nd by religi\s tru? 9 ! same way z "o :o kn[s ! tru? is b\nd by x1 :ile "o :o is ignorant ( x is n4 ,x is c]ta9ly n impossible = ! ob$i5ce ( fai? to create intellectual conflict4 ,!re may be cases :5 sci5tific views look probable to ! sci5ti/1 :ile !y contradict a doctr9e ( fai? or an ecclesia/ical decision4 ,! roads may ev5 cross m radically4 ,x may happ5 t 8 views & books are condemn$1 =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*4 ,if ! conflict+ doctr9e %\ld be an infallible "o1 ! decision ( ! believ+ sci5ti/ is soon rea*$4 ,he kn[s n[ :at to ?9k ( 8 hypo!sis1 t x is n true progress b ab]ration1 & consi/5cy ) 8 own conviction moves him to desi/4 ,?us ! philosophical errors ( mod]n times are oppos$ almo/ ?r\gh\t to infallible dogmas1 = ! mo/ "p fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,?is is also ! legal "r "u :i* revelation & ! ,*ur* approa* ! sci5ti/ ) ! dem& n to p]mit 8 views to g contr>y to fai?1 because !re c nev] be a contradiction betwe5 fai? & reason4 8,!re c nev] be a contradiction betwe5 fai? & reason10 ! ,vatican ,c\ncil tea*es2 8! app>5t conflict is due ei!r to ! doctr9e n be+ und]/ood & int]pret$ 9 ! s5se ( ! ,*ur*1 or to errone\s op9ions t are mi/ak5 = conclusions ( reason0 7,conc4 ,vat4 sess4 ,,iii1 cp4 #d74 ,if ! ,ca?olic f9ds 8 position oppos$ to non-infallible decisions1 !n he w re-exam9e 8 views 9 unselfi% imp>tiality be=e ,god4 ,if he mu/ calmly tell himself t 8 argum5ts are n s weighty z to be able to /& up be=e s high an au?ority1 guid$ by ! ,holy ,gho/1 !n he w =ego ! gratification ( hold+ fa/ to 8 own op9ions1 & w rem9d himself t true wisdom kn[s ! fallibility ( ! human m9d1 & is ev] ready to take advice f a div9ely guid$ au?ority4 ,p]haps he w recall ! words ( ! great ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,bett] b[ be=e an incompreh5sible b sav+ symbol ?an entangle "o's neck 9 ! me%es ( error0 7,de doctr4 ,*ri/4 ,,iii1 #ac74 ,?is ,*ri/ian self-d5ial surpasses 9 beauty ev5 sci5ce itself1 & %$s ^u x a great] spl5d\r4 ,! great ,fnelon1 proce$+ to 8 pulpit 9 ! ca!dral ( ,cambrai1 on ,annunciation day 9 #afii1 0 h&$ by 8 bro!r ! ,roman brief condemn+ tw5ty-?ree propositions ( ,fnelon's 8,maximes des ,sa9ts40 ,! ,bi%op took ! writ+1 calmly asc5d$ ! pulpit & ann\nc$ x =?)1 & prea*$ a s]mon on ! submission due to ecclesia/ical sup]iors1 at :i* ! :ole congregation 0 greatly mov$4 ,a few days lat] he ann\nc$ 9 an episcopal lett] to 8 diocese 8 submission1 8simple1 absolute1 & )\t a %ad[ ( res]vation40 ,by ?is de$1 an h]oic act ( ob$i5ce1 ,fnelon is plac$ high] 9 hi/ory ?an by 8 brilliant works1 ?an by ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! illu/ri\s tutor ( ! ,dauph9 ( ,france4 ,antonio ,rosm9i-,s]bati 9 ,augu/1 #ahdi1 receiv$ (ficial notice ( ! condemnation ( two ( 8 works by ! ,congregation ( ! ,index4 ,he imm$iately s5t 9 8 submission3 8,) ! s5tim5ts ( a true & ob$i5t son ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 t ,i h always be5 by ! grace ( ,god & wi% ev] to be1 & h ev] ackn[l$g$ myself1 ,i n[ decl>e cle>ly & s9c]ely1 )\t res]vation1 my submission1 9 ! mo/ complete mann]1 to ! condemnation ( my writ+s40 ,bo? ! condemnation & ! submission 7 soon made ! t>get ( attack by ! ,lib]al press4 ,rosm9i repli$ 9 an admirable op5 lett]3 8,to my great sorr[ ,i h se5 sev]al articles 9 diff]5t newspap]s :i* d>e criticize ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,index = condemn+ my writ+s4 ,inasmu* z ,i h submitt$ to ! decree ( ! said ,congregation ) all s9c]ity1 & ) full int]ior & ext]ior ob$i5ce z becomes a true son ( ! ,*ur*1 e "o w easily und]/& h[ mu* ,i regret ^! articles & disapprove ( !m4 ,yet ,i deem x n sup]flu\s to decl>e expressly t ,i reject ^? articles entirely & t ,i d n accept ! praise = me :i* !y (f]4 ,) reg>d to o!r newspap] writ]s1 :o are c5sur+ me & ev5 insult+ me = hav+ done :at x 0 my duty to d1 9 submitt+ to ! condemnation1 z ?\gh ,i _h committ$ a crime1 ,i c only say t ,i greatly pity !m1 & t !y w\ld fill me ) contempt c\ld ,i deem x p]missible to despise any "o0 7apud ,j4 ,hilg]s1 ,d] ,index d] v]bot55 ,bue*]1 #aijd1 #dac74 ,a ,fnelon or a ,rosm9i1 b[+ ) ! humility ( ! ,*ri/ian savant to ! judgm5t ( _! ,*ur*1 h !reby =feit$ no?+ ( _! intellectual fame 9 ! eyes ( e>ne/ critics1 b1 on ! contr>y1 h greatly increas$ ! respect = _! noble "*4 ,ev5 %\ld ! future prove z sci5tifically correct t :i* ! believ+ sci5ti/ does n z yet cle>ly see1 t he 0 sci5tifically 9 ! "r1 no consid]able damage w\ld result to sci5ce4 ,provid5ce1 :i* guides human affairs1 w protect sci5ce = its noble mode/y 9 submitt+ mean:ile to an au?ority appo9t$ by ,god4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 sci5ce _c be %[n ev] to h suff]$ any real loss by su* submission1 n ev5 9 ! ,galileo case1 z we %all see fur!r on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c\ntless are ! errors & injuries :i* h befall5 human ?\ght & belief1 & :i* ! ,*ur* has w>d$ (f f ^? :o yield$ to h] guidance4 ,( c\rse ! submission may become difficult if a man cl+s to 8 views1 or has already publicly proclaim$ !m4 ,!n1 inde$1 a bitt] /ruggle may ensue4 ,a numb] ( sci5ti/s h fail$ to /& ! te/ & h left to po/]ity ! ill-fat$ "n ( apo/ates4 ,! ,*ur* regrets su* cases2 b ! deposit ( fai? is too preci\s to be endang]$ = ! sake ( any individual4 ,= ?is reason ! ,*ur* is & mu/ be cons]vative2 = ?is reason %e may h to w>n aga9/ ! dissem9ation ( propositions :i* may n 9 !mselves be false1 b fraught ) dang] = ! "t be+4 ,%e _c take "p 9 any ha/y ef=t to make exp]im5ts1 risk+ ev]y?+ inh]it$ 9 ord] to try some?+ new4 ,dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 repeat$ly ! sc5e ( communi/ic exp]im5ts4 ,d>+ adv5tur]s assembl$ p & f\nd$ settlem5ts on communi/ic pr9ciples1 private prop]ty be+ aboli%$4 ,9 #ahbd ,rob]t ,ow5 f\nd$ a colony 9 ,indiana1 :i* soon grew to n9e hundr$ memb]s1 liv+ 9 ! fa%ion ( a!i/ic communism4 ,9 #ahbe ! colony adopt$ its fir/ con/itution1 :i* )9 ! foll[+ ye> suff]$ six complete revisions4 ,9 ,june ( ! second ye> ! la/ memb]s ( ! colony ate _! f>ewell d9n] toge!r4 ,! exp]im5t _h come to a spe$y t]m9ation4 ,a ,fr5*man1 ,eti5ne ,cabet1 f\nd$1 9 #ahdh1 a new colony 9 ,texas1 call$ ,ic>ia4 ,soon x numb]$ #ejj memb]s4 ,ea* family _h its small home/ead4 ,*ildr5 7 educat$ by ! community4 ,amusem5t 0 provid$ = by a b& & a !atre2 a libr>y suppli$ m intellectual wants4 ,b soon x all fell into decay4 ,cabet dep>t$ & di$4 ,9 #ahie ! newspap]s report$ ! dissolution ( ! la/ remnant ( ! colony4 ,su* is ! fate ( exp]im5ts4 ,d>+ adv5tur]s may und]take !m4 ,! lectur] at college1 too1 w be readily p>don$ = 8 eag]ness to take up ! cudgel 9 def5ce ( :at is new 9 8 pr(ane sci5ce3 he may easily correct himself4 ,b ! ,tea*] ( ! ,c5turies & ( ! ,nations1 9 ! sph]e ( religion & morals1 has n ! "r to exp]im5t4 ,"h1 :]e mi/akes may entail ! dire/ consequ5ces1 ! rule mu/ be3 sl[ly onw>d1 to keep ! :ole f ru94 ,c>d9al ,b5$ict ,gaetani1 lat] ,pope ,boniface ,,viii41 once prais$ ,rome = hav+ p$es non plumeos s$ plumbeos--n w+$ feet1 b lead5 heels4 ,s5tim5ts ( ! k9d j set =? are ( c\rse possible only 9 conjunction ) ! belief 9 a revelation & 9 ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e ! int]e/s ( fai? come fir/1 & mu/ be unconditionally pres]v$4 ,he :o lacks ?is conviction1 he to :om ! ,*ur* is b a human in/itution1 f\nd$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 t5d+ p]haps to oppose tru? & sci5ce = fe> !y might endang] ! submission ( m9ds--to su* a "o ! ,ca?olic's confid5t devotion to 8 ,*ur*1 & consci\sness ( unimpair$ fre$om at ! same "t1 w be un9telligible2 & ! inflexibility ( ! ,*ur* 9 def5d+ ! fai? w pass 8 compreh5sion4 ,& woe to ! ,*ur* :5 h] position t[>d sci5ce is be+ tri$ be=e ?is c\rt3 only h>% d5unciations are to be expect$ :]e ! judge does n und]/& ! matt] he und]takes to decide4 ,nor d we attempt to bridge ! *asm t sep>ates ! two views ( ! _w :i* we "h aga9 enc\nt]1 ! "o1 :i* rejects ! sup]natural _w1 ! o!r1 ! view ( ! believ+ ,*ri/ian4 ,we h b endeav\r$ to %[ t fai? does n re/ra9 ! m5tal fre$om ( "o :o is conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( 8 fai?4 ,submission to ! au?ority ( fai? is ! consequ5ce ( 8 conviction4 ,?is is ! "q to be decid$3 ,ei!r !re is a revelation & a ,*ur* f\nd$ by ,god1 or !re is n4 ,if su* !re be1 or if x is only possible1 !n mod]n fre$om ( ?\ght1 ) its dem& ( exemption f all au?ority1 is aga9/ reason & morality4 ,if !re is n1 !n ?is %\ld be prov$4 ,x c be done consi/5tly only by ackn[l$g+ a!ism4 ,= if !re is a p]sonal ,god1 !n ,he c give a revelation & f\nd a ,*ur*1 & dem& submission f all4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,celsus to ?is day ! attempt to demon/rate t ! convictions ( a fai?ful ,*ri/ian are unju/ifiable has prov$ futile4 ,ob$i5ce ( ,fai? & ,injury to ,sci5ce4 ,:ile all ?is is true1 yet "o may n %>e ?is conviction1 nor rise to ! c]ta9ty t !re is a sup]natural _w :5ce ! ,son ( ,god desc5d$ to tea* man & to f\nd an infallible ,*ur*4 ,/ill1 to be fair1 he mu/ admit t no real dang] to fre$om ( rese>* & progress ( sci5ce results f submission to fai?1 z %[n above4 ,9 ! fir/ place x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ass]tion is /ill unprov$1 t a positive result ( rese>* has ev] come 9 hopeless conflict ) a dogma ( fai?2 h5ce t sci5ce has be5 prev5t$ f accept+ ?is result4 ,no su* case c be f\nd4 ,! condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican view ( ! _w w be consid]$ pres5tly2 we pass ov] ! fact t at ! "t ( its condemnation x 0 n a positive result ( sci5ce3 ! ma9 po9t is t ! condemnation 0 n an irrevocable dogma ( fai?1 b only ! decision ( a ,congregation1 :i* 0 )drawn z soon z ! tru? 0 cle>ly demon/rat$4 ,besides1 sci5ce has suff]$ no injury f t decision4 ,9 g5]al1 :]e !re is real contradiction betwe5 sci5ce & fai?1 ! matt]s 9 "q are inv>iably hypo!ses4 ,is x m ?an an hypo!sis1 & a v d\btful hypo!sis at t1 t ! _w & ,god are id5tical1 t !re is an et]nal1 uncreat$ c\rse ( ! _w1 t miracles are impossible8 ,t :at is said ab\t ! natural orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! orig9 ( ! ,jewi% religion f ,babylonian my?s1 ! orig9 ( all religions f fe>1 fancy1 or deception1 is x any?+ m ?an hypo!tical8 ,! false sy/ems ( k1 subjectivism1 & agno/icism--are !y m ?an hypo!ses8 ,ask _! orig9ators & *ampions2 !y w admit x !mselves2 & if !y w n admit x1 o!rs w tell !m t _! propositions are n only hypo!ses1 b (t5 q unt5able4 ,!re is h>dly a s+le hypo!sis :i* has n its vehem5t oppon5ts4 ,t ! s]i\s conflict betwe5 dogma & sci5ce is wag$ only 9 ?is field c\ld be prov$ by abundant examples4 ,besides1 is x n ! philosophical axiom ( mod]n fre$om ( ?\ght1 t 9 ! sph]e ( philosophy & religion !re is no c]ta9 k1 b only supposition8 ,c hypo!ses claim to rank z assur$ results ( rese>* :i* %\ld be univ]sally accept$8 ,:y %\ld x n be all[$ to contradict !m1 to oppose !m ) o!r suppositions8 ,is x n 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce t ?is be done1 t !y be subject$ to %>p criticism1 le/ !y gradually be giv5 out = positive results8 ,is x n a %ameful trifl+ ) ! tru?1 :5 a ,haeckel deceives wide circles by pret5d+ t mo/ frivol\s hypo!ses are e/abli%$ results ( sci5ce8 ,is x n mislead+ :5 mod]n sci5ce treats ! rejection ( a sup]natural ord] z an e/abli%$ pr9ciple8 ,& h[ (t5 ! hypo!ses ( pr(ane sci5ces *ange6 8,laym5 are a/oni%$10 says ,h4 ,po9c>1 8t s _m sci5tific !ories are p]i%able4 ,!y see !m ?rive = a few ye>s1 to be ab&on$ "o aft] ! o!r2 !y see wrecks heap$ ^u wrecks2 !y =esee t !ories n[ fa%ionable w aft] a %ort :ile be =gott51 & !y conclude t ^! !ories are absolute fallacy4 ,!y call x ! bankruptcy ( sci5ce0 7,wiss5s*aft u4 ,hypo!se1 ,g]man by ,f4 ,l9demann1 #b;d ed41 #aijf1 #afa74 ,! conclusion is c]ta9ly unju/ifi$1 b ! fact itself rema9s4 ,is x !n a loss to sci5ce :5 fai? opposes 9 ! field ( religion ^! v>iations ( op9ion ) fix$ dogmas8 ,or are ^! p]haps ( less wor?1 or less c]ta9 ?an _! contr>ies8 ,is ! dogma ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god ( less value ?an a!ism8 ,is ! conviction ( ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( spirits less sub/antial ?an ! philosophy ( mat]iali/ic monism8 ,is ! doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( ! human s\l f ! creat+ h& ( ,god f\nd inf]ior to ! notion t ! s\l has develop$ f ! l[] /ages ( animal life8 ,%\ld ! holy tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 doctr9es believ$ by ! be/ p]iods 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 believ$ 9 & pr(ess$ by m9ds l ^? ( an ,augu/9e1 a ,?omas1 & a ,leibnitz2 doctr9es t s9ce _! appe>ance on e>? h always attract$ ! noble & good1 & repell$ *iefly ! base & immoral2 doctr9es t /ill wait = _! fir/ unobjectionable refutation--%\ld su* doctr9es be less sure ?an ! innum]able1 ev]-*ang+ sugge/ions ( unregulat$ ?\ght1 app>5tly direct$ by an av]sion to ev]y?+ sup]natural8 ,erravimus4 ,yet ano!r fact may be po9t$ out4 ,x is an und5iable fact t sci5ce1 aft] /ray+ = "s "t1 is n unfrequ5tly compell$ to return to :at is taught by fai? & ! ,*ur*1 ?us confirm+ ! tru? ( ! fai?4 ,frequ5tly ! new !ory has come on l a tornado1 sweep+ all m9ds be=e x4 ,b ! tempe/ 0 soon sp5t1 ! m9ds recov]$ _! balance & ! ha/y misjudgm5t 0 recogniz$4 ,n long ago1 :5 mat]ialism revell$ 9 its orgies1 especially 9 ,g]many1 :5 ,vogt1 ,bue*n]1 & ,moles*ott 7 writ+ _! books1 & sci5ce ) ,du ,bois-,reymond 0 hunt+ ,laplace's !ory 9 ! evolution ( ! _w1 ! ,syllabus1 undaunt$1 put its ana!ma ^u ! 7#eh47 proposition3 8,no o!r =ces are ackn[l$g$ b ^? ( matt]40 ,! summ]-night's dream came to an end1 & p rubb$ _! eyes & saw ! reality !y _h lo/ a :ile4 ,! mat]ialism ( ! #fj's & #gj's has be5 disc>d$ by ! sci5tific _w1 & f9ds a %elt] only 9 ! circles ( uns*ool$ infidelity4 ,j4 ,re9ke1 9 ! "n ( biology1 be>s te/imony 9 ! words3 8,9 my op9ion mat]ialism has be5 dispos$ ( 9 biology2 if1 nev]!less1 a numb] ( biologi/s /ill /& by its col\rs1 ?is t5acity may be expla9$ psy*ologically2 =1 9 ! apt words ( ,du ,bois-,reymond1 9 ! doma9 ( ideas a man does n will+ly & easily =sake ! highway ( ?\ght :i* 8 entire m5tal tra9+ has op5$ up0 7,e9leitung 9 die !oretis*e ,biologie1 #aija1 #eb74 ,a few decades ago a numb] ( sci5ti/s decl>$ x impossible t ! diff]5t races c\ld h desc5d$ f "o pair ( ance/ors1 z taught by fai?3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s families be+ too great & radical1 x 0 said2 ! diff]5ce be+ r ( species ?an ( race4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( p )\t religion1 )\t notions ( morality & family life2 ( tribes incapable ( civilization & culture2 x 0 ass]t$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,d>w9 en?usiasm t !re _h be5 discov]$ a race ( m5 t cle>ly belong$ to ! species ape4 ,ass]tions ( ?is k9d h gradually ceas$4 ,n[ ! diff]5t human races are consid]$ to belong to ! same species1 & _! common p>5tage is consid]$ possible f ! view-po9t ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! an?ropologi/ ,ranke expresses 8 op9ion ?us3 8,we f9d ! bodily diff]5ces p]fectly connect$ by int]m$iate =ms1 grad$ to a nicety1 & ! summ>y ( ! diff]5ces appe>s to po9t to b "o species4444 ,?is is ! preval5t op9ion ( all indep5d5t rese>* ( anatomically s*ool$ an?ropologi/s0 7,d] ,m5s*1 #b;d ed41 ,,ii1 #ahid1 #bfa74 ,e?nology d5ies ! exi/5ce ( nations or tribes )\t religion 7,ratzel1 ,voelk]kunde1 ,i1 #ahhe1 #ca74 ,pes*el says3 8,! /atem5t t any nation or tribe has ev] be5 f\nd any:]e on e>? )\t notions & sugge/ions ( religion c be d5i$ emphatically0 7,o4 ,pes*el1 ,voelk]kunde1 #f? ed41 #ahhe1 #bgc74 8,! m rec5t e?nology kn[s ( no tribes )\t morality1 nor does hi/ory record any0 7,w4 ,s*neid]1 ,die ,naturvoelk]1 #ahhf1 ,,ii1 #cdh74 ,until a %ort "t ago x 0 believ$ t ! d]ivation ( man's life f inf]ior /ages ( animal life w\ld n be difficult to prove2 b at pres5t1 :ile _m /ill adh]e to ! !ory t man has develop$ f ! brute1 ! conviction is /eadily ga9+ gr\nd t x _c be sci5tifically prov$ & t x becomes m & m difficult to disprove man's high] orig94 ,unable to )/& ! =ce ( facts1 "o hypo!sis gives place to ano!r3 :at _h to be f\nd c\ld n be f\nd1 liv+ or ext9ct l9ks betwe5 ! brute & man refus$ to appe> any:]e1 & ^? :i* p ?\ght !y _h f\nd1 turn$ out to be unsuitable4 ,kohlbrugge concludes 8 criticism ( ! rec5t !ories ( ! evolution ( ! body ( man f l[] animals ) ! confession3 8,! above summ>y is en\gh to conv9ce ev]ybody t we d n "k any?+ di/9ct ab\t ! great problem ( evolution2 we h n yet se5 its face4 ,all mu/ be done ov] aga90 7,die ,morpholog4 ,ab/ammung des ,m5s*51 #aijh1 #hh74 ,vir*[ said at ! an?ropological congress ( ,vi5na1 #ahhi3 8,:5 we met at ,innsbruck tw5ty ye>s ago ,d>w9ism _h j f9i%$ its fir/ triumphal m>* ?r\gh ! _w1 & my fri5d ,vogt became its ard5t *ampion4 ,we h se>*$ 9 va9 = ! miss+ l9k connect+ man directly ) ! ape40 ,:at has become ( ^? anatomic-morphologic l9ks betwe5 man & bea/1 ! pi!can?ropus erectus1 ! man dug out at ,ne&]tal1 ,spy1 ,s*ipka1 ,la ,naulette1 & ,krap9a1 & %[n ) great confid5ce to ! _w8 ,:at has become ( ! prehi/oric man1 said to belong to ! glacial p]iod ( ,europe1 & to h rank$ f> bel[ ! pres5t man8 ,j4 ,kohlmann writes3 8,i wi% to /ate t ,i ?or\ghly adh]e to ! !ory ( evolution1 b my own exp]i5ce has l$ me to ! result t man has n *ang$ 8 racial *>act]i/ics s9ce ! glacial p]iod4 ,he appe>s on ! soil ( ,europe physically complete1 & !re is no ape-man to be f\nd0 7apud ,ranke1 ,ibid4 #dhj74 ,pr(4 ,branco1 director ( ! ,palontological ,in/itute ( ,b]l91 says3 8,palontology tells u no?+ ab\t ! miss+ l9k4 ,?is sci5ce kn[s ( no ance/ors ( man0 7at ! #e? int]national ,zoological ,congress1 #aija1 ,wasmann1 ,die mod4 ,biolog4 #c1 p4 #dhh74 ,& ! palontologi/ ,zittel says3 8,! miss+ l9k betwe5 man & ape1 ?\gh a po/ulate ( ! !ory ( evolution1 has n be5 f\nd0 7,ranke1 l4 c4 #ejd74 ,e4 ,grosse concludes 8 /udies on evolution ) ! significant words3 8,i began ?is book ) ! int5tion ( writ+ a hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! family1 & ,i f9i% x conv9c$ t at pres5t ! writ+ ( t hi/ory is impossible = me or = anybody else0 7,die ,=m5 d] ,familie1 #ahif1 ,vorwort74 ,ranke is p]fectly "r 9 say+ t 8x behoves ! dignity ( sci5ce to confess t x kn[s no?+ ( ! orig9 ( man0 7,?u]m] ,v1 #aijb1 ,i4 ,heft74 ,a c5tury ago or s1 ridicule 0 heap$ 9 ! "n ( sci5ce on ! description 9 ! ,bible ( ! la/ day3 8,! />s %all fall10 8& ! p[]s ( heav5 %all be mov$10 8! elem5ts %all be melt$ ) heat1 & ! e>? %all be burnt up0 7,matt4 xxiv4 #bi seq42 ,luke xxi4 #be seq42 ,m>k xiii4 #bd seq42 #b ,pet4 iii4 #aj74 ,!n ! ass]tion t /ones c\ld fall f ! skies caus$ a smile1 b n[ sci5ce has come to ! g5]al k t ?is is n only possible1 b p]haps really w be ! end ( all ?+s1 if once our e>? on its j\rney ?r\gh unkn[n spaces ( ! univ]se %\ld collide ) a comet or get into a cosmic cl\d ( l>ge meteors4 7,cf4 ! graphic description 9 ,k4 ,braun1 ,ueb] ,kosmogonie1 #c;d ed41 #aije1 p4 #cha seq47 ,an example ( ano!r k9d3 ,x is n s long s9ce ,prote/ant1 lib]al ,bible-criticism & its hi/ory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 9 ! endeav\r to remove ev]y?+ sup]natural f ! beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 reg>d$ ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! olde/ ,*ri/ian docum5ts z unreliable te/imony1 ev5 =g]ies1 & = ?is reason plac$ ! date ( _! orig9 z late z possible4 ,b n[ !y h to retrace _! /eps4 ,a4 ,h>nack writes3 8,!re 0 a p]iod--! g5]al public is /ill liv+ 9 x--:5 ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! olde/ ,*ri/ian lit]ature 7 ?\ght to be b a tissue ( lies & =g]ies4 ,?is "t has pass$4 ,= sci5ce x 0 an episode 9 :i* mu* 0 le>n$ ( :i* mu* mu/ be =gott54 ,! result ( subsequ5t rese>* ov]-rea*es 9 a #8reaction>y' effect :at might be t]m$ ! c5tral position ( mod]n criticism4 ,! olde/ lit]ature ( ! ,*ur* is 9 ! ma9 & 9 mo/ details true & reliable1 t is1 f ! lit]>y & hi/orical po9t ( view4444 ,i am n afraid to use ! ^w #8retrogressive'--= we %\ld call a spade a spade--! criticism ( ! s\rces ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ianity is beyond d\bt mov+ retrogressively t[>ds tradition0 7,*ronologie d] ,alt-,*ri/4 ,lit]atur ,i1 #ahig1 ,,viii74 ,9 a m rec5t "w ! same savant writes3 8,dur+ ! ye>s f #cj to #gj all orig9at$ 9 ,pale/9e1 or1 bett]1 9 ,j]usalem1 :at lat] on 0 develop$4 ,?is k is /eadily ga9+ & replac+ ! =m] #8critical' op9ion t ! fundam5tal developm5t _h ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( ab\t a hundr$ ye>s0 7,lukas d] ,arzt1 #aijf1 ,vorwort74 ,?is retrogression is cont9u$ /ill f>!r 9 8 lat] "w1 8,neue ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,apo/olges*4 u4 zur ,abfassungszeit d] synopt4 ,evang41 #aiaa10 9 :i* ,h>nack draws v ne> to ! ,ca?olic view reg>d+ ! date ( writ+ ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 z also reg>d+ ,/4 ,paul's attitude t[>ds ,judaism & ,*ri/ian-,judaism1 & dep>ts f ! mod]n ,prote/ant view 7cf4 pp4 #bh-dg1 #gi seq41 #hf1 #ic seq474 8,prote/ant au?orities on *ur*-hi/ory10 he says else:]e1 8no long] take (f5ce at ! proposition t ! ma9 elem5ts ( ,ca?olicism g back to ! ,apo/olic era1 & n only p]iph]ically0 7,!ol4 ,lit]>4 ,zeitung1 #aije1 #eb74 ,9 a spee*1 mu* comm5t$ on1 :i* he made at 8 univ]sity ,janu>y #ab1 #aijg1 ,pr(4 ,h>nack1 discuss+ ! religi\s "q 9 ,g]many1 call$ att5tion to ! fact t !re has be5 q a m>k$ return to ! ,ca?olic /&po9t3 8,f ! /udy ( ,*ur* hi/ory we f9d t we all h become diff]5t f :at our fa!rs 71 :e!r we may l x or n4 ,/udy has %[n t we are sep>at$ f our fa!rs by a long c\rse ( developm5t2 t we d n und]/& _! ideas & words at all1 mu* less d we use !m 9 ! s5se !y us$ !m40 ,he !n draws out ! comp>ison m p>ticul>ly3 8,flacius & ! old] ,prote/ants d5i$ t ,pet] _h ev] be5 9 ,rome at all4 ,n[ we "k t 8 hav+ be5 !re is a fact well evid5c$ 9 hi/ory40 ,! motto ( ! old] ,prote/ants 0 t ! ,scriptures are ! sole s\rce ( revelation4 8,b n[1 & = a long "t pa/1 ,prote/ant savants h realiz$ t ! ,scriptures c\ld n be sep>at$ f tradition1 & t ! collect+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures 0 a "p ( tradition40 8,prote/ants ( ! sixte5? c5tury taught ju/ification by fai? alone1 )\t works4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( confessional controv]sy1 no evangelical ,*ri/ian w\ld n[ f9d fault ) ! tea*+ :i* decl>es only su* fai? to be ( any wor? :i* %[s itself by ! love ( ,god & ( ! neighb\r0 7,prote/antismus u4 ,ka?olizismus 9 ,deuts*l&1 ,preussis*4 ,jahrb*] #abg4 ,bd41 #aijg1 #cja seq474 ,_m simil> in/ances ( sci5ce confess+ ,erravimus 9 reg>d to ! ,*ri/ian or ,ca?olic position c\ld be cit$4 ,!y are an admonition to be mode/1 n to ov]rate ! value ( a sci5tific proposition1 & n1 ) supreme confid5ce & infallibility1 to br& x z an (f5ce aga9/ ! human intellect to let "o's self be guid$ by ! pr9ciples ( fai?4 ,moreov]1 x has (t5 happ5$ t sci5ce emphatically & sne]+ly reject$ propositions1 & call$ !m false & absurd1 :i* to-day are consid]$ elem5t>y4 ,newton1 9 #afhg1 _h correctly expla9$ ! revolution ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>?1 & ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun1 z ! co-op]ation ( gravitation & in]tia1 & !nce conclud$ also ! elliptic =m ( ! orbits ( planets previ\sly discov]$ by ,kepl]4 ,leibnitz reject$ ?is !ory1 ,huyg5s call$ x absurd1 & ! ,academy ( ,p>is z late z #agcj /ill fav\r$ ! !ory ( revolution ( ,desc>tes2 x 0 only ab\t ! ye> #agdj t x 0 g5]ally accept$4 ,huyg5s1 himself1 _h =m$ 9 #afij 8 !ory ab\t light-waves4 ,= a long "t x 0 misund]/ood4 ,only 9 #ahjj1 or some:at lat]1 x receiv$ its m]it$ ackn[l$gm5t1 b not$ physici/s l ,biot & ,brew/] reject$ x /ill = "s "t & held to ! !ory ( emission4 8,ev5 9 ! intellectual _w ! law ( in]tia holds good0 7,ros5b]g]1 ,ges*4 d] ,physik1 ,,iii1 #ahhg1 #aci74 ,! great discov]] ,galvani compla9$ ( be+ attack$ f two opposite sides1 by ! sci5ti/s & by ! ignorant3 8,bo? make fun ( me4 ,!y call me ! danc+ ma/] ( frogs4 ,yet ,i "k ,i h discov]$ "o ( ! greate/ =ces ( nature40 ,:5 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 expla9$ ! lightn+-rod to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 he 0 ridicul$ z a dream]4 ,! same happ5$ to ,"y ) 8 !ory ( ! undulation ( light4 8,! ,ed9burgh ,review0 propos$ to ! public to put ,?omas ,grey 9 a /rait-jacket :5 he pres5t$ 8 plan = railroads4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy laugh$ at ! idea ( illum9at+ ! city ( ,london by gas4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces actually sne]$ at ! physici/ ,arago :5 he propos$ a resolution to m]ely op5 a discussion ( ! idea ( an electric telegraph 7,wallace1 ,die wiss5s*4 ,ansi*t des ,ueb]natu]li*51 #ajb seq474 ,until ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago sci5ti/s almo/ univ]sally ?\ght x impossible = a /one to fall f ! skies--n to m5tion a ra9 ( /ones4 ,( ! big meteor t fell at ,agram 9 #agea ! le>n$ ,vi5na pr(essor1 ,/uetz1 wrote 9 #agij z foll[s3 8,t iron _h fall5 f ! skies may h be5 believ$ 9 ,g]many 9 #agea ev5 by its enlight5$ m9ds1 ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty !n prevail+ 9 reg>d to physics & natural hi/ory4 ,9 our times1 h[ev]1 x 7 unp>donable to consid] simil> fairy tales ev5 probable40 ,"s museums ?rew away _! collections ( meteors1 fe>+ !y w\ld appe> ridicul\s by keep+ !m4 ,9 t v ye>1 #agij1 a meteor fell ne> ! city ( ,juillac 9 ,france1 & ! mayor ( ! t[n s5t a report ( x to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 sign$ by ?ree hundr$ eye-witnesses4 ,b ! wise m5 ( ! academy knew bett]4 ,ref]ee ,b]?olon said3 8,x is a pity = a t[n to h s fooli% a mayor10 & add$3 8,x is sad to see ! :ole municipality c]tify+ by affidavit to a folk-saga t c only be piti$4 ,:at m c ,i say ( an affidavit l t8 ,comm5t is self-evid5t to a philosophically tra9$ m9d :o reads ?is au!ntic te/imonial ab\t an evid5tly false fact1 ab\t a physically impossible ph5om5on40 ,a4 ,deluc1 9 o!r respects a sob]-m9d$ man1 & a sci5ti/1 ev5 rem>k$ t %\ld a /one l t fall be=e 8 feet1 !n he w\ld h to admit t he _h se5 x1 b nev]!less w\ld n believe x4 ,vaud9 rem>k$3 8,bett] to d5y su* incr$ible ?+s ?an to h to try to expla9 !m40 ,?us taught ! ,fr5* ,academy ( t "t 7apud ,braun1 ,ueb] ,kosmogonie1 #c;d ed41 #aije1 #cgh seq474 ,& n[ sci5ce is tea*+ ! contr>y4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t su* fall+ meteors are n only possible1 b t !y fall ab\t sev5 hundr$ times a ye> on our e>?4 ,d n ^! examples be> a /rik+ resemblance to ! attitude ( _m ( ! repres5tatives ( mod]n sci5ce t[>ds facts & tru?s ( our fai?8 ,?is has n be5 said ) a view ( detract+ f ! reputation ( sci5ce4 ,n at all4 ,x has fall5 to ! lot ( man to be subject to error4 ,! above 0 said to recall t fact4 ,sci5ce is n s infallible z to be able to claim ! "r to ignore1 9 religi\s & e?ical que/ions1 fai? & ! ,*ur*1 & ev5 to usurp ! place ( ! fai? giv5 by ,god1 9 ord] to lead its disciples ^u ! new pa?s ( a deliv]$ mank9d4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,unprepossession ,( ,rese>*4 ,:at ,x ,is4 ,9 ! ye> #aija a case1 insignificant 9 itself1 caus$ great excitem5t 9 & ev5 beyond ! sci5tific _w4 ,:at _h happ5$8 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg1 9 a t]ritory = ! mo/ "p ,ca?olic1 no less ?an "o-?ird ( ! /ud5ts 7 ,ca?olic1 yet ( ! sev5ty-two pr(essors sixty-"o 7 ,prote/ant1 six ,israelites & b f\r ,ca?olics 7accord+ to ! report ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,koell]1 9 ! #aae? session ( ! ,rei*/ag1 ,janu>y #aa1 #aija74 ,! gov]nm5t resolv$1 9 view ( ! /ate ( affairs1 to give m consid]ation1 :5 appo9t+ pr(essors1 to ! ,ca?olic memb]s ( ! univ]sity4 ,ev5 ! non-,ca?olic memb]s ( ! ,bundesrat desir$ x4 ,a vacancy occurr+ 9 ! faculty ( hi/ory1 ! gov]nm5t1 besides appo9t+ ! ,prote/ant pr(essor propos$ by ! faculty ( philosophy1 decid$ to create a new *air to be fill$ by a ,ca?olic4 ,! appo9tm5t ( a ,ca?olic pr(essor ( hi/ory 0 reg>d$ z s]i\sly endang]+ sci5ce4 ,! /orm broke4 ,! v5]able hi/orian1 ,?4 ,momms51 :o _h be5 a *ampion ( lib]ty 9 ! revolution ( #ahdh1 promptly gave ! al>m4 ,9 ! ,muni* 8,neue/e ,na*ri*t50 !re appe>$ ov] 8 signature an article t creat$ a g5]al s5sation4 8,g]man univ]sity circles10 he said1 9 8 solemn prote/1 8are p]vad$ by a feel+ ( degradation4 ,our vital n]ve is unprejudic$ rese>*2 rese>* t does n f9d :at x seeks & expects to f9d1 ow+ to purposes1 consid]ations1 & re/ra9ts t s]ve o!r1 practical ends extrane\s to sci5ce--b f9ds :at logically & hi/orically appe>s to ! consci5ti\s sci5ti/ ! "r ?+1 tru?fulness4 ,! appo9tm5t ( a college tea*] ^: fre$om is re/rict$ by b>ri]s is lay+ ! axe to ! root ( ,g]man sci5ce4 ,! call to a *air ( hi/ory1 or philosophy1 ( "o :o mu/ be a ,ca?olic or a ,prote/ant1 & :o mu/ s]ve ?is or t confession1 is tantam\nt to compell+ him to set b\nds to 8 "w :5ev] ! results might be awkw>d = a religi\s dogma40 ,& he concludes ) a r++ appeal = ! solid>ity ( ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce3 8,p]haps ,i am n deceiv$ 9 ! hope ( hav+ giv5 expression to ! s5tim5ts ( our colleagues40 ,?is /atem5t ( ! fam\s sci5ti/1 conceiv$ 9 ! temp] ( 8 days ( '#dh1 0 soon s(t5$1 if n neutraliz$1 by a subsequ5t /atem5t f 8 p54 ,b ! sp>k _h already />t$ ! fire4 ,f mo/ univ]sities !re came lett]s ( approval & praise ( 8 c\rage\s /&1 9 behalf ( ! hon\r ( ! univ]sities & ( ,g]man sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s gave v5t to _! regret ( 8 hot-spurr$ action4 ,s9ce !n ! song ( unprejudic$ sci5ce has be5 sung 9 c\ntless v>iations & keys1 end+ z a rule ) ! *orus3 ,h5ce ! believ+1 especially ,ca?olics1 _c be true sci5ti/s4 ,= ?is 0 ! c5tral idea ( ,momms5's prote/1 & 9 t s5se x _h be5 und]/ood4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness we %all cond5se ! sub/ance ( ! ?\ght into a brief =m3 ,! vital n]ve ( sci5ce1 ! condition "u :i* alone x c exi/1 is unprepossession1 t is1 a /raight=w>d hone/y t kn[s ( no o!r consid]ation ?an to aim at ! tru? = its own sake4 ,! believ]1 ! ,ca?olic1 _c be unprepossess$1 because he mu/ pay reg>d to dogmas & ,*ur*-doctr9e & precept4 ,!re=e he is want+ 9 ! mo/ ess5tial requisite ( true sci5ce4 ,h5ce college pr(essors ( a ,ca?olic conviction are anomal\s3 !y h no "r to claim a *air 9 ! home ( unprepossess$ sci5ce4 ,= reasons ( exp$i5cy x may be advisable to appo9t "s ( !m1 b !y _c be reg>d$ z /]l+ sci5ti/s4 ,ca?olic !ology1 build+ ^u fai?1 is n sci5ce 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 & des]ves no place 9 a univ]sity4 ,a ,ca?olic univ]sity1 a home ( sci5tific rese>* built ^u a ,ca?olic f\ndation1 is some?+ l a squ>$ circle4 ,x may be t ,ca?olic sci5ti/s1 too1 h _! a*ievem5ts1 b !y _c be expect$ to be possess$ ( t unfl9*+ pursuit ( ! tru? :i* mu/ be "p ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,^! are ?\ghts :i* h petrifi$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m into self-evid5t pr9ciples1 ) all ! ob/9acy ( intol]ance4 ,x is n difficult to recognize 9 x ! old reproa* we h already dealt )1 x is "h 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,! believ+ sci5ti/ is n free to se>* = ! tru?1 be+ ti$ d[n by 8 duty to believe4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 mu/ be free4 ,h5ce ! believ] _c prop]ly pursue sci5ce4 ,fre$om ( sci5ce & sci5ce unprepossess$ are relat$ t]ms & are (t5 us$ synonym\sly4 ,!re=e1 9 putt+ ! probe to ! (t5-repeat$ dem& = unprepossession1 we %all meet ) ideas simil> to ^? we h already discuss$1 only 9 a slightly diff]5t %ape4 ,:at1 !n1 is t unprepossession :i* sci5ce mu/ av[8 ,c ! ,ca?olic1 ! believ+ sci5ti/1 possess x8 ,unprepossess$ rese>*--8,i don't l ! expression10 says a repres5tative ( free-?\ght1 8because x is a product ( t %ortcom+ :i* has already done great damage to free-?\ght 9 its /ruggle ) ! p[]s ( ! pa/0 7,jodl74 ,h5ce we h reason to fe> t ! confid5ce ) :i* ?is ^w is us$ is great] ?an ! cle>ness ( ?\ght x repres5ts4 ,:at is meant by say+ t sci5ce mu/ be unprepossess$8 ,und\bt$ly x means t sci5ce %\ld make no presuppositions1 x mu/ ent] ^u its "w free f prejudice & presumption4 ,& :at is presumption8 ,evid5tly some?+ presum$1 ^u :i* ! rese>* is to re/ ! level & rule ( its direction3 ! supposition be+ tak5 = grant$1 )\t express pro(4 ,:at ,i h expressly prov$ 9 my process ( ?\ght is no long] a supposition to ! /ructure ( ?\ght1 b a "p ( t /ructure4 ,is ! sci5ti/1 h[ev]1 to all[ no presumption at all8 ,t w\ld be impossible4 ,:5 mak+ 8 calculations ! ma!matician presupposes ! correctness ( ! multiplication table4 ,or is he fir/ to prove t twice ?ree are six8 ,he c\ld n d x1 because x is imm$iately self-evid5t4 ,9 8 optical exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory1 9 draw+ inf]5ces z to ! nature ( light f diff]5t indications1 ! physici/ presupposes t s5ses are able to obs]ve ! facts correctly1 t ev]y?+ has its respective reason1 t no?+ c be & n be1 at ! same "t1 "u ! same conditions4 ,c he or mu/ he try fir/ to prove x8 ,he mu/ presume x because x is beyond a d\bt1 & because x _c be prov$ at all1 at lea/ all ( x _c4 ,! a/ronom]1 too1 makes unhesitat+ use ( ! =mulas ( ma!matics )\t exam9+ !m anew2 e natural sci5ti/ calmly presupposes ! correctness ( ! results e/abli%$ by 8 pr$ecessors & goes on build+ ^u ^? results3 he may d s because he _c ) reason d\bt !m4 ,h5ce presumptions are common2 !y may be made :5 we are conv9c$ ( _! tru?2 !y mu/ be made because n ev]y?+ c be prov$4 ,mu* _c be prov$ because x is imm$iately self-evid5t1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ability to recognize ! true or ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( reason+2 _m o!r ?+s _c always be prov$ m9utely1 because n e sci5ti/ c>es to beg9 ) ! egg ( ,l$a4 ,he t wants to build a h\se builds ^u a giv5 base2 if he w n accept x1 if he desires to dig up ! fundam5t to ! v bottom1 9 ord] to lay x anew1 he w be digg+ =ev]1 b ! h\se w nev] be built4 ,h5ce to say t sci5ce mu/ be unprepossess$ _c mean t x mu/ n make any presupposition4 ,:at1 !re=e1 does x mean8 ,simply ?is3 ,sci5ce mu/ n presume any?+ to be true :i* is false1 nor any?+ z prov$ :i* is /ill unc]ta9 & unprov$4 ,:atev] ! sci5ti/ kn[s to be c]ta9 he may take z su*1 presum+ x z ! f\ndation & direction ( fur!r "w2 & :at he kn[s to be probable he may suppose to be probable4 ,9 s do+ he 9 no way (f5ds aga9/ ! ideal t %\ld be ev]-pres5t to 8 m9d--! tru?1 because he m]ely all[s himself to be guid$ by ! tru?1 recogniz$ z su*4 ,& ! sequ5ce ( tru? _c b be tru?1 ! sequ5ce ( c]ta9ty _c b be c]ta9ty4 ,b %\ld he presuppose to be true :at is false & unprov$1 & ! unc]ta9 to be c]ta91 !n he w\ld (f5d aga9/ tru?1 aga9/ ! aim ( e sci5ce4 ,h5ce if ! critic ( ! ,bible presupposes miracles & prophecies to be impossible1 inf]r+ !refrom t _m n>ratives 9 ,holy ,writ _c be au!ntic1 b mu/ be leg5ds ( a lat] p]iod1 he is mak+ arbitr>y presuppositions1 he is n an unprepossess$ sci5ti/4 ,likewise1 if an hi/orian presuppos+ ,god's sup]natural provid5ce ov] ! _w to be impossible1 &1 9 build+ ^u ?is basis1 comes to ! conclusion t ! ,*ri/ian religion grew f purely natural factors1 f ,ori5tal notions & my?s1 f ,greek philosophy & ,roman =ms ( gov]nm5t1 he aga9 makes unprov$ suppositions4 ,if ! natural philosoph] assumes t !re _c be a p]sonal ,creator1 & inf]s f x t ! _w is ( itself & et]nal1 he has =feit$ ! claim ( be+ an unprepossess$ sci5ti/1 & by mak+ 9 any way 8 own pet ideas ! basis ( 8 rese>* he is violat+ ! dem&s ( unprepossession2 ! results he arrives at are n sci5tific results1 b ! speculations ( an amateur4 ,unprepossession & ,religi\s ,conviction4 ,is x possible = ! ,*ri/ian sci5ti/ :o adh]es to 8 fai?1 to be unprepossess$1 z dem&$ by sci5ce8 ,accord+ to all t has be5 said hi!rto ab\t ! relation ( sci5ce to fai?1 ! answ] c be only 9 ! affirmative4 ,! believ+ ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic looks ^u ! doctr9es ( fai? taught him by revelation & ! ,*ur* z an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,:at to me is true & c]ta9 ,i c take = ! true & c]ta9 basis & /&>d ( my ?\ght4 ,?is is dem&$ by unprepossession--no?+ m4 ,consid]+ ! imm5se ext5t ( ! sci5ces1 ! pr(ane sci5ces w b seldom1 & 9 b few matt]s1 h occasion to presuppose tru?s ( fai? 9 ! above-m5tion$ way2 & only 9 a negative =m at t4 ,we h previ\sly %[n t ! pr(ane sci5ces mu/ nev] take tru?s ( fai? = a positive basis to build ^u2 !y mu/ reg>d ! doctr9es ( revelation only 9 s f> z x is n all[$ to tea* any?+ 9 contradiction to !m4 ,& ) ?is dem& !y w meet 9 r>e in/ances only1 because1 if n ov]/epp+ _! prov9ce1 !y w v seldom come 9 t\* ) fai? 7cf4 pp4 #hh-if74 ,:5 ,kepl] 0 /udy+ 8 planet>y orbits1 & ,newton discov]$ ! law ( gravitation1 bo? work$ indep5d5t ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w :i* !y bo? pr(ess$2 x 0 9 no way a necess>y presupposition to _! rese>*4 ,:5 ,s*e9] discov]$ ! sun-spots1 & ,sec*i classifi$ ! spectra ( ! />s1 !y 7 n do+ s z ,jesuits nor z ,ca?olics2 z ,mohamm$ans or a!i/s !y might h made ! same discov]ies4 ,/eam eng9es & railways1 ,volta's electricity1 ca?ode-rays & ,x-rays1 all discov]ies t ! n9ete5? c5tury c boa/ (1 d n dep5d directly on any special view ( ! _w4 ,& if ! believ+ sci5ti/ does take 8 fai? = a guide 9 "s matt]s1 :5 9 all 8 rese>*es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & ! ,*ur* he presupposes t ,god's miracul\s int]f]5ce is n impossible1 because ! contr>y w\ld (f5d n only aga9/ 8 fai?1 b also aga9/ 8 common s5se2 :5 9 pond]+ ! ultimate reasons ( all ?+s he all[s himself to be influ5c$ by ! idea t a!ism is false1 or at lea/ n prov$--= t !re is a ,god bo? 8 fai? & 8 reason tell him--!n ^! presumptions are by no means inadmissible4 ,! naturali/1 too1 presuppos+ c]ta9 results ( sci5ce to be true1 takes c>e n to get into conflict ) !m1 & he w soon correct himself %\ld he arrive at diff]5t results4 ,if a ma!matician %\ld arrive at results conflict+ ) o!r prov$ results1 he w\ld inf] !refrom t 8 calculation 0 faulty2 :y1 !n1 _c ! ,*ri/ian n[ & !n be l$ by ! tru?s ( 8 fai?1 ( :i* he is c]ta91 )\t by do+ s (f5d+ aga9/ ! _s ( sci5tific tru?fulness8 ,or may he n d s j because !y are religi\s tru?s1 v\*$ = by a sup]natural au?ority8 ,z a fact _m ( !m are e/abli%$ also by ! te/imony ( reason4 ,?is is %[n by ! examples j m5tion$4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q is n h[ a tru? is v\*$ =1 b :e!r x be a tru? or n4 ,if ! sci5ti/ is assur$ t some?+ is unque/ionably true1 !n he owes x to ! _s ( tru?fulness to accept x4 ,9 do+ s he w 9 no way be unfai?ful to 8 sci5tific me?od2 ! tru?s ( fai? are to him n a s\rce ( pro(s = ! results ( 8 pr(ane sci5ce1 b only h9ts1 call+ 8 att5tion to ! fact t c]ta9 propositions are n prov$1 t !y are ev5 false4 ,mu* less is 9 hi/orical que/ions ! ,ca?olic oblig$ to def5d or praise ev]y?+ ( advantage to 8 ,*ur*1 :e!r true or n4 ,h5ce ,momms5 is grossly mi/ak5 :5 he /ates 9 8 lett] ( prote/ m5tion$ above3 8,! appo9tm5t ( a hi/orian or philosoph]1 :o mu/ be a ,ca?olic or a ,prote/ant & :o mu/ s]ve 8 confession1 evid5tly means no?+ else b to prohibit ! ,prote/ant hi/orian f pres5t+ ! p[]ful m5tal /ructure ( ! papacy 9 its full light1 & ! ,ca?olic hi/orian f appreciat+ ! pr(\nd ?\ght & ! trem5d\s importance ( h]esy & ,prote/antism40 ,! ,ca?olic is only b\nd to ! tru?4 ,or are ! ,*ri/ian tru?s ( fai? p]haps regrettable errors1 h5ce presumptions t %\ld n be made8 ,if s1 demon/rate x4 ,hi!rto su* demon/ration has n succe$$4 ,s long z ! cre$ ( ! believ+ ,*ri/ian _c be refut$ conv9c+ly1 he has ! "r to cl+ to x 9 ! "n ( tru?4 ,or c we n h reasonable c]ta9ty at all 9 religi\s matt]s8 ,are !y ! undemon/rable ?+s ( an uncontrollable s5tim5t8 ,to be sure1 ?is is ass]t$ (t5 en\gh1 explicitly or by ins9uation4 ,if ?is 7 true1 !n ( c\rse duty ( fai? & true unprepossession c\ld n g toge!r2 "o w\ld be reg>d+ z ! tru? ?+s ( :i* "o _c be conv9c$4 ,b ?is is also an unprov$ assumption3 x is ! duality ( subjectivism & agno/icism1 ! fundam5tal presumption ( lib]al fre$om ( sci5ce1 :i* we h already suffici5tly expos$4 ,h[ev]1 let u assume aga9 ! position ( ^? :o d n feel !mselves p]sonally conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmatic fai?1 or ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b ! ,ca?olic is firmly conv9c$ !re( &1 if ne$ be1 w make sacrifices = ?is conviction1 z millions h done4 ,h5ce1 c any "o =bid him to ?9k & judge accord+ to 8 conviction8 ,w\ld !y :o diff] f 8 op9ion = ?is v reason =ce him to ?9k aga9/ 8 own conviction8 ,w\ld n t inde$ be 8s$uction to s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/08 ,if ! juri/ or hi/orian has =m$ ! conviction t ,momms5 is on hi/orical que/ions conc]n+ ,roman law an au?ority1 :o may be foll[$ )\t scruple1 & he does s )\t re-exam9+ ! p>ticul> po9ts1 w ?is be look$ ^u z an (f5ce aga9/ unprepossession8 ,if1 !n1 ! ,ca?olic is c]ta9 t he may safely tru/ to revelation & ! ,*ur*--& !re is no au?ority on e>? ( m v5]able /&+1 ev5 if view$ f a purely natural po9t--w he alone be accus$ ( m5tal bl9dness & lack ( fre$om8 ,or may ! sci5ti/ h no view ( ! _w at all1 because he might be influ5c$ !reby 9 c]ta9 directions8 ,! *ampions ( ?is dem& w surely n admit t !y h n a def9ite view ( ! _w4 ,by no means6 ,we "k v well t j ^? :o are mo/ vehem5t 9 urg+ unprepossess$ sci5ce h a v pron\nc$ notion ( ! _w1 we "k also t !y are resolutely propagat+ t notion4 ,yet no?+ is said aga9/ a sci5ti/ :o is a moni/1 or :o />ts f agno/icism4 ,x seems !y int5d to exclude "o view only1 ! positive religi\s view4 ,yet n ev5 ?is "o :olly4 ,no "o f9ds ! ,jew :o adh]es to 8 religion unfit = sci5tific rese>*4 ,( c\rse n4 ,prote/ants1 too1 f9d fav\r3 accord+ to ! /atutes ( "s ,g]man univ]sities ,prote/ants only may be pr(essors !re4 ,nei!r ,momms5 nor any o!r h]ald ( unprepossession deems x necess>y to def5d sci5ce aga9/ ^! in/itutions & usages4 ,x is pla9 :at is meant by ! popul> cry = sci5ce unprepossess$3 ,! man ( sci5ce may be any?+1 sceptic or a!i/1 pagan or ,hott5tot1 only he mu/ n be a fai?ful ,ca?olic4 ,is ?is fair8 ,is ?is ! _s ( tru? & ju/ice ) :i* !y claim to be fill$8 ,:at has j be5 said ab\t ! ,ca?olic be+ exclud$1 c\ld easily be exemplifi$ by a l5g?y li/ ( facts4 ,b we %all pass !m ov]4 ,we %all note "o utt]ance only1 f ! p5 ( a non-,ca?olic writ]4 ,! r5[n$ p$agogue1 ,fr4 ,w4 ,fo]/]1 says 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( 8 book on 8,sexual ,e?ics & ,sexual ,p$agogy03 8,special exception has be5 tak5 to ! ca?oliciz+ t5d5cy ( my book1 & n infrequ5tly ! au?or has )\t fur!r ado be5 made out an or?odox ,ca?olic4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ ,i h be5 9 a position to ga9 int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ ! incr$ible bias ( _m *ampions ( unprepossess$ rese>*4 ,to !m x is an a-priori dogma t ev]y?+ repres5t$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is nons5se1 sup]/ition1 bigotry4 ,!y are pa/ compreh5d+ h[ an unprejudic$ man1 simply by concrete exp]i5ce1 unprepossess$ rese>* & s]i\s pond]+ 9 ! field ( p$agogy1 c\ld be br\ght to affirm t c]ta9 notions ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* are ! unavoidable consequ5ce ( a p5etrat+ k ( s\l & life4 ,?is _c be admitt$ by ! non-,ca?olic3 = him ! tru? mu/ cease :]e ! ,ca?olic fai? beg9s2 he d>es n ass5t to any?+1 else he w no long] be tak5 = a reputable sci5tific man40 ,! blu/] ab\t unprepossession proce$s f %all[ness & di%one/y4 ,! mo/ v>i$ presumptions1 t h no?+ to d ) sci5ce & ! pursuit ( ! tru?1 may pass )\t notice2 only :5 ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic religi\s convictions1 re/+ ^u div9e au?ority1 are enc\nt]$1 !n tol]ance gives way to excitem5t1 a hue & cry is rais$1 ! gate is %ut1 & entrance to ! sci5tific _w d5i$4 ,philosoph]s arise1 & ea* philosophizes accord+ to 8 mann]4 ,fi*te says3 8,:at philosophy to *oose dep5ds on ! k9d ( a man "o is40 ,! hi/orian ent]s4 ,x is report$ t ,treits*ke said3 8,if ,i _c write hi/ory f my own view-po9t1 ) my own judgm5t1 !n ,i _h r be a soapmak]40 ,accord+ to tru/wor?y te/imony1 ! well-kn[n ,prote/ant hi/orian1 ,giesebre*t1 us$ to preface 8 lectures 9 ,muni* ) ! words3 8,i am a ,prussian & a ,prote/ant3 ,i %all lecture accord+ly0 7,ho*s*ulna*ri*t51 #aija1 #b1 p4 #cj74 ,ev5 "h !re are no objections 9 ! "n ( ,unprepossession4 8,sci5ce10 says ,h>nack1 8w te> (f ! mask ( ! hypocrite or plagi>i/ & ?r[ him out ( ! temple1 b ! que]e/ suppositions x mu/ let pass if !y g by ! "n ( convictions1 & if ^? :o h>b\r !m are try+ to demon/rate !m by sci5tific means40 ,!re=e ! convictions1 or1 to speak ) ,h>nack1 ! 8prejudices10 ( ! ,ca?olic 8c]ta9ly des]ve z mu* consid]ation & pati5ce z ! velleities1 idiosyncrasies1 & bl9d dogmas :i* we h to meet & refute 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 intellects0 7,int]nationale ,wo*5s*rift1 #aijh1 #bei seq474 8,sci5ce has be5 re/rict$10 ! same au?ority also admits1 8at all times2 our prog5y w f9d ev5 mod]n sci5ce 9 _m ways n rul$ by pure reason only0 7,dogm5ges*4 ,,iii1 #c;d ed41 #aijg1 #cbf74 ,& :at is to be said ( ^? m s]i\s suppositions1 unprov$ & unprovable1 :i* guide mod]n sci5ce :]ev] x meets philosophical-religi\s que/ions8 ,t truly dogmatic rejection ( ev]y?+ sup]natural & transc5d5tal1 t ob/9ate ignoration ( a p]sonal ,god1 ! rejection ( any creative act1 ( any miracle1 ( any revelation1--a presupposition directly rais$ to a sci5tific pr9ciple3 ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,lat] on we %all make an excursion into v>i\s fields ( sci5ce1 & we %all %[ cle>ly h[ ?is presumption is /amp$ ^u entire bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,^? solemn assurances ( p]sev]+ unselfi%ness 9 desir+ no?+ b ! tru?2 ! confid5ce ) :i* !y claim a monopoly ( ! in/9ct = ! tru?1 all ?is w appe> 9 q a /range light1 ! twilight ( di%one/y1 :5 we exam9e ! docum5ts & records ( lib]al sci5ce itself4 ,we %all see suffici5tly h[ tru?ful ! self-confession ( a mod]n *ampion ( lib]al sci5ce really is3 8,! rec5tly co9$ expression1 #8sci5ce unprepossess$1' ,i d n l1 because x is a product ( t %ortcom+ :i* has already done s mu* damage to free ?\ght 9 its /ruggle ) ! p[]s ( ! pa/--because t ^w is n entirely hone/4 ,none ( u sits d[n to 8 "w unprepossess$0 7,f4 ,jodl1 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,novemb] #bf1 #aijg74 ,"h we %all t\* ^u only "o m "q4 ,! ,duty to ,believe & ,sci5tific ,demon/ration4 ,b _c ! believ+ ,*ri/ian submit to sci5tific inve/igation ! doctr9e ( fai? itself1 :i* he mu/ )\t d\bt hold to be true8 ,?is mu/ surely be all[$ if he is to conv9ce himself sci5tifically ( ! tru? ( x4 ,inde$1 ?is is all[$4 ,he may critically exam9e ev]y?+ to ! v bottom1 ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! rationality ( 8 own m9d4 ,b h[ c he1 if no d\bt is p]missible8 ,to exam9e means to se>* d\bt+ly2 x means to call ! matt] 9 "q--?is1 too1 is "r4 ,x is1 on ! "o h&1 a doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* t !y :o h receiv$ fai? ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*1 t is1 !y t h be5 made famili> ) ! ess5tial subjects ( ! fai? & ! motives ( _! cr$ibility by prop] religi\s in/ruction1 mu/ n d\bt _! fai?4 ,!y h no reasonable excuse = d\bt+ because !y are assur$ ( ! tru? ( ! fai?4 ,we h discuss$ ?is po9t be=e47#d7 ,z a matt] ( c\rse only volunt>y d\bts are exclud$1 d\bts by :i* "o ass5ts delib]ately & wilfully to ! judgm5t t p]haps n all may be true t is propos$ = our belief4 ,involunt>y d\bts are nei!r exclud$ nor s9ful4 ,^! are app>5t c\nt]-argum5ts1 objections1 difficulties aga9/ ! fai?1 :i* occur to ! m9d )\t gett+ its consci\s approval4 ,!y are n unlikely1 because ! cognition ( ! cr$ibility ( ,*ri/ian tru?s1 :ile x is c]ta91 is yet lack+ 9 t obvi\s cle>ness :i* w\ld r5d] obscurity & c\nt]-argum5t impossible2 ! ass5t to fai? is free4 ,d\bts ( ?is k9d are apt to mole/ ! m9d & buzz r\nd x l bo!rsome insects1 b !y are n s9ful because !y d n set aside ! ass5t to fai? any m ?an ! cl\d t int]v5es betwe5 u & ! sun c ext+ui% its light4 ,! ass5t to fai? is )drawn only :5 ! w ) cle> consid]ation approves ( ! judgm5t t ! d\bt may be "r4 ,b :at ab\t d\bts :i* "o _c solve8 ,w\ld we n owe x to tru? & probity to )hold ass5t to fai? = a :ile8 ,! answ] lies 9 ! di/9ction ( a tw(old solution ( difficulties4 ,x is by no means necess>y1 nor ev5 possible1 to solve directly all objections2 x suffices to solve !m indirectly1 t is1 by recogniz+ !m z void2 s9ce fai? is c]ta91 :atev] is contr>y to x mu/ be false4 ,if "o is conv9c$ by cle> pro(s ( ! innoc5ce ( a def5dant he w n be sway$ 9 8 assurance1 no matt] h[ mu* circum/antial evid5ce be (f]$ aga9/ ! def5dant4 ,he may n be able to acc\nt directly = "o or ! o!r rem>kable co9cid5ce ( circum/ances1 b all ! argum5ts ( ! o!r side are to him refut$1 because to him ! def5dant's innoc5ce is a c]ta9ty4 ,?us ! fai?ful ,*ri/ian may he> x solemnly proclaim$ z a sci5tifically e/abli%$ fact t miracles are impossible1 because !y w\ld be tantam\nt to ,god mak+ correction on ,8 own "w1 because !y w\ld imply a self-contradiction1 or !y w\ld be aga9/ ! law ( pres]vation ( en]gy2 he he>s ( atrocities 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ! ,inquisition1 ( ! ,*ur* be+ an enemy ( civilization--he kn[s n :at to say3 b "o ?+ he kn[s1 t !re mu/ be an answ]1 because he kn[s1 enlight5$ by fai?1 t 8 belief _c be false4 ,n[h]e is x dem&$ t all objections be directly answ]$1 9 ord] t ! conviction be true4 ,if ,i1 ) ! :ole _w1 am conv9c$ t ,i am able to recognize ! tru?1 mu/ ,i !re=e c>efully dis5tangle all ! cobwebs ev] spun ab\t ! tru? by brood+ philosophical bra9s8 ,if ,i am 9 ! h\se1 safe f ! ra91 mu/ ,i1 9 ord] to keep dry1 g out & cat* e drop ( ra9 t is fall+8 ,su* d\bts may inde$ h>ass ! untra9$ m9d1 may ev5 confuse x4 ,?is is ! juncture :]e grace comes 91 ! pl$ge ( :i* has be5 receiv$ at baptism1 br++ enlight5m5t1 peace1 assurance2 !n we le>n f o!rs & f ourselves t fai? is also a grace4 ,nev]!less a sci5tific exam9ation ( ! f\ndations & tru?s ( fai? is all[$ & :olesome4 ,ne>ly all ! !ological works writt5 by ,ca?olics s9ce ! days ( ,ju/9 & ,augu/9e are no?+ b exam9ations ( ?is k9d4 ,at e exam9ation "o proce$s ) d\bt & "q4 ,?is is admitt$2 b ?is d\bt mu/ be m]ely a me?odical "o1 n a s]i\s "o1 nor ne$ x be s]i\s4 ,^! two k9ds ( d\bt mu/ be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,9 case ( a s]i\s d\bt ,i look ^u ! matt] z really dubi\s1 & )hold my ass5t4 ,i am n yet conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,?is k9d ( a d\bt is n all[$ 9 matt]s ( fai? & x is ! only "o t is =bidd54 ,9 case ( a me?odical d\bt ,i proce$ z conv9c$ ( a tru?1 b ,i d n yet see ! reasons pla9ly1 & w\ld l to be fully consci\s ( !m4 ,evid5tly !re is no ne$ ( ca/+ aside ! convictions ,i h hi!rto held1 & ( beg9n+ to ?9k t ! matt] is by no means positively e/abli%$4 ,= in/ance1 ,i am conv9c$ t a complicat$ ord] mu/ be ! "w ( intellect2 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld l to f9d ! pro( ( x4 ,h5ce ,i proce$ z if ! tru? 7 yet to be f\nd4 ,b x w\ld evid5tly be absurd to ?9k 9 ! meantime t su* admirable ord] c\ld be ! result ( bl9d accid5t4 ,or1 ,i am conv9c$ t !re mu/ be a s\rce = e ev5t3 ,i desire to f9d ! demon/ration ( x4 ,9 ! meantime %all ,i ?9k x possible = ano!r ,nova ,p]sei to be produc$ 9 ! sky )\t any cause8 ,or1 inve/igat+ to see :e!r ,i am capable ( recogniz+ ! tru?1 %all ,i s]i\sly become a sceptic till ,i am conv9c$ t ,i ought n to be su*8 ,z soon z ,i really d\bt t ,i c recognize any?+ at all z true1 obvi\sly ,i _c proce$ any fur!r4 ,kant beg9s 8 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 ) ?is d\bt1 & _m imitate him1 b only by evid5t inconsi/5cy are !y able to cont9ue _! rese>*es by means ( reason4 ,sci5tific exam9ation does n consi/ 9 repudiat+ a c]ta9ty held hi!rto1 9 ord] to arrive at x anew2 x consi/s 9 br++ to "o's cle> consci\sness ! reasons = t c]ta9ty1 & 9 try+ to =mulate ^? reasons precisely4 ,to inve/igate ! light x is evid5tly n necess>y fir/ to ext+ui% x4 ,?us ! believ+ ,*ri/ian may mo/ c]ta9ly probe into 8 religi\s conviction )\t int]f]+ ) 8 adh]5ce1 & by do+ s proce$ unprepossess$ 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 = unprepossession does n mean ! root+ up ( all c]ta9ty4 ,at ! ?re%old ( wisdom does n sit ,scepticism4 ,:at ,unprepossession is ,n4 ,b ! deep]1 mod]n mean+ ( unprepossession is precisely ! "r to d\bt s]i\sly ev]y?+1 especially ! tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 ?is is ! fre$om dem&$4 ,scepticism1 ! /amp ( our "t4 ,_m a misconception may h contribut$ to ! def9ition ( ?is unprepossession4 ,= in/ance1 ov]look+ ! important diff]5ce betwe5 me?odical d\bt & s]i\s d\bt4 ,!n !re is ! errone\s op9ion t we %\ld & c\ld proce$ ev]y:]e 9 ! same way z 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,almo/ p>allel ) ! progress 9 ! natural sci5ces grew ! d\bt ( ! correctness ( ! anci5t physical & a/ronomical notion ( ! _w2 piece aft] piece crumbl$ away "u ! h& ( rese>*2 new tru?s 7 discov]$4 ,9 j admiration ( ^! results x 0 conclud$ t all prov9ces ( human cognition %\ld be 8rese>*$0 9 ! same way1 n except+ religion & !ories ( ! _w2 "h1 too1 sci5ce %\ld ca/ a radical d\bt ^u ev]y?+ & discov] tru?--z if "h we _h to deal ) matt]s simil> to a/ronomy & physics1 9 ! /ate !y 7 c5turies ago2 z if all mank9d 0 /ill ignorant ( ! tru? & sci5ce _h to discov] x4 ,?is "r to d\bt is claim$ especially 9 ! high] que/ions ( religion4 ,c]ta9 cognition by reason is1 aft] all1 impossible "h1 su* is ! presumption1 & !re=e1 fir/ ( all1 x is ! "r & duty ( man1 z soon z he has atta9$ 8 intellectual maturity1 to %ape by d\bt 8 views ( ! _w to ! satisfaction ( 8 m9d & he>t1 to w9 !m by a /ruggle2 nor is ?is true only 9 ! case ( ! s+le individual1 b also ( entire g5]ations4 ,to see problems ev]y:]e1 n to h any convictions1 ?is is tak5 to be true unprepossession4 8,man mu/ le>n10 s we are told1 8t !re is no absolute miracle1 n ev5 9 ! doma9 ( ! religi\s life1 :i* sup]naturally (f]s tru? at a po9t or by an in/itution1 b t e man & e era z witness$ by ! au?ority ( hi/ory mu/ conqu] tru? by !mselves = _! own sake & at _! own risk0 7,e4 ,troelts*1 ,int]nationale ,wo*5s*4 #aijh1 #bf74 ,?us ! m9d ( man _c slake its ?ir/ = positive tru? at ! div9e f\nta9 ( revelation1 b only by se>* & rese>*4 ,su* is ! *e]ful message ( ?is sci5ce4 8,amid grave crises10 we are told aga91 8a new concept ( sci5ce has =c$ its way to ! front s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury & conqu]$ ! univ]sities40 8,sci5ce is n a f9i%$ sy/em1 b a rese>* to be =ev] "u exam9ation0 7,a4 ,h>nack1 ,die ,aufgabe d] !ol4 ,facultaet51 #aija1 #ag74 ,rese>* )\t ev] arriv+ at ! sure possession ( ! tru?1 ?is is n[ ! mean+ ( sci5ce1 especially ( philosophy4 ,h5ce !re _c be a philosophy conclusive & immutable1 & any po9t :i* seems e/abli%$ may at any "t be revis$ accord+ to new p]ceptions4 8,!re is no "q t may n be ask$2 none :i* 9 ! ab/ract c\ld n j z well be d5i$ z affirm$4 ,9 ?is s5se philosophy is unprepossess$0 7,pauls51 ,die deuts*5 ,univ]sitaet51 #aijb1 #cjd seq474 ,! highe/ a*ievem5t x decl>es itself capable (1 is n to po9t out ! tru? to its disciples1 = x does n "k ! tru? itself1 b only ?is3 8,we expect1 or at lea/ we %\ld expect1 t dur+ ! ye>s ( /udy ! m9d give itself e>ne/ly to philosophy1 & /rive = a firm grasp ( ideas4 ,! great pa?f9d]s 9 _w ?\ght1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,sp9oza1 ,kant1 & :oev] may be rank$ ) !m1 rema9 ! liv+ tea*]s ( philosophy40 ,?us we hold ^? great intellectual a*ievem5ts1 ,plato's doctr9e & ideas1 ,sp9oza's a!i/ic pan!ism1 ,ari/otle's objectivism & ,kant's subjectivism1 ) o!r views ( ! _w ( mo/ v>iegat$ patt]ns1 all contradict+ & exclud+ "o ano!r1 all dubi\s1 none sure4 ,:at w\ld be said ( an a/ronomy t c\ld d no?+ bett] ?an fix ! telescope on ! diff]5t />s & !n tell its disciples3 ,n[ look = :at y please1 ideas ( ,ptolemy or ,cop]nicus2 ,ari/otle's !ory ( ! sph]es or ,newton's !ory ( gravity2 ea* has its po9ts1 b ( none c x be said x is c]ta96 ,su* an a/ronomy w\ld probably be left to its des]v$ fate4 ,9 ! mo/ important po9ts ( religion mank9d has ev]1 ev5 9 pagan times1 recogniz$ ! tru?1 albeit imp]fectly4 ,?is is ev9c$ by ! conviction t !re exi/s a p]sonal ,god & a h]eaft]2 convictions :i* c be prov$ hi/orically4 ,god's revelation has provid$ ^? :o desire to believe ) a full] k ( ! tru?3 heav5 & e>? w pass away1 b ^! words w n pass away4 ,b :at is already 9 our safe possession _c be once m discov]$ by rese>*4 ,:at has already be5 f\nd is no long] an object ( rese>*4 ,mank9d's lot w\ld be a sad "o inde$ 7 ?is unprepossess$ sci5ce 9 ! "r2 if 9 ! mo/ important que/ions ( life x 7 condemn$ =ev] to tantaliz+ d\bt4 ,god's provid5ce has orda9$ matt]s m k9dly = humanity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a poor sci5ce t has no?+ to (f] b an et]nal qu]y = ! tru?4 ,a poor sci5ce1 t ) self-consci\sness promises enlight5m5t & :at n1 b f9ally c give no?+ b ceaseless d\bt in/ead ( tru?1 torm5t+ d>kness in/ead ( *e]ful light4 ,:y1 !n1 rese>* :]e no?+ c be f\nd8 ,:y raise se>*+ eyes to ! sky :5 ! />s d n %[ !mselves8 ,:at k9d ( progress is ?is :5 sci5ce does no?+ fur!r ?an dig =ev] at ! f\ndation8 ,! great ,/4 ,augu/9e has long also pass$ judgm5t on ?is k9d ( sci5ce3 8,su* d\bt+ is abhorr$ by ! ,city ( ,god z false wisdom1 because among ! ?+s :i* we grasp ) our intellect & reason !re is a k1 limit$1 x is true1 because ! s\l is weigh$ d[n by a p]i%able body1 z ! ,apo/le says3 ex p>te scimus--b :i* has full c]ta9ty0 7,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,,xix1 #ah74 ,an ,errone\s ,supposition4 ,! errors j dealt )1 & ! dem& t sci5tific rese>* mu/ d\bt ev]y?+1 is bas$ on a supposition (t5 /at$ expressly z a pr9ciple1 & :i* appe>s q plausible ev5 to a m9d n tra9$ 9 philosophy4 ,x says3 ,!re is b "o c]ta9ty1 ! sci5tific c]ta9ty2 ! c]ta9 possession ( ! tru? c be obta9$ only by sci5tific rese>*4 ,to rid ! _w ( error1 we are told1 8!re is b "o way1 viz41 sci5tific "w4 ,only sci5ce & sci5tific tru? are able to dispose ( error0 7,?4 ,lipps1 ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,mu5*51 ,augu/ #d1 #aijh74 8,tru? is sci5tific tru?1 bas$ on criticism1 h5ce ! religion ( mod]n man mu/ also re/ on critical tru?4444 ,!re is no o!r au?ority b sci5ce0 7,mas>yk1 ,kampf um die ,religion1 #ac74 ,?is sort ( spee* we he> f ! college *air z ! slogan = education & enlight5m5t3 any "o defici5t 9 sci5ce or 9 education belongs m or less to ! un?9k+ mass :o h no convictions ( _! own1 b submit bl9dly to impressions & au?ority4 ,su* uncl>ifi$ conceptions1 ) _! inf]5ces1 are ev5 met ) :]e !y w\ld n be expect$1 = in/ance1 we read3 8,:at ! av]age individual ne$$ 0 a good %eph]d1 a %eph]d's devotion & love1 t uplifts & urges onw>d2 x 0 au?ority1 ,*ur*-m9i/ry & c>e ( s\ls1 t 0 ne$$4 ,! ,*ur* is an organiz$ pa/orate1 = ! av]age individual likes to g ) ! flock4 ,! *os5 are !y :o feel )9 !mselves ! great "q ( tru? z ! c>e ( _! he>t & task ( _! life1 :o exp]i5ce its trem5d\s t5sion1 & :o are /ruggl+ to ! end ) ! intellectual battles provok$ by ?is "q ( tru?4 ,! av]age p1 i4e41 ! _m1 ! great majority1 ne$ some?+ /eady to :i* !y c cl+--p]sons & tea*]s1 laws & practice40 ,& :y ?is un*>itable di/9ction betwe5 p belong+ to ! flock & ! *os5 ones1 z if ! ,*ur* & its ecclesia/ical functions 7 only appo9t$ = ! =m]8 ,p>ticul>ly because 8)\t me?odical sci5tific "w man _c atta9 to ! tru?0 7,h4 ,s*ell1 ,*ri/us1 #aijj1 #abe1 #fd74 ,?us sci5ce may summon ev]y?+ be=e its =um1 no "o hav+ a "r to int]f]e2 9 ! sup]iority be/[$ by ! "r ( autocracy x may sweep aside ev]y?+ t is oppos$ to x1 no matt] by :at au?ority4 ,h5ce sci5ce mu/ be free to jolt ev]y?+1 free to "q ! tru? ( ev]y?+1 :i* x has n itself exam9$ & approv$4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal supposition ( mod]n fre$om ( sci5ce2 also a fatal error1 betray+ a woeful ignorance ( ! con/ruction ( ! human intellect1 9 spite ( all its pret5ti\sness4 ,z a rule we h a true c]ta9ty 9 mo/ matt]s1 p>ticul>ly 9 philosophical-religi\s convictions1 a c]ta9ty n ga9$ by sci5tific /udies2 by aid ( ! latt] we may expla9 or /r5g!n t c]ta9ty1 b we are n free to upset x4 ,we _c avoid exam9+ ?is po9t a little clos]4 ,!re is a tw(old c]ta9ty1 "o1 :i* we %all call ! natural c]ta9ty1 is a firm conviction bas$ on positive k1 b )\t a cle> reflexive consci\sness ( ! gr\nds on :i* ! conviction is actually re/+4 ,reason recognizes ^! gr\nds1 b ! recognition is n di/9ct en\gh = reason to become consci\s ( !m1 to be able to /ate !m accurately & 9 sci5tific =mulas4 sci5tific c]ta9ty is a firm conviction1 ) a cle> consci\sness ( ! gr\nds1 h5ce x c easily acc\nt = !m4 ,natural c]ta9ty is ! usual "o 9 human life2 sci5tific c]ta9ty is ! privilege ( b a few1 & ev5 !y h x 9 b v few ?+s4 ,ev]ybody has a positive intellectual c]ta9ty t a complicat$ ord] _c be ! result ( accid5t1 & t = e ev5t !re mu/ be a cause1 ?\gh n e "o w be able readily to demon/rate ! tru? ( 8 c]ta9ty4 ,b if ! philosoph] %\ld look = ! pro(1 he w\ld d s 9 no o!r way ?an by reflect+ ^u 8 natural & direct k1 & by try+ to become consci\s ( :at he has ?us directly f\nd out4 ,to illu/rate by a few examples3 ,we are all conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( an ext]ior _w1 & any "o :o is n an ideali/ w call ?is conviction a reasonable c]ta9ty1 & yet only a few w be able to answ] ! subtle que/ions ( a sceptic4 ,?is c]ta9ty aga9 is a natural b n a sci5tific "o4 ,h[ difficult x is "h also = reason to atta9 sci5tific c]ta9ty1 h[ easy x is to g a/ray 9 ^! rese>*es1 is prov$ by ! errors ( idealism s incompreh5sible to ! untra9$ natural m9d4 ,let u ask1 f9ally1 any "o3 ,:y mu/ we say3 8,cs> defeat$ ,pompey10 b n 8,cs> defeat$ ( ,pompey08 ,he w tell u ?is is nons5se2 maybe he w add t ! g5itive has ano!r mean+4 ,b %\ld ,i ask fur!r h[ ! mean+ ( ! g5itive diff]s f t ( ! accusative1 z bo? cases seem to h (t5 ! same mean+1 ,i %all get no answ]4 ,!re is a c]titude1 b only a natural "o4 ,ev5 if ,i %\ld ask mod]n /ud5ts ( ! psy*ology & hi/ory ( languages1 l ,wundt1 ,paul1 or :atev] _! names may be1 ,i %\ld n get a satisfactory answ] ei!r4 ,! :ole logic ( language1 ) its subtle =ms & moods ( expression--h[ difficult = sci5tific rese>*6 ,& yet ! m9d ( ev5 a *ild p5etrates x1 & n only a ,european *ild1 b ! ,patagonian & negro *ild1 :o is able to ma/] by its intellectual p[] complex languages1 ) f\r numb]s1 _m moods1 f\rte5 t5ses1 etc4 ,^! examples w suffice1 ?\gh volumes ( !m c\ld be writt54 ,!y %[ u cle>ly a tw(old c]ta9ty4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! natural & sci5tific c]ta9ty is n t ! =m] is a bl9d conviction =m$ at r&om1 b only t "o is n cle>ly consci\s ( ! reasons on :i* x re/s1 :]eas ?is is ! case 9 sci5tific c]titude4 ,we see fur!r ! untra9$ p[] ( ! intellect manife/ itself 9 natural k & c]ta9ty2 = ?is purpose x is prim>ily creat$2 philosophical ?\ght is difficult = x1 & _m h no tal5t at all = x4 ,x is also unfail+ 9 appreh5d+ directly ?+s p]ta9+ to human life4 ,"h ! m9d is free ( t morbid scepticism ( :i* x too easily becomes a prey :5 x beg9s to inve/igate & probe sci5tifically4 ,:at x !re sees ) c]ta9ty _c always be f\nd "h di/9ctly1 & ?us ! m9d beg9s to d\bt ?+s x 0 hi!rto sure (1 & :i* (t5 rema9 in/9ctively c]ta9 to ! m9d despite its artificial d\bts4 ,n[ we c also und]/& :y philosoph]s s (t5 h d\bts :i* to ! untra9$ look absurd1 & :y philosoph]s diff] 9 _! op9ions on mo/ important ?+s1 :]eas mank9d guid$ by its natural c]titude is unanim\s 9 !m4 ,?is c]ta9ty is de/9$ to be ! reliable guide ( man ?r\gh life4 ,x prec$es sci5ce1 & c ev5 exi/ )\t x4 ,long be=e !re 0 a sci5ce ( art & ( jurisprud5ce ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians _h built _! monum5ts1 & ,solon & ,lycurgus _h giv5 _! wise laws4 ,& long be=e philosoph]s 7 disput+ ab\t ! moral laws1 m5 _h ! "r view 9 reg>d to virtue & vice 7cf4 ,cic]o1 ,de ,oratore1 ,i1 #cb74 ,! same c]titude is also de/9$ to guide man 9 ! m important que/ions1 9 ! que/ions ( religion & morality4 ,! ,creator ( human nature & its de/9y1 :o implant$ in/9ct 9 ! animal to guide x unconsci\sly 9 ! necessities ( life1 has also giv5 to man ! necess>y light to p]ceive ) c]ta9ty tru?s )\t :i* x w\ld be impossible to live a life wor?y ( man4 ,x is j ?is natural k & c]titude t gives man c]ta9ty ( div9e revelation1 aft] ,god v\*saf$ to give x to mank9d = its unfail+ guidance & help4 ,= revelation 0 n only int5d$ = !ologians1 ,bible critics1 philosoph]s1 & ,*ur*-hi/orians1 b = all4 ,& ,god has tak5 c>e1 z ,he _h to d1 t man has ample evid5ce t ,god has spok51 & t ! ,*ur* is ! au?oriz$ ,gu>dian ( ?is revelation1 ev5 )\t critical rese>* 9 hi/ory & philosophy4 ,we h else:]e briefly /at$ ?is evid5ce 9 ! words ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,?is evid5ce is se5 9 ! inv9cible /ability ( ! ,*ur* & its unity ( fai?1 ! inconte/able miracles nev] ceas+ )9 x1 ! gr& figures ( its ,sa9ts & ,m>tyrs1 virtue 9 ! v>i\s classes1 a virtue increas+ 9 proportion to ! influ5ce ! ,*ur* ex]ts1 ! spectacle t ev]y?+ truly noble is attract$ by ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ! contr>y repuls$4 ,9 addition ! intr9sic gr&eur & h>mony ( ! tru?s ( fai?1 above all ! unique figure ( ,*ri/1 ) ,8 wond]ful life & suff]+s1 also ! calm & peace ( m9d effect$ 9 ! s\l ( ! fai?ful by liv+ & ?9k+ 9 ?is fai?2 all ^! tell him t "h ! _s ( ,god is brea?+1 ! _s ( tru?4 ,! natural light ( 8 intellect1 fur!r illum9at$ by grace1 suffices to give him a true intellectual c]ta9ty ( 8 fai?1 bas$ ^u ^! motives & simil> ones1 ev5 )\t sci5tific /udies4 ,! calmness ( ! m9d t holds fa/ to ?is fai?1 ! compunction & unre/ :i* foll[ defection f ! fai?1 bo? s *>act]i/ic ( ,ca?olics1 prove t _! m9ds embrace ! tru? 9 _! fai?4 ,h5ce x betrays little philosophical k ( ! peculi>ity ( man's intellectual life1 if infidelity approa*es an inexp]i5c$1 believ+ /ud5t1 p]haps ev5 an un$ucat$ lab\r]1 ) ! express assurance t 8 fai? hi!rto has be5 b a bl9d belief1 an un9tellig5t foll[+ ( ! lead ( a =eign au?ority1 ) ! di/9ct admonition to turn 8 back on ! fai? ( 8 *ildhood4 ,:at has be5 said above makes x cle> :y a ,ca?olic is n p]mitt$ to h a s]i\s d\bt ab\t 8 fai? "u ! pretext t he ought fir/ to =m a c]ta9 conviction all = himself by sci5tific inve/igation4 ,he has x already1 if we presuppose suffici5t in/ruction & normal conditions2 he may raise 8 natural c]titude to a sci5tific "o by /udy if he has ! "t & tal5t = x1 b he mu/ n condition 8 ass5t ^u ! success ( 8 sci5tific inve/igations4 ,he has c]titude2 he has no "r to dem& sci5tific k z a necess>y condition1 because x is n requir$ = c]titude1 & also because x lies altoge!r outside ( ! conditions ( human life4 ,x w\ld am\nt simply to %ak+ (f ! yoke ( tru?4 ,! ,*ur* tea*es z foll[s3 8,if any "o says t ! condition ( ! fai?ful & ( ^? :o h n yet come to ! only true fai? is equal1 s t ,ca?olics c h a j cause = susp5d+ _! ass5t & call+ 9 "q ! fai? :i* !y h receiv$ by ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur* until !y h complet$ ! sci5tific demon/ration ( ! cr$ibility & tru? ( x1 let him be ana!ma40 ,h[ high ?is wisdom rises above ! limit$ ?\ght ( a sci5ce t imag9es itself alone to be wise6 ,sad inde$ w\ld be ! lot ( mank9d c\ld x atta9 to c]ta9 tru? 9 ! mo/ important que/ions ( life only by l5g?y sci5tific inve/igations4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority ( mank9d w\ld be =ev] exclud$ f ! c]ta9 k t !re is a ,god1 an et]nity1 lib]ty1 t !re are immutable moral laws & tru?s1 on ! value ( :i* dep5ds ! woe & weal ( humanity4 ,behold ! wisdom ( ! _w t is put be=e u3 8,9 ord] to arrive at a def9ite conclusion by our own philosophical reason+ 7on ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! possibility ( miracles7 :at a multitude ( ?+s mu/ be presuppos$60 ,?us we are in=m$ 9 a philosophical novel ( mod]n times :i* aims at prov+ ! incompatibility ( ! ,ca?olic duty to believe ) ! fre$om ( ! intellect ,ka?olis*e ,/ud5t51 by ,a4 ,fri$wald 7nom de plume74 ,an explanation ( ! ideas conta9$ 9 x is giv5 by ! ,academia #ah1 #aije-f1 ,decemb] & ,m>*4 ,! ideas f\nd 9 ! novel are also advanc$ by ,a4 ,mess]1 ,e9fhrung 9 die ,erk5ntni/heorie1 #aiji1 p4 #aeh seq44 ,& ,pr(4 ,rhodius1 :o put ! ideas ( ! novel 9 =mulas1 tea*es3 8,! "q :e!r our k c\ld p5etrate beyond :at we "k by our exp]i5ce & ev5 our s5ses1 is answ]$1 z y "k1 9 ! negative by a not$ philosophical s*ool4 ,h5ce1 be=e attack+ ^? metaphysical que/ions reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ,8 relations to ! _w1 we mu/ fir/ try to h def9ite views z to ! ess5ce ( human k1 ( its crit]ion1 its scope1 & ( ! degrees ( its c]ta9ty4 ,b ^! prelim9>y que/ions ( !oretic k1 h[ difficult & p]plex+ !y are6 ,y probably h n ! fa9te/ idea into :at a mass ( individual problems ! ma9 que/ions mu/ be dissect$1 nor :at a multitude ( het]og5e\s views are /ruggl+ "h aga9/ "o ano!r0 7p4 #aha74 ,consid] h[ %ortsight$ a wisdom is manife/$ by ^! words4 ,is x s]i\sly int5d$ to summon ! peasant f 8 pl\gh1 ! old gr&mo!r f beh9d ! /ove1 & lead !m into ! lecture rooms ( ! univ]sity 9 ord] t !y might !re li/5 to lectures on ph5om5alism1 & positivism1 & realism1 & criticism1 until _! heads are swimm+8 ,or else c !y n hope to arrive at ! tru?8 ,d !y s]i\sly ?9k t ! tru? ask$ = by e man1 ! tru? 9 ! mo/ vital que/ions ( mank9d1 is ! exclusive privilege ( a few college pr(essors8 ,& h[ v few4 ,m ?an tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! days ( ,py?agoras1 & yet mod]n philosophy /ill /&s be=e ! fir/ prelim9>y "q 9 all k1 :e!r a man c "k :at ! eye does n see4 8,_m views are at v>iance !re40 ,if ?is be ! only way = mank9d to rea* c]ta9 tru?1 !n we are inde$ 9 a pitiful plight6 ,we e/eem philosophy & its subtle que/ions1 & we he>tily wi% our ,ca?olic "y m5 9 college to obta9 a m ?or\gh philosophical tra9+4 ,b if1 involv$ 9 !ories1 "o w lose 8 insight into ! _w & human life to su* a degree z to make ( ! 8wisdom ( ! _w0 an isolat$ n>r[ speculation :i* boa/s ( be+ alone able to discov] ! high] tru?s1 :ile )]+ 9 neura/h5ic d\bt--su* wisdom %\ld be left to its des]v$ fate1 /]ility4 ,or %\ld x be possible to ! ideal ( ,prote/antism--& !re=e also ( ! mod]n _s--to console mank9d by po9t+ out t ! k ( ! "q :i* conc]ns u mo/ deeply1 8! k ( ,god & ! k ( good1 rema9s b a lead+ idea & problem1 ?\gh we are confid5t ( advanc+ ne>] to its solution08 ,is ?us mank9d to be et]nally )\t light 9 ! mo/ important que/ions & problems8 ,e little plant & animal is equipp$ by nature ) ev]y?+ x ne$s--& man alone to be a failure8 ,! "y %oots ( ! tree /rive to br+ =? blossoms & fruit1 & succe$2 ! bird flies (f 9 ! fall 9 que/ ( a new home1 & f9ds x2 hung] & ?ir/ dem& food & get x2 only ! aim ( ! human m9d %all nev] be fulfill$--he alone %all ev] p9e )\t hope6--,dic5tes se esse sapi5tes /ulti facti sunt4 ,:at a diff]5ce betwe5 su* pr9ciples & ! gr& ?\ghts ( ,*ri/ianity6 ,a diff]5ce l t betwe5 peace & et]nal re/less d\bt1 l t betwe5 man's dignity & man's degradation1 betwe5 man's %ort-sight$ness & ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,h5ce ! result ( our discussion is3 indep5d5t ( sci5ce mank9d has its positive convictions1 indep5d5t ( sci5ce x f9ds "h re/ & gratification 9 its long+ = tru?4 ,sci5tific /udy & rese>* are = ! purpose ( sett+ ^! tru?s 9 a bright] light1 ( def5d+ ! patrimony ( mank9d4 ,b ! fo/]] ( sci5ce mu/ n claim ! fre$om to ignore ^! positive convictions 9 himself & 9 o!rs1 to endang] ! patrimony ( mank9d by d\bts & attacks in/ead ( protect+ x1 mu* less mu/ he condemn ! human m9d to ! et]nal lab\r ( ,sisyphus1 to ! et]nal roll+ ( a huge /one :i*1 recoil+1 mu/ always be lift$ anew4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,accusations ,& ,objections4 ,among ! notable facts 9 hi/ory "o /&s out prom95tly1 x is m rem>kable ?an any o!r1 & evokes s]i\s ?\ght4 ,x is ! fact t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 especially its =emo/ repres5tative1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 conc]n+ :i* e unbiass$ critic is b\nd to admit t none has made m nations moral1 happy & great ?an ?is ,*ur*2 t n[h]e else has virtue & hol9ess fl\ri%$ m ?an 9 h]2 t no "o else has lab\r$ m = tru? & purity ( morals2 t nev]!less !re is n1 & nev] 01 an in/itution :i* has m enemies1 :i* has be5 m p]secut$1 ?an ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,?is fact w sugge/ to e s]i\s-m9d$ critic ! "q1 :e!r we h n "h focuss$ t trem5d\s /ruggle1 :i* tru? & ju/ice h ev] wag$ 9 ! bosom ( mank9d aga9/ error & passions--an image ( ! /ruggle rag+ 9 e human brea/4 ,! ,*ur* recognizes 9 ?is fact ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( h] ,f\nd]3 8,& ye %all be hat$ by all m5 = my "n's sake0 7,luke xxi4 #ag74 ,& ! ,*ur* may add1 t 9 h] alone ?is prophecy is be+ fulfill$4 ,! ,enemy ( ,progress4 ,9 h] j\rney ?r\gh ! c5turies ! ,*ur* has _h to li/5 to _m accusations because %e1 ! keep] ( ! tru? entru/$ to h] c>e1 has refus$ to respond to ! dem& to accept unconditionally ! ideals devis$ by exi/+ fa%ions4 ,cantavimus vobis et non salta/is 7we h pip$ to y & y h n danc$74 ,!re=e ! ,*ur* has be5 call$ reaction>y2 ! h]etics ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity d5\nc$ h] z ! enemy ( ! high] gnosis2 a lat] p]iod d5\nc$ h] z an enemy ( ! g5u9e humanism1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury %e 0 d5\nc$ z ! enemy ( enlight5m5t1 to-day %e is d5\nc$ z ! enemy ( progress4 ,aga9 ! ,*ur* is accus$ be=e ! judicial b> ( ! *ildr5 ( ! age4 ,!y desire to eat pl5tifully f ! tree ( k1 b ! ,*ur*1 !y say1 prev5ts !m4 ,!y wi% to climb ! heights ( human p]fection1 to asc5d high] ?an any prec$+ g5]ation1 b ! ,*ur* holds !m back4 ,%e w keep !m 9 ! fett]s ( h] gu>dian%ip4 ,& ) a ke51 se>*+ eye ! sm>t *ildr5 ( our age h look$ ! old ,*ur* ov]1 tak+ notice ( ev]y?+1 anxi\s to put h] 9 ! wrong4 ,_! *>ges d n fail to make an impression1 ev5 on ! ,*ur* h]self4 ,%e wi%es to ju/ify h]self be=e ! pla9tiffs1 & /ill m be=e h] own *ildr5 :o tru/ 9 h]4 ,?us %e has n hesitat$ 9 decl>+ l\dly on mo/ solemn occasions t %e is n an enemy ( noble sci5ce & ( human progress1 & ) great e>ne/ %e takes exception to ?is *>ge4 ,no wond]1 "o might say1 t ! ,*ur* makes su* assurances4 ,x is "t = h] to realize t unless %e c cle> h]self f x ?is accusation w be h] moral ru9 at a "t :5 ! bann] ( progress is held al(t1 & :5 ev5 ! ,ca?olic _w %>es 9 t progress4 ,true1 b let u n =get ?is3 if !re is any?+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* x is h] frankness & hone/y4 ,%e is n afraid to proclaim h] doctr9es & judgm5ts be=e ! :ole _w2 %e leaves h] ,index & ,syllabus op5 = inspection1 op5ly av[+ t %e is ! irreconcilable enemy ( t emancipat$ fre$om proclaim$ by mod]n lib]alism z ! ideal ( ! age4 ,x is ! hone/y :i* %e inh]it$ f h] ,f\nd]1 :o told ! tru? to fri5d & enemy1 to ,8 disciples & to ! ,scribes1 to ,nicodemus1 t lonely night1 & to ,caiaphas4 ,) ! same /raight=w>dness ! ,*ur* decl>es t %e feels n enmity b sympa?y t[>d civilization4 ,a fair-m9d$ critic w admit "h aga9 t ! ,*ur* is 9 e>ne/4 8,f> f oppos+ ! fo/]+ ( human arts & sci5ces1 ! ,*ur* is support+ & promot+ !m 9 v>i\s ways10 decl>es ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 8,! ,*ur* does n und]rate nor despise _! advantages = human life3 on ! contr>y1 x av[s t !y1 com+ z !y d f ,god1 ! ,ma/] ( ! sci5ces1 also lead to ,god by aid ( ,8 grace1 :5 prop]ly us$0 7,sess4 ,,iii1 c4 #d74 ,! ,*ur* has put ?is accusation on ! li/ ( errors ( ! age condemn$ by ,pius ,x4 7,s5t4 #eg74 ,%e feels ! *>ge z an injury4 ,! ,te/imony ( ,hi/ory4 ,nev]!less1 9 anti-ecclesia/ical circles x is tak5 v (t5 = an e/abli%$ fact t ! ,roman ,*ur* has ev] tri$ h] be/ to hamp] ! progress ( sci5ce1 or has suppress$ x1 or at lea/ sc[l$ at x4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 !y say4 ,h[ c\ld %e fav\r ! progress made 9 enlight5+ reason or 9 advanc+ human k8 ,mu/ %e n fe> = its intellectual sway ov] m5 :om %e keeps "u ! yoke ( fai?8 ,mu/ %e n fe> t !y might awak5 f ! slumb] 9 :i* !y 7 held prison]s by ! sugge/ive =ce ( h] au?ority1 held to be transc5d5tal2 t !y might awak5 to f9d out ! tru? = !mselves8 ,& :at is ! use ( sci5ce8 ,he t believes w be sav$3 h5ce fai? suffices4 ,if we wi% to he> ! accusation 9 ! language ( militant sci5ce1 "h x is3 8,outside ! mona/ic in/itutions no attempt at intellectual advancem5t 0 made 79 ! ,middle ,ages71 inde$1 s f> z ! laity 7 conc]n$1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 0 direct$ to an opposite result1 = ! maxim univ]sally receiv$ 01 t #8ignorance is ! "m ( devotion' 0 7,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce74 ,?is is ! tra9 ( ?\ght & ! result ( anti-ecclesia/ical a-priorism & its hi/orical rese>*4 ,are ! pla9 facts ( hi/ory 9 accord ) x8 ,! fir/ & imm$iate task ( ! ,*ur* is c]ta9ly n to dissem9ate sci5ce3 h] task1 fir/ ( all1 lies 9 ! prov9ce ( morals & religion4 ,b z %e is ! highe/ p[] ( morality & religion1 %e /&s 9 ! mid/ ( mank9d's intellectual life1 & _c b come 9 contact ) its o!r endeav\rs1 ow+ to ! close unity ( t life4 ,h5ce1 let u ask hi/ory1 n ab\t ev]y?+ x might tell u 9 ?is respect1 b ab\t "o ?+ only4 ,we d n wi% to %[ h[ ! ,*ur*1 head$ by ! ,papacy1 has become ! "m ( ,we/]n civilization & culture4 ,nor %all we enum]ate ! m]its ( ! ,*ur* 9 art1 nor po9t out ! al]tness %e has c]ta9ly %[n1 9 h] walk ?r\gh ! c5turies1 by tak+ up ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! "t & assimilat+ !m ) h] moral & religi\s treasure ( fai?1 )al pres]v$ un*ang$4 ,! old ,*ur* _h done ?is ) ! treasures ( anci5t le>n+ & sci5ce2 8?is _s ( ,*ri/ianity prov$ itself by ! facility ) :i* ,*ri/ian ?9k]s ga!r$ ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! sy/ems ( old philosophy1 &1 ev5 be=e t1 by assimilat+ ^? old tru?s into ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* _h already be5 made 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y 7 appropriat$1 )\t hesitat+ exp]im5t1 )\t wav]+1 & 7 giv5 _! place 9 a high] ord]0 7,o4 ,willmann1 ,ges*4 des ,idealismus1 #b;d ed41 ,,ii1 #aijg1 #fg74 ,?is1 %e unceas+ly cont9ues to d1 z prov$ by ! high /&>d ( ,ca?olic life & ,ca?olic sci5ce at ! pres5t1 a fact n ev5 disput$ by oppon5ts4 ,we po9t only incid5tally to ! f\ndation & ! fo/]+ ( prim>y s*ools by ! ,*ur*4 ,x is an hi/orical fact t public education began to ?rive only ) ! fre] unfold+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! fir/ elem5t>y s*ools 7 ^? ( ! mona/]ies4 ,lat] on !re 7 e/abli%$ aft] _! patt]n ! ca!dral & *apt] s*ools1 !n ! p>i% s*ools4 ,/ill lat] !re came ! t[n & village s*ools--all ( ecclesia/ical orig91 or at lea/ "u ! direction ( ! ,*ur* & 9 close connection ) h]4 ,z e>ly z #ggd we f9d an ecclesia/ical s*ool law1 to ! effect t ea* ,bi%op %\ld f\nd an ecclesia/ical s*ool 9 8 episcopal t[n & appo9t a compet5t tea*] to in/ruct 8accord+ to ! tradition ( ! ,romans40 ,eug5e ,,ii4 orda9$ 9 #hbf anew t effici5t tea*]s %\ld be provid$ = ! ca!dral s*ools :]ev] ne$$1 :o 7 8to lecture on ! sci5ces & ! lib]al arts ) zeal40 8,all ,bi%ops %\ld h ! lib]al arts taught at _! *ur*es10 0 a resolution ( ! ,c\ncil held 9 ,rome 9 #ajgi by ,gregory ,,vii4 ,we read 9 ! acts ( ! ,lat]an ,synod ( #aagi3 8,inasmu* z x behooves ! ,*ur*1 l a lov+ "m1 to see to x t poor *ildr5 :o _c c\nt ^u ! support ( _! p>5ts %\ld n lack opportunity ( le>n+ to read & make progress1 !re %\ld at e ca!dral *ur* be giv5 an adequate preb5d to ! tea*]--:o is to tea* ! cl]ics ( ?is *ur* & ! poor pupils gratuit\sly0 7,e4 ,mi*ael1 ,ges*4 des ,deuts*5 ,volkes ,,ii1 #ahii1 #cgj74 ,s*ool education fl\ri%$ m & m2 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury x 0 9 full bloom4 ,9 ,g]many ev5 _m unimportant places1 m>ket t[ns1 bor\ghs1 & villages _h _! s*ools at t "t4 ,9 ,may5ce & its imm$iate neighb\rhood !re 71 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 sev5 *apt] s*ools2 at ,mu5/] at lea/ f\r s*ools2 ! cl]ical s*ools at ,erfurt _h an att5dance ( no less ?an #a1jjj pupils4 ,ab\t ! ye> #adjj ! diocese ( ,prague alone _h #dfj s*ools4 ,9 ! middle ,rh9e di/rict1 ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 _m c\nties _h an elem5t>y s*ool = e radius ( two leagues2 ev5 rural communities ) #ejj to #fjj inhabitants1 l ,weis5au ne> ,ma9z1 & ,mi*ael/adt 9 ,od5wald1 did n lack s*ools4 7,j4 ,janss51 ,ges*4 des ,deuts*5 ,volkes1 #ae? ed41 #ahij1 #bf2 cf4 ,mi*ael1 #a4 c4 #djb1 #dag-dai2 ,palacky1 ,ges*4 v4 ,boehm51 ,,iii1 #a1 p4 #ahf74 ,ev5 9 f>-(f ,transylvania !re 01 z e>ly z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 no village )\t a *ur* & a s*ool 7,k4 ,?4 ,beck]1 ,die ,volkss*ule d] ,sieb5bu]g] ,sa*s51 #ahid1 y2 ,mi*ael1 #dcj74 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is fl\ri%+ /ate ( s*ools 0 due 9 ! fir/ place to ! /imulus1 support1 & unselfi% ef=t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b we w n dwell long] on ?is subject4 ,we wi%1 h[ev]1 to po9t out m pla9ly some?+ m closely relat$ to our subject1 viz41 ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ! univ]sities1 at a "t :5 ! mo/ prom95t nurs]ies ( sci5ce 7 fir/ com+ into exi/5ce & beg9n+ to fl\ri%1 :5 !y began to ex]t _! influ5ce ^u ! civilization ( ,europe4 ,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld become cle> :e!r x be true t ! ,*ur* has ev] look$ ^u ! progress ( sci5ce ) suspicion or ev5 suppress$ x4 ,hi/ory tea*es1 9 ?is in/ance aga91 t no "o has %[n m int]e/1 m devotion1 m read9ess1 to make sacrifices 9 promot+ ! e/abli%m5t & gr[? ( ! univ]sity1 ?an ! ,*ur*4 ,:51 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ! ?ir/ = k1 /rong] ?an at any "t 9 hi/ory1 made itself felt 9 ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries ( ,europe1 !re 7 erect$ 9 ! univ]sities great int]national homes ( sci5ce1 s z to gratify ! deeply felt ne$ ( education4 ,& ?\s&s ha/5$ to ^! places to acquire ! k ( ! p]iod1 ov]com+ all difficulties1 !n mu* great] ?an n[4 ,a rec5t writ] rem>ks ab\t ?is n )\t reason3 8,! academic in/ruction met on "p ( ! ?rong+ ?\s&s ) a psy*ic disposition m fav\rable ?an at any o!r "t4 ,9 a way x 0 "h a case ( fir/ love0 7,w4 ,mu5*1 ,zukunftspa$agogik1 #aijh1 #ccg74 ,at ! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages !re 7 taught !ology1 ecclesia/ical & civil law1 ! lib]al arts1 & m$ic9e4 ,b n 9 ! mann] t all f\r faculties 7 ev]y:]e repres5t$4 ,!ology especially 0 q frequ5tly lack+1 ?