,,m>riage  ,,9 ,,free ,,society3  ,by   
,edw>d ,c>p5t]  #ahid     ,,m>riage     
,i4  ,,( ! great my/]y ( human ,love1 & 
t mo/ intimate p]sonal relation ( two   
s\ls to ea* o!r--p]haps ! firme/1 mo/   
basic & indissoluble fact 7aft] our own 
exi/5ce7 t we "k2 ( t /range s5se--(t51 
p]haps g5]ally1 in/antane\s--( long     
prec$5t famili>ity & k9%ip1 t deep      
reliance on & acceptation ( ano!r 9 8 or
 h] entirety2 ( ! trem5d\s /r5g? ( ! *a9
 :i* ?us at times w b9d two he>ts 9     
lifelong d$ication & devotion1 p]suad+ &
 inde$ n seldom compell+ ! p]sons       
conc]n$ to ! sacrifice ( "s ( ! o!r     
elem5ts ( _! lives & *>act]s2 &1 )al1 ( 
a c]ta9 inscrutable veil$ness f ea* o!r 
:i* s frequ5tly accompanies ! relation (
 ! opposite sexes1 & :i* =ms at once !  
abid+ *>m1 & ! pa9--sometimes !         
trag$y--( _! union2 ( ?is palpitat+ w+$ 
liv+ ?+1 :i* "o may p]haps call ! real  
,m>riage--,i w\ld say b little2 = inde$ 
x is only fitt+ or possible to speak ( x
 by indirect language & sugge/ion1 nor  

may "o v5ture to rudely drag x f its    
sanctu>y into ! light ( ! common gaze4  
,comp>$ ) ?is1 ! actual m>riage1 9 its  
squalid p]v]sity z we too (t5 h occasion
 ( kn[+ x1 is z ! wret*$ idol ( ! savage
 to ! reality :i* x is suppos$ to       
repres5t2 & "o seems to he> !           
,ari/ophanic laught] ( ! gods z !y      
contemplate man's little clay image ( ! 
,heav5ly ,love--:i*1 crack$ 9 ! fire (  
daily life1 he is fa9 to b9d toge!r )   
ru/y hoops ( law1 & p>*m5t b&s1 le/ x   
%\ld crumble & fall to pieces altoge!r4 
,! :ole subject1 wide z life itself--z  
,heav5 & ,hell--eludes any?+ l adequate 
treatm5t1 & we ne$ make no apology =    
n>r[+ d[n our consid]ations "h to j a   
few practical po9ts2 & if we _c navigate
 upw>d into ! v he>t ( ! matt]--namely1 
into ! causes :i* make "s p love ea* o!r
 ) a true & p]fect love1 & o!rs unite 9 
ob$i5ce to b a c\nt]feit passion--yet we
 may fairly1 ,i imag9e1 & ) pr(it1 /udy 
"s ( ! conditions :i* give to actual    
m>riage its pres5t =m1 or :i* 9 ! future

 are likely to provide real affection ) 
a m satisfactory expression ?an x has z 
a rule to-day4  ,yet ! subject1 ev5 s   
limit$1 is "o on :i* x is extremely     
difficult to get a calm audi5ce4        
,m>riage cu/oms 7h[ev] mu* !y may diff] 
f race to race7 are at any "o "t & among
 any "o folk rem>kably t5aci\s1 be+     
sanction$ by almo/ a viol5ce ( public   
op9ion2 & z 9 ! case ( !ology or        
politics1 _! m]e discussion is liable to
 infuriate p--p]haps f ! v fact t !     
subject is s complex & s deeply root$ 9 
p]sonal feel+4 ,nev]!less--s9ce         
alt]ations h to take place 9 ^! z 9 o!r 
cu/oms1 & s9ce1 z _m ?+s indicate1 we   
are mov+ t[>ds a di/9ct p]iod ( *ange 9 
matt]s matrimonial--x w\ld seem t ! m   
rationally we c survey ^! que/ions      
be=eh&1 ! bett]4  ,x w probably be felt 
t c]ta9 pres5t difficulties 9 !         
m>riage-relation are n m]ely casual or  
local1 b are deeply int]tw9$ ) a long   
s]ies ( hi/orical causes1 :i* h l$ up to
 t exagg]at$ diff]5tiation1 & consequ5t 

misund]/&+1 betwe5 ! sexes1 ( :i* we h  
spok5 9 a =m] pap]499 ,beh9d ! relation 
( any individual man & woman to ea* o!r 
/&s ! hi/orical age-evolv$ relation ( ! 
two sexes g5]ally1 spread+ r\nd &       
enclos+ ! =m] on all sides1 & creat+ !  
social environm5t f :i* ! individuals c 
h>dly escape4 ,two "y p 9 ! pres5t day  
may come toge!r1 b _! relation is       
already l>gely det]m9$ by causes ov] :i*
 !y h no control4       99 ,woman3      
,lab\r ,press ,society1 ,man*e/]4  ,z a 
rule !y "k b little ( ea* o!r2 society  
has kept ! two sexes ap>t2 ! boy & !    
girl h be5 br\ght up along diff]5t l9es2
 !y h>dly und]/& ea* o!r's nature2 _!   
m5tal int]e/s & occupations are diff]5t2
 & z !y gr[ up _! worldly int]e/s &     
advantage are se5 to be diff]5t1 (t5    
oppos$2 public op9ion sep>ates _! sph]es
 & _! rights & _! duties1 & _! honor &  
_! di%onor99 v %>ply f ea* o!r4 ,!      
subject ( sex is a seal$ book to ! girl2
 to ! y\? x is possibly a book ^: mo/   
dismal page has be5 op5$ fir/2 9 ei!r   

case ) its v m5tion is probably connect$
 a pa9ful & irrational s5se ( wick$ness4
  ,9 ?is /ate ( confusion ( m9d1 (      
mutual misund]/&+1 & (t5 ( suff]+1 !    
,sex-glamor sudd5ly desc5ds ^u ! two    
individuals & drives !m into ea* o!r's  
arms4 ,x envelopes 9 a graci\s & mi/y   
halo all _! diff]5ces & misappreh5sions4
 ,!y m>ry )\t misgiv+2 & _! he>ts ov]fl[
 ) gratitude to ! :ite-surplic$ old     
g5tleman :o reads ! s]vice ov] !m4 ,x is
 only at a lat] h\r1 & ) calm] ?\ght1 t 
!y realise t x is a life-s5t5ce :i* he  
has s suavely pass$ ^u !m--n r$ucible 7z
 9 ! case ( ord9>y convicts7 ev5 to a   
t]m ( #bj ye>s4       99 ,see ,web/]'s  
,diction>y1 :i* gives z "o ( !          
mean+s ( ,honor1 any p>ticul> virtue mu*
 valu$1 z      brav]y 9 m5 & *a/ity 9   
females4  ,! m>ri$ life1 9 s /range &   
casual a way begun1 or drift$ into1 is  
h>dly1 "o might ?9k1 likely to turn out 
well4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 x does2 b 9  
_m cases1 p]haps ! majority1 !re foll[s 
a pa9ful awak5+4 ,a brief bur/ (        

satisfaction1 accompani$1 probably ?r\gh
 %e] ignorance1 by gross neglect ( ! law
 ( transmutation2 satiety on ! physical 
plane1 foll[$ by vacuity ( affection on 
! high] planes1 & t succe$$ by bor$om1 &
 ev5 nausea2 ! girl1 full p]haps ( a    
t5d] emotion1 & miss+ ! sympa?y &       
consolation %e expect$ 9 ! man's love1  
only to f9d its m mat]iali/ic           
side--,?is1 ?is !n is :at ,i am want$ =4
 ,! man1 :o look$ = a companion1 f9d+ he
 c r\se no mortal int]e/ 9 8 wife's m9d 
save 9 ! mo/ exasp]at+                  
trivialities2--:atev] ! cause may be1 a 
veil has fall5 f be=e _! faces1 & !re !y
 sit1 held toge!r n[ by ! lea/ honorable
 int]e/s1 ! int]e/s :i* !y !mselves c   
lea/ respect1 b to :i* ,law & ,religion 
l5d all _! weight4 ,! monet>y dep5d5ce (
 ! woman1 ! m]e sex-ne$s ( ! man1 ! fe> 
( public op9ion1 all =m motives1 &      
motives ( ! meane/ k9d1 = ma9ta9+ !     
seem+ tie2 & ! relation ( ! two h>d5s   
d[n into a dull neutrality1 9 :i* lives 
& *>act]s are n>r[$ & blunt$1 & deceit  

