99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z %[n 9 ! ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts ne> ! end ( ! text4 ,to pres]ve ! alignm5t ( tables & head]s1 ?is etext presumes a mono-spac$ font on ! us]'s device1 su* z ,c\ri] ,new4 ,words 9 italics are indicat$ l ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,bl9d-,,/amp$ ,,lea!r ,,b9d+ ,,( ,,! ,,w9*e/] ,,domesday ,,book4 ,,engli%1 #ab,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,! ,,decoration ,,( ,,lea!r ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,( ,,georges ,,de ,r,,cy ,,by ,,maude ,,na?an ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,& ,,examples ,,( ,,lea!r ,,decoration ,,f ,,v>i\s ,,s\rces ,,london ,,ar*ibald ,,con/able ,,co ,,ltd #aije ,,butl] ,,tann]1 ,,! ,,selwood ,,pr9t+ ,,works1 ,,frome1 ,,& ,,london4 ,,translator',s ,,note ,9 a preface :i* is omitt$ f ?is translation1 ! au?or claims = 8 "w a place betwe5 ! books deal+ solely ) ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! art ( work+ 9 lea!r & ^? ( :i* ! object is to imp>t a k ( ! te*nique ( its v>i\s processes to amateurs :o may be unable or unwill+ to und]take a regul> c\rse ( in/ruction4 ,he po9ts out t lea!r1 9 its adaptability to _m diff]5t k9ds ( treatm5t1 is a mat]ial em95tly suit$ to ! int]pretation ( ! /yle ( decoration kn[n z 8mod]n art40 ,9 ! ,fr5* edition !re are num]\s reproductions ( examples ( lea!r decoration & ( ornam5t int5d$ = adaptation to lea!r-"w4 ,9 ! foll[+ translation ^! illu/rations & also a %ort *apt] ref]r+ to !m are omitt$1 & "s examples ( lea!r-"w d]iv$ f v>i\s ,engli% s\rces are sub/itut$4 ,! text ( ! "w has be5 g5]ally some:at abridg$4 ,! fact t !re are _m te*nical & o!r t]ms 9 ,fr5* t h no exact equival5t 9 our own language1 has r5d]$ a free translation desirable1 b ! mean+ ( ! orig9al text has be5 c>efully pres]v$4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,translator',s ,,note #e ,,introduction ,,! ,,decoration ,,( ,,lea!r ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/ #ac ,,*apt] ,i ,,tools ,,& ,,lea!r #ae ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+ ,,9 ,,lea!r #ai ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lea!r ,,mosaic #db ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,dyes1 ,,pat9es ,,& ,,gild+ #fd ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,design ,,& ,,col\r #gf ,,app5dix ,,lea!r ,,hang+s ,,& ,,furniture #hj ,,note ,,"s ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,lea!r ,,= ,,bookb9d+1 ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts1 ,,febru>y1 #aijj #ij ,,index #if ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,trac+-po9t #bj #b1 #c4 ,incis+ knife us$ d[nw>ds l a p5cil #ba #d1 #e4 ,incis+ knife us$ upw>ds #bb #f1 #g4 ,incis+ knife held l a grav] & pu%$ =w>d #bc #h4 ,execut+ a slant+ cut :5 ! edge ( ! lea!r is to be subsequ5tly turn$ up #bd #i4 ,op5] #be #aj4 ,enl>g+ ! outl9e ) ! op5] #be #aa4 ,slant+ cut #bf #aa;a4 ,%[+ ! difficulty ( rais+ ! inn] edge ,a #bf #ab4 ,l[]+ ! out] edge ) a modell] #bi #ac4 ,ball-%ap$ /eel tool ) h&le #cb #ad4 ,position ( h&s 9 emboss+ lea!r #cb #ae4 ,tool = work+ re$ decoration #cd #af4 ,us+ a h& pun* #cf #ag4 ,cutt+-out knife #dj #ah4 ,p>+ knife #dc #ai4 ,p>+ knife #dc #bj4 ,p>+ lea!r #dd #ba4 ,cutt+-out knife #df #bb4 ,cutt+-out knife #df #bc4 ,cutt+-out knife #df #bd4 ,cutt+ out inlay #dh #be4 ,us+ roll] to secure adhesion ( inlay #ea #bf4 ,fir/ position ( outl9+ tool #ec #bg4 ,second position ( outl9+ tool #ec #bh4 ,g\ge outl9] #ef #bi4 ,outl9+ :eel #ef #cj4 ,g\ge outl9] #ef #ca4 ,/raight outl9] #ef #cb4 ,poli%+ mosaic #eg #cc1 #cd4 ,/ick+ inlay on morocco gr\nd ) tool 7,fig4 #cc7 in/ead ( roll]1 to avoid cru%+ ! gra9 #fj ,,full-,,page ,,illu/rations ,,plate ,page #a4 ,bl9d-/amp$ lea!r b9d+ ( ! ,w9*e/] ,domesday ,book4 ,engli%1 #ab? c5tury4 7,frontispiece7 ,,society ,,( ,,antiqu>ies1 ,,london4 #b4 ,casket cov]$ ) /amp$ lea!r1 cuir b\illi4 ,g]man1 #ad? c5tury4 #bb ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #c4 ,c(fret cov]$ ) lea!r1 incis$1 col\r$ & gilt4 ,fr5*1 #ad? c5tury4 #bd ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #d4 ,casket cov]$ ) emboss$ lea!r1 cuir b\illi4 ,fr5*1 e>ly #ae? c5tury4 #bh ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #e4 ,case ( cut & emboss$ lea!r1 cuir b\illi4 ,italian1 #ae? c5tury4 #cb ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #f4 ,bl9d-/amp$ morocco b9d+ ) gilt r\ndels & col\r$ cameo design4 ,celsus4 ,de ,m$ic9a4 ,v5ice1 #adgg4 ,italian1 #ae? c5tury4 #cg ,,briti% ,,museum4 #g4 ,case ( cut & pun*$ lea!r4 ,g]man1 #ae? c5tury4 #dj ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #h4 ,br[n lea!r b9d+1 cut & engrav$1 ) pun*$ backgr\nd4 ,g]man ,,ms4 ,*ronicle ( ,ev5ts4 ,g]man1 #ae? c5tury4 #dd ,,bodleian ,,libr>y1 ,,ox=d4 #i4 ,cov] ( case = a cup 9 wood cov]$ ) lea!r1 cuir b\illi1 cut1 emboss$1 pa9t$ & gilt4 ,italian1 ab\t #aejj4 #di ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #aj4 ,cov] ( "w-box ( wood cov]$ ) emboss$ lea!r1 cuir b\illi4 ,g]man1 #af? c5tury4 #ef ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #aa4 ,p[d]-flask ( wood cov]$ ) lea!r1 cuir b\illi1 cut & emboss$4 ,italian1 #af? c5tury4 #ef ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #ab4 ,%ield ( cut & emboss$ lea!r1 cuir b\illi4 ,italian1 #af? c5tury4 #fj ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #ac4 ,top ( casket cov]$ ) br[n calf1 cut & slightly emboss$4 ,by ,flor5ce ,hornbl[]4 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #fe ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #ad4 ,emboss$ & pun*$ br[n calf b9d+4 ,rubiyt ( ,om> ,khayym4 ,design$ by ,m>y ,g4 ,h\/on4 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #ff ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #ae4 ,mirror case ( pun*$ black lea!r1 cuir b\illi4 ,execut$ by ,miss ,casella4 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #ga ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #af4 ,black morocco b9d+ ) appli$ panels ( tool$1 cut1 pa9t$ & gilt calf4 ,le ,roman de ,tri/an et ,iseut4 ,design$ by ,rob]t ,engels4 ,mod]n ,fr5*4 #gd ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #ag4 ,b9d+ ( /a9$ calf1 cut1 emboss$1 tool$ & pat9at$4 ,by ,h5ri ,god94 ,mod]n ,fr5*4 #gh ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum4 #ah4 ,gold-tool$ & inlaid morocco b9d+4 ,! ,lett]s ( ,pr9cess ,liev54 ,by ,s4 ,t4 ,prideaux4 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #hb #ai4 ,back & seat ( *air 9 cut1 emboss$ & gilt c[hide ) pun*$ backgr\nd4 ,execut$ by ,rosalie ,vig]s f a design by ,fr$]ick ,vig]s4 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #hd #bj4 ,emboss$ calf b9d+4 ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 ,execut$ by ,rosalie ,vig]s f a design by ,fr$]ick ,vig]s4 ,mod]n ,engli%4 #hf ,,introduction ,,! ,,decoration ,,( ,,lea!r ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/ ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 )\t attempt+ a description 9 detail ( ! diff]5t phases ?r\gh :i* ! art ( decorat+ lea!r has pass$ s9ce its orig9 9 primitive times1 deal ) ! treatm5t ( lea!r solely f ! decorative po9t ( view1 ! pres5t volume be+ limit$ to ! consid]ation ( ?is aspect ( ! subject4 ,9 all ages man has s\ght to develop to _! fulle/ ext5t ! possibilities ( spl5d\r 9 ! mat]ials ( 8 dress1 & an important place 9 ! w>drobes ( our e>ly ance/ors 0 fill$ by sk9s %orn ( hair1 ?us l5d+ !mselves easily to decoration 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,! nomadic races1 describ$ to u z at fir/ rid+ _! horses b>eback$ to ! conque/ ( ! ,we/1 soon adopt$ ornam5tal trapp+s m suit$ to _! position z conqu]ors1 z %[n by ! m>vell\s mosaics ( piqu lea!r :i* f an e>ly date con/itut$ ! f\ndation ( ! w>-l equipm5t ( ! ,t>t>s & ,moguls4 ,9 addition to magnific5tly wov5 mat]ials & damasc5$ arms1 ! ,crusad]s br\ght back ) !m to ,europe1 lea!r ornam5t$ ) wool1 silk & preci\s metals4 ,europe set itself to imitate ?is art ( work+ 9 lea!r1 & f\nd a s\rce ( faultless ta/e & pure/ models 9 ,spa91 !n occupi$ by ! ,moors4 ,= sev]al c5turies ! art ( decorat+ lea!r rema9$ ! speciality ( ,spa94 ,! ^w 8cordwa9]10 d]iv$ f ,cordova1 is a witness ( ?is monopoly by ! ,p59sula ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) lea!r-"w1 ap>t f ! modell$ & /amp$ lea!rs1 introduc$ into ,v5ice f ! ,ea/4 ,o!r c\ntries1 h[ev]1 7 do+ bett] "w ?an t ( imitat+ ! celebrat$ manufactures ( ,cordova4 ,9 ,g]many especially1 lea!r 0 discov]$ to be an ideal mat]ial = r5d]+ ! mantles & plum$ helmets ( h]aldry1 :ile ! m>vels ( c>v$ & emboss$ lea!r pres]v$ 9 ! ,dijon ,museum are a pro( ( ! int]e/ tak5 9 lea!r-"w by ! great decorative s*ool ( ! c\rt ( ,burgundy4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages preci\s /uffs adorn$ ) enamels1 ivory & gold 7 disc>d$ z cov]+ = ! beautiful manuscripts execut$ by ! monks1 & 9 _! place h]aldic subjects 9 c>v$ & modell$ lea!r 7 introduc$ & l5t a new "* to books :i* 7 no long] ! exclusive prop]ty ( cr[n$ heads4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ af=d$ ! ,r5aissance movem5t ! means ( atta9+ its full developm5t1 & soon call$ = a less ar*aic b9d+ = its incunabula4 ,lea!r ei!r decorat$ 9 mosaic or tool$ 9 gold =m$ a p]fect cov]+ = ^! m>vels ( typography1 & f ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury to ! pres5t revival ( decorat$ lea!r bo? /yles h be5 mu* 9 use4 ,!re are v>i\s /&>d works on ?is subject1 :i* may be consult$ by ^? desir\s ( /udy+ its developm5t fur!r4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,tools ,,& ,,lea!r ,,tools ,! few tools ess5tial 9 lea!r-"w are illu/rat$ 9 ! text1 :]e _! use is describ$4 ,!y comprise3 #a4 ,a ,li?ographic ,/one or a ,slab ( ,m>ble 7pref]ably ! =m]74 #b4 ,a ,trac+-po9t & "s #f;,h ,graphite ,p5cils4 #c4 ,an ,incis+ ,knife4 #d4 ,modell]s ( diff]5t sizes4 #e4 ,an ,op5]4 ,special tools1 ,pun*es1 ,:eels etc41 are treat$ ( at great] l5g? 9 deal+ ) ! diff]5t processes 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,,*oice ,,( ,,sk9s ,! art ( work+ 9 lea!r is n[ s g5]al t x is n difficult to obta9 sk9s specially prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,x is an ess5tial qualification t no?+ ( a fatty nature be us$ 9 _! prep>ation4 ,! tann+ process ( ! be/ sk9s1 :e!r ) a glossy surface artificially obta9$ by roll+ or ) a dull surface1 %\ld be a v simple "o4 ,oak & suma* tann9s 7us$ especially = morocco lea!r7 are ^? :i* be/ pres]ve ! suppl5ess & capill>ity ( lea!r4 ,! susceptibility ( its col\r to alt]ation f exposure to light is greatly influ5c$ by ! mat]ials us$ 9 tann+4 ,oak wood & *e/nut are ! tann9s lea/ influ5c$ by light4 ,sk9s tann$ ) cassaigre & mimosa1 light at fir/1 become d>k5$ 9 a m>k$ degree by exposure4#a #a ,see ! obs]vations on ! importance ( ! tann+ process 9 ! pres]vation ( lea!r1 9 ! ,note at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,s _m v>ieties ( lea!r are on ! m>ket t "s guide w be f\nd useful 9 select+ ! mo/ suitable = ! diff]5t me?ods ( decoration4 ,^! me?ods may be classifi$ z foll[s3 ,cut1 or engrav$ lea!r4 ,c>v$ lea!r4 ,pun*$ or hamm]$ lea!r4 ,modell$ lea!r4 ,modell$ lea!r ) pun*$ backgr\nd4 ,lea!r decorat$ by pyrogravure & po9togravure4 ,/amp$ lea!r4 ,op5-"w lea!r4 ,lea!r mosaic4 ,! lea!rs :i* may be us$ 9 ^! v>i\s /yles ( decoration are ,%eep-sk94 ,c[-hide4 ,calf4 ,ox-hide4 ,morocco4 ,russia4 ,pig-sk94 ,*amois4 ,vellum4 ,%eepsk9 does n l5d itself ei!r to incis+ or to c>v+ & is only useful = *eap "w2 x is v malleable & models easily1 b = t reason lacks ! firmness ( calf :5 modell$4 ,x is also n possible to get su* good col\r results ) %eep-sk9 z ) calf1 c[-hide1 or ox-hide4 ,x c be us$ = l>ge "w1 su* z wall-hang+s1 scre5s1 etc41 b is n recomm5d$4 ,beg9n]s1 h[ev]1 w f9d x useful on acc\nt ( its l[ price4 ,c[ & calf are ! mo/ suitable lea!rs = really arti/ic "w4 ,c[-hide may be obta9$ ) ei!r a glossy or a dull surface2 ! dull sk9s are sold specially prep>$ = decorat+ & give good results1 ! smoo?ness ( _! surface mak+ !m p>ticul>ly suitable = modell+ & pyrogravure4 ,calf v>ies greatly 9 ?ickness & col\r4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 c>v$ & modell$ "w ! advantages ( great malleability 9 ! mat]ial are m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! disadvantages2 durable results _c be obta9$ ) v malleable lea!r :i* yields easily to ! tool1 & s9ce high relief c be work$ )\t difficulty 9 comp>atively ?ick lea!r by damp+ x1 its use is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,ox-hide is frequ5tly z ?ick z /rong c>dbo>d & is ! ideal lea!r = c>v+1 hamm]+ & pyrogravure4 ,9 cut decoration a bett] effect c be obta9$ ) ?is lea!r ?an ) ?9n] sk9s1 & be+ v firm1 x is equally suitable = modell+4 ,morocco lea!r1 :i* is mo/ly ( ! k9d call$ 8,cape morocco10 is goat-sk9 ) a gra9$ surface produc$ by press+ h>d se$s ^u ! sk9 :ile x is /ill damp f ! tann+4 ,= bookb9d+ & simil> purposes ?is gra9 is cru%$ by press+ hot plates heavily on ! surface4 ,! only way ( decorat+ lea!r s treat$ is by an inlay 7or lit]ally onlay7 ( sk9s ( o!r col\rs1 & is kn[n z ,lea!r ,mosaic4#b #b ,see ! *apt] on ,lea!r ,mosaic1 p4 #db4 ,! s-call$ ,russia lea!r is g5]ally v light & s(t & well adapt$ to modell+ on wax4 ,x %\ld n be cut4 ,pig-sk9 is v firm & 0 =m]ly mu* us$ = ! f9e /amp$ b9d+s ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,x does n l5d itself well to c>v+1 b is v suitable = pyrogravure because ( ! contra/ betwe5 its light t9t & ! d>k br[n m>k produc$ by ! hot tool4 ,*amois lea!r1 :i* is n always prep>$ f ! sk9s ( de] or *amois1 is only suitable = flat ornam5t4 ,x may be decorat$ by pyrogravure or ) /5cill$ ornam5t1 or us$ 9 its natural col\r z backgr\nd to an op5-"w patt]n ( lea!r ( ano!r col\r4 ,vellum1 a v ?9 & /iff :ite sk91 c be decorat$ ) bru% or p5-"w4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ = bookb9d+4 ,^? :o wi% to pa9t on vellum c draw _! inspiration f ! m>vell\s m9iatures ( ! ,middle ,ages3 a description ( ?is /yle ( decoration1 h[ev]1 does n come )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,me?ods ,,( ,,work+ ,,9 ,,lea!r ,,trac+ ,,! ,,design ,,on ,,! ,,lea!r ,9 ?is *apt] ! diff]5t processes :i* may be us$ 9 ! decoration ( lea!r w ea* be describ$ 9 turn4 ,! prelim9>y op]ation ( trac+ ! design on ! lea!r is h[ev] common to !m all4 ,! design %\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance be drawn on fairly ?ick trac+-pap] or ar*itect's l954 ,?is %\ld !n be fix$ on ! lea!r 9 su* a way t x does n move dur+ ! transf] ( ! design1 b s t x is possible to lift x to asc]ta9 ! progress ( ! "w4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to fold ! edge ( ! trac+-pap] ov] ! top edge ( ! lea!r & fix x ) seccot9e4 ,! lea!r mu/ be wet 9 ord] to take ! impression ( ! trac+4 ,a s(t1 slightly damp sponge is pass$ sev]al times ev5ly ov] ! :ole surface2 if only a "p ( ! lea!r 7 wett$ an aureole w\ld =m r\nd t "p & w\ld leave a p]man5t m>k4 ,:5 ! lea!r has once be5 wett$ all ov] !re is no fur!r fe> ( ?is1 & x may !n be damp$ aga9 9 p>ts :5 necess>y4 ,practice alone w make x possible to judge accurately ! degree ( saturation t ea* sk9 requires to br+ x into a fit condition = work+ on2 speak+ g5]ally1 ! wat] %\ld h p5etrat$ ! lea!r s t ! pressure ( ! tool w n br+ x back to ! surface4 ,neglect ( ?is rule might result 9 /a9+ ! lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4----,,trac+-,,po9t ,! design is transf]r$ to ! lea!r by means ( a metal trac+-po9t 7,fig4 #a74 ,an agate or ebony po9t1 or an exce$+ly h>d #f;,h graphite p5cil1 may also be us$ = ! purpose4 ,! p5cil possesses ! additional advantage t x c be giv5 a v f9e po9t :]e an extra ?9 & %>p outl9e is requir$4 ,d\bl+ ! outl9e by go+ ov] x twice %\ld be avoid$4 ,f "t to "t ! trac+-pap] or l95 %\ld be rais$ to see t ! design is be+ well m>k$ on ! lea!r4 ,! outl9e %\ld be d>k2 :5 x comes light x is a pro( t ! lea!r is too dry & requires damp+ aga94 ,,incis+ ,,! ,,lea!r ,?is be+ ! fir/ op]ation 9 work+ ?ick lea!r by c>v+1 engrav+ & modell+1 x w be dealt ) be=e pass+ to ! diff]5t processes peculi> to ^! me?ods ( decoration4 ,! incis+ is done aft] ! design has be5 trac$4 ,!re are num]\s incis+ knives = ! purpose :i* v>y 9 %ape & are manipulat$ 9 diff]5t ways2 no "o ( !m c be specially recomm5d$ z notably sup]ior to ! re/1 & ! arti/ %\ld *oose ! "o ) :i* he feels mo/ likely to succe$4 ,! knife illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b is us$ ) a d[nw>d movem5t & is held----z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c----v %ort1 s z to obta9 a suffici5t pur*ase ov] ! blade :i* is guid$ by ! middle f+]4 ,! knife illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d is us$ upw>ds4 ,fig4 #e %[s ! mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be held to produce a v]tical cut4 ,x w be f\nd ( great assi/ance 9 mak+ a good firm cut to guide ! "r h& ) ! left h& z 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,:5 curv$ l9es are to be cut1 ! left h& mu/ be us$ to turn ! lea!r s z to pres5t x 9 ! mo/ fav\rable position = ! op]ation ( ! blade4 ,! ?ird knife 7,fig4 #f7 is held l a grav] ) ! h&le support$ aga9/ ! palm ( ! h& & is pu%$ =w>d 7,fig4 #g74 ,x is useful 9 cutt+ curv$ l9es ov] a l>ge surface4 ,! dep? ( ! incision %\ld v>y accord+ to ! effect to be produc$ by ! subsequ5t op]ation1 b x %\ld nev] exce$ a ?ird ( ! ?ickness ( ! sk94 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,casket ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,/amp$ ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi4 ,,g]man1 #ad,,? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b1 ,,fig4 #c4----;,,incis+ ,,knife ,,us$ ,,d[nw>ds ,,l ,a ,,p5cil ,?9 sk9s %\ld r>ely be cut1 &1 if !y are cut1 ! incision %\ld b>ely p5etrate ! surface4 ,on ox-hide ! dep? ( ! cut may be consid]able )\t dang] ( impair+ ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d1 ,,fig4 #e4----;,,incis+ ,,knife ,,us$ ,,upw>ds ,:5 ! lea!r is to be modell$ 9 high relief1 ! design %\ld be well sep>at$ f ! backgr\nd 9 ! cutt+ process4 ,! incision %\ld also be deep :5 ! outl9e is to be acc5tuat$ aft]w>ds ) a tool call$ an 8op5]0 7,fig4 #i7 to produce an effect l ! lead+ 9 /a9$ glass4 ,%\ld x be desir$ to raise & turn up ! edge ( ! lea!r to simulate a leaf1 petal1 or piece ( ribbon deta*$ f ! backgr\nd1 ! knife mu/ be held slant+1 z 9 ,fig4 #h1 s z to make an almo/ horizontal cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f1 ,,fig4 #g4----;,,incis+ ,,knife ,,held ,,l ,a ,,grav] ,,& ,,pu%$ ,,=w>d ,h[ev] ?ick ! lea!r may be1 x is important t two l9es %\ld nev] be cut q up to ! po9t ( int]section4 ,= example1 9 cutt+ ! outl9e ( a leaf1 ! po9ts ( ! ind5tations %\ld be left uncut to avoid ! t5d5cy ( ! "p )9 ! angle to project & turn back4 ,suffici5t impression c be obta9$ ) ! modell+ tool to give a f9i%$ effect to ^! po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4----;,,execut+ ,a ,,slant+ ,,cut ,,:5 ,,! ,,edge ,,( ,,! ,,lea!r ,,is ,,to ,,be ,,subsequ5tly ,,turn$ ,,up ,! incision mu/ be clean & %>p1 & absolutely v]tical1 except :]e x is made slant+ = ! purpose describ$ above4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,,c(fret ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,lea!r1 ,,incis$1 ,,col\r$ ,,& ,,gilt4 ,,fr5*1 #ad,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,cut ,,or ,,engrav$ ,,lea!r ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4----,,op5] ,,fig4 #aj4----;,,enl>g+ ,,! ,,outl9e ,,) ,,! ,,op5] ,lea!r ) flat decoration 9 outl9e ( ev5 ?ickness is call$ cut1 or engrav$ lea!r4 ,! tool us$ to enl>ge & acc5tuate ! outl9e is call$ an op5]4 ,x is l a /raight modell] broad5$ 9 ! c5tre & ) a blunt po9t 7,fig4 #i71 or a small blade ) ! po9t cut (f squ>e & ! angles r\nd$4 ,:5 ! lea!r has be5 well wett$ & ! wat] has ?or\ghly soak$ 91 ! end ( ! op5] is ins]t$ 9 ! incision & pu%$ along x ) a v slight & g5tle glid+ movem5t4 ,! broad] "p ( ! op5] w act z a w$ge & wid5 ! cut ev5ly4 ,op5]s c be _h 9 v>i\s sizes to produce l9es ( diff]5t wid?4 ,:5 ! design is to be modell$ aft]w>ds1 an op5] %\ld be us$ :i* broad5s on ! "r side only2 held slightly slant+1 x w press d[n ! outside edge ( ! incision :i* is to be sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! mann] ( hold+ ! tool2 x %\ld be work$ backw>ds & =w>ds to make sure t ! edges are ev5ly p>t$4 ,! left h& may help to guide ! po9t to prev5t x f slipp+ (f ! l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4----,,slant+ ,,cut ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa;a4----,,%[+ ,,! ,,difficulty ,,( ,,rais+ ,,! ,,inn] ,,edge 7,a7 ,to be able to accompli% satisfactorily ?is op]ation ( op5+ ! outl9e1 x w be f\nd t ! incision mu/ be absolutely v]tical4 ,suppos+ x to h be5 made slant+ z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 x w be easy to s9k ! out] edge 7,b7 into ! gr\nd1 b :5 x comes to rais+ ! inn] edge 7,a7 an excess ( mat]ial w be enc\nt]$ :i* w (f] /ubborn resi/ance to be+ rais$ 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! incision 7,fig4 #aa;a74 ,! op5] %\ld n be mov$ at too great an angle 9 ! incision z ! po9t1 ?\gh blunt1 may yet be %>p en\gh to cut & spoil ! modell+ by rais+ ! surface ( ! lea!r4 ,aft] x has be5 outl9$1 ! lea!r may be fur!r decorat$ by v>i\sly t9t+ ! p>ts )9 ! l9es1 if ! /yle ( ! design w admit ( su* treatm5t2 an effect simil> to lea!r mosaic is ?us produc$4 7,see ,*apt] ,,iii47 ,pyrogravure1 or engrav+ ) a hot tool 7see p4 #cf71 gives a v simil> effect to t ( cut or engrav$ lea!r1 ! only diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! "w ?us decorat$ be+ due to ! slight burr ( ! edges & ! d>k5+ ( ! l9e caus$ by ! hot tool4 ,?is effect ( d>k col\r c1 h[ev]1 be add$ to cut lea!r by col\r+ ! l9es ) a dye appli$ ) a f9e bru%4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! col\r p5etrat+ & spread+ beyond ! l9es1 ! latt] %\ld be lightly coat$ ) pa/e be=e ! dye is appli$4 ,,c>v$ ,,lea!r ,great exp]tness is requir$ 9 c>v+ lea!r1 t is to say1 9 produc+ l9es s deep t ! design /&s out suffici5tly f ! backgr\nd to all[ ( its be+ ornam5t$ by indep5d5t l9es less deeply work$4 ,"s lea!r cases f ! ,dijon ,museum1 :i* 7 exhibit$ at ! ,petit ,palais 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #aijj1 are good examples ( c>v+1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are f9i%$ ) t\*es ( gold is v *>act]i/ic4 ,! /yle & me?od ( production ( ^! examples may well be imitat$4 ,decoration on ogee-%ap$ l9es is to be avoid$1 z1 h[ev] arti/ically treat$1 x is apt to br+ to m9d ! /amp$ lea!r ( ! s-call$ 8,ca!dral ,/yle10 specim5s ( :i* fill$ ! libr>ies ( ! romantic p]iod ( ab\t #ahcj4 ,besides ! tools enum]at$ above1 "s arti/s use ! grav]s & g\ges employ$ 9 *as+ metal & wood-c>v+1 b a great deal ( practice is necess>y = _! prop] h&l+1 & !y _c be recomm5d$ to ! inexp]i5c$ work]4 ,pyrogravure is an alt]native me?od ( produc+ /rongly acc5tuat$ l9es1 & by ! judici\s use ( pun*es an inf9ite v>iety ( int]e/+ backgr\nd effects c be obta9$4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( c>v$ lea!r1 m5tion mu/ be made ( cuir b\illi1 :i* 0 us$ 9 conjunction ) x dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 *iefly = %ea?s & cases1 & is n[ un=tunately a lo/ art4#c ,mons4 de ,sa9t ,&r de ,lign]eux1 9 ,le ,cuir d',art franais1 tells u t ! lea!r 0 boil$ ) gums & res9s obta9$ f ! ,ea/1 & m\ld$ & cut :ile /ill s(t f ?is treatm5t4#d #c ,an example ( mod]n ,engli% "w 9 lea!r treat$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] is giv5 9 ,plate #ae4 #d ,le ,cuir d',art franais1 p> ,sa9t ,&r de ,lign]eux1 ,etampes1 #aijj4 ,,pun*es ,pun*es are /eel or brass tools1 hav+ at ! po9t a design cut 9 relief or 9 intglio1 :i* are impress$ on ! lea!r ei!r by ! h& alone or ) a hamm] ,! design is ?us reproduc$ on ! lea!r ) ! impression contr>y to t on ! tool4 ,= h& pressure only1 !y %\ld be fix$ 9 wood5 h&les to af=d great] grip & p[]4 ,!y may be us$ hot2 ! design w !n appe> d>k5$ on ! lea!r4 ,pun*es are also employ$ 9 tool+ ) gold leaf1 or 9 burni%+ ! impression ( _! surface on gr\ndwork gild$ ) %ell gold4 ,,hamm]$ ,,lea!r ,lea!r decorat$ entirely by means ( pun*es is call$ hamm]$ lea!r4 ,x is us$ 9 ! /yle ( decoration describ$ lat] "u ! "n ( modell$ lea!r ) pun*$ backgr\nd1 & c also be employ$ ) great advantage 9 conjunction ) c>v$ lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,,casket ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,emboss$ ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi4 ,,fr5*1 ,,e>ly #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,modell$ ,,lea!r ,lea!r may be modell$ 9 two ways2 ) a cut outl9e or ) ! trac$ outl9e m]ely acc5tuat$ ) ! trac+-po9t or op5]4 ,9 ! =m] case ! lea!r mu/ be fairly ?ick1 9 ! latt] x may be ?9 calf or ,russia1 :i* is v s(t & delicate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4----,,l[]+ ,,! ,,out] ,,edge ,,) ,a ,,modell] ,lea!r modell$ aft] be+ cut %\ld1 :5 f9i%$1 h ! appe>ance1 ) reg>d to ! relief1 ( a metal or modell$ wax plaque4 ,! lea!r takes ! desir$ %ape easily1 & %\ld !re=e be delicately h&l$4 ,! great *>m ( modell$ lea!r lies 9 ! s(tness ( its =ms1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid irregul>ly cut outl9es :i* disagreeably arre/ ! eye by fail+ to m]ge into ! gr\nd4 ,faulty incisions1 or ^? too deeply cut1 are liable to leave a light l9e betwe5 ! modell$ subject & ! backgr\nd1 due to ! cut hav+ expos$ n only ! surface1 b ! inn] sub/ance ( ! lea!r4 ,?is light l9e w also h a t5d5cy to appe> if ! modell+ is n done directly aft] ! op5+ ( ! l9es1 or if !y are too widely op5$1 or if ! op5] is too %>p & unduly deep5s ! cut4 ,! fault c be rem$i$ by /a9+ ! l9e to mat* ! surface ( ! lea!r4 ,,modell+ ,,tools ,! tools us$ = modell+ are n num]\s2 two or ?ree modell]s1 m or less f9e & ( diff]5t curves1 7,fig4 #ab7 are suffici5t4 ,a special tool1 call$ ,pi$ de ,bi*e 7h9d's foot7 9 allusion to its %ape1 is also useful 9 depress+ ! gr\nd at "r angles to ! modell+4 ,modell]s may be ei!r ( nickell$ /eel or ( brass1 provid$ t ! convex side ) :i* ! lea!r is modell$ be p]fectly smoo?4 ,x is bett] n to use ord9>y /eel :i*1 :5 ! lea!r is wet1 might cause x to become /a9$ ?r\gh ! ru/+ ( ! tool occasion$ by ! mat]ials us$ 9 tann+4 ,x may also be m5tion$ "h t :5 us+ acids = pat9e1#e /eel tools %\ld be kept away f ! "w4 ,hydro*loric acid 9 p>ticul> w ru/ !m s badly 9 a s+le night z to make !m unusable unless !y are repoli%$4 #e ,see note to page #fd4 ,,emboss+ ,,lea!r ,:5 ! lea!r is ?ick x mu/ be ?or\ghly wett$ on bo? sides2 x is !n tak5 9 ! left h&1 ! portion to be emboss$ be+ betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb1 :i* are laid flat on ! surface ( ! lea!r1 :ile ! o!r ?ree f+]s =m ! "u "p ( ?is species ( clamp1 & ensure ! lea!r rema9+ /eady 7,fig4 #ad74 ,/eel clamps are made = fix+ ! end ( ! lea!r to ! table1 b ! sy/em ( hold+ x 9 ! h& is pref]able1 except = v l>ge "w1 z x c be m readily mov$ ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4----;,,ball-,,%ap$ ,,/eel ,,tool ,,) ,,h&le ,,fig4 #ad4----,,position ,,( ,,h&s ,,9 ,,emboss+ ,,lea!r ,a modell] or a tool consi/+ ( a small /eel ball ) a h&le 7,fig4 #ac7 is !n work$ backw>ds & =w>ds ) m or less pressure on ! back ( ! lea!r until ! desir$ degree ( relief is obta9$4 ,x is possible to "w v high relief by ?is me?od4 ,ano!r way ( emboss+ 9 high relief1 :i* we believe to be "h describ$ = ! fir/ "t1 is z foll[s3 ,! outl9e ( ! design mu/ fir/ be trac$ on ! fle% side ( ! lea!r4 ,?is is done by plac+ blue transf] pap] "u ! lea!r1 ) ! blue side upp]mo/1 :ile ! design is be+ transf]r$ to ! surface ( ! lea!r ) ! trac+-po9t 9 ! mann] describ$ on p4 #bj4 ,a *amois lea!r bag1 ab\t #af #ab in*es 9 size1 is fill$ ) v f9e1 c>efully sift$ s&1 & !n sewn up z tightly z possible1 s t ! surface is q taut4 ,! bag is plac$ on ! table1 & ! lea!r face d[nw>ds ^u x4 ,! /eel ball is !n rubb$ to & fro1 on ! fle% side ( ! lea!r1 at ! po9t to be emboss$1 & ! relief is produc$ z ! s& yields "u ! pressure ( ! tool4 ,! s& gives en\gh support to ! lea!r1 h[ev]1 to prev5t x /ret*+ too mu*1 z x w\ld be liable to d if m]ely ext5d$ ov] a frame4 ,! next process is to op5 ! incisions4 ,?is is n done till aft] ! lea!r has be5 emboss$ 9 ord] n to fur!r impair ! /r5g? ( ! lea!r at ! outl9e1 already dim9i%$ to "s ext5t by cutt+4 ,! object ( op5+ ! incision is to facilitate ! flatt5+ ( ! out] edge s t x m]ges into ! gr\nd & ! graduat$ modell+ ( ! inn] edge to =m ! s(t5$ outl9e ( ! ornam5t 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,,case ,,( ,,cut ,,& ,,emboss$ ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi4 ,,italian1 #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,to obta9 ?is s(t effect1 ! modell] is g5tly pass$ f left to "r ov] ! angle =m$ by ! inn] edge ( ! incision & ! surface ( ! modell+4 ,! tool may be lift$ & ! lea!r turn$ ab\t to place x 9 ! "r position = ?is movem5t4 ,! lea!r is frequ5tly wett$ 7b n to su* a degree1 h[ev]1 t ! wat] oozes out ( ! surface :5 ! modell] is us$71 & assumes ! sub/ance ( wax4 ,%\ld x %[ a t5d5cy to rise aft] x has be5 depress$1 x mu/ be gone ov] aga9 ) ! tool2 if ! lea!r is ( good quality1 x w keep ! modell+ p]man5tly :5 x is once dry4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid mak+ a false impression2 ! lea/ contact ( ! tool ) ! lea!r w leave a m>k on ! damp surface1 :i* x is n always possible to efface f b5ea?4 ,hav+ dealt ) cut & modell$ lea!r1 we n[ turn to modell+ )\t cutt+1 ! outl9e ( ! design be+ fir/ simply m>k$ out ) ! trac+-po9t1 or ) ! op5] held v slant+ to avoid wr9kl+ ! surface ( ! sk94 ,?is process %\ld be adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to ! prec$+ "o1 = comp>atively ?9 sk9s :i* w\ld n be> cutt+4 ,! relief may be obta9$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above by work+ x up f ! back ( ! lea!r1 or ! lea!r may be laid surface upw>ds on a cake ( wax & ! design br\ght out 9 l[ relief by depress+ ! backgr\nd ) ! tool4 ,bett] results are obta9$ ) ! latt] me?od4 ,! wax is appli$ "u ! p>ts to be modell$1 :i* mu/ be accurately m>k$ out = ?is purpose on ! "u side ( ! lea!r1 & ?9 pap] is pa/$ und]nea? x to keep x 9 place & prev5t x /ick+ to ! table2 or a v smoo?1 ?9 tablet ( wax is plac$ on /\t c>dbo>d "u ! entire piece ( lea!r2 :5 9 position1 ! edges ( ! lea!r %\ld be turn$ ov] & firmly fix$ und]nea? ! c>dbo>d 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! wax =c+ itself out "u ! pressure ( ! tool4 ,! wax mu/ be prep>$ ) _s to expel ! grease or contact ) x w\ld /a9 ! lea!r4 ,aft] ?or\ghly wett+ ! lea!r1 ! outl9e %\ld be well acc5tuat$ ) ! op5] & ! design br\ght out by l[]+ ! gr\nd all r\nd x ) a f9e modell]4 ,! modell+ is !n done by work+ ! tool ) v>y+ pressure & is held 9 place by ! wax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4----,,tool ,,= ,,work+ ,,re$ ,,decoration ,beg9n]s are advis$ to />t by copy+ a pla/] ca/1 9 ord] to get a full und]/&+ ( ! values ( relief4 ,! subject ( wax supports br+s u to t ( padd+ ! relief to pres]ve its =m1 :i* may be done 9 _m diff]5t mat]ials4 ,! padd+ may be made ( a special wax treat$ l cem5t1 or ( absorb5t cotton-wool soak$ 9 a pa/e made ( fl\r & wat]1 or ( cutt+s ( glove sk9s %r$d$ v f9e#f & mix$ dry ) talc1 fl\r1 dextr9e1 etc41 =m+ a liquid pa/e :5 wat] is add$ :i* c easily be run into ! holl[s ( ! relief4 ,?is pa/e solidifies rapidly1 & is n affect$ by damp4 ,c>dbo>d or cork scrap$ v f9e & mix$ ) pa/e or fl\r & wat] w also =m a durable padd+4 ,a special padd+ made ) a r\nd cotton cord dipp$ 9 fl\r mix$ ) cold wat] is employ$ = fl[] /ems & ! s-call$ re$ decoration----a decoration consi/+ ( a r\nd l9e 9 relief ( uni=m wid?1 :i* l5ds itself to _m comb9ations1 & is work$ ) ! tool illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x may also be us$ 9 modell+ ! relief by pa/+ x fir/ on ! back ( ! lea!r &1 :5 dry1 m\ld+ ! lea!r ) a modell] ov] ! projection on ! surface caus$ by its ?ickness4 #f ,dollage de gants4 ,,modell$ ,,lea!r ,,) ,,pun*$ ,,backgr\nd ,:5 ! lea!r has be5 cut be=e be+ modell$1 ! pun* completes ! "w ( ! modell] 9 s9k+ ! out] edge ( ! incision into ! backgr\nd4 ,to d ?is p]fectly1 ! edge ( ! pun* mu/ be plac$ v exactly aga9/ ! outl9e ( ! rais$ design2 ! h&le %\ld be held slant+ slightly to ! left 9 work+2 extra pressure w ?us fall t[>ds ! "r on t "p :i*1 9 spite ( hav+ be5 sunk by ! modell]1 w always %[ a t5d5cy to rise if ! pun* be us$ too flat ^u ! surface4 ,a hamm]1 ?