,,transcriber ,,notes3 ,words in italics are indicated with an underscore 77 at the begining and end4 ,words in bold are indicated with an equal sign 77 at the begining and end4 ,subscripts contained in chemical notations are indicated as 4 ,the table on page #cb has been modified to fit by the use of keys to replace some of the information4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,plant ,,industry--,,bulletin ,,no4 #abi4 ,b4 ,t4 ,,galloway1 ,chief of ,bureau4 ,,barium1 ,a ,,cause ,,of ,,the ,,loco-,,weed ,,disease4 ,,by ,,albert ,c4 ,,crawford1 ,,pharmacologist1 ,,poisonous-,,plant ,,investigations4 ,,issued ,,august #bb1 #aijh4 ,illustration ,,washington3 ,,government ,,printing ,,office4 #aijh4 ,,bureau ,,of ,,plant ,,industry4 ,physiologist and ,pathologist1 and ,chief of ,bureau1 ,beverly ,t4 ,galloway4 ,physiologist and ,pathologist1 and ,assistant ,chief of ,bureau1 ,albert ,f4 ,woods4 ,laboratory of ,plant ,pathology1 ,erwin ,f4 ,smith1 ,pathologist in ,charge4 ,investigations of ,diseases of ,fruits1 ,merton ,b4 ,waite1 ,pathologist in ,charge4 ,laboratory of ,forest ,pathology1 ,haven ,metcalf1 ,pathologist in ,charge4 ,cotton and ,truck ,diseases and ,plant ,disease ,survey1 ,william ,a4 ,orton1 ,pathologist in ,charge4 ,plant ,life ,history ,investigations1 ,walter ,t4 ,swingle1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,cotton ,breeding ,investigations1 ,archibald ,d4 ,shamel and ,daniel ,n4 ,shoemaker1 ,physiologists in ,charge4 ,tobacco ,investigations1 ,archibald ,d4 ,shamel1 ,wightman ,w4 ,garner1 and ,ernest ,h4 ,mathewson1 in ,charge4 ,corn ,investigations1 ,charles ,p4 ,hartley1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,alkali and ,drought ,resistant ,plant ,breeding ,investigations1 ,thomas ,h4 ,kearney1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,soil ,bacteriology and ,water ,purification ,investigations1 ,karl ,f4 ,kellerman1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,bionomic ,investigations of ,tropical and ,subtropical ,plants1 ,orator ,f4 ,cook1 ,bionomist in ,charge4 ,drug and ,poisonous ,plant ,investigations and ,tea ,culture ,investigations1 ,rodney ,h4 ,true1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,physical ,laboratory1 ,lyman ,j4 ,briggs1 ,physicist in ,charge4 ,crop ,technology and ,fiber ,plant ,investigations1 ,nathan ,a4 ,cobb1 ,crop ,technologist in ,charge4 ,taxonomic and ,range ,investigations1 ,frederick ,v4 ,coville1 ,botanist in ,charge4 ,farm ,management ,investigations1 ,william ,j4 ,spillman1 ,agriculturist in ,charge4 ,grain ,investigations1 ,mark ,alfred ,carleton1 ,cerealist in ,charge4 ,arlington ,experimental ,farm1 ,lee ,c4 ,corbett1 ,horticulturist in ,charge4 ,vegetable ,testing ,gardens1 ,william ,w4 ,tracy1 sr41 ,superintendent4 ,sugar-,beet ,investigations1 ,charles ,o4 ,townsend1 ,pathologist in ,charge4 ,western ,agricultural ,extension ,investigations1 ,carl ,s4 ,scofield1 ,agriculturist in ,charge4 ,dry-,land ,agriculture ,investigations1 ,e4 ,channing ,chilcott1 ,agriculturist in ,charge4 ,pomological ,collections1 ,gustavus ,b4 ,brackett1 ,pomologist in ,charge4 ,field ,investigations in ,pomology1 ,william ,a4 ,taylor and ,g4 ,harold ,powell1 ,pomologists in ,charge4 ,experimental ,gardens and ,grounds1 ,edward ,n4 ,byrnes1 ,superintendent4 ,foreign ,seed and ,plant ,introduction1 ,david ,fairchild1 ,agricultural ,explorer in ,charge4 ,forage ,crop ,investigations1 ,charles ,v4 ,piper1 ,agrostologist in ,charge4 ,seed ,laboratory1 ,edgar ,brown1 ,botanist in ,charge4 ,grain ,standardization1 ,john ,d4 ,shanahan1 ,crop ,technologist in ,charge4 ,subtropical ,laboratory and ,garden1 ,miami1 ,fla41 ,ernst ,a4 ,bessey1 ,pathologist in ,charge4 ,plant ,introduction ,garden1 ,chico1 ,cal41 ,w4 ,w4 ,tracy1 jr41 ,assistant ,botanist in ,charge4 ,south ,texas ,garden1 ,brownsville1 ,tex41 ,edward ,c4 ,green1 ,pomologist in ,charge4 ,farmers' ,cooperative ,demonstration ,work1 ,seaman ,a4 ,knapp1 ,special ,agent in ,charge4 ,seed ,distribution 7,directed by ,chief of ,bureau71 ,lisle ,morrison1 ,assistant in ,general ,charge4 ,editor1 ,j4 ,e4 ,rockwell4 ,chief ,clerk1 ,james ,e4 ,jones4 ,,poisonous-,,plant ,,investigations4 ,,scientific ,,staff4 ,rodney ,h4 ,true1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,c4 ,dwight ,marsh1 ,expert in ,charge of ,field ,investigations4 ,albert ,c4 ,crawford1 ,pharmacologist4 ,arthur ,b4 ,clawson1 ,expert in ,field ,investigations4 ,ivar ,tidestrom1 ,assistant ,botanist1 in ,cooperation with ,forest ,service4 ,,letter ,,of ,,transmittal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture1 ,,bureau ,,of ,,plant ,,industry1 ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,chief1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #aj1 #aijh4 ,,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a technical bulletin entitled ,barium1 a ,cause of the ,loco-,weed ,disease1 prepared by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,crawford1 ,pharmacologist1 under the direction of ,dr4 ,rodney ,h4 ,true1 ,physiologist in ,charge of ,poisonous-,plant ,investigations1 and to recommend that it be published as ,bulletin ,no4 #abi of the series of this ,bureau4 ,for many years the stockmen in many parts of the ,west have reported disastrous consequences following the eating of so-called loco weeds characteristic of the regions involved4 ,while many have doubted any causal relation between the plants in question and the stock losses1 the reality of the damage has remained and has seemed to require a thoroughgoing sifting of the evidence concerning the part played by the plants4 ,accordingly1 in the spring of #aije a station for the experimental study of the problem was established at ,hugo1 ,colo41 in charge of ,dr4 ,c4 ,dwight ,marsh1 ,expert1 in cooperation with the ,colorado ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,later a further feeding experiment was undertaken at ,imperial1 ,nebr41 in cooperation with the ,nebraska ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,parallel with the feeding work in the field1 laboratory work1 designed to test under laboratory conditions the poisonous action of the plants from given areas1 was undertaken at ,washington by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,crawford1 ,pharmacologist4 ,a further phase of his part of the work was an attempt to ascertain the nature of such poisonous substance or substances as might occur in the loco plants4 ,in both of these lines of work ,doctor ,crawford has been successful1 and the technical results of his work are here collected4 ,respectfully1 ,b4 ,t4 ,,galloway1 ,chief of ,bureau4 ,hon4 ,,james ,,wilson1 ,secretary of ,agriculture4 ,,introductory ,,statement4 ,a scientific understanding of the so-called loco-weed disease has been demanded and sought after for several decades for most practical purposes1 but1 in spite of the great amount of attention which this problem has received1 no general agreement has been found among the results obtained4 ,the field investigations have given such contradictory evidence that until the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry of the ,department of ,agriculture turned its attention to the matter the whole subject of the loco disease was regarded by many as a kind of delusion and the existence of a distinct entity was freely doubted4 ,not only did this confusion characterize the field aspect of the matter1 but the situation viewed from the standpoint of laboratory study was also much obscured4 ,some investigators claimed to have separated poisonous substances of various sorts from the loco weeds1 while others of equal scientific standing denied the presence of any poisonous substance in the plants under general suspicion--the so-called loco weeds4 ,in view of the great seriousness of the loco situation from the standpoint of the stock interests1 an active campaign both in the line of feeding experiments in the field and laboratory study at ,washington was undertaken by the ,office of ,poisonous-,plant ,investigations of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry4 ,the feeding experiments carried out at ,hugo1 ,colo41 in cooperation with the ,colorado ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 before the close of the first season developed evidence that there was in reality such a thing as a loco disease4 ,the investigator in charge was enabled to describe the disease in its most important manifestations and made it possible to sift the facts from the large number of contradictory statements in the literature4 ,the laboratory work1 undertaken and carried on simultaneously1 consisted of a pharmacological study1 under laboratory conditions and with the usual laboratory subjects1 of the action of plant material sent in from the field4 ,the acute phase of loco-weed poisoning1 as well as a more prolonged type of the disease1 was studied4 ,in plants found in this preliminary feeding to be harmful1 the poisonous principle was sought1 with the very striking results fully described in this paper4 ,the demonstration of the presence of barium in the plants was followed by barium feeding1 with the production of symptoms which agreed with those produced in the laboratory with loco extracts and in the field experiments with the loco plants as seen growing on the range4 ,by comparing these laboratory results with those produced in connection with the field work1 it became possible to sift the wheat from the chaff in the mass of contradictory evidence detailed in the literature of this subject4 ,the practical importance of the discovery of the true nature of the active poisonous principle of the loco weeds is very great4 ,it not only sheds light on the loco situation and enables one to explain many hitherto inexplicable things1 but it also adds much to our knowledge of barium in its medical bearings4 ,it opens up most important problems concerning the soils and the relation of the flora to them4 ,it should be borne in mind that although barium is shown to be chiefly responsible for the poisonous properties of loco weeds in eastern ,colorado1 it is entirely possible that in other regions other substances may be equally or even more significant4 ,this discovery also seems likely to provide a basis for a rational treatment of locoed stock4 ,unfortunately1 the discovery of the fact that barium is the poisonous constituent of loco weeds came too late to aid in the search for remedial measures on the range during the period covered by this report1 but those empirically arrived at have received additional support from these laboratory results4 ,thus the work in field and laboratory1 undertaken after repeated attempts and discouraging failures by others1 has yielded results to persistent scientific research and promises practical aid to the now suffering live-stock interests4 ,the results of the laboratory work are presented in this bulletin4 ,,rodney ,h4 ,,true1 ,physiologist in ,charge4 ,,contents4 ,page4 ,geographical distribution of the loco-weed disease and allied conditions #i ,plants associated with the locoed condition #aj ,clinical symptoms of locoed animals as described in literature #ab ,conditions similar to loco-weed poisoning in other parts of the world #af ,pathological conditions in locoed animals as described on the range #ah ,historical sketch of loco investigations from a pharmacological standpoint #ai ,notes on various members of the loco-weed family #ce ,laboratory experiments--physiological #cf ,experiments on rabbits #cf ,acute cases #cf ,chronic cases #ch ,pregnant animals #db ,subcutaneous injections #dc ,summary of feeding experiments on rabbits #dd ,experiments on sheep #dd ,laboratory experiments--chemical #df ,effect of the aqueous extract of ashed loco plants #di ,total ash determinations of loco plants #ed ,barium determinations in the ash of loco plants #ee ,analysis of soils #eg ,feeding experiments with barium salts on animals in the laboratory #eg ,barium poisoning in man #fb ,pathological lesions in experimental barium poisoning #fe ,toxicity of various aqueous extracts of loco plants #ff ,theoretical antidote for loco-weed poisoning #ga ,action of barium on domestic and farm animals #gb ,application of the results of these investigations to the range #gd ,conclusions #ge ,index #gg ,,barium1 ,a ,,cause ,,of ,,the ,,loco-,,weed ,,disease4 ,,geographical ,,distribution ,,of ,,the ,,loco-,,weed ,,disease ,,and ,,allied ,,conditions4 ,in our ,western ,states there is a marked annual loss of stock due to various causes4 ,some of these animals die in a condition known as locoed1 a term derived from the ,spanish word loco1 meaning foolish or crazy4 ,this disorder extends from ,montana to ,texas and ,mexico1 and from ,kansas and ,nebraska to ,california4#a ,in #ahih the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture sent out1 under the immediate direction of ,mr4 ,v4 ,k4 ,chesnut1 a request for information concerning the ravages of the loco disease4 ,it was found that in the ten ,states of ,california1 ,colorado1 ,kansas1 ,montana1 ,nebraska1 ,new ,mexico1 ,north ,dakota1 ,oklahoma1 ,texas1 and ,wyoming the loss in #ahih was #add1hej4 ,of this amount1 #aag1cjj was attributed to ,colorado alone2 in fact1 the disorder spread so that this ,state expended more than #bjj1jjj in two years and over #dbe1jjj in a period of nine years in attempts to eradicate the loco plants1 the supposed cause of the trouble4#b ,the loss in one area of #ce by #abj miles in southwestern ,kansas amounted to #be1jjj cattle in #ahhc4c ,this loss in stock has been so great that the raising of horses has of necessity been abandoned in certain areas on account of the prevalence of these loco weeds4 ,it is difficult to obtain accurate data1 as the ranchmen believe that any information as to the prevalence of the disorder would interfere with the value of their stock4#d ,dr4 ,james ,fletcher1 of the ,central ,experimental ,farm1 ,ottawa1 ,canada1 testified before the ,select ,standing ,committee on ,agriculture and ,colonization that he had never seen a case in the ,north-west of a ,canadian bred animal being locoed1 although the loco plants were prevalent4 ,he explained this absence of loco disease by the abundance of grass on the range1 because of which the animals do not acquire the habit of eating loco plants4#e ,cases have been reported1 however1 in ,manitoba4#f 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #a ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bga4 #ahhg4 #b ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #fth and #gth ,ann4 ,repts4 7#ahhi and #ahij71 p4 #bgb4 #ahia4 #c ,day1 ,m4 ,g4 ,loco-,weed4 ,in ,f4 ,p4 ,foster's ,reference-,book of ,practical ,therapeutics1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ehg4 #ahif4 #d ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ah4 #ahic4 #e ,fletcher1 ,j4 ,evidence ,before the ,select ,standing ,comminttee on ,agriculture and ,colonization4 ,ottawas1 #aije1 p4 #ec4 #f ,fletcher1 ,j4 ,experimental ,farms ,reports for #ahib1 p4 #adh4 #ahic4 ,,plants ,,associated ,,with ,,the ,,locoed ,,condition4 ,the condition known as locoed is popularly believed to be due to eating various plants1 especially the members of the ,astragalus and ,aragallus genera of the ,leguminos1 or pea family1 but particularly to ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti4 ,these plants have therefore received the name loco plants1#g or crazy weed4 ,but others1 as ,astragalus mortoni1#h ,a4 hornii1 ,a4 lentiginosus1 ,a4 pattersoni1#i ,a4 nuttallianus1 ,a4 missouriensis1 ,a4 lotifloras1 ,a4 bisulcatus1 ,a4 haydenianus1#aj ,a4 tridactylicus1#aa ,crotalaria sagittalis1 ,lotus americanus1#ab ,sophora sericea1 ,caprioides aureum1 ,aragallus deflexa1#ac ,a4 campestris1#ad ,a4 lagopus1#ae ,malvastrum coccineum1 ,amaranthus graecizans1 and ,rhamnus lanceolata1 are considered by some as loco plants4#af ,in other places ,stipa vaseyi1 ,leucocrinum montanum1 ,fritillaria pudica1 ,zygadenus elegans1#ag and even species of ,delphinium are considered loco plants1 so widely has this name been used4 ,in ,mexico the term locoed embraces a condition due to the action of ,cannabis sativa and various members of the nightshade family4 ,this term has been much abused and has been made to embrace many groups of symptoms4 ,in fact1 if an animal dies while showing more or less stupor it is said to be locoed4#ah ,the early ,spanish settlers seemed to be unfamiliar with the disease1 or at least of any causative relation between the plant and the disease4 ,the ,spanish name for ,astragalus mollissimus was ,garbanzillo1 from its resemblance to ,garbanzo 7,cicer arietinum71 which is used in ,spain as a food4#ai ,the term as applied to this condition seems to be of comparatively recent origin4#bj ,a somewhat similar condition to the loco in stock is sometimes attributed by the ranchmen of our ,western ,states to eating various sages4#ba ,in ,texas the loco disease is known as grass staggers4#bb ,hayes#bc has described as follows a condition known as grass staggers1 which apparently has little resemblance to loco and is supposed to be due to eating overripe grass1 especially rye4 ,the symptoms1 generally1 take two or three days to become developed4 ,the animal gradually becomes more or less unconscious and paralyzed and staggers if forced to walk4 ,although he may have great difficulty in keeping on his legs1 he is extremely averse from going down and leans for support against any convenient object4 ,he breathes in a snoring manner4 ,the mucous membranes are tinged with yellow4 ,convulsions1 or spasms1 like those of tetanus1 may come on4 ,recovery may be expected in cases which are not marked by extreme symptoms4 ,if animals are not regularly salted1 they visit salt deposits and eat the alkalis4 ,this some sheepmen believe to be the cause of the locoed condition1 but this is disproved by the occurrence of locoed animals in ranges without salt4 ,others modify this view by claiming that the vitiation in taste from eating these alkalis leads to a desire for the loco weeds and thus to the locoed condition4#bd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #e ,fletcher1 ,j4 ,evidence ,before the ,select ,standing ,committee on ,agriculture and ,colonization4 ,ottawa1 #aije1 p4 #ec4 #g ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #eee4 #ahhg4--,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,report4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bga4 #ahhg4 #h ,eastwood1 ,a4 ,the ,loco ,weeds4 ,zoe1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ec4 #ahib4 #i ,chesnut1 ,v4 ,k4 ,preliminary ,catalogue of ,plants ,poisonous to ,stock4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #aeth ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahih71 p4 #djd4 #aj ,williams1 ,t4 ,a4 ,some ,plants ,injurious to ,stock4 ,s4 ,dak4 ,agric4 ,coll4 and ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #cc1 p4 #ba4 #ahic4 #aa ,givens1 ,a4 ,j4 ,loco or ,crazy ,weed4 ,med4 ,century1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bb4 #ahic4 #ab ,eastwood1 ,a41 l4 c4 #ahib4 #ac ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #eee4 #ahhg4 #ad ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc4 ,proc4 for #ahgi1 vol4 #bg1 p4 #faa4 #ahhj4 #ae ,kelsey1 ,f4 ,d4 ,another ,loco ,plant4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #bj4 #ahhi4 #af ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,kans4 ,state ,board ,agric41 #eth ,bienn4 ,rept41 p4 #bji4 #ahhg4 #ag ,anderson1 ,f4 ,w4 ,poisonous ,plants and the ,symptoms ,they ,produce4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ahj4 #ahhi4--,pammel1 ,l4 ,h4 ,loco ,weeds4 ,vis ,medicatrix1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dd4 #ahia4 #ah ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bge4 #ahhg4--;,anderson1 ,f4 ,w4 ,poisonous ,plants and the ,symptoms ,they ,produce4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ahj4 #ahhi4 ,,note4--,the symptoms described in ,janvier's interesting story1 ,in ,old ,mexico 7,scribner's ,magazine1 vol4 #a1 p4 #fg1 #ahhg71 would coincide with those due to some member of the nightshade family 7probably ,datura stramonium74 ,see also ,pilgrim1 ,c4 ,w41 ,does the ,loco ,weed ,produce ,insanity8 in ,proc4 ,amer4 ,medico-,psycholog4 ,assoc41 vol4 #e1 p4 #afg4 #ahih4 #ai ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,kans4 ,state ,board ,agric41 #eth ,bienn4 ,rept41 p4 #bji4 #ahhg4 #bj ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgb4 #ahhg4 #ba ,mayo1 ,n4 ,s4 ,loco4 ,the ,industrialist1 vol4 #cj1 p4 #dgc4 #aijd4 #bb ,science1 vol4 #i1 p4 #cb4 #ahhg4 #bc ,hayes1 ,m4 ,h4 ,veterinary ,notes for ,horse ,owners1 ,london1 #aijc1 p4 #dbe4--;,compare ,woronin1 ,m4 ,ueber die ,taumelgetreide in ,sd-,ussurien4 ,bot4 ,zeit41 vol4 #di1 p4 #hj4 #ahia4 #bd ,chesnut1 ,v4 ,k41 and ,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 ,stock-,poisoning ,plants of ,montana4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,bot41 ,bul4 #bf1 p4 #hh4 #aija4 ,,note4--,the wide distribution of these plants is claimed to be partly due to the buffalo4 ,see ,blankinship1 ,j4 ,w41 ,the ,loco and ,some ,other ,poisonous ,plants in ,montana1 in ,mont4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #de1 p4 #gi4 #aijc4 ,,clinical ,,symptoms ,,of ,,locoed ,,animals ,,as ,,described ,,in ,,literature4 ,the animals usually affected are sheep1 horses1 cattle1 mules1#be donkeys1#bf and goats4 ,it is claimed that practically all herbivorous animals are liable to the disease1 even antelopes being affected4#bg ,hogs are said to be unaffected1#bh but definite information is lacking4 ,cows seem to be less sensitive to this form of intoxication4#bi ,the condition is usually a chronic one1 although acute cases are said to occur at times4 ,the symptoms consist of digestive disturbances1 associated with emaciation and various symptoms suggesting lesions in the nervous system1 central or peripheral4 ,the animals lose their appetite from the first1 begin to emaciate1 and show symptoms of malnutrition and starvation4 ,the head trembles1 the gait becomes feeble and uncertain1 the eyes become sunken and have a flat1 glassy look4#cj ,there is a general sluggishness1 muscular incoordination1 and difficulty in motion2 finally all control of the limbs is lost and the animal is unable to stand2 the coat becomes rough and loses its luster1 and1 in fact1 all the typical symptoms of starvation appear4 ,in some cases diarrhea is also present4 ,all of ,nockolds's animals1 however1 were constipated and the stools were covered with mucus4#ca ,the dependent portions of the body may swell1 simply as an expression of the anmia4#cb ,sometimes there are symptoms indicating acute pain1#cc the animals running about as if affected with colic4 ,they may belch and their abdomens swell4 ,some claim that the animals are markedly salivated so that the saliva trickles from their mouths4 ,in other cases the mouth may be dry4#cd ,the eyes may be rolled up so that the whites alone show4 ,in some cases the pupil has been noted to be dilated1 as in atropine poisoning1#ce but ,wilcox states that they are contracted as after the use of eserine4#cf ,the temperature of the animal falls from #a_/b degree to #a-a_/b degrees ,f4 below normal4#cg ,tetanic symptoms may occur1#ch or the muscles of the mouth and tongue becoming paralyzed may interfere with mastication4 ,when water is offered to the animal1 it gazes stupidly at it and may not drink for days4 ,one of the symptoms noted is the loss of power to back properly4#ci ,cows during the first two or three months of gestation are almost sure to abort4#dj ,this is claimed by ,knowles1 however1 to be due to malnutrition4 ,as a result of these observations1 suggesting some uterine action1 the drug has been proposed as an emmenagogue4#da ,the psychical symptoms are shown by errors of judgment4 ,the animal becomes dull and spiritless and wanders about half dazed4 ,the mental dullness passes into stupor4 ,this dull1 stupid condition has been compared to intoxication with opium4 ,if the locoed horse is led across a stick lying on the ground he often jumps high as if it were a great obstacle4 ,the animal may now have maniacal attacks1 during which he rears and may fall backward1#db and makes unreasonable jumps and other unexpected movements1 thus rendering himself dangerous to man4#dc ,other symptoms due to disturbances of the central nervous system are hallucinations of various sorts4 ,though the optic nerve itself is apparently not affected1 the animal will stare at an object for a long time without any apparent comprehension of its nature4 ,this disturbance in the visual function ,mc,cullaugh claims to be one of the first symptoms of this disease4 ,the animal seems to lose all idea of distance1 as he will butt against an obstruction as if oblivious of its presence4 ,any sudden or violent motion made before him may cause him to fall4 ,according to some1 the animal loses the sense which guides him in finding water4 ,a cow may fail to recognize her calf4#dd ,there is more or less loss of control of the limbs#de and tremors2#df the feet are lifted abnormally high when trotting1 and1 if crowded1 the animal falls headlong and will jump over little hollows as if they were wide ditches4#dg ,the horse may shy without apparent cause and kick at imaginary objects1#dh and1 in fact1 the reasoning powers seem to be lost4 ,these attacks are brought on by sudden excitement or when crossing water4#di ,there may be cutaneous hypersthesia4 ,the animals may remain with the herd1 but they often wander away4 ,stalker records the following observations3 ,i have seen a single animal miles away from any other individual of the herd1 carefully searching as if for some lost object1 and when a loco plant is found he would devour every morsel of it with the greatest relish4 ,as soon as one plant was eaten he would immediately go in search of more1 apparently oblivious to everything but the intoxication afforded by his one favorite article of food4#ej ,all of ,nockolds's animals which were locoed were mares more than #f years of age4#ea ,according to ,stalker there is a passive type in which the animal shows symptoms only on being disturbed2 the animal then becomes unmanageable4 ,this happens even with old1 well-broken saddle horses4#eb ,there are few published reports as to the symptoms occurring in sheep which are locoed4 ,stalker#ec says sheep become loco-eaters1 grow stupid1 emaciated1 and eventually die4 ,one of the few descriptions of the symptoms is that of ,ruedi1#ed in which he claims that the symptoms in sheep are those comparable to the symptoms of cerebro-spinal meningitis except that there is an absence of fever4 ,ruedi speaks of sheep lying flat on the ground1 not able to stand1 and not able even to lift their heads to drink the offered water2 the head and the vertebra in opisthotonus position2 the four legs stretched out and stiff2 breathing was stertorous1 pulse slow1 abdomen much distended1 diarrhea present4 99 99 99 ,the heart 99 99 99 was very slow and insufficient4 ,the teeth 7in sheep7 may blacken and fall out4#ee ,it is mainly the young animals1 such as lambs and colts1 that are affected1 probably due to the fact that their attention is more easily directed to the flower of the loco#ef plants4 ,it is claimed 7on slight evidence7 that men have become locoed4 ,the symptoms in them are nausea and headache4#eg ,schuchardt#eh has called attention to the resemblance of the symptoms in locoed animals to those which occur in so-called lathyrism1 but most observers in this country have especially marked the resemblance of the symptoms to those induced by the habitual use of narcotic drugs4#ei ,as a rule the loco plants are refused by animals save when there is lack of other food1 although at times animals have shown the keenest relish for these plants1 rejected all other forage1 and devoted their whole attention to searching for the loco plants4#fj ,stalker says that animals not too long addicted to the use of these plants1 if confined1 soon lose their taste for them 7after two or three months71#fa although old loco eaters do not readily lose the habit4 ,stalker also says that it is to be presumed that the plant is possessed of some toxic property that has a specific effect on the nervous centers1 and that these effects have a marked tendency to remain permanent4#fb ,the fundamental character of the disorder seems to be a progressing anmia4 ,the interpretation of psychical symptoms in herbivora1 and especially on the range1 must often be fallacious4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #be ,kingsley1 ,b4 ,f4 ,the ,loco ,plant4 ,daniel's ,texas ,medical ,journal1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ebb4 #ahhh4 #bf ,schwartzkopff1 ,o4 ,the ,effects of ,loco-,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #ab1 p4 #afb4 #ahhh4 #bg ,mc,cullaugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,locoed ,horses4 ,journ4 ,comp4 ,med4 ,vet4 ,archives1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #dce4 #ahib4 #bh ,eastwood1 ,a4 ,the ,loco ,weeds4 ,zoe1 vol4 #c1 p4 #eg4 #ahib4 #bi ,vasey1 ,g4 ,plants ,poisonous to ,cattle in ,california4 ,report of ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahgd1 p4 #aei4 #ahge4 #cj ,vasey1 ,g41 l4 c41 p4 #aei4 #ca ,nockolds1 ,c4 ,poisoning by ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #bj1 p4 #egj4 #ahif-g4 #cb ,patterson1 ,a4 ,h4 ,starvation ,o,edema4 ,med4 ,rev41 vol4 #ef1 p4 #gae1 #ahii4 #cc ,vasey1 ,g4 ,botanical ,notes1 ,monthly ,reports of ,dept4 ,agriculture for #ahgc1 p4 #ejd4 #ahgd4 #cd ,anderson1 ,f4 ,w4 ,poisonous ,plants and the ,symptoms ,they ,produce4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ahj4 #ahhi4 #ce ,schwartzkopff1 ,o4 ,the ,effects of ,loco-,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #ab1 p4 #afa4 #ahhh4 #cf ,wilcox1 ,t4 ,e4 ,treatment of ,loco ,poisoning in ,idaho ,territory4 ,med4 ,rec41 vol4 #ca1 p4 #bfh4 #ahhg4 #cg ,mayo1 ,n4 ,s4 ,some ,observations ,upon ,loco4 ,kans4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #ce1 p4 #aah4 #ahic4 #ch ,mc,cullaugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,locoed ,horses4 ,journ4 ,comp4 ,med4 and ,vet4 ,archives1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #dcf4 #ahib4 #ci ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ab4 #ahic4 #dj ,knowles1 ,m4 ,e4 ,loco ,poisoning4 ,breeders' ,gaz41 vol4 #ci1 p4 #igc4 #aija4--,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,kans4 ,state ,board of ,agric41 #eth ,bienn4 ,rept41 p4 #baa4 #ahhg4--,ruedi1 ,c4 ,loco ,weed4 ,trans4 ,colo4 ,state ,med4 ,soc41 p4 #dbb4 #ahie4 #da ,miller1 ,c4 ,h4 ,the ,loco ,weed3 ,its ,probable ,usefulness as an ,emmenagogue4 ,southern ,clinic1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #bfi4 #ahhh4 #db ,vasey1 ,g4 ,botanical ,notes4 ,monthly ,reports of ,dept4 ,agriculture for #ahgc1 p4 #ejd4 #ahgd4 #dc ,parker1 ,w4 ,t4 ,the ,loco-,weed4 ,science1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #aja4 #ahid4 #dd ,vasey1 ,g4 ,botanical ,notes4 ,monthly ,reports of ,dept4 ,agriculture for #ahgd1 p4 #eac4 #ahge4 #de ,anderson1 ,f4 ,w4 ,poisonous ,plants and the ,symptoms ,they ,produce4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ahj4 #ahhi4 #df ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc41 vol4 #cf1 p4 #aaa4 #ahhh4 #dg ,nockolds1 ,c4 ,poisoning by ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #bj1 p4 #egj4 #ahif-g4 #dh ,knowles1 ,m4 ,e4 ,loco ,poisoning4 ,breeders' ,gaz41 vol4 #ci1 p4 #igb4 #aija4 #di ,vasey1 ,g4 ,botanical ,notes4 ,monthly ,reports of ,dept4 ,agriculture for #ahgc1 p4 #ejd4 #ahgd4 #ej ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgb4 #ahhg4--,nockolds1 ,c4 ,poisoning by ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #bj1 p4 #egj4 #ahif-g4--,maisch1 ,j4 ,m4 ,poisonous ,species of ,astragalus4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,pharm41 vol4 #ea1 p4 #bci4 #ahgi4 #ea ,nockolds1 ,c4 ,poisoning by ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #bj1 p4 #egj4 #ahif-g4 #eb ,stalker1 ,m41 l4 c41 p4 #bgc4 #ec ,stalker1 ,m41 l4 c41 p4 #bgd4 #ed ,ruedi1 ,c4 ,loco ,weed 7,astragalus ,mollissimus73 ,a ,toxico-,chemical ,study4 ,trans4 ,colo4 ,state ,med4 ,soc41 #ahie1 p4 #dag4 #ee ,blankinship1 ,j4 ,w4 ,loco and ,some ,other ,poisonous ,plants in ,montana4 ,mont4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #de1 p4 #ha4 #aijc4 #ef ,blankinship1 ,j4 ,w41 l4 c4 #eg ,day1 ,m4 ,g4 ,loco-,weed4 ,in ,f4 ,p4 ,foster's ,reference ,book of ,practical ,therapeutics1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ehh4 #ahif4--,pilgrim1 ,c4 ,w4 ,does the ,loco-,weed ,produce ,insanity8 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,medico-,psycholog4 ,assoc41 vol4 #e1 p4 #afg4 #ahih4 #eh ,schuchardt1 ,b4 ,die ,loco-,krankheit der ,pferde und des ,rindviehs4 ,deutsch4 ,zeits4 f4 ,thiermed41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #dje4 #ahib4--,parker1 ,w4 ,t4 ,loco-,weed4 ,science1 vol4 #bc1 p4 #aja4 #ahid4 #ei ,mc,cullaugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,locoed ,horses4 ,journ4 ,comp4 ,med4 and ,vet4 ,archives1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #dce4 #ahib4 #fj ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgb4 #ahhg4 #fa ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgb4 #ahhg4--,see also ,linfield1 ,f4 ,b4 ,sheep ,feeding1 in ,mont4 ,agric4 ,coll4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ei4 #aije4--,special ,report on ,diseases of ,cattle4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #aijd1 p4 #ff4--,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 ,plant ,poisoning of ,stock in ,montana4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #agth ,ann4 ,rept41 p4 #aae4 #aijj4 #fb ,stalker1 ,m41 l4 c41 p4 #bge4 ,,conditions ,,similar ,,to ,,loco-,,weed ,,poisoning ,,in ,,other ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,according to ,maiden#fc a condition similar to loco is met with among animals in ,australia and is there believed to be due to eating various species of ,swainsona4#fd ,as ,maiden says1 ,its effect on sheep is well known2 they separate from the flock1 wander about listlessly1 and are known to the shepherds as 'pea-eaters' or 'indigo-eaters4' ,when once a sheep takes to eating this plant it seldom or never fattens1 and may be said to be lost to its owner4 ,horses1 after eating this herb1 were exceptionally difficult to catch1 and it was observed how strange they appeared4 ,their eyes were staring out of their heads and they were prancing against trees and stumps4 ,the second day two out of nine died1 and five others had to be left at the camp4 ,martin#fe experimentally studied these cases of intoxication and sums up his work as follows3 #a4 ,that one can by feeding sheep upon ,darling pea reproduce all the symptoms which are attributed by pastoralists to this cause4 ,briefly stated these symptoms are3 ,stupidity1 loss of alertness and an agonized expression1 followed by stiffness and slight staggering and frequently trembling of the head or limbs4 ,later1 clumsiness and unsteadiness ensue1 which slowly advance until the animal often falls down4 ,in this stage1 the action of the animal in running over small obstacles is characteristic4 ,it jumps over a twig as if it were a foot in height4 ,when first it commences to tumble about1 it is able more or less readily to regain its feet1 but in the advanced stage of the disease this is impossible and1 after exhausting itself in efforts to do so1 it remains lying down until it dies4 ,during the whole time the sheep become progressively more bloodless1 and in advanced cases the blood when shed appears to the naked eye lighter in color4 ,it contains fewer red blood-cells 7about two-thirds to one-half the usual number74 7,the corpuscles were estimated in several cases by means of a hmocytometer47 ,all these symptoms are much aggravated by driving4 ,thus1 an animal in which the symptoms are little marked may exhibit them in a striking degree after being driven4 ,in addition to the above the teeth 7especially in young sheep7 frequently become loose1 and consequently displaced or even dislodged4 #b4 ,that the time which elapses before the onset of definite symptoms is three to four weeks in sheep of #b to #c years old4 7,it is probable1 however1 that with younger animals the time is shorter47 #c4 ,that under the conditions of the experiment1 the animals survived about three months4 ,they lived1 however1 an invalid's life4 ,everything was brought to them1 and it is improbable that if feeding exclusively upon the pea1 and left to shift for themselves in the paddocks1 they would survive more than two months4 #d4 ,that if a sheep be returned to proper fodder after one month to six weeks feeding upon the pea1 and before the symptoms are fully established1 it may recover completely4 #e4 ,that when once the paralytic symptoms are established it will not recover2 but if returned to proper food1 will remain in much the same condition1 becoming neither better nor worse4 #f4 ,that ,darling pea contains a very fair amount of nourishing material so that animals may1 provided they eat it readily1 retain their condition on it for some weeks1 until the poisonous principle contained has had time to exert its effects4 ,these plants1 if fed with other herbage1 do not seem to be injurious and apparently lose their harmful action upon being cultivated4#ff ,as long as salt is properly fed the animals will not eat this plant#fg and are said to suffer no effects from it4 ,physiological study has shown the presence of a body with marked sudorific power which causes rapid emaciation in frogs4#fh ,it has been claimed that these symptoms are due to the presence of a narcotic poison in the plant4#fi ,post-mortem examinations were negative save for the presence of a peripheral neuritis4#gj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #fc ,maiden1 ,j4 ,h4 ,plants ,reputed to be ,poisonous to ,stock in ,australia4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,misc4 ,pub4 ,no4 #dgg1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 #aija4 #fd ,notes on ,some ,american and ,australian ,plants ,injurious to ,stock4 ,agric4 ,gaz41 ,new ,south ,wales1 vol4 #d1 p4 #fgg4 #ahid4--,notes on ,weeds4 ,the ,darling ,pea4 ,agric4 ,gaz41 ,new ,south ,wales1 vol4 #c1 p4 #ccj4 #ahic4 #fe ,martin1 ,c4 ,j4 ,report on an ,investigation into the ,effects of ,darling ,pea 7,swainsona ,galegifolia7 upon ,sheep4 ,agric4 ,gaz41 ,new ,south ,wales1 vol4 #h1 p4 #cff4 #ahih4 #ff ,woolls1 ,w4 ,on the ,forage-,plants ,indigenous in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,linn4 ,soc41 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,proc41 vol4 #g1 pp4 #cae-caf4 #ahhb4 #fg ,guthrie1 ,f4 ,b41 and ,turner1 ,f4 ,supposed ,poisonous ,plant4 ,agric4 ,gaz41 ,new ,south ,wales1 vol4 #d1 p4 #hf4 #ahid4 #fh ,bailey1 ,f4 ,m41 and ,gordon1 ,p4 ,r4 ,plants ,reputed ,poisonous and ,injurious to ,stock1 ,brisbane1 #ahhg1 p4 #be4 #fi ,guthrie1 ,f4 ,b41 and ,turner1 ,f4 ,supposed ,poisonous ,plant4 ,agric4 ,gaz41 ,new ,south ,wales1 vol4 #d1 p4 #hg4 #ahid4 #gj ,martin1 ,c4 ,j4 ,report on the ,investigation into the ,effects of ,darling ,pea 7,swainsona ,galegifolia7 upon ,sheep4 ,agric4 ,gaz41 ,new ,south ,wales1 vol4 #h1 p4 #cfg4 #ahih4 7,further literature on the indigo disease will be found in ,bailey1 ,f4 ,m41 and ,gordon1 ,p4 ,r4 ,plants ,reputed ,poisonous and ,injurious to ,stock1 ,brisbane1 #ahhg1 p4 #be74 ,,note4--,in ,canada a chronic disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver results from eating ragwort1 or ,senecio jacobaea4 ,see ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,canada1 ,rept4 of ,veterinary ,director ,general1 #aije1 ,ottawa1 #aijf1 p4 #ca4--;,in ,south ,africa a disorder known as nenta appears in goats after eating certain plants1 especially ,cotyledon ventricosa4 ,see ,hutcheon1 ,d41 ,nenta1 in ,agric4 ,journ4 ,cape of ,good ,hope1 vol4 #ad1 p4 #hfb4 #ahii4 ,,pathological ,,conditions ,,in ,,locoed ,,animals ,,as ,,described ,,on ,,the ,,range4 ,the pathological features as described by previous writers are a softening and ulceration of the stomach walls#ga and a degeneration of the walls of the intestines with or without perforations4 ,the peritoneum may be found inflamed4#gb ,the peritoneum and omentum in one case 7cow71 reported by ,sayre1 were covered with small nodules4 ,these were probably tubercular in origin4 ,the colon in one horse was found enormously distended1 while the coecum and small intestines were normal1#gc save that the walls appeared thin4 ,ulcers have been found at times in the kidneys1 but were probably secondary in origin1 as other cases are reported with normal kidneys4 ,faville has found in some cases amyloid degeneration4 ,the pancreas and spleen are reported normal4 ,the abdominal cavity may contain a slight effusion4#gd ,the liver has been found cirrhotic1 and at times shows tubercular lesions of a secondary nature4 ,the inner coat of the bladder has been found softened1 and in sheep the bladder may be markedly distended at the autopsy4 ,the cerebral membranes are congested and perhaps adherent1#ge and there may be blood clots over the longitudinal sinus or at the base of the brain4 ,effusions have been especially noted around the medulla4 ,the arachnoid has also shown slight congestion1 and in other cases the membranes showed a slight thickening4 ,the middle ventricle was found filled with yellow serum1 while the fourth ventricle contained a hemorrhagic effusion1#gf and the base of the brain was covered by a clot4 ,the hemorrhage may become organized and the brain be held to the membranes by tough organized fibers4 ,in many cases serous effusion is present in the lateral ventricles4 ,the arachnoid space is also in some cases similarly filled4 ,microscopic examination of the brain in the case of a steer showed atrophy of ,purkinjie's cells4#gg ,in sheep the post-mortem examination showed paleness1 anmia of the muscles1 and great distention of the abdomen4 ,the intestines were found filled with gases1 and the mesenteric blood vessels filled with blood4 ,no peritonitis1 or ascites1 or ecchymoses in the mucous membranes were noted in the autopsies made on sheep by ,ruedi4 ,the liver has been seen enlarged4 ,in sheep the brain was anmic4 ,microscopically the brain showed atrophy and the ,purkinjie's cells disappeared or their processes atrophied4 ,in these sheep the brain was so anmic that the distinction between the gray and the white matter was hard to define4#gh ,the membranes of the cord have been found inflamed and adherent1 but the spinal cord was usually normal4#gi ,in some cases1 however1 the spinal cord has been found softened#hj and oedematous4 ,the arteries of the limbs were gorged with blood1#ha and at the same time there was a collection of serum in the abdominal cavity4 ,death is thought to be due to starvation4#hb ,in other words1 the pathological condition1 according to published accounts1 shows little that is characteristic save some action on the gastro-intestinal tract4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #ga ,anderson1 ,f4 ,w4 ,poisonous ,plants and the ,symptoms ,they ,produce4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ahj4 #ahhi4 #gb ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #eeh4 #ahhg4 #gc ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ab4 #ahic4 #gd ,faville1 in ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #aa4 #ahic4 #ge ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #eei4 #ahhg4 #gf ,stalker1 ,m4 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahhf71 p4 #bgd4 #ahhg--,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco-,weed4 ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc4 ,proc41 vol4 #ch1 p4 #ajh4 #ahij4--,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 #ahic4 #gg ,mayo1 ,n4 ,s41 l4 c41 p4 #aah4 #gh ,ruedi1 ,c4 ,loco ,weed 7,astragalus ,mollissimus73 ,a ,toxico-,chemical ,study4 ,trans4 ,colo4 ,state ,med4 ,soc41 #ahie1 p4 #dah4 #gi ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #eei4 #ahhg4 #hj ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ab4 #ahic4--,klench1 ,j4 ,p4 ,rattleweed or ,loco ,disease4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol #ab1 p4 #cii4 #ahhh4 #ha ,anderson1 ,f4 ,w4 ,poisonous ,plants and the ,symptoms ,they ,produce4 ,bot4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ahj4 #ahhi4 #hb ,mc,cullaugh1 ,f4 ,a4 ,locoed ,horses4 ,journ4 ,comp4 ,med4 and ,vet4 ,archives1 vol4 #ac1 p4 #dcf4 #ahib4 ,,historical ,,sketch ,,of ,,loco ,,investigations ,,from ,a ,,pharmacological ,,standpoint4 ,during the western immigration of #ahdi the ,indians along the ,missouri ,river described to the immigrants a plant 7,astragalus mollissimus7 producing death in horses and cattle1 which was preceded by various forms of excitement4#hc ,the attention of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture was first called to the toxic action of the loco plants in #ahgc1 when specimens of the plants1 which were identified as ,astragalus hornii and ,a4 lentiginosus1#hd were sent from ,california by ,mr4 ,o4 ,b4 ,ormsby1 with the statement that they were poisonous to stock1 especially to horses4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,s4 ,whipple also corroborated this information4 ,the botanist of the ,department1 ,dr4 ,george ,vasey1#he published a note and requested further information concerning the plants4 ,these notes were enlarged by a similar contribution by ,dr4 ,p4 ,moffat on ,aragallus lamberti4#hf ,the following year ,vasey reported with more fullness1 and his description of the action of the plants is substantially what we find in most of the books of to-day4 ,in #ahgf ,lemmon#hg noted that ,astragalus mortoni was a deadly sheep poison4 ,at the same time ,rothrock1#hh botanist of the ,united ,states ,geographical ,survey under ,lieutenant ,wheeler1 described these plants1 and ,kellogg1#hi a botanist in ,california1 reported that ,astragalus menziesii was causing great losses in horses1 sheep1 and cattle and claimed that the stockmen had been familiar with this disorder for at least ten or fifteen years4 ,this report of ,kellogg was followed by that of ,rothrock#ij in #ahgg4 ,in #ahgf a specimen of ,aragallus lamberti was sent from ,colorado to ,professor ,prescott1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 under the name of crazy weed1 with the statement that it was poisonous to horses and cattle and that1 while the ,mexicans often used it in making beer1 it sometimes caused symptoms in men4 ,his pupil1 ,miss ,watson1 undertook a study of its chemical properties4 ,she failed to isolate any pure chemical compound1 but claimed that in the root there was a body giving alkaloidal reactions and that there was also a resinous body present4 ,another of his pupils1 ,w4 ,r4 ,birdsall1 took the ground-up root himself in doses of #bj grains at various intervals for several days and later #dj-;grain doses in one and a half hours1 but without experiencing any marked symptoms except colicky pains4 ,a kitten also was given about one and a half ounces of the fluid extract without effect4 ,prescott#ia sums up by saying that it would seem that the dried ground root possesses no poisonous properties4 ,the work of ,miss ,watson was considered of sufficient importance to be abstracted in the ,annual ,report of the ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahgh 7#ahgi71 page #acd4 ,gradually the ,department of ,agriculture became more and more interested in this subject1 and ,peter ,collier1 chief chemist1 in #ahgh1 examined the roots and leaves of ,aragallus lamberti for alkaloids1 but found none4#ib ,in #ahhj ,peter ,collier published a proximate analysis of ,astragalus mollissimus made by ,francis ,a4 ,wentz1 of ,kansas4 ,his investigations showed it to have an ash content of #f4gf per cent1 while the ,aragallus lamberti1 analyzed by ,l4 ,f4 ,dyrenforth1 of ,chicago1 showed an ash content of #d4cb per cent4 ,collier#ic sums up by saying3 ,from the additional work done at this ,department it seems probable that the deleterious effects observed from animals eating this plant may be due principally to the fact that the sweet taste causes cattle to reject more nutritious food and strive to subsist upon the ,oxytropis only4 ,this plant is mechanically a very unfit substance for food1 being of a tough1 fibrous1 and indigestible character4 ,it is possible that1 when the animal becomes somewhat enfeebled by lack of proper nourishment1 the small amount of alkaloid may have a direct poisonous action4 ,again1 it seems probable that the plant may contain much larger proportions of alkaloid at certain stages in its development than at others1 or the seeds may prove to be the most injurious portion4 ,the departmental work was continued by further short notices by ,vasey#id in #ahhd1 #ahhf1 and #ahhg1 and by the report of ,stalker in #ahhg4 ,this report by ,stalker is still the best description on the clinical side of the question4 ,rothrock1#ie meeting the loco plants in his survey work1 describes their effects on animals as follows3 ,certain it is1 however1 that1 once commenced1 they continue it1 passing through temporary intoxication to a complete nervous and muscular wreck in the later stages1 when it has developed into a fully marked disease which terminates in death from starvation or inability to digest a more nourishing food4 ,the animal toward the last becomes stupid or wild1 or even vicious1 or1 again1 acting as though attacked with blind staggers4 ,under the name of ,crotalaria1 ,h4 ,gibbons1#if in #ahgi1 refers to a plant growing in ,california which it was claimed was producing characteristic symptoms of poisoning in horses and sheep4 ,this plant ,professor ,maisch afterwards identified as ,aragallus lamberti4 ,dr4 ,isaac ,ott#ig undertook the physiological study of the question and used an alcoholic extract of ,astragalus mollissimus4 ,he found from its action on frogs1 rabbits1 and cats that the plant had decided physiological action1 as follows3 7#a7 ,it decreases the irritability of the motor nerves4 7#b7 ,greatly affects the sensory ganglia of the central nervous system1 preventing them from readily receiving impressions4 7#c7 ,has a spinal tetanic action4 7#d7 ,kills mainly by arrest of the heart4 7#e7 ,increases the salivary secretion4 7#f7 ,has a stupefying action on the brain4 7#g7 ,reduces the cardiac force and frequency4 7#h7 ,temporarily increases arterial tension1 but finally decreases it4 7#i7 ,it greatly dilates the pupil4 ,doctor ,stockman1 in ,england1 about this time tried the action of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus sent from ,texas4 ,he experimented with frogs and rabbits in increasing doses1 but without result4#ih ,in #ahhh ,hill reported that a species of ,astragalus was acting detrimentally on cattle1 goats1 and sheep in ,cyprus and that these animals fell down as if intoxicated1 and also that the natives in time of great drought feed their cattle with this plant mixed with straw1 but that they were always made sick until they became used to it4 ,in #ahhe ,professor ,sayre1 of the ,university of ,kansas1 undertook the investigation of the loco question4 ,his first report was made in the ,transactions of the ,kansas ,academy of ,sciences for #ahhe1 and his reports have been continued at various periods up to #aijd4 ,the results of his experiments on various animals--dogs1 cats1 and frogs#ii--;have been entirely negative4 ,he administered alcoholic preparations to himself and took them until they became too nauseous to continue1 and found they produced absolutely no symptoms besides the nausea4 ,he suggests1 however1 that if the plant really is poisonous it is due to its fine hairs1 which might mechanically cause death4 ,sayre has stated that he has sent thousands of pounds of the dried loco plants to various investigators in ,america and ,europe1 but all reports were negative as to pharmacological activity4 ,he has1 however1 done some work on the pure chemistry of the plant and found that the plant contained #aj per cent of moisture and yielded #ab4ja per cent of ash4 ,of this ash1 #be per cent was soluble in water1 while #ej4f per cent was soluble in ,h,cl4 ,the insoluble portion consisted largely of silica4 ,he found ,ca,o1 ,k#b,o1 ,mg,o1 ,al#b,o#c1 and ,fe#b,o#c1 with the acid radicals ,,so#c1 ,cl1 ,p#b,o#e1 ,,co#b1 and ,si,o#b4ajj ,although ,sayre claims that the plant is physiologically inactive1 he tried by chemical means to isolate a physiologically active body and1 naturally enough under the circumstances1 failed to find one4 ,he claims that while the plant might give alkaloid reactions1 he was unable to isolate this body in a pure state1 and that alfalfa reacted similarly4 ,the investigation on animals was continued by ,kennedy4#aja ,he administered an infusion of #a_/b ounce of green ,astragalus mollissimus to a fasting dog weighing #bc pounds1 but there were no symptoms after #ab hours4 ,a decoction of #a ounce of the green plant and one of #d ounces of the dried plant were likewise without action4 ,extracts with hydrochloric acid were also inactive4 ,when #djj grams of the dried and powdered plant were fed in substance the result was merely to increase the appetite4 ,the organic acid obtained from #d ounces of the plant was also found to be inert4 ,kennedy did not state in what season the plant was collected and from what locality it was obtained1 but says simply that the plant extract was inactive to a dog1 a carnivorous animal1 and that therefore the plant is nonpoisonous4 ,he adds that death might be due to the tough fibers and indigestible character of the plant4 ,he overlooks1 however1 the fact that the plant might vary in its toxicity1 and he infers from the experiments on carnivorous animals that these results would hold good for herbivora1 yet he does not claim that carnivora become locoed in nature4 ,kennedy found that the plant lost #hj per cent in weight on drying and that the water extract which represented #cj4f per cent of the powdered and dried plant contained magnesium sulphate and sodium chlorid1 tannic acid1 gum1 coloring matter1 an extractive1 and a peculiar organic acid4 ,the ashed plant yielded #bj per cent of ash1 consisting of magnesium sulphate1 sodium chlorid1 alumina1 silica1 and a trace of iron4 ,the abundant precipitate produced by the alkaline hydrates1 potassium1 sodium1 and ammonium was found to consist of magnesium hydrate1 an abundance of this base being present in the plant4 ,kennedy also obtained alkaloidal reactions1 but failed to isolate the body giving these reactions4 ,in #ahhi the investigations were greatly stimulated by the report of ,doctor ,day1#ajb then of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,she claimed that she was able to produce marked physiological symptoms1 using both ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti in her work4 ,she administered daily #fj to #gj c4c4 of a decoction#ajc of the plants to kittens1 together with abundant milk and other food4 ,she states that in two days-- ,the kittens became less active1 the coat grew rough1 appetite for ordinary food diminished and fondness for the loco increased1 diarrhea came on1 and retching and vomiting occasionally occurred4 ,the expression became peculiar and characteristic4 ,emaciation and the above symptoms progressively increased until the eighteenth day1 when periods of convulsive excitement supervened4 ,at times the convulsions were tetanic in character2 frothing at the mouth and throwing the head backward as in opisthotonus were marked4 ,at other times the kitten would stand on its hind legs and strike the air with its forepaws1 then fall backward and throw itself from side to side4 ,these periods of excitement were followed by perfect quiet1 the only apparent sign of life being the respiratory movements4 ,after a short interval of quiet the convulsive movements would recur4 ,these alternate periods of excitement and quiet lasted thirty-six hours1 when the posterior extremities became paralyzed1 and the kitten died about two hours afterward4 ,there was no apparent loss of consciousness before death4 ,the post-mortem examination revealed the presence of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum4 ,some of the ulcers had nearly perforated the walls of the stomach and duodenum4 ,the heart was in diastole2 brain and myel appeared normal4 ,as might be expected from the emaciated condition1 the entire body was anmic4 ,in a second case #fj to #gj cubic centimeters of a more concentrated decoction were fed daily1 with other food as before1 to a vigorous adult cat4 ,the symptoms of inactivity1 loss of appetite1 rough coat1 diarrhea1 and the peculiar expression of countenance were as in the first case4 ,by the twelfth day the cat was wasted almost to a skeleton1 and was correspondingly weak4 ,paralysis of the hind limbs came on1 and the cat died on the thirteenth day4 ,there were no periods of excitement in this case4 ,these cats developed a craving for the decoction and would beg for it as an ordinary kitten does for milk1 and when supplied would lie down contented4 ,doctor ,day made controls with healthy animals under the same conditions1 with the exception that they received no loco plant4 ,she also fed a young wild jack rabbit on milk and grass for a few days and then substituted fresh loco plants for grass4 ,at first the loco was refused1 but after two or three days the loco was eaten with as much relish as the grass had been4 ,after ten days of the milk and loco diet the rabbit was found dead1 with the head thrown back and the stomach ruptured4 ,subcutaneous injections of the concentrated decoction caused nervous twitchings in frogs and kittens1 and if large amounts were used death followed in from one to two hours from paralysis of the heart4 ,the same symptoms were produced in frogs by the injection of an alcoholic extract of the residue left after the evaporation to dryness of the decoction4 ,in other words1 ,doctor ,day was able to produce a chronic form of loco poisoning with the characteristic symptoms so often described save in the occurrence of diarrhea4 ,diarrhea is not usually noted on the range4 ,sayre had already reported an ulcerated condition of the intestines of a locoed cow similar to that described by ,doctor ,day as occurring in cats4 ,doctor ,day urged that the reason previous experimenters failed to produce symptoms was that they had used too small an amount of the plant and that by systematic feeding to healthy cats cases of loco disease may be produced4 ,storke states that ,dr4 ,v4 ,c4 ,vaughan1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 has since fully corroborated ,dr4 ,day's views4#ajd ,in her experiments ,doctor ,day used the leaves1 roots1 and stems of the plants gathered in ,september4 ,she believed that the greatest amount of poison is present in autumn and winter4 ,she later undertook the isolation of the active principle1 and proceeded as follows3#aje ,the roots1 stems1 and leaves were boiled ten hours1 strained1 and the decoction concentrated to a sirup1 poured1 while hot1 into a hot flask1 corked and set away4 ,at the end of ten days the sirup had separated into two layers--the upper a blackish liquid1 the lower a brownish sediment4 ,the liquid was poured into a flask and covered with six times its volume of very dilute alcohol1 #cj per cent 7the sediment also was washed with dilute alcohol1 to insure a complete removal of the liquid71 corked1 and let stand three days2 agitated occasionally1 then filtered1 and the filtrate slowly evaporated in the air1 when crystals were formed4 ,it was found important not to hurry the evaporation1 for when this took place too rapidly the crystals did not form4 ,these crystals are microscopic in size1 blue-white in color1 and of a variety of forms4 ,the most characteristic are slender and pointed1 arranged in rosettes or grouped in various ways4 ,they are soluble in distilled water and very dilute alcohol1 very sparingly soluble in strong alcohol1 not soluble in chloroform or ether4 ,the evaporated mass containing the crystals1 when dissolved in distilled water1 is slightly acid in reaction4 ,a small amount of this fed to a kitten produced the train of characteristic toxic symptoms--sleepiness1 loss of appetite1 retching1 and diarrhea--that