becomes ! common weapon :i* gu>ds divid$
 int]e/s4  ,a sad picture6 & ( c\rse 9  
?is case a portrayal delib]ately ( !    
seamy side ( ! matt]4 ,b :o %all make   
light ( ! agonies (t5 gone ?r\gh 9 ^?   
fir/ few ye>s ( m>ri$ life8  ,x may be  
said--& (t5 ( c\rse is said--t su* cases
 z ^! only prove t m>riage 0 ent]$ into 
"u ! influ5ce ( a pass+ glamor &        
delusion1 & t !re 0 n mu* real devotion 
to beg9 )4 ,& no d\bt !re is tru? en\gh 
9 su* rem>ks4 ,b--we may say 9          
reply--because two "y p make a mi/ake 9 
y\?1 to condemn !m1 = t reason1 to      
lifelong suff]+ & mutual degradation1 or
 to see !m s condemn$1 )\t propos+ any  
hope or way ( deliv]ance1 b ) ! "o ^w   
s]ves y "r on ! lips1 is a c\rse :i* c  
comm5d itself only to ! grimme/ & dulle/
 ,calv9i/4 ,:atev] safe-gu>ds aga9/ a   
too frivol\s view ( ! relation%ip may be
 propos$ by ! good s5se ( society 9 !   
future1 x is c]ta9 t ! "t has gone pa/  
:5 ,m>riage c cont9ue to be reg>d$ z a  
sup]natural in/itution to ^: ma9t5ance  

human bodies & s\ls mu/ be              
indiscrim9ately sacrific$2 a human]1    
wis]1 & less panic-/rick5 treatm5t ( !  
subject mu/ set 92 & if !re are         
difficulties 9 ! way !y mu/ be met by   
pati5t & calm consid]ation ( human      
welf>e--sup]ior to any law1 h[ev] anci5t
 & respectable4  ,i take x !n t1 )\t    
disguis+ ! fact t ! "q is a complex "o1 
& t our conclusions may be only v       
t5tative1 we h to consid] z rationally z
 we conv5i5tly c1 fir/1 "s ( ! drawbacks
 or defects ( ! pres5t m>riage-cu/oms1 &
 secondly su* improvem5ts 9 ^! z may    
sugge/ !mselves to u1 & z may seem      
feasible4  ,& if we turn to ! "q ( h[   
?+s /& 9 ! pres5t day1 "o ( ! fir/ po9ts
 to /rike u--& "o t we h already t\*$ on
 9 ano!r pap]99--is ! s]i\s want ( any  
special tea*+ to "y folk on matt]s (    
love & sex1 & ! responsibility re/+ on  
p>5ts & tea*]s to supply ?is want4 ,t "o
 ought to di/+ui% a pass+ sex-spell f a 
true comrade%ip & devotion is no d\bt a 
wise rem>k1 b t x is (t5 difficult1 ev5 

= adults1 to d s makes x all ! m        
necess>y t "y p %\ld h "s rational ideas
 on ! subject1 & above all t !y %\ld get
 "s und]/&+ ( ! nature ( t true love :i*
 alone c make m>riage a success4 ,! se>*
 = a fitt+ mate1 especially among ! m   
s5sitive & highly-organis$ types (      
mank9d1 is a mo/ complex affair4 ,& x is
 inde$ h>d t ! "y man or woman %\ld h to
 set out--z !y mo/ly h to d to-day--on  
?is difficult que/ )\t a ^w ( sugge/ion 
or help1 z to ! *oice ( ! way or ! v    
real p]plexites & d\bts t beset x4      
99,sex-,love1 & its place 9 a ,free     
,society4 ,lab\r ,press1      ,man*e/]4 
,!n1 besides ?is m g5]al tea*+1 x is    
also highly necess>y t ^? 9 "q %\ld h "s
 k ( ! use & gu>dian%ip ( _! own        
sex-functions4 ,if ! y\? & girl :om we h
 suppos$ z ab\t to be m>ri$ _h be5      
br\ght up 9 almo/ any tribe ( savages1  
!y w\ld a few ye>s previ\sly h gone     
?r\gh regul> (fices ( initiation into   
manhood & womanhood1 dur+ :i* "t        
c]emonies 7possibly indec5t 9 our eyes7 

w\ld at any rate h made _m              
misappreh5sions impossible4 ,z x is1 !  
civilis$ girl is l$ to ! 'alt>2' (t5 9  
utt]mo/ ignorance & misund]/&+ z to !   
nature ( ! sacrificial rites ab\t to be 
consummat$4 ,! y\? too 7does x n seem   
/range87 has nev] be5 taught h[ to use !
 female 9 ?is mo/ important mom5t ( _!  
jo9t lives4 ,p]haps he is unaw>e t love 
9 ! female is1 9 a s5se1 m diffus$ ?an 9
 ! male1 less specially sexual2 t x     
dwells long] 9 c>esses & embraces1 &    
det]m9es itself m sl[ly t[>ds !         
reproductive sy/em4 ,impati5t1 he       
injures & horrifies 8 p>tn]1 &          
unconsci\sly p]haps aggravates ! v      
hy/]ical t5d5cy :i* m>riage might & %\ld
 h allay$499  ,among ! middle &         
well-to-d classes especially1 !         
conditions ( high civilisation1 by      
induc+ an ov]f$ mascul9ity 9 ! males & a
 n]v\s & hy/]ical t5d5cy 9 !            
females19999 increase ! difficulties    
m5tion$2 & x is among ! 'classes' too t 
public op9ion1 l>gely by repress+ !     

utt]ance & ignor+ ! exi/5ce ( sex-feel+1
 has creat$ ! special evils (           
sex-/>vation & sex-ignorance on ! "o h&1
 & ( m]e lic5ti\sness on ! o!r4       99
 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ too t to _m wom5    
7?\gh (      c\rse by no means a        
majority7 ! ?\ght ( ,sex br+s           
little s5se ( pleasure1 & ! fulfilm5t ( 
its duties      con/itutes a real1 ev5  
?\gh a will+1 sacrifice4       9999 ,?us
 ,bebel 9 8 book on ,woman speaks ( !   
idle &      luxuriant life ( s _m wom5 9
 ! upp] classes1 !      n]v\s /imulant  
af=d$ by exquisite p]fumes1 ! ov]-      
dos+ ) poetry1 music1 ! /age--:i* is    
reg>d$ z      ! *ief means ( education1 
& is ! *ief occupation1      ( a sex    
already suff]+ f hyp]trophy ( n]ves &   
s5sibility4  ,among ! comp>atively      
uncivilis$ mass ( ! p1 :]e a good deal (
 famili>ity betwe5 ! sexes exi/s be=e   
m>riage1 & :]e inde$ m>riage n          
unfrequ5tly foll[s on sex-connection1 ^!
 special evils are n s prom95t4 ,b among
 ! masses ! cry+ ne$ = "s s5sible &     

coh]5t tea*+ = ! "y is only too cle>2 & 
x is p]haps among ! masses t ! neglect (
 ! law ( transmutation works to m evil  
results ?an among ! classes2 s9ce among 
! =m]--sex-int]c\rse be+ comp>atively   
accessible1 & ob/acles to m>riage 7f    
monet>y & o!r consid]ations7            
comp>atively infrequ5t--! feel+ is      
liable to fl[ f> too mu* along ! m]e    
physical *annels2 & ! romance & sweet   
comrade%ip ( love1 especially aft]      
m>riage1 comes too (t5 to be replac$ by 
an in]t & inde$ r bruti% s5tim5t (      
simple juxtaposition4  ,s f> ) reg>d to 
difficulties aris+ f p]sonal ignorance  
or inexp]i5ce 9 y\?4 ,b /ret*+ beyond & 
ar\nd all ^! are ^? o!r difficulties :i*
 are due to ! m>k$ special relation ( ! 
woman to ! man 9 civilis$ society       
g5]ally1 & ( ! man to ! woman2 & :i*    
arise f deep-ly+ hi/oric & economic     
causes4 ,into ! l>ge subject ( ^! causes
 x is n necess>y to ent] "h4 ,suffice x 
to say t ! diff]5ce 9 physical /r5g?    
betwe5 ! sexes1 toge!r ) woman's        

disability dur+ ! p]iod ( *ild-bir? &   
re>+1 gave man f e>ly times an          
advantage1 :i* complicat+ itself dur+ ! 
hi/orical p]iod has ultimat$ 7?\gh n (  
c\rse 9 ! pres5t day only7 9 :at may be 
call$ ! slav]y ( woman1 h] subord9ation 
to man1 & dep5d5ce on him = ! means (   
subsi/5ce2 ! result be+ t1 till a       
comp>atively few ye>s ago1 ! woman 0    
condemn$ to ! mo/ special & inde$ n>r[  
sph]e ( life & action2 h] education1 z =
 ?is sph]e1 0 mo/ limit$1 & q diff]5t f 
t ( ! man2 & h] int]e/s 7 :olly div]se f
 & (t5 q oppos$ to 84 ,"u ^!            
circum/ances !re 0 naturally little     
common gr\nd = ,m>riage1 except sex4 ,& 
! same rema9s l>gely true ev5 d[n to    
to-day4 ,! sex-ne$s once satisfi$1 & !  
emotional *>m weak5$ or undone1 man &   
wife n unfrequ5tly wake up ) some?+ l   
dismay to f9d h[ little !y h left 9     
common2 to f9d t !y h no?+ 9 :i* !y c   
take int]e/ toge!r2 t !y _c "w at ! same
 ?+s1 t !y _c read ! same books1 t !y _c
 keep up half-an-h\r's conv]sation      