\gh useful 9 work+ c]ta9 pun*es :i* dep5d ^u be+ deeply impress$ to produce a good effect1 requires great sur5ess ( h& :5 us$ z describ$ above1 to prev5t ov]/epp+ ! limits ( ! outl9e1 & pun*es 9 wood5 h&les are mu* to be pref]r$ = ?is "w4 ,too deep an impression is avoid$ by _! use1 &1 by guid+ ! end ( ! pun* ) ! left h&1 x c be plac$ m surely 9 ! "r position & work$ by ! /eady pressure ( ! wri/4 7,fig4 #af47 ,! mo/ useful pun*es are ^? produc+ a p[d]$ or a v small *eck patt]n4 ,) ^! !re is no ne$ = ! impressions to be arrang$ 9 any regul> ord]2 x is inde$ bett] t !y %\ld slightly ov]lap s t no "p ( ! gr\nd is left out4 ,! effect ( "s pun*es is dep5d5t on _! arrangem5t 9 comb9ation2 o!rs c be arrang$ indep5d5tly to =m a semis----a patt]n made up by ! repetition ( "s giv5 figure at int]vals4 ,:eels1 ei!r pla9 or hav+ a m or less broad surface engrav$ ) any k9d ( patt]n 7su* z a *eck diap]1 pe>l+ or arabesques71 are us$ = outl9+ or = cont9u\s patt]ns1 or = produc+ imitations ( %agre5$ lea!r4 ,an excell5t effect c be obta9$ by v>ni%+ ! p>ts depress$ by ! pun* to make ! col\r adh]e1 & !n pa9t+ !m ) g\a*e or bronzes4 ,by rubb+ ! lea!r aft]w>ds ) a wooll5 clo?1 ! col\r or bronze is easily remov$ f ! unv>ni%$ modell+4 ,,pyrogravure ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4----,,us+ ,a ,,h& ,,pun* ,! tools employ$ 9 pyrogravure are bas$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! in/rum5t = !rmo-caut]y 9 surg]y4 ,! app>atus 9 mo/ g5]al use consi/s ( a plat9um po9t m\nt$ 9 a holl[ metal h&le connect$ by a rubb] tube ) a pe>-%ap$ rubb] bl[]4 ,?is bl[] s]ves to inject ?r\gh a tube ! c>burett$ air f a small b5z9e res]voir atta*$ to x4 ,! inc&esc5ce ( ! po9t is ma9ta9$ by ?is con/ant injection1 & ! l9es are burnt m or less deeply accord+ to ! degree ( inc&esc5ce1 & ! pressure appli$4 ,! great difficulty is to keep ! l9e ( ev5 ?ickness ?r\gh\t4 ,! po9ts are to be _h ( diff]5t %apes accord+ to ! effect desir$4 ,"s are pi]c$ at ! end1 s t ! c>burett$ air escap+ leaves a m>k on ! lea!r simil> to t :i* w\ld be produc$ by a hot iron graz+ its surface4 ,9 ?is way a br[n t9t is obta9$ v>y+ 9 d>kness 9 proportion to ! proximity ( ! po9t to ! lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,,bl9d-,,/amp$ ,,morocco ,,b9d+ ,,) ,,gilt ,,r\ndels ,,& ,,col\r$ ,,cameo ,,design4 ,,celsus4 ,,de ,,m$ic9a4 ,,v5ice1 #adgg4 ,,italian1 #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,!re are also r l>ge bl[]s :i* are work$ automatically by compress$ air1 :ile o!rs h a p$al action l a sew+ ma*9e4 ,x w\ld be difficult to expla9 ! _m ways ( h&l+ ! po9t s z to obta9 diff]5t effects2 x %\ld1 h[ev]1 always be held slightly incl9$ to ! "r4 ,x is %ap$ l an eagle's beak1 s t by us+ ! po9t alone1 f9e l9es ( m or less dep? are obta9$1 & by incl9+ x m to ! "r ! r\nd$ "p w burn a l>g] surface ( ! lea!r4 ,v deep holl[s c be made ) ! po9t highly heat$4 ,pyrogravure is also an effici5t way ( depress+ ! gr\nd "w ( ?ick lea!r :5 ! po9t is work$ ) repeat$ t\*es ov] ! surface4 ,) a light h& & an accurate k ( ! degree ( heat requir$ to produce f9e l9es1 a skilful arti/ is able to draw ) ! po9t z if x 7 a p54 ,! left h& plays a v important "p 9 ! process by controll+ ! injection ( c>burett$ air ?r\gh ! bl[]1 & !reby regulat+ ! heat ( ! po9t4 ,:5 ! inc&esc5ce is automatically produc$1 equal facility 9 v>y+ ! degree ( heat accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! "w is n possible4 ,,po9togravure ,! foll[+ description is borr[$ f ,mons4 ,e4 ,aumatre1 ! inv5tor ( ano!r process = ! decoration ( lea!r to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( po9togravure4 ,! implem5ts requir$ are two grav+-po9ts1 "o l>ge & "o small1 a modell] & a _s-lamp4 ,! design hav+ be5 trac$ on ! lea!r1 ! :ole ( x is wett$ ) a sponge z describ$ on page #ai4 ,! po9t is !n heat$ 9 ! _s-lamp & pass$ lightly ov] ! l9e4 ,x %\ld be held l a p5cil & heat$ suffici5tly to produce a light br[n m>k on ! lea!r1 & x %\ld run smoo?ly )\t /ick+4 ,! f9e l9es are drawn lightly & ! po9t press$ m heavily = ! deep] ones4 ,deep holl[s c be made by slop+ ! tool1 & us+ its wide/ side4 ,! po9t be+ v small1 x requires frequ5t heat+ to keep x 9 a condition to produce satisfactory results4 ,x is n hot en\gh unless x runs smoo?ly on ! lea!r & d>k5s ! impression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ov]heat+ is to be avoid$ to prev5t burn+ ! surface ( ! lea!r4 ,?is process skilfully c>ri$ out w produce %ad+1 hat*+1 & l9es ( great delicacy1 also mu* s(t] effects ?an pyrogravure4 ,x l5ds itself equally well to ! broad treatm5t ( a design4 ,,/amp$ ,,lea!r ,x is beyond ! scope ( ?is "w to describe ! process ( /amp+ lea!r ) a /eel die & a balance-press2#g we w !re=e expla9 a me?od 9 :i* ! /eel die is replac$ by ?ick c>dbo>d or lea!r cut out 9 op5-"w1 & ! balance-press by a small "o work$ by h&4 ,! c>dbo>d or lea!r /5cil1 laid on damp lea!r & plac$ 9 ! press1 w s9k 91 caus+ ^? p>ts ( ! lea!r :i* are aga9/ ! op5 p>ts ( ! /5cil to /& out 9 relief4 #g ,balanci]4 ,!re is ano!r me?od :i* has be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly satisfactory 9 work+ a deep design on ! bo>d ( a book-b9d+4 ,! design is drawn %>ply 9 outl9e ) a p5 ^u v :ite pap]4 ,by a photographic process a metal block is produc$ f ! draw+1 on :i* ! outl9e appe>s 9 relief4 ,?is block1 m\nt$ on pa/ebo>d or wood1 w =m a die ) :i* ! design c be holl[$ out ( ! lea!r by pressure 9 a copy+-press1 & ! result subsequ5tly p]fect$ by cutt+ or modell+4 ,ano!r int]e/+ process consi/s 9 et*+ a design deeply ^u a copp]-plate2 ! l9es are !n fill$ 9 ) pr9t+ ink1 ! surplus remov$ ) ! palm ( ! h&1 & ! plate wip$ ov] ) a s(t rag1 pref]ably ( flannel4 ,a piece ( lea!r is !n wett$ & plac$ "u ! plate & ! :ole heavily press$4 ,s9ce a copy+-press is n suffici5tly heavy to produce ! relief1 a bookb9d]'s press %\ld be us$ & tightly screw$ up4 ,:5 ! lea!r has tak5 ! impression suffici5tly1 ! :ole is remov$ f ! press1 & ! copp]-plate c>efully rais$1 avoid+ te>+ ! lea!r if x %\ld h /uck to ! plate4 ,! design w !n /& out 9 relief1 col\r$ black or r$ accord+ to ! ink us$4 ,! ink mu/ be ?ick en\gh n to spread ov] ! lea!r "u pressure4 ,!re is also a me?od ( /amp+ lea!r by means ( two pla/] ca/s prep>$ ) /e>9e1 bo? be>+ ! same design1 "o 9 relief & ! o!r holl[$4 ,a ?or\ghly wett$ piece ( ?9 lea!r is plac$ betwe5 ^! two ca/s & well press$1 ! amalgam enabl+ ! pla/] to be> ! pressure4 ,! lea!r %\ld be all[$ to dry betwe5 ! ca/s1 or1 if pref]r$1 ! holl[ "o may be remov$4 ,! same pr9ciple c be appli$ )\t ! holl[ ca/1 by modell+ ! lea!r ) ! modell+ tool1 s t x takes ! =m ( ! ca/ 9 relief b5ea? x4 ,9 "s cases ! pla/] is left p]man5tly "u ! lea!r to =m ! padd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4----;,,cutt+-,,out ,,knife ,,op5-,,"w ,,lea!r ,! lea!r %\ld be neatly & %>ply cut out = op5-"w decoration1 & plac$ ov] a gr\ndwork ( lea!r1 /uff or metal3 ! la/ mat]ial is well adapt$ by its contra/ ( col\r to %[ up ! ornam5t laid ov] x4 ,op5-"w lea!r is a good mat]ial = hang+s1 & :5 de/9$ = ?is purpose ! design is sewn on ! gr\ndwork ( lea!r or /uff ) a sew+-ma*9e1 or /uck ) gutta-p]*a4 ,9 ! latt] case ! back ( ! lea!r is made q smoo?1 & a lay] ( gutta-p]*a is plac$ on x & made to /ick by means ( /eam produc$ by heat+ a wet pad4 ,well press$ d[n ) ?is pad ! gutta-p]*a w /ick to ! lea!r1 & also cause x to keep 9 place on ! gr\ndwork1 to :i* x is made to adh]e p]man5tly by pass+ a hot iron ov] ! surface4 ,a %eet ( :ite blott+-pap] is laid ov] ! lea!r to protect x4 ,:5 ! lea!r is work$ 9 relief1 ?is proce$+ mu/ be rev]s$1 t is to say1 ! lea!r is plac$ face d[nw>ds on a %eet ( wadd+ ) ! mat]ial =m+ ! gr\ndwork upp]mo/1 & ! hot iron is pass$ ov] ! back ( ! mat]ial4 ,! relief c easily be work$ on ! lea!r be=e x is cut out4 ,! cutt+ out is done on a piece ( /rong c>dbo>d ) ! knife illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,,case ,,( ,,cut ,,& ,,pun*$ ,,lea!r4 ,,g]man1 #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,! bord]s ( op5-"w lea!r c be ornam5t$ by a sort ( plait+ =m$ by lac+ ?9 /rips ( s(t lea!r ?r\gh holes made ) a pun*4 ,a v effective decoration = furniture c be made ) op5-"w lea!r ov] a panel ( wood1 or a metal backgr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lea!r ,,mosaic ,until rec5tly x seem$ z if ?is pleas+ art w\ld h to rema9 ! monopoly ( a limit$ numb] ( pr(essional craftsm5 work+ ) num]\s tools1 & reckon+ a t5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip necess>y to ! atta9m5t ( pr(ici5cy 9 _! craft4 ,b al?\gh !re is small likelihood ( amateurs ent]+ ! doma9 ( ! foll[]s & emulators ( arti/s su* z ,john ,reynes1 ,florimond ,badi]1 ,monni]1 ,padel\p & ,jub]t1 ,mons4 ,eugne ,aumatre has inv5t$ a simpl] process ( lea!r mosaic1 = :i* few] tools are requir$ & :i* is )9 ! rea* ( arti/ & amateur alike4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 ! result ( ! /udy ( 8 me?od1 ) ! addition ( "s obs]vations bas$ on ! practical exp]i5ce ( ! au?or4 ,,lea!r ,,= ,,gr\ndwork ,any sk9 may be us$ = ! gr\ndwork ( lea!r mosaic1 b morocco1 & especially ! k9d call$ ,cape morocco1 is g5]ally pref]r$1 because ( ! gra9$ surface :i* %[s up ! inlaid decoration to ! be/ advantage4 ,o!r sk9s1 h[ev]1 ) ei!r dull or glossy surfaces make good backgr\nds = mosaic decoration1 & z !y are g5]ally fawn col\r$1 !y may fir/ be /a9$ to produce %ad$ gr\ndwork v attractive 9 effect4 ,! old ma/]s ( lea!r mosaic made great use ( fawn-col\r$ calf1 occasionally add+ a t\* ( col\r$ lacqu] to br+ out ! light p>ts ( ! design4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,lea!r ,,= ,,! ,,gr\ndwork ,! fir/ necessity 9 work+ lea!r mosaic is to h a flat & rigid surface to "w ^u2 x is indisp5sable !re=e1 :5 ! lea!r is n 9 itself suffici5tly ?ick & firm1 to /ret* x on c>dbo>d4 ,?is r tr\blesome prep>atory process is be/ confid$ to an exp]t2 we w1 h[ev]1 describe x = ! b5efit ( ^? pref]r+ to execute x !mselves4 ,a /rong1 smoo? piece ( c>dbo>d call$ millbo>d is tak51 & ! edges rubb$ d[n ) glass pap]4 ,a ?9 coat ( pa/e is appli$ on "o side ( ! bo>d & all[$ to dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4----,,p>+ ,,knife ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4----,,p>+ ,,knife ,! edges ( ! lea!r mu/ n[ be ?9n$ s t !y w m readily /ick :5 turn$ ov] & pa/$ "u ! bo>d1 & also to avoid ! unev5ness :i* ! normal ?ickness ( ! lea!r w\ld produce und]nea?4 ,a p>+-knife ) a broad1 flat1 v %>p blade 7,figs4 #ah & #ai7 is us$ = ?is purpose2 its manipulation is difficult & requires long practice4 ,! h&le is held aga9/ ! palm ( ! h&1 & ! f+]s ext5d+ ov] ! blade cause x to p5etrate ! lea!r sup]ficially by a m or less /rong pressure1 ! object be+ to take (f %av+s f ! back ( ! sk91 increas+ t[>ds ! edge until ! edge itself is r$uc$ to ! ?ickness ( a cig>ette pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4----,,p>+ ,,lea!r ,! lea!r is plac$ surface d[nw>ds on a li?ographic /one or a slab ( m>ble4 ,x is held /ret*$ ) ! left h&1 ! f+]s be+ ext5d$ ov] x on ! face ( ! /one1 & ! ?umb press$ aga9/ ! side leav+ ! "p j 9 front ( ! f+]s free to be p>$ 7,fig4 #bj74 ,x is ( ! fir/ importance = ! success ( ?is op]ation t ! lea!r %\ld be kept well /ret*$4 ,! knife is held almo/ horizontally to avoid cutt+ into ! lea!r at too %>p an angle1 & is work$ f left to "r t[>ds ! edge4 ,! lea!r is !n fa/5$ to ! c>dbo>d by pa/+ ei!r ! :ole ( x or only ! edges1 :i* are turn$ und]nea?4 ,9 any case ord9>y pa/e %\ld be us$2 seccot9e or glue w\ld s9k into & h>d5 ! lea!r1 mak+ ! subsequ5t outl9+ process difficult4 ,:5 ! piece ( lea!r is s l>ge t x w\ld cause ! bo>d to w>p :5 x dries1 "s pap] %\ld be pa/$ on ! o!r side ( ! bo>d1 :i* w keep x flat by draw+ x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,,br[n ,,lea!r ,,b9d+1 ,,cut ,,& ,,engrav$1 ,,) ,,pun*$ ,,backgr\nd4 ,,g]man ,,ms4 ,,*ronicle ,,( ,,ev5ts4 ,,g]man1 #ae,,? ,,c5tury4 ,! "w is !n put into ! press or "u heavy bo>ds4 ,x is important t ?is %\ld always be done aft] pa/e has be5 us$4 ,:5 x is too l>ge to put into a copy+-press1 x %\ld be laid ^u a flat table & a %eet ( nickell$ or v smoo? z9c plac$ aga9/ ! "p to be decorat$4 ,! c>dbo>d kn[n z ,c>ton ,jacqu>t may be sub/itut$ = ! z9c1 b !re is a risk t ! moi/ure ( ! pa/e p5etrat+ ! lea!r may cause x to swell1 not)/&+ its glaze4 ,! z9c plate or ! bo>d %\ld n be small] ?an ! lea!r1 = 9 t case ! pressure w\ld produce a ridge r\nd its edge4 ,! gr\ndwork is ready to receive ! ornam5t z soon z x is dry4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( work+ mosaic w n[ be expla9$ 9 turn4 ,,mono*rome ,,mosaic ,,on ,,calf ,9 ?is /yle ( decoration ! lea!r us$ = ! inlaid design is :ite or v light 9 tone1 & may be dy$ subsequ5tly to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a mosaic made ( v>i\sly col\r$ lea!rs4 ,,lea!r ,,= ,,inlay+ ,! sk9s sold = ?is purpose are split %eepsk9s4 ,_! extreme ?9ness r5d]s !m liable to /ret* a great deal1 & !re=e !y are mo/ difficult to cut out 9 any desir$ %ape4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 ! back ( ! lea!r is pa/$ ov]1 & x is !n /ret*$ on a bo>d & fa/5$ ) draw+-p9s to prev5t x f %r9k+ z x dries4 ,b !re is ano!r & a bett] me?od----t ( m\nt+ ! lea!r on pap]4 ,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,lea!r ,,on ,,pap] ,"s pa/e is made ( v light & smoo? fl\r1 dilut$ ) half ! quantity ( wat] & beat5 to a cream4 ,! wat] is add$ 9 small quantities :ile ! mixture is be+ /irr$4 ,canson pap]1 or "s o!r /rong draw+ pap]1 is pa/$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! lea!r1 s t x adh]es lightly1 & c be remov$ aft]w>ds )\t difficulty2 x is !n plac$ "u bo>ds & all[$ to dry ?or\ghly4 ,,trac+ ,,! ,,design ,,on ,,! ,,pap] ,! design is trac$ by means ( c>bon pap] on ! pap] l9+ ( ! inlay lea!r4 ,a h>d p5cil %\ld be us$ 9 ord] to produce v %>p l9es4 ,,cutt+ ,,out ,,! ,,design ,cutt+-out knives %\ld possess a ke5 edge & a small blade1 & %\ld be s %ap$ t !y c be turn$ freely 9 any direction4 ,! knife illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ba comb9es all ^! qualities4 ,x consi/s ( a v f9e d\ble-edg$ blade1 set loosely into a slit 9 a h>d wood h&le & secur$ ) a few turns ( ?read2 a piece ( lea!r ov] ! :ole 7,a7 keeps ! blade 9 its place4 ,! h&le be+ loose1 x is possible to give any m9ute movem5t to ! blade1 :i* c also be tak5 out = %>p5+ :5 necess>y4 ,x mu/ be kept z %>p z a razor4 ,! extreme f95ess ( ?is blade facilitates cutt+ out ! delicate p>ts ( a design1 b if h&l$ too vigor\sly x is apt to get out ( %ape4 ,! second tool 7,fig4 #bb7 is a /5cil-cutt]'s knife1 & is v simil> to ! "o describ$ above except 9 size4 ,x is usually sold m\nt$ 9 an ebony slide b\nd r\nd ) copp] wire1 b c ) advantage be m\nt$ z 9 ,fig4 #ba1 9 a split h>d-wood h&le4 ,"o little kn[n tool des]ves m5tion = its flexibility & lightness4 ,?is is a small scrap] %ap$ l an unslit p51 ! blade wid5+ f ! po9t 9 two v f9e edges l ! head ( a pike4 ,x is us$ by photograph]s & m9iature pa9t]s1 & is sold by ! doz5 9 small boxes4 ,:5 9 use x is firmly fix$ 9 a small p5-hold] s t x does n turn :5 press$ ^u 7,fig4 #bc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,cutt+-,,out ,,knives3 7,a71 ,,fig4 #ba1 ,,fig4 #bb1 ,,fig4 #bc ,! special knife illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag is sometimes recomm5d$1 b x is bett] adapt$ to cutt+ out ?ick sk9s = op5-"w decoration1 z ! po9t ( ! blade is n suffici5tly f9e = use on ?9 lea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4----;,,cutt+ ,,out ,,inlay ,! lea!r to be cut out is plac$ on a %eet ( ! c>dbo>d us$ 9 m\nt+ draw+s1 :i* is firm1 b at ! same "t easily p5etrat$ by ! po9t ( ! tool4 ,! nature ( ! bo>d on :i* ! lea!r is laid is important1 = to ensure a clean cut1 ! tool1 z x pi]ces ! lea!r1 mu/ n enc\nt] a ve9$ surface su* z t ( wood1 :i* might deflect ! po9t4 ,! ?ree middle f+]s ( ! left h& hold ! lea!r m\nt$ on ! pap] ^u ! bo>d1 ! ?umb & little f+] support+ ! :ole und]nea? 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! "p :i* is to be cut is turn$ t[>ds ! knife by ! left h&1 ! "r h& be+ held 9 a fix$ position ) ! knife1 slightly incl9$ to ! "r1 cutt+ ! lea!r z x is pres5t$ by ! o!r h&4 ,! l9es mu/ be cleanly cut 9 ord] t ! subsequ5t op]ation ( outl9+ may be successfully accompli%$4 ,) e c>e 9 cutt+ out1 x may sometimes be f\nd 9 deta*+ ! cut portion t a small ?read ( ! lea!r rema9s unsev]$4 ,9 ?is case x %\ld be neatly cut ?r\gh1 & on no acc\nt may x be pull$ to make x give way1 :i* w\ld result 9 spoil+ ! design by ei!r te>+ or /ret*+ ! lea!r4 ,:5 cutt+ out a design on a l>ge scale x is n possible to hold ! "w 9 ! mann] j describ$2 a "p ( ! design to be cut out is !re=e plac$ flat on a l>ge %eet ( c>dbo>d on a smoo? table & c !n be turn$ ab\t z requir$ "u ! po9t ( ! knife4 ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,,cov] ,,( ,,case ,,= ,a ,,cup ,,9 ,,wood ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi1 ,,emboss$1 ,,pa9t$ ,,& ,,gilt4 ,,italian1 ,,ab\t #aejj4 ,:5 ! inlay is ( :ite or v light lea!r1 x is extremely difficult to conceal any jo9s occurr+ 9 ! middle ( l9es2 c>e mu/ !re=e be tak5 t !re are z few jo9s z possible1 & t !y are arrang$ at po9ts :]e !y w easily disappe> 9 l9es ( ! design go+ 9 an opposite direction4 ,! c5tre ( ! design %\ld be cut out fir/1 & !n ! out] l9es1 res]v+ ! m delicate p>ts1 su* z fl[] /ems1 = ! la/4 ,,pa/+ ,,! ,,inlay ,,on ,,! ,,gr\ndwork ,:5 ! inlay is ( a nature t does n require plac+ 9 any v exact position1 z = in/ance a spray ( fl[]s1 x w be suffici5t to lay x on ! gr\ndwork & m>k ! pr9cipal po9ts4 ,:5 x is to occupy a def9ite position1 =m+ ! framework ( a design1 = in/ance1 x is laid ^u ! gr\ndwork exactly 9 ! "r place & !n giv5 a %>p turn 9 a copy+-press1 great c>e be+ tak5 t x does n get displac$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! support+ pap]1 ?is w be suffici5t to m>k ! outl9e ( ! design on ! gr\ndwork4 ,"s v smoo? />* pa/e is !n appli$ ) a flat bru% on ! expos$ side ( ! cut out lea!r1 c>e be+ tak5 t e "p1 h[ev] small1 is ?or\ghly pa/$4 ,to facilitate ?is & to prev5t ! lea!r curl+ up :5 pa/$1 x %\ld fir/ be fix$ to a bo>d ) draw+-p9s4 ,! portion ( ! gr\nd :i* is to receive ! inlay is damp$ ) a s(t sponge2 ! inlay is !n plac$ 9 position & press$ d[n ) ! palm ( ! h&1 a modell] be+ us$ = ! f9] p>ts4 ,if x %\ld become displac$1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be us$ 9 correct+ x4 ,) ! small p9c]s us$ by artificial fl[]-mak]s1 ! m9ute/ pieces ( lea!r c be tak5 up & replac$ aft] be+ repa/$1 if necess>y4 ,,sett+ ,,9 ,,! ,,inlay ,! next process is t ( sett+ ! inlay into ! gr\ndwork1 s t no relief rema9s4 ,?is is done ) ! help ( a roll] ) a long wood5 h&le held 9 bo? h&s & press$ aga9/ ! %\ld]1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,! pap] on :i* ! inlay is pa/$ plays an important "p 9 ?is op]ation2 ! great] its ?ickness1 ! great] w be ! pressure atta9able1 & ! deep] ! p5etration ( ! inlay into ! damp backgr\nd4 ,at fir/ ! roll] is work$ lightly ) "o h& only to ensure ! uni=m adh]5ce ( ! inlay1 ! movem5ts be+ %ort1 & repeat$ sev]al times ov] ! same spot4 ,:5 aft]w>ds press+ heavily ov] ! :ole surface1 a piece ( ?91 t\gh pap] betwe5 ! roll] & ! "w w prev5t ! inlay f curl+ up1 & ! pap] may be lift$ f "t to "t to see t no?