,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,,practical ,,li?ography ,illu/ration3 ,,alois ,,s5efeld]4 ,! ,inv5tor ( ,li?ography4 ,born #agha--;,di$ #ahcd4 ,,practical ,,li?ography ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,seym\r ,,au?or ,,( ,,mod]n ,,pr9t+ ,,inks ,,& ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ ,,rule ,,( ,,?umb ,,9 ,,! ,,work%op ,,"s ,,"w-,a-,,day ,,notions ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,frontispiece ,,& ,,?irty-,,?ree ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,co4 #ai ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company #bc ,,murray ,,/reet #aijc ,all ,rights rema9 ) ,scott1 ,gre5wood ,co4 ,,introduction ,alois ,s5efeld] nev] b5efit$ mu* by 8 discov]y ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( li?ography1 b none ( ^? to :om x has giv5 pr(itable occupation w rememb] )\t "s feel+ ! pati5t & p]si/5t ef=ts ( ! /ruggl+ actor & dramati/ :o1 only aft] ! greate/ sacrifices & h>d%ips1 laid ! g]m ( ?is spl5did developm5t1 & wat*$ & gu>d$ its gr[?4 ,!re is "o *>act]i/ic feature ( ! discov]y ( li?ography = :i* ,s5efeld] ought to receive ! fulle/ cr$it4 ,unlike o!r discov]ies ( indu/rial & sci5tific value1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] z to its orig94 ,s5efeld]'s claim has nev] be5 disput$1 yet ! paym5t ( a debt ( gratitude to ! fact is easily ov]look$ :5 ! :eel ( hi/ory has made ano!r turn4 ,x has be5 aga9 & aga9 sugge/$ t ! blight+ influ5ces ( ,comm]cialism h robb$ li?ography ( _m ( its traditional features & a few1 at lea/1 ( its be/ & mo/ arti/ic qualities z a reproductive art4 ,?is same comm]cial _s1 h[ev]1 has inspir$ & enc\rag$ a *>m+ v>iety ( effect bo? 9 col\r & design1 & li?ography ( to-day1 9 almo/ e =m ( its manife/ation1 is inf9itely m attractive & capable ( consid]ably m expressive p[] ?an c\ld ev] h be5 hop$ = be=e comm]cial utility & value dem&$ a full recognition4 ,pleas+ & h>moni\s effects1 :i* are almo/ inv>iably s\ght aft] 9 li?ography1 ne$ n be in>ti/ic2 & x is q possible = ! te*nique ( ! li?ographic draughtsman to translate orig9al "w )\t a s]i\s depreciation ( its pictorial & arti/ic value4 ,:ile express+ a s9c]e hope t ?is volume may be ( consid]able assi/ance to 8 fell[-craftsm51 ! writ] wi%es to emphasise ! fact t res\rcefulness & intellig5t application are faculties :i* may be enc\rag$ & amplifi$ b _c be imp>t$ ev5 by volumes ( text4 ,a m]e =mal ackn[l$gm5t ( assi/ance cordially r5d]$ by ! editors ( ! ,briti% ,pr9t] & ,! ,caxton ,magaz9e & ,press1 ,messrs4 ,p5rose ,co41 & o!r firms ^: blocks are prim facie evid5ces ( _! int]e/1 does n adequately express ! appreciation ) :i* x has be5 accept$ & made use (4 ,a4 ,s4 ,,london1 ,decemb] #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction v ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations xi ,,*apt] ,i ,,elem5t>y ,,details ,conc]n+ ,/ones--,"* & ,texture--,"s ,simple ,elem5ts--,prep>ation ( ,/ones--,plan+ & ,levell+-- ,gr9d+ ,gra9$ ,/ones--,descriptive ,treatm5t-- ,am]ican ,me?od #a-g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,li?ographic ,,transf] ,,inks ,v>i\s ,=ms--,di/+ui%+ ,features--,=mul--,writ+ ,transf] ,ink--,/one-to-/one ,transf] ,ink--,copp]plate ,transf] ,ink--,a ,modification #h-aa ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,li?ographic ,,transf] ,,pap]s ,ess5tial ,features--,v>ni% ,transf] ,pap]--,damp-/one ,transf] ,pap]--,fr5* ,transp>5t ,transf] ,pap]-- ,copp]plate ,transf] ,pap]--,an ,alt]native ,recipe-- ,granulat$ ,pap]s--,photo-li?o ,transf] ,pap] #ab-af ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,copp]plate ,,transf] ,,pr9t+ ,! ,copp]plate ,press--,! ,op]ation--,*>g+ ! ,engrav$ ,plate--,clean+-(f & ,poli%+--,mak+ ! ,impression--,useful ,notions #ag-ai ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,li?ographic ,,press ,me*anical ,pr9ciples--,con/ructive ,details--,scrap]-- ,tympan--,practical ,sugge/ions--,ela/ic ,b$d+ #bj-bc ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,li?ographic ,,press ,,"w ,prep>+ ! ,design--,treatm5t ( an ,ink ,draw+--,*alk ,draw+s--,alt]ations--,value ( ,impressions--,(fsets--,! ,li?ographic ,h&-roll]--,prov+--,regi/ration--,g5]al ,features--,transf]r+--,a ,comm]cial ,necessity-- ,arrangem5t--,*oice ( ,pap]--,transf]5ce to ,/one-- ,prep>+ ! ,=me #bd-cc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ma*9e ,,pr9t+ ,! ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e--,! ,halligan--,"s ,me*anical ,phases--,spe$--,pressure--,levell+ ! ,/ones--,cyl9d] ,brake--,ink+ ,roll]s--,damp+ #cd-dj ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ma*9e ,,pr9t+--cont9u$ ,regi/]--,atmosph]ic ,conditions--,! ,key--,! ,gripp]-- ,/>t+ ! ,ma*9e--,fix+ ! ,/one--,/r5g? ( ,col\r--,grit--,mak+ ,ready--,regulation ( ,spe$ #da-df ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,li?ographic ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ ,a ,comm]cial ,value--,peculi> ,features--,col\r ,sequ5ce-- ,controll+ ,elem5ts--,a ,"q ( ,regi/]--,suitable ,pap] #dg-ea ,,*apt] ,x ,,li?ographic ,,col\r ,,pr9t+--cont9u$ ,pr9t+ ,inks--,v>ni%--,r$uc+ ,m$ium--,relative ,values--,"s ,useful ,h9ts--,bronze ,blue--,v]milion--,ink ,mix+--,c]amic ,transf]s--,col\r ,transp>5cies #eb-ef ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,li?ographic ,,/ones ,metal ,plates--,prep>ation--,manipulation--,de scriptive ,details--,ma*9e ,pr9t+--,! ,pr9t+ ,b$--,rot>y ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e #eg-ff ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,t9-,,plate ,,pr9t+ ,its ,evolution--,transf] & ,direct ,transf] ,pr9t+-- ,! ,coat$ ,pap]--,rev]s$ ,designs--,sequ5ce ( ,pr9t+--,pr9t+ ,inks--,purity ( ,tone--,dry+ #fg-ga ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,t9-,,plate ,,pr9t+--cont9u$ ,direct ,t9 ,pr9t+--,! ,ma*9e--,peculi>ities ( ,impression--,cyl9d] ,cov]+--,col\r ,sequ5ce--,pr9t+ ,inks--,dry+ ,racks--,air-dry+ v]sus ,/ov+ #gb-gi ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,t9-,,plate ,,decoration ,suitable ,designs--,a ,v>iety ( ,effects--,gold ,lacqu]-- ,sup]-position ( ,col\rs--,emboss$ ,effects--,emboss+ ,plates--,lacqu]s #hj-hc ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,photo-,,li?ography ,e>ly ,exp]im5ts--,an ,analysis--,! ,direct ,process-- ,transf] ,process--,l9e & ,half-tone--,"s ,difficulties-- ,a ,natural ,gra9--,ink ,photo-scre5 ,effects--,ess5tial ,features #hd-hh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,photo-,,li?ography--cont9u$ ,! ,copy--,gradations ( ,tone--,scrap] ,bo>ds--,description & ,effect--,%ad+ ,m$iums--,crayon ,draw+s--,half-tone ,copy #hi-ie ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,photo-,,li?ography--cont9u$ ,a ,copy+ ,table--,exposure--,illum9ation--,photo- li?o ,transf]s--,! ,pap]--,pr9t+--,develop+--,a ,direct ,process #if-aja ,,index #ajb-ajd ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,alois ,,s5efeld] ,frontispiece ,,/one-,,plan+ ,,ma*9e #d ,,/one-,,poli%+ ,,ma*9e #e ,,copp]plate ,,press #ag ,,hot ,,plate #ah ,,li?ographic ,,press #ba ,,details ,,( ,,li?ographic ,,press #bb ,,li?ographic ,,h& ,,press #bc ,,li?ographic ,,h& ,,roll] #bh ,,regi/] ,,l9es #cj ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,transf]s #cb ,,transf]r+ ,,bo>d #cb ,,li?ographic ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e #ce ,,halligan ,,ma*9e #cf ,,pressure ,,me*anism #ch ,,ink+ ,,roll]s #ci ,,damp+ ,,roll]s #dj ,,gripp] #db ,,trimm$ ,,edges #dc ,,c\nt] ,,%aft+ #dd ,,motor ,,driv+ #de ,,plate-,,gra9+ ,,ma*9e #ei1 #fj ,,plate ,,b$ #fb ,,alum9ium ,,rot>y ,,ma*9e #fc ,,alum9ium ,,rot>y ,,section #ff ,,t9-,,plate ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e #gc ,,t9-,,plate ,,racks #gh1 #gi ,,me?od ,,( ,,/ack+ ,,plates #gi ,,scrap] ,,bo>d ,,"w #ia ,,scrap] ,,bo>d ,,textures #ic ,,photographic ,,copy+ ,,bo>d #ig ,,practical ,,li?ography ,,*apt] ,i ,,elem5t>y ,,details ,conc]n+ ,/ones--,"* & ,texture--,"s ,simple ,elem5ts--,prep>ation ( ,/ones--,plan+ & ,levell+-- ,gr9d+ ,gra9$ ,/ones--,descriptive ,treatm5t--,am]ican ,me?od4 ,!re are a va/ numb] ( details 9 connection ) li?ography & li?ographic pr9t+ :i* are indisputably elem5t>y 9 _! "*4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 h[ev]1 to reg>d !m z non-ess5tial1 & a j appreciation ( _! value & influ5ce mu/ ( necessity ent] into any compreh5sive exposition ( ! craft4 ,/one z a pr9t+ m$ium4--,! value ( ! ,bav>ian lime/one 0 "o ( ^? =tunate discov]ies :i* t5d$ to mat]ialise li?ography z a graphic art1 & may ev5 be reg>d$ z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 ! practical value ( :i* is only equall$ by its f>-rea*+ effects4 ,o!r pr9t+ surfaces h be5 discov]$ & develop$1 ) m or less sub/antial results1 yet )\t depreciat+ _! m]its1 x w be b a fair recognition to conc$e ! premi] position to ! ,sol5h(5 & o!r lime/ones ( a l nature4 ,! homog5eity & porosity ( ^! /ones r5d] !m peculi>ly suitable = li?ographic purposes1 & x und\bt$ly reflects a va/ am\nt ( cr$it ^u ,s5efeld] t ev5 at ! outset he %\ld select a m$ium s well adapt$ & 9 e way s em95tly suitable = graphic reproduction4 ,i h already1 & almo/ inadv]t5tly1 indicat$ ! peculi> value ( ! ,bav>ian /one1 = homog5eity & porosity ( texture are absolutely ess5tial prop]ties1 & ^u ^! is bas$ almo/ e !ory :i* has assi/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ?is craft4 ,^! prop]ties1 9 conjunction ) a suitable greasy pigm5t1 provide ! requisite mat]ials = t cause & effect :i* require & compel consid]ation4 ,! simple elem5ts ( li?ography may be v briefly describ$1 & 9 ?is direction at lea/ we mu/ foll[ c]ta9 well-def9$ l9es :i* may be reg>d$ z well-worn ruts1 ! consid]ation ( :i* (f]s little t is new4 ,a brief review ( ! !ories ( *emical & me*anical aff9ities is be/ calculat$ to impress ^u ! m9d ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ! li?ograph]'s art4 ,! p5etrative p[] ( a greasy pigm5t1 toge!r ) ! por\s nature ( ! li?o-/one1 may be reg>d$ z ! cause by :i* ! li?ograph] produces z an effect a design or impression :i*1 to "s ext5t1 ent]s into ! texture ( ! /one--! homog5eity ( :i* *ecks any t5d5cy to spread4 ,?is fatty matt] may be appli$ 9 "o or two ways1 ei!r z a transf] f "s o!r pr9t+ surface1 or z a direct draw+ ) p51 bru%1 or crayon4 ,! fir/ "q = consid]ation w be ! initial prep>ation ( ! li?o-/ones4 ,^! prep>atory op]ations--:i* h = _! object ! levell+1 poli%+1 & clean+ ( ! /ones--7 at "o "t entirely p]=m$ by h& lab\r1 b are n[ accompli%$ ) mu* great] facility & 9 a m effective mann] by ma*9]y4 ,! importance ( ea* individual op]ation w be m readily appreciat$ :5 once its purpose is cle>ly und]/ood4 ,a li?o-/one hav+ a p]fectly level surface is necess>y 9 ord] to enable ! pr9t] to secure a firm & uni=m pressure ov] ! :ole design :5 pr9t+ !refrom4 ,a smoo?1 poli%$ surface w readily receive ! f9e/ designs1 & reta9 all _! orig9al *>act]i/ics4 ,a clean surface is an absolute necessity1 i4e4 a *emically clean surface free f grease or any =eign matt] :i* w\ld be likely to ent] into ! texture ( ! /one & by s do+ injure any greasy draw+ or transf] :i* might be made !reon4 ,^! are simple1 elem5t>y pr9ciples1 & z su* are probably famili> to e read]1 b ! frequ5t result ( famili>ity is a dang]\s t5d5cy to "u-e/imate ! importance ( ev]yday causes & effects4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* a ref]5ce z ! above to common details s]ves to convey "s intellig5t idea ( _! place & true value1 !n no apology :atev] w be necess>y = _! ins]tion 9 ?is volume4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t1 9 ! prep>ation ( li?o-/ones1 ! sup]s$+ ( h& lab\r by ma*9]y has effect$ consid]able & important *anges4 ,sev]al ma*9es1 all ( m or less practical value1 h be5 introduc$ to ! trade4 ,"o ( ! m rec5t developm5ts1 a /one-plan+ ma*9e1 possesses _m features ( real m]it 7,fig4 #a74 ,! /one is securely fix$ on a p]fectly true b$ & passes sl[ly to & fro b5ea? ! blades ( p[]ful cutt+ knives4 ,^! blades are arrang$ 9 an inv]t$ ,v-%ape & lock$ 9 an oscillat+ framework4 ,by an automatic action !y are almo/ imp]ceptibly l[]$ at ea* trav]se ( ! ma*9e1 :5 !y lightly cut away ! surface ( ! /one until ! old "w is completely remov$ & a smoo? level face is assur$4 ,! *ief objection to ?is type ( ma*9e is t 9 c\rse ( "t ! knives become worn & slightly irregul>1 & x is b reasonable to suppose t :5 a numb] ( small /ones h be5 op]at$ ^u & imm$iately aft]w>ds a full-siz$ /one is plan$1 su* irregul>ities w be v pron\nc$ & detrim5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,_m ma*9es h be5 design$ on ! simple gr9d+ pr9ciple1 b "o type diff]s f its contempor>ies & (f]s sev]al di/9ct advantages ov] !m 7,fig4 #b74 ,?is ma*9e is con/ruct$ on h&-poli%+ l9es1 i4e4 ! movem5ts are to "s ext5t me*anical arrangem5ts ( h&-poli%+ pr9ciples4 ,! size ( /one makes no diff]5ce :atev]1 & ! results are 9 ! ma9 uni=m & satisfactory4 ,! inconv5i5tly %>p edges1 su* z are produc$ by ! plan+ ma*9e1 are unkn[n1--! we> & te> on ! /one is p]ceptibly less5$1 & ! p[] requir$ to drive su* a ma*9e is n by any means a s]i\s matt]4 ,:5 a plan+ ma*9e does n ent] into ! op]ation1 & gr9d+ by h& is !re=e necess>y1 %>p1 clean s& %\ld be us$ z a gr9d+ m$ium4 ,to secure "s degree ( uni=mity 9 ! gra91 & at ! same "t remove all ! l>g] p>ticles ( grit1 pass ! s& fir/ ?r\gh a f9e sieve4 ,! h>d] qualities ( s& h1 ( c\rse1 ! greate/ cutt+ p[]1 & !re=e are ! mo/ suitable = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,:5 h&-gr9d+ is resort$ to1 a cont9u\s elliptical motion ( "o /one ov] ! o!r ) a slight twi/ f ! wri/ w prove mo/ effective4 ,to f9i% ! gr9d+1 & z f> z possible remove ! deep] s& scrat*es1 "w (f ! s& 9 ! =m ( a sludge4 ,unless ?is op]ation is c>efully & pati5tly p]=m$1 scrat*es ( consid]able dep? may appe> on v>i\s p>ts ( ! /one's surface4 ,^!1 9 ! subsequ5t poli%+1 may (f] a /rong temptation to ! op]ator to "w ov] "o "p ( ! /one m ?an ano!r1 s z to effect ! removal ( su* scrat*es ) great] rapidity4 ,! almo/ c]ta9 result ( ?is w\ld be an unev5 surface1 :i* w\ld 9 _m ways prove tr\blesome to ! pr9t]4 ,! gra9+ ( /ones4--,?is is a matt] conc]n+ ! prep>ation ( /ones :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,! introduction ( %ad+ m$iums & o!r contrivances ( a simil> "* has consid]ably m9imis$ ! importance ( ! gra9$ /one1 inasmu* z x _c n[ be reg>d$ z an indisp5sable feature ( li?ography4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill ( ine/imable value1 & w probably always f9d a place & purpose 9 ! practice ( li?ography1 despite its depreciation ow+ to pres5t-day limitations4 ,recognis+1 !n1 ! possibility ( its ret5tion1 at lea/ = "s "t to come1 z a suitable pr9t+ surface ^u :i* ! li?ographic draughtsman c "w ) und\bt$ facility ( execution & effect1 we mu/ p]=ce include a brief description ( its prep>ation 9 ?is *apt]4 ,fir/ ( all1 level ! /one & to "s ext5t poli% x1 aft] :i* ! gra9+ may be proce$$ )4 ,a glass mull] ab\t #f or #g in*es 9 diamet] makes an excell5t gra9]4 ,fail+ ?is1 a h&y sub/itute w be f\nd 9 ! =m ( a small li?o-/one1 h>d 9 texture1 & ) a smoo?1 level surface4 ,use z a gra9+ m$ium %>p1 clean silv] s& only1 pass+ x c>efully ?r\gh a sieve accord+ to ! size or dep? ( ! gra9 requir$4 ,spr9kle a little ( ?is s& uni=mly ov] ! /one "u treatm5t1 toge!r ) a few drops ( clean wat]4 ,) a cont9u\s circul> movem5t pass ! gra9+ mull] f end to end ( ! /one1 ex]t+ a firm & uni=m pressure4 ,repeat ?is op]ation aga9 & aga91 add+ s& & wat] z requir$4 ,consid]able "t c\pl$ ) intellig5t application w be necess>y to c>ry out ?is "w successfully4 ,%\ld ! s& become too mu* worn be=e its r5ewal ! gra9 w 9 proportion lose its too? or %>pness4 ,on ! o!r h& lies ! dang] ( produc+ a gra9 :i* is too h>% or pron\nc$4 ,!re=e mu* dep5ds ^u ! skill & judgm5t ( ! op]ator4 ,a safe plan is to asc]ta9 ! progress at any "t :5 a satisfactory result might be reasonably expect$4 ,! be/ way to accompli% ?is is by wa%+ f ! face ( ! /one any accumulation ( s&1 & dry+ x1 s t a te/ c be made ) ! actual grade ( crayon to be us$ 9 ! subsequ5t draw+4 ,a p[]ful curr5t ( clean1 cold wat] af=ds ! be/ means = remov+ e trace ( s& f ! f9i%$ /one1 & w leave x 9 a condition ( almo/ complete read9ess = ! draughtsman2 a good dry+ is !n all t is necess>y4 ,good results h be5 claim$ = a me?od ( gra9+ :i* 0 introduc$ by ! ,am]icans a few ye>s ago4 ,9 ?is process ! gra9 is produc$ by spr9kl+ ! surface ( ! /one ) s& & roll+ x ) small glass balls4 ,^! balls hav+ a limit$ area 9 :i* to "w ex]t a cont9u\s cutt+ p[] )\t any t5d5cy to produce scrat*es4 ,"s me*anical arrangem5t is necess>y to imp>t ?is cont9u\s roll+ movem5t to ! glass balls & to ma9ta9 a