is produced by quite large amounts of the decoction4 ,the crystals ,sayre#ajf claims to have already seen4 ,he says that they gave no precipitate with ,mayer's reagent1 platinum chlorid1 or with ammonia1 but that barium chlorid and ammonium oxalate gave a precipitate1 and he believes that they were in reality an inorganic combination of calcium1 so that while ,doctor ,day may have obtained an extract which produced characteristic symptoms she certainly has not isolated any pure active principle4 ,later she admitted that it was not possible to make positive statements as to the chemical character of the active principle4#ajg ,in #ahhd there was a fatal outbreak of a disorder in horses in portions of the ,missouri ,valley in ,iowa1 ,nebraska1 and ,dakota4 ,this was almost uniformly fatal in a few weeks or months4 ,the animals lost strength and became emaciated1 although they were kept in pasture where there was abundant grass4 ,there was marked stupor1 the animals falling asleep while eating1 and they would remain standing for a whole week1 sleeping much of the time1 with the head resting upon some object4 ,the post-mortem examination showed that in every instance there was marked hemorrhagic effusion into the fourth ventricle1 the liver and spleen were abnormally dense1 the walls of the intestines were almost destitute of blood1 and the stomach enormously distended with undigested food4 ,the post-mortem find and clinical symptoms suggested to ,stalker#ajh that this disorder was due to some plant analogous to ,astragalus mollissimus4 ,he found abundant in these regions ,crotalaria sagittalis1 or rattle-box1 one of the so-called loco weeds1 and by the administration per os to a young horse of an infusion of #ae pounds of the plant1 given in two days1 produced the clinical symptoms and the post-mortem condition of the brain which he previously observed on the range4 ,power and ,cambier#aji undertook the chemical study and the isolation of the active principle of this plant1 together with that of ,astragalus mollissimus4 ,they found that the ,astragalus mollissimus if distilled with water yielded a distillate which possessed a peculiar odor1 which they thought due to a trace of volatile oil4 ,on distilling with alkali they obtained ammonia and a trace of trimethylamine4 ,in the case of ,crotalaria only ammonia was found4#aaj ,they argued that because trimethylamine was not obtained in this case choline was not present4 ,on distilling the ,astragalus mollissimus with acidulated water 7,h#b,,so#d7 the distillate was found to contain acetic acid--settling the nature of the peculiar organic acid described by ,kennedy4 ,from this plant they obtained a resin or mixture of resinous bodies by extracting the plant with alcohol1 and after concentration precipitating with acid water4 ,these resins in doses of from #b to #e grains failed to produce any symptoms in kittens4 ,an albuminoid which was obtained by precipitating a concentrated aqueous extract of ,astragalus mollissimus by means of alcohol likewise was found to be inactive to a kitten in doses corresponding to #ej grams of the crude plant4 ,a globulin which was isolated by precipitation from a #aj per cent sodium chlorid solution proved also to be inactive in doses of #j4b gram4 ,they then extracted #c kilograms of these plants with #a_/b per cent sulphuric acid1 and after evaporation to a thick gum the mass was extracted with strong alcohol1 the alcoholic solution was evaporated1 and the alcoholic residue taken up in water and precipitated by neutral and basic lead acetates1 and after removing the lead with sulphureted hydrogen the filtrate gave precipitates with various alkaloidal reagents4 ,the sirupy residue which they obtained from ,astragalus mollissimus by decomposing the precipitate with ,mayer's solution administered to kittens in doses of #j4a gram produced merely frothing at the mouth with profuse flow of saliva1 but the animals soon recovered4 ,the presence of a large amount of calcium was shown but not estimated quantitatively4 ,power and ,cambier summed up their conclusions by stating that both the ,astragalus and the ,crotalaria contain very small amounts of toxic alkaloids1 to which they believe the symptoms of poisoning produced were due4 ,their work from a chemical standpoint is excellent1 but from a pharmacological point of view seems to be deficient2 in fact1 ,power does not claim to be a pharmacologist4 ,what would seem to be the proper course would have been to test for themselves the action of the plant on various animals and1 after deciding which reacted most characteristically1 test1 after various precipitations1 both the precipitates and filtrates on various animals to see whether the original symptoms and pathological lesions could be produced4 ,they failed1 however1 to test their mother substance4 ,it is well recognized that plants grown under varying conditions and on different soils vary in the amount of the physiologically active principle they contain4 ,in the case of ,crotalaria1 ,power and ,cambier had before them the experiment of ,stalker1 in which he reproduced the disorder by feeding the plant extract to horses1 yet they claimed that the body which they administered was the active principle1 merely because it produced some frothing at the mouth and salivation in a kitten4 ,the percentage of active principle they found would be too small to account for the symptoms1 except in the case of a very active compound4 ,certain of these precipitates were also later examined physiologically by ,o',brine4#aaa ,he also found the resin precipitated from an alcoholic extract of the plant and also the alcoholic extract from #b4b pounds of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus to be physiologically inactive4 ,oatman1#aab using ,power and ,cambier's method with alfalfa 7,medicago sativa71 obtained a noncrystalline mass which when given in #j4a gram dose caused frothing at the mouth in a kitten1 but no serious symptoms4 ,this #j4a gram represented about #e pounds of powdered leaves and tops of the plants4 ,since the appearance of ,power and ,cambier's work ,sayre has published various papers on the loco weeds in the ,transactions of the ,kansas ,academy of ,sciences for #aijc-d1 vol4 #ai1 p4 #aid1 #aije2 #aija-b1 vol4 #ah1 p4 #ada2 ,seventh ,biennial ,report of the ,state ,board of ,agriculture of ,kansas1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #ig1 #ahia2 ,journal of the ,kansas ,medical ,society1 vol4 #d1 pp4 #bbb and #bda1 #aijd1 etc4 ,he has contributed nothing especially new1 but says that the old theory that an alkaloidal poison is secreted in the plant causing the loco trouble has not been found tenable1 but wishes to be understood that he does not discredit the ground for the opinion that in some mysterious way certain disorders occur in cattle in connection with what is commonly called loco-weed4 ,he suggests that this connection might be somewhat similar to the relationship between the disorder caused by over-feeding half-starved animals on clover or alfalfa#aac and has had the plant analyzed as to its nutritive value1 giving the table in the ,transactions of the ,kansas ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 #ai1 p4 #aid4 ,he makes the suggestion that any injurious action the plants may have might be due to the fine1 hair-like projections on the plant which mechanically set up irritation4 ,this supposition can be thrown out at once by the experiment of ,day and others1 who induced symptoms in animals by extracts of the plant1 and by the fact that other coarse plants do not act similarly4 ,this fine1 hair-like material was found to constitute about #cc per cent of the plant on grinding4 ,but ,sayre himself does not seem to be positive as to any conclusion4 ,he1 like ,o',brine and others1 has obtained alkaloidal reactions from the plant1 but states he has obtained similar ones from alfalfa4#aad ,at one time he said3 ,i do not consider loco directly or indirectly the cause of the condition1 but am of the opinion that what is called locoed is1 first1 congestion of the brain and spinal marrow 7causing blindness and first symptoms71 and1 second1 softening to a greater or less extent4#aae ,these terms describing the alleged symptoms of locoism might occur in well recognized diseases resulting from brain lesions1 which latter occur in so-called forage poisoning and poisoning from foul drinking water1 etc4 ,we are not prepared to affirm or deny that the loco-weed produces a train of symptoms characteristic of the plant4#aaf ,again ,sayre states3 ,it seems not unreasonable to suppose that the peculiar condition of the animals of the plains1 when they gorge themselves with this highly nitrogenous weed1 has something to do with the disease4 ,a condition of malnutrition may set in and give rise to the rapid growth of a toxic-producing micro-organism or an irritating principle4 ,this principle may be capable of cultivation and of producing disease artificially4 ,be this as it may1 we feel warranted in saying that the so-called poison is a development within the animal1 not a product preexisting in the weed itself4 ,sayre also suggests the possibility of the plants producing hydro-cyanic acid1 which1 it is well known1 occurs in sorghum4#aag ,in the ,journal of the ,kansas ,medical ,society 7vol4 #d1 p4 #bdc71 he claims to have isolated a crystalline body1 but this he has not tested physiologically4 ,sayre especially deserves credit for keeping the loco investigation alive1 and no doubt his change in position is due to his lack of facilities for pharmacological testing4 ,carl ,ruedi#aa fed rabbits daily by a stomach tube with #aj c4c4 of an extract 7unstated strength7 of ,astragalus mollissimus and recorded the following results3 ,after only five injections one of the rabbits died1 and the post-mortem showed to a nicety the congestion of the whole tract of the vena port and the anmia of the brain4 ,i put six rabbits under the influence of loco1 and the effect was marked1 but not rapid1 if not given in very concentrated solutions4 ,the solutions were prepared differently1 and each of the rabbits had its own preparation1 but the effect was nearly the same4 ,in the beginning loco acts as a stimulant2 the animals get lively1 hilarious1 running about2 cleaning themselves1 etc4 ,this lasts about eight hours1 then they become very quiet1 sit in a corner of a box1 and one can do with them pretty nearly what one likes2 they do not move from the place1 or just run into another corner1 to fall back into the same complacent reverie4 ,one can leave the door open and hammer away at the box1 but they do not show any inclination to run away4 ,during the excitement1 however1 they become fierce1 and ,i had once the opportunity to watch one of the drollest things possible3 ,one of the rabbits1 two hours after dosing it1 got loose and ran under a porch4 ,a heavy tomcat came near this hole1 and commenced sniffing about2 this offended the rabbit highly1 and it jumped on the neck of the cat1 bit it through the skin1 and the cat ran screaming away4 ,when the animals are first under the influence of moderate doses of loco1 they suffer greatly from hypersthesia of the cutaneous nerves2 when one touches them with a stick while lying in a corner1 without hurting them1 one sees the platysma working away very forcibly1 and sometimes they utter sounds of pain4 ,according to my experiments the loco-weed works slowly but surely2 as soon as the anmia of the brain sets in1 the animals act in every respect mad like2 one hour they are excitable1 and then again dull and languid as can be4 ,the rabbits eat1 when well1 very quickly1 and whenever they have opportunity2 not so the locoed rabbit2 he eats slowly for a minute or two1 then he goes into a corner and meditates1 comes forward to nibble at a carrot or a piece of cabbage1 but he never eats greedily1 and does not steal it from the mouth of his neighbor1 or only very exceptionally4 ,i observed these rabbits for ten days2 they did not die1 because ,i gave them weaker solutions2 but they all became very ill1 and as ,i had to leave the park ,i killed them with the needle inserted into the medulla oblongata1 and made the post-mortem4 ,in all of these cases ,i found great congestion in the abdomen1 and marked anmia of the brain4 ,the congestion of the vena port commences certainly very early1 but still the first symptoms are the nervous symptoms1 first as excitants1 then depressing or sedative1 with a marked hypersthesia of the cutaneous nerves4 ,ruedi made an attempt to isolate the active principle and separated a base1 which he calls locoin1 from an ether shaking4 ,this base1 however1 he found to be physiologically inactive1 but believes the activity to be due to a body which he calls loco-acid1 which is present in the mother liquid after the shaking with ether4 ,he1 however1 has not obtained this in any degree of purity and gives no chemical data to substantiate this statement save that the fluid was acid4 ,experiments made at the ,university of ,pennsylvania with certain loco plants on cats1 dogs1 and rabbits proved negative4#aai ,other experiments on rabbits have been made by ,doctor ,lewis4 ,these rabbits were fed on the leaves1 stem1 and whole plant1 and also extracts of one of the loco plants 7presumably ,astragalus mollissimus7 for one or two months1 without producing any noticeable effect4#abj ,this uncertainty in the results of the investigation as to the cause of the loco disease turned the attention of observers into other lines4 ,president ,ingersoll1#aba of the ,state ,agricultural ,college of ,colorado1 in his autopsies on sheep was struck by the presence of tapeworms 7,taenia expansa7 in the gall duct and small intestines4 ,he apparently tried to prove a relationship between the tapeworms and the locoed condition by feeding the extract of a loco plant to sheep1 and thus showing its harmlessness4 ,he prepared a decoction from #bj pounds of loco plant 7the species was not stated7 and boiled this down from #ab gallons to #a quart4 ,this concentrated extract was fed in three days to a bottle-fed lamb2 this lamb showed no symptoms1 although kept under observation for two weeks4 ,this theory of the causation of loco by worms was also considered by ,curtice1#abb and later brought forward by ,steele#abc and ,marshall4#abd ,this idea is very suggestive when considered in relation to the etiology of bothriocephalous anmia4#abe ,others1 again1 have claimed that the disease is due to a parasite found upon the loco plants1 but all specimens examined by entomologists proved to be harmless4#abf ,lloyd1 from his study of the subject1 says3 ,from first to last ,i have failed in obtaining a characteristic proximate principle1 either from the fresh or dried plant4 ,the disease called loco was as murky as the milk sickness so prevalent in the new settlements of ,indiana and ,kentucky in early days1 and1 like the numberless herbs that have been presumed to produce that obscure peculiar disease1 milk sickness1 loco was unresponsive to my chemistry4#abg ,it may be safely said that if a specimen of the plant were to be examined in the ordinary manner by a chemist who had no idea of its importance he would report that it did not contain a characteristic proximate constituent4#abh ,can it be that an admixture of loco and some undetermined plant or earth infected with bacteria taken with the roots1 each innocuous under other conditions1 can by digestion together in the stomach and intestines result in the production of a poison8#abi ,to sum up1 it seems to the writer that the poison of loco is a product1 and not an educt4#acj ,but ,lloyd adds1 in speaking of the reports of various experts and ranchmen3 ,their description concerning its toxic action on animals agreed1 and it was folly to argue that so many observers from so many sections of the country could be misled4 ,there must be an undetermined something behind the loco-weed4#aca ,in #ahic ,o',brine1 from ,colorado1 and ,mayo1 from ,kansas1 reported on their work with the loco plants4 ,o',brine failed to isolate any alkaloidal or other poisonous body1 and his feeding experiments on himself and on rabbits having failed1 he sums up in despair3 ,the more ,i examine the loco question1 the more ,i am persuaded that we must look for some other cause besides the loco-weed4#acb ,at the end of his report he gives some ash analyses but fails to interpret them4 ,he also fails to give details as to the method of obtaining and estimating his ash4 ,o',brine's ash analyses are as follows3 ,,key ,,to ,,ash ,,analysis3 ,a ,si,o#b4 ,b ,fe#b,o#c and ,al#b,o#c4 ,c ,ca,o4 ,d ,mg,o4 ,e ,k#b,o4 ,f ,na#b,o4 ,g ,h#b,,so#d ,h ,cl4 ,i ,p#b,o#e4 ,j ,,co#b ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,plant4,total ash4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,am #ab4aecb4ggaf4bf #f4jec4aaac4cjc4bac4i #j4dgf4abaj4ee ,,al #ac4ebag4jhab4baad4bgb4fbag4bfe4gec4bbc4 hgc4cjag4cg ,,ac #ab4cf #g4hb #e4igab4ajc4eebc4cec4che4efi4j #d4fgbj4fb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,key ,,to ,,plants3 ,,am ,astragalus mollissimus 7whole plant7 ,,al ,aragallus lamberti 7whole plant7 ,,as ,astragalus caryocarpus ,these analyses are evidently incorrect1 as ,o',brine estimates a carbon content of #d4ac per cent for the first1 and for the second #b4bb per cent1 showing incomplete combustion4 ,mayo#acc experimented with alcoholic and aqueous extracts of dried ,astragalus mollissimus on guinea pigs1 with negative results1 and was first led to deny a relationship between the disease and the plants4 ,later1 as a result of the post-mortem findings1 he was convinced that his first conclusion was wrong and that the disease is certainly the result of animals feeding upon the loco-weed4 ,mayo says3 ,a careful survey of the experiments performed and observations noted leads me to the opinion that the disease known as loco is the result of malnutrition1 or a gradual starvation1 caused by the animals eating the plants known as loco weeds1 either ,astragalus mollissimus or ,aragallus lamberti4 ,if there is a narcotic principle in the plant1 chemists have failed to find it and a fluid extract does not possess it1 and a ton of the plant eaten by an animal ought to contain enough of the poisonous properties to destroy an animal4 ,kobert#acd has also tested the activity of ,astragalus mollissimus and says1 ,ich fand ,astragalus mollissimus ziemlich unwirksam4 ,doctor ,mc,eackran#ace fed dried ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti mixed with feed to a stabled animal for two months without result4 7,animal not stated74#acf ,similar negative experiments are reported from the ,state of ,washington1 but the amounts used were too small to form any conclusions4#acg ,mr4 ,v4 ,k4 ,chesnut#ach has busied himself with the loco problem1 but mainly in an executive capacity1 his own efforts being directed to the study of the relation of the loco plants to the disease on the range4 ,he has done no laboratory work4 ,chesnut and ,wilcox made numerous autopsies on sheep and experiments on animals4 ,they claimed that an extract of ,aragallus spicatus produced some slight narcotic action in rabbits4 ,their pathological examinations failed to show any characteristic lesion1 but they state that the cerebral membranes were in all cases slightly congested4 ,they deny any causative relationship to the presence of worms or with feeding upon alkalis4 ,they believe that sheep are more likely to become locoed if not salted regularly4 ,chesnut describes one case in which a lamb became locoed by nursing from a locoed mother4 ,in #aija ,reid ,hunt1 at that time a special agent of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 studied the loco question in ,montana1 working mainly with ,aragallus spicatus4 ,he moistened the ground-up plant with #ic per cent ethyl alcohol and then percolated it until exhausted4 ,this extract was evaporated and taken up with water so that #a c4c4 of the solution corresponded to #aj grams of the plant4 ,this was fed to an active young rabbit weighing #dij grams1 #f c4c4 being fed by the mouth and followed in about an hour by #aj c4c4 more1 and two hours after this by #ae c4c4 ,this rabbit showed no symptoms during the following day4 ,the next day it was very dull and there was marked muscular weakness1 as the rabbit's legs were spread wide apart and his nose rested on the ground4 ,later respiration became very slow and the pupils were dilated4 ,the paralytic symptoms increased and finally1 after a convulsive movement1 the animal died1 thirty-six hours after the first feeding4 ,hunt merely states of the post-mortem examination that the stomach was well filled and that the walls seem normal4 ,hunt tried to isolate an active principle by the ,dragendorff method1 but failed to obtain any physiologically active shakings4 ,he tried hypodermic injections of #hj per cent alcohol extractions of the fresh green plant1 and after the injection of an extract corresponding to #fj grams of the fresh plant there was no effect produced4 ,he tried to induce symptoms by feeding the plant itself to rabbits1 but was unsuccessful1 as the rabbits refused to eat the plant4 ,he was not able to induce symptoms with the extracts of the dried plant4#aci ,marshall#adj studied the loco question with regard to sheep and practically denies the existence of a locoed condition due to eating the loco plants1 but believes the condition due to bad feeding1 parasitism1 etc4 ,he lays great stress upon the presence of worms1 but fails to see that they may be merely a secondary infection superimposed upon an already morbid condition produced by eating the plants4 ,others have claimed that the cause is an insect living upon the loco plants4 ,others1 again1 have suggested an analogy with trypanosome disorders4 ,chesnut has held the view that many of the cases of so-called locoed sheep were really due to parasites1 but that there was a true locoed condition due to eating the loco weeds4 ,the lack of agreement in the results of the investigators has caused many to doubt any positive relation between the plant and the disease1 and even as late as #aijd ,payne#ada practically says these diseases are due to lack of nutrition and not to the loco plant4 ,the matter has been summed up in a recent work as follows3 ,though many chemists have sought for the constituents1 none have been able to locate the active properties1 the trace of alkaloids1 resins1 volatile and fixed oils having each in turn been found destitute of it4 ,yet the poisonous properties are fully established by field observations4 ,the destructiveness of these plants to stock is so great as to have probably caused upward of a million dollars loss in the aggregate1 and large bounties have been offered by ,state governments for an effective method of avoiding such losses4 ,it is considered very probable that the poisonous constituent is albuminoidal4#adb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #hc ,storke1 ,b4 ,f4 ,the ,loco ,weed4 ,med4 ,current1 vol4 #h1 p4 #aee4 #ahib4--,kellogg1 ,a4 ,california and ,colorado ,loco ,poisons4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,proc4 for #ahge1 vol4 #f1 p4 #c4 #ahgf4 ,,note4--,the very early reports of these loco plants were purely botanical4 ,see ,torrey1 ,j41 ,botany1 in ,report on the ,united ,states and ,mexican ,boundary ,survey1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,emory1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ef1 #ahei2 also ,botanical ,register1 ,london1 vol4 #ac1 pl4 #ajed1 #ahbg4 #hd ,vasey1 ,g4 ,plants ,poisonous to ,cattle in ,california4 ,rept4 of ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahgd1 p4 #aei4 #ahge4 #he ,vasey1 ,g4 ,botanical ,notes4 ,monthly ,reports of ,dept4 ,agriculture for #ahgc1 p4 #ejc4 #ahgd4 #hf ,vasey1 ,g4 ,botanical ,notes4 ,monthly ,reports of ,dept4 ,agriculture for #ahgd1 p4 #eac4 #ahge4 #hg ,brewer1 ,w4 ,h41 and ,watson1 ,s4 ,geological ,survey of ,california1 ,botany1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aee4 #ahgf4 #hh ,rothrock1 ,j4 ,t4 ,notes on ,economic ,botany1 in ,g4 ,m4 ,wheeler's ,report upon ,u4 ,s4 ,geographical ,surveys ,west of the ,one ,hundredth ,meridian1 vol4 #f1 p4 #dc4 #ahgh4 #hi ,kellogg1 ,a4 ,california and ,colorado ,loco ,poisons4 ,cal4 ,academy of ,sciences1 ,proc41 #ahge1 vol4 #f1 p4 #c4 #ahgf4 #ij ,rothrock1 ,j4 ,t4 ,poisonous ,properties of the ,leguminos4 ,acad4 of ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 ,proc41 vol4 #bi1 p4 #bgd4 #ahgg4 #ia ,prescott1 ,a4 ,b4 ,laboratory ,notes--,a ,partial ,analysis of the ,oxytropis ,lamberti4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,pharm41 vol4 #ej1 p4 #efd4 #ahgh4 #ib ,rept4 of ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahgh1 p4 #acd4 #ahgi4 #ic ,rept4 of ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahgi1 pp4 #hi1 #ij4 #ahhj4 #id ,rept4 of ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahhf1 p4 #ge4 #ahhg4 ,rept4 of ,commissioner of ,agriculture for #ahhd1 p4 #abc4 #ahhd4 #ie ,rothrock1 ,j4 ,t4 ,notes on ,economic ,botany1 in ,g4 ,m4 ,wheeler's ,report upon ,u4 ,s4 ,geographical ,surveys ,west of the ,one ,hundredth ,meridian1 vol4 #f1 p4 #dc4 #ahgh4 #if ,gibbons1 ,h4 ,poisonous ,effects of ,crotalaria--,vulgo ,rattle ,weed1 ,loco ,weed4 ,pacific ,med4 and ,surg4 ,journ41 vol4 #ba1 p4 #dif4 #ahgh-gi4 #ig ,ott1 ,i4 ,physiological ,action of ,astragalus ,mollissimus4 ,new ,remedies1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #bbg4 #ahhb4 #ih ,hill1 ,j4 ,r4 ,note on a ,species of ,astragalus from ,cyprus4 ,pharm4 ,journ4 and ,trans41 #c s41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #gab4 #ahhg-hh4 #ii ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco-,weed4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc41 vol4 #cf1 p4 #aab4 #ahhh4 #ajj ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #eef4 #ahhg4 #aja ,kennedy1 ,j4 ,loco ,weed 7,crazy ,weed74 ,pharm4 ,rec41 vol4 #h1 p4 #aig4 #ahhh4 #ajb ,day1 ,m4 ,g4 ,experimental ,demonstrations of the ,toxicity of the ,loco ,weed4 ,n4 ,y4 ,med4 ,journ41 vol4 #di1 p4 #bcg4 #ahhi4 #ajc ,presumably a #aj per cent decoction1 ,u4 ,s4 ,p4 #ajd ,storke1 ,r4 ,f4 ,the ,loco ,weed4 ,med4 ,current1 vol4 #h1 p4 #aeg4 #ahib4 #aje ,day1 ,m4 ,g4 ,the ,separation of the ,poison of the ,loco ,weed4 ,n4 ,y4 ,med4 ,journ41 vol4 #ej1 p4 #fjd4 #ahhi4 #ajf ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,active ,principle of ,loco ,weed4 ,notes on ,new ,remedies1 vol4 #b1 ,no4 #ab1 p4 #a4 #ajg ,day1 ,m4 ,g4 ,loco ,weed1 in ,f4 ,p4 ,foster's ,reference-,book of ,practical ,therapeutics1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ehh4 #ahif4 #ajh ,stalker1 ,m4 #ast ,ann4 ,rept4 ,state ,vet4 ,surg4 ,iowa1 p4 #af4 #ahhe4 #aji ,power1 ,f4 ,b41 and ,cambier1 ,j4 ,chemical ,examination of ,some ,loco-,weeds4 ,pharm4 ,rundschau1 vol4 #i1 p4 #h4 #ahia4--,power1 ,f4 ,b4 ,notes on the ,so-called ,loco ,weeds4 ,pharm4 ,rundschau1 vol4 #g1 p4 #acd1 #ahhi4--,see also ,hoffmann1 ,f41 ,loco-,weeds1 in ,pharm4 ,rundschau1 vol4 #g1 p4 #afh4 #ahhi4 #aaj ,kennedy1 ,j4 ,pharm4 ,rec41 vol4 #h1 p4 #aig4 #ahhh4 ,kennedy also obtained ammonia from ,astragalus mollissimus4 #aaa ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ah4 #ahic4 #aab ,oatman1 ,h4 ,c4 ,the ,poisonous ,principle of ,loco ,weed4 ,notes on ,new ,remedies1 vol4 #d1 p4 #ad4 #ahia-ib4 #aac ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,trans41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #ada4 #aijc4 #aad ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weeds4 #gth ,bienn4 ,rept4 ,kans4 ,state ,board ,agric4 for #ahhi-ij1 vol4 #ab1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ii4 #ahia4 #aae ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,further ,report on ,loco ,weeds4 ,notes on ,new ,remedies1 vol4 #d1 p4 #hj4 #ahia-ib4 #aaf ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,the ,loco ,disease4 ,journ4 ,kans4 ,med4 ,soc41 vol4 #d1 pp4 #bda-bdc4 #aijd4--,what is ,insanity in ,lower ,animals8 ,journ4 ,kans4 ,med4 ,soc41 vol4 #d1 p4 #bbb4 #aijd4 #aag ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,trans41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #add4 #aijc4 #aah ,ruedi1 ,c4 ,loco ,weed 7,astragalus ,mollissimus73 ,a ,toxico-,chemical ,study4 ,trans4 ,colo4 ,state ,med4 ,soc41 p4 #dah4 #ahie4--;,also ,treatment of ,animals ,poisoned by ,loco ,weed 7unpublished article74 #aai ,the ,loco ,disease4 ,therap4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ab1 p4 #cj4 #ahhh4 #abj ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,trans41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #adb4 #aijc4 #aba ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weeds4 #gth ,bien4 ,rept4 ,kansas ,state ,board ,agric4 for #ahhi-ahij1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ih4 #ahia4 #abb ,curtice1 ,c4 ,tape-,worm ,disease of ,sheep of the ,western ,plains4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #dth and #eth ,ann4 ,rept41 p4 #afg4 #ahhi4 #abc ,steele1 ,c4 ,d4 ,new ,theory about ,loco4 ,farm and ,ranch1 vol4 #bj1 ,no4 #ce1 p4 #a4 #aija4 #abd ,marshall1 ,h4 ,t4 ,loco ,weed ,disease of ,sheep4 ,johns ,hopkins ,hospital ,bul41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #aha4 #aijd4--;,data as to these parasites of sheep may be found in ,curtice1 ,c41 ,the ,animal ,parasites of ,sheep1 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 ,rept41 #ahij4 #abe ,faust1 ,e4 ,s41 and ,tallquist1 ,t4 ,w4 ,ueber d4 ,ursachen der ,bothriocephalus-anmie4 ,arch4 f4 ,exp4 ,path41 vol4 #eg1 p4 #cfg4 #aijg4 #abf ,walshia ,amorphella and the ,loco ,weed4 ,insect ,life1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ej4 #ahhi-ij4 ,snow1 ,f4 ,h4 ,loco-,weed4 ,science1 vol4 #i1 p4 #ib4 #ahhg4 #abg ,lloyd1 ,j4 ,u4 ,loco1 or ,crazy ,weed4 ,eclectic ,med4 ,journ41 vol4 #ec1 p4 #dhb4 #ahic4 #abh ,lloyd1 ,j4 ,u41 l4 c41 p4 #dhc4 #abi ,lloyd1 ,j4 ,u41 l4 c41 p4 #dhd4 ,,note4--,eccles had previously announced a somewhat similar idea4 ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e4 ,loco ,weed4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,pharm4 ,assoc41 vol4 #cf1 p4 #aae4 #ahhi4 #acj ,lloyd1 ,j4 ,u41 l4 c41 p4 #dhf4 #aca ,lloyd1 ,j4 ,u41 l4 c41 p4 #dhc4 #acb ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on the ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ag4 #ahic4 #acc ,mayo1 ,n4 ,s4 ,some ,observations on ,loco4 ,kans4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #ce1 p4 #aaf4 #ahic4 #acd ,kobert1 ,r4 ,lehrb4 d4 ,intoxikationen1 p4 #fae4 #ahic4 #ace ,o',brine1 ,d4 ,progress ,bulletin on ,loco and ,larkspur4 ,colo4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #be1 p4 #ac4 #ahic4 #acf ,after the manuscript of this bulletin was sent to the printer it was learned through ,professor ,carpenter that the animal was a horse4 #acg ,nelson1 ,s4 ,b4 ,feeding ,wild ,plants to ,sheep4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 ,bul4 #bb1 p4 #ab4 #ahih4 #ach ,chesnut1 ,v4 ,k41 and ,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 ,stock-,poisoning ,plants of ,montana4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,bot41 ,bul4 #bf1 p4 #ie4 #aija4--,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v4 ,plant ,poisoning of ,stock in ,montana4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #agth ,ann4 ,rept41 p4 #aaa4 #aijj4 ,,note4--,the writer wishes to acknowledge the great literary help ,mr4 ,chesnut's card catalogue has been to him in the preparation of this paper4 #aci ,unpublished report4 #adj ,marshall1 ,h4 ,t4 ,loco ,weed ,disease of ,sheep4 ,johns ,hopkins ,hospital ,bul41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #ahb4 #aijd4 #ada ,payne1 ,j4 ,e4 ,cattle ,raising on the ,plains4 ,colo4 ,agric4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #hg1 p4 #af4 #aijd4 #adb ,national ,standard ,dispensatory1 p4 #hfh4 #aije4 ,,note4--,the field experiments of ,harding and ,tudor are rather conclusive as to the relation of these plants to this disorder4 ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e41 ,loco ,weed1 ,amer4 ,vet4 ,rev41 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #eec-eed1 #ahhg--;,blankinship1 ,j4 ,w41 ,loco and ,some ,other ,poisonous ,plants in ,montana1 ,mont4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #de1 pp4 #hc-hd1 #aijc--,loco ,disease1 ,therap4 ,gaz41 vol4 #ab1 p4 #cj4 #ahih4 ,,notes ,,on ,,various ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,loco-,,weed ,,family4 ,astragalus caryocarpus is at times eaten in some of the ,western ,states1 but is claimed by some at certain stages of its growth to contain a poisonous principle4 ,frankforter1#adc from experiments on himself1 however1 denies this4 ,astragalus glycophyllus has been used as a diuretic and ,astragalus exscapus in the treatment of syphilis4#add ,the seed of ,a4 boeticus1 planted in ,germany and ,england1 are found to be the very best substitute for coffee yet tried1 and so used--roasted1 parched1 and mixed with coffee4#ade ,astragalus nuttallianus1 according to ,smith1#adf is a highly nutritious forage plant in spring4 ,astragalus crassicarpus has been prophesied by him to be a valuable addition to early spring soiling crops4 ,astragalus adsurgens 7nitidus7 and one or two other species of ,astragalus are still used in ,chinese medicine4#adg ,the ,indians of the ,southwest are familiar with certain loco plants4#adh ,the ,tewans of ,hano are said to eat the root of ,aragallus lamberti1 and ,astragalus mollissimus is applied locally for headaches by some of the ,arizona ,indians4 ,one of these species is used as a flavoring material by the ,coahuillas and is mixed with other plants as spices4#adi ,astragalus kentrophyta had a reputation among the ,navajos for the treatment of rabies4#aej ,the use of certain loco plants--,astragalus mollissimus--has been advocated on theoretical grounds in the treatment of certain forms of insanity1 but without favorable results4#aea ,in ,peru and ,chile ,astragalus garbancillo1 ,a4 unifultus1 and ,a4 ochroleucus have been considered injurious to animals4#aeb ,astragalus glyciphyllus and ,a4 alpinus have been used in ,europe as food for stock4#aec ,details as to the use of other ,astragali can be found in ,planchon1 ,g41 ,sur les ,astragales1 in ,journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chimie1 #eth series1 vol #bd1 p4 #dgc1 #ahia2 #eth series1 vol4 #be1 pp4 #afi1 #bcc1 #ahib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #adc ,frankforter1 ,g4 ,b4 ,a ,chemical ,study of ,astragalus ,caryocarpus4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,pharm41 vol4 #gb1 p4 #cbj4 #aijj4 #add ,maisch1 ,j4 ,m4 ,poisonous ,species of ,astragalus4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,pharm41 vol4 #ea1 p4 #bdj4 #ahgi4--;,fleurot4 ,chimiques et ,pharmaceutiques sur la ,racines d',astragale sans ,tiges4 ,journ4 de ,chim4 ,med41 vol4 #aj1 p4 #fef4 #ahcd4 #ade ,porcher1 ,f4 ,p4 ,resources of the ,southern ,fields and ,forests1 p4 #bjd4 #ahfi4 #adf ,smith1 ,j4 ,g4 ,fodder and ,forage ,plants4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agric41 ,div4 ,agrost41 ,bul4 #b 7rev4 ed471 p4 #ab4 #aijj4 #adg ,holmes1 ,e4 ,m4 ,notes on ,chinese ,drugs4 ,pharm4 ,journ4 and ,trans41 vol4 #ba1 #c s41 p4 #aadi4 #ahia4 #adh ,hough1 ,w4 ,environmental ,interrelations in ,arizona4 ,amer4 ,anthropologist1 vol4 #aa1 pp4 #adc1 #adg4 #ahih4 #adi ,barrows1 ,d4 ,p4 ,ethno-,botany of the ,coahuilla ,indians of ,southern ,california1 p4 #fg4 #aijj4 #aej ,matthews1 ,w4 ,navajo ,names for ,plants4 ,amer4 ,nat41 vol4 #bj1 p4 #ggb4 #ahhf4 #aea ,givens1 ,a4 ,j4 ,loco or ,crazy ,weed4 ,med4 ,century1 vol4 #a4 p4 #ba4 #ahic4--;,compare ,hurd1 ,h4 ,m4 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,insanity1 vol4 #db1 p4 #agh4 #ahhe-hf4 #aeb ,rosenthal1 ,d4 ,a4 ,synopsis ,plantarum ,diaphoricarum1 ,erlangen1 #ahfa1 p4 #ajjd4 ,greshoff1 ,m4 ,beschrijving d4 ,giftige en ,bedwelmeude ,planten bij de ,vischvangst in ,gebrulk1 p4 #ea4 #aijj4 #aec ,pott1 ,e4 ,handb4 d4 tierisch4 ,ernhrung1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aac4 #aijg4 ,,laboratory ,,experiments--,,physiological4 ,the first point in our investigations was to determine whether the plant exerted any poisonous action and to find some animal which responded regularly to it2 then to ascertain if the lack of results of previous investigators was not due to insufficient doses1 and later to see if by feeding smaller amounts at repeated intervals symptoms comparable to those described as occurring on the range could not be produced4 ,the animal finally selected was the rabbit4 ,,experiments ,,on ,,rabbits4 ,,acute ,,cases4 ,experiment ,no4 #a4--,on ,september #h1 #aije1 an aqueous extract of #ccc grams of fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 made in ,hugo1 ,colo41 and shipped preserved in chloroform1#aed killed a rabbit weighing #a1faf grams in one hour and thirty-five minutes1 while an extract corresponding to #afg grams merely caused drowsiness and loss of appetite in a rabbit weighing #gfe grams4 ,experiment ,no4 #b4--,on ,november #bi1 #aije1 a rabbit weighing #a1afb4c grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of #ejj grams of fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 which had been shipped from ,hugo1 ,colo41 preserved in chloroform in sealed vessels4 ,this animal died in one hour and ten minutes4 ,the symptoms consisted in dullness1 rapid respiration1 and signs of pain4 ,at autopsy the stomach and upper part of the small intestines showed hemorrhagic ecchymoses1 with dilation of the dural vessels of the brain and cord1 with a clot over a portion of the spinal cord4 ,experiment ,no4 #c4--,on ,february #ac1 #aijf1 a rabbit weighing #iib grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of #ejj grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 collected in ,september and preserved in chloroform water4 ,before feeding1 the rabbit's ears were warm and the rabbit struggled when any attempt was made to turn him on his back4 ,the temperature at #aj4ej a4m41 the time of feeding1 was #ajc4e;,f42 at #aa4ae a4m41 #ajb4e;,f4 ,at #aa4cj a4m4 the rabbit was breathing very rapidly and would stay on his back for some time if placed so4 ,the temperature at this time was #ajb4f;,f4 ,both pupils1 the one exposed to the light and the one protected1 were contracted4 ,at #ab4jb p4m4 convulsive movements of the legs appeared4 ,the rabbit made one leap1 the temperature rose to #ajc4f;,f41 and after a few convulsive movements of the limbs the anus relaxed and a small stool appeared1 the pupils dilated1 and the animal died at #ab4jf p4m4 ,experiment ,no4 #d4--,the feeding of the extract of #dfd grams induced a fall in temperature of #b4d;,f4 in three hours1 and the rabbit died several hours later 7at night74 ,experiment ,no4 #e4--,march #b1 #aijf1 a rabbit weighing #ibh grams was fed with a concentrated extract of #ejj grams of the fresh seeds and pods of ,astragalus mollissimus1 made in ,september1 #aije1 and preserved with chloroform water4 ,this animal died in one hour and seven minutes4 ,the animal showed the usual post-mortem conditions4 ,it was thus found that the aqueous extract of #ejj grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus would cause death in about one hour in rabbits weighing about #b pounds 7#ijg grams71 these rabbits showing constant clinical symptoms--urination1 paralysis1 more or less convulsive muscular twitchings1 often terminating in general convulsions1 drowsiness1 and stupor1 with more or less anesthesia4 ,the pupils at the time of death were often unequal4 ,at first there was usually a slight rise in temperature1 but this was soon succeeded by a fall4 ,often there were soft stools4 ,the post-mortem lesions in these cases were marked congestion1 with hemorrhages in the stomach walls and a secretion of thick mucus4 ,the portions of the stomach walls most affected were the dependent portions near the cardiac end4 ,the intestines showed dilatation of the blood vessels4 ,the mesenteric vessels and also the vessels in the cerebral portions of the dura were markedly dilated2 in some cases there were clots1 especially at the posterior portion of the brain1 between the cerebrum and the cerebellum4 ,at times there were clots over the dorsal portion of the cord4 ,on cutting into the brain the brain substance itself did not appear to be congested4 ,the cord seemed about normal1 but the vessels of its membranes were well marked4 ,the other organs showed nothing characteristic macroscopically4 ,these experiments were repeated many times and found to be constant4 ,these acute symptoms were likewise produced by an extract of #ejj grams of the fresh ,aragallus lamberti from ,arizona preserved in chloroform water 7rabbit weighing #a1iih grams74 ,an aqueous extract of #aej grams of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus#aee from ,imperial1 ,nebr4 7#aijf71 caused death in one hour and fifty-eight minutes in a rabbit weighing #a1ecj grams1 and an extract of #ajj grams killed in one hour and twenty-two minutes a rabbit weighing #gcf grams4 ,an aqueous extract of #ajj grams of the dried ,astragalus bigelowii induced death in one hour and thirty-eight minutes1 the rabbit weighing #a1ejb grams4 ,an aqueous extract of #aej grams of ,astragalus nitidus collected at ,woodland ,park1 ,colo41 in #aijf induced death in three hours and five minutes1 the rabbit weighing #a1fgb grams4 ,an aqueous extract of #bjj grams of the dried ,astragalus bisulcatus caused death after several hours 7at night71 the rabbit weighing #b1dbc grams4 ,in certain cases this production of acute symptoms was not entirely a question of salt action1 as was shown by certain other experiments4 ,in other cases salt action seems to be the important factor1 so that the production of these acute symptoms can not always be considered characteristic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #aed ,in all cases in which the plants were preserved with chloroform sealed vessels were used for shipping4 ,the chloroform was carefully evaporated off in vacuo before feeding the extract1 the evaporation requiring several hours4 ,the plants were collected by ,dr4 ,c4 ,dwight ,marsh1 in charge of the field investigations at ,hugo1 ,colo4 #aee ,all extracts from dried material were made at ,washington4 ,,chronic ,,cases4 ,experiment ,no4 #f4--;,february #ai1 #aijf1 a large gray rabbit weighing #b1jee4c grams was fed with #fj c4c4 of fluid representing the concentrated aqueous extract of #bej grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 collected ,september #ah1 #aije1 and preserved in chloroform4 ,this rabbit was very hard to hold4 ,the ears rested on the body4 ,the temperature at the time of feeding1 #a4cj p4m41 was #ajb4c;,f4 ,at #b4eg p4 m4 the animal looked dull but resisted handling4 ,at #c4cj p4m4 it urinated4 ,at #d4ae p4m4 the temperature was #ih4e;,f41 the pupils were about the same size as before feeding1 and the animal became much duller4 ,the next day at #ab4ej p4m4 the temperature was #ajb4d;,f41 and at this time the animal could be handled with greater ease4 ,the animal ate in the morning4 ,the same amount of extract was again fed at #a4bd p4 m4 ,at #a4ce p4m4 the animal was much duller and could be turned on his back with ease4 ,if disturbed he ran against the wall as if utterly unconscious of the obstruction4 ,the animal had soft1 liquid1 brown stools and tried to lie down as much as possible4 ,if turned on its back with the feet up it would stay so almost indefinitely4 ,temperature1 #ajc4h;,f42 respiration very rapid4 ,at #b4dj p4m4 the temperature was #ii4h;,f41 and the animal died a few minutes later4 ,after death the pupils were much contracted4 ,the vessels of the dura covering the brain were much dilated1 but the vessels inside the brain were not dilated4 ,the stomach walls were congested and marked with numerous petechi and covered with mucus4 ,experiment ,no4 #g4--,on ,february #ai1 #aijf1 a white and brown rabbit whose temperature was #ajc4b;,f4 was fed #cj c4c4 of aqueous fluid representing the concentrated extract of #abe grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 collected ,september1 #aije1 and preserved with chloroform4 ,the rabbit weighed #a1ejb4e grams4 ,this extract was fed at #a4de p4m41 and at #d4ae p4m4 the temperature was #ajb4f;,f41 but there were no marked symptoms4 ,the following day at #b4jd p4m4 the temperature registered #ajb4e;,f4 ,the same amount of extract was given at #b4ji p4m4 ,the temperature at #d p4m4 was #ii4h;,f41 the animal was dull1 and the pupils were perhaps a little smaller4 ,the animal could not be turned over without resistance4 ,the following day1 ,february #ba1 at #a4cj p4m4 the temperature was #ajb4f;,f41 and at #a4de the same amount of extract was given4 ,at #a4ed p4m4 the animal was much duller and the breathing was very rapid4 ,at #d4aj p4m4 the temperature was #aja4c;,f4 ,the animal had been dull ever since the feeding was begun4 ,it nibbled food shortly before the last feeding4 ,on ,february #bc the same amount of extract was given at #b4af p4m41 temperature #ii;,f4 ,the breathing was very rapid1 the ears shaking1 and there was a sleepy1 dull look about the animal4 ,at #c4cj p4m4 the animal was dull1 but would still walk about if disturbed4 ,at this time the animal weighed #a1dde4h grams4 ,at #d4cj p4m4 the temperature was #ajb;,f4 and the pupils were about normal size4 ,there was a marked sleepy look about the animal1 which sat quietly in its cage4 ,february #bd1 at #a p4m41 the animal was very dull and could with ease be turned on its back with its feet in the air4 ,it would sit in its cage perfectly quiet4 ,the weight at this time was #a1dag4e grams1 the temperature #if4f;,f4 ,on ,february #bf the animal weighed #a1cfj4h grams4 ,it was dull and refused to eat4 ,the abdomen felt very distended and tympanitic4 ,february #bg the weight was still #a1cfj4h grams1 and the animal sat in its cage as if asleep1 with eyes half closed4 ,there was no diarrhea and the abdomen was very distended4 ,at #aa4ae a4m4 there was a general convulsion and the animal fell over4 ,at #ab m4 the abdomen seemed even more swollen1 the animal was hardly able to walk1 and it fell over1 uttering a cry4 ,pupils were about normal--perhaps a little smaller4 ,the animal died at #ab4aj p4m4 ,the post-mortem1 made immediately after death1 showed the abdomen markedly tympanitic1 and the large intestines could be outlined through the abdominal walls with ease4 ,the large intestines were of a chocolate color1 intensely congested1 and marked with hemorrhages4 ,on opening the abdomen there was a decided putrefactive odor1 and about an ounce of bloody fluid was found in the peritoneal cavity1 together with fibrin flakes4 ,the stomach was pale1 the first three inches of the small intestine up to where it turned sharply were pale1 and below this the intestines were injected and full of gas and of a dark red color4 ,the kidneys were #c-a_/b centimeters long and were pale1 capsules easily peeled off2 cortex pale4 ,liver pale and infected with some coccide4 ,the gall bladder was one-quarter inch wide and one inch long4 ,spleen a trifle pale2 lungs pale1 nothing abnormal2 heart relaxed4 ,on opening the stomach gas and fluid1 with some food1 exuded4 ,the walls were pale1 but pink in some places4 ,there was no marked congestion or hemorrhage or perforation4 ,the mesenteric vessels were dilated4 ,the upper portion of the intestines contained a little mucus-like fluid1 but lower down became bloody1 and still lower contained pus-like fluid4 ,the walls were hemorrhagic4 ,the large intestine contained a soft1 fecal-like fluid1 very foul4 ,its walls were much congested and full of hemorrhagic points4 ,the cortex of the suprarenal bodies was sharply defined1 the medull brownish4 ,brain pale1 some dural vessels well marked1 no clots or hemorrhages4 ,base of brain pale4 ,no congestion seen on cutting into the brain4 ,spinal cord showed no hemorrhages or lymph effusions4 ,experiment ,no4 #h4--,on ,february #ah1 #aijf1 at #b p4m41 a rabbit whose temperature was #ajb4b;,f4 was fed with the aqueous extract of #abe grams of fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 collected in ,september1 #aije1 and preserved in chloroform1 #cj c4c4 of the fluid being used4 ,at #d4be p4m4 the temperature was #ajb4d;,f4 ,no symptoms were noted4 ,this rabbit weighed #a1fdd4c grams4 ,on ,february #bj at #b4ji p4m4 the temperature was #ajb4b;,f4 and the rabbit showed no symptoms4 ,the same dose was repeated at #b4ae p4m4 ,at #d p4m4 the temperature was #ajj4c;,f4 ,the rabbit was dull but could not be turned over without a struggle4 ,february #ba at #a4cj p4m4 the temperature was #aja4d;,f4 ,the same amount of extract was fed at #a4de p4m4 ,at this time the animal was dull and breathed more rapidly4 ,at #d4aj p4m4 the temperature was #ig4c;,f4 ,next day the same amount of extract was again given at #b p4m4 ,at #b4af p4m4 the breathing became rapid and the animal duller4 ,the ears were directed forward4 ,at #d4ae p4m4 the temperature was #aja4f;,f42 weight #a1geg4g grams2 animal slightly dull4 ,february #bd1 temperature #ajb;,f41 weight #a1ghf grams4 ,march #e1 weight #a1gbi4c grams4 ,the animal was fed at #c4bj p4m4 with a concentrated extract of #abe grams of ,astragalus mollissimus1 collected in ,september4 ,temperature at time of feeding #ajj4d;,f42 #c4dj p4m41 no symptoms2 #d p4m41 temperature #ajb;,f4 ,march #g1 weight #a1fdd4c grams2 ,march #h1 weight #a1fgb4f grams2 ,march #aj1 weight #a1gja grams2 ,march #ab1 weight #a1feh4d grams2 ,march #ad1 weight #a1gja grams4 ,in this case1 where the same dose was given in a period of five days1 very little effect on the rabbit was noted4 ,experiment ,no4 #i4--,on ,march #a1 #aijf1 a black rabbit weighing #b1ffd4h grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of #bej grams of fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 collected in the fall of #aije4 ,on ,march #e the weight was #b1bif4c grams4 ,the animal was then given the same amount of extract4 ,during the afternoon it passed mucus and thick pieces of feces and was dull2 respiration very rapid4 ,march #f1 weight #b1bhb grams2 ,march #g1 #c p4m41 animal very dull and would not eat2 sat hunched up1 but resisted being disturbed3 weight #b1caj4e grams4 ,march #h1 weight #b1ahc grams2 ,march #i1 weight #b1jfi4e grams4 ,pupils dilated2 finger could be run almost against the eye1 provided the lashes were not touched1 without the animal winking or paying any attention4 ,rabbit ate very little and had not urinated since the preceding day4 ,left ear had fallen to the side as if the animal were unable to support it4 ,weight1 #a1iab4h grams4 ,from ,march #i to ,march #aa1 #fg c4c4 of cloudy urine were voided4 ,this did not clear with acetic acid4 ,left eye tearing4 ,march #aj1 head held to right side4 ,march #ab1 weight #a1ghf grams4 ,left pupil smaller than right1 neither responding to light4 ,rabbit very weak4 ,march #ad1 weight #a1gbi4c grams4 ,would not eat4 ,march #af1 weight #a1fdd4c grams4 ,right pupil larger than left1 neither responding to light4 ,diarrhea present4 ,breathing noisy4 ,in sitting down she raised herself on her forelegs1 evidently to take the pressure off her abdomen1 which was distended4 ,if disturbed1 she would butt against the side of the cage1 apparently oblivious of its presence4 ,knee jerks were very active1 almost a clonus4 ,reflex from tendo ,achillis active4 ,march #ag1 forelegs spread out1 head falling to left side4 ,the temperature had fallen below #id;,f4 and would not register on the ordinary clinical thermometer4 ,the ears twitched1 the head was thrown back1 the abdomen was distended1 and the rabbit gritted its teeth4 ,died4 ,weight1 #a1eei4b grams4 ,brain and spinal cord pale4 ,dural vessels plainly seen but not marked4 ,intestinal vessels congested4 ,stomach pale2 nothing apparent macroscopically save a small pin-point ulcer4#aef ,heart relaxed4 ,post-mortem examination otherwise negative macroscopically4 ,experiment ,no4 #aj4--;,a mouse-colored rabbit weighing #a1ibg4h grams was fed ,february #ah1 #aijf1 at #b4bf p4m41 with a concentrated aqueous extract of #bej grams of fresh ,astragalus mollissimus collected in ,september1 #aije1 and preserved in chloroform water4 ,the temperature of this rabbit was #ajb4f;,f4 ,the fluid given was #dj c4c4 ,at #b4de p4m4 the rabbit urinated and at #b4eg p4m4 was dull and the respiration became rapid4 ,the animal then aborted and had three young1 two of which showed some movement after birth1 but were apparently premature4 ,on ,february #bc the temperature of this rabbit was #ajb4i;,f4 at #a4dj p4 m4 ,she was then fed with the same amount of the extract as before4 ,at #b4af p4m4 she lay down and became much duller2 left ear fallen to side4 ,at #c4cj p4m4 the rabbit was unable to stand4 ,the pupil of the eye exposed to the light was dilated4 ,the animal died without a struggle4 ,the stomach contained much bloody mucus4 ,in the dependent portion of the stomach near the cardiac end were marked petechi in the walls1 with bright-red blood in the stomach itself4 ,the heart was relaxed4 ,the intestines showed nothing abnormal4 ,the dural vessels of the brain were dilated2 there was a clot on the dura over the fourth ventricle4 ,spinal cord and kidneys normal1 the capsules not adhering4 ,weight1 #a1ghf grams at death4 ,experiment ,no4 #aa4--,on ,march #a1 #aijf1 a rabbit weighing #b1abf4b grams was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of #bej grams of the fresh ,aragallus lamberti preserved in chloroform water4 ,on ,march #e this dose was repeated1 #cg4e c4c4 of the fluid being used4 ,march #f the rabbit weighed #a1ief grams2 ,march #g1 #a1iac4f grams2 ,march #h1 #a1hbh4e grams2 ,march #i1 #a1gja grams2 ,march #ab1 #a1fgb4f grams2 ,march #ad1 #a1fdd4c grams4 ,experiment ,no4 #ab4 ,january #ai1 #aijf1 a concentrated aqueous extract of #ejj grams of the fresh ,aragallus lamberti preserved with chloroform water was fed to a rabbit weighing #ghe grams4 ,the temperature at #ab4aj p4m41 the time of feeding1 was #aja4f;,f4 ,the temperature #a hour and #dc minutes later was #id4f;,f41 and the animal died shortly after1 showing the same condition as occurred after feeding extracts of ,astragalus mollissimus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #aef ,compare ,plnius1 ,w41 ,beziehungen d4 ,geschwrs u4 d4 ,erosionen d4 ,magens z4 d4 funktionell4 ,strungen u4 ,krankh4 d4 ,darmes1 ,arch4 f4 ,verdauungsk41 vol4 #ac1 pp4 #ahj1 #bgj1 #aijg1 and ,tixier1 ,l41 ,anmies ,exper4 ,consc4 aux ,ulcr4 du ,pylore1 ,comp4 ,rend4 ,hebd4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 vol4 #fb1 p4 #ajda1 #aijg4 ,,pregnant ,,animals4 ,experiment ,no4 #ac4--;,a large1 gray1 pregnant rabbit weighing #b1hia4f grams was fed on ,february #bb1 #aijf1 with #db c4c4 of fluid1 corresponding to the aqueous extract of #bej grams of ,astragalus mollissimus collected in ,september and ,october1 #aije1 and preserved with chloroform4 ,at #d p4m4 the animal was dull1 but still resisted efforts to handle4 ,on ,february #bd this animal weighed #b1ggh4b grams1 and on ,february #bf it bore a litter of seven young rabbits4 ,one or two of these showed movements of the limbs1 but were apparently immature4 ,this rabbit on ,march #aj weighed #b1ecg4c grams2 ,march #ab1 #b1dch grams2 ,march #ad1 #b1ejh4i grams2 ,march #bb1 #b1did4g grams4 ,experiment ,no4 #ad4--,on ,march #a1 #aijf1 a black rabbit weighing #b1gba4f grams was fed at #ab4ae p4m4 with a concentrated aqueous extract of #bej grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus collected in ,september1 #aije4 ,on ,march #b it weighed #b1dch grams2 at #b4eh p4m4 it still resisted efforts to turn it on its back2 at #c4ae p4m4 it could be turned on its back with ease4 ,march #f the weight was #b1cch4h grams2 ,march #g the animal was very dull1 would not eat1 pupils dilated1 hind legs paralyzed2 died during the night2 weight1 #b1bfg4i grams4 ,the stomach walls were pale save at the dependent portion near the cardiac end1 where there was a hemorrhagic1 ulcerated area about #a-a_/b by #a-a_/b inches4 ,the intestines were full of gas1 but not hemorrhagic4 ,the uterus contained eight immature foeti4 ,the uterine walls were hemorrhagic4 ,the kidneys weighed #i-a_/b grams2 their medull were dark and the straight tubules well defined4 ,the cerebral dural vessels were congested and the spinal dural vessels were well defined4 ,the bladder was found contracted4 ,the blood gave no bands for methmoglobin1 but showed merely those of oxyhmoglobin on spectroscopic examination4 ,experiment ,no4 #ae4--;,control experiments made by feeding water were negative1 except when a large quantity 7#aej c4c47 of water was given to a rabbit weighing #a1jbj4e grams4 ,the animal died in #ab hours with marked pallor of the tissues 7hydrmia71 a pathological condition quite different from that obtained by feeding extracts of the loco plants1 and no such results were secured with the amount of water used in our feeding experiments1 #ej to #gj c4c4 ,,subcutaneous ,,injections4 ,experiment ,no4 #af4--,on ,february #bh1 #aijf1 a white rabbit weighing #eha4b grams was injected subcutaneously at #aj4ce a4m4 with a concentrated aqueous extract of #hc grams of fresh ,astragalus mollissimus collected in ,september1 #aije1 and preserved with chloroform4 ,the temperature before injection was #ajb4a;,f4 ,at #a4dj p4m4 the animal was dull2 at #c4ab p4m4 the temperature registered #ii4h;,f4 ,the animal died during the night4 ,the post-mortem examination was negative4 ,stomach pale2 heart relaxed save left ventricle1 which seemed contracted2 dural vessels of the brain dilated2 kidneys perhaps normal4 ,no microscopical examination4 ,experiment ,no4 #ag4--;,february #bh1 #aijf1 at #aj4be a4m41 a guinea pig weighing #dif grams was injected subcutaneously with a concentrated aqueous extract of #hc grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus preserved in chloroform water4 ,at #a4dj p4m4 there was muscular twitching4 ,the animal was dull and could be easily turned on his back4 ,the hind legs began to show weakness4 ,at #a4ej p4m4 the hind legs were almost completely paralyzed and the animal could be easily turned on his back4 ,muscles of the limbs twitched and semen was expelled4 ,animal died at #b4ae p4m4 ,post-mortem showed dural vessels of cord and brain full of blood4 ,stomach pinker than normal3 mesenteric vessels dilated4 ,heart almost empty of blood4 ,kidneys congested4 ,,summary ,,of ,,feeding ,,experiments ,,on ,,rabbits4 ,these experiments indicate that an acute form of poisoning may be induced by feeding concentrated aqueous extracts of ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti from ,hugo1 ,colo41 and ,imperial1 ,nebr41 to rabbits1 and that if the extract is given in smaller and repeated doses a more prolonged or chronic condition may follow4 ,the rabbits showing the chronic effects of these plants exhibit symptoms which have a marked parallelism with those reported as occurring in larger herbivora 7horses and cattle7 on the range when locoed2 that is1 the loss of appetite 7,experiment ,no4 #i71 the emaciation and loss in weight 7,experiment ,no4 #i71 the dullness and stupor1 with more or less anesthesia 7,experiment ,no4 #g71 the disturbance in the visual function 7,experiment ,no4 #i71 and the mental symptoms 7,experiment ,no4 #f74 ,the occasional abortion compares with what has been observed in larger animals4 ,the dried ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti still retained their poisonous properties1 as we were able to kill with aqueous extracts of the dried plants made in the laboratory under the proper conditions4 ,,experiments ,,on ,,sheep4 ,experiment ,no4 #a4--,on ,may #ca1 #aijf1 a sheep weighing #cb4b kilos was fed with a concentrated aqueous extract of #a1jjj grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus preserved in chloroform water4 ,the temperature at #aa o'clock1 the time of feeding1 was #ajc4d;,f4 ,at #aa4de a4m4 this dose was repeated4 ,at #ab o'clock the temperature was #ajd4a;,f4 ,at #ab4de the animal urinated4 ,at #a4aj p4m4 a similar extract of #b1jjj grams was fed4 ,the total liquid used was #a1ejj c4c4 ,on ,june #a no symptoms were noted4 ,on ,june #e an extract of #c1jjj grams of fresh ,aragallus lamberti and #c1jjj grams of ,astragalus mollissimus was fed4 ,after feeding this the animal