toge!r on any topic1 & t secretly !y are
 *]i%+ _! own ?\ghts & projects q ap>t f
 ea* o!r4  ,x mu/ suffice too to rem9d !
 read] q briefly t ?is div]g5ce has     
crept deep d[n into ! moral &           
intellectual natures ( ! two sexes1     
exagg]at+ ! naturally complem5t>y       
relation ( ! male & female into a pa9ful
 c>icature ( /r5g? on ! "o h& & dep5d5ce
 on ! o!r4 ,?is is well se5 9 ! ord9>y  
m>riage-relation ( ! common-pray]-book  
type4 ,! frail & delicate female is     
suppos$ to cl+ r\nd ! /urdy husb&'s =m1 
or to dep5d f 8 arm 9 graceful          
incapacity2 & ! spectator is call$ ^u to
 admire ! *>m+ effect ( ! union--z ( !  
ivy ) ! oak--=getful ( ! t]rible moral1 
namely1 t 79 ! case ( ! trees at any    
rate7 x is really a dea?-/ruggle :i* is 
go+ on1 9 :i* ei!r ! oak mu/ p]i%       
suffocat$ 9 ! embraces ( its p>tn]1 or 9
 ord] to free ! =m] into any?+ l heal?y 
developm5t ! ivy mu/ be sacrific$4  ,too
 (t5 ( c\rse ( su* m>riages ! egoism1   
lord%ip & physical satisfaction ( ! man 

are ! *ief motive causes4 ,! woman is   
practically sacrific$ to ! "p ( !       
ma9t5ance ( ^! male virtues4 ,x is = h] 
to sp5d h] days 9 little =gott5 details 
( labor & anxiety = ! sake ( ! man's    
sup]ior com=t & importance1 to give up  
h] ne$s to 8 :ims1 to 'hum\r' him 9 all 
ways %e c2 x is = h] to wipe h] m9d cle>
 ( all op9ions 9 ord] t %e may hold x up
 z a k9d ( mirror 9 :i* he may behold   
reflect$ 8 lordly self2 & x is = h] to  
sacrifice ev5 h] physical heal? &       
natural in/9cts 9 def]5ce to :at is     
call$ h] 'duty' to h] husb&4  ,h[       
bitt]ly alone _m su* a woman feels6 ,%e 
has dream$ ( be+ fold$ 9 ! arms ( a     
/rong man1 & surr5d]+ h]self1 h] life1  
h] m9d1 h] all1 to 8 s]vice4 ,( c\rse x 
is an unheal?y dream1 an illusion1 a m]e
 luxury ( love2 & x is de/9$ to be da%$4
 ,%e has to le>n t self-surr5d] may be j
 z great a crime z self-ass]tion4 ,%e   
f9ds t h] v will+ness to be sacrific$   
only fo/]s 9 ! man1 p]haps = 8 own      
self-def5ce1 ! egotism & coldness t s   

cruelly w\nd h]4  ,= h[ (t5 does he )   
ke5 prevision see t if he gives way f 8 
coldness ! cl++ dep5d5t creature w      
infallibly ov]gr[ & smo!r him6--t %e w  
cut h] woman-fri5ds1 w ?r[ aside all h] 
own int]e/s & pursuits 9 ord] to        
'devote' h]self to him1 &1 af=d+ no     
/urdy "* ( h] own 9 :i* he c take any   
int]e/1 w hang ! fe/oons ( h] affection 
on e ramification ( 8 wret*$ life--nor  
leave him a corn] free--till he p]i%es f
 all manhood & social or h]oic uses into
 a m]e matrimonial clo!speg1 a w>n+ & a 
wond]m5t to pass]s by6  ,h[ev]1 z a ?ird
 alt]native1 x sometimes happ5s t !     
,woman1 too wise to sacrifice h] own    
life indiscrim9ately to ! egoism ( h]   
husb&1 & n c>+ = ! 'fe/oon' me?od1      
adopts ! middle c\rse ( appe>+ to m9i/] 
to him :ile really pursu+ h] own        
purposes4 ,%e cultivates ! g5tle sci5ce 
( indirectness4 ,:ile hold+ up a mirror 
= ! ,man to admire himself 91 beh9d t   
mirror %e goes h] own way & c>ries out  
h] own designs1 sep>ate f him2 & :ile   

sacrific+ h] body to 8 wants1 %e does s 
q delib]ately & = a def9ite reason1     
namely1 because %e has f\nd out t %e c s
 get a %elt] = h]self & h] *ildr51 & c  
solve ! problem ( t ma9t5ance :i*       
society has hi!rto d5i$ to h] 9 h] own  
"r4 ,= inde$ by a cruel fate wom5 h be5 
plac$ 9 exactly t position :]e !        
sacrifice ( _! self-respect = base      
motives has easily pass$ beyond a       
temptation into be+ a necessity4 ,!y h  
_h to live1 & h too (t5 only be5 able to
 d s by sell+ !mselves into bondage to !
 man4 ,will+ or unwill+1 ov]work$ or    
dy+1 !y h _h to be> *ildr5 to ! caprice 
( _! lords2 & 9 ?is s]f-life _! v       
natures h be5 blunt$2 !y h lo/--:at     
inde$ %\ld be ! v glory & cr[n ( woman's
 be+--! p]fect fre$om & ! purity ( _!   
love4  ,at ?is :ole spectacle ( woman's 
degradation ! human male has look$ on ) 
/upid & op5-m\!d indiff]5ce--z an ox    
might look on at a dr[n+ oxh]d--n ev5   
dimly div9+ t 8 own fate 0 someh[       
involv$4 ,he has calmly & oblivi\sly    

wat*$ ! woman drift f>!r & f>!r away f  
him1 till at la/1 ) ! loss ( an         
intellig5t & mutual und]/&+ betwe5 !    
sexes1 ,love ) unequal w+s has fall5    
lam$ to ! gr\nd4 ,yet x w\ld be idle to 
d5y t ev5 9 su* a /ate ( affairs z t    
depict$1 m5 & wom5 h 9 ! pa/ & d (t5 ev5
 n[ f9d "s degree ( satisfaction--simply
 inde$ because _! types ( "* are su* z  
belong to1 & h be5 evolv$ 9 accordance  
)1 ?is relation4  ,to-day1 h[ev]1 !re   
are ?\s&s ( wom5--& ev]yday m ?\s&s--to 
:om su* a lopsid$ alliance is dete/able2
 :o are det]m9$ t !y w no long] endure !
 arrogant lord%ip & egoism ( m51 nor    
c\nt5ance 9 !mselves or o!r wom5 ! craft
 & s]vility :i* are ! necess>y          
complem5ts ( ! relation2 :o see too     
cle>ly 9 ! oak-&-ivy m>riage its        
p>asitism on ! "o h& & /rangulation on !
 o!r to be s5sible ( any picturesqu5ess2
 :o feel too t !y h capacities & p[]s ( 
_! own :i* ne$ space & lib]ty1 & "s     
degree ( sympa?y & help1 = _! unfold+2 &
 :o believe t !y h "w to d 9 ! _w1 z    

important 9 its own way z any t m5 d 9  
!irs4 ,su* wom5 h brok5 into op5        
w>f>e--n aga9/ m>riage1 b aga9/ a       
m>riage :i* makes true & equal love an  
impossibility4 ,!y feel t z long z wom5 
are economically dep5d5t !y _c /& up =  
!mselves & insi/ on ^? rights :i* m5 f  
/upidity & selfi%ness w n volunt>ily    
grant !m4  ,on ! o!r h& !re are ?\s&s--&
 "o w\ld hope e day m ?\s&s--( m5 :o    
7:atev] _! =]unn]s may h ?\ght7 d n     
desire or ?9k x delightful to h a glass 
cont9ually held up = !m to admire       
!mselves 92 :o look = a p>tn] 9 ^: life 
& pursuits !y c f9d "s int]e/1 r ?an =  
"o :o has no int]e/ b 9 !m2 :o ?9k      
p]haps t !y w\ld r m9i/] ?an be 7l a    
monkey f$ ) nuts 9 a cage7 ! melan*oly  
object ( ano!r p]son's m9i/rations2 & :o
 at any rate feel t love1 9 ord] to be  
love at all1 mu/ be absolutely op5 &    
s9c]e1 & free f any s5tim5t ( dep5d5ce  
or inequality4 ,!y see t ! pres5t cramp$
 condition ( wom5 is n only ! cause ( ! 
false relation betwe5 ! sexes1 b t x is 

! fruitful s\rce--?r\gh its deb>m5t (   
any common int]e/s--( t fatal bor$om (  
:i* we h spok51 & :i* is ! bugbe> (     
m>riage2 & !y w\ld gladly surr5d] all ( 
t ma/]hood & au?ority :i* is suppos$ to 
be _! due1 if !y c\ld only get 9 return 
some?+ l a frank & level comrade%ip4    
,?us :ile we see 9 ! pres5t inequality (
 ! sexes an und\bt$ s\rce ( m>riage     
tr\bles & unsatisfactory alliances1 we  
see also =ces at "w :i* are t5d+ to     
reaction1 & to br++ ! two ne>] aga9 to  
ea* o!r--s t :ile diff]5tiat$ !y w n    
p]haps 9 ! future be q s mu* diff]5tiat$
 z n[1 b only to a degree :i* w enhance 
& adorn1 in/ead ( de/roy1 _! s5se (     
mutual sympa?y4  ,!re is ano!r po9t :i* 
ought to be consid]$ z contribut+ to !  
ill-success ( _m m>riages1 & :i* no d\bt
 is closely connect$ ) t j discuss$--b  
:i* des]ves sep>ate treatm5t4 ,i mean ! 
h>%ness ( ! l9e :i* social op9ion 7at   
any rate 9 ?is c\ntry7 draws r\nd !     
m>ri$ pair ) respect to _! relations to 
outsid]s4 ,on ! "o h&1 & )9 !           