uni=m spe$4 ,x is q easy to und]/& t ) su* a process1 c>ri$ out "u fav\rable conditions1 v f9e results might be produc$ ) great rapidity4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,li?ographic ,,transf] ,,inks ,v>i\s ,=ms--,di/+ui%+ ,features--,=mul--,writ+ ,transf] ,ink--,/one-to-/one ,transf] ,ink--,copp]plate ,transf] ,ink--,a ,modification4 ,giv5 a p]fectly clean & smoo? poli%$ /one z describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ! next important po9t is ! composition ( ! fatty matt] :]e) a design or draw+ is appli$4 ,z already /at$1 ! active pr9ciple 9 any suitable transf] m$ium ( ?is "* is inv>iably ! same1 no matt] :at =m its composition takes4 ,= apply+ ) p5 or bru% x mu/ possess soluble prop]ties1 & ( necessity be r$uc$ to a liquid =m4 ,su* soluble prop]ties1 h[ev]1 mu/ n int]f]e ) its fatty prop]ties1 ^! latt] be+ ess5tial features4 ,9 crayon or *alk draw+ ! composition mu/ be employ$ 9 a concrete =m1 z a crayon1 ! h>dness & texture ( :i* w be controll$ 7#a7 by ! "* ( ! "w to be c>ri$ out2 7#b7 by ! "* ( surface to be op]at$ ^u4 ,transf]s f o!r pr9t+ surfaces c only be made :5 ! composition us$ is 9 ! =m ( a pigm5t1 & r$uc$ to a conv5i5t work+ consi/5cy4 ,^!1 !n1 comprise ! v>ieties ( transf] m$iums :i* are likely to be requir$ 9 mo/ phases ( comm]cial li?ography4 ,o!rs are1 ( c\rse1 employ$ = specific purposes & "u peculi> conditions2 b ^!1 aga91 are m or less modifications ( exi/+ =mul1 prep>$ to meet p>ticul> requirem5ts4 ,! ink us$ = transf]r+ impressions f "o pr9t+ surface to ano!r1 e4g41 ! re-transf]r+ ( "w f /one to /one1 may ) a v slight alt]ation s]ve = type to /one transf]2 b a consid]able dep>ture mu/ be effect$ to produce a satisfactory photo-li?o transf] ink1 :ile a composition ( a peculi>ly di/9ctive "* w be requisite = ! successful production ( transf]s f copp]plate engrav+s1 z well z = a transf] ink = writ+ & draw+ on /one or transf] pap]4 ,?is writ+ transf] ink mu/ be soluble 9 wat]1 yet )\t becom+ slimy2 o!rwise x w n "w freely ) ! p5 or bru%4 ,x mu/ also dry quickly1 & )\t any t5d5cy to sme>4 ,a plate transf] ink mu/ nei!r melt nor drag :5 appli$ to ! hot plate4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 s(t5 suffici5tly to fill 9 ! l9es ( ! engrav+1 & %\ld s h>d5 z x cools t x _c easily be dragg$ away dur+ ! clean+ & poli%+ op]ations4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 page #ai4 ,ea* & all ( ! above inks mu/ be excessively greasy & p5etrative1 b )\t hav+ ! slighte/ t5d5cy to spread sup]ficially4 ,! +r$i5ts & me?ods ( prep>ation specifi$ 9 ! succe$+ p>agraphs are n giv5 z /&>d =mul1 b 9 corroboration ( /atem5ts made1 & z practical illu/rations ( ! "* & purpose ( transf] inks & compositions g5]ally4 ,transf] ink4--,writ+ transf] ink1 = writ+ or draw+ on /one or transf] pap]1 may consi/ ( equal quantities (3-- ,ca/ile soap1 ,wax1 ,tall[1 ,%ellac1 ) ! addition ( c>bon black or black pr9t+ ink z a col\r+ matt]4 ,ano!r reliable =mula is3-- ,soap #d p>ts ,tall[ #c p>ts ,wax #f p>ts ,%ellac #d p>ts ,c>bon black #a p>ts ,:i*ev] =mula is adopt$ ! me?od ( prep>ation is ! same comb9ation4 ,free ! soap f all moi/ure by dry+1 & ?us facilitate its comb9+ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,melt ! tall[ & wax ov] a hot fire until !y are ?or\ghly well mix$4 ,add ! dri$ soap a little at a "t1 s t x may become ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! wax & tall[4 ,br+ ! mixture to boil+-po9t1 !n remove x f ! fire or /ove & ignite ! fumes :i* w !n be ris+ freely4 ,cont9ue ! burn+ process = ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 !n ext+ui% ! flames by replac+ ! lid ( ! pan4 ,! %ellac & black may be add$ :ile ! composition is cool+4 ,/one-to-/one re-transf] ink4--,! +r$i5ts ( ?is ink consi/ (3-- #d oz4 ,transf] ink4 #d oz4 ,li?o black ink4 #d oz4 ,m$ium v>ni%4 #a oz4 ,canada balsam4 ,melt ! transf] ink ov] a sl[ fire & add ! o!r +r$i5ts sep>ately4 ,canada balsam w n only add to ! effectiv5ess ( ?is ink1 b x w also improve its work+ qualities4 ,copp]plate transf] ink4--,+r$i5ts consi/ (3-- #a oz4 ,tall[4 #c oz4 ,bee's wax4 #d oz4 ,%ellac4 #b oz4 ,soap4 #d oz4 ,bitum54 #a oz4 ,canada balsam4 #a oz4 ,c>bon black4 ,! me?od 9 ?is case diff]s some:at f ! prec$+4 ,fir/ melt ! bitum5 & !n add ! wax & soap 9 small pieces z be=e4 ,burn ?is = fifte5 m9utes1 & add ! %ellac1 balsam1 & black1 boil+ ! :ole g5tly = =ty m9utes4 ,m\ld into squ>es or /icks1 & = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ cov] ^! ) t9foil4 ,%\ld an extra p[]ful ink be requir$ = %ad+ or /ippl+ films1 ! /one-to-/one re-transf] ink c be r$uc$ to a work+ consi/5cy ) ca/or oil in/ead ( v>ni%1 & ?us r5d]$ suitable = ?is purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,li?ographic ,,transf] ,,pap]s ,ess5tial ,features--,v>ni% ,transf] ,pap]--,damp-/one ,transf] ,pap]--,fr5* ,transp>5t ,transf] ,pap]-- ,copp]plate ,transf] ,pap]--,an ,alt]native ,recipe-- ,granulat$ ,pap]s--,photo-li?o ,transf] ,pap]4 ,transf] pap]s are ev5 m us$ ?an ! transf] compositions already describ$1 & 9 great] v>iety1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re is a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ _! m]its4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! specific value ( any transf] pap] mu/ dep5d ^u local conditions4 ,t :i* might be ( ! utmo/ value to "o pr9t] w\ld 9 all probability fail to meet ! requirem5ts ( ano!r4 ,) ^! also1 z ) ! transf] inks1 ! ma9 po9t is to grasp ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$4 ,adh]+ to ^! pr9ciples enables any intellig5t workman to adapt ! transf]s to 8 own peculi> necessity4 ,x is mo/ important t li?ographic transf] pap] %\ld be absolutely imp]vi\s to ! transf] composition or ink1 s t an impression ( full /r5g? c be convey$ to ! /one1 leav+ its greasy prop]ties unimpair$4 ,! pap] !re=e mu/ und]go special prep>ation1 & "h aga9 ! "* ( ! "w & ! conditions "u :i* x is c>ri$ out are ! *ief controll+ elem5ts4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t _m li?ographic pr9t]s pref] to make _! own transf] pap]1 & f9d su* a proc$ure em95tly satisfactory4 ,a good bank po/ d\ble foolscap pap]1 ab\t #bf lb41 fir/ ?9ly coat$ ) a solution ( conc5trat$ size & aft]w>ds v>ni%$ ) a heavy coa* body v>ni%1 gives excell5t results4 ,:5 transf]r+ l>ge "w 9 :i* a numb] ( pr9t+s are involv$1 & :]e accuracy ( regi/] is a s9e qu non1 ! foll[+ mixture may1 if desir$1 be sub/itut$ = ! coa* body v>ni%3-- ,be/ oak v>ni% #a qu>t4 ,turp5t9e #a_/b p9t4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil #a_/b p9t4 ,pap] ?us prep>$ r>ely /ret*es or becomes di/ort$ to any appreciable ext5t1 & c be us$ ) equally good results on ei!r cold or w>m /ones4 ,its keep+ qualities are1 h[ev]1 limit$2 x is !re=e advisable to utilise ! transf] impressions ) z little delay z possible4 ,?is may be criticis$ z a some:at primitive & old-fa%ion$ transf] pap]2 b ( ! _m transf] pap]s n[ 9 use1 none c claim to be exactly new4 ,ano!r /one-to-/one transf] pap] ( ! simple/ possible "* c be made by coat+ a good writ+ pap] ) ! foll[+ composition4 ,soak #c oz4 ( glue 9 #f oz4 ( wat] = ab\t #h h\rs4 ,r$uce #a lb4 ( />* to a ?ick1 creamy pa/e by rubb+ x d[n 9 a little cold wat] & !n add+ boil+ wat] until ! requir$ consi/5cy is obta9$4 ,mix ! />* & glue toge!r1 & add a little gamboge or co*9eal z col\r+ matt]1 s z to enable ! pr9t] to see at a glance :i* is ! coat$ side ( ! pap]4 ,spread ?is composition on ! pap] :ile x is /ill w>m4 ,a transp>5t transf] pap] ) a soluble coat+ is frequ5tly desirable1 & = c]ta9 purposes may be /rongly recomm5d$4 ,a ,fr5* transf] pap] meets su* a requirem5t1 & at ! same "t possesses _m o!r excell5t qualities4 ,x picks up a firm1 clean impression1 & transf]s e p>ticle ( x to ! /one4 ,x is also transp>5t1 & suffici5tly adhesive to /ick to a v slightly damp$ /one "u a light pressure4 ,a transf] pap] :i* may be us$ z a base ^u :i* to write or draw a design = subsequ5t transf]5ce to /one1 z well z = /one-to-/one transf]r+1 %\ld be coat$ ) a composition ( a gelat9\s "*1 :i* w n be readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,writ+ transf] ink is ( c\rse dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & its effect on a s(t1 soluble composition w\ld be disa/r\s4 ,! foll[+ =mula is sugge/ive z well z practical3-- ,gelat9e #d oz4 ,is+lass #f oz4 ,flake :ite #c lb4 ,gamboge #b oz4 ,make a /rong size ( ! above by boil+ ! gelat9e & is+lass ) a little wat]4 ,mix ! gamboge & flake :ite ) a little w>m wat]1 & add ! mixture to ! gelat9e solution4 ,?is composition mu/ be appli$ to ! pap] :ile /ill q w>m1 z x =ms into a comp>atively /iff jelly :ile cool+4 ,?is pap] %\ld be transf]r$ to w>m /ones4 ,copp]plate transf] pap] is to "s ext5t a developm5t ( ! v>iety j describ$2 t is1 if ! conditions "u :i* su* transf]s are made w be> comp>ison ) op]ations ( an ess5tially diff]5t "*4 ,! composition us$ = coat+ copp]plate transf] pap] mu/ possess a some:at heavy body1 & = ?is reason pla/] ( p>is ent]s into its composition1 :i* is z foll[s3-- ,pla/] ( p>is #b lb4 ,flake :ite #a lb4 ,fl\r #b lb4 ,fi% glue #a_/d lb4 ,alum #a oz4 ,soak ! alum & glue f #h to #aj h\rs1 & !n boil !m until !y are dissolv$4 ,make ! fl\r into a smoo? pa/e by ! addition ( a little wat]1 & mix x ) ! flake :ite4 ,mix ! pla/] ( p>is ) wat]1 & /ir cont9u\sly until x becomes incapable ( sett+4 ,add ! o!r +r$i5ts1 already mix$1 & see t !y become ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) ! pla/] ( p>is1 aft] :i* coat ! pap] twice ) ! mixture4 ,! foll[+ may be sub/itut$ = ! above3-- ,pla/] ( p>is #b lb4 ,fl\r #b lb4 ,gelat9e #d oz4 ,a transf] pap] ) its surface granulat$ to repres5t a me*anical /ipple1 or ! texture ( a gra9$ /one1 may be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take (3-- ,/>* #i oz4 ,p>*m5t *ipp+s #ab oz4 ,flake :ite #ad oz4 ,prep>e ! />* z previ\sly describ$1 & dissolve ! is+lass by boil+4 ,mix ! flake :ite into a ?9 pa/e by ! addition ( wat]4 ,w>m ! ?ree +r$i5ts1 & mix ! :ole ?or\ghly4 ,coat a fairly heavy pr9t+ pap] twice ) ?is composition1 & :5 x is ?or\ghly dry give x ! requir$ granulation by means ( gra9$ /ones or engrav$ plates4 ,! gra9 ?us imp>t$ breaks up ! draw+ into a s]ies ( m9ute dots4 ,pap] ( ?is description is mo/ suitable = p5cil or crayon "w4 ,its usefulness is obvi\s4 ,x enables ! arti/ to use 8 *alks 9 ! usual mann]1 )\t ! inconv5i5ce ( h&l+ l>ge /ones4 ,no gra9+ ( ! /one is necess>y1 & ! gra9$ effect c be conf9$ to any portion ( ! design4 ,photo-li?o transf] pap] is 9 e respect a specific article1 ! coat+ ( :i* consi/s ( a gelat9\s emulsion1 :i* c be readily s5sitis$1 & ^u :i* a photographic image c be develop$4 ,special prep>ation & manipulation are !re=e necess>y 9 connection ) its production1 & ^! po9ts w be fully dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,"o m v>iety ( transf] pap] %\ld be m5tion$1 namely1 ! diaphanic1 :i* possesses excell5t qualities = c]ta9 classes ( "w4 ,x is v transp>5t1 & extremely useful 9 ! trac+ ( key =mes1 or = mak+ facsimile draw+s = imm$iate transf]5ce to /one4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,copp]plate ,,transf] ,,pr9t+ ,! ,copp]plate ,press--,! ,op]ation--,*>g+ ! ,engrav$ ,plate--,clean+-(f & ,poli%+--,mak+ ! ,impression-- ,useful ,notions4 ,al?\gh copp]plate pr9t+ may n n[ be s ext5sively practis$ z 9 ye>s gone by1 x is n1 s f> z we c judge1 v likely to be sup]s$$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,x is /ill reg>d$ z a necess>y adjunct to li?ography1 especially :]e ! am\nt ( comm]cial "w produc$ is ( any mom5t4 ,f a purely me*anical po9t ( view ! con/ruction ( ! copp]plate press 7,fig4 #c7 is ( an exce$+ly simple "*4 ,its prim>y purpose is to produce a heavy & uni=m pressure on ! plate dur+ op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,aft] be+ *>g$ ) a special pigm5t & clean$ z h]eaft] describ$1 ! plate is laid1 face upw>ds1 on ! iron b$ or table ( ! press & 9 contact ) ! pap]1 & pass$ ?r\gh betwe5 two iron cyl9d]s4 ,^! cyl9d]s are s adju/$ z to produce an exceptionally heavy pressure4 ,su* are ! simple elem5ts ( a process :i*1 h[ev]1 requires mu* clos] inve/igation4 ,9 its application to li?ography ! foll[+ are ! only requisites = copp]plate transf] pr9t+4 ,a /ick ( prep>$ transf] ink--:it+1 free f grit--transf] pap]1 & a pl5tiful supply ( s(t rags4 ,likewise1 an iron plate ) a gas jet und]nea? 7,fig4 #d71 a squ>e ( pr9t]'s blanket1 & a damp book consi/+ ( tw5ty or ?irty %eets ( blott+ or o!r absorb5t pap] slightly & uni=mly damp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,a good copp]plate transf] pap] c be made accord+ to ! recipe giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii41 b unless a fairly l>ge quantity is us$ ! comm]cial qualities w be f\nd mo/ economical4 ,copp]plate pr9t+1 9 its application to li?ography1 is a simple op]ation1 b x requires extraord9>y c>e = its successful execution4 ,! conditions "u :i* li?ographic transf]s are made f a copp]plate engrav+ are va/ly diff]5t f ^? :i* control copp]plate pr9t+ = ord9>y purposes ( reproduction4 ,! engrav$ plate is fir/ well heat$ by means ( ! hot plate already m5tion$4 ,! transf] ink is !n =c$ into ! engrav$ p>ts until e l9e is fully *>g$1 ! ink hav+ be5 previ\sly enclos$ 9 a d\ble fold ( s(t rag4 ,dur+ ?is "p ( ! op]ation great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! transf] ink does n burn ?r\gh ov]heat+1 z ?is w\ld p>tially de/roy its greasy nature & leave x h>d & brittle4 ,! transf] impression w\ld suff] 9 consequ5ce1 &1 ?\gh to all appe>ance p]fect on ! pap]1 x w\ld be weak & ineffective :5 appli$ to ! li?ographic /one4 ,su* an error ( judgm5t is n at all unusual1 & %\ld !re=e be ! m c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,x frequ5tly occurs )\t ! k ( ! op]ator1 ow+1 x may be1 to 8 ov]-anxiety to complete 8 "w 9 z %ort a "t z possible4 ,! plate mu/ n[ be clean$1 i4e4 ! surplus ink & scum mu/ all be remov$4 ,?is may be done be=e ! plate is q cool1 & aft] a little exp]i5ce x w be possible to accompli% ! cleans+ process )\t 9 any way di/urb+ ! ink 9 ! l9es ( ! engrav+4 ,! rag us$ = clean+ mu/ be tightly fold$ into ! =m ( a pad & kept free f creases4 ,aft] f9al cleans+ & poli%+ ) :it+ ! plate is ready = an impression4 ,! transf] pap] requires damp+ until x is q limp1 :5 x is br\ght into contact ) ! ink$ plate & subject$ to a v heavy pressure4 ,! back+ is a wooll5 blanket1 pref]ably ( f9e texture2 ?is ensures p]fect contact betwe5 ! plate & ! pap]4 ,! plate is n[ v slightly w>m$ to dry ! transf] pap]1 :i* is all[$ to peel (f2 ?is x does v readily if1 aft] a little :ile1 ! corn]s & edges are b slightly eas$4 ,oil ( t> w effectually remove any accretions ( copp]plate transf] ink :i* may h h>d5$ 9 ! l9es ( ! engrav+4 ,x may be useful also to "k t x is possible to use a small li?ographic press 9 place ( a copp]plate press1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t a suffici5tly heavy & uni=m pressure c be gu>ante$4 ,?is is n altoge!r an innovation1 yet x is n a famili> notion4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,li?ographic ,,press ,me*anical ,pr9ciples--,con/ructive ,details--,scrap]-- ,tympan--,practical ,sugge/ions--,ela/ic ,b$d+4 ,x is n a little surpris+ to f9d t ! me*anical pr9ciple ( ! li?ographic press 9 g5]al use to-day is almo/ id5tical ) t :i* ! pione]s ( ! craft employ$ s successfully4 ,?is is an int]e/+ fact :i* ei!r reflects mu* cr$it ^u ! +5uity ( ! e>ly li?ographic pr9t]s or po9ts to an unreasonable cons]vatism on ! "p ( ! pres5t-day craftsm54 ,a discussion ( ?is phase ( ! "q w\ld be ( d\btful int]e/1 = ! practical pr9t] has long be5 accu/om$ to reg>d x simply z a conv5i5t appliance = ! production ( a heavy & readily adju/able pressure4 ,a brief exam9ation w prove to :at ext5t ^! requirem5ts are fulfill$ by ! mod]n li?ographic press 7,fig4 #e74 ,! simplicity ( its con/ruction sugge/s a fir/ po9t = fav\rable criticism4 ,9 fact1 its g5]al me*anical arrangem5ts are s exce$+ly simple t ! m]e/ tyro might readily und]/& _! pr9ciples & purpose4 ,! adju/ability ( ! pressure by means ( ! screw ,d 7,fig4 #h7 is bo? effective & necess>y1 ow+ to ! con/antly v>y+ ?ickness ( ! li?ographic /ones4 ,! pressure ( ! boxwood scrap] ,b on ! surface ( ! /one is p]fectly rigid1 & yet1 ow+ to ! int]v5tion ( ! tympan ,c1 is suffici5tly ela/ic to ensure ! close/ possible contact4 ,figs4 #f & #g %[ "o or two con/ructive details by :i* ! h& lev] ,a & ! cam motion ,e br+ up ! cyl9d] ,f to ! bottom ( ! c>riage or b$ ( ! press1 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,x is 9 ?is position t ! movem5t ( ! c>riage gives ! necess>y pressure requir$ to pull an