could be easily turned over on its back and its ear pricked with impunity4 ,the animal at this time weighed #cj4h kilos4 ,on ,june #f1 at #aa a4m41 the temperature was #ajd;,f4 ,the sheep had numerous soft stools1 and was very dull1 and would not eat4 ,on ,june #g the temperature was #ajc4g;,f4 and the sheep still refused to eat4 ,on the #hth the temperature was #ajc4b;,f4 at #aj4dj a4m41 and the stools were still numerous and soft4 ,there were then fed #fdj c4c41 representing the aqueous extract of #d1jjj grams of the fresh ,aragallus lamberti4 ,the animal could be easily turned on its back4 ,it weighed at this time #bh4eg kilos4 ,on ,june #i1 at #aj4dg a4m41 the temperature was #ajc4d;,f4 ,the sheep still did not eat1 but had no diarrhea4 ,it now weighed #bg4i kilos1 and the temperature was #ajc;,f4 at #aj4de a4m4 ,on ,june #ac the animal began to eat1 and #a1gjj c4c4 of fluid1 representing #e1ejj grams of the fresh ,aragallus lamberti1 were fed4 ,the temperature at #ab4cj p4m4 was #ajc;,f4 ,on ,june #ad the temperature was #ajc4d;,f41 the animal weighed #bh4c kilos1 and refused food4 ,on ,june #af the weight was #bh4c kilos2 the temperature at #b p4m4 was #ajc4e;,f4 ,there was no diarrhea4 ,on ,june #ai the aqueous extract of #a1jjj grams of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus was fed with #dbj c4c4 of water4 ,the temperature was #ajb4f ,f4 ,on ,june #bj the temperature was #ajb4i;,f4 at #aj4de a4m4 ,on ,june #ba #ejj c4c41 representing the aqueous extract of #a1jjj grams of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus1 were again fed4 ,the animal now weighed #bf4i kilos4 ,on ,june #bf the animal weighed #bf kilos1 and its gait was very uncertain4 ,the temperature was #ajd4b;,f4 ,it was fed #cjj c4c4 of fluid1 representing the extract of #djj grams of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus4 ,on ,june #bi the animal weighed #bf4h kilos and the temperature was #ajb4h;,f4 ,it was fed the extract of #a1jjj grams of dried ,astragalus mollissimus in #ejj c4c4 of water4 ,on ,june #cj1 at #aj4de a4 m41 the temperature was #ajd4b;,f4 ,the animal was very dull and died at night4 ,at autopsy the intestines and stomach merely appeared pale4 ,there were no worms1 and the lungs and other organs appeared normal4 ,experiment ,no4 #b4--;,a lamb weighing #ae4d kilos was fed on ,july #f1 at #a4aj p4m41 with #fdj c4c4 of fluid1 representing the extract of #b1jjj grams of ,astragalus mollissimus4 ,at #a4ag p4m4 the animal could be turned on its back1 and it regained its feet with difficulty4 ,at #a4bd p4 m4 it urinated and had a stool4 ,the lamb died during the night4 ,the autopsy the following morning showed the heart filled with clots2 lungs normal save for hypostatic congestion4 ,the cerebral and dural vessels were dilated4 ,about #a-a_/b teaspoonfuls of bloody serum were found at the base of the brain4 ,there was none in the lateral ventricles1 and no clots4 ,the kidneys exhibited no marked congestion4 ,there was no fluid found in the peritoneal or the pleural or pericardial cavities4 ,the first stomach1 however1 contained small hemorrhagic spots1 and the second was black4 ,there were small hemorrhages in the intestines4 ,experiment ,no4 #c4--;,july #ac1 #aijf1 a sheep weighing #ai4e kilos was fed with #fdj c4c4 of fluid1 representing the extract of #b1jjj grams of ,aragallus lamberti4 ,the temperature at the time of feeding1 #a4aj p4 m41 was #aje4c;,f4 ,at #a4di p4m4 the sheep could be easily turned on its back4 ,at #b4bc p4m4 the temperature was #ajc4f;,f4 ,at #c4db p4m4 the temperature was #ajc4e;,f4 ,at #d4bj p4m4 the respiration was fairly rapid4 ,on ,july #ad1 at #aa4ae a4m41 the temperature was #ajc4f;,f4 ,the sheep would run about but could easily be turned over4 ,it had not eaten1 but there was diarrhea present4 ,july #ae1 at #c4cj p4m41 the temperature was #ajd;,f4 ,the animal had eaten4 ,on ,july #ag the temperature was #ajd;,f4 and the animal weighed #ah4h kilos4 ,on the #bgth it weighed #ag4b kilos2 on ,august #bi1 #bj4h kilos4 ,experiment ,no4 #d4--;,a lamb weighing #ai kilos was fed ,august #ba1 #aijf1 with #gdj c4c41 representing the aqueous extract of #b1ejj grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 shipped to ,washington in ,september1 #aije4 ,this animal ate at night1 but the following day was dull4 ,when seen on ,august #bg there was diarrhea present and the animal was still dull4 ,on the #bhth the animal died1 weighing #af4g kilos4 ,there was no autopsy on account of decomposition4 ,experiment ,no4 #e4--;,a lamb weighing #ae4f kilos was fed on ,september #d1 #aijf1 with an aqueous extract representing #c1ejj grams of the dried ,aragallus lamberti1 #a1jjj c4c4 of water being used4 ,the temperature at the time of feeding was #ajd4c;,f4 ,at #b4dh p4m4 the animal on rising to its feet developed a slight tremor of the fore legs and showed marked disinclination to stand on its feet4 ,the temperature was #ajd;,f4 ,the animal died at #d4be p4m4 ,the post-mortem was negative1 save for some reddening of the second stomach4#aeg ,these feeding experiments in sheep can not be considered quantitative1 because1 as is shown later1 aqueous extracts of dried plants are often inactive1 yet poisonous principles may be obtained from the plants by treatment with digestive fluids4 ,extracts of dried loco plants vary much in their toxicity2 with some the writer was unable to kill rabbits1 even when an extract of #cjj grams of the dried plant was used4 ,it is interesting to note that when the field station was established at ,hugo1 ,colo41 in #aije1 almost all the aqueous extracts of dried specimens sent to ,washington would produce the acute symptoms of poisoning in rabbits1 but during the third season of its existence many of the samples sent from the same area were much less active1 if not inactive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #aeg ,there was a slight odor of chloroform noticed on opening the stomach1 so that perhaps the imperfect removal of the chloroform due to a hurried evaporation of the extract should be taken into consideration in this case4 ,,laboratory ,,experiments--,,chemical4 ,the fact that the aqueous extract of #ejj grams of the fresh ,astragalus mollissimus1 or of #bjj grams 7in some cases #ajj grams7 of the dried plant1 when fed by mouth1 would regularly kill a rabbit weighing about #ijg grams1 with certain definite clinical symptoms and pathological lesions1 was at first arbitrarily selected as our test to aid in the isolation of the active principle4 ,later the production of chronic symptoms by the aqueous extract or digestion of #bjj grams of these dried plants given in doses of #ajj grams each on two successive days was considered essential4 ,carnivora1 such as dogs and cats1 vomit so easily as to render them unsuitable for these investigations4 ,the aqueous extract was distilled with and without steam1 also after acidifying with sulphuric acid1 and likewise after the addition of magnesium oxid1 but in all cases the distillate was inactive4 ,the concentrated aqueous extract was shaken by the ,dragendorff method with petroleum ether1 benzol1 chloroform1 ether1 and amyl alcohol1 both in alkaline and acid condition1 but the shakings yielded no physiologically active body4 ,shakings by the ,otto-,stas method also proved inactive4 ,lead acetate1 lead subacetate1 silver nitrate1 mercuric chlorid1 alcohol1 phosphotungstic acid1 trichloracetic acid1 ammonium hydrate1 sodium carbonate1 sodium hydrate1 ,mayer's solution1 uranyl acetate1 silver oxid1 and barium carbonate also failed to remove the active constituent4 ,they gave heavy precipitates in all cases1 but these proved inactive4 ,hydrocyanic acid was sought for with negative results4 ,the pathological lesions in the very acute cases suggested in some respects oxalic acid1 a saponin1 a metal1 or perhaps a toxalbumin as the active principle1 but none of the precipitants for saponins1 such as lead and copper1 or the magnesium oxid method yielded a body which was active4 ,proteids were excluded by the fact that the various proteid precipitants--alcohol1 trichloracetic acid1 lead subacetate1 mercuric sulphate or chlorid1 and salting out with ammonium sulphate and sodium chlorid 7complete saturation and half saturation7--failed to give an active precipitate4 ,glucosidal or alkaloidal bodies were also excluded4 ,on dialysing for twenty-four hours1 some of the active principle went into the dialysate and some remained in the dialyser4 ,ether yielded a precipitate from alcoholic solution which failed to kill4 ,the possibility of the activity of the plants being due to its normal acidity was excluded by neutralizing the extract with sodium hydrate and precipitating the salts with alcohol4 ,the filtrate proved active after removing the alcohol4 ,the negative results in looking for active alkaloidal1 or glucosidal1 or proteid bodies suggested that perhaps the action was due to some inorganic constituent4 ,the writer then boiled the extract three minutes and as the filtrate was still found active and the proteid precipitate inactive became convinced of the inorganic nature of the active constituents1 and finally incinerated the plant4 ,the acid extract from this was also active1 but death was delayed several hours4 ,this was believed to be due to the insoluble form into which the compound was converted4#aeh ,in fact1 the question of solubility and the avoidance of an acid reaction1 which of itself may kill1 are the main points to keep in mind4 ,these experiments indicated that the injurious action toward rabbits of the ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti collected at ,hugo1 ,colo41 was due to one or more inorganic constituents1#aei but it does not follow that all loco plants have the same poisonous principle nor that the same species occurring on all soils has the same poisonous action4#afj ,of ,astragalus mollissimus from ,imperial1 ,nebr41 collected in #aijf1 #bjj grams were ashed in a platinum bowl and extracted with water4 ,this aqueous extract when neutralized produced no marked symptoms in a rabbit and the weight of the animal remained about the same4 ,the ash undissolved after this extraction was then treated with acetic acid and water overnight1 and after carefully evaporating off the acetic acid on the bath 7tested by litmus paper7 the residue was fed1 partly in solution and partly suspended in water1 to a rabbit weighing #a1hjj4b grams4 ,next day the rabbit weighed #a1gga4h grams1 showed paralysis of the limbs1 and died during the morning4 ,the stomach was intensely reddened and contracted4 ,an extract of a similar ash was made by boiling the same amount with a large quantity of #id per cent alcohol4 ,this was evaporated in vacuo and taken in water and fed to a rabbit weighing #a1dei4i grams4 ,on the sixth day the animal died1 having lost #gj4i grams in weight4 ,the stomach showed reddening but no ulcers4 ,an acetic acid aqueous extract1 made from the ash after the alcoholic extraction1 proved inactive1 showing that the alcohol had removed the active bodies4 ,a #gj per cent alcohol extract of another ashed lot proved active1 killing the rabbit overnight4 ,of ,astragalus mollissimus from ,imperial1 ,nebr41 #bjj grams were ashed in a platinum bowl and the ash treated with acetic acid water4 ,after freeing from acid1 one half of the solution and emulsion was fed one day and the second half fed the following day4 ,the rabbit at the time of feeding weighed #a1bge4g grams4 ,fourteen days later the animal died1 weighing #a1aje4f grams4 ,no autopsy4 ,a similar extract of the ash from between #ajj and #aej grams of the same dried plant produced death in a rabbit weighing #a1aij grams in two hours and fifty-eight minutes4 ,the acetic acid extract of the ash of #abe grams of a mixture of the dried ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti received from ,hugo1 ,colo41 ,june1 #aijg1 after freeing from acid1 was fed to a rabbit weighing #a1cjd grams on ,july #bi4 ,on ,july #cj it weighed #a1ccb4d grams4 ,august #a it weighed #a1bai grams1 and it died the same day4 ,the stomach was reddened and showed ulcers4 ,a similar extract from #bej grams of the same dried plants on boiling gave a heavy precipitate1 but this precipitate was inactive1 while the filtrate killed a rabbit in four hours4 ,of dry ,aragallus lamberti collected in ,september1 #aijf1 #bjj grams were extracted with water and fed to a rabbit weighing #a1eaf4g grams4 ,two days later the animal weighed #a1cfj grams and died the same day4 ,the ash from #bjj grams of the same dried plant was extracted with acetic acid1 and after evaporating off the acid this was fed to a rabbit weighing #b1jde4c grams4 ,seven days later the animal weighed #a1gbi4c grams1 having lost #caf grams in weight4 ,the ash from #bej grams of the same species of plant1 after similar treatment with acetic acid1 induced death in a rabbit weighing #b1jfi grams in #b hours and #bj minutes4 ,the stomach was inflamed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #aeh ,work is now being done by the writer on the inorganic constituents of various plants4 #aei ,scattered throughout the veterinary literature one finds cases of poisoning in animals with symptoms similar to those occurring in locoed animals which are attributed to eating plants grown on a peculiar soil1 as in ,oserow1 ,ueber ,krankh4 d4 ,pferde1 welche ,aehnlichkeit mit der ,cerebro-spinal meningitis haben1 aber durch ,vergiftungen mit ,grsern von ,salzgrnden 7,salzmooren7 verursacht werden1 ,journ4 f4 ,allgem4 ,veterinr-,medicin1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 p4 #dhf1 #aijf4 ,abstract in ,jahresber4 ber d4 ,leistungen auf dem ,gebiete d4 ,veterinr-,medicin1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #bbf1 #aijf4--;,compare also tude sur ,quelques ,plantes ,vnneuses des ,regions ,calcaires1 ,bul4 ,soc4 ,cent4 de ,md4 ,vt41 vol4 #dh1 p4 #cgh4 #ahid4 #afj ,after completing this work the writer found that ,sayre had said that he had the suggestion that the harm coming from this plant is due to the inorganic constituents2 this clue has been followed up1 but like the others has brought us no nearer to the solution of the problem4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,trans41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #add4 #aijc4 ,,effect ,,of ,,the ,,aqueous ,,extract ,,of ,,ashed ,,loco ,,plants4 ,the filtrate from the ash from #bjj grams of dried ,astragalus mollissimus1 from ,imperial1 ,nebr41 after similar treatment with acetic acid water and freed from free acid1 killed a rabbit in several hours4 ,hydrochloric acid also rendered the toxic agent of the ash soluble in water1 but proved unsuitable for our work1 as it was found impossible to obtain neutral residues by mere evaporation on the bath4 ,at first one of the heavy metals or members of the ,h#b,s group#afa was suspected1 but on passing ,h#b,s into the slightly acid extract of the ash no active precipitate resulted1 but the filtrate remained active4#afb ,a special ,marsh test was1 however1 made for arsenic and antimony with negative results4 ,a test for tungsten with zinc and hydrochloric acid proved negative4 ,members of the ammonium sulphid group were then suspected1 but while ammonium hydrate alone gave a heavy white precipitate1 this precipitate1 as also the black one with ammonium sulphid1 proved inactive save when not thoroughly freed from acid 7used for solution74 ,the action of this ammonium sulphid precipitate on rabbits was watched for sixteen days1 but without result4 ,nevertheless1 the writer still suspected some of the rare earths4#afc ,sestini#afd had found that if certain plants were nourished with a solution of a beryllium salt1 in the ash of these plants could be shown the presence of beryllium4 ,two grams of beryllium chlorid were fed in aqueous solution to a rabbit weighing #a1hjj4b grams4 ,in four days this animal lost #bda grams and died4 ,the stomach showed the same general pallor seen in chronic locoed rabbits1 but no ulcers4 ,the tests for beryllium by ,sestini's method1 however1 failed to show beryllium in the active loco plants examined4 ,thorium chlorid1 cerium chlorid1 and lanthanum chlorid in #b-;gram doses and zirconium chlorid in #c-;gram doses produced no chronic symptoms in rabbits or1 in fact1 any disturbance4 ,titanium chlorid1 #b4e grams1 evaporated in the air and then fed in an emulsion to a rabbit1 also proved inactive1 but this inactivity may have been due to its insolubility4 ,thallium nitrate c4 p41 in aqueous solution1 in #b-;gram doses1 killed a rabbit weighing #b1aed4f grams in two hours and fifteen minutes4 ,the stomach in this case1 while pink1 was not hemorrhagic4 ,zirconium chlorid has an astringent taste1 and if fed repeatedly will cause the metallic astringent action4 ,on boiling an acetic acid solution of the ash with sodium acetate a precipitate formed4#afe ,the presence of zirconium was thus suspected and ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,sullivan1 of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 estimated it to be present in the ash of a sample of ,aragallus lamberti in about #j4ja per cent zirconium oxid1 with also #j4a per cent titanium dioxid4#aff ,zirconium chlorid1 #c grams1 was fed in aqueous solution to a rabbit weighing #hej4e grams4 ,this rabbit lost #if grams in seven days1 and was then fed #c grams more of the same solution and the following day #b grams more4 ,it died eight days later1 weighing #fef grams4 ,the stomach and intestines were contracted1 but showed no ulcers4 ,however1 #d grams killed a rabbit in two hours and thirty-two minutes4 ,the filtrate1 after treating an active solution of the ash with hydrogen peroxid1 proved active1 thus showing that zirconium was not entirely responsible for the poisonous action4 ,yttrium1 while not found in the plant1 was administered as yttrium chlorid to a rabbit weighing #a1ecj grams in #b-;gram doses in solution4 ,this animal gained #aac4d grams in five days4 ,didymium chlorid c4 p41 in #c-;gram doses1 was fed to a rabbit weighing #a1jbj grams4 ,this rabbit lost #gj grams in four days4 ,the administration of manganese acetate#afg in #b-;gram doses was followed by a gain in weight of a rabbit of #db4e grams1 while a dose of #c grams killed a rabbit weighing #a1jgg grams in two hours and thirty minutes4 ,wohlwill#afh has emphasized the fact that the members of the iron group owe their comparative harmlessness to not being absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract4 ,no zinc was found in the plant4#afi ,it is well recognized that potassium salts given hypodermically are decidedly toxic and that ammonium salts given per os will kill1 so that the writer considered the possibility of other members of the group being responsible for the injurious action4 ,the fact that the alkaline distillate of the plant proved inactive eliminated the ammonium salts4 ,csium chlorid c4 p41 #b grams1 was fed in aqueous solution to a rabbit weighing #a1jgg4b grams4 ,in six days this animal lost #bee grams in weight1 when it died4#agj ,a second rabbit1 weighing #a1jbj4e grams1 was fed with #b grams of the same solution and lost #cfh grams in twenty-one days4 ,the spectroscopic test1 however1 failed to show csium in the ashed plant4 ,rubidium chlorid c4 p41 in #b-;gram doses1 proved inactive4 ,the platinum chlorid precipitate from the extract of the plant proved inactive4 ,the fact that the filtrate after precipitation of the phosphates by tin and nitric acid and ,h#b,s was active excluded the phosphoric acid radical1 and the filtrate after treatment with ,ba,c,o#c and ,ag,o being active excluded the ,h#b,,so#d and ,h,cl radicals as the toxic body4 ,fluorine was proved to be absent4 ,a radio-active substance was suspected1 but ,dr4 ,l4 ,j4 ,briggs1 ,physicist of ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 reported that the dried plant showed no special amount of radio-activity4#aga ,power and ,cambier1 ,sayre1 and ,kennedy had previously called attention to the abundance of calcium in the plant1 and the writer's investigations confirm this4 ,pharmacologists are averse to believing calcium given per os poisonous4 ,the writer has1 however1 fed #e grams of the acetate of calcium in solution to a rabbit weighing #feb grams4 ,this animal died in two hours1 with marked irritation of the stomach1 the result being due to the so-called salt action4 ,much larger amounts were fed in divided doses1 but without injury4 ,calcium phosphate and calcium sulphate in #b-;gram doses proved harmless to a rabbit weighing about #a1djj grams4 ,three grams of magnesium acetate#agb were fed in solution for five successive days to a rabbit weighing #a1dag grams1 but without apparent effect4 ,strontium acetate c4 p41 in #b-;gram doses1 likewise caused no disturbance4#agc ,no strontium in any amount recognizable by chemical tests was proved in the plant4 ,so that by a process of exclusion the writer was forced to think of barium as the main cause of the trouble4 ,the writer noted that if the ashed plant was extracted with ,h#b,,so#d water and this extract freed from sulphuric acid with ,pb,c,o#c and ,h#b,s the solution proved inactive to rabbits and also that after this extraction the acetic acid extract of the ash failed to kill4 ,in other words1 the sulphate of our body was insoluble in water4 ,at times in passing ,h#b,s into active solutions of the ashed plant freed from the acetic acid by evaporation the filtrate and likewise the precipitate were inactive4 ,noyes and ,bray#agd have noted that if ,h#b,s is passed into certain solutions in the presence of an oxydizing agent1 such as ferric iron1 ,h#b,,so#d would be formed1 which would throw any barium out of solution4 ,in one blood-pressure record made with a dog 7vagi nerves cut71 a rise in blood pressure 7a characteristic physiological action of barium7 was seen to follow the intravenous injection of the aqueous extract of the plant1 in spite of its normal acid reaction4 ,accidentally the writer found that ,sprengel#age had reported the presence of barium in ,astragalus exscapus1 a closely allied plant4 ,barium has also been found in the vegetable world by ,scheele in #aghh1 and later by ,eckard1#agf who found it in beech1 while ,forchhammer#agg proved it in birch1 and ,lutterkorth found it in the soil of the same area in which ,eckard worked4 ,dworzak#agh noted the occurrence of traces of this element in wheat grown along the ,nile1 and ,knop#agi found it in the soil4 ,doctor ,balfour1 of ,khartum1 ,egypt1 informed the writer that he knew of no cases in which this barium in wheat had produced poisoning4 ,hornberger#ahj found barium both in the red beech grown in ,germany and in the soil on which these trees grew4 ,it has also been claimed that various marine plants may take up barium from the sea4#aha ,hillebrand#ahb has called attention to the fact that the igneous rocks of the ,rocky ,mountains showed a higher percentage of barium than rock from other portions of the ,united ,states1 so that under these conditions one might expect the presence of barium in plants growing in this region4 ,a sample of ,aragallus lamberti and one of ,astragalus mollissimus were sent to the ,bureau of ,chemistry for spectroscopic examination for various elements and they reported traces of barium in each4#ahc ,with these arguments the writer felt sure of the presence of barium1 and the matter was discussed with ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,sullivan1 of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 and he kindly corroborated the conclusions reached as to the presence of barium1 controlling its presence by means of the spectroscope1 and estimated it roughly as #j4a per cent ,ba,o in the ash of a sample of ,aragallus lamberti 7#f4c milligrams ,ba,s,o#d in #d grams ash74 ,this determination was made by ,hillebrand's method4 ,kobert has anticipated this result1 saying that all plants are in the position occasionally to take up barium combinations from the soil1 and the plants which thus contain barium may act injuriously to men and animals4#ahd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #afa ,swain1 ,r4 ,e41 and ,harkins1 ,w4 ,d4 ,arsenic in ,vegetation ,exposed to ,smelter ,smoke4 ,journ4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,soc41 vol4 #cj1 p4 #iae4 #aijh4--;,harkins1 ,w4 ,d41 and ,swain1 ,r4 ,e4 ,the ,chronic ,arsenical ,poisoning of ,herbivorous ,animals4 ,journ4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,soc41 vol4 #cj1 p4 #ibh1 #aijh4 #afb ,a similar extract was sent to the ,bureau of ,chemistry1 and that ,bureau also reported an absence of the elements of the ,h#b,s group4 #afc ,bachem1 ,c4 ,pharmakologisches ber einige ,edelerden4 ,arch4 ,internat4 de ,pharmacodyn41 vol4 #ag1 p4 #cfc4 #aijg4 #afd ,sestini1 ,f4 ,esper4 di ,vegetaz4 del ,frumento con ,sostituz4 della ,glucina alla ,magnesia4 ,staz4 ,sper4 ,agrar4 ,ital41 vol4 #bj1 p4 #bef4 #ahia4--;,di alcuni ,elementi ,chimici ,rari a ,trovarsi nei ,vegetabili4 ,staz4 ,sper4 ,agrar4 ,ital41 vol4 #ae1 p4 #bij4 #ahhh4 ,,note4--,the ammonium sulphid precipitate was very small if the phosphates were first removed with tin and nitric acid4 #afe ,bhm1 ,c4 ,r4 ,darstellung d4 seltenen ,erden1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dj4 #aije4 #aff ,wait1 ,c4 ,e4 ,occurrence of ,titanium4 ,journ4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,soc41 vol4 #ah1 p4 #djb4 #ahif4 ,,note4--,there seem to be no records of any study of the pharmacological action of titanium4 #afg ,compare ,jaksch1 ,r4 v4 ,ueber ,mangantoxikosen und ,manganophobie4 ,mnch4 ,med4 ,woch41 p4 #ifi4 #aijg4 #afh ,wohlwill1 ,f4 ,ueber d4 ,wirkung d4 ,metalle d4 ,nickelgruppe4 ,arch4 f4 ,exper4 ,path41 vol4 #ef1 p4 #dji4 #aijg4 #afi ,laband1 ,l4 ,zur ,verbreitung des ,zinkes im ,pflanzenreiche4 ,zeits4 f4 ,untersuch4 d4 ,nahrungs u4 ,genussmittel1 vol4 #d1 p4 #dhi4 #aija4 #agj ,csium occurs in various plants and the possibility of poisoning by this element must be considered4 ,it is hoped that the writer may be able to undertake a more thorough pharmacological study of this element4 #aga ,acqua1 ,c4 ,sull'accumulo di ,sostanze ,radioattive nei ,vegetali4 ,atti della ,reale ,accad4 dei ,lincei1 #e s1 vol4 #af1 sem4 #b1 p4 #ceg4 #aijg4 #agb ,compare ,meltzer1 ,s4 ,j4 ,toxicity of ,magnesium ,nitrate ,when ,given by ,mouth4 ,science1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #dgc4 #aijg4 #agc ,burgassi1 ,g4 ,modificaz4 del ,ricambio per ,azione dello ,stronzio4 ,archiv4 di ,farmacol41 vol4 #f1 p4 #eea4 #aijg4 #agd ,noyes1 ,a4 ,a41 and ,bray1 ,w4 ,c4 ,system of ,qualitative ,analysis for the ,common ,elements4 ,journ4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,soc41 vol4 #bi1 pp4 #afh1 #agb1 and #aia4 #aijg4 ,,note4--,barium sulphate is nontoxic on account of its insolubility4 ,orfila fed #af-bd grams to dogs without causing any disturbance4 ,bary1 ,a4 ,beitr4 z4 ,baryumwirkung4 ,dorpat1 #ahhh1 p4 #be4 #age ,sprengel1 ,c4 ,von den ,substanzen der ,ackerbrume und des ,untergrundes1 ,journ4 f4 ,techn4 u4 ,o,ekon4 ,chem41 vol4 #c1 p4 #cac4 #ahbh4 #agf ,eckard1 ,g4 ,e4 ,baryt1 ein ,bestandtheil der ,asche des ,buchenholzes4 ,annal4 der ,chem4 u4 ,pharm41 n4 s41 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bid4 #ahef4 #agg ,forchhammer1 ,j4 ,g4 ,ueber den ,einfluss des ,kochsalzes auf die ,bildung der ,mineralien4 ,annal4 d4 ,physik u4 ,chemie1 vol4 #e1 p4 #ia4 #aije4--,lutterkorth1 ,h4 ,kohlensurer ,baryt1 ein ,bestandtheil des ,sandsteines in der ,gegend von ,gttingen4 ,annal4 d4 ,chem4 u4 ,pharm41 n4 s41 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bif4 #ahef4 #agh ,dworzak1 ,h4 ,baryt unter den ,aschenbestandtheilen des4 gyptischen ,weizen4 ,landw4 ,versuchs4-,stat41 vol4 #ag1 p4 #cih4 #ahgd4 #agi ,knop1 ,w4 ,analysen von ,nilabsatz4 ,landw4 ,versuchs4-,stat41 vol4 #ag1 p4 #fe4 #ahgd4--;,compare also ,demoussy1 ,e41 ,absorption par les ,plantes de ,quelques ,sels ,solubles1 ,thse1 ,paris1 #ahii4--,knop1 ,w41 ,einige neue ,resultate der ,untersuchung ber die ,ernhrung der ,pflanze1 ,ber4 4 ,verhandl4 d4 knigl4 schs4 ,gesells4 d4 ,wissens4 zu ,leipzig1 ,math4 ,phys4 ,cl41 vol4 #bi1 p4 #aac1 #ahgg4--,suzuki1 ,u41 ,can ,strontium and ,barium ,replace ,calcium in ,phnogams8 ,bul4 ,coll4 ,agric4 ,tokio ,imp4 ,univ41 vol4 #d1 p4 #fi1 #aijj-aijb4 #ahj ,hornberger1 ,r4 ,ueber d4 ,vorkommen d4 ,baryums in d4 ,pflanze und im ,boden4 ,landw4 ,versuchs4-,stat41 vol4 #ea1 p4 #dgc4 #ahii4 #aha ,roscoe1 ,h4 ,e41 and ,schorlemmer1 ,c4 ,treatise on ,chemistry1 vol4 #b1 p4 #dee4 #ahig4 #ahb ,hillebrand1 ,w4 ,f4 ,analysis of ,silicate and ,carbonate ,rocks4 ,dept4 ,interior1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,bul4 #cje1 p4 #ah4 #aijg4 #ahc ,this report came from the ,plant ,analysis ,laboratory of the ,bureau of ,chemistry1 a different one from that which later controlled the writer's tests quantitatively and qualitatively4 ,in other words1 the conclusions of the writer as to the presence of barium were controlled by three separate individuals4 #ahd ,kobert1 ,r4 ,kann ein in einem ,pflanzenpulver gefundener abnorm hher ,barytgehalt erklrt werden durch direkte ,aufnahme von ,baryumsalze durch die lebende ,pflanze aus dem ,boden8 ,chem4 ,zeit41 vol4 #aj1 p4 #dia4 #ahii4 ,,note4--,the writer has also found barium in entirely different botanical families from the loco-weed1 and it is hoped a report can shortly be made of some of these4 ,,note4--,the first sample of ash analyzed by the ,bureau of ,chemistry had #j4ba per cent ,fe#b,o#c1 #j4ib per cent ,al#b,o#c1 #j4ih per cent ,ca,o1 #j4cg per cent ,mg,o1 #e4ej per cent ,si,o#b4 ,the second lot was only examined for certain constituents1 and gave ,k#b,o1 #b4be per cent2 ,ca,o1 #a4bj per cent2 ,mg,o1 #j4da per cent2 ,p#b,o#e1 #j4eb per cent2 and ,,so#c1 #j4bd per cent4 ,,total ,,ash ,,determinations ,,of ,,loco ,,plants4 ,the reports of the ash analyses of the loco plants show marked variations in the total amount of the ash4 ,thus1 from ,aragallus lamberti ,dyrenforth obtained #d4cb per cent and ,o',brine #ac4eb per cent of ash4 ,the ,bureau of ,chemistry analyzed two different samples of this dried plant and reported in one case #aa4ae per cent and in the second #aa4fd per