,illu/ration ,,descriptive ,,zoopraxography ,,or ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,animal ,,locomotion ,,made ,,popul> ,,by ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge ,,) ,,select$ ,,outl9e ,,trac+s ,,r$uc$ ,,f ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,animal ,,locomotion ,,an ,,electro-,,photographic ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,animal ,,movem5ts1 ,,comm5c$ #ahgb1 ,,complet$ #ahhe1 ,,& ,,publi%$ #ahhg1 ,,"u ,,! ,,auspices ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publi%$ ,,z ,a ,,mem5to ,,( ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lectures ,,giv5 ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,"u ,,! ,,auspices ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,bureau ,,( ,,education ,,at ,,! ,,_w',s ,,columbian ,,exposition1 ,,9 ,,zoopraxographical ,,hall #ahic 99 99 99 99 99 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania #ahic 99 99 99 99 99 ,,copyright$1 #ahic1 ,,by ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge ,! ,lakeside ,press ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,subscrib]s ,,to ,,animal ,,locomotion4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,autographs ,,are ,,on ,,! ,,subscription ,,book ,,9 ,,! ,,possession ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahib :ile ! ,au?or 0 9 ,cali=nia1 prep>+ = a ,lectur+ t\r ?r\gh ,au/ralia & ,india1 he receiv$ an invitation f ! ,f9e ,arts ,commission ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition to give a s]ies ( ,lectures on ,,zoopraxography 9 association ) ! ,exposition n[ be+ held 9 ,*icago4 ,z ^! ,lectures "u ! m famili> title ( ,! ,sci5ce ( ,animal ,locomotion 9 ,its ,relation to ,design 9 ,art _h already be5 giv5 at ne>ly all ! pr9cipal ,in/itutions ( ,art1 ,sci5ce & ,education 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7see app5dix ,a7 ! ,au?or 0 induc$ to believe t !y might be repeat$ 9 a popul> mann] at ! ,exposition1 ) "s appreciation ( ! importance ( ! facts :i* 8 inve/igation has reveal$1 n m]ely by ! /ud5t ( ,nature or ( ,art1 b by t l>ge & important class ( /ud5ts1 kn[n z ! g5]al public4 ,"u ?is impression he delay$ 8 f> ,occid5tal exp$ition & return$ to ,*icago to f9d a commodi\s !at] erect$ = ?is special purpose on ! gr\nds ( ! ,exposition1 to :i* ! "n ( ,zopraxographical ,hall _h be5 giv52 ! ,sci5ce ( ,zopraxography hav+ _h its orig9 9 ! ,au?or's fir/ exp]im5ts 9 #ahgb4 ,x is n int5d$ 9 ?is monograph to give m ?an a synopsis ( ! usual c\rse ( ,lectures on ! subject1 nor to reproduce any ( ! pictur$ or sculptur$ repres5tations :i* are necess>y = its prop] elucidation1 b m]ely to describe ! common me?ods ( limb action adopt$ by quadrup$s--especially by ! horse--9 _! v>i\s acts ( progressive motion1 & to illu/rate ! mo/ important phases ( ^! movem5ts by trac+s f ! orig9al photogravures ( ! ,au?or's "w4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( a ,lecture on ,zopraxography ! c\rse usually adopt$ is to project1 mu* l>g] ?an ! size ( life ^u a scre51 a s]ies ( ! mo/ important phases ( "s act ( animal motion--! /ride ( a horse1 :ile gallop+ = example--:i* are analytically describ$4 ,^! successive phases are !n comb9$ 9 ! ,zopraxiscope1 :i* is set 9 motion1 & a reproduction ( ! orig9al movem5ts ( life is di/9ctly visible to ! audi5ce4 ,) ?is app>atus1 horse-races are reproduc$ ) su* fidelity t ! individual *>act]i/ics ( ! motion ( e animal c readily be se52 flocks ( birds fly across ! scre5 ) e movem5t ( _! w+s cle>ly p]ceptible2 two gladiators cont5d = victory ) an en]gy :i* w\ld cause ! ar5a to res\nd ) wild applause1 a?letes turn som]saults1 & o!r actions by m51 wom5 & *ildr51 horses1 dogs1 cats & wild animals1 su* z runn+1 danc+1 jump+1 trott+ & kick+1 are illu/rat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,by ?is me?od ( analysis & syn!sis ! eye is taught h[ to obs]ve & to di/+ui% ! diff]5ces betwe5 a true & a false impression ( animal movem5ts4 ,! ,zopraxiscopical exhibition is foll[$ by illum9at$ copies ( pa9t+s & sculptures1 demon/rat+ h[ ! movem5t has be5 int]pret$ by ! ,arti/s ( all ages2 f ! primitive engrav]s ( ! cave dwell+ p]iod1 to ! mo/ em95t pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! pres5t day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgb1 :ile ! ,au?or 0 engag$ 9 8 (ficial duties z ,photograph] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t = ! ,pacific coa/1 !re arose 9 ! city ( ,san ,francisco "o ( ^? controv]sies ^u ,animal ,locomotion1 :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( mank9d f ! dawn ( symbolical design1 to ! pres5t era ( re=mation 9 ! arti/ic expression ( animal movem5ts4 ,! subject ( ?is p>ticul> dispute 0 ! possibility ( a horse hav+ all ( 8 feet free ( contact ) ! gr\nd at ! same in/ant1 :ile trott+1 ev5 at a high rate ( spe$1 & ! disputants 7 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,mac,crellish & ! ,hon4 ,lel& ,/an=d4 ,! att5tion ( ! ,au?or 0 direct$ to ?is controv]sy & he imm$iately s\ght ! means = its settlem5t4 ,at ?is "t ! rapid dry plate _h n yet be5 evolv$ f ! laboratory ( ! *emi/1 & ! problem be=e him 0 to develop a suffici5tly int5se & contra/$ image ^u a wet collodion plate1 aft] an exposure ( s brief a duration t a horse's foot mov+ ) a velocity ( m ?an a hundr$ l9eal feet 9 a second ( "t1 %\ld be photograph$ practically %>p4 ,a few days' exp]im5t+ & ab\t a doz5 negatives1 ) a celebrat$ fa/ trott]--,occid5t--z a model1 :ile trott+ at ! rate ( a mile 9 two m9utes & sixte5 seconds1 lat]ally 9 front ( ! cam]a1 decid$ ! argum5t = once & = all "t 9 favor ( ^? disputants :o held ! op9ion t a horse :ile trott+ 0 = a portion ( 8 /ride entirely free f contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,) a k ( ! fact t "s horses :ile trott+ w make a /ride ( tw5ty feet or m 9 l5g?1 x is difficult to und]/& :y !re %\ld ev] h be5 any diff]5ce ( op9ion on ! subject4 ,^! fir/ exp]im5ts ( ,zopraxography 7 made at ,sacram5to1 ,cali=nia1 9 ,may1 #ahgb4 ,a few impressions 7 pr9t$ f ! select$ negative = private di/ribution1 & 7 comm5t$ ^u by ! ,alta ,cali=nia1 a newspap] publi%$ 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,?us f> ! photographs _h be5 made ) a s+le cam]a1 requir+ a sep>ate trott+ = ea* exposure4 ,! horse be+ ( a d>k color & ! backgr\nd :ite1 ! pictures 7 little bett] ?an silh\ettes1 & x 0 difficult to di/+ui%1 except by inf]5ce1 ! "r feet f ! left4 ,sev]al phases ( z _m diff]5t movem5ts _h be5 photograph$1 :i* ! ,au?or endeavor$ ) little success to arrange 9 consecutive ord] = ! con/ruction ( a complete /ride4 ,x !n occurr$ to him t if a numb] ( cam]as 7 plac$ 9 a l9e1 & exposures effect$ successively 9 ea*1 ) regulat$ int]vals ( "t or ( di/ance1 an analysis ( "o s+le /ep or /ride c\ld be obta9$ :i* w\ld be ( value bo? to ! ,sci5ti/ & ! ,arti/4 ,! practical application ( ?is sy/em ( photograph+ requir$ consid]able "t = its developm5t1 & mu* exp]im5t+ ) *emicals & app>atus4 ,x be+ desirable t ! horses us$ z models %\ld be repres5tatives ( _! v>i\s bre$s1 & ! ,au?or n be+ ! own] ( any t c\ld be fairly class$ z su*1 obta9$ ! cop]ation ( ,mr4 ,/an=d1 :o own$ a f9e /ud ( horses at 8 f>m at ,palo ,alto1 & !re cont9u$ 8 labors4 ,! app>atus us$ at ?is /age ( ! inve/igation 0 ess5tially ! same z t subsequ5tly con/ruct$ = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* w be describ$ fur!r on4 ,"s ( ! results ( ^! e>ly exp]im5ts :i* illu/rat$ successive phases ( ! action ( horses :ile walk+1 trott+1 gallop+1 c41 7 publi%$ 9 #ahgh1 ) ! title ( ,! ,horse 9 ,motion4 ,copies ( ^! photographs 7 deposit$ ! same ye> 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton1 & "s ( !m f\nd _! way to ,b]l91 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 c41 :]e !y 7 criticiz$ by ! j\rnals ( ! day4 ,9 #ahhb ! ,au?or visit$ ,europe & at a reception giv5 him by ,monsieur ,meissoni] 0 invit$ by t great pa9t] to exhibit ! results ( 8 labors to 8 bro!r ,arti/s :o _h assembl$ 9 8 /udios = t purpose4 ,m4 ,meissoni] 0 ! fir/ among ,arti/s to ackn[l$ge ! value to ,art design ( ! ,au?or's rese>*es2 & ^u ?is occasion1 allud+ to a full k ( ! details ( a subject be+ necess>y = its tru?ful & satisfactory translation by ! ,arti/1 he decl>$ h[ mu* 8 own impression ( a horse's motion _h be5 *ang$ aft] a c>eful /udy ( its consecutive phases4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out1 9 confirmation ( ,m4 ,meissoni]'s ass]tions1 ! modifications 9 ! expression ( animal movem5ts n[ progress+ 9 ! works ( ! ,pa9t] & ! ,sculptor1 or to ! fact ( _! be+ ! result ( /udi\s att5tion to ! sci5ce ( ,zopraxography4 ,9 ! same ye>1 dur+ a lecture on ,! ,sci5ce ( ,animal ,locomotion 9 ,its ,relation to ,design 9 ,art1 giv5 at ! ,royal ,in/itution 7see ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,m>* #ac1 #ahhb71 ! au?or exhibit$ ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts at ,palo ,alto1 :5 he1 ) ! ,zopraxiscope & an oxy-hydrog5 lant]n1 project$ on ! wall a syn!sis ( _m ( ! actions he _h photograph$4 ,x may n be consid]$ irrelevant if he repeats :at he on t occasion said 9 8 analysis ( ! quadrup$al walk3-- ,s f> z ! cam]a has reveal$1 ^! successive foot fall+s are inv>iable1 & are probably common to all quadrup$s4444 ,x is also probable t ^! photographic inve/igations--:i* 7 execut$ ) wet collodion plates1 ) exposures n exce$+ 9 "s in/ances ! "o five-?\s&? "p ( a second--w dispel _m popul> illusions z to ! gaits ( a horse1 & future & m exhau/ive exp]im5ts1 ) ! advantages ( rec5t *emical discov]ies1 w completely unveil all ! visible muscul> action ( m5 & animals ev5 dur+ _! mo/ rapid movem5ts4444 ,! employm5t ( automatic app>atus = ! purpose ( obta9+ a regulat$ succession ( photographic exposures is too rec5t = x to be g5]ally us$ = sci5tific exp]im5t or = its advantages to be prop]ly appreciat$4 ,at "s future "t ! philosoph] w f9d x indisp5sable = _m ( 8 inve/igations4 ,! great int]e/ manife/$ 9 ! results ( 8 prelim9>y labors conv9c$ ! ,au?or t a compreh5sive & sy/ematic inve/igation ) improv$ me*anical appliances1 & newly-discov]$ *emical manipulations1 w\ld demon/rate _m novel facts1 n only int]e/+ to ! casual obs]v]1 b ( indisputable value to ! ,arti/ & to ! ,sci5ti/4 ,?is inve/igation & ! subsequ5t publication 9 ! elaborate mann] det]m9$ ^u1 assum$ su* impos+ proportions1 & necess>ily dem&$ s l>ge an exp5diture1 t all publi%]s1 n unnaturally1 %rank f ent]+ ! unexplor$ field4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( its ,provo/1 ,dr4 ,william ,pepp]1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ) an enlight5$ ex]cise ( its functions z a contributor to human k1 in/ruct$ ! ,au?or to make1 "u its auspices1 a compreh5sive inve/igation ( ,animal ,locomotion 9 ! broade/ significance ( ! words1 7see app5dix ,b7 & "s ( ! ,tru/ees & fri5ds ( ! ,univ]sity con/itut$ !mselves a committee = ! purpose ( promot+ ! execution ( ! "w4 ,^! g5tlem5 7 ,dr4 ,william ,pepp]1 ,*as4 ,c4 ,h>rison1 ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott1 ,edw4 ,h4 ,coates1 ,samuel ,dickson & ,?omas ,hockley4 ,! ,au?or ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to ^! g5tlem5 = ! int]e/ !y took 9 8 labors2 = )\t _! g5]\s assi/ance ! "w w\ld probably nev] h be5 complet$2 ! total am\nt exp5d$--ne>ly =ty ?