impression4 ,! %aft ,h runs across ! press & op]ates a simil> cam to ,e on ! opposite side4 ,^! two cams raise ! brass block ,g & give ! requisite support to ! cyl9d] ,f :5 ! pressure is appli$4 ,^! are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! li?ographic press1 & z su* !y require n a little att5tion & intellig5t manipulation4 ,x is practically impossible to secure a /eady & uni=m pressure unless ! scrap] & tympan are c>efully adju/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #f & #g4 ,! =m] mu/ be p]fectly true ) its ,v-%ap$ edge nicely r\nd$1 & ! latt] tightly /ret*$ on ! frame ,c s t x w n sag or bulge :5 pressure is appli$ & ! scrap] passes ov] x4 ,to r$uce ! enorm\s friction caus$ by ?is pressure ! back ( ! tympan is usually dress$ ) a mixture ( tall[ & plumbago1 a dress+ :i* requires frequ5t r5ewal4 ,! plumbago possesses b little body1 & its salut>y effect soon passes away4 ,to prev5t ?is & to increase its adhesiv5ess x is sometimes mix$ ) a little gum4 ,a m9]al black :i* is f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! we/ ( ,engl& is ev5 m effective ?an plumbago = ?is purpose4 ,x =ms a /rong & flexible dress+ = ! lea!r1 is peculi>ly adhesive & provides an effici5t lubricant4 ,x is a decid$ advantage to h two tympans 9 use1 "o = small /ones & ano!r = ! l>g] sizes4 ,x is obvi\sly unwise to pull a numb] ( impressions f small /ones ) a l>ge tympan1 = if ?is practice is p]si/$ 9 ! tympan lea!r n only loses its %ape1 b becomes p]ceptibly ?9n] on su* p>ts z may h be5 mo/ subject$ to pressure4 ,= simil> reasons x is advisable to h a numb] ( boxwood scrap]s ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! d5ts produc$ by a small /one on a l>ge scrap] c only be remov$ by plan+4 ,9 li?ographic press "w "s =m ( ela/ic b$d+ plac$ und]nea? ! /one w n only mat]ially assi/ ! pressure1 b w also m9imise ! risk ( breakages4 ,9 fact1 ! pressure is frequ5tly s ke5 & ( su* a direct "* z to r5d] ?is arrangem5t little %ort ( a necessity4 ,extra ?ick l9oleum w s]ve ?is purpose admirably1 & a z9c cov]+ = ?is b$d+ w complete ! equipm5t ( ! li?ographic press4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! op]ations directly associat$ ) li?ographic press "w are ( suffici5t importance to w>rant a full description ( ea*1 & w =m ! nucleus ( ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,li?ographic ,,press ,,"w ,prep>+ ! ,design--,treatm5t ( an ,ink ,draw+--,*alk ,draw+s--,alt]ations--,value ( ,impressions--,(fsets--,! ,li?ographic ,h&-roll]--,prov+--,regi/ration--,g5]al ,features--,transf]r+--,a ,comm]cial ,necessity-- ,arrangem5t--,*oice ( ,pap]--,transf]5ce to ,/one-- ,prep>+ ! ,=me4 ,! op]ations directly associat$ ) li?ographic press "w are m or less ( a prep>atory "*4 ,! prep>ation ( a design1 9 its progressive /ages1 f ! li?ographic draughtsman to ! pr9t+ ma*9e1 is usually c>ri$ out 9 conjunction ) ! press4 ,only "u exceptional conditions or = "s p>ticul> class ( "w is ! li?ographic press actually employ$ = pr9t+ purposes4 ,its ready adaptability to ! ev]-v>y+ ?ickness ( li?ographic /ones1 & ! mann] 9 :i* pressure c be appli$ at w1 z well z ! int5se %>pness ( su* pressure1 r5d] x peculi>ly suitable = ! "w n[ "u discussion4 ,su* op]ations w be bett] und]/ood & probably m easily rememb]$ if !y are describ$ 9 a sequ5ce su* z might be pres5t$ "u av]age comm]cial conditions4 ,tak+ a design z x leaves ! li?ographic draughtsman1 i4e4 9 ! =m ( a greasy draw+ on /one1 ! fir/ object ( ! pr9t] is to s prep>e x z to pres]ve ! conditions describ$ 9 ,*ap4 ,i4 page #b4 ,?is he may accompli% 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,cov] ! :ole /one ) fre% /rong gum & all[ x to dry4 ,!n if x be an ink draw+1 wa% (f ! gum ) wat]1 & remove ! draw+ ink f ! surface ( ! design ) a few drops ( turp5t9e & a piece ( clean rag4 ,proce$ to roll up ) a li?ographic h&-roll] *>g$ ) good black pr9t+ ink4 ,! consi/5cy ( ?is pr9t+ ink c only be det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! "w "u treatm5t4 ,x is !re=e a matt] ( exp]i5ce r ?an rule4 ,heavy designs cov]+ l>ge areas c be work$ up ) mod]ately ?9 ink1 :ile "w ( a f9] description w mo/ probably require a /rong] ink = its successful treatm5t4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes !re is a v>iety ( conditions & effects :i* w require a ready recognition & an intellig5t adaptation or modification ( any op]ation :i* may be describ$4 ,x may ev5 be advisable to rub up ! "w ) a piece ( s(t rag & pr9t+ ink1 b ! cle>ness & crispness ( ! draw+ c be/ be pres]v$ by a complete removal ( ! greasy ink ) :i* ! draw+ 0 orig9ally made4 ,m p>ticul>ly is ?is desirable :5 heavy1 solid "w is 9 close contact ) "w ( a f9] description1 = ! excessively greasy "* ( ! arti/'s draw+ ink has a dang]\s t5d5cy to sme> or spread & to ?ick5 ! design1 unless a reasonable am\nt ( c>e is ex]cis$4 ,aft] roll+ up ! "w z well z possible1 & hav+ decid$ t x is firm & /rong & is fully *>g$ ) ink1 dry ! /one p]fectly & du/ ov] ! design ) f9ely p[d]$ res9 or ,fr5* *alk4 ,) a piece ( wat] ( ,ayr /one poli% away any scum or dirt :i* may surr\nd ! "w1 & et* x quickly ) a weak solution ( nitric acid4 ,cov] up ) /rong gum & dry x4 ,! design is n[ ready ei!r = prov+ or transf]r+4 ,! treatm5t ( *alk draw+s1 gra9$ /ones1 or transf]s f gra9$ pap] ne$s a slight v>iation ( ! op]ations already describ$4 ,! prelim9>y et*+ is g5]ally c>ri$ out by ! draughtsman by flood+ ! /one ) a mixture ( gum & acid1 aft] :i* ! gum solution is all[$ to dry4 ,! *emical *ange :i* takes place dur+ ?is et*+ is (t5 describ$ z "o 9 :i* ! soap pres5t 9 li?ographic *alks is *ang$ to an insoluble comp\nd4 ,?is *emical *ange is p]haps a some:at cont5ti\s matt]1 b ! effect & n ! pr9ciple involv$ is to u ! matt] ( prim>y importance1 & ?is effect is su* z to actually prev5t any spread+ ( ! design on ! /one beyond ! l9es ( ! orig9al draw+4 ,return+ once m to ! op]ation1 wa% (f ! gum1 &1 hav+ remov$ ! excess ( wat] 9 ! usual way1 roll up firmly ) a /rong black ink4 ,in/ead ( wa%+ out ! draw+ ) turp5t9e imm$iately1 "w (f ! orig9al *alk by roll+ up ) a good nap roll] & tak+ frequ5t impressions4 ,9 ?is way ! gra9 ( ! draw+ w be gradually develop$ & r5d]$ fit = fur!r op]ations4 ,! /one c !n be pass$ to ! prov] or transf]r]4 ,a ,fr5* writ]1 9 ref]r+ to ! importance ( really good *alk draw+ & pr9t+1 z well z to its arti/ic & te*nical value1 once said3 ,! pr9t] requires a fair appreciation ( t subtle sugge/iv5ess :i* gradations ( tone c imp>t to a *alk draw+ be=e he c hope to successfully reproduce ! arti/'s orig9al conception4 ,a good pr9t] h&les 8 roll] ov] a *alk draw+ ) ! same feel+ z t ) :i* a viol9 play] h&les 8 b[4 ,by movem5ts rapid or sl[1 & by great] or less pressure ov] c]ta9 p>ts1 he *>ges ! draw+ to ! prop] tone4 ,if at any "t ! orig9al "w requires alt]ations1 !y may be execut$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,roll up ! design firmly 9 /rong1 black ink1 &1 aft] fann+ ! surface dry1 du/ x ov] ) ,fr5* *alk4 ,make ! necess>y erasures ) wat] ( ,ayr /one & et* ) fairly /rong nitric acid4 ,poli% slightly1 & wa% well ) a pl5tiful supply ( clean wat]4 ,p\r ov] ! /one a v weak solution ( alum1 & aga9 wa% ?or\ghly ) hot wat]1 s t its rapid evaporation may leave ! "w ready = imm$iate manipulation4 ,alt]ations may be made by transf]r+ or draw+4 ,9 ei!r case x is advisable to gum up ! "w ) /rong gum & all[ x to /& until dry4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t ( any alt]ation w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u _! "* & ext5t4 ,z new "w1 !y %\ld be c>efully h&l$4 ,x is mo/ important t a v weak solution ( alum %\ld be us$4 ,be+ an alkali1 a /rong solution w\ld h a t5d5cy to dissolve ! greasy p>ticles ( ! draw+ & cause !m to spread & ?ick54 ,x is always advisable to take an impression f ea* design1 :e!r x be 9 ink or crayon1 be=e x is laid aside = subsequ5t manipulation4 ,^! impressions w n only reveal any inaccuracies or weaknesses :i* might o!rwise pass unnotic$1 b also s]ve z a useful record & = comp>ison ) o!r transf]s or impressions :i* may be requir$4 ,!re are o!r phases ( prep>atory "w :i* come )9 ! scope ( ! li?ographic pressman1 & z !y frequ5tly con/itute an int]m$i>y /age betwe5 ! fir/ draw+ ( ! draughtsman on /one & ! mak+ ( transf] impressions to facilitate reproduction1 a description at ?is po9t w be appropriate4 ,x may be t a key =me only has be5 prep>$1 or p]haps an outl9e =me ) suffici5t detail4 ,9 ei!r case a numb] ( (fsets equival5t to ! numb] ( col\rs necess>y = ! completion ( ! design w be requir$4 ,^! are made by tak+ good1 solid impressions 9 /iff black ink f ! key or outl9e =me4 ,du/ ^! ov] ) a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ,v5etian r$ & "o "p lamp-black4 ,lay !m 9 conv5i5t positions on a well-poli%$ dry /one1 & run !m ?r\gh ! li?ographic press ) a light yet firm pressure4 ,! result w be fa9t yet suffici5tly cle> (fsets ( an outl9e :i* w enable ! li?ographic draughtsman to prep>e any numb] ( =mes1 & ^! w regi/] or fit ea* o!r & ! orig9al draw+ ) p]fect accuracy4 ,su* outl9es w 9 no way affect ! "w ( ! draughtsman1 & w disappe> at ! fir/ application ( ! gum sponge or moi/ure 9 any =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,a li?ographic nap-roll] 7,fig4 #i7 facilitates ! "w ( ! pressman 9 ! prep>ation & developm5t ( orig9al draw+s on /one1 & becomes an absolute necessity :5 crayon draw+s on gra9$ /ones are op]at$ ^u4 ,! prep>ation & pres]vation ( a roll] ( ?is description requires a m ?an av]age am\nt ( c>e & att5tion4 ,! be/ roll]s are cov]$ ) ,fr5* calf-sk9 ) a s(t1 velvet-l nap1 & may be prep>$ z foll[s4 ,run ! roll] 9 crude ca/or oil = a %ort "t until ! lea!r becomes s(t & pliable1 !n "w out ! sup]flu\s oil by repeat$ roll+ 9 m$ium v>ni%1 occasionally scrap+ (f ! v>ni% ) a broad blunt knife4 ,cont9ue ?is = a day or two1 !n gradually "w into ! sk9 "s good non-dry+ black pr9t+ ink4 ,! roll] ?us prep>$ may be some:at h>%1 b a few days' use w br+ x into condition4 ,an occasional application ( tall[ or l>d1 say ab\t once a week1 w keep ! roll] sk9 s(t & pliable1 & c\nt]act ! h>d5+ effect ( con/ant contact ) ! damp surface ( ! li?ographic /one & ! oxidisation ( ! pr9t+ ink4 ,prov+ ! "w ( ! li?ographic arti/1 ?\gh n always an absolute necessity1 is a helpful & mo/ important function4 ,9 its progressive /age x enables bo? design] & li?ograph] to obs]ve ! realisation ( _! col\r s*emes1 & to amplify or m9imise if necess>y ! effects !y desire to produce4 ,errors ( judgm5t or ( detail c be rectifi$ be=e ! "w rea*es a m advanc$ /age4 ,aga91 a f9i%$ pro( (f]s some?+ ( a tangible "* = an expression ( approval or disapproval1 & s]ves z a useful & helpful guide to ! pr9t] ?r\gh\t ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,?is w %[ cle>ly ! importance ( ! prov]'s "w1 & ?\gh x is n by any means an unusual proce$+ to prove up ev5 ! mo/ elaborate designs 9 ! li?ographic pr9t+ ma*9es1 x is1 = obvi\s reasons1 m conv5i5t to conf9e su* "w to ! press4 ,x may !re=e be reg>d$ z an int]m$iate op]ation1 di/9ctly ap>t f ! prep>ation ( ! orig9al draw+ :i* prec$es x1 & ! arrangem5t = ma*9e pr9t+ :i* foll[s4 ,! di/9ctive & pre-em95tly ! mo/ important feature ( prov+ is ! mann] 9 :i* "o col\r is regi/]$ ) ano!r2 & al?\gh ! me?ods usually adopt$ are ( ! simple/ possible "*1 ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e is requisite = _! successful application4 ,x appe>s to be an almo/ ridicul\s plan1 s simple is x1 to cut away ! angles =m$ by ! regi/] l9es aft] ! fir/ pr9t+ 7,fig4 #aj;,a71 & !n to place !m to correspond+ l9es on ea* col\r =me1 or to pi]ce ! regi/] l9es z 9 ,fig4 #aj;,b1 pass+ a f9e ne$le ?r\gh ea* puncture into correspond+ holes drill$ 9 ! /ones & all[+ ! %eets to fall into position1--yet ^! op]ations dem& con/ant c>e & att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj;,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj;,b4 ,! mix+ ( col\rs = prov+1 & ! g5]al pr9ciple ( _! application1 are matt]s :i* are almo/ entirely "u ! control ( ! pr9t]4 ,_! selection & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are employ$ are bo? det]m9$ by ! individual "* ( ! "w4 ,x is impossible to indicate any rule ( ?umb guide = _! application or manipulation4 ,! individual fancy ( ! arti/1 or ! wi% ( a cu/om]1 are ! only probable complications :i* may h to be consid]$4 ,!n aga91 _m phases ( ! "w are m or less exp]im5tal1 :5 ! res\rcefulness ( ! pr9t] may be te/$1 & ! me*anical features ( 8 "w be reliev$ by ! ex]cise ( intellig5t application1 if n ( arti/ic p]ception4 ,v r>ely is x possible to pr9t f ! li?o-draughtsman's orig9al draw+1 & ev5 :5 x may be conv5i5t to d s1 x is1 9 ! majority ( cases1 unadvisable on acc\nt ( ! elem5t ( risk involv$4 ,!re is an ev]-pres5t dang] ( ! /one break+1--a cata/rophe :i* w\ld necessitate an entire reproduction ( ! design1 & ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions ! con/ant attrition produc$ by ! roll]s1 etc41 w\ld h an appreciable effect on ! "w1 & 9 c\rse ( "t de/roy its value = graphic reproduction4 ,_m o!r equally cog5t reasons :y duplicates ( ! orig9al %\ld be made = pr9t+ purposes pres5t !mselves4 ,! *ief ( ^! is an ess5tially comm]cial "o4 ,to reproduce half a million impressions f a s+le small draw+ w\ld obvi\sly depreciate ! comm]cial value ( li?ographic pr9t+ v consid]ably1 & al?\gh !re is no record ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! duplicat+ ( orig9al "w by means ( transf]s 0 fir/ evolv$1 x is only reasonable to suppose t x 0 ! direct outcome ( a necessity :i* 0 z p]emptory 9 its dem&s z x has be5 f>-rea*+ 9 its effects4 ,! me?od is "o by :i* any numb] ( impressions c be made on a suitably prep>$ pap]1 & ) a suffici5tly greasy pigm5t4 ,^! c be re-transf]r$ to a li?ographic /one1 & 9 ?is way facsimiles ( ! orig9al may be secur$ & arrang$ 9 ! mann] mo/ conv5i5t = ma*9e pr9t+4 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 mak+ ^! transf] impressions4 ,!y mu/ be p]fectly solid1 yet n ov]*>g$ ) ink1 i4e4 !y mu/ be clean & %>p1 & z ne>ly an exact replica ( ! orig9al "w z x is possible to make !m4 ,t ! fur!r description ( ^! op]ations may be z lucid & practical z possible1 we w apply x to ord9>y "w-a-day conditions1 & suppose t a design 9 ?ree work+s has be5 li?ograph$ & prep>$ = transf]r+ z already describ$4 ,! size ( ! "w is #g-a_/d 94 by #d-a_/b 941 !n ! pap] on :i* x is to be pr9t$ ought to be d\ble cr[n1 #bj 94 by #cj 94 ,?is w all[ #a-a_/b 94 = ! gripp] & #a_/b 94 m>g9 at ! back & sides4 ,sixte5 transf]s c be pull$ f ea* col\r =me on a ?91 transp>5t transf] pap]4 ,m>k out a %eet ( /\t pap] z 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & arrange ! transf]s 9 ! position indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! gripp] m>g9s ,a ,a are det]m9$ by ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9es1 & may be v>i$ accord+ly4 ,v>ni%$ transf] pap]s may be laid d[n on a slightly w>m$ dry /one1 & if ,fr5* transf] pap] be us$ ! /one mu/ be slightly damp$4 ,if ! %eet ( transf]s is laid d[n to a bo>d--,fig4 #ab--uni=mity ( gripp] m>g9 w be assur$ ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 & ! "w ( ! ma*9e pr9t] facilitat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,pull x ?r\gh ! li?ographic press ) a gradually increas+ pressure 9 ! usual way4 ,! v>ni% transf] pap] w be suffici5tly tacky to adh]e slightly to ! surface ( ! /one1 s t ! pressure may be repeat$ aga9 & aga9 ) p]fect safety4 ,x may n be possible to remove ! base ^u :i* !y 7 arrang$1 z x is usual to secure !m 9 position ) pa/e4 ,at ?is po9t ! manipulation ( ! two v>ieties ( pap] diff]s slightly4 ,! ?91 transp>5t v>iety is usually fa/5$ d[n to its pap] base ) syrup1 glucose1 or "s /icky composition ( a simil> "*4 ,?is pap] back+ c be remov$ imm$iately aft] suffici5t pressure has be5 appli$ to fix ! transf]s to ! /one4 ,z ?is transf] pap] is adhesive x is necess>y to damp ! surface ( ! li?o-/one be=e x is laid d[n1 :51 ( c\rse1 x w readily adh]e1 ev5 "u a mod]ately light pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! fur!r prep>ation ( "w1 aft] be+ transf]r$ 9 ?is mann]1 is 9 _m respects simil> to ! treatm5t ( new "w1 b ) ?is important diff]5ce4 ,a new transf] %\ld almo/ inv>iably be work$ up ) a s(t rag & black ink1 ! latt] be+ ?9n$ d[n ) turp5t9e & v>ni%4 ,gum up ! "w1 & all[ ! gum to dry4 ,roll a piece ( s(t rag into a pad1 & *>ge x ) pr9t+ ink :i* has be5 ?9n$ d[n4 ,wipe (f ! gum on ! surface ( ! /one1 leav+ only a ?9 film ov] ! "w4 ,rub up ! transf]s ) ! rag already prep>$1 & :5 fully *>g$ ) ink cov] !m ) fre% gum4 ,if possible !y %\ld /& = "o or two h\rs1 :5 ! roll+ up & et*+ may be proce$$ )4 ,accuracy ( regi/] c be ensur$ by ! second & ?ird sets ( transf]s be+ pat*$ up to ! fir/ =me 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,make two fairly /rong black impressions ( ?is =me on a /\t un/ret*able pap]4 ,fix ^! up on a glass frame 9 su* a position z to all[ ! light to pass ?r\gh !m1 & c>efully place ea* transf] 9 its exact position4 ,!y c !n be laid d[n on sep>ate /ones 9 ! same way z ! fir/ set4 ,^! are ! simple outl9es ( ! transf]r+ process4 ,9 detail !y may1 ( c\rse1 be modifi$ to meet ! exig5cies ( peculi> conditions1 :i* 9 li?ography are frequ5tly ! controll+ p[]s1 & at all times are matt]s ( vital importance4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,ma*9e ,,pr9t+ ,! ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e--,! ,halligan--,"s ,me*anical ,phases--,spe$--,pressure--,levell+ ! ,/ones--,cyl9d] ,brake--,ink+ ,roll]s--,damp+4 ,conc]n+ ! /ructural qualities ( ! v>i\s types ( li?ographic pr9t+ ma*9es n[ 9 use1 mu* might be writt5 & div]s op9ions express$4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be invidi\s to sugge/ t "o mak]'s ma*9es 7 bett] ?an ano!r's1 & su* w\ld be ! natural tr5d ( a discussion on ^! l9es4 ,! ma*9es all h1 x is true1 _m po9ts 9 common :]e comp>isons w\ld be legitimate & easy4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 !y ea* possess di/9ct advantages :i* w no d\bt appeal to ! pr9t] individually1 9 proportion to _! suitability or o!rwise = 8 p>ticul> "w4 ,conviction w foll[ exp]i5ce 9 ^! matt]s1 & any decision arriv$ at aft] ?is fa%ion may be reg>d$ z a useful & valuable acquisition4 ,! illu/ration on page #ce 7,fig4 #ac7 gives a fair g5]al idea ( ! mod]n li?ographic ma*9e4 ,fig4 #ad illu/rates a some:at novel type ( li?ographic pr9t+ ma*9e1 9 :i* ! gripp] is entirely disp5s$ )1 ! %eet be+ held to gauges by ! op]ator until caught betwe5 ! small cyl9d] & ! /one1 :5 pressure is imm$iately appli$4 ,! /one is simply block$ up 9 ! b$ ( ! ma*9e & ! position ( ! pr9t on ! pap] assur$ by mov+ ! gauges4 ,?is useful little jobb+ ma*9e is a decid$ innovation1 & ! simplicity ( its con/ruction is only equall$ by ! precision ( its movem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,li?ographic ma*9e pr9t+ pres5ts _m peculi> features1 ea* "o ( :i* requires c>eful & con/ant att5tion = _! successful op]ation4 ,"s ( its purely me*anical aspects--! c>e ( ! ma*9e & its accessories1 toge!r ) _! v>i\s functions & applications--(f] a wide scope = res\rcefulness & ability ( a high ord]4 ,! prim>y purpose ( ! ma*9e itself 0 und\bt$ly to accel]ate ! reproductive p[] ( li?ography f a comm]cial po9t ( view2 & ?r\gh\t ! entire c\rse ( its developm5t ! aim ( ! eng9e] has be5 to produce a pr9t+ ma*9e ) an ev]-increas+ capacity = reproduction4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! pr9t]'s responsibility has be5 proportionately increas$4 ,me*anical appliances h n[ s f> sup]s$$ h& lab\r t1 ap>t f a ?or\gh k ( ! pr9ciples ( li?ography1 :i* is 9 itself ess5tial1 successful li?ographic ma*9e pr9t+ is l>gely due to res\rcefulness1 al]t p]ception1 & a skilful bl5d+ ( me*anical & te*nical k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,pass+ ov] ! va/ am\nt ( detail :i* is usually & almo/ inv>iably associat$ ) ma*9e pr9t+1 b :i* (f]s little t is new to ! practical work]1 x might be advantage\s to discuss a few po9ts :i* are too (t5 ov]look$4 ,spe$1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 is a v important factor 9 li?ographic ma*9e pr9t+4 ,x has become q a necessity1 & ev]y?+ :i* conduces to x %\ld receive ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,economy ( p[] is too seldom reg>d$ z a /&>d ( effici5cy 9 ! pr9t]4 ,at any rate1 z f> z ?is is conc]n$ x is d\btful if he fully realises ! effect ( :at may appe> to him z insignificant matt]s4 ,a little pressure m or less on ! /one may be 9 itself a m]e trifle1 s also w\ld be a c>eless arrangem5t ( ! ink+ roll]s or indiscrim9ate damp+ ( ! /ones1 yet1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 :at a consid]able wa/e ( p[] !y might cause2--a wa/e :i* is altoge!r unnecess>y & c\ld easily be obviat$ by c>e & =e?\ght4 ,excessive pressure is frequ5tly resort$ to 9 ord] to br+ up an impression :i* is defective ow+ to "s error ( judgm5t 9 its prep>ation4 ,x und\bt$ly secures ! desir$ effect1 b at :at a co/6 ,!re is a proportionately heavi] drag on ! ma*9e & a great] /ra9 on its mo/ vital p>ts4 ,! foll[+ view ( ?is matt] may be reg>d$ z some:at exagg]at$1 b x is by no means an uncommon /ate ( affairs1 & w at lea/ s]ve to emphasise ! importance ( ?is po9t4 ,x is a popul> fallacy to suppose t 9 adju/+ ! li?o-/one to ! b$ ( ! pr9t+ ma*9e x %\ld be made p]fectly level4 ,z a matt] ( fact a mu* easi] & m satisfactory impression c be made f a /one :i* is work$ j a little high] at ! front or gripp] edge ?an at ! back1 & = ?is reason4 ,! drag on ! cyl9d] z x makes ! impression is appreciably great] at ! back ?an at ! front1 & :5 ! pressure is heavy x has a t5d5cy to leave ! back edge ) a v decid$ j]k4 ,! rem$y is obvi\s & simple4 ,z already sugge/$1 ! /one %\ld be set 9 ! ma*9e ) ! lea/ possible incl9ation t[>ds ! front4 ,?is adju/m5t is easily effect$ by a judici\s arrangem5t ( a few lay]s ( br[n pap]4 ,j ?9k = a mom5t ( ! effect likely to be produc$ by su* a j]k or j>1 :i* w\ld "u ord9>y work+ conditions occur f twelve to f\rte5 times p] m9ute :il/ ! ma*9e 0 9 motion6 ,abnormal pressure w\ld ( c\rse int5sify ! /ra91 & soon] or lat] produce results ( a decid$ly disa/r\s "*4 ,"u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions ?is cont9ual spr++ w\ld t5d to move ! /one out ( position1 & ?us affect ! regi/] ( "o =me ) ano!r4 ,ano!r c]ta9 result ( ?is condition ( ?+s is1 t ! %>p pressure on ! back edge ( ! /one w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly cause an appreciable ind5tation 9 ! cyl9d] cov]+4 ,?is w\ld ev5tually cut ?r\gh1 or at lea/ int]f]e ) ! work+ ( a l>g] %eet at "s future "t4 ,! me*anism = rais+ or l[]+ ! li?ographic /one 9 ! ma*9e = ! adju/m5t ( pressure is comp>atively simple 7,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,!re are two screws simil> to ,a :i* pass "r ?r\gh ! feet ( ! /one c>riage ,b ,b4 ,a movem5t ( ! screws w !re=e cause a correspond+ movem5t ( ! /one c>riage on ! blocks or incl9es ,c ,c4 ,! lock-nut ,d holds ! screw securely once ! pressure is adju/$4 ,s few pr9t]s really und]/& ! prop] adju/m5t ( a cyl9d] brake t "s in=mation conc]n+ x w no d\bt prove acceptable4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a cont9u\s action brake :i* c be releas$ at c]ta9 int]vals is mo/ suitable4 ,x holds ! cyl9d]s p]fectly rigid :il/ ! ma*9e is runn+ free1 & applies a suffici5t *eck at ! po9ts requir$4 ,! int]mitt5t movem5t ref]r$ to is obviat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fig4 #ac %[s an example ( "o :i* is bo? simple & effective4 ,x might be well also to expla9 ! pr9ciple & purpose ( ! cyl9d] brake4 ,x is almo/ impossible to cut me*anical ge>+ :i* w run easily & yet be entirely free f slogg]4 ,consequ5tly ! revolution ( a pr9t+ ma*9e cyl9d] w\ld be m or less j]ky unless /eadi$ 9 "s way4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 x rea*es ! /one1 &1 ow+ to ! pressure appli$1 lifts a little 9 ! ge>+4 ,a recognition ( ?is simple matt] w enable an intellig5t workman to arrange ! brake action ) judgm5t & effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,a4 ,a comp>ison ( ! old arrangem5t ( ink+ roll]s 7,fig4 #af;,a7 ) ! new 7,fig4 #af;,b7 is 9 itself an object lesson 9 ?is "q ( p[] & its economical application4 ,x is b reasonable to suppose t ! p[] requir$ to move a set ( roll]s arrang$ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ mann] 7,fig4 #af;,a7 w be inf9itely great] ?an t :i* w\ld be ne$$ = su* an arrangem5t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af;,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af;,b4 ,pursu+ ?is matt] /ill fur!r1 ! "q ( indiscrim9ate damp+ pres5ts itself4 ,grant$ t ! influ5ce "h is an indirect "o1 yet x is a cause :i* frequ5tly leads to an undesirable f9i%4 ,e pr9t] kn[s some?+ ( ! effect produc$ by excess ( wat] ^u pr9t+ inks4 ,x h>d5s & /iff5s !m by accel]at+ oxidisation4 ,9 c\rse ( "t _! free work+ on ! roll]s is int]f]$ )1 & loss ( p[] is by no means ! wor/ result4 ,weak & impov]i%$ impressions1 abnormal we> & te> ( ! pr9t+ =me1 & excessive saturation ( ! pap] may foll[4 ,9 li?ography g5]ally1 & 9 li?ographic ma*9e pr9t+ p>ticul>ly1 ! damp+ ( ! /one is a matt] :i* requires con/ant & c>eful att5tion2 any arrangem5ts = ?is purpose %\ld !re=e be z effective z possible4 ,! damp+ roll]s %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ ea* day1 9 ord] to remove any scum or grease :i* may h be5 collect$ f ! pr9t+ =me4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! arrangem5t ( damp+ roll]s %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag is a decid$ly practical "o4 ,! upp] roll] consi/s ( metal1 usually brass or z9c4 ,x collects any accumulation ( ink or scum f ! actual damp]s1 & c be clean$ at any "t )\t s]i\s int]f]5ce ) ! progress ( ! "w4 ,its adoption1 h[ev]1 has n be5 v g5]al1 al?\gh x w\ld be difficult to ascribe any good reasons = su* a fact4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ma*9e ,,pr9t+--cont9u$ ,regi/]--,atmosph]ic ,conditions--,! ,key--,! ,gripp]-- ,/>t+ ! ,ma*9e--,fix+ ! ,/one--,/r5g? ( ,col\r--,grit--,mak+ ,ready--,regulation ( ,spe$4 ,x is almo/ impossible to ov]e/imate ! importance ( regi/] 9 li?ographic ma*9e pr9t+1 & any sugge/ions :i* are likely to be ( assi/ance to ! pr9t] 9 ?is matt] w no d\bt be welcom$4 ,v>iable atmosph]ic conditions1 insuffici5tly matur$ pap]1 or con/itutional defects 9 ! ma*9e1 are frequ5t s\rces ( inaccurate regi/]4 ,^! may be to "s ext5t unavoidable & !re=e beyond ! pr9t]'s control1 b !re are num]\s o!r po9ts :i* h an important be>+ ^u ! accurate fitt+ ( "o col\r or =me ) ano!r1 & !re=e require c>e & att5tion4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( proc$ure is well wor? consid]ation1 z x has decid$ advantages ov] _m o!rs4 ,! key1 or outl9e =me1 to :i* ! col\r =mes h be5 set up1 is put into ! ma*9e at ! beg9n+ ( ! pr9t+ op]ations4 ,! exact position ( ! design on ! %eet is arrang$1 & tw5ty or ?irty impressions tak5 on a reliable pap]4 ,) ^! impressions z a guide x is a comp>atively easy matt] to regi/] ea* col\r accurately4 ,?is effects a sav+ bo? 9 "t & mat]ial1 & r>ely fails to produce satisfactory results4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! pr9t+1 :5 x is difficult to detect any slight movem5t ( ! /one 9 ! ma*9e1 a %eet be>+ an impression ( ! key may be pr9t$ 9 ! usual way1 :5 any v>iation 9 regi/] w be reveal$ at a glance4 ,! relative positions ( ! side lay & gripp] seldom receive ! consid]ation !y ought to h4 ,! gripp] & side lay %\ld be exactly at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & any div]g5ce :atev] f ?is rule simply c\rts disa/]4 ,if !y =m an acute angle !re is a dang] ( ! %eet mov+ =w>d a little z ! gripp] closes4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are fix$ at an obtuse angle1 !re is a proportionate risk ( ! %eet fall+ back z ! gripp] closes4 ,if any degree ( uni=mity c\ld be gu>ante$ 9 ^! movem5ts1 !n all w\ld /ill be well1 b un=tunately no su* gu>antee c be giv51 ow+ to a possible v>iation 9 ! cutt+ ( diff]5t bat*es ( pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,ano!r matt] ( a simil> "* & q z important 9 its issues is m directly connect$ ) ! gripp]4 ,! type ( gripp] %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah is probably ! be/ = g5]al use4 ,x enables ! pr9t] to use two or m p9s ^u :i* to re/ 8 %eet1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( 8 "w4 ,two p9s are usually suffici5t & answ] be/1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,x is by no means unusual to f9d t ! pap]1 trimm$ ?\gh x may be1 has slightly convex or concave edges1 ow+ ei!r to insuffici5t damp+ or an inaccurate sett+ ( ! knife 9 ! guillot9e cutt+ ma*9e4 ,?is c1 ( c\rse1 be avoid$1 b ! po9t at pres5t "u consid]ation is "o ( possible effects4 ,?is cont+5cy & its effect are consid]ably exagg]at$ 9 ,figs4 #ai;,a & #ai;,b1 b = purposes ( illu/ration ! sugge/iv5ess ( ! two sket*es is n at all too emphatic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,/>t ! ma*9e ) a light pressure1 = once ! /one is lock$ up a c]ta9 am\nt ( dang] w always exi/ if at any "t x is necess>y to r$uce ! pressure4 ,! /one may /ill be held by ! blocks1 ev5 aft] ! b$ ( ! ma*9e has be5 l[]$1 only to come d[n ) a snap :5 pressure is appli$4 ,su* a dang] might1 ( c\rse1 be av]t$ by slack5+ ! screws & blocks2 b !n ! /one w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly move out ( position & ! regi/ration ( ! =me be alt]$4 ,n>r[ slips ( pap] fold$ two or ?ree times1 & ins]t$ betwe5 ! block & ! /one1 w (t5 *eck any t5d5cy ! latt] may h to lift :5 ! screws are tight5$4 ,( ! _m annoyances associat$ ) ! li?ographic ma*9e pr9t]'s "w1 grit is probably ! mo/ tr\blesome1 inasmu* z its pres5ce is almo/ imp]ceptible1 :ile its effect is ext5sive & (t5 disa/r\s4 ,its %>p gra9s become emb$d$ 9 ! ink+-roll] sk9s1 & pl\gh t9y furr[s across ! pr9t+ =me1 do+ mu* damage be=e ! pr9t] realises ! pres5ce ( any =eign matt] on ! ink+-roll]s4 ,prev5tion is a simple matt] en\gh1 b a cure is r>ely1 if ev]1 accompli%$4 ,du/ ! roll]s & exam9e !m c>efully be=e comm5c+ op]ations1 & 9 ?is way ensure p]fect cleanl9ess4 ,x may seem a trifle1 b x is none ! less an important "o1 & p]haps ! read] has already realis$ t trifles make p]fection1 & p]fection is no trifle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj;,a4--,pat5t conical c\nt] %aft+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj;,b4--,pat5t conical c\nt] %aft+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,9 mak+ ready on a li?ographic pr9t+ ma*9e1 z 9 almo/ e phase ( indu/rial life1 me?od is ! great secret ( success4 ,me?od conqu]s ! mo/ /ubborn difficulties1 &1 ?\gh x is n at all times pr(\ndly int]e/+ 9 its application1 yet x m ?an repays any monotony x may involve4 ,9 ! matt] ( li?ographic pr9t+1 at any rate1 a few me?ods ( an ess5tially simple "* might be cultivat$ ) advantage4 ,?is *apt] is n int5d$ z a complete record ( su* me?ods1 b a numb] ( items are discuss$ h]e9 :i*1 ?\gh simple1 are int5sely practical1 & likely to sugge/ m to ! read] ?an is f\nd describ$ 9 ! text4 ,! "q ( spe$ may sometimes s]i\sly h&icap progress4 ,x is a self-evid5t fact t ! solid impression ( a heavy po/] _c be made at ! same spe$ z a light t9t 9 *romo "w4 ,spe$ cones are usually fix$ to a c\nt]-%aft to regulate ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e z requir$4 ,figs4 #bj;,a & #bj;,b %[ an improv$ arrangem5t ( ?is "*1 9 :i* tap]+ drums ,a ,a are sub/itut$ = cones1 ! belt be+ mov$ & held 9 any position by ! screw & =ks ,b & ,c4 ,d is ! driv+ pulley :i* transmits ! p[] to ! ma*9e4 ,electricity z a motive p[] = pr9t+ ma*9]y is quietly yet irresi/ibly w9n+ its way into g5]al fav\r1 & = v cog5t reasons4 ,x is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( motive p[]1 & c be transmitt$ = long di/ances )\t any appreciable loss4 ,x takes up little space1 & almo/ entirely disp5ses ) belts & %aft+4 ,x is also ess5tially economical1 because x c be appli$ to ! smalle/ press j z easily z to a #fj' by #dj' po/] ma*9e 7,fig4 #ba74 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,li?ographic ,,col\r ,,pr9t+ ,a ,comm]cial ,value--,peculi> ,features--,col\r ,sequ5ce-- ,controll+ ,elem5ts--,a ,"q ( ,regi/]--,suitable ,pap]4 ,z a comm]cial phase ( li?ographic pr9t+1 col\r pr9t+ (f]s a va/ & ev]-wid5+ field ( usefulness4 ,nor is x altoge!r defici5t 9 ^! arti/ic qualities :i* are pre-em95tly sugge/ive1 z well z attractive & arti/ic4 ,col\r pr9t+1 9 its application to li?ography1 is 9 _m respects peculi>4 ,x is n :at might be describ$ z a self-conta9$ process2 = its successful realisation dep5ds z mu* ^u ! h>moni\s & skilful comb9ation ( col\rs 9 ! design z ^u ! manipulation ( ! pr9t+ inks1 ! sequ5ce ( ! col\r =mes1 & _! accurate fit or regi/] dur+ ! actual pr9t+4 ,! mo/ excell5t pr9t+ w\ld produce b>ely passable results unless ! design 0 effectively arrang$1 & prep>$ ) "s consid]ation = ! conditions "u :i* x might be pr9t$4 ,nor is x at all unlikely t a design1 h[ev] sm>t & arti/ic x might appe> 9 its orig9al =m1 w\ld be irretrievably spoil$ by clumsy h&l+ or c>eless pr9t+4 ,! subject = imm$iate consid]ation is ! practical employm5t ( pr9t+ inks = ! reproduction ( col\r$ designs1 _! qualities1 peculi>ities1 & relative values1 z well z ! means employ$ to make !m am5able to comm]cial conditions4 ,an intellig5t appreciation ( ^! po9ts w n only ext5d ! possibilities ( pr9t+ inks1 b w also enable ! ma*9eman to acc5tuate _! attractive & sugge/ive p[]4 ,col\r is to design :at salt is to food1 & successful col\r pr9t+ has be5 v aptly describ$ z ! adaptation ( pr9t+ ink to ! ev]-v>y+ "* ( "w & conditions ( employm5t4 ,?is v practical def9ition w =m ! keynote ( a *apt] :i*1 by ! v nature ( ?