+ is out ( place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4----,,us+ ,,roll] ,,to ,,secure ,,adhesion ,,( ,,inlay ,:5 ! "w is n too l>ge1 x is easi] & m effectual to use a copy+-press in/ead ( a roll] = ?is op]ation1 :i* is !n c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a piece ( felt is laid 9 ! press1 & ov] x a %eet ( v smoo? or nickell$ z9c1 or1 fail+ ?is1 ( ,c>ton ,jacqu>t4 ,! "w is !n laid on x & cov]$ ) a second %eet ( nickell$ z9c & "s pa/ebo>ds4 ,! press is screw$ up z tightly z possible4 ,! "w mu/ n rema9 9 ! press1 z if all[$ to dry completely1 ! subsequ5t removal ( ! pap] pa/$ to ! inlay w\ld become extremely difficult4 ,to effect ?is removal1 ! pap] is dabb$ ) a damp sponge until x is ready to come (f4 ,a po9t ( ! p9c]s is ins]t$ und]nea? ! pap] :i*1 if suffici5tly soak$1 %\ld easily come away :5 ! tool is slid g5tly along4 ,! pap]1 z x becomes fre$1 %\ld frequ5tly be cut (f ) scissors to facilitate ! h&l+ ( ! tool4 ,! lea!r1 be+ damp1 may possibly become un/uck & /ret*$ dur+ ?is process4 ,x mu/ !n imm$iately be repa/$ & replac$1 & ! /ret*$ "p r$uc$ to its orig9al size by g5tly pu%+ x toge!r ) ! modell]4 ,%\ld x be f\nd impossible to r$uce x ?us1 ! "p t is out ( %ape mu/ be cut (f & jo9$ on aga94 ,:5 ! pap] has be5 remov$1 ! :ole surface is c>efully wa%$ ov]1 wett+ x z little z possible1 s z n to cause ! mosaic to become un/uck4 ,! "w is !n plac$ 9 ! press1 or "u bo>ds1 until x is p]fectly dry4 ,,outl9+ ,,! ,,mosaic ,outl9+ is ! mo/ delicate process 9 lea!r mosaic4 ,:5 well c>ri$ out x %\ld be impossible to di/+ui% ! l9e :]e ! inlay jo9s ! gr\ndwork4 ,! extreme edge ( ! inlaid lea!r is press$ into ! gr\ndwork by means ( a tool inv5t$ by ,mons4 ,aumatre1 produc+ a f9e l9e ! bread? ( ! edge ( ! tool select$4 ,?is tool1 call$ an outl9] 7,fig4 #bg71 has two blunt ends1 "o r\nd$ & ! o!r squ>e1 & is flat on "o side & r\nd$ on ! o!r4 ,! r\nd$ side ( ! tool af=ds extra pressure1 & %\ld !re=e be plac$ on ! inn] side ( ! l9e s t x s]ves to increase ! depression ( ! edge ( ! inlay4 ,x is be/ to "w ! outl9e ) ! cold tool fir/1 & !n to g ov] x aga9 ) ! tool heat$4 ,! inlay is lightly damp$ r\nd ! edges1 & ! r\nd end ( ! tool is plac$ half on ! inlay & half on ! gr\ndwork4 ,! tool is held fir/ incl9$ backw>ds 7z 9 ,fig4 #bf7 & !n br\ght ) pressure to a p]p5dicul> position 7,fig4 #bg74 ,?is w make a groove into :i* ! edge ( ! inlay w disappe>4 ,! squ>e end ( ! tool is us$ = /raight l9es4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 plac+ ! tool correctly2 no portion ( ! inlay may protrude beyond ! flat side ( ! tool1 z any p>ticle ( ! edge1 h[ev] m9ute1 :i* is n sunk 9 ! groove w\ld h to be cut (f4 ,if ! edge ( ! inlay does n ext5d up to ! tool1 ! error is /ill m tr\blesome to correct1 m p>ticul>ly :5 ! lea!r is ( a delicate col\r1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( mat*+ ! exact %ade = jo9+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4----;,,fir/ ,,position ,,( ,,outl9+ ,,tool ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4----,,second ,,position ,,( ,,outl9+ ,,tool ,aft] ?is op]ation ! edge ( ! outl9+ tool 7,fig4 #bh7 is ins]t$ 9 ! groove ?us =m$1 & work$ ) a %ort up & d[n movem5t4 ,a rul] w s]ve z a guide 9 work+ /raight l9es4 ,! r\nd side ( ! tool is held slightly incl9$ t[>ds ! edge ( ! inlay4 ,! :eel illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bi may also be us$1 b requires great sur5ess ( h& = its successful manipulation4 ,g\ge-%ap$ outl9+ tools ) curves ( diff]5t degrees 7,fig4 #cj7 are useful = little curv$ l9es :i* are o!rwise difficult to "w2 also ! tool repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ca1 = ! lett]+ on bookb9d+s1 etc41 :]e ! l9es require to be %>ply f9i%$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 re/ ) ! arti/ to select ! tools he consid]s mo/ suitable = 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4----;,,g\ge ,,outl9]4 ,,fig4 #bi4----,,outl9+ ,,:eel4 ,,fig4 #cj4----;,,g\ge ,,outl9]4 ,,fig4 #ca4----,,/raight ,,outl9]4 ,:5 ! outl9e has be5 work$ ) ! cold tool1 a hot "o is us$ to g ov] x aga9 to ensure p]fect adhesion1 & to give an attractive br[n t9t to ! l9es4 ,! end ( ! outl9] is heat$ ov] a _s-lamp to a degree at :i* x c /ill be com=tably held 9 ! h&1 & us$ z be=e4 ,if ! tool does n run smoo?ly1 ow+ to ! ela/icity ( ! edge ( ! inlaid lea!r1 ! latt] may be lightly damp$ ) a bru%4 ,x w at fir/ be f\nd difficult to keep ! tool at ! "r heat4 ,z a gr\ndwork1 calf ) a smoo? surface is m s5sitive to damage f an ov]-heat$ tool ?an split %eepsk94 ,x is useful to pa/e "s ( ! inlay lea!r ^u a sp>e piece ( ! lea!r ( ! gr\ndwork1 ) :i* to te/ ! heat ( ! tool4 ,if ! tool be too hot1 x w burn & p5etrate ! lea!r )\t pressure4 ,x c be cool$ to ! desir$ temp]ature on a wet sponge4 ,! next process 9 lea!r mosaic is t ( col\r+1 :i* is dealt ) 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,x !n only rema9s to give ! f9i%+ t\* to ! "w by pass+ a poli%+ iron 7,fig4 #cb7 ov] ! surface1 to poli% x & make x p]fectly ev54 ,! tool is heat$ by hold+ ! "p :i* does n come 9 contact ) ! lea!r ov] ! flame ( a _s-lamp4 ,! poli%$ side %\ld frequ5tly be well rubb$ on flannel1 & %\ld any portion ( its surface become dull1 ! poli% c be re/or$ ) f9e em]y pap]4 ,! poli%+ iron1 :5 heat$1 is held 9 ! "r h& & work$ ) little /rok+ movem5ts1 br++ fir/ ! end & !n1 by l[]+ ! h&le1 ! back ( its poli%$ surface 9 contact ) ! lea!r4 ,! v>i\s positions ( ! tool dur+ ?is op]ation closely resemble ^? ( a vessel :5 x is pit*+4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,,cov] ,,( ,,"w-,,box ,,( ,,wood ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,emboss$ ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi4 ,,g]man1 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,,p[d]-,,flask ,,( ,,wood ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi1 ,,cut ,,& ,,emboss$4 ,,italian1 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,poly*rome ,,mosaic ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4----,,poli%+ ,,mosaic ,?is /yle ( decoration consi/s ( diff]5t col\r$ lea!rs arrang$ ^u a gr\nd1 & is ! only "o t c prop]ly be call$ lea!r mosaic4 ,! "w ( m>k+ x out is a l5g?y "o & dem&s scrupul\s exactitude4 ,a f9i%$ design is fir/ pa9t$ 9 wat]-col\rs & m>k$ ) lett]s :i* are repeat$ on ! pieces ( col\r$ lea!r1 s t ! exact place is indicat$ :i* !y are to occupy 9 ! design4 ,x is important 9 ?is /yle ( mosaic to obta9 a v correct trac+ ( ! design on ! gr\ndwork4 ,on a smoo? & light gr\nd ! trac+-po9t lightly work$ w be suffici5t2 :5 ! gr\nd is d>k or has a gra9$ surface1 r$ or :ite transf] pap] %\ld be us$4 ,! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( m>k+ ! design is by impress+ a /5cil ( ?ick pap]1 b x _c be employ$ ) morocco lea!r = fe> ( cru%+ ! gra9 too mu*4 ,a ?ick /5cil1 h[ev]1 c>efully us$ )\t ex]t+ great pressure1 may give a suffici5t result )\t spoil+ ! gra94 ,= poly*rome mosaic on a smoo? gr\nd ) an inlay ( split %eepsk9 pa/$ on ,canson pap]1 ! me?od already describ$ = work+ mosaic ( "o col\r is ! be/1 b at ! same "t ! directions :i* are giv5 bel[ = plac+ ! diff]5tly col\r$ sk9s side by side 9 position %\ld be foll[$4 ,,poly*rome ,,mosaic ,,on ,a ,,morocco ,,gr\ndwork ,morocco lea!r = inlay+ is ?9n$ ) ! p>+-knife1 b x _c be r$uc$ to ! excessive ?9ness ( split %eepsk94 ,x possesses1 h[ev]1 ! advantage t ! extreme edges may be made ?9n] 9 proportion = lay+ "o ov] ! o!r at ! po9t :]e !y meet4 ,aft] x is p>$1 ! back ( ! lea!r is pa/$ ov] & x is p9n$ out on a bo>d to dry4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! design to be inlaid are !n trac$ on ! v>i\s col\r$ lea!rs1 & cut out 9 ! mann] already expla9$4 ,! difficulty ( plac+ ! pieces exactly edge to edge is s great t x is bett] to all[ !m to ov]lap v slightly1 b 9 ord] t ?is %\ld n produce undue ?ickness at ! po9t :]e !y jo91 ! sub/ance ( ! extreme edges mu/ be fur!r r$uc$ ) ! p>+-knife4 ,a small m>g9 is left = ?is purpose 9 cutt+ out4 ,p>+ ! edges to _! ?9ne/ possible sub/ance w give a slightly jagg$ outl9e1 & ! extra piece w ?us m easily m]ge into ! jo9 ?an if %>ply cut4 ,outl9+ ) ! hot tool w p]fect ! jo94 ,,pa/+ ,,! ,,inlay ,,on ,a ,,morocco ,,gr\ndwork ,to avoid cru%+ ! gra9 ( r\gh morocco1 ! tool illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #cc is us$ in/ead ( ! roll] to secure ! adhesion ( ! inlay to ! gr\ndwork1 9 ord] t ! pressure may be appli$ only ^u ! inlay4 ,damp+ ! gr\ndwork1 except :]e ! ornam5t is plac$1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,! tool is held press$ d[n ) bo? h&s z 9 ,fig4 #cd1 & rubb$ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,! "w is !n plac$ "u bo>ds4 ,,mosaic ,,on ,,modell$ ,,lea!r ,! rem>ks on p>+ lea!r = poly*rome mosaic apply also to p>+ ! lea!r = cov]+ a design 9 relief4 ,an extra m>g9 is left r\nd ! edges1 :i* are 8sla%$0 ) ! tool1 s t !y may bett] embrace ! =m ( ! modell+1 ! f9] details ( :i* are n work$ until aft]w>ds4 ,! lea!r is fir/ plac$ dry 9 position ov] ! modell+1 & smoo!d ov] ) a modell]1 s t x takes ! =m ( ! relief4 ,x w !n be se5 h[ mu* %\ld be cut f ! edges1 s t x may exactly fit into ! outl9e :5 x is pa/$ on4 ,,ins]t$ ,,mosaic ,?is me?od ( mosaic inv5t$ by ,mons4 ,aumatre possesses ! advantage ( be+ v durable1 ow+ to ! edges ( ! inlay be+ secur$ betwe5 ! two edges ( ! incision made 9 ! gr\ndwork4 ,! outl9e is deeply cut 9 ! gr\ndwork1 ! incision well op5$ ) ! op5] & !n fill$ ) pa/e4 ,! inlay is also pa/$ & ! edges ins]t$ 9 ! incision4 ,a :eel or a l>ge modell] is us$ to press d[n ! edges1 & ! outl9e is !n gone ov] ) a hot tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc1 ,,fig4 #cd4----,,/ick+ ,,inlay ,,on ,,morocco ,,gr\nd ,,) ,,tool 7,,fig4 #cc7 ,,in/ead ,,( ,,roll]1 ,,to ,,avoid ,,cru%+ ,,! ,,gra9 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,,%ield ,,( ,,cut ,,& ,,emboss$ ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi4 ,,italian1 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,,mosaic ,,9 ,,relief ,! t]m mosaic is p]haps n v correctly appli$ to ?is /yle ( decoration1 9 :i* ! %ape ( ! design is ind5t$1 by pressure1 on ! damp surface ( ! gr\ndwork1 & fill$ 9 ) an inlay ( lea!rs ?ick en\gh to /& out 9 relief1 & be subsequ5tly c>v$4 ,a ?9 k9d ( c[hide#h specially prep>$ = emboss$ "w is us$4 ,! design is trac$ ^u x 9 ! mann] describ$ = c>v$ lea!r1 & a prelim9>y modell+ is execut$ indicat+ ! outl9es & ve9+s z /rongly z possible4 ,! high reliefs may be emboss$ & lightly /uff$4 ,?is done1 x is plac$ ^u ,bri/ol bo>d1 n less ?an half ! ?ickness ( ! lea!r itself1 ) a piece ( r$ transf] pap] face d[nw>ds 9 betwe54 ,! :ole is firmly fix$ ^u a draw+ bo>d s t no?+ c get displac$1 & ! design is cut out ) a /5cil-cutt]'s knife 7,fig4 #bb74 ,if possible1 bo? lea!r & ,bri/ol bo>d %\ld be cut ?r\gh at ! same "t1 b %\ld ! knife n p5etrate ! latt] suffici5tly to cut x ?r\gh1 ! outl9e w h be5 m>k$ on x by ! transf] pap] & x may be cut out sep>ately4 ,! lea!r & ! bo>d mu/1 h[ev]1 be absolutely id5tical 9 %ape & v %>ply cut4 ,) ! die ?us =m$ by ! ,bri/ol bo>d1 ! morocco gr\ndwork is depress$ to receive ! inlay4 ,x is ?or\ghly wett$ & ! wat] all[$ to s9k 94 ,! bo>d is !n plac$ 9 ! exact position :i* ! lea!r inlay is to occupy1 & cov]$ ) a v ?ick %eet ( blott+-pap] to protect ! gra9 ( ! gr\ndwork f be+ cru%$ too mu*4 ,! :ole is well press$ 9 ! copy+-press until ! die has suffici5tly ent]$ into ! lea!r4 ,! lea!r inlay %\ld !n be tri$ 9 ! holl[ ?us produc$1 & trimm$ :]e necess>y if x be too l>ge4 ,aft] pa/+ x ?or\ghly1 tak+ c>e n to omit any small po9ts1 x is plac$ 9 position on ! gr\ndwork & work$ into ! holl[ ) a modell]4 ,! "w is !n plac$ "u bo>ds to dry2 a press w\ld flatt5 ! relief too mu*4 #h ,kip-sk9s4 ,:5 ! pa/e is q dry & ! lea!r well /uck1 ! c>v+ may be proce$$ ) z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,v *>act]i/ic effects are obta9$ by col\r+ lea!r work$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,incru/$ ,,mosaic ,! foll[+ description ( a /yle ( decoration1 call$ by ,mons4 ,belleville 8incru/$ mosaic10#i is d]iv$ f ! valuable "w ( t au?or1 entitl$ ,le ,cuir dans la ,dcoration ,mod]ne4 #i ,mosaque p> ,incru/ation4 ,9 incru/$ mosaic ! design is n cut out & appli$ on ! backgr\nd1 b ! diff]5t pieces ( col\r$ lea!r =m+ ! design & ! lea!r ( ! backgr\nd are plac$ side by side on ! same plane4 ,:5 ! ornam5t is simple & ! backgr\nd pla91 ! design is trac$ on ! gr\ndwork1 c>efully cut out1 & us$ z a patt]n = cutt+ out ! piece de/9$ to replace x2 :5 ! ornam5t is to embrace ! :ole surface1 ! foll[+ me?od is recomm5d$3 ,! design1 drawn on pap] & col\r$1 is fix$ on a draw+-bo>d & ov] x is plac$ a %eet ( transp>5t pap]1 or "s ?9 musl9 c>efully siz$ & /ret*$4 ,an exact trac+ ( ! design is made on r /iff pap]1 :i* is col\r$ or numb]$ to correspond ) ! pieces ( ! diff]5t lea!rs :i* are to compose ! mosaic4 ,! trac+ is !n cut out1 sep>at$1 & ! pieces pa/$ on ! correspond+ lea!r1 ei!r ) ! face on ! fle% side ( ! lea!r1 or ! back on its surface4 ,9 ! latt] case x is v lightly done1 b if pa/$ on ! fle% side x %\ld be done securely1 z x w rema9 p]man5tly4 ,:5 all ^! pieces are cut out ( ! lea!r !y are pa/$ 9 _! respective places on ! design1 & ! :ole put 9 ! press = ab\t t5 h\rs4 ,if ! "w has be5 well execut$1 ! l9es :]e ! pieces ( lea!r come toge!r w be h>dly visible2 ! next /ep is to acc5tuate !m & make !m regul>4 ,?is may be done ei!r ) a heat$ :eel giv+ a smoo? ev5 l9e1 :i* may1 if desir$1 be subsequ5tly gild$1 or by pyrogravure4 ,vig\r & "* c be imp>t$ to ! outl9e by ! use ( ! latt] process1 & ! d>k5$ col\r ( ! burnt l9e is made m brilliant by poli%+ x ) an agate burni%]4 ,9 ei!r case ! tool mu/ be work$ accurately ) its edge half on ea* side ( ! l9e4 ,! ma9 advantage ( ! process ( incru/$ mosaic is t ! gra9 ( ! lea!r employ$ is bett] display$ ?an 9 inlaid mosaic4 ,x is only suitable = "w on a l>ge scale4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,dyes1 ,,pat9es#aj ,,& ,,gild+ #aj ,pat9e repres5ts a v5e]1 or wa% ( col\r1 appli$ on ! surface1 or 9 ! holl[s ( lea!r1 to int5sify its tone1 or to give artificial effects1 su* z ^? ( v]digris1 ru/1 or antiquity4 ,p>tly ow+ to its nature1 & p>tly ow+ to ! tann+ process1 lea!r is susceptible to ! action ( ! dyes us$ to col\r x 9 degrees v>y+ accord+ to _! composition & p5etration4 ,we w n attempt to enum]ate all ! dyes t may be employ$ or to describe _! composition4 ,excell5t results c be obta9$ ) ready made prep>ations1 & "s brief rem>ks on ! subject are all t is necess>y = ! purpose ( ?is "w4 ,practical exp]i5ce alone is a reliable guide 9 ! selection ( dyes1 z1 :atev] _! base may be1 !y all v>y greatly 9 use4 ,x may be rem>k$ t !re are _m anil9e dyes :i* are m durable ?an vegetable ones1 al?