---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 bold face 9 ! orig9al "w is "h transcrib$ betwe5 1 z 9 text4 ,text pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al "w is repres5t$ by text4 ,text pr9t$ 9 small capitals is repres5t$ "h 9 ,,all ,,capitals4 ,sup]scripts are indicat$ by ! c>et "* 4 ,:]e ! au?or us$ a diff]5t type face to indicate a %ape r ?an a lett] or symbol1 ! lett]s or symbols are trans- crib$ betwe5 squ>e brackets3 ,t1 ,y & 4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,9 ,,f>m ,,cultivation4 ,,by ,,james ,,buckman1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,geology ,,& ,,rural ,,economy ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,agricultural ,,college4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 #ahfe4 ,,cox ,,& ,,wyman1 ,,ori5tal1 ,,classical1 ,,& ,,g5]al ,,pr9t]s1 ,,great ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,to ,,john ,,*alm]s ,,morton1 ,,esq41 ,! tal5t$ ,editor ( ! 8,,agricultural ,,gazette10 ,,_m ,,( ,,! ,,facts ,,& ,,op9ions ,,already ,,detail$ ,,9 ,,:i* ,,influ5tial ,,j\rnal ,,are ,,"h ,,b ,,repeat$1 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,z ,a ,,small ,,tok5 ,,( ,,admiration ,,& ,,respect1 ,,by ,,8 ,,fai?ful ,,fri5d1 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,roots4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,root ,crops #a ,,ii4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,sorts ( ,roots #i ,,iii4 ,on ,tru5ess ( ,sorts 9 ,roots #ac ,,iv4 ,on ,deg5]ate ,roots #ah ,v4 ,effects ( ,gr[+ ,se$ f ,deg5]ate ,roots #bc ,,vi4 ,on ! ,adult]ation ( ,se$1 m p>ticul>ly ( ,turnips #bi ,,vii4 ,on ! ,art & ,my/]y ( ,turnip-se$ ,adult]ation #cg ,,viii4 ,g5]al ,conclusions #di ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,grasses4 ,,ix4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,mead[s & ,pa/ures #ea ,x4 ,on ! ,species ( ,mead[ ,grasses #ef ,,xi4 ,on ,mead[ ,plants o!r ?an ,grasses #gc ,,xii4 ,on ! ,we$s ( ,pa/ures #gh ,,xiii4 ,on ! ,irrigat$ ,mead[ #hg ,,xiv4 ,on ! ,lay+ ,d[n ( ,p]man5t ,pa/ures #ib ,,xv4 ,on ! ,managem5t ( ,p]man5t ,pa/ures #ih ,,xvi4 ,on ! ,managem5t ( ,lawns #ajb ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,clov]s4 ,,xvii4 ,on ! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ! ,clov] ,family ( ,plants #aji ,,xviii4 ,on ! ,f>m ,species ( ,clov]s #aac ,,xix4 ,on ! ,v>ieties ( ,r$ ,clov]s #aba ,,xx4 ,on ! ,clov] ,allies #abe ,,xxi4 ,on ,clov] ,sickness #acg ,,xxii4 ,on ! ,we$s ( ,clov]s #adh ,,xxiii4 ,on ! ,p>asites ( ,clov]s #aef ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,corn4 ,,xxiv4 ,nature ( ,corn #afa ,,xxv4 ,:eat3 its ,orig9 & ,acclimatization #afc ,,xxvi4 ,! ,wild ,oat z ! ,orig9 ( ! ,cultivat$ ,v>ieties #afh ,,xxvii4 ,on ! suppos$ ,orig9 ( ,b>ley & ,rye #agf ,,xxviii4 ,epiphytical ,p>asites 7,vegetable ,blights7 ( ,corn ,crops #ahj ,,xxix4 ,insects 7,animal ,blights7 affect+ ,corn ,crops #aib ,,xxx4 ,sci5ce 9 ! ,cultivation ( ,corn #bjd ,,xxxi4 ,on ,h>ve/+ ,corn #bac ,,"p ,v4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,f5ces4 ,,xxxii4 ,on ! ,nature ( ,f5ces #bag ,,xxxiii4 ,on ! ,plants = 8,live0 ,f5ces #bbj ,,xxxiv4 ,on ! ,he>+ & ,plant+ ( ,h$ges #bbg ,,xxxv4 ,we$s ( ,h$ge-r[ ,f5ces #bcd ,,xxxvi4 ,on ,h$ge-r[ ,timb] #bci ,,xxxvii4 ,on ! ,v]m9 ( ,f5ces #bdf ,,xxxviii4 ,on ! ,managem5t ( ,h$ge-r[ ,f5ces #bed ,,xxxix4 ,cov5ants ) reg>d to ,f5ces1 c4 #bei ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,timb]4 ,,xl4 ,on ! ,value ( ,timb] = ,ornam5t & ,pr(it #bfe ,,xli4 ,on ! ,k9ds ( ,timb] be/ adapt$ = diff]5t ,situations #bgd ,,xlii4 ,on ! ,briti% ,oak #bgh ,,xliii4 ,on ! ,*e/nut & ,walnut #bia ,,xliv4 ,on ! ,elm #bif ,,xlv4 ,on ! ,a%1 ,bee*1 & o!r ,:ite-wood$ ,trees #cjb ,,xlvi4 ,on ,s(t-wood$ ,=e/ ,trees #cac ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,or*>ds4 ,,xlvii4 ,on ! ,apple & ,pe> z ,or*>d ,fruits #cai ,,xlviii4 ,on ! ,production & ,*oice ( ,fruit ,trees #cbh ,,xlix4 ,on ! ,ga!r+ & ,/or+ ( ,fruit #cch ,l4 ,on ,cid]-mak+ & ,managem5t #cde ,,li4 ,on ! ,uses & ,economy ( ,cid] & ,p]ry #cea ,,po/script #ceg ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,root ,,cultivation4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,root ,,crops4 ,few p :o h /udi$ ! matt] att5tively b h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ^? plants :i* we cultivate = _! roots 7 n naturally end[$ ) ! root portion ( _! /ructure ei!r ( ! size or =m :i* w\ld n[ be consid]$ z ess5tial = a p]fect crop plant4 ,?us ! p>snip1 c>rot1 turnip1 beet1 c41 z we f9d !m 9 nature1 h n[h]e ! l>ge1 fle%y1 smoo? appe>ance :i* belongs to _! cultivat$ =ms2 & h5ce all ! v>ieties ( ^! t we meet ) 9 cultivation mu/ be consid]$ z d]ivatives f orig9al wild =ms1 obta9$ by cultivative processes2 t is1 collect+ _! se$1 plant+ x 9 a prep>$ b$1 /imulat+ ! gr[? ( ! plants ) manures1 ?9n+1 regulat+1 we$+1 & su* o!r acts z con/itute f>m+ or g>d5+1 z ! case may be4 ,h5ce1 !n1 x is conclud$ t su* plants z are gr[n = _! roots h a peculi> aptitude = lay+ on tissue1 & ?us increas+ ! bulk ( _! 8desc5d+ axis10 t is1 t portion ( _! /ructure :i* gr[s d[nw>ds--root4 ,besides ?is1 !y are rem>kable = _! capability ( produc+ v>ieties--a fact :i*1 unit$ ) a con/ancy 9 ! ma9t5ance ( an induc$ =m1 r5d]s x exce$+ly easy to br+ out new sorts :i* w ma9ta9 _! *>act]i/ics "u great div]sities ( climate1 soil1 & treatm5t4 ,! facility ) :i* diff]5t sorts ( roots may be procur$ c readily be und]/ood f ! _m v>ieties1 n only ( turnip--:i* may p]haps be consid]$ z an orig9al species--b also ( sw$e1 :i* is a hybrid ( ! turnip & rape plant4 ,( ! =m] we h m ?an ?irty sorts gr[n by ! f>m]1 & z _m peculi> to ! g>d52 :il/ !re are probably m ?an tw5ty well-recogniz$ sorts ( sw$es4 ,( beets1 ) mangel-wurzel1 we h almo/ z great a v>iety2 s also ( c>rots4 ,( p>snips we h few] v>ieties1 to :i* may n[ be add$ ! new =m call$ ! ,/ud5t p>snip1 ! gr[? ( :i* is s int]e/+ t we %all "h give a %ort hi/ory ( its production1 z an illu/ration ( ! orig9 ( root crops4 ,9 #ahdg we collect$ "s wild p>snip se$ f ! top ( ! ,cotteswolds1 :]e ?is is among ! mo/ frequ5t ( we$s4 ,?is se$1 aft] hav+ be5 kept c>efully dur+ ! w9t]1 0 s[n 9 a prep>$ b$1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdh1 9 drills ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t4 ,z ! plants grew !y 7 duly ?9n$ out1 leav+ = ! crop1 z f> z x c\ld be done1 ! specim5s t _h leaves ) ! broade/ divisions1 lighte/ col\r1 & fewe/ hairs4 ,z cultivat$ p>snips (f] a curi\s contra/ ) ! wild specim5s 9 ^! respects1 we place ! foll[+ notes1 side by side1 on ! root-leaves ( plants ( ! same p]iod ( gr[?4 #a/4 ,,wild ,,p>snip4 #bnd4 ,,/ud5t ,,p>snip4 ,ft4 94 ,ft4 94 ,:ole l5g? f ! ,:ole l5g? f ! base ( ! petiole to base ( ! petiole to ! apex ( ! leaf #j #h ! tip ( ! leaf #b #j ,bread? ( leaflets #j #j ,bread? ( leaflets #c #j ,l5g? ( ditto #j #a ,l5g? ( leaflets #j #f ,petiole & leaflets1 ,petiole & leaflets hairy4 ,col\r1 d>k )\t hair4 ,col\r1 gre54 light gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #a & #b4--,roots ( ,wild ,p>snips4 ,natural size4 ,we h be=e rem>k$ t nei!r 9 size nor =m are ! wild roots at all comp>able ) ! cultivat$ ones4 ,our figures #a & #b 7 tak5 f f9e roots ( ! wild p>snip ( ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?2 t is to say1 j at ! same "t z a crop p>snip w\ld be at its be/4 ,!y 7 purposely tak5 f specim5s obta9$ f ! same di/rict z ! se$ ) :i* our exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$4 ,our fir/ crop ( roots f ! wild se$ pres5t$ great div]sities 9 %ape1 be+ = ! mo/ "p ev5 m =k$ ?an ! orig9als1 b /ill ) a g5]al t5d5cy to fle%9ess4 ,( ^! ! be/ %ap$ 7 res]v$ = se$+2 & hav+ be5 kept ! great] "p ( ! w9t] 9 s&1 "s six ( ! be/ 7 plant$ 9 ano!r plot = se$4 ,! se$1 !n1 ( #ahdi 0 s[n 9 ! spr+ ( #ahej1 9 a fre%ly-prep>$ b$1 ! plants be+ treat$ z be=e1 ! results %[+ a decid$ improvem5t1 ) t5d5cies 9 "s examples 9 ! foll[+ directions3-- #a/4 ,! r\nd-topp$ long-root1 hav+ a resemblance to ! ,gu]nsey p>snip4 7,panais long ( ! ,fr5*47 #bnd4 ,! holl[-cr[n$ long-root4 8,holl[-head$0 ( ! g>d5]4 7,panais ,lisbonais type47 #crd4 ,! %ort1 ?ick turnip-%ap$ root4 8,turnip-root$0 ( ! g>d5]4 7,panais rond =m47 ,^! ?ree =ms 7 all ( !m mu* mis-%ap51 ) =k$ roots1 t is1 f+]s & toes2 b /ill ea* ( !m (f]$ opportunities ( procur+ ?ree orig9al v>ieties f ?is new s\rce4 ,z an example ( progress1 we (f] ! foll[+ engrav+ ( a specim5 ( our ,r\nd-topp$ p>snip ( #aheb4 ,fig4 #c4 ,?is x w be se5 has /rong1 fle%y =ks1 & a t5d5cy to =m divid$ tap-roots2 o!rwise ! %ape is greatly improv$1 & ! sk9 is tol]ably smoo?4 ,at ?is "t our /ock 0 = ! mo/ "p fle%y & s(t on boil+2 ! flav\r1 too1 ?\gh mu* /rong] ?an t ( ! usual escul5t p>snip1 0 r agreeable ?an o!rwise4 ,?is matt] ( flav\r is a subject ( int]e/1 z mo/ lov]s ( ! p>snip1 z a g>d5 escul5t1 _h got to compla9 ( ?is root becom+ m & m ta/eless4 ,t ?is 0 s our own exp]i5ce mo/ fully confirms2 we h n[1 h[ev]1 m5d$ ?is root v mat]ially 9 ?is respect4 ,our exp]im5ts 7 only c>ri$ on ) examples ( ! ,holl[-cr[n$ =m1 :i* foll[+ out f ye> to ye>1 we at l5g? obta9$ s p]fect 9 =m1 clean 9 outl9e1 delicate 9 sk91 & unexceptionable 9 flav\r1 t we 7 induc$ to cause its se$ to be di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,r\nd-topp$ ,p>snip1 five g5]ations f wild root4 ,9 #ahha we s[$ a p>cel ( se$ 9 our own g>d5 obta9$ f ! ,messrs4 ,sutton1 aft] hav+ receiv$ f !m ! foll[+ notes ^u ! gr[? ( ! roots 9 _! gr\nds3-- ,we are happy to tell y t 9 lift+ "s ( ea* ( all ! v>ieties ( p>snips 9 our trial-gr\nd1 y\r 8,/ud5t0 0 decid$ly ! be/ %ape1 v>y+ 9 l5g?1 b always clean & /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,/ud5t ,p>snip ( #ahfa4 ,two-?irds ( natural size4 ,! engrav+ 7,fig4 #d7 is tak5 f our g>d5 /ock ( #ahfa1 z be+ a common %ape ( ?is new v>iety4 ,x is n q s long & sl5d] z ! usual ,long-horn$ p>snip1 b its clean unbran*$ outl9e & solidity ( /ructure recomm5d x z a good v>iety1 :il/ its flav\r has be5 highly extoll$ by ! lov] ( ?is1 to "s1 favorite root4 ,9 size x is sc>cely l>ge en\gh = a field crop1 b ?\gh n at pres5t recomm5c$ = ! f>m1 its hi/ory may well s]ve to expla9 ! orig9 ( crop plants1 z d]iv$ f ! cultivation & improvem5t ( wild species4#a #a ,x may "h be not$ t ! ,/ud5t p>snip took ! fir/ prize = ?is root at ! ,int]national ,%[ at ! ,horticultural ,society's ,g>d5s 9 #ahfb4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,sorts ,,( ,,roots4 ,z crop plants are d]iv$ f wild ones1 z ! effect ( cultivation1 x foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse t ^! w be v>i$1 bo? 9 =m & con/itution1 accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* !y h be5 produc$4 ,?us we may expect t any attempts to ennoble a wild root 9 diff]5t c\ntries w\ld n1 ev5 if successful1 be sure to br+ ab\t ! same results4 ,mu* dep5ds ev5 ^u ! individual root ) :i* our trial may be />t$1 & m ^u ! judgm5t employ$ 9 select+ ! /ock f :i* ! exp]im5ts are to be cont9u$4 ,t position & soil may make a great diff]5ce may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! attempts to improve ! wild p>snip & c>rot h met ) v>i$ success4 ,de ,c&olle is report$ to h tri$ to improve ! c>rot ) success1 :il/ ) ! p>snip he utt]ly fail$2 :il/ ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 9 ,morton's 8,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture10 tells u t ,m4 ,pons>d has asc]ta9$ t 8! wild p>snip becomes improv$ imm$iately :5 cultivat$1 & t exp]im5ts 9 improv+ its quality promise well30 h[ well1 inde$1 may be se5 f ! =ego+ *apt]4 ,b /ill1 we utt]ly fail$ ) ! wild c>rot4 ,hav+ collect$ se$s ( ! ,daucus ,c>ota 7! common wild c>rot7 f "s f9e specim5s gr[+ on ! road-side betwe5 ,cir5ce/] & ,*elt5ham1 !y 7 subject$ to exp]im5t at ! same "t z ! p>snip1 b ) little1 if any1 fav\rable result4 ,^u ?is plant ,pr(essor ,l9dley obs]ves z foll[s3-- ,t ! h>d-root$ wild c>rot is really ! p>5t ( our cultivat$ v>ieties1 rem>kable z !y are = ! succul5ce & t5d]ness ( _! roots1 has be5 exp]im5tally prov$ by ,m4 ,vilmor91 :o succe$$ 9 obta9+ by cultivation p]fectly t5d]1 eatable roots1 f se$s sav$ f plants only ?ree or f\r g5]ations (f ! wild species4 ,/ill1 a mod]n ,fr5* naturali/ ( great exp]i5ce1 ,m4 ,decaisne1 tells u t he has tri$ to ennoble ! wild c>rot1 & has n succe$$2 & f ?is he draws ! conclusion t our cultivat$ =ms 7 creat$ specially = ! use ( man4 ,z we %\ld suppose t v few botani/s agree to ?is !ory1 we %all let ! facts we h already br\ght =w>d /& 9 ma9t5ance ( its opposite1 namely1 t cultivat$ =ms are d]iv$ f wild species (t5 app>5tly v diff]5t2 b at ! same "t x may be well to /ate1 t 9 all probability "s ( ! discrepancies ( exp]im5t]s may h aris5 f "s confusion 9 ! species op]at$ ^u4 ,9 #ahfj we ga!r$ "s se$ ( ! ,daucus m>itima 7sea-side c>rot7 at ,bognor1 :i*1 on be+ s[n 9 a prep>$ plot ! foll[+ spr+1 c]ta9ly result$ 9 fairly succul5t roots1 :i* on be+ cook$ 7 pron\nc$ by our p>ty ( f\r to be excell5t4 ,:ile on ?is subject1 x may be m5tion$ z n a little rem>kable1 t s _m ( our g>d5 escul5ts %\ld be d]iv$ f sea-side plants4 ,?us1 probably c>rot1 b c]ta9ly cel]y1 sea-kale1 asp>agus1 & cabbage4 ,?is w\ld seem to po9t to ! fact t cultivation requires a complete *ange ( ! circum/ances necess>y to ma9ta9 a wild condition2 & h5ce cultivat$ plants c only be kept up by ! lab\rs ( a cultivator4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! sea-side c>rot1 we are aft] all incl9$ to ! belief t x is ! p>5t ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 we view ! ,daucus ,c>ota 7! wild inl& c>rot7 z a probable desc5dant f ! cultivat$ or g>d5 /ock2 & if ?is be s1 ! ,daucus m>itima is ! orig9al species f :i* bo? ! wild & cultivat$ races h desc5d$4 ,b5?am1 inde$1 c>ries ?is view a little fur!r1 ! foll[+ rem>ks t5d+ to ?r[ d\bts ^u ! c>rot 9 any =m z be+ a true native4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,daucus ,c>ota he says3-- ,probably an orig9al native ( ! sea-coa/s ( mod]n ,europe1 b ( v anci5t cultivation1 & s[s itself mo/ readily1 soon deg5]at+ to ! wild =m1 ) a sl5d] root1 & n[ mo/ abundant 9 fields1 pa/ures1 wa/e places1 c41 ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,russian ,asia2 common 9 ,brita91 especially ne> ! sea4 ,fl[]s ! :ole summ] & autumn4 ,a decid$ly m>itime v>iety1 ) ! leaves some:at fle%y1 ) %ort] segm5ts1 m or less ?ick5$ p$uncles1 m spread+ umbels1 & m flatt5$ prickles to ! fruits1 is (t5 consid]$ z a di/9ct species4 ,see+ !n t crop plants are d]ivatives f a wild /ock1 we c readily und]/& h[ ! v>y+ circum/ances att5dant ^u ! developm5t ( ! =m] %\ld t5d to ! production ( v>ieties1 & ?is m]ely z ! result ( ! treatm5t ( ! fairly d]iv$ legitimate se$4 ,if1 aga91 we take ^! v>iations = ! purpose ( obta9+ hybrids1 we ne$ n wond] at ! inf9ite v>iety ( sorts :i* c be br\ght ab\t1 b r t any sort c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 t tru5ess ( "* or 9 t /ate ( p]man5cy :i* we sometimes f9d to be ! case4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,tru5ess ,,( ,,sort ,,9 ,,root ,,crops4 ,! importance ( tru5ess & purity ( se$ arises f ! ev5ness ( gr[? ( a good g5u9e /ra92 :ile if ?is quality be want+ we h "s p>ts ( our crop gr[+ well1 :il/ o!rs get on b poorly4 ,?us a free-gr[+ plant beside "o ov] :i* x has got ! advantage1 ma9ta9s x = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( gr[?4 ,aga91 "s sorts are ( value = be+ e>ly1 o!rs = lat5ess ( gr[?1 & "s k9ds are bett] fitt$ = e>ly ?an late s[+2 if1 !re=e1 we h a mixture 9 ^! respects1 we may at lea/ expect a p>tial failure2 = :i*ev] is be/ = our purpose1 if mix$ w be accompani$ by ^? :i* are n s good4 ,a want ( tru5ess to sort may arise pr9cipally f ! foll[+ causes3-- #a/4 ,want ( selection 9 se$+ bulbs4 #bnd4 ,hybridization4 #crd4 ,a mixture ( se$s4 #a/4 ,! propriety ( select+ ! specim5s f :i* se$ is to be gr[n is admitt$ by all3 by ! se$sman1 :o always adv]tises 8 turnip & sw$e se$1 = example1 z be+ 8f select$ bulbs20 & by ! f>m]1 z ?is ann\ncem5t is only made to induce him to buy4 ,x is n only important t ! roots %\ld be select$1 b t !y %\ld be /or$ & !n plant$ 9 a fre% soil2 = z ^! latt] are among ! cultivative processes by :i* sorts h be5 obta9$1 s %\ld !y be repeat$ 9 ord] to ensure a cont9uance ( ! induc$ condition4 ,se$+ ^u ! same soil & 9 ! same b$ 9 :i* ! se$ is s[n is h>dly ! way to keep up a =m induc$ by cultivation1 z ?is is exactly :at w\ld be done by ! plants 9 a /ate ( wildness4 ,9 select+ roots = se$+1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to *oose good-%ap$ examples1 9 :i* a clean unbran*$ bulb1 n too l>ge1 ) a small tap-root & a small top1 conf9$ to a s+le c5tral bud2 a bran*$ root & a _m-head$ top be+ true signs ( deg5]acy4 ,& no less s is neck9ess 9 sw$es & mangels1 z well z a co>se corrugat$ sk9 9 roots ( all k9ds4 ,tak+ su* po9ts z ^! into consid]ation1 h[ absurd mu/ appe> mo/ ( ! huge mis-%ap5 roots to :i* prizes are usually aw>d$ at %[s1 :]e ! specim5s are *os5 = size1 & trimm$ up ) ! knife1 to make !m look m pres5table4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! mi/ak5 pr9ciples ^u :i* prizes are aw>d$ to bundles ( roots1 let any "o se$ su* examples1 & we w v5ture to ass]t t su* se$ w\ld produce a l>ge proportion ( deg5]ate examples1 )\t af=d+ s good a crop z w\ld se$1 f middle-siz$ b well-%ap5 specim5s4 #bnd4 ,"s ( ! =ms ( roots1 & m especially ^? belong+ to ! ,brassicace1 su* z turnips & sw$es1 seem to h a wond]ful facility = hybridiz+2 & ?is n only to ! ext5t ( "o sort ( turnip ) ano!r1 b sports may be caus$ by ! f]tilization ( ! turnip ) rape & its cong5]s4 ,inde$1 ! hybrid ) turnip & rape is d\btless ! orig9 ( ! ,sw$i% turnip2 b !re is reason to believe t mixtures may accid5tally be made ) su* wild plants z *>locks & mu/>ds1 ! gr[? ( :i* 9 ! vic9ity ( a se$+ crop t5ds to ! production ( deg5]acy4 ,se$+-pat*es1 !n1 & ! gr\nd ab\t !m1 _c be kept too clean4 ,aga91 if tru5ess be aim$ at1 !re %\ld be no mixture ( sorts 9 se$+ examples2 all ( ! same k9d %\ld be select$ = se$+-plots1 z ev5 "o or two ( a wrong sort may result 9 a v mix$ sample1 z x w\ld seem t sometimes /range plants ex]t m ?an ord9>y influ5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! putt+ se$+-pat*es ( diff]5t sorts side by side is to be repreh5d$4 ,if m ?an "o sort be se$$ 9 a season1 x is advisable to place ! pat*es z remote f ea* o!r z possible4 ,& we w\ld "h rem>k1 t1 = se$+1 ! roots %\ld1 z a rule1 be f>!r ap>t ?an :5 gr[n = bulbs1 bo? 9 r[s & 9 sets2 z1 if too close1 ! /ems gr[ up ?9 in/ead ( robu/1 & a small] se$1 ) a t5d5cy to ! gr[? ( small] roots1 w be ! result4 #crd4 ,mixtures ( se$s %\ld be avoid$ = ! reason assign$1 t 8sorts0 d n usually gr[ ev5ly2 & :5 "o sees 7z is by no means infrequ5t7 a pat* ( sw$es ov]%ad[$ by a mixture ( "s l>ge e>ly turnip1--! ,tank>d1 = example1 our crop ( sw$es w c]ta9ly suff] = x1 ev5 suppos+ ! turnip to be z useful z ! sw$e1 :i* is seldom ! case4 ,mixtures1 aga91 d n come up at ! same "t2 sorts may diff] 9 ?is respect1 b especially d old & new se$s v>y z to _! g]m9at+ p[]s3 two-ye>-old se$s tak+ f\r or five days m to come up ?an a new sample2 ?us giv+ a great] *ance = ! ravages ( ! flea-beetle ?an :]e ! se$ all comes up quickly4 ,n[1 z a practical application ( ^! rem>ks1 we "h quote f an article 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette ( ,may #bd?1 #ahfb4 ,:o among se$sm5 does n pr(ess to (f] ! se$s ( sw$es & turnips f select$ bulbs8 ,& ?\gh x is q true t ! practice is n s univ]sal z is ! pr(ession ( x1 yet ! g5]al assumption ( its be+ s on ! "p ( se$ gr[]s & sell]s is an admission t x w\ld be = ! advantage ( ! buy] ( se$s 7 ! roots f :i* se$s are to be gr[n c>efully select$4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 let ! obs]vant agriculturi/ take a j\rney on any ( our great l9es ( railway 79 e>ly summ]71 & he w be /ruck ) ! _m pat*es ( bright yell[ fl[]s :i* he w n fail to notice on ei!r h&4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 ^! are fields or portions ( fields ( turnips1 ei!r ! ,sw$i% or common k9ds1 :i*1 f ! abundance ( keep1 x has be5 ?\ght w\ld be m pr(itable to se$ ?an to eat (f1 especially z !y h s rapidly gr[n out ( ! way4 ,are ^! pat*es ( select$ bulbs8 ,we happ5 to "k1 f a m ?an ord9>ily c>eful exam9ation1 t n "o p] c5t4 ( se$+-pat*es are f select$ roots2 b !y are se$$ j z !y grew1 & we d n "k ( a s+le in/ance :]e 9 su* se$+ ! objectionable roots h be5 remov$2 b we d "k ( pl5ty ( cases :]e ! wor/ "p ( a field has be5 sav$ = se$1 d\btless z ! mo/ pr(itable way ( deal+ ) x "u ! circum/ances wr\ght out by ! spr+ ( #ahfb4 ,( c\rse1 ?is w all come into ! m>ket1 & too mu* ( x1 "u a /]eotyp$ decl>ation ( #8f select$ bulbs4' ,t all ! se$ gr[n 9 #ahfb w be s[n 9 #ahfc is simply impossible2 b no matt]1 x w f9d a m>ket someh[1 "s "t4 ,) su* facts z ^! be=e u1 :o c wond] t any plant %\ld become deg5]ate8 ,let "s ( ! se$ ( ?is ye> be wat*$1 & we w answ] = its evil results2 & if ^! be facts1 x !n behoves ! f>m] to look well to p$igree 9 ! matt] ( 8 se$4 ,b ev5 "h1 8 =e?\ght mu/ n end2 = h[ev] select ! p>5t may be1 !re is /ill some?+ 9 #8br++ up2' =1 h[ev] good ! sort ( turnip1 we %all n gr[ its se$ 9 p]fection by selection m]ely1 b we %\ld transplant well-*os5 roots1 & s put !m 9 a new sc5e1 away f subjects :i* might contam9ate !m4 ,?is is inde$ to br+ !m up 9 a good s*ool1 = :i* _! se$ w amply repay ! tr\ble & exp5se4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,deg5]ate ,,roots4 ,if ! read] rev]t to page #f1 ,fig4 #c1 he w see t ! progress f a wild to a bett] root-=m is m>k$ by a m fle%y1 b /ill a mu* =k$1 or f+]-&-to$ example4 ,n[ z x is held t a cle> unbran*$ outl9e is ess5tial to a well-=m$ root crop ( e k9d1 :5ev] a crop becomes f+]$-&-to$1 x is look$ ^u z a disease4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t we are "h speak+ ( f+]-&-toe z di/9ct f anbury1 :i* latt] is a decid$ly diseas$ condition1 :e!r caus$ by insects or result+1 z "s affirm1 f a defect 9 ! soil4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two /ates may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,,f+]-,,&-,,toe4 ,,anbury4 ,root simply bran*$ or =k$1 ,root infe/$ ) irregul> ) tap]+ fle%y rootlets2 nodul> protub]ances1 or ) occurs 9 turnips1 p>snips1 tum\rs susp5d$ by roots1 c>rots1 & mangold4 7,see hav+ v mu* ! aspect ( figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 r[s ( g+]2 occurs 9 #aj47 turnips alone4 7,see fig4 #ab47 ,! example ( a root at page #f is a good =m ( a p>snip progress+ f wildness to a bett] cultivat$ =m4 ,we n[ (f] an engrav+ 7fig4 #e7 ( a holl[-cr[n$ crop p>snip1 f+]$-&-to$1 & evid5tly ( a v objectionable =m1 z x w be se5 on comp>ison h[ ne>ly alike are figs4 #c & #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,f+]-&-to$ deg5]ate ,p>snip4 ,half nat4 size4 ,n[1 z e deg5]ate crop ( p>snips w be f\nd to (f] a l>ge proportion ( su* roots z fig4 #e1 we seem b\nd to conclude t1 inasmu* z our fig4 #c repres5ts a root 9 progress t[>ds ennobl+1 s fig4 #e is t ( a root decl9+ to its level1--9 o!r words1 deg5]at+2 se$1 !re=e1 t produces su* roots c only come f a poor /ock4 ,our next fig4 7#f7 is ( a p>snip t _h prematurely fl[]$4 ,s5d+ up fl[]$ /ems ! fir/ ye>1 9 ! case ( a bi5nial1 c only be look$ ^u z an in/ance ( deg5]acy4 ,plants t 8run10 z x is t]m$1 be+ comp>atively useless1 ! be/ use1 inde$1 t c be made ( !m be+ t ( pull+ !m up & giv+ !m to ! pigs4 ,n[ ?is prop5sity is always accompani$ ) =k$ roots1 m especially 9 c>rots1 :i* roots are ev5 m deg5]ate ?an ^? repres5t$ 9 figs4 #c & #e1 z ^? 