+s1 mu/ be to "s ext5t au?oritative & compreh5sive4 ,! col\r sequ5ce1 i4e4 ! ord] 9 :i* ! col\rs mu/ be employ$ to secure ! be/ & mo/ economical results1 is ( prim>y importance 9 col\r pr9t+4 ,on broad l9es1 ! pr9ciple usually foll[$ is "o 9 :i* ! opaque col\rs are pr9t$ fir/1 & ^u ^! all second>y effects are built up4 ,?is build+ up ( col\rs plays also a mo/ important "p4 ,its relation to col\r sequ5ce is a necess>y & influ5tial "o4 ,= example1 x might n be absolutely ess5tial t ev5 a yell[ %\ld be pr9t$ fir/1 if x did n =m ! base = ! build+ up ( a gre5 by ! sup]-position ( blues1 ( an orange effect 9 conjunction ) r$1 or z a second>y fle% tone "u ! buff4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 pr9t+ a blue ov] a r$ or vice v]s is also v /rik+4 ,"o produces a purpli%-black br[n1 & ! o!r a ri* *ocolate-br[n4 ,o!r complications ( a simil> "* are common1 b ^! w indicate ) suffici5t cle>ness ! possible modifications ( col\r sequ5ce4 ,ano!r feature ^u :i* col\r sequ5ce 9 pr9t+ l>gely dep5ds is ! po9t at :i* ! outl9e =me c be mo/ effectively introduc$4 ,x is advisable to pr9t ! outl9e =me at z e>ly a /age z possible = obvi\s reasons4 ,p]fect regi/ration is f> f easy to secure4 ,r$ 9 ! lips1 blues 9 ! eyes1 & isolat$ t\*es ( col\r 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! design mu/ fit ! br[ns1 & !re=e fit ea* o!r1 & yet !y may h no direct relation to ea* o!r 9 ! pr9t+4 ,a rem$y has be5 already sugge/$1 b once an outl9e =me is pr9t$ ! cause ( bad regi/ration is to "s ext5t remov$1 & a rem$y q unnecess>y4 ,:5 work$ on reasonable l9es x is frequ5tly an advantage to make ! outl9e "o ( ! e>li] pr9t+s1 s t any h>%ness ( cont\r1 etc41 may be ton$ d[n by ! succe$+ greys4 ,x is (t5 a matt] ( p]sonal op9ion1 or p]haps ( circum/ance1 :i* decides ! f9al pr9t+s4 ,! p9k may be res]v$ to imp>t brilliancy & w>m? to ! pr9ts1 or x may be equally suitable to hold back a grey1 &1 by regulat+ its tone & /r5g?1 s(t5 d[n any t5d5cy to h>dness1 pick out ! d>k] pr9ts1 & emphasise ! %ad[s4 ,ev5 ^! sugge/ions1 al?\gh usually reg>d$ z /&>d ideas1 mu/ be subject$ to modifications "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,"h is a practical in/ance4 ,unless pap] is unusually well season$ & ( fir/-rate quality1 ! temp]ature ( ! workroom equable1 & ! pr9t+ ma*9e 9 good ord]--a comb9ation ( excell5ces :i* is un=tunately r>ely met )--! col\r sequ5ce mu/ be ( a fairly ela/ic nature4 ,to pr9t a gold fir/ is q usual1 because ! bronze p[d] w p]si/5tly adh]e to any prec$+ pr9t+s4 ,f t /&po9t alone su* a proc$ure w\ld be em95tly practical & conv5i5t1 b suppose = a mom5t t ! gold mu/ fit a lat] pr9t+ ) absolute accuracy1 e4g4 an outl9e =me1 or z =m+ ! base = "s ornam5tal s*eme1 !n ! difficulties :i* arise are some:at try+1 & = ?is reason4 ,! pap] be+ new1 ! mo/ s]i\s di/ortion ( any k9d is likely to occur dur+ ! fir/ pr9t+s1 & s long z yell[s1 fle%es1 or o!r col\rs ( a simil> "* are pr9t$ fir/1 no s]i\s difficulty is likely to arise2 b ) ! gold pr9t+ x may be altoge!r diff]5t4 ,x is q possible to make bo? yell[ & fle% dry dead1 i4e4 )\t ev5 suffici5t tack to cat* ! almo/ impalpable bronze p[d]4 ,at ! same "t1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! col\r+ matt] is n left dry on ! surface ( ! pap] ow+ to its sep>ation f ! r$uc+ m$ium4 ,?is plan has be5 adopt$ "u actual comm]cial conditions & ) conspicu\s success1 & x is !re=e (f]$ z a prev5tive measure :i* is free f _m drawbacks :i* are ! frequ5t accompanim5t ( novel ideas & op]ations4 ,"h !n is a simple practical summ>y ( ! idea4 ,! yell[ & fle%1 or equival5t col\rs1 are pr9t$ fir/1 s t !y w dry free f gloss or tack4 ,! fit requir$ betwe5 su* col\rs & subsequ5t pr9t+s is g5]ally a matt] ( m9or importance1 & at ?is /age di/ortion ( ! pap]1 :e!r x be by /ret*+ or contract+1 w n s]i\sly depreciate ! value ( ! pr9t :5 complet$4 ,regi/] betwe5 ! gold & an outl9e is frequ5tly ( an entirely diff]5t "*1 & 9 _m cases ! slighte/ v>iation w be readily disc]nible1 & h a decid$ly bad effect on ! f9i%$ "w4 ,ap>t f ?is1 ! que/ions :i* decide or control ! col\r sequ5ce h be5 cle>ly indicat$ previ\sly4 ,?is matt] may be "o ( conv5i5ce also1 = unless o!rwise pr$et]m9$ x w\ld be unwise & f> f economical to pr9t a blue be=e a yell[1 or a black be=e a r$1 etc4 ,! am\nt ( clean+ up !reby involv$ w\ld become a s]i\s & di/9ctly disagreeable item1 & purity ( tone 9 ! light] col\rs w\ld be conspicu\s by its abs5ce4 ,! matt] ( well season$ pr9t+ pap] has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,= effective col\r pr9t+ ! pap] mu/ also possess sev]al o!r ess5tial qualities4 ,x %\ld be firm 9 sub/ance1 suffici5tly absorb5t to c>ry ! successive lay]s ( pr9t+ ink1 z f> z possible un/ret*able1 & %\ld pres5t a smoo? surface ?\gh n a glaz$ "o4 ,! *alky1 dull1 enamell$ pap]s (f] _m recognis$ features ( value to ! col\r pr9t]4 ,!y assi/ 9 ! absorption ( ! ink z well z af=d a suitable surface = _! impression4 ,friction-glaz$ & o!r prep>$ pap]s are also excell5t = col\r pr9t+ by li?ographic me?ods4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,li?ographic ,,col\r ,,pr9t+--cont9u$ ,pr9t+ ,inks--,v>ni%--,r$uc+ ,m$ium--,relative ,values-- ,"s useful ,h9ts--,bronze ,blue--,v]milion--,ink ,mix+-- ,c]amic ,transf]s--,col\r ,transp>5cies4 ,= ! successful manipulation ( pr9t+ inks ( any description x w be necess>y to "k some?+ ( _! composition1 or at any rate ( su* features z r5d] !m peculi>ly suitable = pr9t+ purposes4 ,f a pr9t]'s po9t ( view ! mo/ important ( ^! features is :at may be describ$ z ! r$uc+ m$ium1 i4e4 ! m$ium :i* holds toge!r ! v>i\s col\rs s z to produce pigm5ts ( suitable work+ consi/5cy4 ,! mo/ useful & ! commone/ =m ( r$uc+ m$ium is a l9se$ oil product1 kn[n 9 its prep>$ /ate z a li?ographic v>ni%1 ) a supplem5t>y title indicat+ its specific "*4 ,its value to ! li?ographic pr9t] lies ma9ly 9 ! fact t :5 x is fully matur$ x possesses a good full body along ) fair dry+ prop]ties & fre$om f any excess ( greasy matt]4 ,?is v>ni% is us$ 9 ?ree or f\r consi/5cies betwe5 :i* any degree ( /r5g? may be arrang$ by mix+4 ,a brief outl9e ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are prep>$ may /ill fur!r emphasise _! usefulness 9 li?ographic pr9t+4 ,raw l9se$ oil is matur$ & oxidis$ until its consi/5cy is consid]ably r$uc$4 ,x is /ill fur!r r$uc$ by be+ boil$ at a high temp]ature1 & is kn[n comm]cially z boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,z ?is boil+ is cont9u$ ! fumes :i* quickly rise c be ignit$1 & ! liquid soon assumes a syrupy or /r+y "*1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x is subject$ to ! action ( fire4 ,by ext5d+ or discont9u+ ! burn+ ! v>ni% is produc$ 9 ?ree grades--?91 m$ium1 or /rong4 ,li?ographic v>ni% is a good s]vant b a bad ma/]1 & x is a g5]ally recognis$ fact t1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 li?ographic v>ni%es z a r$uc+ m$ium w depreciate ! value ( col\r4 ,! *ief requisite 9 col\r pr9t+ is ! production ( a solid flat impression1 & = ?is purpose almo/ all pr9t+ inks mu/ be r$uc$ to a suitable work+ consi/5cy4 ,to accompli% ?is1 & at ! same "t reta9 ! full col\r /r5g? ( pr9t+ ink1 a s(t1 free-work+ composition w be useful & desirable4 ,!re are sev]al comm]cial v>ieties ( solid oil f :i* ! excess ( grease has be5 extract$4 ,^! =m excell5t r$uc+ m$iums4 ,!y break d[n ! tack ( /iff pigm5ts & enable !m to "w freely dur+ ! pr9t+ op]ations4 ,! dry+ ( inks ?us prep>$ is n s]i\sly ret>d$2 !y lift readily & usually produce brilliant impressions4 ,!re is a reasonable & logical explanation ( ^! peculi>ities :i* is bo? int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,:atev] ! "* ( a r$uc+ m$ium may be1 its effect on ! /r5g? ( col\r w ( c\rse be 9 proportion to ! quantity us$4 ,9 all probability #a oz4 ( a solid oil composition1 o!rwise kn[n z li?ographic r$uc+ m$ium1 w\ld s(t5 d[n a quantity ( pr9t+ ink = :i* at lea/ ?ree times its bulk ( v>ni% w\ld be requir$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! dep? ( col\r & cov]+ p[] ( an ink r$uc$ ) li?o m$ium w\ld be proportionately great] ?an t r$uc$ ) v>ni%4 ,vasel9e 9 "s ( its comm]cial =ms is frequ5tly us$ by ,am]ican pr9t]s1 & ev5 9 ?is c\ntry its use is be+ t>dily1 ?\gh none ! less surely1 recognis$4 ,a few rem>ks an5t ! intellig5t application ( a s(t5+ m$ium may n be inopportune4 ,consid]able c>e & judgm5t mu/ always be ex]cis$ or !re w be a loss ( cohesion 9 ! col\r pigm5ts :i* _c fail to prove disa/r\s4 ,! t5d5cy ( li?ographic v>ni% is to b9d ! col\r pigm5ts toge!r1 & ?is %\ld n be entirely c\nt]act$ by ! addition ( fatty compositions1 le/ ! pr9t+ inks run scummy dur+ pr9t+ op]ations1 & 9 dry+ leave ! col\r+ matt]1 f :i* !y h be5 deta*$1 on ! surface ( ! pap] 9 ! =m ( a dry p[d]4 ,su* lack ( cohesion may1 h[ev]1 be an inh]5t feature ( ! ink itself1 & n be produc$ 9 ! mann] j indicat$4 ,bronze blue af=ds a /rik+ example ( a pr9t+ ink ( ?is "*4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a con/itutional weakness :i* _c app>5tly be prev5t$1 b :i* is =tunately n incurable4 ,! addition ( a little ,canada balsam to bronze-blue ink w add consid]ably to its work+ qualities4 ,! loose p>ticles ( ! pigm5t appe> to be held toge!r )\t becom+ h>% or /r+y1 z might easily happ5 if v>ni% ( suffici5t /r5g? 0 add$ to produce ! same effect4 ,o!r col\rs1 aga91 su* z v]milion & yell[1 ow+ to _! weight & texture1 w always require a fair p]c5tage ( v>ni% 9 _! composition4 ,at ! same "t1 a little r$uc+ m$ium might also prove b5eficial4 ,ref]r+ once m to ! fact t v]milion1 z di/+ui%$ f its imitation1 is unusually heavy1 etc41 x may be useful to "k t = block+ out "w x has no equal 9 all ! range ( pr9t+ inks4 ,x possesses unrivall$ opacity1 & z a block+-out ag5t frequ5tly plays an important "p 9 col\r pr9t+4 ,( ! o!r pr9t+ inks1 few possess *>act]i/ics ( a suffici5tly /rik+ "* to require special m5tion4 ,_! work+ qualities pres5t no exceptional difficulties1 & _! employm5t ei!r "u prim>y or second>y conditions is almo/ inv>iably det]m9$ ei!r by ! "* ( ! "w or "s su* conditions z h be5 already indicat$4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( a col\r is problematical1 or its effect m or less a "q ( exp]im5t1 x is a safe plan to mix x a little light] ?an w be requir$4 ,= obvi\s reasons x is mu* easi] to alt] ! l9e or tone ( a light col\r ?an t ( a d>k] "o4 ,! arrangem5ts = ext5sive & economical ink mix+ ne$ n be ( a v elaborate "*4 ,/&>d col\rs might ) advantage be mix$ 9 l>ge quantities & kept z /ock %ades4 ,fle%es1 p9k1 blues1 greys1 etc41 are all useful col\rs :i* are 9 con/ant use4 ,a w>m or cold tone c\ld be imp>t$ to a /ock grey z requir$1 & a simil> me?od adopt$ ) reg>d to ! o!r col\rs4 ,o!r peculi> conditions c\ld be met 9 a simil> mann]1 & _m economies !reby effect$4 ,al?\gh ! =ego+ rem>ks ref] ma9ly to li?ographic col\r pr9t+ g5]ally1 !y may ) equal effect be appli$ to _m ( its m specific bran*es4 ,col\r pr9t+ = t9-plate decoration w be fully discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,transf] pr9t+ = c]amic decoration pres5ts _m features 9 common ) transf] pr9t+ = metal decoration4 ,pr9t+ col\r transp>5cies is a comm]cial phase ( col\r "w :i* is productive ( _m curi\s & attractive effects4 ,unlike ! ord9>y col\r pr9ts1 ! transp>5cy is int5d$ = exhibition bo? by reflect$ & transmitt$ light4 ,! pap] is ( a ?91 t\gh quality1 & ! fir/ pr9t+ is usually a :ite ( good cov]+ p[] & exceptional opacity4 ,x is n necess>y to pr9t a solid :ite gr\ndwork = ! col\r$ design4 ,if an int5se brilliant col\r is requir$ by transmitt$ light ! omission ( "p ( ! :ite pr9t+ w add consid]ably to ! effective "* ( ! design4 ,a brilliancy secur$ 9 su* a mann] may be /ill fur!r int5sifi$ by pr9t+ ! col\r or col\rs 9 regi/] on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 ,?is c be easily accompli%$ by fir/ all[+ ! cyl9d] cov]+ to take an impression f ! /one1 & !n1 ) ! %eet laid 9 ! gripp]1 make a second impression 9 ! usual way imm$iately aft]4 ,! fir/ pr9t1 :i* might be t]m$ ! transf]1 w !n be made 9 accurate regi/] on ! back ( ! %eet4 ,semi-transp>5t1 or ev5 transp>5t1 effects c be obta9$ ) any ( ! col\rs by an omission ( ! :ite pr9t+ f ! p>ts affect$4 ,complete opacity may be secur$ by its introduction4 ,?is pr9t is aft]w>ds r5d]$ m or less transp>5t by coat+ x ) a suitable v>ni%4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,li?ographic ,,/ones ,metal ,plates--,prep>ation--,manipulation--,de scriptive ,details--,ma*9e ,pr9t+--,! ,pr9t+ ,b$--,rot>y ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e4 ,metal plate1 z a sub/itute = /one1 is n[ su* an important factor 9 li?ography t ! pr9t] :o wi%es to consid] himself ?or\ghly effici5t mu/ possess a fairly compreh5sive & practical k ( its manipulation & possibilities4 ,! prejudice :i* has hi!rto *eck$ ! progress ( ?is bran* ( li?ography 0 n altoge!r ( an unreasonable "*4 ,! plates !mselves 7 f> f reliable1 & ! difficulties result+ !refrom 7 a fruitful s\rce ( tr\ble & exp5se4 ,metal1 z a pr9t+ surface1 is ev5 yet a comp>atively new factor 9 li?ography1 & ! majority ( pr9t]s h be5 work+ ) li?ographic /ones f _! appr5tice%ip till ! pres5t "t4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t 9 relation to ! use ( /ones almo/ e possible cont+5cy has be5 provid$ =1 b ) metal plates a little fre% k mu/ necess>ily be acquir$ be=e ! workman c claim ! same famili>ity ( manipulation :i* he may feel t[>ds ! p>5t process4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! po9t ^u :i* ! :ole "q usually turns4 ,good "w c be produc$ f z9c & alum9ium plates1--( t !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt1--& x is equally c]ta9 t ! advantages (f]$ by _! use are ( a sub/antially practical "*4 ,!y c be h&l$ ) ease & ) absolutely no fe> ( break+4 ,!y are mu* less co/ly ?an /one1 & require less /orage room4 ,a gra9 ( a f9] & %>p] texture c be imp>t$ to metal ?an is ! case ) /one1 & :at is ev5 ( great] importance1 ! "* ( su* a gra9 rema9s unaffect$ = a consid]able "t4 ,surface inequalities are r>ely met ) 9 metal pr9t+ surfaces1 & consequ5tly uni=m pressure is to a c]ta9 ext5t gu>ante$4 ,9 photo-li?ography x is possible to make a pr9t f a negative direct on to ! plate 7,*ap4 ,,xvii4 page #ajj74 ,?is ensures an orig9al ( exceptional cle>ness & /r5g?1 especially 9 half-tone subjects4 ,al?