\s& doll>s--be+ entirely beyond 8 own res\rces4 ,to ,drs4 ,f4 ,x4 ,d]cum1 ,geo4 ,f4 ,b>k] & ,horace ,jayne1 ( ! ,univ]sity1 ! ,au?or is also indebt$ = mu* valuable assi/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( ! ,/udio at ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,app>atus = ,inve/igat+ ,animal ,locomotion4 ,,/udio1 ,,app>atus1 ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,work+4 ,= a prop] appreciation ( ! c>e tak5 9 ! ,inve/igation ( ,animal ,locomotion at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania to ensure accurate record ( ! consecutive phases ( ! v>i\s movem5ts1 att5tion to ! sy/em adopt$ is necess>y4 ,9 ! diagram1 ,b is ! ,lat]al backgr\nd2 consi/+ ( a %$ #cg metres or ab\t #abj feet1 long1 ! front ( :i* is op51 & divid$ by v]tical & horizontal ?reads into spaces #e c5timetres1 or ab\t #b in*es1 squ>e1 & by broad] ?reads into l>g] spaces #ej c5timetres1 or ab\t #ai in*es1 squ>e4 ,at ,c & ,c1 #cg metres1 or ab\t #abj feet1 ap>t are fix$ backgr\nds1 ) v]tical ?reads #e c5timetres1 or ab\t two in*es1 f _! c5tres1 ) broad] ?reads #cj c5timetres1 or ab\t #ab in*es1 f _! c5tres4 ,= "s inve/igations1 readily di/+ui%able 9 ! plates1 portable backgr\nds are us$1 consi/+ ( frames #c metres wide by #d metres high1--ab\t #aj feet by #ac feet #d in*es1--ov] "s ( :i* black clo? & ov] o!rs :ite clo? is /ret*$1 all be+ divid$ by v]tical & horizontal l9es into squ>e spaces ( ! same description z ^? ( ! lat]al backgr\nd4 ,^! portable backgr\nds are us$ :5 photograph+ birds & horses1 & also wild animals :5 possible to d s4 ,l4 ,a lat]al batt]y ( #bd automatic electro-photographic cam]as1 arrang$ p>allel ) ! l9e ( progressive motion1 & usually plac$ !refrom ab\t #ae metres or #di feet4 ,sl[ movem5ts are usually photograph$ ) l5ses ( #c in*es diamet] & #ae in*es equival5t focus2 ! c5tres ( ! l5ses be+ #ae c5timetres1 or ab\t #f in*es1 ap>t4 ,rapid movem5ts are usually photograph$ ) a portable batt]y ( cam]as & small] l5ses4 ,! c5tre1 betwe5 l5ses #f & #g1 is opposite ! c5tre ( ! track ,t4 ,= illu/rations compris+ bo? ,lat]als & ,=e%ort5+s1 cam]as #a to #ab only are us$4 ,:5 ,lat]als alone are requir$1 cam]as #ac to #bd are connect$ ) ! sy/em & us$ 9 _! regul> sequ5ce4 ,r4 ,a portable batt]y ( #ab automatic electro-photographic cam]as1 ! l5ses ( :i* are #a in*es diamet] & #e in*es equival5t focus2 ! l5ses are arrang$ #g c5timetres1 or ab\t #c in*es1 f _! c5tres4 ,:5 ! batt]y is us$ v]tically1 l5s #f is usually on ! same horizontal plane z ! l5ses ( ! lat]al batt]y4 ,9 ! diagram ?is batt]y is arrang$ v]tically = a s]ies ( ,re> ,=e%ort5+s1 ! po9ts ( view be+ at an angle ( #ij degrees f ! lat]al batt]y4 ,f4 ,a batt]y ( #ab automatic electro-photographic cam]as1 simil> to t plac$ at ,r1 arrang$ horizontally = ,front ,=e%ort5+s1 ! po9ts ( view av]ag+ an angle ( #fj degrees f ! lat]al batt]y4 ,o4 ,! position ( ! op]ator2 ! electric batt]ies2 ! *ronograph = record+ ! int]vals ( "t betwe5 ea* successive exposure2 ! motor = complet+ ! successive electric circuits1 & o!r app>atus connect$ ) ! inve/igation4 ,t ,t4 ,! track p>allel ) ! lat]al batt]y & cov]$ ) corrugat$ rubb] floor+4 ,m4 ,! model1 approa*+ ! po9t numb] #a on ! track :]e ! s]ies ( photographic illu/rations w comm5ce4 ,an e/imate hav+ be5 made ( ! int]val ( "t :i* w be requir$1 betwe5 ea* photographic exposure1 to illu/rate ! complete movem5t1 or t portion ( ! complete movem5t desir$1 ! app>atus is adju/$ to complete a succession ( electric circuits at ea* requir$ int]val ( "t1 & ! motor is set 9 op]ation4 ,:5 ! s]ies is to illu/rate progressive motion2 ^u ! arrival ( ! model at ! po9t m>k$ #a on ! track1 ! op]ator1 by press+ a button1 completes an electric circuit1 :i* imm$iately ?r[s into ge>+ a portion ( ! app>atus hi!rto at re/4 ,by means ( suitably arrang$ connections1 an electric curr5t is transmitt$ to ea* ( ! #c cam]as m>k$ #a 9 ! v>i\s batt]ies1 & an exposure is simultane\sly made on ea* ( ! photographic plates1 respectively1 conta9$ !re94 ,at ! end ( ! pr$et]m9$ int]val ( "t1 a simil> curr5t is transmitt$ to ea* ( ! cam]as m>k$ #b1 & ano!r exposure made on ea* ( ! #c next plates1 & s =? until ea* s]ies ( exposures 9 ea* ( ! ?ree batt]ies is complet$4 ,assum+ ! op]ator to h ex]cis$ good judgm5t 9 regulat+ ! spe$ ( ! app>atus1 & 9 mak+ ! fir/ electric contact at ! prop] "t1 & t ! figures #a to #ab repres5t ! di/ance trav]s$ by ! model 9 execut+ ! movem5t desir$1 ! fir/ ?ree photographic exposures--t is1 "o exposure 9 ea* batt]y--w h be5 syn*ron\sly made :5 ! model 0 pass+ ! position m>k$ #a on ! track ,t2 ! second ?ree exposures w h be5 made :5 ! model 0 pass+ ! position m>k$ #b1 & s on until twelve successive exposures 7 simultane\sly made 9 ea* ( ! ?ree batt]ies4 ,?is p]fect uni=mity ( "t1 spe$1 & di/ance1 h[ev]1 0 n always obta9$4 ,:5 ?is monograph 0 comm5c$ x 0 n int5d$ by ! au?or to give any m ?an a g5]al idea ( ! me?od adopt$ = obta9+ ! results ( 8 inve/igation2 x has1 h[ev]1 be5 consid]$ t a few illu/rations & brief description ( ! app>atus devis$ & us$ by him may n be )\t int]e/ to o!r /ud5ts4 ,= ! use ( ^! illu/rations he is indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,rev4 ,jesse ,y4 ,burk1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,univ]sity1 & to ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company1 ! publi%]s ( ,! ,muybridge ,"w at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 a book :i* conta9s1 among o!r essays ^u ! subject1 ,mat]ials = a ,memoir on ,animal ,locomotion1 by ,h>rison ,all51 ,m4 ,d41 & ,a ,/udy ( ,"s ,normal & ,abnormal ,movem5ts1 by ,francis ,x4 ,d]cum1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d4 ,figure #a is a view ( ! build+ conta9+ ! lat]al batt]y ( tw5ty-f\r photographic cam]as1 all ( :i* 7 us$ :5 z _m consecutive phases ( an act ( motion 7 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,imm$iately 9 front ( ea* ( ^! cam]as1 & deta*$ !refrom1 0 plac$ an electro-photographic exposor1 a side section ( :i* is repres5t$ by ,figure #b1 9 :i* ,a is a cont9u\s b& ( ?9 rubb] clo? imp]vi\s to light2 ! edges ( :i* are b\nd ) /rong tape1 & arrang$ to run 9 a groove1 & ov] two roll]s ,,rr :i* are atta*$ to a frame4 ,9 ?is endless b& are two ap]tures ,,oo ( suitable size1 & s arrang$ t _! full op5+s z !y pass ea* o!r %all simultane\sly take place 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! l5s ,l4 ,! upp] & l[] edges ( ^! ap]tures are kept taut by light /eel rods atta*$ to ! tape b9d+4 ,to ! l[] rod ( ! front ap]ture is fa/5$ a r+ ,c & a cleat1 to :i* "s ela/ic rubb] b&s ,b are atta*$2 ^! b&s are easily removable & _! numb] increas$ at discretion2 9 "s in/ances ( rapid exposures a t5sion ( tw5ty-five p\nds or m 0 requir$4 ,on a %elf ( ! frame is a magnet ,m1 ov] ! top ( :i* is arrang$ a /eel lev] ,g pivot$ ne> ! end ,d :i* t]m9ates ) a slightly ind5t$ projection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! armature ( ! magnet is pivot$ at ,h2 its upp] arm t]m9ates ) a %\ld] ,i4 ,s is a spr+ to prev5t ! accid5tal %ift+ ( ! %\ld] f its contact ) ! lev] :5 ! exposor is ready = its function4 ,n is a set screw to adju/ ! di/ance ( ! armature f ! magnet4 ,to prep>e = a s]ies ( photographic exposures--! plates hav+ be5 already plac$ 9 ! cam]as--! end ( ! lev] ,g is plac$ "u ! %\ld] ,i2 ! endless curta9 is revolv$ until ! front ap]ture ,o is rais$ to its prop] position1 :5 ! r+ ,c is hook$ ^u ! project+ po9t ,d4 ,a cord atta*$ to ! rubb] b&s ,b is drawn ar\nd ! pulley ,p1 & a r+ at its end is slipp$ ov] a p91 :i* keeps ! spr+ at a prop] /ate ( t5sion4 ,^u ! completion ( an electric circuit ! armature is drawn t[>ds ! magnet2 ! end ( ! lev] is releas$ f its contact ) ! %\ld]2 ! r+ ,c is releas$ f ! project+ po9t ,d2 ! front ( ! endless curta9 is drawn rapidly d[nw>d2 ! ap]tures meet 9 ! c5t] ( ! l5s1 =m a gradually exp&+ & !n contract+ diaphragm1 & ! exposure is made4 ,a front view ( ?ree electro-photographic exposors is se5 9 ,figure #c4 ,! fir/ ( ^! repres5ts ! exposor set & ready = an exposure2 ! second %[s ! meet+ ( ! ap]tures at ! comm5cem5t ( an exposure2 ! ?ird1 _! position ne> ! completion ( ! exposure1 !y hav+ 9 ! mean:ile uncov]$ ! l5s to _! full capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,figure #d illu/rates a portable batt]y ( twelve electro-photographic exposors2 x consi/s ( a rectangul> box divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 op5 at ! front & re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 twelve ( ^! comp>tm5ts are arrang$ roll]s1 curta9s1 magnets1 etc41 z previ\sly describ$1 & a comp>tm5t ?r\gh :i* a focus+ l5s is us$4 ,! two end comp>tm5ts provide = ! adju/m5t ( ! cam]a1 :i* is support$ 9 ! box to ! re> ( ! expos+ arrangem5ts4 ,a cable ( insulat$ wires = connect+ ! twelve magnets ) ! expos+ motor1 conta9s a wire = ! return curr5t4 ,z se5 9 ! engrav+1 sev5 ( ! magnets by ! passage ( _! respective curr5ts h complet$ _! releas+ op]ations4 ,9 ! eigh? comp>tm5t ! two ap]tures 9 ! expos+ b& are 9 ! act ( effect+ an exposure4 ,! rema9+ f\r magnets are await+ _! turn = action4 ,figure #e is a photographic cam]a divid$ into ?irte5 comp>tm5ts1 ea* hav+ a l5s ( ! same con/ruction1 & ! same focal l5g?2 ^! are arrang$ to correspond ) ! comp>tm5ts 9 ! electro-exposors4 ,"o ( ! l5ses is provid$ ) a focus+ scre51 & ) x ! o!r twelve l5ses are adju/$ to a prop] focus )\t remov+ ! plate hold] beh9d !m f its position 9 ! cam]a4 ,! plate hold] is con/ruct$ to hold ?ree dry plates1 ea* ?ree in*es by twelve in*es2 ! front is divid$ into twelve comp>tm5ts1 ea* ?ree in*es squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,light is exclud$ f ! front by a roll] bl9d1 /r5g!n$ by ?9 n>r[ slats ( h>d wood2 ! bl9d works 9 grooves1 is drawn ov] a conceal$ roll]1 & cov]s ! back ( ! hold] :5 ! plates are be+ expos$4 ,figure #f is a re> & side view ( ! circuit mak]1 conv5tionally call$ ! expos+ motor4 ,! motive p[] is an adju/able weight atta*$ to a cord :i* is