matrimonial relation1 society all[s     
practically ! utmo/ passional excess or 
indulg5ce1 & condones x2 on ! o!r h& 7,i
 am speak+ ( ! middl+ bulk ( ! p1 n ( ! 
extreme ari/ocratic & slum classes7     
beyond t limit1 ! slighte/ famili>ity1  
or any expression ( affection :i* might 
by any possibility be int]pret$ z d]iv+ 
f sexual feel+1 is /]nly ana!matis$4    
,m>riage1 by a k9d ( absurd fiction1 is 
repres5t$ z an oasis situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( 
an arid des]t--9 :i* latt]1 x is        
pret5d$1 nei!r ( ! two p>ties is s      
=tunate z to f9d any objects ( real     
affectional int]e/4 ,if !y d !y h       
c>efully to conceal ! same f ! o!r p>ty4
  ,! result ( ?is conv5tion is obvi\s   
en\gh4 ,! m>ri$ pair1 ?us driv5 z well z
 drawn into close/ cont9ual contact )   
ea* o!r1 are put ?r\gh an ordeal :i*    
might well cause ! /\te/ affection to   
quail4 ,n only1 z already po9t$ out1 h !
 man & ! wife too few jo9t int]e/s 9 !  
great _w1 few common plans1 projects1   
purposes1 'causes1' recreations2 b--by  

?is insi/ance ( public op9ion--all      
outside int]e/s ( a p]sonal nature1     
except ( ! mo/ ab/ract k9d1 are also    
deb>r$2 if !re happ5s to be any natural 
jeal\sy 9 ! case x is height5$ & made ! 
m imp]ative2 & unless ! contract+ p>ties
 are =tunate en\gh to be1 bo? ( !m1 (   
su* a temp]am5t t !y are capable ( /rong
 atta*m5ts to p]sons ( _! own sex--& ?is
 does n always exclude jeal\sy--!y mu/  
be condemn$ to h no intimate fri5d%ips (
 any k9d except :at !y c f9d at _! own  
fireside4  ,x is necess>y "h to po9t    
out1 n only h[ dull a place ?is makes ! 
home1 b also h[ n>r[+ x acts on ! lives 
( ! m>ri$ pair4 ,h[ev] appropriate !    
union may be 9 itself x _c be good t x  
%\ld deg5]ate--z x t5ds to deg5]ate s   
(t51 & :]e man & wife are mo/ fai?ful to
 ea* o!r1 into a m]e goisme  deux4 ,& "r
 en\gh no d\bt z a great numb] ( su*    
unions actually are1 x mu/ be confess$ t
 ! b\rgeois m>riage z a rule1 & j 9 its 
mo/ successful & pi\s & respectable =m1 
c>ries ) x an odi\s s5se ( ,/uff9ess &  

n>r[ness1 moral & intellectual2 & t !   
type ( ,family :i* x provides is too (t5
 l t :i* is disclos$ :5 on turn+ ov] a  
l>ge /one we di/urb an insect4 ,home t  
seldom sees ! light4  ,b 9 cases :]e !  
m>riage does n happ5 to be p>ticul>ly   
successful or unsuccessful1 :5 p]haps a 
true b n ov]p[]+ly int5se affection is  
satiat$ at a ne$lessly e>ly /age by !   
cont9ual & unreliev$ imp+em5t ( ! two   
p]sonalities on ea* o!r1 !n ! bor$om    
result+ is some?+ frightful to          
contemplate--& all ! m s because ( !    
g5u9e affection beh9d x1 :i*            
contemplates ) horror its own suicide4  
,! we>y c\ples t may be se5 at seaside  
places & pleasure resorts--! respectable
 work+-man ) 8 wife trail+ along by 8   
side1 or ! highly respectable /ock-jobb]
 arm-9-arm ) 8 bett] & l>g] half--_!    
blank faces1 utt] want ( any common     
topic ( conv]sation :i* has n be5       
exhau/$ a ?\s& times already1 & _!      
obvi\s relief :5 ! h\r comes :i* w take 
!m back to _! sev]al & divid$           

occupations--^! illu/rate suffici5tly   
:at ,i mean4 ,! curi\s ?+ is t jeal\sy  
7acc5tuat$ z x is by social op9ion7     
sometimes increases 9 exact proportion  
to mutual bor$om2 & !re are ?\s&s (     
cases ( m>ri$ c\ples lead+ a cat-&-dog  
life1 & kn[+ t !y we>y ea* o!r to       
di/raction1 :o = t v reason dread all ! 
m to lose sight ( ea* o!r1 & ?us nev]   
get a *ance ( t holiday f _! own        
society1 & r5ewal ( outside int]e/s1 :i*
 w\ld make a g5u9e affectional          
association possible4  ,?us ! %>pness ( 
! l9e :i* society draws ar\nd ! pair1 & 
! k9d ( fatal snap-(-!-lock ) :i*       
m>riage sudd5ly cuts !m (f f ! _w1 n    
only preclud+ ! two1 z might fairly be  
?\ght advisable1 f sexual1 b also b>r+  
any op5ly affectional relations )       
outsid]s1 & corroborat+ ! selfi% s5se ( 
monopoly :i* ea* has 9 ! o!r1--^! ?+s   
lead inevitably to ! n>r[+ d[n ( lives &
 ! blunt+ ( g5]al human int]e/s1 to     
int5se mutual ennui1 & :5 7z an escape f
 ^! evils7 outside relations are cov]tly

 indulg$ 91 to prolong$ & sy/ematic     
deceit4  ,f all :i* ! only conclusion   
seems to be t m>riage mu/ be ei!r alive 
or dead4 ,z a dead ?+ x c ( c\rse be    
petrifi$ into a h>d & fa/ =mula1 b if x 
is to be a liv+ bond1 t liv+ bond mu/ be
 tru/$ to1 to hold ! lov]s toge!r2 nor  
be too =cibly /iff5$ & contract$ by     
private jeal\sy & public c5sor%ip1 le/ !
 ?+ t x w\ld pres]ve = u p]i% s1 & cease
 altoge!r to be beautiful4 ,x is ! same 
) ?is z ) ev]y?+ else4 ,if we w\ld h a  
liv+ ?+1 we mu/ give t ?+ "s degree (   
lib]ty--ev5 ?\gh lib]ty br+ ) x risk4   
,if we w\ld deb> all lib]ty & all risk1 
!n we c h only ! mummy & dead husk ( !  
?+4  ,?us f> ,i h _h ! some:at invidi\s 
task1 b p]haps necess>y z a prelim9>y   
"o1 ( dwell+ on ! defects & drawbacks ( 
! pres5t m>riage sy/em4 ,i am s5sible t1
 ) due discretion1 "s ?+s might h be5   
said1 :i* h n be5 said1 9 its praise2   
its successful1 in/ead ( its            
unsuccessful1 in/ances might h be5 cit$2
 & tak+ = grant$ ! dep5d5ce ( wom51 &   

o!r po9ts :i* h already be5 suffici5tly 
discuss$--x might h be5 possible to %[ t
 ! b\rgeois arrangem5t 0 on ! :ole z    
satisfactory z c\ld be expect$4 ,b su* a
 c\rse w\ld nei!r h be5 s9c]e1 nor h    
s]v$ any practical purpose4 ,9 view ( ! 
actually *ang+ relations betwe5 ! sexes1
 x is obvi\s t *anges 9 ! =m ( ! m>riage
 in/itution are imp5d+1 & ! que/ions :i*
 are really press+ on folks' m9d are3   
,:at are ^? *anges go+ to be2 &1 ,( :at 
k9d d we wi% !m to be8  ,9 answ] to !   
la/ "q x is n improbable t ! casual     
read] might suppose ! writ] ( ^! pages  
to be 9 favor ( a g5]al & indiscrim9ate 
loos5+ ( all ties--= inde$ x is always  
easy to draw a l>ge inf]5ce ev5 f a     
c>eful expression4  ,b su* a conclusion 
w\ld be ra%4 ,!re is little d\bt1 ,i    
?9k1 t ! compulsion ( ! m>riage-tie     
7:e!r moral1 social1 or m]ely legal7    
acts b5eficially 9 a consid]able numb] (
 cases--?\gh x is obvi\s t ! m !        
compell+ =ce takes a moral or social =m 
& ! less purely legal x is1 ! bett]2 & t