\gh ! aim 0 to h all sci5ces repres5t$4 ,:at s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 fir/ ( all und]/ood by a univ]sity 7 /udia g5]alia--!n ! usual "n = univ]sities1 9 contradi/9ction to /udium p>ticul>e4 ,univ]sities enjoy$ ! privilege ( hav+ _! academic degrees hon\r$ ev]y:]e1 & _! graduates c\ld tea* any:]e4 ,! univ]sities 7 ( an int]national "*4 ,h5ce x happ5$ t at ! ,g]man univ]sities !re 7 sitt+ 9 que/ ( k by ! side ( ,g]mans also =eign y\?s1 f ,scotl&1 ,sw$51 & ,norway1 f ,italy & ,france1 all cont5d+ = academic hon\rs--a mom5t :i* unque/ionably contribut$ 9 no small degree to ! improvem5t ( education4 ,prior to ! ,re=mation1 univ]sities 7 n /ate in/itutions1 z !y are at pres5t 9 ,europe1 b free1 indep5d5t corporations4 ,!y 7 complete 9 !mselves1 !y made _! own /atutes1 _h _! own jurisdiction1 & _m o!r privileges4 ,! mod]n univ]sity enjoys b a small remnant ( ^? anci5t pr]ogatives4 ,9 a public spee*1 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,duke ( ,saxony1 ! ,leipsic pr(essor1 ,johann ,kone1 c\ld say 9 #adde3 8,no k+1 no *ancellor1 has any "r to int]f]e ) our privileges & exemptions2 ! univ]sity rules itself1 & *anges & improves its /atutes accord+ to its ne$s0 7,janss51 #a4 c4 #ia74 ,up to ! ye> #acjj !re 7 no less ?an #bc univ]sities e/abli%$ 9 ,italy1 #e 9 ,france1 #b 9 ,engl&1 #d 9 ,spa91 & #a 9 ,portugal4 8,_h all int5tions be5 realiz$1 ,europe w\ld h _h by ! ye> #adjj no few] ?an #ee univ]sities1 includ+ ,p>is & ,bologna4 ,b ( #i ( !m !re are extant only ! *>t] de$s t 7 nev] execut$4 ,at any rate1 !re 7 #df ( !m1 ( :i* #cg or #ci exi/$ at ! turn ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 a consid]able numb]1 :i* 0 n kn[n till rec5t ye>s0 7,d5ifle74 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,hung>y %>$ 9 #h3 ,prague1 ,crac[1 ,vi5na1 ,fu5fkir*51 ,(51 ,heidelb]g1 ,cologne1 & ,erfurt4 ,)9 fifty ye>s1 f #adfj to #aeaj1 no less ?an #i univ]sities 7 f\nd$ 9 ,g]many--a cle> pro( ( ! g5]\s en?usiasm = sci5ce ( t p]iod4 ,by _! fo/]+ & f\nd+ ( univ]sities1 secul> pr9ces h won ! la/+ gratitude ( po/]ity1 & s h ! municipalities ( a lat] p]iod = %[+ an ev5 great] zeal ?an ^? pr9ces4 ,b x 0 indisputably ! ,*ur* t be/[$ ^u ^! homes ( le>n+ & culture ! greate/ b5evol5ce & support = _! f\ndation & ma9t5ance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 hi/ory %[s t ! majority ( !m 7 f\nd$ by ,papal *>t]s4 ,s9ce univ]sities 7 und]/ood to h ! p[] ( conf]r+ degrees ( int]national value1 !y _h to be univ]sally ackn[l$g$2 ?is c\ld be effect$ only by an au?ority ( univ]sal recognition2 h5ce by ! ,roman-,g]man ,emp]or--z ! supreme pr9ce ( ! _w-wide ,*ri/ian mon>*y1 or by ! ,pope1 :o 0 consid]$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,he 0 ! g5]al ,fa!r & ,tea*] ( ,*ri/5dom2 ?is is :y ,papal *>t]s 7 s zeal\sly s\ght aft]1 9 addition to imp]ial *>t]s4 ,( ! #dd univ]sities call$ into exi/5ce be=e ! ye> #adjj1 #ca 7 f\nd$ by ,papal *>t]s4 ,a simil> condition prevail$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury & aft]w>ds1 up to ! ,re=mation4 ,?is 0 no int]f]5ce 9 =eign affairs3 su* an int]pretation w\ld h caus$ j surprise 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,t ! highe/ spiritual p[] on e>? %\ld h ! fir/ claim 9 education 0 a matt] ( g5]al concession4 ,& c]ta9ly ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,*ur* made use ( ?is "r1 to speak ) an hi/orian ( ! univ]sities1 =ms 8"o ( ! mo/ important1 & by no means lea/ +lori\s1 p>ts ( an activity s manifold & difficult0 7,v4 ,a4 ,hub]1 ,die ,englis*5 ,univ]sitaet51 ,i1 #ahci1 p4 #ad74 ,^! ,papal *>t]s brea! a w>m b5evol5ce = sci5ce4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d ! wi% express$1 t /udies ?rive 9 ^? places :i* are mo/ suitable = ! effectual spread ( sci5ce1 & t ! diff]5t c\ntries h a suffici5t numb] ( sci5tifically tra9$ m54 ,read1 = in/ance1 ! *>t] giv5 by ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4 to ,pami]s & ,avignon1 or ! ,lett] ( ,privileges grant$ to ,coimbra by ,clem5t ,v4 7apud ,d5ifle1 #gic1 #ebd71 or ,pius ,,ii4's ,bull f\nd+ ! univ]sity ( ,basle4 ,! ,pope says "h ab\t ! aim ( sci5ce3 8,among ! v>i\s bless+s to :i* man may by ! grace ( ,god atta9 9 ?is mortal life1 ! la/ place is n to be giv5 to p]sev]+ /udy1 by :i* man may ga9 ! pe>l ( ! sci5ces1 :i* po9t out ! way to a good & happy life1 & by _! excell5ce elevate ! le>n$ m5 above ! un$ucat$4 ,sci5ce makes man l to ,god1 & enables him to cle>ly p]ceive ! secrets ( ! _w4 ,x aids ! unle>n$1 x elevates to sublime heights ^? born 9 ! l[lie/ condition40 8,= ?is reason ! ,holy ,see has always promot$ ! sci5ces1 giv5 !m homes1 & provid$ = _! wants1 t !y might fl\ri%1 s t m51 well direct$1 might ! m easily acquire s l(ty a human happ9ess1 &1 :5 acquir$1 %>e x ) o!rs40 ,?is 0 ! long+ desire t l$ to ! op5+ at ,basle ( 8a pl5tiful spr+ ( sci5ce1 ( ^: fulness all ^? may draw :o desire to be introduc$ into ! /udy ( ! my/]ies ( ,scripture & le>n+40 ,ev5 prior to ?is1 ! same ,pope _h writt5 to ! ,duke ,l\is ( ,bav>ia3 8,! ,apo/olic ,see desires ! wide/ possible ext5sion ( sci5ce10 :i*1 8:ile o!r ?+s are exhau/$ by dissem9ation1 is ! only ?+ t exp&s ! m ! great] ! numb] ( ^? rea*$ by x0 7apud ,janss51 #a4 c1 p4 #hi74 ,b ! ,*ur* 0 n satisfi$ ) grant+ *>t]s4 ,%e also gave v sub/antial mat]ial aid to mo/ ( ! univ]sities4 ,! ,popes ma9ta9$ two univ]sities at ,rome1 "o ( !m connect$ ) ! ,papal ,curia1 a sort ( c\rt-s*ool4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by ,innoc5t ,,iv41 9 ord] t ! _m :o came to ! ,papal c\rt f all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom might satisfy also _! ?ir/ = k4 ,!ology1 law1 especially civil law1 m$ic9e1 & languages1 includ+ ,ori5tal languages1 7 taught !re4 ,besides ?is !re 0 ano!r univ]sity at ,rome1 f\nd$ by ,boniface ,,viii4 = a simil> purpose3 x did n fl\ri% long1 ?\gh 9 #aead x c\nt$ no less ?an eighty-eight pr(essors4 ,_m attempts to f\nd or support univ]sities w\ld h prov$ abortive _h n ! ,popes provid$ = ! sal>ies ( pr(essors by preb5ds & /ip5ds1 & by allott+ to t end a portion ( ! income ( prie/s & *ur*es4 ,bi%ops1 too1 prov$ !mselves zeal\s patrons ( ! univ]sities 7,pauls51 ,ges*4 des gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts1 #b;d ed41 ,i1 #ahih1 p4 #bg74 ,?us1 to cite a few examples ( ,g]man univ]sities1 !re 0 9 #aecb1 ) ! cons5t ( ! ,ar*bi%op ,arne/1 a contribution rais$ by ! cl]gy = ! end[m5t ( ! univ]sity ( ,prague1 to :i* ! v>i\s cloi/]s & *apt]s1 especially ^? at ,prague1 contribut$4 ,) ! money ?us rais$ ! ,ar*bi%op pur*as$ prop]ty1 ! income f :i* 0 to provide sal>ies = ! pr(essors4 ,twelve pr(essors receiv$ f ,urban ,v4 ! canonicates ( ! *ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts 7,d5ifle1 #eih74 ,erfurt univ]sity 0 giv5 #d canonicates1 ,cologne #aa1 ,greifswald /ill m4 ,simil>ly ,tueb+51 ,breslau1 ,ro/ock1 ,witt5b]g1 & ,freiburg 7 c>$ = 7,kaufmann1 ,die ,ges*4 d] ,deuts*5 ,univ]sitaet51 ,,ii1 #ahif1 p4 #cd1 seq474 ,vi5na f\nd a b5efactor 9 ! pa/or ( ,g>s1 :o on ,octob] #ac1 #acgj1 f\nd$ a purse = #c sublectors & #a s*ol>4 ,heidelb]g receiv$ #aj canonicates4 ,its great b5efactor 0 ! le>n$ ,johann von ,dalb]g1 fir/ curator ( ! univ]sity1 & lat] ,bi%op ( ,worms4 ,"u him ,heidelb]g rea*$ ! z5i? ( its lu/re1 & laid ! f\ndation ( almo/ all t has won x ! reputation x at pres5t enjoys4 ,by 8 co-op]ation ! fir/ *air ( ,greek 0 f\nd$2 to him ! f\ndation ( ! college libr>y is due1 :i* lat] on ga9$ _w-wide fame "u ! "n ( 8,palat9a40 ,he fur!r collect$ a private libr>y1 ri* 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 & ,hebrew books1 ! use ( :i* 0 op5 to all sci5ti/s4 8,! ,rh5i% ,lit]>y ,society0 atta9$ its greate/ prom95ce "u 8 direction 7,janss51 #a4 c4 #ajj-aje74 ,+ol/adt1 too1 obta9$ its ne$$ income by ! donation ( ri* *ur*-preb5ds1 to su* an ext5t t ! 8end[m5ts nett$ ! univ]sity ab\t #b1ejj flor9s10 a v l>ge sum = t "t 7,kaufmann1 #a4 c4 #ch74 ,prantl also admits 9 reg>d to ,+ol/adt3 8,! ,papal ,curia did its be/ to furni% ! univ]sity0 7,ges*4 d] ,ludwig-,maximilian 9 ,+ol/adt1 #ahgb1 ,i1 #ai1 apud ,janss51 #a4 c4 p4 #i74 ,x is true1 ! ,*ur* !n own$ mu* prop]ty4 ,b x is j z true t %e 0 ev] ready to support sci5ce & colleges out ( ?is prop]ty4 ,pope & cl]gy 7 also tak+ incessant pa9s to make x possible = poor /ud5ts to att5d ! univ]sity1 n only = !ological /ud5ts1 b = ^? ( all ! faculties1 to give an opportunity to ri* & poor alike to enjoy ! advantages ( high] education4 ,/ip5ds & legacies ( ?is k9d are num]\s4 ,ev5 9 our own days _m a son ( an alma mat] owes ! /ip5d he enjoys to end[m5ts made by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t !re 7 e/abli%$ at mo/ ( ! univ]sities s-call$ colleges = ! purpose ( (f]+ %elt] & ma9t5ance to poor /ud5ts4 ,^! colleges contribut$ ess5tially to ! fl\ri%+ condition ( ! univ]sity4 ,?us ,albre*t v4 ,lang5/e9 sugge/$1 at ! f\nd+ ( ,vi5na univ]sity1 to ! ,duke1 ,albre*t ( ,au/ria1 ! e/abli%m5t ( su* colleges1 inasmu* z ! cont9uance ( ! univ]sity 0 dep5d5t on !m1 & /at$ t ,p>is ow$ its prosp]ity to !m 7,d5ifle1 #fbd74 ,! ,popes set "h ! be/ example4 ,zo51 ,bi%op ( ,avignon1 _h provid$ 9 8 te/am5t t eight /ud5ts f ! prov9ce ( ,avignon %\ld be ma9ta9$ at ,bologna by 8 successors f _! e/ates at ,bologna4 ,^! e/ates1 h[ev]1 7 sold lat] on4 ,john ,,xxii4 !n int]f]$ 9 fav\r ( ! /ud5ts injur$ !reby & annull$ ! de$ ( pur*ase4 ,! income 0 set aside & increas$ to an am\nt suffici5t = ?irty s*ol>s2 lat] on ! ,pope endeav\r$ to raise _! numb] to fifty4 ,at ! same celebrat$ academy1 :i*1 next to ,p>is1 _h long be5 a beacon ( sci5ce s\ght f ne> & af>1 ,urban ,v4 f\nd$ a home = poor /ud5ts & direct$ ! appropriation ( #d1jjj gold ducats a ye> = x4 ,f ,june #af1 #acfg1 to ,june #ae1 #acfh1 ! home receiv$ an appropriation ( #e1ijh ducats 9 gold & #aee baskets ( c]eals4 ,8 successor1 ,gregory ,,xi41 set himself to ! task ( complet+ ! "w begun4 ,out ( ! income ( ! ,*ur* he ord]$ appropriat$ 9 ! future #a1ejj ducats a ye> = ?irty /ud5ts1 ( :om "o half 7 to /udy ,canon ,law1 ! o!r half ,civil ,law4 ,he !n decre$ ! pur*ase ( a home = #d1ejj ducats 9 gold1 & ord]$ to pay out imm$iately #d1jjj flor9s 9 gold = ! next s*ool ye>4 ,besides ! college nam$1 ,urban ,v4 _h f\nd$ "o at ,montpelli] = m$ical /ud5ts1 & ano!r1 :i* _h its seat at fir/ at ,trets1 lat] at ,monosque4 ,dur+ 8 pontificate ?is ,pope ma9ta9$ no less ?an #a1jjj /ud5ts at v>i\s in/itutions4 ,t\l\se also _h sev]al colleges = poor /ud5ts1 f\nd$ by high pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ye> #acei ,innoc5t ,,vi4 devot$ 8 own home at ,t\l\se ) all its possessions & its entire income to tw5ty poor /ud5ts1 t5 ( :om 7 to /udy ,canon ,law & t5 ,civil ,law4 ,= _! fur!r ma9t5ance he ord]$ giv5 to !m1 besides o!r ?+s1 #be1jjj flor9s 9 gold 8manualit]0 7,d5ifle1 #bac seq41 #cjh seq41 #cci74 ,f9ally1 ne>ly all univ]sities1 :e!r !y ow$ _! exi/5ce to ecclesia/ical or civil p[]1 receiv$ _m & f>-rea*+ privileges f ! ,popes4 ,n ! lea/ "o 0 = cl]ical /ud5ts ! disp5sation to free !m f ! requirem5t ( resid5ce = ! enjoym5t ( _! b5efices1 :i* made x possible = !m to /udy 9 remote univ]sity t[ns1 :]e !y 7 free to /udy n only !ology1 b o!r sci5ces z well4 ,?is disp5sation 0 q common4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,popes protect$ 9 ! mo/ en]getic way ! univ]sities 9 _! privileges & fre$om e "t !y 7 appli$ to = aid4 ,?is happ5$1 = in/ance1 at ,bologna4 ,! /ud5ts !re _h _! free guilds4 ,! municipal au?orities began to re/rict _! privileges by =bidd+ native /ud5ts "u heavy p5alties to /udy outside ( ,bologna1 :i* 0 lat] on ext5d$ to ! ali5 /ud5ts4 ,! pr(essors sid$ ) ! city4 ,honorius ,,iii4 9 #abbj call$ ^u ! latt] to repeal ^? /atutes2 if !y want$ to conf9e ! /ud5ts to ! city1 x %\ld be done by clem5cy1 n ) sev]ity & co]cion4 ,! city rel5t$4 ,b we see aga9 9 #abbd ! /ud5ts appeal1 = ! ?ird "t s9ce #abag1 to ! ,pope1 begg+ = protection4 ,! t5sion _h gr[n2 ! city 0 actually beg9n+ to use =ce4 ,honorius %>ply rebuk$ ! city = ?is action1 ?reat5+ excommunication if ! au?orities cont9u$ to suppress fre$om4 ,! city yield$ completely1 & ! fre$om ( ! /ud5ts 0 sav$1 ?anks to _! protector4 ,lat] on ! ,popes _h to int]f]e aga94 ,clem5t ,v4 _h already ord]$ ! ,bi%ops to protect ! /ud5ts at ,bologna4 ,8 successor1 ,john ,,xxii41 receiv$ compla9ts t privileges ( /ud5ts 9 ,italy 7 be+ violat$ by au?orities & citiz5s ( ! city4 ,aga9/ ! ,pode/a ( ,bologna especially compla9ts 7 made4 ,! ,pope1 9 #acba & #acbb1 bade ! ,bi%ops & ,ar*bi%ops to take measures aga9/ ^? :o directe et indirecte imp$ire dieuntur1 ne ad pra$ictum /udium valeant decl9>e contra apo/olica et imp]ialia privilegia4 ,he appo9t$ at ,bologna a special protector & cons]vator ( ! univ]sity4 ,"s ye>s aft]1 :5 ! ,pode/a decl9$ to take ! juram5tum de obs]v&is /atutis ejusdem /udiis factis et faci5dis1 he 0 comm&$ to take ! oa?4 ,at ,orleans !re 0 a fl\ri%+ law s*ool2 especially its jus civile 0 fam\s4 ,pr(essors & /ud5ts 7 grant$ by ,clem5t ,v4 ! privilege ( an autonom\s univ]sity ) ! "r ( free corporation1 ) ! p[] to susp5d lectures 9 case !y c\ld get no satisfaction = any wrong done !m4 ,^! privileges 7 a ?orn 9 ! eye ( ! city2 its citiz5s ev5 all[$ viol5ce to be done ! univ]sity4 ,!n ,philip ! ,fair int]f]$1 b 9 a way :i* indicates t he did n "k suffici5tly ! univ]sity life ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,moreov]1 he annull$ ! grant$ free fell[%ip1 & put pr(essors & ! /ud5ts "u civil sup]vision4 ,b ?is 0 n tol]at$ 9 ^? days4 ,! k+ _h at ! same "t giv5 _m privileges1 b !y 7 disreg>d$4 ,9 #acaf pr(essors & /ud5ts left ,orleans & ! univ]sity ceas$ to exi/4 ,! fir/ act ( ,john ,,xxii4 ^u asc5d+ ! ,papal ?rone 0 to re/ore ?is s*ool1 ! ,fr5* k+ himself hav+ begg$ 8 support 9 ! matt]4 ,! k+'s sugge/ion to take ! privilege ( free fell[%ip f ! pr(essors & /ud5ts 0 reject$ by ! ,pope4 ,! ,pope reaffirm$ all privileges grant$ to ! univ]sity1 :]eupon ! pr(essors & /ud5ts return$1 to inaugurate ! mo/ brilliant epo* ( _! college4 ,consid]+ ^! facts1 "o may subscribe to ! judgm5t ( ,d5ifle :i* he pron\nces at ! conclusion ( 8 ?or\gh treatise on ! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages3 8,s f> z ! f\ndation ( ! univ]sities c be spok5 (1 its m]it belongs to ! ,popes1 to secul> rul]s1 cl]gy1 & laity4 ,b t ! lion's %>e belongs to ! ,popes e "o mu/ admit :o has foll[$ my pres5tm5t1 :i* is exclusively bas$ on docum5ts1 & :o exam9es hi/ory ) imp>tiality0 7,ib4 #gib seq474 ,ev5 ,kaufmann1 :o is v unfav\rably dispos$ t[>ds ! ,*ur*1 _c d5y t 8num]\s ,popes h %[n w>m int]e/ = ! fo/]+ ( sci5ces dur+ ^? c5turies1 & 7 = ! mo/ "p !mselves prom95t repres5tatives ( sci5ce0 7,ib4 #djc74 ,t ! m$ival univ]sities 9 "s po9ts1 ?\gh n 9 all1 7 inf]ior to mod]n univ]sities1 0 n _! fault4 ,no good judge ( human conditions c\ld expect x to be o!rwise4 ,! exp]i5ce & effici5cy ( ! mature man is n atta9$ at once1 b only aft] ! ex]tions & exp]im5ts made by him dur+ ! p]iod ( y\? & developm5t4 ,at a "t :5 all ! exp]i5ces 9 ! field ( s*ool legislation1 :i* are ! prop]ty ( ! pres5t day1 _h yet to be collect$1 :5 ! relation betwe5 l[] & high] s*ools _h n be5 regulat$ 9 all respects1 at t "t x 0 n possible to be 9 ! position we are 9 to-day4 ,future critics ( our times w see 9 our pres5t educational sy/ems _m gross defects1 :i* (t5 are n hidd5 ev5 to our own eyes4 ,b x w\ld be arrogance = !m to belittle our ef=ts1 ! fruits ( :i* !y w once enjoy )\t any m]it on _! "p4 ,! univ]sity ( yore con=m$ to ! educational purposes ( t p]iod2 x 0 ! focus ( intellectual life1 p]haps to a l>g] degree ?an is ! case to-day4 ,?is suffices4 ,moreov]1 ! numb] ( pr(essors 0 q consid]able1 t ( ! /ud5ts ev5 m s4 ,9 ,bologna 9 #achh ! numb] ( pr(essors 0 #gj1 n includ+ ! !ologians1 among !m #ci juri/s2 9 ,piac5za !re 7 f ! ye>s #acih to #adjb #ga pr(essors2 among !m 7 #bg tea*]s ( ,roman law & #bb tea*]s ( m$ic9e 7,d5ifle1 #bji1 #ega74 ,9 reg>d to ! zeal display$ by ! ,*ur* 9 promot+ univ]sities1 x might be object$ t %e 0 c>+ 9 ! fir/ place = !ology1 n = ! o!r sci5ces1 & t ! univ]sities !n _h *iefly be5 e/abli%$ = !ological /ud5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,! univ]sities especially fav\r$ by ! ,popes 7 fir/ ( all law s*ools1 *iefly ( civil law1 or m$ical s*ools4 ,^? at ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,flor5ce1 & ,orleans 7 pr9cipally law s*ools2 9 ,italy1 9 g5]al1 *ief att5tion 0 paid to jurisprud5ce1 p>ticul>ly to ,roman law4 ,montpelli] 0 ess5tially a m$ical college2 x atta9$ dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury prepond]ance ev5 ov] ,sal]no4 ,! ass]tion has be5 made t ! vigor\s life at ?is m$ical college 0 ow+ to its indep5d5ce ( ,rome 7,haes]1 ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$iz91 #a1 #fee4 ,cfr4 ,d5ifle1 #cdb74 ,b ,d5ifle has prov$ t 8cl]ical organs h be5 ! mov+ spirits ( ! m$ical college at ,montpelli]40 ,nor did ! ,papal *>t] de$s exclude any pr(ane sci5ce4 ,! common =mula1 :i* always prevails1 au?orizes to tea* indiscrim9ately 9 jure canonico et civili necnon 9 m$ic9a et qualibet alia licita facultate4 ,only "o sci5ce 0 frequ5tly except$1 & t 0 j !ology4 ,( ! =ty-six high s*ools t _h be5 e/abli%$ up to ! ye> #adjj1 ab\t tw5ty-eight1 !re=e ne>ly two-?irds1 exclud$ by _! *>t] ! tea*+ ( !ology4 ,at fir/ a numb] ( univ]sities sprang up m]ely z law s*ools1 o!rs z m$ical s*ools1 & !re 0 !n no ne$ to include ! sci5ce ( !ology 9 ! s*$ule ( /udies4 ,fur!rmore1 ,p>is 0 ev] s9ce ! twelf? c5tury look$ ^u z ! home & ! natural place = !ology 7,d5ifle1 #gjc f474 ,h5ce ! b5evol5ce ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds ! univ]sities 0 n m]ely det]m9$ by selfi% int]e/4 ,or 0 x1 nev]!less8 ,may ! ,*ur* n h be/[$ s mu* c>e on ! homes ( sci5ce 9 ord] to increase h] own influ5ce !reby1 & also ) an eye to ! future8 ,?is ass]tion has be5 made4 ,b ?is ass]tion is an inju/ice & x is aga9/ ! te/imony ( hi/ory4 ,! ,popes v (t5 issu$ _! *>t] de$s only !n1 :5 reque/ 0 made by worldly rul]s & by ! cities !mselves4 ,h5ce !re 0 no hurri$ self-ass]tion4 ,& ! ,*ur* has nev] d5i$ ! "r to worldly p[]s to f\nd _! own high s*ools4 ,! !ologians ( ! ?irte5? c5tury express$ly decl>$ x to be ! duty ( pr9ces to provide = in/itutions ( le>n+ 7,cfr4 ,?omas ( ,aqu91 ,de regim9e pr9cipum1 ,i1 #ac2 ,op4 contra impug4 relig4 #c74 ,?us up to ! ye> #adjj n9e high s*ools _h receiv$ no *>t]s at all1 t5 only imp]ial *>t]s or *>t]s f _! local sov]eigns4 ,if ! ,popes _h c>$ only ab\t _! influ5ce1 :y !n did !y treat su* colleges ) ! same b5evol5ce8 ,spa9's fir/ college 0 f\nd$ at ,pal5eia 9 ! ye>s #abab-abad by ,alfonso ,,viii4 )\t ask+ ! ,pope4 ,:5 soon aft]w>ds x 0 9 tr\ble x 0 ,honorius ,,iii4 :o aid$ ,alfonso's successor 9 re/or+ x1 by assign+ "s ecclesia/ical income to its pr(essors4 ,:5 ! college 0 ne>ly wreck$ & ,rome once m appli$ to = help1 ,urban ,,iv4 l5t an aid+ h& because he did n want ut luc]na tanta cl>itatis 9 commune mutorum disp5dium sic ext9cta remaneat4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 _h f\nd$ a univ]sity ( 8 own4 ,:5 x fail$ x 0 ,clem5t ,,iv4 :o urg$ ,k+ ,*>les ( ,anj\ to re-e/abli% x4 ,9 eodem regno facias et jubeas hujusmodi /udium re=m>i 7,d5ifle1 #dgh1 #dei74 ,?is is n ! language & action ( "o :o is only rul$ by ! passion to spread 8 own influ5ce1 & n guid$ by b5evol5ce = sci5ce4 ,b x is true1 9 support+ ! high] s*ools ! ,*ur* did n aim at sci5ce z its ultimate object2 x 0 h] view t sci5ce %\ld s]ve ! mat]ial welf>e ( man1 b /ill m ! highe/ e?ical & religi\s purpose ( life4 ,?is 9 g5]al 0 ! conception ( ! entire ,middle ,ages4 ,at t "t x w\ld h be5 consid]$ curi\s to seek a sci5ce ultimately = its own sake4 ,& ! univ]sities repaid ! ,*ur* by gratitude & devotion4 ,! ef=t has be5 made to demon/rate t ! mod]n sep>ation ( sci5ce f religion _h already begun 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & _h %[$ itself ev]y:]e2 ?is t5d5cy = autonomy 8appe>$ at fir/ only timidly & 9 manifold disguises0 7,kaufmann1 #ad74 ,h[ easy x is to f9d su* disguises may be %[n by an example4 ,! univ]sity ( ,p>is _h aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,?omas ask$ = 8 rema9s4 ,kaufmann holds t ! notion ( ! autonomy ( sci5ce _h f\nd %>p expression 9 ! memor&um :]e9 ! univ]sity /at$ ! motive ( its reque/4 ,n[ h[ does ?is h>mless docum5t s\nd8 8,quoniam omn9o e/ indec5s et indignum ut alia ratio aut locus quam omnium /udiorum nobilissima ,p>isi5sis civitas quae ipsum prius educavit nutrivit et fovit et po/ modum ad eodem doctr9ae monum5ta et ineffabilia fom5ta suscepit ossa 444 habeat4444 ,si enim ,ecclesia m]ito ossa et reliquias ,sanctorum honorat nobis non s9e causa videtur hone/um et sanctum tanti doctoris corpus 9 p]petuum p5es nos hab]e 9 honore40 ,evid5tly ! univ]sity reque/s ! relic = itself1 or r = ! ,p>isi5sis civitas1 n 9 opposition to ! ,*ur*1 b 9 opposition to o!r cities1 alt]a natio aut locus4 ,i wond] if ! ,p>isian admir]s ( ,/4 ,?omas ev] dream$ t !y w\ld "o day be put 9 ! light ( =]unn]s ( lib]al sci5ce1 because ( _! pi\s application = ! bones ( _! great tea*]8 ,?is is tantam\nt to c>ry+ "o's own idea into ! fact4 ,d5ifle1 probably ! mo/ compet5t judge ( ! affairs ( m$ival univ]sities1 writes z foll[s3 8,if we weigh ! diff]5t acts :i* sugge/ !mselves to u 9 ^! v>i\s f\ndations1 & if we comp>e !m ) "o ano!r1 !re is reveal$ to u1 9 ! realm ( hi/ory ( ! f\ndation ( m$ival univ]sities1 a wond]ful h>mony betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 betwe5 ! spiritual & mat]ial4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages appe> to u z ! highe/ civil z well z ! highe/ ecclesia/ical tea*+ in/itutions4 ,fundam5tally1 !y are ! product ( ! ,*ri/ian _s :i* p5etrat$ ! :ole1 :]e9 ,pope & ,pr9ce1 cl]gy & laity1 ea* held ! prop] position0 7l4 c4 p4 #gie74 ,"o consequ5ce ( ?is relation betwe5 ! univ]sities & ! ,*ur* 0 t 8!y atta9$ _! greate/ prosp]ity z long z ! unity ( ,*ur* & fai? rema9$ unimpair$1 & t1 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 !y all sid$ ) ! ,*ur* ) ! exception ( two1 ,witt5b]g & ,erfurt4 ,torn away f _! ecclesia/ical & e/abli%$ basis only by viol5t means1 !y 7 l$ to ! new doctr9e1 b really succumb$ to x only :5 _! fre$om _h be5 curtail$ & !y _h be5 r$uc$ to /ate in/itutions0 7,janss51 l4 c4 p4 #ia74 ,!y _h be51 z ! le>n$ ,wimphel+ wrote at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 8! mo/ fav\r$ daught]s ( ! ,*ur*1 :o tri$ to repay by fidelity & atta*m5t :at !y ow$ to _! ,"m0 7,de arte impressoria1 apud ,janss51 l4 c4 #ia74 ,a ,false ,progress4 ,h5ce hi/ory _c subscribe to ! accusation t ! ,*ur* is ! enemy ( progress4 ,h[ !n does x happ5 t ?is accusation is made s frequ5tly8 ,! idea sugge/s itself t !re may be "h a diff]5t mean+ giv5 to ! ^w 8progress10 t ! ,*ur* opposes a c]ta9 k9d ( progress :i* h] enemies call 8!0 progress4 ,& ?is is ! actual fact4 ,if we exam9e ! pro(s :i* are to %[ ! ho/ile attitude ( ! ,*ur*1 we meet at e /ep ,galileo1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ! ,syllabus1 & ,index4 ,b ?is appe>s only on ! surface1 :i* hides b5ea? x some?+ t is easily ov]look$ by ! cursory glance4 ,& ?is is ! precise def9ition ( sci5tific & civiliz$ progress4 ,progress has ev] be5 an ideal ( p[]ful attraction4 ,! noble/ & be/ ( m5 h ev] display$ ! mo/ e>ne/ endeav\r onw>d & upw>d4 ,9 our times1 h[ev]1 ?is ideal comes =w>d diff]5tly g>b$1 9 ! "n ( ! new view ( ! _w1 & resolutely c5sures z reaction>y ev]y?+ t w oppose x4 ,:at is ?is def9ition8 ,s9ce ! !ory ( evolution ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 ent]$ biology1 x has also m & m invad$ o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,! pr9ciple is n[ t ev]y:]e1 9 ! organic or inorganic _w & 9 ! :ole prov9ce ( human life !re is a gradual gr[? & *ange--no?+ p]man5t1 no?+ def9ite & absolute4 ,un9t]rupt$ evolution hi!rto2 h]eaft] re/less developm5t2 especially 9 ! greate/ good belong+ to human life1 ?\ght1 philosophy1 & *iefly religion4 ,"h1 too1 !re are no =ms nor dogmas :i* evolution 9 its cont9ual developm5t does n evolve & elevate4 ,?is idea ( evolution is supplem5t$ by subjectivism ) its relativism ( tru?3 all views1 especially philosophical & religi\s 8,tru?s10 are no long] ! reproduction ( objectively exi/+ ?+s1 b a creation ( ! subject1 ( 8 inn] exp]i5ce & feel+2 h5ce ea* age mu/ proce$ to new ?\ght ( its own4 8,! me?ods ( sci5tific rese>*10 we are told1 8are det]m9$ by ! idea ( evolution1 & ?is applies n only to natural sci5ces b also to ! s-call$ intellectual sci5ces1--hi/ory1 philology1 philosophy1 & !ology4 ,! idea ( evolution influ5ces & dom9ates all our ?\ghts2 )\t x progress 9 ! field ( sci5tific k is q impossible40 ,we read1 = in/ance1 9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( philosophy3 8,! rise & fall ( a sy/em is a necess>y "p ( univ]sal hi/ory2 x is condition$ by ! "* ( its "t1 ! sy/em be+ ! und]/&+ ( t "t1 :ile ?is und]/&+ ( ! "t is condition$ by ! fact t ! "t has *ang$40 ,at ,roscell9's "t ! nom9ali/s 7 intellectually inf]ior2 b :]e !re is "q ( und]m9+ ! militant ,*ur* ( ! ,middle ,ages ! nom9ali/s w be consid]$ to h be5 ! great] philosoph]s4 ,9 ?is ! reali/s 8by ! futility ( _! /ruggle prov$ t ! "t = nom9alism _h arriv$1 h5ce t :oev] fav\rs x und]/&s ! "t bett]2 t is1 m philosophically4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance we notice an attempt at philosophiz+ 9 su* a way z to ignore ! exi/5ce ( div9e wisdom taught by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! pre-,*ri/ian sages _h done s3 to philosophize 9 _! _s 0 !re=e ! task ( ! "t1 & ^? :o _h a bett] und]/&+ ( ! "t philosophiz$ t way bett] ?an by ! s*ola/ic me?od2 ?\gh _! me?od may appe> reaction>y to unphilosophical m9ds0 7,j4 ,e4 ,erdmann1 ,grundriss d] ,ges*4 d] ,philosophie1 #c;d ed41 ,i 7#ahgh71 #d1 #bfb1 #dcd1 #ejb74 ,?is is a frank d5ial ( any tru? 9 philosophy3 ! m neological & mod]n a ?+ is1 ! m tru? !re is 9 x6 ,realism 0 "r 9 ,roscell9's "t1 b a lat] p]iod _h to sweep x away4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion 0 "r = ! ,middle ,ages1 b :5 ! ,greek au?ors began to be read aga9 x 0 no long] mod]n4 ,apo/asy f ! fai? is consid]$ a m>k ( progress4 8,italian natural philosophy10 we are told1 8rea*$ its p9nacle ) ,bruno & ,campanella1 ( :om ! =m]1 ?\gh ! old]1 appe>s to be m progressive on acc\nt ( 8 fre] attitude t[>ds ! ,*ur*0 7,r4 ,falk5burg1 ,ges*4 d] neu]5 ,philosophie1 #e? ed4 7#aije71 page #cj1 seq474 ,h5ce evid5tly fur!r developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 too1 is dem&$4 ,accord+ to subjectivi/ic views x 0 hi!rto only an hi/orical product ( ! human intellect3 h5ce 8onw>d to new & high] =ms correspond+ to mod]n ?\ght & feel+1 onw>d to a new ,*ri/ianity )\t dogmas & au?ority60 8,break up ^? old tablets10 spoke ,z>a?u/ra4 ,su* is progress 9 ?\ght & sci5ce1 = :i* ! way mu/ be op5$4 ,t ! immutable dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity1 t ! task ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* to pres]ve revelation intact1 are incompatible ) x1 t ! ,*ur* appe>s reaction>y1 & z an ob/acle to ?is progress1 is n[ self-evid5t4 ,"h we h ! deep] contra/ betwe5 progress1 9 ! anti-,*ri/ian s5se1 & ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al1 &1 especially1 ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 8,x is frankly admitt$ t ! issue is ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two views ( ! _w--betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian1 cons]vative dogmatism & ! anti-dogmatic evolution>y philosophy0 7,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,jun4 #g1 #aijh74 ,fai? accord+ to its v ess5ce is immutable & /ation>y1 sci5ce is ess5tially progressive3 !y _h !re=e to "p 9 a mann] :i* c\ld n be kept a secret4 8,a div9e revelation mu/ necess>ily be intol]ant ( contradiction1 x mu/ repudiate all improvem5t 9 itself0 7,j4 ,drap]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce1 ,,vi74 8,! great opposition betwe5 ! rigid dogmatism ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* & ! ev] progress+ mod]n sci5ce _c be remov$0 7,academicus1 l4 c4 #cfb74 ,s say ! oppon5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is no error1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :i* does n conta9 "s tru?1 especially :5 x is able to rule ! ?\ght ( _m4 ,h5ce its capacity to deceive4 ,! same is true 9 ! pres5t case4 ,!re is evolution & progress 9 ev]y?+1 or at lea/ !re %\ld be4 ,! individual gradually develops f ! embryo into a p]fect =m1 ?\gh x becomes no?+ else ?an :at x _h =m]ly be5 9 its embryonic /ate4 ,mank9d advances rapidly 9 civilization2 we no long] ride 9 ! rumbl+ /age-coa* b 9 a com=table express tra91 & ! tall[ c&le has be5 replac$ by ! electric light4 ,?us we dem& progress also 9 k & sci5ce1 & ev5 9 religion4 ,_m ?+s t 7 obscure to old] g5]ations h become cle> to u2 we h correct$ _m an error1 made _m discov]ies :i* 7 unkn[n to our ance/ors4 ,_m doctr9es ( fai?1 also1 appe> to our eyes 9 %>p] outl9es ?an be=e2 ( _m we h a deep] und]/&+1 discov]$ new relations1 mean+s1 & d$uctions4 ,?us !re is progress & developm5t ev]y:]e4 ,b x w\ld be errone\s to conclude f all ?is t !re _c be any /able tru?s & dogmas1 t progress to new & diff]5t views & doctr9es is necess>y4 ,by ! same "r we might conclude t ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em _c be immutable1 because !y w\ld h9d] ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,progress c]ta9ly does n consi/ 9 ?r[+ away all c]ta9ty acquir$1 9 ord] to beg9 anew4 ,or does x really belong to progress 9 a/ronomy to aga9 give up ,cop]nicus1 to g back to ,ptolemy & let ! sun & all ! />s revolve aga9 ar\nd ! e>?8 ,does n progress r consi/ 9 our /udy+ ^! a/ronomical results m closely1 9 build+ up ! details1 &1 fir/ ( all1 9 try+ to solve new problems8 ,! *ampion ( ! fai? w reply3 ,j z e/abli%$ results d n h9d] ! progress ( sci5ce1 j s d ! doctr9es ( fai? n =m an ob/acle to progress & evolution4 ,! fix$ doctr9es ( ! fai? !mselves1 9 !mselves & 9 _! application to ! conditions ( life1 (f] ri* mat]ial = ! gr[? ( religi\s k4 ,& !re is ! imm5se field = progress 9 ! pr(ane sci5ces4 ,if any "o %\ld say t ! believ+ sci5ti/1 :o is b\nd by 8 dogmas1 c d no?+ fur!r b reit]ate 8 old tru?s1 "o might 9 turn argue3 ,!n ! a/ronom] b\nd by ! fundam5tal rules ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em c\ld h only ! monoton\s task ( draw+ ov] & ov] aga9 ! outl9es ( 8 sy/em1 :ile ! ma!matician :o holds ! multiplication table to be an unali5able possession w\ld n be all[$ to d aught b to repeat ! multiplication table4 ,or ! argum5t may be put ?us3 ,we h made great progress 9 ! mat]ial prov9ce ( civilization1 9 sci5ce & art2 8c an old religion suffice "u ^! new & improv$ conditions1 a religion :i* orig9at$ at an age :5 ^! conditions did n exi/8 ,?is contradiction is %ock+4444 ,progress 9 culture dem&s progress 9 religion4444 ,we want a m p]fect religion1 a high] religion0 7,mas>yk1 ,im ,kampf um die ,religion1 #aijd1 #bi74 ,note ! logic ( ?is demon/ration4 ,we no long] light our rooms by ! dim light ( a small oil lamp1 we walk no long] at night ?r\gh d>k n>r[ lanes1 b ?r\gh brightly illum9at$ av5ues1 does x foll[ f ?is t x c no long] be true t ,*ri/ is ! ,son ( ,god1 nor t ,he has work$ miracles1 or f\nd$ a ,*ur*1 & a new religion is !re=e necess>y8 ,we h made progress 9 our k ( hi/ory2 we "k a good deal ( ,rome & ,c>?age1 ( ! civilization ( anci5t ,egypt & ( ,greece1 & ( _! mutual relations2 we h o!r fa%ions ( life ?an our fa!rs _h1 we build & pa9t diff]5tly--our political life1 too1 has gr[n m complicat$2 does x foll[ f all ?is1 t x _c be true t we are creat$ by ,god1 t we mu/ believe a div9e revelation1 h5ce a new religion is necess>y8 ,progress & evolution to consi/ 9 ev] ab&on+ ! old & advanc+ to new & diff]5t views--?is is absurd4 ,absurd1 9 ! fir/ place1 because x is no progress at all1 b a retrogression1 a hopeless alt]nation ( =w>ds & backw>ds4 ,!re c be no progress if ,i am always )draw+ f my old position2 progress is possible only by reta9+ ! basis e/abli%$ & !n advanc+ !refrom4 ,& evolution is n a cont9u\s remodell+ & %ap+ anew1 b a cont9uance 9 gr[?4 ,evolution means t ! embryo unfolds1 & by reta9+ & p]fect+ ! old matt] gradually becomes a plant2 evolution is 9 ! progress f bud to blossom2 b n 9 ! *ang+ mass ( cl\ds1 swept away to-day by ! curr5t w9d & replac$ to-morr[ by o!r cl\ds4 ,an absurdity1 also1 = ! reason t x violates all laws ( reason1 t once !re 0 a revelation ( ,god to be believ$1 b t ?is is no long] true4 ,fur!rmore1 ! dem& to foll[ always 8! ideas ( ! p]iod0 sugge/s ! "q3 ,:o is to repres5t ! p]iod8 ,:o repres5t$ ,greece1 ! sophi/s or ,plato8 ,:o 0 repres5tative ( ! fir/ days ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,roman emp]ors or ! m>tyrs8 ,w n ! passage 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/ apply 9 mo/ cases3 8,:at !y call ! _s ( ! times is b _! own m9d :]e9 ! times are reflect$08 ,true1 if progress is tak5 to be ! ov]/epp+ by human reason ( ! et]nal /&>ds ( immutable tru? & ! b>ri]s ( fai?1 if x is to be ! attempt at emancipation f ,god & religion1 !n !re is no m resolute foe ( progress ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ?an ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b ?is is n progress b loss ( ! tru?1 n high] religion b apo/asy1 n developm5t ( :at is be/ 9 man1 b retrogression to m5tal dis9tegration by scepticism4 ,! ,syllabus4 ,9 ! eyes ( _m x is especially ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix4 by :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has erect$ a la/+ monum5t to its enmity to civilization4 ,x is ! ,syllabus1 we are told1 9 :i* ,pius ,,ix4 has 8ex ca!dra condemn$ ! fre$om ( sci5ce0 7,w4 ,kahl1 ,bek5ntnissgebund5heit und ,lehrfreiheit1 #ahig1 #aj72 89 :i* mod]n culture & sci5ce is be+ curs$0 7,?4 ,fu*s1 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,nov4 #be1 #aijg72 9 :i* 8! mo/ g5]al f\ndations ( our political ord]1 ! fre$om ( consci5ce1 are reject$0 7,g4 ,kaufmann1 ,die ,lehrfreiheit an d5 deuts*5 ,univ]sitaet51 #ahih1 #cd72 89 :i* x has simply ana!matiz$ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! mod]n concept ( "r0 7,f4 ,jodl1 ,g$ank5 b] ,re=mka?olizismus1 #aijb1 #e72 ! ,syllabus 8/rikes bl[s aga9/ ! autonomy ( human developm5t ( culture1 x is a non possumus1 ,i _c make peace1 ,i _c compromise ) :at is t]m$ progress1 lib]alism1 & civilization40 ,! ,syllabus is a favorite /ock argum5t ( pr(essional free-?9k]s & agitators1 & ! "o ) :i* !y l to op5 ! discussion4 ,= ?is reason we mu/ say a few words ab\t x4 ,:5 a ,syllabus is spok5 ( )\t any di/9ction1 ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix4 is meant4 ,x is a li/ ( eighty condemn$ propositions :i* ?is ,pope s5t on ,decemb] #h1 #ahfd1 to all ! ,bi%ops ( ! _w1 toge!r ) ! encyclical lett] 8,quanta ,cura40 ,pius ,,ix4 _h1 prior to ?is1 & on v>i\s occasions1 d5\nc$ ^! propositions z false & to be repudiat$4 ,!y 7 n[ ga!r$ toge!r 9 ! ,syllabus4 ,!y repres5t ! program ( mod]n lib]alism 9 ! prov9ce ( religion & 9 politics 9 relation to religion4 ,!y are repudiat$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,pan!ism2 lib]al fre$om ( ?\ght & ( consci5ce z a repudiation ( ! duty to believe2 religi\s fre$om z a dem& ( emancipation f fai? & ,*ur*2 religi\s indiff]5tism2 ! d5ial ( ! ,*ur* & ( h] indep5d5ce ( ! /ate2 ! omnipot5ce ( /ate p[]1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( ?\ght4 ,! s+le propositions are n all designat$ z h]etical1 h5ce ! contr>y is n always pron\nc$ to be dogma2 !y are reject$ 9 g5]al z 8errors40 ,x is n necess>y to discuss "h ! "q :e!r & to :at ext5t ! ,syllabus is an infallible decision4 ,suffice x to say x is b9d+ = believ+ ,ca?olics4 ,has ! ,ca?olic any reason to be a%am$ ( ! ,syllabus8 ,x 0 a resolute de$4 ,a de$ ( t intrepidity & firm consi/5cy :i* has ev] *>act]iz$ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,) h] fe>less love ( tru? ! ,*ur* has 9 ! ,syllabus solemnly condemn$ ! errors ( ! mod]n rebellion aga9/ ! sup]natural ord]1 ( ! naturalization & decl>ation ( indep5d5ce ( ! human life4 ,= ?is reason ! ,syllabus is call$ an attack ^u mod]n culture1 sci5ce1 & education1 ^u ! f\ndations ( ! /ate4 ,is ?is true8 ,x is1 & x is n4 ,all t is good & ,*ri/ian 9 mod]n culture is n t\*$ by ! ,syllabus2 x /rikes only at :at is anti-,*ri/ian 9 our times & 9 ! lead+ ideas ( our times4 ,x does n condemn fre$om ( sci5ce1 b only ! lib]al fre$om :i* ?r[s (f ! yoke ( fai?2 x does n repudiate fre$om ( religion & consci5ce1 b ! lib]al fre$om :i* w n ackn[l$ge a div9e revelation nor take ! ,*ur* z a guide4 ,n ! f\ndations ( mod]n /ates are attack$1 b only ! lib]al ideas ( emancipation f religion1 & ( opposition to ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur* proclaims to ! _w only :at has be5 kn[n to all ,*ri/ian c5turies1 t1 j z ! s+le individual is b\nd to h ! ,*ri/ian belief & mu/ lead a ,*ri/ian life1 s are nations & organiz$ /ates2 t ! human creature is subject to ! law ( ,*ri/ 9 all its relations4 ,nor does %e cont5d aga9/ g5u9e progress 9 sci5ce1 education & 9 ! mat]ial doma91 b m]ely aga9/ lib]al progress t[>ds ! irreligi\s mat]ialization ( life4 ,?is emancipation f ! ,*ri/ian fai? poses mo/ly "u ! attractive & deceptive "n ( 8mod]n progress40 ,inde$1 x has ev] be5 ! pret5sion ( lib]alism to look ^u itself z ! sole h>b+] ( civilization1 to claim ! guidance ( intellectual life = its aim1 & to /igmatize z a foe ( culture any "o t opposes ! dissem9ation ( its anti-,*ri/ian humanism4 ,x is also an exp]t 9 giv+ to words a *>m & an ambigu\s mean+ t deceive4 ,emancipation f religion is 8progress0 & 8enlight5m5t40 ,ev]y?+ else is reaction>y4 ,its infidelity is fre$om ( consci5ce & ?\ght4 ,ev]y?+ else is 8bondage40 ,only its secul> s*ools1 its civil m>riage1 its sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate are 8mod]n40 ,ev]y?+ else is obsolete1 h5ce no long] w>rant$4 ,= ! ,*ur* to def5d h] rights is arrogance2 :5 ! ,*ur* uses h] ,god-giv5 au?ority = ! good ( ! fai?1 %e practises intellectual oppression2 ! ,ca?olic :o lets himself be guid$ by 8 ,*ur* is call$ unpatriotic1 b]eft ( 8 civil _s4 ,:at /rik+ contra/ to ! hone/y 9 :i* ! ,*ur* pres5ts h] doctr9es frankly be=e ! :ole _w1 )\t disguise or artifice4 ,! reason is t %e has suffici5t int]ior /r5g? & tru? to r5d] x unnecess>y = h] to take refuge 9 disguise or pres5t ! tru? 9 ambiguity4 ,! cle>e/ evid5ce ( ! ,*ur*'s ho/ility to culture is ! condemnation ( ! #hj? !sis ( ! ,syllabus1 s x is said4 ,x is ! !sis t ! ,pope c & mu/ reconcile himself to1 & compromise )1 progress1 lib]alism1 & mod]n civilization4 ,?is is a condemn$ proposition1 h5ce ! contr>y is true3 ! ,pope ( ,rome _c1 & mu/ n1 reconcile himself1 nor compromise )1 lib]alism & mod]n civilization4 ,"h we h ! frankly admitt$ ho/ility aga9/ progress1 education1 & sci5ce--x is ! wat*word ( ! ,papacy4 ,?is conclusion c be arriv$ at only by pu%+ aside all rules ( sci5tific int]pretation4 ,:at progress is ?is1 ) :at civilization c ! ,papacy n be reconcil$8 ,! progress ( mod]n lib]alism4 ,! head+ ( ! p>agraph conta9+ ?is proposition /ates expressly t 8errors ( mod]n lib]alism0 are to be condemn$4 ,?is becomes cle> by ! ,allocution 8,jamdudum c]nimus0 ( ,m>* #ah1 #ahfa1 f :i* ?is condemnation is tak54 ,!re x is /at$3 8,x is ask$ t ! ,pope ( ,rome reconcile himself ) progress1 to lib]alism z !y call x1 to ! new civilization1 & compromise ) !m4444 ,b n[ we ask ( ^? invit+ u to be reconcil$ ) mod]n civilization1 :e!r ! facts be su* z to tempt ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ on e>? 444 to connect himself ) ! civilization ( to-day )\t ! greate/ injury to ?is consci5ce 444 a civilization t has caus$ ! dissem9ation ( num]\s despicable op9ions1 errors1 & pr9ciples 9 conflict ) ! ,ca?olic religion & its doctr9es40 ,( c\rse a civilization cut (f f any true ,*ri/ianity by education & sci5ce1 by family life & political life1 a progress1 try+ to /op ! activity ( ! ,*ur* 9 e sph]e & attack+ h] 9 _! spee*1 9 newspap]s1 & 9 s*ools1 _c dem& ( ! ,papacy to jo9 h&s ) !m4 ,no ,*ri/ian1 :e!r ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 c pr(ess ?is 8progress40 ,we h "h at ! same "t a specim5 ( h[ !y proce$ 9 int]pret+ ! propositions ( ! ,syllabus 9 ord] to discov] 9 !m all possible absurdities4 ,_m propositions are %ort s5t5ces tak5 f ! "w ( an au?or1 or f previ\s ,papal decl>ations4 ,h5ce !y mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( ^? s\rces4 ,fur!rmore1 att5tion mu/ be paid to :at is specially emphasiz$4 ,!n1 aga91 we mu/ rememb] t by repudiat+ a proposition only ! contradictory is ass]t$1 b n ! contr>y2 to conclude ?is w\ld be to conclude too mu*4 ,= in/ance1 ! sev5ty-sev5? condemn$ proposition reads3 8,9 our times x is no long] to any purpose t ! ,ca?olic religion %\ld be ! sole religion ( ! /ate to ! exclusion ( all o!r confessions40 ,accord+ to "s1 e4g41 ,fr9s1 ! contradictory is ?us =mulat$3 8,9 our times also x is /ill to ! purpose44440 ,accord+ to o!rs1 h[ev]1 e4g41 ,ho5sbroeeh & ,goetz3 8,9 our times also x is b5eficial44440 ,?us :ile ,ho5sbroe* & ,goetz make ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e appe> to read t x w\ld be b5eficial to hold fa/ to ! ,ca?olic z ! sole religion ( ! /ate "u all circum/ances ev5 to-day1 ! actual opposite is ! doctr9e1 t ?is may be yet to ! purpose "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,:ile no reasonable man c\ld object to ! latt]1 ! =m] is eag]ly exploit$ aga9/ ! ,*ur* 7,he9]1 ,d] ,syllabus1 #aije1 p4 #ca1 seq42 cf4 ,fr9s1 ,kir*5lex1 #b;d ed41 ,,xi1 #ajca2 ,ho5sbroe*1 l4 c4 #be2 ,goetz1 ,d] ,ultramontanismus1 #aije1 #adh74 ,( c\rse x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! ,syllabus is di/a/eful to mod]n lib]alism1 :i* is br&$ !re z "o ( ! errors ( ! day4 ,yet ! ,*ur* _c be c5sur$ = n becom+ unfai?ful to h] vocation ( pres]v+ ! patrimony ( ,*ri/ianity to mank9d1 or = act+ z ! inv9cible def5d] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ! univ]sal /ruggle betwe5 tru? & error1 ev5 ?\gh ! latt] pose ) great assurance4 ,! ,condemnation ( ,mod]nism4 ,! great excitem5t caus$ 9 intellectual circles by ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix4 0 ar\s$ aga91 ?\gh n ) ! same int5sity1 :5 "s ye>s ago ! news ( ano!r ,syllabus 0 circulat$ ?r\gh ! _w1 & ! excitem5t increas$ :5 ! rum\r 0 foll[$ by ! publication ( ! encyclical 8,pasc5di ,dom9ici gregis40 ,inde$1 ! new ev5t 0 n v unlike ! =m]3 9 ! #fj's ,rome's s5t5ce 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,mod]nism ( t p]iod1 :i* call$ itself lib]alism4 ,! excitem5t caus$ by its condemnation 0 m int5se1 because x /ruck directly at ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! lib]al politics aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 :i* pr9ciples 7 claim$ to be ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n /ate4 ,n[ ! ,mod]nism repudiat$ by ! ,*ur*'s voice 0 no?+ m ?an ! old humani/ic1 fundam5tal1 errors ( lib]alism1 b put 9 ! =m ( a religi\s & philosophical view ( ! _w1 & 9 ,ca?olic g>b3 x meant man deta*$ f ev]y?+ sup]natural1 & dep5d5t alone on himself 9 8 intellectual life1 m especially 9 8 religi\s life4 ,n[1 z !n1 simil> *>ges 7 rais$3 ,! ,*ur* is ! irreconcilable foe ( mod]n a*ievem5ts & ! oppon5t ( !m2 8! encyclical aims at mod]n intellectual life 9 all its phases & =ms0 7,,xx4 ,jahrh41 #aijh1 #efh74 ,n[1 z !n1 we h ! same ambiguity ( ! t]ms 8mod]n0 & 8progress40 ,:at 0 condemn$ by ! ,*ur*8 ,! docum5t 8,lam5tabili sane exitu10 issu$ by ! tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur* on ,july #c1 #aijg1 is entitl$ 8,a ,decree ( ! ,holy ,congregation ( ! ,roman & ,g5]al ,inquisition or ! ,holy ,(fice10 :i* has to wat* ov] ! unadult]at$ pres]vation ( ! fai?4 ,! decree soon 0 *ri/5$ ! 8,new ,syllabus10 because ( its simil>ity ) ! ,syllabus ( ,pius ,,ix4 ,9 a simil> way x condemns sixty-five propositions aga9/ ! inspiration & ! hi/orical "* ( ,holy ,scripture1 aga9/ ! div9e orig9 ( revelation & ( fai?1 aga9/ ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ,8 ,resurrection & ,8 aton+ dea?1 aga9/ ! ,sacram5ts1 & aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,^! are compon5t p>ts ( ! philosophical religi\s sy/em ( ?\ght :i* soon aft] 0 set =? & condemn$ by ! encyclical 8,pasc5di10 ( ,septemb] #h1 #aijg4 ,mod]nism is ess5tially philosophy1 comb9+ mod]n agno/ic-autonom\s subjectivism ) evolutionism1 & appli$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* !reby becomes disfigur$ beyond recognition4 ,its *a9 ( ?\ght1 excell5tly /at$ by ! encyclical1 />ts ) ! proposition t ! sup]natural is beyond ! k ( man1 & h5ce man _c "k any?+ ( ,god4 ,! fai? :i* unites u to ,god is no?+ b a feel+1 born ( a bl9d impulse1 :i* may be consid]$ a div9e revelation4 ,if ?is religi\s feel+ is express$ 9 =ms1 ! result is 8doctr9es ( fai?02 = ,*ri/ian 8dogmas0 are ?is & no?+ m1 images & symbols ( ! noble & div9e1 h5ce !y are ( human orig9 & are *angeable accord+ to ! disposition & ! degree ( le>n+ ( ! individual1 z well z ( ! times4 ,!re is no dogmatic ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! s5se ( an immutable religi\s doctr9e1 nor is !re any absolutely true religion1 = religion is b a v>iable feel+1 t has no?+ to d ) cognition & k4 ,= ?is reason !y nev] c come 9 conflict4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion orig9ally 0 no?+ else b ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ,*ri/1 :o 0 n ,god b a man2 9 ! c\rse ( "t x has und]gone *anges :i* are reflect$ 9 ! %ap+ ( ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,holy ,scripture is1 simil>ly1 ! expression ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( its human au?ors2 ! ,sacram5ts are symbols1 ar\s+ religi\s s5tim5ts2 ! ,*ur* is n f\nd$ by ,god1 & only has ! task ( regulat+ ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( sanction+ at any "t :atev] religi\s exp]i5ces ! *angeable _s ( progressive civilization may produce4 ,?is is ,mod]nism1 z repres5t$ *iefly 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & to an ext5t also 9 ,engl&2 9 ,g]many x did n appe> z a sy/em1 b ev5 !re its _s became q app>5t4 ,?us1 ,mod]nism is no?+ else b ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ^? ideas :i* we h hi!rto met1 9 v>i\s places1 z ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mod]n religi\s ?\ght oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is subjectivism ) its autonomy ( ! human subject1 its agno/icism1 its relativism ( tru?1 sail+ "u ! "n ( 8hi/orical me?od ( ?\ght0 & 8progress10 &1 f9ally1 ) its fre$om ( ?\ght & consci5ce :i* rejects all au?ority4 ,x is ,kant 9 ! robe ( a ,ca?olic !ologian4 ,ultimately x is no?+ else b ! %ock+ negation ( ev]y?+ sup]natural1 h5ce complete apo/asy4 8,! sali5t po9t is recogniz$10 says ,troelts*1 8! enemy is ! mod]n hi/orical me?od ( ?\ght1 ! concept ( evolution1 ! !ory ( inn] exp]i5ce & relativism z appli$ to religion1 ! negation ( sup]naturalism z taught by ! old ,*ur*0 7l4 c4 #bb74 ,h5ce1 0 x n manife/ t ! ,*ur* _h to take measures aga9/ ?is positive d5ial ( ,*ri/ianity z a :ole1 ! m s z ! un$ucat$ c\ld be easily deceiv$ by x8 ,e organism w ?r[ (f excresc5ces1 ! m en]getically ! /rong] x is4 ,any religion lack+ ?is /r5g? is doom$4 ,t ! ,papal decl>ation ar\s$ su* opposition mu/ n be wond]$ at2 x hit once m ! c5tral idea ( ! anti-,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,! judgm5t 0 n pass$ aga9/ mod]n intellectual life1 b only aga9/ ! grave errors inh]5t 9 x2 ! ,*ur* did n condemn progress1 nor ! increase & deep5+ ( k ( ! tru?2 n ! enri*m5t ( ! life ( ! m9d1 ( feel+1 & ! w1 b only pret5d$ progress2 %e did n condemn ! hi/orical me?od nor ! idea ( evolution1 b _! false application1 :i* dissolv$ any?+ & ev]y?+ 9 gr[?1 purely natural gr[? at t1 )\t ackn[l$g+ a revelation ( absolute tru?s4 ,or?odox ,prote/ants h op5ly prais$ ?is bold de$ ( ! ,pope z highly m]itori\s = ! pres]vation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,?us ! ,s\? ,african ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,episcopal7 ( ,janu>y1 #aijh1 said3 8,! ,syllabus & ,encyclical ( ,pius ,x4 aga9/ ,mod]nism are des]v+ ( ! respectful consid]ation ( all ,*ri/ians4444 ,at ! pres5t /age ( hi/ory ! oppos+ factors are driv+ ) great spe$ t[>ds a fi]ce & resolute /ruggle betwe5 ,*ri/ & anti-,*ri/4 ,all :o s9c]ely love ,*ri/1 our ,"l1 mu/ rally "u "o flag4444 ,n>r[-m9d$ ho/ility t[>ds ! ,pope mu/ give way to ! desire to be unit$ ) ! great community :i* is fight+ s valiantly = ! old fai? ( our fa!rs4444 ,"o mu/ be bl9d1 to misjudge ! trem5d\s influ5ce ex]t$ by ! la/ de$ ( ! ,pope 9 fav\r ( ! fai?40 ,ev5 ! ,evangelical 8,kir*5zeitung0 admitt$ t ! encyclical is 8direct$ *iefly aga9/ ! m or less un*ri/ian mod]n views ( ! _w 444 :i* we mu/ combat4444 ,und\bt$ly x is n only ! ,pope's "r to lay b>e ! un*ri/ian t5d5cy ( ^! ideas & _! incompatibility ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 b x is also 8 duty & 8 m]it0 7,novemb] #bi1 #aijh1 n4 #dh74 ,puny m51 entangl$ 9 ! ideas ( _! "t & surr\nd+s1 are easily l$ to take = _! /&>d ! ?\ghts & actions ( _! age4 ,!y (t5 imag9e t !y possess n a little /r5g? & indep5d5ce1 :5 !y are intellectually entirely dep5d5t & unable to rise above _! "t4 8,x is ! fa%ion1 o!rs ?9k t way1 !re=e ,i mu/ ?9k s1 too02 ^! are (t5 ! pr9ciples ( _! wisdom1 & !y ask ! ,*ur* to d likewise4 ,! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 looks back ^u a long hi/ory1 & num]\s ideas & op9ions %e has se5 arise & vani%4 ,& :oev] c look back ^u a great exp]i5ce1 & moreov] c>ries 9 himself ! call to lead ! times1 feels no re/less impulse to be c>ri$ away by *ang+ doctr9es4 ,! ,index4 ,:5ev] ! subject ( ,rome's enmity to sci5ce & progress ( culture is discuss$1 !re inv>iably appe>s on ! sc5e1 beside ,syllabus & ,galileo1 also ! ,index4 ,! latt] is held by _m to be ,rome's p]man5t means ( h9d]+ ! progress ( humanity 9 g5]al1 & ! free sci5tific activity ( ! ,ca?olic 9 p>ticul>1 & to annihilate ! fre$om ( tea*+ & le>n+ 7,ho5sbroe*1 ,die ,ka?4 !ol4 ,fakultaet51 #aijg1 #dj seq474 ,!y say 8! ,congregation ( ! ,index has no pity nor consid]ation = ! classical works ( lit]ature1 & condemns 9 ! "n ( religion ! mo/ admirable products ( ! human intellect0 7,gr&e ,dict4 univ4 du ,,xix4 sicle1 ,,ix1 #fdj1 apud ,j4 ,hilg]s1 ,d] ,index d] ,v]b4 ,bue*]1 #aijd1 #aff2 mu* ( :at we %all say on ?is topic is tak5 f ?is "w by ,hilg]s74 ,?is /atem5t aga9 rem9ds t ! accusations aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & h] in/itutions are to be consid]$ ) caution1 because ( ! ignorance ( h] oppon5ts 9 ,ca?olic ?+s4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ,index4 ,?us ! above ass]tion is false4 ,dante's 8,div9a ,comm$ia0 7! "w ref]r$ to7 is nei!r =bidd5 nor ne$s approval nor correction3 ( ! classical lit]ature ( ! _w little or no?+ is =bidd52 ev5 morally (f5sive books1 t are consid]$ classical1 may )\t ecclesia/ical p]mission be read = ! sake ( _! elegant diction1 :5ev] _! read+ is requir$ by "o's "w or duty ( tea*+4 ,a few examples ( ! incr$ible ignorance allud$ to w suffice4 ,9 ! 8,gr&e ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel du ,,xix4 ,sicle0 x is actually /at$ t ! works ( ,alb]t ! ,great 7 condemn$ by a decree ( ,april #aj1 #afff4 ,:at does ! ,index really =bid8 ,x /ates3 8,alb]to ,magno1 diviso 9 tre libri1 nel primo si tratta della virtu delle h]be1 nel secondo della virtu delle pietre1 e nel t]zo della virtu di alcuni animali4--,alb]t ! ,great1 9 ?ree p>ts3 ! fir/ treats ( ! virtue ( plants2 ! second1 ( ! virtue ( /ones2 & ! ?ird1 ( ! virtue ( "s animals40 ,x is ! title ( a little sup]/iti\s book1 attribut$ to 8,alb]t ! ,great0 by an unkn[n au?or4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,index ( ,leo ,,xiii4 9 #aijj 0 sold out 9 less ?an a ye>2 a second edition foll[$ 9 #aija1 &1 l ! fir/1 c\ld be _h at all booksell]s1 at a v mod]ate price4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 !re appe>$ 9 ! ,anglo-,am]ican weekly1 8,! ,roman ,_w10 an article :i* says t x is difficult to obta9 ?is li/ ( notori\s books =bidd5 to ,ca?olics1 unless "o be a ,*ur* (ficial1 s9ce only a few copies are pr9t$ & ev5 ^! are n h&l$ by g5]al book-deal]s2 h5ce t no details c\ld be giv5 ab\t ! pur*ase ( ! copy ref]r$ to2 b x 0 q evid5t t x _h comm&$ a good price4 8,! copy 9 "q1 a model ( f9e pr9t+1 might be wor? ab\t #dj to #ej1 b ow+ to its r>5ess1 x _h und\bt$ly co/ #djj4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is fam\s ,index is int]e/+4 ,! "o :o fir/ hit ^u ! idea 0 ,*>les ,v4 ( ,spa91 ab\t #aeej4 ,! fir/ compilation ( ! book-li/ 0 made by ! univ]sity ( ,l\va9 9 #aefd1 ,pope ,paul ,,iv4 assum+ ! direction ( ! edition4 ,x rema9$ = #ceg ye>s 9 ! h&s ( ! ,pope40 ,e "o ( ^! /atem5ts is false4 ,& j z false is ! /atem5t t ! 8,syllabus condemns n only a book writt5 by a ,pope1 b by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 himself40 ,/ill x c\ld n surprise u1 s9ce ev5 ,david's psalt] is on ! ,index6 ,:5 ! ,index ( ,leo ,,xiii4 0 publi%$1 ,dr4 ,max ,cla> wrote f ,rome to ! 8,neue ,freie ,presse0 ( ,vi5na3 8,on ! old ,index we f9d among o!r ?+s ! ,psalms ( ,k+ ,david & ! ,div9a ,comm$ia ( ,dante40 ,we h already /at$ t ! latt] 0 nev] on ! ,index4 ,b h[ 9 ! _w c\ld ?is man f9d ,holy ,scripture condemn$ on ! ,index8 ,p]haps he f\nd ?is passage3 8,il salmi/a secondo la biblia0 & 8,salmi 7sessanta7 di ,david40 ,! fir/ is a sup]/iti\s booklet1 ! second is a translation ( sixty ,psalms ( ,david by ! h]etic1 ,giovanni ,diodati4 ,! le>n$ doctor 9 all s]i\sness mi/ook !m = ! ,psalms ( ,david 7,hilg]s1 #afg1 seq474 ,:at !n is ! ,index1 & h[ is x to be judg$8 ,ev] s9ce ! ,apo/le ( ! ,nations _h at ,ephesus ! sup]/iti\s books burn$ "u 8 eyes1 ! ,holy ,fa!rs1 ,bi%ops1 & ,c\ncils s9ce ! fir/ c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 c>eful to keep f ! fai?ful writ+s hurtful to fai? & morals4 ,?us ev5 9 ! old5 "t we f9d sev]al catalogues ( =bidd5 books1 !n foll[$ ! ,indices ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ! ye> #aega a special ,congregation ( ,c>d9als 0 =m$1 ! 8,congregation ( ! ,index10 :i* has ev] s9ce _h *>ge ( ! ecclesia/ical book-laws4 ,! la/ edition ( ! ,index1 obligatory = ! :ole ,*ur*1 emanat$ f ,leo ,,xiii4 ,! title ( ! "w n[ 9 =ce reads1 8,! ,index ( ,=bidd5 ,books1 revis$ & publi%$ by ord] ( & 9 ! "n ( ,leo ,,xiii4 #aijj40 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,! fir/ & %ort] "p conta9s ! g5]al book regulations1 giv+ 9 %ort p>agraphs ! rules on v>i\s classes ( =bidd5 books1 ! p]mission requir$ = read+ !m1 ! exam9ation to be made previ\s to ! publication ( c]ta9 books4 ,! second "p enum]ates ! writ+s =bidd5 by special decree--! ,index 9 ! p>ticul> s5se1 & ! "p mo/ (t5 consid]$4 ,b x is second 9 importance to ! fir/1 because by f> n all books dang]\s to fai? & morals are nam$ 9 x4 ,mo/ su* books are =bidd5 by ! g5]al laws conta9$ 9 ! fir/ "p1 )\t m5tion+ ! _m :i* are =bidd5 by m]e common s5se4 ,ecclesia/ical legislation on books is compos$ ( two factors3 fir/1 ! previ\s c5sor%ip--c]ta9 books mu/ be exam9$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority be=e _! publication4 ,second1 ! prohibition ( books already publi%$4 ,! previ\s scrut9y 9 g5]al is delegat$ to ! ,bi%op2 all books deal+ ) morals & !ology mu/ be submitt$4 ,! lic5se to pr9t ! book is to be giv5 if ! book is 9 accord ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 9 s f> z det]m9$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority1 ! decision bas$ on x re/s solely ) ! c5sor2 if ! au?or ( ! book %\ld fail to see t ! passages object$ to ne$ revision he may try to cle> himself by /at+ 8 reasons2 h[ev]1 he is also free to submit 8 "w to ano!r ,bi%op & to look = a pr9t] 9 ! latt]'s diocese4 ,if "o looks ov] ! num]\s books be>+ ! ecclesia/ical imprimatur1 he w readily notice h[ mu* fre$om is giv51 if ! au?or keeps )9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! condemnation ( a book nev] /rikes at ! p]son ( ! au?or1 nor at :at he has int5d$ to express by ! passages object$ to2 judgm5t is pass$ only ^u :at is actually express$ 9 !m4 ,h5ce x is n necess>y to give to ! au?or himself a he>+1 or a *ance to expla94 ,! reason is t ! judgm5t is r5d]$ on ! s5se ( ! passages1 n on ! mean+ ( ! au?or4 ,9 g5]al ^? books & p]iodicals are =bidd5 :i* are likely to d s]i\s damage to fai? & morals4 ,! isolat$ cases ( indict+ ! works ( ,ca?olic au?ors 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury--we may m5tion ,lam5nais1 ,h]mes1 ,gu5!r1 ,loisy1 & ,s*ell--%[ t ! ,*ur* proce$s b sl[ly & ) consid]ation aga9/ ! au?or involv$4 ,to appreciate ! ,index prop]ly1 "o mu/ try to grasp )\t prejudice ! purpose ! ,*ur* has 9 view4 ,?is purpose is to protect ! fai?ful f error & f moral contagion1 & to pres]ve ! fai? intact4 8,:at is m preci\s ?an s\ls1 :at m preci\s ?an ! fai?8 ,b bo? suff] damage f su* read+40 ,su* 0 ! judgm5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus :5 x drew up its book-decrees2 su* 0 ! judgm5t ( an ,augu/9e1 ( ,leo ! ,great1 & ( ! ,holy ,fa!rs2 su* is /ill ! judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,books & writ+s t (f5d aga9/ morals are a m5ace to h] fai?ful4 ,!y become infect$ ) wrong ideas2 !y are z a rule n 9 a position to di/+ui% by !mselves ! false f ! true1 & = ! mo/ "p !y are n morally /rong en\gh to resi/ ! allurem5ts ( error4 ,x may also happ5 t c]ta9 ?\ghts are true 9 ! ab/ract1 yet = ! "t be+ w\ld be a dang] = _m4 ,n[1 x is ! "r & duty ( any social au?ority1 beg9n+ ) ! head ( ! family & up to ! gov]nm5t1 to protect ) /rong h& ! preci\s possessions ( its subjects4 ,! /ate keeps "u control ! sale ( poison & dynamite1 keeps out contagi\s diseases f its b\nd>ies--x protects ! possessions ( its subjects4 ,european /ates h = c5turies claim$ ! "r to c5sure books1 & h us$ x mu* m rigor\sly ?an ! ,*ur* ev] did1 to say no?+ ( ! c5sures ( ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* ( =m] times 7see abundant pro( apud ,hilg]s1 #bjf-djb74 ,! mod]n /ate also1 despite ! great fre$om grant$ to ! press1 _c entirely =ego its s5se ( responsibility4 ,x re/ricts ! fre$om ( ! press by c5sor%ip1 & by prev5tive measures (t5 n less dra/ic ?an ! c5sure itself1 & x always reg>ds ! confiscation ( p>ticul>ly dang]\s writ+s to be a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x puts "u c5sure s*ool-books1 political po/]s1 & !atrical plays1 & does n tol]ate any sociali/ic lit]ature 9 ! soldi]s' b>racks4 ,& d we n take x z a matt] ( c\rse if a fa!r =bids 8 *ild to associate ) dang]\s playmates1 & takes bad books f its h&s8 ,we _c f9d fault ) ! ,*ur* if %e seeks to protect h] *ildr51 if %e represses ! promiscu\s dissem9ation ( false ideas & doctr9es1 & if %e takes dang]\s books "u h] control4 8,fe$ my lambs1 fe$ my %eep10 0 ! comm& giv5 to ! ,*ur*4 ,! objection %\ld !re=e n be made t 8su* precaution is prop] :5 deal+ ) *ildr5 b n ) m52 especially s9ce ! ?9k+ elem5ts among ! ,ca?olics ( ! ,g]manic tongue or orig9 are too pr(\nd & firm 9 _! fai? to w>rant a fe> ( ! effects ( unre/rict$ free rese>*0 7f ! petition ( ! s-call$ 8,index-league0 ( ,mu5/]74 ,?is p]usal may become dang]\s ev5 = highly educat$ m51 else h[ c\ld ,mod]nism break s =cefully into ! ,*ur*8 ,manife/ly only because le>n$ !ologians did n possess t firmness ( ,ca?olic fai? & ,ca?olic k :i* w\ld prev5t !m f be+ deceiv$ by ! mislead+ ideas ( mod]n philosophy1 & ( ! new ,prote/ant !ology4 ,moreov]1 all =bidd5 books may be read ^u obta9+ ! necess>y p]mission4 8,pres]ve ! deposit ( fai?10 ! ,*ur* has be5 told4 ,%e _c look on sil5tly :5 h] doctr9es are be+ falsifi$ & d5i$1 :5 ! mo/ v5]able sph]e ( !ology is made ! /amp+ gr\nd = immature m9ds & a laboratory = all k9ds ( exp]im5ts4 ,:5 ,zola's novel1 8,rome10 _h be5 put on ! ,index1 ! a!i/ic lit]>y critic1 ,s>cey1 made ! foll[+ comm5t3 8,if my own criticisms ( lit]ature are reg>d$ by _m p z highe/ decisions1 :y %\ld a positive criticism be look$ ^u z mon/r\s j because x comes f ! ,pope8 ,x is my aim to gu>d good ta/e 9 lit]ature1 & x is ! aim ( ! ,pope to gu>d ! true fai?0 7,allgeme9e ,runds*au1 #aijh1 #hbh74 ,e social au?ority mu/ int]f]e :5 its f\ndations are attack$4 ,a *ur* t tol]ates false doctr9es _c be ! tea*] t ,*ri/ s5t to ! nations4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! ,index has f ! fir/ help$ 9 no small degree to keep ! ,ca?olic doctr9e pure1 to induce caution 9 read+ c]ta9 au?ors1 & to keep awake 9 ! fai?ful t av]sion aga9/ immoral & irreligi\s writ+s :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,ca?olics1 & :i* has rescu$ ! fai? = ?\s&s4 ,to judge ! ,index fairly "o mu/ be conv9c$ t ! pres]vation ( true ,*ri/ian doctr9e is its highe/ aim4 ,!n ! zeal ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* w be intelligible4 ,( c\rse1 he :o ?9ks t ! true weal ( mank9d consi/s 9 ! spe$y emancipation f all ,*ri/ian dogma1 he :o holds ! task ( sci5ce to be ! e/abli%m5t ( a new 8sci5tific view ( ! _w10 he :o no long] kn[s fai?1 w see 9 ! ,index no?+ b re/ra9t4 ,b1 :oev] is ( a diff]5t view w n take (f5ce at ! re/riction ( ! fre$om ( writ+ & read+ :5 x is productive ( high] good4 ,fre$om ( sci5ce _c be unre/rict$1 especially 9 reg>d to tea*+2 ! welf>e ( humanity mu/ be consid]$4 ,moreov]1 ! ,index conc]ns almo/ exclusively !ology & "s bran*es ( philosophy1 ! re/ ( ! pr(ane sci5ces b little or n at all2 ! sci5tific works prohibit$1 h[ev]1 are n remov$ f sci5tific p]usal3 only p]mission is necess>y1 & ?is is grant$ )\t difficulty & )\t co/4 ,x is true1 an error on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* au?orities is n impossible4 ,we "k ( su* a case1 putt+ on ! ,index ! writ+s ( ,cop]nicus1 9 #afaf4 ,b j ! circum/ance t hi/ory kn[s ( b "o su* case ( importance is a cle> te/imony to ! ,holy ,gho/'s direction ( ! tea*+ (fice ev5 :5 x is r5d]+ non-infallible decisions4 ,besides1 ! damage t might result f a few mi/akes w\ld n be s great z ! damage result+ if ev]y?+ 7 all[$ to be writt5 & read4 ,! ,ca?olic sci5ti/ :o appreciates ! sup]natural mission ( 8 ,*ur* w yield to h] guidance 9 humble confid5ce1 he w practise ?is submission to ! ,*ur* by reque/+ p]mission = read+ =bidd5 books1 & by ?is _s he w obta9 ,god's bless+ on 8 "w4 ,9 do+ s he may recall to m9d ! edify+ words ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,sales1 9 ! preface to 8 treatise on ! errors ( ! ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s1 :]e he gives ! assurance ( hav+ consci5ti\sly ask$ = & receiv$ p]mission to read _! writ+s4 8,we f]v5tly reque/ our ,ca?olic read]s10 writes ! ,sa9t1 8n to let an evil suspicion aga9/ u arise1 z if we _h read ! =bidd5 books 9 spite ( ! prohibition ( holy ,*ur*4 ,we are able to assure !m 9 all tru? ( hav+ done no?+ =bidd5 to a good ,*ri/ian1 & ( hav+ tak5 e precaution due 9 a matt] ( s va/ importance1 s z n to incur 9 any way ! v j c5sures ( ! ,*ur*1 nor 9 any mann] to violate ! pr(\nd rev]5ce we owe to h]40 ,! p]mission grant$ him1 dat$ ,july #af1 #afjh1 is /ill extant2 likewise "o ask$ by ,/4 ,*>les ,borromeo4 ,! ,ca?olic sci5ti/ also w readily ask ! ecclesia/ical ,imprimatur = c]ta9 ( 8 works4 ,if a c>eful au?or be=e publi%+ a "w submits ! pro(s to a fri5d ( 8 pr(ession1 tak+ 8 comm5t = a guide1 :y %\ld we deem x intellectual bondage if ! ,ca?olic sci5ti/1 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals1 submits 8 "w to ! =mal approval ( 8 ,*ur*1 :i* to him is a high] au?ority ?an any o!r8 & does ?is will+ly1 z 9 consi/5cy ) 8 ,ca?olic conviction87#e7 ,via /ulti recta 9 oculis ejus1 qui autem sapi5s e/ audit consilia1 says ! ,wise ,man4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! fool to be wise 9 8 own eyes1 & /ubbornly to cl+ to 8 own judgm5t2 b ! prud5t man seeks advice1 & suff]s 8 att5tion to be call$ to 8 mi/akes4 ,! believ+ sci5ti/1 too1 w submit to correction2 %\ld ! r>e case fall to 8 lot to h ! ,*ur* condemn 8 "w1 he w "k h[ to be g5]\sly ob$i5t4 ,spl5did examples are blaz+ ! way = him4 8,7 we to draw up a li/ ( ! sci5ti/s1 :o1 9 a simil> critical position z ,fnelon1 f\nd /r5g? 9 ! virtue ( ob$i5ce1 & on ! o!r h& a li/ ( all ^? ^: subjective sci5tific views did n all[ !m to submit1 !n we %\ld p]ceive at a glance t _! pr\d p]si/5ce 9 _! own op9ion has be5 injuri\s to true wisdom 9 ! same degree z humble submission prov$ a b5efit to sci5ce0 7,hilg]s1 #dab74 ,f9ally1 he :o is conv9c$ t ! ,*ri/ian fai? is ! greate/ h]itance ( tru? f ! pa/1 :i* mu/ be pres]v$ 9 him1 he w take no (f5ce if ! ,*ur* is n impress$ ev5 by names l ,kant1 ,sp9oza1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,/rauss1 m5 mu* featur$ z ! capta9s ( mod]n sci5ce & philosophy4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur* no?+ is g5u9e & true sci5ce t is contr>y to ! te/imony ( ,god1 & errors are errors ev5 !n :5 _! p]petrator is receiv+ *e]s & applause4 ,j z ! /ate prohibits ! physician f design$ly assi/+ any "o to commit suicide1 ev5 ?\gh ! physician be a not$ sci5ti/1 j s ! ,*ur* opposes any "o :o assaults ,god's tru?1 be he j\rnali/ or philosoph]4 ,frequ5tly ! great numb] ( =bidd5 books m5tion$ by ! ,index is po9t$ out4 ,! ,index ( #aijj conta9s ab\t #e1jjj titles belong+ to ! la/ ?ree c5turies2 ( ^! ab\t #a1cjj belong to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,q a small numb]1 consid]+ ! imm5se lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,yet x w look ev5 small] :5 comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) ! c5sure ( books by ! ,prussian /ate4 ,9 ! ye> #ahde !re appe>$ ! foll[+ catalogue3 8,index librorum prohibitorum1 ,catalogue ( ! books =bidd5 9 ,g]many dur+ #ahdd-ahde1 fir/ volume40 ,! second volume 0 issu$ 9 #ahdf4 ,! li/ is n complete3 x does n conta91 = in/ance1 ! names ( prohibit$ newspap]s & p]iodicals4 ,yet x conta9s #dcg writ+s1 =bidd5 by #egj decrees1 i4e41 two or ?ree times z _m z ! entire numb] ( ,g]man books ( ! n9ete5? c5tury enum]at$ by "n 9 ! ,roman ,index4 ,! 8,hi/oris*-,politis*5 ,blaett]0 ( #ahdj conta9 an article beg9n+ ?us3 8,v]itas odium p>it4 ,9 ,prussia !re are n[ prohibit$ ne>ly all ,ca?olic j\rnals & p]iodicals1 & 9 ord] to beg9 ! matt] ab ovo !y h grasp$ a welcome opportunity to ?r[ int]dicts at :olesale aga9/ works n yet publi%$1 or to r5d] _! circulation difficult to a degree am\nt+ to prohibition40 ,h[ ! ,prussian c5sor%ip proce$$ 9 ^? days may be illu/rat$ by ano!r example4 8,at ! "t ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil a publi%]1 ,joseph ,ba*em1 came to ,dr4 ,we/h(f1 rector ( ! ,sem9>y ( ,cologne1 a man ( v5]able ye>s1 & told him ( 8 misgiv+s ab\t ! dogma ( ! infallibility4 ,9 8 y\? he _h be5 taught ! maxim t t is ,ca?olic :i* has be5 taught always1 ev]y:]e1 & by ev]ybody2 yet he _h until rec5tly nev] f\nd ! doctr9e ( ,papal ,infallibility taught1 nei!r 9 s*ools nor 9 text-books4 ,!n ! rev]5d old rector took ! visitor by ! h& & l$ him into ! libr>y ( ! sem9>y1 :]e he %[$ him n less ?an sixte5 cate*isms t _h be5 9 use 9 ! ,ar*diocese ( ,cologne dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 & :i* /at$ )\t exception1 cle>ly & conv9c+ly1 ! doctr9e ( ,papal ,infallibility 9 matt]s ( fai? & morals4 ,! publi%] 9 utt] a/oni%m5t !n ask$ h[ x 0 t ?is doctr9e 0 n taught 9 lat] editions4 ,dr4 ,we/h(f ref]r$ him to ! ,prussian c5sure1 en=c$ until #ahdh1 :i* _h expung$ ?is doctr9e f all ,ca?olic cate*isms4 ,f t mom5t ,ba*em no long] wav]$ 9 8 op9ions0 7,koelnis*e ,volkszeitung1 ,septemb] #g1 #ahic74 ,"o may also rememb] ,bism>ck's press-campaign dur+ ! ,kulturkampf4 ,pr(essor ,fri$b]g1 ,prussian c\rt canoni/1 in/igat$ ?is campaign1 & 9 _m ways devis$ ! plan ( attack4 ,?is mu*-prais$ lib]alism--h[ tyrannically x proce$$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic press6 ,! ,frankfurt] ,zeitung 9 ^? days took a c5sus ( convictions due to ! press law4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus1 :i* 8does n by f> claim to be complete10 !re 7 ( newspap] editors s5t5c$ 9 #ahge--ba 9 ,janu>y1 #ce 9 ,febru>y1 #bi 9 ,m>*1 #bd 9 ,april2 9 f\r mon?s #acg newspap] writ]s 7 ei!r f9$ or s5t to jail4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod #cj newspap]s 7 confiscat$ 7,/aatslexikon1 ,,iv1 #eej74 ,?is is n all4 8,we c\ld m5tion at lea/ ?ree in/ances10 says ,p4 ,majunke 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,kulturkampf1 8:]e ag5ts ( ! ,b]l9 secret police h succe$$ 9 obta9+ a position on ! editorial /aff ( ,ca?olic pap]s1 /ay+ = a ye> or m4 ,besides s]v+ z spies ^! fell[s _h to p]=m ! task ( ag5ts provocateurs1 viz41 to incite ! editors ( ,ca?olic pap]s to extreme utt]ances1 simil> to ! d5unciations sugge/$ to correspond5ts ( =eign ,ca?olic organs = _! pap]s40 ,?is happ5$ 9 a civiliz$ /ate1 despite its con/itutional fre$om ( ! press1 by ord] ( ! same lib]alism :i* always pret5ds to be full ( righte\s indignation :5 ! ,*ur* prohibits books & puts !m on ! ,index4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 aga9 ) ! aid ( lib]alism1 laws aga9/ ! sociali/s 7 drawn up4 ,aft] !y _h be5 pass$ w> 0 wag$ aga9/ sociali/ic lit]ature4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhf !re appe>$ a real ,index ,librorum ,prohibitorum1 its title read1 8,social ,democratic publications & societies prohibit$ by ! imp]ial law aga9/ ! dang]\s designs ( ,social ,democracy10 :i* law _h !n be5 9 =ce eight ye>s4 ,a supplem5t>y li/ 0 publi%$ two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahhh4 ,hilg]s makes ?is comm5t on x3 8,h[ _m additional pamphlets h be5 condemn$ 9 ! "t f ,m>* #bh1 #ahhh1 to ,septemb] #cj1 #ahij1 we _c /ate40 ,accord+ to ! =ego+ (ficial /atem5t ! av]age is #acj a ye>4 ,h5ce we assume t ! pr9t$ matt] prohibit$ dur+ ! twelve ye>s t ! law 0 9 =ce am\nt$ to betwe5 #ae1jjj & #af1jjj4 ,?is numb] ( social democratic pamphlets =bidd5 )9 twelve ye>s exce$s by f> ! numb] ( all books prohibit$ by ! ,roman ,index 9 ! c\rse ( ! entire n9ete5? c5tury--books t are ! products ( all c\ntries 9 ! _w & deal+ ) all bran*es2 ! numb] ( ^! ,g]man prohibitions is t5 times t ( ,roman prohibitions4 ,inde$1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> & a half ! new ,g]man ,empire prohibit$ m writ+s ( ,g]mans ?an ,rome _h prohibit$ dur+ ! entire pa/ c5tury4 ,we may m5tion "h ,goe!4 ,9 ! a!ism dispute1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 decision 0 r5d]$ ^u ,goe!'s advice aga9/ ! philosoph] ,fi*te2 ,fi*te 0 dis*>g$ 9 spite ( petitions & m$iations 9 8 fav\r4 ,! lib]al ,gr& ,duke ,k>l ,augu/ ( ,saxony ,weim> grant$ 9 #ahaf1 aft] ! ,fr5* conqu]or _h be5 ov]?r[n1 fre$om ( ! press4 ,pr(essor ,ok5 ( ,j5a avail$ himself ( ?is privilege1 & pr9t$ 9 8 8,isis0 contributions compla9+ ab\t ! gov]nm5t4 ,goe! _h to advise :at %\ld be done aga9/ x4 ,he ?\ght t ! pap] %\ld h be5 suppress$ by ! police at its v fir/ ann\ncem5t2 8! measure neglect$ at ! beg9n+ is to be tak5 imm$iately & ! pap] is to be prohibit$4 ,by prohibit+ ! #8,isis' ! tr\ble w be /opp$ at once0 7,briefwe*sel des ,gros%4 ,k>l ,augu/ v4 ,sax4-,weim>-,eis5a* mit ,goe!1 ,,ii1 #ahfc1 #ij74 ,& ?is 0 done1 9 spite ( ! fre$om grant$ ! press4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 is call$ ! ,royal ,free-?9k]2 & yet ! g5]al introduction ( ! book c5sure into ,prussia occurr$ precisely dur+ 8 reign4 ,! fir/ g5]al c5sure edict 0 issu$ 9 #agdi & rema9$ 9 =ce till ! dea? ( ! k+4 ,all books1 ev5 ^? pr9t$ 9 =eign tongues1 7 subject to ! c5sure4 ,ev5 all episcopal & ,papal proclamations 7 subject$ to ! royal c5sure4 ,t ! lead]s 9 ! ,re=mation & _! successors 7 n prev5t$ by _! av[al ( ! pr9ciple ( free rese>* f ex]cis+ rigor\s1 (t5 tyrannical1 c5sure1 n only aga9/ ! ,ca?olics b also aga9/ _! fell[ re=m]s1 is well kn[n4 ,m4 ,lehmann writes 9 ! ,preuss4 ,jahrb4 #aijb3 8,x claims to be infallible1 ?is ,papal ,*ur*1 x wants to be to ! fai?ful ev]y?+1 9 sci5ce & ev5 9 nationality4 ,x (f5ds e nation4 ,! ,index 9 ! %ape giv5 x 9 #aijj by ! pres5t ,pope proscribes ! #8,oeuvres du ,philosophe de ,sanss\ci1' ,kant's #8,critique ( ,pure ,reason1' ,ranke's #8,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1' ! greate/ ,g]man k+1 ! greate/ ,g]man philosoph]1 & ! greate/ ,g]man hi/orian0 7#aijb1 no4 #h74 ,z to ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 8 own works appe>$ only aft] 8 dea? 9 #aghh1 & ev5 !n only 9 "p2 lat] on !re 7 o!r editions4 ,none ( ^! is put on ! ,index4 ,on ?is li/ we f9d s9ce #agfj ! 8,oeuvres du ,philosophe de ,sanss\ci40 ,"u ?is title appe>$ at fir/ ?ree volumes1 9 b a few copies1 int5d$ = ! mo/ intimate fri5ds ( ! k+4 ,! fir/ volume he soon )drew & _h x burn$ ( 8 own accord2 x conta9$ ! 8,palladion0 an imitation ( ,voltaire's 8,pucelle10 a salaci\s "w ?r\gh\t4 ,9 #agfb a new edition 0 issu$4 ,x also conta9s a philosophical treatise d5y+ ! immortality ( ! s\l2 ?is treatise 0 also publi%$ sep>ately & specially prohibit$ 9 #agfg4 ,a ?ird "w put on ! ,index is a spuri\s attack on ! ,popes publi%$ by ord] ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ) a preface by him4 ,its au?or is said to h be5 ! ,fr5* abb ,jean ,m>t9 ,de ,prades1 read] to ! k+4 ,^! are ! indict$ works ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 all writt5 9 ,fr5* & 9 sub/ance ,fr5* ,voltairianism4 ,?us came ! greate/ ,g]man k+ on ! ,index6 ,ranke's 8,roemis*e ,paep/e0 is on ! ,index1 because ! book belittles ! con/itutions & doctr9es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*3 n because ( ! true ?+s ! au?or says ab\t ,popes4 ,von ,pa/or's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,popes0 is n on ! ,index1 not)/&+ ! bitt] tru?s he writes ab\t ,popes ,alex&] ,,vi4 & ,leo ,x4 ,he :o kn[s ev5 ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,kant's 8,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft0 w see t n only ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 b e ,*ri/ian d5om9ation1 might =feit its exi/5ce if x %[$ itself indiff]5t t[>ds x4 ,h]esies are especially dang]\s to ! un$ucat$ :5 !y be> ! names ( au?ors ( sci5tific repute4 ,b ! ,*ur* will+ly grants ! p]mission to read !m :5 !re is reason = x4 ,moreov]1 x 0 n ,rome alone t took /eps aga9/ ,kant4 ,?is 0 done by ! ,prussian k+ ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 also4 ,"o may recall 8 cab9et ord]1 "u m9i/] ,woelln]1 aga9/ ,kant's 8,religion inn]halb d] ,gr5z5 d] bloss5 ,v]nunft40 ,simil>ly ! works ( ,sp9oza 7 proce$$ aga9/1 :]eas 8 indictm5t by ,rome n[ calls =? prote/ because he has s9ce be5 assign$ a prom95t place among philosoph]s4 ,freud5?al regi/]s a li/ ( #ejj %>p prohibitions issu$ aga9/ ,sp9oza's works dur+ ! ye>s #aeef-aehj3 !y 7 condemn$ by ! /ates ( ,holl&1 by ! c\rt1 by synods & magi/rates4 ,^? judgm5ts 7 pass$ dur+ a p]iod :5 ! compet5t au?orities _h views diff]5t f ^? ( to-day2 :5 ! /ate deem$ x its duty to oppose ! und]m9+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! /ate's judgm5t has *ang$ 9 _m ways1 ,rome's judgm5t has rema9$ ! same4 ,b ! works ( ,kant & ,sp9oza likewise h rema9$ ! same1 & s is ,*ri/ianity1 aga9/ :i* !y occupy an irreconcilable position1 /ill ! same4 8,9 ! moral _w no?+ c support t _c also resi/0 is a tru?ful say+ ( ,treits*ke3 x is also ! pr9ciple ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,)\t ev] surr5d]+ to ! un*ri/ian t5d5cy ( a "t1 %e opposes error ) unsubdu$ c\rage4 ,if ?is be intol]ance1 x is n intol]ance t[>ds err+ m5 b t[>ds _! errors1 x is ! intol]ance t ! g>d5] %[s 9 uproot+ h>mful we$s1 x is ! intol]ance ( ! physician t[>ds disease4 ,ob$i5ce to ! ,index makes high moral dem&s ^u ! ,ca?olic4 ,b x has be5 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & ( its fai?ful *ildr5 nev] to %r9k be=e any moral action :]e x appe>$ dem&$4 ,& if ! pres]vation ( moral purity exacts consci5ti\s discipl9e1 ?is is also true ( ! pres]vation ( ! pure fai?1 especially at a "t :5 a neo-paganism 9 league ) an uncontroll$ mania = read+ is ?reat5+ 9 _m =ms4 ,galileo1 & ,o!r ,topics4 ,galileo ,galilei--b few names h a*iev$ equal fame4 ,m5 l ,alex&] & ,cs>1 l ,hom] & ,dante1 h sc>cely succe$$ 9 writ+ _! names ) a %>p] p5cil on ! tablet ( hi/ory ?an ! a/ronom] ( ,pisa4 ,8 gr& discov]ies 9 natural sci5ce h done little to cr[n 8 temples ) ! wrea? ( immortality--x 0 ! fate ( 8 life t did x4 ,& "o may add3 if ?is fate _h be5 caus$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 or by a ,prote/ant ,g5]al ,assembly1 he w\ld nev] h obta9$ 8 position 9 hi/ory2 b s9ce ?is lot came to him by ! human limitation ( a ,roman ,*ur* au?ority1 8 "n is n only ent]$ on ! cal5d> ( ! anti-,roman j\rnali/1 x also /&s surr\nd$ ) ! halo ( a ,m>tyr 9 ! e/eem ( s]i\s sci5ti/s1 :o see 9 ,galileo & 9 ! consequ5t condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em ! pro( t dogma & sci5ce _c agree1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* assumes a ho/ile attitude t[>d sci5ce4 ,:5ev] ?is !me is m5tion$1 ,galileo's gho/ is p>ad$4 ,= ?is reason we _c pass by ?is fact ( hi/ory4 ,to a son ( ! ,*ur* !y are unpleasant recollections1 b ?is %all n keep u f look+ hi/ory firmly 9 ! eye4 ,!re are "s o!r *>ges br\ght =? f hi/ory1 b ! ,galileo case ov]%ad[s !m all4 ,we %all t\* ^u !m b briefly1 & !n return to ,galileo4 ,att5tion is call$ to ! ,*ur*'s condemnation ( ! doctr9e ( ,antipodes4 ,! ,prie/ ,vigilius 0 accus$ 9 ,rome1 9 #gdg1 ( hav+ taught t !re exi/s ano!r _w "u ! e>?1 & o!r p also1 or ano!r sun & moon 7quod alius mundus et alii hom9es sub t]ra s9t seu sol et luna74 ,su* 0 8 doctr9e z /at$ by ,pope ,za*>ias 9 8 reply to ,boniface1 ! ,apo/le ( ,g]many1 9 :i* he said t he _h cit$ ,vigilius to ,rome 9 ord] t 8 doctr9e be ?or\ghly inve/igat$3 if x %\ld turn out t ?is _h really be5 taught by him1 he w\ld be condemn$4 ,fur!r p>ticul>s ( 8 tea*+ are unkn[n1 because x is m5tion$ only 9 ! above passage4 ,! ass]tion ascrib$ to him is t !re is ano!r _w besides ?is "o1 ) o!r inhabitants & ) ano!r sun & moon--an ass]tion sci5tifically absurd & dogmatically inadmissible1 z ?is might call 9 "q ! common desc5t ( mank9d f "o pair ( p>5ts4 ,! anxiety & rebuke ( ! ,pope is direct$ solely aga9/ ! latt] po9t4 ,! condemnation ( ,vigilius has nev] tak5 place1 = he rema9$ 9 8 (fice1 won great respect1 0 elevat$ to ! bi%opric ( ,salzburg1 & lat] canoniz$ by ,gregory ,,ix4 ,_h a condemnation ( 8 p>ticul> doctr9e tak5 place1 ?is w\ld n h involv$ ! condemnation ( ! antipodean !ory1 9 ! s5se t ! side ( ! globe opposite to u is also inhabit$ by human be+s1 a proposition :i* does n conflict ) any doctr9e ( fai?4 ,! doctr9e describ$ above has ano!r t5d5cy4 ,! entire case is hidd5 9 obscurity 7,hefele1 ,conc4 ,ges*41 #b;d ed41 ,,iii1 #eeg seq474 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 said t at ! "t :5 ! univ]sities 7 9 close union ) ! ,*ur*1 m$ical sci5ce c\ld n advance because ! ,*ur* _h prohibit$ human anatomy 7,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 van't ,h(f1 ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,decemb] #bi1 #aijg74 ,9 amplification x 0 said3 8,boniface ,,viii4 _h =bidd5 e anatomical dissection ( a body0 7,o4 ,zoeckl]1 ,!ologie und ,naturwiss5s*aft1 #ahgg1 ,i1 #cdb74 ,:at is true ( ?is ass]tion8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,boniface ,,viii4 did n =bid anatomy4 ,he m]ely prohibit$ 9 #abii & #acjj ! hide\s cu/om !n prevail+ reg>d+ ! bodies ( noblem5 :o _h di$ away f home3 !y 7 disemb[ell$1 dissect$1 & boil$1 = ! purpose ( remov+ ! fle% f ! bones s t ! latt] c\ld be transport$ ! m easily4 ,?is process _h no?+ to d ) anatomy4 ,! wi% to possess ! bones ( ! dead did n seem to ! ,pope a suffici5t reason = treat+ ! human body 9 su* a way 7,cfr4 ,mi*ael1 ,ges*4 des deuts*5 ,volkes ,,iii1 #aijc1 #dcc74 ,nor does hi/ory "k ( any o!r prohibition ( anatomy by ! ,*ur*4 ,x tells u1 h[ev]1 t ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 8 excell5t rules = ! b5efit ( 8 ,sicilian k+dom 9 ! regulation ( m$ical sci5ce among o!r ?+s emphasizes ! /udy ( surg]y3 he ord]$ t no "o be all[$ to practise surg]y :o c\ld n %[ by atte/ation ( 8 pr(essors t he _h /udi$ surg]y = at lea/ "o ye>1 especially t he _h le>n$ at s*ool h[ to dissect bodies2 a physician mu/ be p]fect 9 anatomy1 else he may n und]take op]ations 7,mi*ael1 l4 c4 #dcj74 ,?is 0 done & practis$ "u ! eyes ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! accus]s also seem ignorant ( ! fact t bodies ( ^? execut$ 7 giv5 to univ]sities = dissection4 ,9 ! ye> #accf ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ,montpelli]1 ! fam\s m$ical s*ool "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! ,*ur* 7see above1 page #aed7 7 grant$ ! privilege ( obta9+ once a ye> an execut$ crim9al's body = dissection4 ,! same privilege 0 ext5d$ to ! m$ical /ud5ts ( ,l]ida by ,k+ ,juan ,i4 on ,june #c1 #acia1 :o decre$ t ! del9qu5t %\ld be dr[n$ pro sp]i5cia seu anatomia fi5da 7,d5ifle1 ,die ,univ]sitaet5 des ,mittelalt]s1 ,i1 #ahhe1 #ejg74 ,! /ory is also circulat$ t ! f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil 9 #abae prohibit$ monks f /udy+ natural sci5ces & m$ic9e 7,deuts*oe/]4 ,lehr]zeitung #ae? ,dec41 #aiji74 ,x w suffice to quote ?is p>ticul> decree ( ! ,lat]an ,c\ncil3 8,no cl]gyman is all[$ to pron\nce capital s5t5ce1 nor to execute x1 nor to be pres5t at its execution4 ,no cl]gyman is all[$ to draw up a docum5t conc]n+ a dea? s5t5ce3 at ! c\rts ?is %\ld be done by laym54 ,no cl]gyman is all[$ to assume comm& ( ,rot>ians 7freeboot]s71 ( ar*]s or any o!rs :o %$ human blood2 no subdeacon1 deacon1 or prie/ is all[$ to practise t "p ( surg]y by :i* cutt+ & burn+ is done1 nor mu/ any "o pron\nce a b5$iction at an ordeal0 7,hefele1 ,koncil4 ,ges*41 #b;d ed41 ,v1 #ahhg1 #hhg74 ,?is w ?or\ghly dispose ( t *>ge4 ,j z briefly may we settle ! /ory ( ,columbus hav+ be5 excommunicat$ because ( 8 int5tion to discov] new l&s4 ,x is said t ! 8,spani% cl]gy d5\nc$ 8 plans z aga9/ ! fai?1 & t ! ,c\ncil ( ,salamanca excommunicat$ him0 7,w4 ,drap]1 ibid4 #afc74 ,?is is a fairy tale4 ,! tru? is1 t ,k+ ,f]d9& & ,que5 ,isabella ref]r$ ! plans ( ! bold ,g5oese to a c\ncil ( sci5ti/s & ecclesia/ical dignit>ies1 :i* 0 held 9 ! ,dom9ican ,mona/]y ( ,salamanca1 ,columbus be+ pres5t4 ,!re nev] 0 a ,c\ncil ( ,salamanca4 ,weiss writes 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ! ,_w03 8,mu* has be5 surmis$ conc]n+ ! objections & _! refutation4 ,x is only c]ta9 t ! majority reject$ ! plan z impossible ( execution1 & t ,columbus won ov] a m9ority ( !m1 especially ! prie/s1 among :om ! le>n$ ,dom9ican ,deza des]ves m5tion0 7,weltges*4 ,,vii1 #ahg74 ,d5?