w\nd ar\nd a drum4 ,tw5ty-f\r b9d+ po/s are atta*$ to ! table at ! back ( ! expos+ motor2 o!r b9d+ po/s are arrang$ = return or o!r curr5ts4 ,figure #g illu/rates a front & side view ( ! upp] "p ( ! expos+ motor4 ,fa/5$ to ! frame is a r+ ( h>d rubb]1 9 :i* are ins]t$ tw5ty-f\r insulat$ segm5ts ( plat9um-coat$ brass2 ^! segm5ts are connect$ by insulat$ wires to ! tw5ty-f\r b9d+ po/s on ! back ( ! motor table1 figure #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,a %aft1 connect$ by an arrangem5t ( ge>$ :eels to ! drum1 passes ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! segm5t$ r+ & c>ries a loose coll>2 a /\t metal rod is firmly atta*$ ne> its longitud9al c5t] to ?is loose coll>4 ,"o arm ( ! rod c>ries a lam9at$ metal scrap]1 or contact bru%1 arrang$ to travel ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! r+1 & 9 its revolution to make contact ) ea* segm5t 9 succession4 ,! contact bru% is connect$ ?r\gh ! arm ) "o pole ( ! batt]y2 & ea* segm5t--?r\gh its indep5d5t wire & magnet ( ! electro-exposors--) ! o!r pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,:5 tw5ty-f\r consecutive phases ( an act ( motion are to be photograph$ f "o po9t ( view1 all ( ! insulat$ segm5ts 9 ! r+ are put 9 circuit4 ,:5 twelve consecutive phases are to be photograph$ syn*ron\sly f ea* ( ?ree po9ts ( view1 ea* alt]nate segm5t is plac$ 9 circuit ) ! electric batt]y4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! s]ies ( syn*ron\s exposures is effect$ w be readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! diagram1 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,all be+ 9 read9ess1 & ! weights & fan :eel adju/$ to cause ! contact bru% to sweep ov] ! p]iph]y ( ! r+ at ! requir$ rate ( spe$1 ! drum1 & ) x ! %aft is set 9 motion4 ,at ! prop] "t1 pressure on a button completes an indep5d5t circuit ?r\gh ! magnet se5 bel[ ! segm5t$ r+1 figure #g1 & 9 ! side diagram ( figure #h4 ,! action ( ! armature releases ! l[] end ( ! rod on ! loose coll>1 :i*1 by means ( a coil$ spr+1 is imm$iately ?r[n into ge>+ ) ! already revolv+ %aft2 ! contact bru% sweeps ar\nd ! segm5t$ r+ & effects ! consecutive s]ies ( exposures at ! pre-arrang$ int]vals ( "t4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ! int]vals v>i$ f ! "o-sixtie? "p ( a second to sev]al seconds4 ,a record ( ^! "t int]vals 0 kept by a *ronograph1 a well kn[n in/rum5t2 x comprises a revolv+ drum c>ry+ a cyl9d] ( smoke-black5$ pap]1 on :i*1 by means ( successive electric contacts1 a p5cil is caus$ to record ! vibrations ( a tun+ =k1 :ile a second p5cil m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ea* photographic exposure4 ,! numb] ( vibrations occurr+ betwe5 any two successive exposures m>ks ! "t4 ,! tun+ =k us$ made "o hundr$ s+le vibrations 9 a second ( "t4 ,to ensure great] m9ut5ess & accuracy 9 ! record1 ! vibrations 7 divid$ into t5?s1 & ! int]vals calculat$ 9 ?\s&?s ( a second4 ,= ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! syn*ron\s action ( ! electro-exposors :ile mak+ a d\ble s]ies ( exposures1 ! accuracy ( ! "t int]vals z record$ by ! *ronograph1 & ! duration ( ! %orte/ photographic exposures us$ 9 ! inve/igation1 ! two batt]ies ( portable cam]as 7 plac$ side by side1 & ! exposors 7 ea* connect$ ) ! expos+ motor by sep>ate l5g?s ( a hundr$ feet ( cable4 ,! two s]ies ( cam]as 7 po9t$ to a rapidly revolv+ disc ( five feet diamet]4 ,! surface ( ! disc 0 black1 ) n>r[ :ite l9es radiat+ f ! c5t] to ! edge l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( ! two s]ies ( result+ negatives prov$ t no v>iation c\ld be discov]$ 9 ! syn*ron\s action ( t5 ( ! duplicat$ s]ies ( exposures1 & t 9 ! rema9+ two a v>iation exi/$ 9 ! simultaneity ( a few t5-?\s&?s ( a second--a result suffici5tly ne> to simultaneity = all ord9>y photographic "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a reproduction ( ! *ronographic record ( "o ( ^! exp]im5ts is se5 9 figure #i4 ,! fir/ l9e records ! revolution ( ! disc2 ! second ! vibration ( ! tun+ =k2 & ea* gr\p ( ?ree long d\ble m>k+s 9 ! ?ird l9e indicates a photographic exposure4 ,! %orte/ exposures made at ! ,univ]sity 7--approximately--! "o six-?\s&? "p ( a second2 su* brief exposures are h[ev] = ?is class ( inve/igation v r>ely ne$$4 ,"s horses gallop+ at full spe$ w1 = a %ort di/ance1 cov] ab\t fifty-six or fifty-eight feet ( gr\nd 9 a second ( "t2 a full mile av]ag+ p]haps a hundr$ seconds4 ,at ?is spe$1 a foot recov]+ its loss ( motion w be ?ru/ =w>d ) an occasional velocity ( at lea/ #abj l9eal feet 9 a second ( "t4 ,dur+ ! "o "o-?\s&? "p ( a second ! body ( ! horse w at ?is rate move =w>d ab\t sev5 "o-t5?s ( an in*1 & a mov+ foot p]haps "o & a half in*es1 n a v s]i\s matt] = ! usual requirem5ts ( ! amateur photograph]4 ,a k ( ! duration ( ! exposures1 h[ev]1 0 9 ?is inve/igation ( no value1 & sc>cely a matt] ( curiosity1 ! aim always be+ to give z long an exposure z ! rapidity ( ! action w\ld p]mit1 ) a due reg>d to ! necess>y %>pness ( outl9e1 & ess5tial di/9ctness ( detail4 ,! p[] us$ = op]at+ ! magnets1 ?r\gh ! expos+ motor1 0 giv5 f a l ,clan* batt]y ( fifty-f\r cells1 arrang$ 9 multiple arc ( ?ree s]ies1 ea* ( eighte5 cells4 ,dur+ ! inve/igation at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& photographic exposures 7 made4 ,! negative plates 7 suppli$ by ! ,cram] ,dry ,plate ,company ( ,/4 ,l\is1 & ! positive plates by ! ,c>butt ,company ( ,philadelphia4 ,on a favorable day five hundr$ or six hundr$ negatives 7 sometimes expos$2 on "o day ! numb] ( exposures rea*$ sev5 hundr$ & fifty4 ,! electrical manipulations 7 direct$ by ,l9o ,f4 ,rond9ella2 ! developm5t room 0 9 *>ge ( ,h5ry ,bell4 ,! au?or takes pleasure 9 ackn[l$g+ ! skill1 pati5ce & en]gy :i* ^! g5tlem5 exhibit$ 9 _! respective fields ( labor4 ,al?\gh ! "o six-?\s&? "p ( a second 0 ! duration ( ! mo/ rapid exposure made 9 ?is inve/igation1 x is by no means ! limit ( me*anically effect$ photographic exposures1 nor does ! "o-sixtie? "p ( a second approa* ! limit ( "t int]vals4 ,m>ey1 9 8 rem>kable physiological inve/igations1 has rec5tly made successive exposures ) f> less int]vals ( "t2 & ! au?or has devis$1 & :5 a relaxation ( ! dem&s ^u 8 "t p]mit1 w use an app>atus :i* w photograph tw5ty consecutive phases ( a s+le vibration ( ! w+ ( an insect2 ev5 assum+ z correct a quotation f ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal by ,pettigrew 9 8 "w on ,animal ,locomotion t a common h\se fly w make dur+ flight sev5 hundr$ & fifty vibrations ( its w+s 9 a second ( "t1 a numb] probably f> 9 excess ( ! reality4 ,! +5i\s g5tlem5 :o are p]si/5tly endeavor+ to ov]come ! ob/acles 9 ! con/ruction ( an app>atus = a]ial navigation1 w p]haps "s day be awak5$ by ! fact t ! only successful me?od ( propulsion w be f\nd 9 ! action ( ! w+ ( an insect4 ,we w n[ resume ! subject prop] ( ?is monograph4 ,x is impossible )9 its limits to trace ! hi/ory ( ! art ( del9eat+ animals 9 motion1 or to illu/rate x ) examples ( ! tru?ful impressions ( ! primitive ,arti/s1 or ( ! imag9ative & errone\s conceptions ( _m ( ^? ( mod]n times4 ,c]ta9 phases ( ! facts ( ,animal ,locomotion w alone be treat$ ^u1 z demon/rat$ by photographic rese>*4 ,! illu/rations & cond5s$ def9itions ( ! v>i\s gaits 7 prep>$ by ! ,au?or = ! ,/&>d ,diction>y4 ,be=e /udy+ ^! x is ess5tial t ! mean+ ( ! t]ms /ep & /ride %\ld be di/9ctly und]/ood4 ,a ,,/ep is an act ( progressive animal motion1 9 :i* "o ( ! support+ memb]s ( ! body is ?ru/ 9 ! direction ( ! motion & ! support transf]r$1 :olly1 or 9 "p1 f "o memb] to ano!r4 ,a ,,/ride is an act ( progressive animal motion1 :i*1 = its completion1 requires all ( ! support+ memb]s ( ! body1 9 ! ex]cise ( _! prop] functions1 to be consecutively & regul>ly ?ru/ 9 ! direction ( ! movem5t until !y hold ! same relative positions 9 respect to ea* o!r z !y did at ! comm5cem5t ( ! notation4 ,9 ! bip$al walk or run a /ep is "o-half ( a /ride or full r\nd movem5t4 ,) all quadrup$s1 except ! kang>oo & o!r jump]s1 f\r /eps are necess>y to complete ! /ride4 ,,! ,,walk4 ,! ,,walk is a me?od ( progressive motion ) a regul> individual succession ( limb movem5ts4 ,9 ! evolution ( ! t]re/rial v]tebrates ! walk 0 probably ! fir/ adopt$ me?od ( locomotion1 & its execution is regulat$ by ! law t ! movem5t ( ! sup]ior limb prec$es ! movem5t ( its lat]al inf]ior limb4 ,?is is prov$ n m]ely by ! ord9>y quadrup$al walk1 b by ! susp5d$ motion ( ! slo?2 ! crawl+ ( ! *ild ^u ! gr\nd1 ! erect walk ( man2 & ! inv]se limb movem5ts ( ! ape tribe4 ,! relative "t int]vals ( ! foot-fall+s v>y greatly ) _m species ( animals1 & ev5 ) ! same animal "u diff]5t conditions4 ,select+ ! horse = ! purpose ( illu/ration we f9d t dur+ ! walk--8 sl[e/ progressive movem5t--he has always two1 & = a v>y+ p]iod ( "t1 or di/ance1 ?ree feet on ! gr\nd at once1 :ile dur+ a v sl[ walk ! support w devolve alt]nately ^u ?ree feet & ^u f\r feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,walk4 ,if ! notation ( ! foot-fall+s comm5ces ) ! l&+ ( ! "r h9d foot1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! o!r feet are plac$ ^u ! gr\nd w be3 ! "r =e1 ! left h9d1 & ! left =e1 comm5c+ aga9 ) ! "r h9d4 ,assum+ t our obs]vation ( ! /ride ( a horse dur+ an ord9>y walk comm5ces ) ! l&+ ( ! "r h9d foot1 ! body w !n be support$ by bo? h9d & ! left =e feet4 ,! left h9d is n[ lift$1 ! support ( ! body devolves ^u ! diagonals--! "r h9d & left =e--& cont9ues s support$ until ! left h9d is 9 ! act ( pass+ to ! front ( ! "r2 :5 ! "r =e is next plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! left =e is n[ rais$1 & ! body is support$ by ! "r lat]als1 until ! l&+ ( ! left h9d foot relieves its fell[ h9d ( a portion ( its weight4 ,two /eps or "o-half ( a /ride h n[ be5 made1 & ) ! sub/itution ( ! "r feet = ! left1 two o!r /eps w be execut$ 9 practically ! same mann]1 & a full /ride w h be5 complet$4 ,we ?us see t dur+ ! walk a quadrup$ is support$ by eight diff]5t me?ods1 ! support+ limbs be+ consecutively3 ,bo? h9d & left =e4 ,"r h9d & left =e diagonals4 ,"r h9d & bo? =e4 ,"r h9d & "r =e lat]als4 ,bo? h9d & "r =e4 ,left h9d & "r =e diagonals4 ,left h9d & bo? =e4 ,left h9d & left =e lat]als4 ,foll[$ z at ! comm5cem5t ) bo? h9d & left =e4 ,:51 !re=e1 dur+ a walk1 a horse is support$ on two legs1 ) two feet susp5d$ betwe5 !m1 ea* pair are lat]als4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! susp5d$ feet are respectively 9 advance (1 & beh9d ! support+ legs1 ea* pair are diagonals4 ,^! inv>iable rules h be5 unkn[n or ignor$ by _m di/+ui%$ arti/s ( mod]n times4 ,,! ,,amble4 ,! amble is a me?od ( progressive motion ) ! same sequ5ce ( foot fall+s z ! walk1 b 9 :i* a h9d foot or a =e foot is lift$ f ! gr\nd 9 advance ( its fell[ h9d foot or its fell[ =e foot be+ plac$ !reon4 ,! support ( ! body !re=e devolves alt]nately ^u a s+le foot & ^u two feet2 ! s+le foot be+ alt]nately a h9d foot & a =e foot1 & ! two feet be+ alt]nately lat]als & diagonals4 ,at no "t is ! body entirely unsupport$4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( illu/rations w cle>ly demon/rate ! consecutive foot fall+s & "s *>act]i/ic phases ( an ambl+ /ride3 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,amble4 ,! amble has v>i\s local names1 su* z ! s+le foot1 ! fox trot1 etc4 ,x has sometimes be5 errone\sly confus$ ) ! rack or ! s-call$ pace2 x is ! mo/ g5tle & agreeable to ! rid] ( all me?ods ( locomotion ( ! horse1 :ile ! rack is ! mo/ ungraceful & disagreeable4 ,9 ,scott's romances are _m allusions to ! ambl+ palfry4 ,b5 ,jonson 9 ,e ,man 9 ,8 ,humor speaks ( go+ out ( ! old hackney-pace to a f9e1 easy amble1 & ,dick5s 9 ,b>naby ,rudge ref]s to ! gray m>e break+ f h] sob] amble into a g5tle trot4 ,! ambl+ gait is natural to ! elephant1 & to ! horse1 ! mule & ! ass2 b 9 _m c\ntries ^! latt] animals are n enc\rag$ 9 its use4 ,,! ,,trot4 ,! trot is a m or less rapid progressive motion ( a quadrup$ 9 :i* ! diagonal limbs act ne>ly simultane\sly 9 be+ alt]nately lift$ f & plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & 9 :i* ! body ( ! animal is entirely unsupport$ twice dur+ ea* /ride4 ,select+ = ! purpose ( illu/ration ! phases occurr+ dur+ two /eps or "o-half ( a /ride ( #ah feet 9 l5g? by a horse trott+ at ! rate ( a mile 9 two m9utes & twelve seconds1 we f9d t at ! in/ant 8 "r =e foot /rikes ! gr\nd1 ! left h9d foot is a few in*es beh9d ! po9t :]e x w pres5tly /rike4 ,z ! feet approa* ! gr\nd1 ! "r h9d leg is drawn =w>d ) ! pa/]n ne>ly horizontal1 :ile ! left =e leg is flex$ "u ! body4 ,aft] ! feet /rike ! gr\nd & ! legs approa* a v]tical position ! pa/]ns are gradually l[]$1 & act z spr+s to break ! =ce ( ! concussion until !y are sometimes b5t to a "r angle ) ! legs4 ,at ?is p]iod ! =e foot is rais$ s high z to frequ5tly /rike ! elb[1 :ile ! diagonal h9d foot is comp>atively b little above ! gr\nd1 & is ab\t to pass to ! front ( ! left h9d4 ,! pa/]ns gradually rise z ! legs pass ! v]tical until ! "r =e foot has left ! gr\nd & ! la/ propell+ =ce is be+ ex]cis$ by ! left h9d foot2 :i* accompli%$1 ! animal is 9 mid air4 ,! "r h9d foot cont9ues its onw>d motion until x is sometimes mu* 9 advance ( its lat]al =e foot1 ! =m]1 h[ev]1 be+ gradually l[]$1 :ile ! latt] is be+ rais$4 ,! "r h9d & bo? =e legs are n[ mu* flex$1 :ile ! left h9d is /ret*$ backw>ds to its greate/ ext5t ) ! bottom ( ! foot turn$ upw>ds1 ! left =e leg is be+ ?ru/ =w>ds & gradually /raight5$1 ) ! toe rais$ z ! foot approa*es ! gr\nd2 :i* accompli%$1 ) a sub/itution ( ! left limbs = ! "r1 we f9d !m 9 ! same relative positions z :5 we comm5c$ our exam9ation1 & "o-half ( ! /ride is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,trot4 ,) slight & immat]ial diff]5ces1 su* z might be caus$ by irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd1 ^! movem5ts are repeat$ by ! o!r pair ( diagonals1 & ! /ride is !n complete4 ,if ! /ride ( a trott+ horse is divid$ into two portions1 repres5t+ ! comp>ative di/ances trav]s$ by ! aggregate ( ! body :ile ! feet are 9 contact )1 & :ile !y are entirely cle> (1 ! gr\nd1 ! relative measurem5ts w be f\nd to v>y v greatly1 !y be+ cont+5t ^u l5g? ( limb1 weight1 spe$1 & o!r circum/ances4 ,heavily built horses w sometimes m]ely drag ! feet j above ! surface1 b1 9 e in/ance ( a trot1 ! weight ( ! body is really unsupport$ twice dur+ ea* /ride4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a fa/ trott]1 dur+ ! f\r /eps ( a /ride1 w h all 8 feet cle> ( ! gr\nd = a di/ance exce$+ "o-half ( ! l5g? ( ! entire /ride4 ,^u l&+1 a =e foot almo/ always prec$es its diagonal h9d4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ! illu/rations t :ile dur+ ! fa/ trot ! =e feet are lift$ s high t !y frequ5tly /rike ! brea/1 ! h9d feet are rais$ b little above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! trot is common to all ! s+le-to$ & to ne>ly all ! clov5-foot$ & s(t-foot$ animals4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n be5 record$ z be+ adopt$ by ! elephant1 ! camel1 or ! giraffe4 ,,! ,,rack4 ,! rack1 sometimes miscall$ ! pace1 is a me?od ( quadrup$al locomotion 9 :i* two lat]al feet ) ne>ly syn*ron\s action are plac$ ^u & lift$ f ! gr\nd alt]nately ) ! o!r lat]als1 ! body ( ! animal be+ 9 ! int]vals entirely )\t support4 ,! di/ance :i* ! propell+ feet hurl ! animal ?r\gh ! air dep5ds1 z ) o!r movem5ts1 ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances2 at a high rate ( spe$ ! di/ance w be ab\t "o-half ! total l5g? ( ! /ride4 ,^u l&+1 a h9d foot usually prec$es its lat]al =e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,rack4 ,! rack is an ungraceful gait ( ! horse1 & disagreeable to ^? :o seek com=t 9 rid+4 ,! movem5ts hi!rto describ$ are regul> 9 _! action1 & a /ride may be divid$ into two p>ts1 ea* ( :i*--) a *ange ( limbs--is practically simil> to ! o!r2 we n[ come to me?ods ( progression :i* _c be s divid$1 & ea* /ride mu/ be consid]$ z a unit ( motion4 ,,! ,,cant]4 ,9 ! cant] we discov] ! same sequ5ce ( foot fall+s z 9 ! walk1 b n ) ! same h>moni\s int]vals ( "t4 ,! gait resembles ! gallop 9 respect to its leav+ ! horse entirely unsupport$ = a v>y+ p]iod ( "t1 & 9 ! fact t ! spr+ into ! air is always effect$ f a =e foot1 & ! l&+ ^u ! diagonal h9d foot2 9 o!r respects x mat]ially diff]s f t me?od ( progression4 ,assum+ t dur+ a /ride ( ! cant] a horse spr+s into ! air f a left =e foot1 ! "r h9d foot w fir/ rea* ! gr\nd2 ! two =e legs w at ?is "t be flex$ "u ! body1 ! "r be+ ! fir/ l&$1 & = a brief p]iod ( "t ! support w devolve ^u ! lat]als4 ,! "r =e foot is rapidly foll[$ by ! left h9d4 ,dur+ a v sl[ cant] ! o!r =e foot w sometimes be l&$ 9 advance ( ! lift+ ( its diagonal1 & ! curi\s phase pres5t$ ( all ( ! feet be+ 9 contact ) ! gr\nd at ! same in/ant4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ h9d foot to t\* ! gr\nd w be lift$1 & ! support ?r[n ^u ! diagonals4 ,! left =e is n[ br\ght d[n1 & is foll[$ by ! lift+ ( ! "r =e2 :5 ! left lat]als assume ! duty ( support4 ,! left h9d is n[ rais$1 & ) a f9al ?ru/ ( ! left =e foot ! animal is project$ into ! air1 to l& aga9 ^u its diagonal1 & repeat ! same sequ5ce ( movem5ts4 ,! above phases are select$ f a s+le complete /ride1 9 :i* ! l&+ occurs on ! "r h9d foot4 ,_h ! horse sprung f a "r =e foot1 ! "r & left feet w\ld h be5 rev]s$ ?r\gh ! entire s]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,cant]4 ,,! ,,gallop4 ,! gallop is ! mo/ rapid me?od ( quadrup$al motion2 9 its action ! feet are indep5d5tly br\ght to ! gr\nd2 ! spr+ into ! air z 9 ! cant] is effect$ f a =e foot1 & ! l&+ ^u ! diagonal h9d foot4 ,! phases illu/rat$ are select$ f ! /ride ( a ?or\gh-br$ ,k5tucky horse1 gallop+ at ! rate ( a mile 9 a hundr$ seconds1 ) a /ride ( ab\t tw5ty-"o l9eal feet4 ,! l5g? ( /ride & ! di/ance :i* ! body is c>ri$ =w>d )\t support dep5d ^u _m circum/ances1 su* z ! bre$1 build & condition ( ! horse1 spe$1 track1 etc4 ,! phases illu/rat$ & ! measurem5t giv5 apply to "o /ride ( "o horse1 b may be consid]$ z fairly repres5t+ ! /ride ( a fir/-class horse 9 prime rac+ condition at ! height ( 8 spe$1 ^u a good track4 ,assum+--z 9 ?is in/ance--! spr++ into ! air to h be5 effect$ f ! "r =e foot1 ! l&+ w take place 9 advance ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 ^u ! diagonal1 or left h9d foot2 above1 w be susp5d$ ! "r h9d foot1 & at a high] elevation1 sev]al in*es to ! re>1 w be ! "r =e foot1 ) ! sole turn$ upw>d4 ,! left =e leg w be 9 advance ( ! "r1 & also flex$4 ,! =ce ( ! impact & ! weight ( ! horse causes ! pa/]n to =m a "r angle ) ! leg1 & ! heel is impress$ into ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,gallop4 ,! "r h9d foot /rikes ! gr\nd & %>es ! weight ( ! body4 ,! left h9d foot leaves ! gr\nd :ile ! "r h9d pa/]n is 9 its horizontal phase1 support+ all ! weight4 ,at ?is p]iod ! left =e leg is p]fectly /raight1 ) ! toe mu* high] ?an ! heel1 & is ?ru/ =w>d until ! pa/]n jo9t is v]tical ) ! nose1 ! "r =e knee is b5t at a "r angle4 ,! left =e foot n[ /rikes & ^! diagonals are = a brief p]iod ^u ! gr\nd toge!r4 ,! left =e leg1 h[ev]1 imm$iately assumes ! entire responsibility ( support & atta9s a v]tical position1 ) ! pa/]n at a "r angle4 ,! "r =e leg becomes p]fectly rigid1 & is ?ru/ =w>d to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,! "r =e foot n[ /rikes ! gr\nd1 ! two =e legs =m a "r angle1 & ! h9d feet are f\nd ?ru/ backw>d1 ! "r to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,! left =e leg hav+ complet$ its functions ( support1 is n[ lift$1 & ! weight transf]r$ to ! "r =e foot alone1 :i* is soon f\nd beh9d ! c5tre ( gravity2 ! left h9d foot passes to ! front ( ! "r =e leg1 :i*1 ex]cis+ its f9al act ( propulsion1 ?ru/s ! horse ?r\gh ! air2 ! left h9d foot desc5ds2 ! /ride is complet$1 & ! consecutive phases are r5ew$4 ,f ?is analysis we le>n t if ! spr+ is made f ! "r =e foot dur+ ! rapid gallop ( a ?or\ghbr$ horse1 x is support$ consecutively by ,! left h9d foot4 ,bo? h9d feet4 ,! "r h9d foot4 ,! "r h9d & ! left =e feet4 ,! left =e foot4 ,bo? =e feet4 ,! "r =e foot4 ,f :i* he spr+s into ! air to re-comm5ce ! phases ) ! left h9d foot1 :ile ! only phase 9 :i* he has be5 discov]$ )\t support is "o :5 ! legs are flex$ "u ! body4 ,all ( ! feet at ?is "t are ne>ly close toge!r & h comp>atively little indep5d5t motion2 ?is phase1 !re=e1 m p]si/5tly ?an any o!r1 =ces itself ^u ! att5tion ( ! c>eful obs]v]1 & conveys to him ! impression ( a horse's rapid motion 9 s+ul> contradiction to ! conv5tional int]pretation1 until q rec5tly1 usually adopt$ by ! ,arti/4 ,x %\ld n be und]/ood t ! t]m spr+ implies t ! body ( ! horse is greatly elevat$ by t action2 7 x s1 mu* =ce w\ld be unnecess>ily exp5d$ ) ! result ( loss ( spe$4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( a horse trott+ or gallop+ at a high rate ( spe$ w pres]ve an almo/ /rictly horizontal l9e1 ! undulations be+ v slight4 ,9 ! gallop ( ! horse x is probable !re may be sometimes a p]iod ( susp5sion betwe5 ! lift+ ( "o =e foot & ! desc5t ( ! o!r1 b x has n yet be5 demon/rat$4 ,! me?od ( gallop+ describ$ applies to ! horse & its allies1 & to mo/ ( ! clov5 & s(t-foot$ animals4 ,9 ! gallop ( ! dog ! sequ5ce ( foot fall+ & ! action ( ! body is mat]ially diff]5t1 & ! animal is free f support twice 9 ea* /ride4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gallop ,,( ,,! ,,dog4 ,assum+ t a rac+ h\nd aft] a flight ?r\gh ! air ) elongat$ body & ext5d$ legs 7l ! conv5tional gallop+ horse71 l&s ^u ! left =e foot1 ! "r =e w next t\* ! gr\nd2 f ?is he w aga9 spr+ into ! air1 & ) curv$ body & flex$ legs l& ^u ! "r h9d foot1 :ile ! "r =e feet w be half ! l5g? ( ! body to ! re>4 ,! left h9d n[ desc5ds1 ano!r flight is effect$1 & aga9 ! left =e repeats its functions ( support & propulsion4 ,^! successive foot fall+s are common to all dogs :5 gallop+1 & x is wor?y ( note t ! same rot>y action 9 ! use ( ! limbs is adopt$ 9 ! gallop ( ! elk1 ! de] & ! antelope1 all ( :i* animals1 l ! dog1 c = a "t excel ! horse 9 spe$4 ,a se>* ?r\gh all ! diction>ies publi%$ at ! "t ( writ+1 & accessible to ! ,au?or1 fails to discov] a correct def9ition ( ! gallop4 ,?is motion is 9 ,am]ica frequ5tly miscall$ ! run1 & its execution runn+1 b no correspond+ explanation ( ! ^w is giv5 by any lexicograph]4 ,9 ,scott's ,lady ( ! ,lake occurs ,!n fa9t af> are he>d ! feet ( ru%+ /e$s 9 gallop fleet1 _m o!r di/+ui%$ ,au?ors ref] to ! same action by ! same "n1 by :i*1 or its equival5ts1 x is univ]sally kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,,! ,,leap4 ,!re is little ess5tial diff]5ce 9 g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ei!r ( ! sev]al movem5ts t h be5 describ$1 b ) a numb] ( exp]im5ts made ) horses :ile leap+1 no two 7 f\nd to agree 9 ! mann] ( execution4 ,! leap ( ! same horse at ! same rate ( spe$1 ) ! same rid]1 ov] ! same hurdle1 disclos$ mu* v>iation 9 ! rise1 cle>ance1 & desc5t ( ! animal4 ,a few phases 71 h[ev]1 inv>iable4 ,:ile ! horse 0 rais+ 8 body to cle> ! hurdle1 "o h9d foot 0 always 9 advance ( ! o!r1 :i* ex]cis$ its la/ en]gy alone4 ,on ! desc5t1 ! concussion 0 always fir/ receiv$ by "o =e foot1 foll[$ m or less rapidly by ! o!r1 sometimes z mu* z #cj in*es 9 advance ( :]e ! fir/ "o /ruck2 ! h9d feet 7 also l&$ ) int]vals ( "t & di/ance4 ,no attempt w be made to analyze ! consecutive phases ( v>i\s o!r acts ( ,animal ,locomotion1 su* z re>+1 buck+1 kick+1 toss+1 etc41 on acc\nt ( ! irregul>ity :i* *>act]izes _! execution1 & ! difficulty ( obta9+ reliable data4 ,! ,au?or has va9ly s\ght = ! rules :i* gov]n ! h9d feet ( a playfully dispos$ mule2 b ! inquiry has usually be5 unsatisfactory1 & ^u "s occasions disa/r\s4 ,%\ld ^! movem5ts be controll$ by any g5]al law1 x is ( su* a complex nature t all attempts to exp\nd x h hi!rto be5 fruitless4 ,! figures 9 ! s]ies ( circles 7see app5dix ,a7 7 select$ f ,,animal ,,locomotion & arrang$ by ! ,au?or = 8 less ambiti\s "w1 ,,popul> ,,zoopraxography4 7,see ,app5dix ,c74 ,!y 7 trac$ by ! well kn[n arti/1 ,erw9 ,fab]1 & are reproduc$ "o-?ird ! diamet] ( ! circles arrang$ = ! zopraxiscope4 ,_m ( ! orig9al phases ( movem5t are omitt$ on acc\nt ( ! optical law :i* 9 ! con/ruction ( a zopraxiscope requires t ! numb] ( illu/rations mu/ be> a c]ta9 relation%ip to ! numb] ( p]=ations ?r\gh :i* !y are view$4 ,! popul> numb] ( ?irte5 hav+ be5 select$ = ! latt]1 ! same numb] ( figures illu/rate actions )\t lat]al progressive motion4 ,:5 ! numb] ( illu/rat$ phases is less ?an ! numb] ( p]=ations1 ! succession ( phases is 9 ! direction ( ! motion1 & ! disc is necess>ily revolv$ 9 a rev]se direction4 ,:5 ! numb] ( phases is great] ?an ! numb] ( p]=ations1 ! phases succe$ ea* o!r 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! motion1 & ! disc is revolv$ 9 ! direction ( ! motion4 ,an increas$ or dim9i%$ numb] ( figures w respectively result 9 an increas$ or dim9i%$ app>5t spe$ ( ! object4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! subject1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,,zoopraxiscope4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,syllabus ,,( ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,two ,,lectures ,,on ,,zoopraxography ,,or ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,animal ,,locomotion ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,design ,,9 ,,art4 ,orig9 ( ! ,au?or's ,inve/igations--,diagram ( ! ,/udio at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania :]e ! ,inve/igation 0 conduct$--,batt]ies ( ,cam]as1 ,electro-expos]s1 ,contact-motor1 ,*ronograph1 & o!r app>atus us$ = photograph+ consecutive phases ( animal movem5ts--,me?od ( obta9+ successive exposures ( mov+ objects syn*ron\sly f sev]al diff]5t po9ts ( view--,normal ,locomotion ( ,animals--,twelve consecutive phases ( a s+le /ep ( ! ,horse :ile walk+2 also ( ! ,ox1 ,elk1 ,goat1 ,buffalo1 & o!r clov5-foot$ animals2 ! ,lion1 ,elephant1 ,camel1 ,dog1 & o!r s(t-foot$ animals2 ( ! ,slo? :ile susp5d$ by its claws1 & ( ! ,*ild :ile crawl+ on ! gr\nd2 ( man walk+ erect--,! ,normal ,me?od ( ,locomotion by all animals ess5tially ! same--,! ,quadrup$al ,walk z int]pret$ by ,prehi/oric ,man1 by ! ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,pho5icians1 ,etruscans1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,byzant9es1 & by em95t arti/s ( m$ival & ( mod]n times--,! ,/atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius ! great s\rce ( mod]n errors2 ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,dubl91 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,am/]dam1 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 & _m o!r cities--,alb]t ,dur]1 ,v]roc*io1 ,meissoni]1 ,paul ,del>o*e1 ,l&se]1 ,rosa ,bonheur1 ,elizabe? ,?ompson ,butl]1 c4--,o!r ,quadrup$al movem5ts1 ! ,amble1 ,rack1 ,trot & ,cant]--,twelve phases 9 ! ,gallop ( a ,horse--,orig9 ( ! mod]n repres5tation ( ! ,gallop--,gallop z depict$ by ! ,hittites1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,greeks1 ! m$ival arti/s--,! mod]n conv5tional gallop2 evid5ces ( its absurdity2 ackn[l$gm5t by ! ,arti/ ( ! necessity ( re=mation--,leap ( ! ,horse1 ,kick ( ! ,mule1 c41 all illu/rat$ by photographs ! size ( life1 f nature1 & comp>isons made ) ! int]pretation ( ! same movem5ts by arti/s ( pre-hi/oric1 anci5t1 m$ival & mod]n times--,demon/ration ( ! action ( ! prim>y fea!rs 9 ! w+ ( a ,bird :ile ,fly+1 & a solution ( ! complex problem ( ,so>+4 ,,aft] ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,me?ods ,,( ,,locomotion ,,h ,,be5 ,,demon/rat$ ,,by ,,analysis1 ,,!y ,,w ,,be ,,repres5t$ ,,syn!tically ,,by ,,! ,,zoopraxiscope4 ,among ! _m ,in/itutions :]e ,mr4 ,muybridge has _h ! honor ( ,lectur+ on ,,zoopraxography are ! foll[+3-- ,royal ,academy ( ,arts1 ,london4 ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,london4 ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita94 ,royal ,dubl9 ,society4 ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,hull4 ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,l9nean ,society1 ,zoological ,society4 ,art & ,sci5ce ,s*ools1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,london ,in/itution1 ,glasg[ ,philosophical ,society4 ,newca/le ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 ,birm+ham ,natural ,hi/ory & ,microscopical ,society4 ,t[n ,hall1 ,birm+ham2 ,nott+ham ,arts ,society4 ,man*e/] ,a!num4 ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,eton ,college1 ,clifton ,college4 ,well+ton ,college1 ,york%ire ,college1 ,rugby ,s*ool1 ,*>t]h\se4 ,le$s ,me*anics' ,in/itute4 ,%effield ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 ,belfa/ ,natural ,hi/ory & ,philosophical ,society4 ,w>r+ton ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society4 ,york%ire ,philosophical ,society1 ,bri/ol ,naturali/s' ,society4 ,ba? ,associat$ ,sci5tific & ,art ,societies4 ,ipswi* ,sci5tific ,society1 ,photographic ,society ( ,irel&4 ,liv]pool ,associat$ ,lit]>y1 ,sci5tific & ,art ,societies4 ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool4 ,s*ool ( ,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,*a?am4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts2 ,hall ( ! ,hemicycle1 ,p>is4 ,! ,society ( ,arti/s1 ,b]l94 ,! ,society ( ,arti/s1 ,vi5na4 ,! ,society ( ,arti/s1 ,muni*4 ,! ,urania ,sci5tific ,society1 ,b]l94 ,! ,polyte*nic ,high ,s*ool1 ,vi5na4 ,! ,polyte*nic ,high ,s*ool1 ,muni*4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,tur94 ,! ,c]cle de ,l',union ,arti/ique1 ,! ,/udio ( ,m4 ,meissoni] 9 ,p>is1 ,etc41 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,& at all ! pr9cipal ,in/itutions ( ,art1 ,sci5ce1 ,education & ,le>n+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,a?lete1 ,,horse-,,back ,,som]sault4 ,,abbreviat$ ,,criticisms4 ,on ,monday la/1 9 ! !atre ( ! ,,royal ,,in/itution1 a select & repres5tative audi5ce assembl$ to witness a s]ies ( ! mo/ int]e/+ demon/rations ( ,animal ,locomotion giv5 by ,mr4 ,muybridge4 ,! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 ,pr9cess ,victoria1 ,l\ise1 & ,maud1 & ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh honor$ ! occasion by _! pres5ce2 likewise did ,i note among ! brilliant company ,e>l ,/anhope1 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,leighton1 ,p4,r4,a42 ,pr(essors ,huxley1 ,glad/one1 & ,tyndall2 & la/1 n lea/1 ,"l ,t5nyson1 poet laureate4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,a?letes ,,box+4 ,mr4 ,muybridge exhibit$ a l>ge numb] ( photographs ( horses gallop+1 leap+1 etc4444 ,by ! aid ( an a/oni%+ app>atus call$ a ,,zoopraxiscope1 :i* may be briefly describ$ z a magic lant]n run mad 7) me?od 9 ! madness71 ! animals walk$1 cant]$1 ambl$1 gallop$1 & leap$ ov] hurdles 9 a p]fectly natural & lifelike mann]4 ,i am afraid t1 _h ,muybridge exhibit$ 8 ,,zoopraxiscope ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 he w\ld h be5 burn$ z a wiz>d4444 ,aft] ! horses came dogs1 de]1 & wild bulls4 ,f9ally man appe>$ 79 in/antane\s photography7 on ! sc5e1 & ran1 leap$1 & turn$ back som]saults to admiration4--,,george ,,augu/us ,,sala 9 ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,,a?letes ,,runn+4 ,bo? sci5tific & arti/ic circles 9 ,london are at pres5t greatly int]e/$ 9 ! triumphs ( ,mr4 ,eadwe>d ,muybridge 9 photograph+ ! successive phases ( animal movem5ts4 ,our lead+ biologi/s & arti/s h at once p]ceiv$ & ackn[l$g$ ! va/ importance ( ! results ( 8 "w4--,! ,times1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,,a?lete1 ,,runn+ ,,high ,,jump4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york occupi$ ! *air4444 ,8 ,grace congratulat$ ! cr[d$ & di/+ui%$ audi5ce on ! opportunity af=d$ !m ( he>+ ,mr4 ,muybridge1 & said t to ev]ybody :o felt an int]e/ 9 ! ph5om5a ( motion1 ! magnific5t results ( ! inve/igation c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,muybridge & ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania 7 wond]fully in/ructive4--,york ,h]ald4 ,8 audi5ces h be5 drawn f ! v fir/ ranks ( art1 sci5ce1 & fa%ion4--,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,,a?lete1 ,,/&+ ,,long ,,jump4 ,^! demon/rations are m>vell\sly complete1 444 exce$+ly abundant & ri* 9 sugge/ion & in/ruction1 & appeal to almo/ e class or condition ( humanity4--,saturday ,review1 ,london4 ,mr4 ,muybridge delight$ 8 audi5ce ) 8 wond]ful photographs4--,! ,times1 ,london4 444 ,la/ night ,mr4 ,muybridge gave 8 f9al lecture 9 ,newca/le on ',! ,sci5ce ( ,animal ,locomotion1' ) ! :ole ( ! wond]ful illu/rations2 ! ,art ,gall]y be+ aga9 cr[d$ to excess4--,newca/le ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,,a?letes4 ,,base ,,ball2 ,,batt+4 ,a photographic a*ievem5t :i* seem$ to me at ! "t sc>ce cr$ible1 & :i* ,i 0 pres5tly assur$ by "o ( our able/ ,engli% photograph]s 0 absolutely outside ! b\nds ( possibility4--,,pr(essor ,r4 ,a4 ,,proctor 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e4 ,at ! conv]sazione ( ! ,royal ,society mu* int]e/ 0 excit$ by ,mr4 ,eadwe>d ,muybridge's lecture4 ,! ,,zoopraxiscope af=d$ ! spectator an opportunity ( /udy+ by syn!sis1 ! facts ( motion :i* are also demon/rat$ by analysis4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,,boys ,,play+ ,,leap-,,frog4 ,a really m>vell\s s]ies ( plates4--,nature1 ,london4 ,arti/ic p are all talk+ ab\t ,mr4 ,muybridge1 :o has come hi!r ) t r>e desid]atum--some?