 any *anges :i* l$ to a *eap & cont9ual 
transf] ( affections f "o object to     
ano!r w\ld be disa/r\s bo? to ! "* &    
happ9ess ( a population4 ,:ile we are   
b\nd to see t ! m>riage-relation--9 ord]
 to become ! indwell+-place ( ,love--mu/
 be made f> m free ?an x is at pres5t1  
we may also recognise t a c]ta9 am\nt ( 
ext]nal pressure is n 7z ?+s are at     
lea/7 )\t its uses3 t1 = in/ance1 x t5ds
 on ! :ole to conc5trate affectional    
exp]i5ce & romance on "o object1 & t    
?\gh ?is may mean a loss at times 9     
bread? x means a ga9 9 dep? & int5sity2 
t1 9 _m cases1 if x 7 n = "s k9d ( bond1
 ! two p>ties1 aft] _! fir/ passion =   
ea* o!r 0 pa/1 & :5 ! unavoidable p]iod 
( friction _h set 91 might 9 a mom5t (  
irritation easily fly ap>t1 :]eas be+   
=c$ = a :ile to tol]ate ea* o!r's       
defects !y le>n !reby "o ( ! be/ lessons
 ( life--a t5d] =be>ance & g5tl5ess1 :i*
 z "t goes on does n unfrequ5tly deep5  
aga9 into a m pure & p]fect love ev5 ?an
 at fir/--a love f\nd$ inde$ on ! fir/  

physical intimacy1 b conc5trat$ &       
int5sifi$ by ye>s ( l9k$ exp]i5ce1 (    
tw9$ associations1 ( %>$ labors1 & (    
mutual =giv5ess2 & 9 ! ?ird place t !   
exi/5ce ( a di/9ct tie or pl$ge         
discr$its ! easily-curr5t idea t m]e    
pleasure-seek+ is to be ! object ( !    
association ( ! sexes--a phantasmal &   
delusive notion1 :i* if x once got its  
head1 & ! bit betwe5 its tee?1 might    
soon da% ! c> ( human advance 9 ru9 to !
 gr\nd4  ,b hav+ said ?us mu*1 x is     
obvi\s t ext]nal public op9ion &        
pressure are look$ ^u only z hav+ an    
educational value2 & ! "q arises :e!r   
!re is b5ea? ?is any reality ( m>riage  
:i* w ultimately em]ge & make itself    
felt1 enabl+ m5 & wom5 to ord] _!       
relations to ea* o!r1 & to walk freely1 
unhamp]$ by props or pressures f )\t4   
,& x w\ld h>dly be wor? :ile writ+ on   
?is subject1 if "o did n believe 9 "s   
su* reality4 ,practically ,i d n d\bt t 
! m p ?9k ab\t ^! matt]s1 & ! m exp]i5ce
 !y h1 ! m !y mu/ ev] come to feel t !re

 is su* a ?+ z a p]man5t & life-long    
union--p]haps a _m-life-long            
union--f\nd$ on "s deep elem5ts (       
atta*m5t & congruity 9 "*2 & ! m !y mu/ 
come to prize ! con/ancy & loyalty :i*  
rivets su* unions1 9 comp>ison ) !      
fickle passion :i* t5ds to dissipate !m4
  ,9 all m5 :o h rea*$ a c]ta9 grade (  
evolution1 & c]ta9ly 9 almo/ all wom51 !
 deep r\s+ ( ! sexual nature c>ries ) x 
a romance & t5d] emotional ye>n+ t[>ds !
 object ( affection1 :i* la/s on & is n 
=gott51 ev5 :5 ! sexual attraction has  
ceas$ to be /rongly felt4 ,?is1 9       
favorable cases1 =ms ! basis ( :at may  
almo/ be call$ an amalgamat$ p]sonality4
 ,t !re %\ld exi/ "o o!r p]son 9 ! _w   
t[>ds :om all op5ness ( int]*ange %\ld  
e/abli% itself1 f :om !re %\ld be no    
concealm5t2 ^: body %\ld be z de> to "o1
 9 e "p1 z "o's own2 ) :om !re %\ld be  
no s5se ( ,m9e or ,?9e1 9 prop]ty or    
possession2 into ^: m9d "o's ?\ghts %\ld
 naturally fl[1 z x 7 to "k !mselves &  
to receive a new illum9ation2 & betwe5  

:om & oneself !re %\ld be a spontane\s  
reb\nd ( sympa?y 9 all ! joys & sorr[s &
 exp]i5ces ( life2 su* is p]haps "o ( ! 
de>e/ wi%es ( ! s\l4 ,x is obvi\s h[ev] 
t ?is /ate ( affairs _c be rea*$ at a   
s+le leap1 b mu/ be ! gradual result (  
ye>s ( int]tw9$ memory & affection4 ,=  
su* a union ,love mu/ lay ! f\ndation1 b
 pati5ce & g5tle consid]ation &         
self-control mu/ "w unremitt+ly to      
p]fect ! /ructure4 ,at l5g? ea* lov]    
comes to "k ! complexion ( ! o!r's m9d1 
! wants1 bodily & m5tal1 ! ne$s1 !      
regrets1 ! satisfactions ( ! o!r1 almo/ 
z 8 or h] own--& )\t prejudice 9 favor (
 self r ?an 9 favor ( ! o!r2 above all1 
bo? p>ties come to "k 9 c\rse ( "t1 &   
aft] p]haps "s d\bts & trials1 t ! great
 want1 ! great ne$1 :i* holds !m toge!r1
 is n go+ to fade away into ?9 air1 b is
 go+ to become /rong] & m indefeasible z
 ! ye>s g on4 ,!re falls a sweet1 an    
irresi/ible1 tru/ ov] _! relation to ea*
 o!r1 :i* consecrates z x 7 ! d\ble     
life1 mak+ bo? feel t no?+ c n[ divide2 

& robb+ ea* ( all desire to rema91 :5   
dea? has inde$ 7or at lea/ 9 out]       
semblance7 remov$ ! o!r499       ,x is  
curi\s t ! e>ly ,*ur* ,s]vice _h ,till  
dea? u dep>t--b 9 #affa ?is 0 alt]$ to  
,till      dea? u d "p4  ,s p]fect &    
graci\s a union--ev5 if n always        
realis$--is /ill1 ,i say1 ! bon fide    
desire ( mo/ ( ^? :o h ev] ?\ght ab\t   
su* matt]s4 ,x obvi\sly yields f> m & m 
endur+ joy & satisfaction 9 life ?an any
 numb] ( frivol\s relation%ips4 ,x      
comm5ds itself to ! common s5se1 s to   
speak1 ( ! mod]n m9d--& does n require1 
= its pro(1 ! artificial au?ority (     
,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,at ! same "t x is       
equally evid5t--& a *ild c\ld und]/&    
?is--t x requires "s rational =be>ance &
 self-control = its realisation1 & x is 
q intelligible too1 z already said1 t   
!re may be cases 9 :i* a little outside 
pressure1 ( social op9ion1 or ev5 actual
 law1 may be helpful = ! supplem5t+ or  
re-in=cem5t ( ! weak p]sonal            
self-control ( ^? conc]n$4  ,! mod]n    

,monogamic ,m>riage h[ev]1 c]tifi$ &    
sanction$ by ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ?\gh        
app>5tly direct$ to ?is ideal1 has = !  
mo/ "p fall5 %ort ( x4 ,= 9 con/itut+--z
 9 a va/ numb] ( cases--a union re/+ on 
no?+ b ! outside pressure ( ,*ur* &     
,/ate1 x con/itut$ a ?+ obvi\sly & by   
its nature bad & degrad+2 :ile 9 its m  
successful in/ances by a too great      
exclusiv5ess x has condemn$ itself to a 
fatal n>r[ness & /uff9ess4  ,look+ back 
to ! hi/orical & physiological aspects (
 ! "q x might ( c\rse be cont5d$--&     
probably ) "s tru?--t ! human male is1  
by 8 nature & ne$s1 polygam\s4 ,nor is x
 necess>y to suppose t polygamy 9 c]ta9 
c\ntries & races is by any means s      
degrad+ or unsuccessful an in/itution z 
"s folk w\ld h x to be499 ,b1 z         
,let\rneau 9 8 ,evolution ( ,m>riage    
po9ts out1 ! progress ( society 9 ! pa/ 
has on ! :ole be5 f confusion to        
di/9ction2 & we may fairly suppose t ) !
 progress ( our own race 7= ea* race no 
d\bt has its special g5ius 9 su*        

matt]s71 & z ! spiritual & emotional    
sides ( man develop 9 relation to !     
physical1 !re is probably a t5d5cy = our
 deep] alliances to become m unit>y4    
,?\gh x might be said t ! gr[+          
complexity ( man's nature w\ld be likely
 to lead him into m r ?an few]          
relation%ips1 yet on ! o!r h& x is      
obvi\s t z ! dep? & subtlety ( any      
atta*m5t t w really hold him increases1 
s does su* atta*m5t become m p]man5t &  
durable1 & less likely to be realis$ 9 a
 numb] ( p]sons4 ,woman1 on ! o!r h&1 _c
 be said to be by h] physical nature    
poly&r\s z man is polygyn\s4 ,?\gh (    
c\rse !re are pl5ty ( examples ( wom5   
liv+ 9 a /ate ( poly&ry bo? among savage
 & civilis$ peoples1 yet h] m limit$    
sexual ne$s1 & h] long p]iods (         
ge/ation1 r5d] "o mate physically       
suffici5t = h]2 :ile h] m cl++          
affectional nature p]haps acc5tuates h] 
capacity ( absorption 9 ! "o4       99  
,see ,r4 ,f4 ,burton's ,pilgrimage to   
,el-,m$9ah & ,meccah1      *4 xxiv4 ,he 