(51 9 8 biography ( ,columbus1 says3 8,! ,dom9ican ,fa!rs support$ him dur+ ! long "t ! conf]5ce la/$1 & ev5 defray$ ! exp5ses ( 8 j\rney4 ,fa!r ,diego de ,deza1 *ief pr(essor ( !ology1 0 conv9c$ by ! reasons ( ,columbus1 & 9 turn conv9c$ ! m le>n$ ( 8 confrres4 ,! majority1 h[ev]1 ?\ght ! idea b a phantom1 :ile o!rs deem$ x impracticable4 ,! conf]5ce adj\rn$ )\t com+ to any def9ite decision0 7,*ri/( ,columbus1 ,e9e biographis*e ,skizze 4441 #ahgh1 #ba74 ,columbus f\nd 8 w>me/ fri5d 9 ! le>n$ ,fa!r ,juan ,p]ez1 ,gu>dian ( ! ,franciscan ,mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m>ia de la ,rabida4 ,)9 ! quiet walls ( ?is cloi/] ,columbus' plans 7 disclos$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,spa91 & admir$ & resolv$ ^u4 ,p]ez spoke untir+ly to ,isabella 9 fav\r ( ! plan1 & ev5 aid$ ,columbus 9 ga!r+ m5 = 8 crew4 ,?is is ! fact ab\t ! ana!ma ! ,*ur* is paid to h pron\nc$ on ,columbus4 ,b let u return to ,galileo47#f7 ,galileo ,galilei1 ! great ,italian physici/1 0 born 9 #aefd1 at ,pisa4 ,at fir/ he 0 pr(essor 9 8 native t[n1 !n at ,padua1 :]e he taught ! doctr9e ( ,ptolemy1 al?\gh at t "t !re 0 no ob/acle to accept+ ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,9 #afaa he became ma!matician at ! c\rt ( ,cosimo ,,ii4 at ,flor5ce4 ,8 tal5ts & happy discov]ies soon won fame4 ,9 g5]al he 0 m ( a physici/ ?an an a/ronom]2 8 a/ronomical discov]ies 71 almo/ )\t exception1 ( a k9d t did n presuppose a ?or\gh a/ronomical tra9+4 ,z is kn[n1 he 0 n ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! telescope1 ?\gh ) its aid he a*iev$ "s ( ! mo/ important ( 8 discov]ies2 = in/ance1 t ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,! telescope 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,:5 he w5t to ,rome1 9 #afaa1 he 0 receiv$ ) great hon\r4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s f !re he wrote3 8,i h receiv$ m>k$ fav\rs f _m ,c>d9als & prelates "h1 & f sev]al pr9ces4 ,!y want$ to he> ( my inv5tions1 & 7 all well pleas$40 ,! ,jesuits gave a special reception 9 8 hon\r at ! ,roman ,college4 ,?is %[s 9 :at e/eem sci5ce 0 !n held at ,rome4 ,b five ye>s lat] ,galileo return$ to ! ,et]nal ,city "u q diff]5t circum/ances4 ,:at _h happ5$8 ,9 #afab he _h issu$ a treatise on 8,! ,hi/ory & ,explanation ( ! ,sun-spots10 9 :i* he decl>$ unres]v$ly = ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,& ?is caus$ ! *ange4 ,true1 ,cop]nicus himself 0 a ,ca?olic ,prie/1 & _h d$icat$ 8 pr9cipal "w to ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 ,b x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t he _h br\ght =w>d ! doctr9e only z an hypo!sis1 only to illu/rate & facilitate calculations1 n claim+ = x absolute c]ta9ty4 ,?is assumption 0 bas$ on ! preface ( ! fir/ edition ( 8 book1 conta9+ assurance to t effect4 ,t preface1 h[ev]1 0 n ! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 b _h be5 smuggl$ into ! book by ! ,prote/ant publi%] ,osi&]1 )\t ! au?or's k1 because ,osi&] fe>$ 8 own *ur* au?orities4 ,galileo spoke 9 q ano!r tone4 ,he def5d$ ! doctr9e z true4 ,he soon ar\s$ opposition4 ,m5 /&+ = ! geoc5tric !ory 7 oppos$ by o!rs1 sid+ ) ,galileo = ! sol> sy/em1 su* z ! le>n$ ,b5$ict9e1 ,ca/elli4 ,galileo's great bitt]ness & s>casm 9 deal+ ) 8 oppon5ts aggravat$ ! qu>rel ) ! 8p>tisans ( ,ari/otle40 ,extreme irritability & love ( praise 7 prom95t traits ( ,galileo's "*4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( t "t to br+ ,scripture into controv]sies ab\t nature4 ,?is 0 done also 9 ,galileo's case4 ,passages 7 quot$ aga9/ him1 ref]r+ to ! 8ris+ & sett+ sun10 to ! 8e>? t nev] moves10 ( ,jo%ua's 8comm&+ ! sun to /& /ill40 ,?is prompt$ ,galileo to cross ov] into ! field ( !ology himself4 ,9 a lett] to ,ca/elli 9 #afac he says3 8,holy ,writ c nev] lie nor err2 on ! contr>y1 its say+s are absolute & inconte/able tru?2 b its int]pret]s are liable to err 9 v>i\s ways1 & x is a fatal & v common mi/ake to /op always at ! lit]al s5se0 7,kepl]1 ev5 prior to ,galileo1 _h int]pret$ ! respective passages ( ! ,scriptures prop]ly & ) surpris+ skill2 especially 9 8 introduction to 8 8,a/ronomia nova40 ,cfr4 ,ans*uetz1 ,johannes ,kepl] als ,exeget4 ,zeits*rift fr ka?olis*e ,!ologie1 ,,xi1 #ahhg1 #a-bd74 ,correct z ^! argum5ts 71 x 0 nev]!less imprud5t = ! c\rt ma!matician to trespass ^u gr\nds reg>d$ by !ologians z _! own1 in/ead ( furni%+ natural sci5tific pro(s4 ,?us ! matt] 0 br\ght to ,rome be=e ! ,congregation ( ! ,inquisition4 ,galileo1 worry+ ab\t 8 case1 w5t volunt>ily to ,rome1 9 #afae4 ,he fail$ to assuage ! opposition aga9/ 8 !ory1 ?\gh he says he 0 receiv$ fav\rably by ! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*4 ,moreov]1 he$less ( ! admonition ( 8 fri5ds1 he pursu$ ! matt] ) indiscreet zeal1 ) vehem5ce & impetuosity1 practically provok+ a decision4 ,c>d9al ,bell>m9 oppos$ ! ha/e ) :i* ! matt] 0 be+ press$2 ! ,jesuit ,gri5b]g] ?\ght t ,galileo %\ld fir/ set =? 8 pro(s1 & !n speak ab\t ! ,scriptures4 ,_h sci5tific pro(s be5 br\ght =?1 !ological difficulties w\ld h be5 easily cle>$ away2 b sci5tific pro( 0 lack+1 & :at !re p]haps 0 ( x1 ,galileo fail$ to (f]4 ,! "r ( ! ,congregation to take up ! matt] c h>dly be d5i$1 = al?\gh ! matt] 0 "o ( natural sci5ces1 yet1 by introduc+ !ology & ,scripture1 x _h assum$ ! "* ( !ology & exegesis4 ,galileo p]sonally 0 dealt ) v l5i5tly4 ,dur+ ! discussions ( #afaf he 0 nev] cit$ be=e ! b> ( ! ,inquisition1 nor 0 8 ext]ior fre$om 9 any way re/rict$4 ,only "o ?+ 0 done3 he 0 caution$ by ,c>d9al ,bell>m91 8by ord] ( ! ,holy ,congregation10 n to adh]e to1 nor tea* any long]1 ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,! docum5ts ( ! case say t 8,galileo submitt$ to ?is ord] & promis$ to obey40 ,! ,congregation ( ! ,index prohibit$1 ,m>* #e1 #afaf1 all books def5d+ ! ,cop]nican !ory1 decl>+ ! doctr9e to be aga9/ ,holy ,scripture4 ,ev5 ! "w ( ,cop]nicus 0 prohibit$ donec corrigatur--until x be correct$4 ,a decision ( ! ye> #afbj decl>$ :i* passages %\ld be correct$4 ,!y are ^? 9 :i* ! au?or speaks ( 8 !ory n z an hypo!sis b z ( an e/abli%$ tru?3 non ex hypo!si1 s$ ass]&o4 ,! ,prote/ant ,kepl]1 ^u he>+ ?is1 wrote3 8,by _! imprud5t acts "s h caus$ ! "w ( ,cop]nicus to be condemn$1 aft] x _h be5 left unmole/$ = ne>ly eighty ye>s2 & ! prohibition w la/ at lea/ till ! corrections are made4 ,i h be5 assur$1 h[ev]1 by compet5t au?ority1 bo? ecclesia/ical & civil1 t ! decree 0 n int5d$ to put any h9drance 9 ! way ( a/ronomical rese>*0 7,a4 ,muell]1 ,j4 ,kepl]1 #aijc1 #aje74 ,! reproa* ( imprud5ce 0 int5d$ = ,galileo4 ,to tea* ! doctr9e z an hypo!sis 0 p]mitt$ ev5 to ,galileo1 & ?is left ! way cle> = ! developm5t ( ! hypo!sis1 because :atev] %[$ ! usefulness ( ! hypo!sis 0 sure to increase its value z a tru?1 b ,galileo w\ld n keep )9 ^! limits4 ,in/ead ( %[+ 9 a ,*ri/ian _s a submission to ,provid5ce1 :i* ev5 an err+ au?ority may dem&1 he op5ly violat$ 8 promise & disobey$ ! comm& he _h receiv$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #afcb !re appe>$ at ,flor5ce 8 8,dialogue on ! two mo/ important sy/ems ( ! _w40 ,x conta9$ an op51 ?\gh by no means victori\s1 def5ce ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em--seek+ to hide "u a confid5ce-inspir+ mask4 ,x conta9$ _m passages ( cau/ic s>casm1 ) ! evid5t int5tion ( ar\s+ public op9ion aga9/ ! attitude ( ! ,roman ,congregations4 ,x 0 a flagrant violation ( ! comm& giv5 him p]sonally4 ,! ,pope "u :om ! proce$+s aga9/ ,galileo took place 0 ,urban ,,viii41 :o1 :5 a ,c>d9al1 _h foll[$ ,galileo's discov]ies ) en?usiasm1 ?\gh nev] p>tial to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 &1 9 accord ) ! cu/om ( ! age1 he _h writt5 an ode to ,galileo4 ,cit$ to ,rome1 ,galileo came only aft] repeat$ urg+1 on ,febru>y #ad1 #afcc4 ,! /ory ( 8 hav+ be5 imprison$ & tortur$ on ?is second visit to ,rome is false4 ,galileo wrote on ,april #af ( t ye>3 8,i live 9 an ap>tm5t ( ?ree rooms1 belong+ to ! ,fiscal ( ! ,inquisition1 & am free to move 9 _m rooms4 ,my heal? is good40 ,?is /ay 9 ! ap>tm5t belong+ to ! ,inquisition la/$ b tw5ty-two days2 aft] t ,galileo 0 all[$ to live 9 ! palace ( ! ,ambassador ( ,tuscany4 ,dur+ 8 :ole life ,galileo 0 nev] ev5 = an h\r 9 a real prison4 ,galileo's demean\r be=e ! ,inquisition bespeaks little tru?fulness & manl9ess4 ,x makes a pa9ful impression4 ,_m o!r ev5ts 9 8 life ca/ d>k %ades ( ins9c]ity ^u 8 "*1 especially 8 relations ) ,kepl]4 ,:ile 9 8 dialogue he op5ly def5d$ ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 :ile he _h writt51 "t & aga91 t ! !ory _h be5 demon/rat$ by 8=ceful1 conv9c+ argum5ts10 :]eas no?+ b insignificant reasons c\ld be plead$ = ! contr>y1 he n[ assumes ! attitude be=e ! ,inquisition ( d5y+ t he _h *ampion$ t !ory1 at lea/ n consci\sly2 t he _h nev] taught t doctr9e o!rwise ?an hypo!tically4 ,& ?is he ass]ts al?\gh he _h tak5 ! oa? to say no?+ b ! tru?4 ,we ev5 he> him decl>e t he consid]s ! doctr9e to be false1 & t he 0 ready to refute x at once4 ,! judges 7 conv9c$ ( ! untru?fulness ( ! def5dant4 ,9 ^? times1 9 ord] to obta9 fur!r confessions1 especially :5 ! accus$ _h be5 previ\sly convict$ ( guilt1 torture 0 resort$ to4 ,?is regrettable practice 0 !n 9 vogue at e ,european c\rt2 ! ,inquisition1 too1 _h adopt$ x1 b /rict rules 7 laid d[n to gu>d aga9/ abuses4 ,v old p]sons 7 exempt f ! rack2 !y 7 only ?reat5$ ) x4 ,?is happ5$ also 9 ,galileo's case1 he 0 nev] actually put on ! rack4 ,moreov]1 "o c safely presume t ?is ?reat did n t]rify him mu*4 ,8 read+ mu/ h enlight5$ him on ?is po9t1 & ev5 )\t x he mu/ h kn[n ! practice by 8 active int]c\rse ) ^? !ologians ( ! ,curia :o 7 fri5dly to him4 ,9 fact1 he clung ob/9ately to 8 d5ial1 to ! v end ( ! he>+1 al?\gh x mu/ be surmis$ t he w\ld n h aggravat$ 8 case by confession4 ,! commission] ( ,inquisition1 ,macolano1 at ! fir/ /ages ( ! trial _h express$ 8 hope t 9 ?is ev5t 8x w\ld be possible to %[ indulg5ce to ! guilty1 & :atev] ! result might be1 he w\ld realize ! b5efit receiv$1 ap>t f all o!r consequ5ces to be expect$ f a desir$ mutual satisfaction0 7,lett] to ,c>d9al ,fr4 ,b>b]9i1 ,april #bh1 #afcc74 ,on ,june #bb ! f9al v]dict 0 r5d]$3 x told ! def5dant3 8,?\ art convict$ by ! ,holy ,congregation ( be+ suspect$ ( h]esy1 to wit1 to h held = true1 & believ$ 91 a false !ory1 contr>y to ,holy ,writ--:i* makes ! sun ! c5tre ( ! orbit ( ! e>?1 )\t mov+ f ea/ to we/1 & :i* lets ! e>?1 on ! o!r h&1 move outside ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & to h believ$ t an op9ion may be consid]$ probable & be def5d$1 ?\gh x _h be5 expressly decl>$ to be contr>y to ! ,scripture40 ,galileo 0 decl>$ suspect ( h]esy1 because1 9 ! op9ion ( ! judges1 he _h assum$ t a doctr9e 9 contradiction to ! ,scriptures might be def5d$4 ,galileo retract$ by oa?4 ,t ^u retraction he arose & exclaim$1 /amp+ ) 8 foot1 8,pur si muove60 78& yet x does move607 is a fable4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to be jail$ 9 ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,b already ! next day he 0 all[$ to g to ! palace ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany & to consid] t palace 8 prison4 ,soon aft] he dep>t$ = ,si5a1 89 ! be/ ( heal?10 accord+ to ! report ( ! ,tuscan ambassador1 ,niccol9i1 & !re took up 8 abode ) 8 fri5d ! ,ar*bi%op ,piccolom9i4 ,aft] a lapse ( five mon?s he 0 all[$ to return to 8 villa at ,arcetri1 ne> ,flor5ce1 :]e he rema9$1 ) ! exception ( occasional visits to ,flor5ce1 till 8 dea?4 ,two ( 8 daught]s 7 nuns 9 ! ne>by cloi/] ( ,s4 ,matteo4 ,8 lit]>y activity 0 n suppress$ by ! surveillance ( ! ,inquisition4 ,8 lively & f]tile m9d1 cut (f f polemics1 turn$ to ! completion ( 8 rese>*es 9 o!r directions4 ,8 lively int]c\rse ) fri5ds & disciples1 ( :om _m belong$ to v>i\s ,ord]s1 prov$ b5eficial to him4 ,9 ! ye> #afch he publi%$ 8 8,dialogue on ! ,new ,sci5ces10 :i* he rightly pron\nc$ to be 8 be/ ef=t1 & by :i* he became ! f\nd] ( dynamics4 ,8 productiv5ess cont9u$ until he became bl9d4 ,we may say )\t fe> ( contradiction t1 ap>t f _! !oretical error1 ! ,roman ,congregations _h %[n ! greate/ indulg5ce t[>ds "o guilty ( hav+ brok5 8 pl$ge1 & d\btless !y w\ld h be5 /ill m l5i5t _h ,galileo1 confirm$ by flatt]+ fri5ds 9 8 ang] at ! suppos$ intrigues ( 8 enemies1 n himself made ?is impossible2 if he _h n cont9u$ to propagate secretly 8 views1 v]bally & 9 writ+1 :i* 0 b\nd to be discov]$4 ,consid]+ all ?is1 ,rome's proce$+ 9 ! case appe>s to be q indulg5t4 ,"h ! position 0 tak5 t ! spread ( ! doctr9e w\ld mean an imm95t dang] to ! purity ( ! fai?4 ,! un=tunate sci5ti/ di$ on ,janu>y #h1 #afdb1 at ! age ( sev5ty-eight ye>s1 =tifi$ by ! holy ,sacram5ts4 ,urban ,,viii4 s5t him 8 bless+4 ,und\bt$ly ,galileo _h no?+ 9 common ) ! *ampions ( t unbeliev+ fre$om ( sci5ce1 :i* n[ tries to lift him ^u its %ield2 not)/&+ 8 lat] bitt]ness he rema9$ to 8 dea? /eadfa/ 9 8 ,ca?olic fai?4 ,comm5ts on ! ,galileo ,case4 ,! above is a brief hi/ory ( ,galileo's conviction1 & ( ! occurr5ces lead+ to x4 ,an ev5t regrettable to all1 a /umbl+-block = n a few2 = o!rs a welcome ev5t to make ! ,*ur* appe> 9 ! light ( an enemy ( sci5ce4 ,let u n[ give m p>ticul>s ( ! m]its ( ! case4 ,we h be=e u two decisions ( ,roman ,tribunals3 ! ,index decree ( #afaf1 ann\nc+ ! rejection ( ! ,cop]nican doctr9e & prohibit+ books ma9ta9+ x1 & ! conviction ( ,galileo 9 #afcc by ! ,congregation ( ! ,inquisition4 ,x is freely admitt$ t ^! ,roman ,tribunals committ$ an error 9 advocat+ an int]pretation ( ! ,bible :i* 0 false 9 itself1 & is to-day recogniz$ z false4 ,well1 does ?is confute ! infallibility ( ! ,*ur*8 ,x does n4 ,! matt] 9 po9t is m]ely an error ( ! ,congregations1 ( bodies ( ,c>d9als1 :o 7 responsible = ! transactions & decisions4 ,! ,congregations1 h[ev]1 are n infallible organs4 ,!re is no ,bull or ,papal decree designat+ ! ,cop]nican doctr9e z false1 mu* less is !re extant a decision ex ca!dra4 ,nei!r 9 #afaf nor 9 #afcc1 nor at any o!r "t1 has ! ,holy ,see ev] manife/$ its int5tion ( decl>+1 by a p]emptory1 dogmatic decision1 ! new sy/em to be aga9/ ,scripture4 ,x 0 ?us ! g5]al und]/&+ ( t age t 9 ! pres5t case !re 0 no irrevocable dogmatic decision giv54 ,= in/ance1 ! ,jesuit ,riccioli1 wrote n long aft] ! decision3 8,inasmu* z no dogmatic decision 0 r5d]$ 9 ?is case1 nei!r on ! "p ( ! ,pope nor on ! "p ( a ,c\ncil rul$ by ! ,pope & ackn[l$g$ by him1 x is n made1 by virtue ( t decree ( ! ,congregation1 a doctr9e ( fai? t ! sun is mov+ & ! e>? /&+ /ill1 b at mo/ x is a doctr9e = ^? :o by reason ( ,holy ,writ seem to be morally c]ta9 t ,god has s reveal$ x4 ,yet e ,ca?olic is b\nd by virtue ( ob$i5ce to con=m to ! decree ( ! ,congregation1 or at lea/ n to tea* :at is directly oppos$ to x0 7,almage/um novum1 #afea1 #afb74 ,desc>tes1 ,gass5di1 & o!rs ( t "t express$ !mselves simil>ly 7,gris>1 #afe1 seq474 ,!re is an int]e/+ lett] ( ! ,prote/ant philosoph] ,leibnitz1 writt5 to ! ,l&grave ,erne/ ( ,hessia1 #afhh1 begg+ him to "w = ! repeal ( ! condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican !ory1 because ( ! gr[+ v]ification ( ?is !ory3 8,if ! ,congregation w\ld *ange its c5sure1 or mitigate x1 z "o issu$ ha/ily at a "t :5 ! pro(s = ! correctness ( ! ,cop]nican !ory 7 n yet cle> en\gh1 ?is /ep c\ld n detract f ! au?ority ( ! ,congregation1 mu* less ( ! ,*ur*1 because ! ,pope _h no "p 9 x4 ,!re is no judicial au?ority :i* has n at times re=m$ its own decisions40 ,b h we "h n at lea/ a wilful attack on sci5ce8 or a manife/ation ( ! ,congregation's n>r[-m9d$ness & ignorance1 :i* are b\nd to deprive x ( all respect & confid5ce ( sob]-m9d$ p8 ,?is h>% judgm5t ov]looks two po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! error ( ! judges 0 q p>donable4 ,c\ld ! lib]al critics ( to-day1 :o s h>%ly d5\nce ! ,c>d9als ( ! ,congregation1 be sudd5ly *ang$ into ecclesia/ical prelates1 & transf]r$ back to ! ye>s ( #afaf-afcc1 & plac$ 9 ! *airs ( ! tribunal :i* _h to decide ^? delicate que/ions1 x may be fe>$ t1 did !y c>ry into ! decision b a "p ( ! animosity !y n[ %[1 !y w\ld disgrace !mselves & compromise ! ,*ur* ev5 m ?an ! judges ( ,galileo did4 ,x is true t 7 we to judge ! h&l+ ( ! "q by ! k ( to-day1 we might be a/oni%$ at ! n>r[-m9d$ness ( ! judges1 try+ to uphold _! unt5able views aga9/ ! e/abli%$ results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,b x w\ld be altoge!r unhi/orical to look at ! matt] 9 t way4 ,:5 ! ,cop]nican !ory ent]$ ^u ! battlefield1 x 0 by no means c]ta9 & demon/rat$4 ,! real argum5ts = ! rotation ( ! e>? 7 n !n kn[n4 ,!re 7 no direct pro(s = ! progressive revolution ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun4 ,galileo advanc$ ?ree ma9 argum5ts = 8 !ory4 ,fir/1 he advanc$ ! argum5t f ! ph5om5on ( ! tides1 :i*1 he said1 c\ld n be acc\nt$ = b by ! rotation ( ! e>?3 an argum5t reject$ z futile ev5 at t "t4 ,next he argu$ f c]ta9 obs]vations ( ! spots on ! sun3 ano!r wor?less argum5t1 :i* o!rs1 l ,s*e9]1 look$ ^u z pro( ( ! old] !ory4 ,! ?ird argum5t 0 t ! new !ory simplifi$ ! explanation ( c]ta9 cele/ial ph5om5a2 b ! scope ( ?is argum5t1 valid ?\gh x 0 9 ! ab/ract1 c\ld n be express$ or grasp$ at ! "t1 especially s9ce ! corrections ( ,ty*o de ,brahe _h remov$ ! greate/ objections to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,! ,cop]nican !ory c\ld n be consid]$ c]ta9 till ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 aft] ,newton's "w on gravitation4 ,!n !re 7 difficulties1 ! greate/ ( :i* 0 probably ! old idea ( in]tia1 :i* at t "t meant only t all bodies t5d to a /ate ( re/2 h5ce x seem$ impossible t ! e>? c\ld ceaselessly execute two movem5ts at ! same "t1 ar\nd ! sun & ar\nd its own axis4 ,?is notion ( in]tia _h n be5 d\bt$ 9 #afaf2 ev5 ,kepl] adh]$ to x4 ,lat] on ,galileo came v ne> to ! new idea ( in]tia3 t bodies t5d$ to reta9 _! /ate ( repose or motion4 ,b ?is new notion1 l ev]y?+ else new1 ga9$ gr\nd b sl[ly4 ,!n x 0 only ) great difficulty t he c\ld dispose ( ! objection t 7 ! e>? to spe$ ?r\gh space1 z ! new !ory claim$1 ! atmosph]e w\ld take a /ormlike motion4 ,la/ly1 ! philosophical objection _h to be met3 ! sun & o!r cele/ial bodies1 z f> z we c "k by obs]vation1 are mov+2 if !y d n move1 !n we mu/ admit t we c "k no?+ by obs]vation4 ,?us ! new doctr9e 0 n at all prov5 at t "t1 z c\ld be easily %[n by its oppon5ts2 al?\gh x _c be d5i$ t !y did n always ent] into ! discussion ) imp>tiality4 ,! a/ronom]1 ,sec*i1 te/ifies t 8none ( ! real argum5ts = ! rot>y motion ( ! e>? 0 kn[n at ,galileo's "t1 also direct pro(s = ! progressive movem5t ( ! e>? ar\nd ! sun 7 lack+ at t "t0 7,gris>1 #cj74 ,ano!r fam\s a/ronom]1 ,s*iap>elli1 writes3 8,9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies ! ,ptolemaic z well z ! ,cop]nican sy/em c\ld s]ve = ! description ( ph5om5a2 geometrically !y 7 equival5t to ea* o!r & to ,ty*o's eclectic sy/em0 7,s*iap>elli1 ,die ,vorluf] des ,cop]nicus im ,alt]tum 7,g]man1 #ahgf71 #hf74 ,h5ce no direct evid5ce c\ld be plead$ aga9/ ! decision ( ! ,congregation1 n ev5 ,galileo _h t evid5ce4 ,at any rate no judge :o obs]v$ 8 demean\r at ! trial c\ld h suspect$ ,galileo ( com+ 9 conflict ) 8 consci5ce by swe>+ (f ! !ory4 ,= ?is reason x w\ld be wrong to call ,galileo a m>tyr = sci5ce1 because he did n suff] any m>tyrdom4 ,he has se5 nei!r rack nor prison4 ,b he 0 n a m>tyr *iefly = ! reason t he c\ld n h _h any sci5tific conviction1 ap>t f ! fact t he did n claim any su* conviction1 ev5 d5i$ x expressly4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t ! helioc5tric sy/em _h consid]able oppon5ts at t "t2 no wond] ! opposite view 0 ev5 ! preval5t "o4 ,a4 ,tann] wrote 9 #afbf3 8,ita habet communis ac c]ta omnium !ologorum ac philosophorum naturalium s5tia0 7,!ol4 ,s*ol4 ,i1 disp4 #f1 q4 #d41 dub4 #c74 ,_h valid argum5t be5 br\ght =? !re nev] w\ld h be5 a ,galileo case4 ,9 ?is respect a passage f a lett] ( ,bell>m9 des]ves att5tion3 8,if x c\ld be really demon/rat$ t ! sun be 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w 444 !n we w\ld h to proce$ q cauti\sly 9 expla9+ ! app>5tly opposite passages 9 ! ,scriptures1 we w\ld r h to say t we d n und]/& !m1 ?an to say ( ?+s demon/rat$ t !y are false0 7to ,fosc>9i1 ,april #ab1 #afae74 ,! ,c>d9als ( t "t c\ld n be expect$ to anticipate ! k ( a lat] p]iod4 ,!y _h to consult ! judgm5t ( _! contemporane\s savants4 ,:5 see+ ! majority ( !m %>ply reject+ ! new !ory & refut+ ! argum5ts ( _! oppon5ts1 x is little wond] t ! ,c>d9als c\ld n ov]come _! !ological scruples4 ,! scruples arose f ! op9ion1 !n preval5t1 t ! ,holy ,scripture taught t ! e>? /ood /ill & ! sun mov$2 t ! words ( ! ,scripture mu/ be tak5 lit]ally till ! contr>y is demon/rat$4 ,! unanim\s explanation ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies 0 also cit$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ian pa/ _h n taught ?is to be ! only true s5se ( ! words1 b at t "t ! words 7 und]/ood t way1 because no "o c\ld arrive at any o!r s5se 9 ^? days4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 an error 0 h>dly avoidable1 if a decision 0 requir$4 ,& a decision seem$ to be urg5t1 & ?is is ! second po9t we mu/ n ov]look1 if we wi% to judge fairly4 ,x 0 a "t eag] = innovations1 full ( anti-religi\s ideas4 ,a r5aissance1 sidl+ (f into false humanism1 0 combat+ religi\s convictions1 false notions 7 invad+ philosophy2 9 addition1 ,prote/antism 0 try+ to invade ,italy4 ,all ?is caus$ suspicion ( any innovation apt to endang] ! fai?2 int]pretations ( ! ,scriptures deviat+ f ! accu/om$ s5se 7 p>ticul>ly di/ru/$4 ,! ,galileo qu>rel happ5$ at an inopportune "t4 ,inde$ a sudd5 spread ( ! ,cop]nican !ory might h be5 accompani$ by great religi\s dang]s4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! lead]s ( ! anti-,*ri/ian propag&a are /ill po9t+ out t ! progress ( natural sci5ce has prov$ ,holy ,scripture to be errone\s1 & _m are impress$ by ! argum5t2 _m ?\s&s w\ld h be5 confus$ 9 ^? days by ! sudd5 collapse ( old a/ronomical views t 7 connect$ ) uncl>ifi$ religi\s ideas--dread+ t victori\s sci5ce might %att] all religi\s traditions4 ,n[1 if "o is conv9c$ t ! damage to religion is to be e/imat$ great] ?an any o!r1 !n "o may also h ! conviction t x 0 bett] = ! nations ( ! new era to h _! sci5tific progress a little delay$1 ?an to h _! mo/ sacr$ possession endang]$4 ,( c\rse consid]ations ( ?is k9d w h no weight ) repres5tatives ( ! naturali/ic view ( ! _w4 ,!n x c only be emphasiz$ t a sci5ce t has no appreciation ( ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _c be 9 a position to r5d] a fair judgm5t on _m facts 9 ! hi/ory ( t ,*ur*4 ,:at we h said %[s suffici5tly t ! condemnation ( ,galileo 0 n due to any ho/ility to sci5ce4 ,! idea t ! ,*ur*'s attitude t[>ds ,galileo & ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 a result ( h] antipa?y to sci5ce is entirely 9 contradiction ) ! "* ( t /r5u\s p]iod4 ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 especially 9 ,italy1 intellectual life 0 zeal\sly promot$ by ! ,popes & _! influ5ce4 ,x 0 develop+ & fl\ri%+ ev5 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,:5 read+ ! correspond5ce ( ,galileo "o mu/ be surpris$ to see h[ popul> a/ronomical1 physical1 & ma!matical /udies 7 9 ! educat$ circles ( ! p]iod4 ,^! /udies belong$ to ! curriculum ( a g5]al philosophical education1 & x 0 a matt] ( hon\r = _m ecclesia/ical dignit>ies to rema9 philosoph]s 9 t s5se1 not)/&+ _! (ficial duties4 ,we recall to m9d ! sci5tific discussion c>ri$ on ) ,galileo 9 ,rome 9 #afaa & #afaf1 by ,c>d9als ,del ,monte1 ,f>nese1 ,bonzi1 ,bem]io1 ,ors9i1 & ,maffeo ,bab]9i1 & by cl]gym5 l ,aguc*i1 ,d9i1 & ,campioli4 ,simil>ly 9 ,france we meet ) names l ,m]s5ne1 ,gass5di1 & ,desc>tes4 ,& 9 ,italy1 aft] ,galileo & at 8 "t1 we meet ) a long li/ ( em95t naturali/s l ,toricelli1 ,cass9i1 ,riccioli1 & o!rs4 ,9 #affg ,gemiani ,montan>i c\ld write t 9 ,italy !re 7 cont9ually =m+ new societies ( sci5ti/s4 ,! advance 9 k ( tru? 0 made on safe gr\nds2 at ,naples1 ,rome1 & else:]e sci5ce 0 enri*$ by a great v>iety ( new exp]i5ces1 inasmu* z ! sci5ti/s 7 mak+ progress 9 ! obs]vation & ! inve/igation ( nature4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti writes3 8,a/ronomy ) u1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 a v dilig5tly cultivat$ bran* ( sci5ce0 7,galilei/udi5 7#ahhb7 #cch f474 ,! ,*ur* 0 by no means ho/ile to ?is newly awak5$ life1 n ev5 hold+ alo( f x2 on ! contr>y1 x fl\ri%$ especially 9 ecclesia/ical circles2 a pro( t n>r[-m9d$ disappreciation ( natural sci5ce did n prevail1 & t !re 0 a diff]5t explanation = ! ,galileo case4 ,cop]nicus on ! ,index till #ahce4 ,& :at ( ! fact t ,cop]nicus rema9$ on ! ,index until ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,does x n %[ a rigid adh]5ce to old1 traditional me?od & opposition to progress8 ,! fact is true3 ,! "w ( ,cop]nicus1 & o!r ,cop]nican writ+s1 rema9$ on ! ,index until #ahce4 ,b x is also true t a great deal connect$ ) ?is fact is n g5]ally kn[n or ignor$4 ,let u m5tion "h "s ( ^! facts4 ,to beg9 )1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t we owe ! new _w sy/em1 & ) x ! turn+-po9t 9 a/ronomy1 fir/ ( all to repres5tatives ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy4 ,aft] ! le>n$ ,bi%op ,ni*olas ,oresme _h express$ ) fulle/ c]ta9ty ! mo/ important po9t ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em z e>ly z #acgg 79 a manuscript hi!rto unkn[n1 discov]$ a %ort "t ago by ,pi]re ,duhem 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,cfr4 ,lit]4 ,z5tralblatt 7#aiji71 page #afah71 & aft] ! le>n$ ,c>d9al ,ni*olaus von ,kues 7d4 #adgd7 adopt$ a rot>y motion ( ! e>? 9 8 cosmic sy/em1 x 0 ,cop]nicus1 a canon ( ! diocese ( ,erml&1 :o became ! fa!r ( ! new !ory1 9 8 "w 8,de evolutionibus orbium coele/ium40 ,he publi%$ x at ! urg5t reque/ ( ,c>d9al ,nikolaus ,s*o5b]g4 ,b ! mo/ zeal\s promot] ( 8 "w 0 ,bi%op ,ti$emann ,giese ( ,kulm4 ,en?usia/ic ov] ! novel idea1 he incessantly urg$ 8 fri5d to publi% 8 "w1 took c>e ( its publication1 & s5t a copy to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 :o accept$ its d$ication4 ,aga91 x 0 a pr9ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ,bi%op ,m>t9 ,krom]1 :o1 9 #ahea1 d$icat$ a tablet 9 ! ca!dral at ,frau5b]g to 8,! ,great ,a/ronom] & ,innovator ( ,a/ronomical ,sci5ce40 ,all ^! m5 knew t ,cop]nicus def5d$ 8 "w n z an hypo!sis or z fiction1 b z true4 ,be=e ,cop]nicus issu$ 8 great "w1 ,clem5t ,,viii4 %[$ a lively int]e/ 9 8 sy/em & _h x expla9$ to him by ! le>n$ ,johann ,widmann/adt 9 ! ,vatican ,g>d5s 7,pa/or1 ,ges*4 d] ,pp/e1 ,,iv1 #b 7#aijg7 #eej74 ,! fir/ attack aga9/ ! new sy/em1 z be+ contr>y to ,holy ,writ1 came n f ,ca?olic b f ,prote/ant circles4 ,among ! latt] ! opposition aga9/ ,cop]nicus 0 be+ agitat$1 :ile peaceful calm reign$ among ! =m]4 ,twelve ,popes succe$$ ,paul ,,iii41 & n "o int]f]$ ) ?is doctr9e4 ,lu!r1 ev5 9 ,cop]nicus' "t1 hurl$ 8 ana!ma aga9/ ! 8,frau5b]g ,fool10 & six ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,cop]nicus' *ief "w1 ,melan*?on decl>$ x a s9 & a sc&al to publi% su* nons5sical op9ions1 contr>y to ! div9e te/imony ( ! ,scriptures4 ,9 fe> ( 8 religi\s community ! ,prote/ant publi%] ,osi&] smuggl$ 9 ! spuri\s preface already m5tion$1 8,on ! hypo!sis ( ?is "w40 ,! ,prote/ant ,rheticus1 a fri5d & pupil ( ,cop]nicus1 got into disfav\r ) ,melan*?on & _h to discont9ue 8 lectures at ,witt5b]g4 ,! g5ial ,kepl]1 f9ally1 0 prosecut$ by 8 own congregation1 because ( 8 def5ce ( ! !ory4 ,& :5 on ! ,ca?olic side ! ,index decree ( #afaf 0 already beg9n+ to be reg>d$ z obsolete1 ,prote/ant !ology /ill held to ! old view ev5 up to ! n9ete5? c5tury3 a long li/ ( names c\ld be adduc$ 9 pro(4 ,c]ta9ly no fair-m9d$ p]son c see wilful ho/ility aga9/ a/ronomy 9 ?is proc$ure4 ,likewise !re %\ld n be imput$ di%on\rable int5tions to ,ca?olics1 if 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory !y r5d]$ tribute to human limitation4 ,b did n ! decrees ( #afaf & #afcc d great h>m to rese>*8 ,n at all4 ,t ?is 0 h>dly ! case ) ,galileo himself we h %[n above4 ,soon aft] we f9d 9 ,italy a goodly numb] ( di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s2 ! ,*ur* 9 no way oppos$ ! newly awak5$ life1 nor ev5 held alo( f x4 ,galileo himself 0 hon\r$ 9 ecclesia/ical circles4 ,soon aft] ,galileo's conviction ! ,jesuit ,grimaldi nam$ a m\nta9 on ! moon aft] him4 ,nor 0 !re any consid]able h>m done to ! developm5t ( ! ,cop]nican !ory4 ,al?\gh aft] ,galileo ! occasions 7 n lack+1 /ill no fur!r advocate ( 8 !ory 0 ev] up = trial4 ,nor 0 any o!r book on ! subject prohibit$4 ,fre$om 0 quietly grant$ m & m4 ,9 ! edition ( ! ,index ( #ageh1 ! g5]al prohibition ( #afaf ( ,cop]nican writ+s 0 )drawn2 x 0 an (ficial )drawal f ! old position4 ,b n until #ahbb 7 ! special prohibitions repeal$1 al?\gh !y _h long s9ce lo/ _! b9d+ =ce4 ,! occasion 0 giv5 by an accid5tal occurr5ce4 ,! ,magi/] ,s4 ,palatii ( ! "t int5d$ to d5y ! ,imprimatur to a book on ! ,cop]nican !ory1 on acc\nt ( ! obsolete prohibition4 ,an appeal 0 made1 :i* br\ght ab\t ! =mal repeal ( ! prohibition4 ,( c\rse !re _h be5 no hurry to revoke a decision once giv54 ,b accord+ to ! a/ronom] ,lal&e's report ( 8 int]view ) ! ,c>d9al ,prefect ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,index1 9 #agfe1 ! removal f ! ,index ( ,galileo's ,dialogue _h be5 po/pon$ only on acc\nt ( extrane\s difficulties4 ,leibnitz1 :ile 9 ,rome1 work$ = a repeal ( ! decree4 ,accord+ to ,emry1 !re are extant /atem5ts ( ,leibnitz v\*+ = ! fact t he v ne>ly succe$$ 7,emry1 ,p5ses de ,leibnitz1 #a1 #bge74 ,! "n ( ,cop]nicus1 too1 0 omitt$ 9 ! next edition ( ! ,index1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahce4 ,b ev5 :ile ! prohibition 0 /ill 9 =ce1 ! works ( ,galileo & ,cop]nicus 7 read ev]y:]e4 ,z e>ly z #afai ,john ,remus wrote f ,vi5na to ,kepl] t ! ,cop]nican writ+s may be read by sci5tific m5 :o _h receiv$ special p]mission1 & t ?is 0 done 9 all ,italy & 9 ,rome itself4 ,besides1 x 0 all[$ at any "t to make use ( ! doctr9e z an hypo!sis4 ,?us x advanc$ cont9ually ne>] & ne>] to ! position ( an e/abli%$ tru?4 ,soon aft] ! publication ( ! decree1 accord+ to ! report ( ,kepl]1 x 0 ! g5]al conviction 9 ecclesia/ical & civil circles ( ,au/ria 8t ! c5sure 0 no ob/acle to ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ! inve/igation ( ,god's "w40 ,9 #afhe we are assur$ by ! ,jesuit ,ko*ansky1 t any ,ca?olic 0 free to 8look = an irrefutable1 ma!matical1 & physical demon/ration ( ! movem5t ( ! e>?40 ,x 0 also kn[n t ! condemnation ( ! !ory _h be5 aid$ by ! supposition t !re 7 no valid argum5ts 9 support ( ! new !ory4 ,h5ce ! ,congregation's decree _h 9 ! eighte5? c5tury = ! mo/ "p lo/ its =ce4 ,! ,jesuit ,boscovi*1 a celebrat$ physici/ & a/ronom]1 wrote 9 #agee3 8,9 consequ5ce ( ! extraord9>y argum5ts (f]$ by ! consid]ation ( ,kepl]'s laws1 a/ronom]s no long] look ^u 8 !ory z a m]e hypo!sis1 b z an e/abli%$ tru?0 7,gris>1 #cdg1 #cej74 ,?us 9 ! light ( hi/ory ! condemnation ( ! ,cop]nican !ory appe>s q diff]5tly f ! picture pres5t$ by ! sup]ficial accusation t ,rome up to ! n9ete5? c5tury condemn$ ?is !ory4 ,!re is no trace ( call\sness & oppression1 b only submission to legitimate au?ority1 9 s f> & z long z "o deem$ himself oblig$4 ,x 0 a sci5ce enlight5$ by ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 9 que/ions n yet cle>ly decid$1 laid d[n ^u ! alt> ( ! ,giv] ( all wisdom ! tribute ( humble submission1 = ! sake ( high] int]e/s4 ,we %all h to class ) ,/4 ,augu/9e ! unc]ta9ty ( human judgm5ts & tribunals among ! 8tr\bles ( human life10 & say ) him3 8,x is also a mis]y t ! judge is subject to ! necessity ( n kn[+ _m ?+s1 b to ! wise man x is n a fault0 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,,ix1 #f74 ,may we !re=e inf] t ! tea*+ au?ority is an evil8 ,7 t true1 we %\ld h to aboli% ! au?ority ( ! /ate & ( p>5ts1 because !y also make mi/akes4 ,we %\ld h to conclude t !re _h bett] be no au?ority at all on e>?4 ,:]e m5 live & rule1 mi/akes w c]ta9ly be made4 ,! physician makes mi/akes 9 8 important (fice1 yet pati5ts return to him ) confid5ce4 ,e p$agogue1 e pr(essor1 has made mi/akes1 yet !y /ill comm& respect4 ,! /ate gov]nm5t is subject to mi/akes1 yet none b ! an>*i/ w say t x mu/ !re=e be aboli%$4 8,t ! judge is subject to ! necessity ( n kn[+ _m ?+s1 is a mis]y1 b to ! wise man n a fault40 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,witnesses ( ! ,incompatibility ,( ,sci5ce ,& ,fai?4 ,! ,objection4 ,we %all n g wrong 9 presum+ t ! read]1 :o has pati5tly foll[$ our d$uctions1 has _h = "s "t 9 8 m9d ! "q3 ,h[ ab\t ! repres5tatives ( sci5tific rese>* !mselves8 ,d n a l>ge majority ( !m1 p]haps virtually all1 /& ali5 & repellant to ,*ri/ian fai? & its fundam5tal tru?s8 ,we d n ref] to our mod]n philosoph]s1 = ( !m x might be said t _! rese>*es yield que/ionable speculations ( individuali/ic /amp1 r ?an exact results4 ,b !re are ! repres5tatives ( ! m exact sci5ces1 especially ( ! mo/ exact ( all1 natural sci5ce4 ,!y may be consid]$ ! legitimate repres5tatives ( mod]n sci5ce1 s9ce _! results are ! mo/ accurate1 _! me?ods ! mo/ /rictly sci5tific2 & are !y n1 e "o ( !m1 oppos$ to ,*ri/ian fai?1 especially to its fundam5tal dogma8 ,is n ,haeckel "r :5 he /ates 9 ! f9al summ>y ( 8 8,weltrtsel10 9 :i* he s /rongly insi/s on ! incompatibility ( religion & natural sci5ce3 8,i am support$ by ! accord ( ne>ly all mod]n naturali/s :o h ! c\rage to express _! convictions08 ,is x n true t ,a4 von ,humboldt is consid]$ ! pr9ce ( ,g]man naturali/s8 & yet 9 8 volum9\s 8,kosmos0 he n once m5tions ! "n ( ,god8 ,h n1 ) few exceptions1 ,g]man naturali/s1 "u ,humboldt's influ5ce1 turn$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity8 7,w4 ,m5zel1 ,die letzt5 hund]tzwanzig ,jahre d] ,weltges*i*te1 ,,vi1 #ahfj1 p4 #gj2 cfr4 ,pohle1 ,p4 ,angelo ,sec*i1 #aijd1 p4 #f74 ,"h inde$ ! antagonism betwe5 true sci5tific _s & ! fai? seems to take %ape 9 tangible reality1 & to invalidate e argum5t to ! contr>y4 ,?us runs ! spee* t is ev] recurr+ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! day1 9 newspap]s & magaz9es no less ?an 9 books4 ,& ?is spee* makes an impression on its he>]s4 ,inde$1 :y %\ld x n8 ,aft] describ+ h[ ^! h]oes ( sci5ce 9 rec5t times m>*$ on triumphantly f victory to victory1 h[ !y r5ew$ ! face ( ! e>?1 & became ! pione]s ( human progress1 h[ c !y fail to make a deep impression if 9 ! same brea? !y /ate t ^! discov]]s ( tru? h1 almo/ to a man1 brok5 ) ! anci5t tea*+s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,)\t d\bt ! sugge/ive effect ( su* speculation mu/ be v consid]able ) ^? :o lack suffici5t hi/orical k4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ^? bett] acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,!y "k t x is n true to /ate t ! lead+ natural sci5ti/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 or ev5 unanim\sly1 h reject$ & d5i$ ,*ri/ian religion1 t x is a lie & a falsification ( hi/ory4 ,let u illu/rate x briefly4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to say1 t if x 7 true t all ! lead+ naturali/s 7 infidels1 ! inf]5ce w\ld necess>ily foll[ t ,*ri/ianity is unt5able1 & incompatible ) sci5ce4 ,n at all4 ,fir/ ( all1 natural sci5ti/s :o oppose ,*ri/ianity c\ld h>dly ev] come =w>d 9 ! capacity ( exp]ts 9 ?is matt]4 ,= by v5tur+ ! ass]tion t _w-matt] & _w-=ce are et]nal & uncreat$1 t !y develop by =ce ( natural causality1 by un5d+ evolution1 & n by ! p[] & direction ( an intellig5t cause1 !y leave _! own prov9ce & trespass on ! doma9 ( philosophy4 ,^! & simil> que/ions are n solv$ by natural sci5ce rese>*1 by exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 or calculation1 b are ! subjects ( philosophical speculation4 ,a!ism1 mat]ialism1 ! d5ial ( ! s\l's immortality or ( et]nal de/9ation1 all ^! are philosophical matt]s1 & a natural sci5ce !ory ( ! _w is a misconception ab\t z absurd z a ,swiss ,engl& or a ,bav>ian ,spa94 ,z x is impossible to review "h all sci5ti/s ( ! pa/ c5turies1 to probe _! b5t ( m9d1 we %all re/rict ourselves 9 ! foll[+ to sci5ti/s ( ! fir/ rank1 = to !m ! ass]tion above m5tion$ mu/ *iefly ref]4 ,fir/ ( all1 !y 7 possess$ ( t _s ( sci5tific rese>* claim$ to be incompatible ) ! fai?2 & !y1 m ?an o!rs1 %\ld h be5 consci\s ( ?is contradiction4 ,x is pla9 t if !y did n "k any?+ ( ! claim$ antagonism betwe5 ! !ories ( evolution & ( creation1 betwe5 physical facts & spirituality ( s\l1 betwe5 natural law & miracles2 if x be %[n t _m ( !m 7 actually or?odox ,*ri/ians1 believ+ 9 ! sup]natural & yet en?usia/ic fri5ds ( sci5ce1 fa?om+ ! laws ( nature & yet un%ak5 9 _! fai?1 !n ! fact t inf]ior m9ds talk ( a contradiction unkn[n to ^! great ones c no long] make mu* ( an impression4 ,!re=e let u look ov] ! long li/ ( great s*ol>s ( ! la/ c5turies1 ^? great m5 to :om we owe k & discov]ies t are our joy to ?is v day4 ,among !m we %all f9d _m :o1 9 _! life & ?\ght1 h pla9ly confess$ !mselves fai?ful ,*ri/ians2 we %all f9d t o!rs 7 at lea/ ! oppon5ts ( a!ism & mat]ialism1 t !y clung to ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & t is a matt] ( mom5t :5 ! antagonism betwe5 natural sci5ce & fai? is "u discussion4 ,we %all n g back to ! anci5t repres5tatives ( natural sci5ce1 m5 l ,py?agoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,ar*im$es1 ,alb]t ! ,great1 ,rog] ,bacon1 & o!rs ( pa/ ages1 p>tly because !re is no d\bt ab\t ! religi\s views ( ^? m51 p>tly because rese>* at _! "t 0 imp]fect4 ,we beg9 at ! rise ( mod]n natural sci5ce4 ,! ,old ,ma/]s4 ,at ! ?re%old ( mod]n natural sci5ce !re /&s ! man :o solv$ ! riddle t _h puzzl$ c5turies be=e him1 ! fa!r ( mod]n a/ronomy1 ,nikolaus ,cop]nicus4 ,he _h /udi$ at ! univ]sities ( ,crac[1 ,bologna1 ,f]r>a1 & ,padua1 & :ile he 0 "o ( ! =emo/ hi/orians ( 8 "t1 x 0 a/ronomy t _h engag$ 8 en?usia/ic devotion f 8 y\?4 ,he 0 a ,ca?olic prie/1 a ,canon ( ,frau5b]g4 8,if rec5t repres5tatives ( ! ,roman ,*ur*10 s writes ! ,prote/ant !ologian1 ,o4 ,zoeckl]1 8praise ?is ,frau5b]g ,canon z a fai?ful son ( _! ,*ur*1 ?is fact mu/ be grant$ by ,prote/ants1 despite ! frankness ) :i* he oppos$ ! ,ari/otelian & ,ptolemaic !ories taught by ! s*ola/ics1 & despite 8 fri5d%ip ) ! ,prote/ant ,rheticus0 7,gottes ,zeug5 im ,rei*e d] ,natur1 #aijf1 p4 #hb74 ,george ,joa*im1 a native ( ,feldkir*1 surnam$ ,rheticus1 & a ,prote/ant pr(essor at ,witt5b]g1 came to ,cop]nicus at ,frau5b]g1 & 0 cordially receiv$4 ,8 praise = 88 tea*]0 is unres]v$4 ,he speaks 9 ! same admir+ t]ms ( ,ti$emann ,giese1 9 ^? days ,bi%op ( ,kulm4 ,= ne>ly =ty ye>s ,cop]nicus sat 9 ! mode/ obs]vatory :i* he _h erect$ at ,frau5b]g1 /udy+ & collect+ ! mat]ial = 8 book4 ,ev5 aft] all ?is "t ?is delib]ate s*ol>1 despite ! urg+ ( 8 fri5ds1 especially ,bi%op ,ti$emann ,giese & ,c>d9al ,s*o5b]g1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,capua1 hesitat$ = t5 ye>s long] be=e publi%+ 8 discov]ies4 ,! "w 0 entitl$ ,de revolutionibus orbium caele/ium1 libri ,,vi1 & 0 d$icat$ to ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 ,! au?or himself c\ld enjoy 8 a*ievem5t b v little4 ,! fir/ copy s5t by ! pr9t] rea*$ ,cop]nicus on 8 dea?b$1 & a few h\rs lat] he brea!d 8 la/1 on ,may #bd1 #aedc4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 "w ?is dev\t ,*ri/ian sci5ti/ wrote3 8,:o w\ld n be urg$ by ! intimate int]c\rse ) ! "w ( ,8 h&s to ! contemplation ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & to ! admiration = ! ,omnipot5t ,ar*itect ( ! univ]se1 9 :om is ! highe/ happ9ess1 & 9 :om is ! p]fection ( all t is good80 ,)\t ,cop]nicus !re c\ld h be5 no ,kepl]1 )\t ,kepl] no ,newton4 ,^! ?ree m51 9 ! words ( a rec5t a/ronom]1 belong insep>ably toge!r1 !y support & supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,x might be fitt+ly ask$1 aft] :i* ( ^! ?ree ! cele/ial sy/em %\ld be nam$2 & 7 x possible to ask ^! ?ree m5 = _! op9ion 9 ?is matt]1 !y w\ld probably all give ! answ] t has be5 ascrib$ to "o or ! o!r ( !m3 ,n my sy/em1 b ,god's ,ord]4 ,l ,cop]nicus1 s ,kepl] & ,newton 7 pr(\ndly religi\s m54 ,johann ,kepl]1 born ( ,prote/ant p>5ts 9 ,wrttemb]g 9 #aega1 0 rais$ a ,lu!ran4 ,9 #aeid he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics at a s*ool 9 ,graz1 & aft] t he dwelt = ! mo/ "t 9 ,au/ria1 :i* c\ntry became 8 second home4 ,f ,graz he 0 call$ to ,prague to be ma!matician at ! imp]ial c\rt1 & f !re to ,l9z to be pr(essor at ! college !re4 ,8 la/ ye>s 7 pass$ at ,sagan & ,ratisbon1 :]e he di$ 9 #afcj4 ,ev5 aft] hav+ left ,au/ria he gratefully rememb]$ ! clem5tia au/riaca & ! favor ar*iducalis4 ,kepl]'s a/ronomical a*ievem5ts are kn[n to ev]ybody1 especially 8 laws ( ! planets4 ,) an untir+ _s ( rese>* he comb9$ beautiful traits ( "*1 *e]fulness1 k9dness1 & mode/y1 b *iefly a pr(\ndly religi\s m9d4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 9 difficult circum/ances z f> z 8 religi\s life 0 conc]n$4 ,q e>ly he came 9 conflict ) ! religi\s au?orities ( 8 confession1 p>ticul>ly = ! reason t !y consid]$ ,kepl]'s ,cop]nican views z aga9/ ! ,bible1 a fact :i* ! le>n$ a/ronom] c\ld n see4 ,!re 7 also o!r diff]5ces4 ,! conflict became m & m aggravat$4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*-au?orities proce$$ aga9/ ,kepl] ) a lack ( consid]ation nev] %[n by ,rome aga9/ m5 l ,galileo4 ,kepl] 0 expell$ f ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 & despite 8 ef=ts to be re9/at$ ! ban 0 nev] lift$4 ,l ,kepl]1 s 0 8 pr$ecessor at ! ,ca?olic c\rt ( ,prague1 ! ,dani% a/ronom] ,ty*o ,brahe 7di$ #afja71 a dev\t ,prote/ant1 b ! trials ( ,kepl] 7 sp>$ him4 ,8 errone\s idea t ! ,cop]nican sy/em conflict$ ) ,holy ,writ kept him f subscrib+ to x3 x l$ him to devise a sy/em midway betwe5 ,cop]nicus & ,ptolemy4 ,8 religi\s s5tim5t is evid5c$ by a passage f a lett] ( 81 writt5 at 8 fa!r's dea?1 8,al?\gh !re are _m consolations = me1 ( a religi\s nature bas$ on ,holy ,writ1 & ( a philosophical k9d drawn f ! contemplation ( ! fate ( all m5 & ( ! incon/ancy ( ev]y?+ "u ! moon1 x is a special com=t = me t my fa!r dep>t$ s sweetly & pi\sly f ?is valley ( mis]y to ! heav5ly et]nal home1 :]e1 accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 we %all f9d a la/+ abode40 ,b let u return to ,kepl]4 ,!re is evid5ce t at v>i\s times 9 8 life he wav]$ betwe5 8 ,lu!ran confession & ! ,ca?olic fai?1 b t is z f> z he w5t4 ,he 0 ( ! op9ion t ! fundam5tal tru?s ( bo? 7 9 accord1 & he w\ld n presume to judge ( ! diff]5ces2 he _h tak5 a view-po9t ( 8 own1 f :i* he c\ld n be made to rec$e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 %ock$ :5 8 fell[-,lu!rans 9 ,/yria 7 on two occasions sev]ely dealt )1 al?\gh he p]sonally _h be5 treat$ ) especial consid]ation4 ,o!rwise 8 op9ions on ,ca?olic matt]s & ! 8wisdom0 ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7 em95tly fair2 he c5sur$ 8 co-religioni/s = _! invidi\s attacks on ,rome1 & = _! hesitancy 9 adopt+ ! ,gregorian re=m ( ! cal5d>4 ,he _h fri5dly relation ) _m a ,ca?olic sci5ti/1 0 9 correspond5ce ) _m ,jesuits1 0 ev5 frequ5tly _! gue/1 receiv+ /imulus1 comm5dation1 & sci5tific communications f !m4 ,to ,kepl] ! /udy ( a/ronomy became l>gely a pray]2 ! f9e/ ( 8 sci5tific works he 0 wont to conclude ) ! doxology ( ! ,psalmi/1 8,great is our ,"l1 & great is ,8 p[]1 & ( ,8 wisdom !re is no numb]3 praise ,him ye ,heav5s2 praise ye ,him1 ,o ,sun1 & ,moon1 ye ,/>s & light1 & praise ,him 9 y\r language4 ,?\1 too1 praise ,him1 ,o s\l ( m9e1 ?y ,"l1 ?y ,creator1 z long z x is grant$ to !e0 7,h>monices ,mundi1 v4 #i74 ,8 "n & "w is commemorat$ 9 ! ,kepl]bund 9 ,g]many1 :i* aims at ! promotion ( sci5tific k 9 ! s5se ( ,kepl]1 9 opposition to ! misuse ( natural sci5ce = purposes ( mat]ialism & a!ism4 ,! "w1 begun s happily by ,cop]nicus & ,kepl]1 0 complet$ by ! great ,engli%man1 ,newton 7di$ #agbg74 ,x 0 he :o 9 8 immortal "w1 ,philosophiae naturalis pr9cipia ma!matica1 laid b>e ! law ( ! univ]se1 :i* compels ! heav5ly bodies to revolve ab\t "o ano!r4 ,!re) ! laws ( ,kepl]1 & consequ5tly ! ,cop]nican hypo!sis1 became e/abli%$4 ,:51 9 #agbg1 ?is sci5ti/1 at ! age ( eighty-five1 di$1 8 mortal rema9s 7 entomb$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ! ,pan!on ( ! ,briti% nation4 ,l(ty sci5ce & ! rev]5t wor%ip ( 8 ,creator 7 comb9$ 9 ! noble m9d ( ?is great ,briton4 ,9 an app5dix to 8 ma/]-"w1 ref]r$ to above1 he cit$ 8 pro(s = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & /at$ t 8! entire ord]1 z to space & "t ( all ?+s exi/+1 mu/ h necess>ily proce$$ f ! conception & w ( an exi/+ ,be+10 t 8! admirable arrangem5t ( sun1 planets1 & comets c\ld only emanate f ! decree & ! design ( an ,all-wise & ,omnipot5t ,be+10 t 8we admire ,him = ,8 p]fections1 we adore & wor%ip ,him z ! rul] ( ! _w1 we1 ! s]vants ( ! great ,sov]eign ( ! ,univ]se40 ,accord+ to ,voltaire1 x 0 /at$ by ,newton's disciple1 ,cl>ke1 t 8 ma/] inv>iably pron\nc$ ! "n ( ,god ) rev]5t attitude & expression4 ,insep>ably connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em !re is ! "n1 :i* recalls h>% accusations & pa9ful memories1 ! "n ( ,galileo4 ,t he _h no?+ 9 common ) ! aims ( ^? :o h brok5 ) fai? & ,*ri/ianity1 nor ) t ho/ility aga9/ 8 ,*ur* = :i* 8 "n is s (t5 misus$1 has be5 made evid5t by :at we h said on ano!r page 7see page #ahi74 ,n only dur+ 8 e>ly life 0 8 religi\s turn ( m9d evid5c$1 b also lat] on & up to ! end ( 8 life he cont9u$ to obs]ve fai?fully ! duties ( 8 religion4 ,"o ( ! greate/ physici/s ( rec5t times 0 ,*ri/ian ,huyg5s1 :o di$ 9 #afie at 8 native city1 ,! ,hague4 ,to him we owe ! epo*-mak+ discov]y ( ! undulation ( light1 :ile ,newton _h held light to be a matt] ( emission4 ,b :ile ,huyg5s advanc$ ov] ,newton 9 ?is respect1 he paid tribute to human limitation by rema9+ prejudic$ aga9/ ,newton's !ory ( gravitation1 :i* he reject$4 ,huyg5s 0 a believ+ ,*ri/ian4 ,9 8 philosophic diss]tation 8,kosmo!oros10 a po/hum\s "w1 he says 9 reg>d to ! possibility ( ! cele/ial bodies be+ inhabit$3 8,h[ c\ld ! inve/igator look up to ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ^! great worlds1 o!rwise b 9 ! _s ( deepe/ rev]5ce8 ,"h x w be possible = u to f9d manifold pro(s to demon/rate ,8 provid5ce & wond]ful wisdom2 likewise w our contemplation cont5d aga9/ ^? :o are spread+ false op9ions1 su* z attribut+ ! orig9 ( ! e>? to ! accid5tal union ( atoms1 or ( ! e>? be+ )\t a beg9n+ & )\t a creator40 ,religi\s f]v\r is /ill m pron\nc$ 9 ,huyg5s' contempor>y1 ,rob]t ,boyle 7di$ #afib71 a son ( ,irel&4 ,:ile he _h made consid]able a*ievem5ts 9 physics1 8 *ief fame lies 9 *emi/ry3 he inaugurat$ ! p]iod 9 :i* *emi/ry became gradually an indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,al?\gh work+ 9 a diff]5t field ( rese>*1 he is simil> to ,newton 9 _m respects3 l ,newton & ,huyg5s1 8 love ( sci5tific /udies induc$ him to rema9 unm>ri$1 l ,newton he f\nd 8 la/ re/+ place 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 b *iefly he is l ,newton because ( 8 pi\s1 religi\s m9d4 ,he 0 mu* occupi$ ) !ological /udies1 & 9 !m ! demon/ration f nature ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! au?or's rev]5ce = ! ,scriptures are mo/ conspicu\s3 8,9 relation to ! ,bible10 he writes1 8all ! books ( m51 ev5 ! mo/ le>n$1 are l ! planets t receive _! light & brightness f ! sun40 ,on 8 dea?b$ he made a f\ndation = apologetic lectures3 ! ,boyle-lectures are held to ?is v day4 ,we %all h to pass by o!rs4 ,we might po9t to ! ,engli% philosoph] & /atesman1 ,francis ,bacon ( ,v]ulam 7di$ #afbf71 :o won 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( natural sci5ce by 8 urg+ ( ! empiric me?od2 we might po9t to ,w4 ,h>vey 7di$ #afeh71 ! discov]] ( ! blood-circulation1 a man ( e>ne/ & simple piety2 we might m5tion ! pi\s ,albre*t von ,hall] 7di$ #aggg71 ,j4 ,b]n\illi 7di$ #agbh7 ! co-inv5tor ( integral calculus1 ! man ( :om 8 great disciple ,eul] relates t ?is ,b]n\illi1 co-inv5tor ( ! mo/ difficult ( all calculations1 ?is great ma!matician1 express$ regret 9 8 old age t he _h devot$ s _m ye>s to sci5ce1 & only few h\rs to religion1 & t on 8 dea?b$ he admoni%$ ^? ar\nd him to adh]e to ! ,^w ( ,god because t alone is ! ^w ( life4 ,we %all "n b "o m1 a son ( nor!rn ,sw$51 ! fam\s botani/1 ,k>l ,l9n 7di$ #aggh74 ,he1 too1 f\nd ,god 9 ! liv+ nature :i* he /udi$ s dilig5tly4 ,9 comm5t+ on 8 ,sy/ema naturae he writes3 8,man1 "k ?yself2 9 !ological aspect1 t ?\ art creat$ ) an immortal s\l1 aft] ! image ( ,god2 9 moral aspect1 t ?\ alone art bless$ ) a rational s\l = ! praise ( ?y sublime ,creator4 ,i ask1 :y did ,god put man equipp$ ?us 9 s5se & _s on ?is e>?1 :]e he p]ceives ?is wond]fully ord]$ nature8 ,= :at1 b to praise & admire ! invisible ,ma/]-build] = ,8 magnific5t "w40 ,^! are ! great ma/]s & re=m]s ( rec5t natural sci5ce1 ! m5 :o op5$ up ! pa?s :i* natural sci5ce ( ! pres5t day is /ill pursu+2 mo/ ( ^! savants 7 ( a ,*ri/ian m9d1 _m ( !m ev5 pi\s4 ,!re 7 b few indiff]5t or irreligi\s1 su* z ,e4 ,halley 7di$ #agdb71 :o comput$ ! cycle ( ! comet s9ce nam$ aft] him1 & ,g4 de ,buffon 7di$ #aghh73 b !y are a small m9ority4 ,! p]iod ( highe/ a*ievem5t 9 mod]n natural sci5ce be>s ! /amp ( religion2 inde$1 to a great ext5t x be>s ! halo ( devotion & f]v\r4 ,an incompatibility ( rese>* & fai?1 a solid>ity ( sci5ce & anti-,*ri/ian t5d5cy1 0 nev] kn[n to ! m9d ( ^! great ma/]s4 8,any "o :o has grasp$ ev5 ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ce1 ! unity ( natural =ces & _! rigid con=mity to laws1 becomes a moni/ if he has ! faculty = cle> reason+1 & z to ! o!rs1 !re is no help = !m anyway0 7,l4 ,plate1 ,ultramontane ,weltans*auung und mod]ne ,leb5skunde1 #aijg1 #aa74 ,?is sort ( argum5t is %\t$ at u 9 manifold v>iations4 ,h[ does t /atem5t look 9 ! light ( hi/ory8 ,m5 l ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,newton1 ,l9n1 ,boyle1 ?us knew no?+ ( ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ce1 no?+ ( ! con=mity to laws ( natural =ces3 because !y 7 nei!r moni/s nor a!i/s1 b wor%ipp]s ( ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?6 ,a m pa9ful contra/ _c be imag9$ ?an to see ^! great ma/]s & pione]s rat$ z less] m9ds1 ignorant ( real natural sci5ce1 by ^? :o trail f> beh9d !m & :o are seek+ _! foot/eps4 ,! religi\s conviction ( ! natural sci5ti/s ( a pa/ age is suffici5t pro( t1 n ! rese>* 9 natural sci5ce1 b o!r causes lead m9ds to infidelity4 ,mod]n ,times4 ,we turn to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,does ! picture p]haps *ange ess5tially 9 ! c5tury t has %[n its *ildr5 s mu* progress1 t has disclos$ s _m secrets ( nature1 b has also taught irreligion to ?\s&s ( m58 ,does x become true n[ t natural sci5ce & ,*ri/ian fundam5tal tru?s are oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 ho/ile attitude8 ,claims to ?is effect are n lack+4 ,9 fact1 ! numb] ( ^? :o refuse ass5t to ! ,*ri/ian religion is increas+4 ,b ev5 at ?is "t we d n f9d su* to be ! majority ( em95t sci5ti/s1 & our inquiry is ab\t em95t sci5ti/s1 ^? :o make ! sci5ce ( a p]iod1 n ^? :o c h>dly expect to h _! names kn[n by po/]ity4 ,a consid]able numb]1 inde$ ! majority1 ( ! ma/] m9ds ( natural sci5ce1 ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 reject mat]ialism & a!ism1 & n infrequ5tly !y are pi\s ,*ri/ians2 ano!r pro( t j ^u ! deep] & m s]i\s m9ds religion ex]cises a /rong] p[] ( attraction4 ,let u comm5ce ) ! a/ronom]s4 8,! sci5ces & _! true repres5tatives10 s /ates ! r5[n$ ,mdl] ( ,dorpat1 8d n des]ve ! reproa*es & imputations heap$ ^u !m f a c]ta9 side1 t !y w\ld e/range man f ,god1 ev5 turn him into an a!i/ 444 we hope to %[ ( a/ronomy especially t j ! contr>y is tak+ place0 7,r$5 und ,abh&lung5 b] ,geg5/nde d] ,himmelskunde1 #ahgj1 #cbf74 ,! greate/ a/ronom] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & "o ( ! greate/ discov]]s ( all ages1 0 und\bt$ly ,william ,h]s*el 7di$ #ahbb74 ,8 son ,john ,h]s*el 7di$ #ahga7 became 8 8wor?y successor1 almo/ 8 pe]1 :o won a fame ne>ly equal to t ( ! inh]it$ "n0 7,r4 ,wolf1 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie1 #ahgg1 #eje74 ,:ile n ho/ile to religion1 ! fa!r _h be5 s engross$ 9 8 re/less rese>*1 t religion receiv$ little att5tion1 b religi\s ?\ght & s5tim5t play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! son4 ,"t & aga9 he oppos$ ) zeal ! mat]iali/ic-a!i/ic explanation ( ! univ]se4 8,no?+ is m unf\nd$ ?an ! objection made by "s well-mean+ b undisc]n+ p]sons1 t ! /udy ( natural sci5ce induces a d\bt ( religion & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,be assur$ t its logical effect ^u any well-ord]$ m9d mu/ be j ! opposite0 7,prelim9>y ,disc\rse on ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 #ahcj1 #g74 ,x 0 ,lev]ri] 7di$ #ahgg71 ,director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 :o by calculations asc]ta9$ ! exi/5ce & exact position ( ! remote/ planet ,neptune ev5 be=e x 0 discov]$4 ,:5 ev5tually ,galle ( ,b]l9 really f\nd ! planet 9 ! position indicat$1 ,lev]ri]'s "n became fam\s4 ,b great] /ill 7 ! a*ievem5ts ( ?is indefatigable inve/igator 9 respect to ! kn[n planets4 ,:5 he pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ! f9al "p ( 8 great "w1 ! calculations ( ,jupit] & ,saturnus1 he said3 8,dur+ our long lab\rs1 :i* x took u ?irty-five ye>s to complete1 we ne$$ ! support obta9$ by ! contemplation ( "o ( ! gr&e/ works ( creation1 & by ! ?\ght t x /r5g!n$ 9 u ! imp]i%able tru?s ( a spirituali/ic 7i4e41 non-mat]iali/ic7 philosophy40 ,he 0 an or?odox ,ca?olic1 kn[n z a ,cl]ical4 ,a newspap] compla9$ ( him t 8,"u ! empire he 0 a cl]ical ,s5ator1 conc]n$ ) ! int]e/s ( ! alt> no less ?an ) ^? ( ! ?rone0 7,knell]1 ,das ,*ri/5?um und die ,v]tret] d] neu]5 ,naturwiss5s*aft1 #aijd1 #if4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we h made frequ5t use ( ! mat]ial ga!r$ 9 ?is /]l+ "w4 ,see also ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,mak]s ( ,mod]n ,m$ic9e 7#aijg72 & ! same au?or's ,ca?olic ,*ur*m5 9 ,sci5ce1 ,i 7#aiji71 ,,ii 7#aiaj774 ,"o ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,lev]ri] ano!r sci5ti/ ( ! fir/ rank di$4 ,x 0 ,a4 ,sec*i 7di$ #ahgh74 ,memb] ( ne>ly all ! sci5tific academies ( ! _w1 he 0 n only a fai?ful ,*ri/ian1 b also a prie/3 = =ty-five ye>s1 & until 8 dea?1 he wore ! g>b ( ! ,society ( ,jesus4 ,z an a/ronom] he has be5 nam$1 n )\t good cause1 ! fa!r ( a/rophysics3 he asc]ta9$ ! *emical composition ( ab\t #d1jjj />s & classifi$ !m into :at is kn[n z ,sec*i's f\r types ( />s4 ,z a physici/ he wrote an important "w on ,! ,unity ( ,natural ,=ces4 ,he 0 also an em95t meteorologi/4 ,at ! second ,int]national ,exposition at ,p>is 8 meteorograph 0 q a feature4 ,! ,klnis*e ,zeitung wrote1 on ,m>* #b1 #ahgh3 8,visitors ( ! ,italian ,exhibition1 at ! second ,_w's ,fair 9 ,p>is1 c\ld see ! m>vell\s in/rum5t :i* does ! "w ( t5 obs]v]s & surpasses !m 9 accuracy4 ,at ! same "t !y c\ld obta9 all ne$$ in=mation ab\t details & scope ( ! meteorograph f ! exhibitor himself2 = ,sec*i 0 !re daily1 devot+ sev]al h\rs to answ]+ que/ions 9 any ( ! civiliz$ languages ( ,europe4 ,x is peculi>ly int]e/+ to obs]ve ! sil5t movem5t ( ! h&s work+ day & night l regi/r>s ( ! natural =ces1 & record+ = e qu>t] ( an h\r ) ! utmo/ accuracy all *anges 9 temp]ature1 9 humidity1 e v>iance ( ! w9d1 any movem5t ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet]4 ,ev5 ! =ce ( ! w9d & ! "t ( ra9 is regi/]$ by ?is wond]ful in/rum5t40 ,! inv5tor1 out ( #dj1jjj art exhibitors1 0 aw>d$ ! great gold5 m$al4 ,he also receiv$ ! insignia ( an (fic] ( ! ,fr5* ,legion ( ,honor1 :ile ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil appo9t$ him an (fic] ( ! 8,gold5 ,rose40 ,! ,fr5* sci5ti/ ,moigno writes ( ,sec*i3 8,sec*i 0 v pi\s1 & z a work] he knew no limits4 ,he 0 ev] ready to evolve new sci5tific plans1 to ent] into new & long campaigns ( obs]vation4 ,! m]e li/ ( 8 #hjj works reveals him z "o ( ! mo/ intrepid work]s ( our c5tury4 ,& let ?is be consid]$3 e "o ( ^! writ+s1 no matt] h[ brief1 0 ! result ( subtle & difficult rese>*es & obs]vations4 ,& aft] devot+ ! day to ardu\s writ+1 he pass$ ! night se>*+ ! skies0 7,pohle1 ,p4 ,angelo ,sec*i1 #aijd1 #aia74 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 too1 a/ronomy has n fail$ 9 its mission ( lead+ to ,god4 ,a long li/ c\ld be nam$ ( believ+ a/ronom]s ( great a*ievem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,roman a/ronom] ,respighi 7di$ #ahhi71 a resolute ,ca?olic4 ,& ,lamont1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,muni*1 ^: ,ca?olic or?odoxy 0 g5]ally kn[n4 ,heis 7di$ #ahgg7 likewise 0 a zeal\s ,ca?olic3 :5 he _h f9i%$ 8 map ( ! sky1 aft] #bg ye>s ( h>d "w1 he s5t "o ( ! fir/ copies to ,pius ,,ix4 ,! a/ronom]s ,bessel & ,olb]s speak 9 _! lett]s ( ,god1 ( ! h]eaft] & ,provid5ce1 9 a way t has no?+ 9 common ) mat]ialism4 ,sec*i 0 n ! only prie/ & monk among ! a/ronom]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! v fir/ day ( ! c5tury 0 made notable by ! a/ronomical a*ievem5t ( a monk4 ,joseph ,piazzi1 a memb] ( ! ,!at9e ord] 7di$ #ahbf71 discov]$ on t day ! fir/ a/]oid1 ,c]es4 ,! great ma!matician ,gauss nam$ 8 fir/ born son ,joseph1 9 ,piazzi's honor4 ,x is1 inde$1 a rem>kable fact1 te/ify+ /rongly aga9/ ! incompatibility ( natural sci5ce & fai?1 t j ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 ! prom95t repres5tatives ( religion & fai?1 h contribut$ a l>ge cont+5t to ! numb] ( natural sci5ti/s4 ,pogg5dorf's ,biographical ,diction>y ( ! ,exact ,sci5ces conta9s1 d[n to #ahfc1 accord+ to preface & recapitulation1 ! names & biographical sket*es ( #h1hdg natural sci5ti/s4 ,( ^!1 #hfb are ,ca?olic prie/s1 am\nt+ to #i4h p] c5t4 ,to appreciate ^! #aj p] c5t x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t mo/ ( !m 7 n connect$ ) natural sci5ce by _! position1 b only ?r\gh _! p]sonal int]e/1 & mo/ ( !m 7 engag$ 9 o!r duties4 ,ma!matics1 al?\gh n natural sci5ce prop]1 is insep>ably connect$ ) x4 ,= ?is reason we may ext5d our consid]ation to ma!maticians4 ,we only po9t to ! ?ree greate/1 ,eul]1 ,gauss1 & ,cau*y1 & all ?ree 7 religi\s m54 ,eul] 7di$ #aghc at ,pet]sburg7 has no pe] 9 ! rec5t hi/ory ( sci5ce 9 prolific activity3 t5 times he 0 aw>d$ ! prize by ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,cantor says ( him3 8,l mo/ great ma!maticians1 ,eul] 0 pr(\ndly religi\s1 ?\gh )\t bigotry4 ,he p]sonally conduct$ e ev5+ ! private devotions at 8 home1 & "o ( ! few polemical books he wrote 0 a def5ce ( revelation aga9/ ! objections ( free-?9k]s40 ,its publication at ,b]l9 9 #agdg1 9 close proximity ( ! c\rt ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 presuppos$ a c]ta9 moral c\rage4 ,9 ?is book he ref]s to ! difficulties f\nd 9 all sci5ces1 ev5 9 geometry1 add+3 8,by :at "r !n c ! free-?9k]s dem& ( u to reject at once ,holy ,writ 9 its entirety1 because ( "s difficulties :i* frequ5tly are n ev5 s important z ^? compla9$ ( 9 geometry80 ,gauss 7di$ #ahee7 is p]haps ! greate/ ma!matician ( all times4 ,x s\nds incr$ible1 yet x is well atte/$1 t z a *ild ( ?ree ye>s1 :5 9 ! work%op ( 8 fa!r1 a pla9 me*anic1 he 0 able to correct ! fa!r if he made a mi/ake 9 figur+ out ! wages paid to 8 j\rneym54 ,8 biograph]1 ,walt]%aus51 says ( him3 8,! conviction ( a p]sonal exi/5ce aft] dea?1 ! firm belief 9 an ultimate ,rul] ( ?+s1 9 an et]nal1 j1 all-wise & all-p[]ful ,god1 =m$ ! f\ndation ( 8 religi\s life1 :i*1 ) 8 unsurpass$ sci5tific rese>*es1 resolv$ itself into a p]fect h>mony40 ,cau*y 7di$ #aheg7 0 a man ( mo/ extraord9>y g5ius1 ^: creative g5ius knew h[ to discov] new pa?s ev]y:]e1 & almo/ at e weekly meet+ ( ! ,p>is ,academy ,cau*y _h some?+ new to (f]4 ,9 addition he 0 a dutiful ,ca?olic1 & a memb] ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,society4 ,:51 %ortly be=e ! ,febru>y revolution1 an onslaught ^u ! ,jesuit s*ools 0 made1 he def5d$ !m 9 two pamphlets4 ,"o ( !m conta9s ! foll[+ confession ( fai?3 8,i am a ,*ri/ian1 t is1 ,i believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,cop]nicus1 ,desc>tes1 ,newton1 ,f]mat1 ,leibnitz1 ,pascal1 ,grimaldi1 ,eul]1 ,guld91 ,boscovi*1 ,g]dil2 ) all great a/ronom]s1 all great physici/s1 all great ma!maticians ( pa/ c5turies4 ,i am also a ,ca?olic1 ) ! majority ( !m1 & if ask$ = my reasons1 ,i w\ld enum]ate !m readily4 ,by !m x w\ld be made cle> t my conviction is n ! result ( inh]it$ prejudices1 b ( pr(\nd inquiry4 ,i am a s9c]e ,ca?olic1 z ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 ,la ,bruyre1 ,bossuet1 ,b\rdal\e1 ,fnelon 71 & su* z 7 & /ill are a l>ge portion ( ! mo/ em95t m5 ( our times1 among !m ^? :o h a*iev$ mo/ 9 ! exact sci5ces1 9 philosophy & lit]ature1 & :o h mo/ prom95tly adorn$ our ,academy0 7,valson1 ,vie de ,cau*y1 ,i1 #agc74 ,:5 ne> dea?1 & told t ! prie/ w\ld br+ ! ,holy ,sacram5t1 he ord]$ ! f9e/ fl[]s ( 8 g>d5 us$ 9 ! reception ( ! ,"l4 ,we n[ come to ! physici/s4 ,to beg9 ) ! mo/ prom95t repres5tatives ( ! sci5ce ( optics1 :i* 0 develop$ especially dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury1 !re are to be nam$ *iefly ,fresnel1 ,frau5h(]1 ,fizeau1 ,f\cault4 ,a4 ,fresnel 7di$ #ahbg71 ! orig9ator ( ! mod]n !ory ( light1 clung to 8 conviction ( ! spirituality & immortality ( ! s\l4 ,frau5h(] 7di$ #ahbf7 %[$ himself to be a man ( ref9em5t & ( k9dness1 :i* only occasionally 0 di/urb$ by natural irritability3 he 0 mu* devot$ to 8 religion1 s t ev5 8 gue/s :ile at 8 h\se _h to obs]ve ! ab/95ce prescrib$ by ! ,*ur*2 ?is 0 q significant1 consid]+ ! indiff]5ce ( 8 times 9 ?is respect4 ,fizeau 7di$ #ahif71 too1 0 a /aun* ,ca?olic1 :o fe>lessly te/ifi$ to 8 belief1 ev5 be=e ! ,p>is ,academy4 ,?\gh 8 "w 0 ( ! fir/ rank1 ,france's *ief m>ks ( hon\r pass$ him by1 & little notice 0 ev5 giv5 to 8 dea?4 ,a significant fact4 8,^! circum/ances10 s writes ,knell]1 8induc$ u to inquire = p>ticul>s2 & ?r\gh ! s]vices ( fri5ds we obta9$ in=mation 9 ,p>is f mo/ reliable s\rce t ,fizeau 0 a fai?ful ,*ri/ian1 :o fulfill$ 8 religi\s duties4 ,= ?is v reason 8 "n _h be5 /rick51 at ! ,c5t5>y ( ! ,academy1 f ! li/ ( c&idates = ! cross ( ! legion ( honor1 not)/&+ ! fact t1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 sci5tific a*ievem5t1 he %\ld long h be5 ,comm&] & ev5 ,gr& ,(fic] ( ?is ord]40 ,cornu 0 ! only "o to prote/ aga9/ ?is slight4 ,f\cault 7di$ #ahfh7 _h1 9 ! "t ( 8 re/less sci5tific "w1 tak5 an unsympa!tic attitude t[>ds ! ,ca?olic religion4 ,9 8 la/ illness he return$1 /ep by /ep1 to 8 ,creator & ,r$eem]1 9 :om he f\nd 8 com=t1 & he brea!d 8 la/ 9 peace ) ,god & ! ,*ur*4 ,f\cault's great c\ntryman1 ,ampre 7di$ #ahcf71 ! celebrat$ inve/igator 9 ! fields ( electricity1 0 also e/rang$ f ! ,*ri/ian religion1 b1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh tortur+ d\bts1 he rega9$ undi/urb$ possession ( 8 ,ca?olic fai?1 & 0 a pi\s ,*ri/ian at ! "t ( 8 brilliant discov]ies4 ,he _h frequ5t int]c\rse ) ,a4 ,f4 ,ozanam1 & ! discussion almo/ )\t exception turn$ to ,god4 ,!n ,ampre w\ld cov] 8 =ehead ) 8 h&s1 exclaim+3 8,h[ great ,god is6 ,ozanam6 h[ great ,god is1 & our k is z no?+40 8,?is v5]able head10 ,ozanam relates ( 8 fri5d1 8cov]$ ) hon\rs & full ( k1 b[$ d[n be=e ! my/]ies ( ! fai?2 he knelt at ! same alt>s :]e be=e him ,desc>tes & ,pascal wor%ipp$ humbly1 beside ! poor wid[ & ! small *ild1 :o p]haps 7 less humble ?an he0 7,a4 ,f4 ,ozanam1 ,oeuvres ,compltes1 ,x1 #cg1 & ,,viii1 #hi74 ,z he 0 dy+1 & ,m4 ,des*amps1 director ( ! college ( ,m>seille1 began to read al\d "s passages f ! 8,imitation ( ,*ri/10 ! dy+ man rem>k$ t he knew ! book by he>t4 ,ano!r great discov]] 9 ! doma9 ( electricity1 :o _h prec$$ ,ampre1 0 ,volta 7di$ #ahbg74 ,l 8 great fell[ c\ntryman1 ,galvani 7di$ #agih71 :o did n disda9 to be a memb] ( ! ?ird ord] ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,volta 0 a /aun* ,ca?olic2 e day he recit$ ! ros>y4 ,at ,como1 8 home1 he 0 daily se5 to g to holy ,mass &1 on holidays1 to ! ,sacram5ts4 ,^? :o pass$ 8 h\se on ,saturdays saw a small lamp burn+ be=e ! picture ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y ov] 8 door4 ,if ! s]vant =got to light ! lamp1 ,volta did x himself4 ,on ,fea/ days1 :5 visit+ ! p>i% *ur*1 ! great electrician c\ld be se5 among ! *ildr51 expla9+ ! cate*ism to !m4 ,a fri5d ( ,volta1 ! ,canon ,giacomo ,cic]i1 once 0 endeavor+ to conv]t a dy+ man1 :o1 h[ev]1 refus$ to he> him1 on ! gr\nd t :]eas religion might be good = ! common p1 sci5ti/s did n ne$ x1 & he reckon$ himself among !m4 ,cic]i !reupon rem9d$ him ( ,volta4 ,?is made an impression ^u ! dy+ man1 :o decl>$ t if ,volta be s]i\sly religi\s1 & n only z a matt] ( conv5tion1 he w\ld cons5t to receive ! ,sacram5ts4 ,! ,canon !n reque/$ ,volta to write a few l9es4 ,volta repli$ z foll[s3 8,i d n und]/& h[ anybody c d\bt my s9c]ity & con/ancy 9 ! religion :i* ,i pr(ess1 & :i* is t ( ,ca?olic1 ,apo/olic1 ,roman ,*ur*1 :]e9 ,i 0 born & rais$1 & :i* ,i h pr(ess$ all my life1 inw>dly & outw>dly4444 ,%\ld any misdemeanor on my "p h prompt$ any "o to suspect me ( unbelief1 !n ,i w decl>e1 = ! purpose ( mak+ rep>ation 444 t ,i always h believ$ ?is ,holy ,ca?olic religion to be ! only true & infallible "o1 & t ,i /ill ?9k s1 & ,i ?ank our de> ,"l incessantly = hav+ giv5 me ?is belief1 9 :i* to live & to die is my resolution1 9 ! firm hope ( ga9+ ! et]nal life4 ,x is true1 ,i ackn[l$ge ?is belief to be a gift ( ,god1 a sup]natural belief2 yet1 ,i h n neglect$ human means to =tify myself 9 ?is belief1 & to drive away all d\bts t may arise to tempt me4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i h /udi$ ! fai? dilig5tly 9 its f\ndations1 by read+ apologetic & controv]sial writ+s1 weigh+ ! reasons = & aga9/2 a way1 :i* supplies ! /ronge/ pro(1 & makes x mo/ cr$ible = ! human reason to su* a degree1 t any noble m9d1 n p]v]t$ by s9s & passions1 _c help embrac+ & lov+ x4 ,i wi% ?is pr(ession1 = :i* ,i 0 ask$ & :i* ,i will+ly make1 writt5 & sign$ by my own h&1 to be %[n at w to any "o1 because ,i am n a%am$ ( ! ,gospel4 ,may my writ+ be> good fruit4 ,alex&] ,volta4 ,,milan1 ,janu>y #f?1 #ahae4 7,c4 ,gr&i1 ,aless&ro ,volta1 #ahii1 #ege470 ,he :o1 = ! fir/ "t1 is made aw>e ( ! religi\s confession ( ! greate/ natural sci5ti/s may p]haps be a/oni%$4 ,hi!rto1 he _h he>d little ( ! ,*ri/ian m9d ( ^! m51 b a great deal ab\t _! alleg$ indiff]5ce = religion1 & ab\t _! mat]ialism & a!ism4 ,n[1 sudd5ly1 he sees a l>ge numb] ( !m to be ! enemies ( a!ism1 _m1 inde$1 to be zeal\s ,*ri/ians4 ,?is is due to ! biograph]s3 !y dwell l>gely on ! sci5tific a*ievem5t ( a man1 likewise on 8 human qualities1 b 8 religion is (t5 n m5tion$ at all4 ,:51 9 #ahhh1 a monum5t 0 erect$ to ,ampre 9 8 native city1 ,lyons1 n a ^w 9 ! spee*es ref]r$ to ! fact t he 0 a fai?ful ,ca?olic4 ,nay1 m2 on "o ( ! books se5 on 8 monum5t is *isell$ 9 bold lett]s ! ^w 8,encyclopdie40 ,^? unaw>e ( ! facts w\ld inf] t ,ampre _h be5 "o ( ! ,encyclopdi/s4 ,8 actual relation to ?is infam\s "w 0 t he _h read x 9 8 y\?1 b abhorr$ x 9 8 lat] age4 ,! ,engli% physici/1 ,f>aday 7di$ #ahfg71 accord+ to ,tyndall & ,du ,bois-,reymond ! greate/ exp]im5ti/ ( all times1 01 l ,volta & ,ampre1 ( religi\s m9d4 ,9 a lett] to a lady he wrote3 8,i belong to a small & despis$ ,*ri/ian sect1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,s&emanians4 ,our hope is bas$ ^u ! belief :i* is 9 ,*ri/40 ,9 #ahdg1 he conclud$ 8 lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution ) ! foll[+ words3 8,9 tea*+ u ^? ?+s1 our sci5ce %\ld prompt u to ?9k ( ,him ^: works !y are40 ,at a lat] lecture1 he decl>$3 8,i h nev] enc\nt]$ any?+ to cause a contradiction betwe5 ?+s )9 ! scope ( man1 & ! high] ?+s1 relat+ to 8 future & unconceivable to 7unaid$7 human m9d0 7,jones1 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday74 ,( ! same b5t ( m9d 0 ,f>aday's fell[ c\ntryman1 ,maxwell 7di$ #ahgi71 kn[n to e "o :o has /udi$ ! developm5t ( ! !ories ( electricity4 ,?is +5i\s !oretician ( electrics1 pr(essor ( exp]im5tal physics at ,cambridge1 0 deeply religi\s4 ,e ev5+ he l$ 9 ! family pray]2 he regul>ly att5d$ div9e s]vice1 & p>took ( ! mon?ly communion ( 8 d5om9ation4 ,^? m intimately acqua9t$ ) ,maxwell agree1 t he 0 "o ( ! wor?ie/ m5 !y ev] met4 ,no?+ c\ld bett] illu/rate 8 religi\s s5tim5t ?an ! spl5did pray] f\nd among 8 po/hum\s pap]s3 8,almighty ,god1 ,?\ :o ha/ creat$ man aft] ,?y image & ha/ giv5 him a liv+ s\l1 t he %\ld se>* ,!e & rule ov] ,?y creatures1 tea* u to /udy ! works by ,?y h&s t we may subject ! e>? = our use1 & /r5g!n our reason = ,?y s]vice1 & let u receive ,?y holy ^w ?us1 t we may believe 9 ,him :om ,?\ ha/ s5t u to give u ! k ( salvation & ! =giv+ ( our s9s1 all ( :i* we pray = 9 ! "n ( ! same ,jesus ,*ri/1 our ,"l0 7,campbell-,g>nett1 ,! ,life ( ,j4 ,c4 ,maxwell74 ,maxwell's dev\t m9d is especially significant "h1 because1 l ,ampre & ,volta1 he occupi$ himself mu* ) philosophical & !ological que/ions4 ,e ,sunday ^u return f *ur* he is said to h buri$ himself 9 8 !ological books4 ,_m o!rs might be m5tion$ ( ,engli% physici/s ( ! pa/ c5tury1 :o comb9$ religi\s belief ) great k4 ,! peculi> trait ( ! ,engli% "* to respect & pres]ve ) piety ! inh]it$ in/itutions ( ! pa/1 z aga9/ radicalism & ! craze = innovation1 manife/s itself also 9 ! abs5ce ( ! immature & frivol\s juggl+ ) ! great tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian pa/1 n infrequ5tly met ) else:]e4 ,let u m5tion b "o m ( ,engl&'s great m5 :o h di$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aijg1 ! pap]s report$ ! dea? ( ,william ,?omson1 latt]ly bett] kn[n z ,"l ,kelv94 ,he liv$ to ! age ( #hc ye>s1 up to 8 dea? incessantly busy ) sci5tific "w4 ,z e>ly z #ahee1 ,helmholtz describ$ him z 8"o ( ! =emo/ ma!matical physici/s ( ,europe47#g70 ,! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ce express$ high praise & admiration 9 its address felicitat+ ,?omson on 8 ,gold5 ,jubilee4 ,und\bt$ly1 he m]it$ ?is admiration also by /\tly def5d+ f ! viewpo9t ( sci5ce ! necessity ( a ,div9e ,creator4 8,we d n "k10 he wrote1 8at :at mom5t a creation ( matt] or ( en]gy fix$ a beg9n+ beyond :i* no speculation bas$ on me*anical laws is able to lead u4 ,9 exact me*anics1 if we 7 ev] incl9$ to =get ?is b>ri]1 we necess>ily w\ld be rem9d$ ( x by ! consid]ation t reason+1 re/+ exclusively ^u ! law ( me*anics1 po9ts to a "t :5 ! e>? mu/ h be5 un9habit$1 & x also tea*es u t our own bodies1 l ^? ( all liv+ plants & animals1 & fossils1 are organiz$ =ms ( matt] = :i* sci5ce c give no o!r explanation ?an ! w ( a ,creator1 a tru?1 9 support ( :i* geological hi/ory (f]s ri* evid5ce0 7,on ,me*anical ,antec$5t ( ,motion1 ,heat & ,light1 #ahhd74 8,! only contribution ( dynamics to !oretical biology consi/s 9 ! absolute negation ( an automatic beg9n+ & automatic cont9uance ( life0 7,addresses & ,spee*es74 ,on ,may #a1 #aijb1 ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,h5sl[1 accord+ to ! ,london ,times1 spoke at ,univ]sity ,college1 be=e a big audi5ce ) ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity z *airman1 on ! subject 8,! ,rationalism ( ,to-day1 an ,exam9ation ( ,d>w9ism40 ,on conclusion ( ! spee* ! v5]able octog5>ian1 ,"l ,kelv91 arose & propos$ a resolution ( ?anks to ! speak]4 ,:ile fully subscrib+ to ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,pr(4 ,h5sl['s lecture1 ,"l ,kelv9 said1 he c\ld n ass5t to ! proposition t natural sci5ce nei!r affirms nor d5ies ! orig9 ( life by a creative =ce4 ,he /at$ t natural sci5ce does1 positively1 ass]t a creative =ce4 ,sci5ce =ces e "o to recognize a miracle )9 himself4 ,t we are liv+1 & mov+1 & exi/+1 is n due to dead matt]1 b to a creat+ & direct+ =ce1 & sci5ce =ces u to accept ?is assumption z a t5et ( fai?4 ,"l ,kelv9 subsequ5tly amplifi$ ^! rem>ks 9 an article t appe>$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ( ,june1 #aijc4 ,x concludes ) ! admonition1 n to be afraid to ?9k indep5d5tly4 8,if y reason %>ply1 y w be =c$ by sci5ce to believe 9 ,god1 :o is ! basis ( all religion4 ,y w f9d sci5ce to be1 n an oppon5t ( religion1 b a support0 7,times1 ,may #h & #ae1 #aijc74 ,su* 7 ! views ( ^? to :om1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! e/abli%m5t ( natural sci5ce & its progress are due4 ,x is n sci5ce & /rong reason+ t lead away f ,god1 b ! lack ( true sci5ce4 ,bacon said3 ,leviores gu/us 9 philosophia mov]e =tasse animum ad a!ismum1 s$ pl5iores hau/us ad ,deum r$uc]e4 ,ano!r ?+ mu/ be obs]v$4 ,among ^? e>ne/ m51 e>ne/ 9 ! inve/igation ( nature1 & e>ne/ 9 ! consid]ation ( que/ions ( a sup]natural life1 !re are _m :o made ! religi\s "q ! subject ( mature /udy1 & :o 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! objections aga9/ religion & ,*ri/ianity4 ,b !y cl+ to _! religi\s p]suasion only ! m firmly4 ,we may be rem9d$ ( m5 l ,volta1 ,cau*y1 ,ampre1 & ,maxwell4 ,to speak ( au?orities1 :at comp>ison is !re betwe5 ^! great sci5ti/s & discov]]s1 & ^? :o are satisfi$ ) ! g5]al assurance t 8any "o :o has grasp$ ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ces mu/ become a moni/10 & 8t ! sup]natural exi/s only 9 ! bra9 ( ! vision>y & ignorant10 t1 89 ! same measure 9 :i* ! victori\s progress ( mod]n k ( nature surpasses ! sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( =m] c5turies1 ! unt5abl5ess ( all my/ical views ( life t t5d to h>ness ! reason 9 ! yoke ( s-call$ revelation has be5 made cle>0 7,haeckel71 & :o 9 su* assurance f9d p]fect intellectual gratification4 ,!y recall an incid5t at ! ,congress ( ,engli% natural sci5ti/s1 held at ,belfa/ 9 #ahgd1 :5 ,tyndall deliv]$ f ! plat=m a mat]iali/ic lecture1 & among ! audi5ce sat ,maxwell1 8 sup]ior 9 sci5tific rese>*1 :o put d[n ! lecture 9 dogg]el rhyme1 9 a humor\s ve91 ( c\rse1 b n )\t des]v$ s>casm4 ,we proce$ on our way1 try+ to make ha/e1 & omitt+ _m names t might be m5tion$1 limit+ ourselves to ! mo/ prom95t ones4 ,among ! *emi/s we "n ,lavoisi]4 ,a m>tyr to 8 sci5ce1 he di$ "u ! guillot9e ( ! ,revolution 9 #agid2 he _h rema9$ true to 8 ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! ,sw$e1 ,j4 ,b]zelius 7di$ #ahdh71 op5ly pr(ess$ 8 belief 9 ,god4 ,?n>d 7di$ #ahei71 ! discov]] ( boron1 ( a blue dye nam$ aft] him1 & ( _m o!r *emicals1 0 a /aun* ,ca?olic4 ,! pa/or ( ,/4 ,sulpice c\ld te/ify at 8 fun]al z foll[s3 8,he att5d$ *ur* e ,sunday1 eyes & he>t fix$ on 8 pray]-book1 & on solemn ,fea/ days he receiv$ ,holy ,communion4444 ,) ,b>on ,?n>d "o ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( my poor p is gone0 7,knell]74 ,dumas 7di$ #ahhd71 :o is e/eem$ by 8 pupil ,pa/eur z ! pe] ( ,lavoisi]1 0 also a practical ,ca?olic1 z 0 8 compatriot ,*evreul 7di$ #ahhi74 ,?is great man _h ! r>e good =tune to be pres5t at 8 own c5t5>y 9 #ahhf4 ,at ?is great celebration he receiv$ an address by ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 /at+ t 8 "n _h a prom95t place on ! li/ ( ! great sci5ti/s :o _h c>ri$ ! sci5tific repute ( ,france to all qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,:51 9 view ( ! mundane "* ( ! celebration1 ! lib]al press endeav\r$ to rank him among ! repres5tatives ( unbeliev+ sci5ce1 & ?is "q be+ discuss$ 9 public1 ,*evreul felt himself con/ra9$ to proclaim 8 religi\s p]suasion op5ly 9 a lett] to ,c\nt de ,montravel1 9 :i* he said3 8,i am simply a sci5ti/1 b ^? :o "k me1 "k also t ,i 0 born a ,ca?olic1 t ,i lead a ,ca?olic life1 & t ,i want to die a ,ca?olic0 7,civilta ,cattolica1 #ahia1 #bib74 ,two ,g]mans may conclude ! li/ ( *emi/s1 ,s*o5be9 7di$ #ahfh7 & ,j4 ,liebig 7di$ #ahgc74 ,9 8 di>y1 8,m5s*5 und ,d+e10 #ahhe 7page #bi71 ,s*o5be9 writes3 8,!re are /ill p :o fancy 9 _! limit$ m9d t1 ! deep] ! human intellect p5etrates ! secrets ( nature1 ! m ext5sive its k1 ! wid] its conception ( ! ext]ior _w1 ! m x mu/ =get ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,_m h gone ev5 s f> z to ass]t t natural sci5ce mu/ lead to ! d5ial ( ,god4 ,?is view is )\t all f\ndation4 ,he1 :o contemplates ) op5 eyes1 daily & h\rly1 ! do+s & work+s ( nature1 w n only believe1 b w actually p]ceive1 & be firmly conv9c$1 t !re is n ! smalle/ place 9 space :]e ! div9e does n reveal itself 9 ! mo/ magnific5t & admirable way40 ,& 9 a simil> /ra9 ,liebig writes3 8,inde$1 ! greatness & inf9ite wisdom ( ! ,creator ( ! _w c be realiz$ only by him :o endeav\rs to und]/& ,8 ideas z laid d[n 9 t imm5se book1--nature1 9 comp>ison to :i* ev]y?+ t m5 o!rwise "k & tell ( ,him1 appe>s l empty talk0 7,die ,*emie 9 ihr] ,anw5dung74 ,n[ let u turn to ! geograph]s4 ,we m]ely m5tion ,ritt] 7di$ #ahei71 ! man :o rais$ geography to ! dignity ( a sci5ce2 he 0 a fai?ful ,prote/ant1 :ile biass$ aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 a ,ca?olic hi/orian1 ,j4 ,janss51 has sket*$ 8 life1 9 :i* we read3 8,firm 9 8 belief 9 ! liv+ ,god1 & 9 ! ,inc>nate ,son ( ,god1 ,8 ,r$eem]1 he furni%es a cle> & conv9c+ pro( t ?is fai?1 f> f be+ a contradiction to natural sci5ce 444 alone enables man to acquire an ext5sive & deep k ( nature40 ,we give only pass+ notice to ! f\nd] ( sci5tific cry/allography1 ,r4 ,hauy 7di$ #ahbb71 :o 0 a dutiful ,ca?olic prie/4 ,! geologi/s n[ w get a he>+4 ,among !m we meet1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! not$ geologi/ & zologi/1 ,cuvi] 7di$ #ahcb71 a fai?ful ,prote/ant3 also ! =emo/ ,fr5* geologi/ ( 8 "t1 ,l4 ,de ,beaumont 7di$ #ahgd71 8a ,*ri/ian 9 all ?+s & a /eadfa/ ,*ri/ian 444 :i* he rema9$ ?r\gh 8 :ole life20 s ,dumas te/ifies ( him 9 8 obitu>y 7,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahgd74 ,!n !re is ,j4 ,b>r&e1 ! untir+ explor] ( ! ant$iluvian /rata ( ,bohemia4 ,he came 9 #ahcj to ,bohemia ) ! bani%$ royal family1 z ,*ambord's tea*]1 & di$ #ahhc at ,frohsdorf ne> ,vi5na4 ,he 0 a pi\s ,ca?olic4 ,! volumes ( 8 works are ne>ly all dat$ on ,ca?olic fea/s4 ,! rec5tly deceas$ ,fr5* geologi/1 ,a4 ,de ,lapp>5t1 0 a practical ,ca?olic1 & su* 7 ! two ,belgian geologi/s1 ,j4 d',omalius 7di$ #ahge71 & ,a4 ,dumont 7di$ #aheg71 to bo? ( :om ,belgium owes its geological exploration4 ,! ,engli% geologi/s1 ,buckl& 7di$ #ahef71 ,hit*cock 7di$ #ahfd71 & ,a4 ,s$gwick 7di$ #ahgb71 7 m9i/]s ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,j4 ,dwight ,dana 7di$ #ahie71 ! =emo/ geologi/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 beg9s 8 celebrat$ text-book ( geology ) a homage to 8 ,creator1 & concludes x by pay+ tribute to ,holy ,writ4 ,w4 ,dawson 7di$ #ahii7 ! wor?y geological explor] ( 8 native l&1 ,canada1 publi%$ sev]al apologetic diss]tations on ! ,bible & ,nature4 ,a k9dr$ s5tim5t animat$ ! ,g]man sci5ti/s1 ,bis*( 7di$ #ahgj71 ,qu5/$t 7di$ #ahih71 ! geologi/ ( ,suabia ,pfaff 7di$ #ahhf71 ,s*afhutl 7di$ #ahij71 & ! equally pi\s z le>n$ ,swiss geologi/ ,o4 ,he] 7di$ #ahhc74 ,!y all h mu* to say ab\t ! greatness ( _! ,creator1 b n a ^w ( any insolvable contradictions betwe5 ! ,bible & geologic rese>*4 ,z a la/ division ( an impos+ phalanx1 !re are n[ ! biologi/s & physiologi/s4 ,mod]n biology1 z ! sci5ce ( life1 has 9 ! eyes ( _m accompli%$ ! bold de$ ( demon/rat+ ! sup]fluity ( a s\l di/9ct f matt]4 ,claim is made t x has suffici5tly expla9$ ! s5sitive & m5tal life by ! sole ag5cy ( physical & *emical =ces1 & ?us to h remov$ ! b\nd>y betwe5 live & dead matt]4 ,x is said1 fur!r1 t biology 9 conjunction ) zology & botany has furni%$ pro( t ! wond]ful organic =ms ( life may be expla9$ by purely natural causes1 )\t hav+ to assume z an ultimate cause ! act ( a high] intellig5ce2 t a nev] ceas+ evolution is ! sole ultimate cause1--creation is made sup]flu\s by evolution4 ,biology is ?us claim$ to h refut$ ! old dualism ( s\l & matt]1 ( _w & ,god1 & to h aw>d$ ! palm to monism4 ,are ! em95t repres5tatives ( ?is sci5ce really ! mat]iali/s & moni/s !y w\ld h to be1 if all ?is 7 true8 ,! =emo/ physiologi/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ,j4 ,mll] 7di$ #aheh71 buri$ 9 ! ,ca?olic cemet]y at ,b]l94 ,he 0 a decid$ oppon5t ( mat]ialism2 he n only cont5d$ = ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual s\l1 b also = an immat]ial vital =ce 9 plants4 ,?4 ,s*wann 7di$ #ahhb7 is ! f\nd] ( ! cellul> !ory4 ,9 ! ye> #ahci he accept$ a call to take ! *air ( anatomy at ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t physiologi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ,a4 ,volkmann 7di$ #ahgg74 ,he 0 a /\t *ampion ( ! spirituality & immortality ( ! s\l1 ( purposive cause 9 animat$ be+s1 & an oppon5t ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,g4 ,j4 ,m5del 7di$ #ahhd7 became by 8 "w on ,exp]im5t+ ) ,hybrid ,plants ! pione] ( ! mod]n !ory ( h]$it>y transmission1 adopt$ by mod]n biology2 & sci5ti/s l ,h4 de ,vries1 ,corr5s1 ,ts*]mak1 & ,bateson foll[$ 8 lead4 8,8 important laws ( h]$it>y transmission are ! be/ s f> (f]$ by ! rese>* 9 ?is field0 7,muck]mann1 ,grundriss d] ,biologie74 ,he 0 a ,ca?olic prie/1 & ! abbot ( ! ,augu/9ian ,mona/]y at ,old-,brnn4 ,k>l von ,vi]ordt 7di$ #ahhd7 is well kn[n by 8 8,manual ( ,physiology10 /ill 9 dem& z a ref]5ce book 9 ! libr>ies ( univ]sities4 ,9 #ahfe he deliv]$ a spee* at ! ,tb+5 ,univ]sity on ! unity ( sci5ce1 conclud+ ) ?is appeal to ! /ud5ts3 8,until y\r religi\s notions become cle> by a mature insight1 tru/ 9 ! well-meant assurance t ! belief 9 ! div9ity ( ! religion ( ,jesus has n be5 put falsely into y\r he>t4 ,true piety is equally remote f n>r[ pietism z f free?9k+ indiff]5ce2 x leaves to reason its full rights1 b x also assures to u ! faculty to be aw>e1 9 joyful confid5ce 9 ,almighty ,provid5ce1 ( an immat]ial & = u et]nal de/9y40 ,*4 ,ehr5b]g 7di$ #ahgf7 is ! explor] ( ! _w ( little ?