+ new4--,london ,,correspond5ce1 ,philadelphia ,times4 ,x is impossible to d ju/ice 9 ?is %ort "t to ! extraord9>y exhibition giv5 by ,mr4 ,muybridge at ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4444 ,! int]e/ !y excite 9 ! m9d ( ! spectator is indescribable4--,sunday ,gazette1 ,bo/on4 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,,*ildr5 ,,runn+4 ,! photographs h solv$ _m complicat$ que/ions z to animal locomotion4--,art ,j\rnal1 ,london4 ,! effect 0 weird1 yet fasc9at+4 ,plaudit foll[$ plaudit4 ,a bett] pleas$ assemblage ( p x w\ld be difficult to f9d4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 444 ,mr4 ,muybridge !n gave 8 fam\s lecture & demon/ration on ,animal ,locomotion4 ,! hall 7,/4 ,james'7 0 cr[d$1 & _m 7 unable to obta9 seats4--,report ( ! ,photographic ,conv5tion1 ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,,elephant ,,ambl+4 ,a demon/ration t vividly int]e/s all ! _w4--,l',illu/ration1 ,p>is4 ,_m ( ^! pictures h great--inde$1 a/oni%+--beauty4 ,! int]e/ :i* !y pres5t f ! sci5tific po9t ( view is ?ree-fold3--7a7 ,!y are important z examples ( a v ne>ly p]fect me?od ( inve/igation by photographic & electrical appliances4 7b7 ,!y h also a great value on acc\nt ( ! actual facts ( natural hi/ory & physiology :i* !y record4 7c7 ,!y h1 ?irdly1 a q di/9ct1 & p]haps _! mo/ def9ite1 int]e/ 9 _! relation to psy*ology4--,,pr(4 ,e4 ,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 9 ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,,lion ,,walk+4 ,mr4 ,meissoni]'s critical gue/s 7 evid5tly sceptical z to ! accuracy ( _m ( ! positions2 b :5 ! photographs 7 turn$ rapidly1 & made to pass be=e ! lant]n1 _! tru?fulness 0 demon/rat$ mo/ successfully4--,/&>d1 ,london4 ,meissoni]1 devot+ himself to 8 fri5ds1 evid5tly c>$ little = p]sonal complim5ts2 he 0 anxi\s = ! well-des]v$ di/9ction ( 8 protg ,muybridge4444 ',c'e/ m]veilleusem5t arrang6' said ,alex&re ,dumas4 ',c'e/ que la nature compose crnem5t bi56' repli$ ,meissoni]4--,le ,temps1 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,,egyptian ,,camel ,,rack+4 ,! s5sation ( ! day1 & ! topic ( popul> conv]sation4--,bo/on ,daily ,adv]tis]4 ,! rapid movem5ts by diff]5t animals 7 mo/ int]e/+3 & hurdle-rac+ by horses--! v :ipp+ process be+ visible--br\ght d[n ! h\se4--,bo/on ,h]ald4 ,on revolv+ ! in/rum5t1 ! figures t h be5 d]id$ by s _m z impossible absurdities1 />t$ into life1 & su* a p]fect repres5tation ( a racehorse at full spe$ z 0 nev] be=e witness$ 0 imm$iately visible4--,! ,field1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,,baboon ,,walk+4 ,mr4 ,muybridge %[$ t _m ( our be/ arti/s h be5 9 ! habit ( depict+ animals 9 positions :i* !y nev] assume 9 nature4--,*amb]s' ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal4 ,! l>ge s*ool-room 7,clifton ,college7 0 cr[d$4 ,! head ma/] presid$4 ,l\d applause & frequ5t laught] greet$ ! life-siz$ photographs f nature1 :i* by a rapid revolution ( ! ,,zoopraxiscope1 %[$ among o!r actions1 ! ambl+ ( an elephant1 ! gallop ( a race-horse1 ! som]sault ( a gymna/ & ! flight ( a bird4--,bri/ol ,m]cury4 ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,,kang>oo ,,jump+4 ,! lecture !atre ( ! ,,royal ,,academy ,,( ,,arts 0 fill$ to ov]fl[+4--,a!num1 ,london4 ,! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society's ,!atre 0 fill$ to its utmo/ capacity ye/]day aft]noon1 :5 ,mr4 ,muybridge resum$ 8 c\rse ( ,lectures4 ,! demon/ration is simply m>vell\s4--,daily ,express1 ,dubl94 ,! result ( ye>s ( labor1 & ( l>ge exp5diture ( money is at la/ laid be=e ! public 9 ?is magnific5t "w1 & ! result is "o ( :i* ,mr4 ,muybridge & ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania may well be pr\d4--,ev5+ ,po/1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,,buffalo ,,gallop+4 ,a ,lecture ( an exceptionally int]e/+ "*4--,nott+ham ,gu>dian4 ,!re 0 a cr[d$ att5dance4 ,?r\gh\t ! lecture ,mr4 ,muybridge reta9$ ! close int]e/ ( 8 audi5ce1 & drew f !m frequ5t & w>m applause4--,! ,scotsman1 ,ed9burgh4 ,9 all my long exp]i5ce ( ,london life ,i _c recall a s+le in/ance :]e su* w>m tributes ( admiration h be5 s unsp>+ly giv5 by ! greate/ 9 ! l&1 z 9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,muybridge's lectures4--,,olive ,,logan 9 ! ,morn+ ,call1 ,san ,francisco4 ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,,elk ,,gallop+4 ,mr4 ,muybridge illu/rat$ 8 lecture ) a s]ies ( mo/ valuable photographs1 z well z t mo/ fasc9at+ ( sci5tific toys--! ,,zoopraxiscope4--,magaz9e ( ,art1 ,london4 ,8 labors attract$ consid]able att5tion 9 ! _w ( sci5ce1 :ile among arti/s & art critics a pretty controv]sy set 9 on ! subject ( ! horse & 8 repres5tation 9 art1 :i* is likely to be reviv$ & ext5d$ to o!r fields4444 ,) ,mr4 ,muybridge1 ',in/antane\s ,photography' has acquir$ a new significance1 444--,saturday ,review1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,,monkeys ,,climb+ ,a ,,cocoa ,,palm4 ,no p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( photography4--,photographic ,times1 ,new ,york4 ,an exhibition :i* ,raphael1 ,t9toretto1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & o!r great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance w\ld h travell$ all ov] ,europe to see4--,ev5+ ,transcript1 ,bo/on4 ,! audi5ce 0 a/oni%$ & delight$ at ! m>vell\s demon/rations ( ,animal ,locomotion t 7 br\ght be=e !m4444 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ! ,briti% ,association meet+ ?is ye>4--,newca/le ,j\rnal4 ,illu/ration3 #bh4 ,,greyh\nd ,,gallop+4 ,! effects ( ! ,,zoopraxiscope made up "o ( ! mo/ unique & in/ructive ent]ta9m5ts imag9able4--,bo/on ,daily ,globe4 ,a m curi\s1 ent]ta9+1 & sugge/ive exhibition x has n be5 our good =tune = a long "t to att5d4--,sacram5to ,record-,union4 ,ev]ybody has he>d some?+ ( ! wond]ful success :i* ,mr4 ,muybridge has a*iev$2 & 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w is great] int]e/ felt 9 8 "w1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds horses1 ?an 9 ,engl&4--,eng9e]+1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,,mule1 ,,buck+ ,,& ,,kick+4 ,simply m>vels ( ! photograph]'s art4--,m]cury1 ,le$s4 ,n ! lea/ in/ructive "p ( ! ,lecture 0 ! contra/ betwe5 ! positions ( animals z %[n 9 anci5t & mod]n art1 ) _! true positions z %[n by !mselves 9 ! cam]a4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,pr(essor ,m>ey invit$ to 8 resid5ce a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ em95t m5 9 ,europe = ! purpose ( meet+ ,mr4 ,muybridge1 & witness+ an exhibition t %\ld be plac$ be=e ! :ole ,p>isian public4--,le ,globe1 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4 ,,pigeons ,,fly+4 ,! art critic & ! connoisseur w f9d a /udy ( ,mr4 ,muybridge's "w ( ine/imable value 9 aid+ !m to criticize intellig5tly4--,p5nsylvanian1 ,philadelphia4 ,! applause :i* greet$ ^! wond]ful pictures f ! brilliant company 0 he>ty 9 ! extreme2 & all pr$ict$ a new era 0 op5 to art1 & new res\rces made available = ! use ( arti/s4--,galignani's ,mess5g]1 ,p>is4 ,( imm5se int]e/ & value4--,lipp9cott's ,magaz9e1 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 #cd4 ,,grecian ,,danc+ ,,girls4 ,! ,,zoopraxiscope is ! late/1 mo/ unique1 & in/ructive =m ( amusem5t possible4--,comm]cial ,gazette1 ,c9c9nati4 ,8 "w at once attract$ ! att5tion ( ! _w4--,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,new ,york4 ,( mu* int]e/ & value1 z well z a s\rce ( great amusem5t4--,obs]v]1 ,london4 ,! realism ( ! motions ( ! v>i\s animals 0 int5se1 & ! audi5ce 0 v en?usia/ic4--,bo/on ,po/4 ,illu/ration3 #ci4 ,,horse ,,trott+ 7fa/74 ,! ,lectur] proce$$ to %[ enl>g$ photographs ( v>i\s animals 9 motion1 z ! horse1 dog1 lion1 mule1 cat1 etc4444 ,^! 