says h[ev] ,z f> z my limit$ obs]vations
      g poly&ry is ! only /ate ( society
 9 :i* jeal\sy      & qu>rels ab\t ! sex
 are ! exception & n !      rule ( life6
  ,9 bo? man & woman !n we may say t we 
f9d a di/9ct t5d5cy t[>ds ! =mation (   
?is d\ble unit ( w$d$ life 7,i h>dly l  
to use ! ^w ,monogamy on acc\nt ( its   
sad associations7--& :ile we d n want to
 /amp su* natural unions ) any false    
irrevocability or dogmatic exclusiv5ess1
 :at we d want is a recognition to-day (
 ! t5d5cy to _! =mation z a natural     
fact1 indep5d5t ( any artificial laws1 j
 z "o might believe 9 ! natural bias (  
two atoms ( c]ta9 diff]5t *emical       
sub/ances to =m a p]man5t comp\nd atom  
or molecule4 ,su* unions z t depict$ a  
page or two back1 built up by pati5t &  
lov+ c>e ov] a long /ret* ( ye>s1 &     
becom+ at la/ 9 a s5se impregnable1 d1  
we ma9ta91 by _! actual gr[? & evolution
 exemplify ?is t5d5cy4  ,x might n be s 
v difficult to get q "y p to und]/&     
?is--to und]/& t ev5 ?\gh !y might h to 

cont5d ) "s sup]fluity ( passion 9 e>ly 
ye>s1 yet t ! mo/ p]man5t & mo/         
deeply-root$ desire )9 !m w 9 all       
probability lead !m at la/ to f9d _!    
complete happ9ess & self-fulfilm5t only 
9 a close union ) a life-mate2 & t t[>ds
 ?is end !y mu/ be prep>$ to use        
self-control to prev5t ! aimless /ray+ (
 _! passions1 & pati5ce & t5d]ness t[>ds
 ! realisation ( ! union :5 its "t      
comes4 ,probably mo/ y\?s & girls1 at ! 
age ( romance1 w\ld easily appreciate   
?is position2 & x w\ld br+ to !m a mu* m
 effective & natural idea ( ! sacr$ness 
( ,m>riage ?an !y ev] get f ! artificial
 ?und] ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,/ate on ! subject4
  ,no d\bt ! sugge/ion ( ! m]e          
possibility ( any add$ fre$om ( *oice & 
exp]i5ce 9 ! relations ( ! sexes w be v 
al>m+ to "s p--b x is s1 ,i ?9k1 n      
because !y are at all ignorant t m5     
already take to !mselves consid]able    
latitude1 & t a di/9ct "p ( ! und\bt$   
evils t accompany t latitude spr+s f !  
fact t x is n recognis$2 n because !y   

are ignorant t a va/ numb] ( respectable
 wom5 & girls suff] frightful calamities
 & angui% by reason ( ! utt] inexp]i5ce 
( sex 9 :i* !y are br\ght up & h to     
live2 b because su* good p assume t any 
! lea/ loos5+ ( ! =mal b>ri]s betwe5 !  
sexes mu/ mean 7& mu/ be meant to mean7 
an utt] dissolution ( all ties1 & !     
reign ( m]e lic5ti\sness4 ,!y are       
conv9c$ t no?+ b ! mo/ unyield+ & inde$ 
exasp]at+ /raight-jacket c save society 
f madness & ru94  ,to su* folk !        
appe>ance ( our *ild--! real            
,m>riage--n[ pres5t$ = _! consid]ation  
7n )\t "s c>e x mu/ be admitt$1 z to !  
smoo?+ ( its hair & p9a=e1 & ! trimm+ ( 
its naughty little nails7 w be /rangely 
disquiet+4 ,accu/om$ to look on human   
nature z ess5tially bad1 & on ,law &    
,conv5tion z ! only ?+s t re/ra9 x f    
wild excess1 x w be h>d = !m to believe 
t !re is any =mative pr9ciple ( dec5t   
life 9 ! app>ition be=e !m4 ,we are     
h[ev] prep>$ to cont5d t1 appe>ances or 
prejudices not)/&+ !re is a he>t (      

goodness 9 ! "y ?+2 & t1 anyh[1 :atev]  
we may ?9k or wi%1 x is "h already &    
among u1 & t practically :at we h to d  
is to consid] h[ x c be/ be made to gr[ 
up into a useful memb] ( society4  ,9   
fact1 & to leave metaphor2 :5 aft]      
quietly look+ all r\nd ! subject we h   
satisfi$ ourselves t ! =mation ( a m]e  
or less p]man5t d\ble unit is--= our    
race & "t--on ! :ole ! natural &        
asc5dant law ( sex-union1 sl[ly & )     
:atev] exceptions e/abli%+ & en=c+      
itself indep5d5tly ( any artificial     
enactm5ts t exi/1 !n we %all n feel     
call$ ^u to te> our hair or r5d our     
g>m5ts at ! prospect ( add$ fre$om = !  
op]ation ( ?is =ce1 b %all r be anxi\s  
to consid] h[ x may be/ be fre$ & giv5  
room = developm5t & gr[? to its mo/     
p]fect use 9 ! social ord]4 ,& x w      
probably seem to u 7look+ back to !     
e>li] "p ( ?is pap]7 t ! po9ts :i* mo/  
ne$ consid]ation1 z means to ?is end1   
are 7#a7 ! fur!rance ( ! fre$om &       
self-dep5d5ce ( wom52 7#b7 ! provision (

 "s rational tea*+1 ( he>t & ( head1 =  
bo? sexes dur+ ! p]iod ( y\?2 7#c7 !    
recognition 9 m>riage itself ( a fre]1 m
 companionable1 & less pettily exclusive
 relation%ip2 & 7#d7 ! abrogation or    
modification ( ! pres5t odi\s law :i*   
b9ds p toge!r = life1 )\t scruple1 & 9 !
 mo/ artificial & ill-assort$ unions4   
,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! fir/ po9t 7#a7 is 
( basic importance4 ,z true ,fre$om _c  
be )\t ,love1 s true ,love _c be )\t    
,fre$om4 ,y _c truly give y\rself to    
ano!r1 unless y are ma/] or mi/ress (   
y\rself to beg9 )4 ,n only has ! g5]al  
cu/om ( ! self-dep5d5ce & self-own]%ip (
 wom5 to be gradually introduc$1 b !    
,law has to be alt]$ 9 a v>iety ( cases 
:]e x lags beh9d ! public consci5ce 9 ^!
 matt]s--z 9 actual m>riage1 :]e x /ill 
leaves woman unc]ta9 z to h] rights ov] 
h] own body1 or 9 politics1 :]e x /ill  
d5ies to h] a voice 9 ! fram+ ( ! laws  
:i* are to b9d h]4 ,& beyond ?is1 s9ce 9
 ! mod]n indu/rial-comm]cial ,/ate all  
,fre$om has to be l>gely bas$ on        

indu/rial & monet>y fre$om1 x is        
obvi\sly ( p>am\nt necessity t woman    
%\ld h lib]al access to pr(essional     
sph]es & ! means ( secur+ h] own        
indep5d5t monet>y position ?r\gh ord9>y 
indu/rial *annels4 ,:atev] ! future may 
br+ ab\t 9 ! way ( a *ang$ social ord] &
 a consequ5tly *ang$ basis = woman's    
indep5d5ce1 x is cle> t z ?+s are n[1 & 
= a long "t yet1 h] real fre$om c only  
be secur$ ?r\gh h] comm&1 ev5 9 ! face (
 man1 ( ! ord9>y res\rces ( ! wage-e>n]4
  ,) reg>d to 7#b7 h>dly any "o at ?is  
"t ( day w\ld s]i\sly d\bt !            
desirability ( giv+ adequate tea*+ to   
boys & girls4 ,t is a po9t on :i* we h  
suffici5tly t\*$1 & :i* ne$ n be f>!r   
discuss$ "h4 ,b beyond ?is x is         
important1 & especially p]haps1 z ?+s /&
 n[1 = girls--t ea* y\? or girl %\ld    
p]sonally see en\gh ( ! o!r sex at an   
e>ly p]iod to be able to =m "s k9d (    
judgm5t ( 8 or h] relation to t sex & to
 sex-matt]s g5]ally4 ,x is mon/r\s t !  
fir/ case ( sex-glamor--! true nature ( 