+s3 ( infusoria & protozoa4 ,he did n c\nt5ance ,haeckel's mat]ialism nor ,d>w9's d5ial ( teleology3 to him !y 7 fanta/ic !ories & romances4 ,a fri5d ( 81 & ( ! same m9d1 0 ,k4 von ,m>tius1 :o admir$ ,god's wisdom 9 ! wond]s ( ! _w ( vegetation4 ,long be=e 8 dea? he ord]$ 8 burial dress to be made ( :ite clo? embroid]$ ) a gre5 cross1--8a cross because ,i am a ,*ri/ian1 & gre5 9 hon\r ( botany40 ,ano!r r5[n$ "n may be m5tion$1 t ( ! ,au/rian anatomi/ ,j4 ,hyrtl 7di$ #ahid74 ,9 ! ye>s :5 mat]ialism 0 fl\ri%+1 ,hyrtl 0 pa9fully griev$ to see sci5ce fall into disrepute ?r\gh ! fault ( individuals4 ,he gave v5t to 8 indignation on ! occasion ( ! fif? c5t5>y ( ! ,vi5na ,univ]sity 7#ahfd71 :51 hav+ be5 elect$ ,rector1 & be+ consid]$ ! greate/ celebrity at t college1 he deliv]$ 8 inaugural spee* on ! mat]iali/ic t5d5cy ( our times4 ,summ+ up he said3 8,i am at a loss h[ to expla9 :at sci5tific gr\nds !re are to def5d & =tify a revival ( ! old mat]iali/ic views ( an ,epicurus & a ,lucretius1 & to endeav\r to insure to x a p]man5t rule4444 ,its success is due to ! boldness ( its ass]tion & to ! prevail+ _s ( ! "t1 :i* popul>izes tea*+s ( ?is sort ! m will+ly1 ! m dang] !y seem to entail = ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s40 ,x 0 ! same prote/ made "s ye>s lat] by ano!r fam\s sci5ti/ aga9/ 8! dang]\s op9ion t !re 7 dogmas ( natural sci5ce 9 inimical opposition to ! highe/ ideals ( ! human m9d40 ,he /at$ t 8x w\ld be a desirable rew>d = ! ef=ts ( our =emo/ naturali/s to erect ) ! aid ( an?ropology a b>ri] to ?is error :i* is s demoraliz+ = ! p0 7,j4 ,ranke1 ,d] ,m5s*1 #ahid74 ,hyrtl's spee* at once ar\s$ a /orm ( indignation 9 ! lib]al press ( ,vi5na1 & ! great sci5ti/1 until !n hon\r$ & extoll$1 became ! object ( d5unciation & sne]4 ,?us 0 ! fre$om ( sci5ce und]/ood 9 ^? circles4 ,haeckel 0 mu* vex$ by two fell[ sci5ti/s1 ,m4 von ,ba] 7di$ #ahgf7 & ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes 7di$ #ahid74 ,ba] 0 prom95t 9 ! sci5ce ( evolution4 ,he 0 l$ to !ism by 8 /udies4 ,romanes1 a fri5d ( ,d>w91 _h be5 an adh]5t ( mat]ialism1 b ?r\gh s]i\s /udy he return$ to ! belief 9 ,god & ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 po/hum\s "w1 8,?\ghts on ,religion1 a sci5ti/'s religi\s evolution f ,a!ism to ,*ri/ianity10 furni%es a brilliant v\*] !re(4 ,romanes's conv]sion 0 a sad bl[ = ,haeckel4 ,h[ev]1 he con/ruct$ an explanation to give himself com=t4 8,:5 ! news ( ?is conv]sion10 he wrote1 80 fir/ circulat$ by a fri5d ( ,romanes1 a zeal\s ,engli% ,*ur*man1 ! assumption sugge/$ itself to me t x 0 all a my/ification & inv5tion1 = x is kn[n t ! fanatical *ampions ( ecclesia/ical sup]/ition h nev] hesitat$ to p]v]t ! tru? to save _! dogma4 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 x 0 f\nd t x 0 really an in/ance 7analog\s to ! case ( old ,ba]7 ( "o ( ^? int]e/+ psy*ological metamorphoses ) :i* ,i h dealt 9 ,*apt] #f ( my book4 ,romanes 0 9 8 la/ ye>s a sick man4 ,x 0 pa?ological debility4 ,! fir/ condition1 h[ev]1 ( an unbiass$1 pure conception ( reason is ! normal condition ( its organ4 ,8 phronema 0 n 9 a normal condition40 ,haeckel w h to rank among ^? ^: phronema is n 9 a normal condition a good _m o!r natural sci5ti/s2 inde$1 mo/ ( ^? ( high] /&+4 ,e "o kn[s ! celebrat$ "n ( ,l\is ,pa/eur 7di$ #ahie71 ! discov]] ( v>i\s bact]ia1 ( :om ,huxley says t 8 manifold inv5tions h repaid to ,fr5* indu/ry ! five billion francs indemnity :i* ,france _h to pay to ,g]many aft] ! w>4 ,x is equally well kn[n t ,pa/eur 0 to 8 dea? a /aun* ,ca?olic4 8,z 8 s\l dep>t$1 he held 9 8 h&s a small cross ( brass1 & 8 la/ words 7 ! confession ( fai? & hope0 7,la ,sci5ce ,ca?olique1 ,x1 #ahif1 #ahb74 ,! /ory is told t "o ( 8 pupils ask$ him h[ he c\ld be s religi\s aft] all 8 ?9k+ & /udy+4 ,pa/eur repli$3 8,j because ,i h ?\ght & /udi$1 ,i rema9$ religi\s l a man ( ,brittany1 & _h ,i ?\ght & /udi$ /ill m1 ,i w\ld be z religi\s z a woman ( ,brittany0 7,revue des ,que/ions ,sci5tifiques1 #ahif1 #che74 ,9 ! ye> #ahei great commotion 0 caus$ 9 ! _w ( ?\ght by ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's book on ! 8,orig9 ( ,species40 ,x /at$ t ! v>i\s species _h gradually evolv$ f mo/ simple1 primordial =ms1 & ?is by natural selection2 n1 !re=e1 9 ! s5se t ! ,creator _h put ! laws ( evolution into nature1 b t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! survival ( ! fitte/ 0 ! result ( natural selection4 ,soon x 0 claim$ t man1 too1 9 8 rational life1 0 ! result ( an evolution f animal /ages2 inde$1 ! :ole univ]se _h aris5 by ! survival ( ! accid5tally fitte/4 ,evolution 0 to be sub/itut$ = creation4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,e4 ,haeckel 0 ! man :o consid]$ x ! task ( 8 life to spread ^? ideas z ! e/abli%$ result ( sci5ce4 ,9 our own "t a belat$ high tide is sweep+ ov] ! intellectual l[l&s4 ,d>w9 himself 0 an agno/ic2 to beg9 )1 he lack$ all religi\s tra9+2 8 "m _h di$ e>ly1 8 fa!r 0 a free-?9k]1 & 8 education at s*ool 0 rationali/ic4 ,! d\bt ( all high] tru?s1 & f9ally1 accord+ to 8 own confession1 ! d\bt respect+ ! p[] ( reason1 7 8 companions ?r\gh life4 ,yet he confesses3 8444 ,i nev] 0 an a!i/ 9 ! s5se t ,i w\ld d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,i ?9k1 9 g5]al 7& m s ! old] ,i gr[71 b n at all times1 agno/ic w\ld be a m accurate description ( my /ate ( m9d0 7,f4 ,d>w91 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,i1 #cjd74 ,rem>kable1 h[ev]1 is ! foll[+ passage at ! end ( ,d>w9's *ief "w3 8,x is a great belief1 inde$1 ( ! ,creator hav+ brea!d ! embryo ( all life surr\nd+ u into a few =ms1 or 9 b "o s+le =m1 & an endless r[ ( mo/ beautiful1 mo/ wond]ful =ms hav+ evolv$ & are /ill evolv+ f su* a simple beg9n+1 :ile our planet1 foll[+ ! laws ( gravitation1 has /eadily revolv$ 9 its circle40 ,:at ,d>w9 0 lack+ 9 a high degree 0 a philosophical tra9+ ( ! m9d4 ,9 itself ! !ory ( evolution1 :i* ass]ts ! v>iability ( species ( animals & plants1 is by no means oppos$ to religi\s tru?s4 ,x nei!r includes a necessity ( assum+ ! orig9 ( ! human s\l f ! ess5tially l[] animal s\l1 nor is x an a!i/ic !ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* an evolution w\ld mo/ cle>ly c]tify to ,god's wisdom 9 lay+ su* a wond]ful basis = ! progress ( nature1 provid$ ?is !ory c\ld be prov$ by sci5tific facts2 inde$1 = an evolution )9 n>r[ limits1 circum/antial evid5ce is n lack+4 ,t !re is no contradiction betwe5 ! !ory ( evolution & ! fundam5tal t5ets ( ,*ri/ian ,cre$ is suffici5tly %[n by ! repres5tatives ( ! !ory4 ,lam>ck 7di$ #ahbi7 & ,sa9t-,hilaire 7di$ #ahdd71 bo? ( !m repres5tatives ( ! !ory ( evolution long be=e ,d>w91 believ$ 9 ,god4 ,!re 71 prior to ,d>w91 two celebrat$ ,ca?olic sci5ti/s1 to wit1 ,ampre & d',omalius1 :o _h decid$ly tak5 ! "p ( ,sa9t-,hilaire 9 8 controv]sy ) ,cuvi]4 ,& also aft] ,d>w91 a numb] ( ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic sci5ti/s h cont5d$ = ! idea ( evolution1 z1 = in/ance1 ! pi\s ,swiss geologi/1 ,he]2 also ,qu5/$t1 ,volkmann1 & ! ,am]ican geologi/1 ,*4 ,lyell4 ,m rec5tly ,ca?olic sci5ti/s h express$ !mselves 9 fav\r ( ! !ory ( evolution2 = in/ance1 ! not$ zologi/1 ,e4 ,wasmann1 & ! geologi/s ,loss5 & ,w4 ,waag51 bo? ( :om _h to br+ bitt] sacrifices 9 _! c>e] on acc\nt ( _! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,mature ,sci5ce ,respects ,fai?4 ,!re h n[ pass$ 9 review ! great natural sci5ti/s ( ! pa/1 ^? liv+ at ! pres5t "t we %all leave to ! judgm5t ( ! future4 ,is x true1 !n1 t ! =emo/ repres5tatives ( natural sci5ce _h ! conviction t sci5ce & fai? are incompatible8 ,no6 ,on ! contr>y1 mo/ ( !m1 & ! greate/ ( !m1 h pr(ess$ ! fundam5tal tru?s ( religion1 or h ev5 be5 dev\t ,*ri/ians !mselves4 8,!ism 9 natural sci5ce1 or1 if y pref]1 9 natural philosophy10 s says a mod]n sci5ti/1 8re/s ^u ! basis ( a fundam5tal view :i* an old =mula has clo!d 9 words z simple z !y are sublime3 #8,i believe 9 ,god1 ! ,almighty ,creator ( ,heav5 & ( ,e>?4' ,?is confession does n cl+ to !i/ic sci5ti/s l an egg-%ell f ! "t ( unsophi/icat$ *ildhood fai?2 x is ! result ( _! entire sci5tific ?\ght & judgm5t4 ,?is conviction has be5 pr(ess$ by ! mo/ disc]n+ natural sci5ti/s ( all ages0 7,j4 ,re9ke1 ,naturwiss5s*aft und ,religion74 ,/ill x _c be d5i$ t "s ( ! great sci5ti/s 7 ( diff]5t m9d1 m5 l ,r4 von ,vir*[1 ,tyndall1 ,a4 von ,humboldt1 ,du ,bois-,reymond4 ,nor %all x be disput$ t1 at ! pres5t "t1 a l>ge numb] ( m5 ( av]age le>n+ are on ! side ( unbelief4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t unbelief is m frequ5tly pret5d$ to ! outside _w = appe>ance's sake ?an x really dwells 9 ! he>t4 ,?is is1 to a great ext5t1 due to human respect1 to public op9ion1 & ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( sci5ce4 ,!n aga91 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t religi\sly m9d$ sci5ti/s are (t5 cr[d$ out f ! s*ools ( sci5ce1 ) ! natural result t ! o!rs pr$om9ate4 ,ano!r po9t to be borne 9 m9d is t ! a!i/ic repres5tatives ( sci5ce are do+ m to get !mselves talk$ ab\t2 !y are seek+ m dilig5tly ! att5tion ( public op9ion4 ,m5 l ,tyndall1 ,vogt1 ,moles*ott1 ,haeckel1 are kn[n 9 l>g] circles ?an m5 l ,f>aday1 ,maxwell1 ,ampre1 ,volta1 ,pa/eur1 :o1 engag$ 9 s]i\s "w1 gave no "t to mak+ propag&a1 z ! o!rs did by lectur+ & popul> writ+ = mat]iali/ic & moni/ic views 9 ! "n ( sci5ce2 !y _h no desire = ! limelight ( att5tion1 & = pos+ z p]sonifi$ sci5ce4 ,all ?is does n *ange ! fact t a v l>ge numb]1 inde$ ! l>ge/ numb]1 ( natural sci5ti/s ( fir/ rank 7 believ]s 9 ,god1 or ( pi\s1 ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,& t is ( ! great] importance4 ,to d pione] "w 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 to give impetus1 to make progress1 requires a p5etrat+ &1 at ! same "t1 an indep5d5t m9d1 "o t c rise above conv5tional commonplace4 ,! fact t su* m5 h l>gely be5 v religi\s1 t !y nev] belittl$ religion1 weighs mu* m 9 ! balance ?an ! disp>agem5t ( inf]ior m9ds4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! (t5-cit$ witnesses = ! incompatibility ( sci5ce & fai?4 ,:ile only tak5 f ! prov9ce ( natural sci5ce1 !y may 9 our case be deem$ repres5tative ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,= natural sci5ce is g5]ally reg>d$ ! mo/ exact ( all1 & z ! "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 has ! sci5tific _s said to be incompatible ) fai?1 & :i*1 by _m1 is believ$ to h br\ght ab\t 9 ! mod]n _w ( ?\ght ! irreconcilable conflict betwe5 fai? & sci5ce4 ,?is is n s6 ,su* antagonism does n exi/4 ,x _c exi/1 because x is c]ta9 f ! outset t bo? fai? & sci5ce unfold ! tru?4 ,tru?1 h[ev]1 c nev] be 9 conflict ) tru?4 ,nor has t antagonism ev] exi/$ hi/orically 9 any ( ! great repres5tatives ( sci5ce4 ,?is antagonism is fictiti\s1 x is false 9 its v ess5ce4 ,x is fabricat$1 ei!r by di/ort+ fai? into a bl9d belief ( absurd ?+s1 or else by di/ort+ ! human faculty ( conception into infallible omnisci5ce1 or1 ! o!r extreme1 by d5y+ its faculty = a high] p]ception4 ,fai? has no?+ to fe> f a mature sci5ce t has arriv$ at ! conviction ( its cognitions1 nor has x any?+ to fe> f ! great intellects :o reason pr(\ndly & s]i\sly4 ,b x has to fe> mock-sci5ce & ignorance1 & ^? small & sup]ficial m9ds t aim at /ret*+ _! pseudo-k to a gigantic infallibility4 ,,?ird ,,section4 ,,! ,,lib]al ,,fre$om ,,( ,,rese>*4 ,! ,yoke ( ! ,sun4 ,! gift$ ,dani% writ] & conv]t1 ,j4 ,jrg5s51 tells a p>able :i* is pregnant ) ?\ght4 8,9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge rye-field10 he relates1 8!re /ood a tall popl>1 ) o!r trees /&+ ne>by4 ,"o day ! popl> turn$ to ! o!r trees & plants1 & ?us began to speak3 #8,si/]s & bro!rs6 ,to u1 ! glori\s tribe ( plants1 belongs ! e>?1 & ev]y?+ ^u x is dep5d5t on u4 ,we f]tilize & fe$ ourselves1 :ile bea/s & m5 are f$ & clo!d by u4 ,inde$1 ! e>? itself fe$s ^u our decay+ leaves1 ^u our b\ghs & bran*es4 ,!re is only "o p[] 9 ! _w our exi/5ce & gr[? is said to dep5d on2 ,i ref] to ! ,sun4 ,i purposely us$ ! words1 8is said10 because ,i am sure t we d n dep5d on ! ,sun4 ,?is doctr9e ( sunlight be+ a necessity & a b5efit to our plant life is no?+ b a sup]/ition1 :i* at la/ ought to give way to enlight5m5t4' ,"h ! popl> paus$4 ,f "s old oaks & elms 9 ! neighb\r+ grove !re came signs ( disapproval1 b ! incon/ant rye-field mutt]$ ass5t4 ,?us enc\rag$ & rais+ its voice ! popl> cont9u$3 #8,i "k well t !re is a mu/y faction among/ u :i* cl+s ob/9ately to obsolete views4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h confid5ce 9 ! indep5d5ce ( ! y\ng] g5]ation ( plants4 ,!y w realize ! bas5ess ( cont9u+ to d homage to an absurd sup]/ition4 ,our freeborn heads %all nev] b[ to a yoke1 n ev5 to ! yoke ( ! ,sun4 ,d[n1 !re=e1 ) t yoke6 ,& free f re/ra9t !re w arise a free & beautiful g5]ation t w a/oni% ! _w4' ,! popl> paus$ = ! second "t1 & n[ ! applause 0 long & l\d1 ! fields *e]$ & ! groves gave boi/]\s applause1 s t ! disapproval ( a few old trees c\ld n be he>d4 ,! foll[+ days look$ ^u an odd spectacle4 ,at daybreak1 :5 ! ,sun asc5d$ & ca/ its fir/ rays ov] ! l&scape1 ! fl[]s clos$ _! cups & d5i$ admission1 z if asleep2 ! leaves no long] turn$ t[>d ! ,sun4 ,b :5 ! disp5s] ( w>m? & light _h gone d[n beh9d ! hills1 ! gayly col\r$ fl[]s op5$ 9 ! dim />light1 z if n[ ! "t _h come = !m to gr[ & blossom4 8,alas1 h[ sad 0 ! fate ( ^! poor rebels6 ,! rye soon began to langui% till x lay prone on ! gr\nd2 gre5 leaves turn$ yell[1 ! fl[]s droop$1 fad$ & )]$4 ,!n ! plants began to grumble at ! popl>4 ,!re x /ood1 its leaves a se>$ yell[4 #8,:at simpletons y are1 bro!rs & si/]s6' x said4 #8,c't y see t n[ y are mu* m l y\rselves ?an "u ! rule ( ! ,sun8 ,n[ y are ref9$1 indep5d5t be+s1 well rid ( ! sluggi% heal? ( yore4' ,!re 7 "s :o /ill believ$ :at ! popl> said4 #8,we are indep5d5t1 we are unfett]$1' !y clam\r$1 till ! la/ sp>k ( life 0 gone4 ,n long aft] ! popl>1 too1 /ood !re ) its bran*es b>$1--x _h di$4 ,! f>m]s1 h[ev]1 compla9$ ab\t ! fail+ ( ! crop1 & consol$ !mselves by hop+ = bett] success ! next ye>40 ,a p>able ( deep mean+6 ,x may s]ve z an illu/ration = ! facts /at$1 & = ^? yet to be dealt )4 ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian view1 man is dep5d5t on 8 ,creator1 f :om he receives life & light1 &1 9 ! same way1 8 m9d dep5ds on tru?1 by :i* x lives z ! plants live1 by ! light & ! w>m? ( ! sun4 ,to _m g5]ations ?is 0 self-evid5t1 & )al !y felt !mselves free1 because !y look$ = ! fre$om only ( ! dep5d5t creature4 ,&1 keep+ )9 ^! b\nds1 !y _h a *e]ful exi/5ce 9 ! happy possession ( _! fai?1 cont5t$ & s]5e 9 ! possession ( tru?2 _! high] spiritual life ?rove & fl\ri%$1 promot$ by ! ,et]nal ,giv] ( light & w>m?1 :o held out to !m ! prospect ( complet+ _! m5tal life 9 ! contemplation ( ,8 et]nal tru?4 ,:at ! fa!rs deem$ self-evid5t has n[ become a problem to _! sons4 ,:at to _! fa!rs 0 l(ty & rev]$1 ! ?+s to :i* !y ascrib$ _! ennoblem5t1 h become to ! sons an ob/acle to free developm5t4 ,!y h =gott5 :at !y are4 ,!y dem& indep5d5ce & free/ realization ( _! own individuality1 9 :i* !y see ! sole s\rce ( greatness & progress4 ,9 e dep5d5ce !y p]ceive a hamp]+ ( _! natural developm5t4 ,we h 9 previ\s *apt]s become acqua9t$ ) ?is lib]al fre$om1 p>ticul>ly 9 reason+ & 9 sci5tific rese>*1 ! *ild ( ! philosophy ( humanit>ianism & subjectivism1 ! philosophy t emancipates man f ,god's rule1 f ! immutable religi\s tru?s1 & :i* sees 9 ?is emancipation p]fect fre$om4 ,we h li/5$ to ! argum5ts 9 behalf ( ?is position1 especially argum5ts aga9/ ! duty to believe4 ,all t we h set =? hi!rto 0 to prove t su* a fre$om is n requir$4 ,9 ! fai?ful adh]5ce to ,god's revelation & to ,8 ,*ur* !re is no degradation ( reason1 an exaltation r2 because to jo9 9 ! et]nal reason ( its ,creator is n bondage b a privilege4 ,we proce$4 ,we %all demon/rate t ?is fre$om is n only n requir$1 b t x is entirely unt5able & ru9\s2 t x is especially s because x is urg$ & dem&$ 9 ! "n ( tru? & prop] ord]1 9 ! "n ( uplift ( human intellectual life1 & ( progress t[>ds real enlight5m5t4 ,we %all see t ?is fre$om is n a lib]ation f mean fett]s1 b simply a revolt aga9/ ! natural ord]1 an apo/asy f ,god & ! sup]natural :i* "o %uns4 ,h5ce1 n ! natural & ord]ly developm5t ( ! human individual1 b a pr9ciple ( negation "u ! g>b ( fre$om1 ! sev]ance ( man f ! s\rces ( 8 greatness & /r5g?1 ! p]v]sion ( true sci5ce2 n ! only admissible sci5tific me?od1 b an altoge!r unsci5tific me?od4 ,we %all %[ t x becomes !reby ! pr9ciple ( m5tal paup]ization & decay1 a pr9ciple ( m5tal decad5ce1 :i* 9 ! sph]e ( idealism w r$uce mank9d to begg>y4 ,!reby public te/imony is giv5 t 9 ! mid/ ( mank9d !re is ne$$ an intellig5t =ce t pres]ves1 ) consci5ti\s e>ne/ness & unyield+ firmness1 ! intellectual inh]itance ( mank9d1 ! ideal treasures ( tru? & ( morality4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,free ,f ,! ,yoke ,( ,! ,sup]natural4 ,ignoramus1 ,we ,ignore4 ,! lib]al pr9ciple ( rese>* re/s on ! basis ( ! humanit>ian view ( ! _w1 :i* makes man autonom\s1 & causes him to turn 8 eyes f above & d[nw>d1 & to fix !m ^u 8 e>?ly exi/5ce4 ,to rema9 true to its own idea1 ?is lib]al sci5ce w feel ! necessity to sev] itself gradually f ! re/ra9+ p[]s ( ! _w beyond1 & to %un ! ?\ght ( ,god & ( ,8 div9e influ5ce & supremacy ov] ! _w & human life4 ,x mu/ res5t su* tru?s z a burd5some yoke t oppresses human fre$om4 ,& to ?is ?\ght x rema9s fai?ful1 if n 9 all its repres5tatives1 !n at any rate 9 a good _m ( !m4 ,) unremitt+ p]si/5cy x en=ces 9 all its doma9s ! dem&3 ,sci5ce mu/ n reckon ) sup]natural factors4 ,ignoramus is its wat*word1 8we d n "k x0 9 ! s5se ( its usual agno/icism1 b 8we ignore x0 9 ! _s ( ! impulse :i* dreads ! loss ( its fre$om ?r\gh high] p[]s4 ,creation & miracles1 div9e revelation & ! ,god-impos$ duty ( belief1 x does n "k4 ,a moral law1 z giv5 by ,god1 does n exi/ = ?is sci5ce4 ,x wants no?+ to d ) a religion t wor%ips a p]sonal ,god1 mu* less ) a sup]natural religion1 ) my/]ies1 miracles1 & grace4 ,x praises all ! high] t mod]n religion ( s5tim5t1 )\t dogmas & religi\s duties1 :i* sov]eign man creates = himself1 a poetical adornm5t ( 8 individuality1 a religion he ne$ n ask :at he owes x1 b r :at x (f]s him4 ,all connection ) ! _w beyond is cut (f4 ,man is n[ free 9 8 own h\se4 ,we %all %[ ?is 9 detail1 by ! te/imony *iefly ( m5 g5]ally accept$ z =emo/ repres5tatives ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,we d n ass]t1 h[ev]1 t all repres5tatives ( mod]n sci5ce belong "h4 ,f> be x f u to sit 9 judgm5t z to ! good int5tions ( ! *ampions ( lib]al sci5ce4 ,we "k v well t an education indiff]5t to religion1 e>ly habitual association ) ! ideas ( a sceptical1 naturali/ic philosophy1 ! acquisition ( prejudices & unsolv$ difficulties1 a cont9u\s /ay 9 an intellectual atmosph]e =eign & inimical to religi\s belief--all ?is1 we well und]/&1 w gradually rob ! m9d ( all incl9ation & unbiass$ judgm5t = religi\s tru?1 & ?us make = apo/asy f religion4 ,nor d we ass]t t ! idea ( ,god & ,*ri/ianity are ext9ct 9 ! he>ts ( ! repres5tatives ( lib]al sci5ce1 b we d ass]t t _! sci5ce no long] wants to "k ,god & ,8 true religion1 t only too (t5 x is 9 ! grip ( a ,!ophobia1 :i* sl9ks pa/ ,god & ,8 works1 ) its eyes design$ly av]t$4 ,at ! same "t ! unprepossession ( ?is sci5ce w be made cle>4 8,a feel+ ( degradation p]vades ! ,g]man univ]sity circles10 s ! le>n$ ,momms5 express$ himself "s ye>s ago :5 ,/rassburg 0 to get a ,ca?olic *air ( hi/ory2 !re=e a ,ca?olic :o takes 8 ,ca?olic view ( ! _w z 8 guide _c be unprepossess$1 h5ce _c be a true sci5ti/4 ,we h become us$ to ?is reproa*2 nev]!less x is v pa9ful to a ,ca?olic1 especially :5 he devotes 8 life to sci5tific "w4 ,! o!r side claims v emphatically to h a monopoly on unprepossession & tru?fulness2 x gives mo/ solemn assurances ( n desir+ any?+ b ! tru?1 ( s]v+ ! tru? alone1 ) p]sev]+ unselfi%ness1 unaffect$ by disposition & p>ty int]e/1 & t x has its unbiass$ spiritual eye turn$ only to ! *a/e sunlight ( tru?4 ,h5ce1 we may be p]mitt$ to inquire :e!r ^! assurances squ>e ) ! facts4 ,z !y dem& belief1 we may also dem& pro(s2 & if ^? assurances are accompani$ by %>p accusations1 ! accus$ w h ev5 a great] "r to exam9e ! de$s & records ( ?is ass]tive sci5ce4 ,:at ab\t ! unprepossession ( lib]al sci5ce1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( philosophy & religion8 ,x _c be our int5tion to explore ! :ole t]ritory 9 e direction4 ,we %all keep to ! c5tral & ma9 road1 ! road to :i* *iefly lead all o!r roads ( life1 we mean ! attitude ( ?is s*ool ( rese>* t[>ds ! _w beyond4 ,we f9d ?is attitude to be "o ( p]si/5t ignor+6 ,sci5ce _c ackn[l$ge ! sup]natural2 ?is presumption1 unprov$ & impossible ( pro(1 x nev] loses sight (1 x is ev5 made a sci5tific pr9ciple1 :i* is call$3 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,exclusive ,natural ,causation4 ,?is pr9ciple dem&s t ev]y?+ belong+ to nature 9 its wide/ s5se1 consequ5tly all objects & ev5ts ( irrational nature & ( human life1 mu/ be expla9$ by natural causes only2 sup]natural factors mu/ n be br\ght 94 ,to assume an int]position by ,god1 9 ! =m ( creation1 miracle1 or revelation1 is unsci5tific2 he :o does s is n a true sci5ti/4 ,a presumption1 a m&ate ( truly /up5d\s enormity6 ,h[ c x be prov$ t !re is no ,god1 t creation1 miracles1 ! sup]natural orig9 ( religion1 are impossible ?+s8 ,& if !y are possible1 :y %\ld x be =bidd5 to make use ( !m 9 expla9+ facts :i* _c o!rwise be expla9$8 ,h[ev]1 x is readily admitt$ t ! pr9ciple is m]ely a po/ulate1 an unprov$ presumption4 8,! po/ulate ( exclusive natural causation tells u t natural ev5ts c h _! causes only 9 o!r natural ev5ts1 & n 9 conditions ly+ outside ( ! cont9uity ( natural causality02 s ,w4 ,wundt4 ,?is is a 8po/ulate1 accept$ by mod]n natural sci5ce p>tly tacitly1 p>tly by op5 pr(ession40 8,ev5 :]e an exact d$uction is n possible1 natural sci5ce nev]!less acts "u ?is supposition4 ,x nev] w consid] a natural ev5t to be causally expla9$1 if x is attempt$ to d]ive t ev5t f o!r conditions ?an prec$+ natural ev5ts40 ,pr(essor ,jodl prote/s aga9/ alliance ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 = ! reason t ! latt] does n ackn[l$ge ! fundam5tal presumption ( all sci5tific rese>*1 namely1 ! un9t]rupt$ natural causation1 & because ! ,*ur* is ess5tially f\nd$ on sup]natural presumptions4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,mess] ?9ks he has prov$ suffici5tly ! unt5abl5ess ( ! ,ca?olic fai? by ! simple appeal to ?is presumption3 8,natural sci5ces re/ ^u ! presumption t ev]y?+ is causally det]m9$4 ,?is means1 t ! same causes mu/ be foll[$ by ! same effects1 & all natural ev5ts take _! c\rse accord+ to inv>iable laws4 ,x is aga9/ ?is presumption t ! ,*ur* exacts a belief 9 miracles1 9 imm$iate div9e manife/ations1 n expla9able by natural causes4 ,god is n a causal factor 9 ! eyes ( natural sci5ce1 because ev]y?+1 & = t v reason1 no?+1 c\ld be expla9$ ?r\gh ,him40 ,we see t ! pr9ciple is expressly admitt$ to be a m]e presumption4 8,i conc$e readily10 says ,pauls51 8t ! law ( natural causation is n a prov5 fact1 b a dem& or presumption ) :i* reason approa*es ! task ( expla9+ natural ph5om5a4 ,b ?is po/ulate 444 is ! h>d-f\ght victory ( long sci5tific ef=t4444 ,gradually !re 7 elim9at$ f ! c\rse ( nature demoniacal influ5ce & ! miracul\s int]v5tion ( ,god1 & 9 _! /ead ! idea ( natural causation 0 in/all$40 ,x is m]ely ano!r expression = ! same ?+ if "o calls1 ) ,pauls51 ! unbrok5 causal connection 8! fundam5tal presumption ( all our natural rese>*02 or concludes1 ) ,a4 ,drews1 t ! assumption ( a transc5d5tal ,god1 beyond ! visible1 & 9 causal relation to ! _w1 de/roys ! univ]sal con=mity to laws 9 ! _w1 ! self-evid5t presumption ( all sci5tific k2 or "o may say1 ) ,f4 ,/eudel1 8,! !ory ( unbrok5 causal connection has become ! fundam5tal presupposition ( all philosophical explanation ( _w happ5+s4 ,?is f9ally disposes ( a transc5d5tal ,god1 toge!r ) 8 empiric correlative1 ! miracle1 z a philosophical explanation ( ! _w40 ,! same result is a*iev$ by decl>+ evolution f natural factors z ! univ]sal _w-law4 8,i ,"k n ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,almighty ,creator ( ,heav5 & ( ,e>?0 ,) inexorable p]si/5cy ?is pr9ciple is n[ appli$ :]ev] sci5ce meets ) ,god & ! _w beyond4 ,h5ce1 let u proce$ on our way & halt at "s po9ts to wat* ?is sci5ce at "w4 ,! unbiass$ reason+ ( ! m9d %[s t ?is _w1 limit$ & f9ite1 9 all its ph5om5a accid5tal & p]i%able1 _c h 9 itself ! cause ( its exi/5ce1 h5ce1 t x dem&s a sup]natural creative cause4 ,?is solution ( ! "q is by no means demon/rat$ by lib]al sci5ce z unt5able1 x is simply decl9$4 8,natural sci5ce1 once = all1 has n ! lea/ occasion to assume a sup]natural act ( creation02 ?is we are told by ! fam\s hi/orian ( mat]ialism1 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange4 8,to fall back ^u explanations ( ?is sort am\nts always to /ray+ f sci5tific gr\nds1 :i* n only is n p]missible 9 a sci5tific inve/igation1 b %\ld nev] ent] into consid]ation40 ,& ,l4 ,plate /ates3 8,a creation ( matt] we _c assume1 nor w\ld su* an assumption be any explanation at all2 at mo/1 x w\ld be tantam\nt to ex*ang+ "o "q m>k = ano!r4 ,we natural sci5ti/s are mode/ en\gh1 z matt]s n[ /&1 to =ego a fur!r solution ( ! "q40 ,!y w subscribe to ,du ,bois-,reymond's 8ignoramus0 r ?an assume ! only solution ( ! "q1 an act ( creation4 ,?is sci5ti/1 ask+ himself ! "q1 f :]e ! _w-matt] receiv$ its fir/ impulse1 argues3 8,let u try to imag9e a primordial condition1 :]e matt] _h n yet be5 influ5c$ by any cause1 & we arrive at ! conclusion t matt] an inf9ite "t ago 0 inactive1 & equally di/ribut$ 9 inf9ite space4 ,s9ce a sup]natural impulse does n fit into our !ory ( ! univ]se1 an adequate cause = ! fir/ action is lack+40 ,?us !y frankly violate ! sci5tific me?od t dem&s acceptance ( ! explanation demon/rat$ z necess>y1 & violate x only = ! reason to dodge ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a ,creator4 ,?is is n sci5ce1 b politics4 ,b let u ask1 ,:y %\ld x be aga9/ sci5ce to reckon ) sup]natural factors8 ,is x because we _c disclose ) c]ta9ty ! o!r _w8 ,are !y n aw>e t su* a pr9ciple is oppos$ by ! conviction ( all mank9d1 t always held ^! conceptions to be ! highe/1 & !re=e n to be consid]$ illusions8 ,d !y n see1 moreov]1 h[ !y involve !mselves 9 flagrant contradictions8 ,does n sci5ce by means ( its laws ( reason+1 especially on ! pr9ciple ( causality1 con/antly inf] invisible causes f visible facts8 ,f physical-*emical facts e!r & physical atoms1 :i* no man has ev] se51 are d$uc$3 f fall+ /ones & ! movem5t ( a/ral bodies is inf]r$ a univ]sal gravitation1 undemon/rable by exp]i5ce2 f an anonym\s lett] is d$uc$ an au?or4 ,! a/ronom] d$uces f c]ta9 facts t fix$ />s mu/ h d>k companions1 visible to no "o2 f di/urbances 9 ! movem5ts ( ,uranus ,lev]ri] f\nd by calculation ! exi/5ce & location ( ,neptune1 !n n z yet discov]$4 ,h5ce1 :at does x mean3 8to fall back ^u explanations ( ?is sort always am\nts to /ray+ away f sci5tific gr\nd08 ,let u imag9e a noble vessel on ! high seas to h become ! victim ( a cata/rophe4 ,x lies n[ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,fi%es come f all sides & /op mus+ly be=e ! /range visitor4 ,:5ce did ?is come8 ,0 x made out ( wat]8 ,impossible6 ,did x creep up f ! bottom ( ! sea8 ,no6 ,at la/ a fi% reasons3 8,:at we see "h has und\bt$ly come d[n to u f a high] _w1 f> above u1 & invisible to u40 ,! spee* meets ) approval4 ,b ano!r fi% objects3 8,nons5se6 ,to fall back ^u explanations ( ?is sort always am\nts to /ray+ away f ! sci5tific gr\nds on :i* we fi% mu/ /&4 ,we _c assume su* a _w to exi/1 because ?is w\ld (f5d aga9/ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( our sci5ce1 ! pr9ciple ( ! exclusive natural causation ( sea & wat]40 ,) ^! words ! speak] dep>ts1 wagg+ 8 tail1 8 spee* hav+ be5 receiv$ ) /upefaction r ?an ) und]/&+4 ,to ?is philosophy may be appli$ ! ^w ( ! ,apo/le3 8,bew>e le/ any man *eat y by philosophy & va9 deceit0 7,col4 ii4 #h74 ,no1 x is n ! _s ( true sci5ce t opposes ! belief 9 sup]natural factors1 b x is ! des]tion ( ! traditions & ! _s ( a bett] sci5ce4 ,to ! repres5tatives ( paganism1 to ,plato & o!rs1 ! highe/ goal ( human que/ ( tru? 0 to f9d ,god & to wor%ip ,him4 ,= ! great lead]s 9 rec5t natural sci5ce1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,newton1 ,l9n1 ,boyle1 ,volta1 ,f>aday1 & ,maxwell1 ! highe/ a*ievem5t 0 to po9t to ,god's wisdom 9 ! wond]ful works ( nature2 _! sci5ce end$ 9 pray]4 ,a pr9ciple ( unbrok5 natural causation1 z a boycott ( ! ,deity1 0 to !m n a po/ulate ( sci5ce b an abom9ation4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ by a conviction express$ by a lat] sci5ti/1 ,w4 ,?omson1 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,fe> n to be indep5d5t ?9k]s6 ,if y ?9k vigor\sly en\gh1 y w be =c$ by sci5ce to believe 9 a ,god1 ,:o is ! basis ( all religion02 & express$ by ,r4 ,may] 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,true philosophy mu/ n & _c be any?+ else b ! propdeutics ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,b let u proce$4 ,we h be=e u an a/oni%+ ord]1 we behold unc\nt$ wond]s ( well-design$ purpose 9 ! _w4 ,! "q sugge/s itself3 ,:5ce ?is ,ord]8 ,! wat* orig9ates f ! intellig5ce ( a mak]1 an accid5t c\ld n h produc$ x2 h5ce also ! great _w-ma*9e mu/ h _h an intellig5t mak]4 ,?is is ! logic ( unbiass$ reason4 ,b ! pr9ciples ( lib]al rese>* object to ! acceptance ( ?is explanation4 ,:at is !irs8 ,!re h be5 "s sci5ti/s endeav\r+ to discov] ! purposeless 9 nature1 & !y h glean$ v>i\s ?+s4 ,haeckel inv5t$ = !m ! "n ,dy/eleologi/s2 & ?is is n[ ! "n !y g by4 ,:y ! de/ruction ( s _m liv+ embryos8 ,:at is ! purpose ( pa91 ( ! v]mi=m app5dix8 8,to :at purpose is ! imm5se belt ( des]t ext5d+ ?r\gh bo? l>ge cont95ts ( ! ,old ,_w8 ,c\ld ! ,sah>a n h be5 avoid$8444 ,inde$1 num]\s =ms ( life we _c look at b ) repugnance & horror2 = in/ance1 ! p>asitical be+s40 444 7,f4 ,pauls574 ,h5ce ! ord] claim$ = ! _w does n exi/1 on ! contr>y1 8x is beyond d\bt t ! mo/ ess5tial means ( nature is ( a k9d :i* c only be put on a level ) ! bl9de/ accid5t0 7,f4 ,a4 ,lange74 ,b !y d n feel satisfi$ ) ?is4 ,!y feel t ev5 if all ^! ?+s 7 actually purposeless1 !y w\ld am\nt only to a few drops 9 ! imm5se ocean ( ord] :i* /ill has to be expla9$4 ,at mo/1 !y w\ld =m b a few typographical errors 9 an o!rwise +5i\s book1--errors t evid5tly are no pro( t ! :ole book is a mass ( nons5se & n dictat$ by reason4 ,!re appe>s to !m1 l a rescu+ plank 9 a %ipwreck1 ,d>w9's ,natural ,selection4 ,! arti/ic =ms 9 ! k+dom ( plants & animals arose1 says ,d>w91 by ! fact t1 among num]\s seem+ly t5tative =mations1 !re 7 "s useful organs or _! rudim5ts :i* surviv$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & became h]$it>y 9 ! (fspr+1 :ile o!rs disappe>$4 ,x 0 se5 v soon1 & x is ev5 bett] und]/ood to-day1 t ?is enorm\s feat ( 8natural selection0 is contr>y to ! facts1 & w\ld be1 above all1 an incr$ible accid5t4 ,nev]!less ,d>w9 has become ! rescu+ knight = _m :o became al>m$ ab\t ! ?reat5+ ,sup]naturalism4 ,du ,bois-,reymond speaks v frankly3 8,albeit1 9 hold+ to ?is !ory we may feel l a man kept f dr[n+ only by hold+ firmly to a plank j /rong en\gh to keep him afloat4 ,b :5 we h to *oose betwe5 a plank & dea?1 ! pref]5ce w decid$ly be ) ! plank40 ,! same idea is express$ some:at m gracefully by ,w4 ,o/wald3 8,t ! q complicat$ problem conc]n+ ! purposiv5ess ( organism loses its "* ( a riddle1 at lea/ 9 pr9ciple1 & assumes ! aspect ( a sci5tific task1 all by virtue ( ?is simple ?\ght 444 is a ga9 t _c be suffici5tly appreciat$40 ,) vehem5t pla9ness ,h4 ,spitz] ma9ta9s3 8,purposiv5ess 9 nature1 :i* 0 fe>$ by positive rese>* l a gho/1 because x really seem$ only to be due to ! int]v5tion ( gho/s 9 ! c\rse ( ! _w1 has n[ be5 trac$ by ,d>w9 to its orig9 f natural causes1 & he !reby made x a fit object = ! sci5ce t is at home only 9 ! sph]e ( natural causes40 8,to ! height ( ?is po9t ( view10 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss boa/s1 8we h be5 l$ by mod]n natural rese>* 9 ,d>w9407#h7 ,at any rate "o ?+ is settl$3 8,! !ological explanation mu/ be reject$10 z ,plate puts x4 8,x sees 9 adaptation ! pro( = ! love & k9dness ( a ,creator1 :o has ord]$ all organisms mo/ con=mable to _! purpose4 ,natural ,sci5ce _c accept su* an explanation40 ,is ?is ! boa/$ _s ( tru?fulness1 :i* desires only ! tru?1--b is evad+ x p]si/5tly8 ,is ?is t unbiass$ eye t seeks only ! tru?8 ,truly1 x seems to be uns\nd1 s9ce x _c be> ! rays ( tru?4 ,let u g to ano!r work%op ( lib]al sci5ce4 ,x is kn[n n[ t our e>? has once be5 a ball ( gl[+ fluid1 ) a temp]ature 9 :i* no liv+ be+ c\ld exi/4 ,consequ5tly ! latt] mu/ h appe>$ at a lat] /age ( evolution4 ,z a fact1 palontology does n %[ any remnants ( organisms 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! e>?4 ,n[ aga9 a "q sugge/s itself to ! sci5ti/1 ,:5ce did ! fir/ life come f8 ,we h ! *oice ( only two explanations3 ei!r x has ris5 by itself1 out ( unorganic1 dead matt]1 or x 0 produc$ by ! h& ( a ,creator3 ei!r by g5]atio aequivoca or ! act ( creation4 ,n[ !re has nev] be5 obs]v$ a g5]atio aequivoca1 z is te/ifi$ to by natural sci5ce itself1 & nev] has x be5 accompli%$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z ! natural laws ( old5 times _c h be5 any diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t1 !re has nev] be5 a primordial g5esis4 ,d !y p]haps give ! ,creator 8 due "h1 :]e ! case is s obvi\s8 ,let u see4 ,! not$ zologi/1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 writes3 8,inasmu* z !re has d\btless be5 a "t :5 ! prevail+ temp]ature ( our globe made any life impossible1 !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 life on x arose ei!r by an act ( creation or by primordial g5esis4 ,if1 con=mable to ! _s ( natural sci5ces1 we are rely+ only on natural =ces = an explanation ( natural ph5om5a1 !n we are necess>ily l$ to ! hypo!sis ( primordial g5esis10 al?\gh x contradicts all exp]i5ce4 ,b ! d$uction is only br\ght =? z a 8logical po/ulate03 !re 8mu/0 be su* g5esis aft] creation is elim9at$4 8,we natural sci5ti/s say10 /ates ,plate1 8t all liv+ be+s mu/ h orig9at$ "s "t 9 =m] geological p]iods 444 f dead1 unorganic matt]2 to assume a creation w\ld be no explanation at all1 exactly z x w\ld be no explanation to assume ! creation ( matt]40 ,:i* philosophy tea*es t x is n an explanation ( a fact to assume = x ! only reasonable cause8 ,b j ?is cause !y d n want4 ,vir*[ says 9 ?is respect3 8,if ,i d n wi% to assume a creative act1 if ,i desire to expla9 ! matt] 9 my way1 !n x is cle> t ,i mu/ resort to g5]atio aequivoca4 ,t]tium non datur4 ,!re is no?+ else left1 if "o once has said3 #8,i d n accept creation1 b ,i want an explanation ( x4' ,if ?is is ! fir/ !sis1 ! second !sis is1 ergo1 ,i accept ! g5]atio aequivoca4 ,b we h no actual pro( ( x40 ,h5ce ,haeckel only foll[s ! lead ( o!rs :5 he writes3 8,we admit t ?is process 7primordial g5esis7 mu/ rema9 a pure hypo!sis1 z long z x is n directly obs]v$ or duplicat$ by exp]im5t4 ,b ,i repeat t ?is hypo!sis is indisp5sable = ! entire coh]5ce ( ! hi/ory ( natural creation4 ,unless y accept ! hypo!sis ( primordial g5esis at ?is "o po9t 9 ! !ory ( evolution1 y mu/ take refuge 9 ! miracle ( a sup]natural creation40 ,is ?is sci5ce1 or is x n r ,!ophobia8 ,does ! fre$om ( sci5ce consi/1 fir/ ( all1 9 ! privilege ( emancipat+ "o's self f tru?1 :5ev] tru? is n to "o's ta/e8 ,true1 lib]al sci5ce w !n be free f di/a/eful tru?s1 b all ! m %ackl$ by its irreligi\s prejudices4 ,9 mod]n times1 ! !ory ( evolution is 9 high fav\r4 ,on e>? we d n only see life1 b life 9 a great v>iety ( =ms1 f plant to man4 ,! "q1 :5ce ?is v>iety1 admits 9 its turn only ( ! alt]native3 ei!r x 0 imm$iately creat$ by ,god's h&1 or x is ! result ( a sl[ evolution f common orig9al =ms4 ,:e!r !re has be5 an evolution )9 ! vegetable & animal k+dom is a problem = natural sci5ce4 ,b x is a philosophical "q1 :e!r ! ess5tially sup]ior human s\l1 end[$ ) spirituality & reason1 c\ld h evolv$ f ! inf]ior animal s\l4 ,philosophy mu/ answ]3 ,no1 j z impossible z to evolve t5 f two1 or a :ole book f a s+le pro(%eet4 ,fai? says ! human s\l is creat$ by ,god4 ,we d n int5d to discuss ! problem "h any fur!r1 b %all only po9t out h[ sci5ce "h1 too1 expressly or tacitly1 is det]m9$ v en]getically by ! presumption ( ! exclusive natural causation2 ?is is appli$ to ! entire !ory ( evolution1 b especially 9 reg>d to man4 8,! notion ( ! evolution ( ! liv+ _w on e>?10 ?us /ates ,weismann q significantly1 8ext5ds f> beyond ! prov9ces ( individual sci5ces1 & x influ5ces our entire range ( ?\ghts4 ,?is notion means no?+ less ?an ! elim9ation ( miracle f our k ( nature1 & ! classification ( ! ph5om5a ( life on an equal foot+ ) ! re/ ( natural ev5ts40 ,! guid+ motive is pla9ly 9 evid5ce4 ,! aim to elim9ate ! 8miracle ( creation0 is manife/$ ev5 m conspicu\sly 9 ! "q ab\t ! orig9 ( man3 man ) 8 entire equipm5t1 intellectual z well z cultural1 mu/ h evolv$ upw>d f ! mo/ imp]fect rudim5ts2 ?is is reg>d$ z a self-evid5t proposition4 ,m4 ,ho]nes1 = in/ance1 writes3 8,! ,cosmogonies1 i4e41 ! !ories ( creation1 ( all nations ascribe ! orig9 ( man to a sup]natural act ( creation1 :]eby ! ,creator is imag9$ z a human be+1 because at ! intellectual /age correspond+ to ^! notions some?+ creat$ c\ld only be conceiv$ z some?+ =m$1 some?+ con/ruct$40 ,?us ! !ory ( creation1 & ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! g5esis ( man1 is dispos$ ( z a notion ( ! l[] intellect4 8,on ! contr>y1 we are taught by sci5ce to look ^u ! highe/ mammals z our ne>e/ blood-relatives40 ,?is 8we are taught by sci5ce10 al?\gh x is confess$3 8,we "k ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ! man ( ! f\r?1 or glacial1 p]iod1 b we h n a solit>y fact t w\ld ?r[ light ^u 8 orig9 & 8 previ\s exi/5ce40 8,! !ory ( miracles c be giv5 up only :5 we %all cease to contemplate man z a creature ap>t f ! re/ ( creation1 & look ^u him z a be+ develop$ )9 creation to :at he is n[4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 reason & language1 z well z man himself1 are ! products ( a cont9u\s evolution10 says ,wundt 9 8 8,psy*ology ( ,nations40 ,fr4 ,mll]1 9 a text-book on ! sci5ce ( language1 argues3 8,accord+ to ,d>w9 & to mod]n natural sci5ce1 man 0 n creat$ b has evolv$ f a l[] organism dur+ a process ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s4444 ,= ?is reason1 we mu/ 787 assume t ! fir/ language ( primitive man c\ld n h rank$ above ! spee* by :i* animals liv+ 9 families communicate ) ea* o!r40 ,on ! basis ( ?is truly dogmatical presumption1 t ! 8miracle !ory0 ( creation mu/ n be accept$1 !y proce$ !n to con/rue "o hypo!sis ^u ano!r1 ( ! orig9 ( language1 ( ?\ght1 ( consci5ce1 ( religion1 accord+ to ! me?od ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 hypo!ses ( utmo/ arbitr>9ess1 & frequ5tly mo/ fanta/ic4 8,e?nographical rese>*es10 s we are told by ,e4 ,lehmann1 8made by travell]s1 repres5tatives ( sci5ce & ( practical life1 9 all p>ts ( ! globe1 444 are />t+ to-day1 almo/ )\t exception1 f ! tacit presumption t ! civilization ( peoples liv+ 9 ! primitive /ate repres5t an e>ly & l[ /age 9 a hi/orical *a9 ( evolution40 ,all ^! are suitable comm5t>ies ^u ! trite proposition t natural sci5ce1 or m g5]ally sci5ce1 is incompatible ) religi\s belief4 ,( c\rse rese>*1 l t describ$ above1 does n agree ) ,fai?4 ,b ! fault lies 9 its unsci5tific me?od1 r ?an 9 its sci5tific "*1 9 its lat5t a!i/ic presumption :i* prev5ts an unbiass$ conception ( tru?4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aijg1 ! well-kn[n biologi/ & prie/ ( ! ,jesuit ord]1 ,e4 ,wasmann1 gave ?ree lectures 9 ,b]l9 on ! !ory ( evolution1 be=e a l>ge audi5ce2 !y 7 foll[$ on ! f\r? ev5+ by a discussion1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* elev5 oppon5ts voic$ = ne>ly ?ree h\rs _! objections & attacks1 to :i* ,wasmann repli$ briefly at midnight1 b little "t hav+ be5 allott$ to him = ?is purpose4 ,wasmann1 z well z 8 *ief oppon5t1 ,pr(4 ,plate ( ,b]l91 h publi%$ ! argum5ts on bo? sides ) notes1 comm5ts1 & supplem5ts4 ,! report ( ,pr(4 ,plate lays /ress ^u ! ass]tion1 :i* _h also =m$ ! refra9 ( all oppos+ spee*es1 viz41 8! discussion has %[n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t true rese>* 9 natural sci5ce is impossible = ^? tak+ ! position ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 secondly1 ! gl>+ & irreconcilable opposition ( ! sci5tific !ory ( ! _w to ! ,or?odox-,*ri/ian view 0 %>ply manife/$40 ,9 exam9+ h[ ?is 0 demon/rat$ by ?is p>ticul> natural sci5ce1 "o meets ) a pa9ful surprise4 ,ev5 ! facts conc]n+ ! arrangem5ts = ! discussion make an unpleasant impression4 ,x is true1 ,plate accus$ ,wasmann ( calumny on acc\nt ( ! latt]'s compla9t4 ,h[ev]1 ^u comp>+ closely ! /atem5ts ( bo?1 ! foll[+ facts rema9 undisput$4 ,wasmann notifi$ ,plate t he desir$ to speak twice dur+ ! discussion1 & t ! entire discussion %\ld n la/ mu* ov] two h\rs4 ,plate promis$ to arrange matt]s accord+ly4 ,b on ! =5oon ( ,febru>y #ah?1 ! oppon5ts held a meet+1 ,plate presid+1 & !y resolv$1 )\t ! lea/ notification to ,wasmann1 t !re %\ld be elev5 speak]s aga9/ ,wasmann1 & t ! latt] %\ld reply b once1 at ! end4 ,only j be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! discussion1 ! same ev5+1 ,plate in=m$ ,wasmann ( ! arrangem5t1 mak+ x practically impossible = ! latt] to *ange ! situation4 ,fur!rmore1 ^u ,plate's proposal1 an int]mission ( five m9utes be=e ! appe>ance ( ! t5? speak] 0 decid$ ^u1 89 ord] to give ^? 9 ! audi5ce1 :o might f9d ! session too exhau/+1 a *ance to leave40 ,?us ! audi5ce 0 to be subject$ = ?ree long h\rs to ! influ5ce ( heat$ attacks on ,!ism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ! ,*ur*1 & )\t he>+ ! reply unless !y held out f half-pa/ eight 9 ! ev5+ to half-pa/ twelve 9 ! morn+4 ,plate's ,monism rejects pr9cipally ev]y?+ metaphysical3 8,monism is ! %ort t]m = ! natural sci5ce view ( ! _w1 t rejects all pret]natural & sup]natural ideas40 ,solutions1 n giv5 by ! natural sci5ces1 simply d n exi/ = him2 = him ! sun sets on ! horizon ( 8 natural sci5ce4 8,natural laws comprise all t we are able to fa?om3 :at is beh9d !m1 or :at is liv+ 9 !m & op]ates 9 !m1 is ! ultimate "q = philosophy1 & !re "o ?9ks ?is way1 ano!r t way0 7,plate74 ,nev]!less1 he kn[s t 8,out ( no?+ c come no?+3 h5ce matt] is et]nal10 & he is c]ta9 t !re is no p]sonal ,god1 no angel nor devil1 no beyond nor immortality4 ,:oev] fails to ?9k ! same way is no sci5ti/1 he is n ev5 a man ( s\nd reason3 because 8he :o has grasp$ ev5 ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ce1 ! unity & /rict con=mity to law ( ! natural =ces1 & has a head = s\nd reason+1 w become a moni/ all by himself1 :ile ! re/ are pa/ help1 anyh[40 8,! ,poly!ism ( ! or?odox ,*ur*10 he says fur!r1 ref]r+ to ! my/]y ( ! ,tr9ity1 8is irrational02 = 8,common ,s5se says t #c is n equal to #a1 nor #a to #c10 & ?is is suffici5t = ,plate4 8,tr9ity1 ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,son ( ,god1 ,*ri/'s ,asc5sion & ,8 desc5t into hell1 ,orig9al ,s91 ,r$emption f s9 by ,*ri/'s sacrifice1 ,angels & ,devils1 ! ,immaculate ,conception1 ! ,infallibility ( ! ,pope1 all ^! & _m o!r doctr9es ( ! or?odox ,*ur* are ?r[n to ! w9ds by anybody conv9c$ ( ! p]man5ce & imp]vi\sness ( ! natural laws40 ,?is aga9 is suffici5t = him4 8,! "q :e!r ,god is p]sonal or imp]sonal10 says he1 9 ano!r place1 8%\ld nev] be rais$3 x is j z prepo/]\s z ! "q :e!r ,god has eyes or n40 ,ano!r ( 8 argum5ts reads3 8,if ! body aft] dea? c become du/ by natural means1 !n !re mu/ h be5 conditions "u :i* ! du/ became by natural means a body40 ,an analog\s argum5t w\ld be3 8,if a book c ( itself f9ally we> away into )]$ & loos5$ leaves1 !n !re mu/ be conditions "u :i* ! p]fect book c\ld orig9ate all by itself1 & )\t ,pr(4 ,plate1 out ( )]$1 loose leaves40 ,plate assures u3 8,i d n "k any?+ ab\t metaphysics40 ,we d n want to dispute t4 ,x is regrettable t s _m sci5ti/s ( our times are betray+ a pitiable lack ( philosophical tra9+1 a lack :i* becomes a social dang] if !y1 nev]!less1 yield to ! temptation to invade ! doma9 ( ,philosophy4 ,ev5 ! ,prote/ant sci5ti/ ,g4 ,wobb]m9 9 ref]r+ to ! above-m5tion$ discussion rem>k$3 8,wasmann's oppon5ts on t ev5+ h betray$ )\t exception a really amaz+ lack ( philosophical tra9+40 ,9 gl>+ contra/ ) ?is ignorance /&s _! intol]ance = any diff]5t !ory ( ! _w4 ,because he ?9ks z a ,*ri/ian1 ,wasmann is p]emptorily expell$ f ! ranks ( natural sci5ti/s4 8,fa!r ,wasmann is n a true natural sci5ti/1 he is n a true s*ol>40 ,) ?is cru%+ v]dict ,pr(4 ,plate conclud$ 8 spee*4 ,he repeats ?is f9d+ on ! la/ page ( 8 book 9 conspicu\s type3 8,fa!r ,wasmann1 ,s4 ,j41 no true natural sci5ti/1 no true s*ol>40 ,t 8 oppon5t1 9 answ] to que/ions t g beyond m]e natural sci5ce1 is giv+ philosophical replies1 9 accord ) ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 is expla9$ by 88 volunt>y or involunt>y submission to ! ,*ur*10 8natural sci5ce b[s to ,!ology40 ,he !re=e lacks 8! fre$om ( ?\ght & ( d$uction40 ,sophi/ical /unts 9 ! s]vice ( intol]ance6 ,b let u proce$ on our way4 ,! compulsory dogma ( ! inadmissibility ( a sup]natural ord] ( ! _w1 & ( its op]ation 9 ! visible _w1 becomes mo/ manife/ :5 lib]al sci5ce comes 9 contact ) ! miracle4 ,=soo?1 x %irks ?is contact4 ,b "t & aga91 n[ & 9 ! pa/1 x is confront$ by cle>ly atte/$ facts & x _c avoid notic+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 x is det]m9$ f ! outset t miracles are impossible4 ,( c\rse1 ?is _c be prov$ except by ! presumption t !re is no sup]mundane ,god4 ,ev5 ! agno/ic ,/u>t ,mill admits t if ! exi/5ce ( ,god is conc$$1 an effect produc$ by ,8 w1 :i* 9 e in/ance owes its orig9 to its creator1 appe>s no long] z a purely arbitr>y hypo!sis1 b mu/ be consid]$ a s]i\s possibility 7,essays1 #ahgd74 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 lib]al sci5ce does n try h>d to demon/rate 9 a sci5tific way ! impossibility4 8,x is my unyield+ conviction10 s speaks ,a4 ,h>nack1 & 8 is p]haps ! mo/ tell+ expression ( ?is dogmatic mood1 8t any?+ t happ5s )9 "t & space is subject to ! laws ( motion4 ,h5ce1 t 9 ?is s5se1 i4e41 ( int]rupt+ ! natural connection1 !re _c be any miracles40 ,"o simply does n believe su* ?+s4 8,t a tempe/ at sea10 ?us ,h>nack aga91 8c\ld h be5 /ill$ by a ^w we d n believe1 nor %all we ev] aga9 believe x40 ,simil>ly reads ,baumg>t5's decl>ation reg>d+ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/3 8,ev5 if all ! reports _h be5 writt5 on ! ?ird day1 & _h be5 transmitt$ to u z a c]ta9ty 444 nev]!less mod]n consci\sness c\ld n accept ! /ory40 ,& ,w4 ,fo]/] writes3 8,! supposition t su* int]f]5ces d n occur1 & t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is advanc+ /eadily & 9 accordance ) fix$ laws1 =ms ! indisp5sable presumption ( sci5tific rese>*40 ,& ,h4 von ,sybel holds 8,an absolute concord ) ! laws ( evolution1 a common level 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?+s t]re/rial1 =ms ! presumption ( all k3 x /&s & falls ) x40 ,?is is ! presumption1 f :i* is drawn ! mo/ extravagant conclusion1 :i*1 ?\gh s manife/ly improp]1 is made ! basis = reject+ ! entire sup]natural religion ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,because ,god's ,inc>nate ,son1 9 a small t[n ( ,pale/9e1 once turn$ wat] into w9e1 w ! ,*ri/ian h\sewife lose h] confid5ce 9 ! /ability ( wat]8 ,:5 x 0 sudd5ly discov]$ t ! orbit ( ! planet ,uranus 0 n a p]fect ellipsis1 z requir$ by ! law ( ,kepl]1 0 x ?\ght t ^! deviations are impossible because !re mu/ n be any exception to ! law ( p]fect elliptical movem5ts8 ,happily1 ?is law cont9u$ to be accept$ )\t deem+ an irregul>ity impossible1 & %ortly aft]w>ds ,neptune 0 discov]$ & f\nd to be ! cause ( ! di/urbance4 ,b any?+ miracul\s1 no matt] h[ well prov51 mu/ be consid]$ unacceptable by reason ( su* uns\nd presumption4 ,philosophical a-priorism is sup]ior to facts4 ,?us ,/4 ,augu/9e tells 9 8 "w 8,de civitate ,dei0 7#a4 xxii4 c4 #h7 ( a numb] ( miracles happ5+ 9 8 "t1 ( :i* he _h k ei!r z eye-witness or by au!ntical reports f eye-witnesses4 ,e4 ,zell] r5d]s judgm5t on ! hi/orical value ( ! /atem5t z foll[s3 8,! n>rator is a contempor>y1 & p>tly ev5 an eye-witness1 ( ! ev5ts report$3 by virtue ( 8 episcopal (fice he is p>ticul>ly commission$ to closely inve/igate !m2 we "k him z a man ov]t[]+ 8 contempor>ies 9 intellect & k1 second to none 9 religi\s zeal1 /rong fai?1 & moral e>ne/ness4 ,! wond]ful ev5ts happ5$ to well-kn[n p]sons1 sometimes 9 ! pres5ce ( big cr[ds ( p2 !y 7 atte/$ & record$ by (ficial ord]40 ,h5ce ! /atem5t mu/ be accept$ )\t objection4 ,b mu/ x n also be believ$8 is ! qu]y ( an unbiass$ li/5]4 ,n 9 ! judgm5t ( "o :o is 9 ! tyrannical yoke ( 8 presumptions4 8,:at are we to say ab\t x80 cont9ues ,zell]1 & f9ds t 89 ?is unp>allel$ aggregation ( miracles we c aft] all see no?+ else b a pro( ( ! cr$ulity ( t age40 ,! report is inconte/able1 b x mu/ n be believ$6 ,9 our times ,l\rdes has become ! sc5e ( ev5ts :i* are f\nd$ on facts1 & ! miracul\s "* has be5 prov5 at lea/ ( "s ( !m4 ,b]tr91 9 8 8,hi/oire critique des evnm5ts de ,l\rdes10 deals ) ! attitude ( ! physicians t[>d ! miracles4 ,! believ+ physician c ent] ^u 8 inve/igation )\t prejudice3 n s ! unbeliev+ physician & sci5ti/1 :o is %ackl$ by 8 prejudice aga9/ ! possibility ( miracles4 ,( ?is a few examples3 8,h[ did y get cur$80 0 ! "q put by a physician to a "y woman :o1 aft] hav+ suff]$ = f\r ye>s f a suppurat+ inflammation ( ! hip jo9ts1 complicat$ by c>ies1 _h a few days previ\sly sudd5ly rega9$ h] full heal?4 ,pa9s & sores _h disappe>$4 8,by :om 0 ,i cur$8 ,by ! ,bless$ ,virg960 8,nev] m9d ! ,bless$ ,virg910 repli$ ! physician4 8,"y woman1 :y don't y admit t y _h be5 assur$ 9 advance t y w\ld get well4 ,y 7 told t1 once 9 ,l\rdes1 y w\ld sudd5ly rise f ! box :]e9 y 7 ly+4 ,t sort ( ?+ happ5s--we call x sugge/ion40 ,! girl repli$1 unhesitat+ly1 t x did n happ5 ?is way at all4 ,f9ally ! physician (f]$ h] money if %e w\ld admit hav+ really be5 cur$ by sugge/ion4 ,! girl decl9$ ! (f]4--,ano!r girl arriv$ 9 ,l\rdes1 ) a physician's atte/ation t %e 0 a consumptive4 ,%e is cur$ aft] ! fir/ ba?4 ,at ! bureau ( v]ification h] lungs 7 f\nd to be no long] diseas$4 ,h] physician's /atem5t hav+ be5 v brief1 a telegram 0 s5t to him z a matt] ( precaution1 ask+ him = ano!r /atem5t )\t1 h[ev]1 in=m+ him ( ! cure4 ,! physician imm$iately wir$ back3 8,%e is a consumptive40 ,?is 0 also ! op9ion ( o!r physicians :o _h treat$ ! girl4 ,! girl joyfully returns home1 & hurries to h] physician1 reque/+ him to c]tify to h] cure4 ,he does s q reluctantly4 ,^u read+ 8 c]tificate1 %e discov]s t x said %e _h be5 cur$1 b only ( a c\gh4 ,! case ( consumption ( 8 orig9al te/imonial _h *ang$ into a c\gh4 ,8 dread ( a miracle _h induc$ ?is physician to commit a falsehood4 ,a4 ,ramba*]1 z he relates 9 a pamphlet1 s5t ! sci5tific treatise on ,l\rdes by ,dr4 ,boiss>ie to ,pr(4 ,haeckel1 ) ! reque/ to read x1 9 ord] to ga9 a bett] notion ( ! exi/5ce ( a sup]natural _w4 ,aft] "s urg+ he f9ally receiv$ ! foll[+ reply1 :i* speaks volumes = ! attitude ( ! natural sci5ti/ t[>ds facts3 8,) _m ?anks ,i h]eby return ! book by ,dr4 ,boiss>ie on ! ,great ,cures ( ,l\rdes :i* y s5t me4 ,! p]usal ( ! same has conv9c$ me anew ( ! trem5d\s p[] ( sup]/ition 7glorifi$ z #8pi\s belief'7 ( nave cr$ulity 7)\t critical exam9ation71 & ( contagi\s collective sugge/ion1 z well z ( ! cunn+ ( ! cl]gy1 exploit+ !m = _! ga94444 ,! physicians1 said to te/ify 9 behalf ( ! #8miracles' & ! sup]natural ph5om5a1 are ei!r ignorant & undisc]n+ quacks1 or positive frauds 9 collusion ) ! prie/s4 ,! mo/ accurate description ( ! gigantic sw9dle ( ,l\rdes ,i "k (1 is t ( ,zola 9 8 well-kn[n novel4444 ,) repeat$ ?anks = y\r k9dness 444 ,ern/ ,haeckel40 ,aga9/ all ! facts 9 evid5ce ?is dogmatic sci5ti/ 0 safely intr5*$ beh9d ! /one wall ( 8 presumptions4 ,he knew 9 advance t ev]y?+ 0 sup]/ition or ! fraud ( cunn+ prie/s1 t all physicians :o c]tifi$ to cures 7 quacks & *eats4 ,zola's t5d5ti\s romance consid]$ ! be/ hi/orical s\rce6 ,m5tion %\ld be made "h h[ ?is celebrat$ noveli/ dealt ) facts at ,l\rdes4 ,9 ! ye> #ahib1 ! "t ( ! great pilgrimage1 ,zola w5t to ,l\rdes4 ,he want$ to obs]ve & !n tell :at he _h se54 ,an hi/orical novel x 0 to be2 "t & aga9 he _h proclaim$ 9 ! newspap]s t he w\ld tell ! :ole tru?4 ,at ,l\rdes all doors 7 op5$ to him2 he _h admittance any:]e2 he c\ld int]view & obta9 explanations at w4 ,h[ he kept 8 promise to report ! tru? may be %[n by a s+le in/ance3 ,m>ie ,lebran*u came to ,l\rdes on ,augu/ #bj1 #ahib1 suff]+ f incurable consumption4 ,%e 0 sudd5ly cur$1 & nev] _h a relapse4 ,"o ye> aft] h] cure %e return$ to ! miracul\s ,grotto4 ,! excell5t condition ( h] lungs 0 aga9 v]ifi$4 ,n[1 :at does ,zola make ( ?is ev5t8 ,9 8 novel ! cur$ girl suff]s a t]rible relapse ^u h] fir/ return home1 8a brutal return ( ! disease :i* rema9$ victori\s10 we read 9 ,zola's book4 ,"o day1 ! presid5t ( ! ,l\rdes ,bureau ( ,inve/igation introduc$ himself to ,zola 9 ,p>is1 & ask$ him 8,h[ d>e y let ,m>ie ,lebran*u die 9 y\r novel2 y "k v well t %e is alive & j z well z y & ,i40 8,:at d ,i c>e10 0 ,zola's reply1 8,i ?9k ,i h ! "r to d z ,i please ) ! *>act]s ,i create40 ,if a romanc] desires to avail himself ( ?is privilege he c]ta9ly has n ! "r to proclaim 8 novels z tru?ful hi/orical writ+s1 mu* less may o!rs see 9 su* a novel ! 8mo/ accurate description ( ! ev5ts at ,l\rdes40 ,r5an at "o "t said3 8,oh1 if we j once might h a miracle br\ght be=e pr(essional sci5ti/s6 ,b1 alas6 ?is w nev] happ560 ,he borr[$ ?is say+ f ,voltaire1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! latt] dem&$ ,god to p]=m a miracle be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 z if !re 7 ne$ = miracles 9 a physical or *emical laboratory4 ,^? :o desire 9 e>ne/ to inve/igate miracles ought to g :]e !y are p]=m$4 ,& ev5 !re1 :]e ! eyes c see !m1 x also takes good w to ackn[l$ge !m4 ,9 ?is respect an int]view is in/ructive :i* ,zola once _h ) an editor4 ,! latt] ask$3 8,if y 7 witness to a miracle1 t w\ld occur "u /ricte/ conditions sugge/$ by y\rself1 w\ld y ackn[l$ge ! miracle8 ,w\ld y !n accept ! tea*+s ( ! fai?80 ,aft] a few mom5ts ( s]i\s ?\ght1 ,zola repli$3 8,i d n "k1 b ,i d n believe ,i w\ld0 7,b]tr974 ,on ,april #g1 #ahge1 !re came to ! ,belgian sanctu>y1 ,oo/ack]1 a ,flemi% lab\r]1 by "n ,pet] de ,rudd]1 ^: leg _h eight ye>s be=e be5 brok5 bel[ ! knee1 & :o 0 !n suff]+ f two suppurat+ canc]\s sores1 t _h =m$ at ! place ( ! fracture & on ! foot4 ,he sudd5ly 0 entirely cur$4 ,! case 0 inve/igat$ 9 a mo/ exact way4 ,9 #aijj a treatise conc]n+ ! case 0 publi%$ by ?ree physicians4 ,e4 ,wasmann _h z e>ly z #aijj publi%$ a %ort extract ( x 9 ! 8,/imm5 aus ,m>ia ,laa*40 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aijg1 :51 at ,b]l91 he deliv]$ 8 lectures :i* 7 foll[$ by a discussion1 8 oppon5ts1 head$ by ,pr(4 ,plate1 did n "k ( ?is article4 ,:5 !y le>n$ ( x1 "s "t aft]w>ds1 he 0 put "u ! ban because he 8_h degrad$ himself to ! position ( a *>latan by v\*+ ) 8 sci5tific repute = ! happ5+ ( a miracul\s cure02 & !y said 8!y w\ld fight him 9 ! same way z !y w\ld fight e quack1 b z a sci5ti/ he 0 disc>d$40 ,plate _h on ! ev5+ ( ! discussion ask$ ( ! assembl$ sci5ti/s ! "q3 8,h we ev] obs]v$ any?+ l a susp5sion ( ! natural laws8 ,! reply to x is an unconditional #8we h n'2 consequ5tly ,!ism becomes inadmissible to ! natural sci5ti/40 ,"h1 9 ! de ,rudd] case1 is f\nd ! requir$ in/ance4 ,b ,plate kn[s1 9 advance ( any inve/igation1 t x is a fairy tale1 believ$ )\t critical exam9ation4 ,& ,pr(4 ,hansemann1 ano!r oppos+ speak] ( t ev5+1 subsequ5tly s5t ^w to ,wasmann t3 8,"o c pretty well judge :at to ?9k ( a natural sci5ti/ :o publi%es su* /uff4 ,= ?is reason ,i n[ decl>e t ,i %all nev] 9 future1 no matt] h[ or :]e1 ent] into discussion ( matt]s ( natural sci5ce ) ,mr4 ,wasmann40 ,:5 on a c]ta9 occasion ,hegel 0 advis$ t "s facts did n agree ) 8 philosophical notions1 he repli$3 8,! m pity = ! facts40 ,! ,engli% natural sci5ti/1 ,w4 ,?omson1 once said be=e ! ,briti% ,society at ,ed9burgh3 8,sci5ce is b\nd by et]nal hon\r to face fe>lessly e problem t c be cle>ly laid be=e x40 ,! equally fam\s ,f>aday1 9 ! "n ( empirical rese>*1 dem&s ( its adh]5ts ! det]m9ation to /& or to fall ) ! results ( a direct appeal to ! facts 9 ! fir/ place1 & ) ! /rict logical d$uctions !refrom 9 ! second4 ,9 g5]al ^! pr9ciples are adh]$ to s long z religi\s notions are n enc\nt]$4 ,b z soon z ^! are sight$1 ! eng9e is rev]s$1 & all sci5tific pr9ciples are =gott54 ,a sci5ce l$ by ?is _s w set out to emancipate man's moral conduct ( life f ,god & religion4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ po/ulate ( mod]n e?ics directs t morality mu/ be indep5d5t ( religion4 ,t ,god & et]nal salvation is ! end ( man1 ! ultimate norm ( 8 moral life1 t ,god's ,comm& is ! ultimate reason ( ! moral obligation1 & div9e sanction its /ronge/ support1 x does n want to ackn[l$ge4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d ! pr9ciple ( natural causality 9 op]ation4 8,z 9 physics ,god's w mu/ n be made to s]ve z an explanation1 s likewise 9 ! !ory ( moral ph5om5a4 ,bo? ! natural & ! moral _w1 z !y exi/1 may po9t beyond !mselves to some?+ transc5d5tal4 ,b we _c admit ! transc5d5tal 444 a sci5tific explanation w h to be :olly imman5t1 & an?ropological0 7,pauls574 ,accord+ to ?is approv$ pr9ciple ( ignoration1 ! supreme aim & law ( a morality )\t religion is man1 8 e>?ly happ9ess1 & 8 culture4 ,its aims1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,jodl1 "o ( its not$ *ampions1 are3 8,promotion ( moral life1 fo/]+ ( a ref9$ humanity1 developm5t ( a true fell[-feel+1 )\t ! religi\s & metaphysical notions ^u :i* mank9d hi!rto has mo/ly built its e?ical ideals40 ,kant 0 ! pione] "h3 8,9 s f> z morality is bas$ on ! conception ( man z a free1 be+1 x requires nei!r ! idea ( a sup]ior be+ to make him cognizant ( 8 duties1 nor any motive b ! law itself 9 ord] to obs]ve x 444 h5ce morality = its own sake does n by any means ne$ religion40 ,?is is ! viewpo9t ( ! autonom\s man1 :o is 8 own law4 8,f ! viewpo9t ( au?ority10 s tells u ,e4 von ,h>tmann1 8autonomy does n mean any?+ else b t 9 e?ical matt]s ,i am = myself ! highe/ c\rt )\t appeal4444 ,! ,god1 ,:o 9 ! beg9n+ spoke to ,8 *ildr5 f a fi]y cl\d 444 has desc5d$ into our bosom1 &1 trans=m$ into our own be+1 speaks out ( u z a moral autonomy40 ,diis ext9ctis successit humanitas4 8,al?\gh an individual repres5tative ( sci5ce may be a believ] 9 ,god 9 8 private life10 s argues ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,w4 ,james1 8at any rate ! times h pass$ :5 x c\ld be said t ! heav5s ann\nce to sci5ce ! glory ( ,god1 & t ! heav5 %[s ! works ( ,8 h&s40 ,! flight f div9ity1 a!ism op5 or disguis$1 is ! psy*ological effect ( ! lib]al pr9ciple4 ,free ?\ght aims to free man ( all au?ority1 x aims at sev]+ f religion 8 entire exi/5ce1 m>riage1 /ate1 s*ools1 & likewise sci5ce4 8,x is und5iable10 we he> f ! lips ( *ampions ( mod]n man1 /&+ on ! p9nacle ( religi\s lib]alism1 8t !re is a c]ta9 =sak5ness 9 ?is exi/5ce ( man1 z comp>$ to a life bright5$ by ! idea ( a ,god10 b t =sak5ness is n pur*as$ too de>ly1 = 8x is ! solitude ( autonomy1 a possession s preci\s t no price = x c\ld be too high0 7,c>n]i74 ,inde$1 ^! mod]n m5 use ev5 pla9] language3 sci5ce is applaud$ = hav+ at la/ fre$ man f ,god4 ,) ,kant's pr9ciple t we _c "k any?+ ( ! sup]natural1 we are told1 !re 87 ?r[n ov]bo>d ! cosmogonic notions ( ! ,semitic races1 notions t h s sev]ely oppress$ our sci5ce & religion1 & are /ill oppress+ !m4444 ,by ?is insight an idol is sma%$4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] ,i call$ ! ,israelites ! wor%ipp]s ( ab/ract idols2 n[1 ,i believe1 ,i %all be fully und]/ood40 ,inde$1 we und]/&4 ,x means3 ,away ) ,god4 8,?is ,g]man metaphysics frees u f idolatry & reveals to u ! liv+ div9ity 9 our own bosom0 7,*amb]la974 ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* ?is free ?\ght1 )9 sci5ce & )\t1 is fulfill+ ! e>ne/ admonition ( ! ,psalmi/3 8,seek ye ! ,"l & be /r5g!n$3 seek ,8 face ev]more0 7,ps4 civ4 #d71 & x turns into irony ! words3 8,?is is ! g5]ation ( !m t seek ,him1 ( !m t seek ! face ( ! ,god ( ,jacob0 7,ps4 xxiii4 #f74 8,i ,"k n ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,8 ,only ,begott5 ,son1 ,our ,"l40 ,:]e ! ?\ght ( indep5d5ce & ( ?is _w enslaves ! m9ds1 & holds !m captive 9 h>% av]sion to ! sup]natural1 an objective judgm5t on ! nature & hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 to say no?+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 c h>dly be hop$ =4 ,:at may be expect$ is t we w also meet "h ) a sci5ce :i*1 ) its h&s held be=e ! eye t fe>s ! light1 w>ds (f & combats ev]y?+ t is specifically ,*ri/ian4 ,x is to be fe>$ only t x w turn light into d>kness reg>d+ ! view ( life1 z also ! doctr9e & hi/ory1 ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,reg>d+ ! ,*ri/ian view ( life we ne$ only read ! sup]ficial & yet s arrogant discussions ( ,*ri/ian philosophy1 z f\nd 9 ,pauls51 ,wundt1 or ,e4 von ,h>tmann4 ,f ?is judicial b5* ! wisdom ( ,him1 ( ,:om x is said 8,& we saw ,8 glory1 full ( grace & tru?10 we see condemn$1 if n ev5 treat$ ) subtle ridicule4 ,let u = in/ance take ,pauls5's pres5tm5t ( ! 8,view ( ,life "u ,*ri/ianity40 ,:oev] reads x1 & believes x1 to him ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ c only be1 :at ! ,apo/le said x 0 to ! hea!ns1 fooli%ness4 ,no long] c he h adoration = its ,f\nd]1 b r ! pity t "o has = an en?usia/ic vision>y devoid ( any k ( ! _w & m54 ,! wisdom taught by ,*ri/ is di/ort$ into a sombre grimace1 :ile side by side ) x ! conception ( life ( ,hell5ic paganism is transfigur$ into a beautiful ideal4 ,we are told !re3 8,:ile classical antiquity saw z ! task ( life ! p]fect developm5t ( ! natural p[]s & tal5ts ( man1 444 ,*ri/ianity ) cle> consci\sness makes ! contr>y ! goal ( life40 8,! cultivation & ex]cise ( intellectual faculties 0 ( great importance to ! ,greeks4444 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity looks ^u reason & natural cognition ) indiff]5ce1 ev5 ) suspicion & contempt 444 inde$1 natural reason & k are an ob/acle = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,*ri/ianity at fir/ 0 indiff]5t1 ev5 inimical1 n only to philosophy & sci5ce1 b also to art & poetry4 ,x cuts (f n only s5sual b also /hetical gratification10 because ,/4 ,john condemn$ ! gratification ( ! eyes 7:i* means some?+ q diff]5t f /hetical gratification7 ,*ri/ianity is said to reject 8! arts ( ! ,muses & a?letics3 !y belong to t s[+ ( ! fle% ( :i* ! h>ve/ is p]dition40 8,:at ! ,*ri/ians valu$ highly 0 n erudition & eloqu5ce1 b sil5ce4 ,sil5ce is ! fir/ ?+ recomm5d$ by ,ambrose0 7& he ! great & r5[n$ repres5tative ( e>ly ,*ri/ian eloqu5ce674 ,!re is m3 8,9 ! primitive view ! fir/ virtue 0 val\r1 especially val\r 9 w>2 inde$1 9 ,greek & ,lat9 spee* ! ^w 'virtue' meant val\r2 ! ,*ri/ian's virtue1 h[ev]1 is pati5ce & endurance4 ,he does n draw ! sword2 to him are expressly =bidd5 n only ang]1 hatr$1 & private rev5ge1 b ev5 litigation40 ,9 ?is t5d5ti\s /ra9 ,pauls5 cont9ues1 ) exagg]ations & misrepres5tations t h no?+ 9 common ) sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ! ,greek view1 he says1 high-m9d$ness 0 a great virtue1 b1 naturally1 ! ,*ri/ian is n all[$ to h x2 8! virtue ( ! ,*ri/ian is humility10 i4e41 9 ,pauls5's s5se l[-m9d$ness2 ?is is 8! />t+ po9t ( ,*ri/ianity40 ,true1 ! au?or assures u t ,*ri/ianity ( to-day is no long] ! "o he is describ+2 x has adapt$ itself m to ! _w4 ,b x is sad to h ?is gloomy1 vision>y fanaticism describ$ to u z ! "o :i* 0 taught by ! words ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,! adh]5t ( ?is ,*ri/ianity looks ^u gov]nm5ts & _! aims z some?+ ess5tially =eign to x1 ev5 to be an (ficial 8w\ld d\btless h be5 felt z a contradiction02 b a sudd5 *ange is said to h tak5 place "u ,con/ant9e4 ,e>?ly joys & b5efits1 ! holy ties ( ! family1 ^? t ,jesus 9 p]son bless$ at ,cana1 !y 71 accord+ to ,/4 ,paul1 s we are told1 9 ! _s ( ,*ri/ ?+s to avoid & condemn4 ,& h[ are ^! !ological discov]ies prov51 :at s\rces are quot$ 9 sub/antiation8 ,by "s arbitr>ily select$ passages ( ! ,scriptures1 t "o mu/ hate fa!r & "m1 wife & *ild1 bro!r & si/]2 t ! poor 9 _s are bless$1 t ! lu/ ( ! eye is s9ful1 t evil %\ld n be resi/$2 & 9 quot+ ^! passages all sci5tific int]pretation is c>efully avoid$1 all ! writ]s :o h amply expla9$ !m are ignor$4 ,& :at ! scriptural passages fail to prove mu/ be demon/rat$ by "s extreme /atem5t borr[$ f ,t]tullian1 :o is g5]ally prone to exagg]ation4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 gloomy ,*ri/ianity !n seems inf]ior to ! brilliancy ( ,greek paganism2 ,*ri/ianity is directly a dang] to civilization2 x may be good en\gh = ^? tir$ ( life4 8,! objection has be5 made t ! fulfilm5t ( ?is comm& w\ld de/roy our entire civilization4 ,mo/ probably ?is w\ld be ! case4 ,b :]e is x writt5 79 ,holy ,writ7 t our civilization mu/ be pres]v$80 ,we h "h ! picture =m$ ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ by ! _w1 :]e( ! ,"l has pr$ict$3 ! _w w hate y4 ,pauls5 admits frankly3 8,:5ce ?is hatr$8 ,because ! ,*ri/ian despises t :i* to ! _w is ! highe/ good4 ,!re c be no bett] reason = hat+ any "o44440 ,x is easy to und]/& t "o :o has = a long "t m5tally ab&on$ 8 ,*ri/ian fai?1 _c c>ry 9 m9d its picture z undi/ort$ z he did 9 8 bett] days1 & z w\ld con=m to reality4 ,b x is repreh5sible to exhibit 9 public ?is picture1 )\t hav+ previ\sly & consci5ti\sly exam9$ ! ma9 l9es1 to see :e!r !y are n c>icatures4 ,& !y are c>icatures1 trac$ by a h& t is l$ by ! mood ( a secret anti-,*ri/ianity4 ,a treatm5t id5tical ) t ( its view ( life is accord$ to ! doctr9e & hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,n sci5ce & uncorrupt$ tru?fulness1 b antipa?y1 presumption1 h>% d5ial ( ev]y?+ div9e1 only too (t5 po9t ! way4 ,let u li/5 aga9 to ! au?or nam$ above1 s9ce he kn[s to express mod]n ?\ght ) a cle>ness & precision almo/ unequall$ by any "o else4 ,x made a pa9ful impression to f9d 9 ! ,*ri/mas numb]1 #aijh1 ( ! lib]al-!ological 8,*ri/li*e ,welt0 a po/hum\s article by ,fr4 ,pauls53 8,:at ?9k y ( ,*ri/3 ,^: ,son is ,he80 ,! article 0 )\t d\bt "o ( ! la/ he _h writt54 ,x conta9s ! program ( mod]n lib]al sci5ce4 8,) ! sev5te5? c5tury10 we read !re1 8beg9s ! reorganization ( ! !ory ( ! univ]se by sci5ce4 ,its g5]al t5d5cy may be describ$ by ! =mula3 ,elim9ation ( ! sup]natural f ! natural & hi/orical _w40 8,consequ5tly1 no miracles 9 hi/ory1 no sup]natural bir?1 no resurrection1 no revelation1 9 fact no int]f]5ce by ! ,et]nal 9 temporal ev5ts40 ,h5ce1 ! man :o 8?9ks sci5tifically 9 ?is wise c h no d\bt t ! old ecclesia/ical dogma _c be reconcil$ ) sci5tific ?\ght40 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 am\nts to a complete r5unciation ( positive ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is sci5tific ?\ght1 9 ! words ( ,baumg>t51 8rejects any projection ( ! sup]natural into tangible reality02 especially is 8! metaphysical g5esis & nature ( ! ,savi\r highly (f5sive to our e?ical consci\sness10 ev5 8absolutely unbe>able40 ,! ,*ri/ian religion c no long] be p]mitt$ to ov]t[] o!r religions by its sup]naturalness4 8,! di/9ction betwe5 a reveal$ & a natural religion becomes an impossibility10 says ,w4 ,b\sset4 ,& ,wundt decl>es3 8,*ri/ianity1 z an #8absolute' or a #8reveal$' religion1 w\ld /& oppos$ to all o!r religi\s developm5t1 z an incomm5surable magnitude4 ,?is po9t ( view1 evid5tly1 _c be compet5t = our speculations40 ,hav+ become ! rul+ mode ( ?\ght1 ^! presumptions det]m9e f ! outset ! results to be obta9$ by 8rese>*10 & !y =ce x to violate its own me?od1 s t x may be dragg$ along ! by-ways & false ways ( a mi/ak51 philosophical a-priorism1 !reby mak+ fre$om ( sci5ce a mock]y4 ,f ! abundant mat]ial at our disposal let u take only "o example1 viz41 ! ,mod]n ,criticism ( ! ,gospels4 ,! ,gospels conta9 _m records ( facts ( a sup]natural "*1 ( miracles & prophecies4 ,t ^! records are necess>ily false is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! hi/orical1 or critical1 me?od1 z x is call$4 8,z a miracle ( itself is un?9kable1 s ! miracles 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are likewise un?9kable4 ,h5ce1 :5 miracles are nev]!less n>rat$1 ^! n>ratives mu/ be false1 9 z f> z !y report miracles3 t is1 ei!r ! relation did n happ5 at all1 or1 if x did1 !re 0 a suffici5t natural explanation02 8! hi/orian mu/ "u all circum/ances answ]1 #8,no1' to ! "q :e!r ! report ( a miracle is wor?y ( belief0 7,t4 ,zell]74 ,?us in/ruct$1 8unprejudic$0 rese>* proce$s to con/ruct its results ( ! inve/igation ( ! g5u95ess1 "t & date1 ( ! writ+ ( ! ,gospels & ( ! ,acts1 z well z ( _! cr$ibility4 ,let u see h[ ?is is done4 ,! tradition ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 z well z intr9sic evid5ce1 te/ify t ! fir/ ,gospel 0 really writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,mat!w1 & ?is c]ta9ly be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,lib]al-,prote/ant criticism1 h[ev]1 assigns its orig9 to a "t aft] ! ye> #gj1 *iefly = two reasons3 ,fir/1 ! /rik+ prophecy ( ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 con=m+ s accurately to ! actual ev5t1 c\ld h be5 writt5 only aft] ! ye> #gj2 o!rwise x w\ld h am\nt$ to a real prophecy subsequ5tly fulfill$1 a conclusion t _c be accept$4 ,! second reason is ?is3 ,! cont5ts ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel is already :olly ,ca?olic1 h5ce x mu/ h be5 writt5 dur+ a lat]1 ,ca?olic1 p]iod4 ,= z !re c be no influ5ces f above1 & z ev]y?+ is evolv$ 9 a natural way1 ! pr9ciple mu/ gov]n3 t ! m sup]natural & ! m dogmas1 s mu* lat] ! p]iod 9 "q2 at fir/ !re c\ld h be5 only a religion ( s5tim5t )\t dogma1 :i* gradually develop$ into ,ca?olic dogmatism4 ,simil> are ! presumptions :i* direct mod]n rese>* 9 respect to ! g5u95ess ( ! o!r ,gospels & ! ,acts4 ,a few pro(s3 ,pr(4 ,jli*] ?9ks t1 8,:ile we _c g prior to ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 because ( ext]nal te/imony1 we _c on ! o!r h& ma9ta9 a lat] date4 ,! mo/ probable "t = our ,gospel is ! "o %ortly be=e ! ye> #ajj44440 ,:y8 8,because ! ill-fitt+ feature 9 ! p>able ( ! w$d+ fea/1 t ! k+ 9 8 wra?1 because 8 invitation _h be5 made light (1 s5t =? 8 armies & de/roy$ ^? murd]]s & burn$ up _! city1 c\ld h>dly h be5 inv5t$ be=e ! conflagration ( ,j]usalem0--a prophecy1 namely1 ( ! com+ de/ruction ( ,j]usalem _c be admitt$4 8,b to my m9d1 ! decisive po9t is f\nd 9 ! religi\s position ( ,mat!w4 ,despite 8 cons]vative treatm5t ( tradition1 he already /&s q remov$ f its _s2 he has writt5 a ,ca?olic ,gospel4444 ,to ,mat!w ! congregation1 ! ,*ur*1 =ms ! highe/ c\rt ( discipl9e1 be+ ! adm9i/rator ( all heav5ly goods ( salvation2 8 ,gospel det]m9es :o is to rule1 :o to give laws3 9 its ess5tial features ! e>ly ,ca?olicism is complet$40 ,jli*] arrives at a simil> conclusion 9 8 rese>* on ,/4 ,luke's ,gospel3 8,t ,luke's ,gospel 0 writt5 sometime aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d41 is prov5 beyond any d\bt1 by xxi4 #bb-bd1 :]e ! t]rible ev5ts ( ! ,jewi% w> are #8=etold4'444 ,all argum5ts 9 favor ( a lat] date ( writ+ conc]n+ ,mat!w hold good also ( ,luke40 ,ev5 m unres]v$ is ,o4 ,pfleid]]1 until rec5tly a prom95t repres5tative ( lib]al-,prote/ant !ology at ,b]l93 8,9 ?is ,gospel we f9d ! elem5ts ( dogma1 morals1 ! con/itution ( ! develop+ ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,ca?olic is its tr9it>ian =mula ( *ri/5+1 ?is embryo ( ! ,cre$ & ( ! apo/olic symbol4 ,ca?olic is its tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 444 ,ca?olic1 ! doctr9e ( ,salvation 444 ,ca?olic are ! morals 444 ,ca?olic1 f9ally1 is ! importance atta*$ to ,pet] z ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur* & z ! be>] ( ! p[] ( ! key40 ,9 reg>d to ?is latt] po9t ,pfleid]] rem>ks expressly3 8,9 spite ( all attempts ( ,prote/ants to mitigate ?is passage 7,matt4 xvi4 #ag-bj7 !re is no d\bt t x conta9s ! solemn proclamation ( ,pet]'s ,primacy40 ,! unsophi/icat$ read] !reupon w\ld be likely to d$uct3 ,if ! olde/ ,gospel is already ,ca?olic1 !n x mu/ be admitt$ t e>lie/ ,*ri/ianity 0 already ,ca?olic4 ,9 s reason+ he might h rightly conclud$1 b he w\ld h %[n himself little acqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( lib]al sci5ce4 ,?is inf]s contr>iwise3 e>ly ,*ri/ianity mu/ n be ,ca?olic1 h5ce ! ,ca?olic ,gospel _c be s old1 x mu/ be ! fraudul5t concoction ( a lat] "t2 8h5ce ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w is to be put d[n n be=e ! "t ( ,hadrian2 9 ! f\r? c5tury r ?an 9 ! ?ird40 ,a4 ,h>nack fixes ! date ( ! ,gospel at %ortly aft] #gj1 because 8,mat!w1 z well z ,luke1 are presuppos+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is foll[s ) ! greate/ probability f ,matt4 xxii4 #g 7! p>able ( ! m>riage fea/740 ,?is is to be held also ( ,luke's ,gospel4 8,?is mu* c be conclud$ )\t hesitation3 t1 z n[ admitt$ by almo/ all critics1 ,luke's ,gospel presupposes ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem40 ,rem>kable is ,h>nack's late/ attitude t[>ds ! ,acts2 x %[s aga9 t ! results ( mod]n biblical criticism are less ! results ( hi/orical rese>* ?an ( philosophical presumptions4 ,9 8 8,acts ( ! ,apo/les0 ,h>nack admits3 8,v weighty obs]vations indicate t ! ,acts 7h5ce also ! ,gospels7 7 already writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixties40 ,9 sub/antiation he cites n less ?an six reasons :i* evid5tly prove x3 !y are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( s\nd hi/orical criticism4 8,^! are oppos$ solely by ! obs]vation t ! prophecy ab\t ! cata/rophe ( ,j]usalem 9 "s /rik+ po9ts comes ne> to ! actual ev5t1 & t ! reports ab\t ! ,app>ition & ! leg5d ( ! ,asc5sion w\ld be h>d to und]/& prior to ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,x is h>d to decide4444 ,b x is n difficult to judge on :i* side ! weighti] argum5ts are0 7viz41 on ! "p ( ! cont5tion = an e>li] date74 ,yet ,h>nack is loa? to accept ! bett] sci5tific reasons3 !y mu/ suff] correction by presumptions4 ,he =mulates 8 f9al decision 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,luke wrote at ! "t ( ,titus1 or dur+ ! e>li] "t ( ,domitian 7871 b p]haps 7only p]haps1 9 spite ( decisive argum5ts7 already at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixties40 7,rec5tly ,h>nack rec$es to ! "t be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem )\t1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$g+ a div9e prophecy ( ?is cata/rophe47 ,simil> is ?is !ologian's pro( t ! f\r? ,gospel c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee2 because xxi4 #bj-bc 7,i w t he t>ry till ,i come7 _c be a prophecy1 b mu/ h be5 writt5 d[n aft] ! dea? ( ! fav\rite disciple4 8,! section xx4 #bj-bc obvi\sly presupposes ! dea? ( ! belov$ disciple2 on ! o!r h& he _c be left out ( ! #ba/ ,*apt]4 ,?is #ba/ ,*apt]1 h[ev]1 %[s no o!r p5 ?an t :i* _h writt5 ,*apt]s #a-bj4 ,?is proves t ! au?or ( ,*apt] #ba1 h5ce ! au?or ( ,*apt]s #a-bj1 c\ld n h be5 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ^: dea? is !re presuppos$40 ,! :ole argum5t aga9 re/s ^u ! refusal to hold possible a prophecy f ! lips ( ,jesus4 ,! ma9 reason1 h[ev]1 = disput+ ! g5u95ess ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 al?\gh ext]nal tradition & int]nal crit]ions te/ify to x z ! writ+ ( ,/4 ,john1 is1 because x tea*es s cle>ly ! div9ity ( ,*ri/3 & ?is mu/ be d5i$4 ,significant are1 = in/ance1 ! words 9 :i* ,weizsck] sums up 8 objections to ?is gospel3 8,t ! ,apo/le1 ! favorite disciple accord+ to ! ,gospel1 :o sat at ! table beside ,*ri/1 %\ld h look$ ^u & repres5t$ ev]y?+ t he once exp]i5c$1 z ! liv+ toge!r ) ! inc>nate div9e ,logos1 is r a puzzle4 ,no p[] ( fai? & no philosophy c be imag9$ big en\gh to ext+ui% ! memory ( real life & to replace x by ?is miracul\s image ( a div9e be+ 444 ( "o ( ! orig9al ,apo/les1 x is un?9kable4 ,^u ?is ! decision ( ?is po9t w always h+e4 ,any?+ else t may be add$ f ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospel is subord9ate40 ,?is means1 ,*ri/ _c be admitt$ to be a ,div9e ,be+--impossible4 ,an eye-witness c\ld n take ,him = x3 !re=e1 ?is 8miracul\s picture ( a ,div9e ,be+0 _c h be5 ! "w ( an eye-witness4 ,l ! g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 s is also _! cr$ibility beyond a d\bt4 ,two ( !m are writt5 by ,apo/les1 ! two o!rs by ,disciples ( ! ,apo/les3 !y also h all ! m>ks peculi> to writ+s ( eye or e> witnesses1 or ( p]sons :o h he>d ! n>ratives directly f ! lips ( eye-witnesses4 ,nor w\ld any "o d\bt _! cr$ibility if !y did n report sup]natural facts4 ,b1 ?is be+ ! case1 infidel rese>* is b\nd to arrive at ! opposite result4 ,! writ]s 7 frauds--?is 0 long ago ! hypo!sis ( ! sup]ficial ,hamburg ,pr(essor1 ,samuel ,reim>us1 ^: 8,fragm5ts0 7 publi%$ by ,less+4 ,b ev5 to a ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss 8su* a suspicion 0 repulsive40 ,! ,heidelb]g ,pr(essor1 ,h4 ,e4 ,paulus1 s\ght 8 salvation 9 try+ to r$uce ! reports ( miracles to a natural s5se1 by do+ pa9ful viol5ce to ! text3 = in/ance1 ! ,"l did n walk ^u ! sea1 b only along ! sea2 ! miracle ( ! w9e at ,cana 0 only a w$d+ joke4 ,!n came ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss 7di$ #ahgd71 & he tri$ x 9 a diff]5t way4 8,if ! ,gospels are really hi/orical docum5ts1 !n ! miracle _c be remov$ f ! life ( ,jesus40 ,h5ce1 x is to rema98 ,inde$ n6 ,! ,gospels mu/ n be accept$ z hi/orical s\rces4 ,!y are products ( purposeless poetic leg5ds1 ! miracles are g>l&s ( religi\s my?s1 gradually tw9$ ar\nd ! picture ( ,jesus4 ,my?s1 h[ev]1 ne$ "t = _! =mation1 h5ce ,/rauss fixes ! date ( ! ,gospels )9 ! second c5tury4 ,he op5ly admits t 8 hypo!sis w\ld fall to ! gr\nd if b a s+le ,gospel has be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,z a fact1 m rec5t rationali/ic criticism has f\nd itself con/ra9$ to drop ?is hypo!sis4 ,f4 ,*4 ,baur 7di$ #ahfj7 fell back ^u ! fraud-hypo!sis ( a ,reim>us4 ,x1 too1 has be5 laid among ! dead4 ,?us !y h exhau/$ !mselves 9 ! attempt to %ake (f ! burd5some yoke ( tru?4 ,influ5c$ by ,/rauss1 ,baur1 & o!r ,g]man critics1 ,e4 ,r5an 7di$ #ahib7 wrote 8 8,life ( ,jesus10 a frivol\s romance4 ,q frank are ! words he wrote d[n 9 ! preface to ! ?irte5? edition ( 8 8,vie de ,jsus0 7#ahhc73 8,if miracle has any reality1 !n my book is no?+ b a tissue ( errors4444 ,if ! miracle & ! inspiration ( c]ta9 books are real ?+s1 !n our me?od is abom9able40 ,b he sil5ces all d\bts by ! phrase3 8,to admit ! sup]natural is alone suffici5t to place "o's self outside ( sci5ce40 ,! new] 8hi/orical-critical0 s*ool1 :ile hav+ dispos$ ( _m cont5tions ( ! old s*ools1 is nev]!less 9 its rese>* b\nd j z en]getically by ! po/ulate ( con=mity to natural laws4 ,! f\r? ,gospel is pu%$ aside3 9 ! o!rs all miracul\s occurr5ces are exp\nd$ away1 till ! 8hi/orically cr$ible core0 is rea*$4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t f>e ev5 worse1 if possible4 8,does ,g5esis relate hi/ory or a leg5d80 asks ,pr(4 ,gunkel1 & cont9ues3 8?is is no long] a "q to ! hi/orian40 ,well1 a leg5d1 !n4 ,b h[ does ! hi/orian "k ?is8 ,f 8 own pan!i/ic philosophy1 :i* recognizes no ,god diff]+ f ?is _w3 8,! n>ratives ( ,g5esis be+ mo/ly ( a religi\s nature1 !y cont9u\sly speak ( ,god4 ,! way1 h[ev]1 9 :i* n>ratives speak ( ,god is "o ( ! mo/ reliable /&>ds to judge :e!r !y are meant hi/orically or poetically4 ,"h1 too1 ! hi/orian _c d )\t a _w philosophy4 ,we believe t ,god acts 9 ! _w z ! lat5t1 hidd5 motive ( all ?+s 444 b ,he nev] appe>s to u z an act+ factor jo9tly ) o!rs 7! italics are ! au?or's71 b always z ! ultimate cause ( all ?+s4 ,q diff]5t 9 _m n>ratives ( ,g5esis4 ,we are able to und]/& ^! n>ratives ( miracles & app>itions z ! artlessness ( primitive p1 b we refuse to believe !m40 ,analog\s to ,bible-criticism is ! rese>* 9 o!r bran*es ( !ology4 ,! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?is wond]ful p[] :i* s sudd5ly made its appe>ance 9 hi/ory & spe$ily vanqui%$ a :ole _w1 mu/ ( c\rse n be a "w ( ,heav54 ,h5ce its orig9 mu/ be expla9$ at any co/ 9 a natural way1 or 8hi/orically10 z !y put x4 ,! religi\s notions ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ n be conc$$ a sup]natural c]ta9ty ov] all o!r religions2 & 8to und]/& an ev5t hi/orically means3 to conceive x by its causal connection ) ! conditions ( a giv5 place & at a c]ta9 "t ( ! human life4 ,h5ce sci5ce _c consid] su* a ?+ z ! appe>ance ( a sup]natural be+ ^u ! e>?0 7,pfleid]]74 ,& !n !y proce$ to %[ t ,*ri/ianity is a natural1 evolution>y product ( ! ,israelite religion1 ( ,greek philosophy1 ( ,ori5tal my?s1 & ,roman cu/oms4 ,t x is f> sup]ior to all ^!1 & t x is ! opposite to !m 9 v>i\s ways1 is c>efully hu%$ up4 ,! inadequacy & impossibility ( su* an explanation is adroitly conceal$4 ,nor c\ld ! ,israelite religion ( ! ,old ,cov5ant1 accord+ to ! naturali/ic pr9ciple ( lib]al !ology1 h _h its orig9 9 revelation & ! prophets2 h5ce x comes f ,babylon1 z ! product ( natural evolution f ,ori5tal my?s & cu/oms4 ,any old & new analogies1 hypo!ses1 & fancies are good en\gh !n to demon/rate ?is z 8hi/orical40 ,! ,tru? is n 9 ,!m4 ,we pause "h4 ,we might ?us cont9ue = a long "t2 b x is en\gh4 ,! pati5t read]1 :o has accompani$ u on ! t$i\s way to ?is po9t1 may beg9 to feel tir$4 ,may he excuse ! detail$ recital = ! reason t we _h to d "s ext5sive reconnoitr+1 ?r\gh ! prec9cts ( mod]n philosophical-religi\s rese>*1 to avoid ! reproa* t we 7 mak+ accusations )\t furni%+ pro(s4 ,our cont5tion 01 t lib]al sci5ce is try+ to %ake (f ! yoke ( religi\s tru?1 & to expla9 x away by its self-made presumptions4 ,we believe t we h prov$ our cont5tion4 ,we are confront$ by a sci5ce t boa/s ( monopoliz+ ! _s ( tru?fulness2 z a matt] ( fact1 we see t x uses all sci5tific devices to %irk ! tru? & to disguise its ef=t4 ,9 loquaci\s prote/s x rejects ! 8rigid dogmatism10 ! 8fix$ views10 ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & x proclaims exp]i5ce & reason z ! sole crit]ions ( sci5tific cognition2 yet x always /&s ^u ! plat=m ( rigid presumptions1 t are d]iv$ f no exp]i5ce1 & :i* no reason c prove4 ,x clam\rs = rese>* free f presumption1 &1 )\t w9k+ an eye1 sub/itutes its own presumption1 secretly or op5ly4 ,x is di%one/4 ,x promises to pres]ve = man ! highe/ ideals & bless+s = :i* 8 m9d is ye>n+1 yet x has no religion & no ,god4 ,x recalls to m9d ! words spok5 by ,/4 ,augu/9e ( ! philosoph]s :om he _h foll[$ 9 ! false ways ( 8 y\?3 8,!y said3 tru?1 & always tru?1 & talk$ mu* ( tru?1 b x 0 n 9 !m4444 ,oh1 tru?1 tru?1 h[ deeply my inmo/ _s sigh$ aft] !e1 :ile !y fill$ my e>s incessantly ) ?y b>e "n & ) ! palav] ( _! bulky volumes40 ,free x wants to be1 ?is sci5ce4 ,"o ( its disciples boa/$3 8,x has taught its disciples to look d[n )\t dizz9ess f ! airy heights ( sov]eign scepticism4 ,h[ easy & free "o brea!s up !re60 ,aye1 x has made itself free1--f ! yoke ( unpalatable tru?4 ,s mu* m firmly is x fett]$1 n ) ! holy bonds ( belief 9 ,god1 b by ! m burd5some m5tal yoke ( a disbelief t weak5s & bl9ds ! eyes aga9/ ! cognition ( ! high] tru?3--& b\nd by ! *a9s ( public op9ion1 :i* ?reat5s ana!ma to e "o :o fails to /op at ! bord] ( ! natural4 ,truly free is only ! sci5ce t enjoys a cle> & free p]ception = ! tru?4 ,unfree is a sci5ce t re/ra9s ! m5tal eye ) ! bl9k]s ( !ophoby4 ,our age seeks = ! lo/ happ9ess ( ! s\l1 x seeks long+ly ,god & ! sup]natural t h be5 remov$ f its sight4 ,b sci5ce1 s (t5 its lead]1 loa?