7 fle%y & succul5t2 b :5 ! roots ( runn]s are exam9$1 !y are always f\nd to be t\gh & woody1 &1 9 fact1 !y v ne>ly resemble ! wild examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,c>rot ( ,fir/ ,ye> run to ,se$4 ,half nat4 size4 ,fig4 #g is tak5 f a c>rot t has run1 & its r\gh1 woody1 nodul>1 =k$ root is fully app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,=k$ ,c>rot run to se$4 ,half nat4 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,=k$ ,belgian ,c>rot4 ,half nat4 size4 ,fig4 #h1 f a specim5 ( ,:ite ,belgian c>rot1 =k$ z x is1 is yet n uncommon2 /ill1 "h ! divid$ roots are succul5t4 ,?is diff]s f ! annual or run-to-se$ roots1 z ?is is a real bi5nial2 b its o!r m>k ( deg5]acy1 besides t ( f+]-&-toe1 0 9 its possess+ a top 7remov$ = exp]im5t be=e ! draw+ 0 made7 ( _m buds or heads4 ,n[ a multihead$ root1 :e!r 9 turnips1 c>rots1 p>snip1 or mangel1 is ano!r sign ( deg5]acy1 especially 9 ! c>rot or mangel1 z ! wild examples are rem>kable = ?is condition2 & 9 ennobl+ ^! roots1 "o ( ! difficulties is to get rid ( ?is prop5sity4 ,h5ce1 at root %[s all =k$ examples ( bulbs1 multihead$ & necky examples1 %\ld be reject$2 !y are1 h[ev]1 sometimes made s fat ) manur+ t !y pass mu/] = size1 :i* inde$ seems to be ! great quality requir$ at %[s3 :i* is a s]i\s mi/ake1 z be+ no sort ( crit]ion ( ! /ate ( a field ( roots1 unless x be an adv]se "o3 z a #aj lb4 mal=m$ root1 ) its huge top1 w require m gr\nd to gr[ ?an w half a doz5 roots av]ag+ #b lbs4 ea*2 :il/ ! latt] are c]ta9 to be bett] & w keep long]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,effects ,,( ,,gr[+ ,,se$ ,,f ,,deg5]ate ,,roots4 ,t ! se$ ( mal=m$ roots w\ld be likely to produce a poor crop 0 a subject admitt$ by all2 b nei!r ! =m nor ext5t ( ! mis*ief result+ !refrom _h be5 /at$ ^u ! au?ority ( exact exp]im5t4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to arrive at direct evid5ce ^u a po9t ^u :i* s mu* ( practical importance dep5ds1 we c>efully c>ri$ out ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,a ,mal=m$ or ,deg5]ate ,p>snip4 ,two-?irds ( nat4 size4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahfj1 we select$ two roots f a /ore1 namely1 "o ( a ,/ud5t p>snip f our own /ock & "o ( a ,skirv+'s sw$e4 ,be=e committ+ ^! to ! gr\nd = ! gr[? ( se$1 we made c>eful portraits ( ! two roots1 ( :i* t ( ! p>snip w be f\nd 9 fig4 #i1 t ( ! sw$e 9 fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a ,mal=m$ or ,deg5]ate ,sw$e4 ,two-?irds ( nat4 size4 ,n[ _h we be5 go+ to gr[ ! be/ ( se$1 we %\ld ( c\rse h select$ ! be/-%ap$ roots = our purpose2 b 9 ?is case1 z w be se51 ! mo/ vici\sly =m$ examples 7 *os54 ,bo? ( ! examples ^: portraits we h "h giv51 7 plant$ 9 our private g>d5 7:]e1 x is "r to say1 !y 7 ! only se$+ specim5s71 9 due "t _! se$ rip5$1 :i* 0 c>efully collect$ & /or$4 ,e>ly 9 ,april1 #ahfa1 ^! se$s 7 s[n 9 our exp]im5tal plots1 )\t manure1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- ,plot a4 ,se$ obta9$ f ! mal=m$ p>snip1 fig4 #i4 b4 ,se$ ( ,/ud5t p>snip ( ! same ye> z t ( plot a4 c4 ,se$ ( mal=m$ sw$e4 ,! plot b 0 s[n by way ( comp>ison1 & we c only regret t no plot ( good sw$e se$ 0 s[n ) ! same object1 & we mu/1 !re=e1 comp>e ) a piece ( sw$es 9 an adjo9+ field4 ,! foll[+ are ! tabulat$ results3-- ,,table ,,( ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts4 lb4 oz4 ,plot a4 #ge roots1 =m+ ! crop f se$ ( ! mal=m$ #g #d p>snip 7fig4 #h7 weigh$ 9 all ,plot b4 #fc roots =m+ ! crop #ad #j f se$ ( good ,/ud5t p>snips ,plot c4 #gj roots ( sw$es f se$ ( mal=m$ plant 7fig4 #aj47 #ai #h #gj roots f a r[ 9 ! field1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj #ce #j y>ds ,! roots f plot a may be describ$ z small1 ?\gh n s mu* f+]$-&-to$ z we _h expect$2 /ill !re 0 only ab\t half ! crop :5 comp>$ ) plot b1 :i* latt]1 inde$1 0 only small 9 weight1 :i* may be acc\nt$ = f be+ gr[n )\t manure4 ,dur+ _! progress ( gr[? ! diff]5ce 0 v p]ceptible--! small leaves ( a contra/+ mo/ unfav\rably ) ! broad]1 bright] col\r$ ones ( b4 ,z reg>ds ! sw$es1 !y 7 inde$ a v poor crop1 pres5t+ all ! evils ( deg5]acy--neck9ess1 = :i* x w be se5 t _! p>5t 0 di/+ui%$--want ( a bulboid =m2 none ( ! #gj roots be+ bett] ?an a ?9 tap-root1 & ^! 7 =k$1 %apeless1 & f+]$-&-to$ 9 endless v>iety4 ,_! sp9dle-%ap$ roots 7 q rem>kable1 & !y 7 ! rule1 al?\gh 9 good se$1 h[ev] bad ! soil1 !y w\ld h be5 ! exception4 ,^? 9 ! field h>d by 7 bulboid1 & av]ag$ half a p\nd ea*--no great weight1 z ! l& 9 :i* !y 7 gr[n is only second-rate4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 7 gr[n ) manure1 to :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu* ( ! diff]5ce is due1 & yet n s mu* z may fairly be imput$ to ! diff]5ce 9 se$4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts we conclude3-- #a/4 ,t a deg5]ate /ock w1 z a rule1 result f ! employm5t ( deg5]ate or badly-gr[n se$4 #bnd4 ,t besides ugly1 mal=m$ roots1 deg5]at$ se$ does n produce ne>ly ! weight ( crop ( good se$1 "u ! same circum/ances ( gr[?4 #crd4 ,t by means ( selection we may produce roots t are well-%ap$1 & h ! capabilities ( af=d+ ! be/ crop4 #d?4 ,t by design$ly select+ mal=m$ deg5]ate roots = se$+1 we may produce a se$ t w result 9 z great or great] deg5]acy4 8,t ^! are important conclusions0--we quote f ! ,agricultural ,gazette--8few w be dispos$ to d5y4 ,!y h mo/ int]e/+ be>+s on ! subject ( vegetable physiology1 & consequ5tly %\ld be /udi$ by ! f>m]40 ,x is a practice mu* to be desir$1 t n only %\ld a prop] *oice be made ( se$+ examples1 b t !re be a *ange ( situation1 &1 if possible1 a "t ( /orage be=e be+ plant$ = se$4 ,^! are all cultivative processes1 & to ! c>e ) :i* !y are c>ri$ out mu/ we look = p]man5ce 9 our d]ivative root-crops4 ,x _c be too /rongly urg$1 t1 z an effici5t sort ( root has only be5 arriv$ at z ! result ( great c>e--t is1 by successful bre$+1--s e c>e mu/ be tak5 = its ma9t5ance4 ,defect 9 se$ results 9 defect 9 ! produce ( t se$2 & d[nw>d t5d5cies ( ?is k9d are common results ( ev5 mo/ c>eful cultivation4 ,) c>elessness 9 ?is respect we mu/ n be surpris$ at rapid deg5]acy4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,adult]ation ,,( ,,se$s1 ,,m ,,p>ticul>ly ,,( ,,turnips4 ,9 ord] to make ! exp]im5ts :i* illu/rate ?is *apt] tell _! tale to ! fulle/ ext5t1 we w\ld set out ) ! two foll[+ po/ulates3-- #a/4 ,all well-gr[n1 well-pres]v$ new se$s %\ld be capable ( g]m9at+ to ! ext5t ( at lea/ #ij p] c5t4 #bnd4 ,se$s 9 g5]al1 & m especially turnip se$s1 z usually deliv]$ to ! f>m]1 are g5]ally incapable ( g]m9at+ to ! ext5t ( f #be to #cj p] c5t41 & v frequ5tly ev5 m4 ,we %all h]eaft] see1 t ?is want ( g]m9at+ p[] is too (t5 ! result ( mix+ *>lock1 ,indian rape1 & ! l1 by way ( adult]ation1 :i* latt] are kill$ to prev5t 8_! tell+ tales40 ,b to our exp]im5ts3-- ,a numb] ( t9 cases 7 made ( ! foll[+ proportions3 ,l5g?1 #ae in*es2 wid?1 #aj in*es2 dep?1 #d in*es4 ,^!1 :i* 7 well p]=at$ at ! bottom1 7 divid$ across into t5 equal p>ts1 ea* ( :i* 0 fill$ to )9 an in* ( ! rim1 ) a mixture ( f9e m\ld & silv] s&4 ,9 ^!1 se$s ( diff]5t sorts ( turnips 7 s[n1 & ! :ole 0 put into a b$ ( s& 9 our =c+-h\se4 ,we c\ld1 h[ev]1 see no diff]5ce 9 ! results1 nor c\ld we trace any 9 ! g]m9al or cotyl$on leaves ( sw$es1 turnips1 or *>lock4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 samples ( turnip-se$ c\ld n be te/$ z to fre$om f *>lock by ?is exp]im5t1 because *>lock is kill$ be=e be+ mix$ ) ! turnip4 ,n[1 see+ t we c\ld get no tru/wor?y results by ?is k9d ( exp]im5t1 x /ruck u t our g]m9ation-pans might be us$ to te/ ! g]m9at+ p[]1 n only ( ! samples we _h obta9$ = a diff]5t purpose1 b ( o!rs also4 ,we fir/1 !n1 c\nt$ a hundr$ ( ea* ( ! foll[+ sorts ( se$s1 & c>efully dibbl$ !m 9 a fre% mixture ( soil1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfj2 ! results1 :i* 7 z c>efully not$ f day to day1 are %ortly giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table #a4--;,g]m9ation ( ,t5 ,sorts ( ,turnips4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,came up ,no4 ( ,no4 ,"n1 ,copy ( ,label4 p] c5t4 ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,m\setail1 #ahei #if #aj #b ,pom]anian1 or ,:ite ,globe1 #ahei #hf #aa #c ,nimble ,gre5 ,r\nd1 #ahei #if #g #d ,l9coln%ire new ,r$ ,globe1 #ahfj #ij #i #e ,yell[ ,tank>d1 #ahei #ib #i #f ,sm>t's ,m\setail1 #ahfj #ih #g #g ,gre5-topp$ ,/one1 #ahfj #hd #h #h ,sutton's ,imp]ial ,gre5 ,globe1 #ahfj #ih #i #i ,gre5-topp$ ,scot*1 #ahfj #ij #i #aj ,e>ly ,six-weeks1 #ahfj #ij #aj ,came up #ib ,fail$ #h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,we w\ld rem>k ^u ^! results1 t ! temp]ature ( ! h\se 0 kept at betwe5 #fj & #gj1 & ! great] "p ( ! se$s came up 9 f\r days2 ! numb]s = ! days1 !n1 h ref]5ce to ! "t occupi$ be=e all t w\ld g]m9ate came up4 ,n[ ?is table is n a little in/ructive1 z %[+ t samples ( turnip-se$ c be got 9 :i* only a v few ( ! se$s fail to g]m9ate2 b z exp]i5ce _h taught u t ^! samples by no means repres5t$ ! usual m>ket condition ( turnip-se$s1 9 ord] to te/ ?is we begg$ to be all[$ p]mission to take samples direct f ! bags ( a retail se$sman z !y 7 expos$ 9 8 %op1 & ! foll[+ results w speak = !mselves4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be "h premis$ t ! samples 7 n gr[n by ! se$sman1 b 7 said to be j z receiv$ f ! :olesale deal]s4 ,,table #b4--;,g]m9ation ( ,t5 ,sorts ( ,turnip ,se$s f ,m>ket ,samples4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,came up ,no4 ( ,no4 ,copy ( ,label4 p] c5t4 ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,norfolk ,gre5 r\nd #gf #i #b ,:ite ,globe #gh #ae #c ,e>ly ,grey-topp$ ,/one #hj #aj #d ,r$ ,tank>d1 or ,pudd+ #fb #aa ,tak5 #e ,orange ,jelly #eb #ae f ! #f ,norfolk ,r\nd ,r$ #hj #aj bags by #g ,purple-topp$ yell[ ,scot* #gf #aa ! #h ,:ite ,dut* #fd #ab ,au?or4 #i ,e>ly ,gre5 top #fd #ac #aj ,yell[ ,tank>d ,pudd+ #dh #ab ,came up #fh ,fail$ #cb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,eight samples ( sw$es f ! same s\rce are 9 ! next table associat$ ) a sample ( ,skirv+'s sw$e1 gr[n 9 our own g>d5 7#h71 ( ! foll[+ table1 & ano!r ( turnip 7#i71 gr[n on a neighb\r+ f>m4 ,we may rem>k ^u ! la/-nam$ sample1 t we _h obs]v$ ! gr[? ( ?is se$1 :i* 0 f a v poor crop1 half ( :i* _h decay$ on ! gr\nd ) ! e>ly fro/ ( #ahfj1 & ! re/1 )\t transplant+ or selection ( any k9d1 0 all[$ to se$4 ,n[1 z ?is :ole crop 0 s deg5]at$ t x ought nev] to h be5 se$$ at all1 we 7 anxi\s to get "s ( ! se$ f ! bulk1 9 ord] to te/ f its gr[? ?is ye> :e!r x w n br+ =? a deg5]ate prog5y4 ,its g]m9at+ qualities w be se5 f ! table1 & yet x is by no means ! wor/ sample1 :i* seems to %[ t ! o!rs are n naturally bad1 b s by mixture4 ,,table #c4--;,g]m9ation ( ,sw$es1 c41 f ,m>ket ,samples1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,came up ,no4 ( ,no4 ,copy ( ,label4 p] c5t4 ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,a%cr(t's improv$ ,purple ,top #eh #ab #b ,new ,bangholm #if #aj #c ,skirv+'s ,liv]pool #fb #af #d ,gre5 ,top #gh #aj ,tak5 #e ,m>%all's improv$ ,purple ,top #ij #aj f ! #f ,hew]'s ,improv$ ,:ite #fh #ag bags by #g ,gre5 ,major #hf #aj ! #h ,skirv+'s ,sw$e 7own gr[n7 #if #aj ,au?or4 #i ,gre5 ,top ,turnip1 neighb\r's f>m #gh #f #aj ,fo/]ton ,hybrid ,turnip #fd #aj ,came up #ggf ,fail$ #bbd ,fail$ ( se$sman's specim5s #bdh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,n[1 z 8#j #j #j0 se$ is suppli$ to cu/om]s "u ! designation "h giv51 = ! purpose ( mix+1 x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r x be us$ by ! :olesale h\se or ! retail deal]2 if1 h[ev]1 x be employ$ by bo?1 we %\ld1 inde$1 get a bad sample4 ,z reg>ds ! se$sman's samples 9 ! ,tables #b & #c1 we are q unable to give exact details ( _! hi/ory1 b we h reason to believe t ! /ock :5ce !y 7 tak5 0 pur*as$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess f diff]5t 8:olesale h\ses10 z1 ?\gh ! tradesman :5ce ! samples came comb9es ! bus9ess ( 8nurs]yman0 ) t ( se$sman1 we happ5 to "k t he is n a gr[] ( se$s1 at lea/ ( turnip se$s4 ,! av]age1 !n1 ( eighte5 samples ( turnips & sw$es f ?is s\rce is t #bh p] c5t4 are non-g]m9at+ se$s4 ,! next samples are f p 9 a l>ge way ( bus9ess1 :o are n m]e retail]s1 b to :om we mu/ accord all ! immunities ( ! trade z se$-gr[]s1 :olesale & retail se$-m]*ants1 c4 ,be=e giv+ ! tables ) ! results z reg>ds ^! samples1 x is necess>y to /ate t !y 7 n s5t to u direct1 b 7 =w>d$ ?r\gh a f>m] to :om !y 7 s5t 9 ! ord9>y small packet samples4 ,we w\ld fur!r rem>k1 t z all t w\ld g]m9ate took s few days ab\t x1 be+ an av]age ( six days1 :il/ ^? ( ,table #a1 be+ se$s p>tly ( #ahei & p>tly ( #ahfj1 occupi$ n9e days1 & ^? ( ,table #b1 ^: date we d n "k1 elev5 days2 9 all probability ! se$s 9 "q 7 tol]ably new1 mo/ probably ( ! la/ se$ season4 ,,table #d4--;,g]m9ation ( ,t5 ,samples ( ,turnips4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,came up ,no4 ( ,no4 ,copy ( ,label4 p] c5t4 ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,gre5 ,globe #fb #h #b ,dale's ,hybrid #hd #d #c ,r$ ,globe #ij #f ,turnips #d ,orange ,jelly #ajj #d f #e ,:ite r\nd1 or ,norfolk #db #e sample #f ,gre5 ,tank>d #ej #f pap]s #g ,sc>isbrick 7sic7 #hh #aa communi- #h ,:ite ,globe #gd #d cat$4 #i ,gold5 ,yell[ #hb #d #aj ,gre5 r\nd #cj #f ,came up #gjb ,fail$ #bih ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! specim5s 9 next table 7 obta9$ 9 l mann] z ^? ( ,table #d4 ,,table #e4--;,g]m9ation ( ,samples ( ,common & ,sw$e ,turnips4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,came up ,no4 ( ,no4 ,"n4 ,copy ( ,label4 p] c5t4 ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,:ite ,/one or ,/ubble #df #f #b ,r$ ,tank>d #fj #e ,sw$es #c ,:ite ,tank>d #fj #d ,turnips #d ,yell[ ,tank>d #hh #e f #e ,gre5 ,top ,yell[ ,scot* #hd #f sample #f ,purple ,top ditto #fb #h pap]s #g ,tank>d-%ap$ ,sw$e #gd #g communi- #h ,:ite-fle%$ ditto #hd #h cat$4 #i ,skirv+'s ,improv$ ,purple ,top ditto #fd #h #aj ,la:ead ,gre5 ,top #hj #g ,came up #gjb ,fail$ #bih ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,( ^! samples we see t )9 a fraction ( #cj p] c5t4 is ! av]age ( non-g]m9at+ se$s1 & ?is is only s l[ on acc\nt ( two or ?ree unusually good samples1 ! g5]al range be+ f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ( non-g]m9at+ se$s = ! la/ tw5ty samples4 ,if we comp>e ,no4 #e1 ,table #b1 ) ,no4 #d1 ,table #d1 we see a diff]5ce 9 ! ,orange ,jelly ,turnip2 9 ! =m] little m ?an half came up1 9 ! latt] e se$4 ,?is is ( importance1 z %[+ :at g5u9e se$ may be1 ! latt] be+ d\btless z unmix$ z ! =m] 0 mix$4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! *>ge ( mix+1 we are n go+ to make x )\t "s evid5ce4 ,9 look+ ov] ! tables we h n[ giv51 x w be se5 t g5u9e se$ has b a small p]-c5tage ( non-g]m9at+ se$s--say f #e to #aj p] c5t42 b n only ! examples h]e9 ref]r$ to1 ) ho/s ( sep>ate ones :i* h fall5 "u our notice1 %[ a g5]al am\nt ( dead se$s1 ( f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ,= ^! figures comp>e ,table #a ) ,tables #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,9 ^? ( ! fir/ lot ! samples 7 s5t direct to u f a se$sman1 & _! behavi\r %[s u cle>ly en\gh t good se$s are to be obta9$1 b ! o!r tables are z cle> t f "s se$sm51 at any rate1 ?\gh inf]ior samples1 !y are z good z are actually sold4 ,t se$s are mix$ we h1 !n1 good int]nal evid5ce2 b we are also 9 possession ( facts m conclusive ^u ?is important po9t1 & we %all 9 ?is next *apt] endeav\r to enlight5 our read]s z to ! art & my/]y 7especially7 ( turnip-se$ adult]ation4 ,conf9+ our pres5t rem>ks to turnip se$s1 we ass]t t if f>m]s w try ! g]m9at+ p[]s f ! bulk ( ! se$ :i* may be s5t to !m1 !y w f9d pretty ne>ly "o-?ird to be rubbi%4 ,x is ( no use to try f samples1 except 9 comp>ison ) bulk2 & if all ! f>m]s ( ,great ,brita9 did ?is1 & w\ld communicate ! results1 :at an extraord9>y tale w\ld be unfold$1 m especially if ! evid5ce be complet$ by notes on ! purity or o!rwise ( ! crop gr[n f su* se$s6 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,my/]y ,,( ,,turnip-,,se$ ,,adult]ation4 ,x has already be5 %[n t turnip-se$ is l>gely adult]at$2 x rema9s n[ to po9t out ! nature ( ! admixtures1 :i* may be summ$ up "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a/4 ,old se$s are mix$ ) new4 #bnd4 ,*>lock1 8,indian rape10 & o!r se$s ( ! ,brassicace1 are mix$ ) g5u9e se$4 #a/4--,! crops ( se$s v>y s mu* 9 _! produce p] acre1 9 "o ye>1 z comp>$ ) ano!r1 t 9 mo/ ye>s !re is a sup]abundance ( "s k9ds & a sc>city ( o!rs4 ,n[1 z mo/ se$s are ( comp>atively little use except = s[+1 ! surplus /ock c only be dispos$ ( at extremely l[ prices4 ,accord+ly "s :olesale se$sm5 buy l>ge quantities 9 ! 8glut season10 z x is t]m$1 & /ore !m until ! same articles fail 9 crop4 ,= in/ance1 sw$e & turnip se$s1 #aheg crop1 c\ld be b\ght ev]y:]e at f #ae to #bj %ill+s p] bu%el2 b ow+ to ! de/ruction ( ! roots 9 ! w9t] ( #ahei1 se$sm5 9 #ahfj _h to pay ! gr[]s #ejs4 p] bu%el4 ,n[1 9 #ahfj !re 7 :olesale h\ses sell+ ^? se$s :i* !y _h by !m = ! same price4 ,su* p c1 x is true1 w>rant _! se$s to be g5u9e1 z !y well "k h[ mu* turnip-se$s det]iorate by keep+2 ! mix+ ( ?is ) good se$ is /ill a species ( adult]ation2 & if n mix$ at all1 we c !n only say t ! evil is s mu* ! great]4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! am\nt ( det]ioration caus$ to turnip-se$s by keep+1 we "h re-produce ! table ( trials ( t5 sorts ( good se$s made 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfj1 9 contra/ ) exp]im5ts f ! same sample1 9 ! same mon? ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahfb71 premis+ t ! samples 7 kept 9 :at we %\ld consid] a dry b n too w>m a temp]ature4 ,,table #f4--;,g]m9ation ( ,t5 ,sorts ( ,turnips4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,came up ,came up ,no4 ,"n4 ,copy ( ,label4 #ahfj4 #ahfb4 ,p]c5t4,p]c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,m\setail1 #ahei #if #df #b ,pom]anian or ,:ite ,globe1 #ahei #hf #dd #c ,nimble ,gre5 ,r\nd1 #ahei #if #id #d ,l9coln%ire ,new ,r$ ,globe1 #ahfj #ij #eh #e ,yell[ ,tank>d1 #ahei #ib #fb #f ,sm>t's ,m\setail1 #ahfj #ih #ib #g ,gre5-topp$ ,/one1 #ahfj #hd #hh #h ,sutton's ,imp]ial ,gre5 ,globe1 #ahfj #ih #hj #i ,gre5-topp$ ,scot*1 #ahfj #ij #hf #aj ,e>ly ,six-weeks1 #ahfj #ij #gj ,came up 7av]age7 #ib #gb ,fail$ #h #bh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,^! figures are int]e/+ z %[+ t ?\gh ! diff]5t sorts are n affect$ equally1 yet ! se$ ( #ahei fail$ on ! av]age to ! ext5t ( #chh p] c5t41 z aga9/ #bdf = ! se$ ( #ahfj1 & #bh z ! av]age ( ! :ole samples4 ,su* is ! great diff]5ce betwe5 two & ?ree ye> old se$s4 #bnd4--,ev5 ! above g5u9e se$s 767 are n unfrequ5tly mix$1 & we may n[ exam9e ! nature ( "s ( ^! mixtures4 ,*>lock & ,indian rape are all prep>$ = ?is purpose3 t is to say1 !y are r5d]$ incapable ( g]m9at+ be=e mixture--8,dead m5 tell no tales40 ,n[ rubbi%1 s prep>$1 is well kn[n 9 ! trade z #jjj se$4 ,"u ?is d5om9ation all se$sm5 "k x1 & x c be procur$ by ! trade at ab\t #gs4 p] bu%el4 ,) respect to ?is #jjj se$1 we direct att5tion to ! foll[+ lett] address$ to a mo/ respectable firm4 ,,s\?ampton1 ,april #bg1 #ahfj4 ,,g5tlem51--,be+ 9 possession ( a new & improv$ me?od ( kill+ se$s )\t ! use ( any *emicals1 s t ! se$ :5 9 a #jjj /ate has n t unpleasant smell x has :5 kill$ by ! old me?od1 & does n look p]i%$ if x be cru%$4 ,a man by ! new process may kill t5 or twelve qu>t]s p] day1 & ! app>atus is s con/ruct$ t x is impossible = a s+le se$ to leave x alive2 & "o great advantage is1 t if y want a sack ( #jjj se$ 9 a hurry y may kill a sack ( rape or turnip1 or any se$1 & h x fit = use 9 an h\r4 ,se$ 9 ! process ( kill+ increases 9 measure & weight1 & :5 y s5d x out to be kill$1 ( c\rse1 ! se$-kill]s keep ! extra weight & measure4 ,if y ?9k x wor? y\r att5tion1 ,i w s5d y a small work+ model1 s t y may kill a few p\nds ( kale or caulifl[]1 or any small se$s 9 a few m9utes1 & in/ructions = mak+ a l>ge "o on receipt ( a ,po/-(fice ord] = #b4 ,y\rs truly1 ---- ,to ?is ! ,messrs4 ,sutton app5d ! foll[+ rem>ks3-- ,! writ] ( ! above be+ unkn[n to u1 we _h ! curiosity to call at ! address giv51 & asc]ta9$ t x 0 no 8hoax10 b 0 assur$ by ! 8inv5tor0 t he _h suppli$ sev]al tradesm5 ) ! app>atus1 & t he 0 =m]ly 9 ! se$ trade himself4 ,we may add1 t we h s9ce he>d f ! same individual at ano!r sea-port t[n to :i* he has remov$4 ,hav+ got possession ( ?is circul>1 & be+ desir\s ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) s notable an inv5tion1 we lo/ no "t 9 sett+ on foot a negotiation = ! possession ( ! secret1 & hav+ trac$ ! inv5tor 9 8 removal f ,s\?ampton to ,gosport1 we !n _h lett]s address$ to him ^u ! subject1 &1 if promises _h be5 ( any avail1 we might possibly at ?is "t h be5 9 possession ( a v improv$ & exp$iti\s me?od ( mak+ #jjj se$s1 only t we h le>nt ! undesirable nature ( pay be=eh&4 ,our next inquiry 0 = a sample ( #jjj se$ itself2 b1 al?