\gh !re are o!rs :i* m]it _! reputation = in/ability4 ,! col\r ( dy$ lea!r _c be expect$ to rema9 unaffect$ by con/ant exposure to direct sunlight1 b x %\ld n alt] ) ord9>y use4#aa #aa ,see ! rem>ks on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+ 9 ! ,note at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,x is obvi\s t1 9 proportion z ! col\rs s9k into ! lea!r1 !y w lose 9 brilliancy1 b on ! o!r h&1 ?is v absorption1 :i* all[s col\rs to be sup]pos$ & appe> transluc5t1 gives a dep? r>ely obta9able 9 mat]ials ( less capill>ity4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,,top ,,( ,,casket ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,br[n ,,calf1 ,,cut ,,& ,,slightly ,,emboss$4 ,,by ,,flor5ce ,,hornbl[]4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,! foll[+ notes are int5d$ m]ely z a g5]al indication ( ! mann] ( treat+ ! v>i\s sub/ances us$ 9 col\r+ lea!r4 ,! sub/ance sold by druggi/s "u ! "n ( potassium is v viol5t 9 its action & w\ld burn ! lea!r z well z ! bru%es us$ to apply x4 ,x %\ld only be employ$1 & t v sp>+ly1 = su* purposes z black lett]+4 ,pe>l-a% %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce1 b also ) great caution1 or x w n only de/roy ! surface1 b rot ! sub/ance ( ! lea!r4 ,pota% is soluble 9 wat] to saturation po9t1 t is to say1 a giv5 quantity ( wat] w n dissolve m ?an a giv5 quantity ( pota%4 ,x is v difficult to measure ! exact /r5g? to use2 t :i* is b>ely suffici5t to p5etrate & col\r a surface artificially made smoo? by roll+1 w s9k 9 :]e ! lea!r has be5 cut or pun*$ & imm$iately d>k5 x consid]ably4 ,x is a good plan !re=e to exp]im5t on a sp>e piece ( ! lea!r4 ,pota% lye is m easily us$ 9 ! "r proportion1 & may be employ$ = /a9+ v light col\r$ lea!r4 ,soda has ! same effect z pota%1 except t x is a little less /rong2 bo? sub/ances h always be5 mu* employ$ 9 dye+ sk9s4 ,p]manganate ( pota% is suppos$ to dye a m\se-grey col\r1 b x is mo/ unc]ta9 9 its action1 z x dep5ds entirely on ! porosity ( ! lea!r4 ,xan?9 & cate*ol br[ns are pleas+ 9 appe>ance1 b _! effect is less ri* ?an t obta9$ ) pota%4 ,!y become improv$ by h>d rubb+ ) encau/ic4 ,sulphate ( iron has a /rong & p]si/5t od\r & is also some:at injuri\s4 ,x is useful1 h[ev]1 & produces a col\r v>y+ f a light %ade to an int5se violet black4 ,:5 us$ ov] pota%1 a dead black is obta9$4 ,,r$s ,aliz>91 ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( madd]1 :i* c also be obta9$ f coal-t>1 is employ$ 9 _m col\r comb9ations & gives a f9e durable r$4 ,hydro*loric acid *anges x to violet4 ,c>?am9e & co*9eal also produce good r$s2 ! latt] is turn$ orange by ! action ( hydro*loric acid4 ,hydro*loric acid turns ammoniacal co*9eal p9k1 b m]ely discol\rs ! r$ made f ar*il4 ,direct extracts ( r$ wood are unaffect$ by x4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( logwood1 extract$ by treat+ ! p[d] obta9$ f an aque\s decoction ( ! wood ) _s1 is sold z hematoxyl94 ,metallic salts conv]t x to a violet black1 salts ( t9 *ange x to p9k1 alkalis to blue1 & acids to yell[4 ,durable p9ks are obta9$ directly f c>?am9e1 ! col\r+ matt] ( ,c>?amus ,t9ctorius4 ,,yell[s ,! base ( mo/ f9e yell[s is picric acid4 ,! *romates ( z9c & b>yta give v p]man5t yell[s1 :i* are p>ticul>ly useful 9 mix+ gre5s4 ,! vegetable yell[s are less durable4 ,!y include turm]ic1 :i* is especially fugitive1 & qu]citron2 ! =m] is turn$ r$1 & ! latt] br[n1 by ! action ( hydro*loric acid4 ,orange t9ts are easily obta9$ by us+ r$ ov] yell[1 fir/ all[+ ! yell[ to dry completely2 or !y c be b\ght ready prep>$ ) aliz>94 ,m&>9e & na/urtium t9ts c also be b\ght ready prep>$1 or may be made by a mixture ( vegetable col\r1 su* z saffron & arnotto4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,,emboss$ ,,& ,,pun*$ ,,br[n ,,calf ,,b9d+4 ,,rub,,iy,t ,,( ,,om> ,,khayy,m4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,m>y ,g4 ,,h\/on4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,,blues ,good & durable blues are obta9$ f indigo & aliz>94 ,,gre5s ,gre5s ( e composition are fugitive1 especially ^? sold ready mix$4 ,bett] results are obta9$ by apply+ yell[ & blue "o ov] ! o!r ?an by ! direct application ( ! col\r1 b :5 ! range ( t9ts ?us af=d$ is too re/rict$1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to "s ( ! num]\s dyes v>y+ 9 t9t f gre5i% yell[ to deep olive4 ,successive applications ( sulphate ( iron & picric yell[ w produce ! latt] col\r1 & a vegetable gre51 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n v durable1 is made f buck?orn b]ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! dyes :i* h be5 j enum]at$1 :i* =m1 h[ev]1 b a v small proportion ( ^? 9 exi/5ce1 are employ$ 9 dye+ textiles4 ,^! mat]ials h fir/ to be treat$ ) mordants su* z tann91 *rome or suma*1 9 ord] t !y may take ! dye1 :]eas lea!r is already prep>$ to receive x by ! tann+ process4 ,ord9>y wat]-col\rs bas$ on glyc]9e or album5 c be us$ 9 ! decoration ( lea!r1 b are recomm5d$ only = col\r+ small p>ts ( a design1 p>tly because liquid col\r is m easily appli$ ov] l>ge surfaces1 & p>tly because1 be+ less transp>5t1 !y d n l5d !mselves to ! process ( rubb+ :i* plays s important a "p 9 pat9e4 ,oil or _s col\rs1 on ! o!r h&1 possess a transp>5cy :i* all[s ( _! be+ us$ ov] a gr\nd col\r$ ) a diff]5t m$ium4 ,:5 ! lea!r on :i* !y are pa9t$ is undy$ x %\ld fir/ receive a coat ( pa/e4 ,col\rs sold "u ! "n ( pat9es grasses w produce a gr\ndwork ( great brilliancy1 if well rubb$ be=e !y are q dry4 ,! use ( g\a*e %\ld be limit$ to ! holl[ p>ts ( incis$ or pun*$ lea!r4 ,gold & bronzes are also us$ ) good effect4 ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,col\r+ ,,lea!r ,col\rs obta9$ f pota% & sulphate ( iron----d>k gre51 dull r$1 etc4----are mu* us$ = gr\ndwork4 ,pota% produces a w>m br[ni%-r$1 & t9ts1 v>y+ 9 col\r f a pale to a d>k slate grey1 are obta9$ ) sulphate ( iron4 ,z already /at$1 a coat+ ( picric yell[ ov] ! latt] w give a dull gre54 ,9 col\r+ l>ge surfaces1 x is be/ to use s(t sponges1 or small pads ( cotton-wool cov]$ ) s(t l954 ,! pads c be held by ! edges ( ! l95 & ! sponges may be m\nt$ on h&les1 b ! be/ protection = ! h&s aga9/ /a9+ is a pair ( v s(t rubb] gloves l ^? us$ by surgeons4 ,! lea!r is fir/ damp$ all ov] & ! col\r !n appli$ 9 a succession ( ev5 wa%es4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to unduly d>k5 any "p ( ! lea!r by us+ too mu* col\r1 be>+ 9 m9d t diff]5t p>ts ( ! sk9 w v>y greatly 9 porosity4 ,9 col\r+ gr\ndwork ) v>i\s sup]pos$ t9ts1 ! actual results are (t5 entirely diff]5t f ^? "o has _h reason to expect4 ,s f> z is possible1 9 ord] to prev5t ?is f happ5+1 x is advisable n to mix ! col\rs ( diff]5t mak]s on ! same piece ( "w )\t kn[+ _! composition1 or fir/ exp]im5t+ ) !m on a sp>e piece ( ! lea!r4 ,a second col\r %\ld nev] be add$ until ! und]nea? "o is dry1 or a muddy effect w result4 ,if ! col\r becomes too d>k1 or if ! second /a9 pr$om9ates unduly in/ead ( m]g+ into ! und]nea? "o1 ! :ole "w1 fix$ firmly on a bo>d1 %\ld be dipp$ 9 wat] & scrubb$ ) a v s(t bru% & "s s(t soap4 ,x %\ld !n be all[$ to dry 9 ! sun4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ ! col\r light] c only be us$ :5 ! ornam5t is n 9 relief2 x has be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly successful 9 treat+ pota% & sulphate dyes4 ,ox-hide1 light or fawn-col\r$ calf1 pigsk9 & :ite morocco are lea!rs suitable = col\r+4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v absorb5t1 & w require an application ( pa/e be=e /a9+4 ,?is w also be f\nd indisp5sable 9 col\r+ ! :ite split %eepsk9s us$ 9 mosaic4 ,9 /a9+ lea!r = mosaic1 sev]al successive applications ( col\r w be requir$1 especially 9 ! case ( gre5s :i* s9k 9 quickly4 ,9 addition to pla9 dye+1 !re are v>i\s me?ods ( produc+ %ad$ gr\ndwork1 m>bl+1 spr9kl+1 etc4 ,,%ad$ ,,gr\ndwork ,= %ad$ gr\ndwork dilut$ col\r is appli$ ) a sponge or pad work$ ov] ! lea!r ) a circul> movem5t1 & ! uni=m t9t ?us obta9$ is d>k5$ z requir$ by fur!r applications ) /rong] col\r4 ,9 %ad+ a gr\nd f "o col\r to ano!r1 z = example f d>k olive to mala*ite gre51 orange r$ & pale yell[1 ! edge ( ea* col\r1 z x is put on1 is cov]$ ) a piece ( ?ick pap]1 :i* mu/ be firmly held 9 place1 9 ord] to prev5t ! col\rs mix+ :]e !y come toge!r4 ,,m>bl+ ,a sponge ) l>ge holes is dipp$ 9 pota%1 sulphate ( iron1 or "s o!r deep col\r$ dye1 & lightly appli$ ov] ! surface ( ! lea!r s t p>ts ( x correspond+ to ! holes 9 ! sponge are left unt\*$2 or ! fir/ application ( col\r may be made ev5ly ov] ! lea!r & ! m>bl+ work$1 z describ$1 9 a second application4 ,_m v>ieties ( patt]n c be obta9$ by mov+ ! sponge 9 diff]5t ways4 ,lea!r may be b\ght ready m>bl$ by a gelat9e process4 ,,tree ,,m>bl+ ,! lea!r is fir/ lightly pa/$ ov]1 & drops ( wat]1 m or less l>ge1 are scatt]$ ^u x by j]k+ ! h&le ( a small c\*-grass :isk full ( wat] aga9/ ! left wri/ held a few in*es f ! surface ( ! lea!r4 ,a v little col\r is !n tak5 9 ! bru% & j]k$ 9 ! same mann] ov] ! drops ( wat]1 ) :i* x w p>tially mix & give ! effect ( roots bran*+ out 9 all directions4 ,v>iety c be obta9$ by apply+ ! wat] ) a sponge in/ead ( ! bru%1 & ! col\r 9 l>ge drops ov] ! :ole or c]ta9 p>ts only ( ! field1 or by us+ dyes ( diff]5t col\rs :i* give curi\s effects 9 comb9+4 ,aft] apply+ ! dye1 ! surplus moi/ure is absorb$ ) blott+-pap]4 ,! lea!r may be blea*$ to a light t9t by means ( an oil-pa9t bru% dipp$ 9 decolorant#ab2 ! bri/les ( ! bru% are pu%$ back ) ! f+] & :5 releas$ j]k ! acid 9 f9e drops ov] ! surface4 ,! lea!r mu/ be fre%ly & ?or\ghly damp$ s t ! outl9e ( ! blea*+ %ades (f into ! gr\nd4 #ab ,see page #ga4 ,,spr9kl+ ,spr9kl+ is done ) a r close iron grat+ & a long n>r[ bru% l a plate-bru%4 ,! dye is prep>$ on a flat plate & ! bru% dipp$ 9 x1 ! sup]flu\s liquid be+ remov$ aga9/ ! edge ( ! plate4 ,! bru% is rubb$ backw>ds & =w>ds on ! grat+ held horizontally a few in*es above ! lea!r ov] :i* x scatt]s a f9e %[] ( ! dye4 ,%\ld ! col\r fro? on ! grat+1 ! bru% mu/ at once be rubb$ ^u oil$ pap]4 ,spr9kl+ may also be done ) a vaporis] = fix+ draw+s1 b x is difficult to get a suffici5tly f9e %[] s t ! drops d n m]ge into ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,,mirror ,,case ,,( ,,pun*$ ,,black ,,lea!r1 ,,cuir ,,b\illi2 ,,execut$ ,,by ,,miss ,,casella4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,! above process is a useful "o :5 p>ts ( ! lea!r are to be 8res]v$10 i4e41 to rema9 unt\*$ by ! dye4 ,= ?is purpose a piece ( /rong pap] is cut to ! %ape ( ! "p to be res]v$ & pa/$ lightly to ! lea!r dur+ ! process ( spr9kl+1 aft] :i* x is damp$ & remov$4 ,ano!r me?od is to pa9t ! res]v$ p>ts ) "o ( ! two prep>ations giv5 by ,mons4 ,belleville 9 ,le ,cuir dans la ,dcoration ,mod]ne1 aft]w>ds remov+ x ) b5z9e or petroleum _s3----8,eighty p>ts ( colophony1 #d ( yell[ wax1 #f ( sp]maceti1 #d ( tall[1 #fj ( _s ( turp5t9e & #aj ( alcohol40 ,or1 8,"o hundr$ p>ts ( virg9 wax1 & ! same ( ca/or oil1 ) #be ( borax & #be ( copal v>ni%40 99 99 99 99 99 ,in/ead ( res]v+ ! p>ts ( ! lea!r1 ! dye may be remov$ subsequ5tly by means ( reag5ts call$ decolorants4 ,sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 oxalic1 nitric1 or muriatic acid dilut$ ) wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o 9 five1 c be us$ = ?is purpose1 b _! effect %\ld fir/ be tri$ on a sp>e piece ( ! lea!r1 z x w v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! dye on :i* !y are us$4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t1 9 mix+ ! acid1 ! "r quantity ( wat] mu/ be measur$ out & ! acid c>efully add$ drop by drop4 ,if wat] is p\r$ into acid x causes an explosion4 ,! outl9e is trac$ r deeply on ! lea!r1 s t x is /ill visible aft] ! gr\ndwork has be5 dy$4 ,:5 ! dye has sunk 91 ! decolorant c be easily appli$ ) a pa9t-bru%4 ,on modell$ lea!r dy$ bronze gre51 a rag or piece ( cotton-wool dipp$ 9 decolorant & quickly pass$ ov] ! relief1 w light5 ! col\r & produce ! effect ( bronze ) ! expos$ p>ts rubb$ light] by use4 ,%\ld ! effect ( ! acid be too /rong1 ! col\r may be aga9 deep5$ by wa%+ ! lea!r ov] ) a yell[i% gold /a91 :i* w only take effect on ! relief1 s9ce x w m]ge into ! d>k] col\r ( ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,! same process may be employ$ on :ite calf ) a light olive dye to obta9 ! effect ( old ivory4 ,ev5 :5 mu* dilut$1 h[ev]1 ! action ( ^! acids mu/ 9 ! end be injuri\s to ! lea!r4 ,!y %\ld be us$ ) great c>e & nev] undilut$4 ,:]e possible1 wa%+ ! lea!r ov] aft]w>ds ) wat] w1 to "s ext5t1 dim9i% _! h>mful effect4 ,/5cill+ is ano!r process by :i* portions ( ! lea!r =m+ ! ornam5t are res]v$ f ! dye us$ 9 col\r+ ! gr\nd4 ,! design is cut out ( a v ?9 %eet ( copp] or t94 ,a l>ge %ort-hair$ bru%#ac is us$ to take ! dye f a plate1 or pad1 & is !n rubb$ v lightly ov] ! /5cil firmly fix$ on ! lea!r4 ,only ! p>ts unprotect$ by ! /5cil w take ! col\r4 ,! bru% mu/ n be too full or ! dye w\ld h a t5d5cy to run "u ! /5cil4 ,! mo/ suitable dyes are glyc]9e inks & m>k+ inks conta9+ nitrate ( silv]4 ,a v>iety ( col\rs may be mix$ ) glyc]9e = ?is purpose4 ,! ink ?us obta9$ is transf]r$ to a clo? pad1 su* z is us$ by pr9t]s1 f :i* ! bru% w only take ! requir$ quantity4 #ac ,pompon4 ,:5 ! lea!r is dry a light] t9t1 transp>5t en\gh to all[ ! /5cill$ design to be visible ?r\gh x1 may be wa%$ ov] ! :ole4 ,excell5t effects ( consid]able ri*ness c ?us be produc$4 ,! dep? ( col\r is fur!r increas$ by ! process ( rubb+1 :i* is necess>y to ! prop] pat9e ( lea!r4 ,if done ) wax1 encau/ic or v>ni%1 x is an effective protection = ! surface ( ! lea!r aga9/ det]ioration f outside causes4 ,) c]ta9 s(t lea!rs1 if ! col\r has n sunk 9 deeply1 rubb+ ) ! f+] alone w give x great brilliancy2 ) o!r lea!rs ! rubb+ w produce an effect 9 proportion to ! degree ( porosity ( ! sk94 ,x %\ld always be done be=e ! col\r is dry1 b n until x has p5etrat$ suffici5tly into ! lea!r n to return to ! surface ) ! pressure4 ,! middle f+] is us$4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( poli% c be giv5 to ! lea!r by rubb+ x only ) ! f+] 7moi/5$ ) a little oil to all[ x to slide easily71 or1 = a l>ge surface1 ) ! side ( ! h& in/ead ( ! f+]4 ,:5 a m$ium is us$1 x is appli$ ) a circul> movem5t by means ( flannel or rag2 a flannel bru% consi/+ ( a s]ies ( little flannel rolls1 :i* c be b\ght at a surgical in/rum5t-mak]'s1 is v useful = a l>ge surface requir+ mu* rubb+4 ,pure wax1 :i* mu/ be s(t5$ 9 ! h& to make x spread ev5ly1 encau/ic & _s v>ni% are all efficaci\s 9 pres]v+ ! col\r & increas+ its transp>5cy4 ,ano!r me?od giv+ excell5t results consi/s 9 apply+ opaque col\r1 g\a*e or bronzes 9 ! holl[s ( a design & remov+ ! surplus ( ! col\r by rubb+4 ,9 ?is way an incis$ design c be boldly outl9$ 9 light on a d>k gr\nd1 & may aft]w>ds be blea*$ )9 ! outl9es if desir$4 ,aft] cutt+ ! design on ! lea!r1 ! :ole surface is wa%$ ov] ) pota% or any o!r d>k /a91 a coat ( pa/e is !n appli$ & imm$iately wip$ (f1 s t "s ( x only rema9s 9 ! holl[s4 ,:5 ! pa/e is dry1 "s r liquid g\a*e is wa%$ ov] & run into ! l9es1 any rema9+ on ! surface be+ remov$ by vigor\s rubb+ ) a damp rag4 ,! same process may be appli$ to ! holl[s ( pun*$ lea!r4 ,9 us+ bronzes or gold 9 p[d]1 "s _s v>ni% or specially prep>$ v>ni% is necess>y to make !m adh]e4 ,aft] apply+ ! v>ni%1 ! surface is wip$ ov] to remove all except t :i* is deposit$ 9 ! int]/ices1 & :5 ?is is suffici5tly dry to hold ! p[d]1 ! latt] is put on ) a v s(t1 %ort-hair$ bru% & adh]es to ! v>ni%4 ,! surface is !n rubb$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,all p[d] col\rs d n mix equally well ) v>ni%2 gre5 & blue bronzes (t5 *ange col\r :5 br\ght 9 contact ) x4 ,gold & silv] p[d] give good results1 us$ ei!r dry or mix$ ) gum on %ells4 ,*9ese v]milion may also be employ$ ) v>ni%1 b o!r col\rs are m suitable = ?is purpose :5 prep>$ 9 ! =m ( g\a*e4 ,,gild+ ,special manipulation is requir$ = gold leaf appli$ to ! decoration ( lea!r4 ,= gild+ ov] a :ole surface1 z = in/ance an aureole r\nd ! head ( a sa9t1 ! foll[+ is ! be/ me?od4 ,sev]al lay]s ( />* pa/e are pa9t$ ) a bru% ov] ! "p ( ! lea!r to be gild$1 & foll[$ :5 dry by a little gelat9e pa/e4 ,a coat+ ( "s special prep>ation is !n appli$ & all[$ to dry to ! "r condition to reta9 ! gold leaf1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! prep>ation2 ! degree ( moi/ure c be te/$ ) ! f+]4 ,gold leaf is sold 9 small books & is exce$+ly ?94 ,a flexible knife1 l a palette knife1 is us$ to manipulate x1 & a s+le leaf is laid on a cu%ion ( de]sk9 /uff$ ) wadd+1 & cut to ! requir$ size4 ,x is !n plac$ ov] ! prep>ation on ! lea!r & lightly press$ d[n ) a v s(t1 r\nd1 %ort-hair$ bru%4 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,,black ,,morocco ,,b9d+ ,,) ,,appli$ ,,panels ,,( ,,tool$1 ,,cut1 ,,pa9t$ ,,& ,,gilt ,,calf4 ,,le ,,roman ,,de ,,tri/an ,,et ,,iseut4 ,,design$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,engels4 ,,mod]n ,,fr5*4 ,= gild+ ) hot tools a specially prep>$ p[d] made ( res9 or gum is us$4 ,?is p[d] melts ) ! heat ( ! tool & causes ! gold leaf to adh]e to ! lea!r only :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! p>ts ( ! tool cut 9 relief4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,"s p[d] is lightly spread ov] ! "p ( ! lea!r to be gild$ & a piece ( gold leaf laid ov] x1 ! tool is heat$ suffici5tly to melt ! p[d] )\t burn+ ! lea!r & is c>efully appli$ on ! "r spot1 ! surplus gold be+ aft]w>ds remov$ ) ! %ort bru%4 ,! tools us$ by bookb9d]s are slightly convex1 s t firm & ev5 pressure ( ! :ole tool c be ex]t$ by fir/ incl9+ ! h&le t[>ds ! gild]1 & !n rais+ x :ile /ill ma9ta9+ ! pressure & incl9+ x at ! opposite angle4 ,gold c also be appli$ ) a bru% 9 ! =m ( p[d] susp5d$ 9 liquid gum or _s v>ni%4 ,if x does n spread ev5ly1 ow+ to !re be+ too mu* liquid 9 proportion to ! p[d]1 dry p[d] may be add$ :]e necess>y ) a %ort bru% :5 ! liquid is almo/ dry4 ,%ell gold is appli$ ) a slightly damp$ bru% &1 :5 dry1 may be burni%$ ) an agate or pun*2 ! design ( ! pun* w /& out 9 bright gold on a gr\nd ( dull gold4 ,! pressure ( ! wri/ is suffici5t to "w ! pun* & a hamm] %\ld n be us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is an int]e/+ field = ! arti/'s ent]prise 9 ! discov]y ( new processes = ! decoration ( lea!r by means ( col\rs & bronzes4 ,x is n possible )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt] to give a complete li/ ( ! _m me?ods t may be employ$4#ad #ad ,z a conclusion to ?is *apt]1 ! ,fr5* edition quotes f ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit de l',enc\ragem5t p\r l',indu/rie ,nationale "s extracts f ! ,report ( ! ,committee on ,lea!r = ,bookb9d+1 publi%$ by ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,london 7#aija71 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,note at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,design ,,& ,,col\r ,! pres5t *apt] is devot$ to "s rem>ks on col\r comb9ation & ! composition ( ornam5t1 bas$ on ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! au?or4 ,?ree col\rs1 = ! gr\ndwork1 ornam5t & high lights respectively1 w1 9 _m cases1 be f\nd suffici5t = a s*eme ( decoration4 ,a multitude ( col\rs1 work$ 9 great detail on a relatively small surface1 confuse ! eye & h9d] x f grasp+ ! effect ( ! decoration z a :ole4 ,only special /yles ( decoration1 su* z ,moori% geometrical patt]ns1 all[ ( ! use ( a great v>iety ( col\rs4 ,! circum/ance already expla9$1 t 9 lea!r decoration dyes may be us$ "o ov] ! o!r1 enables int]e/+ effects to be produc$4 ,a design ( sea1 ) seawe$ & fi%1 c be effectively r5d]$ entirely ) sulphate ( iron ( v>y+ /r5g?4 ,a weak solution is wa%$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole2 ! waves are !n drawn 9 ) a flat bru% dipp$ 9 a /rong] solution1 & ! d>k outl9es aft]w>ds blea*$ ) acid :]e !y bord] ! fir/ t9t4 ,! fi% & seawe$ 9 relief are simil>ly treat$ ) decolorant1 & a light wa% ( yell[ ov] ! :ole completes an effective decoration4 ,! foliage ( ! *e/nut tree 9 autumn l5ds itself exceptionally well to decorative treatm5t1 bo? z reg>ds =m & col\r4 ,! l>ge v>iety ( gre5s & yell[s are mo/ effective on a gr\nd ( brickdu/ r$4 ,a gr\ndwork ( s(t grey1 bright5$ by an und]wa% ( v pale yell[1 is suitable = res]v$ or blea*$ designs4 ,deep c>m9e con/itutes a ri* col\r = gr\ndwork1 & is produc$ by us+ bright r$ ov] pota% & deep5+ ! effect by rubb+4 ,9 plann+ a decoration1 ! arti/ has g5]ally "s special effect 9 8 m9d :i* he wi%es to reproduce4 ,x is n unusual1 h[ev]1 = ! result to be totally diff]5t f :at is anticipat$1 s9ce unc]ta9ty con/itutes "o ( ! *>ms ( ! art ( col\r+ lea!r4 ,^! failures1 z !y may be consid]$ f "o po9t ( view1 (t5 produce int]e/+ effects & sometimes lead to valuable discov]ies4 ,m>bl$ lea!r %\ld be decorat$ ) flat ornam5t only4 ,figures 9 high relief belong prop]ly to ! doma9 ( ! sculptor & %\ld be avoid$ 9 lea!r "w1 mu* ( its individuality ly+ 9 ! value ( ! outl9e 9 produc+ an effect ( relief4 ,"s skilful arti/s produce 9 lea!r n only ! relief1 b ! turn$ ov] edges ( petals1 etc41 & treat twi/$ ribbons 9 op5-"w2 ! result1 ?\gh pleas+1 is ess5tially evanesc5t1 ow+ to ! extreme fragility ( ! deta*$ portions ( ! lea!r4 ,( all ! uses to :i* lea!r "w may be appli$1 none (f] great] scope to ! inspiration ( ! arti/ ?an bookb9d+4 ,x has become ! fa%ion n only to provide a m or less ri* cov]+ = a beautiful edition1 b to sugge/ 9 its design ! nature ( ! cont5ts ( ! volume1 %\ld ^! l5d !mselves to su* treatm5t4 ,! arti/1 h[ev]1 w d well to practise ?is pr9ciple ) due re/ra9t1 avoid+1 on ! "o h&1 :at may be call$ anecdotal design1 &1 on ! o!r1 an ov] subtle symbolism4 ,lea!r c(f]s1 :5 well execut$1 con/itute v]itable works ( art4 ,!y pres5t consid]able difficulties 9 ! m\nt+ ( ! lea!r ov] ! wood5 c(f] s t ! l9es ( ! ornam5t come exactly 9 ! "r place4 ,x is necess>y t ! l9es =m+ ! framework ( ! design %\ld accurately correspond ) ! dim5sions ( ! c(f] to be cov]$4 ,a c(f] usually consi/s ( a box ) a h+$ lid2 ! measure is tak5 by lay+ ! lea!r r\nd ! :ole2 ! lea!r is !n cut1 leav+ a small surplus at ! edges to be p>$ & fold$ ov] at ! sides4 ,! jo9 %\ld be arrang$ = at ! l[] bord] & n at ! int]section ( ! lid & ! box4 ,! lea!r at ?is po9t is bett] left to be cut aft] x has be5 /uck on ! wood 9 m\nt+4 ,:5 ! lea!r is decorat$ 9 mosaic & consi/s ( panels ea* enclos$ )9 a patt]n$ bord]1 ! probability ( its /ret*+ :5 x is fix$ on ! wood1 mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation2 ,cape morocco1 h[ev]1 if fairly ?ick w h>dly /ret* p]ceptibly4 ,dur+ ! process ( outl9+ ! design1 :i* is done be=e m\nt+ ! lea!r on ! wood1 x %\ld be /ret*$ to its full ext5t on a flat bo>d4 ,:5 ! decoration is 9 relief1 ! padd+ %\ld be v firm1 s z to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to /ret* dur+ ! process ( m\nt+4 ,g5]ally speak+1 designs bas$ on naturali/ic fl[]s d n give ! mo/ satisfactory effects 9 ! decoration ( c(f]s1 s9ce ! /yle is n suit$ to ! re/rict$ size ( ! panels1 ev5 :5 ! design ignores !m & ext5ds beyond4 ,designs 9 ! mod]n /yle1 or ,go?ic designs 9 ! /yle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 or ^? bas$ on ! ,arabic decoration ( ! be/ p]iod1 are mu* to be pref]r$2 9 ! la/ two /yles pun*es us$ ) a hamm] w greatly assi/ 9 l[]+ ! gr\ndwork1 s t ! design /&s out 9 relief )\t ! necessity ( /uff+ x1 z 9 emboss$ "w4 ,by introduc+ g\a*e or bronzes into ! impressions made ) ! pun*es1 ri* effects ( col\r c be produc$4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,,b9d+ ,,( ,,/a9$ ,,calf1 ,,cut1 ,,emboss$1 ,,tool$ ,,& ,,pat9at$ ,,by ,,h5ri ,,god94 ,,mod]n ,,fr5*4 ,!re are num]\s o!r /yles appropriate to ! decoration ( lea!r c(f]s4 ,9 ! decoration ( l>ge surfaces1 su* z ! panels ( wall-hang+s1 ! arti/ is caution$ aga9/ ! abuse ( detail1 frequ5tly ! /umbl+-block ( ! beg9n]4 ,he is recomm5d$ to ex]cise a wise re/ra9t 9 8 composition1 & to avail himself ( ! num]\s res\rces ( ! conv5tional art ( ! mod]n s*ool m p>ticul>ly 9 _! application to ! ornam5tation ( l>ge surfaces4 ,te*nical effici5cy 9 ! use ( ! tools is ess5tial & mu/ be ga9$ by practice1 b may be said to be second 9 importance to a ?or\gh k ( decorative design1 :i* c be atta9$ only by ! intellig5t /udy ( ! be/ models4 ,! education ( ! eye is a consid]able factor 9 ! conv5tional int]pretation ( natural =ms4 ,! arti/ _c d bett] ?an to /udy ! anci5t ,japanese s*ool1 :i* has f\nd su* fav\r ) ! initiators ( ! s-call$ 8,mod]n ,art10 & :i* af=ds ! be/ examples ( balance 9 design 9 its rejection ( unnecess>y detail 9 ! int]pretation ( natural =ms4 ,he may also f9d inspiration 9 ! fields ( ,egyptian & ,assyrian art1 9 ! int]lac$ patt]ns ( ! disciples ( ,/4 ,dun/an1 & 9 ! qua9t r5d]+s ( leaves & fl[]s 9 ! hang+s & brocades ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,,app5dix ,,lea!r ,,hang+s ,,& ,,furniture ,! orig9 ( ! use ( decorat$ lea!r = hang+s & furniture has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,aft] consult+ v>i\s books on ! subject1 we believe1 z already /at$1 t its introduction into ,spa9 may be attribut$ to ! ,moori% conqu]ors ab\t ! eigh? c5tury4 ,9 an ,arabian manuscript ( ! six? c5tury ( ! ,mohamm$an era1 m5tion is made ( ! indu/ry z fl\ri%+ 9 ! t[n ( ,ghadames 9 ! ,sah>a4 ,jehan de ,g>l&e1 au?or ( a ,lat9 diction>y compos$ 9 #ajhj1 m5tions ,cord\ans fir/ manufactur$ at ,cordova 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ! ,monk ,!ophilus1 9 8 curi\s encyclopdia ( ! arts :i* un=tunately has n come d[n to u 9 its complete =m1 gives ! foll[+ description ( ! processes ( gild+ lea!r3---- 8,= lay+ on gold or silv]1 take ! cle> liquid ( :ite ( egg beat5 up )\t wat]1 pa9t "s ) a bru% ov] ! "p :i* is to receive ! gold or silv]4 ,damp+ ! end ( ! same bru% 9 y\r m\?1 br+ x 9 contact ) a corn] ( ! cut leaf 7( gold or silv]74 ,!n lift+ x ) extreme rapidity1 y lay x on ! prep>$ place & spread x ) a dry bru%4 ,at ?is po9t y mu/ take precautions aga9/ a draught1 y mu/ hold y\r brea?1 = if y brea! y w lose ! leaf & f9d difficulty 9 recov]+ x4 ,:5 9 position & dry y may1 if y wi%1 put a second ov] x 9 ! same way1 & !n a ?ird1 if x is want$1 s z to be able to give a m brilliant poli% ) a burni%]4 8,y c1 if y wi%1 apply ! leaf on a ceil+ or a wall2 9 ! same mann]1 ov] a l9+ ( t9foil4 ,if y h nei!r gold nor silv]1 y w use t9foil1 :i* y w apply ?us44440#ae #ae ,!ophili ,presbyt]i et ,mona*i1 ,libri #c seu ,div]s>um artium s*$ula4 ,*apt] #bd4 ,until ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 hang+s1 & ev5 c>pets1 ( decorat$ lea!r =m$ an important item 9 ^? inv5tories ( pr9cely possessions :i* are su* a reliable & inexhau/ible s\rce ( in=mation = ! hi/orian ( ! sumptu>y arts4#af ,pr9ces & o!r great p]sonages dep5d$ l>gely on decorat$ lea!r & tape/ries1 :5 mov+ f place to place1 to supplem5t ! (t5 ha/ily improvis$ decoration ( _! tempor>y ap>tm5ts4 #af ,dictionnaire de l',ameublem5t et de la ,dcoration depuis le #acme ,sicle jusqu' nos ,j\rs1 by ,h5ry ,hav>d4 ,! enum]ation ( all ! diff]5t processes by :i* ! lea!r 0 ornam5t$ w\ld c>ry u beyond ! limits ( ?is app5dix1 & we w conf9e ourselves to trac+ 9 outl9e ! developm5t ( ! art ( work+ 9 lea!r z appli$ to hang+s & furniture dur+ ! la/ few c5turies4 ,fir/ 9 ord] ( "t we f9d sk9s cov]$ ) hair1 sewn toge!r = c>pets or hang+s2 diff]5t k9ds be+ plac$ side by side1 ei!r irregul>ly1 or alt]nately to =m a patt]n4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 "h conc]n$ ) any?+ b lea!r prop]1 t is to say1 sk9s ) ! hair remov$1 & ?is 0 fir/ decorat$ by means ( a hot tool4 ,! addition ( col\r spe$ily foll[$4 ,d>k col\r$ lea!rs 7 also sewn z bord]s on light] ones1 & poli%$ metal ornam5ts 7 add$ to bright5 ! lea!r gr\ndwork1 a fa%ion borr[$ f ! me?od ( jo9+ & /r5g!n+ ! acc\trem5ts ( w>4 ,little by little1 z ! cu/om spread ( reproduc+ ! human figure & animals1 attempts 7 made to c>ry out :ole pictures on panels made ( lea!r sewn toge!r ) ! seams hamm]$ flat4 ,b pa9t$ lea!r 0 /ill g5]ally ( comp>atively small dim5sions1 & x w\ld seem t ^! pictures 7 design$ *iefly = ! ornam5tation ( *e/s4 ,! lea!r 0 fir/ /ret*$ ov] wood5 panels1 sev]al panels be+ sometimes plac$ side by side4 ,a special pa/e 0 us$1 ! object ( :i* 0 to cause ! lea!r to %r9k :5 dry1 s z to make ! panels adh]e m closely toge!r4 ,! foll[+ description by ! ,monk ,!ophilus ( ! pa/e us$ 9 8 "t = ?is sort ( "w may int]e/ ! read]3---- 8,panels = alt>s or doors are made ?us3----,fir/ jo9 "s bo>ds c>efully "o by "o ) ! help ( ! jo9+ tool us$ by coop]s or jo9]s4 ,!y mu/ be fa/5$ toge!r ) *eese pa/e made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3----,"s s(t c['s-milk *eese is cut v ?9 & wa%$ ) hot wat] 9 a mort> ) a pe/le1 *ang+ ! wat] until x comes out cle>4 ,! *eese aft] be+ press$ 9 ! h& is put into cold wat] until x h>d5s4 ,x is !n well cru%$ ) a piece ( wood on a smoo? wood5 table4 ,9 ?is condition x is put back into ! mort> to be c>efully p\nd$ ) ! pe/le1 aft] hav+ add$ wat] mix$ ) quicklime till x becomes ?ick l a s$im5t4 ,panels put toge!r ) ?is pa/e :5 dry1 /ick s fa/ t nei!r damp nor heat c sep>ate !m4 ,!y mu/ !n be made ev5 ) a special tool = ?is purpose4 ,?is tool1 curv$ & %>p on ! inside1 has two h&les1 s t x may be us$ ) bo? h&s4 ,x is us$ to level panels1 doors & %ields until !y are p]fectly smoo?4 ,!y are !n cov]$ ) untann$ mule-sk9 or ox-hide1 aft] x has be5 wett$ & ! hairs scrap$ (f4 ,! wat] is p>tly squeez$ out1 & :ile /ill damp x is /uck on ) ! *eese pa/e40#ag #ag ,!ophili ,presbyt]i et ,mona*i1 ,libri #c seu ,div]s>um artium s*$ula4 ,*apt] #ag4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,,gold-,,tool$ ,,& ,,inlaid ,,morocco ,,b9d+4 ,,! ,,lett]s ,,( ,,pr9cess ,,liev54 ,,by ,s4 ,t4 ,,prideaux4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury we come to ! fir/ employm5t ( gold leaf on decorat$ lea!r1 :5ce is d]iv$ ! "n1 8or basan10 :i* x aft]w>ds receiv$4 ,! passage describ+ ! process ( gild+ has be5 quot$ already 7page #hj71 b ea* ma/] ( ! art no d\bt introduc$ 8 own modifications4 ,) ! introduction ( gold1 lea!r decoration assum$ a magnific5ce & importance hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! heads ( ! sa9ts 7 surr\nd$ ) gold5 haloes1 & ! gold & silv] embroid]ies ( ! sac]dotal ornam5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 ^? metals on ! lea!r4 ,a little lat] ! knights are repres5t$ clad 9 brilliant arm\r ) plum$ helmets4 ,! correct r5d]+ ( ! h]aldic col\r+ ( ! coats ( arms figur+ on %ield & t>get !n necessitat$ ! use ( a m ext5d$ range ( oil col\rs1 until1 little by little1 decorat$ lea!r grew to resemble ! pa9t+s ( ,van ,orley4 ,mean:ile1 pun*es1 cut 9 relief or 9 intaglio & us$ ) a hamm]1 7 adopt$ to break ! monotony ( ! gr\ndwork & ?r[ up ! relief ( ! ornam5t1 & ! fa%ion also arose ( emboss+ lea!r ) a modell+ tool or by means ( /amps1 ! latt] me?od necess>ily result+ 9 ! sub/itution ( repeat+ ornam5t = figures & l&scapes4 ,lea!r manufactur$ 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,fl&]s1 & lat] 9 ,engl& is almo/ always decorat$ 9 high relief ) t\*es ( gold1 ! design be+ pr9cipally fl[]s1 foliage1 cupids1 pomegranates1 etc4 ,v5ice alone rema9$ fai?ful to flat decoration ) holl[$ or m]ely d>k5$ outl9e 9 ! cameo-l m$allions ( classical sc5es pa9t$ on gr\ndwork ^: design 0 borr[$ f ! gorge\s /uffs ( ! ,ea/4 ,! fa%ion import$ f ,italy 9 ! reign ( ,francis ,i ( break+ up surfaces ) pila/]s1 cornices1 m$allions & ornam5ts 9 relief1 0 in/rum5tal 9 add+ importance to small pa9t$ designs on lea!r r ?an to hang+s prop]ly s call$4 ,"s ( ^! lea!r pa9t+s 7 l pictures & 7 us$ n only = wall decoration1 b z hang+s = b$s & ev5 z b$spreads ( /ate4 ,! cu/om ( ?us decorat+ b$s la/$ a long "t4 ,pi]re ,bn>d1 an uphol/]] by trade1 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is1 & au?or ( a collection ( songs d$icat$ to ! 8,v]tueuse ,royne ,m>gu]ite10 fir/ wife ( ,h5ri ,,iv1 ref]s to ! use ( 8or basan0 9 ?is mann] z an evid5ce ( weal?4 ,already "u ,ca!r9e de ,mdicis1 decorat$ lea!r _h become extremely popul>1 & 0 pref]r$ to all o!r hang+s = ! embelli%m5t ( ap>tm5ts2 its popul>ity lo/ no?+ "u ! second wife ( ,h5ry ,,iv1 9 ^: native c\ntry ?is /yle ( decoration 0 also held 9 great fav\r4 ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii ! influ5ce ( ,anne ( ,au/ria br\ght ,spani% lea!r aga9 into fa%ion4 ,f t "t also1 lea!r gilt or /amp$ 9 its natural col\r & ornam5t$ ) copp] nails 7probably inspir$ by ! m>riage *e/s ) _! curi\s /udd$ ornam5t7 0 f\nd 9 ! mansions ( ! great & became ! pr9cipal mat]ial = cov]+ *airs4 ,! gr&iose /yle ( ar*itecture ( ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv call$ = ! decoration ( spaces fram$ 9 gorge\s pila/]s & 0 fav\rable to ! application ( decorat$ lea!r 9 ! /yle ( ,bra94 ,b ?is did n long rema9 popul>1 & lea!r 0 replac$ by ,gobel9 & o!r tape/ries made 9 ,france1 ^: introduction gave ! dea?bl[ to ! manufacture ( lea!r hang+s4 ,f ?is p]iod till ! pres5t day ! art ( gild+ lea!r has be5 on ! decl9e4 ,( ?is no fur!r pro( is ne$$ ?an ! foll[+ preface writt5 9 #agfb by ,f\g]\x de ,b\d>oy1 :o _h be5 commission$ by ! ,academy to take ov] ! "w ( rese>*1 previ\sly conduct$ by ,raumur1 on ! subject ( lea!r hang+s3---- ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,,back ,,& ,,seat ,,( ,,*air ,,9 ,,cut1 ,,emboss$ ,,& ,,gilt ,,c[hide ,,) ,,pun*$ ,,backgr\nd4 ,,execut$ ,,by ,,rosalie ,,vig]s ,,f ,a ,,design ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,vig]s4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 8,fl&]s1 ,holl& & ,engl& are reput$ to h furni%$ ! fir/ gilt or silv]$ lea!r hang+s se5 9 ,p>is4 ,"s attribute _! inv5tion to ,spa91 b )\t app>5t reason1 s9ce to-day !re are 9 ,france no su* hang+s ( ,spani% manufacture1 nor are !y mu* kn[n 9 t c\ntry4 ,! gilt lea!r hang+s :i* come to u f ,fl&]s are ne>ly all made at ,lille1 ,brussels1 ,antw]p & ,me*l92 ^? d]iv$ f ! la/-nam$ place are ! mo/ priz$ ( all4 ,"s v f9e ones :i* we h attempt$ to imitate are made 9 ,v5ice2 manufactures 7 also />t$ at ,lyons & met ) success4 8,x 0 only ab\t two c5turies ago t ?is trade 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is4 ,we owe x to "s ,flemi% workm5 :o settl$ 9 ! capital & left successors !re4 ,b on acc\nt ( ! nation's prejudice 9 fav\r ( all t comes f abroad1 ! hang+s f ,holl& & ,fl&]s 7 always pref]r$ to ^? ( our own manufacture1 al?\gh !y did n surpass ! latt] 9 quality or 9 beauty4 8,?\gh equall+ ^? ( ,holl& & ,fl&]s1 x 0 n possible to f9d a sale = our hang+s unless !y 7 pass$ (f z hav+ be5 made 9 "o or o!r ( ^? prov9ces1 & ?is 0 frequ5tly done by our manufactur]s4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t c]ta9 gilt lea!r hang+s f ,engl& & ,v5ice h nev] be5 equall$ "h4 ,we are =c$ to all[ _! sup]iority 9 brilliancy1 beauty ( design & durability4 ,p]haps all t our workm5 ne$$ to be able to imitate !m p]fectly 0 to feel ! assurance ( great] con/ancy 9 our ta/es1 & to witness ! cessation ( t affection & pref]5ce = ev]y?+ =eign1 :i* might lead to ! m fav\rable treatm5t ( ! native indu/ry4 8,gilt lea!r hang+s 7 at "o "t mu* s\ght aft]4 ,_! qualities ( be+1 unlike wooll5 & o!r mat]ials1 unaffect$ by damp & insects1 ( reta9+ _! brilliancy unimpair$ by "t1 ( n attract+ du/1 & ( all[+ x to be easily remov$ by wa%+ ) a sponge1 & f9ally1 ( n l5d+ !mselves to ! multiplication ( ! insects :i* 9 summ] infe/ ! capital & :i* f9d 9 o!r tape/ries conv5i5t ne/s = deposit+ _! eggs1 7 all advantages1 =m+ s _m reasons = _! be+ 9 dem& & ga9+ = !m a place 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! great1 ( :i* !y frequ5tly con/itut$ ! ornam5t4 ,b to-day1 a *ange ( ta/e & ! dictates ( fa%ion :i* outweighs ev5 ! advantages & conv5i5ces ( life1 h caus$ !m to be almo/ =gott5 & relegat$ !m to ! ante-rooms ( a few c\nty h\ses :]e "s ( ! e>lie/ are to be f\nd1 ne>ly z beautiful z :5 !y 7 fir/ made 9 ,p>is4 8,n[ t ! art is less 9 vogue1 we ?9k x a suitable "t to describe x to ! public1 ?us foll[+ ! int5tion ( ! ,academy ( all[+ no?