+ly dodges ,god1 & refuses to fold ! h&s & pray4 ,z long z our age does n break ) a sci5ce t refuses to "k a ,god & a ,savi\r1 s long w x hopelessly grope ab\t )\t result1 & look 9 va9 = an escape f ! wret*$ labyr9? ( d\bt4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,unsci5tific ,me?od4 ,! ef=ts ( lib]al sci5ce1 to remove m & m f its scope ! sup]natural p[]s1 %[ cle>ly t man may feel ! tru? to be a yoke1 & t he may attempt to free himself f ?is yoke by oppos+ ! tru? & by sub/itut+ po/ulates = k4 ,sceptical1 autonom\s subjectivism1 ! philosophy ( lib]al free ?\ght1 has *ang$ ! nature ( human reason+1 & its relation to tru?1 & p]v]t$ x to its v opposite4 ,no long] is ! human m9d ! vassal ( ,que5 ,tru?1 z ,plut>* put x1 b ! autocratic rul] :o degrades tru? to ! position ( a s]vant4 ,?us lib]al fre$om ( ?\ght becomes ! pr9ciple ( an unsci5tific me?od1 because x loses1 by false reason+ & false tru?1 ! fir/ condition ( solid & sci5tific rese>*2 fur!rmore1 by treat+ ! highe/ que/ions ) consequ5t levity1 x betrays a lack ( e>ne/ness :i* aga9 r5d]s x unfit = sci5tific rese>* 9 s]i\s matt]s4 ,false ,reason+4 8,! philosophical ?9k]s ( to-day10 says an admir] ( ,kant1 ,a4 ,sabati]1 8may be divid$ into two classes1 ! pre-,kantian & ^? :o h receiv$ _! initiation & _! philosophical baptism f ,kant's ,critic40 ,! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( a ,/4 ,?omas1 :i* is1 z ev5 repres5tatives ( mod]n philosophy are con/ra9$ to admit1 8a sy/em c>ri$ out ) cle> p]ception & great sagacity0 7,pauls571 conta9s _m a pr9ciple1 ! intr9sic m]it ( :i* w be fully appreciat$ only :5 contra/$ ) ! exp]im5ts ( mod]n philosophy4 ,an in/ance is ! pr9ciple ( ! old s*ool1 t cognition is ! lik5ess ( t :i* is cogniz$4 ,ap>t f ! cognition by s5se1 we are giv5 "h ! only correct pr9ciple1 co9cid+ ) ! g5]al conviction t reason+ is ! m5tal reproduction ( an objective ord] ( exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( u1 ev5 9 our conception ( ! metaphysical _w4 ,?9k+ does n create its object1 b is a reproduction ( x2 x is n a produc]1 b a pa9t]1 :o copies ! _w ) 8 m5tal bru% )9 himself1 sometimes only 9 ! indi/9ct outl9es ( indef9ite conception1 (t51 h[ev]1 9 ! %>p l9es ( cle> cognition4 ,if1 accord+ to its nature1 ?9k+ is subject to /&>ds & laws giv5 x by an objective _w1 !n subjective arbitr>9ess1 a me?od ( ?\ght :i*1 :ile pret5d+ to be a free produc] ( tru?1 yet det]m9es x accord+ to necessity or desire2 &1 ev5 m s1 a me?od ( ?\ght :i* feels itself ju/ifi$ to hold an op9ion ^u ! same "q 9 "o way to-day1 & ano!r & entirely opposite "o to-morr[1 is :olly incompreh5sible3 j z incompreh5sible z if a draughtsman1 attempt+ to draw a true picture ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 w\ld n foll[ ! reality b pref] to draw ! picture at r&om1 accord+ to 8 fancy & mood4 ,we h /at$ ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples already at ! beg9n+ ( our book1 we h also set =? h[ greatly lib]al fre$om ( ?\ght is lack+ ! fir/ presumption ( any prop] sci5ce1 namely1 ! cle> p]ception t !re is an objective tru? 9 philosophical-religi\s que/ions1 to :i* we mu/ submit1 !re1 9 fact1 mo/ ( all4 ,no6 ,we also want autonomy ( ?\ght1 especially 9 que/ions ( metaphysics1 :]e1 anyway1 !re c only be po/ulates6 s %\t$ ,kant to ! mod]n _w on ! ?re%old ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re are no /able tru?s1 ev]y?+ is relative & *ang+1 adds ! mod]n !ory ( evolution4 ,at la/ !re is fre$om = ?\ght & rese>*1 fre$om f ! yoke ( absolute tru?6 ,behold ! ab]rations ( an unbridl$ ru% = fre$om :i* moves ! _w ( to-day4 ,?is unruly hank]+ = a fre] exi/5ce ?an all[$ by _! nature & position1 makes unbe>able to _m mod]n *ildr5 ( man ! idea ( iron laws ( tru? & m>k$ b\nd>ies ( ?\ght4 ,revell+ 9 ! consci\sness ( _! sov]eign p]sonality1 !y want to measure all ?+s by _! individuality1 ev5 religion1 philosophy1 tru?1 & e?ics4 ,only t :at is creat$ & exp]i5c$ by !m )9 ! sanctu>y ( _! p]sonality1 only :at is made important & legitimate by _! s5tim5t1 is tru? & ( value to !m4 ,autonomism ?us *anges unnoticeably into individualism2 ! own individuality1 9 its peculi> incl9ations1 moods1 & hum\rs1 its exig5cies & egoti/ical aims1 its infirmities & diseases--!y h1 "u ! "n ( individual reason1 become ! law ( ?9k+ & reason+4 ,)\t ,k ( ! ,human ,nature4 8,v>i$1 accord+ to "*1 are ! dem&s made by he>t & m9d10 assures u a repres5tative ( mod]n philosophy1 8correspond+ to !m is ! image ( ! _w to :i* ! individual turns by inn] necessity4 ,he may wav] hi!r & ?i!r1 unc]ta9 z to himself2 at la/1 h[ev]1 8 inn]mo/ t5d5cy ( life w prevail & press him into ! view ( ! _w correspond+ to 8 individuality4 ,^u its fur!r developm5t worldly & local influ5ces w play a v important "p4 ,b ! decid+ factor 9 giv+ ! direction is p]sonality40 8,&10 cont9ues ,pr(4 ,adickes1 8! %>p] & m "o-sid$ a "* type is br\ght to expression1 ! m x w be urg$ into a c]ta9 metaphysical or religi\s t5d5cy1 & ?is man w f9d no re/1 nor feel himself at home 9 ! _w1 until he has f\nd ! view ( life t fits him4 ,nor does man assemble 8 metaphysics ) discrim9ation on ! gr\nds ( logical necessity1 *oos+ "h1 reject+ !re1 b x gr[s )9 himself by t inn] compulsion id5tical ) true fre$om40 ,h5ce1 n unselfi% yield+ to tru?1 no1 ! incl9ations ( he>t & m9d1 ! 8p]sonality0 mu/ =m ! view ( ! _w4 ,let e type ( "* !re=e develop itself %>ply & "o-sid$ly1 let e "o get ! view ( ! _w correspond+ to himself1 )\t reg>d to objective tru? & logical necessity4 ,?is precisely is ! 8true fre$om40 8,= :5 is a man m free1 ?an :5 he *ooses & does--)\t any compulsion1 ev5 resi/+ compulsion--:at 8 inn]mo/ s\l is urg+ him to *oose & d8 ,h[ c\ld he be m true to himself1 m l himself80 ,) su* a fre$om 8! out] compulsion0 ( an absolute tru?1 to say no?+ ( ! duty to believe1 w n agree4 8,! core ( "o's v be+10 s ,h>nack in=ms u1 8%\ld be grasp$ 9 its dep?s1 & ! s\l %\ld only "k its own ne$s & ! way indicat$ by x to gratify !m40 8,accord+ to my "*10 says ,adickes aga91 8is ! _w reflect$ )9 myself by intr9sic necessity j z my cre$ repres5ts x1 & no oppon5t is able to %ake my position by argum5ts ( reason or by empirical facts40 ,h5ce x is n only true1 z has be5 kn[n f ! beg9n+1 t ! incl9ations ( ! he>t are try+ to prevail ^u reason to urge _! desires1 & to oppose :at displeases !m1 & t reason mu/ bew>e ( ! he>t--no1 incl9ation & "* are n[ directly call$ ^u to %ape our religion & view ( ! _w4 ,e type ( man1 e p]iod1 may con/ruct its own philosophical sy/em1 or1 if ?is is beyond x1 at lea/ its own ideas2 x may also %ape its own ,*ri/ianity1 accord+ to its exp]i5ce4 ,z ! individual *ooses 8 clo!s1 & puts 8 individuality into !m1 9 l mann] may ! individual put on ! view ( life t fits him4 ,^! pr9ciples repres5t ! apo/asy f objective tru?1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! apo/asy f ! pr9ciples ( true sci5ce3 _! fir/ dem&1 ! prop] und]/&+ ( tru?1 is p]v]t$ into its v opposite4 ,a necess>y quality ( sci5tific rese>* is exactness2 exactness1 h[ev]1 dem&s mo/ consci5ti\s cleav+ to tru?2 scale & measure are its in/rum5ts4 ,! rev]se ( exactness is to ca/ away scale & measure1 to turn eye & e>1 n t[>d reality1 b t[>d "o's self1 s z to obs]ve p]sonal wi%es & incl9ations1 & !n %ape ! results ( ! 8rese>*0 accord+ly4 ,?is may be a me?od ( fre$om1 b x _c be ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,! v ?+ t true rese>* w\ld elim9ate 9 ! fir/ place1 viz41 to h ! decision influ5c$ by hobbies & moods1 is mo/ important 9 ! me?od ( individualism2 objectiv5ess1 deem$ by true sci5ce ! highe/ requirem5t1 is to t me?od ! lea/ "o3 :at true sci5ce fir/ ( all insi/s on1 namely1 to prove t :i* is claim$1 ?is me?od kn[s b little (4 ,x recalls ! me?od ( ! g\rmet :o selects t :i* gratifies 8 ta/e3 x may be lik5$ to ! d&y pick+ frock-coat & tr\s]s t suit 8 :im4 ,true rese>*1 ) a firm h& at ! helm1 aims to direct its craft s z to discov] new coa/s1 or at lea/ a new isl&2 ! explor+ done by lib]al rese>* is l ca/+ (f ! rudd] to be toss$ by ! waves1 = its task is only to hold to ! c\rse :i* ! wav+ bill[s ( individual life give to x4 ,true sci5ce1 f9ally1 seeks = s]i\s results1 able to )/& criticism3 ! rese>* by individualism produces results :i*1 z individualism itself confesses1 mu/ n be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,!y are ! subjective a*ievem5ts ( amateurs1 creations ( fa%ion1 cut to ! patt]n ( ! rul+ pr9ciple3 nihil nisi quod mod]num e/4 ,a sci5ce t pr(esses su* a me?od is beyond a d\bt unfit to play a b5eficial "p 9 ! endeav\r ( mank9d4 ,d n say3 b x is n claim$ t religion & view ( life are matt]s ( sci5tific rese>*3 on ! contr>y1 !y are always di/+ui%$ f sci5ce4 ,x is true1 ?is is n infrequ5tly claim$4 ,b x is also kn[n h[ en]getically j ^! matt]s are appropriat$ by sci5ce4 ,is x n exactly ?is sph]e 9 :i* free rese>* is to be active8 ,is x n its aim to con/ruct a 8sci5tific view ( ! _w10 z oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian belief8 ,is !re n ! conviction t sci5ce has already c>ri$ mu* light & enlight5m5t into ?is v sph]e1 t x has upset ! old t5ets ( fai?8 ,& :at an am\nt ( ignorance ( human nature und]lies ^! pr9ciples6 ,x is ! same complete misconception t has always *>act]iz$ lib]alism1 & :i* x has also manife/$ 9 economical matt]s4 ,!re1 too1 x dem&$ b\ndless fre$om = all economic s\rces1 ignor+ man's disord]$ incl9ations t w "w disord] & de/ruction if n re/ra9$ by laws4 ,9 a simil> mann] !y dream t man1 if left to ! unre/ra9$ influ5ce ( 8 p]sonality1 w so> )\t fail to ! heights ( ! pure tru?4 ,!y "k no long] ! maxim once engrav$ by ! wisdom ( ! anci5t _w ^u ,delphi's sanctu>y3 8,"k ?yself06 ,!y no long] "k ! beguil+ & b5umb+ influ5ce ex]t$ ^u reason by incl9ation1 h[ x fett]s ! m9d4 ,amor premit oculos1 says ,qu9tilian4 ,! ?+ we l1 we desire to e/abli% z true2 fav\rable argum5ts are decisive1 c\nt] argum5ts are ignor$ or belittl$1 incl9ations guide ! obs]vation1 det]m9e ! books & s\rces drawn f4 ,if we meet ) some?+ unsympa!tic1 some?+ t int]f]es ) ! lib]ties we h gr[n fond (1 x takes a r>e degree ( unselfi%ness to love ! pa9ful tru? m ?an "o's self4 ,x is easy to leave cool reason 9 control 9 ma!matical speculations3 !y seldom affect ! he>t2 q diff]5t1 h[ev]1 9 que/ions ( philosophy & religion t (t5 h vexati\s consequ5ces4 ,we h to conc$e t ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss 0 "r :5 he wrote3 8,he :o writes ab\t ! ,rul]s ( ,n9eveh or ! ,ph>aohs ( ,egypt1 may pursue a purely hi/orical int]e/3 b ,*ri/ianity is a p[] s alive1 & ! "q ( :at occurr$ at its orig9 is involv$ 9 su* va/ consequ5ces = ! imm$iate pres5t1 t ! inquir] w\ld h to be dull-witt$ to be int]e/$ only 9 a purely hi/orical way 9 ! solution ( ^! que/ions40 ,b we mu/ also regret t ?is p]sonal int]e/ has misl$ him1 = "o1 into p]nici\s ways4 ,9 view ( ! frequ5t assurances ( ! not$ hi/orian1 ,?4 ,momms51 t he hates ! sight ( old ,*ri/ian inscriptions7#i7 we may p]haps welcome x 9 ! int]e/ ( hi/ory t he refra9$ f writ+ ! f\r? volume ( 8 ,roman hi/ory1 :]e9 ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity 0 to be treat$4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s ass]ts t ! d[nfall ( paganism ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity 0 a fact n to ,momms5's lik+1 t 8a description ( ! decomposition ( all ?+s anci5t1 & ! sub/itution !re= ( ! ,naz>5e _s w\ld n h be5 a lab\r ( love407#aj7 ,& aga91 :5 we see ! well-kn[n hi/orian ( philosophy1 ,f4 ,ueb]weg1 9 a lett] to ,f4 ,a4 ,lange1 d5\nc+ f ! bitt]ness ( 8 he>t 8! mis]able begg>-pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ianity10 & ! 8surr5d]+ ( indep5d5ce & ( p]sonal hon\r 9 fav\r ( a s]vile submission to ! ma/]1 :o is made a ,messiah1 nay1 ev5 ! inc>nate ,son ( ,god10 !n we may well dread ! hi/orical objectivity ( a man ( su* notions 9 writ+ ab\t ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,) ref]5ce to ! *ief subject ( psy*ology1 ! not$ psy*ologi/1 ,w4 ,james1 writes ) utmo/ frankness3 8,! s\l is an entity1 & truly "o ( ! wor/ k9d1 a s*ola/ic "o1 & some?+ said to be de/9$ = salvation or p]dition4 ,z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i mu/ frankly admit t ! antipa?y aga9/ ! p>ticul> s\l ,i f9d myself burd5$ )1 is an old h>dness ( he>t1 :i* ,i _c acc\nt =1 n ev5 to myself4 ,i w admit t ! =mal disposition ( ! "q 9 dispute w\ld come to an end1 if ! exi/5ce ( s\ls c\ld be us$ = an explanatory pr9ciple4 ,i admit ! s\l w\ld be a means ( unification1 :]eas ! work+ ( ! bra91 or ideas1 %[ no h>moniz+ efficacy1 no matt] h[ ?or\ghly syn*ronical !y be4 ,yet1 despite ^! admissions1 ,i nev] resort 9 my psy*ologiz+ to ! s\l40 ,if we read su* /atem5t1 if1 9 addition1 we rememb] ! popul>-philosophical sci5ce ( m5 l ,haeckel1 p>ticul>ly p]haps ! lit]ature :i* he recomm5ds = in=mation ab\t ,*ri/ianity1 & ( :i* he himself makes use2 if we h read ,s*op5hau]1 ,nietzs*e1 or ! 8,philosophy ( ,races0 ( a ,*amb]la91--we c no long] be at a loss :at to ?9k ( ! 8rule ( reason0 & ( ! 8se>* = pure tru?40 ,obs]ve1 also1 ! re/less ha/e ( ^? :o1 hav+ turn$ _! back ^u ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 n[ proce$ to attack h]1 obs]ve _! agitat$ "w & incitem5t1 h[ !y rummage & ransack ! nooks & corn]s ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* 9 que/ ( refuse & fil?1 & if ! f9d is n suffici5t h[ !y ev5 help x along by =g]y1 all ?is to demon/rate to ! _w t ! gr&e/ fact 9 hi/ory is really absurdity & fil?2--!n "o w und]/& :at in/9cts may be f\nd !re to guide 8reason & sci5ce40 ,h[ ev5 sexual impulses are try+ to %ape _! own e?ics we %all n exam9e "h4 ,f4 ,w4 ,fo]/] relates3 8,i once he>d a moral p]v]t exp\nd 8 e?ical & religi\s notions2 !y 7 no?+ b ! reflection ( 8 p]v]se impulses4 ,b he ?\ght !m to be ! result ( 8 reason+40 ,is !re n kn[n 9 ^! days ! inh]it$ disord] ( ! human he>t z *>act]iz$ by ! ,apo/le 9 ! words3 8,b ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 fight+ aga9/ ! law ( my m9d1 & captivat+ me 9 ! law ( s9 7,rom4 vii4 #bc708 ,! ,anci5ts knew x4 ,! wisdom ( ,plato knew x1 :o speaks ( ! 8pricks ( s91 sunk into man1 com+ f an old1 unexpiat$ (f5ce1 giv+ bir? to wick$ness40 ,! wise ,cic]o knew ( x3 8,nature has be/[$ ^u u b a few sp>ks ( k1 :i*1 corrupt$ by bad habits & errors1 we soon ext+ui%1 ) ! result t ! light ( nature does n[h]e appe> 9 its cle>ness & brightness40 ,tru? is (t5 disagreeable to nature4 ,& if n subdu$ & rul$ by /rong discipl9e1 nature proce$s to oppose ! tru?4 ,only to l(ty self-discipl9e & purity ( morals is res]v$ ! privilege ( fac+ ! highe/ tru?s ) a calm eye4 8,bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t1 = !y %all see ,god40 ,m5tal ,bondage4 ,( ?is wisdom ! admir] ( lib]al fre$om kn[s little4 ,in/ead ( di/+ui%+ ! good f ! evil 9 man1 ( unfold+ 8 inn] k]nel1 ! pure _s1 & mak+ x rule2 in/ead ( dem&+1 l ,py?agoras1 discipl9e z a prep>atory s*ool = wisdom1 he has le>n$ f ,r\sseau1 ! ma/] ( mod]n ,lib]alism1 t ev]y?+ 9 man is good4 ,depravity ( nature1 orig9al s91 are unsympa!tic ?+s to 8 e>4 ,ev5 ,goe! wrote to ,h]d]1 :5 ,kant _h 9 8 religi\s philosophy f\nd a radical ,evil 9 man3 8,aft] x has tak5 ,kant a lifetime to clean 8 philosophical g[n ( _m fil?y prejudices1 he n[ outrage\sly slabb]s x ) ! /a9 ( ! radical ,evil1 s t ,*ri/ians1 too1 may be entic$ to come & kiss ! seam40 ,in/ead ( exhort+ = a r$emption f int]nal fett]s1 z ! sages ( all ages did1 ! pr9ciple ( wisdom n[ propos$ is to quietly let individuality develop1 ) all its incl9ations4 ,!y call ?is fre$om4 ,is x n ! fre$om :]e( ! slave ( s5suality avails himself to =m 8 !ory ( life8 ,x1 too1 8gr[s up 9 man ) t inn] compulsion :i* is id5tical ) true fre$om0 7,adickes74 ,fre$om ?is may be4 ,b only ext]nal fre$om1 ! only fre$om !y (t5 "k4 ,!y are unaw>e t !y =feit !reby ! real1 ! inn] fre$om4 8,?\ aime/ at free heights10 admoni%es ev5 ! mo/ impetu\s h]ald ( fre$om1 8?y s\l is a?ir/ = />s4 ,b also ?y wick$ impulses are a?ir/ = fre$om4 ,?y wild h\nds want to be free1 !y b>k joyfully 9 _! k5nel :5 ?y _s essays to ?r[ op5 all dungeons407#aa7 ,!y ?9k to be free & speak ( ! self-assurance ( individual reason1 & !y _c see t ! m9d is 9 ! fett]s ( bondage4 ,else h[ is x t ! a!i/ic free sci5ce1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 arrives ) infallible regul>ity at results t obvi\sly t5d to a morally loose conduct ( life8 ,h[ is x1 t x tries ?r\gh\t to %irk ! acceptance ( a p]sonal ,god1 & is at home only 9 op5 or disguis$ a!ism8 t x s p]si/5tly avoids ! acceptance ( any?+ sup]natural8 ,:y does x 9 its rese>*es nev] arrive at !ism1 :i* has z mu* f\ndation at lea/ z pan!ism & a!ism8 ,:y does x1 ne>ly )\t exception1 d5y or ignore ! p]sonal immortality ( ! s\l & a ,beyond2 :y does x nev] rea* ! opposite result :i*1 9 intr9sic evid5ce1 ranks at lea/ on a p> ) x8 ,:y is x n admitt$1 t ! w is free & /rictly responsible = its acts1 al?\gh ?is fact is borne out by ! obvi\s exp]i5ce & te/imony ( mank9d8 ,:y does x s regul>ly arrive at ! conclusion t ! ,*ri/ian religion has become unt5able1 & ne$s developm5t2 t its e?ics1 too1 mu/ be re=m$1 m especially 9 sexual matt]s8 ,:y does x n def5d ! duty to believe1 b reject x p]si/5tly8 ,a /rik+ fact6 ,! matt]s 9 "q "h conc]n tru?s t impose sacrifices ^u man1 :]eas _! opposites h connections ( intimate fri5d%ip ) unpurg$ impulses4 ,x may be not$ also t ?is same sci5ce1 t ann\nces to ! _w ^! results ( rese>*1 meets ) ! boi/]\s applause f ! elem5ts t belong to ! morally inf]ior "p ( mank9d4 ,/4 ,augu/9e prays3 8,r$eem me1 ,o ,god1 f ! ?rong ( ?\ghts1 :i* ,i feel s pa9fully )9 my s\l1 :i* feels l[ly 9 ,?y pres5ce1 :i* is flee+ to ,?y m]cy4 ,grant me t ,i may n give my ass5t to !m2 t ,i may disapprove ( !m1 ev5 if !y seek to delight me1 & t ,i may n /ay ) !m 9 sleep9ess4 ,may !y n h ! p[] to ins9uate !mselves into my works2 may ,i be protect$ f !m 9 my resolution1 may my consci5ce be protect$ by ,?y keep+40 ,x is ! realization ( ! want ( fre$om ( ! human reason1 ! only way to ! lib]ation f ! fett]s ( our own imp]fection4 ,he1 :o has s]i\sly begun to take up ! /ruggle ) 8 inn] disord]s1 w1 by 8 own exp]i5ce1 pray z ,/4 ,augu/9e pray$4 ,recogniz+ ?is fact1 man w try to rise above himself1 to cleave to a sup]ior ,p[] & ,wisdom1 :o1 9 pur] heights1 unt\*$ by human passions1 holds al(t ! tru?1 9 ord] to rise !reby above 8 own bondage2 he w und]/& ! necessity ( an au?ority clo!d ) div9e p[] & dignity1 s t x may hold 9 unvanqui%$ h&s ! ideal aga9/ all onslaughts ( human passions4 ,he w )\t difficulty f9d ?is p[] 9 ! religion ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & 9 ,8 ,*ur*3 9 ,him1 :o c\ld n be accus$ ( s91 :o by ,8 ,cross has a*iev$ ! highe/ triumph ov] fle% & s91 :o has surr\nd$ ,8 ,*ur* ) ! bright ?rong ( sa9ts4 ,& if he sees ?is religion & ,*ur* an object ( p]secution1 he w behold 9 x ! signature ( its tru?4 ,= tru? is a yoke despis$ by s5sualism & pride1 & ! spiritual p[] t cont5ds = purity & tru? w be hat$4 ,)\t ,e>ne/ness4 ,! regrettable conception ( tru? prop] to ! mod]n fre$om ( ?\ght1 leads to t flippancy ) :i* our "t is prone to treat ! highe/ que/ions4 ,:y consci5ti\sness & anxi\s c>e8 ,all t is ne$$ is to =m "o's p]sonal views2 !re is no c]ta91 g5]ally valid1 tru? 9 religi\s matt]s4 ,h5ce !re is (t5 9 ?is sph]e ( sci5tific rese>* a me?od :olly diff]5t f t 9 use any:]e else4 ,9 hi/ory1 philology1 natural sci5ce1 !re is a /riv+ = exactness1 b 9 ^! matt]s exact reason+ is replac$ only too (t5 by discretion>y reason+1 by loose =m+ ( ideas2 9 ! v doma9 :i* has ev] pre-em95tly be5 call$ ! prov9ce ( ! wisdom ( life1 !re is n[ 9 vogue ! me?od ( flippancy4 ,true wisdom is conv9c$ t reason has n be5 giv5 to man to grope 9 ! d>k 9 respect to ! mo/ mom5t\s que/ions ( life2 t reason1 ?\gh limit$ & liable to err1 is giv5 him to f9d ! tru?4 ,true wisdom kn[s its difficulties :5 ! matt] 9 que/ is metaphysical tru?3 x kn[s h[1 9 ?is case1 m ?an 9 any o!r1 reason is expos$ to ! influ5ce ( incl9ations f )91 & to ! p[] ( error & ( public op9ion f )\t2 t 9 ^! matt]s1 lea/ ( all1 reason is n 9 ! habit ( tak+ ! tru? by assault4 ,true1 !re are intuitions1 & inspiration by g5ius--!y h _! rights1 b !y are ! exceptions4 ,! ord9>y1 & only safe1 way is to advance cauti\sly1 by disc\rsive ?9k+1 f cognition to cognition1 o!rwise !re is dang] ( a sudd5 fall f ! /eep pa?4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages ?is insight l$ to c>eful cultivation & application ( c]ta9 me?odical means ( ?9k+ & t]ms ( expressions1 to def9itions1 di/9ctions1 & =ms ( syllogism1 ) t 8insult+ lucidity10 9 ! words ( a mod]n philosoph]1 :i* gives to !m ! /amp ( scrupul\sness4 ,! same insight into ! cognitive weakness ( reason leads to ! noble union betwe5 sci5ce & mode/y4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 d we see 9 mod]n philosophic-religi\s ?9k+8 ,(t5 unsolidity1 ) h>dly a remnant ( ! pr9ciples ( ! s]i\s pursuit ( k4 ,! autonom\s free?9k] ( ^! days lacks *iefly humility & mode/y4 ,! anci5t ,sage ( ,samos once decl9$ ! "n ( 8sage10 say+ t ,god alone is wise1 :ile man mu/ be cont5t to be wisdom-lov+ 774 ,n always s ! sages ( mod]n times4 ,kant believ$ ( 8 sy/em3 8,critical philosophy mu/ be conv9c$ t !re is n 9 /ore = x a *ange ( op9ions1 no improvem5t nor possibly a diff]5tly =m$ sy/em1 b t ! sy/em ( criticism1 re/+ on a fully assur$ basis1 w be e/abli%$ =ev]1 indisp5sable = all com+ ages to ! highe/ aims ( mank9d40 ,hegel1 9 turn1 0 no less conv9c$ ( ! indisp5sability ( 8 doctr9e4 ,9 ! summ] t]m ( #ahbj he began 8 lectures ) ! words3 8,i w\ld say ) ,*ri/3 ,i tea* ! tru?1 & ,i am ! tru?40 ,yet1 to ,s*op5hau] ,hegel's philosophy is nons5se1 humbug1 & worse4 ,s*op5hau] knew bett]1 & 0 conv9c$ t he _h lift$ ! veil ( tru? high] ?an any mortal be=e him2 he claim$ t he _h writt5 p>agraphs 8:i* may be tak5 to h be5 inspir$ by ! ,holy ,gho/40 ,%ortly be=e 8 dea? he wrote3 8,my curse ^u any "o1 :o 9 repr9t+ my works %all kn[+ly make a *ange2 be x b a s5t5ce1 or a ^w1 a syllable or a punctuation po9t40 ,nietzs*e held3 8,i h giv5 to ! _w ! mo/ pr(\nd book 9 its possession40 ,to ! eyes ( ?is philosophy1 mode/y & humility are no long] virtues4 ,b4 ,sp9oza1 a lead] 9 lat] philosophy1 /ates expressly3 8,humility is no virtue2 x does n spr+ f reason4 ,x is a sadness1 spr++ f ! fact t man becomes aw>e ( 8 impot5ce40 ,an arrogant m9d is n capable ( f9d+ ! high] tru? ) c]ta9ty2 consci5ti\s ob$i5ce to tru?1 unselfi% ab/5tion f ass]t+ "o's ego1 & "o's pet op9ion1 c dwell only 9 ! humble m9d4 ,"h applies :at ,/4 ,augu/9e said ( ! ,neoplatoni/s3 8,to acquiesce 9 tru? y ne$ humility1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is v difficult to in/il into y\r m9ds407#ab7 ,:5 ,god's au?ority /eps be=e sci5ti/s & e>ne/ly dem&s fai?1 !y w talk excit$ly ab\t _! human dignity t does n p]mit !m to believe2 ab\t reason be+ _! c\rt ( la/ resort t mu/ n "k ( submission2 & if ! ,*ur*1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 /eps be=e !m1 !y become abusive4 ,m5 :o h sc>cely outgr[n _! m9ority (t5 feel x incumb5t ^u !mselves to furni% humanity ) new ?\ght & to disc>d ! old4 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 a "y "u-ma/] ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 writes 8 8,life ( ,jesus1 critically analyz$0 7#ahce72 he tells ! ,*ri/ian _w t ev]y?+ x has hi!rto held sacr$ is a delusion & a sn>e2 he feels ! vocation to 8replace ! old1 obsolete1 sup]natural1 me?od ( contemplat+ ! hi/ory ( ,jesus ) a new "o10 :i* *anges all div9e de$s into my?s4 ,h>dly out ( knick]bock]s & kilts1 !y feel exp]i5c$ en\gh to come =? ) novel & unhe>d-( propositions on ! highe/ problems4 ,9 bus9ess & (fice1 z 9 public s]vice1 sob]-m9d$ness & maturity are dem&$2 b to "w out ! ultimate que/ions ( humanity1 inexp]i5ce & lack ( ! deep] k ( life d n disqualify 9 our "t4 ,if ,s*ill]'s compla9t ( ! ,kantians ( 8 "t 0 t1 8,:at !y h sc>cely le>n$ to-day1 !y want to tea* to-morr[10 :at is to be said ( ^? :o tea* ev5 be=e !y h le>n$8 ,& :at sup]ficial ?9k+ d we meet 9 ! philosophy ( ! day6 ,lack+ all solid tra9+1 !y proce$ to con/ruct new sy/ems1 or at lea/ fragm5ts ( !m4 ,z reg>ds _! compet5ce1 "o is (t5 tempt$ to quote ! h>% words ( a mod]n writ]3 8,i believe ,s*op5hau] w\ld h =m$ a bett] op9ion ( ! human intellect1 _h he paid less att5tion to au?ors & newspap]-writ]s1 & m to ! common s5se ev9c$ by m5 9 _! "w & bus9ess0 7,pauls574 ,x w\ld be highly in/ructive to take a long] j\rney ?r\gh ! realm ( mod]n philosophy1 9 s f> z x t\*es ^u que/ions conc]n+ ! !ory ( ! _w1 or ev5 lib]al ,prote/ant !ology1 s z to subject to a se>*+ criticism ! unt5able notions & attempts at demon/ration ev5 ( ackn[l$g$ repres5tatives ( ?is sci5ce1 :]eby !y g5]ally d away ) ,god & miracles1 ! s\l & immortality1 fre$om ( ! w1 ! div9e moral laws1 ! ,gospel1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & s mu* m1 & %[ :at !y (f] 9 place ( all ?is4 ,x w\ld disclose an enorm\s lack ( sci5tific me?od3 in/ead ( assur$ results !y (f] que/ionable1 ev5 unt5able !ories2 9 place ( pro(s1 emphatical ass]tions1 imp]atives1 cat* phrases2 or else argum5ts :i* "u ! simple/ te/ w prove misc>riages ( logic4 ,^! philosoph]s vault dit*es & b\nd>ies ) ease1 & d]ive full gratification f imp]fect & w>p$ ideas4 ,( c\rse1 exactness 9 philosophical ?9k+ is n a fruit to be pluck$ :ile out tak+ a walk2 x is ! product ( s]i\s m5tal "w1 ( /]l+ philosophical tra9+1 :i*1 alas1 is want+ to-day 9 l>ge circles ( sci5ti/s4 ,z an in/ance1 we po9t to ! me?od describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 by :i* all sup]natural factors are reject$ by ! arbitr>y po/ulate ( 8exclusively natural causation10 )\t valid pro(s1 bas$ only ^u ! arbitr>y decision ( s-call$ mod]n sci5ce--9 ! grave/ matt] an unsci5tific process t _c be outdone4 ,ano!r in/ructive in/ance1 ( s]i\s matt]s treat$ ) levity1 is furni%$ 9 ! unscrupul\s way 9 :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 h] tea*+1 in/itutions1 & hi/ory1 are pass$ ^u 9 judgm5t by ^? hav+ nei!r k nor fairness4 ,)\t ,rev]5ce4 ,true wisdom accepts advice & guidance4 ,x feels rev]5ce = sacr$ & v5]able traditions1 = ! convictions ( mank9d on ! great que/ions ( life1 & great] rev]5ce /ill = an au?ority ( fai? t has receiv$ f ,god its w>rant to be ! tea*] ( mank9d1 & :i* has /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,true wisdom is conv9c$ t cont9uity 9 human ?9k+ & 9 k is necess>y4 ,life is %ort1 & gives to ! individual h>dly "t to atta9 m5tal maturity4 ,philosophy1 & ?is is ! matt] be=e u at pres5t1--philosophy c nev] be ! "w ( a s+le p]son2 x is ! a*ievem5t ( c5turies2 succe$+ g5]ations1 ) se>*+ eye & c>eful h&1 build+ fur!r ^u ! a*ievem5t = :i* pa/ ages h laid ! f\ndations4 ,by nail+ toge!r beams & bo>ds ! individual may erect a h\se good en\gh = a %ort "t to s]ve 8 sports & pleasures2 & if wreck$ by ! fir/ /orm1 x may be replac$ by ano!r4 ,b ! build+ ( massive & t[]+ ca!drals t la/ = ages requir$ ! "w ( g5]ations4 ,& only skilful & exp]i5c$ h&s may d ! "w2 ha/e is out ( place "h4 ,! anci5t sages ( ,greece1 ,plato1 ,py?agoras1 & ,ari/otle1 _h ?is rev]5ce = ! philosophical & religi\s traditions ( ! pa/4 ,^! repres5tatives ( true wisdom did n consid] philosophy & !ology z ! product ( individual sagacity1 !y did n attempt to be free rul]s 9 ! realm ( ?\ght2 on ! contr>y1 !y look$ ^u wisdom z ! patrimony ( ! pa/1 :i* x 0 _! duty to pres]ve4 ,!y po9t$ to _! v5]able traditions1 h[ev] meagre !y 74 8,our =efa!rs10 says ,plato1 8:o 7 bett] ?an we are1 & /ood ne>] to ! gods ?an we1 h h&$ d[n to u ?is revelation407#ac7 ,t ! te/imony ( ! great sages1 to ! effect t ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( _! philosophy _h _! orig9 9 religi\s traditions1 is bas$ ^u tru? & n on fancy has be5 prov5 by ,o4 ,willmann1 ^: k ( anci5t civilization 0 v ext5sive1 9 8 monum5tal 8,hi/ory ( ,idealism40 ,delhi1 ! home ( my/]ies1 ! g5]ations ( prie/s 9 anci5t ,egypt1 ! doctr9al traditions ( ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,magi ( ,m$es & ,p]sians1 & ! wisdom ( ! ,brahm9s ( anci5t ,india are witnesses to ! fact4 8,! ,anci5ts 7 correct10 says ,willmann1 89 trac+ _! philosophy to e>lie/ traditions 444 !y knew :at !y ow$ to _! =efa!rs bett] ?an we d4 ,!y direct our a/oni%$ eyes to a v anci5t reality1 to a t[]+ remot5ess ( liv+ ?\ght40 ,?is fact is v mu* aga9/ ! ta/e ( our times4444 ,an inh]it$ wisdom1 spr++ f an orig9al revelation1 adapt$ to ! nations1 %9+ ) r5ew$ brightness 9 true philosophy1 is q ! opposite to a philosophy t seeks ! s\rce ( m5tal life only 9 isolat$ ?9k+2 t ?9ks its success to be condition$ ^u unprepossession2 t holds ! refutation ( tradition to be ! te/ ( its /r5g?4 ,un=tunately ?is latt] view is widespread 9 our "t4 ,rese>* is (t5 direct$1 n by rev]5ce = ! wisdom inh]it$ f _m ,*ri/ian c5turies1 b by ! mania1 unwise & fatal alike1 ( seek+ new pa?s4 8,love ( tru?10 s we are told1 8is :at urges on ! great lead]s ( humanity1 ! prophets & re=m]s1 to seek new & untrodd5 pa?s ( life4 #8,plus ultra' is ! rally+-cry ( ^! pa?f9d]s ( ! future1 :o are cle>+ ! way = ! m5tal life ( mank9d4 ,no au?ority c re/ra9 !m1 no prejudice1 h[ev] holy3 !y are foll[+ ! light :i* has dawn$ ^u _! s\l0 7,pauls574 ,& a multitude discov] ?is light 9 _! s\ls1 & jo9 ! prophets & pa?f9d]s6 ,ev]ybody goes abroad look+ = untrodd5 pa?s2 f all directions comes ! cry3 ,"h & !re1 to ! "r1 to ! left1 is ! "r way6 ,d we n only too (t5 see self-will$ & self-satisfi$ ?9k]s1 ^: %ortsight$ conceit gets )9 ! f\r walls ( _! /udy puff$ up aga9/ ,god & religion1 (f] u = holy tru? ! fanciful products ( _! n>r[ bra9s8 ,d we n see1 only too (t51 *ampions ( %all[ reason+1 )\t discipl9e ( ?\ght & )\t e?ical maturity1 recomm5d+ _! undige/$ ef=ts z ! wisdom ( ! _w8 ,y\?ful ?9k]s !re are 9 numb]s1 ea* ( :om claims t he at la/ has succe$$ 9 solv+ ! _w riddle2 !y (f] u new !ories ( ! _w1 new ideas on e?ics1 on law & !ology1 = a few doll>s p] copy or less4 ,! holy abode ( tru? has become ! campus = saunt]]s1 ea* eag] to displace ! o!r s t he may be sole proprietor1 or at lea/ a respect$ p>tn]4 ,day by day new solutions ( 8problems10 8vital que/ions10 or at lea/ 8outl9es0 ( !m2 new 8views ( ! _w02 new =ms ( religion & ( ,*ri/ianity = ! 8mod]n man02 8re=ms0 ( m>riage & ( sexual e?ics1 & s on4 ,tru? _h n be5 discov]$ until ! newcom] puts 8 p5 to ! pap]4 ,e "o is free to jo9 94 ,yea1 m1 he may n only jo9 91 b la% ^? :o d n applaud him4 ,accord+ to ?is notion1 no?+ has a "r to exi/1 no 8sacr$ prejudice0 may be claim$ once ?is self-appo9t$ repres5tative ( sci5ce takes ! field = 8rese>*40 ,behold ! ,*ri/ian tru?1 x has /ood ! te/ ( c5turies3 b x _c resi/ ^! sci5tific freeboot]s1 !y ru% ov] x ) bann]s fly+4 ,sev]e spee* w\ld "h be 9 ord]4 ,a pa9ful spectacle1 ^! do+s ( mod]n ?\ght 9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( tru?4 8,put (f ! %oes f ?y feet2 = ! place :]eon ?\ /&e/ is holy gr\nd10 we imag9e to he>2 yet ?is sanctu>y ( tru? has be5 made a pr(ane place ( b>t]+4 ,:ile /ill a pagan1 b mov$ by 8 desire = tru?1 ! philosoph] ,ju/9 w5t to ! s*ools ( 8 day to seek ! solution ( 8 d\bts & qu]ies4 ,fir/ he turn$ to a ,/oic1 b z he taught no?+ ( ,god1 ,ju/9 0 unsatisfi$4 ,he next w5t to a ,p]ipatetic tea*]1 !n to a ,py?agorean1 b fail$ to f9d :at he desir$4 ,! ,platoni/ at la/ gave him some?+4 ,walk+ alone along ! bea*1 & mus+ ov] ,plato's pr9ciples1 he met an old man :o ref]r$ him to ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 to ! ,prophets & ! ,apo/les3 8,!y alone h se5 ! tru? & proclaim$ x unto man1 !y 7 afraid ( no "o1 knew no fe>2 yield$ to no op9ion2 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/1 !y spoke only :at !y saw & he>d4 ,! ,scriptures are /ill extant1 & he :o takes !m up w f9d 9 !m a treasure ( in=mation ab\t pr9ciples & ultimate ?+s1 & all else ! philosoph] mu/ "k1 if he believes !m407#ad7 ,& ,ju/9 f\nd tru? & peace1 & b[$ to ! yoke ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:at a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ?is s]i\s love ( tru? 9 ! days ( pass+ hea!ndom1 & ! uncontroll$ ?9k+ ( s _m 9 our ,*ri/ian age6 ,to !m tru? is no long] a sacr$ treasure1 a yoke to be assum$ 9 rev]5ce2 x has become ! play?+ ( _! impressions & incl9ations4 ,inde$1 !y consid] x a burd5 to accept ! old ,*ri/ian tru?1 ) :i* !y meet on all _! ways4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,bitt] ,fruit4 ,! ,vocation ( ,sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is1 & ev] 01 an influ5tial factor op]at+ ^u ! ?\ght1 aims1 & actions ( man4 ,h5ce sci5ce mu/ rema9 consci\s ( its vocation4 ,fir/ ( all x is to hold al(t & pres]ve ! spiritual possessions ( mank9d4 ,true1 sci5ce mu/ also progress2 b progress means gr[?1 :i* presupposes ! pres]vation ( :at has be5 receiv$ f ( old4 ,?is applies pre-em95tly to ! philosophical-religi\s patrimony ( ! pa/2 no error c\ld be m fatal ?an to presume t ea* g5]ation mu/ />t f ! beg9n+1 t ! f\ndations1 :i* h safely support$ human life = c5turies1 mu/ be obsolete because human nature is sudd5ly consid]$ *ang$4 ,:at are ^! f\ndations8 ,!y are ! te/$ religi\s & moral convictions ( mank9d1 &1 = our nations p>ticul>ly1 ! div9e t5ets ( ,*ri/ianity1 t h be5 _! highe/ ideals = c5turies1 & h produc$ s]5ity & a high /&>d ( morality4 ,if sci5ce aims to be ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation & n ( de/ruction1 x mu/ look ^u ! safegu>d+ ( ^? possessions ( ! nations z its sacr$ task4 ,inde$1 x w\ld p]=m ?is task b poorly 7 x to wa/e ?is patrimony piece by piece1 or to %att] x ) wick$ fi/1 in/ead ( respect+ & hon\r+ x1 or to set fire to ! sanctu>y :]e mank9d hi!rto has dwell$ 9 peace & happ9ess4 ,a sci5ce ( ?is k9d w\ld n only cease to be a bulw>k = ! m5tal life ( mank9d1 b turn into a positive dang]4 ,9 z f> z x foll[s ! pr9ciples ( lib]al fre$om ( rese>*1 pres5t-day sci5ce does pres5t ?is dang]4 ,?is _c be d5i$1 ! facts speak too pla9ly4 ,by its v nature x mu/ become su* dang]4 ,= x recognizes no belief1 nei!r 9 ,god nor 9 ! ,*ur*2 no dogmas1 no 8prejudices10 no traditions1 h[ev] sacr$1 are to be respect$2 x is fundam5tal unbelief1 ! pr9ciple ( opposition to ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,its autonom\s ,subject emancipates himself f ! yoke ( objective tru? :i* he _c procreate free out ( himself4 ,x confesses ! pr9ciple t !re are nei!r tru?s nor values t endure2 plus ultra6 always new ideas6 ,quieta mov]e1 hi!rto ! wat*word ( unwisdom1 is ?is sci5ce's maxim4 ,& lib]al fre$om ( rese>* is :at its nature compels x to be4 ,c x d any m ?an x has done1 to prove itself a pr9ciple ( m5tal paup]ism8 ,we %all n dem& a li/ ( ! ?+s x has ?r[n aside & %att]$4 ,let u r ask1 :at x has left :ole ( ! sacr$ in/itutions ( tru?1 inh]it$ f a ,*ri/ian pa/4 ,alas1 x has ca/ (f & d5i$ ev]y?+2 x has lo/ n only ! ?+s a ,*ri/ian age has treasur$1 b ev5 ^? a high] paganism _h rev]$4 ,let u exam9e ?is sad "w ( negation & annihilation4 ,x is a m melan*oly spectacle ?an any w> ( ext]m9ation t 0 ev] wag$ aga9/ ,europe's ,*ri/ian civilization by a p b5t on trampl+ d[n e fl[] ( ,*ri/ian culture1 & on raz+ e ca/le to ! gr\nd4 ,are ,we ,/ill ,*ri/ians8 ,?is 0 ! "q propos$ "s scores ( ye>s ago by ,d4 ,/rauss to himself1 & to ^? ( 8 m9d4 ,) ?is "q we w beg94 ,to our =efa!rs1 especially ( ! ,g]man nation1 no?+ 0 m sacr$ ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion2 no p l ! ,g]man has absorb$ x s fully1 has be5 s p]meat$ ) x4 ,b n[1 :]ev] lib]al sci5ce--"h especially mod]n ,prote/ant !ology t br+s lib]al fre$om ( rese>* into full application--:]ev] x has made ! ,*ri/ian religion a subject ( its /udy1 "o treasure aft] ano!r has be5 lo/2 ( ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom no?+ rema9s b an empty "n & a =mal homage1 rem9d+ ( ! c\rtesy paid to depos$ rul]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re has be5 dropp$ ! fundam5tal !sis ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 :]eupon re/s ! entire /ructure ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,man's mod]n emancipation f ev]y?+ sup]natural has be5 accompli%$ also ) respect to ! p]son ( ,*ri/3 ! man ,*ri/ is dive/$ ( ,8 div9ity & ( ev]y?+ miracul\s2 ,8 bir? by ! virg91 ,8 miracles & prophecies1 ,8 resurrection & asc5sion1 once ! subjects ( exalt+ fea/s1 h fall5 a victim to unbeliev+ sci5ce4 ,x is true1 !y ex]t !mselves to keep ,8 p]son 9 view1 !y want ! purely human ,jesus to hold ,8 old position ( ,god & man 9 ! believ+ consci\sness1 to conceal ! m5tal paup]ization4 ,b ?is trick is fail+ m & m4 ,! ,son ( ,god sees ,himself gradually plac$ among ! great m5 ( hi/ory2 we are becom+ accu/om$ to f9d 9 ! 8,biographies ( ,celebrat$ ,m510 among 8,religi\s ,educators10 side by side ) ,confucius1 ,buddha1 ,augu/9e1 ,mohamm$1 ,lu!r1 ,kant1 & ,goe!1 also ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,! lu/re ( ! pa/ belief 9 ,8 div9ity is pal+4 ,9 ! eyes ( unbeliev+ sci5ce ,he has ceas$ to be ! infallible1 all-surpass+ ,au?ority1 & ! basis ( ! fai?4 ,! tea*+ ( ,jesus has become ! subject ( an analyz+ & elim9at+ criticism1 & :5ev] deem$ advisable ,8 au?ority is simply ignor$2 ,he 0 human1 affect$ by ! views & errors ( ,8 age4 ,?us !y "k1 z does ,h4 ,gunkel1 t 8,jesus & ! ,apo/les evid5tly h tak5 ^? n>ratives 7! miracles ( ,g5esis7 to be reality & n poetry02 8! m5 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t on su* que/ions take no p>ticul> attitude b %>e ! 7errone\s7 op9ions ( _! times40 ,!y also "k 8t 9 reg>d to p]sons possess$ ) demons ,jesus %>$ ! errone\s notions ( 8 "t0 7,braun71 & ,fr4 ,delitzs* in=ms u t x 0 8p>ticul>ly a ,babylonian sup]/ition10 9 consequ5ce ( :i* 8! belief 9 demons & devils assum$ su* importance 9 ! imag9ation ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? & ( 8 ,galilean disciples40 ,?us ! ^w is fulfill$ lit]ally3 8,he is a sign :i* w be contradict$40 ,no "o kn[s really :o ,jesus 04 ,8 p]son is ! football ( op9ions4 8,if any "o desir+ reliable in=mation1 z to :o ,jesus ,*ri/ 01 & :at message ,he br\ght1 %\ld consult ! lit]ature ( ! day1 he w\ld f9d buzz+ r\nd him contradictory voices4444 ,tak5 all 9 all1 ! impression made by ^! contradict+ op9ions is depress+3 ! confusion seems pa/ hope10 admits ,pr(4 ,h>nack4 ,also ,e4 ,v4 ,h>tmann rem>ks3 8,?us1 accord+ to "s1 ,jesus 0 a poet1 to o!rs a my/ic vision>y1 a ?ird sees 9 him ! militant h]o = fre$om & human dignity1 to a f\r? he 0 ! organiz] ( a new ,*ur* & ( an ecclesia/ical sy/em ( e?ics1 to a fif? ! rationali/ic re=m] 444 to ! elev5? a naturali/ic pan!i/ l ,giordano ,bruno1 to ! twelf? a sup]man on ! ord] ( ,nietzs*e's ,z>a?u/ra44440 ,a *aos ( op9ions agree+ only 9 ! "o aim ( reject+ ,8 div9ity4 ,a4 ,s*weitz]1 himself a repres5tative ( lib]al ,prote/ant rese>*1 says1 8,no?+ is m negative ?an ! result ( ! rese>* conc]n+ ! life ( ,jesus40 ,& kn[+ ,jesus's p]son no long]1 !y no long] "k any?+ c]ta9 ab\t ,8 tea*+1 z is cle> f ! above4 ,accord+ to ,i4 ,wellhaus51 f ! 8unsuffici5t fragm5ts at h& we c get b a scanty conception ( ! doctr9e ( ,jesus40--,! fa!rs 7 ri*1 ! *ildr5 h gr[n poor4 ,dissipav]unt sub/antiam suam6 ,to _m ev5 ! exi/5ce ( ,jesus has become d\btful2 & ?is n only to m5 ( an irreligi\s propag&a1 l ,pr(4 ,a4 ,drews1 :o1 c>ri$ away by ! corrod+ t5d5cy ( a radical age1 j\rney$ f t[n to t[n 9 ord] to proclaim1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury ( ,*ri/ian reckon+1 ! sci5tific discov]y ( ! 8,my? ( ,*ri/02 b ev5 to o!rs ! exi/5ce ( ,jesus has become d\btful or at lea/ valueless4 ,! task n[ is to d away entirely ) ! p]son ( ,jesus1 & to solve ! problem ( pres]v+ a ,*ri/ian fai? )\t a ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is s5se ,pr(4 ,m4 ,rade writes3 8,s]i\s & gift$ m5 hav+ ass]t$ t ,jesus nev] exi/$ 7or1 :at am\nts to ! same1 t1 if ,he ev] liv$1 no?+ is kn[n ( ,him2 h5ce1 ,8 exi/5ce is ( no hi/orical importance71 we dogmati/s almo/ h to be grateful to !m = hav+ help$ u to put a v concrete "q no long] 9 g5]al t]ms3 h[ does religi\s c]ta9ty face hi/orical criticism8 b q specifically3 h[ does religi\s c]ta9ty 7( ! ,*ri/ian7 reg>d ! hi/oric-sci5tific possibility ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ! hi/orical ,jesus80 ,!y frankly ass]t t !y c\ld entirely =ego ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,?us ,pr(4 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*mi$el decl>es3 8,my inn]mo/ religi\s conviction w\ld n suff] injury 7 ,i to be conv9c$ to-day t ,jesus nev] liv$4444 ,i w\ld "k t ,i c\ld n lose ! measure ( piety t has become my prop]ty long s9ce1 ev5 if ,i _c d]ive x any long] f ,jesus40 8,nei!r does my piety require me to see 9 ,jesus an absolutely p]fect type1 nor w\ld x di/urb me 7 ,i to f9d someone else actually surpass+ ,him1 :i* und\bt$ly is ! case 9 "s respects40 ,= him to :om ,*ri/ is no long] ,god b a man & capable ( error1 ,8 p]son & exi/5ce h necess>ily lo/ _! value4 ,?us we h arriv$ at a ,*ri/ianity )\t a ,*ri/4 ,z yet ! p]son ( ! ,"l is usually surr\nd$ by a halo3 x is ! aft]-effect ( a fai?ful pa/1 ! la/ rays ( a sett+ sun4 ,t ?is la/ glimm]1 too1 w pale & give way to d>kness is b a "q ( "t1 :5 ) m hone/y expression w be giv5 to ! conclusion necess>ily arriv$ at4 ,if ,*ri/ is n :at ,he claim$ to be1 ,god & ,messiah1 !n ! belief 9 ,8 be+ ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,messiah1 9 ,8 "r to abrogate ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & to f\nd a new religion1 comm&+ its acceptance "u p5alty ( damnation--all ?is c be no?+ b ! result ( religi\s fanaticism & m5tal d]angem5t4 ,& sci5ce is1 9 all s]i\sness1 prep>+ to turn into ?is direction4 ,x is true1 _m are hesitat+ to draw ^! fe>ful conclusions & to utt] !m2 arriv+ at ?is po9t1 !y cauti\sly /op3 s ,h>nack4 8,h[ ,jesus c\ld arrive at ! consci\sness ( ,8 unique relation to ,god z ,8 ,son1 h[ ,he became consci\s ( ,8 p[] z well z ( ! obligation & task involv$ 9 ?is p[]1 t is ,8 secret1 & no psy*ology w ev] disclose x4444 ,"h1 all rese>* mu/ halt40 ,x is ! sil5ce ( emb>rassm5t1 b equally ( unsci5tific me?od4 ,hav+ arriv$ at unt5able conclusions1 :5 "q ^u "q is impetu\sly sugge/$1 !y /op sudd5ly & h no?+ to say b a vague ^w ab\t inscrutabl5ess4 ,b !re are ^? :o actually speak ! ^w s horrible to a ,*ri/ian he>t3 ,jesus 0 dem5t$1 a subject = pa?ology4 ,/rauss indicat$ ?is cauti\sly3 8,"o :o expects to return aft] 8 dea? 9 a mann] 9 :i* no human be+ _h ev] return$1 he is to u 444 n exactly a lunatic1 b a great vision>y40 ,o!rs speak m pla9ly4 ,holtzmann's answ] to ! "q3 ,0 ,jesus an ,ec/atic1 is an emphatic3 8,yes1 ,he 040 ,de ,loo/5 consid]s him insane4 ,e4 ,rasmuss5 ?9ks ,him an epileptic1 b grants to physicians ! "r to reckon him among p>anoiacs or lunatics4 ,to ,a4 ,jli*] ,jesus is a vision>y1 8a my/ic1 n satisfi$ to dream ( 8 ideals1 b :o liv$ ) !m1 work$ ) !m1 ev5 saw !m tangibly be=e 8 eyes1 deceiv+ himself & o!rs40 ,?us ! sup]natural has become madness2 ,jesus ,*ri/1 = ^: div9ity ! m>tyrs w5t to _! dea?1 we>s n[1 be=e ! =um ( a false sci5ce1 ,h]od's cloak ( fooli%ness4 ,) ! fall ( ?is fundam5tal dogma !re mu/ necess>ily fall all o!r specific tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !y h fall54 ,! ,holy ,writ1 once ! "w ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 has n[ become a book l ! ,indian ,v$da1 to "s p]haps ev5 m unreliable2 orig9al s91 ,r$emption & grace1 ! ,sacrifice ( ! ,mass & ! ,sacram5ts1 h be5 dropp$ or *ang$ into symbols1 ( :i* e "o may ?9k :at he pleases4 ,!y h tri$ to make ,*ri/ianity 8acceptable to our times10 to 8br+ x ne>] to ! mod]n idea40 ,!re is really no?+ left to (f5d mod]n man1 no?+ t c\ld get 9 conflict ) any idea4 ,! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity is depreciat$ & empti$ until x has become only a vague s5tim5t1 )\t ?\ght2 a few names1 )\t ideas4 8,*ri/ianity z a ,gospel10 s tea*es ,h>nack1 8has b "o aim3 to f9d ! liv+ ,god1 t e individual may f9d ,him z 8 ,god1 ga9+ /r5g? & joy & peace4 ,h[ x atta9s ?is aim ?r\gh ! c5turies1 :e!r ) ! ,coeffici5t ( ! ,jewi% or ! ,greek1 ( flight f ! _w or ( civilization1 ( ,gno/icism or ,agno/icism--?is all is ( second>y consid]ation40 ,( second>y consid]ation x is1 !n1 :e!r "o is conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god or :e!r he d\bts ) ! agno/ics1 :e!r he believes 9 a p]sonal ,god or n4 ,to-day ev5 ! pan!i/ :o does n ackn[l$ge a ,creator ( ,heav5 & ,e>? may be a ,*ri/ian2 & s c he :o no long] believes 9 p]sonal immortality & 9 a h]eaft]2 =1 we are in=m$1 8?is religion is above ! contra/s ( "h & ! beyond1 ( life & dea?1 ( ,reason & ,ec/atics1 ( ,judaism & ,hell5ism0 7,h>nack74 ,?us !re is no ?\ght :i* c\ld n be made to agree ) ?is despoil$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,=1 we are told fur!r1 8mu* less does ! ,gospel presuppose1 or is jo9$ to1 a fix$ !ory ( nature--n ev5 9 a negative s5se c\ld ?is be ass]t$0 7,h>nack74 ,mat]ialism & ,spiritualism1 ,!ism & ,pan!ism1 ,belief or ,negation ( ,creation1 ev]y?+ w h>monize ) a ,*ri/ianity ?us degrad$ to a ?+ )\t "* or pr9ciple47#ae7 ,all t is left is a ^w ( love1 ( a k9d ,fa!r1 ( filiation to ,god1 & union ) ,god3 words robb$ ( _! true mean+2 a %ell )\t a k]nel1 ru9s ) ! "n 8,*ri/ianity0 /ill inscrib$ !reon1 tell+ ( a h\se t once /ood "h1 :]e9 ! fa!rs dwelt1 b long s9ce vacat$ by _! *ildr54 ,dissipav]unt sub/antiam suam6 ,z to ,god & div9e filiation1 ev]ybody is welcome to 8 own int]pretation4 ,he may =m ) ,o4 ,pfleid]] ! 8,neoprote/antism0 :i*1 8aft] break+ ) all ecclesia/ical dogmas1 recall$ to m9d ! tru?s ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 hidd5 b5ea? ! surface ( ^! dogmas1 9 ord] to realize1 m purely & m p]fectly ?an ev] be=e1 ! tru? ( ,god's inc>nation 9 ! new =ms ( autonom\s ?\ght & ( ! moral life ( human society40 ,*ri/ianity & ,god--! symbols ( autonom\s man6 ,or he may foll[ ,b\sset1 to :om nature is ,god1 & 9 ?is way comb9es h>moni\sly ,*ri/ianity & ,a!ism4 8,?is is ! =ceful evolution ( ,*ri/ian religion10 says he1 8! notion ( r$emption1 ! ,dogma ( ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! tr9ity1 ! idea ( satisfaction & sacrifice1 miracles1 ! old conception ( revelation--all ^! we see c>ri$ (f by ?is wave ( progress40 8,:at is left8 ,timid p may ?9k3 a wreck4 ,b to our pleasant surprise we f\nd /at$ at _m po9ts 9 our inquiry3 :at is left is ! simple ,gospel ( ,jesus40 ,& :at does ?is simplifi$ ,gospel conta98 8,( c\rse we _c simply accept 9 full ! ,gospel ( ,jesus4444 ,!re is ! int]nal & ! ext]nal4 ,! ext]nal & non-ess5tial includes ! judgm5t ( ! _w1 angels1 miracles1 inspiration1 & o!r ?+s40 ,all ?is may be disreg>d$4 8,b ev5 ! ess5tials1 ! int]nal ( ! ,gospel _c be simply subscrib$ to4 ,!y mu/ be int]pret$40 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is ess5tial1 ?is int]nal ( ! ,gospel1 & :at is its int]pretation8 8,! belief ( ! ,gospel 9 ! p]sonal heav5ly ,fa!r2 to ?is we hold fa/ ) all our /r5g?4 ,b we c>ry ?is belief 9 ,god into our mod]n ?\ght40 ,& :at becomes !n ( 8,god08 8,to u1 ,god is no long] ! k9d ,fa!r above ! />ry skies4 ,god is ! ,inf9ite1 ,omnipot5t1 :o is active 9 ! imm5se univ]se1 9 inf9it5ess ( "t & space1 9 inf9itely small & 9 inf9itely l>ge ?+s4 ,he is ! ,god ^: g>b is ! iron law ( nature :i* hides ,him f ! human eye by a compact1 imp5etrable veil40 ,we see ! belief ( ! ,gospel has dw9dl$ d[n to a!i/ic ,monism4 ,z e>ly z #ahgd ,ed4 von ,h>tmann1 9 8 book 8,die ,selb/z]setzung des ,*ri/5tums10 came to ! conclusion t 8lib]al ,prote/antism has 9 no s5se ! "r to claim a place )9 ,*ri/5dom40 ,9 a lat] book 8 ke5 exam9ation demon/rates h[ ! speculation ( lib]al ,prote/antism has *ang$ ! ,*ri/ian religion /ep by /ep into pan!ism3 8,n a s+le po9t 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* is sp>$ by ?is upheaval ( pr9ciple1 e dogma is =mally turn$ into its v opposite1 9 ord] to make its religi\s idea con=m to ! t5et ( div9e imman5ce40 ,?is is call$ ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ?is 8religi\s progress10 ! same 8free ,*ri/ianity10 t !y are n[ try+ to promote by int]national congresses4 ,! invitation to ! 8,_w's ,congress = free ,*ri/ianity & religi\s progress0 at ,b]l91 9 #aiaj1 0 sign$ by m ?an #acj ,g]man pr(essors1 includ+ #dg !ologians4 ,we h "h ! developm5t ( ! dy+ into ! lifeless corpse1 ! progress ( ! /rong ca/le into a dilapidat$ ru91 ! advance ( ! ri* man to begg>y4 ,we began our inquiry ) ! "q propos$ "s ye>s ago by ,d4 ,/rauss to 8 bre?r5-9-_s3 ,are we /ill ,*ri/ians8 ,we may n[ quote ! answ]1 :i* he gives at ! conclusion ( 8 own inve/igation3 8,n[1 ,i ?9k1 we are ?r\gh4 ,& ! result8 ! reply to my "q8--mu/ ,i /ate x explicitly8 ,v well2 my conviction is1 t if we d n want to make excuses1 if we d n want to %ift & %uffle & quibble1 if yes is to be yes1 & no to rema9 no1 9 %ort1 if we desire to speak l hone/1 s9c]e m51 we mu/ confess3 we are no long] ,*ri/ians40 ,?is is ! bitt] fruit ( autonom\s fre$om ( ?9k+1 :i*1 decl9+ any guidance by fai?1 recognizes no o!r judge ( tru? ?an individual reason1 ) all ! lic5se & ! hidd5 incl9ations t rule x4 ,prote/antism has adopt$ ?is fre$om ( rese>* z its pr9ciple2 9 consi/5tly apply+ x1 ,prote/antism has completely d5atur$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,if any?+ c prove irrefutably ! mon/rosity & cultural incapacity ( mod]n fre$om ( rese>*1 x is ! fate ( ,prote/antism4 ,any "o capable ( s]i\sly judg+ s]i\s ?+s mu/ realize "h h[ p]nici\s ?is fre$om is = ! human m9d4 ,r$uc$ to ,begg>y4 ,b ! loss is ev5 great]4 ,! bett] class ( paganism /ill clung to ! g5]al notion ( an exi/+ p]sonal ,god1 ( a future life1 ( a rew>d aft] dea?2 x 0 conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( an immortal s\l & a future rew>d1 ( ! necessity ( religion1 ( immutable /&>ds = morals & ?\ght4 ,has lib]al sci5ce at lea/ be5 able to pres]ve ?is ess5tial prop]ty ( a high] paganism8 ,alas1 no6 ,x has lo/ ne>ly ev]y?+4 ,no long] has x a p]sonal ,god4 ,:ile belief 9 ,god may /ill survive 9 ! he>ts ( _m repres5tatives ( ?is sci5ce1 x has vani%$ f sci5ce itself4 ,x begs to be excus$ f accept+ any solution ( que/ions1 if ,god is a factor 9 ! solution4 ,! op9ion prevails t ,kant has =ev] %att]$ all rational demon/rations ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,yet ,kant p]mits ?is exi/5ce z a 8po/ulate10 :i*1 accord+ to ,/rauss1 8may be reg>d$ z ! attic room1 :]e ,god :o has be5 retir$ f ,8 (fice may be dec5tly %elt]$ & employ$40 ,b n[ ,he has be5 giv5 notice to quit ev5 ?is refuge4 ,!re mu/ be no?+ left ( ,him b ,8 v5]able "n1 :i* is appropriat$ by ! new apo/asy 9 ! guise ( pan!ism or a mask$ mat]ialism4 ,monism is ! jo9t "n = x3 ?is is ! mod]n 8belief 9 ,god40 ,9 days gone by x 0 frankly call$ 8a!ism40 ,?is disappe>ance ( ! old belief 9 ,god is not$ ) satisfaction by mod]n sci5ce3 8,x is true10 says ,pauls51 8! belief 9 gods 444 is dy+ out1 & w nev] be resurrect$4 ,nor is !re an ess5tial diff]5ce :e!r _m or only "o ( ^! be+s are assum$4 ,a mono!ism :i* looks ^u ,god z an individual be+ & lets him occasionally int]f]e 9 ! _w z 9 some?+ sep>ate f & =eign to him1 su* a mono!ism is ess5tially n diff]5t f poly!ism4 ,if "o %\ld insi/ on su* conception ( !ism1 !n1 ( c\rse1 x w be difficult to contradict ^? :o ma9ta9 t sci5ce mu/ lead to a!ism40 ,!re=e ,god1 z a p]sonal be+1 is dead1 & w nev] come to life aga94 ,:ile !re is an enorm\s exagg]ation 9 ^! words1 !y nev]!less gl>+ly *>act]ize ! ideas ( ! sci5ce ( :i* ,pauls5 is ! m\?piece4 ,x does n want directly to give up ! "n ( ,god2 x s]ves z a mask to conceal ! uncanny features ( pan!ism & mat]ialism4 8,! univ]se10 we he> (t5 & 9 _m v>iations1 8is ! expression ( a uni=m1 orig9al pr9ciple1 :i* may be t]m$ ,god1 ,nature1 primitive =ce1 or any?+ else1 & :i* appe>s to man 9 manifold =ms ( en]gy1 l matt]1 light1 w>m?1 electricity1 *emical en]gy1 or psy*ical process4444 ,^! fundam5tal ideas ( monism are by no means #8a!i/ic4' ,_m moni/s 9 spite ( ass]tions to ! contr>y believe 9 a supreme div9e pr9ciple1 :i* p5etrates ! :ole _w1 liv+ & op]at+ 9 ev]y?+4 ,( c\rse1 if ,god is tak5 to mean a be+ :o exi/s outside ( ! _w 444 !n x is true we are a!i/s0 7,plate74 ,we h already se5 t "o c ev5 be a ,prote/ant !ologian & yet be satisfi$ ) a 8,god0 ( ?is description4 ,9 ! place ( ,god has /epp$ man1 ) 8 advanc$ civilization1 radiant 9 ! div9e aureole ( ! absolute z its highe/ inc>nation4 ,b :at has lib]al rese>* done ev5 to him8 ,accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian idea1 man be>s ! /amp ( ,god on 8 =ehead3 8aft] ,my image ,i h creat$ !e02 9 8 brea/ he c>ries a spiritual s\l1 end[$ ) fre$om & immortality--gloria et honore corona/i eum4 ,lib]al sci5ce pret5ds to uplift & exalt man2 b 9 reality x /rips him ( 8 adornm5ts1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,he is no long] a creature ( ,god because ?is w\ld contradict sci5ce4 ,8 bir?place & ! home ( 8 *ildhood are no long] 9 ,p>adise1 b 9 ! jungles ( ,africa1 among ! animals1 ^: desc5d5t man is n[ said to be4 ,lib]al sci5ce1 almo/ )\t exception1 d5ies ! fre$om ( w :i* raises man high above ! bea/1 & z a rule x calls su* fre$om an 8illusion03 ( a sub/antial s\l1 ( immortality1 ( an ultimate possession ( ,god aft] dea?1 x frequ5tly1 if n always1 kn[s no?+4 ,let u take up a h&book ( mod]n ,psy*ology ( ?is k9d1 ,wundt's1 = in/ance4 ,we see at a glance t x is a v le>n$ "w4 ,! ?irty lectures in=m u 9 m9ute inve/igations ( ! v>i\s me?ods & res\rces ( psy*ological rese>*4 ,! read] has rea*$ ! tw5tie? lecture1 & he asks1 h[ ab\t ! s\l8 ,! title ( ! book /ates t ! *apt]s w\ld treat ( ! human s\l1 b s f> n a ^w has be5 said ab\t x4 ,b !re are t5 lectures m2 he cont9ues to turn ov] ! leaves ( ! book4 ,he f9ds beautiful ?+s said ab\t expression & emotions1 ab\t in/9cts 9 animal & man1 ab\t spontane\s actions & o!r ?+s4 ,at la/1 ! ?ird be=e ! la/ page ( ! book1 !re arises ! "q1 :at ab\t ! s\l1 & :at does ! read] le>n8 8,our s\l is no?+ else1 b ! sum total ( our p]ception1 our feel+ & our w40 ,! conviction he held hi!rto1 t he possess$ a sub/antial1 immortal s\l1 :i* rema9s ?r\gh *ang+ conceptions & s5tim5ts1 he sees reject$ z 8fiction40 ,! read] le>ns t1 ?\gh he may /ill use ! t]m 8s\l10 he has no real s\l1 mu* less a spiritual s\l1 lea/ ( all an immortal s\l4 ,9 its /ead he is treat$ to "s le>n$ /atem5ts ab\t muscul> s5sations & su* ?+s1 by way ( comp5sation4 ,jodl1 too1 speaks ( ! 8illusions1 bas$ ^u ! old !ories ab\t ! s\l10 & he rejects ! duali/ic psy*ology :i* 8mi/ook an ab/ract ?\ght1 ! s\l1 = a real be+1 = an immat]ial sub/ance02 & :i* def5d$ ?is notion 8) wor?less reasons40 ,x is manife/ t1 toge!r ) ! sub/antial s\l1 immortality is also dispos$ (4 ,true1 "h too ! ^w is cauti\sly reta9$2 b by immortality is n[ und]/ood p]petuation 9 ! human race1 9 ! ideas ( po/]ity1 9 8objective _s10 9 ! 8imp]i%able value ( e?ical possessions10 = :i* ! individual has lab\r$4 ,"s f9e words are said ab\t x1 z roses are us$ to cov] a grave4 ,yet1 x is only ! immortality ( ! b>rel ( ,regulus1 or ! ,gordian knot 9 hi/ory1 ! immortality ( :i* ! pr9t]s' press may p>take 9 ! effect ( ! books x pr9ts4 ,to quote ,jodl aga93 8,! fact ( ! objective _s1 toge!r ) ! organic connection ( ! g5]ations to "o ano!r1 =m ! sci5tific reality ( :at appe>s 9 popul>1 my?ological t5ets ( fai? z ! idea ( p]sonal immortality 444 & :i* has be5 def5d$ by ! duali/ic psy*ology ) wor?less1 invalid argum5ts40 ,! refutation ( ^! argum5ts does n bo!r him4 8,a refutation ( ^! s*ola/ic argum5ts is z little ne$$ z a refutation ( ! belief 9 ! miracles & demons ( =m] c5turies is ne$$ by a man /&+ on ! gr\nd ( mod]n natural sci5ce40 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ,haeckel's me?od4 ,! latt] nev]!less f\nd x wor? :ile 9 8 8,weltraetsel0 to dispose 9 ?irte5 l9es ( six su* argum5ts1 & !n to assure ! read] t 8,all ^! & simil> argum5ts h fall5 to ! gr\nd40 ,t ! matt] 9 "q is an idea t has be5 ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian civilization & e?ics = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 t has l$ millions to hol9ess2 an idea1 inde$1 t has be5 ! common prop]ty ( all nations at all times--?is seems to c\nt = v little4 ,?is te*nique ( a sup]ficial speculation1 :i*1 devoid ( piety1 ca/s ev]y?+ ov]bo>d1 f9ds no tr\ble 9 dispos+ ( ! entire spiritual _w4 8,no "o is capable10 says ,jodl aga91 8( imag9+ a purely spiritual reality40 ,?is is dispos$ (4 8,s9ce ! w> betwe5 ! ,ari/otle-s*ola/ic & ! me*anical me?od has be5 wag$1 spiritual p[]s h nev] play$ any o!r "p 9 ! explanation ( ! _w ?an t ( an unkn[n quantity 9 equations ( a high] degree1 :i*1 unsolvable by me?ods hi!rto preval5t1 are only await+ ! sup]ior ma/] & a new te*nique 7sic7 9 ord] to disappe>0 7p4 #gg seq474 ,) ! d5ial ( a p]sonal ,god & ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 true religion is ab&on$4 ,( c\rse1 !re is mu* said & writt5 ab\t religion 9 our days3 ! sci5tific lit]ature ab\t x has gr[n to trem5d\s proportions--to say no?+ ( newspap]s1 novels1 & plays4 ,"o might welcome ?is z a pro( t ?is _w w nev] entirely satisfy ! human he>t4 ,b x is also a sign t religion is no long] a secure possession1 b has become a problem--t x has be5 lo/4 ,ev5 on ! "p ( free-?\ght x is n d5i$ t 8only unhappy times w p]mit ! exi/5ce ( religi\s problems2 & t ?is problem is ! utt]ance ( m5tal discord40 ,yet !y d n want to =ego religion entirely1 = !y feel t irreligion is tantam\nt to deg5]ation4 ,b :at has become ( religion8 ,x has be5 degrad$ to a vague s5tim5t & long+1 )\t religi\s tru?s & duties1 a play?+ = pa/ime4 ,= ,s*lei]ma*] religion is a feel+ ( simple dep5d5ce1 ?\gh no "o kn[s ^u :om he is dep5d5t3 accord+ to ,wundt religion consi/s 9 8man s]v+ inf9ite purposes1 toge!r ) 8 f9ite purposes1 ! ultimate fulfilm5t :]e( rema9s hidd5 to 8 eye10 :i* probably means some?+1 b ,i d n "k :at4 ,haeckel calls 8 mat]ialism ! religion ( ! true1 good1 & beautiful2 ,jodl ev5 ?9ks1 8,z ! realm ( sci5ce is ! real1 & ! realm ( art ! possible1 s ! realm ( religion is ! impossible40 ,religion hav+ be5 degrad$ to su* a level1 x is no long] a/oni%+ t religion is attribut$ ev5 to animals1 & 9 ! words ( ,e4 von ,h>tmann1 8we _c help attribut+ a religi\s "*1 z f> z ! animal is conc]n$1 to ! relation betwe5 ! intellig5t dome/ic animals & _! ma/]s40 ,:at1 f9ally1 has become ( ! old /&>d ( morals8 ,a mod]n philosoph] may answ] ! "q4 ,f\ille writes3 8,9 our day1 f> m s ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 morality itself1 its reality1 its necessity & usefulness1 is 9 ! balance4444 ,i h read ) mu* conc]n h[ my contempor>ies are at fundam5tal v>iance 9 ?is respect1 & h[ !y contradict "o ano!r4 ,i h tri$ to =m an op9ion ( all ^! diff]5t op9ions4 ,%all ,i say x8 ,i h f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( morals a confusion ( ideas & s5tim5ts to an ext5t t x seem$ impossible to me to illu/rate ?or\ghly :at might be t]m$ contemporane\s sophi/ry0 7,le ,moralisme de ,kant1 etc474 ,:]e is left n[ to lib]al sci5ce a s+le remnant ( ^? great tru?s on :i* mank9d has hi!rto liv$1 & :i* x ne$s = exi/5ce8 ,!re 0 a ,god--b ,he is gone4 ,!re 0 a life to come1 & a sup]natural _w2 !y are lo/4 ,man _h a s\l1 end[$ ) fre$om1 spirituality1 & immortality2 he has x no long]4 ,he _h fix$ pr9ciples ( reason+ & laws ( morals2 !y are gone4 ,he possess$ ,*ri/1 full ( grace & tru?1 he possess$ r$emption & a ,*ur*2 ev]y?+ is lo/4 ,burnt to ! gr\nd is ! home/ead4 ,9 ! blank voids1 t *e]ful casem5ts 71 sits despair2 man /&s at ! grave ( all t =tune gave6 ,! names alone h surviv$2 n[ & !n !y speak ( ,god & religion1 ( ,*ri/ianity & fai?1 immortality & fre$om2 b ! words are false1 pret5d+ a possession t is lo/ long s9ce4 ,!y are pat*es f a gr& dress1 once worn by our ance/ors2 ru9s ( ! ance/ral h\se t ! *ildr5 h lo/4 ,!y are /ill *]i%$ z ! memories ( bett] times4 ,p ?us ackn[l$ge ! irrep>able =feiture :i* ^? names d5ote1 )\t realiz+ h[ !y pron\nce _! own condemnation by hav+ de/roy$ ^! possessions47#af7 ,dissipav]unt sub/antiam suam4 ,! son came to 8 fa!r4 ,9 8 he$less anxiety = fre$om he w\ld leave ! fa!r's h\se1 to get away f re/ra9+ discipl9e & dep5d5ce4 8,fa!r1 give me ! portion ( ! goods t falle? to me40 ,& he dep>t$ into a f> c\ntry4 ,soon he _h sp5t all & _h no?+ to appease 8 hung]4 ,despair+ ( ,tru?4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! a*ievem5ts lib]al rese>* c boa/ ( 9 ! fields ( philosophy & religion3 ,negations & aga9 negations2 temples & alt>s x has de/roy$1 sacr$ images x has brok51 pill>s x has knock$ d[n4 ,free f ,*ri/ianity1 free f ,god1 free f ! life to come & ! sup]natural1 free f au?ority & fai?--x is ri* 9 fre$om & negation4 ,b :at does x (f] 9 place ( all ! ?+s x has de/roy$8 ,:at spiritual goods does x %[ to ! expectant eyes ( its confid+ foll[]s8 ,! mo/ hopeless ?+s imag9able1 namely1 despair ( all high] tru?1 m5tal confusion1 & decay4 ,"o o!r brief glance at ! consequ5ces & we %all be compet5t to judge ( ! fitness ( lib]al fre$om ( ?\ght = ! civilization ( mank9d4 ,z f> z x is inspir$ by philosophy1 mod]n sci5ce confesses ! pr9ciple3 8,no objective tru? c be positively kn[n1 at lea/ n 9 metaphysics02 re/less d\bt is ! lot ( ! se>*+ intellect4 ,we h amplifi$ ?is else:]e 9 ^! pages4 ,?is result ( ! mod]n doctr9e ( cognition is n infrequ5tly boa/$ (4 ,x 0 good en\gh1 say !y1 = ! anci5ts to live 9 ! silly belief ( possess+ et]nal tru?2 !y 7 simple & unsuspect+2 we "k !re is 9 /ore = man only d\bt & ev]la/+ /ruggle = tru?4 8,we confess t we d n "k :e!r !re are = mank9d z a :ole1 & = ! individual1 tasks & goals t ext5d beyond ?is e>?ly exi/5ce0 7,jodl74 8,!re is no sci5tific philosophy ( g5]ally recogniz$ /&>d1 b only 9 ! =m ( v>i\s exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( def9+ & express+ ! h>mony & ! idea ( ! active pr9ciple2 consequ5tly !re _c be a f9al philosophy1 x mu/ be ready at all times to revise any po9t t previ\sly seem$ to h be5 e/abli%$0 7,pauls574 8,only to dogmatism10 says ano!r1 8are ! v>i\s !ories ( ! _w contradictory2 to sci5ce !y are hypo!ses ( equal value1 :i*1 z !y are all limit$1 may exi/ side by side1 ! !i/ic z well z ! a!i/ic1 ! duali/ic1 ! moni/ic1 & :atev] _! names may be4 ,man1 :o conceives ^! hypo!ses1 is ma/] ov] !m all & makes use ( !m1 "h ( "o1 !re ( ano!r1 accord+ to ! k9d ( ! problem he is occupi$ ) at ! "t4 ,?us1 he is indep5d5t ( any view ( ! _w0 7,l4 von ,sybel74 ,aga9 we are told3 8,!re has be5 =mulat$ a free v>iety ( metaphysical sy/ems1 none ( !m demon/rable4444 ,is x our task1 p]haps1 to select ! true "o8 ,?is w\ld be an odd sup]/ition2 ?is metaphysical an>*y is tea*+1 z obvi\sly z possible1 ! relativity ( all metaphysical sy/ems0 7,w4 ,dil!y74 ,!re=e1 no?+ b impressions & op9ions1 & n ! tru?2 inde$1 = ! cognition ( transc5d5tal1 metaphysical tru?s1 !y (t5 h only words ( disda94 8,! fact %\ld be emphasiz$10 says ,g4 ,spick]1 8t philosophy really is devoid ( any high] ideal2 t1 ?r\gh its d\bt ( ! objective cognizability ( ?+s above u1 outside & inside ( u1 x has fall5 prey to scepticism1 ev5 if philosoph]s d n admit x & try to evade ! issue ) ! phrase #8!ory ( cognition4' 0 ,a sci5ce _c s9k to a l[] level ?an by ! admission t x has no?+ to (f] & no?+ to accompli%4 ,x is tantam\nt to bankruptcy4 ,?is sci5ce und]takes to n\ri% ! human m9d1 b (f]s /ones in/ead ( bread2 x wants to uplift & to in/ruct1 & confesses t x has no?+ to tell4 ,amphora coepit in/itui1 curr5te rota urceus exit4 ,9 ! beg9n+ a pr\d consci\sness & ! promise to be ev]y?+ to mank9d2 at ! end m5tal paup]ism & scepticism1 a c>icature ( sci5ce4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! t]m9al at :i* ! free-?\ght ( subjectivism has arriv$3 ! loss ( tru?1 )\t :i* man's m9d w&]s re/lessly & )\t a goal4 ,t is ! p5alty = gambl+ boldly ) human p]ception1 ! retribution = rebell+ aga9/ ! rights ( tru? & = ! va+lori\s arrogance ( ! intellect1 :i* w\ld draw only f its own ci/]ns ! wat] ( life1 :ile alone ^? ly+ deep 9 ! ,div9e may (f] him ! et]nal f\nta9s ( objective tru?4 ,scepticism is gnaw+ at ! m5tal life ( ! _w4 ,a scepticism cloak$ ) ! names ( criticism & rese>*1 & ( positivism & empiric k1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 rema9s :at x is1 an om9\s demon1 lib]at$ f ! grave into :i* has be5 l[]$ ! ,*ri/ian spiritual life1 ! _s ( d>kness n[ p]vad+ ! _w4 ,9 ,all ,directions ( ! ,compass4 ,!y h lo/ _! way1 puzzl$ by mazes & p]plex$ ) error !y are 9 hopeless confusion2 a correlative ( individuali/ic ?9k+4 ,if ! absolute subject & 8 exp]i5ces ( life are ! self-appo9t$ c\rt ( la/ resort1 ! result mu/ be an>*y & n accord4 ,?is is manife/2 moreov]1 x is frankly admitt$ by ! spokesm5 ( free?\ght4 ,?is an>*y is describ$ 9 vivid words by ,pr(4 ,pauls51 rec5tly ! indefatigable *ampion ( free/ ?\ght3 8,we no long] h a ,prote/ant philosophy1 9 ! s5se ( a /&>d sy/em4 ,hegel's philosophy 0 ! la/ to occupy su* a position4 ,an>*y rules ev] s9ce4 ,! attempt$ rally ar\nd ! "n ( ,kant fail$ to put an end to ! preval5t an>*y1 or to ! division into small fractions & individualisms4 ,!n !re is ! m5tal neura/h5ia ( our times1 ! absolute lack ( ideas1 especially noticeable among s-call$ educat$ p4444 ,billbo>d art has f\nd a c\nt]p>t 9 billbo>d-philosophy4 ,"h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e we meet ! cry3 "h is ! savi\r1 ! secret rul]1 ! magic doctor1 :o cures all ills ( our diseas$ age4444 ,aft] a :ile1 ! mob has aga9 disp]s$ & ! ?+ is =gott50 78,philosophia ,militans074 8,!re is no uni=m philosophic !ory ( ! _w1 su* z we1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 us$ to h10 says ,pauls5 else:]e1 8! late/ ideas are div]g+ 9 all directions ( ! compass40 ,:5 "o builde? up1 & ano!r pulle? d[n1 :at pr(it h !y b ! lab\r8 7,ecclus4 xxxiv4 #bh74 8,we h no metaphysics n[adays10 says ,r4 ,euck5 9 ! same /ra91 8& !re are n a few :o are pr\d ( x4 ,!y only w\ld h ! "r to be s if our philosophy 7 9 excell5t %ape1 if1 ev5 )\t metaphysics1 firm convictions rul$ our life & actions1 if great aims held u toge!r & lift$ u above ! smallness ( ! m]ely human4 ,! fact is an unlimit$ discordance1 a pitiful insecurity 9 all matt]s ( pr9ciple1 a def5celessness aga9/ ! petty human1 & s\llessness accompani$ by sup]ab\nd+ ext]ior manife/ation ( life40 ,?is is ! /atus ( mod]n philosophy & also ( lib]al1 ,prote/ant1 !ology4 ,( views ( ! _w1 ( notions & =ms ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( ideas1 essays & contributions to !m1 !re is *oice 9 abundance4 ,"h1 mat]iali/ic ,monism is proclaim$1 w>rant$ to solve all riddles4 ,!re1 spirituali/ic ,pan!ism is retail$ 9 endless v>ieties4 ,yond]1 ,agno/icism is /rutt+3 no long] philosophy1 b facts & reality1 is its slogan4 ,!n comes ! long procession ( e?ical views ( life3 8,contemplations ( life2 !ories ( human exi/5ce surr\nd u & c\rt u 9 pl5ty2 ! co9cid5ce ( ample hi/orical le>n+ ) active reflection induces manifold comb9ations1 & makes x easy = ! individual to draw pictures ( ?is k9d accord+ to circum/ance & mood2 & s we see individual philosophies :irl+ ab\t promiscu\sly1 w9n+ & los+ ! fav\r ( ! day1 & %ift+ & transmut+ !mselves 9 kaleidoscopic *ange0 7,euck574 ,hegel1 al?\gh he lectur$ ) great assurance on 8 own sy/em1 lam5t$3 8,e philosophy comes =? ) ! pret5sion to refute n only ! prec$+ philosophy1 b to rem$y its defects1 to h at la/ f\nd ! "r ?+40 ,b pa/ exp]i5ce %[s1 t to ?is philosophy1 too1 ! passage f ,holy ,writ is applicable3 8,behold1 ! feet t w c>ry !e away are already at ! ?re%old40 ,inde$1 (t5 x has come to pass t ^! philosoph]s !mselves bury _! ideas1 prep>atory to ent]+ ano!r camp4 ,consid] ! *anges t m5 l ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 ,/rauss1 ,nietzs*e1 h essay$ 9 ! %ort c\rse ( a few decades1 & we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t !y w\ld aga9 h *ang$ _! la/ ideas _h dea? n int]f]$4 ,n[ & !n su* confusion ( op9ions is consid]$ an advantage1 ! advantage ( f]tility4 ,to be sure1 x is f]tility1--! f]tility ( fruitless attempts1 ( errors1 & ( fancies1 ! f]tility ( disord] & *aos4 ,if ?is f]tility be a cause ( pride = sci5ce1 !n ma!matics1 physics1 a/ronomy1 & o!r exact sci5ces1 are inde$ to be piti$ = hav+ to =ego ?is f]tility ( philosophy1 & ! privilege ( be+ an ar5a = contradictory views4 ,)\t ,peace & )\t ,joy4 ,aft] ! hopeless %ipwreck ( ! mod]n1 godless ?\ght1 c we wond] at meet+ frequ5tly ! despond5cy ( pessimism8 ,is n pessimism ! fir/ born ( scepticism8 ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we read1 aga9 & aga91 9 reviews ( ! pa/ & =eca/s ( ! future1 h[ ! mod]n _w /&s p]plex$ be=e ! riddles ( life1 confess+ 9 pessimi/ic mood t x is dissatisfi$ & unhappy to ! dep? ( its s\l4 ,) pr\d self-consci\sness1 boa/+ ( k & p[] ( intellect1 !y _h ent]$ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 prais+ !mselves 9 ! words3 ,h[ great1 ,o man1 ?\ /&e/ at ! c5tury's close1 ) palm ( victory 9 ?y h&1 ! fitte/ son ( "t6 ,) heads b[$ 9 %ame ^! same repres5tatives ( mod]n ?\ght make _! exit f ! same c5tury4 ,( ! numb] t voic$ ?is s5tim5t we quote b "o1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,euck51 :o wrote3 8,! greatness ( ! "w is beyond d\bt4 ,?is "w m & m op5s up & conqu]s ! _w1 unfolds our p[]s1 enri*es our life1 x leads u 9 quick victori\s m>*es f triumph to triumph4444 ,?us1 x is true1 our desir$ objects h be5 atta9$1 b !y disclos$ o!r ?+s ?an we expect$3 ! m our p[]s & ideas are attract$ by ! "w1 ! m we mu/ realize ! neglect ( ! inn] man & ( 8 unappeas$1 ard5t long+ = happ9ess4 ,d\bts spr+ up conc]n+ ! entire "w2 we mu/ ask :e!r ! new civilization be n too mu* a developm5t ( b>e =ce1 & too little a cultivation ( ! be+1 :e!r because ( our /r5u\s att5tion to surr\nd+s1 ! problems ( inn]mo/ man are n neglect$4 ,!re is also noticeable a sad lack 9 moral p[]3 we feel p[]less aga9/ selfi% int]e/s & ov]:elm+ passions3 mank9d is m & m divid+ itself into ho/ile sects & p>ties4 ,& su* d\bts ar\se to r5ew$ vig\r ! old1 et]nal problems1 :i* fai?fully accompany our evolution ?r\gh all its /ages4 ,=m] times did n f9ally solve !m1 787 b !y 71 at lea/ to a degree1 mollifi$ & quiet$4 ,b n[ !y are "h aga9 unmitigat$ & unobscur$4 ,! enigmatical ( human exi/5ce is impress$ ^u u ) un*eck$ /r5g?1 ! d>kness conc]n+ ! ,:5ce & ,:i!r1 ! dismal p[] ( bl9d necessity1 accid5t & sorr[ 9 our fate1 ! l[ & vulg> 9 ! human s\l1 ! difficult complications ( ! social body3 all unite 9 ! "q3 ,has our exi/5ce any real s5se or value8 ,is x n torn asund] to an ext5t t we %all be d5i$ tru? & peace = ev]8444 ,h5ce x is readily und]/ood :y a gloomy pessimism is spread+ m & m1 :y ! depress$ feel+ ( littl5ess & weakness is p]vad+ mank9d 9 ! mid/ ( its triumphs40 ,simil>1 & pr(\ndly true1 are ! words spok5 "s ye>s ago by a not$ critic 9 ! 8,lit]>is*e ,z5tralblatt0 7#aijj73 8,a pa9ful lam5t & long+ p]vades our re/less & peaceless "t4 ,! bulk ( our k is daily increas+1 our te*nical ability h>dly kn[s ( difficulties x c\ld n ov]come 444 & yet we are n satisfi$4 ,m & m frequ5tly we meet ) ! tir$1 di%e>t5$ "q3 ,:at's ! use8 ,we lack ! "o ?+ :i* w\ld give support & impetus to our exi/5ce1 a firm & assur$ view ( ! _w4 ,or1 to be m exact1 we h f\nd t we _c live ) ! view ( ! _w :i* 9 ?is c5tury ( enlight5m5t has /amp$ its impr9t m & m ^u our entire m5tal life4 ,mat]ialism1 9 co>s] or f9] =m1 has p5etrat$ deeply our habits ( ?\ght1 ev5 9 ^? :o w\ld indignantly prote/ aga9/ be+ call$ mat]iali/s2 ! "n seem$ to imply sci5tific e>ne/ness & lib]al views4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 /ill left a consid]able fund ( old1 ideali/ic values1 & z long z we c\ld draw ^u !m we saw 9 mat]ialism only ! p[] to cle> up root$ prejudices1 & to op5 ! road = progress 9 e field4 ,to ! new] g5]ation1 h[ev]1 little or no?+ is left ( ?is old fund1 h5ce1 hav+ no?+ else b mat]ialism to dep5d ^u1 !y are confront$ by an appall+ dre>9ess & empt9ess ( exi/5ce4 ,& ev] s9ce ! man on ! /reet has absorb$ ! easy mat]iali/ic pr9ciples1 & looks d[n f ! height ( 8 #8sci5tific' view ( life contemptu\sly ^u all reaction>ies1 we h become aw>e ( ! dang] t imp]ils ev]y?+ impli$ by ! collective ^w #8humanism4' ,?is expla9s ! ple?ora ( lit]ature :i* 9 ^! days deals ) ! que/ions ( a _w philosophy40 ,:o is n rem9d$ aft] read+ ?is m\rnful confession ( ! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e3 8,re/less is our he>t1 till x f9ds re/ 9 ,!e08 ,if x be true1 !n1 t philosophical ?\ght /&s 9 close/ connection ) civilization1 det]m9+ ! latt] 9 its l(ti] aspects1 !n ! fre$om ( ?\ght ( mod]n subjectivism has prov$ its incompet5ce z a p[] = civilization2 x c produce only a %am-civilization1 x c incite ! m9ds & keep !m 9 n]v\s t5sion1 until1 tir$ ( fruitless endeav\r1 !y yield to pessimism4 ,h[ev] pa9ful x may be to admit x1 ?is fre$om ( ?\ght is & rema9s ! pr9ciple ( natural decad5ce ( all ! high] elem5ts ( a culture t is n det]m9$ by ! numb] ( guns1 by /eam-eng9es1 & high-s*ools = girls1 b :i* consi/s1 *iefly1 9 a /eadfa/1 ideal condition ( reason & w1 f :i* all else obta9s significance & value4 ,:at fur!r pro( ( intellectual & cultural incompet5ce c be dem&$ :i* ?is pr9ciple has n furni%$ already8 ,if ?is be ! fact1 !n x foll[s 9 turn t 9 ! life ( high] culture1 :]e ! heal? ( ! s\l & ! m>r[ ( m5tal life is at /ake1 !re c rule b a s+le pr9ciple1 ! objectivism ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 ! pr9ciple ( absolute submission1 )\t v>iance & *ange1 to a tru? aga9/ :i* man has no rights4 ,! submission ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght to a religi\s1 tea*+ au?ority1 recogniz$ z infallible 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to its doma91 :ile n an exhau/ive pres5tm5t ( ?is pr9ciple1 is its p]ceptive & concrete effect4 ,a ,rock 9 ! ,wat]s4 ,! hi/ory ( human ?\ght ( all ages1 b especially ( ! la/ c5turies1 proves h[ necess>y a div9e revelation is to man2 viz41 ! cle> exposition ( ! highe/ tru?s 9 ! view ( _w & ( life1 emphasiz$ by a div9e au?ority1 :i* l9ks ! human m9d to ! "o immutable tru?2 n only 9 ignorant nations1 n only 9 ! man ( ! common p1 b also1 & m especially1 9 ! educat$ man & 9 ! sci5ti/1 he1 namely1 :o1 ?r\gh ! mod]ate /udies ( a small intellect1 has collect$ a little sum ( k t is apt to confuse 8 limit$ und]/&+ & to rob him ( mode/y4 ,x is j z manife/ t revelation alone does n suffice1 t !re is ne$$ also ! endur+ =um ( a tea*+ ,*ur*1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies gives expression to tru? ) infallible1 b9d+ au?ority4 ,! full tru? ( ?is is felt ev5 by ^? unfav\rably dispos$ t[>d ?is au?ority4 ,a rec5t *ampion ( autonom\s fre$om ( ?\ght1 ! ,prote/ant !ologian1 ,f4 ,troelts*1 makes ?is concession 9 ! words3 8,! imm$iate consequ5ce ( su* autonomy is necess>ily a /eadily m int5sifi$ individualism ( convictions1 op9ions1 !ories1 & practical ends & aims4 ,an absolute supra-individual union is effect$ only by an enorm\s p[] su* z ! belief 9 an imm$iate1 sup]natural1 div9e1 revelation1 z possess$ by ,ca?olicism1 & organiz$ 9 ! ,*ur* z ! ext5d$ & cont9u$ inc>nation ( ,god4 ,?is tie gone1 ! necess>y sequel w be a splitt+ up 9 all sorts ( human op9ions407#ag7 ,?is is to ! ,ca?olic a caution to appreciate ! m9i/ry ( 8 ,*ur* ev] m highly1 & to cleave to x /ill clos]4 ,he w n agree ) ^? :o ?9k t 9 our "t ! pr9ciple ( ,au?ority mu/ retire4 ,! m 8 eyes are op5$ by ! pres5t situation1 ! m cle>ly he realizes :]e ?\ght emancipat$ f fai? & au?ority has l$1 ! m he w affirm 8 consci\s belief 9 au?ority4 ,8 foo?old ^u ! rock ( ! ,*ur* w be ! firm] ! m re/less ! bill[s ( unsafe op9ions rise & roll ab\t him4 ,! ,ca?olic ( mature1 ,ca?olic1 conviction w\ld consid] x folly to ab&on ! rock = ! re/less & turbul5t play ( ! waves4 ,_m1 inde$1 :o are look+ = a safe place ( tru?1 we see = ?is reason tak+ refuge 9 a /rong ,*ur*2 _m are impress$ by ! /ability ( ,ca?olic au?ority47#ah7 ,! pres5t situation is simil> socially to t ( ! anci5t _w at its close1 & also 9 reg>d to ! spiritual life4 ,!n1 z n[1 !re 0 le>n+ )\t idealism1 corrod$ by scepticism1 )\t h>mony & *e]4 ,!n1 z n[1 !re 0 b "o p[] to (f] rescue4 ,fai? & ,*ur*4 ,a long+ = help is n[ also prevail+ 9 ! _w4 ,x feels its helplessness4 ,if !y only _h ! conviction ( a ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o pray$ = deliv]ance f 8 errors3 8,:5 ,i (t5 & =cefully realiz$ ! agility1 sagacity1 & acum5 ( ! human m9d1 ,i c\ld n believe t tru? 0 hidd5 completely f u--r only ! way & mann] h[ to discov] x1 & t we mu/ accept ^! f a div9e au?ority0 7,de utilit4 cr$5di1 #h74 ,x 0 a solemn h\r1 pregnant ) pr(\nd significance1 :5 at midnight at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury all ! *ur*bells ( ! ,ca?olic globe 7 r++1 &1 :ile ev]y?+ ar\nd 0 sil5t1 _! bless$ s\nd 0 res\nd+ alone ov] ! e>?1 ov] villages & cities1 ov] c\ntries & nations4 ,gr&ly !re res\nd$ into ! :ole _w1 ov] ! heads ( ! *ildr5 ( m5 ab\t to ent] ^u a new c5tury ( _! hi/ory1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! ,que5 9 ! realm ( m9d1 t %e alone pres]ves infallibly ! tru?s & ideals ( :i* mank9d is 9 que/1 by :i* !y are rais$ above e>?ly turmoil--^? tru?s & ideals 9 :i* ! he>t & m9d ( e>?ly pilgrims f9d re/ & peace on _! long j\rney to ! goal ( "t4 ,s9ce %e assum$ ! mission ( ,him :o said1 8,i am ! ,way & ! ,tru?10 &1 8,i am ) y all days1 ev5 unto ! consummation ( ! _w10 ! ,*ur* has travell$ a long way ?r\gh ! c5turies1 has )/ood h>d times & fi]ce /orms4 ,& %e has fai?fully pres]v$ = mank9d ! preci\s patrimony f ,god's h&4 ,& n[1 at ! dawn ( new times1 h] bells proclaim$ t %e is /ill alive1 hold+ ! old tru?s 9 a /rong h&4 ,& aft] ano!r c5tury ! bells ( ! globe w r+ aga91 !y w1 s we hope--r+ m l\dly & m =cefully1 ov] ! nations4 ,& ^! bells w also r+ ov] ! graves ( ?is pres5t g5]ation1 ov] fall5 giants ( ! =e/ & ov] collaps$ t[]s1 ov] m\ldy books1 & ! wreckage left by a culture t ! emancipat$1 fallible human m9d creat$1 b :i* tru? did n consecrate4 ,& aga9 ! bells w proclaim to a new c5tury t ,god1 & ! _w's hi/ory1 are ?9k+ great] ?\ghts ?an ! puny *ild ( man is capable ( ?9k+ )9 ! n>r[ compass ( 8 ye>s & ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,,f\r? ,,section4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,tea*+4 ,prelim9>y ,conceptions & ,di/9ctions4 ,acquisition & di/ribution1 lab\r & communication ( ! fruits ( lab\r1 are ! two factors t det]m9e ! progress ( mank9d4 ,?us ! preci\s metal is m9$ & br\ght to ! surface by ! lab\r]1 :5ce x spe$s ?r\gh ! _w2 ?us ! fai?ful mission>y j\rneys into remote c\ntries1 to dissem9ate !re ! m5tal treasures acquir$ by /udy & h>d religi\s ef=t4 ,& ?us sci5ce desires to "w1 & %\ld "w1 = ! culture & progress ( mank9d1 & ?is "w is pre-em95tly its task4 ,to prop]ly pursue ?is vocation sci5ce dem&s fre$om1 fre$om 9 rese>* & tea*+4 ,!re is1 z we h already po9t$ out1 an important di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,al?\gh rese>* & tea*+ are mo/ly jo9$1 ! =m] only atta9+ its *ief end 9 tea*+1 !re is a real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two elem5ts2 & n unfrequ5tly !y are sep>at$4 ,x makes q a diff]5ce :e!r "s "o )9 ! f\r walls ( 8 room /udies an>*y1 or :e!r he proce$s to proclaim its pr9ciples to ! _w2 x is q diff]5t :e!r a man embraces a!ism = 8 p]sonal use only1 or :e!r he makes propag&a = x f ! pulpit2 x makes also a _w ( diff]5ce :e!r a man is p]sonally conv9c$ t mat]ialism is ! sole tru?1 or :e!r he proclaims x z a sci5ce1 & is able to affirm t ( ! ,g]man edition ( 8,weltrtsel0 #bjj1jjj copies h be5 sold1 ( ! ,engli% edition ab\t z _m1 & t a doz5 o!r translations h spread ! fundam5tal notions ( monism broadca/ ?r\gh ! _w 7,e4 ,haeckel1 ,monismus u4 ,naturgesetz74 ,tea*+ mu/ be view$ f a diff]5t po9t4 ,rese>* is a p]sonal function1 :]eas ,tea*+ is a social "o4 ,?is fact1 ( itself1 makes x evid5t t tea*+ _c be all[$ ! same measure ( fre$om z rese>*1 h5ce t tea*+ mu/ be conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits4 ,b ,fre$om is dem&$ n only = rese>*1 b also = tea*+1 9 mo/ cases ev5 an unlimit$ fre$om4 ,x is dem&$ z an inali5able "r ( ! individual1 x is dem&$ 9 ! "n ( progress1 :i* c be promot$ only by new k4 ,"s c\ntries grant ?is fre$om 9 _! con/itutions4 ,be=e discuss+ ?is dem& & its presumptions1 we %all h to make cle> "s prelim9>y conceptions4 ,fir/1 ! mean+ ( fre$om ( tea*+4 ,h[ is x precisely to be und]/ood8 ,fre$om 9 tea*+ 9 g5]al means1 evid5tly1 exemption f unw>rant$ re/ra9t 9 tea*+4 ,tea*+1 h[ev]1 to use ! words ( a great ?9k] ( ! pa/1 means ,caus>e 9 alio sci5tiam1 to imp>t k to "s "o else 7,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,quae/4 disp4 ,de v]it4 q4 ,,xi al474 ,?us ! pi\s "m tea*es ! *ild tru?s ab\t ,god & ,heav51 ! s*ool-tea*] tea*es elem5t>y k1 ! college-pr(essor tea*es sci5ce4 ,tea*+ is *iefly und]/ood to be ! in/ruction by pr(essional tea*]s1 f gramm> s*ool up to univ]sity4 ,h5ce fre$om 9 tea*+ does n necess>ily ref] to sci5tific matt]s only2 we may also speak ( a fre$om ( tea*+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! t]m is us$ 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( fre$om 9 tea*+ sci5ce4 ,"h x may n be amiss to m5tion fur!r di/9ctions4 ,z we may di/+ui% 9 tea*+ ?ree ess5tials1 namely1 ! matt]1 ! me?od1 & ! tea*]1 s !re is a correspond+ triple fre$om ( tea*+4 ,if we reg>d ! matt]1 we meet ) ! dem&1 t no "o be exclud$ 9 an unju/ way f ex]cis+ 8 "r to tea*1 t no s+le p>ty %\ld h ! monopoly ( tea*+3 ! "r to f\nd free univ]sities also belongs "h4 ,x is "p ( ! fre$om ( tea*+4 ,z x has relation to ! /ate1 we %all return to ?is po9t lat] on4 ,a second fre$om1 :i* might be call$ me?odological1 conc]ns ! *oice ( ! me?od4 ,?is is naturally subject to consid]able re/ra9t2 n only because ! academic tea*] may frequ5tly h to get along )\t desirable p>aph]nalia1 b also because ( ! commission he receives ) 8 appo9tm5t1 :]e9 8 field & scope are prescrib$4 ,?is is necess>y = ! purpose ( ! univ]sity2 ! /ud5ts are to acquire ! v>i$ k ne$$ lat] on 9 _! vocations ( cl]gyman1 lawy]1 tea*]1 or physician4 ,!re is frequ5t compla9t t ?is fre$om 9 me?od is abus$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 t ! /ud5ts are taught _m fragm5ts ( sci5ce ) ?or\ghness1 b too little ( t :i* !y actually ne$ lat] on2 !y are tra9$ too mu* = !oretical "w & n en\gh = ! practical vocation4 ,?us !re is limitation "h1 too4 ,b ?is is n ! fre$om 9 tea*+ :i* occupies ! c5tre ( int]e/ to-day4 ,! trophy = :i* ! battle is wag$ is ! fre$om relat+ to ! subject ( tea*+2 we %all t]m x 8doctr9al0 fre$om 9 tea*+3 ,%all ! repres5tative ( sci5ce be p]mitt$ to promulgate any view he has =m$8 ,ev5 if t view conflicts ) g5]al religi\s or moral convictions1 ) ! social ord]8 ,or mu/ ?is fre$om be curb$8 ,?is is ! "q47#ai7 ,obvi\sly1 tea*+ ne$ n always be done v]bally1 x c be done also by writ+4 ,! pr(essor lectures 9 ! classrooms1 b he may also exp\nd 8 !ories 9 books2 ?is latt] ! private s*ol> may also d4 ,9 ?is way ,plato & ,ari/otle & ! ,fa!rs are /ill tea*+ by _! writ+s1 ?