\gh an ord9>y z9c plate1 :i* has be5 c>efully poli%$ to free x f e trace ( grease1 c be us$ = li?ographic pr9t+1 ! be/ results are obta9$ f plates :i* h be5 specially prep>$4 ,a slight de-poli%+ ) pumice s& & a piece ( felt may imp>t ! requisite too? to ! face ( ! plate1 or ! foll[+ me?od may be adopt$3--,clean ! plate ) pumice s& & felt1 & imm$iately imm]se x 9 a hot ba? conta9+3-- #ah oz4 ,wat]4 #a_/d oz4 ,alum4 #a dram ,nitric acid4 ,keep ?is liquid 9 con/ant motion ov] ! face ( ! plate until x assumes an ev51 silv]y-grey appe>ance1 & !n wa% x ?or\ghly ) a pl5tiful supply ( clean wat]4 ,dry at once1 & quickly4 ,^! plates c also be s&-gra9$ by specially con/ruct$ ma*9]y1 or a v>iety ( gra9s & /ipple c be imp>t$ to _! surface by et*+ or s& bla/4 ,a novel yet practical idea1 :i* has met ) consid]able success1 is to electrolytically prep>e ! surface ( ! plates4 ,! value ( ?is prep>ation has be5 amply demon/rat$ by its ext5sive adoption & successful use4 ,ano!r di/9ctly progressive feature is a deposit ( alum9a on ! z9c1 :i* = pr9t+ purposes gives x all ! advantages ( an alum9ium plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate-gra9+ ma*9e1 %[+ oscillat+ motion4 ,transf]s c be made on metal plates 9 mu* ! same mann] z on li?ographic /ones4 ,= press "w m\nt ! plate on a piece ( c>dbo>d its own size1 !n1 hav+ gumm$ a %eet ( br[n pap] on ! face ( ! li?o-/one1 place ! m\nt$ plate ne> ! c5tre & fa/5 x ) pa/e or gum4 ,?is w prev5t x mov+ ab\t1 & also raise x suffici5tly f ! /one to enable ! pr9t] to use 8 damp+-clo? & roll] freely4 ,be=e m\nt+1 ! back ( ! plate %\ld be c>efully du/$ to free x f grit & dirt4 ,aft] ! draw+ or transf] has be5 made cov] ! surface ( ! plate ) /rong gum1 & :ile ?is is /ill wet add to x a solution ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,leave a slight film only ( ! gum bi*romate1 & !n dry x quickly & ?or\ghly4 ,wa% out ! "w ) turp5t9e1 n ) wat]4 ,! gum1 be+ insoluble 9 turp5t9e1 rema9s unaffect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate-gra9+ ma*9e1 %[+ int]ior ( tr\gh4 ,roll ! plate up solid 9 black ink1 sponge x ov] ) wat]1 damp x ) a clo?1 & !n roll x up 9 ! usual way4 ,:5 ! "w becomes fully *>g$ ) ink1 du/ x ov] ) a mixture ( res9 & ,fr5* *alk1 & et* x ) ! acid et*+ solution4 ,e mak] ( z9c & alum9ium plates supplies ?is special et*+ solution1 prep>$ = a c]ta9 quality & "* ( metal4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 to use ! prep>ation recomm5d$1 & ?us avoid ! _m pitfalls :i* beset ! pa? ( ! exp]im5tali/4 ,! plate is n[ well wa%$ ov] ) clean wat]1 & ?9ly gumm$ up4 ,:5 ! gum is dry wa% out ! "w on ! top ( ! gum ) dry flannel or felt till all ! "w is remov$1 spr9kle a few drops ( wat] on ! plate1 & ) a rubb+-up rag & a little ink & turps rub up ! "w till x is g5tly *>g$ ) ink1 !n roll up till "w or transf] looks /rong & %>p1 :5 ! plate is ready = pr9t+4 ,= et*+ & roll+ up *alk draw+s on gra9$ plates3 ,p\r 9 a sauc] "s ( ! et*+ solution1 & add ab\t ! same quantity ( fre%1 /rong gum4 ,?is solution is ev5ly di/ribut$ all ov] ! plate ) a camel-hair bru%1 & left to dry4 ,!n ! et*+ is remov$ ) wat]1 & ! plate v ?9ly gumm$ up & left to dry4 ,n[ ! "w is wa%$ out ) turps & a piece ( dry1 s(t felt or flannel1 )\t wat]1 till all ! "w disappe>s1 & ! plate roll$ up solid black4 ,!n sponge ov] ) wat]-sponge1 damp ov] & roll up till "w appe>s nice & %>p4 ,n[ du/ ov] ) res9 & ,fr5* *alk1 & et* aga9 ) ! et*+ solution1 full /r5g?4 ,aft] ! et*+ has dri$ remove ! same ) wat]1 & gum up aga94 ,:5 draw+s are to be wa%$ out = pro(+ or pr9t+1 ! plate %\ld fir/ be ?9ly gumm$ up4 ,?is gum lay] is left to dry ?or\ghly1 & is n remov$ :5 ! "w is wa%$ out 7)\t wat]7 ) turps & a dry piece ( flannel or felt4 ,next wipe away all ! black ink & turps1 /ill us+ no wat] = ?is op]ation4 ,%\ld any black "w be left1 use "s m turps on ! clean dry rag till all ! "w has be5 remov$1 !n spr9kle a few drops ( wat] on ! plate1 & use a clean rag to remove ! gum lay] & loose black ink left on ! plate1 !n damp ov] z usual & roll up4 ,plates treat$ 9 ?is way reta9 ! grease conta9$ 9 ! draw+1 & ! "w rolls up easi] & quick]1 & none ( ! f9] "w gets weak5$ or lo/2 also1 ! plate keeps clean] & free f scum4 ,:5 alt]ations are necess>y ! "w %\ld be roll$ up ) a /rong black ink1 & du/$ ov] ) ,fr5* *alk 7p[d]$ talc74 ,remove ! "p :i* requires alt]+ ) a mixture ( equal p>ts et*+ solution & turp5t9e on a small piece ( felt or flannel1 & r9se well ) wat]4 ,p\r "s special re-prep>+ solution 9 a sauc]1 & apply ?is solution ) a camel-hair bru% to ! p>ts :]e ! "w has be5 remov$2 aft] ! solution has rema9$ = a few seconds r9se well ) wat]4 ,?is op]ation is to be repeat$ sev]al times till ! surface looks clean1 no "w be+ visible2 & aft] ! plate is dri$ ) clean :ite blott+ pap] x is ready to receive ! additional "w4 ,:5 ! alt]ation has be5 made1 ! roll+ up %\ld be done ) ! bi*romate solution1 z p] g5]al directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,:]e ! alt]ations involve additional "w only )\t erasures roll up ! design fir/ ) a good1 /rong ink1 & du/ ov] ) ,fr5* *alk4 ,! special re-prep>+ solution is us$ 9 ! same mann] z acetic or citric acid is employ$ on a li?o-/one4 ,= ?is purpose we recomm5d t ! special solution %\ld be dilut$ ) an equal quantity ( clean wat]1 & ! solution appli$ ) a camel-hair bru%4 ,x %\ld rema9 on = a few seconds1 & !n be quickly r9s$ ) clean wat]4 ,?is op]ation may ) advantage be repeat$ two or ?ree times = secur+ a clean surface = ! additional "w4 ,:5 ! plate has be5 ?or\ghly dri$ ) clean blott+ pap] x is ready to receive ! additional "w4 ,! roll+ up %\ld be done ) ! bi*romate solution1 z p] g5]al directions4 ,ma*9e pr9t+ f z9c or alum9ium plates requires b a slight modification ( well-kn[n me?ods2 & al?\gh x may 9 "s respects pres5t entirely new features1 ! mak+ ready ( "w 9 :i* sev]al pr9t+s are employ$ is simplifi$1 & consequ5tly mu* "t is sav$4 ,9 ! ord9>y type ( li?o-pr9t+ ma*9e ! pr9t+ b$ 7,fig4 #bb7 is levell$ 9 ! ma*9e = ! fir/ pr9t+1 &1 if ?is is c>efully arrang$1 no alt]ation w be requir$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies2 =1 9 *ang+ f "o col\r to ano!r1 ! pr9t+ plate c be slipp$ f ! b$ & ano!r sub/itut$ 9 a v few m9utes4 ,! mo/ scrupul\s c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ at all times to prev5t dirt or grit ( any k9d ins9uat+ itself betwe5 ! surface ( ! pr9t+ b$ & ! back ( ! plate4 ,x is n 9 connection ) ! flat-b$ pr9t+ ma*9e1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ decid$ progress is likely to be made 9 surface pr9t+ f metal plates4 ,! *ange :i* is already =e%ad[$ 9 ! pr9t+ me*anism ( to-day is %[n by ! gr[+ dem& = ! rot>y 9 place ( ! sl[ & t$i\s movem5ts ( ! flat-b$ press4 ,! me*anical pr9ciple ( ! rot>y ma*9e 7,fig4 #bc7 at once sugge/s an absolute precision ( movem5t :i* x is sc>cely possible to gu>antee 9 ! flat-b$ press4 ,!re is no appreciable lift 9 ! ge>+ ( ! cyl9d]s :5 ! impression is made1 & practically no risk :atev] ( slogg]1 su* z t describ$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 page #ch4 ,! uni=m velocity ( ! cyl9d]s1 :i* is to a great ext5t due to ! po9ts already indicat$1 consid]ably r$uces friction1 produces p]fect regi/ration1 & enables ! ma*9e to be work$ at a high rate ( spe$4 ,! ma*9e %[n on page #fc pres5ts _m novel & ess5tially practical features4 ,! side elevation 7,fig4 #bd7 gives a fairly accurate idea ( its g5]al me*anical pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,t9-,,plate ,,pr9t+ ,its ,evolution--,transf] & ,direct ,transf] ,pr9t+--,! ,coat$ ,pap]--,rev]s$ ,designs--,sequ5ce ( ,pr9t+-- ,pr9t+ ,inks--,purity ( ,tone--,dry+4 ,t9-plate pr9t+ or decoration is probably ! mo/ rem>kable developm5t ( mod]n li?ography4 ,f a mo/ unpret5ti\s & unpromis+ beg9n+ its evolution has be5 an unbrok5 record ( ph5om5al progress4 ,ow+ to its intr9sic m]its & peculi>ly ass]tive "* x has creat$ an enorm\s dem& = its own productions4 ,difficulties innum]able 7 enc\nt]$ & surm\nt$1 :il/ a :ole ho/ ( trade prejudices _h to be remov$ be=e any?+ approa*+ a comm]cial success c\ld be claim$4 ,! orig9al idea 0 to transf] a pr9t$ design f a suitably prep>$ pap] to ! metal plates 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! *ildr5 ( to-day use transf] pr9ts = decorative & o!r purposes4 ,?\gh ?is me?od is n[ to "s ext5t sup]s$$1 x is by no means obsolete4 ,x is ext5sively us$ = c]ta9 classes ( "w1 & s long z ! pres5t type ( direct t9-pr9t+ ma*9e is us$ ?is transf] me?od ( metal decoration w m or less be reta9$4 ,x is difficult1 & 9 "s cases impossible1 to pr9t unusually l>ge or exceptionally ?ick metal plates by ! direct process4 ,h5ce ! value ( ,transf] ,pr9t+ z a useful auxili>y process :i* c be resort$ to )\t ! exp5se ( special ma*9]y4 ,! ord9>y li?ographic pap]-pr9t+ ma*9e1 )\t any modification :atev]1 w fulfil e requirem5t4 ,almo/ any pap] :i* has be5 coat$ ) a />*y composition w be suitable = ,transf] ,pr9t+4 ,?\gh n absolutely ess5tial1 x is decid$ly an advantage to use a pap] :i* is some:at por\s1 n too h>d4 ,a brief description ( ! pr9ciples involv$ w probably lead to a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! po9ts already indicat$4 ,! pr9t is made on ! />*y composition ) :i* ! pap] is coat$1 & nev] actually p5etrates to ! pap] itself4 ,?is composition1 be+ readily soluble 9 wat]1 c be transf]r$ f its pap] base to any o!r surface1 & w c>ry ) x any pr9t or impression previ\sly made !reupon4 ,9 !ory1 !n1 ?is process is exce$+ly simple1 nor is x likely to pres5t any insup]able difficulties 9 practice4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important features ( ,transf] ,pr9t+1 :i* affects n only ! col\r sequ5ce b ! draughtsman%ip1 is ! inv]sion ( ! design :5 pr9t$4 ,to ! pr9t] :o is accu/om$ to *romo "w on pap]1 ?is matt] w probably (f] _m awkw>d situations4 ,! control ov] col\r effects is some:at re/rict$1 & consequ5tly n only c>e & skill1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( special tra9+ & actual exp]i5ce1 w be necess>y = ! production ( really successful "w4 ,9 !ory ! outl9e =me %\ld be pr9t$ fir/1 b 9 practice x is frequ5tly advantage\s to introduce "s ( ! transp>5t t9ts z fir/ pr9t+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* pr9ts r>ely affect ! design to any great ext5t z f> z regi/] or fit is conc]n$4 ,consequ5tly1 any di/ortion ( ! pap] f atmosph]ic or o!r causes has no v s]i\s consequ5ces1 & su* di/ortion1 i4e4 expansion or contraction1 w\ld be mo/ likely to occur dur+ ! initial pr9t+s4 ,!re is yet ano!r & equally important reason = ?is sugge/$ modification ( ! col\r sequ5ce4 ,! light1 tacky t9ts consid]ably improve ! pr9t+ surface (f]$ by ! mucilag9\s coat+ ( ! pap]1 & ! /rong] inks c be pr9t$ on x ) a full body ( col\r yet )\t any t5d5cy to sma% & sme>4 ,! light] t9ts1 !n1 are pr9t$ fir/1 & ^! are foll[$ by ! opaque col\rs1 r$s & yell[s be+ la/4 ,! peculi> feature ( su* an arrangem5t is t1 aft] ! fir/ few pr9t+s1 ! design becomes p>tly obscur$1 & ! relative value ( diff]5t col\rs1 toge!r ) ! effect ( _! sup]-position1 are frequ5tly que/ions ( skilful calculation r ?an visual appreciation4 ,?us successful manipulation is !re=e m or less ! result ( c>eful obs]vation & wide exp]i5ce4 ,9 c]ta9 classes ( "w x may1 ( c\rse1 be absolutely ess5tial to asc]ta9 ! effects ( col\rs z !y are pr9t$4 ,?is c be done by transf]r+ a progressive pr9t to a %eet ( dull enamel surface pap]1 us+ gum wat] z a transf]r+ m$ium4 ,9 all "w :]e specific col\r effects are requir$ x w be advisable to make su* te/ transf]s aga9 & aga9 at diff]5t /ages ( ! "w4 ,conc]n+ ! pr9t+ inks !mselves b little ne$ be said4 ,!y mu/ be ( good quality1 v>ni%able1 & ( int5se col\r+ p[]4 ,purity ( tone is requisite1 n only "u ord9>y circum/ances1 b "u :at may be reg>d$ z exceptional conditions4 ,! pr9t1 :5 subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ! metal plate1 w be plac$ 9 a /ove hav+ a temp]ature ( #adj ,fahr4 ,few col\rs rema9 q unaffect$ by ?is /ov+1 b ) c>efully select$ pr9t+ inks ! effect is sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,x c1 moreov]1 usually be anticipat$1 & to "s ext5t m9imis$1 ei!r by judici\s sup]-position or skilful prep>ation ( ! col\rs !mselves be=e pr9t+4 ,! foll[+ example w sugge/ a numb] ( exp$i5ts = ! pres]vation ( tone ( col\r 9 t9-plate decoration4 ,pale blues w frequ5tly become ( a decid$ly gre5i% hue :5 v>ni%$ or /ov$1 & ?is may be modifi$ by an exagg]at$ int5sity ( col\r1 ev5 to h>dness1 :5 pr9t+4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t blues are seldom1 if ev]1 affect$ 9 tone4 ,p9ks ( ! light] %ades1 on ! o!r h&1 may suff] bo? 9 hue & tone4 ,r$s may be mix$ ) a m lib]al am\nt ( lake ?an !y app>5tly ne$1 & !n back$ up ) solid masses ( yell[ & fle%4 ,^! w re/ore ! bright v]milion hue1 & likewise give a great] am\nt ( d5sity or cov]+ p[] to ! col\r4 ,black1 9 ! same mann]1 may be int5sifi$ by an und]lay ( blue4 ,z f> z purity & d5sity are conc]n$1 ! :ite pr9t+ is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,! prim>y function ( ?is pr9t+ 9 t9-plate decoration is ! =mation ( an opaque gr\nd on ! metal plate--equival5t to ! :ite pap]4 ,)\t x ! col\rs ( a design w\ld lose _! brilliancy & effect1 = _! purity & d5sity w\ld be affect$ by ! lu/r\s %e5 ( ! bright metal plate4 ,x is a pr9t+1 !n1 ( "s1 importance1 & ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ dur+ its manipulation4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! exceptional d5sity requir$ x is usual to repeat ! :ite pr9t+ ei!r two or ?ree times4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ especially %\ld be made ) a smoo?1 well-mix$ ink1 :i* %\ld be work$ ) ! int5tion ( secur+ a p]fectly flat & solid impression r ?an a heavy body ( col\r4 ,! requisite am\nt ( d5sity c be obta9$ by ! second or ?ird impressions4 ,a slight t+e ( ,ori5tal blue giv5 to ! :ite w improve its appe>ance & c\nt]act ! discoloration produc$ by ! v>ni%+ & /ov+4 ,ano!r po9t ) :i* ! av]age pr9t] is n famili> is ! unusually rapid dry+ ( ea* col\r4 ,! pr9t+ inks mu/ dry on ! surface1 & n ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree be all[$ to p]meate ! pap]4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! crux ( ! :ole matt]2 &1 assum+ t ! coat+ ( ! pap] is suitable & p]fect1 ! dry+ _c be o!rwise ?an on ! surface4 ,dry]s1 pref]ably liquid1 mu/ be mix$ ) ! pr9t+ inks 9 lib]al quantities4 ,"h1 aga91 exp]i5ce alone c be reli$ ^u = guidance4 ,pr9t+ inks h _! peculi> *>act]i/ics1 & atmosph]ic conditions are ev] v>y+4 ,x w\ld !re=e be unwise to indicate any h>d-&-fa/ l9es ^u :i* to "w4 ,!re is at lea/ "o dang] accompany+ ! use ( dry]s 9 any =m :i* mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,col\rs may dry too h>d & pres5t = ! succe$+ pr9t+s a surface simil> to a v>ni%$ %eet1 :i* w (f] no grip to ! pr9t+ ink1 & ^u :i* x w probably run1 &1 consequ5tly1 produce a defective impression4 ,?is is by no means an infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,exp]i5ce alone c prev5t x1 b ! rem$y is z simple z x is effective4 ,briskly rub ea* pr9t$ %eet ) a pad ( s(t rag & a little magnesia or ,fr5* *alk4 ,magnesia is be/4 ,x is an almo/ impalpable p[d]1 & has no ill effect ev5 ^u ! mo/ delicate t9ts4 ,?is rubb+ w produce a slightly matt surface on ! h>d glossy ink1 & on ?is a good solid impression may be made )\t fur!r tr\ble4 ,! pr9t$ %eets %\ld be expos$ to ! air = a few h\rs to accel]ate dry+4 ,?is may be done 9 any conv5i5t mann]1 ei!r by lay+ !m out 9 frames or hang+ !m up4 ,a set (f 9 ,transf] ,pr9t+ %\ld be s$ul\sly avoid$2 n t ! soil+ ( ! back ( a %eet is ( any mom5t1 b because ! matt] set (f on ! back ( "o %eet mu/ be pull$ (f ! face ( ano!r1 & t v (t5 9 lib]al proportions4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,t9-,,plate ,,pr9t+--cont9u$ ,direct ,t9 ,pr9t+--,! ,ma*9e--,peculi>ities ( ,impression--,cyl9d] ,cov]+--,col\r ,sequ5ce--,pr9t+ ,inks--,dry+ ,racks--,air ,dry+ & ,/ov+4 ,direct t9 pr9t+ is n1 z ! t]m might sugge/1 a direct impression ( ! pr9t+ =me on ! metal plate4 ,x is 9 reality a transf] pr9t+ process 9 :i* ! transf]r+ m$ium is a cyl9d] ) an ela/ic cov]+4 ,?is additional cyl9d] is "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( a direct t9-pr9t+ ma*9e1 &1 ap>t f a few accessory movem5ts1 x is 9 ?is respect alone t x diff]s f an ord9>y li?ographic pr9t+ ma*9e4 ,fig4 #be gives a suffici5tly cle> idea ( ?is di/+ui%+ feature4 ,a detail$ description ( its me*anical pr9ciples is unnecess>y1 b ! foll[+ po9ts w prove helpful4 ,! impression is made f ! pr9t+ =me ^u ! l[] cyl9d] dur+ ! fir/ half ( its revolution1 & transf]r$ to ! metal plate1 :i* is c>ri$ by ! upp] cyl9d] z ! revolution is complet$4 ,! reciprocal movem5t ( ^! two cyl9d]s is !re=e a matt] :i* dem&s ! ke5e/ possible att5tion4 ,_! pit* mu/ be absolutely accurate1 ! pressure ( "o aga9/ ! o!r nicely adju/$1 & ! brake arrangem5t on bo? su* z to ensure a p]fectly /eady revolution4 ,! l[] cyl9d] is cov]$ ) a ?ree-ply rubb] blanket1 :i* provides a suffici5tly ela/ic impression surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,rapid t9-plate pr9t+ press4 ,?is rubb] cov]+ is a mo/ important feature1 & requires bo? c>eful adju/m5t & intellig5t use4 ,c>eful adju/m5t is requisite to ensure ! t5sion be+ p]fectly uni=m ov] ! :ole surface1 :5 ! mat]ial is drawn taut by means ( a too?-&-rat*et arrangem5t4 ,7 x n s1 ! pr9t+ surface pres5t$ w\ld naturally v>y 9 ?ickness & resili5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! pressure w\ld be v>iable & ! impression di/ort$4 ,a mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity ( ?is rubb] cov]+ is t x has a v decid$ influ5ce ^u ! size ( ! impression4 ,if1 = example1 its pressure ^u ! pr9t+ =me is increas$1 ! impression w be slightly less ?an ! "w on ! /one1 :il/ a light] pressure w ( c\rse produce ! opposite effect4 ,x is advisable1 !re=e1 :5 mak+ a fir/ impression1 to measure x f back to front & comp>e x ) ! pr9t+ =me4 ,?is me?od w ensure a pr9t ( ! exact size1 & avoid any risk ( complications 9 ! subsequ5t pr9t+s4 ,su* di/ortion--= a di/ortion x really is--may frequ5tly be turn$ to good acc\nt1 & "u c]ta9 conditions x may prove to be a help r ?an a h9drance4 ,"s slight inaccuracy 9 ! fitt+ ( any "p ( ! design may occasionally be correct$ by ins]t+ pat*es ( ?9 pap] "u ! cyl9d] cov]+1 s z to almo/ imp]ceptibly increase ! pressure ov] ! requir$ area4 ,?is idea 9 its application to mak+ ready at a t9-pr9t+ ma*9e w sugge/ _m possibilities to ! res\rceful pr9t]1 & if intellig5tly treat$ w r>ely prove tr\blesome4 ,9 a less] degree ! same sy/em ( pack+ may be appli$ to ! upp] cyl9d]1 & ! size ( ! impression to "s ext5t controll$ dur+ its transf]5ce to ! metal plate4 ,! spe$ ( ! ma*9e also affects ! impression1 & 9 a some:at peculi> mann]4 ,sev]al !ories h be5 set =? to prove :y an increase 9 spe$ %\ld produce a slight enl>gem5t ( ! impression1 & vice v]s2 b x is d\btful if any ( !m are altoge!r satisfactory4 ,mo/ probably x is due to a mom5t>y *ange 9 ! resili5ce ( ! rubb]4 ,! "* ( ! pressure1 :i* is c]ta9ly influ5c$ by increas+ or dim9i%+ ! spe$1 w\ld ( c\rse effect su* a *ange4 ,! effect1 z j indicat$1 is1 h[ev]1 only p]ceptible :5 a v pron\nc$ v>iation 9 ! spe$ takes place4 ,a rubb] blanket is also affect$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] by atmosph]ic *anges1 ?