cent of ash4 ,o',brine#ahe obtained #ac4eb per cent of ash from the same species4 ,the writer's analysis#ahf gave in one sample of ,aragallus lamberti1 collected at ,hugo1 ,colo41 in #aijg1 #ah4h per cent of ash2 a second lot 7#aijg71 #ab4dd per cent2 a third 7#aijf71 #aa per cent1 and a fourth 7,may1 #aije7 gave #cg4c per cent of ash4#ahg ,one lot from ,woodland ,park1 ,colo4 7,october1 #aijf71 gave #f4d per cent4 ,one lot from ,hugo1 ,colo4 7,october1 #aijg71 yielded #i4f per cent4 ,in the case of ,astragalus mollissimus1 ,wentz obtained #f4gf per cent1 ,sayre #ab4ja per cent1 ,kennedy #bj per cent1 ,o',brine #ab4ae per cent1 while the sample analyzed by the ,bureau of ,chemistry gave #ah4d per cent of ash4 ,one sample from ,kit ,carson ,county1 ,colo4 7,december1 #aijf71 which proved inactive physiologically1 gave an ash content of #f4i per cent4 ,a sample of ,astragalus missouriensis collected at ,hugo1 ,colo41 ,june1 #aijg1 yielded an ash content of #ba4h per cent1 and an ,astragalus missouriensis collected at ,pierre1 ,s4 ,dak41 ,september1 #aijg1 yielded #bg per cent4 ,an ,astragalus nitidus from ,custer1 ,s4 ,dak4 7,july1 #aijg71 gave #e4b per cent ash1 while an ,astragalus nitidus collected at ,woodland ,park1 ,colo41 in ,october1 #aijf1 yielded #g4h per cent1 and another specimen of ,astragalus nitidus also collected at ,woodland ,park1 ,colo41 in ,october1 #aijg1 gave #ab4b per cent4 ,an ,astragalus drummondii from ,custer1 ,s4 ,dak4 7,july1 #aijg71 gave #e4i per cent4 ,astragalus pectinatus 7,hugo1 ,june1 #aijg7 yielded #f4a per cent4 ,a fresh 7undried7 specimen of ,astragalus mollissimus 7unknown origin1 ,november1 #aijg7 yielded #c4h per cent of ash4 ,one sample of ,astragalus decumbens 7,ephraim1 ,utah1 ,august1 #aijg7 gave #ba4h per cent of ash4 ,these determinations must necessarily be only approximate1 as the plants were collected by different persons who exercised different degrees of care in freeing them from adherent soil1 and possibly in drying the plants1 so that the main value of these figures is their aid in determining the amount of barium present4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #ahe ,the detailed analysis of ,o',brine can be found on page #cb of this report4 #ahf ,all ash and barium determinations were made from the dried plants save when otherwise specified4 #ahg ,evidently these plants must have been imperfectly freed from soil4 ,,barium ,,determinations ,,in ,,the ,,ash ,,of ,,loco ,,plants4 ,attention has been called to the fact that in ashing plants containing barium a part at least of this barium is converted into the insoluble sulphate and a part into the carbonate1 so that the characteristic pharmacological action of the ash will depend not upon the total barium present1 but upon the form in which it occurs--little action if much ,ba,s,o#d1 and more complete if more ,ba,c,o#c results4 ,a further difficulty in the recognition of barium in plants is due to the fact that certain inorganic salts interfere with the precipitation by ,h#b,,so#d4 ,a specimen of ,aragallus lamberti 7,hugo1 summer of #aijg7 with #ab4dd per cent of ash was examined for its barium content by ,hillebrand's method4#ahh ,the method was as follows3 ,two grams of the ash were first fused with sodium carbonate and the fused mass washed with water containing sodium carbonate4 ,the residue was washed into a beaker and treated with a few drops of sulphuric acid4 ,the residue now remaining was filtered and after ignition was treated with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids4 ,after evaporating off these acids1 the residue was treated with sulphuric acid water1 filtered1 and then fused with sodium carbonate4 ,after extracting with sodium carbonate water1 the residue was dissolved in just enough hydrochloric acid and precipitated with sulphuric acid4 ,the precipitate was dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid and reprecipitated by water and weighed as ,ba,s,o#d4ahi ,so far as the writer can ascertain1 there have been no control experiments made for this method to determine the experimental error4 ,of the above ash1 #a4iih grams gave #e4b milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d1 which would correspond to #ge4ge milligrams of barium acetate crystals-- ,ba7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b;,h#b,o--in #bjj grams of the dried plant4 ,the residue by the ,hillebrand method after weighing was tested with the spectroscope and gave a bright spectrum for barium4 ,the same ash was analyzed by the ,bureau of ,chemistry1 using a shorter method1 and they reported #b4g milligrams of barium sulphate in #a4abag grams of ash4 ,a second sample collected earlier in the summer1 with an ash content of #ah4f per cent1 was shown to yield barium corresponding to #c4d milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d in #b4e grams of the ash4#aij ,one lot of ,aragallus lamberti collected at ,hugo1 ,colo41 in ,may1 #aije1 and which gave an ash content of #cg4c per cent1 was found to yield #c milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d from #a4iih grams of ash1 or #agc4hh milligrams of ,ba7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b;,h#b,o in #bjj grams of the dried plant1 but this ash also contained #j4bg per cent of ,,so#c4 ,the ,bureau of ,chemistry reported the barium to correspond to #b4i milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d in #b4de grams of the ash4 ,the ,astragalus missouriensis 7,hugo1 ,june1 #aijg71 with an ash content of #ba4h per cent1 gave #c milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d in #b4ja grams of ash1 or #gf4eh milligrams of ,ba7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b;,h#b,o in #bjj grams of the dried plant4 ,the residue after weighing was tested spectroscopically and gave a bright barium spectrum4 ,the ,astragalus drummondii from ,custer1 ,s4 ,dak4 7#aijf71 ,astragalus mollissimus from ,kit ,carson ,county1 ,colo4 7,december1 #aijf71 and ,astragalus nitidus from ,woodland ,park1 ,colo4 7,october1 #aijg71 were reported by the ,bureau of ,chemistry to contain no barium4 ,the ash of the ,astragalus pectinatus 7,hugo1 ,june1 #aijg7 was reported by the ,bureau of ,chemistry to show no barium on spectroscopic examination4 ,two grams of active loco plant ash yielded from #e to #f milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d1 but it can be easily seen that in multiplying this amount to correspond to #bjj grams of the dried plant errors would be likely to arise1 so that the whole amount of barium would not necessarily be accounted for4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #ahh ,hillebrand1 ,w4 ,f4 ,analysis of ,silicate and ,carbonate ,rocks4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bul4 #cje1 p4 #aaf4 #aijg4 ,see also ,folin1 ,o41 ,on the ,reduction of ,barium ,sulphate in ,ordinary ,gravimetric ,determinations1 in ,journ4 ,biol4 ,chem41 vol4 #c1 p4 #ha4 #aijg4 #ahi ,all the determinations of barium which resulted either positively or negatively were made with the same bottle of sodium carbonate and ,h#b,,so#d1 so that impurities in the chemicals were thus eliminated4 #aij ,report from ,bureau of ,chemistry4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,soils4 ,one sample of the soil from near ,hugo1 ,colo41 from which the ,aragallus lamberti was collected1 was examined by the ,bureau of ,soils1 and that ,bureau reported the absence of barium and zirconium1 at least of any recognizable by the chemical methods used1 so that it can not be said that the barium came from any soil accidentally mixed with the ash4 ,traces of titanium were1 however1 found4 ,evidently the plant must collect minimal quantities of these elements from the soil and store them4 ,the water from a well of an adjacent area was examined by the ,bureau of ,chemistry and reported to contain #cg4d parts of calcium and #ac4g parts of magnesium in one million1 and that the water contained no barium4#aia 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #aia ,barium has been found in well water in ,england4 ,see ,thorpe1 ,t4 ,e41 ,contribution to the ,history of the ,old ,sulphur ,well1 ,harrogate1 in ,philos4 ,mag41 #e s41 vol4 #b1 p4 #ej1 #ahgf4 ,,feeding ,,experiments ,,with ,,barium ,,salts ,,on ,,animals ,,in ,,the ,,laboratory4 ,on these figures the writer took #j4b gram of crystallized barium acetate c4 p41 using the acetate because acetic acid has been proved in certain loco plants by ,power and ,cambier1 and after dissolving it in water fed it at #i4de a4m4 to a rabbit weighing #a1agg grams4 ,the head soon fell forward so that the nose rested on the ground4 ,at #aj4eh a4m4 the rabbit seemed unable to guide itself and would run into obstructions if forced to move4 ,there was no diarrhea but it urinated several times4 ,there was a peculiar tremor of the muscles noted4 ,the animal would not startle by sudden noises and at #aa4jf a4m4 could be placed on its back with ease4 ,the pupils appeared about normal4 ,the whites of the eyes showed very prominently4 ,at #aa4ce a4m4 the fore legs were paralyzed4 ,the following morning the animal was dead1 its weight being #a1abj grams4 ,the heart was dilated2 the stomach was not hemorrhagic1 but rather pale4 ,a second rabbit1 which weighed #a1fcj grams1 was fed with a solution of #j4e gram of the same salt at #i4db a4m4 ,at #aj4ce a4m4 the animal passed soft stools and showed a marked disinclination to move1 with evidence of pain4 ,the diarrhea#aib became more marked and the animal's hind quarters were soiled with feces4 ,at #aj4dh a4m4 there was marked incoordination of the limbs and inability to stand4 ,finally1 at #aj4ef a4 m41 convulsions began and the animal died at #aa4jb a4m4 ,the autopsy was made about two hours later4 ,the animal was then rigid4 ,the kidneys seemed rather congested4 ,the intestines were relaxed2 mesenteric vessels dilated4 ,the pyloric region of the stomach appeared hemorrhagic4 ,a third rabbit1 fed like the preceding with #j4e gram of barium acetate1 showed much the same result4 ,in this case there was some retching1 but the other symptoms were as above1 the animal dying in one hour and five minutes4 ,no hemorrhages were seen in the stomach walls4 ,it was noted that after the administration of certain doses1 #j4b gram1 there was no diarrhea4 ,on ,september #bc1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #a1geg grams was fed at #aj4db a4 m4 with #j4a gram of the same barium acetate4 ,the temperature at the time of feeding was #ajb4i;,f4 ,at #ab4je a4m4 the animal urinated4 ,temperature1 #aja4d;,f4 ,on ,september #bd the animal weighed the same4 ,temperature at #aj4ee a4m41 #ajb4c;,f4 ,the same amount of barium was fed4 ,at #c4dj p4m4 the temperature was #ajb4e;,f4 ,on ,september #be the animal weighed #a1hjj grams4 ,temperature1 #ajb4b;,f4 at #aj4ci a4m4 ,the dose of barium was repeated4 ,at #c4ee p4m4 the temperature was #aja4d;,f4 ,on ,september #bf at #i4ch a4m4 the temperature was #aja4a;,f41 and again the barium was given4 ,at #c4eg p4m4 the temperature was #aja4e;,f4 ,on ,september #bg the rabbit weighed #a1ggb grams4 ,the temperature at #i4ec a4 m4 was #ajb4c;,f4 ,the barium was fed for the fifth time4 ,at #aj4bg a4m4 there were general convulsions4 ,the eyes teared4 ,at #aj4cb a4m4 soft stools appeared and the animal urinated4 ,stools were passed at various periods4 ,at #aa4cj a4m4 there were no signs of pain on pinching the ear4 ,at #aa4eh a4m4 the animal retched4 ,the animal was lying with the fore legs wide apart and could not support itself4 ,at #ab4je p4m4 the temperature was #ih;,f4 and the rabbit died shortly after4 ,the peritoneal cavity seemed normal4 ,the small intestines were relaxed1 while the mesenteric vessels were dilated4 ,the kidneys seemed congested4 ,the stomach walls were pink and in places covered with mucus4 ,the heart was relaxed save the left ventricle1 which seemed firm4 ,on ,september #bc1 #aijg1 a second rabbit1 weighing #a1cfj grams1 was fed with a similar solution and the feeding was repeated at the same time the first rabbit was fed4 ,on ,september #bg the animal weighed #a1daf grams4 ,on this day a peculiar movement of the hind legs on jumping appeared1 apparently due to an inability to draw the legs completely up1 and the fore legs were spread wide apart1 as if too weak to support the animal4 ,the temperature had also fallen4 ,on ,september #bh the animal had apparently recovered4 ,weight1 #a1eaf grams on ,october #ba4 ,on ,september #bc1 #aijg1 a third rabbit1 weighing #a1cjd grams1 was fed with #ej milligrams of barium acetate4 ,this dose was repeated each time the other two rabbits were fed4 ,on ,september #bg it weighed #a1cjd grams4 ,marked muscular twitching appeared1 with disinclination to move4 ,finally there were convulsions and paralysis of the limbs4 ,no stools were seen4 ,this animal lay quiet all night1 apparently unable to move1 and continued on its side until #c4ae p4m4 on ,september #bh1 when it gradually recovered1 weighing #a1cdf grams on ,october #bd4 ,on ,october #bd1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #a1cdf4e grams was fed with a solution of #be milligrams of crystallized barium acetate4 ,on the next day the weight was #a1cah grams1 and the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #bf it weighed #a1bge4g grams1 and the dose was repeated2 on ,october #cj it weighed #a1ccb grams1 and on ,october #ca its weight was #a1cge grams4 ,the animal died at night on ,november #f2 weight1 #a1acd grams4 ,the post-mortem examination1 made with ,dr4 ,meade ,bolton1 of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 was negative save for the presence of necrotic tissue in one enlarged thyroid4 ,on ,october #bd1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #a1ccb grams was fed with a solution of #be milligrams of crystallized barium acetate4 ,on the next day the animal weighed the same1 and the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #bf it weighed #a1bhi grams1 and the same amount of barium was given4 ,on ,october #bh the weight was #a1bai grams and two days later #a1bhi grams4 ,on ,october #ca1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #gbc grams was fed with a solution of #be milligrams of barium acetate4 ,this rabbit was fed in all nine times during a period of ten days4 ,at the end of this time it weighed #ggi grams and died six days later1 weighing #gbc grams4 ,the post-mortem was negative4 ,a rabbit weighing #ggi grams was also fed on ,october #ca1 #aijg1 with a similar amount of barium4 ,this dose was repeated six times during an interval of eight days4 ,at the end of that time the animal still retained its normal weight4 ,on ,november #ad1 #aijg1 it weighed #gji grams1 having lost #gj grams4 ,thus after daily doses of #j4a gram of crystallized barium acetate no symptoms appeared until the fifth day1 when death resulted4 ,after the similar administration of #ej milligrams severe symptoms developed on the same day1 but the animal recovered4 ,after the administration of #be milligrams on three successive days the animal died4 ,in other cases of feeding #be milligrams for several successive days1 some lost weight and died2 others merely lost in weight1 but recovered4 ,bary fed a rabbit weighing #j4i kilogram a solution of #cj milligrams of barium chlorid on one day1 on the second day #ij milligrams1 and on the third day #cj milligrams4 ,the only symptom noted was diarrhea4 ,the animal died on the fifth day4 ,in other words1 after feeding small doses of barium salts for several days acute symptoms suddenly set in1 showing a cumulative action4 ,this cumulative action has been noted on man4#aic ,onsum#aid fed a medium-sized rabbit daily with small doses of barium carbonate1 beginning with #bj milligrams4 ,when the total amount reached #j4ai grams the rabbit died4 ,the animal before death showed paralysis1 respiratory disturbances1 and fall in temperature4 ,the sensibility of the cornea diminished1 but the pupils responded to light4 ,the stomach walls showed ecchymoses and the blood vessels of the brain1 the spinal cord1 and the abdominal vessels were dilated4 ,emboli in the pulmonary arteries were also noted4 ,in a rabbit the application of #j4ff gram of barium chlorid to a wound was followed in twenty minutes by convulsions1 paralysis1 and finally coma and death4#aie ,of barium nitrate #j4ff gram mixed with sugar and fed to a rabbit caused death in less than one hour1 and #j4cc gram induced death in another rabbit in twenty-seven hours4#aif ,six grains 7#j4d gram7 of barium iodid fed in solution to a rabbit caused death the following day4 ,on this day there were tremors of the neck and shoulders with convulsive movements of the limbs4 ,there was also grinding of the teeth4 ,the mucous membrane of the stomach was rose-red at the cardia1 and softened4 ,membranes of the cord and brain also were congested4#aig ,for rabbits weighing #a1ejj to #b1jjj grams the lethal dose of barium chlorid on subcutaneous use is stated to be #j4je to #j4jf grams4#aih ,a rabbit weighing #a1ajf grams was fed with a solution containing #ej milligrams of crystallized barium acetate c4 p4 and #ej milligrams of zirconium chlorid 7pure74 ,in fifty-seven minutes the animal showed difficulty in moving the fore legs1 developing marked paralysis of the same about five hours later1 and died the following morning--that is1 twenty-two hours after feeding4 ,the heart was found dilated1 kidneys congested1 stomach walls pink and covered in places with mucus and partly digested blood1 and cerebral dural vessels dilated1 but no clots were seen2 bladder full4 ,mixtures of #j4e gram of calcium acetate and #ej milligrams of barium acetate failed to kill4 ,mixtures of titanium and barium were not tried1 as no titanium salt soluble in water and of neutral reaction was accessible4 ,mittelstaedt called attention to the fact that pregnant rabbits were more easily affected by the barium administration than nonpregnant ones1 and noted abortion in one case4#aii ,one gram of the barium carbonate killed a dog in eight hours4 ,a second dog died in fifteen hours4 ,both of these animals vomited so that a portion of this must have been lost4#bjj ,barium carbonate was formerly employed as a rat poison4#bja ,of barium chlorid #j4f gram1 fed in aqueous solution1 caused death in a dog in forty-eight minutes if vomiting was prevented4#bjb ,in ,tidy's hands #b grams of the barium nitrate caused death in a small terrier in three and three-fourth hours4 ,this dog had slight convulsions1 was almost unable to stand1 and had vomiting and purging4 ,the reflexes were diminished4 ,a small dog recovered only completely in five days after being fed #j4ff gram1 while a large dog after being fed #a4c grams only recovered after two days4 ,in cats #j4h gram of barium carbonate when introduced into a wound caused on the third day languor1 slow respiration1 feeble pulse1 twitching of hind legs1 dilated pupils1 and death4#bjc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #aib ,magnus1 ,r4 ,wirkungsweise u4 ,angriffspunkt einiger ,gifte am ,katzendarm4 ,archiv4 f4 ,gesam4 ,physiol41 vol4 #ajh1 p4 #dd1 #aije4 ,,note4--,reports on the histological changes in acute barium poisoning can be found in ,pilliet1 ,a41 and ,malbec1 ,a4 ,note sur les ,lesions ,histologiques du ,rein ,produits par les ,sels de ,baryte sur les ,animaux4 ,comp4 ,rend4 ,hebd4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 vol4 #d1 p4 #ieg4 #ahib4 ,literature on the pharmacology of barium not otherwise referred to is as follows3 ,boehm1 ,r4 ,ueber d4 ,wirkungen d4 ,barytsalze auf d4 ,thierkrper4 ,arch4 f4 ,exp4 ,path41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bag4 #ahge4--,sommer1 ,f4 ,beitr4 z4 ,kennt4 d4 ,baryum-,vergiftung4 ,dissert41 ,wrzburg1 #ahij4--,neumann1 ,j4 ,ueber den ,verbleib der in den thierischen ,organismus eingefhrten ,bariumsalzen4 ,archiv4 f4 ,gesam4 ,physiol41 vol4 #cf1 p4 #egf4 #ahhe4--;,hefftner1 ,a4 ,ausscheidung krperfremder ,substanzen im ,harn1 ,ergeb4 d4 ,physiol41 pt4 #a1 p4 #aba4 #aijc4--;,binet1 ,p4 ,recherches ,compar4 sur l',action ,physiol4 des ,mtaux1 ,alcalins et ,alcalino-terreux4 ,rev4 ,md4 de la ,suisse ,romande1 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ece1 #fjg4 #ahib4--;,cyon1 ,m4 ,ueber d4 toxisch4 ,wirkung4 d4 ,baryt u4 ,oxalsureverbindungen4 ,archiv4 f4 ,anat41 ,physiol4 u4 ,wissens4 ,med41 #ahff1 p4 #aif4--,mickwitz1 ,l4 ,vergleich4 ,untersuch4 4 d4 ,physiol4 ,wirkung d4 ,salze d4 ,alcalien u4 ,alcal4 ,erden4 ,dissert41 ,dorpat1 #ahgd4--;,heilborn1 ,f4 ,ueber ,vernderungen im ,darme nach ,vergift4 mit ,arsen1 ,chlorbarium und ,phosphor4 ,dissert41 ,wrzburg1 #ahia4--,reincke1 ,j4 ,j4 ,ein ,fall mehrfacher ,vergiftung durch kohlensuren ,baryt4 ,viertelj4 f4 gerichtl4 ,med41 n4 s41 vol4 #bh1 p4 #bdh4 #ahgh4--,orfila1 ,mmoire sur l',empoisonnement par les ,alcalis ,fixes4 ,journ4 de ,chimie ,md41 #b s41 vol4 #h4 p4 #bjj4 #ahdb4--,santi1 ,l4 ,se nel ,veneficio per ,sali di ,bario questo ,metallo passa alla ,urina8 ,gazz4 ,chem4 ,ital41 vol4 #cc1 pt4 #b1 p4 #bjb4 #aijc4--,weber1 ,f4 ,r4 ,barium ,chloride4 ,milwaukee ,med4 ,journ41 vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ci1 #fj4 #aijd4--,rabuteau4 ,de l',innocuit des ,sels de ,strontium ,compare l',activit du ,chlorure de ,baryum4 ,gaz4 ,md4 de ,paris1 #c s41 vol4 #bd1 p4 #bah4 #ahfi4--,the very early literature is considered in detail by ,bary4 #aic ,bary1 ,a4 ,beitr4 z4 ,baryumwirkung4 ,dissert41 ,dorpat1 #ahhh1 p4 #ajj4 #aid ,onsum1 ,j4 ,ueber d4 toxisch4 ,wirkung4 der ,baryt und ,oxalsureverbindungen4 ,arch4 f4 ,path4 ,anat41 vol4 #bh1 p4 #bcd4 #ahfc4 #aie ,brodie1 ,b4 ,c4 ,further ,experiments and ,observations on the ,action of ,poisons on the ,animal ,system4 ,philos4 ,trans41 vol4 #ajb1 p4 #bah4 #ahab4 #aif ,tidy1 ,c4 ,m4 ,on ,poisoning by ,nitrate of ,baryta4 ,med4 ,press and ,circ41 vol4 #f1 p4 #ddh4 #ahfh4 #aig ,glover1 ,r4 ,m4 ,on the ,physiological and ,medicinal ,properties of ,bromine and ,its ,compounds4 ,edinb4 ,med4 ,surg4 ,journ41 vol4 #eh1 p4 #cda4 #ahdb4 #aih ,kissner1 ,g4 ,ueber ,baryum ,vergiftungen u4 deren ,einfluss auf d4 ,glykogengehalt der ,leber4 ,scholten1 #ahif1 p4 #aa4 #aii ,mittelstaedt1 ,f4 ,ueber chronische ,bariumvergiftung4 ,dissert41 ,greifswald1 #ahie1 p4 #ai4 #bjj ,pelletier1 ,d4 ,observations sur la ,strontiane4 ,annal4 de ,chimie1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #aai4 #agig4 #bja ,christison1 ,r4 ,treatise on ,poisons4 ,edinburgh1 #ahde1 p4 #egi4--;,crampe4 ,bewhrte ,mittel gegen ,feldmuse4 ,deutsch4 ,landw4 ,presse1 vol4 #e1 p4 #ecj4 #ahgh4--;,felletar1 ,e4 ,flle von ,intox4 mit kohlensur4 ,baryum4 ,pest4 ,med4-,chir4 ,presse1 vol4 #bh1 p4 #ajgb4 #ahib4 #bjb ,husemann1 ,t4 ,ein ,beitrag z4 ,kennt4 d4 ,barytvergiftungen4 ,zeits4 f4 pract4 ,heilk41 vol4 #c1 p4 #bce4 #ahff4 ,in this article ,husemann has collected many cases of poisoning by barium in animals4 #bjc ,christison1 ,r4 ,treatise on ,poisons4 ,edinburgh1 #ahde1 p4 #egi4 ,,barium ,,poisoning ,,in ,,man4 ,the high toxicity of barium was called attention to by early observers1 but it was attributed by some to admixed arsenic4 ,the reports of feeding experiments with barium on animals have varied markedly1 but now care is being advised in the use of barium salts4#bjd ,barium was introduced into medicine in the treatment of scrofula1 but has fallen into disuse1 and only recently attention has been called to it on account of its action on the circulatory system4 ,filippi1#bje however1 says1 ,the effects on the heart and on the pressure are already the first indication of poisoning4 ,this metal has also been used in the treatment of chronic diseases of the spinal cord1 as multiple sclerosis and paralysis agitans4#bjf ,after the administration to a woman of #a_/ab grain 7#j4jje gram7 of barium chlorid three to five times a day for a few days1 a total of #b-a_/d grains 7#j4ace gram71 the patient developed rapid respiration1 tenderness over the epigastrium1 nausea1 constipation1 cramps in the limbs1 loss of appetite1 weakness1 great emaciation1 dysuria1 some deafness with tinnitus1 difficulty in speaking and thinking1 with vertigo4#bjg ,in this case the eyes were glassy1 the vision indistinct1 and the cheeks flushed4 ,kohl after the use of small doses of the same noted salivation1 swelling of the gums1 and falling out of the teeth1 with a mercurial odor to the breath4 ,christison#bjh states3 ,i have known violent vomiting1 gripes1 and diarrhea produced in like manner by a quantity not exceeding the usual medicinal doses4 ,according to ,kennedy few persons are able to bear #a_/h grain 7#j4jjge gram7 of barium chlorid4#bji ,in ,carpenter's case after three doses of #a4f grains 7#j4jgj gram7 of barium chlorid the patient developed almost lethal symptoms4#baj ,carpenter calls attention to the drowsiness which developed in this patient after the administration of barium1 a fact which had already been noted by ,christison4#baa ,a cartarrhal affection of various mucous membranes and a swelling of various glands have been noted1 especially of the lymph and salivary glands1 and in the male the testes have at times swollen4#bab ,the inflammation of the glands may pass on to suppuration4 ,the skin becomes dry and shows a tendency to crack4 ,febrile attacks are reported after the repeated use of small doses of barium4 ,scheibler#bac has called attention to the possibility of producing chronic barium poisoning in man from the use of barium in the manufacture of food products4 ,acute cases of poisoning in man from four or more grams of barium carbonate or chlorid or nitrate have been reported more or less frequently4#bad ,in the acute case of poisoning in man reported by ,tiraboschi and ,taito1 no macroscopic changes were noted in the stomach mucosa4#bae ,lopes#baf has reported one case of acute poisoning in man from less than #a gram of barium chlorid4 ,in this case paralysis of the limbs was a marked feature4 ,stern#bag cites ,perondi and ,lisfranc to the effect that remarkably large doses of barium chlorid can be borne without injury by gradually increasing the doses 7dissolved in much water74 ,lisfranc#bah has suggested that the sensitiveness to poisoning by barium salts is greater in certain climates than in others4 ,no data are as yet available as to the influence of altitude and partial starvation on the toxicity of barium salts4 ,as is well known1 almost all recorded cases of locoed animals have occurred at a high altitude4 ,it must also be remembered that the addition of one salt to the solution of another may greatly increase the toxicity of the first one4 ,thus1 the addition of a few milligrams of barium chlorid to a solution of a sulphocyanate renders the latter much more poisonous4#bai ,this may be due to the fact that the salts are more completely ionized4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bjd ,according to v4 ,jaksch1 ,sie ist bei der grossen ,toxicitt der ,substanz immer ernst zu stellen4 ,vergiftungen1 #ahig1 p4 #gi4 ,,note4--,a thorough pharmacological study of some barium salt is much needed1 and it is hoped that the writer will be able to complete this work4 #bje ,filippi1 ,e4 ,modificaz4 del ,ricambio ,organice per ,azione del ,cloruro di ,bario4 ,la ,sperimentale1 vol4 #fj1 p4 #faj4 #aijf2 ,sull' ,azione ,cardiaca del ,chloruro di ,bario4 ,archivio di ,farmacol4 ,speriment41 vol4 #e1 p4 #abb4 #aijf4 #bjf ,schulz1 ,h4 ,vorles4 4 ,wirkung4 u4 ,anwendung d4 unorganisch4 ,arzneistoffe4 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 p4 #bcd4--;,hare1 ,h4 ,a4 ,use of ,barium ,chloride in ,heart ,disease4 ,med4 ,news1 vol4 #ed1 p4 #ahc4 #ahhi4 #bjg ,ferguson1 ,j4 ,c4 ,symptoms of ,poisoning from ,muriate of ,barytes4 ,dublin ,quart4 ,journ4 ,med4 ,sci41 vol4 #a1 p4 #bga4 #ahdf4 #bjh ,christison1 ,r41 l4 c41 p4 #ehj4 #bji ,kennedy1 ,h4 ,dose of the ,muriate of ,barytes4 ,lancet1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bh4 #ahgc4 #baj ,carpenter1 ,j4 ,s4 ,barium ,choride from a ,clinical ,standpoint4 ,med4 ,news1 vol4 #ei1 p4 #ic4 #ahia4 #baa ,christison1 ,r41 l4 c41 #ahde1 p4 #egh4 #bab ,schulz1 ,h4 ,vorles4 4 ,wirkung4 u4 ,anwendung d4 unorganisch4 ,arzneistoffe4 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 p4 #bcc4--,schwilgu1 ,c4 ,j4 ,a4 ,trait de ,mat4 ,md41 #c ed41 vol4 #a1 p4 #dda4 #ahah4 ,,note4--,according to the files of the ,office of ,poisonous-,plant ,investigations1 ,e4 ,d4 ,smith reported in the ,orange ,judd ,farmer1 #ahig1 that locoed animals showed a swelling of various glands4 ,as yet the writer has been unable to verify this reference4 #bac ,scheibler1 ,c4 ,ueber d4 ,verwendung giftiger ,stoffe1 besonders d4 ,barytverbindungen bei d4 ,zuckerfabrication4 ,chem4 ,zeit41 vol4 #aa1 p4 #adfc4 #ahhg4 #bad ,schmidt's ,jahrbcher1 vol4 #aib1 p4 #aca4 #ahha4--,walsh1 ,j4 ,report of a ,case of ,poisoning by ,chloride of ,barium4 ,lancet1 vol4 #a1 p4 #baa4 #ahei4--,walch4 ,seltener ,fall einer tdlich4 ,vergiftung d4 ,baryta muriatica4 ,zeits4 f4 ,staatsarznk41 vol4 #cj1 p4 #a4 #ahce4--;,carpenter1 ,j4 ,s4 ,barium ,chloride from a ,clinical ,standpoint4 ,med4 ,news1 vol4 #ei1 p4 #ic4 #ahia4--;,eschricht4 ,ddeligt forlbende ,forgiftning med salpetersurt ,baryt4 ,ugeskrift for ,laeger1 vol4 #d1 p4 #bda4 #ahha4--,ogler and ,socquet4 ,empoisonnement par le ,chlorure de ,baryum4 ,annal4 d',hyg4 ,publ41 #c s41 vol4 #be1 p4 #ddg4 #ahia4--;,chevallier1 ,a4 ,note sur un ,cas d',empoisonnement ,dtermin par l',actate de ,baryte4 ,annal4 d',hyg4 ,publ41 #b s41 vol4 #ci1 p4 #cie4 #ahgc4--;,courtin1 ,cas d',empoisonnement par du ,chlorure de ,baryum4 ,rev4 d',hyg41 vol4 #d1 p4 #fec4 #ahhb4--,poisoning by a ,baryta ,compound4 ,pharm4 ,journ41 #c s41 vol4 #b1 p4 #ajba4 #ahgb4--,reichardt1 ,e4 ,vergiftungsfall mit kohlensurem ,baryt4 ,arch4 d4 ,pharm41 #c s41 vol4 #d1 p4 #dbf4 #ahgd4--,lagarde1 ,p4 ,actate de ,baryte livr sous le ,nom de ,sulfovinate de ,soude4 ,union ,md41 #c s41 vol4 #ad1 p4 #ecg4 #ahgb4--;,baum4 ,zwei ,flle von fahrlssiger ,tdtung durch saltpetersures ,baryt4 ,zeits4 f4 ,medizinalbeamte1 vol4 #i1 p4 #gei4 #ahif4--;,funaro1 ,a4 ,sul ,veneficio per ,sali di ,bario4 ,l',orosi1 vol4 #ab1 p4 #cig4 #ahid4 #bae ,tiraboschi1 ,a41 and ,taito1 ,f4 ,avvelenamento da ,bario4 ,il ,risveglio ,medico d',abruzzo e ,molise1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aga4 #aijf4 ,,note4--,a criticism of this case is to be found in ,bellisari1 ,g41 ,su ,di un ,presunto ,avvelenamento da ,bario4 ,il ,risveglio ,medico d',abbruzzo e ,molise1 vol4 #b1 p4 #ae4 #aijg4 #baf ,lopes1 ,a4 ,caso ,curioso de ,envenenamento ,pelo ,chloret de ,bario4 ,medicina ,contempt41 ,lisbon1 vol4 #d1 p4 #aji4 #ahhf4 #bag ,stern1 ,e4 ,vergiftung mit ,chlorbarium4 ,zeits4 f4 ,medizinalbeamte1 vol4 #i1 p4 #chc4 #ahif4 ,,note4--,the writer has always theoretically questioned the danger of poisoning by loco weeds in well-fed and well-watered animals4 ,compare ,stalker1 ,m41 ,the ,loco ,plant and ,its ,effect on ,animals4 ,bur4 ,animal ,industry1 #c;d ,ann4 ,report 7#ahhf71 p4 #bga4 #ahhg4 #bah ,lisfranc4 ,leon sur l',emploi du ,muriate de ,baryte contre les ,tumeurs ,blanches4 ,gaz4 ,md4 de ,paris1 #b s41 vol4 #d1 p4 #bae4 #ahcf4 #bai ,pauli1 ,w41 and ,frhlich1 ,a4 ,pharmakodynam4 ,studien4 ,sitz4 ,kaiserl4 ,acad4 d4 ,wissens4 z4 ,wien1 vol4 #aae1 ,,iii1 pt4 #f1 p4 #dde4 #aijf4 ,,pathological ,,lesions ,,in ,,experimental ,,barium ,,poisoning4 ,the post-mortem examinations in cases of acute experimental barium poisoning1 according to ,schedel1#bbj show punctiform or large hemorrhagic effusion in the fundus ventriculi#bba and in the large and small intestines1 contraction of the bladder1 and hemorrhage into the walls of the bladder and uterus4 ,the heart is usually found relaxed or the left ventricle contracted in systole1 while the right is relaxed4 ,only once were ecchymoses under the endocardium seen4 ,the liver and kidneys showed nothing special4 ,the urine was free from albumen and sugar4 ,in a few cases the lungs showed some infiltration with blood4 ,in chronic cases1 according to our own investigations in rabbits1 there are no characteristic macroscopic lesions1 a result which agrees with ,mittelstaedt's report4#bbb ,nothnagel and ,rossbach#bbc claim that in chronic poisoning by barium the peripheral nerves are altered4 ,the same negative results have also been reported in chronic poisoning in higher animals4 ,reynolds#bbd noted a layer like a blood clot under the cerebellum in a horse fed with barium chlorid4 ,fuchs#bbe has called attention to the fact that the flesh of cattle poisoned with barium chlorid was harmless1 perhaps owing to a conversion into an insoluble salt1 a fact which may be considered in the use of locoed animals for food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bbj ,schedel1 ,h4 ,beitr4 z4 ,kennt4 d4 ,wirkung des ,chlorbariums4 #aijc1 p4 #ac4 #bba ,after subcutaneous injection of barium chlorid1 ,lewin1 by means of the spectroscope1 has found barium in the stomach walls4 ,lewin1 ,l4 ,schicksal krperfremder chem4 ,stoffe im ,menschen u4 besonders ihre ,ausscheidung4 ,deutsch4 ,med4 ,woch41 vol4 #cb1 p4 #agc4 #aijf4 #bbb ,mittelstaedt1 ,f4 ,ueber chronische ,bariumvergiftung4 ,dissert41 ,greifswald1 #ahie1 p4 #bi4 #bbc ,nothnagel1 ,h41 and ,rossbach1 ,m4 ,j4 ,handb4 d4 ,arzneimittel1 p4 #ha4 #aijd4 #bbd ,reynolds1 ,m4 ,h4 ,a ,study of ,certain ,cathartics4 ,minn4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta41 #aeth ,ann4 ,rept4 #aijg4 #bbe ,fuchs1 ,c4 ,j4 ,vergiftungsflle durch salzsuren ,baryt beim ,rindvieh4 ,thierrztl4 ,mittheil41 vol4 #e1 p4 #aei4 #ahgj4 ,fuchs suggests that further investigations on this point are desirable4 ,the literature of this class of experiments is very scanty4 ,see ,frhner and ,knudsen1 ,einige ,versuche ber d4 ,geniessbarkeit d4 ,fleisches vergift4 ,thiere4 ,monats4 f4 ,prakt4 ,thierheilk41 vol4 #a1 p4 #ebi4 #ahij4 ,,toxicity ,,of ,,various ,,aqueous ,,extracts ,,of ,,loco ,,plants4 ,on ,october #ba1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #a1eca grams was fed with an extract of #ie grams of dried ,aragallus lamberti 7,hugo1 ,colo41 #aijg71 with an ash content of #ab4dd per cent1 with a barium content estimated as #b4f milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d in #a gram of ash4 ,on the following day it weighed #a1eag grams1 and the same dose was again administered4 ,on ,october #bc the weight was #a1dhh grams1 and the dose was repeated4 ,on the next day the weight was the same and the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #bf the weight was #a1ddf grams1 and again the same extract was given4 ,on ,october #cj the animal weighed #a1ejb4e grams2 on ,october #ca1 #a1eca grams4 ,the animal received a total extract of #dge grams of the dried plant without serious injury4 ,this result was apparently contradictory to the earlier work4 ,on ,october #ba1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #a1gdc grams was fed with an extract of #dg4e grams of the same dried plant4 ,on the next day its weight was #a1gbi grams1 and the same amount of the extract was fed4 ,on ,october #bc the weight remained the same1 and the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #bd the weight was #a1feh grams1 and the same amount of extract was fed4 ,on ,october #bf the animal weighed #a1fcj grams1 when it was again fed with the same amount of extract4 ,on ,october #bh the animal weighed #a1egc4e grams1 but two days later the weight had risen to #a1fdd grams4 ,an extract of #bcg4e grams had been administered4 ,here again the results appeared contradictory4 ,on ,october #ba1 #aijg1 a rabbit weighing #a1eag grams was fed with an extract of #gg4e grams4 ,on the next day it weighed #a1ede grams1 and the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #bc the animal weighed #a1eca grams1 and the same amount of extract was given4 ,on the following day it weighed #a1dhh grams1 and the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #bf it weighed #a1dgd grams1 and again the dose was repeated4 ,on ,october #cj the weight had risen to #a1ede grams1 and on ,october #ca it was #a1eei grams4 ,this animal received in all an extract of #chg4e grams of the dried plant4 ,an aqueous extract of #bjj grams of the same in one dose also failed to produce the acute symptoms4 ,these feeding experiments show little of the characteristic action seen in the earlier experiments made with aqueous extracts either of the dry plant or of the fresh plant preserved with chloroform4 ,in other words1 the aqueous extract of the dried plant was only slightly poisonous1 yet the plant from which the extract was made contained barium4 ,of this same dried loco #bjj grams were then extracted with water and digested with pepsin and finally with pancreatin in the thermostat 7#cg4e;,c474 ,the extract was concentrated and fed to a rabbit weighing #a1faf grams4 ,after five hours and ten minutes the animal appeared weak in the fore legs and unable to support himself1 and he died during the night4 ,the intestines the following morning were found full of gas1 the stomach red1 the lungs seemed normal1 and the heart was relaxed4 ,a rabbit weighing #a1ede grams was fed on ,november #ae1 #aijg1 with a preparation made in a similar manner1 save that the plant was not extracted with water before digestion4 ,on the next day it weighed #a1eag grams and on ,november #ai1 #a1cfa grams4 ,the following day the weight was #a1cah grams2 on ,november #ba1 #a1bcc grams1 and on the next day #a1afb grams4 ,the animal died during the night1 and the autopsy was made the following morning4 ,the animal was greatly emaciated and the subcutaneous fat had almost all disappeared4 ,the mesenteric vessels were dilated1 but the intestines were not dilated4 ,the peritoneal cavity was normal4 ,the kidneys were perhaps a little injected1 and measured #c cm4 in length4 ,the lungs were normal4 ,the left ventricle was contracted and the rest of the heart relaxed4 ,the liver was normal and the spleen apparently normal4 ,the stomach walls were dark1 owing to decomposition4 ,no ulcers were seen4 ,the suprarenals were perhaps a little enlarged4 ,the examination of the brain was negative1 and no clots were found4 ,a similar digestion from #bjj grams of the same dried plant was then ashed and the ash treated with acetic acid and freed from acid by evaporation on the bath4 ,the ash which was insoluble in water was ground up into a fine paste and the whole was fed to a rabbit weighing #iib grams4 ,this animal died in forty minutes1 showing the characteristic symptoms seen in acute cases already described4 ,in the autopsy the lungs and other organs seemed perfectly normal macroscopically4 ,the stomach walls1 however1 were reddened and ecchymotic1 and the mesenteric vessels were dilated4 ,on ,january #h1 #aijh1 a similar digestion of the same batch was treated with a few drops of sulphuric acid to remove the barium1 and the filtrate was then treated with lead carbonate to remove the sulphuric acid4 ,after careful filtering1 ,h#b,s was passed into the solution and after concentration was fed in one dose on ,january #i1 #aijh1 to a rabbit4 ,the following morning the rabbit had gained in weight4 ,on ,january #ad this animal weighed #cj grams more than its initial weight4 ,the residue of this plant after such a digestion1 examined by the ,hillebrand method1 showed no weighable amount of barium1 so that it can be seen that barium in relatively large amount was found in the plant itself1 but not after the digestion4 ,it must therefore have been the aqueous digestion which produced the characteristic symptoms4 ,the examination of this fluid for barium might1 however1 be misleading1 as the large amount of proteids would unquestionably interfere with the determination of this amount of barium1 unprotected by other salts and silica1 so that this side of the investigation was not pursued4 ,control feedings with an emulsion of one-half gram each of pepsin and pancreatin proved inactive4 ,of the same ,aragallus lamberti #bjj grams were similarly digested and the barium was removed with a few drops of ,h#b,,so#d1 the sulphuric acid by ,pb,c,o#c and a little lead acetate1 and the lead by ,h#b,s4 ,such an extract it was shown in the previous experiment would not kill4 ,however1 to this extract was added #ajj milligrams of crystallized barium acetate in a solution and a precipitate formed4 ,nevertheless1 the liquid and the precipitate were fed on ,february #a1 #aijh1 to a rabbit weighing #a1cjd grams4 ,on ,february #c the animal weighed #a1bcc grams2 on ,february #d1 #a1agf grams2 ,february #e1 #a1abj grams2 ,february #f1 #a1jjf grams2 ,february #g1 #a1bai grams2 ,february #h1 #a1bai grams2 ,february #aj1 #a1cjd grams4 ,as a control for this animal1 to make sure that the loss in weight was not due to the acetic acid set free by the treatment with ,h#b,s1 a similar aqueous extract of the same lot of ,aragallus lamberti was precipitated with very much more lead acetate than in the preceding cases and also with lead subacetate and then ,h#b,s4 ,after evaporating to dryness this was fed on ,february #h1 #aijh1 to a rabbit weighing #a1jce grams4 ,on ,february #aa it weighed #a1jba grams2 on ,february #ac1 #a1jia grams1 and on ,february #ae1 #a1abj grams1 showing a gain in weight4 ,of the dried ,astragalus missouriensis 7,hugo1 ,colo41 ,june1 #aijg7 #djj grams with an ash content of #ba4h per cent and which was known to contain barium 7#c mg4 ,ba,s,o#d in each #b grams of the ash7 were extracted with water and fed in four doses corresponding to #ajj grams each in a period of four days4 ,on ,november #ah1 #aijg1 the first day of feeding1 this rabbit weighed #a1hef4g grams4 ,fifteen days later it weighed #a1ihd4c grams4 ,one hundred grams of this dried plant after extraction with water were found to leave about #ea4a grams#bbf of the plant undissolved4 ,this when ashed yielded #h4b grams of ash4 ,two grams of this ash yielded #e milligrams of ,ba,s,o#d4 ,in other words1 the aqueous extract of the plant was inactive and the barium was found practically unextracted in the residue of the plant4 ,evidently the barium in these dried plants had been converted into an insoluble form by drying or by some peculiarity of its metabolism1 and was not extracted by water1 but could be extracted by digesting the plants with the combined digestive ferments1 pepsin and pancreatin4 ,of the same dried ,astragalus missouriensis #bjj grams were extracted with water and the extract treated with lead carbonate to remove any possible free sulphates and after filtering this was treated with ,h#b,s to remove the lead4 ,as the preceding experiment showed that the aqueous extract of this dried plant was harmless without barium1 the writer decided to add barium artificially1 and #ajj milligrams of barium phosphate1#bbg crystallized1 was added to the liquid and the whole fed to a rabbit weighing #b1dbc4i grams4 ,the following morning the rabbit was found dead4 ,the autopsy was made by ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,washburn1 of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,he found that the suprarenals were enlarged and congested1 and there were small areas of hepatization at the apex of each lung4 ,there were also acute corrosion areas on the greater curvature of the stomach and over the upper portion of the duodenum4 ,of the ,astragalus missouriensis used in the preceding experiments1 #bjj grams were extracted thoroughly with water1 and the extract corresponding to #ajj grams1 together with #hj milligrams of barium phosphate pure1 was fed on ,march #ab1 #aijh1 to a rabbit weighing #a1bfa4e grams4 ,during this day the animal walked at times with an uncertain gait and the following morning it weighed #a1bcc grams4 ,it was then fed the rest of the solution1 that is1 the extract of the remaining #ajj grams of the plant1 but without any barium4 ,the animal soon developed convulsions and died in a little over twenty-four hours after the original feeding4 ,the autopsy1 which was made by ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,mohler1 of the ,bureau of ,animal ,industry1 showed that the mucous membrane of the stomach was markedly hemorrhagic and in areas gelatinous infiltration was very marked4 ,in one portion of this hemorrhagic area there was distinct erosion4 ,the large intestines were full of gas1 the lungs were normal1 the heart was relaxed1 and the lungs collapsed4 ,the blood vessels of the kidneys were markedly engorged4 ,of the dried ,astragalus nitidus 7,woodland ,park1 ,colo41 ,october1 #aijg7 which was reported by the ,bureau of ,chemistry as containing no barium1 #bjj grams were extracted with water and fed in #ajj-;gram doses for two successive days4 ,the animal increased steadily in weight and fifteen days after the first feeding had gained #ii4b grams4 ,this amount of the plant was also extracted with water and the residue was then digested with pepsin and pancreatin in the thermostat1 as in the previous case1 and fed in two doses corresponding to #ajj grams each4 ,this animal increased in weight1 gaining #fj grams in six days and #afe grams in addition after a further fifteen days4 ,an ,astragalus mollissimus 7,kit ,carson ,county1 ,colo41 ,december1 #aijf71 which was also reported by the ,bureau of ,chemistry as containing no barium1 was extracted with water1 and a dose corresponding to an extract of #bjj grams of the dried plant was fed in one dose without any serious result4 ,the same amount of the dried plant was also similarly digested with pepsin and pancreatin and fed in two doses1 but without the production of any symptoms1 the rabbit gaining #fj grams in four days4 ,of the ,aragallus lamberti 7,hugo1 ,colo41 ,june1 #aijg71 with an ash content of #ab4dd per cent1 #bej grams were ashed and the ash treated with acetic acid and1 after evaporating off the acetic acid1 was extracted with water and the ash digested with pepsin and pancreatin4 ,the aqueous extract and the digestion products of the ash were then fed after concentration1 but without any serious effects to the animal1 indicating that in this plant the barium is in a form insoluble in water and in the ashing is further changed so that it can not now be made soluble by digestion--an opposite result to the experiment in which the barium was first rendered soluble by digestion and the digestion products ashed1 suggesting a possibility that plants might be found in which the barium is not extracted by digestion1 at present a hypothesis4 ,of dried ,astragalus decumbens 7,ephraim1 ,utah1 #aijg71 which was reported by the ,bureau of ,chemistry to contain no barium1 #bjj grams also failed to produce symptoms in rabbits by our test4 ,a solution containing #ej milligrams of barium acetate 7crystallized7 was mixed with an aqueous extract of #bjj grams of the dried ,aragallus lamberti which had proved inactive pharmacologically1 but a precipitate formed 7,ba,s,o#d87 and the extract still remained inactive1 suggesting that the question of toxicity depended not only upon the presence of barium1 but also whether other agents1 such as sulphates1 etc41 might not be present in sufficient amount to render the barium insoluble2 that is1 pharmacologically inactive4 ,this ,aragallus lamberti yielded an ash content of #cg4c per cent1 and the ,,so#c group was estimated at #j4bg per cent of the ash1 while a corresponding lot which was obtained two years later from the same area yielded an ash content of #ab4dd per cent and a ,,so#c content of #j4bd per cent of the ash4 ,it may be urged that the full lethal dose of the barium was not always found in the plant1 yet it must be remembered that the toxic action was the resultant of the action of the total constituents and that if the barium was removed the extract was practically harmless4 ,in looking back over the work the most suitable preparation for producing the characteristic symptoms in rabbits seems to be the freshly ground-up plant mixed with water and preserved in chloroform1 for while the dried plant might contain barium1 yet the aqueous extract was often inactive1 suggesting1 perhaps1 the presence of something in the fresh plant which aided the solution of the barium1 thus accounting for the variations in toxicity of aqueous extracts made from plants dried under varying conditions4 ,the nature of the compound in which barium exists in the plant is as yet unknown and has not been investigated4 ,it is important to remember that not only must barium be found in the plant to prove poisonous1 but it must be in such a form that it can be extracted in the gastro-intestinal canal4 ,the amount of barium found in various species of loco plants will no doubt vary1 and perhaps the pharmacological test on rabbits as the writer has used it may have to be modified for such plants1 so that at present the wisest plan to test these plants is to determine their barium content and also make the physiological test1 as has been proposed1 and if the barium content runs low1 say below #j4aa per cent of the ash1 in plants yielding from #ab to #ah per cent of ash1 then to increase the number of feedings on the rabbit4 ,no doubt on ranges where a large number of loco plants are eaten1 with little other food1 plants with a very low barium content may be poisonous1 but if large amounts of other food are fed the writer would expect few1 if any1 serious results4 ,as the writer's work has been confined to the laboratory side of the loco-weed investigations no feeding experiments with barium salts have been made by him on large animals4 ,such experiments should1 of course1 be made under range conditions2 that is1 where the water and food supply is deficient4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bbf ,some was lost1 being attached to the cloth used in squeezing the extract4 #bbg ,this barium phosphate was determined by the ,bureau of ,chemistry to be ,ba,h,p,o#d and to contain traces of iron1 sodium1 and potassium1 but it was free from arsenic4 ,,theoretical ,,antidote ,,for ,,loco-,,weed ,,poisoning4 ,the fact that treatment of the loco-weed extract with a few drops of sulphuric acid1 which will remove the barium1 renders these extracts harmless1 and even apparently nutritious1 would suggest the theoretical antidotal treatment to be with sulphates1 in the form1 perhaps1 of epsom salts1 but perhaps alkaline bicarbonates may be present in the stomach1 either due to lessened acidity of the stomach or from drinking alkaline waters1 in which case the precipitation of the barium by sulphates would presumably be interfered with1 and thus the treatment be rendered ineffectual4#bbh ,it is interesting to note that most of the remedies proposed for the successful treatment of locoed animals contain sulphates4#bbi ,in ,storer's experiments on feeding rats with barium carbonate it was found that the barium carbonate would kill them1 but if calcium carbonate was mixed with the barium the rats survived1 suggesting an antidotal action4 ,this apparent antagonism deserves further study and may lead to practical results4#bcj ,a somewhat similar antagonism for at least a part of the action of barium has been claimed to exist between barium and potassium4#bca ,however1 extracts of ashed plants1 treated with acetic acid1 which contained calcium and potassium1 caused death in the experiments of the writer1 but no work has yet been done by him as to the antidotal action of calcium carbonate on barium4 ,then1 too1 as ,ldeking#bcb pointed out1 large quantities of calcium chlorid may interfere with the precipitation of barium as a sulphate4 ,it is well known that the presence of various salts influences the solubility of barium sulphate in water1#bcc and the fact that barium has been found in solution in the urine in the presence of sulphates shows that the precipitation of barium as a sulphate in the body is not so simple as in test-tube experiments4#bcd ,again1 in very dilute solutions1 such as must necessarily occur at any one time in the stomach1 the precipitate with sulphates only slowly forms and the barium may be absorbed before the insoluble compound can be formed4#bce ,evidently an important point to be considered in the antidotal treatment of locoed animals with sulphates is the possibility of inducing a gastritis1 with its attendant loss of weight4 ,it therefore seems apparent that the proper treatment at present is preventive--that is1 removal from the plants4 ,lewin#bcf has suggested the possibility of acquiring some immunity to barium1 but our experiments point against the production of any practical immunity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bbh ,mendel1 ,l4 ,b41 and ,sicher1 ,d4 ,f41 l4 c41 p4 #adh4 #bbi ,mayo1 ,n4 ,s4 ,some ,observations upon ,loco4 ,kans4 ,state ,agric4 ,coll4 ,bul4 #ce1 p4 #aai4 #ahic4 #bcj ,storer1 ,f4 ,h4 ,experiments on ,feeding ,mice with ,painter's ,putty and with ,other ,mixtures of ,pigments and ,oils4 ,bul4 of ,bussey ,institute1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bgd4 #ahhd4 #bca ,brunton1 ,t4 ,l41 and ,cash1 ,j4 ,t4 ,contribution to ,our ,knowledge of the ,connection between ,chemical ,constitution1 ,physiological ,action1 and ,antagonism4 ,philos4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,london1 ,i1 vol4 #age1 p4 #bbi4 #ahhd4 #bcb ,ldeking1 ,c4 ,analyse d4 ,barytgruppe4 ,zeits4 f4 ,anal4 ,chem41 vol4 #bi1 p4 #eef4 #ahij4 #bcc ,fraps1 ,g4 ,s4 ,solubility of ,barium ,sulphate in ,ferric ,chloride1 ,aluminum ,chloride1 and ,magnesium ,chloride4 ,amer4 ,chem4 ,journ41 vol4 #bg1 p4 #bhh4 #aijb4 #bcd ,santi has paid special attention to the solubility of barium in the body4 #bce ,fresenius1 ,c4 ,g4 ,man4 of ,qualitat4 ,chem4 ,anal4 ,tr4 by ,h4 ,l4 ,wells1 #aijd1 p4 #adh4 #bcf ,lewin1 ,l4 ,nebenwirkungen d4 ,arzneimittel1 #b ed41 p4 #dci4 #ahic4 ,,action ,,of ,,barium ,,on ,,domestic ,,and ,,farm ,,animals4 ,barium in the form of barium chlorid has been recently introduced into veterinary therapeutics by ,dieckerhoff#bcg in the treatment of constipation1 but ,winslow#bch says that the doses required to produce catharsis in the horse are almost toxic1 and he advises against the intravenous use of this remedy4 ,frhner#bci has carefully summarized the literature on the use of barium chlorid in veterinary work1 and reports that its use in the ,zrich clinic has recently been so unsatisfactory that it is now seldom employed and that in the last ten years the preponderance of reports in the literature are unfavorable to the use of this agent in colic4 ,after the administration per os1 much of the barium must be carried off in the diarrheal stools4 ,a number of deaths in horses have been attributed to the use of this agent4 ,no doubt the presence of sulphates1 etc41 derived from the food would render the barium insoluble in the gastro-intestinal tract1 and this would explain the lack of poisonous action in certain of the cases in which large doses of barium proved harmless4 ,husard and ,biron administered daily doses of #h grams of barium chlorid to one horse1 and the same amount of barium carbonate to a second horse1 for several days4 ,a fortnight later the first horse unexpectedly died1 and the second a few days later4 ,the post-mortem examination was negative4#bdj ,a third horse fed with barium carbonate also died suddenly4 ,recently barium occurring in brine has given rise to acute poisoning in stock4#bda ,in a case reported by ,stietenroth#bdb the horse died after the injection of #j4e gram of barium chlorid into the jugular vein4 ,a number of sudden deaths in horses after the intravenous injection of #j4g gram and over of barium chlorid have been collected by ,frhner4#bdc ,the lethal dose by mouth for acute poisoning with barium chlorid in horses lies between #h to #ab grams1 while cattle require much larger doses 7#dj grams7#bdd to induce death4 ,dieckerhoff advises against the use of barium chlorid in the treatment of constipation in sheep4 ,after a dose of #f grams of barium chlorid a #b-year-old healthy ram appeared perfectly well1 but the following day he was depressed1 refused to eat1 staggered1 and became so weak that he was unable to stand4 ,the muscles of the extremities were paralyzed and the animal died4 ,the post-mortem examination revealed oedema of the lungs1 slight cloudiness of the heart muscles1 numerous small hemorrhagic spots on the mucous membrane of the small intestine1 and stagnation of the blood in the vessels of the small and large intestines4 ,similar symptoms and lesions were found in a lamb #d months old which was given per os #f4j grams of barium chlorid dissolved in #bjj grams of distilled water4#bde ,poisonings with barium carbonate have also been reported in pigs4#bdf ,domestic animals pastured in the neighborhood of barite deposits soon succumb1#bdg and accidental cases of poisoning are reported in cows4 ,poisoning in dogs has also been reported after the subcutaneous use of this agent4#bdh ,linossier says that if the barium salts are used for any time the salts are deposited in various organs1 largely in the kidneys1 brain1 and medulla1 but especially in the bones4#bdi 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bcg ,dieckerhoff4 ,ueber d4 ,wirkung d4 ,chlorbaryum bei ,pferden1 ,rindern und ,schafen4 ,berliner ,thierrztl4 ,woch41 p4 #bfe2 see also pp4 #cac and #ccg1 #ahie2 ,abstract ,in ,vet4 ,mag41 vol4 #b1 p4 #cfj4 #ahie4 #bch ,winslow1 ,k4 ,vet4 ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics1 p4 #aeb4 #aija4 #bci ,frhner1 ,e4 ,lehrb4 d4 ,arzneimittellehre1 p4 #cii4 #aijf4 ,frhner gives a detailed account of these cases4 ,original note in ,ehrhardt1 ,j4 ,erfahrungen 4 ltere u4 neue ,arzneimittel4 ,schweizer ,archiv4 f4 ,thierheilk41 vol4 #da1 p4 #dd4 #ahii4 #bdj ,pelletier4 ,observations on ,strontian4 ,journ4 ,nat4 ,philos41 vol4 #a1 p4 #ebi4 #agig2 original in ,annales de ,chimie1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #abg4 #agig4 #bda ,howard1 ,c4 ,d4 ,occurrence of ,barium in the ,ohio ,valley ,brines and ,its ,relation to ,stock ,poisoning4 ,w4 ,va4 ,univ4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ajc4 #aijf4 #bdb ,stietenroth4 ,ueber ,chlorbarium bei der ,kolik der ,pferde4 ,berliner ,thierrztl4 ,woch41 p4 #af4 #ahii4 #bdc ,frhner1 ,e4 ,lehrb4 d4 ,toxikol41 #b ed41 p4 #aaf4 #aija4 #bdd ,frhner1 ,e41 l4 c41 p4 #aaf4 ,see similar reports in ,veterinarian1 vol4 #fh1 p4 #egb1 #ahie1 and vol4 #fi1 p4 #bbh1 #ahif2 ,zeits4 f4 ,veterinrk41 vol4 #h1 pp4 #ii and #baa1 #ahif2 ,nagler1 ,f41 ,berliner ,thierrztl4 ,woch41 p4 #fe4 #ahif4 #bde ,dieckerhoff1 ,w4 ,vet4 ,mag41 vol4 #b1 p4 #cfb4 #ahie4 #bdf ,kabitz1 ,h4 ,ueber d4 ,wirkung einiger ,baryumsalze beim ,schwein4 ,deutsch4 ,thierrztl4 ,woch41 vol4 #ac1 p4 #cag4 #aije4 #bdg ,parkes4 ,chem4 ,essays1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bac4 ,quoted by ,christison1 ,r41 in ,treatise on ,poisons1 ,edinburgh1 #d ed41 p4 #eha1 #ahde4--;,fuchs1 ,c4 ,j4 ,vergiftungsflle durch salzsuren ,baryt beim ,rindvieh4 ,thierrztl4 ,mittheil41 vol4 #e1 pp4 #acc1 #aed4 #ahgj4 #bdh ,falk4 ,zur ,vergift4 von ,hunden mit ,chlorbarium4 ,berliner ,thierrztl4 ,woch41 p4 #dj4 #ahig4--,schirmer1 ,chlorbariumvergift4 beim ,hunde4 ,berliner ,thierrztl4 ,woch41 vol4 #bc1 p4 #bfh4 #ahig4 #bdi ,linossier1 ,g4 ,de la ,localisation du ,baryum dans l',organisme la ,suite de l',intoxication ,chronique par un ,sel de ,baryum4 ,comp4 ,rend4 ,hebd4 ,soc4 de ,biol41 #h s41 vol4 #d1 p4 #abc4 #ahhg4 ,,note4--,other cases of poisoning in animals may be found in ,marder1 ,beitrag z4 ,giftwirkung des ,baryum chloratum4 ,berliner ,thierrtzl4 ,woch41 vol4 #cg1 p4 #dcf4 #ahig2 ,absichtliche ,vergift4 mit ,chlorbarium4 ,zeits4 f4 ,veterinrk41 vol4 #i4 p4 #gb4 #ahig4 ,,application ,,of ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,these ,,investigations ,,to ,,the ,,range4 ,it has been calculated that a medium estimate of food for cattle on green fodder is about #fj pounds 7#cj kilos7 a day4#bej ,calculating this entirely in terms of ,aragallus lamberti and allowing #aj per cent of moisture for these plants 7,sayre7 would make #bg kilos of dry loco eaten by each animal per diem4 ,in the analysis of the writer of one ,aragallus lamberti from ,hugo1 ,colo41 it was found to yield #ab4dd per cent of ash1 and the barium content corresponded to #b4f milligrams ,ba,s,o#d in each gram of the ash4 ,this would correspond to #aj4bd grams of barium acetate 7,ba7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b ,h#b,o7 or #i4ae grams of barium chlorid 7,ba,cl#b #b;,h#b,o7 per diem4 ,this amount daily administered would1 theoretically1 