\gh _! lips h long be5 sil5t4 ,true1 ?is way ( tea*+ has n ! =ce ( ! spok5 ^w1 vibrat+ ) p]sonal conviction1 b x rea*es f>!r out1 ) tell+ effect ^u masses & remote circles4 ,?us1 fre$om 9 tea*+ includes also ! fre$om to pr9t & publi% sci5tific !ories1 h5ce x includes "p ( ! fre$om ( ! press2 9 its full mean+1 h[ev]1 ! fre$om ( ! press relates also to unsci5tific p]iodicals1 especially newspap]s4 ,a c\nt]p>t to ! fre$om 9 tea*+ is pres5t$ by ! fre$om 9 le>n+4 ,x conc]ns ! /ud5t1 & may consi/ ( ! "r grant$ to ! 8academic citiz50 to *oose at 8 discretion1 b )9 ! re/rictions set by 8 /udies1 8 univ]sity1 8 tea*]s1 & 8 curriculum4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,fre$om ,( ,tea*+ ,& ,e?ics4 ,n[ = a clos] exam9ation ( ! problem ( fre$om ( tea*+1 f ! po9t ( g5]al e?ics1 n ( law4 ,?is is an important di/9ction1 n seldom ov]look$4 ,! =m] po9t ( view deals ) fre$om 9 tea*+ only 9 z f> z regulat$ or circumscrib$ by e?ical pr9ciples1 by ! moral pr9ciples ( consci5ce1 )\t reg>d to /ate-laws or o!r positive rules4 ,! fre$om 9 tea*+ z det]m9$ by gov]nm5tal decrees may be call$ fre$om ( tea*+ by /ate-"r4 ,x may happ5 t ! /ate does n prohibit ! dissem9ation ( doctr9es :i* may be =bidd5 by reason & consci5ce1 = in/ance1 a!i/ical doctr9e4 ,!re may be immoral products ( art n prohibit$ by ! /ate2 yet e?ics _c grant lic5se to pornography4 ,! /ate grants ! lib]ty ( *ang+ f "o cre$ to ano!r1 or ( decl>+ "o's self an a!i/2 yet ?is does n ju/ify ! act be=e ! consci5ce4 ,! /atutes d n =bid ev]y?+ t is morally imp]missible2 _! aim is direct$ only at (f5ces aga9/ ! good ( ! commonweal?4 ,moreov]1 ev5 su* (f5ces may n be prohibit$ by /atute1 = ! simple reason t ! enactm5t ( su* laws may be impossible on acc\nt ( ! complexion ( legislative bodies1 or because ( o!r conditions4 ,we w n[ take ! e?ical position & try to judge ! fre$om ( tea*+ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,fir/ ( all1 we %all h to expla9 ! social "* ( tea*+ & ! responsibility atta*$ !reto4 ,we />t aga9 ) ! mean+ ( fre$om ( tea*+4 ,x dem&s t ! communication ( sci5tific op9ions %\ld n be re/ra9$ 9 unw>rant$ mann]4 8,9 unw>rant$ mann]02 because1 manife/ly1 n all b>s are to be remov$2 no "o w ass]t t a man may tea* ?+s he kn[s to be false4 ,e activity1 includ+ sci5tific activity1 mu/ con=m to tru? & morals4 ,h5ce !re is only ! "q to det]m9e1 :5 is fre$om 9 tea*+ morally repreh5sible1 & :5 n2 :i* are ! b>s t mu/ n be transgress$1 & :i* b>s may be disreg>d$8 ,is x all[$ or n to tea* any op9ion1 if ! tea*] subjectively believes x to be true8 ,"h ! views diff]4 ,h[ev]1 "o ?+ at pres5t is cle>3 ,fre$om ( ,tea*+ is ,necess>y4 ,also 9 respect to me?od4 ,ev5 ! tea*] 9 public & gramm> s*ools1 ?\gh m9utely guid$ by ! plan ( in/ruction1 mu/ be grant$1 by ! dem&s ( p$agogy1 a c]ta9 lib]ty2 he %\ld be free to arrange & to try _m ?+s4 ,only :]e individual spontaneity is giv5 play w love = "w be ar\s$1 :i* 9 turn /imulates devotion to ! cause & makes = success4 ,?is applies ) ev5 great] =ce to ! college-pr(essor1 9 respect to me?od1 c\rse ( in/ruction1 subject1 & ! results ( 8 rese>*4 ,he mu/ be free to communicate !m1 )\t consid]ation = unw>rant$ prejudices1 or = private & p>ty int]e/s4 ,if ! sci5ti/ 7 condemn$ to d no?+ b repeat ! old ?+s1 )\t *ange & v>iance1 )\t improvem5t & correction1 )\t new additions & discov]ies1 all al]tness & impulse w\ld disappe>2 b 8 alacrity & ard\r w increase1 if all[$ to contribute to progress1 if assur$ be=eh& ( publicity = ! new solutions he hopes to f9d1 if all[$ to promulgate new discov]ies4 ,?is fre$om is dem&$1 ev5 m imp]atively1 by ! vocation ( sci5ce to "w = ! progress ( mank9d1 prim>ily = ! intellectual & ?r\gh ?is = ! g5]al progress4 ,! dem& 9 behalf ( ! individual is ev5 m urg5t 9 behalf ( sci5ce at l>ge3 no /&+ /ill1 ev] onw>d to new k & ! enri*m5t ( ! m9d1 to moral uplift1 to a beautify+ ( life--& ultimately to ! glorification ( ,god6 ,=1 v]ily1 ! purpose ( ! :ole univ]se is ! glory ( ! ,creator4 ,glory is giv5 to ,him by ! _w ( />s1 z !y spe$ ?r\gh space1 con=m+ to ,8 laws2 glory is giv5 to ,him by ! dewdrop1 z x reflects ! rays ( ! morn+ sun2 glory is giv5 to ,him by ! butt]fly1 z x unfolds ! brilliancy ( col\rs receiv$ f ,8 h&4 ,! *ief glory ( all is giv5 to ,him by ! reason-end[$ human m9d1 develop+ its p[]s ev] m fully1 ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( visible creation1 :]e9 ,god's wisdom reflects bright] ?an ! sun 9 ! morn+-dew4 ,& = ?is is ne$$ ! fre$om ( sci5tific progress1 :i* w\ld be impossible )\t a fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,& ?is applies n only to fix$ conclusions2 x mu/ also be p]mitt$1 )9 admissible b\nds1 to tea* sci5tific hypo!ses4 ,sci5ce ne$s !m = its progress2 !y are ! buds t bur/ =? into blossoms4 ,_h m5 l ,cop]nicus1 ,newton1 ,huyg5s1 n be5 free to prop\nd _! hypo!ses1 ! sun w\ld /ill revolve ar\nd ! e>?1 we /ill w\ld h ,ptolemy's revolution ( ! sph]es1 & ! results ( optical sci5ce w\ld be d5i$ u4 ,a ,tw(old ,fre$om ( ,tea*+ & ,its ,presumption4 ,!re _c be any d\bt t sci5ce mu/ h fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,b ( :at k9d8 ,"o t is necess>y & suitable4 ,yes1 b :at k9d ( fre$om is t8 ,"h is ! crux ( ! "q4 ,n[ we are aga9 at ! b\nd>y l9e :]e we /ood1 :5 def9+ ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 at ! p>t+ ( ! ways ( two contr>y conceptions ( man4 ,"o is ! ,*ri/ian idea1 & also t ( unbiass$ reason4 ,man is a limit$ creature1 dep5d+ on ,god1 on tru? & moral law1 at ! same "t dep5d5t on social life1 h5ce also dep5d5t on social ord] & au?ority2 consequ5tly he _c claim indep5d5ce1 b only ! fre$om compatible ) 8 position4 ,!re=e ! b>ri]s dem&$ by tru? & by ! duty ( belief are set to 8 rese>*2 h5ce 8 fre$om 9 tea*+ c only be ! "o p]mitt$ by 8 social position2 p]sonal p]ception ( tru? & consid]ation = ! welf>e ( mank9d w be ! b>ri]s ( ?is fre$om4 ,?is view is oppos$ by ano!r1 claim+ full indep5d5ce = bo? rese>* & tea*+1 a claim prompt$ by ! mod]n philosophy ( free humanity1 :i* sees 9 man an autonom\s be+1 :o ne$s only foll[ ! imman5t impulses ( 8 own individuality2 & ?is especially 9 t activity :i* is deem$ ! mo/ p]fect1 ! pursuit ( sci5ce3 ?is hypo/atiz$ collective-be+ ( ! highe/ human pursuit is also to be ! supreme be>] ( autonomism4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse ?is results 9 ! claim = unlimit$ fre$om 9 tea*+1 a fre$om we %all t]m lib]al3 9 communicat+ 8 sci5tific view ! sci5ti/ ne$ m]ely be guid$ by 8 p]ception ( tru?1 )\t any consid]ations = ext]nal au?orities or int]e/s1 provid$ 8 communication is a sci5tific "o1 viz41 obs]v+ ! usual =m ( sci5tific tea*+4 ,?is latt] limitation is usually add$1 because ?is fre$om is to apply to ! tea*+ ( sci5ce only2 to ! popul> pres5tation ( sci5tific views1 appeal+ directly to ! masses1 su* a fre$om is n always conc$$4 8,rese>*10 we are told1 8dem&s full fre$om1 ) no o!r b>ri] b its own desire = tru?1 h5ce ! academic tea*] :o tea*es 9 ! capacity ( an inve/igator is likewise n to "k any b>ri]s b 8 inn] tru?fulness & propriety40 8,9 ?is s5se we dem& to-day fre$om 9 tea*+ = our univ]sities4 ,! fre$om ( ! sci5ti/ & ( ! academic tea*] mu/ n be con/ra9$ by any pat5t$ tru?1 nor by fa9t-he>t$ consid]ation4 ,we let ! ^w ( ! ,bible com=t u3 #8if ?is doctr9e is ( ,god1 x w endure2 if n1 x w pass away' 0 7,kaufmann74 ,:atev] ! academic tea*] produces f 8 subjective v]acity mu/ be inviolable2 he may proclaim x z tru?1 reg>dless ( consequ5ces4 8,! se>*+ sci5ti/10 s says ano!r1 8mu/ consid] only ! "o "q3 ,:at is tru?8 ,b inasmu* z !re _c be rese>* )\t communication7871 we mu/ g a /ep fur!r3 ! tea*+1 too1 mu/ n be re/rict$4 ,! sci5tific writ] has to he$ b "o consid]ation3 ,h[ c ,i pres5t ! ?+s exactly z ,i p]ceive !m1 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ precise mann]80 7,pauls574 8,sci5tific rese>* & ! communication ( its results mu/1 con=mable to its purpose1 be indep5d5t ( any consid]ation n innate 9 ! sci5tific me?od itself1--h5ce indep5d5t ( ! traditions & prejudices ( ! masses1 indep5d5t ( au?orities & social gr\ps1 indep5d5t ( int]e/$ p>ties4 ,t ?is indep5d5ce is indisp5sable ne$s no demon/ration40 8,nor c any limitation ( ! fre$om ( rese>* & tea*+ be d$uc$ f ! (ficial position ( ! sci5ti/ or tea*]0 7,von ,amira74 ,j z soon z he beg9s 8 rese>* accord+ to sci5tific me?od1 i4e41 adapts 8 ?\ghts to sci5tific rules1 cu/oms1 & po/ulates1 he may "q ,*ri/ianity1 ,god1 ev]y?+2 nei!r /ate nor ,*ur* mu/ object1 no matt] if ?\s&s are l$ a/ray4 ,?is fre$om is pre-em95tly claim$ = philosophical & religi\s ?\ght1 = ideas relat+ to views ( ! _w & ! f\ndations ( social ord]2 because only 9 ?is prov9ce is absolute fre$om ( tea*+ likely to be s]i\sly refus$4 ,9 ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces1 9 philology & k9dr$ sci5ces1 !re is h>dly occasion = x2 !re only petty disputes occur1 diff]5ces among competitors1 ?+s t d n rea* beyond ! prec9ct ( ! le>n$ frat]nity4 ,:e!r "o is = or aga9/ ! !ory ( ?ree-dim5sional space1 = or aga9/ ! !ory ( ions & ! l1 all t t\*es v little on ! vital que/ions ( mank9d2 b ! case is q diff]5t :5 x comes to publicly advocat+ ! abolition ( private prop]ty1 to ! prea*+ ( polygamy3 x is "h :]e great cla%es ?reat54 ,"h1 also1 !re ent] into ! plan ! social p[]s1 ^: duty x is to %ield ! highe/ possessions ( human society aga9/ wanton attack4 ,nev]!less ! dem& is = unlimit$ fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! argum5ts us$ 9 giv+ to ?is exceptional claim ! semblance ( ju/ification8 ,?is %all be ! fir/ "q4 ,unlimit$ ,fre$om 9 ,tea*+ n ,dem&$4 #a4 ,n by ,v]acity4 ,v]acity is appeal$ to fir/2 x obligates ! tea*]1 s x is said1 to ann\nce 8 own convictions unres]v$ly1 = to 8d5y "o's own convictions w\ld (f5d aga9/ "o ( ! mo/ positive pr9ciples ( morals02 h5ce ! academic tea*] c\ld n grant to ! /ate ! "r to set a b>ri] 9 ?is respect1 8x w\ld be a violation ( ! duty ( v]acity1 :i* is innate to ! tea*]'s (fice0 7,von ,amira74 ,0 x realiz$ 9 mak+ ?is claim :at ! duty ( tru?fulness really dem&s8 ,?is duty is compli$ ) :5 "o is n untru?ful1 t is to say1 does n /ate some?+ to be 8 op9ion :5 secretly he believes ! contr>y to be true2 to =ce him to d ?is w\ld ( c\rse be in/igat+ untru?fulness4 ,tru?fulness1 h[ev]1 does n require any "o to speak out publicly :at he ?9ks2 "o may be sil5t4 ,or is cauti\s sil5ce untru?fulness8 ,x is (t5times prud5ce1 b n untru?fulness4 ,!re is a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ?9k+ & communicat+ ?\ght1 ev5 to ! sci5ti/4 ,or is ! sci5ti/ oblig$1 = in/ance1 to proclaim publicly views he has =m$ contr>y to ! prevail+ pr9ciples ( morals1--views he calls ! 8results ( 8 rese>*10 s t mank9d at la/ may le>n ! tru?8 ,0 ,nietzs*e 9 duty b\nd to proclaim to ! wide _w 8 revolution>y ideas8 ,any sob]-m9d$ man might h told him he ne$ n worry ab\t ?is duty4 ,has ! tea*] ( sci5ce ?is duty8 ,h[ w he prove x8 ,h[ are !y go+ to prove t x is incumb5t ^u an a!i/ic college-pr(essor to tea* 8 a!ism also to o!rs8 ,or1 mu/ he tea* t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian m>riage are unt5able1 if ?is has become 8 p]sonal op9ion8 ,is x1 p]haps1 impossible = him to refra9 f su* tea*+ 9 ! lectures he is appo9t$ to give8 ,?is view w mo/ly prove a delusion4 ,a consci5ti\s exam9ation ( 8 op9ion w\ld conv9ce him t he1 too1 _h bett] ab&on x1 s9ce x is m]ely an ab]ration ( 8 m9d4 ,b let u assume t he c\ld nei!r correct 8 views nor refra9 f proclaim+ !m1 t he w\ld decl>e3 8,i %\ld lie if1 9 discuss+ ! "q 9 h[ f> ?is or t public in/itution is morally sanction$1 ,i 7 to halt be=e c]ta9 in/itutions2 = in/ance if1 hav+ ! moral conviction t mon>*y is a morally objectionable in/itution1 ,i omitt$ to say s0 7,?4 ,lipps74 ,well1 he has ! option to *ange 8 bran* ( tea*+1 or to resign 8 (fice2 he is n indisp5sable1 no "o =ces him to reta9 8 (fice4 ,inde$1 he owes x to tru?fulness to leave 8 po/ ! v in/ant he f9ds he is n able to occupy x 9 a b5eficial way2 he owes x to hone/y to yield 8 position1 if he has lo/ ! prop] relation to religion1 /ate1 & ! p1 to :om 8 position is to r5d] s]vice4 #b4 ,n ! ,duty ( ,sci5ce4 8,nev]!less10 we are told1 8! repres5tatives ( sci5ce h ! duty ( freely communicat+ _! op9ions2 !y are call$ by p & /ate to f9d ! tru? = ! great multitude1 t is n itself 9 ! position to pursue labori\s rese>*4 ,:]e else c\ld x get ! tru? b f sci5ce80 8,! multitude p>ticipates 9 tru? g5]ally 9 a receptive1 passive mann]2 only a few pre-em95t m9ds are de/9$ by nature to be ! disp5s]s & promot]s ( k0 7,pauls571 & ) ?is vocation ( sci5ce a re/riction ( its fre$om ( spee* w\ld be incompatible4 ,! idea has some?+ entic+ ab\t x4 ,x also has its ju/ification1 if ! matt] at issue conc]ns ?+s outside ( ! common scope ( human k1 su* z ! m precise rese>* ( nature1 ( hi/ory1 & s on4 ,b ! idea is n w>rant$ :5 appli$ to ! high] que/ions ( human life4 ,"h x is bas$ on ! false premise t man _c arrive at ! c]ta9 possession ( tru? )\t sci5tific rese>*4 ,we h demon/rat$ previ\sly h[ ?is notion involves a total misconception ( ! nature ( human ?\ght4 ,!re is1 beside ! sci5tific c]ta9ty1 ano!r true c]ta9ty1 a natural c]ta9ty1 ! only "o we h 9 mo/ matt]s1 & a safe guide to mank9d especially 9 high] que/ions1 nay1 9 g5]al mu* saf] ?an sci5ce1 :i*1 z prov$ by hi/ory1 goes easily a/ray 9 su* matt]s4 ,long be=e !re 0 a sci5ce1 mank9d possess$ ! tru? ab\t ! pr9ciples ( life2 & x possesses ?is tru? /ill1 ?r\gh common s5se &1 ev5 m1 ?r\gh div9e revelation1 :i* (f]s enlight5m5t to e "o reg>dless ( sci5ce4 ,"h apply ! words ( ! poet3 8,das ,wahre i/ s*on la5g/ gefund5 ,hat edle ,gei/]s*a> v]bund5 ,das alte ,wahre1 fas/ es an60 ,nev]!less1 x is claim$1 sci5ce rema9s ! sole guide to tru? & progress4 ,mu/ n tru? be se>*$ = & /ruggl$ = always anew8 ,!re are no pat5t$ tru?s = all times--ea* age mu/ sket* its own image ( ! _w1 mu/ =m new values4 ,& x is = sci5ce to po9t out ^! new roads4 ,!re=e1 full sw+ = its doctr9es4 8,sci5ce kn[s n ( /atutes ( limitations or prescription1 h5ce ( no absolutely e/abli%$ possession4 ,consequ5tly real1 sci5tific1 in/ruction c only mean absolutely free in/ruction0 7,pauls574 ,we may be brief4 ,e l9e be>s ! impr9t ( t sceptical subjectivism :i* we h met s (t5 z ! philosophical presumption ( mod]n fre$om ( sci5ce4 ,x is ! wisdom ( anci5t sophi/ry1 :i* ev5 ,ari/otle /igmatiz$ z a 8%am-sci5ce10 8a runn+ aft] some?+ t inv>iably slips away40 ,a fre$om 9 tea*+ ) su* a !ory ( cognition c nev] be a factor ( m5tal progress1 lea/ ( all :5 x seeks to rise above a ,god-giv51 ,*ri/ian tru? to 8high]0 =ms ( religion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is (t5 ! v progress = :i* fre$om 9 tea*+ is int5d$--! unh9d]$ propagation ( an anti-,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 #c4 ,no ,innate ,"r4 ,v well1 we are told1 leave aside ! appeal to ! prov9ce ( sci5ce2 b x _c be d5i$ t man has at lea/ an innate "r ( communicat+ 8 ?\ghts 9 ! free/ mann]4 ,! fir/ "r ( ! human individual1 a "r :i* mu/ n be curtail$ 9 any way1 is 8 "r to free developm5t accord+ to 8 inn] laws1 provid$ ! fre$om ( ! fell[-man is n !reby injur$4 ,h5ce e man has ! "r ( freely utt]+ 8 op9ion1 9 sci5ce especially1 because ! free "r ( o!rs is !reby n infr+$ ^u 9 any matt] :atsoev]4 ,?is is ! claim4 ,x is aga9 root$ 9 ! autonomy ( ! human subject1 ! ma9 idea ( ! lib]al view ( life1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! pr9cipal presumption ( its fre$om ( sci5ce4 ,x leads to ! individuali/ic !ory ( rights1 :i* decl>es fre$om to be man's self-suffici5t object1 viz41 fre$om 9 all ?+s reg>dless ( ! weal & woe ( o!rs1 no matt] if ! sequel be error1 sc&al1 or s$uction1 if only ! /rict "r to fre$om be n violat$4 8,act outw>dly s10 says ! philosophic preceptor ( autonomism1 8t ! free use ( ?y free w may be consi/5t ) ! lib]ty ( o!rs accord+ to a g5]al law40 8,?is lib]ty10 cont9ues ,kant1 8is ! sole1 orig9al "r ( e man by virtue ( 8 humanity40 ,& ,sp5c] concurr5tly tea*es3 8,e "o is free to d :at he wants1 z long z he does n infr+e ^u ! lib]ty ( o!rs40 ,?is is t]m$ ! 8,maxim ( ,co-exi/5ce40 ,accord+ly any "o may say & write any?+ at w1 no matt] if p are l$ a/ray by 8 errors4 ,ev5 ! gov]nm5t mu/ 9 no way limit ?is fre$om1 except :]e rights are violat$2 to def5d religion & morals aga9/ attacks1 to gu>d innoc5ce & inexp]i5ce aga9/ s$uction1 is1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 n all[$ to ! /ate4 ,w4 von ,humboldt writes3 8,he :o utt]s ?+s or commits actions1 (f5d+ ! consci5ce or ! morals ( o!r p1 may act immorally3 b unless he is guilty ( obtrusiv5ess1 he does n injure any "r40 ,h5ce ! /ate mu/ n int]f]e4 8,ev5 ! assur$ly grav] case1 :5 ! witness+ ( an action1 ! li/5+ to c]ta9 reason+1 w\ld mislead ! virtue or ! ?\ght ( o!rs1 ev5 ?is case w\ld n p]mit re/ra9t ( fre$om40 ,we are deal+ "h ) t misconception ( ! social nature ( man :i* has always *>act]iz$ lib]alism4 ,x kn[s only ( ! "r & lib]ty ( ! individual2 ( 8 duties to society x kn[s no?+1 n ev5 t m5 %\ld n injure ! possessions ( o!rs1 b r promote !m2 nor does x "k t m5 are plac$ 9 a society t requires ! free w ( ! individual to yield to ! common weal ( ! _m4 ,to lib]al ?\ght human society is only an accid5tal aggregation ( individuals1 n connect$ by social unity4 ,! autonom\s sph]es ( ! s+le individuals are roll+ side by side1 ea* "o = itself3 :]ev] x pleases !m to roll1 !re !y are c>ri$ by ! autonom\s c5tre ( gravity1 :atev] !y upset 9 _! c>e] has no "r to compla94 ,?is pr9ciple ( fre$om 0 giv5 free re9 9 ! economical legislation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,free ent]prise1 free developm5t ( en]gy1 0 ! rally+ cry2 ! result 0 deva/ation & wreckage4 ,unre/rict$ ,fre$om ( ,tea*+ ,inadmissible4 ,h5ce ! claim = absolute fre$om 9 tea*+ is n w>rant$2 on ! contr>y1 its *ief argum5ts are borr[$ f a philosophy t is unacceptable to ! ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,is x ev5 admissible8 ,?\gh n w>rant$1 is x p]missible at lea/ f ! viewpo9t ( e?ics8 ,x is n ev5 ?is4 ,! claim is e?ically inadmissible1 because ! religi\s1 moral1 & social in/itutions1 especially ! ,*ri/ian fai? & ! ,*ri/ian morals ( mank9d1 w\ld be s]i\sly injur$4 ,9 o!r words3 ,! claim t x is p]missible to proclaim sci5tific !ories :i* are apt to d great damage to ! f\ndations ( religi\s1 moral1 & social life1 especially to ,*ri/ian conviction & morals1 is e?ically repreh5sible4 ,a few rem>ks 9 explanation4 ,we m]ely speak "h ( ! fre$om 9 tea*+ relat+ to ! philosophical-religi\s f\ndations ( life2 t x _c be ! subject ( s]i\s objection 9 o!r matt]s we h previ\sly m5tion$4 ,nor d we yet inquire :at social p[]s %\ld fix ! ne$$ limitations1 :e!r /ate or ,*ur* %\ld regulate !m2 we are m]ely inve/igat+1 f ! viewpo9t ( e?ics1 :at b>ri]s are set by ! law ( reason1 & w\ld h to be set ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( /ate laws1 because ( ! important influ5ce ex]cis$ by sci5tific doctr9e ^u ! social life--! social welf>e ( mank9d is ! consid]ation beside ! tru? t is decisive 9 consid]+ fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,! tea*] or writ] may himself be ( ! op9ion t 8 p]nici\s errors are n dang]\s2 he may fancy !m ev5 ( utmo/ importance to ! _w2 h5ce he ?9ks he has ! "r1 ev5 ! duty1 to communicate !m to ! _w4 ,& d we n he> !m all assure u t !y desire only ! tru?8 ,we d n wi% to sit 9 judgm5t on ! good fai? ( !m individually2 we make no comm5t :5 a man l ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 look+ back ^u ! =ty ye>s ( 8 c>e] z a writ]1 v\*es = 8 unwav]+ & pure aim = tru?2 & :5 ev5 ,haeckel ass]ts ?is ( himself4 ,e fallacy has made its appe>ance ) ?is av[al4 ,b1 by way ( p>5!sis1 !re is no reason to boa/ 9 a g5]al way ( ! s9c]e aim at tru? & ! pure m9d = ! ideal1 alleg$ to prevail 9 ! mod]n lit]ature ( our times1 especially 9 philosophical lit]ature4 ,he :o /&s ^u ,*ri/ian gr\nd kn[s t ! d5ial ( a p]sonal ,god1 ( immortality & o!r matt]s1 are errors ( grave/ consequ5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 if "o is conv9c$ ( ! capability ( man to recognize ! tru?1 at lea/ 9 ! mo/ important matt]s1 & if "o kn[s t ,god has made ,8 ,revelation ! greate/ manife/ation 9 hi/ory1 & prov$ x suffici5tly by docum5ts--inde$1 _h to prove x2 t ,he w let all :o are ( good w come to ! k ( ! tru?2 !n x rema9s incompreh5sible h[ mod]n philosophy consid]$ z a :ole is said on ! "o h& to be guid$ by a s9c]e desire = tru?1 :ile on ! o!r h& x cl+s ) hopeless ob/9acy to ! mo/ radical errors4 ,su* talk ( g5]al s9c]e se>*+ = tru? is apt to deceive ! inexp]i5c$4 ,he :o has obta9$ a deep] insight into mod]n philosophy1 he :o /eadily wat*es x at "w1 w recall to m9d only too (t5 ! ^w ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 8,= !re %all be a "t :5 !y w n endure s\nd doctr9e1 b accord+ to _! own desires %all !y heap to !mselves tea*]s 444 & w inde$ turn away _! he>+ f ! tru? & %all be turn$ unto fables0 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #c74 ,ev5 if ! tea*] is himself conv9c$ ( ! tru? & in(f5siv5ess ( 8 !ory1 x does n foll[ by any means t society is oblig$ to receive x4 ,inde$ n4 ,! /ate prohibits cults dang]\s to ! common weal3 x does n int5d to suff] damage j because ! adh]5ts ( su* cults may be 9 good fai?4 ,& if "s "o ?9ks himself call$ to deliv] a p f its legitimate rul]1 let x be undecid$ :e!r 8 purpose is good or n1 he w nev]!less be re/ra9$ by r dra/ic means f proce$+ accord+ to 8 idea4 ,?is proves t ! pr9ciple ( 8no b>ri] b "o's own v]acity0 is n conc$$ 9 practical life4 ,! tea*] & au?or1 ?is is ! s5se ( our !sis1 mu/ ev] be consci\s ( ! grave responsibility ( sci5ce1 aga9/ ^: p[] ! unsci5tific are s (t5 def5celess2 8 great duty w be to make use ( ?is p[] ) utmo/ compunction1 to tea* no?+ :]e( he is n fully conv9c$1 nor to ann\nce = tru? any?+ he is /ill inve/igat+4 ,z we turn to ! demon/ration ( our proposition1 a />t f ! def9ition ( sci5tific tea*+ sugge/s itself2 manife/ly ?is mu/ be decisive = ! measure ( its fre$om4 ,no d\bt1 its purpose obvi\sly is3 to promote ! weal ( mank9d by communicat+ ! tru?1 by gu>d+ m5 aga9/ errors1 especially aga9/ ^? :i* w\ld mo/ h>m !m1 by elevat+ & increas+ ! bless+s ( ?is life3 = k guides man 9 all 8 /eps1 x is ! light on 8 way4 ,sci5ce is n self-suffici5t4 ,x is an equally false & p]nici\s notion to make sci5ce a sov]eign au?ority1 ?ron+ above man1 :o mu/ pay homage1 & subord9ate 8 int]e/s to x1 b :i* he mu/ n ask to s]ve him = 8 own ends 9 life4 ,!re are su* notions ( sci5ce & also ( art4 ,art1 too1 x is sometimes claim$1 %\ld s]ve its own ends only2 ! dem&1 t x %\ld edify1 or promote ! ideals ( society1 is deem$ a des]tion ( its purposes1 8! fur!rance ( worldly or heav5ly ideals may be elim9at$ f its task0 7,e4 von ,h>tmann74 ,^! are ! excresc5ces ( uncl>ifi$ cultural ?\ghts4 ,s9ce man & 8 culture is m & m replac+ ! div9e ,ideal1 ?is culture itself has gr[n to be ! ov]%ad[+ ideal ( ! ,deity1 )\t :om evid5tly man _c live4 ,! ,egyptians wor%ipp$ ,sun & ,moon2 mod]n man (t5 burns inc5se be=e ! products ( 8 own m9d4 ,x is a rev]sal ( ! "r proportion4 ,sci5ce & its doctr9e are activities ( life1 results ( ! human m9d4 ,activities ( life1 h[ev]1 h man = _! end1 !y are to develop & p]fect him3 man does n exi/ = ! clo!s he we>s--! clo!s exi/ on acc\nt ( man2 ! leaves exi/ = ! sake ( ! tree t puts !m =?1 nor c grapes be ( m importance ?an ! v9e t has produc$ !m4 ,h5ce1 :]e sci5ce does n s]ve ?is end1 :]e x 9 consequ5ce becomes n a bless+1 b an injury to man1 :]e x te>s d[n1 in/ead ( build+ up1 !re x =feits ! "r to exi/2 x is no long] a fruitful b\gh on ! tree ( humanity1 b a h>mful outgr[?4 ,l e organism actively opposes its h>mful gr[?s1 society1 too1 mu/ n tol]ate )9 its bosom any sci5tific t5d5cies :i* act z malign g]ms1 p]haps attack its v m>r[4 ,f ! true object ( sci5ce1 z above /at$1 x foll[s t x is wrong to dissem9ate doctr9es t are apt to injure mank9d 9 ! possession ( ! tru?1 :i* may ev5 imp]il ! au!nticat$ f\ndations ( life4 ,= nobody w d5y t firm f\ndations are ne$$ to uphold & support ! highe/ ideals ( life2 !y c no m )/& a con/ant j>r+ & %ak+ ?an c a h\se ( frame & /one4 ,su* f\ndations are1 fir/ ( all1 ! moral & religi\s tru?s & convictions ab\t ! ,:5ce & ,:i!r ( human life1 ab\t ,god & ! h]eaft]1 ! social duties t[>d ! fell[-man1 ob$i5ce to au?ority1 & s on4 ,if man is to p]=m burd5some duties z husb& & fa!r1 if1 z a citiz51 he is to d ju/ice to o!rs & yield 9 ob$i5ce to au?ority1 he mu/ h p[]ful motives2 else 8 impulses w take ! helm1 ! s5sible1 moral be+ becomes a s5sual be+ :o rev]ses ! ord] & drives ! %ip ( life t[>ds ! cat>act ( e?ical & social revolution4 ,& ^! motives mu/ re/ deeply 9 ! m9d1 l ! f\ndation t supports ! h\se2 !y mu/ become id5tifi$ ) x1 z ! vital pr9ciple p5etrates ! tree1 z ! in/9ct ( ! animal is "p ( its inn]mo/ be+4 ,if new notions are cont9ually :izz+ )\t resi/ance ?r\gh ! m9d1 l ! w9d ov] ! fields1 repose & p]man5ce are impossible 9 human life4 ,to jolt ! f\ndations invites collapse & ru94 ,x is ! duty ( self-pres]vation1 = :i* e be+ /rives1 t society gu>d ^! f\ndations ( ord] aga9/ subv]sion & caprici\s exp]im5tation4 ,( ! ,locrians x is told t any "o desir+ to (f] a resolution = *ang+ exi/+ laws1 0 requir$ to appe> at ! public meet+ ) a rope ar\nd 8 neck4 ,he 0 hang$ ) x if he fail$ to w9 8 fell[-citiz5s ov] to 8 view4 ,?is cu/om pictures ! necessity ( erect+ a p[]ful dam aga9/ ! inundation by illicit m5tal tidal waves1 t endang] ! /ability ( ! ord] ( life4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n oppose e new progress4 ,9 build+ a h\se1 firm f\ndations d n prev5t ! h\se f gr[+ 9 size2 b ! f\ndations are a necess>y prelim9>y to a suitable con/ruction4 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ a man be p]mitt$1 9 8 individuali/ic mania = re=m1 to lay an impi\s h& at ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( life2 & ! sci5ti/ mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t x is n ! task & privilege ( 8 individuali/ic reason to put ! seal ( approval on ^! pr9ciples z if ! tru? _h nev] be=e be5 discov]$4 ,to ,*ri/ian nations ! immutable tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity are ^! safe f\ndations4 ,!y are v\*$ = by div9e au?ority1 !y h /ood all hi/orical te/s ( fitness2 !y su/a9 ! in/itutions ( family & ( gov]nm5t1 !y det]m9e ?\ght1 education1 ! ideas ( "r & wrong--a v5]able patrimony ( ! nations4 ,%all e ,nietzs*e1 big or little1 be free to attack !m8 ,exp]im5ts may be made ) rabbits1 fl[]s1 or drugs2 b x w\ld violate ! fir/ pr9ciple ( prud5ce & ju/ice to all[ e ,tom1 ,dick1 & ,h>ry1 :o may h ! neological it*1 to exp]im5t on ! highe/ in/itutions ( mank9d4 ,primum non noc]e is an old caution to ! physician2 = _m m$ical practition]s & surgeons n an untimely admonition4 ,x is ass]t$1 & v\*$ = by pro(1 t pati5ts are made ! subjects ( exp]im5t = purposes ( sci5ce2 n1 inde$1 ri* p1 b ! poor 9 hospitals & cl9ics 7comp4 ,a4 ,moll1 ,arztli*e ,e?ik1 #aijb74 ,e consci5ti\s physician w turn ) moral abhorr5ce f su* action4 ,inde$1 man & 8 greate/ possession1 life1 is n to be made ! victim ( sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,if ?is holds good z to ! physical ?+s ( life1 !n h[ mu* m ( ! ideal ?+s ( mank9d6 8,e ,"o to ,=m ,8 ,own ,judgm5t08 ,b1 !n1 _c e "o decide = himself z to ! tea*+s ( sci5ce1 & reject :atev] he ?9ks to be false8 ,!n w\ld be avoid$ all damage t might result f a fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,sci5ce does n =ce its op9ion ^u any "o4 ,) due respect = ! disc]nm5t ( its disciples1 sci5ce lays its results be=e !m1 leav+ x to !m to judge & *oose1 :atev] !y ?9k is good4 ,su* words voice ! optimism ( an inexp]i5c$ idealism4 ,to be sure1 7 ! devotee to sci5ce1 be he a /ud5t at a univ]sity or a read] ( sci5tific works1 a cle>-sight$ diagno/ician1 :o c\ld at once p]ceive error1 &1 moreov]1 if he 7 a ma!matical entity1 )\t p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 ! argum5t might be li/5$ to4 ,b any "o pa/ ! immaturity ( y\?1 he1 especially1 :o has e>ne/ly comm5c$ to "k himself1 is aw>e t un=tunately ! opposite is ! case4 ,fir/ ! lack ( ability to di/+ui% error f tru?4 ,ev5 :5 recogniz$1 error is n )\t dang]2 x %>es ) tru? ! prop]ty to act sugge/ively1 especially :5 x repeat$ly & ) assurance approa*es ! m9d4 ,& (t5 error does pose ) great assurance1 z ! result ( sci5ce1 z ! conclusion ( ! sup]ior m9d ( ! tea*]1 p]haps ( a fam\s tea*]6 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t :atev] s]i\s m5 ass]t 9 ! "n ( sci5ce mu/ be "r2 or1 if n t1 !re is ! ov]aw+ feel+ t !re mu/ be "s ju/ification = ! confid5ce ( ! ass]tion4 ,au?ority impresses ev5 )\t argum5t1 & impresses ! m /rongly1 ! less !re is ( intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,! latt] is at l[e/ ebb at ! y\?ful age4 ,t :i* 9 hypnotic sugge/ion is int5sifi$ into ! morbid3 ! effective psy*ical transf] ( "o's own ?\ght into "s "o else1 occurs 9 a less] =m ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! morbid scepsis ( our times2 x is a poison\s atmosph]e1 affect+ imp]ceptively ! susceptible m9d :i* rema9s long 9 x4 ,= ?is reason ! religi\s savant1 :o has to d a great deal ) infidel books1 mu/ be on 8 wat* incessantly1 ev5 ?\gh he has ! k & ! intellect to detect wrong conclusions4 ,?us we f9d t great s*ol>s (t5 display a /rik+ fe> ( irreligi\s books4 ,( ,c>d9al ,mai x is told3 8,he said--& ?is we c v\* =--#8,i h ! p]mission to read =bidd5 books2 b ,i nev] make use ( x nor d ,i int5d to d s' 0 7,hilg]1 ,d] ,index1 #aije1 #da74 ,! le>n$ ,l4 ,a4 ,muratori wrote a refutation ( a h]etic book4 ,9 ! preface he ?\ght x necess>y to apologize = hav+ read ! book4 ,he said3 8,! book got into my h&s v late1 & = a long "t ,i c\ld n get myself to read x4 ,= :y %\ld "o read ! writ+s ( innovators except to commit "o's self to _! folly8 ,i seek & l books :i* confirm my fai?1 b n ^? :i* w\ld lead me away f my religion4 ,b :5 ,i he>d t ! book 0 circulat$ 9 ,italy1 ,i resolv$ to mu/] up my /r5g? = ! def5ce ( tru? & religion1 & = ! safety ( my bre?r540 ,sa9t ,francis ( ,sales1 ) t\*+ simplicity1 gives 9 8 writ+s praise to ,god = hav+ pres]v$ him f los+ 8 fai? ?r\gh ! read+ ( h]etical books4 ,( ! le>n$ ,spani% philosoph] ,balmes is pres]v$ a say+ t he once address$ to two ( 8 fri5ds3 8,y "k1 ! fai? is deeply root$ 9 my he>t4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c read a fallaci\s book )\t feel+ ! necessity ( rega9+ ! "r mood by read+ ,holy ,writ1 ! ,imitation ( ,*ri/1 & ! writ+s ( bless$ ,l\is ( ,granada40 ,:at !n mu/ happ5 :5 ! ne$$ tra9+ is lack+8 :5 "o easily grasps ! objections to ! tru?1 b _c f9d ! answ]8 :5 "o is n 9 a position to asc]ta9 :e!r ! ass]t$ facts are bas$ on tru?1 :e!r some?+ important is kept back1 :e!r !re are /at$ positive facts1 or m]e hypo!ses1 or p]haps ev5 idle suppositions8 ,if "o is n capable to recognize wrong conclusions1 to note ! ambiguities ( words8 ,our pres5t treatise cites pro( ( x4 ,h[ _m e>ne/ m51 :o 9 good fai? are ! w>m advocates ( fre$om ( sci5ce1 are aw>e h[ ambigu\s t t]m is2 h[ a :ole !ory ( cognition & view ( ! _w is hidd5 beh9d x8 ,h[ _m c at once see ! ambiguity ( phrases l 8,diff]5ce betwe5 k & fai?10 ( 8exp]i5c+ "o's religion10 ( 8evolution & progress10 ( 8humanism10 ( 8unfold+ p]sonality08 ,& ( ! self-consci\s po/ulate t sci5ce _c reckon ) sup]natural factors1 h[ _m p]ceive t x is no?+ b an undemon/rat$ supposition8 ,we are told t all great repres5tatives ( sci5ce reject ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w2 :o kn[s at once t su* ass]tion is untrue8 ,we read t ! ,cop]nican !ory 0 condemn$ by ,rome1 ev5 prohibit$ up to #ahce1 & ?is _c fail to make an impression2 b ! "p omitt$ 9 ! /ory1 :o w at once supplem5t or ev5 suspect x8 ,!n !re is ! great want ( philosophical tra9+4 ,=m]ly a ?or\gh philosophical education 0 ! indisp5sable condition = maturity1 & consid]$ ! indisp5sable f\ndation = high] /udies4 ,all ?is has *ang$2 frequ5tly !re is n ev5 ! desire = philosophical tra9+4 ,( c\rse1 mod]n philosophy 9 its pres5t /ate does n promise mu* ( b5efit4 8,/ud5ts ( m$ic9e & law rema9 = ! l>g] "p )\t any philosophical education1 & among ^? ( ! o!r two faculties b few /ud5ts d bett] ?an come into a m or less sup]ficial t\* ) philosophy0 7,pauls574 ,! consequ5ce is1 !y _c sci5tifically get _! be>+s 9 respect to ultimate que/ions1 & easily lose _! fai?1 succumb+ to errors & sophisms4 ,imag9e a "y man1 untra9$2 9 books1 9 ! lecture room1 9 8 int]c\rse1 ev]y:]e1 he is c\rt$ by a disbeliev+ sci5ce1 ) its !ories1 its objections1 its d\bts1--t5sion ev]y:]e t is n reliev$1 accusations t are n expla9$2 h[ is he to br+ ) a /eady h& ord] 9 all ?is8 ,to cl9* x1 he he>s ! obtrusive exhortation to =m =?) 8 own conviction by 8 own reason+6 ,he is1 moreov]1 likely to be in=m$ z foll[s3 8,! univ]sity is a place = m5tal /ruggle1 = incessant inve/igation ( inh]it$ op9ions4 ,= ye>s & ye>s ! /ud5t 0 f$ ) prescrib$ matt] :i* he _h to swall[ believ+ly1 444 at la/ ! mom5t has arriv$ :5 he c *oose & decide = himself4 ,true1 ?is fre$om ( m5tal *oice--& x is ! ess5ce ( academic fre$om--has also its angui%4 ,b h[ magnific5t x is1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! gloomy walls ( ! classroom vani%1 & ! bright e!r ( rese>* dawns into view ) its wide horizon6 ,he :o _c grasp & enjoy ?is mom5t 9 its gr&eur & exquisit5ess1 he :o pref]s to ! free life ( ! colt on ! va/ prairies ! dull exi/5ce 9 a n>r[ fold 444 he has tak5 ! wrong road :5 he came to ! gates ( ! ,alma ,mat] to /udy worldly sci5ce--he %\ld h rema9$ at ! re/ful he>? ( ! pi\s1 p>5tal home1 9 ! %ad[ ( ! old village-*ur*0 7,jodl74 ,:at a lack ( e>ne/ness & ( k ( man1 :at lack ( ! s5se ( responsibility6 ,( "y m51 )\t ?or\gh philosophical & !ological prep>ation1 x is dem&$ to d\bt at once _! ,*ri/ian religion1 despite all compunctions ( _! consci5ce1 & to argue ! dang]\s !ses ( an anti-,*ri/ian view ( ! _w4 ,!y are expect$1 z if !y 7 heirs to ! wisdom ( all c5turies1 to judge & correct =?) t :i* _! tea*]s call ! result ( _! long /udies--= !y are n suppos$ to foll[ !m bl9dly1 !y are expect$ to sit 9 judgm5t ov] !ological t5d5cies & philosophical sy/ems1 & to /ruggle ?r\gh d\bts & ab]rations1 unt\*$ by error1 to display a m5tal indep5d5ce :i* ev5 ! man ( highe/ le>n+ lacks4 ,su* a k ( human nature might be left to itself1 if ! wrecks x causes 7 n s sadd5+4 8,h[ t]rible is ! p[] ( sci5ce60 a voice ( au?ority w>n$ a %ort "t ago4 8,! unle>n$ are def5celess aga9/ ! le>n$1 ^? :o "k little aga9/ ^? t "k mu*2 ! unle>n$ are incapable ( indep5d5tly judg+ ! !ories ( ! le>n$2 error 9 ! g>b ( k impresses !m ) ! =ce ( tru?1 especially :5 x f9ds an ally 9 _! evil lu/s4 ,no wield] ( /ate-p[] c lay wa/e1 c de/roy1 z mu* z an unconsci5ti\s1 or ev5 m]ely c>eless1 wield] ( ! weapons ( k4 ,exalt$ z is ! pursuit ( k1 & z k itself is if guid$ by /rong moral s5tim5t & e>ne/ consci5ce1 s degrad$ x becomes if x te>s itself f ! self-control ( consci5ce4 ,?is fatal rupture w happ5 ! in/ant sci5ce deviates b a hair's bread? f ! tru? x c v\* = ^u consci5ti\s exam9ation4444 ,sacr$ is ! fre$om ( sci5ce keep+ )9 ! b\nds ( ! moral laws2 b transgress+ !m x is no long] sci5ce1 b a f>ce /ag$ ) sci5tific te*nique1 a negation ( ! ess5ce ( sci5ce0 7,c\nt ,a4 ,apponyi1 =m] ,hung>ian ,m9i/] ( ,education1 (ficiat+ at a ,promotio sub auspiciis1 #aijh74 ,9 ! ye> #ahgg1 at ! ,fiftie? ,congress ( ,natural ,sci5ti/s 9 ,muni*1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,vir*[1 f\nd] & lead] ( ! ,progressive ,p>ty 9 ,g]many1 s\nd$ a w>n+ to be consci5ti\s 9 ! use ( ! fre$om 9 tea*+1 & 9 ! fir/ place1 to ann\nce z ! result ( sci5ce no?+ b :at has be5 demon/rat$ beyond d\bt3 8,i am ( ! op9ion t we are actually 9 dang] ( jeop>diz+ ! future by mak+ too mu* use ( ! fre$om (f]$ to u by pres5t conditions1 & ,i w\ld caution n to cont9ue 9 ! arbitr>y p]sonal speculation1 :i* spreads itself n[adays 9 _m bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,we mu/ make rigid di/9ction betwe5 t :i* we tea* & t :i* is ! object ( rese>*4 ,! subjects ( our rese>* are problems4 ,b a problem %\ld n be made a subject ( tea*+4 ,9 tea*+1 we h to rema9 )9 ! small1 & yet l>ge doma9 :i* we actually control4 ,any attempt to model our problems into doctr9es1 to introduce our conjectures z ! f\ndation ( education1 mu/ fail1 especially ! attempt to simply depose ! ,*ur* & to replace its dogma )\t c]emony by evolution>y religion2 inde$1 g5tlem51 ?is attempt mu/ fail1 b 9 fail+ x w c>ry ) x ! greate/ dang]s = sci5ce 9 g5]al4444 ,we mu/ set ourselves ! task1 9 ! fir/ place1 to h& d[n ! actual1 ! real k1 &1 9 go+ fur!r1 we mu/ tell our /ud5ts inv>iably3 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n prov$1 x is my op9ion1 my notion1 my !ory1 my speculation4444 ,g5tlem51 ,i ?9k we w\ld misuse our p[]1 & endang] our p[]1 if 9 tea*+ we w\ld n re/rict ourselves to ?is legitimate prov9ce40 ,& is no?+ kn[n ( ! incl9ations & passions1 especially ( ! y\?ful he>t1 to :i* tru? is s (t5 a heavy yoke1 con/ra9+ & oppress+ !m8 ,w !y n try to use e means to relieve ! t5sion8 ,w !y n gravitate by !mselves to a sci5ce t tells !m ! old religion ) its oppressive dogmas1 its unworldly morals1 is a /age ( evolution long s9ce pass$ by1 & t _m o!r ?+s1 once call$ s9 by obsolete prejudices1 are ! ju/ifi$ utt]ances ( nature8 ,w !y n wor%ip ?is sci5ce z _! lib]ator8 ,he :o once said 8,i am ! tru?10 ,he 0 crucifi$2 a sign = all ages4 ,base nature w at all times crucify ! tru?4 ,f4 ,coppe1 a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 l$ back by sev]e sickness to ! fai? ( 8 y\?1 relates ! foll[+ 9 8 confessions3 8,i 0 rais$ a ,*ri/ian1 & fulfill$ ! religi\s duties ) zeal ev5 = "s ye>s aft] my fir/ ,holy ,communion4 ,:at made me deviate f my pi\s habits 71 ,i confess x op5ly1 ! ab]rations ( y\?ful age & ! loa?+ to make c]ta9 confessions4 ,q _m :o are 9 ! same position w admit1 if !y w be frank1 t at ! beg9n+ !y 7 e/rang$ f _! cre$ by ! sev]e law :i* religion imposes on all 9 respect to s5suality1 & only 9 lat] ye>s !y felt ! want to ext5uate & ju/ify ! transgressions ( ! moral law by a sci5tific sy/em40 8,hav+ tak5 ! fir/ /ep on ! d[nw>d road1 ,i c\ld n fail to read books1 li/5 to words1 see examples1 :i* confirm$ my notion t no?+ c be m w>rant$ b t man obey 8 pride & 8 s5suality2 & soon ,i became totally indiff]5t 9 respect to religion4 ,z w be se51 my case is an ev]yday case40 ,only exalt$ moral purity c keep ! m9d free f be+ made captive & dragg$ d[n by ! passions4 ,9 a college t[n 9 s\!rn ,g]many a ,ca?olic ,prie/ "s "t ago met a college girl :o belong$ to a club ( moni/s4 ,!y />t$ ^u a discussion1 & soon ! college girl _h no argum5t left4 ,b z a la/ %ot %e exclaim$1 8,well1 y _c prev5t me f hat+ y\r ,god40 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,spick] relates 9 8 autobiography in/ructive rem9isc5ces ( 8 college ye>s4 ,religi\sly tra9$ 9 8 y\?1 & 9 8 e>ly ye>s = "s "t a ,capu*91 he left ?is ,ord] to g to ! univ]sity4 ,previ\s to ?is he _h be5 l$ to d\bt by ! p]usal ( mod]n philosophical writ+s1 & at ,muni* he sank /ill m deeply into d\bt4 ,pr(4 ,hub] advis$ him to he> ! radical ,prantl4 ,9 8 dejection he w5t to a fell[-/ud5t 9 que/ ( com=t1 & receiv$ ! significant advice3 8,inde$1 ,hub] is "r3 y are n a bit ( a philosoph]2 y /ill believe 9 s91 t is only a !ological notion2 g & he> ,prantl1 he'll rid y ( y\r fancies40 ,( ! impression ,prantl's lectures made ^u ! susceptible "y /ud5ts he relates3 8,!y 7 especially ov]aw$ by 8 passionate en?usiasm1 8 tr5*ant criticism1 8 s>ca/ic treatm5t ( ev]y?+ m$iocre & sup]ficial1 &1 *iefly1 by 8 self-consci\s1 au?oritative1 demeanor4 ,l a tornado he swept ?r\gh hazy1 obscure regions1 :e!r 9 sci5ce1 art1 poetry1 or religion4 ,ev5 by only att5d+ ! lectures "o became m consci\s ( "o's k & look$ d[n ) sil5t contempt ^u semi-philosoph]s & !ologians40 ,9 reg>d to himself he admits t a few weeks suffic$ to de/roy ! la/ remnants ( 8 =m] religi\s p]suasion3 8,hub]'s prophecy 0 completely fulfill$1 ! la/ /ump ( my dogmatic belief 0 sma%$ into a ?\s& spl9t]s40 ,vae mundo a sc&alis6 ,:at a responsibility re/s especially ^u ^? :o become ! sc&al = inexp]i5c$ y\?6 ,9 ! upp] classes ( a l>gely ,prote/ant college 9 nor!rn ,g]many ! pr(essor ( ma!matics1 "s ye>s ago1 ask$ ! "q1 :o among ! /ud5ts _h read ,haeckel's 8,weltraetsel40 ,all except f\r or five rose to _! feet4 ,^u 8 fur!r "q1 :o ( !m believ$ 9 :at is said 9 ! book1 ab\t half ( ! classroom rose4 8,! immature y\? :o read ! #8,weltraetsel1' 0 s says ,a4 ,hans51 8un=tunately conclude3 #8,haeckel says !re is no ,god1 !re=e we may boldly live z x suits our natural immorality4444' ,is ,haeckel ! /rong m9d to assume = a long future ! responsibility = ?is conclusion80 ,"o is fright5$ by ! mann] ! highe/ ideals ( mank9d are (t5 juggl$ )1 :at !y d>e (f] ) easy consci5ce to ! t5d]e/ y\?4 ,pr(4 ,=el is kn[n by 8 widely spread book on 8,! ,sexual ,"q10 p]haps bett] kn[n ev5 by 8 lectures on ! subject1 :i* "s cities prohibit$ 9 ! int]e/ ( public morals4 ,9 ! sev5? edition ( 8 book we f9d publi%$ z a te/imonial1 also z pro( ( ! good read+ ! book makes = e>ly y\?1 a lett] ( a "y woman ^: op9ion ( ! book _h be5 reque/$ by ! au?or4 ,h] answ] reads3 8,y ask me :at impression y\r book made ^u me4 ,i %\ld /ate t ,i am v "y1 b h read a great deal4 ,my "m has giv5 me a v lib]al education1 & s ,i h a "r to c\nt myself among ! unprejudic$ girls40 ,%e assures ! au?or3 8,i nev] ?\ght = a s+le mom5t t y\r book 0 immoral1 h5ce ,i d n believe t y h corrupt$ me40 ,& su* books are (f]$ to "y girls z fit read+6 ,"s ye>s ago a s5sation 0 creat$ :5 9 ,b]l9 a "y au?or1 tw5ty-two ye>s ( age1 ,george ,s*eufl] by "n1 kill$ himself4 ,?\gh ( a religi\s tra9+1 he began at an e>ly age to read ! writ+s ( infidel natural sci5ti/s & philosoph]s4 ,8 belief became weak] & weak]1 & he f9ally ab&on$ x entirely4 ,only a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! "y man1 :o _h become a writ] ( repute1 put a revolv] to 8 he>t1 nauseat$ by ! _w1 tortur$ by religi\s d\bts4 ,an organ ( mod]n infidelity comm5t$ ^u ! ev5t 9 ! cold words3 8,! tru? is probably t ! und\bt$ly tal5t$ au?or _h n n]ves /rong en\gh = ! ,b]l9 life1 h5ce he dies4 ,may 8 a%es re/ 9 peace60 ,he>tless words on ! mis=tune ( a poor victim ( ! mod]n propag&a ( disbelief4 ,heavy1 inde$1 is ! responsibility c\rt$ by repres5tatives ( sci5ce :5 !y s9 aga9/ ! holie/ ideals ( mank9d1 especially :5 !y induce ! matur+ y\?1 ) 8 susceptibilities & awak5+ impulses1 to emancipate himself f ! belief ( 8 *ildhood1 & to te> d[n ! =tifications ( innoc5ce6 ,if ! tea*] is high-m9d$1 ?is _c mitigate ! p]nici\sness ( 8 tea*+1 b only increase x1 nei!r c ! fact t 8 p]sonal morals are )\t a flaw v9dicate him4 ,if a man by /rew+ poison does no h>m to himself1 ?is does n give him ! "r to injure o!rs4 ,if sci5ce dem&s ! privilege ( assum+ ! m5tal education ( our p1 !n sci5ce assumes also ! duty ( adm9i/]+ ^! int]e/s consci5ti\sly1 & ! grave/ responsibility w re/ ^u him 9 ^: h& sci5ce spreads ru94 8,k does no ,h>m08 8,! increase & spread ( k0 7?is is a fur!r objection7 8c nev] h>m society1 only b5efit its int]e/s0 7,von ,amira74 ,h5ce1 d n get al>m$3 no?+ is to be fe>$ f sci5ce4 ,! apo/les ( ! enlight5$ eighte5? c5tury tri$ to quiet _! age ) simil> ass]tions4 8,x is n true10 says ,less+1 8t speculations ab\t ,god & div9e ?+s h ev] done h>m to society2 n ! speculations did x--b ! folly & tyranny to =bid !m40 ,if ?is 7 am5d$ to read true k c nev] d h>m1 !n ! m9d might be set at re/1 al?\gh ev5 !n x might become dang]\s to tea* ! tru? )\t discrim9ation or caution4 ,n all are ripe = e tru?3 tru? c (t5 be misund]/ood1 lead to false conclusions4 ,?us1 x may become c]ta91 p]haps1 t a mu*-wor%ipp$ relic1 a mu*-visit$ %r9e1 is n g5u9e3 nev]!less 9 giv+ su* explanation to simple1 pi\s p "o w\ld h to display caution 9 ord] to keep !m f d\bt+ ev5 ! t5ets ( ! cre$4 ,b !re is also false k2 c ?is 8nev] d h>m b only b5efit80 ,w all k ex]t ! same influ5ce1 :e!r ! ,*ri/ian t5ets ( love & m]cy1 or ,nietzs*e's moral = ! weal?y1 :e!r "y p are giv5 to read ,*ri/ian books1 or ^? ( ,haeckel1 ,bue*n]1 & ,/rauss8 ,! /ory is told ( ,voltaire1 t he s5t all s]vants out ( ! room :5 he _h fri5ds = gue/s & philosophical discussions />t$ at ! d9+-table1 because he did n wi% to h 8 ?roat cut ! next night4 ,s ?is free-?9k]1 too1 did n ?9k t all k is b5eficial4 ,b1 we are fur!r assur$1 let sci5ce peacefully pursue its way2 if x %\ld err x w correct itself4 ,x is true1 sci5ces ( obvi\s subjects1 t h no direct relation to moral conduct ( life1 d1 soon] or lat]1 correct _! mi/akes2 rec5t physics has correct$ ! mi/akes ( ! physics ( pa/ ages2 hi/orical errors1 too1 are disappe>+ ) ! times4 ,q diff]5t is ! matt] :5 philosophical-religi\s que/ions are at issue4 ,pan!ism1 subjectivism1 8sci5tific0 rejection ( fai?1 are errors1 grave errors1 yet x does n foll[ t !y w fall ( !mselves into desuetude2 !y may prevail = a long "t1 may return ) ! regul>ity ( c]ta9 diseases4 ,_! error is n tangible1 & ! desires ( ! he>t incl9e to !m by ! law ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,f ! e>lie/ ages to ?is day ! same philosophical errors h return$1 9 v>i$ =m4 ,b let u assume t ?is w\ld be ! case2 t ^! errors1 too1 w\ld disappe> aft] "s "t1 disappe> = good4 ,is x dem&$ t ! errors 9 ! mean:ile ought to h free play8 ,%all ! surgeon be all[$ to p]=m risky exp]im5ts on ! pati5t1 because lat] on he w realize t 8 act 0 objectionable8 ,w ! fa!r h& to 8 son an improp] book1 consol+ himself t tru? mu/ prevail 9 ! end1 ev5 ?\gh defeat$ tempor>ily8 ,^! are delusions ( ! ab/ract intellectualism ( our times1 :i* sees all salvation & human p]fection m]ely 9 le>n+ & k1 & =gets t k signifies education & b5efit = mank9d only :5 atta*$ to tru? & moral ord]4 ,n k1 b k ( ! tru?1 & moral dignity1 make = civilization & p]fection2 k no long] controll$ by tru? & e?ics becomes ! hirel+ ( ! l[ passions1 & fights = _! fre$om4 8,! ,vehicle ( ,tru?40 ,back ( ! urg5t dem&s = unre/rict$ fre$om 9 tea*+ /&s inv>iably a ?\ght t op]ates ) palsy+ effect ^u ! m9ds3 to wit1 t sci5ce is ! embodim5t ( tru?1 a g5ius c>ry+ ! unext+ui%able beacon ( light3 to sil5ce x w\ld be to resi/ ! tru?4 ,our fir/ ?\ght :5 we began our diss]tation ( ! ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce 01 t sci5ce is n ! poetical be+ s (t5 describ$3 x is an individual activity1 a product ( ! human m9d1 %>+ its defects & weaknesses4 ,= ?is reason sci5ce is n ! infallible be>] ( ! tru?2 lea/ ( all 9 ! high] que/ions ( life1 :]e its eyes are dimm$1 & :]e incl9ations ( ! he>t /ill fur!r obscure its /r5g? ( vision4 ,& ?is is admitt$1 ev5 to ! po9t ( despair+ ( ! ability to f9d ! tru? on ^! que/ions1 & if "o is n ready to admit ?is1 ! fact is made app>5t by a glance at ! c\ntless errors exhibit$ 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?9k+4 ,is error to h ! same "r t tru? has8 ,if :olesome bev]age may rightly be (f]$ to anybody1 c1 ) ! same "r1 poison be giv58 ,may "o foll[ 8 false s5se ( tru?1 call+ x sci5ce1 & tea* any?+ he ?9ks "r8 ,moreov]1 is n ?is sci5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to its expon5ts1 ne$ n reg>d any?+ b its own me?od1 entirely a special k9d ( sci5ce8 ,inde$ x is1 z we h le>n$ to "k x4 ,we h le>n$ to "k ?is free sci5ce1 ) its autonom\s subjectivism1 t %apes its *ang+ views accord+ to p]sonal exp]i5ce2 ?is feeble b pr\d scepticism2 we h le>n$ ( ^? om9\s imp]atives1 t bani% ev]y?+ div9e f ! horizon ( k--a sci5ce ) its tor* turn$ upside d[n4 ,& its aim--negation4 ,! beautiful ?\ght is frequ5tly express$ t sci5ce1 especially ! sci5ce ( our univ]sities1 is to act z ! lead] 9 ! m5tal life ( ! nation1 8a univ]sal ,p>liam5t ( sci5ce1 :i* w\ld repres5t ! au?oritative p[] s urg5tly ne$$ by our discordant & sceptical age1 an age t has lo/ fai? 9 au?ority40 ,! idea is beautiful1 x is sublime2 x co9cides ) a conception ( ! div9e ,_s1 :o has already realiz$ x1 ?\gh1 x is true1 9 ano!r mann]4 ,! div9e ,_s has f\nd$ 9 ! bosom ( mank9d su* a c5tre ( m5tal life2 namely1 ! ,*ur*4 ,%e1 & only %e1 be>s all ! m>ks ( ! univ]sal tea*] ( tru?4 ,by virtue ( div9e aid ! ,*ur* alone has ! pr]ogative ( infallibility1 z necess>y to ! tea*] ( ! nations2 human philosophy is n infallible1 lea/ ( all a sci5ce t despairs ( ! highe/ tru?1 nay1 t (t5 deals ) x z ! cat does ) ! m\se4 ,a tea*] ( ! nations mu/ possess unity ( doctr9e4 ,! ,*ur* has ?is unity1 h] view ( ! _w /&s be=e u 9 p]fect concord2 :ile discord reigns 9 ! philosophy ( a free mank9d1 "o ?\ght oppos$ to ano!r4 ,! ,*ur* is holy1 holy 9 h] moral laws1 holy 9 h] s]vice ( ! tru?2 %e nev] %irks tru?1 n ev5 :]e tru? is pa9ful2 ! ,*ur* nev] surr5d]s ! tru? to human passions4 ,! ,*ur* is ,ca?olic1 g5]al1 = ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$2 %e is apo/olic1 ) fai?ful h& %e pres]ves = all g5]ations ! spiritual patrimony ( ! =efa!rs4 ,& ! unbeliev+ sci5ce ( lib]alism1 :]e is its hol9ess1 :5 its eye _c be> ! sight ( heav58 :5 x numb]s among its admir]s all ! unholy elem5ts ( humanity8 ,:]e is its ca?olicity1 its rev]5ce = traditions1 its hi/oric s5se1 ! indisp5sable requirem5t = ! tea*] ( c5turies8 ,! ru9s ( ov]?r[n tru?s1 among/ :i* wanton ?\ght holds its orgies1 be> witness to ! unfitness ( infidel sci5ce to be ! tea*] ( mank9d4 ,s]i\s ,*>ges4 ,! sci5ce ( our day mu/ (t5 li/5 to *>ges ( ! grave/ nature4 ,!y are utt]$ n only by s]vants ( ! ,*ur*1 b 9 public meet+s1 legislative bodies1 & 9 num]\s articles by ! press3 sci5ce1 we are told1 has become a dang] to fai? & morals1 x has become ! tea*] ( irreligion1 a lead] 9 ! w> aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! =ce ( ! accusation is felt & attempts are made to w>d x (f4 ,& !n we are assur$ t sci5ce is n ! enemy ( religion1 nor ( ! preci\s possessions ( society4 ,x is cle>1 )\t fur!r pro(1 t sci5ce 9 itself _c be a social dang]2 h5ce ! *>ge _c apply to sci5ce 9 g5]al1 b only to t special br& ( sci5ce cultivat$ 9 an anti-,*ri/ian _s4 ,! assurance f its *ampions1 t _! int5tions are ! be/1 may (t5 be a pro( t !y d n realize ! scope ( _! doctr9es2 nev]!less1 x _c be d5i$ t ?is sci5ce has become1 ?r\gh its pr9ciples1 z taught 9 lectures & 9 pr9t1 ! greate/ dang] to ! religi\s-moral possessions ( our nations & to ! f\ndations ( public ord]1 h5ce an unlimit$ fre$om = ! activities ( ?is sci5ce means unlimit$ fre$om = a de/ructive p[] t spells ru9 to our m5tal culture4 ,c ! pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce be any?+ b a dang]8 ,_! %>p antagonism to ! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 mu/ x n und]m9e ! respect = /ate au?ority1 mu/ x n /r5g!n ! elem5ts ( social disord]8 ,its contempt ( sacr$ traditions1 mu/ x n become a dang] to ev]y?+ exi/+8 8,if all mank9d 7 ( "o op9ion10 x tea*es1 8& b "o s+le man 7 ( a diff]5t op9ion1 !n mank9d w\ld h no m "r to impose sil5ce on him ?an he to sil5ce all ( mank9d1 if he c\ld10 mu/ n su* an individualism become ! f]tile soil ( revolution>y ideas8 ,its e?ics )\t religion tells e "o t 8 own individuality is ! c\rt ( la/ resort = 8 moral do+s1 t moral laws are subject to *ange1 & mu/ su* views n become a dang] to moral ord]8 ,f9ally1 ! sep>ation ( mank9d f ,god & its et]nal de/9y1 mu/ x n necess>ily lead ! :ole ( life to mat]ialism8 & f ! scull]y x is n f> to ! sew]4 ,?r\gh its antagonism to ,*ri/ian fai? ?is sci5ce becomes ! *ief factor 9 de*ri/ianiz+ ! nations4 ,x is object$ t ?is accusation is n true1 because sci5ce addresses itself to pr(essional circles only2 ! p1 ( c\rse1 _c dige/ ^! ?+s1 !re=e religion is to be pres]v$ = ! p4 ,:y ?is di/9ction8 ,! pr9ciples ( lib]al sci5ce ( to-day are ei!r true or !y are n true4 ,if n true1 :y pr(ess !m8 ,if !y are true1 z is vehem5tly ass]t$1 !n :y %\ld ! p be exclud$ f a true view ( ! _w8 ,h ! p n an equal "r to ! tru? 9 important que/ions1 equal "r to light & happ9ess8 ,ah1 ! consequ5ces ( ?is doctr9e ( fre$om are fe>$2 x is fe>$ ! p's natural logic w\ld take hold ( ^! pr9ciples & draw f !m its conclusions4 ,& by t v fe> ^! pr9ciples /& condemn$ ( !mselves4 ,! tru? c /& its consequ5ces1 z does ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w2 & ! m zeal\sly its consequ5ces are pursu$1 ! m bless$ ! fruits4 ,x is o!rwise ) error4 ,!re=e1 if ! pr9ciples ( lib]al sci5ce _c /& _! consequ5ces1 !y mu/ be errone\s4 8,consid] *iefly to be good t :i* enhances :5 communicat$ to o!rs10 is a wise maxim ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,any?+ spell+ damage & ru91 :5 communicat$ to o!rs1 is n good1 b evil4 ,nor is x true t sci5ce conf9es itself to pr(essional circles4 ,any "o :o does n lead ! isolat$ exi/5ce ( p$antry kn[s t ?is is n ! case4 ,:at ! pr(essor ( our day tea*es 9 ! lecture room1 f9ds its way into ! m9ds ( 8 /ud5ts1 & f !re into prep>atory & public s*ools2 ideas committ$ by ! sci5tific writ] to pap] & pr9t1 g into all ! _w1 &1 trans=m$ into popul> spee*1 become ! common prop]ty ( ! millions4 ,! flood ( books1 pamphlets1 & leaflets attack+ & vilify+ ! ,*ri/ian t5ets ( fai? is ev] swell+1 & day by day tons ( ?is lit]ature are spread )\t h9drance ov] ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,!re is n a s+le book aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian tru?1 be its au?or nam$ ,feu]ba*1 ,/rauss1 ,d>w91 ,haeckel1 ,c>n]i1 ,nietzs*e1 or o!rwise1 t does n soon circulate 9 popul> editions 9 e c\ntry1 or at lea/ has to l5d its subject to pamphlets & booklets1 :i* !n c>ry ^! 8results ( sci5ce0 to e nook & corn]1 to ! remote/ backwoods village4 ,& ! fruits8 ,all ^? :o 9 ^! days pr(ess infidelity & radicalism1 !y all unanim\sly pr(ess adh]5ce to mod]n free sci5ce4 ,tell ,me ) ,:om ,?\ ,goe/4 ,9 /ately array !y come along n[adays1 free-?9k]s & freemasons1 free-religioni/s & repres5tatives ( ! free view ( ! _w1 moni/s1 agitators = 8free s*ool0 & sociali/s1 all impetu\sly active 9 ! s]vice ( anti-,*ri/ianity1 b5t on reviv+ & spread+ anci5t hea!ndom4 ,all are av[$ disciples ( free sci5ce1 all spread its doctr9es1 & all "w = ! popul>iz+ ( _! ideas4 ,!re !y press on1 ! liv+ pro( t mod]n sci5ce1 z f> z x is infidel1 has become1 volunt>ily or involunt>ily1 ! tea*] ( radicalism1 ( paganism1 & ! lead] 9 ! battle aga9/ religion & ,*ri/ian morals4 ,& 9 its tra9 is m>*+ ,free-?\ght 9 all its v>ieties4 ,its aim at de/ruction1 its dismal designs aga9/ religion & /ate1 h become manife/ 9 its books & conv5tions2 = in/ance1 ! int]national free-?9k] conv5tions lately held at ,rome & at ,prague 7 pla9ly ( an>*i/ical s5tim5t4 ,9 _! mid/ we see m5 ( sci5ce1 academic tea*]s4 ,"u _! auspices are arrang$ 8sci5tific lectures0 to make kn[n ! 8results ( mod]n sci5ce10 ) ! conviction t ?is w suffice = ! ov]?r[ ( religion2 !y dem& t 8! in/ruction 9 public in/itutions be only a sci5tific "o02 it9]ant orators are s5t to speak ) pref]5ce on 8,sci5ce & ! ,*ur*10 on ! !ocratic view ( ! _w & free sci5ce4 ,! doctr9es ( lib]al sci5ce are adopt$ by freemasonry1 its rally+-cry is 8fre$om f ,god1 fre$om ( ! human reason40 ,& foll[+ ! b&-wagon ( free sci5ce1 we see a %\t+ & je]+ multitude1 its cl5*$ fi/s ?reat5+ any "o :o w\ld d>e to attack ?is f9e sci5ce1 _! lib]ator f ! yoke ( religion2 !y are ! ?\s&s ( ! common p1 ^: fai? has be5 torn out ( _! he>ts1 &1 ) fai?1 also peace & good morals4 ,we see m>*+ !re hundr$s f ! ranks ( y\?1 :o 9 ! he$less impulse ( _! inexp]i5ce h ca/ (f belief1 &1 ) belief1 frequ5tly all moral discipl9e2 !y1 too1 look ^u sci5ce z _! lib]ator4 ,! morally inf]ior "p ( mank9d1 :i* decl>es any?+ to be e?ical t 8promotes life02 :i* fights aga9/ 8love-d5y+ views0 & aga9/ obsolete maxims ( morals1 x1 too1 foll[s 9 ! tracks ( free sci5ce4 ,& :]ev] ! issue is to fight ,*ri/ian in/itutions1 "u ! "n ( m>riage-re=m1 free-s*ool1 or :at n1 !re we are sure to see repres5tatives ( sci5ce & ( univ]sities1 & to he> !m hold =? = free sci5ce4 ,:]e ! purpose is to k9dle ! fires ( revolt aga9/ religi\s au?ority1 !re we are c]ta9 to meet 9 ! fir/ rank ! mod]n tea*]s ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce & its repres5tatives h an ideal vocation4 ,!y %\ld be ! he>? ( ! spiritual goods ( ! nations2 new & :olesome =ces %\ld at all times emanate f ! abodes ( sci5ce1 & ! p %\ld look up ) confid5ce to ^! wat*-t[]s ( k & tru?4 ,:at a %ock+ contra/ to ?is exalt$ ideal x is1 to he> "t & aga9 ! believ+ p & _! lead]s raise a compla9+ & indignant voice aga9/ a sci5ce t has become a mo/ dang]\s antagoni/ to _! holie/ goods6 ,is x n pa9ful to see ! dev\t "m appreh5sively caution+ h] son1 :o dep>ts = ! univ]sity1 n to let 8 fai? be tak5 f him by tea*+ & association8 ,is x n sad to obs]ve t x has become ! common say+3 8,he has lo/ 8 fai? at ! univ]sity08 ,is x n regrettable to see t ,ca?olic univ]sities h become necess>y to pres]ve ! ideal goods ( ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,x is unavoidable t su* compla9ts are sometimes exagg]at$4 ,9 _! g5]ality !y include univ]sities t h giv5 small reason = !m2 hon\rable m5 & repres5tatives ( sci5ces :o %\ld n be reproa*$ are be+ mix$ up 9 ^! *>ges4 ,b x is true1 nev]!less1 t _m h giv5 su* occasion4 ,is x n true also t _m rema9 sil5t in/ead ( prote/+ 9 ! "n ( true sci5ce8 t !y feel x incumb5t ^u !mselves to protect su* a proc$ure1 = ! sake ( ! fre$om ( sci5ce8 ,= a g5]ation & long]1 ,haeckel misus$ sci5ce to make w> ^u religion1 & w5t to ! extreme 9 8 sci5tific outrage\sness1 n ev5 /opp+ at =g]y4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,8 _h already 9 #ahge express$ 8 op9ion ( ,haeckel 9 relation to ! false draw+s ( 8 embryonic illu/rations 9 ! words3 8,o!rs may respect ,haeckel z an active & reckless lead]3 9 my judgm5t he has on acc\nt ( 8 me?ods =feit$ ! "r to be consid]$ an equal 9 ! circle ( s]i\s inve/igators40 ,:5 ,dr4 ,brass1 a memb] ( ! ,kepl] ,bund1 rec5tly disclos$ new =g]ies ( ?is k9d1 x %\ld h be5 made ! occasion = a prote/ 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce & its fre$om aga9/ su* me?ods4 ,in/ead ( t1 h[ev]1 =ty-six pr(essors ( biology & zology publi%$ a /atem5t 9 def5ce ( ,haeckel1 decl>+ t :ile n approv+ ( ,haeckel's me?od 9 "s in/ances1 !y condemn$ 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce & ( fre$om ( tea*+ mo/ /rongly ! w> wag$ aga9/ ,haeckel by ,brass & ! ,kepl] ,bund4 ,is ! fre$om to use me?ods l ,haeckel's includ$ 9 ! fre$om ( tea*+1 :i* !y consid] mu/ be def5d$8 ,c x surprise any "o t ?is fre$om ( tea*+ is view$ ) conc]n8 ,mu* excitem5t 0 caus$ a few ye>s ago by a pamphlet ( an ,au/rian pr(essor4 ,ano!r ,au/rian pr(essor1 ( high rank 9 sci5ce1 criticiz$ ! pamphlet z 8,a reckless & absolute negation ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian dogma 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 proclaim$ z ! v]dict ( sci5ce & ( common s5se4 ,x is replete ) blasphem\s jokes1 su* z may usually be he>d only 9 ! mo/ vulg> places40 ,a cry ( indignation 0 rais$ by ! ,ca?olic p ( ! ,tyrol aga9/ ?is base insult to _! cre$2 x 0 %[n t ! au?or ( ?is pamphlet _h misus$ 8 lectures on ,ca?olic ,canon ,law1 to speak to 8 ,ca?olic /ud5ts disda9fully ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ( ! ,sacram5ts1 ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! prime f\ndations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^u indictm5t by ! public prosecutor1 ! pamphlet 0 condemn$ 9 ,c\rt z a libel ^u ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce1 9 def5ce ( ! ?reat5$ hon\r ( sci5ce1 w\ld repudiate all community ( int]e/ ) a production t 0 m]ely ! expression ( an anti-,*ri/ian propag&a4 ,t expectation 0 n fulfill$2 on ! contr>y1 ^? 9 au?ority at ! ,au/rian univ]sities1 & num]\s pr(essors ( o!r c\ntries1 jo9$ 9 a prote/ aga9/ ! violation ( ! rights ( a pr(essor1 aga9/ ! attacks on fre$om ( sci5ce4 ,!y dem&$ full immunity = ! au?or ( ! libel4 ,ev5 ! /ate dep>tm5t ( ,religion & ,education express$ ! op9ion t ! accus$ 8_h only avail$ himself ( ! "r ( free rese>*40 ,is ?is ! fre$om 9 tea*+ t is to be protect$ by ! /ate8 ,& yet !re are ^? :o indignantly d5y t !re is dang] = religion 9 ?is fre$om6 ,he :o really has at he>t ! hon\r ( sci5ce & ( ! univ]sities1 & is inspir$ by _! ideals1 %\ld be> 9 m9d t to realize ^! ideals ! fir/ ?+ necess>y is public confid5ce3 n ! confid5ce ( a revolutioniz+ m9ority1--a scrut9y ( ^? elem5ts t give !m _! plaudits ought to ar\se reflection1--b ! confid5ce ( e>ne/1 cons]vative circles ( ! uncorrupt$ p4 ,9 academic circles ! increas+ lack ( respect = ! univ]sity & its tea*]s is compla9$ (4 ,pr(essor ,von ,amira writes3 8,?irty ye>s ago ! academic tea*] 0 rev]5c$ by ! highe/ society2 8 association 0 s\ght2 he _h no ne$ ( any o!r title ?an ! "o t told :at he 04 ,to-day we see a diff]5t picture1 p>ticul>ly z to ! title 'pr(essor4' ,to-day !y smile at x4 ,n[adays1 if a pr(essor desires to impress1 he mu/ be> a title designat+ some?+ else ?an :at he really is4 ,a lit]ature has gr[n up t deals ) ! decl9e ( ! univ]sities4 ,! fact ( a decl9e is tak5 = grant$1 only its causes & rem$ies are discuss$4 ,& ?is is n all4 ,invectives are be/[$ ^u ! in/itutions1 ^u ! tea*]s z a body1 ^u ! individual tea*]4 ,& !re is no "o to take up ! cudgels 9 our def5ce60 ,a fact sugge/+ e>ne/ self-exam9ation1 & ! resolution n to =feit /ill m ?is respect4 ,x is n suffici5t to repudiate ) indignation ! compla9ts4 ,nor w x d to pret5d a respect = religion & ,*ri/ianity1 & a desire to see bo? pres]v$1 t are n really felt4 ,:at is ne$$ is ! admission t ! road tak5 is ! wrong "o4 ,! ,responsibility be=e ,hi/ory4 ,! di/ress+ fact is realiz$ t ! worm ( immorality is dev\r+ 9 our day ! m>r[ ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations4 ,x is also kn[n t its wret*$ victims are 9 no class s num]\s z 9 ! class ( college m54 ,e>ne/-m9d$ m5 & wom5 are rais+ a w>n+ cry1 & are =m+ societies to /em ! ru9 ( ! nations4 ,! al>m bell is r++ ?r\gh ! l&s4 ,rem>kable words on ?is subject are ^? writt5 n long ago by ,pauls53 8,x looks z if all ! demons _h be5 let loose at ?is mom5t to deva/ate ! basis ( ! p's life4 ,^? :o "k ,g]many ?r\gh read+ only1 ?r\gh its comic weeklies1 its plays1 its novels1 ! w9d[s ( its book%ops1 ! lectures deliv]$ & att5d$ by male & female1 mu/ arrive at ! op9ion t ! p>am\nt "q to ! ,g]man p j n[ is :e!r ! re/rictions put on ! free play ( ! sexual impulse by cu/om & law are evil & %\ld be aboli%$80 ,pauls5 puts ! responsibility = x ^u ! sophi/ry on ! sexual in/9ct & ! pres5t naturalism 9 ! view ( ! _w3 8,! prevail+ naturalism 9 ! view ( _w & life is lead+ to a/oni%+ ab]rations ( judgm5t1 & ?is is true also ( m5 o!rwise disc]n+4 ,if man is no?+ else b a sy/em ( natural in/9cts1 simil> 9 ?is to ! re/ ( liv+ be+s1 !n1 inde$1 no "o c tell :at o!r purpose life c\ld h ?an ! gratification ( all in/9cts4444 ,re=mation ( ideas--?is is ! cry he>d 9 all /reets2 ca/ (f a ,*ri/ianity ho/ile to life1 t is kill+ 9 embryo ?\s&s ( possibilities = happ9ess4 ,true1 ev5 9 pa/ ages "y p 7 n sp>$ temptation4 ,b ! b>ri]s 7 /rong]2 traditional1 moral1 religi\s s5tim5t1 & s5sible views4 ,our "t has pull$ d[n ^! b>ri]s2 "y p ev]y:]e are advis$ by all ! lead+ lights ( ! day3 old morals & religion are dead1 sla9 by mod]n sci5ce2 ! old comm&m5ts are ! obsolete fett]s ( sup]/ition4 ,we "k n[ _! orig92 !y are b auto-sugge/ions ( common consci\sness :i* mi/akes !m = voices f ano!r _w1 t has be5 depos$ long s9ce by ! sci5tific ?\ght ( to-day40 ,^! are words ( indignation ( a well-mean+ fri5d ( mank9d4 ,d !y n reb\nd ^u ! speak] himself to become t]rible self-accusations = him & o!rs1 :o1 :ile p]haps ( simil> well-mean+ s5tim5t1 are actually work+ = ! annihilation ( ! moral-religi\s s5tim5t1 z ,pauls5 himself has done by 8 books8 8,! old religion is dead1 sla9 by sci5ce10 is proclaim$ 9 innum]able passages ( 8 books2 ! idea ( ano!r _w has long be5 dispos$ ( by ! sci5tific reason+ ( ! pres5t "t1 8h5ce a philosophy10 he tells u1 8:i* insi/s ^u ! !sis t c]ta9 natural processes make x necess>y to assume a metaphysical pr9ciple1 or a sup]natural ag5cy1 w always h sci5ce = an irreconcilable oppon5t40 8,x w be difficult = a future age to und]/&10 he writes else:]e1 8h[ our times s complac5tly c\ld cl+ to a sy/em ( religi\s in/ruction orig9at$ _m c5turies ago "u entirely diff]5t conditions ( intellectual life1 & :i* 9 _m po9ts =ms ! decid$ opposite to facts & notions :i*1 outside ( ! s*ool1 are tak5 by our times = grant$40 ,9 respect to morals1 too1 "o c d )\t a sup]natural law4 8,accord+ to ! view pres5t$ "h1 e?ics z a sci5ce does n dep5d on belief4444 ,moral laws are ! natural laws ( ! human-hi/orical life ( "t & place4444 ,nor does x seem advisable 9 p$agogical-practical respect to make ! =ce or ! significance ( e?ical comm&s dep5d5t on a matt] s unc]ta9 z ! belief 9 a future life40 ,we might cite _m simil> expressions f 8 writ+s4 ,x is significant t !y h to condemn _! own sci5ce 9 view ( its sad consequ5ces4 ,pauls5 l\dly dem&s re/riction = ! fre$om ( art1 = ! indu/ry ( lewdness1 = ! lit]ature ( p]v]sity4 ,he says3 8,! ,engli% p1 admir$ by u because ( _! lib]al pr9ciples & free in/itutions1 are less afraid to %[ by ! /]ne/ means ! door to salaci\s m9ds 444 ! feel+ ( responsibility = pres]v+ ! roots ( ! /r5g? ( ! p's life is 9 ,engl& f> m wide awake ?an ) u1 :o /ill feel 9 our bones ! fe> ( c5sure & ! policeman's club4444 ,b :at are ! ?+s committ$ by our na/y trades & ! publications 9 _! s]vice o!r ?an s _m assaults ^u our lib]ty8 ,are !y n prim>ily an assault ^u ! inn] fre$om ( adolesc5t y\? :o are made slaves ( _! l[e/ in/9cts by ! indu/ries ( ^! m]*ants8 ,!re=e admoni% ! hangman n to be sw]v$ by ! plea ( fre$om40 ,no "o w d5y approval to ^! words4 ,b d !y n1 aga91 become a sev]e condemnation ( ! reckless fre$om 9 tea*+1 t claims ! "r to assault )\t h9drance ! tru?s :i* are ! f\ndation ( our nation8 ,if art mu/ n become a dang]1 :y may sci5ce8 ,if ! arti/ is ask$ to take into consid]ation ! innoc5ce & weal ( "y p1 if he is caution$ n to foll[ solely 88 s5se = beauty10 :y %\ld ! tea*] be all[$ to foll[ 8 8s5se = tru?0 )\t reg>d = any?+ else8 ,if no /atute ( limitation & re/riction exi/ = sci5ce1 nei!r prescrib$ nor prohibit$ ideas = ! academic tea*]1 :y %\ld !re be any prohibit$ 8/hetic pr9ciples0 = ! arti/8 ,manife/ly1 because "h ! absurdity ( ?is fre$om is m cle>ly p]ceptible1 because x leads to %amelessness4 ,at ?is juncture1 !re=e1 !y are con/ra9$ to conc$e ! unt5ability & ! s5selessness ( ! unlimit$ human fre$om1 t is def5d$ ) s mu* volubility4 ,pauls5 po9ts to an age 9 :i*1 simil>ly to our times1 progressive m5 arose &1 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 disc>d$ religion & morals2 !y call$ !mselves m5 ( sci5ce1 sages1 8sophi/s40 8,x is rem>kable t ! v same occurr5ce 0 obs]v$ m ?an #b1jjj ye>s ago1 :5 ,plato exp]i5c$ x 9 8 "t ) ! "y p ( ,a!ns1 :o became fasc9at$ by simil> sophi/ical spee*40 ,! noble ,sage ( ,greece _h cau/ic words = ,protagoras1 ! *ampion ( sophi/ry1 & 8 bre?r5 9 _s3 8,if cobbl]s & tailors 7 to put 9 worse condition ! %oes & clo!s !y receive = improv+1 ?is w\ld soon be kn[n & !y w\ld />ve2 n s ,protagoras1 :o is corrupt+ quietly ! :ole ( ,hellas1 & :o has dismiss$ 8 disciples 9 a worse /ate ?an he receiv$ !m1 & ?is = m ?an =ty ye>s4444 ,n ,protagoras alone1 b _m o!rs did ?is be=e & aft] him4 ,did !y kn[+ly deceive & poison ! y\? or did !y n realize :at !y 7 do+8 ,are we to assume t ^! m51 prais$ by _m = _! sagacity1 h done s 9 ignorance8 ,no1 !y 7 n bl9d to _! acts1 b bl9d 7 ! "y p :o paid !m = in/ruction1 bl9d 7 _! p>5ts :o confid$ !m to ^! sophi/s1 bl9de/ 7 ! communities t admitt$ !m in/ead ( turn+ !m away40 ,:at a responsibility to co-op]ate 9 ! intellectual corruption ( entire g5]ations6 ,& ! corruption by de*ri/ianiz+ is increas+ 9 all circles1 ow+ to ! misuse ( sci5ce4 ,t ! condition is n ev5 worse is n ! m]it ( ?is sci5ce1 nor evid5ce ( ! h>mlessness ( its fre$om2 x is ! m]it ( ! aft] effect ( a ,*ri/ian pa/1 :i* cont9ues to influ5ce1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ! ?\ght & feel+ ev5 ( ^? circles t seem to be long s9ce e/rang$ f ,*ri/ianity4 ,conc]n+ ! decl9e ( morality 9 our age ,pauls5 obs]ves3 8,fo]/] rightly emphasizes ! fact t ! old ,*ur* r5d]$ an imp]i%able s]vice 9 moraliz+ & spiritualiz+ our life1 by urg+ fir/ ( all ! discipl9e ( ! w1 & by rais+ h]oes ( self-d5ial 9 ! p]sons ( h] ,sa9ts4 ,t we /ill draw f ?is patrimony ,i1 too1 d n d\bt4 ,t we wa/e x c>elessly is inde$ ! great dang]40 8,x 0 a wond]fully balmy ev5+ 9 ! fall ( #aije10 relates ,rev4 ,l4 ,ballet1 mission>y 9 ,japan1 8& ! sun _h j set beh9d ,m\nt ,fiji4 ,unexpect$ly a "y ,japanese appe>$ 9 front ( me1 desir+ to talk to me4 ,i notic$ t he 0 a "y /ud5t4 ,i bade him ent]1 & we salut$ ea* o!r ) a l[ b[1 z p]sons meet+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,i ask$ him to take a seat opposite to me1 & took advantage ( ! fir/ mom5ts ( sil5ce to take a good look at him4 ,b imag9e my a/oni%m5t :5 8 fir/ "q 01 #8,d y believe life is wor? liv+8' ask$ 9 an e>ne/ b calm mann]4 ,i confess ?is "q f lips s "y al>m$ me & w5t to my he>t l a ?ru/4 #8,:y1 c]ta9ly1' 0 my reply1 #8life is wor? liv+1 & liv+ good4 ,h[ d y come to ask a "q t s\nds s /range f ! lips ( a "y man8 ,y c]ta9ly d n desire to foll[ ! example ( y\r fell[-c\ntryman ,fijimura ,misao1 :o jump$ into ! abyss f ,m\nt ,kegon8'--#8,no1 sir1 at lea/ n yet4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 t ,i feel my hesitation to be c[>dice1 = ,i h made ?is resolution = "s "t4 ,9 my op9ion man is purely a ?+ ( bl9d accid5t1 a wret*$1 ephem]al fly )\t importance1 )\t value4 ,:y !n prolong a life 9 :i* a little pleasure is add$ to s mu* sorr[1 s mu* disappo9tm5t2 a life t at any rate f9ally melts away into no?+8 ,i am m & m conv9c$ t ?is is ! tru?4'--#8,& :at br\ght y to su* views8'--#8,well1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 ! books :i* ,i h read = pa/ime or /udy4 ,if x 7 only ! op9ion ( our few ,japanese sci5ti/s "o might hesitate2 b ! sci5ce1 ! philosophy1 ( ,europe1 translat$ & exp\nd$ by our writ]s1 tea* ! same ?+4 ,god1 s\l1 future life1 all is idle delusion4 ,no?+ is et]nal b only matt]4 ,aft] tw5ty1 ?irty1 sixty ye>s1 man dies1 & !re rema9s no?+ ( him b 8 body1 :i* w decay 9 ord] to pass into o!r be+s1 matt] l he 04 ,?is is :at sci5ce tea*es u2 a h>d doctr9e1 ,i confess2 b :at is !re to be said aga9/ x1 consid]+ ! positive results ( sci5tific rese>*8' 0 ,great responsibility is borne by a sci5ce t despoils mank9d ( its be/1 ( all t gives x com=t & support 9 life6 ,9 f>away ,japan !re is n ! spiritual p[] ( ,*ri/ianity to c\nt]act ! misuse ( sci5ce2 ! poison does its "w & !re is no antidote4 ,t ! ,*ri/ian nations 8c>elessly wa/e _! patrimony1 t1 inde$1 is ! great dang]40 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,fre$om ,( ,tea*+ ,& ,! ,/ate4 ,close bonds ( mutual dep5d5ce & solid>ity int]l9k all creat$ be+s1 especially m54 ,insuffici5t 9 himself1 bo? physically & m5tally1 man f9ds 9 unit+ ) o!rs ev]y?+ he ne$s2 ?us d individuals & families jo9 =ces1 g5]ations jo9 h&s2 :at ! fa!rs h e>n$ is inh]it$ & increas$ by new g5]ations4 ,human life is ess5tially social life & co-op]ation--9 ! indef9ite =m social life )9 ! great human society1 9 ! def9ite =m social life )9 ! two great bodies1 ,*ur* & /ate4 ,)9 bo? bodies human b5efits are to be atta9$ & protect$ aga9/ dang] by common ex]tion--)9 ! ,*ur* ! spiritual b5efits ( et]nal "*1 )9 ! /ate ! temporal b5efits4 ,h5ce bo? bodies1 or societies1 w h to take a position 9 relation to sci5ce & its doctr9e4 ,inde$1 9 civiliz$ nations !re is h>dly a public activity ( mighti] influ5ce ^u life ?an sci5ce4 ,! contemplation ( ?is position %all n[ be our task4 ,sci5ce1 z we h above set =?1 addresses itself to mank9d--a fallible sci5ce address+ itself to m5 easily deceiv$2 !re=e1 an unre/rict$ fre$om 9 tea*+ is e?ically inadmissible4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ! au?orities ( /ate & ,*ur*1 :o mu/ gu>d ! common b5efits1 h ! duty ( keep+ ! fre$om 9 sci5tific tea*+ )9 its prop] b\nds1 s f> z ?is lies 9 _! p[]4 ,hi!rto we h left ^! social au?orities out ( consid]ation2 ! position tak5 0 ! g5]al e?ical "o4 ,! case might be suppos$ t ! ,*ur* _h provid$ few re/rictions ( ?is k9d1 & ! /ate none at all2 nev]!less1 an absolute fre$om 9 tea*+ w\ld /ill pres5t a condition dang]\s to ! community at l>ge1 contr>y to ! dem&s ( morality2 we %\ld !n h an unre/rict$ fre$om 9 tea*+1 p]mitt$ by law1 b e?ically inadmissible4 ,! di/9ction is important4 ,q (t5 fre$om 9 tea*+ is spok5 ( z p]mitt$ by ! /ate1 z if x 0 id5tical ) e?ical p]mission4 ,if fre$om 9 tea*+ is p]mitt$ by ! /ate1 ?is evid5tly means only t ! /ate p]mits tea*+ )\t int]f]5ce on its "p2 x says1 ,i d n /& 9 ! way1 ,i let ?+s proce$4 ,b ?is does n mean t x is "r & prop]4 ,! burd5 ( p]sonal responsibility re/s ^u him :o avails himself ( a fre$om :i*1 ?\gh n h9d]$ by ! /ate1 is 9 conflict ) :at is "r4 ,! /ate tol]ates _m ?+s--x does n int]f]e aga9/ unk9dness1 nor aga9/ extravagance1 nor deceit2 nev]!less ev]ybody is morally responsible = su* do+s4 ,if1 !n1 we take up ! "q1 :at position social au?ority %\ld take t[>d sci5tific tea*+1 :e!r x be 9 ! high] s*ools1 or outside ( !m1 we are consid]+ *iefly ! /ate4 ,x is ! /ate t ent]s mo/ into consid]ation :5 fre$om 9 tea*+ n[adays is discuss$2 ! /ate may int]f]e mo/ effectively 9 ! managem5t ( s*ools & univ]sities1 = ^! are /ate in/itutions 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,univ]sities z ,/ate ,in/itutions4 ,!y 7 n always /ate in/itutions4 ,! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 autonom\s corporations1 :i* con/itut$ !mselves1 made _! own /atutes1 _h _! own c\rts1 b enjoy$ at ! same "t legal rights4 ,conditions gradually *ang$ aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! p[] ( pr9ces began m & m to int]f]e 9 ! managem5t ( ! univ]sities1 until 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & /ill m 9 ! eighte5?1 ! univ]sities became /ate in/itutions1 subject to ! reign+ sov]eign1 ! pr(essors 8 sal>i$ (ficials1 & text-books1 subject & =m ( in/ruction 7 prescrib$ by ! m9ute1 pat]nal directions ( ! sov]eign1 & ) ! mania = regulat+ t 0 a feature ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury br\ght m lib]ty2 x 0 dem&$ by ! enl>g$ scope ( univ]sities1 :i* no long] 7 only ! tra9+ s*ools = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 b became ! home ( rese>*1 ne$+ fre$om ( movem5t4 ,nev]!less1 univ]sities are 9 _m c\ntries /ill /ate in/itutions4 ,!y are f\nd$ by ! /ate1 are giv5 organization & laws by ! /ate2 ! tea*]s are appo9t$ & giv5 _! commissions by ! /ate4 ,!y are /ate (ficials1 ?\gh less "u gov]nm5t sup]vision ?an o!r /ate (ficials4 ,at ! same "t ^! univ]sities are possess$ ( a c]ta9 measure ( autonomy1 a rema9d] ( old5 times4 ,!y elect _! academic au?orities1 :i* h "s autonomy & discipl9>y jurisdiction4 ,likewise ! sep>ate faculties h _! p[]s2 !y conf] degrees1 adm9i/] _! b5efices1 & ex]t consid]able influ5ce 9 fill+ vacant *airs4 ,! /ate !n consid]s x its duty to grant fre$om 9 tea*+4 8,sci5ce & its tea*+ are free10 says ! law 9 "s c\ntries4 ,no d\bt a loosely drawn s5t5ce2 at any rate1 x means t sci5ce %\ld be grant$ ! prop] fre$om4 ,& ?is fre$om x mu/ h4 ,we h become m s5sitive ( unju/ifi$ pat]nal gov]nm5t ?an 7 ! p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,object ( ! ,/ate4 ,:at k9d ( a fre$om 9 tea*+1 !n1 %\ld be grant$ by ! /ate8 ,unlimit$ fre$om8 ,?is is1 at any rate1 n a necess>y conclusion4 ,! /ate mu/ also grant fre$om to ! fa!r = ! education ( 8 *ildr51 to ! l&[n] = ! culture ( 8 fields1 to ! arti/ 9 ! production ( 8 works2 b t fre$om w\ld n be und]/ood to be an unlimit$ "o1 hav+ no reg>d to ! int]e/s ( society1 b m]ely z ! exclusion ( unw>rant$ int]f]5ce4 ,h5ce if ! /ate1 = reasons ( ! commonweal?1 7 to re/rict fre$om ( tea*+1 ! re/ra9t c\ld n be consid]$ unju/4 ,! purpose ( ! /ate mu/ n suff] injury2 to atta9 ?is purpose ! /ate has ! "r to dem&1 & mu/ dem&1 all t is necess>y to ! purpose 9 view1 ev5 ?\gh x entails a re/riction ( somebody's fre$om4 ,n[ = a def9ition ( ?is purpose ( ! /ate4 ,l any o!r society1 ! /ate seeks to atta9 a def9ite object1 s mu* ! m because ! /ate is necess>y to man1 :o o!rwise w\ld h to =ego ! ?+s mo/ ne$$ 9 life2 & b = ! public co-op]ation ( ! _m ^! c\ld be atta9$ n at all1 or at lea/ n suffici5tly4 ,to provide ^! ?+s is ! object ( ! /ate1 viz41 ! public welf>e ( ! citiz5s2 x is to br+ ab\t public conditions :i* w enable ! citiz5s to atta9 _! temporal welf>e4 ,to ?is end ! /ate mu/ protect ! rights ( its subjects1 & mu/ protect & promote ! public goods ( economic life1 b especially ! spiritual b5efits ( morals & religion4 ,! /ate1 ?r\gh its legislative1 judicial1 & executive functions1 is to direct effectively ! community to ?is end2 !re=e x is incumb5t ^u ! /ate to c>e = ! pres]vation & promotion ( bo? mat]ial & spiritual b5efits1 = ! protection ( private rights1 & = ! conditions necess>y to its own exi/5ce1 ev5 aga9/ ! arbitr>y w ( its subjects4 ,protection = ! ,spiritual ,f\ndations ( ,life4 ,f ?is ! conclusion naturally foll[s1 t ! /ate mu/ n grant fre$om to prop\nd 9 public1 by spee* or writ+1 !ories t w endang] ! religi\s & moral goods ( its citiz5s & ! f\ndation ( ! /ate4 ,we claim t ! /ate neglects a solemn duty if x p]mits )\t h9drance--we w n say1 ! ridicule & disp>agem5t ( religion & morals3 ! less s1 z fre$om to ridicule & to sl&] has no?+ to d ) fre$om 9 tea*+--b ! public promulgation ( !ories :i* are ei!r irreligi\s1 or aga9/ morals1 or aga9/ ! /ate4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y be done 9 sci5tific =m1 injuries to ! common weal rema9 injuries1 & !y d n *ange into some?+ else by be+ committ$ 9 sci5tific =m4 ,! /ate mu/ seek to prev5t su* injuries by /rictly en=c$ p5alties & by ! selection ( consci5ti\s tea*]s4 ,! en=cem5t ( ! pr9ciple may n be possible "u circum/ances1 legislatures may lack insight or good w1 or ! complexion ( ! /ate may n admit ( x = ! "t be+1 or p]man5tly4 ,!n we w\ld simply see a regrettable condition1 a gov]nm5t incapable ( ridd+ itself ( ! morbid matt] :i* is poison+ its m>r[4 ,b if !re is good w & en]gy1 "o ?+ may always be done to *eck injuri\s influ5ces1 & t is ! awak5+ & employm5t ( =ces ( opposition4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,halle is said to h be5 ! fir/ "o to enjoy mod]n fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,:at1 at t "t1 h[ev]1 0 meant by fre$om 9 tea*+1 is %[n by ! words ( ,*r4 ,?omasius 9 #afid3 8,?ank ,god t ,he has prompt$ ,8 ,ano9t$ 7! pr9ce7 n to introduce "h ! yoke "u :i* _m are n[ & !n langui%+1 b gracefully to grant our tea*]s ! fre$om ( doctr9es t are n aga9/ ,god & ! /ate40 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat] ,m9i/] ,ei*horn advis$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ko5igsb]g t 9 natural sci5ces nei!r ! individual fre$om 9 tea*+ nor ( rese>* are limit$1 t ! case is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) philosophy z appli$ to life1 ) hi/ory1 !ology1 & ! sci5ce ( laws4 8,! fir/ requisite !re10 he said1 8is a prop] b5t ( m9d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c f9d its basis & its la/+ support only 9 religion4 ,) ! prop] b5t ( m9d !re w be no desire to tea* doctr9es :i* attack ! roots ( ! v life ( "o's own c\ntry40 ,n[1 :at consid]ations make x pla9 t ! duty ( ! /ate is z /at$8 ,two3 consid]ation = its subjects1 & consid]ation = ! /ate itself4 ,! /ate mu/ protect ! highe/ possessions ( its citiz5s4 ,= t reason m5 are by nature itself prompt$ to f\nd /ates1 s z to protect bett] _! common goods1 by ! /rong h& ( an au?ority1 aga9/ foes f )9 & )\t1 & to enable !m to bequea? ^? goods inviolate to _! sons & gr&sons4 ,h5ce !y mu/ dem& ( /ate-p[] n to tol]ate conditions :i* w\ld greatly jeop>dize ^? goods1 & c]ta9ly n to all[ attacks !reon by its own educational organs4 ,! highe/ spiritual b5efits ( civilization1 & at ! same "t ! necess>y f\ndations ( a well-ord]$ life1 are1 fir/ ( all1 morality & religion2 n morality alone1 b also religion1 d n =get ?is4 ,man's fir/ duty is ! duty ( wor%ipp+ ,god1 ( recogniz+ & wor%ipp+ 8 ,creator1 ! ultimate end ( all ?+s4 ,a pr(\nd tru? 0 /at$ by ,ari/otle1 :51 c\pl+ ! duties to ,god ) ^? to p>5ts1 he said t ^? m]it puni%m5t :o "q ! duty ( wor%ipp+ ! gods & ( lov+ "o's p>5ts4 ,h5ce ! fir/ ?+ to be pres]v$ to ! nations is religion2 x is 9 _m ways _! mo/ preci\s possession1 too4 ,n only d all nations possess religion1 n except+ ! mo/ unciviliz$2 b !re is no p[] t influ5ces life & /irs ! he>t m ?an religion4 ,consid] ! religi\s w>s ( hi/ory2 :ile !y 7 surely deplorable1 !y demon/rate :at religion is to man4 ,ev5 9 individuals :o to all appe>ance are irreligi\s1 religion nev] fully dies out2 x appe>s !re 9 false =ms1 or is _! great puzzle1 maybe ! incubus ( _! lives1 giv+ !m no re/4 ,only 9 conjunction ) firm religi\s pr9ciple c morality /& fa/4 ,n[adays !y "w = e?ics )\t religion1 = education & s*ool )\t ,god4 ,!oreticians 9 _! f\r walls1 remov$ f all real life1 are busily work+ out sy/ems ( ?is sort4 ,?is new e?ics has n yet /ood ! te/ ( life1 or1 if x did1 x has succe$$ 9 ga9+ = its adh]5ts only ^? :o are at odds ) religion & morals4 ,^! !ories mu/ fir/ be o!rwise atte/$ be=e !y may replace ! old1 well-tri$ religi\s f\ndations4 ,! not$ & ju/ly e/eem$ p$agogue1 ,fr4 ,w4 ,fo]/]1 writes3 8,on ! "p ( free-?9k]s vigor\s compla9t has be5 made t my book s decid$ly confesses ! unp>allel$ p$agogic /r5g? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! au?or !re=e repeats emphatically t ?is confession has n gr[n out ( an arbitr>y metaphysical mood1 b directly out ( 8 moral-p$agogic /udies4 ,= ov] t5 ye>s ( a long p]iod ( in/ruct+ ! y\? 9 e?ics1 he has be5 engag$ exclusively 9 /udy+ psy*ologically ! problem ( "*-=m+1 & ! result ( 8 /udies is 8 conviction t all attempts at educat+ y\? )\t religion are absolutely futile4 ,&1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or1 ! only reason :y ! notion t religion is sup]flu\s 9 education is preval5t 9 su* l>ge circles ( mod]n p$agogues1 is1 t !y h no ext5sive practical exp]i5ce 9 "*-tra9+1 nor made ?or\gh & conc5trat$ /udies40 8,! fact is1 t all education 9 :i* religion to all outw>d appe>ance is disp5s$ )1 is /ill deeply influ5c$ by ! aft]-effect ( religi\s sanction & religi\s e>ne/ness4 ,:at education )\t religion really means w become m cle>ly kn[n 9 ! com+ g5]ation40 ,! /ate is zeal\s 9 protect+ ! prop]ty ( its citiz5s1 to :i* end a p[]ful police app>atus is con/antly at "w4 ,if ! /ate deems x its duty to int]f]e 9 ?is matt]1 mu/ x n consid] x a /ill high] duty to protect religion & morals1 = ! v reason t !y are ! prop]ty ( its citiz5s1 & ev5 _! mo/ preci\s8 ,pro aris et focis1 = home & alt>1 0 :at 0 f\ght = by ! old ,romans4 ,is x possible t a pagan gov]nm5t 0 m /]l+ & high-m9d$ ?an ! ,*ri/ian /ate ( ! pres5t8 ,if x is to be ! be>] ( civilization1 x ought to consid] t man live? n by bread alone4 ,! only true m5tal civilization is ! "o :i* does n hamp] b helps man 9 atta9+ 8 et]nal goal4 ,mod]n /ate p[] is be+ urg$ f all sides to take measures aga9/ ! corruption ( morals by ! novel & ! %op w9d[1 & n to look on apa!tically :5 ! consum+ fire is spread+ all ab\t1 9 ! "n ( art4 ,are ! dang]s to ! spiritual heal? ( society any less if re=m]s1 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 %ake at ! f\ndations ( matrimony1 advocate polygamy1 tea* a!ism8 ,because a s-call$ re=m] has lo/ ! fundam5tal tru?s ( our moral-religi\s ord]1 mu/ all ! re/ submit to an attack ^u ! sacr$ possessions ( !mselves & _! desc5dants8 ,t ! rights ( ! tea*] are n unre/rict$ 0 set =? by an ,am]ican pap] 78,sci5ce10 ,no4 #cba7 9 its comm5t ^u ! removal ( c]ta9 pr(essors3 8,!re are b>ri]s set to !m on ! "o h& by ! rights ( ! /ud5ts1 & by ! rights ( ! college :]e he tea*es1 on ! o!r4 ,! college mu/ pres]ve its reputation & its good "n1 ! /ud5t mu/ be protect$ aga9/ palpable errors & wa/e ( "t4444 ,if a pr(essor ( sociology %\ld attack ! in/itution ( matrimony1 & prop\nd ! gospel ( polygamy & ( free love1 !n nei!r ! "r to tea* 8 views nor 8 hone/y ( purpose w\ld save him f dismissal4 ,?is is ( c\rse a v extreme case1 n likely to happ540 ,is x s v extreme8 ,c]ta9ly n 9 reg>d to tea*+ by books4 ,li/53 8,f ! =ego+ x is self-evid5t t polygyny bas$ ^u ! rivalry ( m5 = wom5 7analog\s to ! animal k+dom7 pres5ts ! natural sexual practice ( mank9d4 ,:e!r !re is to be pref]r$ a simultane\s or a successive polygyny1 or a comb9ation ( bo?1 w\ld dep5d on v>y+ conditions4 ,! e?ical type ( ! sexual condition1 viz41 9 g5]al ! desirable biological type1 is ! "o t w\ld be/ suit a polygyny bas$ ^u a selection ( man40 ,x is taught fur!r3 8,! monogamic pr9ciple ( m>riage 9 g5]al is only conditionally favorable to civilization1 :]eas x is de/ructive ( x con/itutionally1 h5ce 9 ne$ ( re=m40 8,our contemporane\s sexual re=m wave has n yet assum$ ! position ( ?is k2 on ! contr>y1 not)/&+ its revolution>y aspect 9 "s p>ticul>s1 x is /ill "u ! ban ( ! traditional ideal ( m>riage02 cont95ce be=e m>riage is an 8absurd0 proposition6 ,?is new sy/em ( morals1 fit = ! b>ny>d1 b = wom5 ! l[e/ degradation1 is n[ to become ! ideal ( m51 nay1 ev5 ( wom53 8,true mo!rly pride1 true womanly dignity1 are incompatible ) ! exclusiv5ess ( ! monogamic prop]ty pr9ciple4 ,if our movem5t = sexual re=m is to elevate u in/ead ( plung+ u into ! mire1 !n ?is view mu/ become "p & p>cel ( our wom540 8,! picture ( ! mo!rly woman1 ( ! woman ) ! pride ( sexual mode/y1 in/ead ( ) ! excit+ desire ( possession 444 ?is picture mu/ become ! ideal ( m51 & s9k d[n to ! bottom ( _! s\l & into ! fibres ( _! n]v\s sy/em2 x mu/ animate _! fancy & awak5 _! s5sual passions407#bj7 ,we /& "r 9 ! mid/ ( ! _w ( bea/s6 ,?is p]il\s moral tea*+ is all[$ also 9 public lectures4 ,on ,novemb] #ad1 #aijh1 ! 8,allgeme9e ,runds*au0 wrote3 8,imag9e a spaci\s conc]t-hall1 brightly illum9at$1 e "o ( ! _m seats occupi$1 ! boxes fill$ to ! la/ place1 ! aisles cr[d$1 by a mo/ v>iegat$ audi5ce3 m5 & wom51 "y maid5s1 y\?s ) d[ny be>d2 g5tlem5 ( high rank ) _! ladies1 faces ^u :i* are writt5 a life ( va/ exp]i5ce side by side ) *ildi% faces ^: innoc5ce is betray$ by _! looks1 & on ! plat=m a univ]sity pr(essor & physician1 hold+ =? ab\t ! mo/ intimate relations ( sexual life3 ! unfitness ( celibacy1 ! ,ca?olic morals ( matrimony1 pro/itution & pro/itutes1 ! causes ( adult]y1 #8/]ile m>riage1' onanism1 & _m k9ds ( p]v]sities4 ,! man is1 moreov]1 speak+ 9 a fa%ion t makes "o =get ! admoni%m5ts ( consci5ce40 ,! city c\ncil ( ,lausanne1 9 its meet+ ( ,febru>y #aj1 #aijg1 prohibit$ ,=el's lecture z an attack ^u dec5cy & public morals1 mak+ ref]5ce 9 its resolution to ,=el's ideas z laid d[n 9 8 book4 ,9 prote/1 ,=el made a public /atem5t1 say+ among o!r ?+s3 8,if ! c\ncil desires to be logical x w\ld h to prohibit also ! sale ( my book40 ,we h no objection to make to 8 conclusion4 ,we /at$ t religion is man's fir/ duty4 ,?is applies n only to ! individual1 b also--& ?is is =gott5 too (t5--to ! /ate4 ,man1 by 8 nature1 & h5ce 9 all =ms ( 8 life1 includ+ 8 citiz5%ip1 is oblig$ to h religion4 ,he rema9s 9 all conditions ! creature :i* is dep5d5t ^u ,god4 ,& does n ! /ate1 too1 owe special duties ( gratitude to ,god8 ,x owes its orig9 to ,god3 ! impulse to f\nd /ates has be5 put into ! human nature by its ,creator2 ! /ate owes to ,god ! f\ndation ( its au?ority3 9 a ?\s& difficulties ! /ate is ?r[n ^u ,8 help4 ,!re=e a public div9e s]vice is f\nd ) all peoples4 ,does ! /ate comply ) ?is duty by sil5tly support+ a public a!ism :5 x might d o!rwise8 by ev5 becom+ its patron1 :51 pos+ z sci5ce1 x asc5ds to ! lectur+ desk to tea* adolesc+ y\?8 ,( c\rse1 free-?\ght is ( a diff]5t op9ion1 especially ! "o ( to-day4 ,its pr9ciple is3 ! /ate ne$ n tr\ble itself ab\t ,god & ,religion1 t is ! private matt] ( ea* individual4 ,9 ! eyes ( free-?\ght ! /ate is an imag9>y be+1 hov]+ ov] ! heads ( its citiz5s2 ?\gh !y may be religi\s1 ! /ate itself %\ld h no ,religion4 ,:at absurdity6 ,x is no?+ %ort ( nons5se to dem& ( ! memb]s ( a /ate1 ! ov]:elm+ majority ( :om hold ,religion to be true & necess>y1 t z a political community !y are to act z if _! ,religion 7 false & wor?less1 z if to d5y & to de/roy x 7 q prop]4 ,:at else is ! /ate b an organiz$ aggregation ( its citiz5s8 ,to make ( religi\s citiz5s1 a /ate )\t ,religion is j z absurd z a ,ca?olic /ate compos$ :olly & entirely ( ,prote/ant citiz5s4 ,?is leads u to a fur!r consid]ation4 ,! /ate mu/ protect its own f\ndations4 ,j z x mu/ def5d its exi/5ce aga9/ enemies f )\t1 x mu/ protect itself aga9/ ^? enemies f )91 :o1 :e!r realiz+ ! consequ5ces or n1 are by _! actions actually %ak+ its f\ndations4 ,^! f\ndations consi/ ( prop] views on social & political pr9ciples1 on morals & ,religion4 ,if ! /ate does n int5d to aboli% itself1 x mu/ n p]mit doctr9es to be dissem9at$ :i* imp]il ^! f\ndations &1 consequ5tly1 ! peaceful cont9uance ( ! /ate4 ,9 fact1 no /ate p[] 9 its s5ses w\ld p]mit a tea*]1 :o directly attacks ! validity ( ! /ate ord]1 to cont9ue2 x w\ld retire e pr(essor ( law :o w\ld d>e to tea* t regicide is p]missible1 or :o w\ld ) ! oratory ( a ,tol/oy prea* ! unnaturalness ( a /ate possess+ co]cive p[]4 ,z a rule1 op5 advocates ( ,socialism are kept out ( college-*airs4 ,& rightly s4 ,s long z ! adh]5ts ( ,socialism see 9 ! /ate b ! product ( ! egotism ( ! rul+ classes1 & an in/itute = subjugat+ ! masses1 & 9 ! obta9m5t ( political p[] ! means ( do+ away ) ?is /ate ( affairs1 s long w x be impossible = ! /ate to tru/ ! education ( ! future citiz5 to a ,sociali/1 nor c ! latt]1 z an hone/ man1 accept a position ( tru/ f ! /ate1 mu* less b9d himself by ! oa? ( (fice to co-op]ate 9 ! "w ( ! /ate4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,bornhak makes ! foll[+ comm5t3 8,! decisive po9t is n fre$om 9 tea*+1 b ! circum/ance t ! ,sociali/ pr(essor takes advantage ( ! respect connect$ ) a /ate (fice1 or ( 8 position at a /ate in/itution1 to und]m9e ! /ate4 ,a /ate t w\ld /& = ?is w\ld des]ve no?+ bett] ?an its abolition40 ,& ,pauls5 simil>ly writes3 8,a /ate t w\ld all[ 9 ! lecture rooms ( its colleges ,sociali/ic views to be taught z ! results ( sci5ce 444 su* a /ate w be look$ = 9 va940 ,h5ce x is c]ta9 ! /ate _c grant a fre$om 9 tea*+ t w\ld jeop>dize ! f\ndation ( its exi/5ce4 ,x mu/ consequ5tly recognize no fre$om :i*1 9 lectures & publications1 w s]i\sly injure public morality & religion4 ,morality & religion are1 fir/ ( all1 ! indisp5sable conditions = ! cont9uance ( ! /ate4 ,ari/otle says ! fir/ duty ( ! /ate is to c>e = religion4 ,plato proposes heavy p5alty = ^? :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! gods2 a well-ord]$ /ate1 he claims1 mu/ c>e fir/ ( all = ! fo/]+ ( religion4 ,plut>* calls religion ! bond ( e society & ! f\ndation ( ! law4 ,cic]o decl>es t !re c be nei!r loyalty nor ju/ice )\t reg>d = ,god4 ,val]ius ,maximus c\ld say ( ,rome3 8,x has ev] be5 ! pr9ciple ( our city to give pref]5ce to religion be=e any o!r matt]1 ev5 be=e ! highe/ & mo/ glori\s b5efits40 ,wa%+ton1 9 8 spee* to ,congress 9 #aghi1 decl>$ religion & morality to be ! mo/ indisp5sable support ( ! commonweal4 ,he /at$ t x w\ld be 9 va9 = "o1 :o tries to wreck ^! two fundam5tal pill>s ( ! social /ructure1 to boa/ ( 8 patriotism4 ,)\t religion !re c be no firm resi/ance by consci5ce aga9/ man's l[] nature1 no social virtues & sacrifices1 !re c only be egotism1 ! foe ( all social ord]4 ,no secure /ate-life c be built ^u ! pr9ciples t =m$ ! basis ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,s we see1 g5]ally & in/9ctively1 ! endeav\r to prev5t z mu* z possible anti-religi\s doctr9es f be+ exp\nd$ directly to ! broad masses ( ! p4 ,?is ( itself is tantam\nt to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( _! dang] to ! /ate4 ,yet1 millions h ta/$ ! fruit ( an a!i/ic sci5ce1 & ! poison %[s its effect2 !y h %ak5 (f ! yoke ( religion2 9 its place dissatisfaction & bitt]ness are fill+ _! brea/1 & fi/s are cl5*$ aga9/ ! exi/+ ord]4 ,bebel said 9 a spee* 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag1 on ,septemb] #af1 #ahgh3 8,g5tlem51 y attack our views 9 respect to religion1 because !y are a!i/ic & mat]iali/ic4 ,i ackn[l$ge !m to be s4444 ,i firmly believe ,socialism w ultimately lead to a!ism4 ,b ^! a!i/ic doctr9es1 t n[ are caus+ s mu* pa9 & tr\ble = y1 by :om 7 !y sci5tifically & philosophically demon/rat$8 ,0 x by ,sociali/s8 ,m5 l ,edg> & ,bruno1 ,bau]1 ,feu]ba*1 ,david ,/rauss1 ,ern/ ,r5an1 7 !y ,sociali/s8 ,!y 7 m5 ( sci5ce4444 ,:at is all[$ to ! "o--:y %\ld x be =bidd5 to ! o!r80 ,! notori\s an>*i/ ,vaillant said3 8,i h demon/rat$ to ! physicians at ,hotel-,dieu t my de$ is ! inexorable consequ5ce ( my philosophy1 & ( ! philosophy ( ,bue*n]1 ,d>w91 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]40 ,! y\?ful crim9al ,emil ,h]ny read at 8 trial a memor&um :]e9 he said among o!r ?+s3 8,i am an an>*i/ s9ce #ahia4 ,up to ?is "t ,i 0 wont to e/eem & ev5 to idolize my c\ntry1 ! family1 ! /ate1 & prop]ty4444 ,socialism is n able to *ange ! pres5t ord]4 ,x upholds ! pr9ciple ( au?ority :i*1 all affirmations ( s-call$ free-?9k]s not)/&+1 is an obsolete remnant ( ! belief 9 a high] p[]4 ,i h[ev] 0 a mat]iali/1 a!i/4 ,my sci5tific rese>*es taught me gradually ! "w ( natural =ces4 ,i conceiv$ t sci5ce _h done away ) ! hypo!sis ( #8,god1' :i* x ne$s no long]1 h5ce t also ! religi\s-au?oritative doctr9e ( morals1 built ^u x1 z ^u a false f\ndation1 _h to disappe>40 ,:at political wisdom w\ld x be to honor z sci5ce any doctr9e t becomes a social dang] ! mom5t x is tak5 s]i\sly2 :at logic to d5\nce ^? z dang]\s :o are putt+ into practice a sci5ce t is hail$ z ! be>] ( civilization6 ,"o may object3 ,h[ is ! /ate to det]m9e :e!r sci5tific doctr9es are w>rant$ or n w>rant$8 ,! /ate has ! conviction t 9 its political (fices x has no organs = ! cognition ( sci5tific tru?1 = ?is reason x leaves sci5ce to self-regulation4 ,only ! sci5ti/1 x is said1 is able to revise ! sci5ti/4 ,no?+ b s*ol>ly conceit c eng5d] su* ideas4 ,!n any "o w\ld h ! "r to p9 ^u himself ! badge ( ! sci5ti/ & become !reby completely immune4 ,?us1 ! be>]s ( practical political wisdom are decl>$ incompet5t to recognize ! *ief f\ndation ( _! /ate-/ructure2 to realize1 :at daily exp]i5ce & ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies tea*es1 t disbelief 9 ,god1 ev5 if sail+ "u false colors1 und]m9es au?ority1 t communism & upheaval ( moral conceptions are tantam\nt to social dang]4 ,!y are direct$ to dep5d = _! in=mation 9 su* matt]s ^u ! late/ ideas ( impractical sci5ti/s4 ,! fact is1 ! matt]s at issue h1 ) h>dly an exception1 long be5 decid$4 ,& :]e ! ,*ri/ian fai? is conc]n$1 ! ,*ur* & ! ,*ri/ian c5turies tell u cle>ly en\gh1 :at has hi!rto be5 und]/ood by ,*ri/ianity4 ,if ! objection "h advanc$ 7 true1 !n ! /ate w\ld n h a "r to decide 9 ! matt] ( exhibit+ immoral pictures 9 %[ w9d[s1 )\t hav+ argu$ ! matt] previ\sly ) repres5tatives ( art4 ,! /ate w\ld n be all[$ to pron\nce a dea? s5t5ce because "s sci5ti/s d5\nce capital puni%m5t3 ! /ate w\ld h to expunge 8guilt10 8expiation10 & 8lib]ty0 f its p5al code1 because _m rec5t sci5ti/s1 by reject+ ! fre$om ( *oice1 h remov$ ! divid+ l9e betwe5 crime & insanity1 betwe5 puni%m5t & correction4 ,protection = ,*ri/ianity4 ,hi!rto we h1 9 respect to religion1 consid]$ *iefly ! rational tru?s1 :i* are ! f\ndations ( e religion & also common to non-,*ri/ian cre$s2 ! exi/5ce ( a sup]mundane ,god & ( a life aft] dea? are ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,! reveal$ ,*ri/ian religion conta9s1 beside ^! tru?s1 "s o!rs1 :i* supplem5t !m & surr\nd !m l a liv+ g>l&1 viz41 orig9al s91 r$emption1 resurrection1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 grace & ! ,sacram5ts1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,*ur* ) its ,god-giv5 rights1 indissolubility ( matrimony1 etc4 ,%\ld /ate-p[] protect ! ,*ri/ian & ,ca?olic religion by w>d+ (f attacks aga9/ x1 ?\gh su* attacks are made 9 sci5tific =m8 ,?is1 too1 9 a /ate 9 :i* p]haps o!r confessions are enjoy+ ! fre$om ( wor%ip8 ,x w\ld seem sup]flu\s to propose ?is "q specifically4 ,if1 accord+ to ! gi/ ( our argum5t1 religion is to be protect$1 :at o!r religion c be meant ?an ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,t is ! religion ( our nations2 none o!r is4 ,:ile ! /at$ di/9ction may h m ( an academic ?an a practical int]e/1 ! discussion ( ?is "q w n be idle1 if only = ! reason t x w %$ ev5 m light ^u our previ\s /atem5ts4 ,besides1 !re are manife/ ef=ts to dislodge ,*ri/ianity f ! life ( our p1 & ) x all true religion1 "u ! pretext ( oppos+ *ur*-doctr9es & dogmatism4 ,! w> aga9/ ,*ri/ianity has n s9ce ! days ( a ,celsus be5 wag$ z x is to-day4 ,we premise a pr9ciple ( a g5]al nature4 ,( conflict+ religions & views ( ! _w1 only "o c be true2 ?is is cle> to e "o :o /ill believes 9 tru?4 ,x is equally cle> t ?is "o tru? only c h ! "r to come =w>d & to enli/ support 9 public life z a spiritual p[]2 error has no "r to prevail aga9/ tru?4 ,h5ce x w n d to say simply3 ,!re are also ! convictions ( m9orities 9 ! /ate2 "s claim t none ( ! exi/+ religions is ! "r "o1 o!rs h dropp$ all belief 9 ,god2 9 our times we wi% to conc$e to any conviction ! "r to ent] into competition ) o!rs1 provid$ mock]y & abuse are b>r$4 ,^! rem>ks are q true1 9 ! s5se t nei!r ! individual nor ! /ate may directly int]f]e ) consci5ce or prescribe op9ions3 leav+ entirely aside ! "q :e!r any "o really c\ld h a s]i\s conviction ( a!ism4 ,! =ego+ is true also 9 ! s5se t public av[al ( op9ion mu/ n be h9d]$ by individuals4 ,to int]pret ?is to mean t ! /ate mu/ grant fre$om to any expression ( doctr9e w\ld be a grave misconception ( ! social influ5ce :i* false ideas are liable to ex]cise4 ,does ! /ate grant ?is fre$om to any k9d ( m$ical practice1 :e!r ex]cis$ skilfully or awkw>dly1 consci5ti\sly or unscrupul\sly8 ,moral-religi\s error may 9 public life expect only tol]ance--j z _m o!r evils mu/ be tol]at$1 because _! prev5tion w\ld cause great] evils to arise4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! /ate may1 & (t5 mu/1 grant fre$om ( wor%ip ev5 to false cre$s1 because its d5ial w\ld give rise to great] h>m to ! public weal 7,/4 ,?omas1 #b1 #b q4 #aj1 #aa74 ,fre$om ( tea*+1 likewise1 mu/ n be grant$ 9 ! s5se ( ackn[l$g+ t false doctr9es & tru? h equal rights2 ?is w\ld am\nt to an assass9ation ( tru?4 ,fre$om c be conc$$ to error = ! "o reason only1 t by n grant+ x !re w\ld be eng5d]$ great] evils4 ,consequ5tly1 if a /ate-p[]1 or ! organs ( its legislative "p1 are conv9c$ t ! ,*ri/ian religion is ! only true "o1 !y _c possibly conc$e to contr>y doctr9es ! "r to pose z ! tru? & ?us deceive m9ds2 !y may be grant$ ! same fre$om 9 tea*+ only because re/rictive laws c ei!r n be en=c$ at all1 or n )\t creat+ a disord] t w\ld give rise to great] evils4 ,h5ce ! less] evil mu/ be c>efully asc]ta9$4 ,) ?is g5]al pr9ciple 9 m9d1 x is easily se5 t a fre$om l>ge en\gh to include an op5 attack on ! fundam5tal1 rational1 tru?s ( religion & morals--?is hav+ be5 our subject hi!rto--c\ld be conc$$ only if disbelief & a!ism _h ga9$ s mu* p[] z to make impossible its prohibition4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! /ate %\ld be consci\s ( ! fact t x all[s ! und]m9+ ( its f\ndations4 ,if1 9 ano!r /ate1 religi\s feel+ 7 at s l[ an ebb1 t ! fre$om ( ! ,*ri/ian tru? c\ld n be obta9$ 9 any o!r way ?an by grant+ full fre$om = ev]y?+1 !n ev5 su* unlimit$ fre$om w\ld be a good ?+ to be /riv5 =2 ( itself a deplorable condition & contr>y to ,god's int5tions1 b good z ! less] evil4 ,b let u return to ! reveal$ religion4 ,9 ! eyes ( ^? :o are conv9c$ t ! ,*ri/ian religion1 namely1 ! ,ca?olic religion1 is ! only true religion1 ! ideal condition w\ld be to h ! entire population unit$ 9 its fai?ful confession2 !n matt]s w\ld simplify !mselves 9 our case4 ,b ?is ideal h>dly exi/s any:]e4 ,true1 9 _m c\ntries ! population is almo/ :olly ,*ri/ian2 b ! d5om9ations are mix$1 & _m h sep>at$ at he>t f ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at /&>ds1 !n1 %\ld rule 9 ?is case8 ,look+ at x specially1 ! dem& ( e?ical reason is no d\bt ?is3 ,nations & gov]nm5ts ^: pa/ 0 ,*ri/ian1 ^: in/itutions & civilization are /ill ,*ri/ian1 & an ov]:elm+ majority ( ^: memb]s /ill ?9k & believe 9 a ,*ri/ian way1 w\ld fail 9 _! grave/ duties if !y w\ld expose or p]mit ! ,*ri/ian religion to rema9 unprotect$ aga9/ ! attacks & ! attempts at de/ruction by a false sci5ce1 or by conc$+ to ! adv]s>ies ( ,*ri/ianity equal rights or ev5 pref]5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion w n be de/roy$2 b :ole nations may lose x1 & its loss w 9 great measure be ! fault ( ^? 9 ^: h&s _! fate 0 laid4 ,"h might be appli$ ,napoleon's well-kn[n say+3 8,! weakness ( ! highe/ au?ority is ! greate/ mis=tune ( ! nations40 ,x rema9s an anomaly t a /ate1 ! memb]s ( :i* = ! mo/ "p are ,*ri/ians1 %\ld treat ?is religion ) indiff]5ce1 & tol]ate t its t5ets & traditions be repres5t$ z fairy-tales & fables1 its moral law z a dang] to civilization1 & p]haps its div9e ,f\nd] z a victim ( religi\s fr5zy4 ,if ! /ate is ! expression & ! repres5tative ( its subjects1 !n su* di%>mony betwe5 public & private life is unnatural4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*ri/ian religion is held by ! majority ( its citiz5s to be ! mo/ preci\s legacy ( _! =efa!rs2 !y mu/ dem& f ! /ate protection = _! greate/ good4 ,& ?is may be claim$ ) ev5 great] "r by prov9ces :]e ! population almo/ unanim\sly cl+s to ! cre$ ( _! ance/ors2 at ! colleges 9 ^! p>ts ! fai?ful p w be entitl$ to protection m ?an else:]e aga9/ dang]s to its inh]it$ religion4 ,x w\ld be unnatural 9 ?is case to apply ! ?\ghtless pr9ciple ( deal+ uni=mly ) all prov9ces ( ! /ate4 ,! /ate is n a heap ( uni=m pebbles1 b an organism compos$ ( diff]5t p>ts1 ea* desir+ to reta9 its own peculi> life4 ,d n say ?is presumption does n admit ( application to our conditions1 ! majority ( ! p ( ?is age be+ long s9ce e/rang$ f ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is true1 if we turn our eye only to ! m conspicu\s classes ( society1 ! classes t control ! newspap]s & m\ld public op9ion1 ?is view might be admitt$ z to "s c\ntries4 ,b if we look at ! masses1 ^? n infect$ by half-education1 !n ?is op9ion is true no long]4 ,& !re are _m :o at he>t are n s di/ant f fai? z x w\ld seem4 ,9 public life !y pose z free-?9k]s1 b _! dome/ic life be>s frequ5tly a ,*ri/ian "*4 ,& (t5 !y approa* m & m ! fai?1 ! old] !y gr[4 ,?is is kn[n to be ! fact ev5 ( sci5ti/s4 ,in/ances are m5 l ,ampre1 ,f\cault1 ,fl\r5s1 ,h]mite1 ,bion1 ,biran1 ,fe*n]1 ,lotze1 ,romanes1 ,littr1 & o!rs4 ,plato claim$ t no "o :o 9 8 y\? disput$ ! exi/5ce ( ! gods reta9$ ?is view to 8 old age4 8,*ri/ianity10 obs]ves ,savigny rightly1 8is n only to be ackn[l$g$ z a rule ( life1 x has actually trans=m$ ! _w1 s t all our ?\ghts are rul$ & p5etrat$ by x1 no matt] h[ =eign1 ev5 ho/ile1 to ,*ri/ianity !y may appe>40 ,x is a sign h[ deeply ,*ri/ian religion has sunk its roots into ! he>t1 t x rema9s ! religion ev5 = ^? :o h turn$ away f x4 ,to be sure1 = our nations ,*ri/ianity is ! religion4 ,= !m ! religion ( a ,confucius or ,zoroa/] does n ent] into consid]ation2 nor any ( ! products ( mod]n religi\s f\ndations1 :i* w\ld replace ,*ri/ianity ) sub/itutions ( all k9ds ( religi\s ess5ces2 !y are on a level ) ! attempts at recon/ruct+ sexual e?ics3 bo? are regrettable delusions4 8,improvem5t0 ( ,*ri/ian morality is tantam\nt to ab&on+ all morals1 & des]tion f ! ,*ri/ian religion1 among/ our p1 has always be5 apo/asy f all religion4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion is s true1 t no "o c r5\nce x inw>dly & !n f9d peace 9 a self-made "o4 ,& all ef=ts aim$ at displac+ ,*ri/ianity lead only to an ab&onm5t ( all religion4 ,look at ! numb] ( p f :om sl&] & ins9uation h torn _! old religion to be replac$ by ano!r--a fre]1 high] religion2 _! moral decad5ce soon be>s te/imony ( ! religi\s consecration :i* has be5 giv5 to !m4 ,woe unto ^? au?orities :o1 :ile able to oppose1 are indiff]5t1 & :o l5d a h& 9 caus+ ,*ri/ian ?\ght to )draw m & m f our m5tal atmosph]e1 to be replac$ by ano!r _s1 a _s t w gradually control ! decision ( ! judge1 ! practice ( ! physician1 ! in/ruction ( ! tea*]1 & ?us m & m ent] into ! life ( ! p4 ,x is n assur$ to ^? nations ( ,europe1 ^: public life is fe$+ to-day ^u ! remnants ( _! ,*ri/ian pa/1 t !y w n relapse into a /ate ( moral & religi\s b>b>ity4 8,maybe civiliz$ mank9d1 or our nation at lea/1 is really los+ its hold m & m ^u def9ite moral /&>ds10 s compla9s a mod]n p$agogue2 8possibly ! emancipation ( s5suality w increase )\t end1 p]haps we h pass$ =ev] ! /age ( true humanity & ( a live idealism1 & we %all h5ce=? glide d[nw>d4444 ,^! are no m]e1 fev]i% dreams2 !re is good reason = fac+ ^! possibilities ) a det]m9$ eye1 & no accid5tal or philosophical optimism c ignore !m0 7,mn*74 8,x is q possible10 we are told by ano!r1 8t mu* w g d[n 9 our old ,europe dur+ ! next c5turies2 & ! d[nfall w n be re/rict$ by any means to ,*ur* & ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 ! crises t w come ,europe w h>dly get ! ne$$ support f an /hetic hea!ndom1 f ! ,moni/s' ,union1 or f ! evid5ces ( sci5ce0 7,troelts*74 ,if x does n come to x1 x w n be ! m]it ( au?orities :o let ! vessel ( /ate drift rudd]less t[>d ! rocks ( de*ri/ianization4 ,!y d n realize t !y greatly endang] !reby also ! f\ndations ( ! /ate4 ,! f\ndations ( our gov]nm5ts re/ ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai? creat$ ! /ate1 creat$ matrimony1 family1 & ! education ( ! y\?2 creat$ ! social virtues ( loyalty & ( ob$i5ce4 ,:at we h ( religion is ,*ri/ian1 :at we h ( ! religi\s support ( morality is equally ,*ri/ian2 8,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ian fai?1 ,*ri/ian =mation ( life p5etrates all vital utt]ances ( ! ,occid5tal _w l an all-p]vad+ elem5t0 7,pauls574 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( political prud5ce n to %ake ! f\ndations ^u :i* ! /ate re/s4 ,/ates & nations are n ephem]al be+s1 exi/+ f "o day to ! o!r1 !y are hi/orical /ructures measur+ _! lives by c5turies2 pa/ g5]ations jo9 h&s ) pres5t g5]ations1 de$s & cu/oms ( ! fa!rs live on 9 _! sons4 ,/ates mu/ rema9 on ! hi/orical tracks on :i* !y h travell$ to success1 at lea/ until ! new track has /ood ! te/ ( reliability4 ,s f> anti-,*ri/ian philosophy has t]ribly %ak5 gov]nm5ts2 x has n yet prov$ itself a /ate-cons]v+ pr9ciple4 ,x is a sad condition to see ! gu>dians ( /ates1 devoid ( hi/orical appreciation1 all[ _! p to te> !mselves away f ! soil :]e9 repos$ ! roots f :i* !y drew life & /r5g?4 ,sad1 too1 t compla9ts are made ( college-pr(essors :o abuse fre$om 9 tea*+ by con/ruct+ an unprov$ contradiction betwe5 k & fai?1 by misrepres5t+ ,*ri/ian t5ets1 by l[]+ ! pre/ige ( ! ,*ur*1 by di/ort+ h] hi/orical picture4 ,x w\ld be regrettable = a ,*ri/ian /ate1 if ! compla9t 7 ju/ifi$ t = ! mo/ "p our colleges h become places :]e religion is ignor$2 :]e ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d1 is no long] m5tion$2 :]e ! "n ( ,god nev] occurs 9 hi/ory1 9 natural & political sci5ce2 :]e religion is consid]$ ! mo/ uness5tial factor ( m5tal life1 a factor t has no?+ to (f]1 t c answ] no "q--a treatm5t :i*1 by ! =ce ( sugge/ion1 mu/ lead "y m5 to ?9k t religion is ( no acc\nt4 ,x is a bani%m5t :i* 9 its effect is little diff]5t f an attack ^u religion4 ,sadd] /ill w\ld x be if ! foll[+ view 7 to prevail at our colleges3 8,a "r ( ! /ud5t to see protect$ & n de/roy$ any views & convictions1 includ+ ^? ( a religi\s nature1 :i* he may br+ to ! univ]sity f 8 home surr\nd+s1 f 8 prelim9>y education1 z x is ass]t$ "t & aga9 9 ! frequ5t compla9ts ab\t ! de*ri/ianiz+ ( y\? at ! univ]sities--does n exi/ & _c exi/1 because x w\ld be 9 contradiction to ! v ess5ce ( ! univ]sity & its tasks0 7,jodl74 ,is n ?is ! e?ical pr9ciple ( ! bird ( prey8 ,is x n all[$ to gu>d ! def5celess *ick aga9/ ! hawk8 ,*ri/ian p s5d _! sons to ! univ]sity1 & dem& t ! education ( ! p>5tal home be sp>$1 t ! inexp]i5ce ( y\? be n misus$4 ,! /ate mu/ dem& t ! religi\s-moral education :i* x fur!rs 9 its public s*ools be n de/roy$ by ! high] s*ools4 ,yet1 all ^! rights mu/ be sil5c$ ! mom5t ! vision ( ! absolute fre$om ( tea*+ makes its appe>ance1 s9ce to refra9 f de*ri/ianiz+ ! y\? w\ld be contr>y to 8 tasks4 ,if su* abuse 9 ! managem5t ( ! p[] ( k1 )9 & )\t colleges1 is n c\nt]act$ by all possible means1 !n none ne$ be surpris$ :5 a sci5ce free f religion & ,*ri/ianity is foll[$ by an elem5t>y s*ool free f religion1 :5 9 public & prep>atory s*ools ! free-?9k+ tea*] is tell+ ! pupils t !re is no creation b only evolution1 & t ! gospels & biblical hi/ory are poetical /ories su* z ! ,nibelung5li$ & ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,we _c be a/oni%$ to f9d ! foll[+ rules advocat$ = ! in/ruction 9 public s*ools3 8,religi\s in/ruction 9 s*ools %\ld n diff] f ! in/ruction 9 o!r subjects1 namely1 "o ( full fre$om1 b\nd only by recogniz$ docum5ts & p]sonalities ( religi\s lit]ature & religi\s sci5ce4 ,! s*ool mu/ tea* t :i* is1 x mu/ pres5t ! t5ets ( all times & all nations 9 s f> z ?is is possible )9 its mode/ compass4444 ,b if ! pupil %\ld ask1 ,:at really is8 ,:at position %\ld ! tea*] assume t[>d ?is "q8 ,9 my op9ion1 he %\ld speak 9 pla9 t]ms4 ,he %\ld say3 ,!re are p :o believe all t is taught by ! diff]5t sy/ems ( religion4444 ,! *ild may fur!r ask ( ! tea*] :e!r he himself believes4 ,no tea*] :o claims ! confid5ce ( ! *ildr5 %\ld %irk ! answ]4 ,he may confess 8 fai? or disbelief1 )\t ne$ ( worry4 ,x _c hurt 8 pre/ige 9 ! eyes ( ! *ild1 because1 if = no o!r reason1 ei!r way he w f9d himself 9 an equally l>ge & good company0 7,tews74 ,b we he> mu* m radical utt]ances4 ,= in/ance1 ! (ficial organ ( tea*]s 9 a ,ca?olic c\ntry urges defection f ! ,*ur* 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,h[ long w ,social-,democracy1 n[ s =midable1 rema9 inactive aga9/ cl]ical arrogance8 ,h[ mu* long] w x %irk a duty t is cle> to ! dulle/ eye8 ,if ! millions ( our ,social-,democrats1 includ+ ! wom5 & *ildr51 w\ld break away f ,rome1 ! prie/craft 9 ,au/ria is z good z defeat$4 ,a grave responsibility re/s ^u ! ,social-,democratic lead]s4 ,%\ld !y miss ! mom5t to act1 !y w be judg$ by hi/ory60 7,deuts*-oe/]rei*is*e ,lehr]zeitung1 ,june #a1 #aiji74 ,ano!r organ ( tea*]s decl>es ,*ri/ianity to be no?+ else b victori\s h]esy1 = :i* ,*ri/ _h to lay d[n ,8 life ! same z ,giordano1 ,hus1 & c\ntless o!rs4 8,! subject ( religion z taught 9 ! prep>atory s*ools is = ! mo/ "p tak5 f ages ^: cu/oms & morals are--happily--no long] ours40 ,we see radicalism rampant 9 l>ge circles ( public s*ool tea*]s1 dem&+ noisily1 excit$ly1 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! "n ( mod]n sci5ce & enlight5m5t1 ! abolition ( ! div9e s]vice1 ( pray]1 & religi\s in/ruction 9 s*ool1 giv+ z reason t1 8z to matt]s ( m5tal fre$om no diff]5ce %\ld be made betwe5 a univ]sity & a village s*ool40 ,t our p w 8c>elessly wa/e _! ,*ri/ian patrimony1 ?is is ! great dang]40 ,our argum5t is n t only ,ca?olics %\ld be pr(essors1 nor ev5 to limit ! tea*+ (fice to ,*ri/ians4 ,b "o ?+ mu/ be dem&$ ( ! college-tea*]1 t he possess ! p$agogic qualifications to r5d] him compet5t ( educat+ ! hope ( ! ,*ri/ian p4 ,z a rule ?is dem&s a religi\s1 ,*ri/ian disposition4 ,"o ?+ ! /ate mu/ absolutely dem& ( ! tea*]1 t he h appreciation = ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian /ate2 he :o has no und]/&+ = ! hi/orical =ms ( ! life ( a nation1 :o ev5 reg>ds !m ) ho/ility1 %\ld rema9 away f ?is vocation4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,jesuit ,ord] has five free univ]sities1 f\nd$ & direct$ by ! ,ord]4 ,_! pr(essors are n all ,ca?olics2 !re are pr(essors ( o!r cre$s1 ev5 ,jews4 ,all "w 9 h>mony to ! common end ( ! univ]sity4 ,m5 :o s9c]ely & consci5ti\sly /rive = ! int]e/s ( sci5ce w ev]y:]e %[ n only consid]ation1 b ev5 und]/&+ & respect1 = :at is true 9 ! ideas ( o!rs4 8,i gaze10 s writes ,pr(4 ,smolka1 8^u ! lik5esses ( my v5]able ,prote/ant ma/]s1 "u :om ,i /udi$ at ,gtt+54 ,?irty-sev5 ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,i w5t to !m1 9 full confid5ce to f9d 9 _! s*ool ! lead]s :o w\ld be free f ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic view ( ! _w4 ,to _! pr(\nd k ,i owe1 fir/ ( all1 ! emancipation f ! prejudices ,i 0 rais$ 91 f ! views ( an atmosph]e devot$ to ,indiff]5tism 9 :i* ,i _h pass$ my y\?4 ,pr(4 ,waitz op5$ my eyes to ! gr&eur ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 9 ! repeat$ pro/ration ( ! ,papacy & its ev]-foll[+ rise to unsuspect$ heights1 a fact unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( human in/itutions4 ,pr(4 ,lotze rebuk$ me at ! v beg9n+ ( my /udies at ,gtt+5 = a slight+ rem>k ab\t s*ola/ic philosophy3 lat] he imbu$ me ) pr(\nd respect = x & = ! weal? ( problems x embraces4 ,^! sci5ti/s1 ,prote/ants )\t exception & 9 exclusively ,prote/ant surr\nd+s1 inoculat$ me ) s9c]e love = sci5tific tru?1 reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces x w\ld lead to4 ,!y also introduc$ ! y\?ful m9d to ! tri$ me?ods ( sci5tific rese>*1 indicat+ ! b\nd>ies :]e ! doma9 ( rese>* ends & ! "r ( dogma1 or arbitr>y rule ( subjective imag9ation1 beg9s40 ,re/riction ( ,"r4 ,we ne$ no fur!r pro( t ! /ate is ju/ifi$ 9 re/rict+ ! fre$om ( tea*+1 :5ev] dem&$ by ! bus9ess ( ! /ate z describ$ above4 ,re/riction ( ?is k9d c be consid]$ unju/ifi$ only by a /ate !ory ( lib]alism1 :i* holds t ! object ( ! /ate consi/s 9 m]ely protect+ individual lib]ty1 no matt] if ?is lib]ty %\ld lead to ! grave/ injuries s long z x does n affect ! fre$om ( o!rs2 a !ory :i* *anges ! /ate community f an integral organism into a conglom]ation ( autonom\s individuals4 ,lasalle scornfully t]m$ ?is !ory ! 8nightwat*man idea0 ( ! /ate4 ,! /ate has ! "r & ! duty to ex]t a necess>y influ5ce ^u ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 especially at ! univ]sities4 ,aga9/ x ! plead+ ( autonomy ( ! college & its tea*] w n hold4 ,!y h a c]ta9 autonomy1 t 0 ev5 great] 9 =m] times4 ,an important "p ( x is ! "r to propose appo9tm5ts = vacant *airs4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is me?od ( appo9tm5t is prop]2 x v\*es = ! sci5tific fitness ( ! appo9tee1 & w prove a protection aga9/ ! ex]cise ( undue political influ5ce & m9i/]ial absolutism1 provid$ t ?is me?od is imp>tially ex]cis$4 ,b an autonomy t disputes ! "r ( ! /ate to protect its int]e/s1 :]e free sci5ce conflicts ) x1 t w\ld dem&1 z has be5 ass]t$1 t 8no infr+em5t ( ! fre$om 9 tea*+ mu/ be d$uc$ f ! (ficial position z tea*]10--su* autonomy w\ld be a palpable misconception ( ! dep5d5cy ( ! college-tea*] & ( ! social s]vice ( sci5ce4 ,! rules t apply to o!r1 non-judicial1 (fic]s %\ld apply to tea*]s appo9t$ by ! /ate1 & (f5ces 9 _! (fice1 or conduct injuri\s to ! purpose & ! dignity ( _! (fice1 %\ld be treat$ simil>ly z 9 ! case ( o!r public s]vants4 ,nor %\ld memb]s ( ! legislature be =bidd5 to def5d ! rightful int]e/s ( _! con/itu5ts 9 reg>d to s*ools4 ,!y are elect$ by ! p = ?is purpose1 & ! p h a claim on ! s*ools1 :i* are support$ by _! taxes & to :i* "s ( _! greate/ int]e/s are atta*$4 ,x has be5 dem&$ to conc$e to college-tea*]s ! indep5d5ce & immunity ( judges4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ov]look+ ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 pr(essors & judges4 ,! judge has to r5d] legal decisions 9 concrete cases1 accord+ to exi/+ laws2 9 ord] to less5 ! dang] ( 8 be+ guid$ by outside consid]ations he is giv5 a l>ge measure ( indep5d5ce4 ,b :at que/ions has ! college-pr(essor to decide8 ,ma!matical or physical que/ions8 ,!re 8 incorruptibility is n 9 su* dang] t he mu/ be made indep5d5t ( gov]nm5t4 ,religi\s & moral que/ions1 que/ions ( views ( ! _w8 ,^! he is n compell$ to decide4 ,nei!r /ate nor p h appo9t$ him to "q1 "t & aga91 ! fundam5tal f\ndations ( human life1 & to r5d] decisions :i* nobody reque/$4 ,x is n cle> :y sci5ce1 plead+ its indep5d5ce1 %\ld oppose ju/ifi$ re/rictions4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is indep5d5ce does n exi/ any:]e4 ,num]\s are ! consid]ations1 (t5 unw>rant$1 x is actually ti$ to1 yea1 (t5 ti$ to by its own h&s4 ,he :o is famili> ) sci5tific do+s1 especially academic do+s1 kn[s numb]s ( su* ties--!re is ! pr(essional op9ion 9 sci5tific circles2 woe unto him :o 9 8 sci5tific works d>es to confess a sup]natural view ( ! _w6--ties ( ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 lead]s or s*ools1 )\t or aga9/ ^: favor x is difficult to atta9 recognition1 approval1 or position2 ! ties ( p>ties & cliques 9 an academic c>e]2 ! tie1 too1 ( t ins9uat+ p[] ( ! /ate t conf]s mu*-desir$ decorations & titles4 8,:]e is ?is fre$om ( sci5ce80 asks a mod]n academic tea*]4 8,"s w say sci5ce & its tea*+ are free 9 our c\ntry4 ,true1 x is s writt5 on pap]4 ,b ^? *>g$ ) keep+ ?is pr9ciple inviolate are human4 ,= in/ance ! moni/s h ! *ief voice 9 appo9tm5ts to zological *airs4 ,!y w propose only sci5ti/s :o are n oppon5ts to ! moni/ic fai?4 ,f> be x f me to assume any mala fides4 ,!y simply believe t only _! fai? is ! prop] "o to promote sci5ce4 ,b ,i ask aga91 :]e is ! fre$om ( sci5ce80 7,dahl74 ,h4 ,/4 ,*amb]la9 tells ( an amus+ incid5t 9 8 life3 8,_m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i desir$ to devote myself to an academic c>e]1 a *emi/ said to me3 #8,my de> fell[1 s9ce y belong to ! pr(ession1 ,i tell y z a fri5d t x is n en\gh = y to be pr(ici5t3 y %\ld try1 fir/ ( all1 to m>ry ! daught] ( "o ( ! pr(essors1 ( a privy c\nsellor if possible4' #8,?is advice comes too late1' ,i repli$1 #8,i am already m>ri$4' ,my well-wi%] 0 visibly %ock$4 #8,:at a pity6 ,too bad6 ,y don't realize :at an influ5ce ?is has "h ^u "o's c>e]4' ,:at tr\ble ,i _h to obta9 ev5 ! v5ia doc5di6 & !n ,i /uck fa/ & c\ld n budge despite all a*ievem5ts until ,i und]took to m>ry ! daught] ( "o ( ! #8head-wirepull]s'2 !n ?+s 7 fix$ )9 ?ree mon?s4 ,i may h look$ at him 9 a peculi> way1 = 8 wife 0 a v]itable ,xan?ippe1 &1 he add$ ) a laugh3 #8,y "k ,i am all day at ! laboratory1 f morn+ until late at night4' 0 ,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,9 ! ye> ( grace1 #agbj1 ,johann ,jacob ,mos] />t$ 8 lectures 9 ,tueb+51 b c\ld get no audi5ce4 8,no wond]1 ev5 a clev]] man ?an ,i w\ld n h f>$ bett] at t "t1 :5 ev]y?+ dep5d$ on nepotism40 ,! "y man _h cross$ ,*ancellor ,pfaff by reject+ a m>riage arrangem5t 7,horn74 ,"o w f9d ^! ?+s v human4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be unw>rant$ to assume t !y happ5 always & ev]y:]e4 ,b !y prove t ! pursuit ( sci5ce re/s also on g5]al human gr\nds1 & does n always rema9 al(t1 9 ! e!real heights ( pure tru?4 ,! ,fre$om ( ,tea*+ 9 ,hi/ory4 ,:5 we said t x is ! duty ( ! /ate to protect ! common b5efits ( life aga9/ injury by fre$om 9 tea*+1 & to /& gu>d ov] its ,*ri/ian pa/1 we /at$ no?+ b :at has be5 ! conviction ( ! ,*ri/ian nations & _! rul]s up into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,absolute fre$om 9 tea*+ _c plead ! support ( hi/ory1 x is only ( ye/]day4 ,hi/ory %[s x to be ! natural *ild1 n ( ! fir/ awak5+ ( ! consci\sness ( fre$om1 b ( ! de-,*ri/ianiz+ ( ! mod]n /ate4 ,its (ficial entry co9cides ) ! increas+ de-*ri/ianiz+ ( public life dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 aft] ! mod]n /ate adopt$ m & m ! pr9ciples ( lib]al ?\ght4 ,a naturali/ic view ( ! _w1 )\t fai?1 0 /ruggl+ = supremacy2 sci5ce _h to proclaim x z high] enlight5m5t1 & vehem5tly urg$ fre$om 9 its behalf4 ,! /ate rec$$ /ep by /ep1 confus$ by ! comm&+ note 9 ! new dem&s1 by high-s\nd+ words ab\t ! rights ( sci5ce2 x all[$ itself to be talk$ into ! belief t x mu/ become ! lead] 9 ! new c\rse1 & x took ! bann] t 0 =c$ into its h&s4 ,x has always be5 s2 claims pres5t$ ) impud5ce w intimidate1 & assume 9 ! eyes ( _m ! appe>ance ( "r4 ,9 s f> z x signifies ! removal ( ! religi\s-moral b>s 9 tea*+1 ! fre$om 9 tea*+ develop$ fir/ 9 ,prote/ant ,g]many1 toge!r ) ! increas+ *ange ( univ]sities into /ate in/itutions4 ,re=mation & ! ensu+ ,enlight5m5t _h gradually prep>$ ! way = x4 ,nei!r ! rationalism nor ! pietism ( ! eighte5? c5tury c\ld h an und]/&+ = ! t5ets ( ! fai?4 ,9 addition !re 0 ! confusion eng5d]$ by ! multiplication ( ,prote/ant d5om9ations1 none support$ by an ov]t[]+ spiritual au?ority2 x l$ m & m to ! p>t+ betwe5 sci5ce & religi\s confession2 political reasons1 too1 made x desirable to disreg>d confessions4 ,?us ! sev]ance ( sci5ce f religion increas$ & ! 8fre$om ( tea*+0 9 ?is s5se 0 f9ally adopt$ also by ,ca?olic /ates z an a*ievem5t4 ,! enlight5m5t t _h develop$ outside ( ! univ]sities made its entry into ! halls ( univ]sities *iefly "u ! ,prussian ,m9i/] von ,z$litz1 a *ampion ( enlight5m5t & a fri5d ( ! philosoph]s ,wolff & ,kant4 ,t ! univ]sities at t "t 7 controll$ by free-?9k]s is illu/rat$ by a say+ ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,on ,janu>y #d1 #aggd1 von ,z$litz ask$ ( ! k+ :e!r ,/e9hauss1 ,m4,d41 %\ld be d5i$ ! appo9tm5t = pr(essor extraord9>y at ,frank=t-on-!-,od]1 = ! reason t he 0 a ,ca?olic4 ,! k+ decre$ 9 8 own h&writ+ t 8,?is does n matt] if he is clev]2 besides1 doctors "k too mu* to h belief0 7,bornhak74 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,revolution1 #ahdh1 fre$om ( tea*+ became a political cat*-^w4 8,! t]ms fre$om ( tea*+ & fre$om ( le>n+1 t became popul> 9 #ahdh1 :5 any phrase comp\nd$ ) fre$om c\ld n be (t5 en\gh repeat$1 h be5 ev] s9ce rem9isc5t ( b>ricades1 & m5 :o h witness$ ^? times become n]v\s at _! m]e s\nd0 7,billro?74 ,:at 0 und]/ood by fre$om 9 tea*+ at ! turn+ po9t ( ! eighte5? c5tury is %[n by ! dem& ( ,?omasius = 8fre$om ( doctr9es t are n aga9/ ,god & ! /ate40 ,! fir/ move 0 to break away f human au?orities1 ,ari/otle & o!rs4 ,?us ! ,kiel ,univ]sity1 by its regulation ( ,janu>y #bg1 #agjg1 ord]$ t 8no faculty %\ld enslave itself to c]ta9 pr9ciples or op9ions1 9 s f> z !y are dep5d5t on a human au?ority0 7,horn74 ,9 ,gtt+5 & ,halle fre$om ( tea*+ also became ! maxim1 & 8,lib]tas s5ti5di10 z ,mn*haus5 decl>$1 80 op5 to e "o & n re/ra9$ by /atute1 except t !re %\ld be taught no?+ ungodly & ,un*ri/ian40 ,9 ^? days ?is re/riction 0 look$ ^u z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is kn[n t ,kant 0 discipl9$ by ,m9i/] ,woelln] 9 #agid1 because ( 8 treatise on religion2 at ,ko5igsb]g ?is repro( 0 accept$ ) good grace1 & bo? ! philosophical & ! !ological faculties pl$g$ !mselves n to lecture on ,kant's religi\s philosophy4 ,z rec5tly z ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a re/riction 9 ?is s5se 0 ord]$ by ! ,prussian ,m9i/] ,ei*horn1 & ! re/riction 0 obs]v$4 ,! ,mat]iali/ ,moles*ott 0 caution$ 9 #ahde by ! ,s5ate ( ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 & 9 reply he resign$ 8 po/2 9 ! foll[+ ye> at ,tb+5 ,b*n]'s v5ia leg5di 0 cancell$1 because1 z he himself /at$1 8x 0 fe>$ ,i w\ld poison ) my tea*+ ! m9ds ( my "y /ud5ts0 7,horn74 ,9 #ahdb1 ,bruno ,bau]1 ! radical ,bible-critic1 0 remov$ by ! ,prussian faculties f ! academic *air because ( 8 writ+s4 ,d4 ,/rauss lectur$ on philosophy at ,tb+51 b 0 =c$ to resign :5 ! fir/ volume ( 8 8,life ( ,jesus0 appe>$ 9 #ahce4 ,lat] on1 :5 call$ by ! au?orities ( ,zuri* to ! *air = ,*ur* hi/ory & dogmatics1 an emphatic prote/ ( ! p made ! appo9tm5t impossible4 ,:ile %[+ a regrettable indiff]5ce = attacks aga9/ religion1 ! mod]n /ates1 inoculat$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ,lib]alism1 h n entirely =gott5 _! traditions4 ,_m sections 9 _! p5al codes /ill protect religion1 n only aga9/ defamation1 b1 z is ! case 9 ,au/ria1 also aga9/ public anti-,*ri/ian propag&a1 & ! 8religi\s-moral education0 9 public s*ools is made compulsory by law4 ,( c\rse !re is a contradiction1 betwe5 ! conviction ( ! /ate t ! pr9ciples ( morals & religion mu/ be pres]v$1 & ! grant ( full fre$om to an anti-religi\s misuse ( sci5ce1 ^: effect ^u ! masses is unavoidable4 ,x is a contradiction to te> d[n ! dam at ! riv] & !n erect em]g5cy levees aga9/ ! onru%+ flood4 ,! amaz+ presumption1 t holds inviolate & sacr$ ev]y?+ t poses "u ! "n ( sci5ce1 is ! fault ( x all4 ,fre$om ( ,tea*+ & ,p>ty ,rule4 ,9 "s c\ntries ! compla9t is he>d t a c]ta9 faction has obta9$ control ( ! univ]sities1 & s ex]cises its control t ^? :o are n ( its b5t ( m9d are exclud$ f bo? tea*+ & tak+ "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( its affairs1 despite ! fact t fre$om 9 tea*+ & le>n+ has be5 gu>ante$ by ! /ate4 ,x is ! faction t pr(esses free-?\ght & cultivates ! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ?is s5se4 ,?is condition =ces /ud5ts fai?ful to _! religion to /udy 9 a /range atmosph]e1 & !y are look$ ^u z /rang]s4 ,! p>ties s accus$ seek to disclaim ^! *>ges z unju/2 = !y feel t1 if ju/ifi$1 x w\ld disclose an unlawful condition ( ?+s4 ,nev]!less ! facts are s notori\s1 t all prote/ations w be )\t avail4 ,^! facts mu/ be pa9ful to ! s5se ( ju/ice1 ord]1 & good-fell[%ip2 & to ?is s5se x is n pleas+ to deal fur!r ) matt]s :i* h (t5 be5 ! cause = indignant res5tm5t1 & to g into concrete details4 ,we %all b briefly recall to m9d h[ p]si/5tly c&idates = academic positions are pu%$ aside :5 !y are kn[n to be ( /aun* ,ca?olic m9d4 ,?is is borne out by _! trifl+ p]c5tage among ! l>ge numb] ( college-tea*]s2 by ! high pressure t is (t5 ne$$ to lift ! emb>go = a ,ca?olic2 by assaults :i* n seldom result$ 9 physical viol5ce4 ,?is small numb] is gl>+ly emphasiz$ by ! consid]able1 ev5 disquiet+1 numb] ( college lectur]s ( ,jewi% extraction4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is ! improp] usage t ! !ological faculty is pass$ ov] at ! annual election ( ! rector1 & likewise1 t tea*]s ev5 ( lay-faculties are exclud$ f academic (fices :5 !y pr(ess !mselves op5ly z ,ca?olics4 ,ca?olic /ud5ts h se5 !mselves treat$ z /rang]s at m ?an "o univ]sity2 !y 7 n giv5 ! usual privileges1 & 7 accord$ rights only 9 ! proportion t _! numb] _h to be reckon$ )4 ,_! corporate bodies 7 ignor$1 self-evid5t rights ei!r d5i$ or grossly violat$4 ,z to ! small numb] ( religi\s-m9d$ lectur]s at colleges x is n to be d5i$ t ! numb] ( ^? :o comb9e f]v5t religi\s p]suasion ) high sci5tific efficacy is n consid]able ^! days4 ,_! long suppression furni%es a reason = x1 b n ! only "o4 ,a mod]n univ]sity pr(essor rightly /ates3 8,:ile !re nev] has be5 a want ( c\rage\s1 det]m9$ confessors ( ! ,ca?olic fai? :o h occupi$ a prom95t1 ev5 lead+1 position 9 ! progress ( sci5ce1 9 ! p]fection ( me?ods & means ( sci5tific rese>*1 !y 7 & /ill are ! exception4 ,!y 7 m5 ( self-reliance & indep5d5t judgm5t1 :o 7 able to exempt !mselves f an humble submission to ! p[]ful view ( ! _w1 :i* emanates f ! hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity & prevails 9 educat$ circles4 ,! issue is /ill ! same secul> contra/ betwe5 ! two views ( ! _w1 :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e illu/rat$ ) unsurpass$ ma/]y z long z fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b ! view ( ! _w :i* has be5 9 ! asc5dant 9 sci5tific circles long s9ce1 has c]ta9ly no?+ 9 common ) sci5tific rese>*40 ,our task1 h[ev]1 is n to exam9e ! facts1 b to prove t su* conditions are unlawful1 no matt] :]e & :5 f\nd4 ,we d n wi% to discuss fur!r ! fact t a univ]sity polity1 exclusively 9 ! _s ( a lib]alism t gradually goes ov] into radicalism1 w\ld con/itute a grave dang] = ,*ri/ian traditions4 ,indiff]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian & e o!r religion1 or to an ext5t direct rejection1 mu/ make x appe> m & m inf]ior & obsolete 9 ! eyes ( educat$ circles2 ?is view w !n easily f9d its way to ! p4 ,nor d we int5d to enl>ge ^u a second po9t1 viz41 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce itself4 ,! k]nel ( lib]al rese>* 9 ! prov9ce ( ! spiritual is a frivol\s agno/icism1 ) a rigid bondage to its naturali/ic po/ulates1 ) :i* we h become suffici5tly acqua9t$4 ,pr9ciples ( ?is k9d are poison = true sci5ce4 ,= ?is reason alone x is necess>y t a ,*ri/ian philosophy be plac$ by ! side ( a philosophy 9 fe> ( metaphysics1 "o t nev] ext5ds beyond puzzles & problems2 t a hi/ory guid$ by ,*ri/ian pr9ciples be plac$ alongside ( "o inspir$ by anti-ecclesia/ical s5tim5t2 9 g5]al t a _s ( v]acity ass]t itself1 :i* w\ld give an example1 f ! home ( highe/ culture1 n ( va9 arrogance1 b ( t m5tal firmness :i*1 consci\s ( ! limits ( human k1 is also ready to believe4 ,h[ c our univ]sities rema9 ! seats ( /]l+ m5tal life1 if ! highe/ p[] ( tru? t has ev] be51 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 is ignor$ !re1 & ev5 malign$2 & if 9 its /ead is cultivat$ a philosophical-religi\s rese>* :i* leads only to ! negation ( ev]y?+ t hi!rto 0 our ideal1 & :i* gives bir? to a m5tal an>*y1 :i*1 be=e ! =um ( hi/ory1 makes x a pr9ciple ( paup]ization4 ,"o po9t to be p>ticul>ly emphasiz$ is ! violation ( rights & ! oppression ( m5tal lib]ty1 result+ f a p>ty-rule 9 ! realm ( high] education4 ,"u a gov]nm5t ( law e "o1 assum+ he possesses ! necess>y qualification1 has an equal "r to tea*3 ?is is elem5tal to fre$om ( tea*+4 ,! /ate ) its in/itutions exi/s = ! b5efit ( all classes1 n = "o c]ta9 class t has =m$ ! notion t x is ! sole be>] ( sci5ce4 ,enemies ( ! /ate %\ld be exclud$ f tea*+1 b n good citiz5s4 ,nor c x be dem&$1 z a necess>y prelim9>y = academic tea*+1 t "o mu/ subscribe to ! cat*-phrases ( any p>ticul> p>ty1 & s disc>d "o's religi\s belief4 ,& !re is ! violation ( ! rights ( fai?ful ,*ri/ian p4 ,s9ce _! money 9 ! =m ( taxes ma9ta9s to a l>ge ext5t ! s*ools & _! tea*]s1 !y surely c dem& a consci5ti\s adm9i/ration ( _! int]e/s1 & a repres5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w1 9 a way becom+ its pa/ & its dignity2 ,*ri/ian p c dem& t _! sons receive an education 9 consonance ) _! ,*ri/ian convictions1 & t ! univ]sities w tra9 (ficials1 physicians1 & tea*]s1 9 :om !y may h confid5ce4 ,if !re are no o!r b /ate univ]sities 9 a c\ntry1 & ^! are monopoliz$ by a free-?\ght p>ty1 !n a condition ( m5tal bondage w arise = ^? ( a diff]5t m9d4 ,!y are compell$ ei!r to h _! sons =ego ! le>n$ pr(ession1 or else expose !m to an atmosph]e :]e9 !y see dang] ( a religi\s & moral nature1 9 ideas1 association1 & example4 ,no "r is left to !m1 b ! "r to pay taxes t[>d ! budget ( education1 & !n to look on h[ an irreligi\s p>ty is /riv+ to turn ! high] s*ools into tra9+ camps ( obligatory lib]alism1 & to monopolize ! entire m5tal life = ?is purpose4 ,n[ & !n !re is great indignation aga9/ /ate monopolies2 x is said1 %all ! /ate det]m9e :at k9d ( cig>s ,i %\ld smoke1 & :at ,i am to pay = !m6 ,n[1 !n1 :]e is fre$om if ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian population is to be =c$ into tak+ m5tal n\ri%m5t x does n desire & rejects1 & pay = x besides8 ,if we recall to m9d ! pa/1 :i* gave bir? to ! mo/ v5]able univ]sities ( ! pres5t1 a sorr[ful feel+ comes ov] u4 ,we see h[ f> our colleges h deviat$ f _! orig9al purpose1 h[ our gov]nm5ts h lo/ _! old traditions4 ,promotion ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & ( ! fe> ( ,god1 0 ! l(ty aim :i* _! f\nd]s _h 9 m9d4 ,9 be/[+ ! *>t] ^u ,vi5na ,univ]sity1 ,duke ,albre*t /at$ t he beheld 9 ! univ]sity an in/itution 8:]eby ! glory ( ! ,creator 9 heav5 & ,8 true fai? on e>? w\ld be fur!r$1 k w\ld be increas$1 ! /ate b5efit$1 & ! light ( ju/ice & tru? bright5$40 ,& :51 9 #acff1 he donat$ prop]ty to ! univ]sity1 he decl>$ ! object ( ! donation to be 8t ! univ]sity may increase ! prosp]ity ( ! entire ,*ur*40 ,:5 ,leopold ,i1 on ,april #bf1 #afgg1 sign$ ! *>t] ( ,innsbruck ,univ]sity he decl>$ t he f\nd$ ?is univ]sity pre-em95tly = ! protection & prosp]ity ( ! ,ca?olic ,religion1 z a means = its pres]vation1 & also t _m ( ^? :o _h lo/ ! fai? might be l$ back to religion1 = ! hon\r & ! glory ( ! ,tyrol4 ,9 ! *>t] ( ,tb+5 ,univ]sity1 ,eb]h>d ( ,wrttemb]g /ates3 8,i believe ,i c d no bett] "w1 none m helpful to ga9 salvation1 none m pleas+ to ! et]nal ,god1 ?an to provide ) special dilig5ce & emulation = ! in/ruction ( good & zeal\s "y m5 9 ! f9e arts & sci5ces1 to enable !m to recognize ,god1 to "k1 to hon\r1 & to s]ve ,him alone40 8,9 ^? days !re 0 no hesitation to assign to sci5ce ! l(tie/ vocation & to decl>e 444 t1 com+ f ,god1 sci5ce %\ld also lead back to ,him z its orig94444 ,! s*ool 0 *>g$ to "w = ! spread & ! def5ce ( ! true belief4 ,*ri/ian tru? 0 once que5 at ^! univ]sities2 n[1 %e has only too (t5 become a /rang]1 to be d5\nc$ at times if %e attempts to knock at ! portals ( h] old home0 7,prob/74 ,free ,univ]sities4 ,ano!r mann]1 to provide prop] fre$om ( tea*+1 is op5 to ! mod]n /ate by incorporat+ free univ]sities4 ,unlike ! /ate in/itutions1 !y are n directly controll$ by ! /ate1 b are indep5d5t ( x 9 _! int]nal affairs2 !y are f\nd$ & manag$ by private p]sons or societies4 ,univ]sities ( ?is k9d are f\nd 9 ,belgium & 9 ,engl&1 to "s ext5t 9 ,france1 b _! home is *iefly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,at ! head ( ! free univ]sity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! presid5t1 ) a gov]n+ body & a bo>d ( tru/ees elect$ f memb]s ( ! univ]sity2 !y appo9t tea*]s1 prescribe s*$ules ( /udy & exam9ations1 & conduct its bus9ess4 ,true1 ! /ate _c rel9qui% its "r to oppose a sy/em ( tea*+ dang]\s to ! common weal2 x w also provide t ^? to be lic5s$ to practice ! pr(essions possess ! necess>y education & tra9+2 b ! /ate refra9s f fur!r int]f]5ce 9 ! managem5t ( free univ]sities4 ,x is no d\bt difficult to e/abli% by private means univ]sities equally effici5t ) ^? ( ! /ate2 9 ! c\ntries ( ,middle ,europe ?is und]tak+ is p]haps m difficult ?an else:]e1 b ! possibility is !re1 & x is ev5 realiz$ 9 "s places4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a "q to occupy u "h2 we m]ely wi% to decl>e1 if simil> f\ndations are ab\t to be und]tak51 & ! necess>y conditions are pres5t1 !n ! /ate mu/ n prev5t !m1 x mu/ grant fre$om 9 tea*+4 ,true1 ! /ate is oblig$ to assi/ its subjects 9 acquir+ mat]ial & spiritual goods1 b only 9 s f> z private means are insuffici5t !reto3 ! /ate mu/ only act 9 a supplem5tal way4 ,if x does t :i* its citiz5s !mselves are able to d1 !n ! /ate is ne$lessly abridg+ _! free "r4 ,?is includes ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools & ! tea*+ 9 !m4 ,presum+ fitness1 ev]ybody has a natural "r to tea* o!rs2 h5ce1 also1 to f\nd s*ools1 :e!r by himself or jo9tly ) o!rs4 ,fur!rmore1 in/ruction is a "p ( education1 ev5 at ! univ]sity2 x c\ld h>dly be said ( ! graduate ( ! prep>atory s*ool t 8 education is complet$4 ,education1 h[ev]1 is a matt] = ! p>5ts4 ,_! rights w\ld be infr+$ ^u1 if ne$lessly =c$ by ! /ate to intru/ _! sons exclusively to ! /ate colleges & to _! me?od ( tea*+4 ,h[ c\ld ! /ate's exclusive "r to tea* be prov$8 ,does ! pursuit ( sci5ce belong to its doma98 ,no "o w c>e to claim ?is4 ,if sci5ce 7 to be allott$ to ! jurisdiction ( any "o body1 ! ,*ur* w\ld be ! fir/ to ent] into consid]ation1 because ( h] int]national & spiritual "*4 ,or is ?is "r to be conc$$ to ! /ate because x is to be ! be>] ( culture8 ,! /ate is to promote culture1 b n to prescribe a c]ta9 br& ( x4 ,! argum5t t private univ]sities _c be f\nd$ & conduct$ 9 ! prop] way is c]ta9ly n borne out by ! facts4 ,ev5 if ! /ate1 ow+ to its sup]ior facilities1 c\ld provide bett] univ]sities ?an private ef=t1 x w\ld n be entitl$ to ! monopoly2 ! fact ( be+ able to d some?+ bett] does n secure ! sole privilege ( do+ x4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] to attract /ud5ts1 free univ]sities w h to emulate /ate univ]sities4 ,! "r ( ! /ate to f\nd univ]sities w ( c\rse n be disput$2 b ?is "r mu/ n det]iorate into a disguis$ monopoly1 t w\ld grant privileges to its own univ]sities1 & d5y !m to free univ]sities 9 ord] to put !m out ( exi/5ce4 ,at any rate1 ! /ate w always reta9 consid]able influ5ce ov] ! /udies at free univ]sities4 ,x may require c]ta9 /&>ds 9 c&idates = political & pr(essional positions1 = judges & lawy]s1 tea*]s at /ate s*ools1 physicians2 x may insi/ ^u /ate exam9ations1 or x may make its /ipulations = recogniz+ ! exam9ations & academic degrees ( ! free s*ools4 ,by free s*ools ( high] le>n+1 a great] degree ( fre$om 9 tea*+ & 9 le>n+ w\ld be assur$1 or1 speak+ g5]ally1 a great] fre$om 9 ! intellectual life4 ,if ^! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ are exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate1 x _c fail t ! high] intellectual life w be dang]\sly dep5d5t ^u ! /ate1 or fall into ! control ( a dom9at+ clique4 ,z an example might be cit$ ! re/rictions plac$ ^u jurisprud5ce by ,prussia 9 ! eighte5? c5tury2 ! long-cont9u$ control ( ,hegelian philosophy2 ! ,univ]sit ,impriale ( ,napoleon2 ! pr$om9ance ( anti-,ca?olic ?\ght 9 our own s*ools4 ,univ]sities1 f\nd$ ^u a positive1 ,*ri/ian basis1 w\ld surely be a com=t = ?\s&s4 ,no ne$ to say t su* f\ndations may also be und]tak5 by ! ,*ur*4 ,?is "r _c be d5i$ to ! ,*ur*1 j z little z to any o!r corporation4 ,nay1 mu* less6 ,because ( its intellectual & int]national "* sci5ce is mo/ closely relat$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,! latt]1 fur!rmore1 has an em95t1 hi/orical "r2 no "o has done m = ! f\ndation & promotion ( ! ,european univ]sities ?an ! ,*ur*4 ,a rem>kable & at ! same "t *>act]i/ic attitude t[>ds free1 p>ticul>ly ,ca?olic1 univ]sities is assum$ by ,lib]alism4 ,! /]eotyp$ objection to ,ca?olic univ]sities is kn[n2 x c be r$uc$ to ?is =mula3 ,at a ,ca?olic univ]sity !re c be no fre$om 9 rese>* nor fre$om 9 tea*+2 b )\t !m !re c be no sci5ce2 consequ5tly1 a ,ca?olic univ]sity is a contradiction4 ,x is ! same old song3 !re is b "o sci5ce1 !re is b "o fre$om--! free-?\ght t rejects belief4 ,if x is really s obvi\s t a ,ca?olic univ]sity is a contradiction to sci5ce1 h5ce incapable to fo/] x1 :y ! excitem5t8 ,ei!r su* univ]sities are incompet5t1 or !y are n4 ,let ! exp]im5t g on2 ! result w tell4 ,if ! result is c]ta91 z is claim$1 v well1 "o may s]5ely await x4 ,lib]alism %[s itself aga9 "h 9 ! %ape ( t na/y hybrid ( fre$om & intol]ance = :i* x is kn[n4 ,x is ! head ( ,janus ) its two faces3 ! "o %[+ ! bright mi5 ( fre$om1 ! o!r ! s9i/] sc[l ( an intol]ant tyrant4 ,!y %\t = fre$om1 fre$om !y dem&2 ,*ur* & ,revelation are put "u ! ban1 because !y re/ra9 fre$om4 ,! /ate is d5\nc$ z soon z x wants to int]f]e4 ,b if o!rs attempt rese>* free & indep5d5tly1 ?\gh n j s z ,lib]alism w\ld l1 !n tyranny imm$iately takes ! place ( lib]ty1 ! h]ald ( fre$om resorts to oppression1 & ^? :o j n[ proclaim$ ! indep5d5ce ( univ]sities f ! /ate1 :o prote/$ aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( ! /ate 9 sci5ce1 turn ab\t & l\dly call = ! help ( ! /ate1 av[+ t sci5ce c ?rive only "u /ate control4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,univ]sities4 ,9 discuss+ ! position ( ! social au?orities t[>d fre$om ( tea*+1 we h *iefly consid]$ ! /ate4 ,( ! ,*ur* we %all say b a brief ^w4 ,x w suffice to recall :at has be5 said previ\sly2 :at has be5 /at$ ab\t ! relation ( ! ,*ur* to fre$om ( rese>*1 applies 9 _m respects equally to fre$om ( tea*+4 ,little w h to be add$4 ,! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* alone1 has receiv$ f h] div9e ,f\nd] ! comm& to pres]ve ! doctr9e ( revelation & to proclaim x to mank9d4 8,go+1 !re=e1 tea* ye all nations0--?is is ! commission ( ! ,"l4 ,= ?is reason ! tea*+ ( ! reveal$ tru?1 ,!ology1 is ! privilege ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b ! re/ ( ! sci5ces w n be exempt f ! obligation to li/5 to ! admonition ( ! ,god-appo9t$ au?ority1 9 all cases :]e religi\s gr\nds are invad$4 ,to ! ,*ur* is intru/$ ! religi\s-moral guidance ( h] fai?ful2 %e _c rema9 indiff]5t1 :5 9 ! public tea*+ ( sci5ce a sy/em is foll[$ detrim5tal to ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciples ( ! fai?ful4 ,& :oev] has ent]$ ! ,*ur* by baptism1 rema9s subject to h] au?ority 9 all matt]s )9 h] sph]e4 ,! /ate mu/ ackn[l$ge ^! rights ( ! ,*ur*1 or else =feit its claim to be a ,*ri/ian /ate2 ^! rights1 belong+ to ! ess5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 are gu>ante$ by ,god1 & are indep5d5t ( human sanction4 ,h5ce1 9 case ( cla%es 9 ?is respect1 ! /ate mu/ li/5 to ! grievances ( ! ,*ur*2 ?is w *iefly conc]n ,!ology1 r>ely o!r sci5ces4 ,?us x w\ld be p>tially correct to say t ! !ological faculties are subject to ! ,*ur*1 b ^? ( ! re/ ( ! sci5ces to ! p[] ( ! /ate4 ,b only p>tially2 spiritual int]e/s _c be m>k$ out by faculties4 ,int]e/s ( fai? may be also violat$ 9 o!r faculties3 !n cases may arise :i* lose _! purely worldly "*1 & ext5d into ! religi\s sph]e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if a pr(essor %\ld lecture on a matt] t\*+ closely ^u int]e/s ( fai?1 = in/ance1 ,ca?olic ,canon law or philosophy1 & %\ld %[ bias aga9/ ,*ur* & ,*ri/ianity1 d5y its au?ority1 di/ort & attack its t5ets--!n ?is w\ld con/itute an evid5t wrong to ! ,*ur* & a flagrant violation ( ! int]e/s :i* to gu>d x is h] duty1 especially 9 a c\ntry ov]:elm+ly ,ca?olic4 ,9 t case ! ,*ur* w\ld be entitl$ to make expo/ulation4 ,9 reject+ ! prote/s ( ! ,*ur* 9 su* cases1 z be+ ! int]f]5ce ( a =eign p[]1 ! /ate w\ld !reby prove t x misund]/&s bo?1 ! religi\s vocation ( ! ,*ur* & ! prop] relation betwe5 /ate & ,*ur*4 ,= ! fai?ful1 :om ! /ate calls its subject1 are also ! subjects ( ! ,*ur*1 !y are ! lambs & %eep ! ,*ur* is to fe$1 9 ob$i5ce to div9e comm&4 ,*ur* & /ate hav+ 9 common ! same subjects1 & be+ closely connect$ = s long a "t t x has become hi/orical1 x w\ld be unnatural if !y 7 to treat ea* o!r z /rang]s1 su* z might be expect$ 9 a hea!n c\ntry1 ,japan1 = in/ance4 ,! nature ( ! case & ! weal ( ! p dem& h>moni\s action 9 su* matt]s4 ,x _c be d5i$1 moreov]1 t ! ,*ur* commonly meets ! /ate gov]nm5t to ! extreme limit ( h] ability4 ,ab\t ! div9e rights ( ! ,*ur* op9ions diff]1 b ^? able to fully appreciate ! preci\s b5efits ( religion & morality w reg>d x z "o ( ! greate/ boons to humanity1 t !re exi/s )9 its fold an organization :i* protects ) fe>less1 awe-inspir+ maje/y ^! b5efits aga9/ all attacks1 ev5 aga9/ ! /ate & its all-dev\r+ policy ( utility1 & 9 ?is way def5ds ! m5tal dignity ( ! human individual aga9/ oppression by ! reckless reality ( ext]nal life4 ,j to %[ h[ an av[$ free-?9k] appreciates ! significance ( a comm&+ spiritual =ce z aga9/ ! /ate we w quote ! ,fr5* positivi/ ,a4 ,comte1 :o decl>es3 8,! absorption ( ! spiritual by ! worldly p[] is a return to b>b>ity2 ! sep>ation ( ! two p[]s1 h[ev]1 is ! pr9ciple = m5tal uplift & moral dignity40 8,true10 says he1 8m5 /ruggle 9 bl9d av]sion aga9/ spiritual p[] ( any k9d2 yet x w ev5 !n prevail1 ?\gh 9 a mi/ak5 way4 ,pr(essors1 au?ors1 & newspap] writ]s w !n pose z ! speculative lead]s ( mank9d1 al?\gh !y lack all m5tal & moral qualification = x0 7,c\rs de philosophie positive74 ,%ort-sight$ p]ception may upbraid ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b a f>-sight$ judgm5t w h to conc$e t mank9d owes gratitude to ! ,*ur* & ! ,papacy4 ,a not$ ,prote/ant writ] rem>ks3 8,b = ! ,papacy ! ,middle ,ages w\ld h fall5 a prey to b>b>ity4 ,ev5 9 our day ! lib]ty ( nations w\ld be ?reat5$ ) greate/ dang] if !re 7 no ,papacy4 ,x is ! mo/ effective c\nt]poise to an omnipot5t p[] ( ! /ate4 ,if x did n exi/1 x w\ld h to be inv5t$0 7,hbl]74 ,,fif? ,,section4 ,,!ology4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,!ology ,& ,sci5ce4 ,n[ "o o!r1 ! conclud+ po9t4 ,s f> our discussion has dealt almo/ exclusively ) ! pr(ane sci5ces1 & :ile !re 7 (t5 "u discussion g5]al pr9ciples1 apply+ also to !ology1 we did n ref] to ! latt] expressly = ! reason t x occupies a special position 9 reg>d to our "q4 ,!ology is ! sci5ce ( ! fai?1 its subjects are tru?s e/abli%$ by div9e or inspir$ au?ority2 h5ce1 9 tea*+1 au?ority plays a l>g] "p 9 ?is ?an 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,= ?is reason mu* fault is f\nd ) !ology1 & _m consid] t x =feits !reby its claim to rank z a sci5ce4 ,!y say x lacks all lib]ty1 ! results are prescrib$2 x lacks possibility ( progress2 no?+ b rigid dogmas1 reject+ all developm5t & improvem5t2 its vocation is exhau/$ by ! incessant transmitt+ ( ! immutable2 h5ce x lacks all ! ess5tial conditions ( a true sci5ce1 x has no claim to a place at ! univ]sity2 if x nev]!less has e/abli%$ itself at ! univ]sity1 z is ! case 9 "s c\ntries1 x mu/ be consid]$ z an ali5 body1 a remnant ( an obsolete "t4 ,a ke5 eye _c fail to detect 9 ^! words ! prompt+ voice ( t view ( ! _w :i* rejects ev]y?+ sup]natural1 & decl>es t ,*ri/ian dogmatics & morals1 & ideas ( s91 r$emption1 humility ( fai?1 cross1 & self-d5ial1 d no long] correspond to mod]n man4 ,at bottom is ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two views ( ! _w--"o ! philosophy ( mod]n1 sov]eign man1 ! o!r ! contemplation ( ! _w 9 ! light ( ,*ri/ianity3 a process ( repulsion1 psy*ologically easily und]/ood1 by :i* ! "o seeks to expel ! o!r f ! position :i* x desires to occupy4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! matt] w %[ ?is4 ,!ology z a ,sci5ce4 ,is !ology a sci5ce 9 ! prop] s5se8 ,may x rightly claim a place among ! bran*es ( human sci5ce8 ,?is %all be ! fir/ "q to be answ]$4 ,!ology1 mean+ ! doctr9e ( ,god1 is ! sci5ce ( ! ,revelation1 or ( ! fai?2 ( ! ,revelation :i* began 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & rea*$ its p]fection 9 ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 9 :om appe>$ ! fulness ( ,god1 ! image ( ! glory ( ,god1 ! p]fection ( all religion2 ! ,revelation intru/$ to ! ,*ur* to be pres]v$ infallibly1 s t by ^! tru?s1 & means ( salvation1 ! ,*ur* might guide & enri* ! life ( believ+ mank9d4 ,h5ce1 9 ! broad s5se 9 :i* x is und]/ood n[1 !ology is ! sci5ce t ga!rs ! reveal$ tru?s f _! s\rces1 endeav\rs to grasp & to def5d !m1 & to d$uce new tru?s f !m2 :i* also /udies ^! tru?s & ! means giv5 = salvation1 9 _! developm5t & effect 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,?us x includes a wide range ( subord9ate bran*es1 connect$ by a common object4 ,! biblical sci5ces h = _! subject ,holy ,writ2 ! sci5ces ( introduction to ! ,bible deal ) its ext]nal hi/ory1 ) hi/orical criticism play+ an important "p2 exegesis is occupi$ ) ! sci5tific int]pretation ( ! text & uncov]s ! treasures ( tru? 9 ,holy ,writ1 assi/$ 9 ?is task by h]m5eutics & a numb] ( philosophical-hi/orical auxili>y sci5ces4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory & its bran*es ( patrology1 hi/ory ( dogma1 ecclesia/ical ar*ology1 & art1 & o!r auxili>y sci5ces1 describe ! doctr9e ( ,revelation 9 its hi/orical c\rse ?r\gh ! c5turies1 & its developm5t 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur*4 ,dogmatics 7) apologetics7 & morals h ! task to expla9 & def5d ! doctr9e ( fai? & morals1 z drawn f ! ,scriptures & f tradition1 to d$uce new tru?s f !m & to unite !m all 9 a sy/em4 ,f9ally1 ,canon law1 & ev5 to a great] degree ! dep>tm5ts ( pa/oral !ology1 homiletics1 liturgy1 %[ h[ ! treasures ( ,revelation & ,r$emption f9d _! realization 9 ! practical life ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,*ri/ian p4 ,h5ce !re _c be any d\bt b t !ology is a sci5ce 9 ! prop] s5se1 unless a wrong def9ition ( sci5ce is presum$4 ,( c\rse1 if we %\ld id5tify sci5ce 9 g5]al ) empirical sci5ce1 & sci5tific me?ods ) ! me?ods ( natural sci5ces & ma!matics1 & refuse to recognize any results z sci5tific except ^? ga9$ by obs]vation & ma!matical calculation1 !n1 ( c\rse1 !ology w\ld n be a sci5ce1 nor w\ld _m o!r bran*es ( k come "u ?is head2 ! fault1 h[ev]1 w\ld lie ) a n>r[ conception1 t limits itself to ! portion ( human k )9 its vision1 ignor+ ev]y?+ t exi/s beyond its horizon4 ,:at are we to und]/& by sci5ce8 ,x is ! sy/ematic conc5tration ( ! k & ! rese>* ( ?+s accord+ to _! causes2 h5ce ( our cognition ( a subject t c be prov$ by c>eful demon/ration to be c]ta9 or at lea/ probable4 ,?is we f9d to be ! case 9 !ology4 ,x is ! sum total1 sy/ematically arrang$1 ( k & rese>*es conc]n+ ! t5ets ( fai?1 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract1 9 _! hi/ory1 & 9 _! effects on ! life ( ! ,*ur*4 ,apply+ ! me?od ( natural ?\ght1 !ology fir/ /udies ! presumptions & f\ndations ( fai?1 exam9es ! s\rces ( revelation by ! philosophical & hi/orical-critical me?od1 proves ! doctr9es ( fai? by ^! s\rces1 endeav\rs to grasp ^! tru?s intellectually1 by ! me?ods ( analytical & syn!tical ?9k+1 & to make cle> _! connection4 ,we h "h ! same me?ods z appli$ 9 o!r sci5ces3 asc]ta9+ ! facts1 def9ition ( t]ms1 d$uction1 induction4 ,9 respect to ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* & to ,canon law _! simil>ity ) analog\s pr(ane sci5ces is at once obvi\s4 ,!re is "o diff]5ce3 9 ! !ological sci5ces !re is active1 n only rational rese>*1 b also ! belief 9 reveal$ tru?s4 ,9 "s dep>tm5ts1 l t ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ?is diff]5ce is less pron\nc$1 !y proce$ by ! me?od ( critically e/abli%+ & connect+ ! facts2 b !y1 too1 are guid$ by ! conviction t !re is 9 ! life ( ! ,*ur* n only natural causation1 b also sup]natural pr9ciple4 ,dogmatics takes fai? to a great] degree z its po9t ( support1 9 ord] to connect natural reason ) ! convictions ( fai?1 & h[ ri*ly natural reason may unfold itself is %[n 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,?omas1 on ! great my/]ies ( ! fai?4 ,z reg>ds fai? itself1 we mu/ keep 9 m9d t x has a sci5tific f\ndation3 ! cr$ibility ( revelation is prov51 x is a reason+ fai?4 ,x may be lik5$ to hi/ory4 ,! hi/orian1 on ! te/imony ( 8 s\rces1 believes 9 ! actuality ( human ev5ts1 hav+ conv9c$ himself ( ! cr$ibility ( 8 s\rces2 ?is belief becomes !n 8 />t+ po9t = fur!r rese>*es ( a pragmatical nature3 he p5etrates m deeply into ! facts1 & connects !m accord+ to _! causal relations4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is3 ! hi/orian re/s ^u human au?ority1 ! !ologian ^u div9e4 ,yet ! objection is rais$3 !ology is fai?1 or at lea/ re/s on fai?4 ,fai?1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to d ) sci5ce2 fai? is s5tim5t1 :]eas sci5ce is k4 ,t ?is view ( fai? is wrong1 & ! result ( subjective agno/icism t d5ies to man any positive und]/&+ ( sup]natural tru?s1 we h %[n repeat$ly4 ,c]ta9ly1 if fai? 7 no?+ b s5tim5t1 no sci5ce c\ld be built ^u x2 y _c build /one h\ses ^u wat]4 ,b ! ,ca?olic fai? is n simply s5tim5t1 x is a conviction ( reason1 bas$ ^u ,god's te/imony t ! reveal$ doctr9es are true4 ,9 ! same way t ! hi/orian--to use ! comp>ison once m--believes positively 9 8 hi/orical facts1 on ! /r5g? ( ! au?ority ( a ,livy or ,tacitus1 or accepts z prov$ "s ev5ts ( anci5t times1 rely+ ^u ! te/imony ( ,babylonian tablets ( clay or ^u ! pyramids1 & makes ^! ev5ts 8 />t+ po9t = fur!r rese>*es1 )\t hav+ to fe> objections to 8 "w on ! gr\nd t k & belief are incompatible2 j s ! !ologian believes 9 8 religi\s tru?s because !y are v\*$ = by ,god's te/imony4 ,?is proves t ! f\ndation = 8 fur!r ?\ght is n =m$ by uncontrollable1 irrational s5tim5t1 b by a conviction ( reason4 ,h5ce1 if by k is meant no?+ b a conviction ( reason--& 9 ?is s5se fai? & k are usually contra/$ by mod]n philosophical writ]s--!n fai? is k 9 ! prop] s5se & a contradiction does n exi/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 k is tak5 to be ! und]/&+ ga9$ by p]sonal insight )\t reliance on ext]nal te/imony1 !n1 ( c\rse1 !re is a di/9ction1 & !ology w\ld n be a sci5ce1 9 s f> z x believes2 j z little z hi/ory w\ld be a sci5ce1 9 s f> z x believes its s\rces4 ,b !ology is a sci5ce1 9 s f> z x makes use ( exp]i5ce & reason1 exam9es its s\rces1 draws f !m ! facts ( fai?1 & makes !m ! />t+ po9t = its inve/igations4 ,!ology also has my/]ies among its subjects1 namely1 tru?s ^: actuality is cognizable1 b ^: cont5ts1 :ile n inde$ inconsi/5t1 yet rema9 obscure & incompreh5sible to u4 ,b ev5 ?is does n impair its sci5tific "*4 ,o!r sci5ces %>e ) x ?is lot ( human limitation4 ,in/ances are pl5tiful 9 natural sci5ce :]e ! exi/5ce ( natural =ces ( "o k9d or ano!r is prov52 ( :i* x is able to =m "s idea1 b _c fa?om2 !y rema9 a puzzle to sci5ce1 sometimes pres5t+ ! greate/ difficulties4 ,= in/ance1 e!r1 gravitation1 electricity1 ! nature ( motion1 & s on4 ,! not$ physici/ ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson says3 8,gravitation is ! secret ( secrets4 ,b ! v same holds good ( all molecul> =ces1 ( magnetism1 electricity1 etc4 ,!re are 9 animat$ nature ev5 m ?+s we _c und]/&4 ,we c\ld say t ( ! processes ( liv+ organisms we und]/& practically no?+4 ,our k ( indige/ion1 ( propagation1 ( in/9ct1 is s small t we c almo/ say x is limit$ to ! enum]ation ( !m4 ,:at we d "k & und]/& is n "o ?\s&? "p ( :at w\ld be necess>y = a k 9 any degree complete4 #8,if we raise an arm1' says ,pa/eur1 #8or put our tee? 9 action1 we d some?+ t no "o c expla94' 0 ,!ology & ,progress4 ,) a v sup]ficial conception ( !ology we might easily arrive at ! op9ion t x lacks a *>act]i/ic ( sci5ce1 :i*1 9 our "t especially1 is insi/$ ^u1 namely1 progress4 ,= x mu/ adh]e to dogmas & n g beyond !m4 ,h5ce1 seem+ly1 !re is no?+ to d = !ology b to transmit un*angeable tru?s1 p]haps 9 diff]5t aspects1 b nev]!less ! same tru?s4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t "o k9d ( progress is b>r$ 9 !ology1 z also 9 o!r sci5ces2 to wit1 ! progress ( incessant remodell+ & re%ap+1 ! cont9u\s te>+ d[n ( ! old facts1 ! et]nal se>* aft] tru? )\t ev] ga9+ its possession4 ,?is is (t5 ! progress dem&$4 8,! new tuition10 x is said1 8/>ts f ! premise t ! tru? is to be se>*$ =0 7,pauls574 8,sci5ce is n a p]fect$ doctr9e1 b a rese>*1 ev] to be revis$0 7,h>nack74 ,x is p>ticul>ly dem&$ ( !ology t x procure a ,,fur!r ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*ri/ianity1 & sub/itute = x ?\ghts :i* mod]n age has adopt$ & :i* x calls sci5tific ?9k+4 8,!re rema9s ! task10 !y say1 8( express+ fai? & its objects s z to co9cide ) ! conception =m$ by sci5tific ?9k+ ( ! natural & hi/orical reality0 7,pauls574 ,h5ce miracles1 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/1 & my/]ies ( any k9d1 mu/ be elim9at$2 ev5 ! notion ( a p]sonal ,god w h to be *ang$ to a pan!i/ic notion3 8,aft] ! great revolution 9 our cosmic !ories we c no long] ?9k ( ,god1 ! et]nal holy ,w t we rev]e z ,fir/ ,cause ( all ?+s1 z ! #8fir/ mov]' ?ron+ outside & above ! univ]se1 z ,ari/otle & ,?omas did0 7,pauls574 ,su* a progress is impossible 9 !ology1 at lea/ 9 ,ca?olic !ology1 & 9 any o!r t /ill aims to be ! !ology ( ! ,*ri/ian1 reveal$ religion4 ,x _c be expect$ f !ology1 nor f any o!r sci5ce1 t x w degrade itself to a fa%ionable sci5ce1 t takes = its level n tru? b ! v>iable imp]atives & moods ( ! times1 &1 de/itute ( "*1 *anges ) ea* v>y+ fa%ion4 ,! sci5ce ( fai? _c assume ?is position1 s mu* ! less z x mu/ be aw>e t its tru?s (t5 cla% ) ! incl9ations ( ! human he>t1 & t its vocation is to lift up mank9d1 n to let itself be dragg$ d[n4 ,?is k9d ( progress !re=e is b>r$4 ,?is1 inde$1 is n progress1 b a hopeless wav]+ f pill> to po/1 a build+ & te>+ d[n1 acquir+ )\t p]man5t possession1 se>*+ )\t f9d+4 ,true progress c be %[n 9 !ology z 9 any o!r sci5ce4 ,! possibility ( progress is manife/1 p>ticul>ly1 9 ,*ur*-hi/ory1 9 ! biblical & pa/oral sci5ces3 !y are closely relat$ to ! pr(ane-hi/orical1 philological1 social1 & juridical bran*es ( sci5ce1 h5ce !ology %>es 9 _! progress4 ,x w\ld seem t dogmatics w\ld h to =ego progress4 ,its progress c]ta9ly _c consi/ 9 *ang+ ! reveal$ doctr9es1 nor 9 int]pret+ diff]5tly 9 ! c\rse ( times ! =mulas ( cre$2 "h ! rule is1 v]itas ,dom9i manet 9 aet]num4 ,! developm5t ( dogmatic k consi/s r 9 ! foll[+3 ! reveal$ tru?s are 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies m & m cle>ly p]ceiv$ & m %>ply circumscrib$1 m surely demon/rat$1 m & m ext5sively appreciat$ 9 _! connections1 relations1 & d$uctions4 ,! s\rces ( ,div9e ,revelation fl[ ! ri*] ! m !y are drawn f2 _! tru?s are s sub/antial1 s abundant 9 relation to k & life1 t1 ! m rese>* advances1 ! less x rea*es its limit4 8,no "o gets ne>] to ! realization ( tru? ?an he :o p]ceives t 9 div9e ?+s1 no matt] h[ f> he progresses1 !re rema9s always some?+ m to be exam9$0 7,leo ! ,great74 ,consid] ! progress 9 ma!matics4 ,no "o w say ! ma!matician is doom$ to /agnation because he _c *ange ! multiplication table or ! geometrical propositions4 ,! increas+ ma!matical lit]ature1 ) its big volumes1 contradicts ?is notion3 b its gr[? ( k is n ! zigzag progress ( re/less to & fro1 x is ! solid progress f ! se$ to ! plant4 ,z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury ,/4 ,v9c5t ( ,l]9 describ$ ! progress 9 dogmatical k3 8,s$ =sitan dicet aliquis3 ,nullusne ergo 9 ,ecclesia ,*ri/i pr(ectus habebitur religionis8 ,habeatur plane et maximus4 ,nam quis ille e/ tam invidus hom9ibus1 tam exosus ,deo1 qui i/ud prohib]e conetur8 ,s$ ita tam51 ut v]e pr(ectus sit ille fidei1 non p]mutatio4 ,siquidem ad pr(ectum p]t9et1 ut 9 semetipsum quaeque res amplificetur2 ad p]mutationem v]o1 ut aliquid ex alio 9 aliud transv]tatur4 ,crescat igitur oportet et multum vehem5t]que pr(iciat tam s+ulorum quam omnium1 tam unius hom9is1 quam totius ,ecclesiae1 aetatum ac saeculorum gradibus1 intellig5tia1 sci5tia1 sapi5tia1 s$ 9 suo duntaxat g5]e1 9 eodem scilicet dogmate1 eodem s5su eademque s5t5tia4444 ,quodeunque igitur 9 hac ,ecclesiae ,dei agricultura fide ,patrum satum e/1 hoc idem filiorem indu/ria decet excolatur et obs]vetur1 hoc idem floreat et maturescat1 hoc idem pr(iciat et p]ficiatur4 ,fas e/ et5im1 ut prisca illa coele/is philosophiae dogmata processu temporis excur5tur1 lim5tur1 poliantur1 s$ nefas e/1 ut commut5tur1 nefas1 ut detrunc5tur1 ut mutil5tur40 ,! pro( = ! actual progress ( !ology is furni%$ by its hi/ory4 ,x %[s h[ !ology has gradually gr[n f ! fir/ se$ ( ! div9e ,^w1 plac$ by ! h& ( ,god's ,son into ! soil ( humanity1 until x became a great tree1 ri* 9 bran*es & leaves4 ,! holie/ m5 ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies1 equipp$ ) ! *oice/ m5tal =ces1 enlight5$ by ! light ( grace1 h work$ on its gr[?2 toil+ & pray+1 !y fill$ libr>ies ) _! books4 ,x is n our int5tion to outl9e "h a sket* ( ?is developm5t4 ,a few h9ts may suffice4 ,h>dly _h ! fai? tak5 root 9 ! civiliz$ nations ( ! old times :5 rese>*es 7 begun4 ,a long li/ ( ,holy ,fa!rs & ecclesia/ical au?ors 7 ! be>]s ( ! fir/ developm5t4 ,draw+ ^u ,greek philosophy 9 aid & to deep5 _! ?\ght 9 ! m5tal battle aga9/ ! anci5t pagan view ( ! _w1 aga9/ ,judaism & h]esy1 !y elucidat$ m & m ! t5ets ( fai? & morals1 & endeav\r$ to draw ev] m fully f _! spiritual cont5ts4 ,we enc\nt] among ! %9+ ho/ m5 l ,t]tullian1 ,cyprian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,orig9es1 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 ,basil1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 & _m o!rs1 up to ! p[]ful dogmati/ ( ! old "t1 ,augu/9e1 :o treat$ sci5tifically & (t5 ext5sively ! great dogmas ( fai?4 ,truly a volum9\s !ological lit]ature ) a ple?ora ( g5ius & tru?4 ,! great edition ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,fa!rs by ,migne numb]s #chb volumes 9 qu>to1 ea* ( #a1ejj pages or m 9 close pr9t4 ,comp>+ ) ^! #chb volumes ! mode/ book ( ! ,bible1 :i* _h be5 _! =emo/ s\rce1 ! progress ( ^! c5turies becomes manife/4 ,soon ! way 0 brok5 = sy/ematiz+ ! t5ets ( ! fai?1 especially by ,/4 ,john ,damasc5e 7eigh? c5tury74 ,s*ola/icism complet$ ! "w3 x creat$ a sy/ematical :ole & connect$ !ology & philosophy1 especially ! ,ari/otelian1 into a h>moni\s union4 ,its pione]s 7 ,/4 ,anselm & /ill m ,petrus ,lomb>d 7di$ #aafj74 ,!n1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 univ]sities began to fl\ri%1 !re foll[$ ! great !ologians ,alex&] ( ,hales1 ,bonav5ture1 ,alb]t ! ,great1 ,scotus1 & *ief ( all ,?omas ( ,aqu9 7di$ #abgd71 9 :om s*ola/icism rea*$ its p]fection1 & und5iably "o ( ! greate/ m9ds kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce2 di/+ui%$ by an a/oni%+ prolificness1 /ill m by a weal? & dep? ( ?\ght comb9$ ) ! greate/ simplicity & lucidity 9 pres5t+ tru?s1 he w = ev] rema9 unapproa*able4 ,! decl9e ( s*ola/icism dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 0 foll[$ by a new bloom1 :5 ! life ( ! ,*ur*1 rejuv5at$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 gave bir? to new =ces 9 !ology4 ,! mighty tomes ( m5 l ,su>ez1 ,lugo1 ,gregory ( ,val5cia1 ,ruiz1 ,baez1 ,billu>t1 & o!rs jo9$ ! volumes ( _! pr$ecessors & cont9u$ _! "w4 ,at ! same "t ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! sci5ce 7 bran*+ (f m & m1 & became indep5d5t4 ,m4 ,canus creat$ ! !ory ( !ological cognition z an introduction to dogmatics1 ,bell>m9 & ,?4 ,/apleton f\nd$ ! new] controv]sial !ology4 ,moral ,!ology became 9 ! sixte5? c5tury a sep>ate sci5ce & 0 develop$ by m5 l ,lugo1 ,laymann1 ,busembaum1 ,alphons ( ,liguori4 ,simil>ly a new p]iod ( rese>* began 9 ! biblical sci5ces4 ,n t ! fir/ f\ndations 7 laid at t "t2 !re _h be5 ,orig9es1 :o _h become ! f\nd] ( biblical text criticism by 8 8,hexapla02 ! ,antio* s*ool ( exegetes1 ,*ryso/omus1 ,hil>ius1 & especially ,j]ome4 ,b x 0 fo/]$ ) r5ew$ zeal4 ,! great ,antw]p & ,p>is polyglots furni%$ aids1 m5 l ,maldonatus1 ,salm]on1 ,toletus1 ,cornelius1 ,lapide1 wrote _! exegetic works4 ,to ! sev5te5? c5tury belongs ! creation ( ! propdeutics1 by ,ri*>d ,simon & ,b]n>d ,lami4 ,! monum5tal "w1 8,cursus sacrae scripturae0 7s9ce #ahhe71 conta9+ s f> ?irty-six volumes1 demon/rates1 among o!r ?+s1 t !re has be5 9 rec5t ye>s no /&/ill 9 ! rese>* 9 ,holy ,writ4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 too1 ) its bran*es & auxili>y sci5ces1 new life 0 awak5$ at t "t4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! def5ce ( ! cre$ by ! witnesses ( a =m] age became urg5t1 patri/ics & hi/ory ( dogma enjoy$ _! fir/ rise4 ,petavius 0 prom95tly connect$ ) !m4 ,h[ ^! sci5ces h be5 fo/]$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury is indicat$ by ! names ( ,mai1 ,de ,rossi1 ,h]g5roe!r1 ,hefele1 ,pa/or4 ,!re rema9s to be m5tion$ ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( ! sci5ce ( ,canon law1 ( ! pa/oral-!ological dep>tm5ts :i* h atta9$ an indep5d5t position s9ce ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & s9ce !n produc$ a volum9\s lit]ature4 ,! fe> ( a /&/ill 9 !ological rese>* seems unw>rant$ 9 ! light ( its hi/ory4 ,! errors ( ! pres5t "t w prev5t a /&/ill4 ,! m vehem5t ! attacks by natural sci5ce & philosophy1 by philology & ar*ology1 ! m !y seek to %ake ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! /rong] !ology mu/ gr[ by ! combat4 ,! solid progress ( our times 9 k & me?odics w n rema9 )\t influ5ce2 nor c ! empirical1 ! hi/orical-critical me?od1 ! !ory ( evolution1 & s on1 fail to ex]t _! /imulat+ influ5ce ^u !ology4 ,! progress t ,ca?olic !ology has made s9ce ! days ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! va/ am\nt ( m5tal "w x has p]=m$1 is p]haps made mo/ cle> by a glance at ! 