\gh x is well kn[n 9 ! trade1 we h hi!rto fail$ 9 procur+ x4 ,we _h hop$ t our se$sm5 might h be5 able to procure "s ?r\gh "s ( _! fri5ds4 ,! result 01 t we made application to a mo/ respectable ,london firm1 receiv+ ! foll[+ reply3-- ,,london1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahfa4 ,,sir1--,9 reply to y\r fav\r receiv$ ?is morn+1 we take leave to say t we %all h pleasure 9 comply+ ) y\r reque/ = a sample ( #jjj turnips1 if we c obta9 x4 ,b we d n keep x ourselves1 nor d we "k ! p>ties :o prep>e x1 x be+ some?+ ( a trade secret4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 apply to "s ( our fri5ds "h to let u h a small quantity1 b d\bt if !y w let u h x1 z x is a matt] !y are r *>y respect+1 & al?\gh p]fectly well kn[n & und]/ood 9 ! trade1 !y d n c>e to h x kn[n beyond1 & our ask+ = a small quantity w be sure to lead to ! "q1 8,:at d we want x =80 ,we c\ld obta9 a l>ge quantity )\t hesitation4 ,we rema91 c41 ---- ,! s5t5ce we h plac$ 9 italics w be q suffici5t to %[ h[ well ! matt] ( #jjj se$s is und]/ood 9 ! trade1 & h[ easy x is to get bu%els ( x1 no que/ions be+ ask$1 :ile a small quantity1 requir$ only = inve/igation1 may be refus$4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! ma*9]y exi/s by :i* any "o 9 ! se$ trade may quietly & easily commit enorm\s frauds4 ,& x is pla9 t ! v notoriety ( ?is ma*9]y1 toge!r ) ! condition ( _m ( ! samples ( se$ :i* we h exam9$ 7see ,*ap4 ,,vi47 prove t ?is ma*9]y actually is employ$ by _m se$sm5 to ! great injury ( _! cu/om]s4 ,we _c1 !n1 be do+ wrong 9 urg+ any "o to make trial ( ! se$s he is ab\t to buy be=e he s[s !m1 or ev5 be=e he pur*ases !m4 ,:]e ! exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( ye>s already exi/s1 ! "* ( ! se$sman is a gu>antee = ! good quality ( 8 goods1 & exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d is inde$ a m p]fect c>ry+ out ( ! sy/em ( prelim9>y trial or exp]im5t1 :i* we recomm5d especially to all new cu/om]s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,on ,,! ,,injuries ,,caus$ ,,by ,,insects4 ,root-crops are especially liable to injury f ! depr$ations ( insects4 ,?us ! turnip may h its se$ m or less de/roy$ by weevils4 ,imm$iately ! se$ appe>s above ! gr\nd1 comm5ces ! attack by ! turnip flea-beetles4 ,! bulb is pi]c$ by beetles1 end+ 9 ^? excresc5ces call$ 8turnip-w>bles20 & !re is reason to ?9k t ev5 ! root-fibrils are 9 "s soils made ! depositories ( ! eggs ( insects1 :i* give rise to extraord9>y mal=mations4 ,c>rots & p>snips are liable to h ! be/-gr[n root made useless by its be+ pi]c$ & eat5 by ! l>v or grubs ( a small fly1 kn[n z ! ,psila ros4 ,ev5 ! mangel-wurzel1 :i* has be5 s /r5u\sly recomm5d$ z a sub/itute = ! turnip on acc\nt ( its fre$om f insect attacks1 & connect$ ) :i* ,curtis only describes a s+le insect1 a leaf-m9]1 call$ ,an?omyia ,bet1 ^u :i* he rem>ks t 8^! insects w seldom cause any loss to ! mangel-wurzel crops %\ld !y ev] ab\nd to any ext5t40 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is1 we f9d t ! increas$ gr[? ( ?is crop has caus$ a correspond+ increase 9 ! insect1 to su* an ext5t t1 dur+ ! la/ two seasons1 _m crops h entirely fail$ f its depr$ations2 z witness ! foll[+ communication to ! ,agricultural ,gazette = ,augu/ #bcrd1 #ahfb3-- ,my mangel crop 0 drill$ ! #ag? ,may1 & came up mo/ fav\rably4 ,on ,monday1 ! #bnd ,june1 ,i ask$ my bailiff :at 0 ! matt] ) x2 he said1 8,oh1 x 0 a %>p fro/ la/ night20 b on exam9ation ,i f\nd t in/ead ( fro/ ! leaves _h )9 !m a maggot1 :i* _h caus$ ! plant to br[n & die (f4 ,! late ra9s & gr[+ wea!r h enabl$ ! plant some:at to revive1 & also fre% plants to come up 7= ,i _h drill$ #g lb4 p] acre71 b f\nd to-day sev]al leaves ) maggots 9 !m4 ,my man told me 8a quantity _h eat5 !mselves out ( ! leaf & dropp$20 & t he saw 8a va/ numb] ( sp>r[s pick+ up ^? maggots40 ,i s5d y h]e) "s plants ,i br\ght up f ! f>m4 ,my idea is t ! se$ 0 damp & br$ ! maggots1 or t ! leaves _h be5 8/ruck ) a fly10 & !n ! maggot foll[$4 ,y w please let me h y\r ideas ^u ^! po9ts4--,s4 ,s4 ,! maggot1 or l>v1 "h describ$ is t ( a fly call$ ! ,an?omyia 7,pegomyia7 bet1 mangel-wurzel fly4 ,an alli$ species w sometimes be f\nd on ! common dock-leaves1 m9+ _! gall]ies betwe5 ! d]mal cells ( ! leaves4 ,we h = "s "t obs]v$ ! increase ( ?is pe/1 & we are prep>$ to /ate t n[ we seldom see a crop t is n greatly injur$ by its attacks4 ,mr4 ,curtis ?9ks t ! be/ me?od to de/roy !m is to employ boys to cru% ! leaves betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s at ! "p :]e ! l>v c be se52 & ) ?is we fe> we mu/ = ! pres5t be cont5t1 unless we c\ld devise "s means to take ! fly be=e its eggs are laid 9 ! leaves4 ,we ne$ n "h dwell at l5g? ^u ! natural hi/ory ( ^? pe/s ( ! turnip--! ,haltica nemorum 7/rip$ flea-beetle71 & ,h4 conc9na 7black flea-beetle71 z ! nature ( _! ravages are tol]ably well kn[n4 ,?us mu*1 h[ev]1 may be said2 namely3-- a4 ,^! insects are call$ fleas because !y h ! p[] ( hopp+ on be+ di/urb$1 mu* aft] ! mann] ( a flea4 b4 ,!y h "s five or six broods ea* ye>2 ! e>li] ones probably be+ br$ on *>locks & o!r we$s ( ! same natural ord] z ! turnip2 & h5ce1 !n1 *>locks are pe/s1 n only z be+ we$s1 b z bre$+-places = "o ( our mo/ mis*iev\s insects4 c4 ,!y migrate f _! we$-haunts to ! fir/ crop ( turnips1 :]e mu* ( _! mis*ief may be prev5t$ by simply du/+ ov] ! "y plants ) any f9e p[d]1 road-dirt answ]+ ! purpose z well z any?+ else4 ,v>i\s devices h be5 employ$ = keep+ away & kill+ ^! little creatures4 ,we h us$ a contrivance = cat*+ !m1 :i* may be describ$ z foll[s3-- ,"s ?9 bo>d 7or bo>ds71 mak+ a surface ( ab\t #d feet long by #b feet wide1 is furni%$ at "o end ) a pair ( light :eels ( j suffici5t diamet] to lift ! bo>d ab\t #b or #c in*es above ! plants4 ,to ! o!r end may be atta*$ two crook$ h&les 9 su* a mann] t ! ma*9e c be :eel$ flatly ov] ! plants1 or if f\r :eels be employ$1 "o at ea* corn]1 a s+le h&le c be us$ ei!r to pu% or pull ! implem5t4 ,:5 us$1 x %\ld h its und]side pa9t$ ov] ) t> or any h&y viscid sub/ance4 ,?is %\ld be us$ on bright days1 ! op]ator pu%+ x ov] ! r[s ( turnips1 s z1 if possible1 n to ?r[ 8 %ad[ be=e4 ,! middle ( ! day w be be/1 n only = ?is reason1 b also because ^! creatures fe$ m actively at t "t4 ,n[1 our exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ?is simple contrivance on small exp]im5tal plots conv9ces u t a small boy c\ld easily keep "u ! enemy 9 a good-siz$ field4 ,b n[ comes a v important "q = consid]ation4 ,_c we d m ?an kill a few ( ^! creatures8 _c we adopt su* plans z w r5d] our crops tol]ably safe f _! depr$ations8 ,we ?9k s1 & to ?is end advise ! foll[+ me?od ( proce$+3-- ,let ea* turnip-gr[] prep>e = ! enemy by s[+ f ! eigh? to a qu>t] ( an acre ( turnips 9 a sunny "p ( ! f>m z e>ly z ! fir/ week 9 ,april4 ,^! pat*es w\ld quickly attract all ! turnip flea-beetles f ! wild crucif] on :i* ! fir/ broods seem to dep5d1 & 9 ?is small compass !y c be kill$ 9 detail ) ! simple contrivance j describ$1 s t :5 ! real crop comes up !re w be none1 or at lea/ only a few1 beetles to emigrate to x2 :]eas1 z we n[ manage1 by ! "t ! crop ( turnips is s[n1 en\gh ( ! creatures are too (t5 br$ to r5d] x necess>y to s[ two or ?ree times be=e we c secure a crop4 ,anbury is an affection to :i* only ! diff]5t sorts ( turnips are liable1 9 :i* case x diff]s f f+]-&-toe1 ) :i* x has be5 v mu* conf\nd$1 z ?is latt] occurs 9 all k9ds ( roots2 namely1 turnips1 c>rots1 mangel-wurzel1 c41 z well z bo? ! common & ,sw$i% turnips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa 7,fig4 #h repeat$74 ,f+]-&-toe ,c>rot4 ,half natural size4 ,z a sample ( an extreme case ( f+]-&-toe--digitate root1--we repeat ! foll[+ figure ( a ,belgian c>rot1 9 :i* x w be se5 t ! =ks gradually tap] to ! extremities2 9 fact1 ! :ole1 in/ead ( be+ a succul5t fle%y tap or fusi=m root1 9 :i* case x c\ld readily be /or$1 is divid$ 9 f+]s-&-toes1 :i* are liable to break (f1 & ?is r5d]s ! product next to useless4 ,n[1 ?is affection may occur 9 any soil1 z x is ! result ( a deg5]acy 9 ! /ock ( ! plant2 b 9 ! affection n[ to be describ$ ! case is :olly diff]5t1 z "h ! bulk ( ! sw$e 7fig4 #ab7 is affect$ ) r\gh1 canc]\s knobs1 :il/ ! rootlets support irregul> knobs ( a l k9d1 :i* h m ! aspect ( susp5d$ r[s ( g+] ?an f+]s-&-toes4 ,roots s affect$ soon rot1 & h a ftid od\r1 s t !y are n only useless !mselves1 b communicate cank] & decay to ! :ole /ore4 ,9 ! putrid mass w be f\nd maggots & flies & beetles ( diff]5t k9ds2 b z yet naturali/s are n agre$ z to :e!r ! nodules ( disease are caus$ by insects1 or :e!r ^! creatures are m]ely attract$ by ! ftid matt]4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to ! belief t "s insects are connect$ ) ! diseas$ appe>ance 9 ! fir/ place1 :il/ o!rs aft]w>ds /ep 9 to fatt5 ^u ! decay+ matt]1 induc$ by ! fir/ lot2 b /ill x mu/ be confess$ t ! subject requires mu* m att5tion ?an x has yet receiv$1 9 ord] to settle ^! important que/ions4 ,/ill x may be obs]v$ t "o po9t has be5 univ]sally admitt$2 namely1 t anbury only occurs to any ext5t 9 s&y soils1 :]e !re is an abs5ce ( lime1 a good dress+ ( :i* m9]al is ! be/ safegu>d aga9/ ?is affection4 ,/ill1 9 soils t are liable to anbury1 we %\ld n recomm5d ! cont9uance ( turnip-gr[+1 or at lea/ n s frequ5tly 9 ! rotation z has hi!rto be5 ! case1 & m especially z ! soils :i* produce anbury to ! greate/ ext5t are j ^? be/ adapt$ = p>snips & c>rots1 :i*1 if n :olly1 may occasionally be v pr(itably gr[n 9 ! place ( ! turnip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,sw$e affect$ ) ,anbury4 ,nat4 size4 ,hav+ giv5 a few notes on ! m prom95t =ms ( insect attacks to :i* root crops are liable1 we w\ld n[ close ?is *apt]1 z details ( all ! insect pe/s w\ld occupy m space ?an we c "h allot to ! subject2 b to ^? :o w\ld inquire fur!r ^u ?is f]tile !me1 we w\ld advise ! p]usal ( 8,f>m ,insects10 by ,j4 ,curtis1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 c4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,to r5d] our subject z complete z possible1 we direct att5tion to ! foll[+ practical conclusions1 to :i* our :ole argum5t ^u ! sci5ce ( root-gr[+ po9ts3-- ,fir/4--,cultivat$ roots are improv$ wild ones1 only to be obta9$ by g>d5+ on ! small1 or f>m+ on ! l>ge scale2 ?is g>d5+ or f>m+ be+ c>ri$ on by c]ta9 op]ations at c]ta9 seasons :i* we h compreh5d$ "u ! t]m ( cultivation processes4 ,second4--,! diff]5ce 9 sort ( roots is caus$ ei!r by cross-bre$+ z ! result ( accid5t or design1 or ( ! education ( "s p>ticul> prop5sity :i* has be5 act$ ^u by ! intellig5t se$-gr[]4 ,?ird4--,! ma9t5ance ( sorts 9 purity dep5ds ^u c>eful selection ( ! "r v>iety = ! se$+ examples4 ,f\r?4--,! pres]vation ( a good outl9e or %ape ( root c only be ma9ta9$ by select+ ^? ( good =m to se$ f2 =1 z runn+ to se$1 multi=m top1 =k9ess1 8f+]-&-toe0 9 roots1 is evid5ce ( wild gr[?1 s1 !n1 cultivat$ plants assum+ ?is =m are consid]$ z deg5]ate1 & se$ f su* roots produces a mal=m$ & poor crop4 ,fif?4--,! difficulties ( gett+ good se$--:e!r ( tru5ess to sort1 f c>efully select$ bulbs1 or free f adult]ation ei!r ( old ) new se$1 or a mixture ( *>lock & o!rs ( ! same family--are v great4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 good se$ c be dep5d$ ^u1 x is mu* *eap]1 ?\gh at a consid]able increase ( fir/ se$s co/1 z n only quality b ! quantity ( live s consid]ably dep5ds ^u ! tru? & hone/y ( ! se$sman4 ,six?4--,injuries f insect attacks1 ?\gh s]i\s z affect+ ! yield1 are yet n due to ! se$2 & anbury1 if x be due to insects1 only occurs 9 ! turnip-crops1 & !n 9 p>ticul> soils4 ,! true insect attacks to be av]t$ by simultane\s action4 ,9 f9e4--,good se$1 ( a true sort1--c>e 9 gr[?1--& a wat*fulness ( enemies1 includes ! ,,sci5ce & ,,practice ( ,root ,cultivation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,furni% ,,y\r ,,h\se ,,) ,,! ,,be/ ,,articles ,,at ,,deane',s ,a4,d #agjj ,,g5]al ,,furni%+ ,,ironmong]y ,,w>eh\se ,,an ,,illu/rat$ ,,catalogue ,,po/ ,,free ,,on ,,application ,,london ,,bridge ,,deane ,co4 7,,op5+ ,,to ,,! ,,monum5t7 #df1 ,,k+ ,,william ,s,t4 ,,city ,,f>m ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,se$s ,,c>riage ,,free4 ,bangholm ,sw$e1 ,ea/ ,lo?ian ,sw$e1 ,w>d's ,beauty ,sw$e1 ,dropmore ,sw$e1 ,m>%all's ,*ampion ,sw$e1 ,gre5-top ,sw$e1 ,:ite ,sw$e1 ,improv$ ,skirv+'s ,sw$e1 ,:ite & ,r$ ,globe1 & ,norfolk ,turnip1 ,scot* ,yell[ ,turnip1 ,dobito's ,yell[ ,oval ,mangel1 ,w>d's ,ditto1 ,improv$ ,yell[ ,globe ,ditto1 ,improv$ ,orange ,globe ,ditto1 ,improv$ ,long ,r$ ,mangel1 ,illu/ration ,improv$ ,long ,yell[ ,mangel1 ,improv$ ,r$ ,globe ,mangel1 ,improv$ ,:ite ,field ,beet1 ,r$ ,clov]1 ,c[grass1 ,:ite1 ,yell[1 & ,alsike ,clov]s4 ,pacey's ,p]5nial ,rye-grass1 & o!r sorts4 ,italian ,rye-grass1 ,=eign & ,engli% ,se$4 ,natural ,grass ,se$s1 9 mixture or sep>ate1 suitable = v>i\s soils & localities4 ,light ,rye-grass & o!r ,*eap ,grasses1 = s[+ on ,railway ,banks & ,wa/e ,places4 ,ord]s = ,exportation promptly att5d$ to4 ,,pet] ,,lawson1 ,,son1 ,,! ,,que5',s ,,se$sm51 #bh1 ,,k+ ,,/reet1 ,,*eapside1 ,,ne> ,,! ,,guildhall1 & #ae1 ,,lawr5ce ,,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,,e/abli%$ #ahba4 ,,special ,,manures4 ,,griff91 ,,morris1 ,,& ,,griff91 ,invite ,att5tion to _! ,manures :i* are successfully us$ 9 ,,=ty-,,sev5 ,,briti% ,,c\nties4 ,,manures ,,= ,,all ,,k9ds ,,( ,,root ,,crops4 ,surpris+ results are produc$ by ! use ( _! well-kn[n ,,grass ,,manures1 ,,turnip1 ,,potatoe1 ,,& ,,mangold ,,manures4 ,agriculturi/s are invit$ to s5d = an ,annual ,circul>1 conta9+ ,li/ ( ,prices1 ,p>ticul>s ( ,premiums1 c4 ,,c]es ,,works1 ,,wolv]hampton1 ,janu>y1 #ahfc4 ,,! ,,london ,,manure ,,company1 ,,e/abli%$ #ahdj1 ,supply ,p]uvian ,guano1 ,nitrate ( ,soda1 ,dissolv$ ,bones1 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime1 ,,& ,,all ,,artificial ,,manures ,,gu>ante$ ,,g5u9e4 #aaf1 ,f5*ur* ,/reet4 ,,edw>d ,,purs]1 ,secret>y4 ,,mill] ,,johnson ,manufacture ,special ,manures = ,root1 ,corn1 & ,grass ,crops1 ,:i* !y gu>antee to be ( ! highe/ quality4 ,,works3 ,,norm&y ,,:>f1 ,,ro!rhi!2 ,,(fices3 #be1 ,,m>k ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,,editions ,,= #ahfc4 ,,n[ ,,ready1 ,,! ,,%ill+ ,,pe]age4 ,,! ,,%ill+ ,,b>onetage4 ,,! ,,%ill+ ,,knightage4 ,,! ,,%ill+ ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons4 ,conta9+ ! ,bir?1 ,accession1 & ,m>riage ( ea* p]sonage1 8 ,heir 7,app>5t or ,presumptive71 ,family ,"n1 ,political ,bias1 & ,patronage2 z also a ,brief ,notice ( ! ,(fices :i* he has hi!rto held1 8 ,t[n ,address & ,c\ntry ,resid5ces4 ,compil$ by ,,edw>d ,,wal=d1 ,m4,a41 ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,f>m]s ,,( ,,engl&1 ,read ! ,,magnet1 ,! l>ge/ & be/ ,agricultural & ,family ,gazette1 & ! be/ ,london newspap] especially devot$ to ,agriculture & ! ,int]e/ ( ! ,l&4 ,! ,,magnet is publi%$ e ,monday ev5+1 aft] ! close ( ! ,london ,corn & ,cattle ,m>kets1 & 9 "t = po/4 ,important to ,auctione]s & o!r ,adv]tis]s f its l>ge & influ5tial circulation4 ,price #d;d4 only4 ,/amp$ = circulation by po/4 ,,(fice1 #ai1 ,,exet] ,,/reet1 ,,/r&1 ,,london4 ,9 ,mon?ly ,p>ts1 at #es4 ea*4 ,,engli% ,,botany4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,j4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,syme1 ,f4,l4,s41 c4 ,! fir/ ,volume ( ?is spl5did ,"w is n[ ready4 ,,x ,,conta9s ,,all ,,! ,rues1 ,anemones1 ,cr[foots1 ,spe>worts1 ,wat]lilies1 ,poppies1 ,fumitories1 ,mu/>ds1 ,rockets1 ,/ocks1 ,lady's ,smocks1 ,cresses1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,plants ,,rank$ ,,"u ,,! ,,ord]s ,,ranunculace1 ,,b]b]ace1 ,,nymphiace1 ,,papav]ace1 ,,& ,,crucif]4 ,,all ,,! ,,draw+s ,,are ,,life-,,size1 ,,& ,,col\r$ ,,to ,,nature ,,by ,,h& ,,pa9t+4 ,vol4 ,i4 conta9s sev5 numb]s at #es4 ea*1 ,,or ,,complete1 ,,b\nd ,,9 ,,clo?1 #chs4 8,mr4 ,syme's ,engli% ,botany w be ! mo/ complete ,flora ( ,great ,brita9 ev] br\ght out4 ,?is great "w w f9d a place :]ev] botanical sci5ce is cultivat$ & ! /udy ( our native plants ) all _! fasc9at+ associations held de>40--,a!num4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 ,royal #hvo41 price #a4 #ads4 ,,! ,,grasses ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 7,completion (74 ,n[ ready1 9 #a vol41 conta9+ life-size1 full-col\r$ ,draw+s1 ) magnifi$ ,organs1 ( #add ,briti% ,grasses1 & ,obs]vations on _! ,natural ,hi/ory & ,uses4 ,describ$ by ,c4 ,,johnson4 ,illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,,s[]by4 ,complete1 b\nd 9 clo?1 price #a4 #gs4 ,,! ,,useful ,,plants ,,( ,,great ,,brita93 a ,treatise ^u ! pr9cipal ,native ,vegetables capable ( ,application z ,food or ,m$ic9e1 or 9 ! ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,,johnson4 ,illu/rat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,,s[]by4 #cjj ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 price #fs4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,fungi 7a ,pla9 & ,easy ,acc\nt (74 ,) especial ref]5ce to ! ,escul5t & o!r ,economic ,species4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,,cooke4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates ( #dj ,species4 ,also1 by ! same ,au?or1 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,botanic ,,t]ms4 ,fcap4 #hvo41 upw>ds ( #cjj ,illu/rations1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,manual ,,( ,,/ructural ,,botany1 = ! use ( ,/ud5ts & ,classes4 #bjj ,illu/rations1 #as42 b\nd 9 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,fully ,illu/rat$1 price #bs4 #f;d4 pla91 #ds4 col\r$4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,f]ns 7a ,pla9 & ,easy ,acc\nt (72 toge!r ) _! classification1 arrangem5t ( g5]al /ructure1 & functions1 directions = 9-door & out-door cultivation1 & = dry+4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,lanke/]4 ,small edition1 #aa 94 by #h 942 l>ge edition1 #ag 94 by #aa 94 ,,! ,,f]n ,,collector',s ,,album3 a ,descriptive ,folio = ! ,reception ( ,natural ,specim5s2 conta9+ on ! "r-h& page a description ( ea* f]n1 ! opposite page be+ left blank = ! collector to affix ! dri$ specim52 =m+1 :5 fill$1 an elegant & complete collection ( ?is int]e/+ family ( plants4 ,h&somely b\nd1 price ,"o ,gu9ea4 ,a ,l>ge ,edition1 )\t descriptive lett]-press1 h&somely b\nd1 ,"o ,gu9ea4 ,fully ,illu/rat$1 #ds4 col\r$ by h&1 #bs4 #f;d4 pla94 ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,wor? ,,notice3 a ,selection f ! ,briti% ,flora ( su* ,plants z are mo/ attractive f _! ,beauty1 ,uses1 or ,associations4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,lanke/]1 ,au?or ( 8,a ,pla9 & ,easy ,acc\nt ( ,briti% ,f]ns40 ,fcap4 #hvo41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,horse ,,w>ranty3 a ,pla9 & ,compreh5sive ,guide to ! v>i\s po9ts not$1 %[+ :i* are ess5tial & :i* are unimportant4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,! ,,london ,,manure ,,company1 ,,e/abli%$ #ahdj1 ,supply ,p]uvian ,guano1 ,nitrate ( ,soda1 ,dissolv$ ,bones1 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime1 ,,& ,,all ,,artificial ,,manures ,,gu>ante$ ,,g5u9e4 #aaf1 ,f5*ur* ,/reet4 ,,edw>d ,,purs]1 ,secret>y4 ,,mill] ,,johnson ,manufacture ,special ,manures = ,root1 ,corn1 & ,grass ,crops1 ,:i* !y gu>antee to be ( ! highe/ quality4 ,,works3 ,,norm&y ,,:>f1 ,,ro!rhi!2 ,,(fices3 #be1 ,,m>k ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,second ,edition1 cr[n #hvo41 price #fs4 ,subtle ,bra9s & ,lissom ,f+]s4 ,be+ "s ( ! ,*isel-m>ks ( our ,indu/rial & ,sci5tific ,progress2 & o!r ,pap]s4 ,by ,,&rew ,,wynt]1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,london4 ,conta9s #ci ,articles1 among/ :i* w be f\nd-- ,fraudul5t ,trade ,m>ks4--,a ,day ) ! ,coron]4--,und]sea ,railroad4--,vivisection4--,re/oration ( our ,soil4--,railways ! ,great ,civiliz]s4--,physical ,education4--,! ,cl]k ( ! ,wea!r4--,village ,hospitals4--,air ,traction4--,illum9ations4--,boat ,build+ by ,ma*9]y4--,doctors' ,/uff4--,small ,pox 9 ,london4--,excursion ,tra9s4--,e>ly ,w>n+s1 c4 ,six? ,edition1 cr[n #hvo41 clo?1 price #fs4 ,our ,social ,bees2 ,,pictures ,,( ,,t[n ,,& ,,c\ntry1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,pap]s4 ,by ,,&rew ,,wynt]1 ,m4,d4 ,conta9+ #de ent]ta9+ & in/ructive ,articles1 among :i* w be f\nd-- ,london ,smoke4--,mock ,auctions4--,! ,suction ,po/4--,our ,peck ( ,dirt4--,! ,artificial ,man4--,britannia's ,smell+ ,bottle4--,! ,po/-(fice4--,comm]cial ,grief4--,arat$ ,bread4--,ne$lemak+4-- ,pres]v$ ,meats4--,w5ham ,lake ,ice4--,turki% ,ba?s4--,:o is ,mr4 ,reut]8--,c&lemak+4--,london ,/\t4--,sew+ ,ma*9es4--,physical ,antipa?ies4--,ocean ,horticulture4--,bra9 ,difficulties4--,human ,hair1 c4 ,six? ,edition1 cr[n #hvo41 clo?1 price #fs4 ,curiosities ( ,civilization4 ,by ,dr4 ,,&rew ,,wynt]4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,qu>t]ly & ,ed9burgh ,reviews4 ,,cont5ts3-- ,! ,london ,commiss>iat4--,food & its ,adult]ations4-- ,adv]tisem5ts4--,! ,zoological ,g>d5s4--,rats4--,woolwi* ,ars5al4-- ,%ipwrecks4--,lodg+1 ,food1 & ,dress ( ,soldi]s4--,! ,electric ,telegraph4--,fires & ,fire ,insurance4--,! ,police & ! ,?ieves4--,mortality 9 ,trades & ,pr(essions4--,lunatic ,asylums4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,illu/rat$ by ! ,be/ ,arti/s4 ,,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review1 ,a ,,qu>t]ly ,,miscellany ,( ,ent]ta9+ & ,in/ructive ,articles on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,lawson1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ,que5's ,college1 ,birm+ham1 & "o ( ! ,lectur]s on ,natural ,sci5ce "u ! 8,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education40 ,,! ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,review is1 z its "n implies1 a ,review convey+ sci5tific k 9 su* a simple & popul> =m1 t all :o read may und]/&4 ,!re is at ! pres5t day a num]\s & increas+ class ( intellig5t read]s :o1 )\t be+ sci5tific1 are nev]!less greatly int]e/$ 9 sci5tific progress4 ,!y w\ld will+ly become acqua9t$ ) sci5tific tru?s1 b are too (t5 det]r$ f ! pursuit ( su* /udies by ! ab/ruse or te*nical language 9 :i* ^! tru?s are convey$4 ,9 ord] to meet ! requirem5ts ( ?is portion ( ! community1 e available means has be5 adopt$ to procure ! mo/ accurate in=mation on all subjects ( :i* ! j\rnal treats4 ,no pa9s or exp5se has be5 sp>$ to secure ! mo/ skilful arti/s to illu/rate its pages4 ,ea* numb] conta9s sy/ematic1 in/ructive articles 7illu/rat$ :5 ne$ful7 on subjects connect$ ) "s ( ! foll[+ sci5ces1 viz43-- ,,a/ronomy1 ,,geography1 ,,m9]alogy1 ,,botany1 ,,geology1 ,,physics1 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,metallurgy1 ,,zoology1 ,,e?nology1 ,,microscopy1 c4 c41 & ,,sci5ce appli$ to ! ,arts1 ,manufactures1 ,comm]ce1 & ,agriculture4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,contributors4 ,,&rews1 ,w41 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 7,vice- ,,gosse1 ,,philip ,h41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,presid5t ( ! ,zoological ,society,,hogg1 ,,jabez1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 ( ,irel&74 c4 ,,an/$1 ,pr(essor1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,h\ghton1 ,rev4 ,w41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,bond1 ,pr(4 ,f41 ,m4,b41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,hunt1 ,,rob]t1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,h>tley ,in/itute1 ,s\?ampton74 ,,jesse1 ,e41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,bre51 ,,james1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,jones1 ,pr(4 ,,rym]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,buckl&1 ,f41 ,f4,z4,s4 ,,k+1 ,pr(4 ,w4 7,que5's ,college1 ,,buckman1 ,pr(4 ,,james1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,galway74 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,lanke/]1 ,e41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,coll+wood1 ,c41 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,f4,l4,s4,,lanke/]1 ,mrs4 ,,cooke1 ,m4,c4 ,,lewes1 ,,george ,h4 ,,c\ltas1 ,,h>l&4 ,,plues1 ,miss ,m4 ,,crookes1 ,,william1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,phipson1 ,j41 ,m4,b41 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,de ,,qu>trefages1 ,pr(essor4 ,,seemann1 ,b41 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 c4 ,,fairbairn1 ,w41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,tuson1 ,pr(41 ,f4,c4,s4 7,royal ,vet4 ,,fras]1 ,w41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,col474 ,,gore1 ,,george4 ,,voelck]1 ,pr(41 ,f4,c4,s4 7,agricultural ,coll41 ,cir5ce/]74 ,& o!r writ]s :o take a prom95t "p 9 ,sci5tific ,lit]ature4 8,"o ( ! pleasante/ & fre%e/ ( ! ,qu>t]lies40--,exam9]4 8,?is is a wond]ful half-cr[n's wor?2 its text1 z well z its excell5t & accurate illu/rations1 %[ x to be "o ( our *eape/ & be/ p]iodicals4 ,9 ?is its second1 z 9 its fir/ numb]1 x is fully up to ! v highe/ /&>d fix$ by its conductors4 ,we wi% x e success1 & we he>tily comm5d x to su* ( our read]s z take an int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s phases ( popul> sci5ce40--,/&>d4 8,m4 ,c4 ,cooke writes ably on ,microscopic ,fungi p>asitic on liv+ plants4 ,aid$ by exquisite plates1 he unfolds a curi\s page ( botanical hi/ory1 & ! /udy ( :i* is ( great importance4 ,^! ,microscopic ,fungi are ! dread ( ! f>m] & ! g>d5]4 ,:5 ! orig9 & gr[? ( ^! p>asites are bett] und]/ood1 a cure = _! de/ructiv5ess may be f\nd40--,brad=d ,obs]v]4 ,! 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,review0 appe>s 9 ,octob]1 ,janu>y1 ,april1 & ,july1 price ,half-a-,cr[n4 ,price to ,subscrib]s1 #ajs4 p] ,annum1 ,c>riage ,free4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly1 ,w4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,9 ,,f>m ,,cultivation4 ,,by ,,james ,,buckman1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,no4 #b4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,grasses4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 #ahfc4 ,fully ,illu/rat$1 price #gs4 #f;d4 complete 9 ,clo?4 ,sep>ate ,p>ts1 #as4 ea*4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,practice ,,9 ,,f>m ,,cultivation4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,buckman1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,! complete ,s]ies consi/s ( #a4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,roots4 #b4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,grasses4 #c4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,clov]4 #d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,corn4 #e4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,h$ges4 #f4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,timb]4 #g4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,or*>ds4 ,,london3 ,,rob]t ,,h>dwicke1 #aib1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,grasses4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,mead[s ,,& ,,pa/ures4 ,! t]ms 8mead[0 & 8pa/ure0 are usually employ$ toge!r1 z ?\gh !y 7 really di/9ct ?+s2 yet few p ?9k ( !m z diff]5t1--! fact be+1 t :5 a field is occupi$ ) grass1 x may be call$ a mead[1 9 contradi/9ction to t l& "u ! pl\gh1 or arable3 ?is yields mead[-hay if m[$ = t purpose1 or pa/urage :5 f$ (f or depa/ur$ by our flocks or h]ds4 ,! mead[1 !n1 z be+ fix$1 is t]m$ 8p]man5t pa/ure40 ,pa/ure-h]bage1 h[ev]1 is gr[n 9 ! %ift+ crops ( arable cultivation2 9 :i* case x gets ! t]m ( 8artificial pa/ure40 ,hay f ! fir/ ( ^! is call$ 8mead[-hay10 :il/ ! mixture ( grasses1 clov]s1 c41 gets ! "n ( 8artificial grass10 or 8hay10 z ! case may be4 ,z reg>ds p]man5t pa/ure1 ?is may be old or new1--"s mead[s hav+ be5 9 gre5 h]bage ev5 = c5turies1 :il/ o!rs1 ?\gh suffici5tly old1 yet %[ traces ( hav+ be5 once arable 9 ! m or less high-back$ ridges left by anci5t pl\gh+4 ,view$ 9 ?is way1 orig9al pa/ure is n s ext5sive z may be suppos$2 inde$1 !re is sc>cely su* a ?+ at all1 z all pa/ures are ! result ( some?+ l cultivation1--z1 left to !mselves1 t is1 to ,nature1 !y w\ld soon resume ! aspect ( jungle1 moor1 or m>%1 accord+ to soil & situation4 ,mead[s & pa/ures may1 !n1 = our pres5t purpose1 be conv5i5tly tabulat$ z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,,p]man5t ,,pa/ures4 #a4 ,moors & upl&s1 un5clos$ or b p>tially f5c$ 94 #b4 ,commons1 un5clos$ l&1 usually ab\t villages1 conf]r+ ! "r ( cattle & goose graz+4 #c4 ,riv] flats & l[l&s1 liable to floods4 #d4 ,irrigat$ ,mead[1 9 :i* ! wat] is controllable4 #e4 ,mead[s1 or p]man5t grass enclosures4 ,b4 ,,artificial ,,pa/ures4 #f4 ,se$s1 %ift+ crops ( "s grasses1 clov]s1 sa9tfo91 c41 us$ ei!r mix$ or sep>ately4 #a4 ,moors1 upl&s1 & d[ns 7su* z ,d>tmoor & ,salisbury ,pla97 are m or less wild accord+ to _! elevation & ! geological =mation on :i* !y occur4 ,!y consi/ ( l>ge tracts ( l& ei!r )\t f5ces at all1 or only ^? ( ! mo/ ineffici5t k9d1 r b\nd>y-l9es ?an o!rwise4 ,!y are nev] us$ = haymak+1 nor are !y cultivat$ beyond depa/ur+4 ,^! are dott$ ) pat*es ( r\gh grass1 ?orns1 bri]s1 & %rubs or /unt$ trees :]e ! surface is mu* brok51 & ! animals !y are made to c>ry are few2 b on ! m r\nd$ & smoo? l9es ( ! d[ns is a f9] h]bage1 kept s n only f ! nature ( ! case1 b f ! fact t su* a position fav\rs ! m ?ickly /ock+ x ) t close-graz+ animal ! %eep4 ,^! pa/urages1 ?\gh v ext5sive1 are yet be+ encroa*$ ^u by a high] cultivation1 & ! hayfields "o occasionally meets ) ar\nd ! squatt]'s cab9 ev5 9 ! wild m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,wales suffici5tly te/ify to ! great] productiv5ess ( :i* ! mo/ unfav\rable di/ricts are capable4 #b4 ,! village common is sometimes ext5sive2 x1 too1 z ! =m]1 is only graz$4 ,_m ( !m h ( late ye>s be5 enclos$4 ,:]e mu* depa/ur$--& !y usually c>ry z mu* /ock z !y c be>--!re is a rem>kable abs5ce ( plants o!r ?an grasses4 ,inde$1 grass-h]bage1 & usually ( ! be/ species1 w prevail1 unless 9 places :]e !re may be /agnant wat]1 9 :i* cases a little dra9age w\ld produce a l>ge public b5efit2 b z :at is ev]ybody's bus9ess is done by no "o1 ! common is too (t5 left mu* wild]1 & ?us made poor] ?an x ne$ be4 #c4 ,! riv] flats "h meant are1 = ! mo/ "p1 l>ge fields p>tak+ ( ! nature ( common2 t is1 c]ta9 f>m]s & o!rs h ! privilege ( graz+ dur+ ! autumn2 b x is aim$ up e>ly 9 spr+1 = ! purpose ( tak+ a crop ( hay4 ,su* l&s w\ld be impov]i%$ by su* con/ant haymak+2 b ! w9t] floods leave beh9d !m a deposit ( silt & fluviatile mat]ials1 & p]haps beside act z a solv5t2 s t _! f]tility is wond]fully ma9ta9$4 ,_m su* wide /ret*es ( mead[ occur on ! banks ( ! ,sev]n1 z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,tewkesbury1 ,worce/]1 c41 :]e !y get ! "n ( ,ham4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ^! hams are n made ! mo/ (1 = ! same reason z applies ) respect to common1 = ! want ( "s effici5t (fic] to direct improvem5ts2 & s f ! wat] "h & !re /agnat+ good h]bage is ru9$1 & f ! floods n be+ controllable1 ev5 hay is lo/ ) ! summ] fre%ets4 ,b :]e su* l& is ve/$ 9 s+le ent]pris+ proprietors1 n only is dra9age insur$1 b embankm5ts are made to keep out ! wat]s :5 n requir$1 z s mu* met ) on ! banks ( ! ,?ames2 & su* fields are at once an evid5ce ( ! capabilities ( riv] flats1 & ! great importance ( individual ent]prise4 #d4 ,! la/ case approa*es v ne>ly to t ( irrigat$ mead[s2 b ^! latt] are mo/ly situate on small /reams1 :i* c be direct$ to fl[ ?r\gh1 n ov] !m1 at any "t3 !y (f] a mo/ important means ( augm5t+ our pa/urage 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 & w !re=e receive a *apt] to !mselves4 #e4 ,p]man5t grass enclosures are ( v v>i$ sizes1 f hundr$s ( acres1 =m+ p]haps a p>k1 to ! small mead[ ( ! home/ead2 !y may be seldom or nev] us$ = haymak+1 b mo/ ( !m are aim$ up = hay once1 twice1 or ?rice 9 f\r or five ye>s4 ,^! =m ! great] "p ( ! grass-l&s ( our c\ntry1 & are inde$ n[h]e gre5] or m productive ?an 9 ! ,briti% ,isles2 /ill1 z we are an advocate = _! cultivation--:i*1 if x does n q realize ! position ( mak+ two blades ( grass gr[ :]e "o grew be=e1 may at lea/ d mu* 9 ?is direction--we %all res]ve fur!r rem>ks ^u ?is subject until we h p>ticul>ly analyz$ ! cont5ts ( a mead[4 #f4 ,z %ift+ crops1 grasses1 & o!r fodd] plants may be made exce$+ly useful1 ^! may !re=e well occupy a *apt] to !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,on ,,! ,,species ,,( ,,mead[-,,grasses4 ,al?\gh we possess m ?an a hundr$ species ( native grasses1 we %all r>ely f9d a f\r? ( !m ev5 9 a wide range ( mead[s2 & if we d s1 x is r an argum5t aga9/ ?an 9 fav\r ( ! quality ( _! h]bage1 z1 s few are ! be/ grasses 9 numb]1 t x is almo/ a law = ! be/ mead[s to conta9 ! fewe/ species ( true grasses4 ,if1 !n1 ! good grasses be s few1 :atev] is n ( ^! mu/ be inf]ior1 &1 inde$1 s bad are "s grasses t !y c only be consid]$ z we$s4 ,^! we$-l =ms are kn[n to ! f>m] f 8 obs]v+ t ! cattle usually refuse to eat !m1 & h5ce he has got to call !m 8s\r grasses10--a t]m :i*1 ?\gh p]haps meant to convey ! idea t su* are objectionable 9 flav\r1 yet x is (t5] t !y are refus$ f _! want ( flav\r1 or f "s me*anical objection aris+ f _! r\ghness ( gr[?1 "s hav+ %>p s]rat$ cutt+ edges to _! leaves1 :il/ ! spicul> awns1 s conspicu\s 9 ! be>d ( b>ley1 cause great irritation by /ick+ b5ea? ! tongue & 9 ! gums4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ are objectionable = pa/ure1 ! la/ = hay1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 n be f\nd 9 really good mead[s4 ,! figures & descriptions :i* foll[ are giv5 9 illu/ration ( "s ( ! m usual mead[ species1 :i*1 ?\gh n fully or botanically describ$1 w yet aid ! practical f>m] 9 e/imat+ ! species1 & _! value & significance1 :i* he w commonly f9d 9 8 fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! ,mead[ ,foxtail4 ,! ,mead[ ,foxtail 7,alopecurus prat5sis1 fig4 #ac7 is an e>ly species ( ! spicate =m--i4e41 ! fl[]s gr[ close toge!r1 into a m or less d5se head4 ,x yields a great quantity ( h]bage1 especially 9 moi/ situations2 & is p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ! irrigat$ mead[4 ,x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! ,a4 g5iculatus 7,kneel+ ,foxtail71 ^: spike is only ab\t half ! l5g? & size1 z ?is is p>ticul>ly a wat] species1 s t if f\nd :5 a mead[ is dry1 x is yet an evid5ce t wat] mu/ h la9 :]e x occurs = a consid]able p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,also f ! ,a4 agre/is 7,sl5d] ,foxtail71 :i* has a long] & ?9n] spike1 z ?is latt] is a we$ 9 poor hungry clays1 :i* is useless except z s]v+ to indicate t ! l& wants p]haps bo? dra9age & manure4 ,"h1 !n1 our fir/ g5us pres5ts u ) species indicat+ ! v>i$ conditions ( ri* mead[1 wet places1 & poor arable2 & x is ?is v>iabl5ess 9 adaptability t makes ! grasses su* important indicators ( ! nature & condition ( soils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! ,cat/ail ,grass4 ,! ,cat/ail ,grass 7,phleum prat5se1 fig4 #ad7 9 g5]al =m is n unlike ! prec$+1 b x is mu* r\gh] 9 all its p>ts1 & is "o ( ! late/ in/ead ( "o ( our e>lie/ species4 ,its "n ( cat/ail is due to its r\gh fl[]s1 an enl>g$ draw+ ( "o ( :i* is giv5 at a4 ,x has also got ! "n ( ,timo?y ,grass1 f "o ,mr4 ,timo?y ,hanson1 an ,am]ican1 to :om1 probably1 is ow+ its fir/ introduction z a 8self-crop10 l>ge fields ( ?is useful species1 mo/ly by itself1 be+ gr[n 9 ,canada & ! ,/ates z a fodd] plant4 ,x is v useful 9 ! mead[1 z supply+ a late crop ( /ems & leaves2 greatly augm5t+ ! am\nt ( h]bage 9 "s ( ! cold] ?\gh n poor di/ricts4 ,we h nev] se5 ?is grass us$ z a self-crop 9 ,engl&1 b we are conv9c$ t on "s ( ! ri* alluvial flats1 z 9 ! l&s reclaim$ f ! ,sev]n1 & w>p soils 9 g5]al1 x w\ld yield a l>ge bulk ( good fe$+ matt]1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at r\gh1 w\ld yet mix well ) clov]s1 c41 9 *aff-cutt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! ,sweet ,v]nal ,grass4 ,! ,sweet ,v]nal ,grass 7,an?oxan?um odoratum1 fig4 #ae7 is a v e>ly species1 ) a some:at lax spike ( fl[]s1 :i* usually become ( a bright /raw-col\r by ! "t ! hayfield is ripe = ! scy!4 ,x does n yield mu* bulk1 b its grateful bitt] :5 fre%1 & ! peculi>ly sweet hayfield od\r :i* x yields on dry+1 w\ld seem to make ?is grass ( importance1 f ! flav\r :i* x imp>ts to ! produce ( ! field2 inde$ s mu* s1 t mu* ( ! value ( natural mead[ hay ov] t ( artificial pa/ure may be trac$ to ! pres5ce ( ?is grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! ,cre/$ ,dog/ail4 ,! ,cre/$ ,dog/ail 7,cynosurus cri/atus1 fig4 #af7 has its florets arrang$ 9 front ( a s]ies ( abortive bran*es1 z repres5t$ at a1 enl>g$4 ,x has a v sl5d] /em1 :i* is h>d & wiry :5 ripe--a condition :i* x s univ]sally atta9s1 ev5 9 spite ( con/ant depa/ur+1 t we nev] recomm5d its use 9 mixtures = p]man5t pa/ure1 z its /ems are p>ticul>ly innutriti\s1 & its h]bage is s small z to be ( little value4 ,x nev] prevails mu* 9 our be/ pa/ures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,rye ,grass1 or ,ray ,grass4 ,rye ,grass1 or ,ray ,grass 7,lolium p]5ne1 fig4 #ag71 has no connection ) ! ,c]eal ,rye4 ,x is "o ( our commone/ & mo/ useful species1 bo? z a plant = ! natural mead[ or = arable culture1 especially 9 mixture ) clov]s1 :i* has ! "n ( 8se$s40 ,x yields good bulk = ! rick1 & w s readily gr[ aft] cutt+ or close depa/ur+ t x commonly af=ds ! great] "p ( ! h]bage ( a pa/ure4 ,f be+ s valuable1 its se$ has be5 mu* cultivat$2 & z x has a t5d5cy to =m m or less p]man5t v>ieties1 s we f9d 9 ! m>ket sev]al diff]5t sorts2 z 8,pacey's1 ,ruck's1 ,russell's1 ,/ickney's1 ,rye ,grass10 c4 ,x %\ld always =m "p 9 any mixture 9 lay+ d[n p]man5t pa/ure1 9 :i* case x %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! ,lolium ,italicum1 ! florets & se$s ( :i* are awn$-po9t$1 z at a4 ,?is latt] is useful z an annual self-crop1 b se$sm5 too (t5 mix x 9 p]man5t-pa/ure collections1 = ! reason t x gr[s fa/]1 & s makes a %[ ! fir/ ye>1 & s satisfies ! cu/om]2 b x soon dies out1 :ile its l>ge gr[? has kept "u ! m endur+ =ms4 b repres5ts a bun* ( ! tumid fl[]s ( ! ,lolium temul5tum 7,drunk5 ,d>nel71 once a pe/ 9 cornfields1 b n[1 =tunately1 ( r>e occurr5ce1 if we are to believe ! tales told ( its s-call$ poison\s se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! ,cocksfoot4 ,! ,cocksfoot 7,dactylis glom]ata1 fig4 #ah71 ?\gh a l>ge & some:at co>se grass1 is by no means inf]ior 9 quality1 its hay be+ highly nutriti\s1 :il/ its cut or cropp$ h]bage is s quick ( gr[? t x is capable ( yield+ a great deal ( keep4 ,x s5ds its root deep into ! soil1 s t x c gr[ well 9 poor l& if dry2 b x nev] fl\ri%es 9 v wet situations4 ,x is con/ant 9 good mead[s1 unless :5 !y are always depa/ur$1 z !re ! con/ant tread+ greatly int]f]es ) x3 x is1 !re=e1 by no means s abundant 9 %eep pa/ures2 :5ce has aris5 ! idea ) "s f>m]s t 8too mu* %eep-graz+ we>s out ! ri*] grasses40 ,we %\ld always recomm5d cocksfoot z a "p ( mixtures = p]man5t pa/ure1 tak+ c>e to well roll ! mead[ once or twice a ye>--a process ( great importance--to keep ! turf 9 an ev5 pile1 & s prev5t t gr[+ ( l>ge clu/]s or hassocks ( "o sort1 a me?od ( gr[? to :i* ! cocksfoot is some:at prone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ ,grass4 ,! ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ ,grass 7,poa trivialis1 fig4 #ai7 is a common species 9 moi/ mead[s1 :]e x (t5 =ms a consid]able portion ( ! h]bage3 x is di/+ui%$ f ! smoo?-/alk$ by ! long-po9t$ tongue 7ligule7 to ! leaves 7a71 & a /em :i* is some:at r\gh to ! feel1 especially :5 drawn d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! f+]s4 ,?is grass yields a quantity ( h]bage1 b our exp]i5ce leads u to conclude t x does n possess q s good a quality z ,s9clair & au?ors :o h copi$ f him w\ld lead u to suppose1 z we h f\nd x want+ 9 fe$+ qualities1 or :at ! f>m] calls 8pro(40 ,x usually =ms a l>ge "p ( ! hay ( ! irrigat$ mead[1 :i*1 ?\gh (t5 l>ge 9 quantity1 is yet n equal to t ( ord9>y good mead[s 9 fe$+ prop]ties4 ,! ,smoo?-/alk$ ,mead[ ,grass 7,poa prat5sis71 di/+ui%$ by a blunt ligule 7b7 & smoo? /em1 is z abundant 9 dry situations z ! =m] is 9 damp ones4 ,we confess to a great p>tiality = ?is grass1 not)/&+ t au?ors speak slight+ly ( its value2 b ! tru? is1 t x v>ies ) soil & situation1 x be+ a species :i*1 :5 gr[+ on a wild moor1 is poor 9 bo? quantity & quality4 ,b we "k ( no bett] sign ( ! improvem5t ( a bad mead[ ?an ! increase ( ?is grass1 & its putt+ on1 z x w d "u su* circum/ances1 ( its ri*e/ gre5 t9t4 ,poa nemoralis 7,wood ,mead[ ,grass7 is a m sl5d] =m1 ^: wild habitat is 9 woods & %ady places1 especially on calc>e\s soils4 ,?is po9ts x out z a useful grass = wood-glades & positions b5ea? trees1 9 :i* x may v prop]ly be employ$4 ,9 lay+ d[n p]man5t pa/ures we %\ld1 !n1 employ ^! ?ree poas z foll[s3-- ,poa trivialis1 = l[1 damp situations & irrigat$ mead[s4 ,poa prat5sis1 = s\nd dry pa/ures & upl&s4 ,poa nemoralis1 = rides betwe5 woods1 wood-glades1 & %ady places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,mead[ ,fescue4 ,mead[ ,fescue 7,fe/uca prat5sis1 fig4 #bj7 may be tak5 z ! type ( ! broad-leav$ fescues4 ,x is a common & good succul5t grass 9 ri* mead[s1 & %\ld always be employ$ 9 se$ mixtures = su* situations1 ,a v>iety1 botanically kn[n z ,f4 loliacea1 is unbran*$1 l ! lolium or rye grass4 ,! position ( ?is is on ri* riv] flats3 we h se5 x on ! banks ( ! ,isis at ,ox=d1 =m+ a l>ge "p ( mo/ excell5t h]bage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! ,tall ,fescue4 ,! ,tall ,fescue 7,fe/uca elatior1 fig4 #ba7 is a l>g] & co>s] =m ( ,f4 prat5sis1 z se$ ( ! latt] w become ! =m] by be+ s[n on "s /iff s&y clays4 ,x occurs abundantly on ! /iff alluvial deposits ( our e/u>ies & riv] flats4 ,x is an exce$+ly co>se grass1 ) a t5d5cy to gr[ 9 l>ge sep>ate bun*es2 & h5ce its pres5ce is de/ructive to good pa/ures3 x may1 h[ev]1 be enc\rag$ z a r\gh gr[? 9 its indicat$ habitats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,%eep's ,fescue4 ,%eep's ,fescue 7,fe/uca ov9a1 fig4 #bb7 may be tak5 z ! type ( ! small-leav$ fescues4 ,x is a native ( our d[ns1 & =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! sweet d[n %eep-pa/ures4 ,x is kn[n by its f9e leaves1 :i* come up imm$iately aft] ! close/ fe$+2 & if its quantity equall$ its quality1 x w\ld be ev5 m valuable ?an x is4 ,a l>g] =m1 ! ,h>d ,fescue 7,f4 duriuscula71 is common to s\nd mead[s & ! hill valleys4 ,?is has mu* ! same prop]ties z ! =m]1 b x is tall]1 ) long] & broad] leaves4 ,?is %\ld always be enc\rag$1 & 9 lay+ d[n grass = p]man5t pa/ure1 x %\ld be pl5tifully add$ to ! se$ mixture4 ,! ,d[ny ,wild ,oat 7,av5a pubesc5s1 fig4 #bc7 is a common grass on ?9 calc>e\s soils4 ,z x is v light 9 /ructure1 & yields b little grass1 x is n wor? mu* z a fir/-rate pa/ure plant1--& inde$ x w\ld sc>cely pref] to gr[ on !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a small]-fl[]$ species1 ! ,av5a flavesc5s 7,yell[ ,oat-grass71 :i* is bett]4 ,x1 too1 occurs on *alky soils2 :ile ! ,av5a prat5sis 7,mead[ ,oat-grass7 is f\nd too frequ5tly 9 poor clays or on />v$ moors1 9 :i* its rigid leaves & h>% /ructure r5d] x little1 if any1 bett] ?an a we$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! ,d[ny ,wild ,oat4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ species ( ! g5us is ! ,av5a fatua 7,wild ,oat71 well kn[n z a we$ 9 /iff arable soils4 ,?is is ! p>5t ( ! crop oats 9 cultivation1 & !re is reason to "k t by deg5]acy ! crop oat 9 "s di/ricts leaves beh9d a pe/ ( wild oats4#b #b ,see 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,mead[ & ,pa/ure ,grasses10 by ! ,au?or4 ,! ,oat-l ,grass 7,arrh5a!rum av5aceum1 fig4 #bd71 ?\gh a tall1 succul5t-look+ species1 is /ill too common 9 poor soils1 z its h]bage is bitt] & nause\s1 & n lik$ by cattle2 & hay f x is always inf]ior 9 quality4 ,x is sometimes recomm5d$ by se$sm51 & usually put ) _! mixtures2 b we %\ld at all times refuse x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,! ,oat-l ,grass4 ,!re is a peculi> =m ( ?is :i* occasionally occurs 9 s&y di/ricts1 call$ ,a4 av5aceum1 v>iety bulbosum 7,onion ,c\*71 ! trivial "n ( :i* has be5 giv5 f ! fact t its nodes ?ick5 bel[ ! soil1 & pres5t ! appe>ance ( small races ( onions4 ,?is pe/ is got out ( ! l& by h>r[+ & h&-pick+2 b z e bulb gr[s l jo9ts ( real c\*1 x is v difficult to entirely eradicate x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,! ,s(t ,brome1 or ,lop ,grasses4 ,! ,s(t ,brome1 or ,lop ,grasses 7,bromus mollis1 fig4 #be71 & its cong5]s1 is an annual grass1 & !re=e v objectionable1 :e!r 9 ! mead[ or 9 8se$s10 to bo? ( :i*1 :5 poor & neglect$1 x becomes atta*$4 ,9 bo? positions x is sometimes mix$ ) a k9d t droops pretty consid]ably to "o side2 f :i* x has got ! "n ( 8lop40 ,f ! mead[ x is soon got rid ( by manur+ & depa/ur+2 haymak+1 ?