\gh n appreciably by moi/ure4 ,"o o!r po9t 9 connection ) ! cyl9d] cov]+ is wor? not+4 ,:5ev] x is necess>y to remove ! impression f ! blanket1--& ! necessity may arise _m times dur+ ! c\rse ( a day's run1--let x be done ) turp5t9e or b5zole1 & z rapidly z possible4 ,aft] ! sup]flu\s turp5t9e or o!r cleans] has be5 wip$ (f1 du/ ov] ! blanket ) ,fr5* *alk4 ,?is w completely absorb any ( ! cleans] :i* may h p]meat$ ! rubb]1 & ?us m9imise any injuri\s effect4 ,unlike ! ,transf] ,process 9 ,direct ,pr9t+1 ! col\r sequ5ce is practically ! same z = pap] pr9t+4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 ess5tial po9ts ( diff]5ce1 & ^! may fitly m>k ! next /age ( progress 9 ! discussion ( ?is subject4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a bright metal plate does n pres5t an altoge!r suitable pr9t+ surface1 & = sev]al reasons4 ,! %e5 ( su* a plate w %[ ?r\gh _m ( ! pr9t$ col\rs ) a dull metallic lu/re4 ,! surface1 aga91 is h>d & excessively smoo?1 or1 z x is sometimes expressively describ$1 )\t too?4 ,z c easily be se51 ?is is f> f an ideal pr9t+ surface4 ,:ite also plays a prom95t & effective "p 9 _m designs1 & is frequ5tly indisp5sable4 ,its pres5ce1 :5 necess>y 9 ,direct ,t9 ,pr9t+1 mu/ !re=e be arrang$ = 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,"o :ite pr9t+ is seldom suffici5t to produce a p]fectly clean & solid gr\nd4 ,two pr9t+s1 or ev5 ?ree1 may be necess>y4 ,purity ( tone is a mo/ important po9t1 & !re=e a pigm5t %\ld be *os5 :i* w n only rema9 un*ang$ by its contact ) ! metal1 b :i* w be unaffect$ by ! heat appli$ dur+ /ov+4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is :ite may be improv$ by ! addition ( blue1 z 9 ,transf] ,pr9t+ 7p4 #gj71 & "h also ! smalle/ possible quantity w be suffici5t4 ,gold ,lacqu] ,pr9t+ is peculi> to ,t9-plate ,decoration1 & its adv5t indicat$ a va/ progress 9 arti/ic display & effect4 ,pr9t+ lacqu] is a transp>5t pigm5t ( ab\t ! same consi/5cy & "* z pr9t+ ink4 ,x is usually prep>$ 9 ?ree %ades ( col\r--r$1 citron or orange1 & pale gold4 ,a comb9ation ( ^! 9 suitable proportions w produce almo/ any /r5g? or %ade ( gold :i* may be requir$4 ,except z reg>ds _! unusually brilliant transp>5cy1 ^! lacqu]s mu* resemble yell[ lakes1 & 9 pap] pr9t+ might ev5 be us$ z economical sub/itutes = ! m exp5sive pigm5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a sugge/ion1 & has little if any practical be>+ ^u _! application to ,t9-plate ,pr9t+1 :]e !y completely trans=m ! bright %e5 ( ! highly poli%$ metal plate into a brilliant & mo/ effective gold4 ,gold lacqu] is an exceptional pigm5t 9 _m respects4 ,x works exce$+ly well1 & gives a %>p1 flat impression :]e mo/ o!r pigm5ts w\ld fail4 ,x also has ! p[] ( convey+ _m ( its own good qualities to any pr9t+ ink ) :i* x may be incorporat$4 ,9 ,transf] ,pr9t+ ! "q ( rapid dry+ is v important1 & 9 ,direct ,t9 ,pr9t+ x is ev5 m s4 ,arrangem5ts ( a some:at ext5sive "* mu/ be made = ! reception ( metal plates imm$iately aft] pr9t+1 s t ! air may freely circulate ab\t !m1 & ?us assi/ 9 ! dry+4 ,! room 9 :i* ! pr9t+ %eets are ?us /or$ mu/ be free f du/1 = x w readily adh]e to ! tacky pr9t+ ink1 & aft]w>ds prove a s\rce ( endless tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,dry+ racks ( v>i\s descriptions are us$ = ! /orage ( pr9t$ metal plates4 ,"o ( ! be/ is con/ruct$ on ! l9es %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! %elves ,a ,a are adju/able s z to c>ry plates ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! pr9t$ %eets are set up on end 9 ! grooves ,b ,b1 & by arrang+ !m back to back 9 pairs a l>ge numb] c be accommodat$ )\t h9d]+ ! dry+4 ,o!r types ( dry+ racks are %[n 9 ! sectional draw+s 7,figs4 #bg;,a & #bg;,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg;,a4 ,! "q ( air-dry+ v]sus /ov+ has ev] be5 a cont5ti\s "o1 & admits ( consid]able div]sity ( op9ion4 ,air-dry+ is pref]able :]e conv5i5t4 ,x is mu* m economical ?an /ov+1 ( c\rse2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x might be a bett] plan to /ove a pr9t+ ?an to wait1 p]haps = "s h\rs1 until x dri$ naturally4 ,) "s pr9t+ inks & "u c]ta9 climatic conditions bo? may be necess>y1 s x is almo/ impossible to lay d[n any h>d-&-fa/ rules z to ! adoption ( ei!r plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg;,b4 ,"s k ( _! respective disadvantage %\ld be acquir$1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to avoid1 or at lea/ m9imise1 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,conv5i5t me?od ( /ack+ decorat$ metal plates to di/ribute _! weights & prev5t injury4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a c\rse ( eight pr9t+s1 ea* "o absolutely necess>y to ! design1 & ea* "o to be dri$ by /ov+4 ,x is only reasonable to suppose t ! fir/ & second pr9t+s w be s]i\sly affect$ by ! subsequ5t /ov+s4 ,!y w und\bt$ly h>d5 to su* an ext5t z to r5d] ! sup]-position ( o!r col\rs a difficult matt]1 & _! purity ( tone w mo/ probably be affect$4 ,accord+ to ! same l9e ( reason+1 "s %eets w\ld be m affect$ by ! heat ?an o!rs1 ow+ to _! position 9 ! racks1 ! heat ( /oves be+ greate/ ne> ! top4 ,air-dry+ c only be accompli%$ by add+ to ! pr9t+ ink a proportion ( "s suitable dri]4 7,see ,transf] ,pr9t+1 p4 #ga47 ,naturally1 x requires a mu* long] "t1 b x is equally effective1 mu* less tr\blesome1 & g5]ally m satisfactory4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,t9-,,plate ,,decoration ,suitable ,designs--,a ,v>iety ( ,effects--,gold ,lacqu]-- ,sup]-position ( ,col\rs--,emboss$ ,effects--,emboss+ ,plates--,lacqu]s4 ,x is usually & rightly suppos$ t ! mo/ effective results 9 ,t9-plate ,decoration are produc$ f designs :i* are li?ograph$ = t specific purpose4 ,designs :i* are specially arrang$ = ,pap] ,pr9t+ c be us$ s long z ! effect produc$ by ! transposition f "r to left does n affect its application1 or r5d] ! same impossible4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 applies m p>ticul>ly to designs 9 :i* lett]+ appe>s1 b at ! same "t x may affect designs ( an ess5tially pictorial "* 9 an equally important mann]2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t a draw+ = ,t9-plate ,pr9t+ mu/ appe> on ! li?ographic /one exactly z x is impress$ on ! metal1 & n1 z 9 ,pap] ,pr9t+1 rev]s$ f "r to left4 ,?is naturally simplifies ! draw+ on /one1 & to "s ext5t enables ! draughtsman to disp5se ) ! rev]s+ mirror :5 copy+4 ,! prim>y object ( ?is %ort *apt] w be to po9t out "s ( ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,t9-plate ,decoration1 s t su* me?ods z are usually adopt$ by ! arti/ & ! pr9t] may be modifi$ or amplifi$ to meet any peculi> requirem5ts ( "w 9 h&4 ,a great] v>iety ( effects c be atta9$ on ! poli%$ metal plate ?an x is at all possible to produce on pap]4 ,a gold effect1 ! result ( lacqu] pr9t+1 is especially /rik+4 ,9 a simil> mann] an excell5t transluc5t lu/re c be imp>t$ to almo/ any col\r by tak+ away ! :ite opaque gr\nd1 & !reby produc+ a peculi> semi-transp>5cy :i* is bo? pleas+ & effective4 ,lacqu] pr9t$ ov] :ite produces a buff col\r1 :i* c be us$ z a second yell[ or to =m ! base ( a fle%4 ,! col\r ( ! lacqu] is s(t] & less obtrusive :5 pr9t$ "u in/ead ( above ! :ite4 ,! sup]-position ( col\r g5]ally1 z describ$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,xii4 page #gj1 is peculi> to t9-plate pr9t+1 & sugge/s ! advisability1 if n ! necessity1 ( a special design4 ,! advantages ( su* sup]-position are obvi\s & sub/antial4 ,"u ord9>y comm]cial conditions x is almo/ impossible 9 t9 pr9t+ to obta9 ! same int5sity ( tones 9 ! pr9t$ col\rs z 9 pap] pr9t+4 ,"s su* /r5g!n] z ! sup]-position ( suitable col\rs is !re=e necess>y4 ,! "w ( ! li?ographic draughtsman is 9 ?is respect ( a some:at unusual "*2 b a little intellig5t consid]ation w r5d] its execution on ^! l9es comp>atively easy & satisfactory4 ,z already /at$1 yell[s c be acc5tuat$ by a sup]-position ( lacqu]1 & 9 ! same mann] blues & greys add int5sity to black4 ,r$ c be /r5g!n$ by a f\ndation ( lacqu]1 also fle% & yell[1 ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation4 ,! draw+ ( lacqu] & :ite =mes %\ld receive ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,!y %\ld fit ea* o!r accurately1 ev5 to ! mo/ m9ute details2 = ! slighte/ ov]lapp+ w be reveal$ by ! pres5ce ( a v ass]tive buff col\r1 :ile any defici5cy 9 comb9ation w leave a n less /rik+ m>g9 ( bright t9 expos$4 ,9 "s in/ances x might be an advantage to transf] "o =me f black to :ite to produce ! opposite col\r1 & ?us ensure p]fect regi/]4 ,9 decorative designs p>ticul>ly1 t9-plate pr9t+ sugge/s almo/ unlimit$ possibilities = brilliant effects1 & 9 ?is respect x (f]s fair latitude = individual orig9ality & manipulative skill4 ,9 ! production ( %[ tablets especially1 consid]able att5tion has be5 giv5 to emboss+1 9 ord] to sugge/ & repres5t relief4 ,?\gh n actually produc$ by ! arti/1 ?is is 9 effect "p ( ! s*eme or plan ( 8 design1 & w consequ5tly influ5ce 8 "w to "s ext5t4 ,= simple ornam5tation only1 metal emboss+ pres5ts little t is new or novel2 b = ! production ( relief effects 9 ! pictorial elem5ts ( a design its application becomes a m important & influ5tial matt]4 ,by its aid a flat & o!rwise un9t]e/+ subject c be made attractive & vigor\s1 & = g5]al purposes ( effective display its value w be consid]ably enhanc$ & its ass]tive "* emphasis$4 ,)\t ent]+ too m9utely into matt]s :i* affect ! li?ographic pr9t] 9 an indirect fa%ion only1 x w yet be useful to him to "k h[ an emboss+ die is produc$ :i* regi/]s accurately ) ! design to be op]at$ on4 ,a black impression ( ! outl9e =me ( ! design is made on transf] pap] simil> to t describ$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,xii4 page #fh1 & re-transf]r$1 by pressure only1 to ano!r %eet ( ! same pap]4 ,! re-transf] is to be ! impression requir$1 & ?is 9 its turn is re-transf]r$ aga9 to a prep>$ brass plate4 ,! only prep>ation necess>y is ! levell+ & plan+ ( ! plate1 &1 if desir$1 x c be coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( :ite pa9t or enamel4 ,?is :ite gr\nd makes ! "w easi]1 by r5d]+ ! impression m di/9ct4 ,) su* a guide z ?is ! cutt+ or engrav+ is a comp>atively simple matt]4 ,! engrav$ plate is plac$ 9 a ca/+ box1 & a /]eo-metal ca/+ is made f x4 ,a little trimm+ may be necess>y = ! completion ( ^! two tools1 & !y w require to be suitably m\nt$1 s t !y may be accurately adju/$ 9 ! emboss+ press4 ,metal emboss+ has c]ta9 limitations :i* mu/ be recognis$ z an ess5tial condition ( its effective application4 ,! plates v>y consid]ably 9 texture & temp]1 & ! dep? & "* ( relief w1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 be controll$ by ! quality ( ! metal4 ,%>p l9es & abrupt t]m9ations impose a /ra9 "u :i* _m plates split1 !re=e su* features ought to be avoid$4 ,easy1 r\nd$ l9es1 r ?an ^? ( ! /raight furr[ description1 produce ! be/ results & give lea/ tr\ble dur+ op]ations4 ,:]e abrupt t]m9ations are q unavoidable ! design %\ld1 if possible1 be s arrang$ z to evade ! sup]-position ( col\r ov] ^! p>ts4 ,lacqu]1 if prop]ly mix$ & appli$1 is probably ! t\ghe/ pigm5t us$ by ! t9 pr9t]1 & is g5]ally suitable = emboss$ "w4 ,x pr9ts an exce$+ly ?9 lay] or film on ! face ( ! metal1 :i* "u av]age conditions r>ely int]f]es ) ! work+ ( ! emboss+ tool4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,photo-,,li?ography ,e>ly ,exp]im5ts--,an ,analysis--,! ,direct ,process-- ,transf] ,process--,l9e & ,half-tone--,"s ,difficulties-- ,a ,natural ,gra9--,ink ,photo-scre5 ,effects--,ess5tial ,features4 ,"o ( ! mo/ promis+ features ( li?ography is its co-p>tn]%ip ) photography z a rapid & accurate me?od ( reproduction4 ,! res\rces (f]$ by ?is comb9ation are v ext5sive4 ,= facsimile copy+ & proportionate enl>gem5t or r$uction photography /&s unrivall$1 &1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 phases x may be some:at me*anical 9 its effects1 its relation to li?ography z a reproductive art is nev]!less ( an int5sely practical nature1 & f> f in>ti/ic 9 "*4 ,! fir/ idea ( ink+ up a photographic pr9t s t x might be transf]r$ to ! li?ographic /one 0 sugge/$ 9 ! simple/ possible mann]4 ,a brief acc\nt ( its inception w be in/ructive z well z int]e/+1 inasmu* z x w lead to a cle>] conception ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples involv$4 ,dur+ ! e>ly exp]im5ts 9 c>bon pr9t+ x 0 discov]$ t a gelat9\s film s5sitis$ ) c]ta9 bi*romates c\ld be *>g$ ) a col\r$ pigm5t1 & a picture develop$ !reon4 ,at fir/ x 0 n realis$ t images produc$ by ! action ( ! light on su* a surface c\ld be ink$ up ) a greasy composition & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ! li?ographic /one1 b x 0 n long be=e ?is important po9t became app>5t4 ,x 0 f\nd t aft] exposure "u ! negative ! transf] ink w\ld only adh]e to su* portions ( ! gelat9\s surface z _h be5 act$ ^u by ! light4 ,photo-li?ography w be/ be consid]$ "u two sections1 namely3-- #a4 ,! direct process1 9 :i* ! actual pr9t+ surface is prep>$ & expos$ "u ! negative4 #b4 ,! transf] process1 9 :i* a gelat9e-coat$ pap] is s5sitis$ 9 a solution ( bi*romate ( potassium & ! photographic pr9t made ^u x4 ,! direct process 9 its application to ! li?ographic /one is unc]ta9 9 its results4 ,x is impossible to secure suffici5tly close contact betwe5 ! negative & ! /one1 p>ticul>ly :5 l>ge surfaces are "u op]ation1 & consequ5tly ! pr9t is r>ely if ev] an unqualifi$ success4 ,! erasure ( defective "w is also a s]i\s matt]1 & c only be effect$ by poli%+ & prep>+ ! /one aga94 ,9 ! transf] process absolutely close contact c be assur$ by ! use ( ! transf] pap]2 & %\ld ! pr9t f any cause :atev] prove defective1 ano!r c be made imm$iately )\t any s]i\s loss ( "t or mat]ial4 ,! successful application ( ! direct process to z9c & alum9ium plates is1 h[ev]1 an accompli%$ fact4 ,! metal plate is suffici5tly ela/ic to adapt itself to any inequalities on ! surface ( ! negative4 ,"u su* conditions z ^! ?is process (f]s at lea/ "o v important advantage4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ possibility ( di/ortion su* z might occur 9 ! developm5t ( a transf]4 ,! metal plate also l5ds itself to easy manipulation4 ,photo-li?ography 9 l9e is simply ! reproduction ( l9e draw+s or pr9ts 9 :i* ! design is repres5t$ 9 black & :ite ) only su* gradations z may be sugge/$ by l9es or dots4 ,half-tone photo-li?ography is ! reproduction ( a design or copy :i* has 9 its composition gradations ( tone 9 ! =m ( flat t9ts4 ,x is sometimes describ$ z ! translation ( ! graduat$ light & %ade ( ! orig9al copy into a surface :i* c be pr9t$ f by me*anical means1 = :i* purpose ! ink-be>+ surface is brok5 up into ! mo/ m9ute sections1 & ?us =m+ an almo/ imp]ceptible gra94 ,! fir/ attempts to reproduce ! half-tones ( a copy1 9 ! =m ( a gra9 consi/+ ( m9ute dots ( v>y+ size & contiguity accord+ to ! gradation ( tone requir$1 7 made ) a scre5 ( op5 textile fabric4 ,?is scre5 0 plac$ betwe5 ! l5s & ! s5sitive plate1 b ! results 7 crude & unsatisfactory4 ,! inv5tion ( cross-l9$ scre5s1 9 :i* ! l9es 7 cut on glass & fill$ ) black or o!r suitable col\r+ matt]1 0 a decid$ advancem5t 9 ! half-tone photo processes4 ,! scre5y effect produc$ by ! unv>y+ uni=mity ( gra9 9 half-tone "w is und\bt$ly ! *ief drawback to its m ext5sive adoption = photo-li?ography4 ,f9e et*+ _c be resort$ to z 9 photo-engrav+1 nei!r is x possible1 to emphasise effects by skilful ov]lay & und]lay2 consequ5tly half-tone impressions f a li?ographic /one are frequ5tly disappo9t+4 ,!re are no insurm\ntable ob/acles to h9d] ! production ( excell5t transf]s1 nor is x a difficult matt] to transf] !m to /one4 ,! tr\ble is1 z already po9t$ out1 ! unv>y+ uni=mity ( ! gra94 ,?is effect1 or r ?is lack ( effect1 has be5 to "s ext5t ov]come by ! use ( a f\r-l9e scre5 9 lieu ( ! usual cross$ scre51 b ev5 ?is is m]ely a rem$y & n a cure4 ,x has be5 confid5tly ass]t$ t ! highe/ degree ( excell5ce 9 photo-process "w w be atta9$ by ! adoption ( :at may be t]m$ a natural gra94 ,sev]al processes h be5 introduc$ :i* are und\bt$ly bas$ ^u collotype me?ods 9 :i* a reticulat$ gra9 is produc$ m or less suitable = li?ographic pr9t+4 ,unlike ! me*anical scre5 gra9 ! texture ( ^! processes reproduces ! orig9al copy ) b little1 if any1 loss ( expressive p[]4 ,?is is inde$ a feature ( consid]able importance1 & sugge/s _m possibilities 9 ! way ( arti/ic reproduction4 ,to reproduce an old *alk draw+ s t x might be successfully transf]r$ to /one & pr9t$ 9 ! usual way1 w\ld be practically impossible by any o!r process4 ,9 copy+ ?r\gh a rul$ scre5 _m ( ! delicate contra/s ( light & %ade w\ld be s r$uc$ z to become almo/ valueless1 consequ5tly ! pr9t loses bo? 9 arti/ic & expressive p[]4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ?is a natural gra9 exhibits no h>%ness or indi/9ctness 9 ! gradations ( tone1 & reta9s its cle>ness & %>pness ?r\gh\t ! pr9t+ op]ation4 ,rev]t+ aga9 to ! half-tone rul$ scre5s1 x may be well to /ate t small pr9ts1 be+ usually subject$ to a clos] inspection ?an l>ge ones1 mu/ be reproduc$ ) great att5tion to ! f9] details to ensure a c]ta9 am\nt ( fidelity1 & = ?is reason a scre5 ) f9e rul+s mu/ be employ$4 ,naturally1 /rong] & m vigor\s reproduction c be secur$ ) ! co>s] rul+s1 b ! scre5 effect w be too pron\nc$ = close scrut9y4 ,!re is /ill mu* to a*ieve 9 photo-li?ography1 & x is probably ow+ to a full recognition ( ?is fact t ! progressive "* ( ! process is ma9ta9$4 ,its comm]cial value is und\bt$1 & its successful application is *iefly a "q ( h[ & :]e x c be mo/ effectively introduc$4 ,! ess5tial features ( photo-li?ography are3-- #a4 ,a copy or orig9al 9 :i* ! modell+ is well def9$1 & ! light & %ade well emphasis$1 ev5 to a po9t ( slight exagg]ation4 #b4 ,a negative 9 :i* ! :ites ( ! orig9al appe> opaque1 ) cle> glass to repres5t ! l9es & solids4 #c4 ,a pr9t :i* c be develop$ or ink$ up ) a pigm5t suffici5tly greasy 9 nature to transf] to ! li?ographic /one4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,photo-,,li?ography--cont9u$ ,! ,copy--,gradations ( ,tone--,scrap] ,bo>ds--,description & ,effect--,%ad+ ,m$iums--,crayon ,draw+s--,half-tone ,copy4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t well-def9$ modell+ is mo/ desirable 9 ! orig9al copy4 ,to secure ?is a consid]able degree ( arti/ic p]ception & discretion1 z well z manipulative skill1 is requisite4 ,9 photo-process "w x is almo/ impossible to produce arti/ic effects f an indiff]5t or unsuitable copy4 ,p5-&-ink sket*es & wa% draw+s are entirely "u ! control ( ! arti/1 & *>act]i/ic effects are *iefly due to bold & vigor\s conception & skilful draw+4 ,few photographs are suitable = photo-me*anical reproduction )\t "s previ\s prep>ation4 ,acc5tuation or modulation ( ! high lights & %ad[s w 9 all probability be necess>y to secure a suffici5t contra/ ( light & %ade4 ,! middle t9ts may require b little att5tion1 unless x be to "w d[n any t5d5cy to abruptness 9 ! gradations ( tone4 ,a bold & well-def9$ silv] pr9t usually copies well :5 clamp$ betwe5 two pieces ( glass to take out ! gra91 & photograph$ by artificial light4 ,scrap] bo>ds (f] mo/ rem>kable possibilities = black & :ite & half-tone sket*es4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ,fig4 #bi w s]ve to demon/rate _! peculi> fitness = process draw+4 ,a light wood pulp bo>d =ms a conv5i5t base ^u :i* a ?ick coat+ ( :ite composition is laid4 ,black rul$ l9es are pr9t$ on ?is surface1 & l9es ( a simil> texture are emboss$ at "r angles to !m4 ,"s ( ! *>act]i/ic effects :i* c be produc$ on ?is bo>d by ! use ( ! crayon & scrap] are sugge/$ by ,nos4 #f & #g1 ,fig4 #cj4 ,no4 #h gives a /ipple :i* is bo? pr9t$ & emboss$4 ,no4 #i is a pla9 bo>d ^u :i* p5-&-scrap] effects alone are produc$4 ,draw+s 9 p5 & ink1 on ,nos4 #aj & #aa patt]ns1 may be effectively h&l$ by a free & skilful use ( ! scrap]4 ,emboss$ l9es only are ! peculi> features ( ^! bo>ds1 b v>iety ( texture c be obta9$ by scrap+ ^! l9es into dots4 ,scrap] bo>d sket*es almo/ inv>iably repres5t a maximum ( effect ) a m9imum ( "w1 & = ?is reason alone su* an adaptable & simple m$ium %\ld soon w9 its way into g5]al fav\r4 ,_! m]it1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to ?is "o po9t4 ,!y provide almo/ unrivall$ copy = photo reproduction1 & c !re=e be appli$ to a v>iety ( purposes4 ,ev5 a cursory glance at ! scrap] bo>d sket* on page #ia w reveal _m po9ts ( int]e/ & value :i* a m c>eful scrut9y c sc>cely fail to emphasise4 ,small pat*es ( scrap] bo>ds c be introduc$ into process draw+s ( any description1 & brilliant results be secur$ !reby4 ,9 su* a mann] cl\ds1 waves1 foliage1 & a v>iety ( o!r effects c be introduc$4 ,%ad+ m$iums are already well kn[n to li?ograph]s1 yet x is d\btful if _! usefulness = ! amplification ( sket*es or process draw+s is fully appreciat$4 ,!y (f] almo/ endless comb9ations ( texture & t9t1 & are !re=e mo/ useful & valuable accessories 9 ! h&s ( a res\rceful arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,reproduction ( a draw+ made on ,gilby ,h]mann's scrap] bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,"s scrap] bo>d textures4 ,_m arti/s fav\r crayon "w on a gra9$ pap]1 adopt+ a broad sket*y treatm5t 9 lib]al proportions1 s t 9 ! subsequ5t r$uction ! fre$om ( ! orig9al w be ton$ d[n j suffici5tly to enhance ! picturesque & arti/ic value4 ,draw+s made on scrap] bo>ds1 gra9$ pap]s1 or by ! aid ( %ad+ m$iums1 are photograph$ & reproduc$ by ! ord9>y l9e me?od4 ,9 mak+ sket*es = half-tone photo-me*anical reproduction x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 z f> z photo-li?ography is conc]n$1 x is impossible to acc5tuate effects by :at is kn[n z f9e et*+ :5 appli$ to photo-engrav+4 ,a negative = photo-process "w ( any description %\ld be absolutely p]fect 9 e respect4 ,! :ites ( ! copy 9 ! negative %\ld be ( an absolutely opaque black1 %[+ clean1 %>p edges1 ) cle> glass repres5t+ ! l9es1 dots1 etc4 ,^! are all-important factors1 & _! influ5ce ^u ! reproduction ( ! orig9al c sc>cely be ov]-e/imat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,photo-,,li?ography--cont9u$ ,a ,copy+ ,table--,exposure--,illum9ation--,photo- li?o ,transf]s--,! ,pap]--,pr9t+--,develop+--,a ,direct ,process4 ,to discuss ! respective m]its ( ! wet collodion1 collodion emulsion1 & dry-plate processes lies beyond ! prov9ce ( ?is "w1 z does also a detail$ description ( ! op]ations involv$4 ,! processes are purely photographic1 & h already be5 pres5t$ to ! craft 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,x is1 moreov]1 almo/ impossible to br+ )9 ! limits ( a s+le *apt] any?+ approa*+ to a compreh5sive record ( ! multitud9\s details ^u :i* process photography is bas$4 ,all t c be attempt$ is to take "o or two out/&+ features :i* sugge/ a few useful h9ts4 ,! orig9al or copy = reproduction mu/ be on ! same optical plane z ! s5sitive plate 9 ! cam]a1 i4e4 !y mu/ be absolutely p>allel ) ea* o!r4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( ensur+ ?is4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od is to use a copy+ table & bo>d simil> to ,fig4 #ca4 ,) su* an arrangem5t z ?is direct copy+ c be atta9$ ?r\gh ! l5s1 or ! cam]a c be turn$ half-way r\nd1 & ! image rev]s$ by means ( a mirror or prism atta*m5t4 ,! *ief advantage ( su* an arrangem5t is1 t ! position ( ! cam]a c be alt]$ at w )\t affect+ ! relative positions ( ! plate & copy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,correct exposure & suffici5t illum9ation ( ! copy are important factors 9 photographic reproductions ( any k9d1 b !y are ( inf9itely great] importance :5 appli$ to photo-process reproduction4 ,"o is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 dep5d5t ^u ! o!r4 ,! =m] mu/ ( necessity be controll$ by ! latt]2 yet no am\nt ( exposure w comp5sate = defective illum9ation4 ,:]e artificial light is employ$ ! advantage ( us+ two lights is obvi\sly great4 ,ap>t f ! great] brilliancy & int5sity ( ! light1 ! illum9ation ( ! copy is m ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,9 scrap]-bo>d copies no %ad[s are ?r[n f ! emboss$ dots or l9es1 & ! granul> texture ( gra9$ pap]s is almo/ entirely elim9at$4 ,a bi*romat$1 gelat9e pap] c be obta9$ by coat+ a h>d writ+ pap] ( m$ium ?ickness ) a gelat9\s solution consi/+ ( #a oz4 ( gelat9e & #a oz4 ( wat]1 & aft]w>ds s5sitis+ x ) bi*romate ( potassium4 ,x is advisable1 h[ev]1 to use ! comm]cial v>ieties ( coat$ pap]1 & to s5sitise x z x is requir$4 ,! s5sitis+ solution c be prep>$ by dissolv+ #a oz4 ( bi*romate ( potassium 9 #bj fluid oz4 ( wat]4 ,add to ?is suffici5t ammonia to give x a bright orange t+e4 ,keep ?is solution at a temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr41 & float ! pap] on x = ab\t "o m9ute4 ,p9 or clip ! pap] to a bo>d or squeeze x to glass1 & dry 9 a d>k room4 ,pr9t ?is pap] "u ! negative 9 a diffus$ light until ! design appe>s 9 a ri* gold5-br[n col\r1 :5 ! exposure may be reg>d$ z suffici5t4 ,! "t all[$ = su* an exposure w1 ( c\rse1 v>y accord+ to ! quality ( ! negative & ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,a developm5t ( ! pr9t may n[ be proce$$ ) 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,?9 d[n a little transf] ink ) turp5t9e & di/ribute x ev5ly on a composition roll]4 ,roll up ! pr9t until x is completely cov]$ ) an exce$+ly f9e film ( ink1 aft] :i* all[ ! turp5t9e to evaporate4 ,imm]se ! transf] 9 tepid wat] = ab\t #aj m9utes1 & !n rub x g5tly ) a piece ( cotton l9t previ\sly soak$ 9 wat]1 until ! sup]flu\s ink is remov$ & ! design /&s out clean & %>p4 ,! transf]5ce ( ! pr9t to /one c be accompli%$ 9 ! usual li?ographic mann]4 ,! *ief po9ts to be obs]v$ are1 to all[ suffici5t "t = pr9t+1 & to ink up ! transf] ) ! ?9ne/ possible film ( ink4 ,a photo pr9t c be made direct on ! z9c or alum9ium plate1 & by a slight modification ( ! photo-engrav+ process x c be develop$ accord+ to li?ographic me?ods4 ,x is impossible to introduce an int]m$iate process )\t1 9 "s mann] at lea/1 depreciat+ ! quality ( ! "w4 ,9 a direct photo pr9t on z9c1 or1 9 fact1 on any suitable pr9t+ surface1 ! f9] qualities ( ! "w are mu* m likely to be reta9$ ?an :5 a transf] pr9t is made "u ! negative & aft]w>ds transf]r$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,coat a f9ely gra9$ z9c plate ) s5sitis$ asphalt solution & expose x "u a negative = ab\t #d-a_/b m9utes 9 direct sunlight1 & f #ab to #ae m9utes 9 a diffus$ light4 ,! action ( light on ! asphalt solution is to r5d] x insoluble 9 turp5t9e1 s t if a suffici5tly expos$ plate is imm]s$ 9 pure turp5t9e ! l9es1 etc41 ( ! design1 be+ ( c\rse repres5t$ by cle> l9es 9 ! negative1 w rema9 intact1 :ile ! surr\nd+ portions w be dissolv$ & wa%$ away4 ,aft] developm5t wa% ! plate freely 9 wat]1 & dry x by fann+ or ) a pair ( bell[s4 ,let x /& = ab\t #aj m9utes & !n slightly et* x ) a v weak solution ( nitric acid4 ,cov] ! "w ) /rong1 fre% gum1 & dry x ?or\ghly & quickly4 ,remove ! gum & rub up ! design ) black ink 9 ! usual way4 ,wa%1 dry1 & du/ ov] ) ,fr5* *alk4 ,! plate c !n be prep>$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,xi4 page #fa4 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,,page ,adju/+ pressure 9 ma*9e1 #ch ,adju/+ /ones 9 ma*9e1 #cg ,air dry+--t9 pr9t+1 #gh1 #gi ,alum1 #bg ,alum9ium plates1 #eg ,alum9ium plates-- ,alt]ations1 #fb ,direct photo1 #eh1 #he1 #ajj ,et*+1 #fa ,ma*9+1 #fe ,pr9t+ b$1 #fe ,roll+ up1 #fj ,s5sitis+1 #ii ,transf]r+1 #ei ,alum9ium rot>y ma*9e1 #fe1 #ff ,am]ican pr9t]s1 #ec ,asphalt solution1 #ajj ,bav>ian lime/one1 #a1 #b ,block+ out1 #ed1 #ee ,blue t+e1 #gj1 #gg ,boxwood scrap]1 #bj ,brake cyl9d]1 #ch ,bronze pr9t+1 #di ,cam motion1 #ba ,canada balsam1 #ed ,ca/or oil1 #bh ,cause & effect1 #b ,c]amic decoration1 #ee ,*alk draw+s1 #be1 #bf ,*emical aff9ity1 #b ,clean /ones1 #c ,cohesion 9 pr9t+ ink1 #ed ,col\r & design1 #dh ,*anges1 #gj ,mix+1 #cj ,pr9t+1 #dg ,regi/ration1 #dh ,sequ5ce1 #dh1 #ej1 #gf ,sup]-position1 #dh1 #ha ,transp>5cies1 #ee ,col\rs1 /&>d1 #ee ,copp]plate press1 #ag ,pr9t+1 #ag-ai ,/ove1 #ah ,copy1 photo-li?o1 #hi ,copy+ table1 #if ,crayon or *alk draw+1 #h ,crayon "w1 #hi1 #ij ,cyl9d] press1 #ba ,damp+ roll]s1 #dj ,design1 #bd ,design1 inv]t$1 #fh ,design1 suitable1 #hj ,developm5t1 photo pr9t1 #ii ,direct impression1 ,a1 #gb ,discoloration1 #gj ,di/ortion1 #di1 #fh1 #ge ,dry]s1 #ga ,dry+ col\rs1 #ej1 #ga ,dry+ metal plates1 #gg1 #gh ,dry+ racks1 #gh1 #gi ,duplication ( design1 #cj1 #ca ,effect ( p9ks & greys1 #di ,effects 9 t9-plate pr9t+1 #ha ,ela/ic b$d+1 #bb1 #bc ,electricity1 #df ,elem5ts ( li?ography1 #b ,emboss$ l9es1 #hi ,plates1 #hb ,emboss+ dies1 #hb1 #hc ,enamell$ pap]1 #ea ,et*+1 #be1 #bf ,evolution ( t9-plate pr9t+1 #fg ,exposure1 #ii ,f9e et*+1 #ie ,fr5* *alk1 #ga1 #gf ,sk9s1 #bh ,friction glaz$ pap]1 #ea ,glass mull]1 #f ,gold lacqu]1 #gg1 #ha ,gold pr9t+1 #di ,gra91 natural1 #hg ,gra9+ /ones1 #e1 #f ,gr9d+ /ones1 #d-f ,gripp]1 #db ,gripp] m>g9s1 #ca ,grit1 #dc ,half-tone1 photo-li?o1 #hf ,halligan ma*9e1 #cd-cf ,h& lab\r & ma*9e1 #c ,lev]1 #ba ,roll]1 #bh ,high lights1 #hi ,homog5eity ( /ones1 #b ,illum9ation ( copy1 #ii ,impression1 #bg ,impression1 size (1 #ge ,impression1 solid1 #df ,ink+ roll]s1 #ci ,inks1 pr9t+1 #eb-ef ,t9-plate pr9t+1 #fi-ga ,transf]1 #h-aa ,inv]t$ design1 #fh ,key =mes1 #bg1 #da ,lacqu]1 peculi> feature (1 #hc ,lacqu]1 t9-plate1 #gg ,lamp-black1 #bh ,lea!r dress+1 #bb ,level surfaces1 #c ,levell+ /ones1 #cg ,l9e1 photo-li?o1 #he ,l9oleum1 #bc ,l9se$ oil1 #eb1 #ec ,li?o press = copp]plate1 #ai ,li?o press1 me*anical pr9ciples1 #bj1 #ba ,li?o press1 pressure1 #bj ,li?o v>ni%1 #eb1 #ec ,magnesia1 #ga ,me*anical aff9ity1 #b ,metal plates1 #eg ,me?od1 #de ,modification ( col\r sequ5ce1 #dh ,motor driv+1 #df ,nap roll]1 #bh ,natural gra91 #hg ,negative1 #hh ,(fsets1 #bg1 #bh ,ori5tal blue t+e1 #gj1 #gg ,orig9al /ones1 #cj ,outl9e =me1 #dh ,pack+ cyl9d]1 #ba ,pap]1 enamell$1 #ea ,well season$1 #di-ea ,p5 & ink sket*es1 #hi ,p5 & scrap] effects1 #ij ,photo li?o-- ,copy1 #hi ,developm5t1 #ii1 #ajj ,direct1 #he ,half-tone1 #hf ,inception (1 #hd ,l9e1 #he ,pr9t+1 #ii ,transf]1 #he ,transf] pap]1 #ii ,plumbago1 #bb ,porosity ( /ones1 #b ,prep>ation ( /ones1 #b-g ,prep>+ designs1 #bd1 #be ,pressure alt]ations1 #dc ,excessive1 #cg ,li?o press1 #bj ,peculi>ities1 #ge1 #gf ,pr9t+ inks1 #eb ,cohesion (1 #ed ,pr9t+ m$ium1 #a ,prov+1 #bi1 #cj ,recipes1 transf] inks1 #i-aa ,transf] pap]s1 #ac-ae ,reciprocal movem5t1 #gb ,r$uc+ m$ium1 #ec1 #ed ,regi/] l9es1 #bi1 #cj ,regi/ration1 #bi1 #da ,regi/ration ( col\r1 #dh ,rem$y1 ,a1 #ga ,re-transf]r+1 #ca ,rot>y ma*9e1 pr9t+1 #fe1 #ff ,rubb] blanket1 #gb-ge ,resili5ce (1 #gf ,scrap]1 #bj-bb ,scrap] bo>ds1 #hi1 #ij ,scrat*es1 #e ,scre5 effect1 #hf ,scre5 photo1 #hf ,s5efeld]1 #b ,s5sitis+ solution1 #ii ,sequ5ce ( col\r1 #dh ,set (f1 #ga ,%ad+ m$iums1 #ij ,%ad[1 #hi ,%e5 ( metal plate1 #gj ,side lay1 #db ,silv] pr9t1 #hi ,slogg]1 #ch ,sludge1 #e ,solid oil1 #ec ,spe$1 #cf1 #cg1 #df ,spe$ cones1 #df ,/&>d col\rs1 #ee ,/one-plan+ ma*9e1 #c1 #d ,/one-poli%+ ma*9e1 #d1 #e ,/ov+ t9-plates1 #gh ,transf]r$ pr9ts1 #fi ,sub/itutes = /one1 #eg ,sugge/ion1 ,a1 #di ,sup]-position ( col\rs1 #dh ,too? ( gra9$ /ones1 #g ,( metal plates1 #eh ,transf] inks-- ,active pr9ciple (1 #h1 #i ,copp]plate1 #aj1 #aa ,extra p[]ful1 #aa ,plate1 #i ,/one to /one1 #aj ,writ+1 #i1 #aj ,transf] pap]-- ,autographic1 #ad ,copp]plate1 #ad1 #ae ,diaphanic1 #af ,gra9$1 #ae1 #af ,photo-li?o1 #af1 #ii ,specific value (1 #ab ,/one to /one1 #ac ,transp>5t1 #ac1 #ad ,v>ni%$1 #ac ,transf] pr9t+1 #ee ,transf]r+1 #cb1 #cc1 #ajj ,transp>5cies1 #ee ,trimm+ pap]1 #dc ,tympan1 #ba1 #bb ,v-%ap$ edge1 #bb ,v>ni%1 li?o1 #eb1 #ec ,vasel9e1 #ed ,v5etian r$1 #bh ,wat] ( ,ayr /one1 #be ,:ite pr9t+1 #gj1 #gf1 #gg ,z9c plates1 #eg ,z9c plates-- ,alt]ations1 #fb ,de-poli%+1 #eh ,et*+1 #fa ,gra9+1 #eh ,ma*9+1 #fe ,photo1 direct1 #eh1 #he1 #ii ,pr9t+ b$1 #fe ,roll+ up1 #fj ,s5sitis+1 #ii ,transf]r+ to1 #ei ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors 7 repair$4 ,bo? ov]e/imate & ov]-e/imat$ appe> 9 ! orig9al text4 ,! foll[+ additional corrections 7 made to ! text3 ,page #df1 !re9 *ang$ to h]e9 7are discuss$ h]e9 :i*17 ,page #dh1 sup]position *ang$ to sup]-position 7! sup]-position ( blues17 ,page #gj1 ^w ! add$ to text 7,at ! same "t17 ,page #ajb1 #ab *ang$ to #a1 #b 7,bav>ian lime/one1 #a1 #b7 ,page #ajb1 discs *ang$ to dies 7,emboss+ dies1 #hb1 #hc7 ,page #ajc1 #fa *ang$ to #ea 7,pap]1 enamell$1 #ea7 ,page #ajd1 #d *ang$ to #aa 7,extra p[]ful1 #aa7 ,page #ajd1 ,depoli%+ *ang$ to ,de-poli%+ to mat* text 7,de-poli%+1 #eh7