:i* w\ld be expos$ by a little          
exp]i5ce--%\ld1 p]haps = two p1 decide !
 de/9ies ( a life-"t4 ,yet ! m ! sexes  
are kept ap>t1 ! m ov]:elm+ does ?is    
glamor become1 & ! m ignorance is !re1  
on ei!r side1 z to its nature4 ,no d\bt 
x is "o ( ! great advantages (          
co-education ( ! sexes1 t x t5ds to     
dim9i% ^! evils4 ,co-education1 games & 
sports to "s ext5t 9 common1 & ! do+    
away ) ! absurd sup]/ition t because    
,corydon & ,phyllis happ5 to kiss ea*   
o!r sitt+ on a gate1 !re=e !y mu/ live  
toge!r all _! lives1 w\ld soon m5d      
matt]s consid]ably4 ,nor w\ld a         
reasonable famili>ity betwe5 ! sexes 9  
y\?--temp]$1 z x w\ld be1 by previ\s    
education & by ! subsid5ce ( ! bl9d     
passion--necess>ily mean an increase (  
casual or cl&e/9e sex-relations4 ,b ev5 
if casualties ( ?is k9d did occur !y    
w\ld n be ! fatal & unp>donable s9s t !y
 n[ at lea/ = girls--are consid]$ to be4
 ,?\gh ! recognition ( any?+ l common   
pre-matrimonial sex-int]c\rse w\ld      

probably be =eign to ! temp] ( a nor!rn 
nation2 yet x is op5 to "q :e!r ,society
 "h1 9 its mortal & feti*i/ic dread ( ! 
?+1 has n1 by keep+ ! "y ( bo? sexes 9  
ignorance & d>kness & seclusion f ea*   
o!r1 creat$ worse ills & suff]+ ?an x   
has prev5t$1 & :e!r x has n inde$       
int5sifi$ ! p>ticul> evil t x dread$1 r 
?an abat$ x4  ,9 ! next place 7#c7 we   
come to ! e/abli%m5t 9 m>riage itself ( 
a fre] & broad] & m heal?y relation%ip  
?an g5]ally exi/s at ! pres5t "t4       
,attractive z ! ideal ( ! exclusive     
atta*m5t is1 x runs ! fatal risk1 z we h
 already po9t$ out1 ( laps+ into a m]e  
/agnant d\ble selfi%ness4 ,b1 9 ?is _w1 
,love is f$ n by :at x takes1 b by :at x
 gives2 & ! v excell5t dual love ( man &
 wife mu/ be f$ also by ! love !y give  
to o!rs4 ,if !y _c come out ( _! seclud$
 hav5 to rea* a h& to o!rs1 or ev5 to   
give "s boon ( affection to ^? :o ne$ x 
m ?an !mselves1 or if !y mi/ru/ ea* o!r 
9 do+ s1 !n assur$ly !y are n v well    
fitt$ to live toge!r4  ,a m>riage1 s    

free1 s spontane\s1 t x w\ld all[ ( wide
 excursions ( ! pair f ea* o!r1 9 common
 or ev5 9 sep>ate objects ( "w & int]e/1
 & yet w\ld hold !m all ! "t 9 ! bond ( 
absolute sympa?y1 w\ld by its v fre$om  
be all ! m poignantly attractive1 & by  
its v scope & bread? all ! ri*] & m     
vital--w\ld be 9 a s5se inde/ructible2 l
 ! relation ( two suns :i*1 revolv+ 9   
flu5t & reb\nd+ curves1 only rec$e f ea*
 o!r 9 ord] to return aga9 ) r5ew$      
swiftness into close proximity--& :i*   
toge!r bl5d _! rays into ! glory ( "o   
cosmic d\ble />4  ,x has be5 ! inability
 to see or und]/& ?is v simple tru? t   
has l>gely contribut$ to ! failure ( !  
,monogamie union4 ,! n>r[ physical      
passion ( jeal\sy1 ! petty s5se (       
private prop]ty 9 ano!r p]son1 social   
op9ion1 & legal enactm5ts1 h all conv]g$
 to *oke & suffocate w$d$ love 9 egoism1
 lu/1 & meanness4 ,b surely x is n v    
difficult 7= ^? :o believe 9 ! real ?+7 
to imag9e s s9c]e & natural a tru/      
betwe5 man & wife t nei!r w\ld be       

greatly al>m$ at ! o!r's fri5d%ip ) a   
?ird p]son1 nor conclude at once t x    
meant m]e infidelity--or difficult ev5  
to imag9e t su* a fri5d%ip might be     
hail$ z a ga9 by bo? p>ties4 ,& if x is 
q impossible 7to "s p7 to see 9 su*     
intimacies any?+ b a confusion ( all    
sex-relations & a *aos ( m]e animal     
desire1 we c only reply t ?is view ( !  
situation is probably "o t arises       
greatly out ( ! pres5t m>riage sy/em1 & 
! modes ( ?\ght :i* x eng5d]s--& t anyh[
 ! difficulty to :i* x ref]s is likely  
to be gu>d$ aga9/ bett] by c&or & a     
little common s5se ?an by hy/]ics &     
deception4 ,9 ord] to suppose a rational
 m>riage at all "o mu/ cr$it ! p>ties   
conc]n$ ) "s modicum ( common s5se &    
self-control4  ,)al1 see+ ! rem>kable & 
imm5se v>iety ( love 9 human nature1 :5 
! feel+ is really t\*$--h[ ! love-(f]+ (
 "o p]son's s\l & body is entirely      
diff]5t f t ( ano!r p]son's1 s mu* s z  
almo/ to require ano!r "n--h[ "o passion
 is pr$om9antly physical1 & ano!r       

pr$om9antly emotional1 & ano!r          
contemplative1 or spiritual1 or         
practical1 or s5tim5tal2 h[ 9 "o case x 
is jeal\s & exclusive1 & 9 ano!r        
hospitable & free1 & s =?--x seems ra%  
to lay d[n any v h>d & fa/ g5]al laws = 
! m>riage-relation1 or to insi/ t a real
 & honorable affection c only exi/ "u   
?is or t special =m4 ,x is probably     
?r\gh ?is fact ( ! v>iety ( love t x    
does rema9 possible1 9 "s cases1 = m>ri$
 p to h intimacies ) outsid]s1 & yet to 
rema9 p]fectly true to ea* o!r2 & 9 r>e 
in/ances1 = triune & o!r su* relations  
to be p]man5tly ma9ta9$4  ,we n[ come to
 ! la/ consid]ation1 namely 7#d7 !      
modification ( ! pres5t law ( m>riage4  
,x is pretty cle> t p w n mu* long]     
cons5t to pl$ge !mselves irrevocably =  
life z at pres5t4 ,& inde$ !re are      
already pl5tiful indications ( a gr[+   
*ange ( practice4 ,! m p come to        
recognise ! sacr$ness & naturalness ( ! 
real union1 ! less w !y be will+ to b>  
!mselves f ?is by a life-long &         

artificial contract made 9 _! salad     
days4 ,hi!rto ! great bulw>k ( ! exi/+  
in/itution has be5 ! dep5d5ce ( ,wom51  
:i* has giv5 ea* woman a direct & mo/   
mat]ial int]e/ 9 keep+ up ! suppos$     
sanctity ( ! bond--& :i* has prev5t$ a  
man ( any g5]osity f propos+ an         
alt]ation :i* w\ld h ! appe>ance ( free+
 himself at ! co/ ( ! woman2 b z ?is    
fact ( ! dep5d5ce ( wom5 gradually      
dissolves out1 & z ! great fact ( !     
spiritual nature ( ! true ,m>riage      
cry/alises into m cle>ness--s w ! =mal  
bonds :i* b> ! =mation ( ! latt]        
gradually break away & become ( small   
import4  ,love :5 felt at all deeply has
 an elem5t ( transc5d5talism 9 x1 :i*   
makes x ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w = ! two 
lov]s--ev5 ?\gh drawn toge!r by a pass+ 
sex-attraction--to swe> et]nal tro? to  
ea* o!r2 b !re is some?+ q diabolical & 
mephi/ophelean 9 ! practice ( ! ,law1   
:i* creep+ up beh9d1 z x 71 at ?is      
critical mom5t1 & ov]he>+ ! two ?us     
pl$g+ !mselves1 claps its book toge!r ) 

a triumphant bang1 & exclaims3 ,!re n[ y
 are m>ri$ & done =1 = ! re/ ( y\r      
natural lives4  ,:at actual *anges 9    
,law & ,cu/om ! collective s5se (       
society w br+ ab\t is a matt] :i* 9 its 
detail we _c ( c\rse =esee or det]m9e4  
,b t ! drift w be1 & mu/ be1 t[>ds      
great] fre$om is pretty cle>4 ,ideally  
speak+ x is pla9 t any?+ l a p]fect     
union mu/ h p]fect fre$om = its         
condition2 & :ile x is q supposable t a 
lov] might out ( ! fulness ( 8 he>t make
 promises & give pl$ges1 x is really    
almo/ inconceivable t anyone hav+ t     
delicate & pr\d s5se :i* m>ks deep      
feel+1 c\ld possibly dem& a promise f 8 
lov$ "o4 ,z !re is und\bt$ly a c]ta9    
natural retic5ce 9 sex1 s p]haps ! mo/  
dec5t ?+ 9 true ,m>riage w\ld be to say 
no?+1 make no promises--ei!r = a ye> or 
a lifetime4 ,promises are bad at any "t1
 & :5 ! he>t is full sil5ce befits x    
be/4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 s9ce a love ( 
?is k9d is sl[ to be realis$1 s9ce      
social cu/om is sl[ to *ange1 & s9ce !  