\gh x cuts (f ! ma9 /em1 only enc\rages small] ones to spr+ up late1 & s ! se$ is s[n4 ,9 8se$s0 x is frequ5tly mix$ ) rye-grass se$1 z x too (t5 occurs t a pat* ( rye-grass ) mu* lop is se$$1 z ! mo/ pr(itable way to deal ) x1 z its se$s are heavy & l>ge1 & !re=e tell well1 ei!r by weight or measure4 ,our enl>g$ draw+ ( a se$ ) its envelopes is giv5 to contra/ ) rye-grass se$1 :i* is n>r[] & m po9t$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s a species ( brome grass1 :i* 0 =m]ly v r>e1 has become a common we$3 we mean ! ,b4 arv5sis1 ,corn ,brome-grass1--a species ) small] & m num]\s heads ( fl[]s ?an ! "o j describ$4 ,?is has spread ) ! gr[? ( =eign se$s1 & s sudd5ly has x appe>$ 9 "s places z to cause f>m]s to come to ! conclusion t poor cultivation has made ! l& spontane\sly br+ =? 8a na/y sort ( wild oat10 :ile o!rs h ev5 conclud$ t a c]eal crop _h be5 trans=m$ into ?is grass4 ,! ,bromus erectus 7,upright ,brome ,grass7 is v con/ant to poor calc>e\s soils4 ,?is is a p]5nial species1 b v poor inde$ 9 fe$+ qualities2 h[ev]1 x looks gre5 9 p>k-glades1 & if kept d[n by r\gh /ock1 x may !n be made useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,! ,b5t ,grass4 ,! ,b5t ,grass 7,agro/is /olonif]a1 fig4 #bf7 is probably only a v>iety ( ! common m>% species1 ,a4 alba4 ,"u ! "n ( ,fior9 ,grass1 ?is plant has be5 mu* extoll$ = ! mead[2 b our exp]i5ce %[s x to v>y 9 value accord+ to ! nature ( ! position 9 :i* x is plac$3 z ?us1 9 an irrigat$ mead[ x s5ds up a l>ge quantity ( q ri* pa/urage1 :il/ 9 poor or dry di/ricts its h]bage is h>d & h>%1 & n at all reli%$ by cattle or %eep4 ,! =m we h figur$ is m p>ticul>ly agr>ian :]e its creep+ und]gr\nd /em =ms a k9d ( mis*iev\s c\*1 & ?is1 unit$ ) a tangl$ gr[? d]iv$ f %oots root+ above ! gr\nd1 r5d]s ?is "o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s we$s1 especially 9 ?9 soils1 on calc>e\s1 bra%y1 or /ony soils4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,woolly ,s(t ,grass4 ,woolly ,s(t ,grass 7,holcus lanatus1 fig4 #bg71 ?\gh exce$+ly pretty f its contra/ 9 col\r & =m ) its cong5]s1 is /ill s wor?less 9 po9t ( fe$+ prop]ties z to be little1 if any1 bett] ?an a we$4 ,x is too abundant 9 "s moi/ mead[s2 & :]e x =ms a v l>ge portion ( ! h]bage1 x speaks ( pov]ty z well z wet1 & w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t a little dra9+1 less frequ5t haymak+1 & lib]al doses ( manure1 w\ld h a mo/ decid$ly b5eficial effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,quak+ ,grasses4 ,quak+ ,grasses 7,briza m$ia1 fig4 #bh1 ,b4 m9or1 a1 & ,b4 maxima1 b71 ?\gh c]ta9ly among/ our pretty species1 are all useless to ! f>m]4 ,! common species is well kn[n 9 all wet or poor clay mead[s1 & :]e v abundant we %\ld usually make our calculations = some?+ less ?an a ton ( hay to ! acre1 & ?is w\ld g5]ally be late1 & (f] little aft]ma?4 ,l ! prec$+1 its indications are want ( dra9+1 manure1 & depa/ur+4 ,if aft] ! dra9s beg9 to act1 %eep be fold$ ^u a quak+-grass mead[1 & f$ ) turnips1 hay1 pease1 or cake1 x w soon be eradicat$4 a1 ! small] species1 is an annual1 & is only notic$ "h by way ( di/9ction3 its small] & broad] bun*es ( :iti%1 n purple1 fl[]s1 & rectil9e> bran*es1 w di/+ui% x f ! common =m4 ,x is comp>atively r>e2 b we h _h "s f9e specim5s communicat$ by ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 ,esq41 f ,?ames ,ditton4 b is a g>d5 specim51 rem>kable = its l>g] fl[] bun*es4 ,! ,hair ,grass 7,aira cspitosa1 fig4 #bi7 is commonly call$ hassock1 or tussac grass1 or bull-pates--names :i* its massive bun*es ( root-leaves cle>ly indicate ! mean+ (4 ,its leaves are s r\gh1 ) s]rat$ edges1 t cattle mo/ly refuse x1 unless :5 v "y4 ,?is grass is a nev]-fail+ indicator ( wet1--s mu* s1 t if a mead[ be dra9$ 9 :i* x ab\nds1 ! action ( ! dra9s is cle>ly indicat$ by its m or less gradual dy+ out4 ,! quicke/ way1 !n1 to subdue ?is l>ge1 co>se we$-grass is to dra91 & !n fold %eep ^u ! dry+ mead[3 ^! animals tread ! tussac grass into manure1 :i* goes to fe$ ! bett] species4 ,by ?is means1 n only ?is1 b o!r r\gh or 8s\r0 grasses are m quickly & m c]ta9ly remov$ ?an by spudd+ !m out2 & ?is leads u to rem>k1 9 conclud+ ?is *apt]1 t 9 ! mead[ !re w usually be f\nd gr[+ toge!r two sets ( grasses1 :i* may be designat$ z foll[s3-- a4 ,grasses m or less nutriti\s--sweet4 b4 ,grasses m or less innutriti\s--s\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,! ,hair ,tussac ,grass4 ,9 a good mead[1 ! section a ma9ta9 ! asc5dancy1 & s keep "u ^? ( b4 ,9 a bad mead[1 ! section b w be ma/]1 & s tyrannize ov] :at w\ld be bett]4 ,p]fect cultivation1 !n1 ( a mead[--= mead[s %\ld be cultivat$--:il/ x enc\rages ! gr[? ( good h]bage1 equally disc\rages ! progress ( ! bad4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,on ,,mead[ ,,plants ,,o!r ,,?an ,,grasses4 ,) ! grass ( ! field w usually be f\nd a l>ge proportion ( plants ( a v v>i$1 v>iable1 & diff]5t k9d4 ,( ^!1 _m are useful z augm5t+ ! mass1 & ev5 improv+ ! quality ( a pa/ure2 :il/1 z o!rs are altoge!r objectionable1 we %all pres5tly notice !m "u ! head ( 8,mead[ ,we$s40 ,( ! m useful adjuncts ( ! mead[ we may tabulate ! foll[+3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,no4 ,trivial ,names4 ,botanical ,names4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #a ,r$ clov] ,trifolium prat5se4 #b ,zigzag clov] m$ium4 #c ,:ite or ,dut* clov] rep5s4 #d ,birdsfoot ,lotus corniculatus4 #e ,yell[ vet*l+ ,la?yrus prat5sis4 #f ,purple vet*l+ palu/ris4 #g ,sa9tfo9 ,onobry*is sativa4 #h ,burnet ,sanguisorba (fic9alis4 #i ,false burnet ,pot]ium ,sanguisorba4 #aj ,torm5til ,torm5tilla (fic9alis4 #aa ,y>r[ ,a*illa millefolia4 #ab ,agrimony ,agrimonia ,eupatoria4 #ac ,planta9 ,plantago lanceolata4 ,"s ( ! small] ,composit4 ,ditto ,umbellif]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,( ^!1 :i* are arrang$ pretty ne>ly 9 _! ord] ( m]it1 ! clov]s are by f> ! mo/ important4 ,^!1 z mead[ plants1 w usually be f\nd "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3-- ,no4 #a4 ,pl5tiful 9 good1 ri*1 s\nd mead[s4 #b4 ,frequ5t 9 mead[s on light s&y soils4 #c4 ,on ?9 b good soil1 upl& mead[s4 ,! clov]s1 & inde$ ! clov] allies1 ,papilionace1 z a :ole1 are p>tial to lime1--s mu* s1 t a dress+ ( ?is m9]al to "s fields 9 :i* clov]s are sc>cely repres5t$ w v quickly cause an accel]at$ gr[? ( !m2 h5ce road dirt1 :5 made f calc>e\s /ones1 z are ! oolitic & m\nta9 lime/ones1 af=ds a good vehicle = ! admixture ( manures or ameliorators1 su* z guano1 burnt a%es1 soot1 nitrate ( soda1 c4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ^! ?ree clov]s are f a pap] by ! au?or 9 ! ,ba? & ,we/ ( ,engl& ,agricultural ,j\rnal1 vol4 x41 "p #b3-- #a4 ,trifolium prat5se--,mead[ or ,broad-leav$ ,clov]--9 its wild /ate is too well kn[n to ne$ any l5g!n$ description4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( field specim5s w %[ t ev5 9 ! wild /ate ?is plant is liable to run into numb]less v>iations2 ?us1 we may h ! leaflets ( "o plant broad & almo/ obcordate at ! extremity1 :il/ o!rs w be m or less ovate & lancet-%ap$4 ,9 "s we may see d5se heads ( purple fl[]s1 v>y+ 9 %ade until almo/ :ite1 :il/ less d5se heads ( fl[]s & g5]al v>iations 9 height1 size1 & luxuriance ( ! :ole plant1 are all circum/ances 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is species 9 ! wild /ate1 :i* w prep>e u duly to und]/& ! nature ( ! _m =ms ( ! plant :i* are f\nd 9 cultivation4 ,( ^! we h1 besides o!rs1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,am]ican1 & ,dut* sorts1 :i* diff] 9 su* m9or details z a great] or less hair9ess1 or v>iations 9 ! col\r & size ( ! fl[]s1 leaves1 c4 ,! mo/ important po9t connect$ ) ! broad-leav$ clov] is its p]man5cy2 "s sorts sc>cely ma9ta9+ a plant = two ye>s1 :il/ o!rs are said to be m or less p]5nial4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] :i* we conceive dep5ds m ^u ! soil & ! k9d ( cultivation ?an ^u ! sort2 = al?\gh all se$sm5 supply two sorts1 namely1 ,trifolium prat5se & ,t4 prat5se p]5ne1 yet !y run s mu* ! "o into ! o!r1 t x is (t5times exce$+ly difficult to di/+ui% !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 a f>m] wants a good /ra9 ( broad clov]1 he %\ld pur*ase 8 se$ f se$sm5 possess+ judgm5t & "*2 = exp]i5ce has taught u t a se$ :i* may be all t is requir$ 9 "o di/rict may result 9 next to a failure 9 ano!r4 ,?us1 clov]-se$ f ! w>m] p>ts ( ,engl& does n succe$ well :5 s[n 9 cold1 expos$ positions2 b t f ! latt] is improv$ on transmission to ! =m]1 :il/ good *anges are effect$ by ! occasional use ( =eign se$4 ,! sort kn[n 9 ! m>ket z ,t4 prat5se p]5ne is probably int]m$iate betwe5 ! wild species ,t4 prat5se & ,t4 m$ium4 ,our own exp]im5ts h %[n t1 on cultivat+ ,t4 m$ium1 :i* is a s&-lov]1 9 /rong l&1 9 ?ree ye>s x has be5 v difficult to di/+ui% x f "s ( ! v>ieties ( ,t4 prat5se4 ,we incl9e1 !re=e1 to ! op9ion t z ! ,t4 m$ium holds to s&y soils 9 ! wild /ate1 its se$ 0 br\ght into cultivation ) a view to light-soil cropp+2 & f ?is s\rce has probably be5 d]iv$ ! s-call$ ,t4 prat5se p]5ne1 :i* v>iety is c]ta9ly m p]5nial 9 su* light soils z w\ld be q unfit = ! true ,t4 prat5se4 ,! latt]1 inde$1 seems to be m p]man5t 9 soils conta9+ a quantity ( lime1 :ile ! =m]1 :]e x c be got ( a good sort1 is c]ta9ly be/ adapt$ = s&y soils4 #b4 ,trifolium m$ium--,zigzag ,trefoil--is di/+ui%$ f ! ,t4 prat5se by its l>g]1 b m lax1 head ( r$di% p9k 7n purple7 fl[]s1 :i* are solit>y1 on ! apex ( a /alk1 :i* at ea* jo9t is b5t at a consid]able angle2 h5ce its "n4 ,its leaflets are elliptical1 & n broad] at ! upp] m>g94 ,?is plant is a con/ant d5iz5 ( s&s & light soils4 ,9 fact1 its naturally gr[+ 9 soils unfitt$ = ! broad-leav$ clov] seems to recomm5d x = cultivation2 & ?\gh1 z be=e po9t$ out1 we m ?an suspect t ! s-call$ c[-grass clov] 0 orig9ally d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 & t ! ,t4 m$ium is aft] all b a v>iety ( ! ,t4 prat5se1 x is n[ q m]g$ z a f>m-plant into ! broad-clov] =ms2 s t1 if we are to possess x z a sep>ate plant1 x mu/ be aga9 gr[n f ! wild se$2 & !n1 if x is to be kept pure1 x mu/ n be cultivat$ on clays or lime/ones1 or1 if our view be correct1 x w soon lose its true di/9ctive "*4 #c4 ,trifolium rep5s--,:ite ,dut* ,clov]--has be5 long 9 cultivation ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is "o ( our commone/ native plants1 & appe>s to h become less *ang$ by cultivation ?an mo/ o!r plants2 yet !re is reason to ?9k t ) c>eful selection a mu* improv$ /ra9 may be br\ght ab\t4 ,9 pa/ures an imm5se accession ( ,dut* clov] is (t5 se5 to foll[ "s k9d or ano!r ( top-dress+1 especially ( lime1 old mort>1 or t[n rubbi%4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ?is clov] is 9 reality ( univ]sal occurr5ce2 & its creep+ habit ( gr[?1 besides se$+1 causes x soon to make a rapid increase :]e its conditions ( gr[? are made suitable4 ,z an agricultural plant its position is 9 light soils1 = :i* x is usually mix$ ) o!r clov]s & grasses 9 v>i$ proportions4 #d & #e are (t5 f\nd scatt]$ 9 mead[s1 ?\gh n usually 9 any abundance 9 ^? ( ! ri*] k9d2 /ill1 9 lay+ d[n l& = p]man5t pa/ure1 !re c be no objection to a small admixture ( _! se$4 #f1 ! ,purple ,vet*l+1 ?\gh local 9 ri* riv] pa/ures1 is yet a good plant1 & might p]haps be advantage\sly br\ght out z an add5dum to mixtures design$ = good l[l& positions4 #g1 ,sa9tfo91 is a good pa/ure plant = *alks & lime/ones2 & 9 lay+ d[n l& = p]man5t pa/ures 9 su* position1 %\ld n usually be omitt$4 ,x is also a good species to s[ on railway banks1 n alone = ! beauty ( its fl[]s1 b = ! b9d+ effects ( its deeply-div+ roots4 #h & #i1 ! ,burnets1 w be f\nd1--! true 9 ri* damp bottoms & on riv] flats1 ! false on dry1 calc>e\s soils4 ,!y are nei!r plants t we %\ld c>e to gr[2 b 9 _! wild /ate 9 _! respective pa/ures we %\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 n be incl9$ to make w> aga9/ !m z we$s4 ,! same op9ion1 inde$1 might be briefly express$ z reg>ds ,nos4 #aj1 #ab1 & #ac4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole "h gr\p$ may be said to possess m or less bitt] & a/r+5t qualities1 & s become useful 9 *eck+ ! vapidity :i* is sometimes f\nd 9 purely grass h]bage4 #aa1 ! ,y>r[1 %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 mo/ pa/ures1 z x n only possesses ! qualities j m5tion$1 b its leaves are s small & its /ems & fl[]s s easily dry :5 cut1 t !re is no *ance ( its smo!r+ out ! grass 9 gr[+1 or ( its ret>d+ ! process ( haymak+4 ,x also be>s con/ant nibbl+ ) %eep1 :i* are rem>kably fond ( x1 )\t injury1 z x r becomes f9] = be+ depa/ur$4 #ab4 ,! l>g] composite plants1 z d&elion1 ! hawkwe$s1 blackhead1 c41 are1 f _! co>s5ess & ! room !y take up1 highly objectionable2 b ! yell[ hawkbits1 ?r9cia1 & ! be=e-m5tion$ y>r[1 are by no means objectionable4 #ac4 ,! above rem>ks w equally apply to ! ,umbellif]4 ,l>ge plants l ! c[-p>snip & common beak$ p>sley are objectionable f _! size & want ( fe$+ prop]ties1 :il/ ! small pimp9ella & e>?-nut d n (f] ^! objections4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$ t we are bord]+ on ! doma9s ( we$s 9 pa/ure1 to :i* we mu/ devote a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,on ,,! ,,we$s ,,( ,,pa/ure4 8,we$s 9 pa/ure60 said an old f>m] fri5d2 8,i ?\ght hay & grass 0 all we$s40 ,?is1 :i* is by no means an uncommon notion1 suffici5tly expla9s ! want ( c>e 9 ! cultivation ( ! be/ k9ds ( mead[ produce1 :i* c only be effect$ by ! de/ruction ( :at is useless or mis*iev\s4 ,n[1 if we proce$ ^u ! assumption t ! be/ k9ds ( mead[ are rem>kable = ! possession ( little else ?an ! be/ k9ds ( ! true grasses1 we %all see t pa/urage %\ld1 9 ! ma91 be compos$ ( good grass-gr[?1 ) only "s few o!r plants :i* may be capable ( augm5t+ quantity1 by _! nutritive matt]1 giv+ flav\r1 or improv+ quality4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t all plants hav+ none ( ^! requisites mu/ be1 to all int5ts & purposes1 only mis*iev\s we$s2 z ?us a l>ge useless plant 9 a mead[1 z 9 an arable field1 mu/ n only occupy ! space t w\ld be bett] tak5 up by good plants1 b x appropriates a l>ge quantity ( food to ! prejudice ( ! bett] crop4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 !n1 :at a mass ( we$s "s ( our pa/ures w be f\nd to conta96 ,9 fact1 :at ) useless plants1 o!r ?an grasses1 & co>se1 s\r1 or useless grasses !mselves1 we meet ) s-call$ mead[s to :i* ! t]ms ( 8b>r5 moor0 or wa/e l& w\ld be especially applicable4 ,! foll[+ table is (f]$ z an attempt at ! classification ( ! we$s ( pa/ure1 ! diff]5t divisions ( :i* we %all pres5tly describe 9 ! ord] ( _! arrangem5t4 ,,table ,,( ,,pa/ure ,,we$s4 #a4 ,plants :i* take up space b yield no ,produce4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,trivial ,"n4 ,botanical ,"n4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! leaves ( ^! ,broad-leav$ ,planta94 ,plantago m$ia plants gr[ too close ,d5t-de-lion ,leontodon t>axacum to ! gr\nd to be ,daisy ,bellis p]5nis eat5 (f by cattle or to cut = hay4 ,^! plants take up mu* room 9 gr[+1 ,c[slip ,primula v]is !y are n eat5 by ,primrose vulg>is cattle1 &1 z !y ,gre5-w+$ ,or*is ,or*is ,morio die be=e haymak+1 ,e>ly ,purple ,or*is mascula yield little or no?+ to ! rick4 #b4 ,plants :i* take up space1 b simply dilute ! hay ) useless matt]4 ,all common1 especially ,blunt-leav$ ,dock ,rumex obtusifolius 9 damp mead[s1 are ,crisp-leav$ ,dock crispus n usually depa/ur$1 ,m>% ,dock palu/ris & h little or no ,field ,sorrel acetosa fe$+ prop]ties :5 made into hay4 ,burdock ,arctium ,lappa ,common ab\t ! bord]s ( fields4 ,butt] ,burr ,petasites vulg>is ,common ne> wat] c\rses4 ,c[ ,p>snip ,h]acleum ,sphondylium ,v common & ,wild-beak$ ,p>sley ,an?riscus vulg>is unsightly 9 pa/ures4 ,ladies' ,smock ,c>dam9e prat5sis ,9 damp places4 ,yell[ ,rattle ,rh9an?us cri/a ,9 poor cold clays4 galli ,l>g] ,hawkwe$s1 c4 ,hi]acium species ,ab\t fields 9 upl& di/ricts4 #c4 ,me*anical ,plants1 ^? ) ,sp9es1 ,prickles1 ,/+s1 c4 ,musk ,?i/le ,c>duus nutans ,mo/ly a we$ 9 8se$s40 ,welt$ ,?i/le acan?oides ,creep+ ,?i/le arv5sis ,9 h$g][s1 bord]s ,cotton ,?i/le eriophorus ( fields1 or ! ,spe> ,?i/le lanceolatus op5 mead[s4 ,m>% ,plume ,?i/le palu/ris ,damp or m>% ,mead[ ,plume ,?i/le prat5sis mead[s4 ,/emless ,?i/le acaulis ,common to poor ,c>l9e ,?i/le ,c>l9a vulg>is calc>e\s upl&s4 ,common ,/++ ,nettle ,urtica dioica ,ab\t ! home/ead1 ,small] ,/++ ur5s corn]s ( fields1 ,nettle c4 ,wall ,b>ley ,hordeum mur9um ,ab\t s&y soils1 bo? 9 ! mead[ & arable4 #d4 ,poison\s ,pa/ure-we$s1 c4 ,mead[ ,saffron ,col*icum autumnale ,usual 9 calc>e\s soils or m>ls4 ,upright ,butt]cup ,ranunculus acris ,9 damp mead[s4 ,diseas$ ,grasses ,secale cornutum ,9 places :]e mi/ & damp prevail4 #e4 ,ill-fav\r$ ,we$s or ,plants :i* communicate bad flav\r to ,produce4 ,cr[ ,g>lic ,allium v9eale ,m or less 9 ,hogs' ,g>lic urs9um mead[s & corn]s ( fields4 ,jack-by-!-,h$ge ,erysimum ,alli>ia ,ab\t ! h$g][4 #f4 ,useless ,grasses1 or ,grass-l ,plants4 ,r\gh ,grasses ,species ,poor l& & wet places4 ,s$ges ,species ,9 boggy1 m>%y1 or wet s&y spots4 ,ru%es ,species ,9 s&y spots on clays & poor soils4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,tak+ ! broad-leav$ planta9 z ! type ( ?is li/1 we %all h no difficulty 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( mis*ief :i* x does4 ,"h is a plant1 a s+le specim5 ( :i* n unfrequ5tly occupies ne>ly a squ>e foot ( gr\nd1 & z its leaves gr[ close to ! soil1 x effectually prev5ts ! gr[? ( ! grass1 :ile few1 if any1 leaves are cut ) ! scy!4 ,! b>e pat*es :i* result f ! cutt+ up ( planta9s f a lawn w suffici5tly e/abli% ! fir/ position1 :il/1 if "o occasionally meets ) a few ( ! leaves cut (f 9 haymak+1 x commits ! fur!r mis*ief ( be+ s long 9 dry+ z to ret>d ! process ( haymak+1 or else to endang] ! safety ( ! rick4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is t ! planta9 has 9 "s di/ricts got ! "n ( ! 8,fire ,grass40 ,^! are easily remov$ by ! spud1 especially if a little salt be add$ to _! cr[ns4 #b4 ,tak+ x = grant$ t grasses are = ! mo/ "p ! be/ plants = pa/urage & hay1 x foll[s t ! plants ( ?is li/ c only be we$s1 f _! tak+ up space & liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! wi%$-= crop1 :51 aft] all1 ! produce is ei!r useless1 or s inf]ior t ! :ole product ( ! field is vitiat$ by _! pres5ce4 ,! be/ way to eradicate ^! & o!r l>ge-leav$ & tall-/emm$ plants is to pull !m e>ly 9 ! season--! true !ory be+1 t by ! repeat$ de/ruction ( ! leaves ! root/ock ultimately decays4 ,close depa/ur+ also keeps !m "u = ! same reason1 z ! feet ( horses & cattle s damage ! leaves z to ru9 ! gr[? & progress ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant1 :i* latt] are requisite = its cont9uance4 #c4 ,add$ to ! evils j adv]t$ to1 ?is gr\p is injuri\s f its adv]se me*anical appliances 9 sp9\s leaves1 /+s1 & ! l4 ,z reg>ds ?i/les 9 pa/ure1 !y c]ta9ly argue great neglect1 z !y may be s readily spudd$ out1 9 :i* ! individual is de/roy$1 & all hope ( its prog5y4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! fact t ^! plants are sometimes left to se$ t makes ! matt] ( de/ruction appe> s hopeless1 z ! w+$ se$s ( ?i/les may ev5 f9d _! way to a clean f>m f a dirty "o1 & roadsides & wa/e places are con/ant s\rces ( annoyance f ?is cause4 ,s fa/ has ! corn ?i/le increas$ 9 ,tasmania1 z to make ! p groan "u a 8plague ( ?i/les10 = :i* !y h invok$ ! aid ( special ,/ate legislation4 ,! spud %\ld be kept 9 active op]ation 9 ! field1 s z to prev5t ^! plants se$+1 or inde$ at all occupy+ any space2 & roadsides & wa/e places %\ld be fre$ f ^! pe/s1 ei!r z "p ( ! duties ( "s public s]vant1 or else z a matt] ( private necessity4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! fecundity ( ?i/les1 we app5d ! foll[+ e/imate ( _! se$+ p[]s3-- ,,se$-,,developm5t ,,( ,,?i/les4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"n4 ,se$s to a ,description4 s+le plant4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,musk ?i/le #c1gej #aej se$s to a s+le fl[]-head4 ,spe> ?i/le #cj1jjj #cjj se$s to ea*4 ,corn ?i/le #e1jjj ,?is plant also increases by creep+ und]gr\nd /ems4 ,/emless ?i/le #fjj ,?is is sometimes s ?ick on ! d[ns t we h se5 its fly+ se$s almo/ l a sn[/orm 9 quantity & :it5ess4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,f>m]s1 h[ev]1 mo/ly refuse an e>ly summ] attack bo? ^u ?i/les & nettles1 quot+ ! foll[+ ru/ic rhyme = _! neglect3-- ,if ?i/les be cut 9 ,april1 ,!y appe> 9 a little :ile2 ,if 9 ,may1 ,!y peep out ! next day2 ,if cut 9 ,june1 ,!y reappe> v soon1 ,if 9 ,july1 ,!y'll h>dly die2 ,if cut 9 ,augu/1 ,die !y mu/4 ,! tru? is1 t ) spr+-"t !y w bud =? aga91 b always 9 a weakly condition4 ,h[ev]1 t[>ds ,augu/ ! ?i/le has p]=m$ all its functions = ! ye>1 & s prep>$ its l>g] root/ocks = ! future season2 s t he w\ld n be altoge!r s mad :o1 9 ref]5ce to ! cutt+ ( ?i/les & nettles 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 %\ld say-- ,kill a fool's head ( y\r own2 ,!y'll die ( !mselves if y let !m alone4 ,beat+ nettles 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> ) li! a% /icks is m effectual ?an ! clean] cut ) ! scy!1 z ! injuries are n s easily got ov]4 #d4 ,t !re are _m plants 9 pa/ures :i* if eat5 exclusively w\ld act z poisons we c h b little d\bt1 b !re are a few :i* w\ld seem to be dang]\s1 ev5 :5 p>tak5 ( 9 grass mixtures4 ,( ^!1 ! mead[ saffron is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,?is plant is abundant on ! oolitic rocks ( ! ,cotteswolds1 ab\t :i* range we con/antly he> ( mis*ief f x4 ,we extract ! foll[+ f a ,*elt5ham pap] = ,septemb]1 #ahdd3-- ,x is only a few days s9ce a f>m] at ,eye=d1 ne> ,/[-on-!-,wold 7,gl\ce/]%ire71 _h t5 calves kill$ by eat+ ( ! fl[]s ( ! col*icum1 & two or ?ree ye>s s9ce ?ree c[s 7 de/roy$ by ?is plant 9 fl[] 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 :il/ we frequ5tly he> ( _m accid5ts to cattle 9 ! spr+ f eat+ ! leaves1 al?