+ to be lo/ t may n[ or h]eaft] be useful to ! cause ( art4 ,we may at any "t be desir\s ( return+ to ^! old] fa%ions1 no long] be+ able to v>y !m1 & ?is may be among ^? de/9$ to return to fav\r4 ,at any rate1 x w be agre$ t "s ( its processes m]it description1 & might f9d _! application 9 o!r arts & help 9 br++ !m to p]fection40 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,,emboss$ ,,calf ,,b9d+4 ,,book ,,( ,,common ,,pray]4 ,,execut$ ,,by ,,rosalie ,,vig]s ,,f ,a ,,design ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,vig]s4 ,,mod]n ,,engli%4 ,! same au?or describes m9utely & v cle>ly ! v>i\s processes 9 use at ! "t = gild+ or silv]+ lea!r4 ,in/ead ( silv]-gilt1 :i* is necess>ily v co/ly1 he recomm5ds silv] leaf burni%$ & cov]$ ) a v>ni%1 = :i* he gives ! foll[+ recipe1 f\nd by him1 z he mode/ly ackn[l$ges1 among ! pap]s ( ,mons4 de ,raumur3---- 8,take f\r & a half p\nds ( colophony1 ! same quantity ( ord9>y res91 two & a half p\nds ( s&>a* & two ( aloes2 mix ^! f\r drugs toge!r1 aft] hav+ brok5 up ^? :i* are 9 l>ge pieces1 & put !m 9 an e>!n pot on a good *>coal fire4 ,x is bett] = ! fire to be ( *>coal1 because x makes b little flame1 :i* w\ld be dang]\s if x %\ld ent] ! vessel1 z ! +r$i5ts are v inflammable4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is accid5t & o!rs ( :i* we w speak lat] on1 ! vessel mu/ be *os5 l>ge en\gh n to be m ?an half-fill$ by ! drugs already m5tion$ & ! o!rs yet to be add$1 z w pres5tly be expla9$4 ,x is well also = x to wid5 out at ! top1 or to h a rim t w project ! flame outw>ds4 ,^! are small precautions :i* x is always bett] to take2 "s1 h[ev]1 neglect !m1 & make _! v>ni% on a wood fire1 & !n d\ble att5tion mu/ be giv5 to prev5t ! drugs ignit+4 8,melt all ^! drugs 9 ! pot & /ir !m ) a spatula s t !y mix toge!r & d n /ick to ! bottom4 ,:5 !y are well melt$1 p\r 9 sev5 p9ts ( l9se$ oil & mix x ) ! drugs1 us+ ! spatula4 ,cook ! :ole1 /irr+ x f "t to "t to prev5t z mu* z possible a k9d ( s$im5t :i* =ms & does n mix ) ! oil f /ick+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,:5 ! v>ni% is cook$1 pass x ?r\gh a clo? or /ra9]4 8,?is quantity ( v>ni% %\ld1 accord+ to workm51 rema9 sev5 to eight h\rs on ! fire to cook1 b ?is _c be reg>d$ z an inv>iable rule4 ,x w n take s long to cook on a l>ge fire4 ,a bett] te/ us$ by workm5 9 manufactur+ v>ni% is to take a few drops ( ! liquid ) ! spatula & lay x ov] silv] leaf on "s lea!r2 or else !y take "s ( ! v>ni% 9 a silv] spoon &1 by try+ x ) ! f+] tip z if x 7 syrup1 f9d out if x is cook$ en\gh4 ,if x ropes 9 cool+1 or if ! f+] has a t5d5cy to /ick :5 x is g5tly )drawn1 x is a sign t x is suffici5tly cook$1 t is to say t x has arriv$ at ! consi/5cy ( a ?icki% syrup4 ,! v>ni% is !n br[n 9 col\r1 & curi\sly en\gh :5 laid ov] silv] x becomes transp>5t & gives ! effect ( brilliant gold40 ,:ile on ! subject ( gold gr\ndwork made ) gold or silv] leaf or t9-foil cov]$ ) v>ni% to imitate ! col\r ( gold1 x is curi\s to note h[ f> back 9 ! hi/ory ( art its orig9 c be trac$2 aft] ! ,greeks1 ! ,byzant9es made use ( &1 x may also be said1 abus$ x4 ,?is want ( mod]ation 9 ! use ( gold is to be met ) long aft]w>ds1 = x is m5tion$ 9 8 book on pa9t+ by ,l4 ,b5$etto ,alb]ti :o di$ 9 ,rome 9 #adgb4ah #ah ,sunt qui auro immodice utantur1 quam aurum put5t hi/ori aff]e maje/atem4 ,l4 ,b4 ,alb]ti1 ,de ,pictura1 ,book #b1 page #be1 ad f9em ,vitruv4 ,elzevir4 f4 ,van ,orley1 ,raphael's pupil1 :5 pa9t+ 8 8,la/ ,judgm5t0 at ,antw]p1 _h 8 panel gilt 9 ord] to obta9 8a beautiful transp>5cy40#ai #ai ,decamps4 ,vie des pe9tres flam&s4 ,p>is1 #agec1 #d vols4 ,vol4 #a1 page #ci4 ,we h quot$ above ! =mula = gold5 v>ni% giv5 by ,f\g]\x de ,b\d>oy :i* he ascribes to ,raumur4 ,x may be f\nd int]e/+ to comp>e ) x t giv5 by ! ,monk ,!ophilus 9 8 ,div]s>um ,artium ,s*$ula3---- 8,put "s l9se$ oil 9 a small new pot2 add "s gum arabic call$ =nis p\nd$ v f9e2 ?is gum is l v light inc5se1 b is m brilliant :5 brok5 up4 ,place x on a *>coal fire & cook x c>efully )\t all[+ x to boil1 until x is r$uc$ by "o ?ird4 ,be v c>eful ( flames1 = !y are v dang]\s1 & ! prep>ation is difficult to ext+ui% if x once cat*es fire4 ,any pa9t+ coat$ ) ?is v>ni% becomes brilliant1 beautiful & p]fectly la/+4444 8,ano!r me?od4 ,arrange ?ree or f\r /ones :i* w /& ! fire )\t break+1 or bricks may be us$ in/ead4 ,on ^! place a new pot1 p\r into x "s =nis m5tion$ above1 call$ by ! ,romans 8glossa10 o!rwise gum arabic4 ,ov] ! op5+ ( ! pot1 put a small] "o hav+ a little hole at ! bottom2 fill 9 ) clay s t no space rema9s betwe5 !m4 ,c>efully light a fire und]nea? ! app>atus until ! gum liquefies4 ,y w also h a ?9 tool ) a h&le :i* w s]ve to /ir ! gum & to f9d out ! exact mom5t :5 x becomes p]fectly liquid4 ,h a ?ird pot on *>coal by y 9 :i* !re is hot l9se$ oil2 :5 ! gum is q liquid1 s t a ?read ( x hangs f ! tool :5 x is )drawn1 p\r 9 ! hot oil1 /ir ) ! tool1 &1 :5 9 ?is condition1 cook all toge!r )\t lett+ x boil1 take out ! tool f "t to "t & spread a little ( ! mixture on wood or /one to try its d5sity4 ,) reg>d to ! proportion1 be c>eful t !re are two ?irds ( oil to "o ( gum4 ,:5 x is cook$ accord+ to y\r judgm5t1 take x (f ! fire &1 cov]+ x ) c>e1 let x cool4 8,( ! ,me?od ( ,col\r+ ,t9foil to give x ! ,appe>ance ( be+ ,gilt1 s t x may be us$ :5 ,gold _c be _h4 8,place ! pieces 7( t9foil7 side by side on ! bo>d1 fa/5 !m "o by "o to ! wood ) wax1 s t !y _c get displac$1 spread ov] !m ) ! h& a coat+ ( ! v>ni% describ$ above1 & let !m dry 9 ! sun4 ,aft] t take "s /icks ( rott5 wood cut 9 ,april1 slit 9 half & smoke dri$4 ,peel (f ! out] b>k & ! second1 :i* is ! col\r ( saffron2 scrape x into a clean vessel1 add+ to x a fif? "p ( saffron1 mac]ate x well 9 old w9e or ale2 aft] lett+ x /& dur+ ! night1 make x lukew>m ! next morn+4 ,:5 9 ?is condition1 dip 9 ! %eets ( t9foil "o by "o1 frequ5tly tak+ !m out until y f9d !m assume a gold5 %ade1 :5 y w aga9 fix !m on ! wood5 bo>d & apply a coat ( v>ni% z be=e2 :5 dry y w h %eets ( t9foil t y c use z y wi% 9 y\r "w44440#bj #bj ,div]s>um artium s*$ula1 ,book #a4 ,*apt]s #ba & #cf4 ,al?\gh x may n be possible = an amateur1 incompletely equipp$ ) ! necess>y implem5ts1 to reproduce ! m>vell\s "w ( a byegone age1 !re are /ill _m me?ods ( decoration = him to attempt :i* w be equally attractive 9 mod]n surr\nd+s4 ,,note ,,"s ,,extracts ,,f ,,! ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,lea!r ,,= ,,bookb9d+1 ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts1 ,,febru>y1 #aijj4 8,?is ,committee met = ! fir/ "t on ,may #c1 #aijj4444 ,its fir/ /ep 0 to appo9t two ,sub-,committees f among/ its memb]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 to visit a select$ numb] ( libr>ies1 & to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative durability ( ! v>i\s bookb9d+ lea!rs us$ at diff]5t p]iods & pres]v$ "u diff]5t conditions4444 ,! second 444 0 appo9t$ to deal ) ! sci5tific side ( ! matt]1 to asc]ta9 ! cause ( any det]ioration notic$1 &1 if possible1 to sugge/ me?ods = its prev5tion 9 ! future4444 8,! fir/ /ep tak5 by ! 7fir/7 ,sub-,committee 0 to visit a numb] ( libr>ies1 includ+ t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d1 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge1 ! libr>ies ( ! ,a!num ,club1 ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice & ( ! ,*emical ,society1 also ! valuable private libr>y ( ,mr4 ,hu?4444 8,z reg>ds ! common belief t mod]n b9d+ lea!r does decay prematurely1 ! ,sub-,committee satisfi$ !mselves t books b\nd dur+ ! la/ eighty or hundr$ ye>s %[$ f> great] evid5ce ( det]ioration ?an ^? ( an e>li] date4 ,_m rec5t b9d+s %[$ evid5ce ( decay aft] s %ort a p]iod z t51 or ev5 five ye>s4 ,! ,sub-,committee came to ! conclusion t !re is ample ju/ification = ! g5]al compla9t t mod]n lea!r is n s durable z t =m]ly us$4 ,to fix ! date ( ! comm5cem5t ( ?is det]ioration 0 a difficult matt]2 b !y came to ! conclusion t :ile lea!r ( all p]iods %[$ "s signs ( decay1 ! det]ioration becomes m g5]al on books b\nd aft] #ahcj1 :ile "s lea!rs seem to be g5]ally good until ab\t #ahfj1 aft] :i* date ne>ly all lea!rs seem to get worse4 ,! det]ioration ( calf b9d+s at ! latt] end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury may be attribut$ z mu* to ! excessive ?9ness z to ! poor quality ( ! mat]ial4 8,) reg>d to ! conditions "u :i* books are kept1 v5tilation1 light+1 heat+1 etc41 ! ,committee 7 satisfi$ t 9 libr>ies :]e !re 0 no artificial light us$1 & :]e ! v5tilation 0 good1 ! b9d+s 7 g5]ally 9 a bett] /ate ?an else:]e4 ,:]e gas is us$ ! b9d+s are 9 ! wor/ /ate notic$1 especially on ! high] %elves4444 ,daylight & /ill m direct sunlight1 has a dis9tegrat+ effect on lea!r4444 8,z to ! suitability ( v>i\s lea!rs1 ! ,sub-,committee came to ! conclusion t ( ! old lea!rs 7fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury71 :ite pigsk91 probably alum tann$1 is ! mo/ durable1 b its excessive h>dness & want ( flexibility r5d]s ?is lea!r unsuitable = mo/ mod]n "w4 ,old br[n calf has la/$ fairly well1 b loses its flexibility1 & becomes /iff & brittle :5 expos$ to light & air4 ,"s ( ! :ite taw$ sk9s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury1 o!r ?an :ite pigsk91 & probably de]sk91 h la/$ v well4 ,"s fifte5? & sixte5? c5tury %eepsk9 b9d+s h rema9$ s(t & flexible1 b ! surface is s(t & usually mu* damag$ by friction4 ,vellum seems to h la/$ fairly well1 b is easily influ5c$ by atmosph]ic *anges1 & is mu* affect$ by light4 ,e>ly specim5s ( r$ morocco f ! sixte5? to ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 f\nd 9 good condition1 & ( all ! lea!rs notic$1 ?is seems to be ! lea/ affect$ by ! v>i\s conditions to :i* x _h be5 subject$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! ,committee1 mo/ ( ?is lea!r has be5 tann$ ) suma* or "s closely alli$ tann+ mat]ial4 ,morocco b9d+s e>li] ?an #ahfj 7 g5]ally f\nd to be 9 fairly good condition1 b morocco aft] t date seems to be mu* less reliable1 & 9 _m cases has become utt]ly rott54 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury x became cu/om>y to p>e d[n calf until x 0 z ?9 z pap]4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahcj h>dly any really s\nd calf seems to h be5 us$1 z1 :e!r ?ick or ?91 x appe>s g5]ally to h p]i%$4 ,%eepsk9 b9d+s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury are _m ( !m /ill 9 good condition4 ,s9ce ab\t #ahfj %eepsk9 z %eepsk9 is h>dly to be f\nd4 ,%eepsk9s are gra9$ 9 imitation ( o!r lea!rs & ^! imitation-gra9$ lea!rs are g5]ally f\nd to be 9 a worse condition ?an any ( ! o!r b9d+s1 except1 p]haps1 "s ( ! v ?9 calf sk94 ,undy$ mod]n pigsk9 seems to la/ well1 b "s col\r$ pigsk9 b9d+s _h entirely p]i%$4 ,mod]n lea!rs dy$ ) ! aid ( sulphuric acid are all to be condemn$4 ,9 ne>ly e case ,russia lea!r 0 f\nd to h become rott51 at lea/ 9 b9d+s ( ! la/ fifty ye>s4444 8,! "w ( ! second ,sub-,committee1 :i* 0 compos$ ( *emi/s specially conv]sant ) ! treatm5t ( lea!r1 0 direct$ specially to ! elucidation ( ! foll[+ po9ts2 an inve/igation ( ! nature ( ! decay ( lea!r us$ = bookb9d+2 an exam9ation ( ! causes :i* produc$ ?is decay2 a rese>* into ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ lea!r = bookb9d+2 & a consid]ation ( ! po9ts requir$ to be dealt ) 9 ! pres]vation ( books4444 8,! ,sub-,committee made a numb] ( te/s & analyses ( samples ( decay$ lea!r bookb9d+s1 z well z ( lea!rs us$ = b9d+4 ,! ,committee f\nd t ! mo/ preval5t decay 0 :at !y t]m$ a r$ decay1 & ?is !y ?9k may be diff]5tiat$ into old & new1 ! old r$ decay be+ noticeable up to ab\t #ahcj1 & ! new decay s9ce t date4 ,9 ! old decay ! lea!r becomes h>d & brittle1 ! surface n be+ easily abrad$ by friction4 ,! old] =m is specially notic$ 9 calf-b\nd books1 tann$ presumably ) oak b>k4 ,! new =m affects ne>ly all lea!rs1 &1 9 extreme cases1 seems absolutely to de/roy ! fibres4 ,ano!r =m ( det]ioration1 m noticeable 9 ! new] books1 r5d]s ! gra9 ( ! lea!r liable to peel (f :5 expos$ to ! slighte/ friction4 ,?is is ! mo/ common =m ( decay not$ 9 ! mo/ rec5t lea!rs4 ,9 ne>ly all samples ( ,russia lea!r1 a v viol5t =m ( r$ decay 0 notic$4 ,9 _m cases ! lea!r 0 f\nd to be absolutely rott5 9 all p>ts expos$ to light & air4444 8,an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 c>ri$ out ) a view ( det]m9+ ! causes ( ! decay ( b9d+s4 ,! ,sub-,committee f9d t ?is is caus$ by bo? me*anical & by *emical influ5ces4 ,( ! latt] "s are due to ! mi/akes ( ! lea!r manufactur] & ! bookb9d]1 o!rs to ! want ( v5tilation1 & to improp] heat+ & light+ ( libr>ies4 ,9 "s cases inf]ior lea!rs are f9i%$ 7by me?ods 9 !mselves injuri\s7 s z to imitate ! bett] class lea!rs1 & ( c\rse1 :]e ^! are us$1 durability _c be expect$4 ,b 9 ! ma91 ! injury = :i* ! manufactur] & ! bookb9d] are responsible mu/ be attribut$ r to ignorance ( ! effect ( ! means employ$ to give ! lea!r ! outw>d qualities requir$ = b9d+1 ?an to ! int5tional production ( an inf]ior article4444 99 99 99 99 99 8,we are ( op9ion t no special sk9 c be condemn$ 9 its orig9al condition1 al?\gh goat1 seal1 pig1 & calf are probably sup]ior 9 /r5g? ( texture to %eep4 ,%eepsk9s are1 h[ev]1 equally resi/ant to *emical ag5cies1 & be+ naturally s(t & flexible1 are extremely suitable = use = purposes :]e !y are n mu* expos$ to me*anical we>4 8,fre% m>ket sk9s1 dry sk9s1 or wet salt$ sk9s are mu* to be pref]r$ to ^? kn[n z #8drysalt$1' s9ce ! cry/allization ( ! salt :i* takes place 9 ! drysalt+ process1 t5ds to weak5 ! /ructural fibre ( ! pelt4 ,no ta9t$ or putrefi$ sk9s1 ev5 if only slightly affect$1 are suitable = ! manufacture ( bookb9d+ lea!r1 bo? = ! same reason1 & because ! weakness ( gra9 s produc$ leads to unev5 dye+4 8,9 ! soak+ ( sk9s we w\ld /rongly condemn ! use ( old putrid soaks1 or ! addition ( salt to ! soaks to assi/ 9 ! s(t5+1 z bo? me?ods weak5 ! sk94 444 ,viol5t me*anical treatm5t su* z #8/ock+' is injuri\s4444 8,! lim+ %\ld be done 9 mell[1 weak limes4 ,old limes smell+ /rongly ( ammonia1 & conta9+ l>ge quantities ( bact]iological products1 mu/ be avoid$4444 8,special c>e %\ld be tak5 ) reg>d to ! beamh\se "w aft] unhair+ & fle%+1 z1 by excessive or uns\nd pu]+ & dr5*+ ( ! sk9s1 _! :ole natural /r5g? is frequ5tly de/roy$4444 ,great damage is frequ5tly caus$ by ! use ( f\l pu]s or f\l bates1 9 :i* putrefaction has tak5 place4 8,pure suma* is ! tannage we w\ld mo/ /rongly recomm5d = high class bookb9d+4444 8,! tannage ( bookb9d+ lea!rs mu/ be a mell[ "o1 & mu/ n be c>ri$ too f>1 z we h f\nd 9 _m cases ! cause ( decay 9 tann$ lea!r has be5 ! fact t ! lea!r 0 ov]load$ ) tann94 ,tann+ has ?r\gh\t a h>d5+ effect on ! lea!r fibre1 :i*1 if pu%$ too f>1 ends 9 brittl5ess & loss ( t5acity4444 8,we mu/ absolutely condemn ! use ( any b mild vegetable acids 9 s\r+ or sc\r+ ! lea!r1 or 9 ! dye ba?1 & z f> z possible w\ld avoid ! use ( acids & alkalis on tann$ lea!r1 bo? be+ equally injuri\s4 8,x has be5 %[n by c>eful exp]im5t1 t ev5 a m9ute quantity ( sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! dye ba? to lib]ate ! col\r1 is at once absorb$ by ! lea!r1 & t no am\nt ( subsequ5t wa%+ w remove x4 ,9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases1 ! decay ( mod]n suma*-tann$ lea!r has be5 due to ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 ! dye ba?1 & reta9$ 9 ! sk94444 8,we 444 advise t ! glaz+ ( sk9s by friction 9 a damp #8season$' condition %\ld be avoid$4 8,! use ( nitric acid z a prep>ation = glaz+ is absolutely de/ructive4444 8,! use ( oxalic acid = wa%+ backs ( books1 or ( lea!r = bookb9d+1 is fatal to _! durability4444 8,! spr9kl+ ( lea!r ) f]r\s sulphate 7gre5 vitriol71 ei!r = ! production ( #8spr9kl$' calf or #8tree' calf1 mu/ be mo/ /rongly condemn$1 z ! iron comb9es ) & de/roys ! tan 9 ! lea!r1 & free sulphuric acid is lib]at$ :i* is /ill m de/ructive4444 8,! /ret*+ ( lea!r tightly ov] books 9 a wet condition 444 %\ld be /rongly condemn$4444 8,x is %[n conclusively t ! cate*ol tann9s1 :i* include turw>1 quebra*o1 hemlock & l>* b>ks1 & gambi]1 are unsuitable = bookb9d+ lea!rs :]e durability is expect$1 & t suma* yields a mu* m p]man5t lea!r1 :ile myrobalans occupy an int]m$iate place1 b ne>ly approa*+ suma*4 ,x is un=tunate t cassia b>k1 :i* is ! tann+ mat]ial employ$ = ,ea/ ,indian %eep & goat sk9s1 %\ld h prov$ s unreliable1 s9ce ^! lea!rs h be5 l>gely us$ 9 bookb9d+ )\t suspicion1 & are 9 o!r respects a *eap & good article4 ,) reg>d to suma* lea!rs !mselves1 x is possible t "s ( ! d>k5+ notic$ may be due to ! pres5ce ( adult]ants1 su* z pi/acia leaves1 9 ! suma* us$1 z x is almo/ impracticable to obta9 absolutely pure suma*1 & ! pi/acia tann9 is alli$ to t ( ! cassia4 8,( all ! influ5ces to :i* books are expos$ 9 libr>ies1 gas fumes----no d\bt because ( ! sulphuric & sulphur\s acid :i* !y conta9----are %[n to be ! mo/ injuri\s1 b light & especially direct sunlight & hot air1 are %[n to possess delet]i\s influ5ces :i* _h sc>cely be5 suspect$ previ\sly1 & ! importance ( mod]ate temp]ature & ?or\gh v5tilation ( libr>ies _c be too mu* insi/$ on40 ,,index ,absorb5t lea!r3 col\r+1 #fi ,acid 3 hydro*loric1 #cj1 #ff1 #ga 3 muriatic1 #ga 3 nitric1 #ga 3 oxalic1 #ga 3 picric1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh 3 sulphuric1 #ga ,acids1 #ff z decolorants1 #ga 3 dilut+1 #ga 3 effect (1 on /eel tools1 #cj 3 injuri\s effect (1 on lea!r1 #gb ,alb]ti3 ,l4 ,b41 au?or ( ,de ,pictura1 #hg ,album53 col\rs bas$ on1 #fg ,aliz>91 #ff1 #fg ,alkalis1 #ff ,anil9e dyes3 /ability (1 #fd ,app>atus = pyrogravure1 #cf-cg ,ar*il1 #ff ,arnotto1 #ff ,aumatre3 ,mons4 ,e41 #ch1 #db1 #eb1 #ei ,b>yta3 *romate (1 #ff ,b$-furniture3 lea!r1 #hd ,belleville3 ,mons41 au?or ( ,le cuir dans la ,dcoration ,mod]ne1 #fb1 #ga ,bn>d3 ,pi]re1 au?or1 #hd ,bra93 lea!r decorat$ 9 /yle (1 #hd ,blacks1 #ff ,blues1 #fg1 #gd ,bookb9d+ 3 c>v$ lea!r1 #ad 3 *oice ( design =1 #gg 3 cru%$ morocco =1 #ag 3 fir/ use ( lea!r =1 #ad 3 gold-tool$ lea!r1 #ad 3 mosaic lea!r1 #ad 3 pigsk9 91 #ag-ah 3 report ( ,committee on lea!r =1 #ij-ie 3 vellum 91 #ah ,b\d>oy3 ,f\g]\x de 3 rem>ks on lea!r hang+s1 #hd-hf 3 recipe = gold5 v>ni%1 #hf-hg ,bronzes1 #ce1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd1 #gh ,br[ns1 #fe ,bru% 3 c\*-grass1 #gj 3 flannel1 = rubb+ lea!r1 #gc = gold leaf1 #gd = p[d] col\rs1 #gd = spr9kl+1 #gj = /5cill+1 #gb = tree m>bl+1 #gj ,buck?orn b]ries1 #fg ,burgundy3 lea!r decoration 91 #ad ,burni%]s1 #fc1 #ge ,calf lea!r1 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ag 3 col\r+1 #fi1 #gb = modell+1 #bi = mosaic1 #dc1 #ef 3 mono*rome mosaic on1 #de ,canson pap]1 #de1 #eh ,cape morocco1 #ag1 #db1 #gh ,c>dbo>d = use 9 cutt+ out inlay1 #dh padd+1 #cd ,c>pets3 lea!r1 #ha ,c>?am9e1 #ff ,c>?amus ,t9ctorius1 #ff ,c>ton ,jacqu>t1 #de1 #ea ,c>v$ lea!r1 #af1 #bg-bh bookb9d+1 #ad 3 *oice ( design =1 #bg 3 gold on1 #bg 9 ,dijon ,museum1 #ad1 #bg ,c>v+ 3 lea!r =1 #ag mosaic 9 relief1 #fa1 #fb 3 tools =1 #bg ,cassaigre tann91 #af ,cate*ol1 #fe ,ca!dral /yle1 #bg ,*airs3 lea!r1 #hd ,*amois lea!r1 #af 3 use & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ah ,*e/nut tann91 #af ,*9ese v]milion1 #gd ,*oice ( design & col\r1 #gf-gi ,*oice ( sk9s1 #ae-ah ,*romate ( b>yta1 #ff ,*romate ( z9c1 #ff ,coal-t>1 #ff ,co*9eal1 #ff ,c(f]s3 lea!r1 #gg-gi1 #hb 3 *oice ( design =1 #gh 3 mosaic =1 #gh 3 m\nt+ lea!r =1 #gh 3 outl9+ design =1 #gh 3 padd+ relief =1 #gh 3 pun*$ gr\ndwork =1 #gh ,col\r 3 apply+1 to lea!r1 #fh-fi 3 *oice ( design &1 #gf-gi 3 comb9ation (1 #gf-gg 3 = gr\ndwork1 #fh1 #gg 3 influ5ce ( light on1 ( lea!r1 #af1 #fd 3 influ5ce ( tann+ process on1 ( lea!r1 #ae-af1 #fd 3 introduction (1 into decoration ( lea!r hang+s1 #ha ,col\r+ absorb5t lea!r1 #fi calf lea!r1 #fi1 #gb cut lea!r1 #bf-bg holl[s ( cut & pun*$ lea!r1 #bg1 #ce1 #fe1 #fh1 #gc-gd1 #gh 3 lea!r =1 #fi lea!r = mosaic1 #db1 #fi lea!r3 me?ods (1 #fh-ge modell$ lea!r1 #ga-gb mono*rome mosaic on calf1 #de morocco lea!r1 #fi mosaic 9 relief1 #fb oxhide1 #fi pigsk91 #fi %eepsk91 #af split %eepsk9s1 #fi t9foil to give x ! appe>ance ( be+ gilt1 #hi ,col\rs bas$ on album51 #fg bas$ on glyc]9e1 #fg = lea!r "w1 #fd-fh = /5cill+1 #gb 3 oil1 #fg1 #hc 3 p[d]1 us$ ) v>ni%1 #gc-gd 3 _s1 #fg 3 wat]1 #fg ,composition ( ornam5t1 #gg-gi ,copp] nails3 lea!r ornam5t$ )1 #hd ,copp]-plate et*+ on lea!r1 #ci ,cord\ans1 #hj ,cordwa9]1 #ad ,cork padd+1 #cd ,cotton cord padd+1 #cd ,c\*-grass :isk1 #gj ,c[hide1 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ag = mosaic 9 relief1 #fa ,cuir b\illi1 #bh ,cu%ion = gold leaf1 #gd ,cut lea!r1 #af1 #be-bg 3 col\r+1 #bf-bg 3 col\r+ holl[s (1 #bg #fh1 #gc-gd 3 op5+ ! outl9e (1 #bc1 #be-bf ,cutt+ 3 lea!r =1 #ag /amp$ lea!r1 #ci ,cutt+ out incru/$ mosaic1 #fb-fc inlay3 c>dbo>d = use 91 #dh inlay = mosaic1 #df-di inlay = mosaic 9 relief1 #fa inlay = poly*rome mosaic1 #eh-ei op5-"w lea!r1 #dj ,cutt+-out knives1 #dj1 #df-dh ,damp+ lea!r1 #ai-bj ,decolorants1 #gj-ga1 #gf on modell$ lea!r1 #ga-gb 3 trac+ design =1 #ga ,design bas$ on *e/nut tree1 #gf bas$ on sea subjects1 #gf 3 deta*$ portions ( lea!r 91 #gg 3 *oice (1 = bookb9d+1 #gg 3 *oice (1 = c>v$ lea!r1 #bg 3 *oice (1 = c(f]s1 #gg 3 *oice (1 = l>ge surfaces1 #gi 3 *oice (1 = m>bl$ lea!r1 #gg 3 *oice (1 = modell$ lea!r1 #gg 9 lea!r hang+s & furniture1 #hb-hd 3 ,japanese s*ool (1 #gi 3 /udy (1 #gi ,design & col\r3 *oice (1 #gf-gi ,dijon ,museum3 examples ( c>v$ lea!r 91 #ad1 #bg ,dollage de gants padd+1 #cd ,dyes1 #fd-gd 3 anil9e1 /ability (1 #fd 3 sup]pos$1 #fe1 #fh1 #gf 3 unc]ta9 effect (1 on lea!r1 #gg 3 vegetable1 /ability (1 #fd ,emboss$ lea!r1 see ,modell$ lea!r ,encau/ic3 rubb+ lea!r )1 #fe1 #gb-gc ,engl&3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #hc1 #he ,engrav$ lea!r1 see ,cut lea!r ,europe3 introduction ( decorat$ lea!r into1 #ac1 #ad1 #hj ,fl&]s3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #hc1 #he ,france 3 introduction ( gilt or silv]$ lea!r hang+s into1 #he 3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #he 3 popul>ity ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #hd ,g>l&e3 ,jehan de1 au?or1 #hj ,g]many3 lea!r decoration 91 #ad ,ghadames3 lea!r indu/ry at1 #hj ,gild+1 #gd-ge1 #hj-ha1 #hc1 #hf 3 bookb9d]s' tools =1 #ge 3 decl9e ( art1 #hd-hf outl9e ( incru/$ mosaic1 #fc 3 process describ$ by ,!ophilus1 #hj-ha ,gilt lea!r *airs1 #hd ,gilt or silv]$ lea!r hang+s & furniture1 #hd1 #he-hf ,gilt panel = pa9t+ on1 #hg-hh ,gloves = protect+ h&s f dyes1 #fh ,glyc]9e 3 col\rs bas$ on1 #fg inks1 #gb ,gobel9 tape/ries3 lea!r hang+s & furniture replac$ by1 #hd ,gold1 #fh1 #hc gr\ndwork3 orig9 (1 #hg leaf1 #bh1 #gd-ge1 #hc leaf3 bru% =1 #gd leaf3 cu%ion =1 #gd leaf fir/ employ$ on lea!r hang+s & furniture1 #hc leaf3 knife =1 #gd 3 liquid1 #ge on c>v$ & emboss$ lea!r1 #bg p[d]1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge 3 pun*es us$ on1 #bh1 #ge 3 %ell1 #bh1 #gd1 #ge 3 want ( mod]ation 9 ! use (1 #hg ,gold5 v>ni% 3 recipe = 7,b\d>oy71 #hf-hg 3 recipe = 7,!ophilus71 #hh ,gold-tool$ lea!r bookb9d+1 #ad ,gold-tool+1 #bh1 #gd-ge 3 p[d] =1 #gd ,g\a*e1 #ce1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd1 #gh ,grat+3 spr9kl+1 #gj ,gre5s1 #ff1 #fg1 #gd ,greys1 #fe ,hamm]$ lea!r1 #af1 #bh ,hamm]+3 lea!r =1 #ag ,hematoxyl91 #ff ,h]aldic decoration on lea!r1 #ad1 #hc ,holl&3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s 91 #he ,hydro*loric acid1 #cj1 #ff1 #ga ,incis+1 #bj-bd1 #bf = ins]t$ mosaic1 #fj = modell$ lea!r1 #bb1 #cj knives1 #ae1 #bj-bd oxhide1 #bb slant+ cut1 #bc1 #bd ,indigo1 #fg ,inks conta9+ nitrate ( silv]1 #gb = /amp+ lea!r1 #ci = /5cill+1 #gb 3 glyc]9e1 #gb ,inlaid lea!r1 see ,mosaic lea!r ,japanese s*ool ( design1 #gi ,kip-sk9s1 #fa ,knives 3 cutt+-out1 #dj1 #df-dh 3 gold1 #gd 3 incis+1 #ae1 #bj-bd 3 p>+1 #dc 3 /5cil-cutt]'s1 #df1 #fa ,lea!r 3 absorb5t quality (1 #fd-fe b$-furniture1 #hd c>pets1 #ha *airs1 #hd c(f]s1 #gg-gi1 #hb decoration 9 ,burgundy1 #ad decoration 9 dress1 #ac decoration 9 ,g]many1 #ad decoration 9 ,spa91 #ac1 #ad1 #hj decoration 9 /yle ( ,bra91 #hd decoration 9 ! pa/1 #ac-ad decoration 9 w>-l equipm5t1 #ac decoration3 introduction into ,europe1 #ac1 #ad1 #hj 3 fir/ use (1 = bookb9d+1 #ad hang+s & furniture1 #hj-hi 3 h]aldic decoration on1 #ad1 #hc indu/ry at ,ghadames1 #hj 3 me?ods ( work+ 91 #af1 #ai-da 3 report ( ,committee on1 = bookb9d+1 #ij-ie 3 ,spani%1 #hd 3 v>ieties (1 #af ,light3 influ5ce (1 on col\r ( lea!r1 #af1 #fd ,lign]eux3 ,mons4 de ,sa9t ,&r de1 au?or ( ,le ,cuir d',art franais1 #bh ,li?ographic /one1 #ae1 #dd ,logwood1 #ff ,lyons3 manufacture ( gilt or silv]$ lea!r hang+s at1 #he ,madd]1 #ff ,m>ble3 slab (1 #ae1 #dd ,m>bl$ lea!r3 *oice ( design =1 #gg ,m>bl+1 #fi-gj 3 tree1 #gj ,metal block = /amp+ lea!r1 #ci ,metal ornam5ts on lea!r hang+s1 #ha ,metallic salts1 #ff ,mimosa tann91 #af ,modell$ lea!r1 #af1 #bh-cf 3 *oice ( design =1 #gg 3 col\r+1 #ga-gb 3 decolorants on1 #ga-gb 3 incis+ =1 #bb1 #cj 9 hang+s & furniture1 #hc 3 introduction into ,v5ice1 #ad 3 op5+ ! outl9e (1 #bf1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc-cd 3 s(t5+ ! outl9e (1 #cb-cc ) pun*$ backgr\nd1 #af1 #bh1 #cd-cf ,modell]s1 #ae1 #bi1 #cj1 #ch ,modell+1 #cj-cd 3 ball-%ap$ /eel tool =1 #ca1 #cb 3 lea!r =1 #ag1 #bi1 #fa lea!r on pla/] ca/1 #ci-dj mosaic 9 relief1 #fa re$ decoration1 #cd 3 s&bag =1 #cb /amp$ lea!r1 #ci 3 tools =1 #bi-cb 3 trac+ design =1 #cb1 #cc 3 wax =1 #cc-cd ,mordants1 #fg ,morocco lea!r1 #af 3 ,cape1 #ag1 #db1 #gh 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ag 3 col\r+1 #fi 3 cru%$1 #ag = mosaic1 #db1 #eh1 #ei 3 gra9 (1 #ag gr\ndwork3 pa/+ inlay on1 #ei gr\ndwork3 poly*rome mosaic on1 #eh-ei gr\ndwork3 tool = /ick+ inlay on1 #ei1 #fj 3 p>+1 = inlay ( poly*rome mosaic1 #eh-ei 3 tann+ mat]ials us$ =1 #ae ,mosaic1 #af1 #db-fc bookb9d+1 #ad 3 calf lea!r =1 #dc1 #ef 3 col\r+ lea!r =1 #db1 #fi 3 cutt+ out inlay =1 #df-di = c(f]s1 #gh 3 incru/$1 #fb-fc 3 incru/$1 cutt+ out1 #fb-fc 3 incru/$1 gild+ outl9e (1 #fc 3 incru/$1 outl9+1 #fc 3 incru/$1 trac+ design =1 #fb 9 relief1 #fa-fb 9 relief3 c>v+1 #fa1 #fb 9 relief3 col\r+1 #fb 9 relief3 c[hide =1 #fa 9 relief3 cutt+ out inlay =1 #fa 9 relief3 depress+ gr\ndwork = inlay (1 #fa 9 relief3 lea!r =1 #fa 9 relief3 modell+1 #fa 9 relief3 trac+ design =1 #fa 3 ins]t$1 #ei-fj 3 ins]t$1 incis+ lea!r =1 #fj 3 ins]t$1 outl9+1 #fj 3 lea!r = gr\ndwork (1 #ag1 #db-dc 3 lea!r = inlay (1 #de 3 mono*rome1 on calf1 #de 3 morocco lea!r z gr\ndwork (1 #db1 #eh1 #ei 3 m\nt+ inlay on pap] l9+ =1 #de-df on modell$ lea!r1 #ei on modell$ lea!r3 p>+ lea!r =1 #ei 3 outl9+1 #eb-ef 3 pa/+ inlay on gr\ndwork =1 #di-ej1 #ei 3 p>+ lea!r =1 #dc-dd 3 p9c]s =1 #ej 3 poli%+1 #ef1 #eg 3 poly*rome1 #eg-ei 3 poly*rome1 cutt+ out inlay =1 #eh-ei 3 poly*rome1 morocco lea!r z inlay =1 #eh 3 poly*rome1 on morocco gr\ndwork1 #eh-ei 3 poly*rome1 outl9+1 #ei 3 poly*rome1 p>+ morocco lea!r = inlay (1 #eh-ei 3 poly*rome1 split %eepsk9s =1 #eh 3 poly*rome1 /5cil = m>k+ out1 #eh 3 poly*rome1 trac+ design =1 #eg-eh 3 prep>ation ( lea!r = gr\ndwork (1 #dc-de 3 remov+ pap] l9+ f inlay (1 #eb 3 roll] =1 #ej1 #ea 3 sett+ 9 ! inlay (1 #ej-eb 3 trac+ design =1 #df ,mosaics ( piqu lea!r1 #ac ,mosaque p> incru/ation1 see ,incru/$ mosaic ,muriatic acid1 #ga ,nitrate ( silv]3 inks conta9+1 #gb ,nitric acid1 #ga ,oak tann91 #ae1 #af ,oil col\rs1 #fg1 #hc ,op5]s1 #ae1 #bc1 #be-bf ,op5+ ! outl9e ( cut lea!r1 #bc1 #be-bf ( modell$ lea!r1 #bf1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc-cd ,op5-"w lea!r1 #af1 #ah1 #dj1 #da 3 cutt+ out1 #dj 3 gr\ndwork =1 #ah1 #dj1 #da hang+s1 #dj 9 relief1 #dj 3 plait$ ornam5t on bord]s (1 #dj-da ,or basan1 #hc1 #hd ,outl9]s1 #eb-ef ,outl9+ design = c(f]s1 #gh incru/$ mosaic1 #fc ins]t$ mosaic1 #fj mosaic1 #eb-ef poly*rome mosaic1 #ei ,outl9+-:eels1 #ae1 #ce1 #ed1 #ef1 #fc ,oxalic acid1 #ga ,oxhide1 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ag 3 col\r+1 #fi 3 incis+1 #bb ,padd+ relief1 #cd1 #dj = c(f]s1 #gh ,panel3 gilt1 = pa9t+ on1 #hg-hh ,p>+ knives1 #dc ,p>+ lea!r1 #dc-dd = inlay ( poly*rome mosaic1 #eh-ei = mosaic on modell$ lea!r1 #ei ,pa/e3 recipe =1 = m\nt+ lea!r on wood5 panels 7,!ophilus71 #hb ,pat9e1 #cj1 #fd1 #fg1 #gb ,pat9es grasses1 #fg ,pe>l-a%1 #fe ,p5cils3 #f;,h graphite1 #ae1 #bj ,p]manganate ( pota%1 #fe ,pictures on lea!r1 #hb1 #hd ,picric acid1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh ,pi$ de bi*e1 #cj ,pigsk91 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ag-ah 3 col\r+1 #fi 3 9 bookb9d+1 #ag-ah ,p9c]s = mosaic1 #ej ,p9ks1 #ff ,piqu lea!r3 mosaics (1 #ac ,plait$ ornam5t on bord]s ( op5-"w lea!r1 #dj-da ,pla/] ca/3 modell+ lea!r on1 #ci-dj ,pla/] ca/s = /amp+ lea!r1 #ci ,pla/] padd+1 #dj ,po9togravure1 #af1 #ch 3 tools =1 #ch ,poli%+ iron1 #ef1 #eg ,poli%+ mosaic1 #ef1 #eg ,pompon1 #gb ,portugal3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #hc ,pota%1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gc1 #gg ,pota%-lye1 #fe ,potassium1 #fe ,p[d] col\rs1 3 bru% =1 #gd us$ ) v>ni%1 #gc-gd ,presses = /amp+ lea!r1 #ch1 #ci ,press+ lea!r aft] pa/+1 #de ,pun*$ backgr\nds1 see ,pun*$ gr\ndwork ,pun*$ gr\ndwork1 #af1 #bh1 #cd-cf = c(f]s1 #gh 9 lea!r hang+s & furniture1 #hc 3 modell$ lea!r )1 #af1 #bh1 #cd-cf ,pun*$ lea!r1 #af1 #bh 3 col\r+ holl[s (1 #ce1 #fe1 #fh1 #gc-gd1 #gh ,pun*es1 #ae1 #bh1 #ce1 #gh1 #hc 3 patt]ns produc$ )1 #ce us$ on gold1 #bh1 #ge ,pyrogravure1 #af1 #bg1 #bh1 #cf-cg 3 app>atus =1 #cf-cg 3 lea!r =1 #ag1 #ah 3 outl9+ incru/$ mosaic by1 #fc ,qu]citron1 #ff ,raumur3 ,mons4 de1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh ,r$ wood3 extracts (1 #ff ,r$s1 #ff ,re$ decoration1 #cd 3 padd+ =1 #cd 3 tool = work+1 #cd ,res]v$ ornam5t1 #ga-gb 3 col\r = gr\ndwork (1 #gg ,roll] = mosaic1 #ej1 #ea ,rubb+ lea!r1 #cf1 #fe1 #fg1 #gb-gd1 #gg 3 flannel bru% =1 #gc ) encau/ic1 #fe1 #gb-gc ) v>ni%1 #gb-gc ) wax1 #gb-gc ,russia lea!r1 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ag = modell+1 #bi ,saffron1 #ff ,salts 3 metallic1 #ff ( t91 #ff ,s&bag = modell+1 #cb ,scrap]1 #df ,semis1 #ce ,sett+ 9 ! inlay ( mosaic1 #ej-eb ,%ad$ gr\ndwork1 #db1 #fi ,%eepsk91 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #af1 #ag 3 col\r+1 #af ,%ell gold1 #bh1 #gd1 #ge ,%ell silv]1 #gd ,silv] leaf1 #hf p[d]1 #gd 3 %ell1 #gd 3 use (1 on lea!r1 #hc ,sk9s3 *oice (1 #ae-ah ,soda1 #fe ,spa9 3 lea!r decoration 91 #ac1 #ad1 #hj 3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #hc1 #he 3 introduction ( lea!r hang+s & furniture into1 #hj ,spani% lea!r1 #hd ,_s col\rs1 #fg ,split %eepsk9s 3 col\r+1 #fi = inlay+1 #de1 #ef = poly*rome mosaic1 #eh ,spr9kl+1 #gj-ga 3 bru% =1 #gj 3 grat+ =1 #gj 3 prep>ation = res]v+ ornam5t dur+ 7,belleville71 #ga 3 trac+ design =1 #ga 3 vaporis] =1 #ga ,/amp$ lea!r1 #af1 #ch-dj *airs1 #hd 3 cutt+1 #ci 9 hang+s & furniture1 #hc1 #hd 3 introduction into ,v5ice1 #ad 3 modell+1 #ci ,/amp+ lea!r1 #ch-dj 3 inks =1 #ci 3 presses =1 #ch1 #ci ) copp]-plate1 #ci ) metal block1 #ci ) pla/] ca/s1 #ci ) /5cil1 #ch ,/e>9e3 pla/] ca/s prep>$ )1 #ci ,/eel clamps = hold+ lea!r1 #ca ,/5cil-cutt]'s knife1 #df1 #fa ,/5cill+1 #gb 3 bru% =1 #gb 3 inks =1 #gb 3 lea!r =1 #ah ,/one3 li?ographic1 #ae1 #dd ,/udy ( design1 #gi ,sulphate ( iron1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gf ,sulphuric acid1 #ga ,suma* tann91 #ae ,sup]pos$ dyes1 #fe1 #fh1 #gf ,tann+ mat]ials1 #ae1 #af ,tann+ process1 #ae 3 influ5ce (1 on col\r ( lea!r1 #ae-af1 #fd 3 lea!r prep>$ to receive dyes by !1 #fg ,!ophilus1 au?or ( ,div]s>um ,artium ,s*$ula 3 process ( gild+ describ$ by1 #hj-ha 3 recipe = col\r+ t9foil to give x ! appe>ance ( be+ gilt1 #hi 3 recipe = gold5 v>ni%1 #hh 3 recipe = pa/e = m\nt+ lea!r on wood5 panels1 #hb ,tools1 #af 3 bookb9d]s'1 = gild+1 #ge 3 effect ( acids on /eel1 #cj = c>v+1 #bg = modell+1 #bi-cb = po9togravure1 #ch = pyrogravure1 #cf-cg = /ick+ inlay on morocco gr\ndwork1 #ei1 #fj = work+ re$ decoration1 #cd ,trac+ design1 #ai-bj = decolorants1 #ga = incru/$ mosaic1 #fb = modell+1 #cb1 #cc = mosaic1 #df = mosaic 9 relief1 #fa = poly*rome mosaic1 #eg-eh = spr9kl+1 #ga on fle% side ( lea!r1 #cb1 #cc ,trac+-po9t1 #ae1 #bj ,tree m>bl+1 #gj 3 bru% =1 #gj ,turm]ic1 #ff ,van ,orley1 pa9t]1 #hc1 #hg-hh ,vaporis] = spr9kl+1 #ga ,v>ni% 3 recipe = gold5 7,b\d>oy71 #hf-hg 3 recipe = gold5 7,!ophilus71 #hh 3 rubb+ lea!r )1 #gb-gc 3 use (1 ) p[d] col\rs1 #gc-gd ,vegetable dyes3 /ability (1 #fd ,vellum1 #af 3 *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( decorat+1 #ah 9 bookb9d+1 #ah ,v5ice 3 introduction ( modell$ & /amp$ lea!r into1 #ad 3 manufacture ( lea!r hang+s & furniture 91 #hc1 #he ,v]milion3 ,*9ese1 #gd ,wat]-col\rs1 #fg ,wax = modell+1 #cc-cd padd+1 #cd 3 rubb+ lea!r )1 #gb-gc ,:eels 3 outl9+1 #ae1 #ce1 #ed1 #ef1 #fc 3 patt]ns produc$ )1 #ce ,xan?91 #fe ,yell[s1 #ff ,z9c3 *romate (1 #ff ,butl] ,tann]1 ,! ,selwood ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,frome1 & ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,blank pages h be5 delet$4 ,"s illu/rations h be5 mov$ & ! correspond+ entries 9 ! li/s ( illu/rations updat$4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! ref]5c+ p>agraph4 ,! publi%]'s inadv]t5t omissions ( important punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,duplicative front matt] has be5 remov$4 ,! foll[+ li/ indicates any additional *anges made4 ,! page numb] repres5ts t ( ! orig9al publication & applies 9 ?is etext except = footnotes & illu/rations s9ce !y may h be5 mov$4 ,key3 fto3 ,page ,*ange - ,to face ,page,page #ab pa9t$ & gilt calf4 ,le ,roman de ,tri/an et ,iseul,iseut4 #ef ( wood cov]$ ) emboss$ lea!r1 cuir b\illb\illi4 #hc ( repeat+ ornam5t = figures & l&scopesl&scapes4 99 99 99 99 99