7 foll[$ by "s v /rik+ pictures ( ! flight ( birds1 :i* f a sci5tific /&po9t 7 by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ( ! photographs %[n dur+ ! ev5+4--,lancet1 ,london4 ,( extreme int]e/1 n only to ! arti/s & sci5ti/s1 b to ! great] "p ( 8 audi5ce1 :o 7 nei!r ! "o or ! o!r4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,illu/ration3 #da4 ,,horse ,,cant]+4 ,a ho/ ( well-kn[n sci5ti/s & arti/s are greatly int]e/$ 9 ?is rem>kable "w4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,! lecture on ,tuesday night m ?an fulfill$ ! expectations :i* ! audi5ce _h =m$ ( ,mr4 ,muybridge's rese>*es4--,belfa/ ,news ,lett]4 ,mr4 ,muybridge might well be pr\d ( ! reception accord$ him by 8 di/+ui%$ audi5ce2 x w\ld h be5 difficult to add to ! clat ( 8 appe>ance1 & 8 lecture 0 welcom$ by a w>m? z he>ty z x 0 spontane\s4--,! ,photographic ,news1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #db4 ,,horse ,,gallop+4 ,! illu/rations are truly wond]ful1 & ! rapid *ang+ positions 7 mo/ in/ructive4--,nott+ham ,express4 ,! conc]t room 0 cr[d$4444 ,a vote ( ?anks to ! ,lectur] 0 propos$ by 8 ,grace ! ,ar*bi%op4--,york%ire ,*ronicle4 ,a v brilliant audi5ce 0 assembl$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4444 ,! photographs prop]ly /udi$ %\ld be mo/ valuable 9 af=d+ tru] & m exact data = ! pa9t] to base 8 "w ^u4444--,! ,build]1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #dc4 ,,horse ,,jump+4 ,a v important subject to all ^? int]e/$ 9 art4--,belfa/ ,news ,lett]4 ,x is n[ n9e ye>s s9ce ! photographs ( ,mr4 ,eadwe>d ,muybridge surpris$ ! _w by *all5g+ all receiv$ conceptions ( animal motion4--,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,new ,york4 ,! int]e/ excit$ by ! novelty1 bo? ( ! demon/rations & ! results1 0 s great1 t ,mr4 ,muybridge has be5 invit$ by ! ,photographic ,society ( ,irel& to repeat !m to-night 9 a public lecture4--,! ,freeman's ,j\rnal1 ,dubl94 ,illu/ration3 #dd4 ,,horse ,,haul+4 ,! audi5ce fill$ ! l>ge hall1 & by _! frequ5t & he>ty applause1 express$ _! appreciation ( ! lecture4--,iri% ,times1 ,dubl94 ,a v l>ge audi5ce aga9 assembl$ 9 ! ,t[n ,hall la/ ev5+1 on ! occasion ( ! second ,lecture by ,mr4 ,muybridge4 ,! ,mayor1 :o presid$1 ref]r$ to ! fir/ ,lecture z p]haps ! mo/ unique ev] deliv]$ 9 ,birm+ham4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,! att5dance 0 exce$+ly l>ge1 & ! ,lecture & admirable illu/rations 7 l\dly applaud$4--,! ,iri% ,times1 ,dubl94 ,illu/ration3 #de4 ,,columbian ,,exposition ,,horse ,,race1 ,,gallop+4 ,!re 0 a v l>ge att5dance1 & seldom h we se5 s mu* g5u9e admiration & en?usiasm display$ z 7 evok$ by ,mr4 ,muybridge's illu/rations1 :i* 7 really wond]ful4--,! ,daily ,express1 ,dubl94 ,!re 0 a cr[d$ audi5ce1 & ! ,lecture1 :i* 0 li/5$ to ) ! greate/ int]e/1 0 w>mly applaud$4--,! ,freeman's ,j\rnal1 ,dubl94 ,no description c d ju/ice to ! ext5t & v>iety ( ! subjects pres5t$ 9 ?is ?or\gh /udy ( animal movem5ts4--,l$g]1 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 #df4 ,,columbian ,,exposition ,,horse ,,race1 ,,trott+4 ,wond]ful & int]e/+ demon/ration2 its influ5ce w become m & m pot5t & univ]sal z ! ye>s g on4--,argus1 ,albany4 ,w necess>ily revolutionize ! treatm5t ( ! action ( ! horse 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,= ! physiological /udy ( animal movem5ts ^! pictures are a v]itable treasure4--,l&wir?s*aftli*e-,zeitung1 ,vi5na4 ,i am lo/ ) admiration ( ^! photographs ( ,mr4 ,muybridge4--,,pr(essor ,,m>ey1 9 ,la ,nature1 ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 #dg4 ,,columbian ,,exposition ,,spe$way4 ,int]e/+ & in/ructive to all4--,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,highly int]e/+ & valuable = e lov] ( horses4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 ,b]l94 ,we _c m fitt+ly conclude our review ?an by repeat+ our recomm5dation ( ! "w to all arti/ic & sci5tific bodies4--,! ,nation1 ,new ,york4 ,s p]fect 0 ! syn!sis t a dog 9 ! lecture room b>k$ & endeavor$ to *ase ! phantom horses z !y gallop$ across ! scre54--,b]keley ,weekly ,news4 ,illu/ration3 #dh4 ,,village ,,blacksmi?s4 ,not$ arti/s1 su* z ,m5zel1 ,knaus1 ,begas2 em95t sci5ti/s1 su* z von ,helmholtz1 ,siem5s & ,fr/] & ev5 ! imp]turbable field-m>%al1 ,c\nt von ,moltke1 7 en?usia/ic 9 _! applause4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 ,a v l>ge numb] c\ld n obta9 admission1 s great 0 ! desire to he> ! lecture4444 ,a wond]ful surprise ev5 to ! c>eful obs]v] ( ,nature4--,die ,press1 ,vi5na4 ,! lecture 0 receiv$ ) /ormy applause4--,b]l9] ,po/1 ,b]l94 ,! lecture 0 giv5 9 a popul> mann]1 ) sci5tific accuracy & arti/ic ta/e4444 ,! room 0 fill$ to ! la/ corn]2 ne>ly all ! ,royal ,family & ! ,m9i/]s 7 pres5t4--,mn*5] ,neue/e ,na*ri*t51 ,muni*4 ,illu/ration3 #di4 ,a ,,fan ,,flirtation4 ,aft] att5d+ ,mr4 ,muybridge's demon/rations1 we felt no surprise at 8 hav+ be5 receiv$ s en?usia/ically 9 ,p>is4--,b]l9] ,tageblatt1 ,b]l94 ,! lectures ( ,mr4 ,muybridge are unque/ionably ! mo/ int5sely int]e/+ we ev] li/5$ to4 ,no "o 9 ,b]l9 %\ld fail to att5d !m4--,norddeuts* ,allgem ,zeitung1 ,b]l94 ,"s lectures are too te*nical = ! g5]al public4 ,"h is "o 9 :i* ev]ybody is int]e/$4 ,! ,lecture ,!atre 0 cramm$ to repletion2 we ?\ght a few vacant places might h be5 res]v$ = ^? ^: pleasant duty x is to record ! brilliant success ( ,mr4 ,muybridge4--,pall ,mall ,budget1 ,london4 ,illu/ration3 #ej4 ,,a?lete1 ,,runn+ ,,long ,,jump4 ,s great an int]e/ did ! demon/rations excite t ,mr4 ,muybridge 0 unanim\sly reque/$ to repeat !m4 ,two days aft]w>d ?is di/+ui%$ company1 includ+ ! v5]able ,field-,m>%al 7,c\nt von ,moltke7 himself1 att5d$ a repetition ( ! lecture4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,animal ,,locomotion4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,! results ( ! inve/igation execut$ = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania are ,,sev5 ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,eighty-,,"o ,,%eets ,,( ,,illu/rations1 conta9+ m ?an #bj1jjj figures ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 animals & birds1 actively engag$ 9 walk+1 gallop+1 fly+1 work+1 jump+1 fight+1 danc+1 play+ at base-ball1 cricket1 & o!r a?letic games1 or o!r actions incid5tal to e-day life1 :i* illu/rate motion or ! play ( muscles4 ,^! %eets ( illu/rations are conv5tionally call$ plates4 ,,ea* ,,plate ,,is ,,complete ,,9 ,,itself ,,)\t ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,any ,,o!r ,,plate1 & illu/rates ! successive phases ( a s+le action1 photograph$ ) automatic electro-photographic app>atus at regulat$ & accurately record$ int]vals ( "t1 consecutively f "o po9t ( view2 or1 consecutively ,,& syn*ron\sly f two1 or f ?ree po9ts ( view4 ,a s]ies ( twelve consecutive exposures1 f ea* ( ! ?ree po9ts ( view1 are repres5t$ by an outl9e trac+ on a small scale ( plate #egi1 a complete /ride ( a horse walk+2 ! int]vals ( exposures are record$ z be+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six "o-?\s&?s ( a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uc$ ,,outl9e ,,trac+ ,,( ,,plate #egi4--;,,animal ,,locomotion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uc$ ,,trac+ ,,( ,,"s ,,phases ,,f ,,plate #geh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$uc$ ,,trac+s ,,( ,,plate #cdg4 ,:5 "o ( ! s]ies ( =e%ort5+s is made at a "r angle ) ! lat]al s]ies ! arrangem5t ( ! phases is usually ?us3 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,lat]als4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,re> ,=e%ort5+s f po9ts ( view on ! same v]tical l9e1 at an angle ( #ij deg4 f ! ,lat]als4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,front ,=e%ort5+s f po9ts ( view on ! same horizontal plane1 at suitable angles f ! ,lat]als4 ,! plates are n photographs 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w1 b are pr9t$ 9 ,,p]man5t ,,ink1 f gelat9is$ copp]-plates1 by ! ,new ,york ,photo-,gravure ,company1 on ?ick l95 plate-pap]4 ,! size ( ! pap] is #de #fj c5timetres--7#ai #bd in*es71 & ! pr9t$ surface v>ies f #ae #de to #bj #cj c5timetres--7#f #ah to #i #ab in*es74 ,! numb] ( figures on ea* plate v>ies f #ab to #cf4 ,to publi% s great a numb] ( plates z "o undivid$ "w 0 consid]$ unnecess>y1 = ea* subject tells its own /ory2 & inexp$i5t1 = x w\ld defeat ! object :i* ! ,univ]sity _h 9 view1 & limit its acquisition to weal?y individuals1 l>ge ,libr>ies1 or ,in/itutions :]e x w\ld be beyond ! rea* ( _m :o might desire to /udy x4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 decid$ to issue a s]ies ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,plates1 :i* numb]1 = ! purposes ( publication1 w be consid]$ z a ,,copy ( ! "w4 ,^! "o hundr$ plates w probably meet ! requirem5ts ( ! great] numb] ( ! subscrib]s4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view is re-issu$ ! foll[+ prospectus4 ,,prospectus ,,animal ,,locomotion1 ,,an ,,electro-,,photographic ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,consecutive ,,phases ,,( ,,animal ,,movem5ts1 ,,by ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge4 ,comm5c$1 #ahgb--;,complet$1 #ahhe4 ,,publi%$ #ahhg1 ,,"u ,,! ,,auspices ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania4 ,exclusively by ,subscription4 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,a ,,s]ies ,,( ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,plates1 ,,at ,a ,,subscription ,,price ,,( ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,doll>s ,= ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ,,tw5ty ,,gu9eas ,= ,great ,brita92 ,or ! equival5t ( ,tw5ty ,gu9eas 9 ! gold curr5cy ( o!r c\ntries 9 ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! ,plates are enclos$ 9 a /rong1 canvas-l9$1 full ,,am]ican-,,russia ,,lea!r ,,portfolio4 ,additional ,plates 9 any requir$ numb] w be suppli$ to ! subscrib] at ! same proportionate rate2 ^!1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ord]$ at ! same "t z ! subscription ,plates4 ,x 0 consid]$ inadvisable to make an arbitr>y selection ( ! "o hundr$ ,plates (f]$ to subscrib]s1 & ) ! object ( meet+1 z f> z possible1 _! div]se requirem5ts1 !y are invit$ to make _! own selection1 ei!r f ! subjo9$ li/ ( subjects1 or f a detail$ catalogue1 :i* w be =w>d$ free ( exp5se to e subscrib]4 ,! foll[+ are ! numb]s ( ,plates publi%$ ( ea* class ( subjects1 f :i* ! subscrib]'s selection c be made3-- ,class4 ,plates ,publi%$4 #a4 ,m51 drap$ #f #b4 pelvis clo? #gb #c4 nude #acc #d4 ,wom51 drap$ #fj #e4 transp>5t drap]y & semi-nude #fc #f4 nude #ahj #g4 ,*ildr51 drap$ #a #h4 nude #ae #i4 ,movem5ts ( a man's h& #e #aj4 ,abnormal movem5ts1 m5 & wom51 nude & semi-nude #bg #aa4 ,horses walk+1 trott+1 gallop+1 jump+1 c4 #ie #ab4 ,mules1 ox51 dogs1 cats1 goats1 & o!r dome/ic animals #dj #ac4 ,lions1 elephants1 buffaloes1 camels1 de]1 & o!r wild animals #eg #ad4 ,pigeons1 vultures1 o/ri*es1 eagles1 cranes & o!r birds #bg --- ,total numb] ( ,plates #gha ,conta9+ m ?an #bj1jjj ,figures4 ,%\ld ! selection be made f ! ,catalogue1 x w be advisable to give ! ,au?or p]mission to *ange any "o ( ! select$ ,plates = any o!r illu/rat+ ! same action1 if1 9 8 judgm5t1 ! sub/itut$ ,plate illu/rates t action ) a bett] model1 or 9 a m p]fect mann] ?an ! "o select$4 ,) reg>d to ! selection ( ,plates1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t unless any special subject or plate is requir$ x w be m satisfactory to ! subscrib] if he gives ! ,au?or ,,g5]al ,,in/ructions z to ! ,,class ( subjects desir$ & to leave ! ,,specific selection to him4 ,_m ( ! l>ge ,libr>ies & ,art or ,sci5ce ,in/itutions 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,europe h subscrib$ =1 & h n[ 9 _! possession1 a complete s]ies ( ! sev5 hundr$ & eighty-"o ,plates1 ! subscription price = :i* is ,,five ,,hundr$ ,,doll>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,gu9eas 9 ,great ,brita9 = ! complete s]ies1 9 eight full ,,am]ican-,,russia ,,lea!r ,,portfolios1 or if b\nd 9 elev5 volumes1 ea* plate h+$1 full ,am]ican-,russia lea!r1 ,,five ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifty ,,doll>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,t5 ,,gu9eas 9 ,great ,brita92 or its equival5t = any city 9 ,c5tral or ,we/]n ,europe4 ,subscrib]s :o wi% to make use ( ^! ,plates = ! promotion or diffusion ( k1 or = arti/ic or sci5tific purposes1 w be af=d$ facilities = acquir+ work+ copies by special arrangem5t ) ! ,au?or4 ,! inve/igations ( ! ,au?or are s well kn[n2 & s g5]ally recogniz$ z af=d+ ! only basis ( tru?ful int]pretation or accurate criticism ( ,animal ,movem5t1 t x is p]haps sc>cely necess>y to quote f ! _m elaborate reviews ( ,animal ,locomotion1 :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man ,sci5tific1 ,arti/ic1 & o!r ,j\rnals4 ,a few extracts !refrom are h[ev] giv5 9 ,app5dix ,a4 ,= ! value ( ! pres5t "w to ! g5]al /ud5t ( ,nature & ! lov] ( ,art1 no less ?an to ! ,arti/ & ! ,ar*ologi/1 ! ,physiologi/ & ! ,anatomi/1 x is ) mu* pride & gratitude t he ref]s to ! annex$ li/ ( "s ( 8 subscrib]s4 ,,subscrib]s4 ,! g5]al or dep>tm5tal ,libr>ies ( ! foll[+ ,,univ]sities4 ,am/]dam ,&rews1 ,/4 ,basel ,b]l9 ,b]n ,bologna ,bonn ,breslau ,bruxelles ,ed9burgh ,erlang5 ,freiburg ,g5ve ,g5ova ,glasg[ ,gtt+5 ,griefswald ,hall ,heidelb]g ,innsbrck ,j5a ,kiel ,knigsb]g ,leid5 ,leipzig ,lige ,l\va9 ,mn*5 ,napoli ,ox=d ,padova ,pisa ,prag ,roma ,ro/ock ,/rassburg ,tor9o ,tb+5 ,utre*t ,wi5 ,wrzb]g ,zri* ,,imp]ial1 ,,national1 ,,or ,,royal ,,academies ,,( ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,am/]dam ,antw]p5 ,b]l9 ,b]n ,birm+ham ,bologna ,breslau ,bruxelles ,budape/ ,dresd5 ,dsseldorf ,fir5ze ,frankfurt ,g5ova ,g5t ,leipzig ,lige ,london ,man*e/] ,milano ,mn*5 ,napoli ,p>is ,praha ,roma 7de ,france7 ,%effield ,tor9o ,v5ezia ,wi5 ,zri* ,ar*itectural ,in/itute1 ,mn*5 ,h]kom] ,s*ool ( ,art1 ,bu%ey ,,art ,,museums4 ,am/]dam ,b]l9 ,budape/ ,,ar*,,ological ,,in/itutes ,,& ,,museums4 ,dresd5 ,griefswald ,heidelb]g ,knigsb]g ,leipzig ,prag ,ro/ock ,/rassburg ,wi5 ,wrzburg ,zri* ,,indu/rial ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,museums4 ,b]l9 ,dubl9 ,ed9burgh ,k5s+ton ,p>is ,wi5 ,,indu/rial ,,art ,,s*ools4 ,am/]dam ,breslau ,budape/ ,frankfurt ,nrnb]g ,zri* ,,libr>ies4 ,! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,b]l94 ,birm+ham1 ,free ,public ,ed9burgh1 ,advocates' ,glasg[1 ,mit*ell ,free ,liv]pool1 ,free ,public ,london1 ,briti% ,museum ,man*e/]1 ,free ,public ,nott+ham1 ,free ,public ,p>is1 ,national ,libr>y ,,anatomical ,,in/itutes4 ,b]n ,breslau ,freiburg ,hall ,innsbrck ,kiel ,knigsb]g ,leipzig ,mn*5 ,pisa ,prag ,ro/ock ,tb+5 ,wrzburg ,zri* ,,royal ,,colleges ,,( ,,surgeons4 ,ed9burgh ,london ,,physiological ,,in/itutes4 ,basel ,b]l9 ,b]n ,bologna ,bonn ,breslau ,bruxelles ,erlang5 ,freiburg ,g5ova ,gtt+5 ,griefswald ,hall ,heidelb]g ,innsbrck ,j5a ,kiel ,knigsb]g ,leipzig ,l\va9 ,mn*5 ,napoli ,prag ,ro/ock ,/rassburg ,tor9o ,tb+5 ,wi5 ,wrzburg ,zri* ,,vet]9>y ,,in/itutes4 ,al=t ,b]n ,b]l9 ,dresd5 ,london ,,an?ropological ,,museums4 ,dresd5 ,fir5ze ,,e?nological1 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,zo,,logical ,,in/itutes ,,& ,,museums4 ,am/]dam ,bruxelles ,freiburg ,kiel ,leid5 ,lige ,napoli ,p>is ,ro/ock ,,physical ,,in/itutes4 ,basel ,bologna ,bruxelles ,g5ve ,heidelb]g ,padova ,prag ,roma ,ro/ock ,utre*t ,,polyte*nic ,,high ,,s*ools4 ,b]l9 ,fir5ze ,wi5 ,zri* ,,colleges4 ,*>t]h\se ,clifton ,dubl9 7,tr947 ,eton ,ow5s ,well+ton ,,royal ,,porcela9 ,,manufactories4 ,b]l9 ,dresd5 ,,arti/ic1 ,,lit]>y ,,or ,,sci5tific ,,clubs4 ,dsseldorf1 ,malke/5 ,glasg[1 ,we/]n ,london1 ,a!num ,rome1 ,int]nazionale ------ ,agricultural ,high ,s*ool ( ,b]l9 ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is ,faculty ( ,physicians & ,surgeons ( ,glasg[ ,psy*ological ,in/itute ( ,leipzig ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 ,ed9burgh ,royal ,in/itution1 ,ed9burgh ,royal ,dubl9 ,society ,royal ,society ( ,london ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t4 ,bureau ( ,education ,bureau ( ,engrav+ ,bureau ( ,e?nology ,dep>tm5t ( ,w> ,libr>y ( ,congress ,national ,museum ,pat5t ,(fice ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,(fice4 ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,art ,,& ,,( ,,art ,,tra9+4 ,baltimore1 ,m>yl& ,in/itute4 ,bo/on1 ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,*icago1 ,art ,in/itute4 ,c9c9nati1 ,art ,museum4 ,milwaukee1 ,s*ool ( ,design4 ,m9neapolis1 ,s*ool ( ,design4 ,new ,b$=d1 ,swa9 ,s*ool4 ,new ,york1 ,coop] ,union4 ,new ,york1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,new ,york1 ,national ,academy ( ,design4 ,philadelphia1 ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,philadelphia1 ,s*ool ( ,indu/rial ,art4 ,philadelphia1 ,s*ool ( ,design = ,wom54 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,wa%+ton1 ,corcoran ,gall]y ( ,art4 ,,in/itutions ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,am]ican ,in/itute1 ,new ,york4 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia4 ,college ( ,physicians1 ,philadelphia4 ,essex ,in/itute1 ,salem4 ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia4 ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zology1 ,cambridge4 ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,peabody ,museum ( ,yale ,college4 ,,univ]sities ,,& ,,colleges4 ,br[n ,columbia ,cornell ,h>v>d ,johns ,hopk9s ,kansas ,lehigh ,m9nesota ,nebraska ,new ,york ,p5nsylvania ,pr9ceton ,vass> ,v]mont ,wellesley ,yale ,,libr>ies4 ,baltimore--,peabody ,bo/on--,a!num ,bo/on--,public ,brooklyn--,l4 ,i4 ,hi/orical ,brooklyn ,libr>y ,*icago--,hi/orical ,*icago--,public ,c9c9nati--,public ,d5v]--,m]cantile ,h>lem ,libr>y ,massa*usetts--,/ate ,m9neapolis--,public ,new ,b$=d--,public ,new ,york--,m]cantile ,new ,york--,/ate ,p5nsylvania--,/ate ,philadelphia ,libr>y ,/4 ,paul--,public ,san ,francisco--,public ,spr+field 7,mass47--,public ,wiscons9--,/ate ,hi/orical ,worce/] 7,mass47--,public ,x is impossible )9 ! limits ( ?is app5dix to record ! names ( ! _m well-kn[n ,dilettanti1 ,art ,connoisseurs1 ,manufactur]s1 etc41 :o h acquir$ copies ( ,animal ,locomotion1 & x is difficult1 )\t unju/ discrim9ation1 to select a few f among ! _m ,em95t ,m5 ^: names & works are kn[n all ov] ! _w & :o are subscrib]s4 ,among ^?1 h[ev]1 :o h honor$ ! ,au?or by plac+ _! names on 8 subscription book--all academical & univ]sity di/9ctions be+ omitt$--are ! foll[+3 ,,ar*itects1 ,,pa9t]s ,,or ,,sculptors4 ,alma-,tadema ,armitage ,beck] ,begas ,bonnat ,b\ghton ,b\gu]eau ,bridgman ,burnham ,c>olus-,duran ,caveli] ,conti1 ,tito ,dal\ von ,defregg] ,detaille ,dubois ,eis5m5g] ,ende ,fa$ ,falguire ,fildes ,fremiet ,fri? ,g>ni] ,grme ,gilb]t ,gordigiani ,g[ ,h]kom] ,hunt1 ,holman von ,kaulba* ,knaus ,knight ,kopf ,leighton1 ,sir ,f4 von ,l5ba* von ,lfftz ,m>ks du ,mauri] ,meissoni] von ,m5zel ,millais1 ,sir ,j4,e4 ,morot ,munkacsy ,or*>dson ,ouless ,p>sons ,pass9i ,poynt] ,puvis1 de ,* ,ri*>dson ,ri*mond ,rivire-,briton ,rob]t-,fleury ,rod9 ,roll ,ro? ,rmann ,s*ill+ ,siem]+ ,/4 ,gaud5s ,/ory ,?ornycr(t ,tiffany ,vib]t ,villefroy ,v9ea ,wagn] ,w>d ,watts ,weeks ,wells von ,w]n] ,:i/l] ,zgel4 ,,ar*,,ologi/s1 ,,au?ors ,,( ,,art ,,works1 ,,etc4 von ,b]leps* ,bull5 von ,duhn ,ewald ,falke ,furness1 ,h4 ,h4 von ,kekule ,kle9 ,muntz ,ov]beck ,piets* ,preun] ,pulszky ,rusk9 di ,sambuy1 ,conte ,smi?1 ,g54 ,sir ,r4,m4 ,treu ,wolff1 ,alb]t4 ,,anatomi/s1 ,,an?ropologi/s1 ,,biologi/s1 ,,e?nologi/s1 ,,pal,,ontologi/s1 ,,pa?ologi/s1 ,,physiologi/s1 ,,psy*ologi/s1 ,,zoologi/s1 ,,etc4 ,acl&1 ,sir ,h4 ,w4 ,agassiz1 ,a4 ,b>ri] du ,bois ,reymond ,b[dit* ,b[man1 ,sir ,w4 ,braune1 ,w4 ,br[n-,sequ>d ,burdon-,s&]son ,clel& ,d>w91 ,f4 ,exn]1 ,s4 ,fick ,fl[] ,fo/] ,galton1 ,f4 ,gill ,goode1 ,br[n ,hasse ,haughton ,heid5ha9 ,h]+ ,humphry ,huxley ,j5s9k von ,kllik] von ,kries ,lanke/] ,leidy ,lubbock1 ,sir ,j4 ,ludwig ,mantegazza ,m>ey ,m>%all ,mey] ,milne-,edw>ds ,miv>t ,moles*ott ,mosso ,munk ,mll]1 ,max ,ow51 ,sir ,r4 ,pa/eur ,pepp] ,w4 ,pettigrew ,rabl ,romanes ,rck]t ,s*iff ,s*tz ,vir*[1 ,r4 von ,voit ,we>-,mit*ell ,wood ,wundt von ,zittell4 ,,physici/s1 ,,etc4 ,abney ,blake ,blaz]na ,bramwell1 ,sir ,f4 ,buns5 ,dits*e9] ,edison ,glai%] von ,helmholtz ,hugg9s ,langley ,ma* ,mat?iess5 ,qu9cke ,spottiswoode ,?omson1 ,sir ,w4 ,vogel ,web]4 ,,milit>y ,,sci5ti/s4 ,field ,m>%al ,c\nt von ,moltke ,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,grant ,g5]al ,w4 ,t4 ,%]man ,g5]al ,p4 ,h4 ,%]idan ,g5]al ,r4 ,b4 ,hayes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,zoopraxography4 ,made ,popul> by ,sugge/ive ,trac+s f ,animal ,locomotion4 ------ ,a s]ies ( ,,fifty ,,engrav+s1 ea* ( :i* illu/rates f #ab to #ae consecutive phases ( "s complete movem5t1 photograph$ f life4 ,! successive phases ( ea* action are arrang$ 9 a circle ,,n9e ,,in*es ,,9 ,,diamet]2 = r$uc$ copies ( "s ( :i* see app5dix ,a4 ,pr9t$ on six-ply ,bri/ol-bo>d & enclos$ 9 ,a ,,/rong ,,clo? ,,portfolio1 size #ajab in*es2 price1 ,five ,doll>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 or ,"o ,gu9ea 9 ,great ,brita94 ,s5t free ( po/age ^u receipt ( price1 to any c\ntry )9 ! ,univ]sal ,po/al ,union4 ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,or1 at #aj ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to conv]t ! circles ( figures into a ,,zoopraxiscope1 cut out ! disc1 &1 radiat+ f ! c5tre !re(1 ab\t midway f ! m>g91 cut or /amp ?irte5 equidi/ant p]=ations2 ea* an in* long1 & ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in* wide4 ,p9 ! c5tre ( ! disc to a h&le & revolve x 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 at a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es1 9 front ( a mirror4 ,by look+ ?r\gh ! upp] s]ies ( p]=ations at ! reflection ( ! l[] s]ies ( figures1 a semblance ( ! orig9al movem5ts ( life w be se54 ,! figures may be appropriately color$1 & ! back ( ! c>dbo>d disc %\ld be pa9t$ a d>k color1 or cov]$ ) a piece ( d>k surfac$ pap] be=e cutt+ ! p]=ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,descriptive ,,zoopraxography4 ,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,animal ,locomotion1 ,,by ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge4 ------ ,illu/rat$ ) twelve consecutive phases--occurr+ dur+ a s+le /ride--( ea* ( ! six regul> progressive movem5ts ( ! horse1 trac$ f ! results ( an inve/igation made by ! ,au?or = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #ab mo4 b\nd 9 clo?4 ,price 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,"o ,doll>2 9 ,great ,brita9 ,f\r ,%ill+s & ,?ree ,p5ce4 ,s5t ^u receipt ( price1 free ( po/age to any c\ntry )9 ! ,univ]sal ,po/al ,union4 ,,eadwe>d ,,muybridge1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,or #aj ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london4