p>tial dep5d5ce & slav]y ( ,woman mu/   
yet = a :ile cont9ue1 x is likely = su* 
p]iod t =mal contracts ( "s k9d w /ill  
be made2 only ^! 7x may be hop$7 w lose 
_! irrevocable & rigid "*1 & become 9 "s
 degree adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! contract+  
p>ties4  ,su* contracts might ( c\rse1  
if adopt$1 be v v v>i\s 9 respect to    
conjugal rights1 conditions ( t]m9ation1
 division ( prop]ty1 responsibility = & 
rights ov] *ildr51 etc4 ,9 "s cases99 !y
 might be look$ ^u z prelim9>y to a m   
p]man5t alliance to be made lat] on2 9  
o!rs !y w\ld provide = disa/r\s         
m>riages1 a rem$y free f ! inord9ate    
sc&als ( ! pres5t ,divorce ,c\rts4 ,x   
may h[ev] be said t r ?an adopt any new 
sy/em ( contracts1 public op9ion 9 ?is  
c\ntry w\ld t5d to a simple facilitation
 ( ,divorce1 & t if ! latt] 7 made 7)   
due provision = ! *ildr57 to dep5d on   
mutual cons5t1 x w\ld become little m   
?an an affair ( regi/ration1 & ! sc&als 
( ! proce$+ w\ld be avoid$4 ,9 any case 
we ?9k t m>riage-contracts1 if exi/+ at 

all1 mu/ t5d m & m to become matt]s (   
private arrangem5t z f> z ! relations ( 
husb& & wife are conc]n$1 & t ?is is    
likely to happ5 9 proportion z woman    
becomes m free1 & !re=e m compet5t to   
act 9 h] own "r4 ,x w\ld be felt        
intol]able1 9 any dec5tly con/itut$     
society1 t ! old blund]buss ( ! ,law    
%\ld int]f]e 9 ! delicate relations (   
w$d$ life4 ,z x is to-day ! situation is
 mo/ absurd4 ,on ! "o h&1 hav+ be5      
con/itut$ f times back 9 favor ( ! male1
 ! ,law /ill gives to ! husb& b>b>\s    
rights ov] ! p]son ( 8 sp\se2 on ! o!r  
h&1 to comp5sate = ?is1 x ru%es 9 ) !   
f>cicalities ( ,brea* ( ,promise2 & 9   
any case1 hav+ once pron\nc$ its        
b5$iction ov] a pair--h[ev] hateful !   
alliance may turn out to be to bo?      
p>ties1 & h[ev] obvi\s its failure to ! 
:ole _w--! /upid old ?+ bl9ks owli%ly on
 at its own "w1 & pr(esses itself       
totally unable to undo ! knot :i* once x
 ti$6       99 ,z sugge/$ by ,mrs4 ,h4  
,ellis 9 h] pamphlet ,a ,noviciate      

= ,m>riage4  ,! only po9t :]e !re is a  
p]man5t gr\nd = ,/ate-int]f]5ce--& :]e  
inde$ !re is no d\bt t ! public au?ority
 %\ld 9 "s way make itself felt--is 9 ! 
matt] ( ! *ildr5 result+ f any alliance4
 ,"h ! relation ( ! pair ceases to be   
private & becomes social2 & ! int]e/s ( 
! *ild itself1 & ( ! nation ^: future   
citiz5 ! *ild is1 h to be safe-gu>d$4   
,any contracts1 or any proposals (      
divorce1 be=e !y c\ld be sanction$ by ! 
public au?ority1 w\ld h to conta9       
satisfactory provisions = ! c>e &       
ma9t5ance ( ! *ildr5 9 su* casualties z 
might ensue2 nor ought !re to be ma9ta9$
 any legal di/9ction betwe5 'natural' & 
'legitimate' *ildr51 s9ce x is cle> t   
:atev] individuals or society at l>ge   
may1 9 ! =m] case1 ?9k ( ! conduct ( !  
p>5ts1 no disability %\ld on t acc\nt   
accrue to ! *ild1 nor %\ld ! p>5ts 7if  
id5tifiable7 be able to escape _! full  
responsibility = br++ x into ! _w4  ,if 
x be object$ t su* private contracts1 or
 su* facilitations ( ,divorce1 z "h     

spok5 (1 w\ld simply lead to frivol\s   
exp]im5tal relation%ips ent]$ into &    
brok5-(f ad inf9itum1 x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t ! responsibility = due re>+ &         
ma9t5ance ( *ildr5 mu/ give s]i\s pause 
to su* a c>e]2 & t to suppose t any     
great mass ( ! p w\ld f9d _! good 9 a   
k9d ( matrimonial game ( ,g5]al ,po/ is 
to suppose t ! mass ( ! p h really nev] 
acquir$ or be5 taught ! rudim5ts (      
common s5se 9 su* matt]s--is to suppose 
a case = :i* !re w\ld h>dly be a p>allel
 9 ! cu/oms ( any nation or tribe t we  
"k (4  ,9 conclusion1 x is evid5t t no v
 great *ange = ! bett] 9                
m>riage-relations c take place except z 
! accompanim5t ( deep-ly+ *anges 9      
,society at l>ge2 & t alt]ations 9 !    
,law alone w effect b a limit$          
improvem5t4 ,inde$ x is n v likely1 z   
long z ! pres5t comm]cial ord] ( society
 la/s1 t ! exi/+ ,m>riage-laws--f\nd$ z 
!y are on ! idea ( prop]ty--w be v      
radically alt]$1 ?\gh !y may be to "s   
ext5t4 ,m likely is x t1 und]nea? ! law1

 ! common practice w slide =w>d into    
new] cu/oms4 ,) ! rise ( ! new society1 
:i* is already outl9+ itself )9 !       
/ructure ( ! old1 _m ( ! difficulties & 
bugbe>s1 t at pres5t seem to /& 9 ! way 
( a m heal?y relation betwe5 ! sexes1 w 
( !mselves disappe>4  ,x mu/ be         
ackn[l$g$1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh a gradual      
broad5+ out & humanis+ ( ,law & ,cu/om  
are q necess>y1 x _c fairly be *>g$     
aga9/ ^! anci5t tyrants t !y are        
responsible = all ! tr\bles connect$ )  
sex4 ,!re are millions ( p to-day :o    
nev] c\ld m>ry happily--h[ev] favorable 
! conditions might be--simply because _!
 natures d n conta9 9 suffici5t /r5g? ! 
elem5ts ( lov+ surr5d] to ano!r2 &1 z   
long z ! human he>t is :at x is1 !re w  
be natural trag$ies aris+ f ! will+ness 
or unwill+ness ( "o p]son to release    
ano!r :5 ! =m] f9ds t 8 or h] love is n 
return$499 ,:ile x is q necess>y t ^!   
natural trag$ies %\ld n be complicat$ & 
multipli$ by ne$less legal              
int]f]5ce--complicat$ into ! numb]less  

artificial trag$ies :i* are s exasp]at+ 
:5 repres5t$ on ! /age or 9 romance1 & s
 sadd5+ :5 witness$ 9 real life--/ill we
 may ackn[l$ge t1 %ort ( ! mill5nium1 !y
 w always be ) u1 & t no in/itution (   
m>riage alone1 or abs5ce ( in/itution1 w
 rid u ( !m4 ,t entire & unsw]v+ refusal
 to 'cage' ano!r p]son1 or to accept an 
affection n p]fectly free & spontane\s1 
:i* w1 we are fa9 to ?9k1 be always m & 
m ! m>k ( human love1 mu/ inevitably br+
 its own price ( mortal suff]+ ) x2 yet 
! ,love s ga9$1 :e!r 9 ! individual or 9
 society1 w be f\nd 9 ! end to be wor? !
 pang--& z f> beyond ! o!r love1 z is ! 
wild bird ( ,p>adise t comes to fe$ out 
( our h&s unbidd5 m lovely ?an ! prison]
 we %ut ) draggl$ w+s beh9d ! b>s4 ,love
 is d\btless ! la/ & mo/ difficult      
lesson t humanity has to le>n2 9 a s5se 
x und]lies all ! o!rs4 ,p]haps ! "t has 
come = ! mod]n nations :51 ceas+ to be  
*ildr51 !y may ev5 try to le>n x4       
99 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ sombre &          
inscrutable ( ^!      natural trag$ies  

lies1 = ,woman1 9 ! fact t ! man      to
 :om %e fir/ surr5d]s h] body (t5       
acquires = h]      7:atev] 8 "* may be7 
s pr(\nd & inali5able      a claim ^u h]
 he>t4 ,:ile1 ei!r = man or woman1 x    
is almo/ impossible to ?or\ghly und]/&  
_! own      nature1 or t ( o!rs1 till !y
 h _h sex-      exp]i5ce1 x happ5s s t 9
 ! case ( woman !      exp]i5ce :i* %\ld
 ?us give ! p[] ( *oice is              
frequ5tly ! v "o :i* seals h] de/9y4 ,x 
reveals      to h]1 z at a glance1 !    
trag$y ( a life-"t :i*      lies be=e   
h]1 & yet :i* %e _c d o!r ?an           
accept4