readily produce chronic poisoning owing to the accumulation in the system1 as was shown in the case of rabbits4 ,there is1 however1 some question as to whether this full theoretical amount of loco plants is eaten on the range1 and the estimate has been made that one-sixth of this amount only would be actually taken4 ,it must be remembered1 as ,stalker pointed out1 that locoed animals develop an especial taste for these plants and after a time reject other food1 so that while the number of loco plants at first taken may be small1 yet later1 perhaps1 it is greater4 ,a part of this barium1 however1 may not be taken up by the system1 but may pass out undissolved4 ,no actual experiments have yet been made with cattle by feeding small doses of the pure salt4 ,no doubt more of the pure barium salts will be required to produce symptoms of poisoning in animals than would be necessary in the case of the form of barium found in the plant1 as in the loco-weed the barium is probably better protected from precipitation than are the barium salts when dissolved in water alone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bej ,lane1 ,c4 ,b4 ,soiling ,crop ,experiments4 ,n4 ,j4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #aeh1 p4 #ah4 #aijb4--,woll1 ,f4 ,w4 ,one ,hundred ,american ,rations for ,dairy ,cows4 ,univ4 ,wis4 ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #ch1 p4 #ab4 #ahid4--,n4 ,j4 ,state ,agric4 ,exper4 ,sta41 #bjth ,ann4 ,rept4 7#ahii71 p4 #aic4 #aijj4 ,,conclusions4#bea 7#a7 ,conditions analogous to those met with in locoed animals occur in other portions of the world1 especially ,australia4 7#b7 ,the main symptoms described in stock on the range can be reproduced on rabbits by feeding extracts of certain loco plants4 ,those especially referred to here under the term loco plants are ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti4 7#c7 ,the production of chronic symptoms in rabbits is a crucial test of the pharmacological activity of these plants4 7#d7 ,the inorganic constituents1 especially barium1 are responsible for this action1 at least in the plants collected at ,hugo1 ,colo4 ,perhaps in other portions of the country other poisonous principles may be found4 7#e7 ,a close analogy exists between the clinical symptoms and pathological findings in barium poisoning and those resulting from feeding extracts of certain loco plants4 ,small doses of barium salts may be administered to rabbits without apparent effect1 but suddenly acute symptoms set in analogous to what is reported on the range4 7#f7 ,the administration of sulphates1 especially epsom salts1 to form insoluble barium sulphate would be the chemical antidote which would logically be inferred from the laboratory work1 but of necessity this would have to be frequently administered and its value after histological changes in the organs have occurred remains to be settled4 ,but even the treatment of acute cases of barium poisoning in man is not always successful1 even when sulphates combined with symptomatic treatment are employed4 ,the conditions under which the sulphates fail to precipitate barium must be considered4 ,at present it seems best to rely on preventive measures rather than on antidotal treatment4 7#g7 ,loco plants grown on certain soils are inactive pharmacologically and contain no barium4 ,in drying certain loco plants the barium apparently is rendered insoluble so that it is not extracted by water1 but can usually be extracted by digestion with the digestive ferments4 7#h7 ,the barium to be harmful must be in such a form as to be dissolved out by digestion4 7#i7 ,in deciding whether plants are poisonous it is desirable not merely to test the aqueous or alcoholic extract1 but also the extracts obtained by digesting these plants with the ferments which occur in the gastro-intestinal tract4 7#aj7 ,it is important that the ash of plants1 especially those grown on uncultivated soil1 as on our unirrigated plains1 be examined for various metals1 using methods similar to those by which rocks are now analyzed in the laboratory of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 7#aa7 ,it is desirable to study various obscure chronic conditions1 such as lathyrism1 with a view to determine the inorganic constituents of lathyrus and other families of plants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #bea ,rsum of the results of the loco-weed investigations carried on by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry was issued as ,bulletin #aba1 part #c1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 on ,january #bh1 #aijh1 in the form of papers by ,c4 ,dwight ,marsh and ,albert ,c4 ,crawford1 respectively1 under the titles ,results of ,loco-,weed ,investigations in the ,field and ,laboratory ,work on ,loco-,weed ,investigations4 ,,index4 ,page4 ,abortion1 cows1 caused by loco poisoning1 #ac rabbits1 caused by loco and barium poisoning1 #da1 #db1 #fb ,acid1 acetic1 found in loco-weed1 #bf ,acqua1 ,c41 reference to work1 #eb ,africa1 ,south1 goat disease1 #ag ,alfalfa1 extract1 experiments1 #bh ,alkali deposits1 supposed to cause loco disease1 #aa ,alkaloidal reactions1 loco plants1 #bj1 #bc1 #bg1 #bh ,amaranthus graecizans1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,american ,pharmaceutical ,association1 proceedings1 reference1 #aj ,ammonia obtained from loco plants1 #bf ,ammonium sulphid precipitate1 effect on rabbits1 #ej ,anmia1 progressing1 fundamental characteristic of loco disease1 #af1 #ai ,analyses of loco plants1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #cb ,anderson1 ,f4 ,w41 references to work1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ah1 #ai ,animals1 carnivorous and herbivorous1 varying immunity to loco disease1 #bc domestic1 barium poisoning1 effects1 #gb experiments with barium salts in laboratory1 #eg-fb farm1 barium poisoning1 effects1 #gb locoed1 autopsies1 #ah-ai1 #bd1 #bf1 #cj1 #cd1 #cf-dc1 #de clinical symptoms1 #ab-af pathological conditions as described on the range1 #ah-ai poisoned by barium1 autopsies1 #eg-fa1 #fd1 #fg1 #gc1 #gd young1 susceptibility to loco poisoning1 #ae ,antelopes1 susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,antidote to loco poison1 theoretical1 #ga-gb ,aragallus lamberti1 ash determination1 #ed barium determination1 #ed1 #ef extracts1 uses in laboratory experiments1 feeding animals1 #bj1 #bc-be1 #cg1 #db1 #dd-di1 #ff-fh1 #gj properties1 investigations1 #bj-ba1 #bc-be1 #cb spicatus1 study and experiments1 #cc spp41 cause of loco disease1 #aj1 #bj-cd uses1 medicinal and toxic properties1 #ce ,arsenic poisoning1 references1 #di ,ash determinations of loco plants1 #ed-ee extract from loco plants1 experiments1 #dh-eb loco plants1 barium determinations1 #ee-eg importance of analysis1 #gf ,astragalus bigelowii1 extract1 fatal to rabbit1 #ch bisulcatus1 extract fatal to rabbit1 #ch decumbens1 extracts1 feeding experiments with rabbits1 #gj ,astragalus exscapus1 barium reported by ,c4 ,sprengel1 #ec hornii1 poisonous properties1 study1 #ai lentiginosus1 poisonous properties1 study1 #ai menziesii1 stock poisoning1 #bj missouriensis1 ash content and barium determination1 #ef extracts1 feeding experiments with rabbits1 #fh-fi mollissimus1 distillate1 composition1 #bf extracts1 experiments in feeding animals1 #bb1 #bc-be1 #bg-cc1 #cf-di1 #gj investigations1 experiments1 and analyses1 #ba-cd physiological action1 #bb1 #bd-be mortoni1 a deadly sheep poison1 #bj nitidus extracts1 feeding experiments with rabbits1 #ch1 #fi spp41 cause of loco disease1 #aj1 #ai-cd total ash determinations1 #ed-ee uses1 medicinal and toxic properties1 #ce varieties containing no barium1 #eg ,australia1 disease similar to loco poison1 description1 #af-ah ,autopsies on animals after barium poisoning1 #eg-fa1 #fg1 #gc1 #gd loco poisoning1 #ah-ai1 #bd1 #bf1 #cj1 #cd1 #cf-dc1 #de ,bachem1 ,c41 reference to work1 #ej ,bailey1 ,f4 ,m41 reference to work1 #ag ,barium acetate1 feeding experiments on animals in laboratory1 #eg-fb action on farm and domestic animals1 #gb-gd carbonate1 feeding experiments on animals in laboratory1 #fa1 #fb rats1 #ga hypodermic injection1 cats1 fatal results1 #fb chlorid1 effects on human beings1 #fc-fe feeding experiments with animals in laboratory1 #fj-fb use in veterinary therapeutics1 dangers1 #gb-gc content of rocks in ,rocky ,mountains1 #ed determination in ash of loco plants1 #ed1 #ee-eg discovery in loco plants1 feeding experiments1 #e feeding experiments with range cattle1 desirability1 #ga harmful when in soluble form1 #gf in brine1 poisoning stock1 #gc well water in ,england1 #eg insoluble after drying loco plants1 extraction with digestive ferments1 #gf nitrate1 feeding experiments on animals in laboratory1 results1 #fa1 #fb phosphate1 analysis by ,bureau of ,chemistry1 #fi poisoning1 experimental1 pathological lesions1 #fe horses1 sheep1 and pigs1 #gc1 #gd man1 symptoms1 results1 #fb-fe presence in certain vegetable substances1 #ec salts1 feeding experiments on animals in laboratory1 #eg-fb toxicity of different solutions1 #fd relation of altitude1 climate1 and varying combinations1 #fe use in medicine1 #fb-fe1 #gb-gc sulphate1 nontoxic on account of insolubility1 #ec ,barrows1 ,d4 ,p41 reference to work1 #ce ,bary1 ,a41 references to work1 #ec1 #ei1 #fj ,baum1 reference to work1 #fd ,beech1 barium present1 #ec ,beer1 ,mexico1 use of crazy weed1 #bj ,bellisari1 ,g41 reference to work1 #fd ,beryllium chlorid1 effect on rabbits1 #ej ,binet1 ,p41 reference to work1 #ei ,birch1 barium present1 #ec ,birdsall1 ,w4 ,r41 experiments with ,aragallus lamberti1 #bj ,blankinship1 ,j4 ,w41 references to work1 #aa1 #cd ,blood1 clots on brain1 #ah1 #bf1 #cg1 #db1 #fe ,boehm1 ,r41 reference to work1 #eh ,bhm1 ,c4 ,r41 reference to work1 #ej ,bray1 ,w4 ,c41 reference to work1 #ec ,brewer1 ,w4 ,h41 reference to work1 #bj ,brine1 barium content1 producing acute poisoning in stock1 #gc ,brodie1 ,b4 ,c41 reference to work1 #fa ,brunton1 ,t4 ,l41 reference to work1 #gb ,burgassi1 ,g41 reference to work1 #eb ,csium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ea occurrence in plants1 toxicity1 #ea ,calcium acetate1 experiments on rabbits1 #eb carbonate1 antidotal to barium1 #ga experiments on rabbits1 #eb occurrence in loco plants1 #be1 #bg ,cambier1 ,j41 experiments with loco plants1 #bf-bh ,canada1 disease caused by eating ragwort1 #ag freedom from loco disease1 #i ,cannabis sativa1 supposed cause of locoed conditions in ,mexico1 #aj ,caprioides aureum1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,carpenter1 ,j4 ,s41 references to work1 #fc1 #fd ,cash1 ,j4 ,t41 reference to work1 #gb ,cats1 barium injection experiments1 #fb loco-plant experiments1 #bb1 #bd1 #cj ,see also ,kittens4 ,cattle1 barium feeding experiments under range conditions1 desirability1 #ga daily ration of green fodder1 toxic effects of loco plants1 #gd loco poisoning1 notes1 #ab1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh locoed1 flesh harmless1 #fe poisoned with barium chlorid1 flesh harmless1 #fe range1 barium feeding experiments1 desirability1 #ga susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,cerium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ej ,chemical experiments with loco plants1 #df-eg ,chemicals in aqueous solution1 effects on rabbits1 #ej-eb ,chemistry1 ,bureau1 ash and barium determinations1 loco plants1 #ed1 #ef ,chesnut1 ,v4 ,k41 references to work1 #aj1 #aa1 #cc ,chevallier1 ,a41 reference to work1 #fd ,christison1 ,r41 references to work1 #fb1 #fc ,coffee substitute1 use of seeds of ,astragalus boeticus1 #ce ,collier1 ,peter1 study of loco plants1 #ba ,colorado1 loco disease experiments1 results1 #e loss of stock from loco disease1 #ahih1 #i ,constipation1 treatment of animals with barium1 danger1 #gc ,cotyledon ventricosa1 cause of nenta1 a goat disease1 #ag ,courtin1 reference to work1 #fd ,cows1 abortion caused by loco poisoning1 #ac autopsies after loco poisoning1 #ah locoed1 symptoms1 #be susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,crawford1 ,albert ,c41 loco investigations1 reference to published paper1 #ge ,crazy weed4 ,see ,loco plants4 ,crotalaria sagittalis1 cause of loco disease1 chemical study1 #aj1 #bf-bg experiments with horses1 #bf-bg ,curtice1 ,c41 reference to work1 #ca ,cyon1 ,m41 reference to work1 #ei ,cyprus1 loco disease of cattle1 sheep1 and goats1 #bb ,darling pea1 effects on horses and sheep in ,australia1 #af feeding sheep1 effects similar to loco poisoning1 #af-ag ,day1 ,m4 ,g41 experiments with ,astragalus mollissimus and ,aragallus lamberti1 #ae1 #bc-bf ,delphinium spp41 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,demoussy1 ,e41 reference to work1 #ec ,didymium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ea ,dieckerhoff1 ,w41 references to work1 #gb1 #gd ,digestion of loco plants1 experiments1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj ,diuretic1 use of ,astragalus glycophyllus1 #ce ,dogs1 barium feeding experiments1 results1 #fb poisoning1 subcutaneous injection1 #gd loco-plant feeding experiments1 #bb1 #bc1 #cj1 #ec ,donkeys1 susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,dworzak1 ,h41 reference to work1 #ec ,dyrenforth1 reference to work1 #ed ,eastwood1 ,a41 references to work1 #aj1 #ab ,eckard1 ,g4 ,e41 reference to work1 #ec ,ehrhardt1 ,j41 reference to work1 #gc ,emory1 ,w4 ,h41 reference to work1 #ai ,eschricht1 reference to work1 #fd ,experiments1 laboratory1 with barium salts1 #eg-fb loco plants1 #cf-ef1 #ff-ga loco poisoning and barium feeding1 results1 #e ,extracts of loco plants1 digestion with pepsin and pancreatin1 experiments1 #ff-fh testing1 importance1 #gf use in laboratory experiments1 varying toxicity1 #cf-di1 #ff-ga ,falk1 reference to work1 #gd ,faust1 ,e4 ,s41 reference to work1 #ca ,faville1 reference to work1 #ah ,felletar1 ,e41 reference to work1 #fb ,ferguson1 ,j4 ,c41 reference to work1 #fc ,filippi1 ,e41 reference to work1 #fb ,fletcher1 ,j41 reference to work1 #aj ,fleurot1 reference to work1 #ce ,folin1 ,o41 reference to work1 #ef ,food1 use of loco plants1 #ce1 #gd ,forage1 use of ,astragalus nuttallianus and ,a4 crassicarpus1 #ce ,forchhammer1 ,j4 ,g41 reference to work1 #ec ,foster1 ,f4 ,b41 reference to work1 #bf ,frankforter1 ,g4 ,b41 reference to work1 #ce ,fraps1 ,g4 ,s41 reference to work1 #gb ,fresenius1 ,c4 ,g41 reference to work1 #gb ,fritillaria pudica1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,frogs1 loco-plant experiments1 #ag1 #bb1 #bd poisoning1 #ag1 #bd ,frhlich1 ,a41 reference to work1 #fe ,frhner1 ,e41 reference to work1 #gc ,fuchs1 ,c4 ,j41 references to work1 #fe1 #gd ,funaro1 ,a41 reference to work1 #fd ,garbanzillo1 ,spanish name for ,astragalus mollissimus1 derivation1 #aa ,gibbons1 ,h41 reference to work1 #ba ,givens1 ,a4 ,j41 references to work1 #aj1 #ce ,glands1 swelling1 in locoed animals1 note1 #fc result of use of barium on human beings1 #fc ,glover1 ,r4 ,m41 reference to work1 #fa ,goat disease1 ,south ,africa1 note1 #ag ,goats1 loco poisoning1 #bb susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,gordon1 ,p4 ,r41 reference to work1 #ag ,grass staggers1 ,texas loco disease1 symptoms1 description1 #aa ,greshoff1 ,m41 reference to work1 #ce ,guinea pig1 autopsy after loco poisoning1 #dc pigs1 loco-plant feeding experiments1 #cb1 #dc ,guthrie1 ,f4 ,b41 reference to work1 #ag ,hairs on plants cause of loco disease1 suggestion1 #bb1 #bh ,hallucinations caused by loco poison1 #ac ,hare1 ,h4 ,a41 reference to work1 #fc ,harkins1 ,w4 ,d41 reference to work1 #di ,hayes1 ,m4 ,h41 description of ,texas grass staggers1 #aa ,hefftner1 ,a41 reference to work1 #eh ,heilborn1 ,f41 reference to work1 #ei ,hill1 ,j4 ,r41 reference to work1 #bb ,hillebrand1 method of determination of barium in ash of loco plants1 #ef statement as to barium content of rocks in ,rocky ,mountains1 #ed ,hoffmann1 ,f41 reference to work1 #bf ,hogs1 susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,holmes1 ,e4 ,m41 reference to work1 #ce ,hornberger1 ,r41 reference to work1 #ec ,horses1 autopsies after barium poisoning1 #gc loco poisoning1 #ah1 #bf barium poisoning1 #gc disease caused by feeding on ,darling pea 7,swainsona galegifolia71 #af loco-plant experiments1 #cc loco poisoning1 notes1 #af1 #ai1 #bj1 #bf locoed1 symptoms1 #ac susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,hough1 ,w41 reference to work1 #ce ,howard1 ,c4 ,d41 reference to work1 #gc ,hugo1 ,colo41 soils1 analysis for traces of barium1 #eg ,hunt1 ,reid1 study of and experiments with loco plants1 #cc-cd ,hurd1 ,h4 ,m41 reference to work1 #ce ,husemann1 ,t41 reference to work1 #fb ,hydrocyanic acid1 presence in loco plants1 suggestion1 #bi ,indigo disease1 similarity to loco disease1 #af-ag ,ingersoll1 study of loco disease1 #cj ,injections1 subcutaneous1 experiments with barium salts1 #fb1 #gc1 #gd loco extracts1 #dc ,insanity1 treatment1 use of ,astragalus mollissimus1 #ce ,insect ,life1 reference to work1 #ca ,intoxication caused by loco plants1 #ac1 #af1 #ba1 #bb ,jaksch1 ,j4 v41 references to work1 #ea1 #fb ,janvier1 reference to work1 #aa ,kabitz1 ,h41 reference to work1 #gd ,kansas1 loss of stock from loco disease in #ahhc1 #i ,kellogg1 ,a41 reference to work1 #ai ,kelsey1 ,f4 ,d41 reference to work1 #aj ,kennedy1 ,h41 reference to work1 #fc ,kennedy1 ,j41 experiments with loco-weed extracts1 #bc1 #bf ,kingsley1 ,b4 ,f41 reference to work1 #ab ,kissner1 ,g41 reference to work1 #fa ,kittens1 loco-plant experiments1 and autopsies1 #bd-bh ,see also ,cats4 ,kleuch1 ,j4 ,p41 reference to work1 #ai ,knop1 ,w41 reference to work1 #ec ,knowles1 ,m4 ,e41 references to work1 #ac1 #ad ,kobert1 ,r41 references to work1 #cc1 #ed ,laband1 ,l41 reference to work1 #ea ,laboratory experiments with loco plants1 #cf-eg ,lagarde1 ,p41 reference to work1 #fd ,lambs1 experiments in feeding loco plants1 symptoms and autopsies1 #ca1 #de1 #df ,lane1 ,c4 ,b41 reference to work1 #gd ,lanthanum chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ej ,lathyrism1 symptoms1 resemblance to loco poisoning1 #ae ,leucocrinum montanum1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,lewin1 ,l41 references to work1 #fe1 #gb ,lewis1 ,doctor1 experiments with loco plants on rabbits1 #cj ,linossier1 ,g41 reference to work1 #gd ,lisfranc1 reference to work1 #fd ,lloyd1 ,j4 ,w41 study of loco poison1 #ca1 #cb ,loco-acid1 body supposed to be in loco plants1 #cj disease1 attributed to hairs on plants1 #bb1 #bh worms1 #ca1 #cd experiments1 ,colorado1 results1 #e symptoms1 descriptions1 #aa1 #ab-af1 #ag1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #cf-dd eating habit1 description1 #ad1 #ae intoxication1 #ac1 #af1 #ba1 #bb investigations from a pharmacological standpoint1 historical sketch1 #ai-cd plants1 ash determinations1 #ed-ee ashed1 aqueous extracts1 effect1 #dh-eb barium determinations1 #ee-eg eaten with large amounts of other food presumably not dangerous1 #ga effects on human beings1 #ae1 #bj1 #bb1 #ce extracts1 digestion with pepsin and pancreatin1 experiments1 #ff-fh extracts1 variations in toxicity1 #ff-ga use in laboratory experiments1 varying toxicity1 #cf-eb1 #ff-ga list1 #aj poison1 varying in carnivorous and herbivorous animals1 #bc with season1 variety1 and origin1 #be1 #dh uses as food1 forage1 medicine1 etc41 #ce without barium not poisonous1 #fh-ga ,see also ,loco weeds4 poison1 attempts to isolate the active principle1 #dg poisoning1 laboratory study1 results1 #e-f symptoms1 #aa1 #ab-af1 #ag1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cc1 #cf-dd reproduction in rabbits1 #bi1 #cc1 #cf-dd1 #ge theoretical antidote1 #ga-gb ,locoed animals1 clinical symptoms1 #ab-af pathological conditions as described on the range1 #ah-ai derivation of term1 #i ,locoin1 experiments by ,ruedi1 #cj ,loco-weed disease1 geographical distribution1 #i family1 notes on use of various members1 #ce ,see also ,loco plants4 ,lopes1 ,a41 reference to work1 #fd ,lotus americanus1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,ldeking1 ,c41 reference to work1 #gb ,lutterkorth1 ,h41 reference to work1 #ec ,mc,cullaugh1 ,f4 ,a41 references to work1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #ai ,mc,eackran1 ,doctor1 loco-plant experiments with horse1 #cc ,magnesium acetate1 experiments on rabbits1 #eb ,magnus1 ,r41 reference to work1 #eh ,maiden1 ,j4 ,h41 reference to work1 #af ,maisch1 ,j4 ,m41 references to work1 #ba1 #ce ,malbec1 ,a41 reference to work1 #eh ,malnutrition1 cause of loco disease1 suggestion1 #bi1 #cd ,malvastrum coccineum1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,man1 barium poisoning1 #fb-fe loco poisoning1 symptoms1 #ae ,manganese acetate1 experiments on rabbits1 #ea ,manitoba1 occurrence of loco poisoning1 #aj ,marine plants1 barium taken up from sea1 #ec ,marsh1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,dwight1 investigation and collection of loco plants1 and reference to published paper1 #cf1 #ge ,marshall1 ,h4 ,t41 loco plant study1 reference to work1 #ca1 #cd ,martin1 ,c4 ,j41 description of effects of feeding the ,darling pea to sheep1 #af-ag ,matthews1 ,w41 reference to work1 #ce ,mayo1 ,n4 ,s41 loco-plant studies1 references to work1 #aa1 #ac1 #ah1 #cb1 #ga ,meat from locoed cattle harmless1 #fe ,medicago sativa4 ,see ,alfalfa4 ,medicine1 use of loco plants1 #ce ,meltzer1 ,s4 ,j41 reference to work1 #eb ,mexico1 plants causing locoed condition1 #aj1 #aa ,mickwitz1 ,l41 reference to work1 #ei ,miller1 ,c4 ,h41 reference to work1 #ac ,mittelstaedt1 ,f41 references to work1 #fb1 #fe ,moffat1 ,p41 study of loco plants1 #bj ,mules1 susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,nagler1 ,f41 reference to work1 #gc ,nausea1 effect of loco plants on man1 #ae1 #bj1 #bb ,nelson1 ,s4 ,b41 reference to work1 #cc ,nenta1 goat disease1 ,south ,africa1 #ag ,neumann1 ,j41 reference to work1 #eh ,neuritis1 peripheral1 in locoed animals in ,australia1 #ag ,new ,south ,wales1 ,agricultural ,gazette1 references1 #af1 #ag ,nightshade spp41 supposed cause of locoed condition in ,mexico1 #aj ,nockolds1 ,c41 references to work1 #ab1 #ad ,nothnagel1 ,h41 reference to work1 #fe ,noyes1 ,a4 ,a41 reference to work1 #ec ,oatman1 ,h4 ,c41 experiments with alfalfa extract1 #bh ,o',brine1 loco-plant studies and analyses and references to work1 #ac1 #ah1 #ai1 #bg1 #cb1 #cc1 #ed ,onsum1 ,j41 reference to work1 #fa ,orange ,judd ,farmer1 reference1 #fc ,orfila1 reference to work1 #ei ,oserow1 reference to work1 #dh ,ott1 ,dr4 ,isaac1 experiments with extract of ,astragalus mollissimus1 results1 #bb ,oxytropis lamberti1 analyses1 #bj ,see also ,aragallus4 ,paralysis1 result of barium poisoning in man1 #fd ,parasites1 loco plants1 suggested cause of loco disease1 #ca1 #cd ,parker1 ,w4 ,t41 reference to work1 #ac ,parkes1 reference to work1 #gd ,pathological conditions in barium poisoning1 #fe locoed animals on the range1 #ah-ai ,patterson1 ,a4 ,h41 reference to work1 #ab ,pauli1 ,w41 reference to work1 #fe ,payne1 ,j4 ,e41 reference to work1 #cd ,pelletier1 ,d41 references to work1 #fb1 #gc ,pigs1 barium poisoning1 #gd guinea4 ,see ,guinea pigs4 ,pilgrim1 ,c4 ,w41 reference to work1 #aa ,pilliet1 ,a41 reference to work1 #eh ,plants1 marine1 barium taken up from sea1 #ec ,plnius1 ,w41 reference to work1 #da ,poison1 loco1 attempts to isolate the active principle1 #dg properties of certain loco plants1 #ce ,poisoning1 barium1 experimental1 pathological lesions1 #fe horses1 sheep1 and pigs1 #gc1 #gd man1 #fb-fe acute cases1 symptoms1 results1 #fd possibility of production from use of food1 #fd ,poisoning1 loco1 theoretical antidote1 #ga-gb symptoms1 #aa1 #ab-af1 #ag1 #bd1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc1 #cf-dd reproduction in rabbits1 #bi1 #cc1 #cf-dd1 #ge ,porcher1 ,f4 ,p41 reference to work1 #ce ,post-mortems4 ,see ,autopsies4 ,pott1 ,e41 reference to work1 #ce ,power1 ,f4 ,b41 experiments with loco plants1 #bf-bh ,pregnancy1 animals in1 experiments in feeding barium salts1 #fb loco plants1 #da1 #db ,prescott1 ,a4 ,b41 study of ,aragallus lamberti1 #bj ,rabbits1 autopsies after barium poisoning1 #eg-fa1 #fg loco poisoning1 #cj1 #cd1 #cf-dc barium salts1 feeding experiments1 #eg-fb chemicals in aqueous solutions1 feeding experiments1 #ej-eb loco plants1 ash extracts1 feeding experiments1 #dh-di1 #ff-ga feeding experiments1 #bb1 #bd1 #bi1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd in laboratory1 #cf-dd1 #dh-di1 #ff-ga reproduction of symptoms of loco poisoning1 #bi1 #cc1 #cf-dd1 #ge ,rabies1 treatment1 use of ,astragalus kentrophyta1 #ce ,rabuteau1 reference to work1 #ei ,ragwort1 poisonous effects1 ,canada1 #ag ,ram1 barium poisoning1 autopsy1 #gd ,ration1 daily1 green food for cattle1 toxic effects of loco plants1 #gd ,rats1 feeding experiments with barium carbonate1 #ga ,rattle-box4 ,see ,crotalaria sagittalis4 ,rattleweed disease4 ,see ,loco disease4 ,reichardt1 ,e41 reference to work1 #fd ,reincke1 ,j4 ,j41 reference to work1 #ei ,resins from loco plants1 experiments1 #bf ,reynolds1 ,m4 ,h41 investigations with barium1 #fe ,rhamnus lanceolata1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,rocky ,mountains1 high percentage of barium in rocks1 #ed ,roscoe1 ,h4 ,e41 reference to work1 #ec ,rosenthal1 ,d4 ,a41 reference to work1 #ce ,rossbach1 ,m4 ,j41 reference to work1 #fe ,rothrock1 description of loco plants1 effects on animals1 #bj1 #ba ,ruedi1 ,carl1 experiments with loco plants and references to work1 #ad1 #ai1 #bi-cj ,sages said to cause loco disease1 #aa ,salivation1 result of loco poison1 #ab use of barium on human beings1 #fc ,salt licks supposed to cause loco disease1 #aa prevention of poisonous effects of ,darling pea1 #ag ,santi1 ,l41 references to work1 #ei1 #gb ,sayre1 ,l4 ,e41 investigations and experiments and references to work1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd1 #dh ,schedel1 ,h41 reference to work1 #fe ,scheibler1 ,c41 reference to work1 #fd ,schirmer1 reference to work1 #gd ,schorlemmer1 ,c41 reference to work1 #ec ,schuchardt1 ,b41 description of symptoms of locoed animals1 similar to lathyrism1 #ae ,schulz1 ,h41 reference to work1 #fc ,schwartzkopff1 ,o41 references to work1 #ab1 #ac ,schwilgu1 ,c4 ,j4 ,a41 reference to work1 #fc ,science1 references to papers on loco plants1 #aa1 #ca ,scrofula1 treatment1 use of barium1 #fb ,senecio jacoboea1 poisonous effects1 #ag ,sestini1 ,f41 tests for beryllium1 #ej ,sheep1 autopsies after barium poisoning1 #gd loco poisoning1 #ah1 #cj1 #cc1 #de disease caused by feeding on ,darling pea1 #af-ag loco-plant feeding experiments1 #cj1 #dd-df poisoning1 notes1 #bj1 #bb1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd locoed1 symptoms1 #ad-ae susceptibility to loco disease1 #ab ,smith1 ,j4 ,g41 reference to work1 #ce ,snow1 ,f4 ,h41 reference to work1 #ca ,soils1 analysis1 ,hugo1 ,colo41 for traces of barium1 #eg ,sophora sericea1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,spine diseases1 treatment1 use of barium1 #fc ,sprengel1 ,c41 reference to work1 #ec ,staggers1 grass1 ,texas loco disease1 symptoms1 description1 #aa ,stalker1 ,m41 description of symptoms of locoed animals and references to work1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ah1 #ba1 #bf1 #fd ,steele1 ,c4 ,d41 reference to work1 #ca ,stern1 ,e41 reference to work1 #fd ,stietenroth1 reference to work1 #gc ,stipa vaseyi1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj ,stock1 losses from loco diseases1 #i1 #cd poisoning by barium in brine1 #gc ,stockman1 ,doctor1 experiments with extracts of ,astragalus mollissimus1 #bb ,storer1 ,f4 ,h41 reference to work1 #gb ,storke1 ,b4 ,f41 references to work1 #ai1 #be ,strontium acetate1 experiments on rabbits1 #eb ,subcutaneous injections4 ,see ,injections4 ,sullivan1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c41 determination of barium in ,aragallus lamberti1 #ed ,sulphates antidotal to barium1 suggestions1 #ga-gb1 #ge ,suzuki1 ,u41 reference to work1 #ec ,swain1 ,r4 ,e41 reference to work1 #di ,swainsona galegifolia4 ,see ,darling pea4 spp41 effects on sheep and horses1 similar to loco poisoning1 #af-ag ,syphilis1 treatment1 use of ,astragalus exscapus1 #ce ,taenia expansa4 ,see ,tapeworm4 ,taito1 ,f41 reference to work1 #fd ,tallquist1 ,t4 ,w41 reference to work1 #ca ,tapeworm1 sheep1 suggested cause of loco disease1 #cj ,texas grass staggers1 loco disease1 symptoms1 description1 #aa ,thallium nitrate1 experiments on rabbits1 #ej ,thorium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ej ,thorpe1 ,t4 ,e41 reference to work1 #eg ,tidy1 ,c4 ,m41 reference to work1 #fa ,tiraboscht1 ,a41 reference to work1 #fd ,titanium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ej ,tixier1 ,l41 reference to work1 #da ,torrey1 ,j41 reference to work1 #ai ,toxicity1 variations in extracts of loco plants1 #ff-ga ,turner1 ,f41 reference to work1 #ag ,ulcers in stomach1 #ah1 #bd1 #cg1 #da1 #dc1 #di1 #fi ,vasey1 ,george1 investigations and references to work1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba ,wait1 ,c4 ,e41 reference to work1 #ea ,walsh1 ,j41 reference to work1 #fd ,watson1 ,s41 study of ,aragallus lamberti1 #bj ,weber1 ,f4 ,r41 reference to work1 #ei ,wheat1 barium present1 #ec ,wheeler1 ,g4 ,m41 references to work1 #bj1 #ba ,wilcox1 ,e4 ,v41 references to work1 #aa1 #cc ,wilcox1 ,t4 ,e41 reference to work1 #ac ,williams1 ,t4 ,a41 reference to work1 #aj ,winslow1 ,k41 reference to work1 #gc ,wohlwill1 ,f41 reference to work1 #ea ,woll1 ,f4 ,w41 reference to work1 #gd ,woolls1 ,w41 reference to work1 #ag ,worms1 cause of loco disease1 suggestion1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd ,yttrium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ea ,zirconium chlorid1 experiments on rabbits1 #ej-ea ,zygadenus elegans1 supposed cause of loco disease1 #aj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber ,,notes3 ,obvious typographical errors and punctuation has been corrected without note4 ,alternate spellings and mis-spellings in the original have been retained4 ,page #bf3 analagous changed to analogous 7some plant analogous to74 ,footnote #if3 ,crotallaria changed to ,crotalaria 7,poisonous ,effects of ,crotalaria74 ,page #eb3 ,rubidum changed to ,rubidium 7,rubidium chlorid c4 p474 ,page #gf3 is changed to it 7so that it is not74