8,nom5clator lit]>ius !ologiae ca?olicae10 by ,h4 ,hurt] 7#b;d ed41 #c vols42 ! #c;d ed4 is 9 #f vols41 #e be+ ready74 ,x gives 9 concise briefness ! biographical data & ! m important works ( ,ca?olic !ologians ( great] repute4 ,c\nt+ ! names !re pres5t$1 we f9d n less ?an #c1ijj f #aaji to #aefc2 ab\t #b1ijj f #aefd to #affc2 ab\t #c1ijj betwe5 #affd & #agfc2 f9ally1 f #agfd to #ahid ab\t #d1jjj !ological au?ors2 h5ce 9 ! p]iod f #aaji to #ahid ne>ly #ad1gjj !ologians4 ,t ^! #ad1gjj sci5ti/s--& _! numb] is n exhau/$ by ?is figure--%\ld h writt5 _! works )\t (f]+ 9 !m any new k1 w\ld surely be a bold ass]tion6 ,9 addition consid] ! long r[s ( tomes :i* "s ( !m wrote4 ,p]haps x w\ld n be :olly amiss to ref] to ! re/less zeal ( _m ( !m1 z record$ by _! biograph]s4 ,b>onius 7di$ #afjg7 c\ld tru?fully ass]t be=e 8 dea?1 t = ?irty ye>s he _h nev] _h suffici5t sleep2 he usually slept only f\r or five h\rs4 ,pi]re ,halloix 7di$ #afef7 likewise 0 cont5t ) f\r or five h\rs ( re/4 ,dionysius ,sanm>?anus 7di$ #agbe7 gave only f\r h\rs to sleep & devot$ less ?an half an h\r daily to recreation2 likewise ,fr4 ,combfis 7di$ #afgi71 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ( 8 life4 ,a4 ,fr4 ,orsi 7di$ #agfa7 cont5t$ himself ) ?ree or f\r h\rs ( sleep2 ,fr4 ,clem5t 7di$ #agic7 & ,h4 ,ob]rau* 7di$ #ahjh7 are said to h slept b two h\rs daily4 ,j4 ,c>amuel de ,lobk[icz 7di$ #afhb7 p]sev]$ = f\rte5 h\rs e day at 8 books2 ,*r4 ,lupus 7di$ #afha7 ev5 = fifte5 h\rs daily4 ,! !ologian ,lessius is *>act]iz$ by 8,p>cissimus erat temporis1 laboris p]t9ax02 ! same holds good ( hundr$s ( o!rs ( ^! m54 ,a sci5ce1 enum]at+ its disciples by s _m ?\s&s1 ) ! greate/ intellects among its work]s1 :i* has comm&$ s mu* zeal & "w = c5turies1 %\ld be safe f ! reproa* ( hav+ back ( x a hi/ory ( /agnation4 ,!ology & ,fre$om ( ,sci5ce4 ,to _m x seems obvi\s t !ology lacks at lea/ ! o!r pr$icate ( sci5ce1 fre$om2 because x is b\nd to dogmas & ecclesia/ical au?orities1 at lea/ ,ca?olic !ology is4 ,al?\gh ?is claim is press$ p]si/5tly & ) confid5ce1 we may dispose ( x v briefly4 ,! fre$om miss$ 9 !ology1 & dem&$ 9 its behalf1 is none o!r ?an ! lib]al fre$om ( sci5ce1 ! nature ( :i* we h _h suffici5tly long "u ! se>*light1 s t !re rema9s no?+ to be add$4 ,we h prov$ suffici5tly t ?is fre$om is n a fre$om f unnatural fett]s1 b a dissolute subjectivism1 t claims ! "r n to be b\nd to any un*angeable1 religi\s tru?s4 ,we admit t ! ,ca?olic !ology does n possess ,,?is fre$om4 ,conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9es e/abli%$ by div9e te/imony1 & by ! infallible voice ( ! ,*ur*1 !ology sees n fre$om b a s9 aga9/ tru? 9 ! lic5se to ass]t ! contr>y ( :at x has recogniz$ z ! tru?4 ,!re is b "o fre$om :i* sci5ce may claim3 x is fre$om f h9drance 9 rea*+ ! tru? 9 its legitimate doma94 ,if ?is tru? is transmitt$ to sci5ce infallibly1 by ! highe/ in/ance ( wisdom--& ( ?is e !ologian is conv9c$--h[ c sci5ce be said to be h9d]$ !reby 9 atta9+ ! tru?8 ,re/ra9$ x is1 b only by tru?3 tru?1 h[ev]1 c only be a b>ri] to lic5se1 b n to preci\s fre$om4 ,?is re/ra9t !ology %>es ) ! re/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,! physici/ is ti$ to ! facts br\ght =? by ! exp]im5ts ( 8 laboratory2 ! a/ronom] is ti$ to ! results report$ to him by ! in/rum5ts ( 8 obs]vatory1 ! hi/orian is ti$ to ! ev5ts disclos$ by 8 s\rces4 ,moreov]1 all sci5ces are ti$ to _! me?ods4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 no o!r way1 ! !ologian1 too1 is ti$ to ! facts giv5 him by ,revelation1 & to 8 me?od4 ,e sci5ce has its own me?od4 ,! a/ronom] ga9s 8 facts by obs]vation & calculation1 ! ma!matician arrives at 8 facts by calculation & /udy2 ! hi/orian1 by human te/imony2 ! !ologian1 h[ev]1 by div9e te/imony1 at lea/ z to fundam5tal tru?s4 ,t !y are transmitt$ to him n by 8 p]sonal /udy1 b by ext]nal te/imony1 does n matt]2 ! hi/orian too draws f su* s\rces4 ,nor c !ological k be less c]ta9 because v\*$ = by div9e au?ority3 x makes x ! m c]ta94 ,or is !re no div9e au?ority1 & c !re be none8 ,?is is exactly ! sil5t presumption1 :i* is ! basis ( ! *>ge aga9/ !ology4 ,b :]e is ! pro( = x8 ,x c only be demon/rat$ by d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a sup]mundane ,god2 =1 if !re is an ,almighty ,god1 !re c be no d\bt t ,he c give a ,revelation & dem& belief4 ,p]haps x may be said fur!r1 ! !ologian is n p]mitt$ to d\bt 8 doctr9es1 h5ce he is prohibit$ f exam9+ !m2 he surely _c be unprepossess$4 ,we c ref] to :at we h previ\sly said4 ,unprepossession dem&s b "o ?+1 namely1 n to assume some?+ z true & c]ta9 t is false or unprov$2 x dem&s /rong pro(s = any?+ t ne$s pro(4 ,we may safely ass]t t !re is no o!r sci5ce m exact+ 9 ?is respect ?an ,ca?olic !ology1 bo? ( ! pres5t & ( ! pa/4 ,x has n a s+le position t is n incessantly te/$ by attacks z to its t5ability4 ,any "o n unacqua9t$ ) !ology1 :o kn[s ! works ( ,/4 ,?omas & ( ! lat] !ologians1 ) _! exact me?ods ( ?9k+1 :o obs]ves ! consci5ti\s "w 9 ,ca?olic biblical-exegetic1 hi/orical-critical field1 mu/ be conv9c$ ( ! s]i\s atmosph]e ( tru? prevail+ "h4 ,unprepossession does n dem& to d\bt1 "t & aga91 t :i* has be5 positively prov$1 to r$iscov] x by new rese>*4 ,positive facts are no long] a subject = rese>*2 9 _! case rese>* has fully a*iev$ its end4 ,me?odical d\bt1 prop] 9 sci5tific exam9ation1 is prop] also 9 reg>d to religi\s tru?s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! latitude ( ! !ologian is mu* l>g] ?an presum$ by ^? :o d]ive _! in=mation solely f mod]n ass]tions ab\t dogmatic bondage4 ,"o may safely ass]t t ! fre$om ( movem5t ( ! ma!matician is m limit$ by 8 pr9ciples1 8 tra9 ( ?\ght m %>ply prescrib$1 ?an is ! case ) ! !ologian4 ,( c\rse ! !ologian is b\nd by ev]y?+ he f9ds infallibly e/abli%$ directly by revelation & by ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*2 or indirectly by ! concurr+ tea*+ ( ! ,fa!rs or ! !ologians2 he is b\nd also by non-infallible decisions1 especially ^? ( congregations1 ?\gh n absolutely & n irrevocably4 ,b ?is is only ! small] "p ( 8 prov9ce4 ,9 _m dep>tm5ts1 l ! "o ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 !re are almo/ no re/rictions to 8 rese>*1 except ^? impos$ by hi/orical facts4 ,canon law & simil> dep>tm5ts deal+ ) ! laws ( ! ,*ur*1 co9cide 9 me?od & lib]ty ( rese>* ) ! pr(ane sci5ce ( law4 ,( all dep>tm5ts ( !ology1 ! dogmatical is ! "o mo/ affect$ by ! au?ority ( fai?4 ,yet ev5 "h a great deal is left to unhamp]$ "w4 ,_m a void has to be fill$1 _m a "q solv$1 :i* ! !ology ( ! pa/ has nev] tak5 up2 ev5 ! def9$ tru?s /ill (f] a l>ge scope = p]sonal "w1 9 reg>d to demon/ration1 or to ! philosophic-speculative p5etration ( ! dogmas & _! int]pretation4 ,z a fact1 ! read] ( !ological lit]ature1 bo? old & new1 w1 9 a multitude ( cases1 meet ) unre/ra9$ individuality4 ,ecclesia/ical ,sup]vision ( ,tea*+4 ,! ,encyclica aga9/ ,mod]nism 7,septemb] #h1 #aijg7 gave rise to fe>s t any free movem5t w\ld h5ce=? be impossible = ,ca?olic !ology4 ,^! fe>s ref]r$ *iefly to ! discipl9>y measures1 prescrib$ by ! ,encyclical = ! purpose ( sup]vis+ !ological tea*+ 9 ea* diocese4 ,!n came ! papal ,motu ,proprio1 ( ,septemb] #a1 #aiaj1 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 requir$ ! tea*] ( !ology to confirm by oa? 8 confession ( ! ,cre$ & 8 int5tion to repudiate mod]ni/ic errors4 ,s9ce !n _m a compla9t has be5 he>d ab\t espionage & co]cion4 ,simil> compla9t1 ab\t an imm95t debasem5t ( ! ,*ur*1 has be5 rais$ :5ev] important measures 9 ! discipl9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 7 publi%$1 & !y emanat$ prim>ily f ! camp ( ! enemy4 ,x is n to be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t su* an en]getic call = wat*fulness & action1 issu$ f ! highe/ ecclesia/ical wat*t[]1 l ! "o ref]r$ to1 may lead 9 "s cases to anxiety & false suspicions4 ,?is is no d\bt regrettable2 b x is an incid5t common to human legislation & w surprise no "o :o has any exp]i5ce ( life4 ,a glance at ^! decrees w %[ t !y are no?+ m ?an an urg5t injunction1 & ! ex]cise ( t sup]vision ( religi\s life & tea*+ :i* p]ta9s to ! au?ority ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & :i* has be5 practis$ by h] at all times4 ,! language is urg5t1 x has a sev]ity :i* is s(t5$ 9 ! execution4 ,its explanation lies 9 ! em95t dang] ( ! mod]ni/ic movem5t to ! cont9uance ( ,ca?olic life4 ,mod]nism1 z describ$ & condemn$ by ! ,encyclica1 is no?+ less ?an ! absolute de/ruction ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,prote/ant !ologian1 ,pr(4 ,trlts*1 wrote aft] ! publication ( ! ,encyclica3 8,z view$ f ! position ( curialism & ( ! /rict ,ca?olic dogma1 !re exi/$ a real dang]4 ,ca?olicism _h gott5 into a /ate ( inn] f]m5tation1 correspond+ to ! same condition caus$ by mod]n !ology )9 ! ,prote/ant *ur*es40 ,! dang] ( ,mod]nism is (t5 enhanc$ by a deceptive semblance ( ! "r fai?1 & by ! pret5ce to urge only ! righte\s int]e/s ( mod]n progress aga9/ obsolete =ms ( ?\ght & life1 n[ & !n also by its secret propag&a4 ,h5ce ?is int]v5tion by a firm h&1 & ?is only aft] hav+ wait$ a long "t4 ,!y 7 measures ( prev5tion1 l ^? tak5 to /ave (f a s]i\s dang]2 ! tidal wave rec$+1 _! urg5cy disappe>s automatically4 ,! ,g]man bi%ops /at$ 9 _! pa/oral lett] ( ,decemb] #aj1 #aijg1 t 9 "s ,ca?olic lay-circles !re 0 uneas9ess ab\t ! ,encyclical1 fe>+ t x might endang] sci5tific endeav\r & indep5d5ce 9 ?\ght & rese>*1 & t ! ,*ur* int5d$ to prohibit or r5d] impossible co-op]ation 9 solv+ ! problems ( civilization4 8,may !y all recognize10 !y said1 8h[ gr\ndless su* fe>s are6 ,! ,*ur* desires to set b>s only to "o k9d ( fre$om--! fre$om to err40 ,if ! rules & precepts ( ! ,*ur* d s\nd h>% sometimes1 x is because ! ,*ur* adh]es unconditionally to ! pr9ciple3 ,! tru? above all4 8,! ,*ur* has at no "t oppos$ ! true progress ( civilization1 b only t :i* h9d]s its progress3 he$lessness1 ha/e1 ! mania = innovation1 ! morbid av]sion aga9/ ! tru? t comes f ,god4 ,b we ,ca?olic ,*ri/ians c jo9 free & unhamp]$1 ) all our /r5g? & tal5t1 9 ! peaceful /rife ( noble1 intellectual "w & g5u9e m5tal education40 ,! fe>s ( too great a pressure by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities h be5 giv5 tr5*ant expression 9 mo/ rec5t times by a man :o1 :ile /&+ outside ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 has always %[n himself well dispos$ t[>ds x1 namely1 ! not$ p$agogue1 ,fr4 ,w4 ,fr/] ( ,zuri*4 ,fr/] has won m]it & di/9ction by 8 manly & spirit$ def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian view 9 p$agogical sci5ce & m5tal culture4 ,9 ! book ref]r$ to he aga9 describes urg5tly ! wor?lessness & fatality ( mod]n individualism1 t kn[s a good deal ab\t fre$om b no?+ ( self-discipl9e1 nor ( au?ority or tradition1 & :i* repres5ts mo/ sup]ficial amateurism 9 ! doma9 ( religion & morals4 ,!n he turns to criticize ,*ur* practice2 & 8 criticism becomes a %>p accusation4 ,8 ma9 *>ge is 8fatal re/ra9t ( ! _s ( univ]sality40 8,"s gr\ps 9 ! ,*ur*10 he ass]ts1 8( m$iocre le>n+1 h e/abli%$ a clique rule1 "u :i* ! o!rs1 ! m creative & int5sive s\ls1 become ! victims ( intol]ance1 espionage1 & false suspicion02 8univ]sality1 :i* unites ! diff]5t m5tal t5d5cies1 has giv5 way to sep>ation02 8ev]y:]e a "o-sid$ d5unciatory in=mation ( ! lead+ circles by accid5tally rul+ gr\ps & factions2 anxi\s intol]ance = ev]y?+ unusual1 discipl9>y au/]ity & un9tellig5t p$antry1 individuali/ic & un*ri/ian _s ( di/ru/ & mutual espionage02 8levell+ ( ! m5tal life02 8"o is tir$10 we are told1 8( ! _s ( incessant discipl9+02 8( ! inv>iable cold & disda9ful =bidd+ & repression40 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & e>li] times x 0 diff]5t2 !n 8univ]sality 0 ! rul+ _s1 ! work+ ( ! _m into a unit full ( life2 ?is policy 0 *ang$ = no o!r reason ?an because ( ! /ruggle ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ ,prote/antism40 8,! greate/ h>m t ,ca?olicism suff]$ by ! great rupture ( ! sixte5? c5tury is mo/ likely se5 9 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,*ur* to view !nce=? religi\s fre$om )9 ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity ) an anxi\s1 ev5 ho/ile eye40 ,read]s ( ! lit]ature ( ! day w recognize "h views (t5 met ) dur+ ! la/ ye>s1 & ! same excit$ note1 :i* is q 9 contra/ to ! ev5 temp] t ord9>ily *>act]izes ,fr/]'s books4 ,b :at ! read] w n f9d /at$ are ! pro(s = ^! enorm\s accusations4 ,und5iably1 ?+s h happ5$ 9 ! wide range ( ecclesia/ical au?ority t _c be approv$4 ,b :]e are ! facts t w\ld ju/ify *>ges ( su* sweep+ nature8 ,a ,prote/ant au?or c h>dly be presum$ to possess su* a direct & positive insight into ! ecclesia/ical practice ( ! high] & ! highe/ ord]1 to give conv9c+ /r5g? to 8 b>e ass]tion4 ,or is ! numb] ( dissatisfi$ voices t make ^! *>ges suffici5t pro( 9 itself8 ,if ! ecclesia/ical au?ority be all[$1 n[ & !n1 to em]ge f its passiv5ess to take measures aga9/ dang]\s doctr9al t5d5cies1 is x n to be expect$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t "s m9ds become disgruntl$ & compla9 ab\t oppression & clique rule8 ,or mu/ t "r be d5i$ ! ,*ur* altoge!r8 ,fr/] says himself3 8,! _s ( dignity & responsibility has nev] rul$ all p>ts ( ! hi]>*y 9 ! same measure z n[1 & r>ely if ev] 7 !re f\nd 9 its lead+ circles s _m m5 lead+ an almo/ holy life z at pres5t40 ,& yet we are ask$ to believe t x 0 res]v$ exactly = ?is wor?y hi]>*y1 & = ^! sa9tly m51 to =get ! traditions ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! mo/ irresponsible mann]4 ,"o w h to say3 8,if ,fr/] w\ld exam9e )\t bias ! situation & apply consi/5tly 9 respect to au?ority ! pr9ciples t he himself def5ds1 he w\ld be conv9c$ t ! ,*ur* c\ld n h act$ any diff]5tly ?an x did 9 reg>d to ! regrettable ev5ts ( ! la/ ye>s1 & t x has ev] be5 ! aim ( ! ,*ur*1 be=e ! sixte5? c5tury z aft]1 to gu>d c>efully ! purity ( traditions ( fai? aga9/ any attack0 7,pr(4 ,g4 ,re9hold 9 a review ( ,fr/]'s book74 ,! ,*ur* has nev] kn[n a univ]sality t did n oppose doctr9al errors4 ,! ,middle ,ages did n "k x2 "o ne$ only read ! _m condemnations f ,ni*olas ,i4 to ,innoc5t ,,viii42 nor 0 su* a univ]sality kn[n to ! great ,c\ncils ( anci5t ,*ri/ianity up to ! ,nican1 :i* hurl$ its ana!ma aga9/ num]\s tea*+s t oppos$ no dogmas def9$ at t "t2 nor did ! ,holy ,fa!rs "k su* a univ]sality1 nor ! ,apo/les1 ) _! /rict admonitions ( unity ( fai?4 ,! reply is made1 ! 8,*ur* mu/ n yield ! lea/ ( its fundam5tal tru?s10 t 8its c5traliz+ p[] ought to rema9 )9 ! region ( ! mo/ ess5tial02 :]eas %e actually ex]cises x 9 ! doma9 ( ! incid5tal4 ,! ecclesia/ical sup]vision ( tea*+ has nev] limit$ itself to ! mo/ ess5tial1 nor w\ld ?is practice ev] accompli% ! object to pres]ve pure ! doctr9e ( fai?4 ,fur!rmore1 :at is ! 8mo/ ess5tial0 :at is ! 8incid5tal08 ,fr/]'s book does n in=m u ab\t ?is mo/ important "q4 ,! views aga9/ :i* ! ,*ur* has made front 9 ! la/ ye>s1 d !y relate only to ! incid5tal8 ,does ?is apply to ! doctr9es ( a ,rosm9i & ,lam5nais1 :o are ref]r$ to 9 pass+8 ,no well-in=m$ !ologian w ass]t ?is4 ,we %all h>dly be wrong 9 assum+ t ! *>ge ( ov]/ra9+ ! ecclesia/ical au?ority is bas$ ^u a presumption ( a philosophical nature1 :i* is 9 evid5ce 9 sev]al o!r passages ( ! book--on ! view1 namely1 t 9 religion ! intellectual mom5t %\ld rec$e be=e ! my/ical1 be=e anticipation & inn] exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce ! sev]e c5sure ( 8! n>r[ autocracy ( ! intellectual int]pretation0 aga9/ ! 8prepond]ance ( ! intellectual contemplation0 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* is said to h become s preval5t z to ex]t unavoidably a p>alyz+ effect ^u ! entire religi\s life4 ,"h we h ! result ( ! notion t !ory ( life1 religion1 & fai?1 dep5d b little on rational k4 ,?is notion is also 9 accord ) ! argum5t ab\t ! impossibility ( an indep5d5t sci5tific e?ics4 ,we h discuss$ ?is else:]e4 ,we demon/rat$ t religion & fai? relate to positive tru?s t c be realiz$1 & t c !re=e be accurately def9$2 !y mu/ be s def9$4 ,( c\rse ?is realization ne$ n be a sci5tific "o1 x c be ( ! natural k9d t is n cle>ly consci\s ( its reasons4 ,fr/]1 too1 t\*es ^u ?is important di/9ction :5 quot+ ,saits*ick3 8,! inn] p]ception ov]t[]s feel+ & logical reason--"h1 too1 lies ! s\rce ( a light %9+ bright]1 /rong]1 & incomp>ably m true ?an any light ( reason02 & aga91 :5 8 advice is1 to fo/] to a great] ext5t ! 8inn] p]ception40 ,:at is felt "h vaguely has long s9ce be5 express$ mu* m lucidly 9 ,*ri/ian philosophy4 ,c]ta9ly a view t fails to lay1 fir/ ( all1 absolute /ress on ! protection ( ! doctr9e ( fai? _c und]/& ! ,ca?olic po9t ( view2 x w assume only too easily t ! sup]vision relates to incid5tals4 ,x w also eng5d] a criticism aga9/ :i* ! ,*ur* may rightly prote/1 because x />ts f presumptions t d n apply to ! ,*ur*4 ,no "o w be a/oni%$ to f9d a ,prote/ant au?or lack+ ! cl>ifi$ conception ( ! sup]natural "* ( ! ,*ur* t is possess$ by ! ,ca?olic2 to see him view ! ,*ur* almo/ inv>iably 9 ! light ( a human organization1 simil> to ! ,prote/ant d5om9ations :i* he may cite be=e ! c\rt ( 8 individual reason & =ce to b[ "u ! yoke ( 8 criticism4 ,! ,ca?olic has a bett] und]/&+ ( ! words3 8,i am ) y all days1 ev5 unto ! consummation ( ! _w40 ,!re w be =eign to 8 m9d ! idea t ! ,*ur* has s9ce ! days ( ,re=mation1 = n[ ne>ly f\r c5turies1 deviat$ f ! "r way1 & deg5]at$ m & m to a sep>ati/ic & insignificant community2 a *ur* able to =get its traditions to ! ext5t ( grossly misconceiv+ its prop] sph]e ( au?ority1 & fett]+ itself 9 a n>r[ _s to incid5tals1 c\ld n keep 8 confid5ce any long]4 ,! ,oa? ,aga9/ ,mod]nism4 ,! ,motu ,proprio ( ,septemb] #a1 #aiaj1 decre$ t tea*]s ( !ology1 & also ,ca?olic prie/s g5]ally1 _h to b9d !mselves by oa? to reject mod]ni/ic h]esies1 & to accept ob$i5tly ! ecclesia/ical precepts4 ,disp5s$ f ?is pl$ge 7 only ! pr(essors ( !ology at /ate in/itutions1 to sp>e !m difficulties ) /ate au?orities4 ,?is anti-mod]ni/ oa? at once became ! signal = a /orm ( indignation1 ?an :i* !re has be5 h>dly a great] "o s9ce ! days ( ! ,vatican ,c\ncil4 ,a cry 0 rais$ = fre$om ( sci5ce1 = ! exclusion ( !ological faculties1 ev5 = ano!r 8,kulturkampf40 ,! ,g5]al ,conv5tion ( ,g]man college pr(essors1 held at ,leipzig ,janu>y #g1 #aiaa1 issu$ a decl>ation to ! effect t 8,all ^? :o h tak5 ! anti-mod]ni/ oa? h !reby express$ _! r5unciation ( an indep5d5t recognition ( tru? & ( ! ex]cise ( _! sci5tific conviction1 h5ce !y h =feit$ all claim to be consid]$ indep5d5t sci5ti/s40 ,int]pellations 7 made 9 legislative bodies1 x 0 dem&$ t ! option ( tak+ ! oa? %\ld be tak5 away f univ]sity pr(essors1 because 8! dignity ( ! univ]sities w\ld be l[]$ if _! memb]s _h ! opportunity to b9d !mselves by su* an oa?40 ,ev5 ?reats 7 made by /atesm51 h9t+ at reprisals by ! /ate1 because its int]e/s 7 be+ jeop>diz$1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 ^? :o decl>$3 8,if ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ?9ks x necess>y = h] ecclesia/ical & religi\s int]e/s to put h] s]vants "u oa?1 x is h] own bus9ess2 nei!r ! /ate nor ! ,evangelical ,*ur* h a "r to int]f]e0 7,prime ,m9i/] ,be?mann-,hollweg1 9 ! ,prussian ,diet1 on ,m>* #g1 #aiaa74 ,! agitation ( ! m9ds w soon subside1 z on =m] occasions ( ?is k9d2 &1 ) calm re/or$1 p w f9d1 z ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te told ! impulsive ,f4 ,nicolai1 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago1 t ! fact has only j be5 discov]$ t ! ,ca?olics are ,ca?olic4 ,yes1 inde$1 ! ,ca?olics are ,ca?olic1 & desire to rema9 ,ca?olic--?is & no?+ else is ! gi/ ( ! anti-mod]ni/ oa?4 ,x does n oblige to any?+ else b :at 0 believ$ & adh]$ to be=e4 ,x obliges to accept ! doctr9es ( fai?2 b !y are ! old tru?s ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 prop\nd$ & believ$ at all times1 & ! necess>y inf]5ces f !m4 ,ev5 ! proposition t tru?s ( fai? c nev] be contradict$ by ! results ( hi/orical rese>*1 or by human sci5ce 9 g5]al1 is z old z fai? itself4 ,9 addition1 ! oa? av[s ob$i5t submission to ,*ur* precepts2 b ?is has be5 dem&$ = c5turies by ! pr(essio fidei ,trid5t9a1 a pl$ge by oa? to :i* e pr(essor ( !ology has be5 be=e oblig$3 ,apo/olicas et ecclesia/icas traditiones reliquasque eiusdem ,ecclesiae obs]vationes et con/itutiones firmissime admitto et amplector4 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( all compet5t judges on ?is !ological "q4 8,we are conv9c$10 decl>$ correctly a prom95t !ological in/itution1 8t !re is n assum$ by ?is oa? any obligation new 9 subject1 & no obligation n already exi/+4 ,! oa? is b ! affirmation ( a duty already impos$ by consci5ce0 7! pr(essors ( ,!ology ( ,pad]born1 ,decemb] #ab1 #aiaj74 ,! ,breslau faculty said1 9 ! same s5se3 8,! faculty does n see 9 ! s-call$ anti-mod]ni/ oa? any new obligation1 nor "o exce$+ ! rule ( fai? ev] adh]$ to by ! faculty40 ,& ?is decl>ation 0 fully approv$ ( by ,rome4 ,c>d9al ,kopp1 at ! session ( ! ,g]man ,upp] ,h\se on ,april #g1 #aiaa1 comm5t$ on ^! /atem5ts z foll[s3 8,aga9/ ! op9ions ( ^! circles 7hav+ a diff]5t op9ion ( ! oa?7 ,i set ! te/imony & ! /atem5t ( ! mo/ compet5t p1 to wit1 ! pr(essors ( univ]sity faculties & also ^? at episcopal sem9>ies4 ,^? :o h tak5 ! oa?1 z well z ^? :o h refra9$ f x by ! privilege grant$ !m by ! ,holy ,see1 !y bo? decl>e positively t ! oa? does n conta9 any new obligations1 nor does x impose new duties on !m2 h5ce t1 on ! contr>y1 !y are n imp$$ 9 ! pursuit ( _! tasks z tea*]s & ( _! sci5tific "w ( rese>*4 ,n[1 g5tlem51 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be prop] to ins9uate t ^! e>ne/ m51 appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 or at lea/ 9 (fice by its cons5t1 w\ld make ?is decl>ation aga9/ _! conviction & n 9 full s9c]ity40 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ( ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,ca?olic prie/s h>dly a h&ful h refus$ ! oa?4 ,nor is !re any?+ new 9 ! obligation to swe> & subscribe 9 writ+ to a confession ( cre$4 ,v (t5 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies decrees ( cre$ & symbols _h to be subscrib$ to 9 writ+4 ,9 ! days ( ,jans5ism1 :5 prie/s 7 requir$ to swe> to & sign a /atem5t1 _m ,jans5i/s tri$ to dodge ?is oa?1 & ! ,jans5i/ ,rac9e compla9$ t ?is dem& 0 unhe>d-( 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,!reupon ! le>n$ !ologian ,t\rnely & o!rs cit$ a numb] ( examples ( ?is k9d f ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e ! anti-mod]ni/ oa? has n creat$ any?+ new4 ,consequ5tly x has n *ang$ any?+ 9 reg>d to ! fre$om ( !ological rese>*4 ,x is ! same z be=e2 nor has ! oa? *ang$ any?+ 9 ! quality ( !ological pr(essors1 !y m]ely promise to be :at !y mu/ be anyway2 nor c1 = in/ance1 ! oa? induce ! ,ca?olic prie/1 9 tea*+ pr(ane hi/ory1 to pres5t ! hi/ory ( ! ,re=mation 9 a diff]5t light ?an be=e1 & ?us r5d] him unfit to tea* hi/ory2 ! oa? has creat$ no new1 confessional diff]5ces1 h5ce has giv5 no ju/ifi$ cause = excitem5t--provid$ "o has ! ne$$ !ological compreh5sion ( ! oa?4 ,if "o has n ?is insight1 & w n tru/ to in=mation f a compet5t s\rce1 !n x w be ! act ( prud5ce to leave ! te/ to ! future2 & we c await ?is te/ s]5ely4 ,we ref]r$ above to ! decl>ation ( ,g]man college tea*]s1 to ! effect t all :o h tak5 ! oa? h !reby express$ _! r5unciation ( indep5d5t cognition ( tru?4 ,^! /]eotyp$ ideas we h s (t5 he>d1 ) ! same haz9ess & inconsi/5cy4 8,because !y h !reby express$ ! r5unciation ( indep5d5t cognition ( ! tru?10 namely1 by ! acceptance ( c]ta9 doctr9es4 ,b is n e "o :o cl+s to 8 ,*ri/ian belief b\nd by ?is v fact to c]ta9 doctr9es8 ,does e "o :o /ill prays 8 ,cr$o express ! r5unciation ( 8 indep5d5ce8 ,if ! argum5t quot$ is to mean any?+ at all1 x means ! full rejection ( all ,*ri/ian duty to believe2 inde$1 ?is is ! real s5se ( ?is 8indep5d5t recognition ( tru?10 z we h already se54 ,b _c "s "o1 because ( 8 conviction1 r5\nce ?is indep5d5ce & believe1 & 9 ?is conviction accept ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*8 ,if ?is conviction is 81 & he affirms x by oa?1 h[ c any "o see 9 ?is oa? a want ( fre$om1 nay1 a r5unciation ( tru?8 ,if an a!i/ solemnly decl>$ 8 int5tion to be & to rema9 an a!i/1 he w\ld h>dly be accus$ ( lack ( "* by ! advocates ( mod]n fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,! judge1 ! milit>y (fic]1 ! memb] ( a legislature1 ! pr(essor1 :o mu/ all take ! oa? ( allegiance1--all ( ^! w h to be protect$ aga9/ ! ins9uation ( disloyalty to tru?4 ,if a man affirms by oa? 8 unalt]able ,ca?olic fai?1 he is )\t any hesitation accus$ ( untru?fulness4 ,! gov]nm5t has be5 urg$ to =bid ?is spontane\s ex]cise ( ,ca?olic s5tim5t4 ,! inconsi/5cy ( mod]n cat*-phrases c h>dly be giv5 m dra/ic expression4 ,9 ord] to gu>d ! fre$om ( ?\ght ! gov]nm5t is to =bid "o f pl$g+ himself to 8 own pr9ciples2 9 ord] to rema9 an indep5d5t ?9k] a man mu/ be =c$ by p5al /atute to confess unconditionally ! br& ( free sci5ce prescrib$ by a c]ta9 s*ool & by no means h an op9ion ( 8 own2 9 ord] to be free 9 8 rese>* ! tea*] 9 !ology mu/ be ti$ to ! cat*-phrases ( lib]al philosophy4 ,?is is mod]n fre$om1 a hybrid ( fre$om & bondage1 ( sophi/ry & contradiction1 ( arrogance & b>r5ness ( ?\ght1 :i* w ex]t its rule ov] ! m9ds z long z !y are guid$ by half-?9k+4 ,bonds ( ,love1 n ( ,s]vitude4 ,p to ^: m9d ,ca?olic ?9k+ is =eign w nev] be able to appreciate ! en]getic activity ( ! ,*ur* au?ority4 ,on close exam9ation1 h[ev]1 !y w n d5y t1 if ! ,*ri/ian treasure ( fai? is to be pres]v$ undim9i%$1 if 9 ! hopeless confusion & ! un/eady vacillation ( op9ions 9 our days !re is to be left any:]e a safe place = tru? & unity ( fai?1 ?is _c be accompli%$ o!rwise ?an 9 ! %ape ( a /rong au?ority t has ! assurance ( ! aid ( ,god4 ,! ,ca?olic !ologian may be p]mitt$ to po9t 9 exemplify+ ?is fact to ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,prote/antism & ( its !ology4 ,prote/antism does n ackn[l$ge a tea*+ au?ority3 its !ology dem&s complete fre$om ( rese>* & tea*+1 mak+ ! mo/ ext5sive use ( bo?4 ,! result is ! demoralization ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* is spe$+ ) frightfully accel]at$ /eps to total annihilation4 ,! v dang] :i* ,mod]nism ?reat5$ to c>ry into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has ov]:elm$ ,prote/ant !ology3 ! metaphysical ideas ( a mod]n philosophy p5etrat$ x )\t *eck1 & kill$ its ,*ri/ian sub/ance4 ,! measures aga9/ ,mod]nism 7 %>ply criticiz$ by _m ,prote/ants :o1 at ! same "t1 laid /ress ^u ! fact t no?+ ( ! sort c\ld happ5 among !mselves4 ,inde$ x c\ld n1 at lea/ n consi/5tly ) ,prote/ant pr9ciple4 ,b !re is n a s+le fact 9 all hi/ory :i* demon/rates m cle>ly ! necessity ( ! ,ca?olic au?ority ( fai?1 ?an j ! condition ( ,prote/antism at ! pres5t "t4 ,on ! "p ( believ+ ,prote/ants ?is is admitt$1 if n expressly1 !n at lea/ 9 practice4 ,to /em ! de/ructive "w ( lib]al !ology !y resort to au?ority2 invoke ,evangelical =mulas ( confession1 ! traditional doctr9e1 sometimes ev5 ! aid ( ! /ate2 neological prea*]s are discipl9$ by c5sures1 ev5 by dismissal1 aga9/ ! l\d prote/ ( ! lib]als4 ,su* action is easily und]/&able2 "o _c he> )\t sadness ! cry = help ( pi\s ,prote/antism1 a cry t gr[s m desp]ate e day2 "o _c help regrett+ its =lorn situation 9 view ( ! millions ( s\ls ^: salvation is jeop>diz$1 :o are 9 dang] ( be+ despoil$ ( ! la/ rema9s ( _! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is cry = au?ority & ob$i5ce signifies ! ab&on+ ( ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple1 & ! involunt>y imitation & !re=e ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple--= ! ,ca?olic an inc5tive to cleave ! m closely to 8 ,*ur*4 ,_m to :om ! ,ca?olic way ( ?9k+ is =eign1 look ^u ! duty ( ob$i5ce :i* ties ! ,ca?olic to 8 ,*ur* z a sort ( s]vitude2 to ! ,ca?olic x is ! tie ( love1 unit+ free p to a sacr$ au?ority4 ,_m look ^u ! ,*ur* ( ,rome z a tyrannical curia1 :]e ,umbrian prelates are crack+ _! :ips ov] millions ( s]vile & ignorant s\ls2 to ! ,ca?olic ! ,*ur* is ! div9ely appo9t$ in/itution ( tru?1 t possesses 8 fulle/ confid5ce4 ,he kn[s t hi/ory has giv5 ! mo/ magnific5t ju/ification to ! ,ca?olic pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,op9ions h come & gone1 sy/ems 7 born & h di$1 ?rones ( le>n+ rose & fell2 only "o t[]+ m5tal /ructure rema9$ /&+ ^u ! rock ( ,god-f\nd$ au?ority 9 ! va/ field ( ru9s ) its wrecks ( human wisdom4 ,& its anci5t ,cr$o1 pray$ by all nations1 is ! same ,cr$o once pray$ by ! m>tyrs4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,!ology ,& ,univ]sity4 8,he is n = our turn1 & he is contr>y to our do+s02 ?us spoke 9 bygone ages ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w4 8,let u !re=e lie 9 wait = ! j4444 ,he boa/e? t he ha? ! k ( ,god & calle? himself ! ,son ( ,god0 7,wisdom ii1 #ab seq474 ,c5turies lat] ! *ildr5 ( ! _w treat$ 9 ! same mann] ,god's ,son & ,8 doctr9e4 ,& 9 ^! days1 :5 ! sci5ce ( ! fai? is to be driv5 f ! rooms ( ! s*ool1 let u recall t 9 old5 times ! *ildr5 ( ! _w plann$ simil>ly4 ,9 ! days :5 ! private & public life ( ,europe's nations 0 p]meat$ ) ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & _! ideas 7 /ill c5tr$ 9 ,god & et]nity1 !n ! sci5ce ( ! fai? 0 held to be ! highe/ among ! sci5ces1 n only by rank b 9 fact4 ,& :51 9 ! budd+ desire = k1 !y erect$ univ]sities1 ! fir/ & l>ge/ ( !m1 ,p>is ,univ]sity1 0 to be ! pre-em95t home ( !ology1 & :]ev] !ology jo9$ ) ! o!r sci5ces x receiv$ fir/ hon\rs4 ,?us x 0 9 ! days ( yore1 & = a long "t4 ,! secul> t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght l$ to ! gradual emancipation ( sci5ce f religion2 unavoidably1 its av]sion = a sup]natural view ( ! _w soon turn$ aga9/1 & dem&$ ! removal (1 ! sci5ce repres5t+ t view4 ,reasons = ! dem& 7 soon f\nd4 ,?us ! removal ( !ology f ! univ]sity has become "p & p>cel ( ! sy/em ( ideas ( ! unbeliev+ mod]n man2 ! lib]al press exploits ! idea :5ev] occasion (f]s4 ,resolutions to ?is effect are introduc$ 9 p>liam5ts & diets1 meet+s ( "y /ud5ts are e*o+ ! ideas he>d else:]e4 ,no wond] t ! ,portuguese revolution ( #aiaj _h no?+ m urg5t to d ?an to close ! !ological faculty at ,portugal's only univ]sity4 ,:at are ! reasons advanc$8 ,_m are advanc$2 ! ma9 reason is usually disguis$2 we %all treat ( x :5 conclud+4 ,9 ! fir/ place we are aga9 met by ! old tune ( free sci5ce1 :i* has be5 9 our e>s s long2 ! rooms ( ! colleges1 x is said1 are de/9$ = a rese>* :i* seeks tru? ) an undimm$ eye1 & n = bl9dfold$ sci5ce conf9$ to a prescrib$ pa?4 ,no ne$ to wa/e words on ?is4 ,j "o m ref]5ce may be p]mitt$ u1 namely1 to ! /udy ( law4 ,!re is h>dly ano!r sci5ce ) less latitude ?an ! sci5ce ( law4 ,its task is n to d\bt ! ju/ification ( /ate laws1 b to look ^u con/itutions & /atutes z e/abli%$1 to expla9 !m1 & by do+ s to tra9 effici5t (ficials & adm9i/rators ( ! law4 ,:5 expla9+ ! civil code ! tea*] ( law has small opportunity = pursu+ 8free se>* aft] tru?02 nei!r w 8 pupil be te/$ at exam9ations 9 ! maxims ( a free rese>* t accepts no tradition2 he w h to prove 8 k ( ! matt] t _h be5 giv5 to him4 ,yet no "o has ev] object$ to ! tea*+ ( jurisprud5ce at ! univ]sity4 ,!re=e ! objection _c be valid t !ology is re/rict$ to ! e/abli%$ doctr9es ( its religion & has to transmit !m )\t *ange to its future s]vants4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t our univ]sities are n int5d$ = rese>* only1 b also1 & *iefly1 = tra9+ c&idates = ! pr(essions4 ,?is disposes at ! same "t ( ! objection t !ology has to s]ve ecclesia/ical purposes outside ( & =eign to sci5ce4 ,religi\s sci5ce1 l any o!r sci5ce1 s]ves ! desire t /rives = tru?4 ,true1 x s]ves also = ! practical tra9+ ( ! cl]gyman = 8 vocation4 ,b %all we elim9ate f sci5ce ! int]e/s ( practical life8 ,!n m$ic9e & legal sci5ce w\ld also h to be exclud$1 & = ^! !re w\ld be plant$ only /]ile !ories1 & ! univ]sities trans=m$ into a place ( ab/ract intellectualism4 ,aga9 x is argu$ t religion & fai? are n really cognition & k1 b only ! products ( s5tim5t1 & h5ce !ology has no claim to a place among ! sci5ces2 t religion c only be a subject = psy*ology :i* lays b>e its roots 9 ! human he>t1 & a subject = ! hi/ory ( religion1 to trace its hi/orical =ms & to /udy its laws ( evolution--sci5ces :i* belong to ! philosophical faculty4 ,?us we come back to ! pr9ciples ( an errone\s !ory ( k4 ,no ne$ to demon/rate aga9 t ! ,*ri/ian belief is built ^u ! cle> p]ception ( reason1 & t x is n a s5tim5tal b a rational function4 ,b has n ! ,*ur* h] !ological sem9>ies8 ,let !ology seek refuge !re6 ,we answ] ! ,*ur* h]self desires ?is2 %e does n l !ological faculties1 !y are 9 h] eyes a dang] to ! fai?4 ,n[1 if ! ,*ur* w\ld be depriv$ ( h] au?oritative influ5ce ^u ! appo9tm5t ( pr(essors at !ological faculties & ^u ! subject ( _! tea*+s1 consequ5tly1 if !re w\ld be jeop>diz$ ! purity ( belief ( ! c&idates = prie/hood1 & ?r\gh !m ( ! p1 !n1 we admit1 ! ,*ur* w\ld r =ego !ological faculties at /ate-univ]sities4 ,?is c\ld n be done )\t consid]able injury to ! public pre/ige ( ! ,*ur*1 to h] contact ) worldly sci5ces & _! repres5tatives & disciples1 ev5 to ! sci5tific /udy ( !ology4 ,9 ! latt] p>ticul>ly by ! loss ( ! great] res\rces ( ! /ate1 & by ! abs5ce ( inducem5t to sci5tific aim1 :i* is m urg5t = !ologians ?an = o!rs at college4 ,nei!r w\ld ! /ate escape injury1 because ( ! op5 slight & h>m to religion1 & ( less5+ its contact ) ! mo/ influ5tial body 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries4 ,b if ! ,*ur* is assur$ ( h] prop] influ5ce on ! faculties1 %e has no reason = an unfri5dly attitude t[>d !m4 ,! object ! ,*ur* seeks to a*ieve 9 h] sem9>ies is ! cl]ical education ( h] c&idates1 _! ascetic tra9+1 ! introduction into a life ( recollection & pray]1 into an ord] ( life befitt+ prie/s2 ?is _c be suffici5tly done 9 ! free life at ! univ]sity4 ,?is is n a b> to sci5tific in/ruction by ! !ological faculty4 ,sem9>y & faculty supplem5t "o ano!r4 ,we see v frequ5tly1 at ,rome & outside ( ,rome1 ! !ological s*ool sep>at$ f ! sem9>y ) ! approval ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b all ^! objections d n give ! real reason1 ! roots lie deep]4 ,:5 ! ,div9e ,f\nd] ( our ,religion /ood be=e ! tribunal ( ,judea ,he said3 8,my k+dom is n ( ?is _w3 if my k+dom 7 ( ?is _w1 s]vants w\ld /rive = me40 ,?is 0 ! :ole explanation ( :y ,he /ood !re accus$4 ,! gu>dian ( ! doctr9e ( h] ,ma/] may use ^! words to expla9 ! fact t1 9 ! eyes ( _m1 %e /&s to-day accus$ & defam$4 ,! m9d ( mod]n man has =sak5 ! _w ( ! ,div9e & ,et]nal2 no long] is he a s]vant ( ?is k+dom4 ,8 ideals are n ,god & ,heav51 b he himself & ?is _w2 n ! s]vice ( ,god1 b human rights & human dignity4 ,?is view ( ! _w1 :i* _c grasp ! wisdom ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & :i* takes (f5ce at ! ,cross1 also takes (f5ce at a sci5ce t confesses z ! l(tie/ ideal ,jesum ,*ri/um1 et hunc crucifixum4 ,! real k]nel ( ! "q is3 ,does ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 its entirety /ill s]ve ! purpose ( to-day--or does x n8 is x to rema9 ) u1 ! religion :]e9 our fa!rs f\nd ! gratification ( _! highe/ m5tal aims1 ! religion t gave ,europe its civilization & culture1 t creat$ its sup]ior m5tal life1 & /ill rules x to ?is h\r8 ,or %all religion be expell$ by a return to a hea!ndom :i* ,*ri/ianity _h ov]?r[n8 8,we d n want ,him to rule ov] u0--!re is ! real reason = ! mod]n antipa?y to ,ca?olic !ology4 ,else1 :5ce ! excit$ dem& = its removal8 ,because x is sup]flu\s8 ,ev5 if ?is 7 ! fact1 !re is _m a category ( (ficials1 ! little ne$ ( :i* c be demon/rat$ )\t difficulty1 yet no "o gr[s excit$ ab\t x2 _m exp5ditures by ! /ate are r sup]flu\s1 yet !re is no indignation4 ,no1 ! matt] at issue is n s mu* ! sci5tific "* ( !ology1 nor misgiv+s ab\t its progress or its fre$om2 ! real "q is ?is3 ,d we ,desire to ,rema9 ,*ri/ians8 ,= if we /ill recognize ! ,*ri/ian religion z ! /&>d = our ?\ght1 if we are p]suad$ t x mu/ rema9 ! f\ndation ( our life1 !n !re c be no d\bt t its facts1 its tru?s1 & /&>ds ( life require sci5tific pres5tation2 !n x _c be disput$ t ?is sci5ce is entitl$ to a place alongside ( ! sci5ce ( law1 ( *emi/ry1 or ,indology4 ,inde$1 !n x mu/ assume ! fir/ place 9 ! sy/em ( sci5ces4 ,surely a sci5ce ranks ! high]1 ! high] its object & its s\rces1 ! sur] its results1 & ! great] its significance = ! mo/ exalt$ aim ( mank9d4 ,! subject ( !ology is ,god & ,8 works1 ! ultimate causes ( all ?+s 9 ,god's et]nal plan ( ! univ]se1 ! 8wisdom ( ,god 9 a my/]y1 a wisdom :i* is hidd51 :i* ,god orda9$ be=e ! _w1 unto our glory0 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #g74 ,!re=e x is wisdom2 = 8! sci5ce ( ?+s div9e is sci5ce prop]0 7,augu/9us1 ,de ,tr9it4 xii1 #ad74 ,a sci5ce1 hav+ z its subject ,greek ar*itecture1 geography1 or physical law1 may claim respect1 yet x mu/ /ep back be=e a sci5ce ( ,religion1 t rises to ! highe/ sph]e ( tru? by a p[] ( flight t p>ticipates 9 ! omnisci5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/2 = su* is ! fai?4 ,= ?is reason its results1 9 s f> z !y re/ on fai?1 are m c]ta9 ?an ! results ( all o!r sci5ces4 ,f9ally1 ! aims ( life :i* !ology s]ves are n physical heal? or advantages 9 ! ext]nal life1 b ! k ( ,god1 ! spread ( ,8 k+dom on e>?1 & ! et]nal goal ( all human life4 ,s long z ! ,*ri/ian religion is ! valu$ possession ( ! p ( a c\ntry1 & ! roots ( _! lives re/ m 9 ,*ri/ianity ?an 9 ma!matics1 a/rophysics1 or ,egyptology1 s long is ! sci5ce ( religion entitl$ to a seat at ! he>? ( ! sci5ces2 & ! p1 !n1 h ! "r to dem& t ! s]vants ( religion get _! education at ! place :]e ! o!r lead+ pr(essions get _! tra9+4 ,if ! /ate consid]s x its duty to tra9 tea*]s ( hi/ory & physics = ! b5efit ( its citiz51 !n x is /ill m its duty to help 9 ! education ( ! s]vants ( religion1 :o are call$ ^u to c>e = m important int]e/s ( ! p & /ate ?an all ! re/ ( ! pr(essions4 ,let u consid] ! task ( univ]sities4 ,z e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntries ( c5tral ,europe1 !y are de/9$ to fo/] sci5ce 9 ! wide/ s5se1 & to educate ! lead+ pr(essions3 to be ! he>? = ! sum total ( m5tal endeav\r1 ?is is _! vocation2 h5ce all ?+s t conta9 tru? & h educational value %\ld jo9 h&s "h4 ,to elim9ate ! sci5ce ( ! highe/ sph]e ( k w\ld be tantam\nt to a mutilation ( ! univ]sity4 ,"h all b\ghs & bran*es ( human k %\ld be unit$ into a l>ge organism1 ( unity & community ( "w1 ( giv+ & tak+ ,!ology ne$s = auxili>ies o!r sci5ces1 su* z pr(ane hi/ory & philology1 ,assyriology & ,egyptology1 psy*ology & m$ic9e4 ,9 turn x (f]s indisp5sable aid to hi/ory & o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 x gu>ds ! e?ical & ideal pr9ciples ( e sci5ce1 & cr[ns !m by t5d]+ to !m ! mo/ exalt$ ?\ghts4 ,"h is ! place ( education = ! judge & (ficial1 = ! physician & tea*]2 h5ce x %\ld be ! place also = ! education ( ! s]vant ( ! *ief spiritual p[]1 religion4 ,! univ]sity %\ld unite all active m5tal p[]s t lift man above ! commonplace4 ,b is !re any /rong] m5tal p[] ?an religion8 ,x is ! olde/ & mightie/ factor 9 m5tal life2 x is z natural to man z ! fl[] is to ! field2 8 m9d gravitates to a religi\s re/+ place1 :5ce he may view "t & et]nity1 :]e he may re/4 ,!re=e religion dem&s a sci5ce t inquires into its sub/ance1 its ju/ification1 its effect on ?\ght & life4 ,man /rives to give to himself an acc\nt ( ev]y?+1 b mo/ ( all ( :at is =emo/ 9 8 m9d4 ,a sy/em ( sci5ces )\t !ology w\ld be l an uncomplet$ t[]1 l a body )\t a head4 ,! hi/ory ( !ology dates back to ! v beg9n+ ( sci5ce & culture4 ,if we trace ! olde/ philosophy we f9d z its />t+ po9t !ological rese>* & k4 ,orpheus & ,hesiod1 :o sang ( ! gods1 & ! sages ( ! olde/ my/]ies1 7 call$ !ologians2 ,plut>* sees 9 ! !ologians ( pa/ ages ! olde/ philosoph]s1 9 ! philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 ! desc5dants ( ! !ologians2 ,plato d]ives philosophy f ! tea*]s ( !ology4 ,ev5 m prom95tly 0 religi\s /udy & k responsible = ,h9doo1 ,*aldean1 & ,egyptian philosophy4 ,0 x res]v$ = our age to disc>d all ! bett] traditions ( mank9d8 ,%all victory re/ ) ! de/ructive elem5ts 9 ! m5tal education ( ,europe8 ,aga9/ ?is dang] to our ideal goods1 !ology %\ld /ay at ! univ]sities1 z a bulw>k & p]man5t prote/4 ,!ological ,faculty 9 ,/ate & ,*ur*4 ,= ?is reason ! !ological faculty has a bir?-"r at ! univ]sity1 :e!r /ate s*ool or free univ]sity4 ,:]e x is jo9$ to a /ate univ]sity1 !ology automatically becomes subord9ate to ! /ate1 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,m ess5tial is its dep5d5cy ^u ! ,*ur*1 because1 be+ ! sci5ce ( ! fai?1 !ology is prim>ily subject to ! au?ority & sup]vision ( ! ,*ur*4 ,= ! ,*ur*1 & only ! ,*ur*1 is *>g$ by its ,div9e ,f\nd] to tea* ,8 religion to all nations4 ,h5ce no "o c ex]cise ! (fice ( a religi\s tea*]1 nei!r 9 ! public s*ool nor at college1 if n au?oriz$ to d s by ! ,*ur*4 ,x is a p>ticipation 9 ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! latt] alone c designate its organs4 ,:oev] has n be5 giv5 by ! ,*ur* su* lic5se to tea*1 or he f :om %e takes x away1 does n possess x2 no o!r p[] c grant x1 n ev5 ! /ate4 ,nor c ! /ate re/ore ! lic5se ( tea*+ to a !ologian f :om ! ,*ur* has )drawn x2 ?is w\ld be an act beyond /ate jurisdiction1 h5ce invalid4 ,9 grant+ ! lic5se to tea*1 ! ,*ur* does s 9 ! self-evid5t presumption t ! "o s lic5s$ w tea* 8 /ud5ts ! correct doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*1 z f> z x has be5 e/abli%$2 & he b9ds himself to d s by volunt>ily tak+ ! (fice1 & m explicitly by ! pr(ession ( ! cre$4 ,if he %\ld deviate f ! cre$ lat] on1 x is ! obvi\s "r ( ! ,*ur* to cancel 8 lic5se4 ,9 ?is ! ,*ur* only draws ! logical conclusion f ! (fice ( ! tea*] & f 8 volunt>y obligation4 ,he holds 8 (fice z an organ ( ! ,*ur*1 de/9$ to lecture on pure doctr9e be=e future prie/s4 ,:e!r or n he has hone/ly se>*$ = ! tru? :5 deviat+ !refrom1 ?is he may settle ) 8 consci5ce2 b he is incapacitat$ to act /ill fur!r z an organ ( ! ,*ur*1 & x is only common hone/y to resign 8 (fice if he _c fulfil any long] ! obligations he assum$4 ,! pr(essor ( !ology is !re=e 9 ! fir/ place a deputy ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,also he is tea*] at a /ate in/itution & z su* a /ate (ficial2 he is appo9t$ by ! /ate to be ! tea*] ( /ud5ts belong+ to a c]ta9 d5om9ation1 he is paid by ! /ate1 & may be remov$ by ! /ate f 8 position z (ficial tea*]4 ,b )al ! "r mu/ n be d5i$ to ! ,*ur* to wat* ov] ! correctness ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & to make appo9tm5t & cont9uance 9 ! tea*+ (fice dep5d5t ^u x4 ,inde$1 ?is dem& 0 urg$ by ,pr(4 ,pauls51 not)/&+ 8 entirely diff]5t position3 he says3 8,! ,ca?olic-!ological faculties are 9 a c]ta9 s5se a concession by ! ,*ur* to ! /ate2 ( c\rse !y are also a s]vice ( ! /ate = ! ,*ur*1 & a valuable "o1 too2 b !y re/ 9 ! fir/ place ^u a concession made by ! ,*ur* to ! /ate1 ) a view to ! hi/orically e/abli%$ fact1 & to peace4 ,naturally1 ?is concession _c be unconditional4 ,! condition is3 ! pr(essors appo9t$ by ! /ate mu/ /& ^u ecclesia/ical gr\nd1 !y mu/ ackn[l$ge ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* z ! /&>d ( _! tea*+1 & !y mu/ receive f ! ,*ur* ! missio canonica4 ,! ,*ur* _c accept ho/ile sci5ti/s = tea*]s4 ,h5ce = ! appo9tm5t an agreem5t mu/ be rea*$ ) ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,! univ]sities are n m]ely work%ops = rese>*1 !y are at ! same "t educational in/itutions = important public pr(essions2 9 fact1 !y 7 f\nd$ = ?is latt] purpose3 !y are ! outcome ( ! want = sci5tifically educat$ cl]gym51 tea*]s1 physicians1 judges1 & o!r pr(essionals4 ,& ?is purpose necessitates re/rictions3 ! pr(essor ( ,evangelical !ology _c tea* arbitr>y op9ions any m ?an 8 ,ca?olic fell[-pr(essor c2 ! lawy] is also re/rict$ by presumptions1 = in/ance1 t ! civil code is n an accumulation ( nons5se1 b1 on ! :ole1 a pretty good ord] ( life4 ,j z little z we %\ld dispute ! lawy]'s /&+ z a sci5ti/ on ?is acc\nt1 s little %all we be able to d5y ?is /&+ to ! ,ca?olic !ologian :o /&s ) hone/ conviction on ! plat=m ( 8 ,*ur*40 8,we want ! ,ca?olic !ological faculties to be pres]v$2 ( c\rse1 "u ! presumption ( fre$om ( sci5tific rese>* )9 ! limits drawn by ! cre$ ( ! ,*ur*40 ,9 a simil> s5se ! ,bav>ian m9i/] ( education1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,wehn]1 said1 on ,feb4 #aa1 #aijh1 9 ! c\rse ( a spee* 9 ! ,bav>ian ,diet3 8,?us ! ,ca?olic pr(essor ( !ology is b\nd to ! /&>ds ( cre$ & morals z e/abli%$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,! decision z to :e!r a ,ca?olic pr(essor ( !ology tea*es ! "r doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* is n = ! /ate to give1 b = ! ,*ur* alone40 8,! bus9ess ( ! pr(essors at !ological faculties is to transmit ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur* to future c&idates = ! prie/hood1 & ?is is :at !y are employ$ = by ! /ate4 ,t ! ,*ur* does n tol]ate a doctr9e to diff] f h] own is to me q self-evid5t40 ,h5ce we may conclude1 8,! attacks direct$ "h & !re 9 rec5t times aga9/ ! cont9uance ( ,ca?olic !ological faculties ne$ n worry u 9 any way4 ,nor are !y likely to meet ) response at ! places :]e ! decision re/s4 ,times h *ang$4 ,ev5 non-,ca?olic gov]nm5ts are no long] bl9d to ! conviction t an educat$ cl]gy mu/ be reckon$ among ! mo/ em95t factors = cons]v+ ! /ate0 7,freih]r von ,h]tl+74 ,ev5 dur+ ! heat$ debates on ! anti-mod]ni/ oa? 9 ! ,prussian ,diet & upp] h\se1 ! importance ( ! !ological faculties 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! speak]s1 none ( :om dem&$ ! removal ( ^! faculties1 ?\gh outspok5 9 _! criticism ( ! oa?4 ,prime m9i/] ,be?mann-,hollweg decl>$ on ,m>* #g3 8,ca?olic /ud5ts w get _! tra9+ at ! ,ca?olic faculties ! same z hi!rto1 ev5 aft] ! anti-mod]ni/ oa? is introduc$4 ,! /ate nev] w claim = itself ! au?ority to det]m9e 9 any way :i*1 & 9 :at1 =ms doctr9es ( fai? %all be taught to ,ca?olic /ud5ts4 ,?is is no affair ( ! /ate4 ,if1 & ?is is my wi%1 ! ,ca?olic faculties w reta9 t value to tea*]s1 /ud5ts1 & ! total organism ( ! univ]sities1 :i* is ! natural condition ( _! exi/5ce1 !n !y w cont9ue to exi/ = ! pr(it ( bo?1 ! ,ca?olic population & ! /ate4 ,%\ld !y lose ?is value1 h[ev]1 an ev5t ,i d n wi% to see1 !n !y w die by !mselves4 ,b ,i d n see t x is dem&$ by ! int]e/ ( ! /ate to aboli% )\t await+ fur!r developm5t ^! faculties ) "o /roke1 !reby h>m+ our ,ca?olic population1 ^: wants & ne$s des]ve z mu* consid]ation z ^? ( any o!r "p ( ! population40 ,!re is no w>rant = ! view t !ology is subject to a =eign p[]1 & !re=e x _c claim a place 9 a /ate in/itution4 ,9 its ext]nal relations ! !ological faculty is subject also to ! /ate1 s]v+ ! public int]e/s s mu* ! bett] ! m cont9ually ! prie/ by 8 activity influ5ces ! life ( ! p4 ,by ! way1 :y ?is urg5t dem& = /ate control 9 ! pursuit ( a sci5ce by a p>ty t o!rwise is /riv+ zeal\sly to put ! univ]sity beyond ! influ5ce ( ! /ate8 ,to be a /ate in/itution or n c only be an extr9sic matt] to ! univ]sity itself4 ,or has ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e n en\gh intellectual sub/ance & consi/5cy to ?rive at a free univ]sity8 ,is sci5ce z su* a matt] ( /ate8 ,!re=e1 :y f9d fault ) !ology because x w n be entirely subord9at$ to ! /ate8 ,nor is x prop] to call ! ,*ur* a 8=eign0 p[]4 ,x is c]ta9ly n a =eign p[] to !ology2 nei!r to ! ,*ri/ian /ate1 t has develop$ 9 close/ relation to ! ,*ur*1 :i* owes its civilization & culture to ! ,*ur*1 %>es ) h] its subjects1 & is bas$ ev5 to-day ^u ! doctr9es & cu/oms ( ! ,*ur*4 ,aga9/ ,*ri/ !re arose ! ,jewi% scribes & d5\nc$ ,8 wisdom z error2 ! scribes h pass$ away1 we "k !m no long]4 ,to ! ,neoplatonics ,*ri/ianity 0 ignorance1 ev5 b>b>ity2 ,mani*eans & ,gno/ics prais$ z ! high] wisdom ,ori5tal & ,greek philosophy adorn$ ) ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,!y belong to hi/ory4 ,:5 ! p ( ,israel came 9 t\* ) ! brilliant civilization ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & ,greece1 !y (t5 became a%am$ ( ! religion ( _! =efa!rs1 & embrac$ false gods2 to-day we look ^u _! fancy ( inf]iority z fooli%ness1 & we rank _! religion high above ! religi\s notions ( ! pagan ,ori5t4 ,?us has tru? pursu$ its way ?r\gh ! c5turies ( human hi/ory1 (t5 unrecogniz$ by ! *ildr5 ( m51 scold$ = be+ obsolete1 nay1 m1 driv5 f its home & =c$ to make room = delusion & error4 ,delusion fl$1 & error sank into its grave--b tru? rema9$4 ,?us ! ,*ur* has endur$1 & ?us ! ,*ur* w live on1 ) h] doctr9es & sci5ce misund]/ood & repuls$ by ! *ildr5 ( a _w unable to grasp !m2 !y w pass away & s w _! ?\ghts1 yet ! ,*ur* w rema91 & s w h] sci5ce4 8,%e 0 great & respect$0--?is is ! famili> quotation f a ,prote/ant hi/orian--8be=e ! ,saxon _h set foot on ,brita91 be=e ! ,frank _h pass$ ! ,rh9e1 :5 ,grecian eloqu5ce /ill n\ri%$ 9 ,antio*1 :5 idols 7 /ill wor%ipp$ 9 ! temple ( ,mecca4 ,& %e may /ill exi/ 9 undim9i%$ vigor :5 "s travell] f ,new ,zeal& %all1 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ solitude1 take 8 /& on a brok5 ar* ( ,london ,bridge to sket* ! ru9s ( ,/4 ,paul's0 7,"l ,macaulay74 ,!n1 p]haps1 ano!r obs]v]1 lean+ aga9/ ! pill>s ( hi/ory1 & look+ back ^u ! culture ( ?is age1 w realize t only "o p[] ( tru? may rightly say3 8,heav5 & e>? w pass away1 b my words w n pass away0--,*ri/ & ,8 ,*ur*4 ,law & ,fre$om4 ,an ,epilogue4 ,! great ,r5ovator ( mank9d1 9 :om ! pi\s ,*ri/ian sees 8 ,god1 & 9 :om ! great] "p ( ! mod]n _w1 ?\gh turn$ f fai?1 /ill sees ! ideal ( a p]fect human be+1 h5ce also ( true fre$om1 once spoke ! significant words3 8,et v]itas lib]abit vos1 & ! tru? %all make y free0 7,john viii4 #cb74 ,z all ! words t fell f ,8 lips are ! tru? = all c5turies to come1 s are ^! words pre-em95tly true4 ,!re is 9 our times a /rong t5sion felt betwe5 fre$om on ! "o h&1 & law & au?ority on ! o!r2 true fre$om & true wor? x sees too exclusively 9 ! indep5d5t ass]tion ( ! self-w1 & 9 ! unre/ra9$ manife/ation ( "o's /r5g? & en]gy1 :ile law & au?ority are look$ ^u z on]\s fett]s4 ,our times d n und]/& t fre$om & human dignity are n oppos$ to law & ob$i5ce1 t no o!r fre$om c be int5d$ = man ?an ! volunt>y compliance ) ! law & ! /&>ds ( ord]4 ,all creatures1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/1 are b\nd by law2 none is de/9$ = ! em95t isolation ( indep5d5ce4 ,! same law ( gravitation t causes ! /one to fall1 also gov]ns ! giants ( ! skies1 & !y obey its rule2 ! same laws t rule ! c&le-flame1 t are at "w 9 ! drop ( wat]1 also rule ! fires ( ! sun & guide ! fates ( ! ocean4 ,! he>t1 l all o!r organs ( ! human body1 is rul$ by laws1 & m$ical sci5ce1 ) its in/itutes & me?ods1 is kept busy to cure ! consequ5ces ( ! di/urbance ( ^! laws4 ,e be+ has its laws3 x mu/ foll[ !m to atta9 p]fection2 deviation leads to deg5]ation4 ,?us ! decision ( ! wor? & dignity ( man does n re/ ) an unre/ra9$ display ( /r5g?1 b ) ord]2 n ) un*eck$ activity1 b ) control ( 8 acts & ) tru?4 ,! floods t break ?r\gh ! dam h =ce & en]gy1 b be+ )\t ord] !y create de/ruction2 ! avalan*e cra%+ d[n ! m\nta9 side has =ce & p[]1 b1 free f ! law ( ord]1 x c>ries deva/ation2 gl[+ metal :5 l$ into ! m\ld becomes a magnific5t bell1 :ile fl[+ lava br+s ru94 ,only "o dignity & fre$om c be de/9$ = man1 x consi/s 9 volunt>ily adh]+ to w>rant$ laws & au?orities4 ,= him :o ) conviction & free decision has made ! law ( ?\ght1 fai?1 & action 8 own pr9ciple1 ! law has ceas$ to be a yoke & a burd52 x has become 8 own /&>d ( life1 :i* he loves2 x has become ! fruit ( 8 conviction1 tru? has made him free4 ,ask ! virtuoso :o obeys ! rules ( 8 art :e!r he consid]s !m fett]s2 inde$ he does n1 he has made !m 8 pr9ciples4 ,let u ask ( ! civiliz$ citiz5 :e!r he feels ! laws ( civilization to be a yoke2 he does n1 he obeys !m ( 8 own free w1 !y are 8 own ord] ( life4 ,unfree1 slaves & s]fs1 w be ^? only :o c>ry ) res5tm5t ! burd5 ( ! laws !y mu/ obey4 ,unfree feels ! savage p fight+ aga9/ ! laws ( civilization2 unfree ! wick$ boy to :om discipl9e is repugnant4 ,x is n ! law t makes man unfree1 x is 8 own lawlessness & rebellion4 ,nor does submission to ! ,god-giv5 law ( ! ,*ri/ian belief make man l[ or unfree2 to ^? to :om _! belief is conviction & life1 ! sugge/ion t !y are oppress$ w s\nd /range4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y feel t ?is belief fits 9 h>moni\sly ) ! nobl] impulses ( _! ?\ght & w1 l ! pe>l 9 ! %ell1 l ! gem 9 its sett+4 ,man exp]i5ces ?is :5 8 belief lifts him above ! l[l&s ( 8 s5sual life to m5tal indep5d5ce1 & frees him f ! bondage ( 8 own unruly impulses1 t s (t5 seek to control him4 ,freiheit sei d] ,zweck des ,zwanges ,wie man e9e ,rebe b9det1 ,dass sie1 /att im ,/aub zu krie*51 ,frei si* 9 die ,lfte w9det4 7,fre$om be ! aim ( re/ra9t1 j z ! v9e is ti$ to ! trellis t x may freely rise 9 ! air1 in/ead ( crawl+ 9 ! du/47 ,?is is ! fre$om ( m9d1 kn[+ b "o yoke1 ! tru?2 ! fre$om t does n b[ to error1 nor to high s\nd+ phrases1 nor to public op9ion1 nor to ! bondage ( political life2 nei!r is true fre$om %ackl$ by ! fett]s ( "o's own lawless impulses4 ,et v]itas lib]abit vos4 ,,index4 ,accusations ( ! ,*ur*1 #adb et seq4 ,a*ievem5ts ( lib]al rese>*1 #bia ,adickes1 ,e41 #ib1 #bfd1 #bfi ,agno/icism1 #dc1 #df1 #dh ,amira1 ,k4 von1 #aa1 #ag1 #cji1 #cbf ,ampre1 ,a41 #bab et seq41 #bbc1 #bbd ,an?ropoc5tric view ( ! _w1 #ai ,apponyi1 ,a41 ,c\nt1 #cbc ,arago1 #aai ,ari/otle1 #d1 #e1 #g1 #eb1 #cde1 #cdi ,arne/1 ,ar*bi%op1 #aej ,a!ism1 #ai1 #gi1 #bhg ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #d1 #bg1 #gf1 #hj1 #hb et seq41 #aaj1 #ace1 #aei1 #agi1 #bdf1 #bfj1 #bgc ,au?ority ( ,fai?1 #ha1 #aab1 #abe et seq4 ---- private1 #hb ---- ,prote/ant1 #cig ---- rejection (1 #cc1 #dj ,autonomism1 #be1 #bi1 #cc ,autonomy ( ! ,college1 #cfj ---- ( ,reason1 #cf ---- ( ! ,tea*]1 #cfa ,auto!ism1 #bc ,bacon1 ,f41 #bje1 #baf ,ba]1 ,m4 von1 #bba ,balmes1 ,j41 #cbj ,b>r&e1 #bai ,baumg>t51 ,o41 #bdf1 #bed ,baur1 ,f4 ,*41 #beh ,beaumont1 ,l4 de1 #bah ,bebel1 #cej ,beck]1 ,k41 #adf ,bell>m91 ,c>d9al1 #ahe1 #aib ,b5$ict ,,xiv41 #if ,b]keley1 #ce ,b]n\illi1 #bje ,b]?olon1 #aai ,b]tr91 ,g41 #bdg ,b]zelius1 ,j41 #bag ,bessel1 ,f4 ,w41 #bji ,be?mann-,hollweg1 #cid1 #dje ,bible1 #bha1 #bhc ,bible-,criticism1 mod]n1 #bed et seq4 ,billro?1 ,?41 #cfc ,biot1 ,j41 #aaf ,bis*(1 ,k4 ,g41 #bai ,boiss>ie1 ,dr41 #bdg et seq4 ,boniface ,,viii41 #adi1 #aha ,bornhak1 ,c41 #cdi1 #cfc ,boscovi*1 #aig ,b\rdal\e1 #baa ,b\sset1 ,w41 #bed1 #bhe ,boyle1 ,rob]t1 #bje ,brahe1 ,ty*o de1 #aia1 #bjb ,branco1 ,w41 #aaf ,brass1 ,a41 #ccc ,braun1 ,k41 #hb1 #aag1 #aai1 #bha ,brew/]1 ,d41 #aah ,broda1 ,r41 #ej ,b*n]1 #aae1 #cfd ,buckl&1 ,w41 #bai ,buffon1 ,g4 de1 #bjf ,cabet1 ,eti5ne1 #aaa ,cantor1 ,m41 #baj ,caprivi1 #ai ,c>d9als1 #ih ,c>n]i1 ,b41 #bea ,cassir]1 #ej ,ca?olic1 n free 9 rese>*1 #ajh ,ca?olic ,univ]sities1 #cgj ,cau*y1 #baj ,causation1 ,natural1 #cd1 #bce et seq4 ,c]ta9ty1 sci5tific1 #acg ,c5sor%ip ( ,books1 civil1 #agb ---- ecclesia/ical1 #aga ,*amb]la91 ,h4 ,/41 #bf1 #cf1 #bea1 #cfa ,*>les ,borromeo1 ,/41 #age ,*]bury1 ,h]b]t (1 #bh ,*evreul1 ,m4 ,e41 #bag ,*ri/1 #ca1 #adc1 #bdf1 #dja1 #djg ---- ,div9ity d5i$1 #bea ,*ri/ian ,religion1 ,/ate ,protection =1 #ceb et seq4 ---- ,tru?s1 #ba ---- ,view ( ! ,_w1 #ad et seq41 #bg1 #cj1 #ee ,*ri/ianity1 #ba1 #bd1 #ea ---- comp>$ ) ,paganism1 #bfg ---- free1 #bhe ---- ,orig9 (1 #bei ---- vs4 ,paganism1 #bec ---- )\t ,*ri/1 #beb1 #bhb ,*ur*1 !1 #ad1 #cj1 #ci1 #ej1 #fc et seq41 #gj1 #ij et seq41 #ajf1 #abe1 #agi1 #bce1 #bge et seq4 ---- ,accusations ( !1 #adb et seq4 ---- & ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 #aha ---- ,ca?olic1 alone endur+1 #bih ---- ,episcopal1 #bih ---- f\nd] ( ,s*ools & ,univ]sities1 #ade et seq4 ---- n a =eign ,p[]1 #djf ---- ! ,"m ( ,civilization1 #ade et seq4 ,cic]o1 #c1 #h1 #ach1 #bfi1 #cdi ,cla>1 ,m41 #agj ,clem5t ,,iv41 #aee ,clem5t ,v41 #adi1 #aeb ,clem5t ,,viii41 #aie ,cognition1 human1 #cd et seq41 #dc ,college ,pr(essors1 #cic ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 #ahb ,communi/ic ,exp]im5ts1 #aaa ,congregations1 ,roman1 #ih1 #ahi ,cop]nican ,sy/em1 #ahc ,cop]nicus1 #d1 #aac1 #agd1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aid et seq41 #bjj ,coppe1 ,f41 #cbd ,corneille1 #baa ,cornu1 #baa ,cosmogonies1 ( ,nations1 #bdb ,c\ncil1 ,f\r? ,lat]an1 #ahb ,c\ncil1 ,vatican1 #fh et seq41 #ij1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aji1 #acj ,craniotomy1 #ajb ,creation1 disput$1 #bda ,criticism ( ! ,gospels1 mod]n1 #bed et seq4 ,cuvi]1 ,g41 #bah1 #bbc ,cyril1 ,/41 ( ,alex&ria1 #hg ,dalb]g1 ,j4 von1 #aej ,dana1 ,j4 ,dwight1 #bai ,d>w91 #ajg1 #aae1 #aeg1 #bci1 #bdc ---- an ,agno/ic1 #bbb ,davy1 ,sir ,h41 #aai ,dawson1 ,w41 #bai ,de*ri/ianiz+ ( ! mod]n ,/ate1 #cfb et seq4 ,delitzs*1 ,fr41 #ea1 #bha ,deluc1 ,a41 #aai ,d5ifle1 ,h41 #aea1 #aec et seq41 #ahb ,d5?(51 #ahb ,desc>tes1 ,r41 #ce1 #aah1 #aij ,dil!y1 ,w41 #bib ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 #bha ---- d5i$1 #bea et seq4 ,dogmas1 #ea1 #fg1 #ig1 #aeh ,dll+]1 #ajc ,drap]1 ,j41 #hf et seq41 #add1 #aei1 #ahb ,drews1 ,a41 #bcf1 #bhb ,dualism1 #ca1 #fc ,du ,bois-,reymond1 #aae1 #bbd1 #bcg1 #bdj ,dumas1 ,j4 ,b41 #bag ,dumont1 ,a41 #bai ,economics1 lib]al1 #cj ,egg]1 ,f41 #ii ,ehr5b]g1 ,*41 #bbj ,ehr5fels1 ,*r4 von1 #cdg ,ei*horn1 ,m9i/]1 #cdd1 #cfd ,emancipation f ! ,tru?1 #da ,emry1 #aif ,ep9ois1 de l'1 #ahc ,episcopal ,*ur*1 #bih ,erdmann1 ,j4 ,e41 #ej1 #aeh ,error1 ,dang] ( ,infection by1 #cai ---- to be taught ) same "r z tru?8 #cbh ,e?ics1 mod]n1 #ej1 #bej1 #cbe1 #ccj1 #cdg ,euck51 ,r41 #bf1 #ej1 #ea1 #bdd1 #bid et seq4 ,eul]1 #baj ,evolution1 ,!ory (1 #di1 #aeg1 #bda et seq4 ---- ,!ory1 held by ,ca?olic ,sci5ti/s1 #bbc ,fai?1 #ad1 #dc1 #ea ---- & ,reason1 #gc ---- ,au?ority (1 #fa1 #ha ---- ,def9ition (1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff ---- ,d\bts =bidd51 #aci ---- its sci5tific ,demon/ration1 #acj et seq4 ---- ,motive (1 #ga ---- n bl9d1 #fa1 #ga ---- ,ob$i5ce (1 & ,fre$om ( ,action1 #aje ,falk5b]g1 ,r41 #de1 #aeh ,f>aday1 ,m41 #bad1 #bbd1 #bdi ,fav>o1 ,a41 #ahc ,fnlon1 #aaj ,feu]ba*1 ,l41 #ba1 #bb ,fi*te1 ,j4 ,g41 #d1 #eb1 #abi1 #agh1 #cid ,fis*]1 ,kuno1 #cg ,fizeau1 ,a41 #baa ,fo]/]1 ,f4 ,w41 #abh1 #bdf1 #bfh1 #cch1 #cde1 #cij ,fonck1 ,l41 #hf ,fonsegrive1 ,g41 #ci ,=el1 ,a41 #cbe1 #cdg ,f\cault1 ,l41 #baa ,f\illie1 ,a41 #bij ,franc1 ,r4 ,h41 #bdj ,francis ( ,sales1 ,/41 #age1 #cbj ,frankl91 ,b41 #aai ,frau5h(]1 #baa ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,k+1 #agh1 #agi1 #cfc ,fre$om1 ,def9ition (1 #h1 #af ---- = ! ,tru?1 #gd ---- mod]n ,idea (1 #af et seq41 #ah1 #bf ---- ( ,art1 #ccf ---- ( ,rese>*1 diff]5t f ,fre$om ( ,tea*+1 #i ---- ( ,rese>*1 lib]al1 #bbi et seq4 ---- ( ,sci5ce1 ,necessity1 #ab ---- ---- ,subject to human ,nature1 #cfa ---- ( ,tea*+1 z und]/ood 9 ! ,pa/1 #cdd1 #cfc et seq41 #cgj ---- ---- ,dang] (1 admitt$ by mod]n ,sci5ti/s1 #cbc ---- ---- ,def9ition (1 #cjc ---- ---- unre/rict$1 inadmissible1 #cad ,fre$om ( ,?\ght1 #cj1 #bih ---- two ,k9ds (1 #ac1 #ae1 #ee ,freemasons1 #bb1 #bh1 #cca ,free-religioni/s1 #bc ,free-?9k]s1 #ag1 #bb1 #cj1 #bgb1 #bia1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cde1 #cfc ,fresnel1 ,a41 #baa ,fri$wald1 #adj ,fr9s1 ,v41 #afe ,fu*s1 ,?41 #afb ,galileo1 #ee1 #ig1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ahj et seq4 ,galle1 ,j4 ,g41 #bjh ,galvani1 ,l41 #aah1 #bab ,gass5di1 ,p41 #aij ,gauss1 ,k41 #bji1 #baj ,gebl]1 ,k4 von1 #ahc ,g5]atio aequivoca1 #bda ,g5esis1 #bha ---- ,doctr9e (1 #bab ---- ,hi/ory or ,leg5d8 #bei ---- primordial1 #bda ,g]dil1 #baa ,gibbons1 ,c>d9al1 #ajc ,giese1 ,t41 #aid1 #bja ,giesebre*t1 ,f4 ,w41 #abi ,god1 #f1 #aa1 #ad1 #bc1 #bf1 #cb1 #dd1 #ec1 #fe1 #agf1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bhf1 #chg ,god's ,ord] ( ,life1 #ad ,goe!1 #agh1 #bfi ,goetz1 ,l41 #afe ,gospels1 #bhe ---- mod]n ,criticism (1 #bed et seq4 ,gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ on ,*ri/ianity1 #cef ,goyau1 ,g41 #bii ,grace1 div9e1 ,def9ition (1 #gc ,gray1 ,?41 #aai ,gregory ,,vii41 #ade ,gregory ,,ix41 #aha ,gregory ,,xi41 #aea ,gri5b]g]1 #ahe ,grimaldi1 ,f41 #aie ,gris>1 ,h41 #ii1 #aij1 #aig ,grosse1 ,e41 #aaf ,grot?uss1 von1 #bd ,guld91 #baa ,gunkel1 ,h41 #bei1 #bha ,gn!r1 ,a41 #ii1 #agb ,hckel1 ,e41 #hg1 #aad1 #aih1 #bag1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bci1 #bda1 #bfh1 #cjc1 #cbe ------ d5\nc$ = ,=g]y1 #ccc ------ on ,l\rdes1 #bdg ,haes]1 #aed ,hall]1 ,a4 von1 #g1 #bje ,halley1 ,e41 #bjf ,hans51 ,a41 #cbe ,h>nack1 ,a41 #ag1 #fd1 #ga1 #aag1 #abi1 #acd1 #bdf1 #bef et seq41 #bfe1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #chb ,h>tmann1 ,e4 von1 #bej1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bij1 #cag ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #gd ,h>vey1 ,w41 #bje ,hauy1 ,r41 #bah ,he]1 ,o41 #bai1 #bbc ,hefele1 ,k4 von1 #aha et seq4 ,hegel1 #d1 #dg1 #ej1 #bgb1 #bid ,heis1 ,e41 #bji ,helmholtz1 ,h4 von1 #d1 #bae ,h5sl[1 ,g41 #baf ,h]b>t1 #d ,h]mes1 ,g41 #agb ,h]rmann1 ,w41 #gf1 #gh ,h]s*el1 #bjg ,h]twig1 ,r41 #bda ,h]tz1 #d ,hettn]1 ,h41 #bh1 #cf1 #dg ,hilg]s1 ,j41 #aaa1 #afi1 #agf1 #agg ,81 ,w41 #ccc ,hi/orian1 ! ,ca?olic1 #ie et seq4 ,hi/ory1 & ! ,fai?1 #ic ,hit*cock1 #bai ,ho5sbroe*1 ,p41 #afe1 #afi ,h(f1 van't1 #ga1 #aha ,holl1 ,k41 #ajc ,holtzmann1 ,o41 #bhc ,honorius ,,iii41 #aeb1 #aee ,hrnes1 ,m41 #bdb ,hub]1 ,v4 ,a41 #adh1 #cbd ,humani/s1 #ah et seq4 ,humanit>ian ,religion1 #ea ---- ,view ( ,life1 #ee ,humanity1 emancipat$1 #bb ,human race1 ,orig9 (1 #aae et seq4 ,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 #aih1 #bbd ,humboldt1 ,w4 von1 #ch1 #gd1 #cad ,hume1 ,d41 #ce ,huxley1 ,?41 #bbb ,huyg5s1 ,*r41 #aah1 #bjd et seq4 ,hyrtl1 ,j41 #bba ,illum9ati1 #be ,immorality1 among ,college ,m51 #cce ,incl9ations1 human1 #bfd et seq4 ,incompatibility ( ,sci5ce & ,fai?1 #aih et seq4 ,index ( =bidd5 ,books1 #ee1 #afi et seq41 #ahi1 #aif ,individualism1 #be1 #bh ,infallibility1 #gf1 #ig et seq41 #aji ,innoc5t ,,iv41 #adi ,innoc5t ,,vi41 #aea ,james1 ,w41 #dh1 #bej1 #bfh ,janss51 ,j41 #adf1 #adi1 #aej1 #aef1 #bah ,jesuit ,ord]1 #ahc1 #cei ,jesus ,*ri/1 #beb1 #ceg ---- ,exi/5ce (1 #bhb ---- :o 08 #bha et seq4 ,jews1 #abh ,joa*im1 ,g4 7see ,rheticus7 ,jodl1 ,f41 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #ff1 #abc1 #acj1 #afb1 #bde1 #bej1 #bhh1 #bib1 #cbb1 #ceg ,john ,,xxii41 #aea et seq4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,sp5c]1 #bih ,jrg5s51 #bbi ,jli*]1 #bee1 #bhc ,ju/91 ,phil41 #bgg ,kahl1 ,w41 #aj1 #afb ,kant1 ,i41 #d1 #bi1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg et seq41 #dc et seq41 #df et seq41 #ed1 #fc1 #fd1 #gg1 #acb1 #afg1 #agi1 #bej1 #bfc1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bhg1 #bic1 #cac1 #cfc ,kaufmann1 ,g41 #ag1 #aej1 #aec1 #aee1 #afb1 #cji ,kelv91 ,"l 7see ,?omson7 ,kepl]1 ,j41 #d1 #abe1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahg1 #aia1 #aie et seq41 #bja et seq4 ,kepl]-,bund1 #ccc ,kir*h(f1 ,g4 ,r41 #d ,kle9pet]1 ,h41 #ce ,knell]1 #g1 #bjh ,k & ,fai?1 sep>ation (1 #db ,ko*ansky1 #aif ,kohlbrugge1 ,j4 ,h41 #aaf ,kll]1 #aba ,kollmann1 ,j41 #aaf ,kone1 ,j41 #adg ,krom]1 ,bi%op1 #aie ,kues1 ,n4 von1 #aid ,la*>pe1 #dg ,lal&e1 #aif ,lam>ck1 ,j4 ,b4 de1 #aeg1 #bbc ,lamm5ais1 ,f41 #agb ,lamont1 ,j4 von41 #bji ,lange1 ,f41 #bcg1 #bci ,lapp>5t1 ,a4 de1 #bai ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 ,f\r?1 #ahb ,lavoisi]1 ,a41 #bag ,law1 necessity (1 #djh ,laws ( nature1 #aa ,lehmann1 ,e41 #bdc ,lehmann1 ,m41 #agh ,leibnitz1 ,g4 ,w41 #aad1 #aah1 #aij1 #aif1 #baa ,leo1 ! ,great1 #chc ,leo ,,xiii41 #ie1 #agj et seq4 ,less+1 ,g4 ,f41 #cbf ,lev]ri]1 ,m41 #dh1 #bjg et seq41 #bch ,lib]alism1 #bi et seq41 #afb1 #cfd1 #cgj ,lic5se to tea*1 ecclesia/ical1 #djd ,liebig1 ,j4 von1 #d1 #bah ,liebmann1 ,o41 #ce ,life1 fir/1 :5ce did x come1 #bdj ,l9n1 ,k>l1 #bje ,lipps1 ,?41 #gh1 #ace1 #caa ,locke1 ,j41 #bh1 #ce ,loisy1 ,a41 #agb ,loo/51 de1 #bhc ,loss51 #bbc ,l\rdes1 #bdg ,ldeman1 #de ,lu!r1 #bg1 #bi1 #ch1 #aie ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 expell$ ,kepl]1 #bjb ,lyell1 ,*41 #bbc ,macaulay1 #djg ,ma*1 ,e41 #ce ,macolano1 #ahg ,mdl]1 ,j41 #bjf ,mai1 ,c>d9al1 #cbj ,man1 ,desc5t (1 #bhh ---- free1 #ae1 #be ---- 8 ,de/9y1 #aa1 #ai ---- ,memb] ( ,society1 #aa ,man1 ! autonom\s1 #bd et seq41 #bi1 #cc1 #bhg ---- ! transc5d5tal1 #bc et seq41 #cg ,man's ,emancipation1 #bg ---- ,intellect1 #ad ,m>tius1 von1 #bbj ,mas>yk1 ,t4 ,g41 #fb1 #gb1 #acf1 #afj ,maxwell1 ,j41 #bad et seq41 #bbd ,may]1 ,r41 #bae1 #bci ,melan*?on1 #aie ,m5del1 ,g4 ,j41 #bbj ,m5g]1 ,k41 #fb1 #hf ,mess]1 ,a41 #adj1 #bce ,me?od ( mod]n ,sci5ce1 #bfb ,mi*ael1 ,e41 #adf1 #aha1 #ahb ,mign1 #chd ,mill1 ,/u>t1 #bde ,miracles d5i$1 #bdf et seq4 ,mod]nism1 #dd1 #de1 #afe et seq41 #chi et seq4 ---- ,oa? aga9/1 #cic ,moigno1 #bji ,moles*ott1 ,j41 #aae1 #bbd1 #cfd ,momms51 ,?41 #aba1 #abh1 #bcd1 #bfg ,monism1 #ca1 #cca ---- ,def9ition (1 #bdd ,moni/s1 #cca ,montan>i1 ,g41 #aid ,morality1 #cbe ---- indep5d5t ( ,religion1 #bej1 #ccf ---- no absolute ,/&>d (1 #ej ,muck]mann1 ,h41 #bbj ,mll]1 ,a41 #ahf ,mll]1 ,fr41 #bdc ,mll]1 ,j41 #bai ,mn*1 ,w41 #adg1 #cef ,muratori1 ,l4 ,a41 #cbj ,my/icism1 #dc1 #df ,nature1 human1 ignor$1 #bfd ,newton1 #d1 #g1 #aah1 #abe1 #aia1 #bja1 #bjc et seq4 ,nicolai1 ,f41 #cid ,nieb]gall1 ,f41 #de ,nietzs*e1 #bc et seq41 #ca1 #cg1 #ec1 #ed1 #gi1 #bgj1 #bgc ,oa? aga9/ ,mod]nism1 #dje ---- b9d+8 #df ,oa? ( ,allegiance 9 civil ,pr(essions1 #cif ---- ( ! ,pr(essio ,fidei ,trid5t9a1 #cid ,objectivism1 #cc ,ok51 #agh ,olb]s1 ,w41 #bji ,omalius1 ,j4 de1 #bai1 #bbc ,oppression1 ( m5tal ,lib]ty1 by ,p>ty ,rule1 #cff ,oresme1 ,bi%op1 #aid ,osi&]1 #ahd1 #aie ,o/wald1 ,w41 #bdj ,ow51 ,r41 #aaa ,ozanam1 ,a41 #bab ,paganism1 #bfg1 #bhf ---- extoll$ by mod]n ,sci5ce1 #bab ---- pref]r$ to ,*ri/ianity1 #bfg ,palacky1 #adf ,pan!ism1 #bc1 #da1 #bhd ,papacy1 ,importance (1 #cgc ,papal ,*>t]s ( ,univ]sities1 #adh et seq4 ,pascal1 #baa ,pa/eur1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #cha ,pa/or1 ,l4 von1 #if1 #aie ,pati5ts1 made ,subjects = m$ical ,exp]im5ts1 #cai ,paul ,,iii41 #ahd1 #aie1 #bja ,paul ,,iv41 #agj ,pauls51 ,f41 #ag1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #dd1 #di1 #ea et seq41 #fd1 #gh1 #acd1 #aej1 #bcf1 #bci1 #beb1 #bec1 #bfb1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bhg1 #bib et seq41 #cji1 #cab1 #cba1 #cce1 #cch1 #chb1 #djd ,paulus1 ,h4 ,e41 #beh ,p$agogy1 #cde ,p]ception1 ! ,nature ( human1 #cc ,pes*1 ,*r41 #ii ,pes*el1 ,o41 #aae ,pessimism1 #bie et seq4 ,pfaff1 ,f41 #bai ,pfleid]]1 ,o41 #bef1 #bei1 #bhe ,philip1 ! ,fair1 #aeb ,philosophical ,errors1 #cbg ---- ,tra9+1 great ,want (1 #cba ,philosophy1 #g1 #af1 #ba1 #bh1 #cf1 #dd1 #gh1 #bdb1 #bge1 #bib et seq4 ,philosophy & ! ,fai?1 #ib ---- ,s*ola/ic1 #di1 #ec ,piazzi1 ,g41 #bji ,p9d>1 #gd ,pius ,,ix41 #ii1 #afb1 #afe1 #aff ,pius ,x41 #ii ,plate1 ,l41 #bjf1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdc et seq41 #bdi1 #bhg ,plato1 #eb1 #gd1 #bdi1 #bfi1 #bge1 #ccg ,plut>*1 #cdi ,pogg5dorff1 #bji ,pohle1 ,j41 #bji ,po9c>1 ,h41 #aad ,pope1 8 ,p]son1 #ih ,popes1 & ! ,univ]sities1 #aej et seq4 ,prantl1 ,k4 von1 #cbd ,pray]1 #df ,press5s1 ,f4 de1 #bii ,primordial ,g5esis1 #bda ,progress1 #aei ,promot+ ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 ! ,aim ( ,f\nd]s ( ,univ]sities1 #cfg ,prote/antism1 #ai1 #bg et seq41 #dd1 #de1 #ea1 #ed1 #ff1 #gg1 #ig1 #aag1 #abh1 #abi1 #adj1 #afh1 #aic1 #aie1 #bjb1 #bee1 #bic1 #bih1 #cei1 #cfc1 #cij1 #cif ,ptolemy1 #e ,py?agoras1 #d1 #adj ,qu5/$t1 ,f41 #g1 #bai1 #bbc ,rade1 ,m41 #bhb ,radicalism1 #ccb ,ramsay1 ,w41 #g ,ranke1 ,l4 von41 #aaf1 #agi ,ratzel1 ,f41 #aae ,reason1 its ,limitations1 #g1 #ad ,re=mation1 !1 #bg1 #bh1 #cfc ,reim>us1 ,h4 ,s41 #beh ,re9hold1 ,g41 #cia ,re9ke1 ,j41 #g1 #aae1 #bbc ,relative ,tru?1 #aeg ,religion1 #af1 #bj1 #be1 #bh1 #ea ---- ab&on$1 #bhi et seq4 ---- di/+ui%$ f ,sci5ce1 #bff ---- ( natural ,reason1 #bh1 #ea ,religi\s ,in/ruction ( ,*ildr51 #de ,remus1 ,john1 #aif ,r5an1 ,e41 #ed1 #bdh1 #beh ,rese>*1 & ,fai?1 #ei ---- ,def9ition (1 #i ,re/ra9t1 prop]1 ( ,sci5ce1 #ij ,revelation1 #bi1 #ea1 #gb1 #gg et seq41 #ij1 #abe1 #big ---- ,pro( (1 #ach ,revolution1 ,fr5*1 #bi1 #cf ---- ( #ahdh1 #cfc ,rheticus 7,g4 ,joa*im71 #aie1 #bja ,rhodius1 #adj ,riccioli1 ,j41 #aij ,"r ( ,*ri/ians1 to be repres5t$1 #cfg ---- to tea*1 natural1 #cfi ,rights ( ,tea*]1 n unre/rict$1 #cdf ,ritt]1 ,k41 #bah ,romanes1 ,g41 #bba ,roscell91 #aeh ,ros5b]g]1 #aah ,rosm9i-,s]bati1 #aaj ,ro!nb*]1 #cj ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 #bh ,rudd]1 ,p4 de1 #bdi ,ruville1 ,a4 von1 #gg ,sabati]1 ,a41 #bf1 #ci1 #gh1 #bfb ,sa9t-,hilaire1 #bbc ,saits*ick1 #cib ,s>cey1 #agc ,savigny1 ,f4 von1 #cee ,scepticism1 #ce1 #dg1 #ee1 #bic ,s*afhutl1 ,k4 von1 #bai ,s*e9]1 ,*41 #abe1 #aia ,s*ell1 ,h41 #acf1 #agb ,s*ell+1 #d ,s*]r1 ,j41 #ch ,s*iap>elli1 ,g41 #aia ,s*ill]1 #bgd ,s*lei]ma*]1 #de1 #ed1 #bij ,s*mi$el1 ,p41 #bhb ,s*neid]1 ,w41 #aaf ,s*nbe91 #g1 #bah ,s*nb]g1 ,c>d9al1 #aid1 #bja ,s*ools1 free1 #bb ,s*op5hau]1 #ce1 #bgb1 #bgd ,s*wann1 ,?41 #bbj ,s*wegl]1 ,a41 #bh ,s*weitz]1 ,a41 #bhb ,sci5ce1 an ,activity ( ! human ,m9d1 #f ---- anti-,*ri/ian1 its ,dang]1 #cbi et seq4 ---- ,def9ition1 #c et seq4 ---- ,errors (1 #aae et seq4 ---- grave ,*>ges aga9/ ,mod]n1 #cbi ---- ,limitations1 #g ---- ,p[] (1 #cbb ---- re/rict$ by accid5tal ,conditions1 #cfa ---- subject to ,god1 #f ---- subject to ,imp]fections ( human ,m9d1 #f1 #ca ---- subject to ,tru?1 #f ---- ,vocation (1 #bgi ,sci5ces1 pr(ane & ! ,fai?1 #hh ,sci5tific ,rese>*1 ,me?ods1 #aeh ---- ,tea*+1 ,def9ition1 #caf ,sci5ti/s1 ,ca?olic1 #chd et seq4 ,scripture1 does n tea* pr(ane ,sci5ces1 #hd ---- ,int]pretation1 #bg ---- ,n>ratives n to be tak5 9 lit]al ,s5se1 #hb et seq4 ,sec*i1 ,a41 #aia1 #bjh ,s$gwick1 ,a41 #bai ,sem9>ies1 #djj ,s5suality1 ,emancipation (1 ,dang] to ,civilization1 #cef ,sexual ,p]v]sities1 #cdg ---- ,practice1 natural1 #cdf ---- ,que/ions1 #cbe ---- ,re=m1 #cdg ,%am-,sci5ce1 #cac ,sil5ce n ,d5ial1 #aa ,smet1 de1 #hf ,smi?1 ,adam1 #bh ,smolko1 ,s4 von1 #cei ,socialism1 #aaa1 #cdi1 #cej ,sociali/s1 #cca ,social "q1 #cj ,sociology1 #cj ,socrates1 #g ,s\l1 !1 #df et seq4 ---- !1 an illusion1 #bhh et seq4 ,sp5c]1 ,h41 #bdc1 #cac ,spick]1 ,g41 #bb1 #bf1 #bib1 #cbd ,sp9oza1 ,b41 #da1 #agi ,/gemann1 #cf ,/ate1 !1 & ,fre$om ( ,tea*+1 #cdj et seq4 ,/eudel1 #bcf ,/rauss1 ,d4 ,f41 #ed1 #fe1 #bdj1 #beh1 #bfg1 #bgc1 #bhj1 #bhc1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cae1 #cfd ,/tz1 #aai ,subjectivism1 #cc et seq4 ,sup]natural1 ,factors to be exclud$1 #bce et seq4 ---- !1 inadmissible1 #ca ,sup]vision ( ,tea*+1 ,ecclesia/ical1 #chi ,sybel1 ,l4 von1 #bdf1 #bib ,syllabus1 !1 #ee1 #id1 #aae1 #afb et seq4 ,tann]1 ,a41 #aib ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 #aid ,tea*]s1 anti-,*ri/ian1 #ceh ---- ,ca?olic1 small ,numb] (1 #cfe ---- ,jewi%1 #cfe ,tea*+1 ,def9ition (1 #aj ---- ( ! ,*ur*1 z di/+ui%$ f ,op9ions ( ,!ologians1 #hb et seq4 ,tews1 ,j41 #ceh ,?n>d1 ,l41 #bag ,!oc5tric ,view ( ! ,_w1 #ai ,!ologians1 ,ca?olic1 ( ,repute1 #chd et seq4 ,!ological ,lit]ature1 ,ca?olic1 #chd et seq4 ,!ology & ,progress1 #cha et seq4 ---- a ,sci5ce1 #cgh et seq4 ---- ,hi/ory (1 #djc ,!ophobia ( ,sci5ce1 #bcd1 #bda ,!ory ( ,rights1 individuali/ic1 #cac ,?omas1 ,/41 #hb1 #hd1 #aee1 #bfb1 #cec1 #chh ,?omasius1 ,*r41 #cdd1 #cfc ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv971 #gd1 #bch1 #bdi1 #bea et seq41 #cha ,tol&1 ,j41 #bh ,treits*ke1 ,h4 von1 #abi1 #agi ,trlts*1 ,e41 #bh1 #acd1 #afg1 #bih1 #cef1 #chi ,tru?1 relative1 #di et seq4 ,tyndall1 ,j41 #bag1 #bbd b]weg1 ,f41 #bfg ,uhli*1 ,l41 #bia ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aaa1 #cfh ,univ]sities1 #aej1 #cda et seq4 ---- & ! ,*ur*1 #cga ---- ,ca?olic1 #cgj ---- free1 #cfh ,univ]sity1 & ,!ology1 #cih ---- ,tea*]s1 #ag ---- vani%+ ,respect =1 #ccd ,unprepossession 9 ,rese>*1 #aba et seq41 #ceg ,urban ,,iv41 #aee ,urban ,v41 #aea ,urban ,,viii41 #if1 #ahf1 #ahi ,vaillant1 ,an>*i/1 #cej ,val]ius1 ,maximus1 #cai ,v>nhag51 #cf ,vatican ,ar*ives1 #ie ,vatican ,c\ncil1 #fh et seq41 #ij1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aji1 #acj ,vaud91 #aai ,vi]ort1 ,k4 von1 #bbj ,view ( life1 ,*ri/ian1 #beb ---- ( ! ,_w1 an?ropoc5tric1 #ai ---- ---- ,*ri/ian1 #ad1 #bg ---- ---- humanit>ian1 #ah1 #ba et seq41 #ca ---- ---- !oc5tric1 #ai ,views ( ! ,_w1 v>i\s1 #ac1 #bb1 #aei1 #bid ,vigilius1 ,/41 #ahj et seq4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ( ,l]91 #chc ,vir*[1 ,r4 von1 #aaf1 #bbd1 #bda1 #cbc ,vogt1 ,k41 #cj1 #aae1 #bbd ,volkmann1 ,a41 #bbj1 #bbc ,volta1 ,a41 #bab et seq41 #bbd ,voltaire1 #bh1 #cbf ,vries1 ,h4 de1 #bbj ,waag51 ,w41 #bbc ,wahrmund1 ,l41 #hf ,wallace1 ,a41 #aai ,wal%1 ,j4 ,j41 #bjh ,wal!r1 ,w41 #bhd ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 #cdi ,wasmann1 ,e41 #aaf1 #bbc1 #bdc1 #bdi ,wehn]1 von1 #dje ,weismann1 #bdb ,weizsck]1 #beg ,we/]m>k1 #ej ,we/h(f1 #agg1 #gd1 #ade1 #bgf1 #bhb ,wimphel+1 #aef ,wobb]m91 ,g41 #bde ,wolf1 ,r41 #bjg ,wlln]1 ,m9i/]1 #cfc ,wundt1 ,w41 #bd1 #eb1 #fb1 #ga1 #acg1 #bce1 #bdc1 #bed1 #bhh1 #bij ,"y1 ,?41 #aai ,za*>ias1 ,pope1 #ahj ,z$litz1 von1 #cfc ,zell]1 ,e41 #bdf1 #bee ,ziegl]1 ,?41 #ei ,zittel1 #aaf ,zckl]1 #g1 #aha1 #bja ,zo51 ,bi%op1 #aea ,zola1 #bdh et seq4 ,,footnotes #a ,:5ev] we use "h ! ^w 8mod]n10 we d n take x 9 ! s5se ( 8pres5t10--! ,*ri/ian view ( ! _w is also a pres5t "o1 & is /ill ( ! utmo/ importance1--b 9 ! s5se ( 8new0 9 contra/ to ! "t-hon\r$ & inh]it$4 #b ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,prote/ant & ! ,ca?olic mann] ( reason+ is /at$ by ! conv]t1 ,pr(4 ,a4 von ,ruville1 z foll[s3 8,my m9d _h h>b\r$ up to n[ ! *>act]i/ically ,prote/ant ?\ght t ,i1 f my sup]ior m5tal /&po9t1 0 go+ to probe ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 t ,i 0 go+ to pass an infallible judgm5t on h] tru? or untru?1 & ?is 9 spite ( my be+ ready to ackn[l$ge ! tru? 9 h]4 ,b n[ ,i became m & m consci\s ( ! fact t x 0 ! ,*ur* :o _h a "r to pass judgm5t on me1 t ,i _h to b[ to h] op9ion1 t %e immeasurably surpass$ me 9 wisdom4 ,_m details1 :i* ,i 0 incl9$ to criticize1 demon/rat$ ?is to me1 = 9 e in/ance ,i recogniz$ t x 0 my und]/&+ t 0 at fault1 & t :at appe>$ to me z an imp]fection 0 root$ 9 ! deepe/ tru?4 ,9 ?is way ,i 0 gradually br\ght to ! real ,ca?olic /&po9t1 to accept ! doctr9es imm$iately z ,tru?1 because !y proce$$ f ! ,*ur*1 & !n to endeav\r to und]/& !m ?or\ghly1 & to reap f !m ! fulle/ possible h>ve/ ( ,tru?4 ,=m]ly1 ) reg>d to ,prote/ant doctr9es1 ,i always reta9$ my indep5d5ce & ! sov]eignty ( my judgm5t4 ,:y %\ld ,i n h _h my own op9ion1 :5 e d5om9ation & e !ologian _h an individual op9ion8 ,h[ diff]5t ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,be=e h] sublime1 nev] v>y+ wisdom1 z x is proclaim$ by e simple prie/1 ,i b[$ my knees 9 humility4 ,comp>$ to h] exp]i5ce ( two ?\s& ye>s my ephem]al k 0 a m]e no?+0 7,back to ,holy ,*ur*1 by ,dr4 ,alb]t von ,ruville1 pp4 #cj1 #ca74 #c ,infallible tea*+s are (t5 also call$ dogmas4 ,b !y are n always dogmas 9 ! /rict s5se4 ,9 ! /rict s5se dogmas are su* tru?s z are conta9$ 9 div9e revelation1 & are proclaim$ by ! infallible tea*+ au?ority ( ! ,*ur* to be believ$ z su* by ! fai?ful4 ,9 a broad] s5se ^? t5ets are (t5 call$ dogmas :i* are pres5t$ by revelation or by ! ,*ur* z infallible tru?s4 ,9 ?is s5se all tea*+s ( fai? cle>ly f\nd 9 ,holy ,scripture are dogmas1 ev5 if n decl>$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ?is s5se ,prote/ants1 too1 believe 9 reveal$ dogmas4 #d 8,!y t h receiv$ ! fai? ?r\gh ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur* c nev] h j cause = *ang+ _! fai? or call+ x into d\bt0 7,sess4 ,,iii1 *4 #c74 ,! ,vatican ,c\ncil did n !reby mean to say t an exceptional case c\ld n happ5 :]e "s "o1 )\t fault ( 8 own1 might fall away f 8 fai?1 ei!r on acc\nt ( insuffici5t religi\s in/ruction1 or ( natural dullness or exceptional mis=tunes 9 ! circum/ances ( life 9 :i* he may be plac$4 ,! !ologians :o word$ ! decision also say t ! ,c\ncil did n int5d to condemn ! op9ion express$ by _m old] !ologians1 t "u c]ta9 conditions an un$ucat$ ,ca?olic might be l$ 9 su* way into error z to jo9 ano!r fai? )\t committ+ a s94 7cf4 ,gr&]a?1 ,con/4 ,dog4 ss4 oec4 ,concl4 ,vat4 #fi74 #e ,at a c]ta9 ,au/rian univ]sity1 :]e ! cu/om obta9s t a memb] ( a faculty ( ! univ]sity1 9 ! regul> ord] ( ! faculties1 publi%es dur+ ! ye> a book on "s /udy 9 its p>ticul> bran*1 ! turn came to ! !ological faculty4 ,"o ( its memb]s !n issu$ a "w on moral !ology1 ( c\rse ) ! ecclesia/ical ,imprimatur4 ,^u ?is be+ discov]$ ! s5ate resolv$ n to ackn[l$ge ! book z a univ]sity publication1 nor to issue x z su*1 z is usually ! cu/om4 ,!y believ$ !y saw 9 ! ,imprimatur a degradation ( sci5ce & a violation ( its fre$om--a proc$ure entirely 9 accord ) ! traditional n>r[-m9d$ness & intol]ance ( lib]alism4 #f ,a cle> und]/&+ ( ! case ( ,galileo has be5 made possible only s9ce ! ye> #ahgg1 :5 ! pap]s ( ! trial 7 publi%$ by two m5 ( opposite religi\s views1--! ,ca?olic-m9d$ hi/orian1 de l',ep9ois1 & ! lib]al au?or1 ,k4 ,gebl]1 :o 9 #ahgf _h already publi%$ a "w on 8,galileo ,galilei & ! ,roman ,curia10 9 ! _s ( ! anti-cl]ical t5d5cy ( ! times4 ,yet1 9 spite ( 8 attitude1 he 0 giv5 free p]mission to copy ! pap]s--a magnanimity by :i* ! ,holy ,see has e>n$ ! gratitude & admiration ( e fair-m9d$ lov] ( hi/ory4 ,9 m rec5t times1 ,a4 ,fav>o publi%$1 9 #ahij-aijg1 a "w ( tw5ty volumes conta9+ all ! pap]s relat+ to ! trial ( ,galileo1 8,op]e di ,galileo ,galilei1 ,edizione ,nazionale40 ,he1 too1 _h access to ! ecclesia/ical ar*ives1 :i* he ackn[l$ges ) ?anks4 ,x may be said n[ t ! ,galileo case has be5 settl$ by docum5t>y evid5ce4 #g ,aft] visit+ ,?omson at ,kreuzna*1 ,helmholtz wrote3 8,he surpasses all great sci5ti/s ,i h p]sonally met1 9 acum51 cle>ness & activity ( _s1 s t ,i felt some:at dull beside him40 ,helmholtz himself 7di$ #ahid7 has nev] express$ himself ab\t religion4 ,absorb$ by 8 sci5tific "w1 he seem$ to h be5 indiff]5t to religion1 b accord+ to 8 biograph] 8 fa!r 0 a decid$ !i/1 & 8 philosophical views 7 held 9 great e/eem1 & p>tly subscrib$ to1 by ! son4 ,accord+ to ,d5n]t1 ,helmholtz att5d$ *ur* n[ & !n1 & ev5 p>took ( holy communion4 ,( decid$ religi\s b5t ( m9d 0 ,helmholtz's fell[-c\ntryman1 & co-discov]] ( ! law ( en]gy1 ,rob]t ,may]4 ,at ! ,congress ( sci5ti/s at ,innsbruck1 9 #ahfi1 ,may] end$ 8 address ) ! significant words3 8,let me 9 conclusion decl>e f ! bottom ( my he>t t true philosophy _c & mu/ n be any?+ else b propdeutics ( ! ,*ri/ian religion40 ,8 lett]s brea! piety4 ,= a "t he _h ! int5tion ( jo9+ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 #h ,o!rs take refuge 9 ! fanta/ic !ory ( an 8,all-,animation40 ,accord+ to x all organisms1 includ+ trees1 %rubs1 grasses1 are possess$ ( a s\lful s5sation & feel+ = ! purposes !y s]ve1 & = ! elaborate actions !y und]take3 ?is is ! reason = _! efficacy1 n because a wise ,creator _h arrang$ !m ?us4 ,r4 ,h4 ,franc exclaims triumphantly3 8,:5 ! p[]s t be %\ld ask 9 _! dissatisfaction3 #8,:]e has ,god a place 9 y\r sy/em8' we c answ] calmly3 #8,we d n ne$ ! hypo!sis ( a p]sonal ,god4' 0 ,god is sup]flu\s--?is is ! preci\s ga9 :i* ?is unsci5tific explanation is to yield4 #i ,comp>e ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,lat9>um ,,xi 7#ahhc1 vii474 #aj ,l4 ,m4 ,h>tmann1 ,!odor ,momms5 7#aijh71 #ha4 ,! au?or ( ! biography is a ,jew4 ,!re is a mu*-circulat$ /ory1 alleg$ to come f ,f4 ,x4 ,kraus4 ,momms5 is said to h told ,kraus1 inasmu* z nei!r ! orig91 nor nature1 nor ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity c be expla9$ by natural causes1 & s9ce he1 9 8 capacity ( hi/orian1 c\ld nev] ackn[l$ge any?+ sup]natural1 !re=e ! f\r? volume w rema9 unwritt54 #aa ,nietzs*e1 8,?us spoke ,z>a?u/ra40 #ab 8,v]itati ut possetis acquiesc]e1 humilitate opus erat1 quae civitati1 ve/rae difficillime p]suad]i pote/0 7,de civit4 ,dei1 ,x1 #bi74 #ac ,plato1 ,phil4 #f c4 ,simil>ly ,py?agoras1 ,ari/otle1 & ,cic]o4 #ad ,dial4 c4 ,tryph4 #b4 #ae 8,b = ! ret5tion ( names & t]ms ,h>nack leaves no?+ ( ! specific nature ( ,*ri/ianity10 admits ! ,prote/ant ,pr(essor ( ,!ology1 ,w4 ,wal!r1 9 8 book1 8,h>nack's ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums0 7#aija74 #af ,uhli*1 f\nd] ( a community ( free-?9k]s1 :o di$ 9 #ahgc1 ?us describes 8 evolution f rationalism to a!ism3 8,at ! beg9n+ ,i c\ld say3 ,we hold fa/ to ,jesus1 to ,him :o /ood too high to be call$ a m]e man4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ,i c\ld say3 ,god1 virtue1 immortality--^! ?ree are ! et]nal f\ndation ( religion4 ,& aft] t5 m ye>s ,i c\ld issue a decl>ation :]e9 ,god 0 m5tion$ no m40 ,simil> progress 9 spiritual dis9tegration has be5 %[n by ,lib]alism 9 rec5t ye>s3 fir/ x p>tially ab&on$ ,*ri/ian dogma1 )\t h[ev] q break+ loose f x2 9 ! eighte5? c5tury rationali/ic enlight5m5t tore loose f all revelation1 adh]+ only to natural religion3 to-day ev5 ?is is lo/4 #ag ,dr4 ,sp5c] ,jones1 an ,episcopal cl]gyman1 says 9 8 book1 8,engl& & ! ,holy ,see03 8,= ! ,episcopal ,*ur* ! junction ) ,rome1 ) its %>ply def9$ dogmas1 its supreme m9i/ry1 & its firm lead]%ip1 is a "q ( life4 ,m & m ! sup]natural belief is replac$ by individual op9ions1 a condition :i* 9 itself causes fai? to disappe>4 ,a condition l ! pres5t1 mak+ x possible t 9 "o & ! same congregation ! mo/ pron\nc$ contr>iety ( op9ions 9 respect to mo/ ess5tial t5ets1 z well z a g5]al confusion ( m9ds1 is n only tol]at$1 b directly welcom$1 su* a condition _c endure 9 ! long run40 #ah ,a ,fr5* au?or1 ,g4 ,goyau1 /ates ) tru?3 8,:at makes ! 7,ca?olic7 ,*ur* lovable 9 ! eyes ( ?9k+ m9ds outside ( ! ,*ur*1 is j h] uncompromis+ attitude4 ,!y see a ,*ur* /eadfa/1 p]man5t1 imp]turbable4 ,! /umbl+ block ( yore has become = !m an isle ( safety4 ,!y are ?ankful to ,rome = hold+ be=e _! eyes ! ,*ri/ianity1 in/ead ( giv+ !m ! *oice ( sev]al k9ds ( ,*ri/ianity1 includ+ k9ds /ill unkn[n1 :i* !y und\bt$ly !mselves may discov]1 if s incl9$4 ,!y welcome ! ,roman ,*ur* z ! #8,tea*] ( ,fai?' & #8,conqu]or ( ,errors1' &1 to quote m ( ! =cible language ( ! ,prote/ant de ,press5s3 #8!y are disgu/$ ) a ,*ri/ianity = ! l[e/ bidd]1 b are impress$ by ! rigid inflexibility ( ,ca?olicism4444' 0 7,aut\r du ,ca?olicisme social4 ,i4 #ahif74 #ai 8,! ,indep5d5t0 7,new ,york7 ( ,feb4 #b1 #aiad1 reports "u ! head fre$om ( tea*+ ! dismissal ( a pr(essor f ! ,presbyt]ian ,univ]sity at ,ea/on1 ,pa4 ,aft] quot+ f ! *>t] article ,,viii1 :i* provides 8t p]sons ( e religi\s d5om9ation %all be capable ( be+ elect$ ,tru/ees1 nor %all any p]son1 ei!r z pr9cipal1 pr(essor1 tutor or pupil be refus$ admittance into said college1 or d5i$ any ( ! privileges1 immunities or advantages !re(1 = or on acc\nt ( 8 s5tim5ts 9 matt]s ( religion10 ! report goes on to say3 8x appe>s h[ev]1 f ! inve/igations ( ! committee1 t ,presid5t ,w>field insi/s t ! in/ruction 9 philosophy & psy*ology has to be su*1 z1 9 8 op9ion1 accords ) ! mo/ cons]vative =m ( ,presbyt]ian !ology40 #bj ,pr(4 ,*r4 von ,ehr5fels1 ,sexuale?ik4 ,simil> passages might be quot$ f num]\s o!r books by college-pr(essors4