\gh x is sometimes refus$ by !m on acc\nt ( its bitt] & nause\s ta/e4 ,yet !re is no d\bt b t accid5ts w\ld be /ill m frequ5t 7 x n t f>m]s keep _! cattle f ! mead[s 9 :i* x occurs 9 any quantity dur+ ! spr+ & autumn mon?s4 ,pull+ ! leaves ( ! mead[ saffron or col*icum w de/roy x2 b a mu* m simple rem$y is t ( a ?or\gh roll+ ) a ,croskill at ! season :5 ! fl[]s beg9 to exp&1 & aga9 :5 ! broad leaves come up 9 spr+2 ?is s cru%es & bruises ! :ole plant1 t a season or two ( su* treatm5t w be en\gh to keep x "u1 if n to de/roy x outright4 ,z reg>ds ! butt]cups1 ! mo/ acrid "o--viz41 ! upright tall species1 a con/ant plant 9 m>%y mead[s & wet places--is ! only "o to be p>ticul> ab\t4 ,cattle d n usually eat x1 b x f9ds its way into ! hay1 & !re is reason to ?9k to its prejudice4 ,x is to be got "u by dra9+ & close depa/ur+1 s t by tread+ d[n x %all n se$2 b pov]ty1 induc$ by frequ5t haymak+ & wet1 by keep+ "u ! gr[? ( :at is bett]1 gives great] facility = ! success ( tra% ( ?is z well z ( o!r k9ds4 ,ergotis$ grasses1 by :i* we mean ^? affect$ ) ! black spur1 9 ! place ( ! se$1 or gra91 is a common affection ( grasses 9 autumn 9 l[-ly+ or 9 damp places1 or :]e fields may be envelop$ 9 mi/1 z on "s ( our hill-ranges4 ,?is black spur is l>ge/ 9 ! c]eal rye1 b x occurs 9 mo/ o!r species ( grasses1 diff]+ accord+ to ! size ( _! se$s4 ,ergot ( rye is us$ m$ic9ally1 & !re is little d\bt b t ergot 9 o!r grasses is equally active4 ,its effects seem to be to fav\r abortion2 & !re is reason to believe t x has caus$ _m valuable animals to abort4 ,"s few ye>s s9ce ! late ,e>l ,ducie suff]$ a loss ( calves to an ext5t :i* he calculat$ to equal z mu* z #a1jjj 9 "o ye>2 at t "t ! grasses1 consi/+ mo/ly ( ! p]5nial rye-grass1 7 submitt$ to our inspection1 & !y 7 mu* affect$ by ergot4 ,keep+ ! cattle away f mead[s kn[n to pres5t mu* ( ?is affect$ grass is ! be/ rem$y2 b ?is w seldom be necess>y1 except 9 unusually wet & w>m seasons1 :i* are sure to produce ^! fungoid affections4 #e4 ,all ! plants 9 ?is section are kn[n to give a g>lic-l flav\r to ! dairy produce ( ! fields 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,! two fir/ especially r5d] butt] unfit = m>ket2 s t if abundant !y w\ld take (f a l>ge portion ( ! value ( ! field4 ,!y occur mo/ly 9 pat*es1 & %\ld be pull$ out z soon z /rong en\gh3 if ?is be done ye> by ye>1 x w be f\nd to dim9i% 9 an increas$ ratio2 & two or ?ree seasons w be en\gh to rid ! field ( s great a pe/1 & w\ld be well wor? do+ if x co/ mu*--:i* x ought n to d--z ^! we$s usually occur 9 o!rwise tol]ably good mead[s4 ,! jack-by-!-h$ge is usually conf9$ to ! vic9ity ( ! f5ces1 & may be remov$ by ! h& or spud4 ,x is a prolific se$]2 s t on no acc\nt %\ld x ev] be all[$ to rip5 its se$4 #f4 ,r\gh grasses & grass-l we$s are f> too common 9 poor1 wild1 & neglect$ pa/ures4 ,9 _! action !y come closely to ^? ( our second section2 !y are indications ( a want ( dra9age1 :i* op]ation well p]=m$ soon causes ! dea? ( ?is gr\p1 :i* end is greatly facilitat$ by manur+ & depa/ur+ z ! dra9s beg9 to act4 ,9 conclud+ ?is description1 x may be well to rem>k t _m m plants might h be5 includ$ 9 ! diff]5t sections2 b en\gh has be5 done to %[ t a pa/ure1 to be good1 mu/ n consi/ ( any plants :i* *ance1 accid5t1 or m commonly neglect1 may ?r[ toge!r4 ,9 arable culture "o-half ! exp5se is1 9 "o way or o!r1 connect$ ) we$+1 & we are ( op9ion1 t if only "o %ill+ p] acre 0 sp5t on ! we$+ ( pa/ure1 x w\ld yield #cjj p] c5t4 pr(it on ! outlay4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,irrigat$ ,,mead[4 ,irrigation1 z a means ( increas+ ! am\nt ( pa/urage1 is s important a process t x may be well to describe x 9 ?is place4 ,= a p]fect irrigat$ mead[1 we %\ld h full comm& ( wat] :5ev] x may be requir$4 ,?is wat] %\ld be capable ( fl[+ ?r\gh1 n ( p\r+ ov]1 & /&+ on ! l&1--?is latt] be+ flood+4 ,! dra9age %\ld be s p]fect t ! l& w be s\nd en\gh = u to walk ov] 9 ! dry 9 a few h\rs aft] ! wat] has be5 turn$ (f4 ,:]e ^! conditions c be secur$1 irrigation w be f\nd mo/ useful1 n only 9 augm5t+ ! supply ( grass1 b 9 produc+ x s mu* e>li] ?an 9 ! high] mead[s t ! f>m] h]eby gets a fre% gre5 pa/ure1 ( great utility1 especially 9 fatt5+ & br++ on e>ly lambs4 ,f ^! circum/ances x foll[s1 t al?\gh "s l& is occupi$ 9 ! wat]-conduits1 yet ! value is s f> increas$ t mead[ at #cjs4 p] acre be=e irrigation has1 "u "o's own eye1 become wor? #e p] acre 9 f\r ye>s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s necess>y exp5ses 9 sett+ out ! "w1 mak+ floodgates1 c41 ! ext5t ( :i* w ( c\rse dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 on ! banks ( ! ,*urn1 :]e irrigation has be5 successfully c>ri$ on = ye>s1 !re is a p]man5t co/ ( ab\t #fs4 an acre = keep+ ! works 9 ord]1 & *>ges ( ! 8dr[n]10 ! "n giv5 to ! man :o ov]looks ! works1 9 "s in/ances ( sev]al proprietors or t5ants4 ,a peculi>ity 9 irrigat$ mead[ ( ! be/ quality is1 ! g5]al abs5ce ( co>se grasses on ! "o h&1 & ( any plants o!r ?an grasses on ! o!r2 h5ce1 !n1 good succul5t & nutriti\s h]bage is ! rule1 & any?+ t c be o!rwise describ$ is ! r>e exception4 ,inde$1 s mu* is ?is ! case1 t a bit ( co>se grass--su*1 = in/ance1 z ,aira cspitosa 7,tussac ,grass7--mak+ successful gr[? 9 any "p ( ! mead[1 is at once an evid5ce ( a /agnation ( wat] at t spot--a condition t a clev] dr[n] at once looks to :5 he has discov]$ x4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! *anges :i* g on z ! process succe$s1 z well z ( _! nature1 we give ! foll[+ z ! tabulat$ result ( ! irrigation ( half ( a mead[ ^: slope 0 too great to all[ ( ! :ole be+ op]at$ ^u4 ,f ^! x w be se5 t ! proportionals ( diff]5t pa/ure plants be=e & aft] irrigation (f] a mat]ial *ange2 & x may be add$1 t 9 "s cases1 :at w\ld o!rwise be a bad & useless grass1 may become succul5t & useful f ! b5eficial action ( wat]4 ,"o ( ?is k9d is ! ,agro/is /olonif]a 7,fior9 ,grass71 :i* is 9 arable c\*-grass we$1 b 9 ! irrigat$ mead[ x becomes ( a f9e gre5 col\r1 is nutritive 9 quality1 & w be> ) any am\nt ( clipp+4 ,x may "h1 too1 be rem>k$ t 9 cases :]e only a "p ( a mead[ c be irrigat$1 good accrues to ! :ole1 z 9 depa/ur+ ! :ole is rang$ ov] by our cattle & %eep4 ,we "h give ! foll[+ ,,table ,,( ,,*anges ,,9 ,,grasses ,,& ,,o!r ,,plants ,,"u ,,irrigation4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,trivial ,names4 ,botanical ,names4 ,aft] ,aft] ,be=e#b ,ye>s'#d ,ye>s' --- ,irrigation4 --- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,mead[ ,foxtail ,grass ,alopecurus #a #b #c prat5sis ,field ,mead[ ,grass ,poa prat5sis #b #c #d ,r\gh-/alk$ ditto trivialis #a #b #a ,quak+ ,grass ,briza m$ia #b #j #j ,dog/ail ,grass ,cynosurus #b #a #j cri/atus ,hassock1 or ,tussac ,aira cspitosa #a #j #j ,grass ,m>% ,b5t ,agro/is #a #b #c /olonif]a ,cocksfoot ,grass ,dactylis glom]ata #a #b #c ,yell[ ,oat-grass ,av5a flavesc5s #b #c #c ,s(t ditto pubesc5s #a #a #a ,mead[ ,b>ley ,hordeum prat5se #a #b #b ,p]5nial ,rye-grass ,lolium p]5ne #b #d #f ,mead[ ,cr[foot1 or ,ranunculus acris #a #c #a ,butt]cup ,bulb\s ditto bulbosus #c #a #j ,n>r[-leav$ ,planta9,plantago #c #a #a lanceolata ,broad-leav$ ditto asiatica #c #j #j ,dut* ,clov] ,trifolium rep5s #b #j #j ,broad ,clov] prat5se #a #b #b ,common-beak$ ,p>sley ,an?riscus #a #b #a vulg>is ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! g5]al conclusions f ?is table are1 t l>ge & innutriti\s h]bage is1 = ! mo/ "p1 de/roy$ by irrigation1 & its place is suppli$ by grasses2 h5ce1 !n1 ! increas$ value conf]r$ by ! regulat$ action ( wat] is due to an increase 9 quantity & quality ( ! grasses1 add$ to a mu* m c]ta91 z well z e>ly1 production ( ^!4 ,( c\rse ! di/ricts be/ adapt$ to irrigation w be valleys ( d5udation1 ! c5tres ( :i* are occupi$ by m or less copi\s & rapid /reamlets4 ,"s ( ^! valleys 9 ! ,cotteswolds hav+ be5 scoop$ out ( ! oolitic free/ones1 h left ! spoils ( ! rock z a gravelly deposit1 sometimes on ! lias1 at o!rs on ! full]'s e>?1 & !n on ! ,ox=d clays2 s t1 /iff z ^! soils w\ld be by !mselves1 !y n[ only t5d to ?r[ out ! wat]s by natural dra9age1 :i* are aga9 conduct$ ov] ! por\s gravels ?r\gh :i* !y fl[ ) great regul>ity2 ?us f]tiliz+ :at w\ld o!rwise be b a scanty ?9-soil h]bage1 & to su* an ext5t t e>ly depa/ur+1 haymak+1 & lat] pa/urage 7latt]ma?7 are ! rule ye> by ye>4 ,^! circum/ances make wat]-rights ( great value1 & :i*1 if n 9 possession1 are secur$ at a fix$ *>ge p] acre2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is usually includ$ 9 ! exp5ses1 :i*1 z be=e /at$1 are cov]$ by ab\t #fs4 p] acre4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt]1 we mu/ say a few words 9 ref]5ce to flood$ mead[s4 ,^! w be f\nd on ! banks ( ! l>g] riv]s or on /reams ( suffici5t importance to be call$ riv]s1 z di/+ui%$ f brooks or /reamlets4 ,"h ! flood+ is caus$ by ! wat] ov]fl[+ ! banks1 z ! result ( sudd5 ?aws or an unusual quantity ( ra94 ,"h !n ! flood is n "u control1 & z x may happ5 at any & all times ( ! ye>1 ! grass may be spoil$ by be+ cov]$ ) silt & drift$ mat]ials1 or ev5 ! hay may be c>ri$ away by ! flood4 ,^! riv] flats1 !n1 h seldom ! requisites = c>ry+ on irrigation1 al?\gh ! wat]s are ( c\rse m abundant ?an ^? suppli$ by ! small] /reams2 = ev5 if we c\ld by embank+ s f> control ! wat] z to get x ov] ! field :5 we might wi%1 yet alluvial flats l ^? ( mu* ( ! ,?ames & ,sev]n w\ld n readily dra94 ,f facts l ^! x w at once be se5 t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 irrigation & flood+2 & we h h5ce endeav\r$ to sep>ate :at is too (t5 conf\nd$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,on ,,! ,,lay+ ,,d[n ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,pa/ure4 ,if we reflect ^u ! fact t mu* ( ! mead[ ( ,great ,brita9 is ribb$ by ! ridge & furr[ ( =m] arable culture1 we %all conclude t ! lay+ d[n ( l& to p]man5t pa/ure is an anci5t no less ?an a mod]n process4 ,=m]ly new pa/ures 7 made by s[+ ! collect$ se$s f a hayl(t1 b z 9 mod]n f>m+ no "o 9 8 s5ses w\ld let 8 grass get ripe en\gh = se$ be=e cutt+1 pres5t practice necessitates ! mix+ ( su* se$s z may be consid]$ be/ 9 suitable quantities = our purpose4 ,we %all h1 !n1 9 ?is place to consid]3-- #a4 ,! prep>ation ( ! l&2 #b4 ,! k9ds ( se$ be/ adapt$ = diff]5t places2 & #c4 ,! aft]-treatm5t ( ! new mead[4 #a4 ,! plan usually adopt$ 9 a prep>ation = grass se$s is t ( s[+ our mixture ) ! b>ley crop4 ,n[ ?is1 9 ! case ( a t5ant :o is n sure ( 8 t5ure1 w\ld obvi\sly recomm5d itself2 b to a proprietor want+ a quick] & sur] result x (f]s _m objections4 ,we recomm5d1 aft] turnips h be5 f$ (f on ! l&1 to make ! gr\nd z level z possible1 !n h>r[ & roll smoo? ) an iron or wood5 roll]4 ,^u ?is surface our mixture %\ld be c>efully s[n2 !n h>r[ ) v light h>r[s j to cov] ! se$1 & roll aga94 ,by ?is plan y />t ! se$s 9 good soil in/ead ( 9 t f :i* y h c>ri$ (f a crop ( rip5$ grass1 /raw1 & se$2 b besides ?is1 y\r grass w get a /rong] con/itution ?an :5 gr[n z se$l+s amid tall] plants1 :i* draw up ! 8se$s10 & ?us make !m s weak & att5uat$ z sc>cely to be able to )/& ! rig\r ( w9t]--a matt] ( great consequ5ce :5 our object is to get a vigor\sly-gr[+ sw>? quickly4 #b4 ,we come n[ to consid] ! k9ds ( se$s :i* %\ld be s[n2 ^!1 ?\gh few 9 numb]1 w yet v>y accord+ to soil & situation4 ,our rem>k t few k9ds ( grasses are requir$ 9 lay+ d[n = p]man5t pa/ure may surprise ^? :o h se5 ! usual prescriptions = ?is purpose2 b if we />t 9 our selection by leav+ out co>se grasses1--su*1 = in/ance1 z ,phal>is can>i5sis 7,re$ ,can>y ,grass71 = damp mead[s2 annual =ms1 or at lea/ n p]man5t ones1 su* z ,lolium ,italicum 7,italian ,rye-grass72 & useless v>ieties1 z ,poa nemoralis semp]vir5s1 ,phleum prat5se majus1 & ! l1--we %all be !n conf9$ to z few species ( grass z we %all ev] f9d w =m ! be/ p>ts ( our be/ mead[s4 ,n[1 z reg>ds s[+ useless or annual species1 we %\ld recollect t ! bett] !y come up ! m mis*ief !y create1 z !y take up ! room t ! m p]man5t =ms %\ld occupy1 & s smo!r !m out4 ,h[ (t5 h we se5 our fri5ds 9 ec/asies at ! success ( _! new pa/ure1 :5 ! smil+ face _h be5 sudd5ly put ^u ! matt] by ! quick-gr[+ ,italian rye-grass hav+ tak5 a possession1 :i*1 h[ev]1 9 a ye> or two x w\ld mo/ probably yield2 & s x has happ5$1 t :ile ! se$sman has be5 adv]tis+ a c]tificate vaunt+ ( success1 ! pa/ure is decl9+1 & ! proprietor1 look+ = ! reason = su* a result1 ei!r himself concludes1 or is l$ s to d1 t z ! se$s came up well1 ^! 7 n 9 fault3 x mu/ !n be ! nature ( ! soil6 ,9 giv+ su* directions = grass mixtures z exp]i5ce w\ld seem to w>rant1 we confess to a great deal ( diffid5ce2 = z sc>cely two cases are alike1 ! difficulty is z great z w\ld be t ( a m$ical man prescrib+ = 8 v>i\s pati5ts )\t see+ !m2 inde$1 to pr(ess to d s 9 ei!r case1 z a g5]al rule1 sav\rs some:at ( quack]y4 ,! foll[+ tables1 !n1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 are only meant to convey "s v g5]al notions z to sorts ( grasses & o!r fodd] plants1 & _! quantities1 :i* we %\ld employ "u ! specifi$ conditions ( soil2 albeit1 ev5 ! quantities %\ld be v>iable1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( ! se$s1 ! season1 & ! climate 9 :i* !y are to be s[n3-- #a4 ,propos$ selection = ri* loams 9 be/ grass-gr[+ positions4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,botanical ,"n4 ,trivial ,"n4 ,quantity ,p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- lb4 oz4 ,lolium p]5ne ,p]5nial ,rye #aj #j ,poa prat5sis ,mead[ ,grass #b #j ,dactylis glom]ata ,cocksfoot #e #j ,fe/uca prat5sis ,mead[ ,fescue #c #j duriuscula ,h>d #c #j ,alopecurus prat5sis ,foxtail #b #j ,phleum prat5se ,cat/ail #b #j ,an?oxan?um odoratum ,sweet ,v]nal #j #h ,trifolium prat5se ,common ,clov] #d #j rep5s ,dut* #b #j #b4 ,propos$ selection = a poor /iff soil on a clay subsoil4 ,lolium p]5ne ,p]5nial ,rye #ab #j ,poa prat5sis ,smoo? ,mead[ ,grass #c #j trivialis ,r\gh #b #j ,fe/uca loliacea ,lolium ,fescue #b #j duriuscula ,h>d #b #j ,phleum prat5se ,cat/ail #b #j ,dactylis glom]ata ,cocksfoot #f #j ,an?oxan?um odoratum ,sweet ,v]nal #j #h ,trifolium prat5se ,common ,clov] #f #j rep5s ,dut* #b #j #c4 ,propos$ selection = ?9 upl&s on calc>e\s soils4 ,lolium p]5ne ,p]5nial ,rye #ab #j ,poa prat5sis ,smoo? ,mead[ ,grass #d #j ,fe/uca ov9a ,%eep's ,fescue #b #j duriuscula ,h>d #b #j ,av5a flavesc5s ,yell[ ,oat-,grass #a #j pubesc5s ,s(t #a #j ,an?oxan?um odoratum ,sweet ,v]nal #a #j ,trifolium prat5se ,common ,clov] #c #j rep5s ,dut* #e #j ,a*illa millefolia ,y>r[ #j #h #d4 ,propos$ selection = light soils on s&s4 ,lolium p]5ne ,p]5nial ,rye #ad #j ,poa prat5sis ,smoo? ,mead[ #c #j ,fe/uca duriuscula ,h>d ,fescue #c #j ,av5a flavesc5s ,s(t ,oat-,grass #a #j ,an?oxan?um odoratum ,sweet ,v]nal #j #h ,trifolium m$ium ,zigzag ,clov] #d #j prat5se ,mead[ or ,corn ,clov] #b #j rep5s ,dut* ,clov] #e #j ,lotus corniculatus ,birdsfoot ,trefoil #j #h ,a*illa millefolia ,y>r[ #j #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! above positions may s f> be consid]$ to pres5t g5]ic types ( l& :i* w\ld be laid d[n 9 p]man5t pa/ure 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( f>m+4 ,selections = p>k glades1 cov]t1 & ! l1 are exceptional1 :i* mu/ be provid$ = accord+ to circum/ances4 ,we %\ld advise c>e 9 ! selection ( ^! se$s2 ! new] & fre%] !y are ! bett]1 z1 p]haps1 no se$s suff] m f keep+ ?an d ^? ( ! grasses4 ,& we w\ld fur!r add t1 z a rule1 we %\ld pref] to procure our se$s sep>ately & mix !m ourselves3 = ?is we %\ld expect to h m to pay at mo/ h\ses1 b !y w be mu* bett]4 ,( c\rse1 9 all su* /rictures ab\t se$s1 we mean !m to apply only to ^? :o are n suffici5tly p>ticul> to keep f trade tricks1 or :o d n obs]ve t c>e 9 selection & mix+ t w\ld be necess>y to ensure ! fulle/ am\nt ( success2 =1 z we are well aw>e t se$s1 h[ev] old or wor?less1 are seldom de/roy$1 we %\ld expect to h "s ( !m sold to u if we did n look to ! "*1 position1 & judgm5t ( our se$sman on ! "o h&1 & be prep>$ to g to su*1 & s pay a fair price1 on ! o!r4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! se$ has come up regul>ly1 & s mu/ describe ! aft]-treatm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ ye> x w be all-important to look aft] we$s3 %\ld ^! make _! appe>ance1 x w be well to hoe or spud !m out at once be=e !y c se$1 z !n ! grass w n only h a bett] *ance1 b little provision w be left = we$-cont9uance4 ,9 ! foll[+ w9t]1 say ab\t ,janu>y1 if ! wea!r w suit1 a slight b ev5 dress+ ( n ov]-rott5 manure w act z a protection to ! "y plants1 & provide food = _! spr+ gr[? by its gradual decomposition & mix+ ) ! soil4 ,t[>ds ! latt] end ( ,febru>y1 or e>ly 9 ,m>*1 bu%-h>r[+ %\ld be employ$ to break up & dissem9ate ! manure1 & !n ! roll] %\ld be actively us$ to consolidate ! :ole2 &1 if ! grasses h at all ?r[n out1 ! croskill w prove a mo/ effici5t implem5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,may we %\ld /ock ) %eep j ?ick en\gh to prev5t any ext5t ( se$+2 & if ! next ye> %\ld %[ vacant spaces1 :i* x w\ld be likely to d f failure or wire-worm 7! latt] w be less ?an :5 corn is gr[n71 we mu/ re-s[1 mix+ our se$s ) a little mix$ guano & soot4 ,^!1 !n1 are "s ( ! simple rules ^u :i* to act 9 gr[+ a p]man5t pa/ure2 & ! m rigidly !y are kept to at fir/1 ! soon] & ! m p]fect w our mead[ assume ! aspect we %\ld desire = p]man5cy4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,pa/ures4 ,h[ev] good our mead[s & pa/ures may be1 x is b natural t we %\ld wi% to keep !m 9 good condition1 &1 if n s good1 our object %\ld be to improve !m4 ,we h already adv]t$ to we$+ z a requisite 9 ! improvem5t ( mead[2 we are equally cle> ^u ! subject ( dra9+4 ,on bo? ( ^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 we h met ) opposition4 ,! f>m] :o consid]s t all is hay t he c get toge!r 9 a rick1 may look m to mass ?an quality1 ?\gh ev5 "h we are incl9$ to ?9k t if we take hay & pa/ure toge!r1 ! m grasses & ! less ( rubbi% we c get a field to gr[1 ! great] w be our produce 9 quantity & quality4 ,) reg>d to dra9+1 we are told t x takes ! goodness out ( ! mead[2 b if we h a mead[ on clay--we w suppose lias or ,ox=d clay1--) only a few in*es ( a /iff soil at ! surface1 we %all f9d t ^? few in*es are ! only available root gr\nd4 ,dra91 & !n we %all soon see t air w foll[ ! wat]3 ?is unit$1 air & wat] w decompose plant-fe$+ matt] nev] be=e rea*$4 ,n[1 :]e ! mi/ake has be5 made is1 t f ?is "t ! h]bage gets less & less co>se1 & p]haps 9 "s seasons w\ld n produce ! weight ( hay2 b :at !re is bo? ( hay & grass w\ld be mu* improv$1 & w\ld become capable ( c>ry+ bett] /ock4 ,! foll[+ reply#c ( ,mr4 ,bailey ,d5ton to "s objectors to dra9+ 9 ,middlesex is1 we ?9k1 mu* to ! po9t on ?is important subject3-- ,mr4 ,d5ton /at$ t he _h be5 rec5tly ov] ! e/ate ( ,"l ,nor?wick1 ne> ,h>r[1 9 company ) ! noble "l & "s fri5ds & t5ants4 ,on t occasion ! "q ( ! reluctance ( hay f>m]s to dra9 ! l& 0 discuss$1 & ! f>m]s said t z !y always _h a great deal ( cu/om 9 ,london = hay1 ( :atev] quality x 01 !y did n seek s mu* = quality z = quantity1 & consequ5tly did n ?9k x wor? :ile to dra9 ! l& = fe$+ purposes1 al?\gh !y admitt$ t dra9+ made ! h]bage sweet] & bett] = cattle4 ,! pres5t sy/em1 "u :i* ! grass-l& ( ! ,h>r[ di/rict _h be5 cultivat$ = _m ye>s1 alike impov]i%$ ! hay f>m]s & ! l&2 & he 0 ( op9ion t if dra9$1 ! latt] w\ld produce grass ( a mu* bett] quality1 & equally z mu* 9 quantity4 ,he ?\ght a good plan w\ld be to fe$ (f "p ( ! l& & put ! o!r into hay4 #c ,discussion ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahfc4 ,if ask$ :at w\ld be our crit]ia z to ! necessity ( dra9+1 we %\ld say /agnant wat] at any "t4 ,plants1 h[ev]1 af=d evid5ce to be dep5d$ ^u2 z ?us take ! indications ( a few we$s common to wet mead[s3-- ,s$ges ,%[ a want ( ,ru%es ?or\gh dra9age4 ,bull-pates & o!r ,p]haps p>tial co>se ,grasses or grip dra9age ,full ,devil's-bit ,scabi\s may d4 dra9age ,butt]cups 7,r4 acris7 ,p]haps less c]ta9ly ,l\sewort haymak+ & m requir$4 ,field ,or*ids manure is indicat$1 ,c[slips & dra9+ may ,moss be done )\t4 ,n[1 z reg>ds v wet mead[s1 x is f\nd t !y are seldom if ev] manur$2 =1 j z ,i 0 told z reg>ds "s ( ! l[ l&s on ! banks ( ! ,yeo1 9 ,som]set%ire1 t x did n pay to manure !m2 s "o might easily imag9e t :]e ! l& is full ( wat]1 & p]haps ( moi/ humus1 manure w\ld n t5d to ! increase ( good grass1 ?\gh x might to t ( ?i/les & butt]cups4 ,mead[s t are suffici5tly s\nd to yield tol]able hay are too mu* work$ to ?is end1 & are1 we ?9k1 gett+ poor]4 ,! ,*e%ire pa/ures (f] a good example ( ! effects ( gre$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,a c5tury ago we feel sure its grass-produc+ p[]s 7 f> beyond :at !y are n[4 ,grass is gone 9 hay & bones & *eese1 b = g5]ations ! f>m] has gone on depa/ur+ to make manure2 b z x w be se51 on reflection1 t cattle c only deposit z manure1 matt] :i* !y h tak5 f ! field & conv]t$ into manurial sub/ance1 !y _c add any new mat]ial3 s !n ?is me?od ( re/oration mu/ fail at la/4 ,ano!r re/oration employ$ 9 ?is c\nty 0 t ( us+ _! salt z a top-dress+4 ,?is1 z x kill$ all ! co>se grass1 & s conv]t$ x into manure1 recov]$ ! pa/ure1 by1 out ( bad & r\gh grass1 gr[+ good ones2 b ?is too w\ld fail 9 "t4 ,hay1 ! framework ( gr[+ cattle1 & *eese1 h gone on conv]t+ ! phosphates & ! bone matt$ ( ! soil into _! sub/ances1 & x is n[ f\nd t return+ ?is 9 ! %ape ( bones & sup]phosphates is rapidly effect+ an improvem5t4 ,h5ce1 !n1 we w\ld recomm5d less ( gre$ 9 haymak+4 ,d n rip5 ! grasses too mu* be=e cutt+4 ,don't tru/ to graz+ = re/or+ ! phosphates & o!r +r$i5ts ( ! hay1 b br+ !m 9 ! %ape ( manure4 ,use heavy roll]s 9 spr+ to smoo? & consolidate ! soil2 replant ! roots ?r[n out by worms2 mat ! turf m ?or\ghly toge!r2 & cru% l>g] b useless plants4 ,!re is1 !n1 less diff]5ce betwe5 ! cultivation ( pa/ure & ( arable l& ?an w\ld at fir/ be ?\ght4 ,dra9age1 acts ( husb&ry1 amelioration ( soil by rubbi% ( all k9ds :]e too t5aci\s1 manur+ !m by f>my>d dung1 or1 fail+ ?is1 su* artificial manures z bones1 sup]phosphates1 guano1 nitrates1 soot1 c41--^! are ! %eet an*ors 9 ! improvem5t ( our pa/ures2 & by ^! we %\ld realize ! hope ( mak+ two blades ( good grass gr[ :]e "o did be=e4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,lawns4 ,! homes ( our fair c\ntry are s mu* beautifi$ by our nicely-%av5 lawns1 :i* n[h]e are s gre5 & smoo? z 9 8,m]rye ,engl&e10 t a few words ^u _! managem5t c h>dly be out ( place 9 a treatise on grasses2 we w\ld1 !re=e1 direct att5tion to ! foll[+ que/ions connect$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( lawns 9 a good condition4 #a4 ,lawns %\ld h grasses :i* comb9e ! f9e/ possible leaf-gr[? ) a capability ( re/or+ gr[? & col\r "u con/ant cutt+4 #b4 ,lawns %\ld be entirely free f plants o!r ?an grasses1 unless we except ! ,dut* clov]4 #c4 ,lawn grasses %\ld possess ! prop]ty ( intimately weav+ "o ) ! o!r4 #d4 ,aft] cutt+1 !y %\ld gr[ z ne> ! same height z possible4 #a4 ,f9e ,lawn ,grasses4--,! annex$ engrav+ 7,fe/uca ov9a7 repres5ts "o ( our f9e/-leav$ grasses2 x is "o1 too1 t w ev5 be> ! con/ant nibbl+ ( %eep )\t los+ ei!r its vitality or its col\r4 ,?is1 & a l>g] v>iety call$ ! ,f4 duriuscula1 are two =ms ( ?is g5us well adapt$ = lawns4 ,if to ^! we add ! ,lolium p]5ne1 ,poa prat5sis1 & ,cynosurus cri/atus1 we %all h ne>ly all ! useful lawn grasses4 ,z reg>ds ,poa prat5sis1 we %\ld1 h[ev]1 leave x out :]e we h bord]s cut 9 ! turf1 z its creep+ und]gr\nd /ems are mis*iev\s1 f _! habit ( gett+ into ! bord]s ) ! fl[]s4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld lead u to disc\rage any c\*-l grass4 ,if1 !n1 we h plots1 & ! soil ( ! lawn be suffici5tly moi/1 we %\ld recomm5d ,poa trivialis to be s\ght 9 its /ead4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb 7bis74 ,%eep's ,fescue4 ,some?+ l uni=mity ( col\r is desirable2 z1 if we see bun*es ( ! silv]y-leav$ ,s(t ,grass1 or ! br[n pat*es ( ! ,fior91 x is s unsightly t we %\ld feel ! necessity ( introduc+ a new turf :]e x occurs4 #b4 ,lawn ,we$s4--,planta9s1 d&elions1 & daisies c only be consid]$ we$s :5ev] !y occur 9 grass1 b especially 9 ! lawn4 ,!y are easily gu>d$ aga9/1 if 9 lay+ d[n turf we only *oose clean specim5s1 or 9 lay+ d[n se$s we obta9 pure samples1 & s[ !m on well-clean$ gr\nd4 ,b h[ev] c>eful we may be1 we %all be sure ( a few we$s4 ,^! c be kept "u by cutt+ !m out ) a knife1 tak+ c>e to drop a p9* ( salt on ! cr[ns t we leave beh9d2 & !n1 if we use a little f9e lawn-grass se$ to ! vacant places1 & well roll aft] ! process1 we %all c]ta9ly keep !m "u4 ,?is %\ld be done 9 spr+1 & n 9 autumn1 z we %all !n be m c]ta9 ( success1 ^u ! pr9ciple be=e expla9$4 ,if1 despite all we d1 a few cr[ns /ill s5d up %oots1 our m[+ mu/ always be frequ5t en\gh to prev5t _! se$+2 & z 9 ! height ( summ]1 se$+1 9 ! case ( all ?ree ( ! plants1 w take place 9 a few days1 su* neglect z our own lawn once got :5 we 7 away = a mon?'s vacation1 9 n be+ m[$ suffici5tly (t51 may take ye>s to rem$y4 #c4 ,! ,mixture ( ,grasses is secur$ by con/ant m[+ & roll+1 by :i* means any?+ l a wild me?od ( grass-gr[? is avoid$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a lawn is left = a long "t )\t su* c>eful treatm5t1 "s ( ! grasses are sure to /ool out & gr[ bun*y4 ,9 ?is case1 ! quicke/ way ( putt+ ! matt] to rights w be to remove ! (f5d+ tufts1 & introduce new turf1 tak+ c>e to keep ! :ole 9 ord] by ! scy! & ! roll]4 ,talk+1 h[ev]1 ( ^! implem5ts ( lawn-culture rem9ds "o to rem>k t ) "s ! scy! & roll] are almo/ disc>d$1 at lea/ 9 summ]4 ,our own lawn is roll$ ) an iron roll] dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+2 b :5 m[+ beg9s1 we pref] ! new lawn-m[+ ma*9es4 ,we h n[ us$ "o ( ,samuelson's = f\r ye>s1 & x has n co/ u a s+le sixp5ce = repairs2 a /rong boy c use x1 & x possesses ! advantages ( cutt+ close & ev5ly1 collect+ n only ! cut grass b scatt]$ leaves z x goes1 &1 )al1 mo/ completely roll+ ! turf at ! same "t4 ,we are1 too1 n awoke by scy! :ett+ at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+1 to secure ! dew ^u ! grass1 z ! dry "p ( ! day is p]haps ! be/ = ! use ( ! m[+-ma*9e4 ,!re is1 !n1 no excuse = we$s or bun*y grass ) a m[+-ma*9e1 z ! :ole op]ation1 z "h describ$1 is done 9 less "t ?an 0 =m]ly occupi$ 9 ! scy! 9 m[+ alone4 #d4 ,ev5ness 9 height is a matt] ( importance = ! lawn2 = if we h grasses toge!r1 "s ( :i* make ?ree in*es ( gr[? :ile ! majority are gr[+ b "o in*1 ! :ole look unev5 & ugly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! ,tall] ,grasses4 ,! annex$ cut 7fig4 #ca7 %[s ! effects ( ?is1 ! tall] grass be+ a root ( cocksfoot1 :i* is n only bun*y1 b its leaves are too broad = a good lawn grass1 & x gr[s twice z fa/ z ! small] species 7a72 its col\r1 too1 w\ld be s mu* light] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ h]bage z to be at once visible1 & to /rike "o z a great blemi%4 ,"h1 aga91 ! (f5d+ pat* %\ld be remov$1 & bett] turf introduc$1 :i* op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! autumn if possible1 s z to h ! full b5efit ! foll[+ summ]4 ,^! po9ts 9 ! cultivation ( lawns are m p>ticul>ly applicable 9 ! process ( lay+ d[n lawns ) cut turves1 :i* is ! usual practice1 & especially :5 an imm$iate effect is requir$4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 x _c be too /rongly urg$ t mu* tr\ble & exp5se may be sav$ by *oos+ ! f9e/ turf = our purpose2 & ! tr\ble ( pick+ out an objectionable grass or we$ be=e lay+ d[n w be amply rew>d$4 ,if x be ?\ght desirable to s[ grass se$s to get a lawn1 we w\ld propose ! foll[+ mixture3-- #e4 ,propos$ mixture = lawns1 cricket-gr\nds1 b[l+-gre5s1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,botanical ,"n4 ,trivial ,"n4 ,quantity ,p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- lb4 oz4 ,lolium p]5ne ,p]5nial ,rye #be #j ,fe/uca duriuscula ,h>d ,fescue #d #j ov9a ,%eep's #b #j ,poa prat5sis ,smoo? ,mead[ #a #h trivialis ,r\gh] #a #h ,cynosurus cri/atus ,dog/ail #g #j ,trifolium rep5s#d ,dut* ,clov] #h #j ---------------------------------------- ------------- #d ,z "s p object to ,clov] 9 a lawn1 we %\ld add a little m ,%eep's ,fescue 9 its /ead4 ,^! se$s %\ld be s[n ^u clean1 well-pulv]iz$1 & smoo?ly-roll$ gr\nd1 & ! g>d5 roll] %\ld be actively employ$ f ! "t ! grass se$s h well come up until !y are fairly e/abli%$1 :51 if m[n ! second ye> ) ! ma*9e1 its roll+ w be suffici5t4 ,occasionally !re w be bald places 9 p>ks1 su* z "s ( ! worn spots 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 :i* x w\ld be advisable to provide se$ =1 t %\ld h an imm$iate effect4 ,9 ?is case we %\ld mix a small quantity ( ! ,poa annua ) ! above1 z x n only effects ! object ( mak+ ! :ole look gre5 v quickly1 b s small a grass sc>cely int]f]es ) ! gr[? ( ! m p]man5t species1 :i* w\ld mean:ile be mak+ _! position1 & s ultimately drive out ! annual4 ,x n[ only rema9s to po9t out t ! con/ant m[+ ( lawns1 al?\gh x only takes away "y grass1 mu/ 9 "t h ! effect ( impov]i%+ ! lawn4 ,9 su* case1 ! grass w n be ( s bright a col\r z =m]ly1 & x w become m or less mix$ ) moss4 ,9 ?is /ate ( matt]s ! grasses die1 & diff]5t species ( ag>ics live ^u ! decay+ roots4 ,9 ?is condition we f9d t col\r & f]tility are re/or$ by a good spr9kl+ ( soot1 :i* usually op]ates v b5eficially = f\r or five ye>s4 ,aft] ?is p]iod a little guano1 say "o "p to ?ree p>ts ( soot1 w d bett]4 ,ano!r me?od ( re/or+ f]tility is t ( an occasional use ( h\se slops1 dilut$ ) five p>ts ( wat]2 ?is %[]$ ev5ly f a wat]+-pot1 eng9e1 or hydropult1 usually has a mo/ b5eficial effect4 ,9 conclud+ ?is subject ( 8,h[ to ,gr[ ,good ,grass10 ! au?or w\ld wi% to impress ^u 8 read]s ! important fact1 t z our c\ntry is s peculi>ly adapt$ = ! gr[? ( pa/urage1 & z ?is int]e/+ g5us ( plants furni%es ! be/ k9d ( h]bage1 s !n ! grass tribe is des]v+ ( ! mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! home-produc] ( ,,meat1 ,,milk1 ,,*eese1 & ,,butt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note4--,bel*]'s ,planta9 ,extractor & ,turf ,inoculator w be f\nd a mo/ effici5t implem5t 9 extract+ planta9s1 & prep>+ good turves to fill up ! holes4 ,we fancy1 too1 t x w be f\nd useful 9 lay+ d[n l& = p]man5t pa/ure by a sy/em ( inoculation1 b await ! result ( exp]im5ts be=e /at+ m positively4--,! ,au?or4 ,illu/ration3 ,trifolium rep5s4 ,:ite ,clov]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,clov]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,! ,,clov] ,,family ,,( ,,plants4 ,clov]s are admitt$ by all to be su* important adjuncts to ! fodd] plants ( ! f>m z to r5d] a sci5tific & practical treatise ^u !m & _! allies a matt] n only ( int]e/1 b ( g5]al agricultural utility2 =1 if we except ! grasses1 p]haps no natural ord] ( plants is ( great] value to ! f>m] ?an t to :i* ! clov]s belong2 =1 ?\gh !y diff] 9 e po9t ( _! /ructure1 yet 9 _! f>m products !y (f] an int]e/+ analogy4 ,?us1 :il/ 9 ! ,gram9ace\s plants we h c]eal or corn-se$ products1 & mead[ & pa/ure h]bs1 9 ! ,legum9\s plants we h a se$-produc+ gr\p t]m$ pulse1 & a h]b-gr[+ gre5-food or fodd] s]ies4 ,on ei!r h&1 9 bo? gr\ps1 !re are diff]5tly-cultivat$ =ms2 =1 :ile ! grass-c]eals are :olly ! result ( arable culture1 ! fodd] grasses are = ! mo/ "p gr[n "u conditions di/+ui%$ by ! f>m] z pa/ure4 ,s ( legum9\s plants1 pulse1 su* z peas & beans1 belongs exclusively to ! arable "p ( ! f>m2 b ! fodd] k9ds1 z clov]1 ei!r mix ) ! grass ( ! mead[1 or are gr[n by !mselves or ) grasses 9 %ift+ gre5 crops3 inde$1 x is by reason ( clov]s ek+ out grass1 or be+ us$ z pa/urage1 t !y h come to be designat$ 8artificial grasses40 ,! tribe ( plants "u review =ms an exce$+ly natural gr\p1 :i* has be5 nam$ ,papilionace1 f ! fanci$ resemblance 9 ! arrangem5t ( its fl[]s to ! =m & v>i$ col\r+ ( butt]flies3 by o!rs x is designat$ ,legum9os f ! two-valv$ se$-pod1 :i* by ! botani/ is t]m$ a legume1--mo/ p]fect examples ( :i* are se5 9 ! fruits ( our m ord9>y pea & bean4 ,?\gh ! fl[]s ( ! gr\p are inf9itely v>i$ 9 size & 9 col\r1 yet !y af=d mo/ p]man5t *>act]s 9 _! irregul> petals1 :i*1 aft] all1 h ! same p>ts 9 ! v>i\sly col\r$ & %[y sweet-pea z 9 ! mo/ m9ute clov]2 s t1 once exam9e ! pea or bean1 & ! significance ( ! "n ( ! ord] dep5d+ ^u ! fl[]s1 w be easily und]/ood4 ,aga91 v>i$ z is ! se$-pod1 yet a little exam9ation w %[ t its type is simple1 !re be+ no /ructural diff]5ce betwe5 ! /raight legume ( ! pea & ! spirally-twi/$ "o ( ! luc]ne & m$icks1 or ! _m-se$$ smoo? pod ( ! common broom & ! s+le-se$$ wr9kl$ pod ( ! sa9fo94 ,! se$s1 aga91 may v>y 9 col\r2 "s1 l ^? ( ! sc>let-runn]1 are curi\s z af=d+ an inf9ite v>iety ( self-col\rs = _! diff]5t sorts1 f pure :ite to absolute black2 or ^! may be s p5cill$ z to make a te/a or se$-cov]+ z v>i\sly mottl$ z are ! eggs ( "s ( our birds4 ,yet1 :e!r r\nd$ z 9 ! pea1 flat z 9 ! bean1 l5ticul> z 9 ! l5til1 or kidney-%ap$ z 9 ! clov]s1 !y are all readily ref]r$ to "o gr\p by ! flat1 oval eye 7hilum ( ! botani/71 & ! fact ( _! ready capability ( sep>at+ into two valves 7cotyl$ons71 s obs]vable 9 our split peas & beans4 ,b ( all ! v>ieties 9 _! p>ts pres5t$ by ! pea-fl[]$ tribe ( plants1--if we except ! fact t "s are l>g] trees1 z ! locu/ tree1 ebony1 laburnum1 c41 :il/ "s are among our smalle/ plants1 z clov]s & m$icks1--! pr9cipal diff]5ces w be f\nd 9 ! foliage4 ,! grass vet*l+1 = example1 is s nam$ f its leaves be+ n unlike ^? ( grasses1 :ile ! yell[ vet*l+1 9 its mature /ate1 has ! :ole leaf conv]t$ into a t5dril & ! app5dages at ! bases ( ! leaves 7/ipules7 are s enl>g$ z to be (t5 mi/ak5 = leaves3 9 ano!r ( ! vet*l+s1 ! ev]la/+ sweet-pea1 we f9d t1 z s mu* ( ! leaf is conv]t$ into t5drils to enable ?is h&some plant to climb ov] ! h$ges & ?ickets1 ! /em is made f\r-w+$ ) leaf-matt]1 to ensure ! due p]=mance ( ! leaf function4 ,n[ p>ts call$ /ipules are pres5t 9 ?is :ole tribe1 &1 l all o!r p>ts ( ^! plants1 !y v>y 9 =m1 size1 & m>k+s1 & h5ce af=d important aid 9 ! discrim9ation ( species4 ,aga91 ! old furze-bu% w h its leaves conv]t$ into sp9es1 ?\gh ! se$l+ />t$ ) a trifoliate leaf4 ,po9ts l ^!1 h[ev]1 ?\gh mo/ int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( vegetable physiology1 are beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w4 ,l e o!r po9t connect$ ) ?is int]e/+ natural ord] ( plants1 _! uses & prop]ties are greatly v>i$1 & p]haps v>iable4 ,! ,s5nas are r5[n$ = _! m$ic9al prop]ties1 be+ 9 "s k9ds aromatic & purgative4 ,a p[]ful aroma is giv5 (f f ! ,melilots1 simil> to t ( ! well-kn[n sweet v]nal grass 7,an?oxan?um odoratum71 on :i* acc\nt x has be5 recomm5d$ to mix a little ( _! se$s ) clov]s1 or to cultivate sep>ate pat*es ( ei!r ! :ite or ! yell[ ,melilot to place "h & !re1 s&wi*-wise1 9 ! clov] hay-rick4 ,9 speak+ ( ?is matt] ( flav\r 9 food = cattle1 we may "h m5tion t ! se$ ( "o ( ?is ord]1 :i* is n[ be+ ext5sively employ$ = its flav\r+ pr9ciple1 is ! ,fnugrc 7,trigonella fnum-grcum71 :i* 0 =m]ly us$ 9 l>ge quantities by horse & cattle doctors z an +r$i5t 9 dr5*es or dr9ks = horses1 c[s1 & pigs4 ,latt]ly1 h[ev]1 x has be5 /ill m l>gely employ$ z a flav\r+ matt] 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( 8,cattle ,fe$s40#e #e ,we h cultivat$ ^! se$s 9 ,engl&1 & f\nd !m to rip5 v well1 & if ! flav\r+ ( food be correct 9 pr9ciple1 ! se$s might readily be gr\nd ) fe$+ /uffs1 :ile ! dri$ plant c\ld be mix$ ) hay & /raw 9 *aff4 ,n[1 :e!r m$ic9al prop]ties reside z a rule 9 all ( ! ord]1 x w\ld p]haps be difficult to det]m9e2 b1 z we sometimes f9d t c]ta9 clov] crops are accus$ ( caus+ 8sc\r+10 !re is p]haps reason to conclude ?is1 b t its am\nt v>ies accord+ to season1 soil1 & cultivation4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,,species ,,( ,,clov]s4 ,all ! true clov]s belong to ! g5us ,trifolium1 ( :i* ! foll[+ may be tabulat$ z agricultural species3-- 7,fl[]s r$ or purple47 #a4 ,trifolium prat5se--,broad-leav$ clov]4 #b4 ,trifolium m$ium--,zigzag1 or true 8c[-grass0 clov]4 #c4 ,trifolium inc>natum--,c>nation clov]4 7,fl[]s p9k47 #d4 ,trifolium hybridum--,alsike clov]4 #e4 ,trifolium fragif]um--,/rawb]ry-head$ clov]4 7,fl[]s :ite47 #f4 ,trifolium rep5s--,dut* clov]4 7,fl[]s yell[47 #g4 ,trifolium fili=me--,suckl+ clov]4 #h4 ,trifolium procumb5s--,hop clov]4 #a4 ,trifolium prat5se--,mead[ or broad-leav$ ,clov]1--9 its wild /ate1 is too well kn[n to ne$ any l5g!n$ description 9 ord] to its be+ und]/ood4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( field specim5s1 h[ev]1 w %[ t1 ev5 9 ! wild /ate1 ?is plant is liable to run into numb]less v>iations2 ?us1 we may h ! leaflets ( "o plant m or less ovate1 :il/ ^? ( ano!r may be broad & almo/ obcordate4 ,9 "s we may see d5se heads ( purple fl[]s1 v>y+ 9 %ade until almo/ :ite1 :il/ less d5se heads ( fl[]s & g5]al v>iations 9 height1 size1 & luxuriance ( ! :ole plant1 are all circum/ances 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is species 9 ! wild /ate :i* w prep>e u duly to und]/& ! nature ( ! _m =ms ( ! plant :i* are f\nd 9 cultivation4 ,( ^! we h1 besides o!rs1 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,am]ican1 & ,dut* sorts1 :i* diff] 9 su* m9or details1 z a great] or less] hair9ess1 or v>iations 9 ! col\r & size ( ! fl[]s1 leaves1 c4 ,! mo/ important po9t connect$ ) ! broad-leav$ clov] is its p]man5cy2 "s sorts sc>cely ma9ta9+ a plant = two ye>s1 :il/ o!rs are said to be m or less p]5nial4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a matt] :i* we conceive dep5ds m ^u ! soil & ! k9d ( cultivation ?an ^u ! sort2 =1 al?\gh all se$sm5 supply two sorts1 namely1 ,trifolium prat5se & ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne1 yet !y run s mu* ! "o into ! o!r1 t x is (t5times exce$+ly difficult to di/+ui% !m4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may see ! diff]5ces & agreem5ts ( ! ?ree sorts1--#a1 ,trifolium prat5se 7( ! mead[72 #b1 ,trifolium prat5se 7! arable plant72 & #c1 ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne 7also ( ! arable71--we give _! *>act]s 9 p>allel columns1 on p4 #aae4 ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,clov]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a4 ,trifolium #b4 ,trifolium #c4 ,trifolium prat5se4 prat5se4 prat5se1 p]5ne4 ---- ---- ---- ,f a ,natural ,f ,messrs4 ,sulton's ,f ,messrs4 ,sulton's ,pa/ure4 ,trial ,gr\nds4 ,trial ,gr\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,heads ( fl[]s ,heads ( fl[]s ,heads ( fl[]s d5se1 proce$+ fd5se1 ) f #gj tosome:at lax1 ) two leaves by a v #abj sessile florets4 f #ej to #ajj %ort /em1 ( f #ej florets1 proce$+ to #hj sessile florets f leaves by an ( a m or less evid5t /em4 lilac or p9k col\r4 ,calyx ( #e f9e ,calyx1 mu* z #a4 ciliat$ tee?--! l[] ( :i* is ! longe/--ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! fl[]4 ,corolla1 ,/&>d ,corolla1 mu* z #a4 ) a long /raight tube4 ,leaves trifoliate1 ,leaves ( #c ,leaves ( #c ovate m or less hairy2 leaflets1 m or lessleaflets1 ) less leaflets ovate1 ei!rovate1 ) ! :ite di/9ct triangul> broadly lanceolate1 ortriangul> m>k+ #c spot ?an #b1 clo!d not*$ at ! apex2 times ! size ( #a1 ) silky hairs4 all hav+ a m or b less hairy4 less triangul> :ite m>k+ 9 _! c5tre4 ,/em solid1 ,/em sometimes ,/em v>iable1 *annell$ or angul>1fi/ul>1 m or lesssometimes fi/ul> purple4 *annell$ or ribb$1 mo/ly q r\nd & mo/ly free f smoo? sometimes2 b hairs1 purple upw>ds4n g5]ally hairy4 ,root desc5d+1 b,root tap]+ ) ,root z #b4 consid]ably bran*$4lat]al bran*es4 ,:ole plant m or ,:ole plant1 smoo?1,:ole plant1 less clo!d ) comp>$ ) #a1 /illrem>kable = its silky hairs4 m or less hairy4 hairy leaves & g5]ally smoo? r\nd /ems4 ,height f #e to #h ,height #af in*es4 ,height #ah in*es4 in*es4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,n[1 al?\gh ! /udy ( ! *>act]s1 z "h laid d[n ) ! specim5s 9 our h&1 may r5d] x tol]ably easy to di/+ui% ! ?ree =ms "h describ$1 yet x mu/ be confess$ t :e!r we exam9e a s]ies ( ! wild] plants f diff]5t positions1 or diff]5t samples ( ! cultivat$ broad-leav$ clov]s1 we %all f9d great v>iations2 ! pr9cipal ( ^! w be discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt]3 we may "h1 !n1 = ! pres5t leave ?is difficult subject ( h[ to di/+ui% c[-grass & broad-leav$ or r$ clov]1 ) ! obs]vation t ! common r$ clov] is uni=mly 9 fl[] two or ?ree weeks be=e ! o!r4 #b4 ,trifolium m$ium 7see ,plate7--,zigzag ,trefoil--gets its ,engli% "n f ! peculi> b5ds 9 its /em1 :i* be+ at alt]nate sides1 make up ! zigzag outl9e4 ,! /ems are r\nd$--n *annell$1--mo/ly ( a purple col\r1 & clo!d ) %ort hairs4 ,! leaves are smoo?1 ) elliptical--n em>g9ate--leaflets1 sometimes1 b seldom1 ) ! :ite lunulate spot4 ,! calyx is smoo?4 ,! heads ( fl[]s are solit>y1 on v %ort foot/alks2 !y are ( a bright p9ki% r$ hue1 & n ( ! lilac col\r ( ! common clov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,trifolium m$ium4 ,zigzag ,trefoil4 ,9 its wild /ate ! zigzag clov] w be f\nd 9 di/ricts rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( lime1 su* z ! s&/ones4 ,9 ! s&y deposits accompany+ ! coal 9 ,wales1 z also 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ?is is ! prevail+ =m ( clov]4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ?is species seem$ to recomm5d itself = s&y l&s1 9 :i* ! common clov] does n s well succe$2 & we conceive t1 z a consequ5ce1 x 0 br\ght into cultivation = ?is capability ( 8hold+ on0 to su* soils1 :i*1 if !y w n gr[ ! o!r k9d1 is consid]$ clov] sick4 ,we h reason to ?9k t ! ,t4 m$ium & ,t4 prat5se are n di/9ct species1 b t ! diff]5ce 9 _! usual habitats has det]m9$ _! diff]5ce 9 =m1 & we ?9k t ! ,t4 prat5se p]5ne ( ! se$sman is a =m int]m$iate betwe5 ! two3 if s ! position ( ! ?ree may be express$ z foll[s3-- ,trifolium prat5se4 ,trifolium m$ium4 ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne4 ,at all ev5ts1 if ?is plant 0 ev] di/9ct 9 cultivation1 x has m]g$ into broad clov] =ms2 s t1 if we are to possess x z a sep>ate plant1 x mu/ aga9 be gr[n f wild se$1 & !n1 if x is to be kept pure1 x mu/ n be cultivat$ on clays or lime/one1 or1 if our view be correct1 x w soon lose its true di/9ctive *>act]s4 #c4 ,trifolium inc>natum--,annual ,c>nation or ,crimson ,clov]--is a l>ge species ) oblong heads ( fl[]s ( a f9e c>nation col\r1 h5ce its common "n ( 8,c>nation ,clov]40 ,x is a native ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 & is said to h be5 f\nd wild at ! ,liz>d1 9 ,cornwall4 ,z a cultivat$ plant1 x has n long be5 introduc$ into ,engl&1 :]e x has be5 mu* gr[n 9 ! s\!rn c\nties1 z !re x c be s[n soon en\gh on ! :eat /ubbles ) only j a simple h>r[+-91 :5 x has "t to make a plant suffici5tly /rong to resi/ w9t]2 ?is soon makes gr[? 9 ! spr+1 giv+ an e>ly fe$1 or x may be m[n2 9 ei!r case x is (f ! l& suffici5tly e>ly to all[ ( a late s[+ ( turnips3 s t1 :]e ! climate w all[ ( x1 we may snat* an int]m$iate crop by means ( ! c>nation clov]4 ,x yields a l>ge crop1 b its fe$+ qualities1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,voelck]1 are some:at inf]ior to ^? ( ! broad-leav$ clov]4 ,x %\ld be not$ t v>ieties hav+ :ite fl[]s are 9 ! m>ket1 & ( bo? r$ & :ite !re are e>li] & lat] sorts :i* may be useful = succession4 #d4 ,trifolium hybridum--,alsike ,clov]--has1 p]haps1 got its specific "n f possess+ appe>ances & qualities int]m$iate betwe5 ! broad-leaf & ! ,dut* clov]s4 ,?is species has be5 introduc$ f ,sw$51 & its gr[?1 duration1 & fe$+ qualities c]ta9ly entitle x to rank high1 & m especially = gr[? on "s ( ! /rong] soils4 ,9 our exp]i5ce we h n f\nd x to possess su* em95t p]5nial habits z h be5 claim$ = x4 ,x ?9s v mu* aft] ! second ye>1 & almo/ disappe>s 9 ?ree ye>s1 unless x be r5ovat$ by be+ all[$ to se$1 :5 ! new plants by no means atta9 to ! vig\r ( _! p>5ts4 #e4 ,trifolium fragif]um--,/rawb]ry-head$ ,clov]--has be5 nam$ f ! /rawb]ry-l =m :i* its head1 ( enl>g$ col\r$ calyxes1 assumes aft] fl[]+2 its fl[]s are p9ki%1 b o!rwise ( mu* ! same size & =m z ^? ( ! ,dut* clov]1 :i* latt] x aga9 approa*es 9 its creep+ habit & =m ( its foliage4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 "h m5tion$ only to po9t out ! diff]5ce ( its habits & indications :5 comp>$ ) ! ,dut* or :ite clov]4 ,! /rawb]ry trefoil is a native ( cold wet pa/ures1 su* z be> ! "n ( 8hungry clays20 :5 pres5t 9 quantity x is n to be conf\nd$ ) ,dut* clov]1 :i* w\ld indicate a s\nd f]tile soil4 #f4 ,trifolium rep5s--,:ite ,dut* ,clov]--is a plant ( v g5]al cultivation1 bo? at home & 9 ! ,/ates1 & 9 bo? ( :i* qu>t]s ( ! globe x ma9ta9s its "* ) great con/ancy4 ,dut* clov] is a valuable pa/ure plant ei!r 9 mead[s or 9 se$s4 ,9 ! =m] x is mu* increas$ by ! addition ( nitrates1 soot1 c41 ) guano or sup]phosphate4 ,z a plant1 9 se$ mixtures1 x is usually s[n ) o!r trifoliate plants & rye grasses1 b if ! soil be v light ! ,dut* clov] may be increas$ or :olly us$4 #g4 ,trifolium fili=me--,small ,yell[ ,clov]--is "o ( ! lea/ ( our small yell[-fl[]$ division4 ,x is a common native species occurr+ on ! waysides1 & has be5 br\ght into cultivation to only a limit$ ext5t1 "u ! impression t its small h]bage is suitable z a fir/ bite = "y /ock1 & h5ce ! t]m 8suckl+ clov]0 has be5 appli$ to x4 ,x is ( little value1 & does n seem capable ( be+ greatly improv$4 ,?is species is (t5 mi/ak5 = ! foll[+1 ev5 by pret5d$ botani/s1 b its lax head ( small] fl[]s w well di/+ui% x4 #h4 ,trifolium procumb5s is call$ by ! botani/ 8,hop ,trefoil10 f ! fact t its dri$ head ( p]si/5t fl[]s#f exactly resembles small bun*es ( hop /robiles 7fruit+ heads74 ,! foliage is mu* l t ( ,m$icago lupul9a1 nonsu*1 or black m$ick1 :i* is ! 8hop0 ( ! f>m]2 b ! :ole plant ( ! true hop trefoil dries up s quickly "u ! sun%9e1 & is )al s want+ 9 succul5cy & quality1 t x _c be comp>$ ) ,m4 lupul9a z a fodd] plant1 & h5ce x is b little cultivat$ 9 ! pres5t day4 #f ,fl[]s are s call$ t rema9 envelop+ ! se$ :ile x rip5s1 :i* !y d 9 all ! clov]s4 ,!re are o!r clov]s :i* h be5 recomm5d$ = cultivation1 b !y are mo/ly =eign1 & d n appe> to possess ^? qualities :i* %\ld lead u to pref] !m be=e ^? 9 common use4 ,!re are1 too1 sev]al additional wild clov]s1 b !y possess no agricultural int]e/1 unless1 p]haps1 z indicators ( soil4 ,! ,trifolium prat5se 7,h>e's-foot ,trefoil7 is a pretty1 wild species1 native to light s&y soils1 ! se$ ( :i* is sold = gr[+ 8b$d+ plants40 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,on ,,! ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,r$ ,,clov]s4 ,! ,trifolium prat5se ( botanical au?ors is rem>kable = ! great numb] ( v>ieties x assumes1 ev5 9 its wild gr[?2 b ^! are exce$$ 9 ! numb] ( cultivat$ =ms3 ?us 9 any ri* mead[ we may make out sev]al sorts :i* may be expect$ to be m or less p]man5t1 :il/ ! m>ket samples ( se$ w (f] u sev]al v>ieties = ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 c4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! m prom95t ( our native wild v>ieties3-- #a4 ,trifolium prat5se--,common ,r$ ,clov]4--,head ( p9k2 fl[]s1 some:at compact2 leaves m or less broad2 plant smoo?#g 9 proportion to its size1 ! small] wild specim5s be+ usually v hairy2 /em m or less purple4 #g ,9 ?is1 z well z ! g5]ality ( =ms1 ! smoo!r & l>g] gr[? indicates cultivation1 manur+ w sometimes make ! diff]5ce4 #b4 ,trifolium prat5se1 v>4 pallidum--,pale-fl[]$ ,clov]4--,head ( v light p9k2 fl[]s l>ge1 full1 & m rotund ?an #a1 & almo/ d\ble 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( its fl[]s2 :ole plant m or less hairy2 /em gre54 #c4 ,trifolium prat5se1 v>4 album--,:ite ,clov]4--,fl[]s :ite2 h]bage a v light gre52 9 o!r respects mu* ! same z ! la/4 #d4 ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne--,p]5nial ,r$ ,clov]4--,fl[]s less compact ?an ! common clov]1 :ole plant hav+ /ems incl9+ to d>k purple2 leaves n>r[]4 #e4 ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne1 sub-v>4 pallidum--,pale ,p]5nial ,clov]4--,a l>g] plant ?an ! p>5t =m1 & less hairy4 #f4 ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne1 sub-v>4 album--,:ite ,p]5nial ,clov]4--,n common1 b /ill1 l #c1 an alb9o =m1 & is1 p]haps1 m delicate 9 con/itution ?an ! col\r$ sorts4 ,n[1 x appe>s to u t ! desc5dants ( ! two types1 ,trifolium prat5se & ,t4 m$ium 7see ,plate7 =m ! basis ( ! r$ or broad-leav$ clov] on ! "o h&1 & ! p]5nial or c[-grass clov] on ! o!r2 :il/ ! m>ket v>ieties h1 p]haps1 be5 modifi$ by climate1 soil1 & probably hybridization ) o!r sorts4 ,x may1 inde$1 be t1 aft] all1 ! plants describ$ 9 *apt] ,,xvii4 z two di/9ct species are only v>ieties1 = ?\gh ! common =m ( ,t4 prat5se gr[s ev]y:]e on mix$ soils1 ! m s&y positions1 z ! s&/ones connect$ ) ! coal 9 ,s\? ,wales1 (f] a great] abundance ( ! ,t4 m$ium2 &1 f exp]im5ts conduct$ ) se$ ( ?is latt] obta9$ f ne> ,swansea1 ,glamorgan1 & s[n on =e/ m>ble clay ( ! ,cotteswolds1 we c]ta9ly obta9$ plants diff]+ v mu* f ! typical =m ( ,t4 m$ium1 & assum+ ! usual broad-leav$ clov] v>iations4 ,"h1 !n1 is op5$ up a curi\s subject = inquiry1 :i* ! hi/ory ( ! se$ trade z x relates to clov]-se$ may t5d 9 "s measure to elucidate4 ,"s few ye>s ago ,t4 prat5se & ,t4 m$ium 7 adv]tis$ z on sale by mo/ se$sm52 9 fact1 ! latt] 0 ! "n by :i* :at is n[ call$ c[-grass clov] 0 kn[n4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x is d\btful if any se$sman w\ld pret5d to s5d out ! ,t4 m$ium2 b ! label ,t4 prat5se p]5ne has be5 sub/itut$ = x4 ,s9clair's figure ( 8,trifolium m$ium1 m>l-clov]1 c[-grass10 9 ! 8,hortus ,gram9eus ,woburn5sis10 fac+ page #ada1 is sc>cely a true =m ( ! plant1 z its m or less em>g9ate leaflets incl9e to ! =m ( ,t4 prat5se2 & yet1 at ! "t ?is au?or wrote1 ev5 ?is 0 d\btful4 ,t4 m$ium 0 difficult to obta91 z he says1 8,all ! se$s & plants ,i h _h = ?is 7except t f ,messrs4 ,gibbs ,co41 :i* prov$ to be ! pres5t plant--,t4 m$ium ( ,s9clair7 h turn$ out only two-ye> liv$ plants1 or nev] exce$+ ?ree1 ?\gh cultivat$ on v>i\s soils40 ,we h repeat$ly writt5 = se$1 & t5 ye>s ago 7 always suppli$ ) samples s labell$2 b 9 no case did we get x4 ,latt]ly se$sm5 hone/ly confess t !y h n ! se$1 b c s5d ,t4 prat5se p]5ne4 ,n[1 t ?is latt] is m]ely a v>iety ( ! broad-leav$ clov] !re c be b little d\bt2 /ill ! fact t x is usually m p]5nial 9 its habit is ( importance4 ,we may easily und]/& :y x %\ld be s1 if we consid] t ! common broad-leav$ clov] 9 its cultivation is s mu* e>li] ?an ! c[-grass =m1 s t ?is enables two cutt+s ( ! =m] to be made 9 "o season1 two crops ( hay be+ tak5 v commonly inde$2 & z ! plant gets well 9 fl[] be=e x is cut ! fir/ "t1 & se$ is sav$ f ! second crop1 a m exhau/ive plan = ! crop itself or its future p]5nial p[]s c\ld h>dly be br\ght ab\t4 ,! c[-grass clov]1 h[ev]1 is a =tnight & m lat]1 :i* r5d]s x difficult to cut two crops2 & s its me?od ( gr[? is n s exhau/ive4 ,we "k t ! common wild clov] is said to la/ only two ye>s1 b ) con/ant depa/ur+ we see no reason :y ! same roots %\ld n s5d up h]bage = five or ev5 t5 ye>s4 ,h[ev] !oretical su* inquiries may be deem$1 yet x mu/ be confess$ t !y are ( great practical importance2 =1 if a plant has a t5d5cy to run into v>ieties1 x makes x daily m difficult to get its se$ true to sort2 & if we are liable to h a sample1 "p ( :i* may be less h>dy or "p m t>dy 9 its developm5t1 x foll[s t mu* ( x may nev] arrive at maturity1 :il/ if x does1 z ! crop w be unev51 x c nev] be reckon$ ^u = s good a yield4 ,mu* ( ! v>iable nature ( ! sorts :i* we obs]ve 9 a clov]-field may be ! result ( ! mix+ ( se$s f diff]5t & di/ant localities3 if s1 x is mu* to be regrett$4 ,b ?is only t5ds to %[ u h[ important x is t se$ %\ld be gr[n ) c>e1 to :i* end1 z reg>ds clov]-se$1 we sadly want "s well-conduct$ exp]im5ts on diff]5t v>ieties1 especially ( a wild native plant1 ) a view to obta9 a sample ) good1 p]man5t1 & ev5 qualities4 ,9 fact1 ! "q ( true ( sort is altoge!r diff]5t f t ( purity ( sample2 b t v s]i\s mis*ief arises f ! want ( ! latt] w be discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,on ,,! ,,clov] ,,allies4 ,besides ! clov]s prop]1 !re are _m native plants ( ! same natural ord] t h be5 f\nd useful z fodd]3 ^! x is n[ propos$ to comm5t ^u1 premis+ t z we h _h !m all "u cultivation1 we are enabl$ to discuss _! m]its f a practical po9t ( view4 ,( ^!1 ! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! g5]a3-- ,i4 ,,ulex4--,a sp9\s %rub4 ,,ii4 ,,an?yllis4--,fl[]s 9 a d5se head1 ) :ite exp&$ calyces4 ,,iii4 ,,lotus4--,fl[]s 9 lax heads2 pod /raight1 _m-se$$4 ,,iv4 ,,m$icago4--,fl[]s v>i\s2 pod spirally twi/$4 ,v4 ,,melilotus4--,fl[]s 9 spikes1 droop+ to "o side2 pod /raight1 few-se$$4 ,,vi4 ,,onobry*is4--,fl[]s 9 spikes1 droop+2 pod wr9kl$1 "o-se$$4 ,,vii4 ,,vicia4--,fl[]s s+le or spicate 9 ! axils ( ! leaves2 pod /raight1 _m-se$$4 ,,viii4 ,,la?yrus4--,fl[]s "o or _m on long foot/alks4 ,i4 ,,ulex--,furze4 ,a g5us ( %rubby1 sp9\s1 pea-fl[]$ plants1 by f> too common on our s&y hea?s & wild hilly places1 ) v>ieties occupy+ wet commons4 ,we possess1 accord+ to au?ors1 "s two or ?ree native species2 b we incl9e to ! belief t !y are only v>ieties ( ! common ,u4 ,europu1 ( :i* ^! seem to be l>ge & dw>f =ms4 ,?is plant1 "u ! "n ( furze or gorse1 has be5 f "t to "t highly extoll$ z a fodd] plant1 & ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ = bruis+ its complicat$ sp9es2 b al?\gh x w d\btless gr[ :]e sc>cely any?+ else c be got to succe$1 yet1 tak+ into consid]ation ! exp5se att5dant ^u its gr[? & utilization1 & ! l[ fe$+ p[]s :i* x possesses1 we _c at all agree 9 recomm5d+ its g5]al use4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b "r "h to say t articles are f "t to "t ins]t$ 9 su* j\rnals z ! ,agricultural ,gazette1 ! au?ors ( :i* advocate ! gr[? ( furze z an agricultural plant1 & highly extol its fe$+ qualities2 /ill1 z our own exp]i5ce w\ld lead u to conclude t z ev5 "y /ock sc>cely hold _! own ^u ?is plant1 we _c recomm5d x z possess+ v valuable prop]ties4 ,,ii4 ,,an?yllis--,ladies' ,f+]s4 ,! ,an?yllis vuln]>ia is well di/+ui%$ 9 its "y /ate f its sometimes entire lancet-%ap$1 at o!rs p9nate leaves1 gr[+ close to ! gr\nd4 ,^! are usually clo!d ) long hairs1 & x has exp&$ d[ny calyces1 :5 full gr[n4 ,9 its "y condition x has be5 v mu* extoll$ = %eep pa/urage1 :ile its hay is said to be abundant & nutriti\s1 ?\gh gr[n on ! v poore/ ( soils4 ,t x w gr[ m upright :]e s[n1 "o plant draw+ up ano!r1 we "k f exp]i5ce1 b we h little fai? 9 any v sup]ior qualities be+ f\nd 9 plants t c gr[ s well "u extremely poor conditions ( soil2 /ill x is j possible t its h]bage may improve 9 quantity & quality by lib]al treatm5t2 yet we mu/ conclude t1 z we already possess mu* bett] plants = gr[+ on bett] soils1 we d n ?9k mu* c be ga9$ by its cultivation4 ,z a plant = hay x w yield a good cut1 b its extreme hairyness & g5]al want ( :at ! f>m] calls 8pro(0 w nev] all[ ?is plant to be ext5sively gr[n4 ,,iii4 ,,lotus--,bird's-foot ,trefoil4 ,?is plant is well kn[n by its loosely-pack$ heads ( bright yell[ fl[]s1 :i* are succe$$ by long sl5d] pods1 d>k-col\r$ or ev5 black :5 ripe1 & n inaptly lik5$ to a cr['s foot2 & h5ce ! "n 8,cr[sfoot0 :i* x commonly be>s4 ,we h ?ree species1 z foll[3-- #a4 ,lotus corniculatus--,common ,bird's-foot ,trefoil--is common1 especially 9 dry mead[s1 9 :i* its h]bage is duly appreciat$ by %eep & cattle1 if "o may judge f ! p]t9acity ) :i* x is kept d[n4 ,x is no bad adjunct to ! rick4 ,we are s conv9c$ ( its value z always to recomm5d its use 9 ! lay+ d[n ( light l& = p]man5t pa/ure1 & a little se$ s[n 9 old mead[s aft] a dress+ ( rubbi%--old mort>1 t[n refuse1 c4--w t5d greatly to ! improvem5t ( ! h]bage4 #b4 ,lotus t5uis--,sl5d]-leav$ ,bird's-foot ,trefoil--is1 p]haps1 only a v>iety ( ! =m]2 x is1 h[ev]1 small] 9 all its p>ts1 &1 ?\gh a d5iz5 ( /iff soils1 occurs *iefly 9 a wild /ate on ! m>g9s ( fields & on h$ge-banks4 ,x might be employ$ "u ! same circum/ances z ! ,l4 corniculatus1 especially 9 ?9 clay-b$s on upl& bra%es2 b x h>dly possesses su* good qualities4 #c4 ,lotus major--,l>g] ,bird's-foot ,trefoil--is mu* l>g] 9 all its p>ts ?an ! o!r species4 ,x occurs 9 moi/ situations1 ab\t bu%es 9 wet l&1 9 dit*es1 wat]c\rses1 & damp places g5]ally4 ,we h exp]im5t$ ^u ! gr[? ( ?is plant 9 artificial mead[s1 & f ! size :i* x atta9s q e>ly 9 summ]1 & ! quantity ( :olesome keep x is capable ( af=d+1 we are dispos$ to ?9k well ( x z an occasional %ift+ crop1 or x might be well comb9$ ) rye-grass 9 deep /iff soils4 ,,iv4 ,,m$icago--,m$ick1 c4 ,?is g5us is pr9cipally di/+ui%$ f ,trifolium by its twi/$ se$-pods1 :i* 9 ! ,m$icago maculata 7,spott$-leav$ ,m$ick7 =m q a spiral coil1 ornam5t$ ) a d\ble fr+e ( /iff sp9es4 ,?is plant is n[ becom+ g5]al z an agr>ian we$1 hav+ be5 greatly spread1 ow+ to its int]mixture ) =eign se$s ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! agricultural species are3-- ,m$icago lupul9a--,yell[ ,sickle ,m$ick4--8,hop trefoil0 ( ! f>m]1 b n ( ! botani/1 :o gives ?is "n to ! ,trifolium procumb5s 7:i* see74 ,f ?is latt] ! m$ick is easily di/+ui%$ by its heads ( nak$1 black5$1 incurv$ se$-vessels4 ,z an agricultural plant x is ( great value1 especially 9 mixtures call$ 8se$s40 ,x is a good adjunct to rye-grasses & common clov]s1 especially on light soils2 b on good /rong l& :i* w be> a full crop ( broad-leav$ clov] x w\ld be mo/ly smo!r$ out1 &1 if n1 z we ?9k x is prop]ly held to be less nutriti\s ?an clov]1 its use is n recomm5d$ :]e fir/-rate clov] crops c be gr[n4 ,we h se5 ?is trefoil gr[n ) sa9fo9 to great advantage1 z x yields a tol]able crop = ! fir/ two ye>s1 & !n decl9es1 j z ! sa9fo9 has got possession ( ! soil4 #b4 ,m$icago sativa--,luc]ne--is a p]fectly p]5nial plant1 :i*1 ?\gh n s mu* gr[n 9 ,engl& z x des]ves1 yet sc>cely ne$s description2 h[ev]1 its purple fl[]s & smoo? twi/$ se$-pods s]ve to di/+ui% x f ! re/ ( ! g5us4 ,we h gr[n ?is plant upw>ds ( a foot high by ! #a/ ( ,may1 & tak5 no less ?an ?ree cutt+s ( a good succul5t h]bage 9 "o season4 ,^! qualities po9t out luc]ne z an excell5t gre5-food plant1 = :i* purpose we %\ld always1 :]e practicable1 recomm5d t at lea/ a pat* %\ld be gr[n ne> ! /able1 z !re is reason to believe t its alt]ative effects ^u ! horses are ( a mo/ salut>y k9d4 ,x %\ld be cultivat$ 9 drills ( f #ae to #ah in*es ap>t2 &1 if prop]ly we$$ & n let get too old be=e cutt+1 x w la/ = _m ye>s ) an occasional dress+ ( manure4 ,we once _h a pat* "o half ( :i* 0 purposely neglect$ by way ( comp>ison ) ! o!r half1 :i* 0 well c>$ =2 t portion left to itself yield$ b poor crops1 & almo/ disappe>$ at ! end ( f\r ye>s1 :il/ ! o!r portion sc>cely began to decl9e aft] t5 ye>s4 ,?is rem>k applies ) full =ce to all ! gre5-food crops ( ?is ord]4 ,we$+ e>ly1 m[+ :5 cut1 & an occasional top-dress+1 w\ld increase ! durability ( all ! p]5nial species4 ,v4 ,,melilotus--,melilot4 ,^! are pea-fl[]$ plants1 ) t]nate leaves1 & spikes ( fl[]s droop+ to "o side3 x is nam$ f mel1 honey1 9 allusion to its flav\r1 & ! g5us ,lotus1 by :i* we may und]/& x to be a sweet-sc5t$ lotus-l plant4 ,we h two native species1 di/+ui%$ ?us3-- ,melilotus (fic9alis1 an annual1 ) yell[ fl[]s4 ,m4 leucan?a1 a bi5nial1 ) :ite fl[]s4 ,( ^! we may conclude t ! flav\r1 :i* is l t ( ! ,an?oxan?um odoratum--sweet v]nal grass--is too /rong & bitt] to all[ ( its be+ recomm5d$ = culture alone2 b we are incl9$ to ?9k t1 if gr[n 9 small quantity ) se$s1 or if a sep>ate pat* be cut & arrang$ s&wi*-wise 9 ! se$-rick1 ! melilots w\ld give t sweet flav\r :i* seems to be ! pr9cipal cause ( ! sup]ior qualities & sweetness ( natural mead[ z comp>$ ) artificial grasses4 ,se$s h be5 =w>d$ to u ( :at is nam$ 8,cabool ,clov]10 & ano!r packet labell$ 8,bokh>a ,clov]10 bo? ( :i* appe> to belong to ! ,m4 leucan?a1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ( a l>g] =m ?an our native species1 & probably consi/+ ( ! ,m4 leucan?a major4 ,?is latt] mu/ be cut "y if us$ z recomm5d$1 z x soon gets woody4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society has rec5tly recomm5d$ ! full-gr[n plant = pap]-mak+2 &1 if ( value = ?is purpose1 we c affirm f exp]i5ce t a l>ge yield c be got f soils ( a v inf]ior quality1 z our exp]im5ts on its gr[? h be5 made on a v /iff & poor b$ ( =e/ m>ble clay4 ,,vi4 ,,onobry*is--,sa9fo94 ,sa9fo91 or 8holy fodd]0 ( ! ,fr5*1 is di/+ui%$ by its brilliant spike ( p9k v>iegat$ fl[]s1 :i* droop to "o side1 its w+$ leaves ( f six to eight pairs ( oval leaflets1 :i* are entire1 t is1 undivid$ at ! m>g91 & its %ort1 r\nd$1 wr9kl$1 & sp9ose se$-vessels4 ,! =ms 9 cultivation are-- ,onobry*is sativa--,common ,sa9fo94 ,onobry*is sativa1 v>4 bif]a--,giant ,sa9fo94 ,( ^! ! =m] has ! pref]5ce 9 ,engl&1 :il/ ! latt] is mu* gr[n 9 ,france4 ,our exp]im5ts ) bo? lead u to conclude1 t al?\gh ! =m] fl[]s b once & ! latt] twice 9 ! season1 ! ,o4 sativa /ill gives ! greate/ am\nt ( food1 z ! second crop ( ! giant sort is usually poor & /raggl+1 ) b little leaf2 :ile ! common sort s5ds up a ?ick gr[? ( leaves aft] be+ cut4 ,! ,o4 sativa bif]a is b a v>iety ( ! ,o4 sativa1 z by long cont9uance ( gr[? f ! same se$ 9 ?is c\ntry x rev]ts to ! common =m2 & h5ce ! giant sort %\ld be frequ5tly r5ew$ f an import$ /ock4 ,sa9fo9 has be5 mu* cultivat$ on calc>e\s soils1 m especially on ! free-/ones ( ! oolite rocks1 & on ! *alk1 (f :i* =mations x is sc>cely kn[n1 except on "s calc>e\s s&s 9 ! ea/]n c\nties4 ,9 ! lime/one & *alk di/ricts sa9fo9 is gr[n z a p]man5t crop1 & =m]ly la/$ six or eight ye>s4 ,9 ! ea/]n c\nties ! little !re gr[n is by way ( a %ift+ crop1 9 ! same place & mann] z common clov]4 ,! p]man5cy ( sa9fo9 is ye>ly becom+ greatly dim9i%$ f ! circum/ance t its se$ is s mu* mix$ ) t ( ! burnet1 ,pot]ium sanguisorba1 v>4 muricata4 ,to su* an ext5t does ?is evil occur1 t we h exam9$ samples ( sa9fo9 se$ 9 :i* !re 7 at ! rate ( f tw5ty to =ty ?\s& ( burnet se$-pods p] bu%el2 & :5 we consid] t ^! pods h = ! mo/ "p two rip5$ se$s1 & ^? ( a plant gr[+ s mu* m rapidly ?an ! sa9fo91 we c =m "s notion h[ ! desir$ crop is soon smo!r$ & ov]p[]$ by ! burnet1 :i* at be/ is b a rank we$1 ( no agricultural value2 = :atev] ( good !re may be 9 our ord9>y native salad burnet1 :i* is a small] & m succul5t plant1 ?is /icky =eign int]lop] _c possibly h any claim to our reg>d4 ,! reason :y x has gone on s long un*all5g$ is t ! burnet-se$1 ?\gh ( an entirely diff]5t %ape f ! sa9fo91 is some:at ( ! same col\r2 & !n 9 _! gr[? bo? plants h w+$ leaves1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! entire leaflets ( ! sa9fo9 & ! too!d leaflets ( ! burnet did n at fir/ /rike ! f>m]2 n[1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce is bett] und]/ood1 & f>m]s beg9 to require t ! burnet-se$ %all be sift$ f ! sa9fo94 ,?is ( c\rse w dem& ! paym5t ( a bett] price = ! bett] sample1 z 9 ! process ( sift+ _m ( ! small] sa9fo9 se$s g ?r\gh ) ! burnet2 b ?is w be well wor? a bett] price1 z ! l>g] se$s w und\bt$ly t5d to produce a bett] crop4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re %\ld be any d\bt ab\t pure sa9fo9 se$1 we %\ld recomm5d ! decorticat$ se$ be+ us$1 z 9 x ! burnet c\ld n possibly escape detection4 ,z ! hi/ory ( burnet is s important 9 connection ) ! sa9fo9 crop1 x _c be out ( place to introduce ! foll[+ description ( ?is we$3-- ,! ,sanguisorba (fic9alis 7false burnet71 z a wild plant1 nev] atta9s any great size1 & z x is a d5iz5 ( dry calc>e\s pa/ures & brok5 gr\nd on lime/ones1 & p]fectly h>mless 9 its prop]ties 9 ?is condition1 x is sc>cely noticeable z a we$2 inde$1 x is sometimes recomm5d$ = p]man5t pa/ure admixture on calc>e\s upl&s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a l>g] =m ( ! false burnet1 :i* is n[ attract+ consid]able att5tion1 z be+ by f> too con/ant an att5dant ^u sa9fo9 se$4 ,?is plant is ref]r$ by ,pr(essor ,bab+ton & ! ,cont95tal botani/s to ano!r species1 viz41 ,pot]ium muricatum1 :i* is by !m di/+ui%$ f ! ,p4 sanguisorba2 b is 8usually l>g] 9 all its p>ts0 7,bab471 ) a l>g] & m decid$ly f\r-w+$ fruit4 ,we1 h[ev]1 agree ) ,b5?am 9 consid]+ ?is to be a v>iety only1 &1 9 fact1 an agr>ian =m1 induc$ by its se$ be+ ga!r$ ) a crop & treat$ z a crop plant1 s t its l>g] =m may be easily acc\nt$ =2 & we are n want+ 9 evid5ce to %[ t1 "u cultivation1 ! ,p4 sanguisorba greatly increases 9 size1 :ile1 if left to gr[ wild1 ! cultivat$ =m relapses into ! wild] /ate4 ,b we incl9e to ?9k t ! agr>ian burnet has got into agriculture by be+ introduc$ ) =eign se$s2 & z its introduction seems to h be5 small at fir/1 x attract$ b little notice2 = z ! leaves bo? ( ! burnet & sa9fo9 7 p9nate1 ! diff]5ce t ! botani/ w\ld obs]ve 9 ! leaflets1 i4e4 ! =m] be+ s]rate1 & ^? ( ! latt] hav+ an entire m>g91 w\ld h>dly attract ! att5tion ( ! f>m]2 h[ev]1 x soon became s s]i\s a matt] t "s crops ( s-call$ sa9fo91 9 _! second or ?ird ye>1 pres5t$ z mu* z #ij p] c5t4 ( burnet1 & z ! latt] grew tall] ?an ! sa9fo91 x effectually smo!r$ x out1 & 9 its place suppli$ a /icky1 non-succul5t1 & innutriti\s h]bage1 t made f>m]s beg9 to inquire s]i\sly ab\t ! se$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 z ! se$s1 or r ! fruits1 ( bo? plants 7 pretty mu* ( ! same col\r1 & bo? wr9kl$1 samples ( fully half burnet pass$ mu/] 9 ! se$-m>ket2 &1 ?\gh ^! fruits are s diff]5t 9 %ape & size1 yet we 7 a/oni%$ to f9d t1 dur+ ! trial ( an action aga9/ a se$sman = supply+ sa9fo9 se$ conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( burnet :5 good sa9fo9 se$ 0 paid =1 ! judge1 jury1 & mo/ ( ! f>m]s pres5t confess$ _! inability to di/+ui% !m2 x becomes1 !re=e1 at ?is po9t1 a duty to describe ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cb a repres5ts a %ort wr9kl$ pea-pod1 broad at ! back & ?9 9 front1 z se5 9 ! section b4 ,9 ! int]ior is a s+le pulse-se$1 :i* is easily fre$ f its wr9kl$ %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fig4 #cc a is a draw+ ( a fruit ( false burnet4 ,! section b %[s x to be quadrangul>1 ) a w+ at ea* angle1 & to possess two se$s 9 ea* capsule4 ,! capsules are r muricat$ 7i4e4 furni%$ ) %ort excresc5ces1 & n regul>ly wr9kl$1 l ! sa9fo974 ,n[ ! burnet is easily sep>able f a sample ( sa9fo91 z ! =m] readily passes ?r\gh ! sieve2 b ! objection to sift x may be well und]/ood :5 ! bulk is dim9i%$ by ! am\nt ( ! burnet1 & also t ( ! small] sa9fo9 se$s1 :i* pass ?r\gh at ! same "t4 ,! be/ plan1 !n1 to pursue is to mill ! sa9fo9 se$1 9 :i* case its out] cov]+ is remov$1 & y simply h a sample ( kidney-%ap$ pure se$-l enl>g$ clov]-se$s1 9 :i* ! burnet may be detect$1 because x w n mill1 b simply gets its w+s brok5 (f1 s t ! wr9kl$ two-se$$ capsule /ill rema9s4 ,n[ ! fact ( ! burnet be+ a two-se$$ capsule is mo/ important to be notic$1 z1 f analyses we h made ( dirty sa9fo9 crops1 we h e/imat$ z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,crops4 ,sa9fo9 ,burnet ,o!r ,plant4 ,plant4 ,we$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,crop 9 ,b]k%ire1 #crd ye> #aj #ej #dj #ajj ,crop 9 ,cir5ce/]1 #crd ye> #e #be #gj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,"h1 !n1 we h a l>ge proportion ( burnet1 surely mu* m ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ = f ! numb] ( capsules1 at lea/ we w hope s2 b :5 we consid] t ! capsule ( ! sa9fo9 is s+le-se$$ & t ( ! burnet is two-se$$1 we may readily conceive h[ ea* capsule ( ! latt] may at lea/ gr[ a s+le se$1 b ! be/ sample ( ! =m] c\ld h>dly be expect$ to all come up4 ,n[1 z we h z _m z #fd1jjj capsules ( burnet 9 a bu%el ( sa9fo9 se$1 t #b #abh1jjj se$s1 & :5 we consid] t ! burnet gr[s s mu* fa/] ?an ! sa9fo91 we h two elem5ts = ! success ( ! =m]1 namely1 ! c]ta9ty ( gett+ its crop1 & ! equal c]ta9ty ( smo!r+ out a l>ge proportional ( :at may g]m9ate ( ! se$s ( ! sa9fo94 ,?is matt] w\ld n be ( su* importance if ! burnet 0 equal 9 po9t ( fe$+ prop]ties1 b x is n s1 = :atev] quality be 9 ! small] & m succul5t ,p4 sanguisorba =m1 ! ,p4 muricatum is1 on ! contr>y1 h>d & woody1 & almo/ useless4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,on ,,clov] ,,sickness4 ,9 consid]+ ! important "q involv$ 9 ! t]m 8,clov] sickness10 we w\ld fir/ direct att5tion to ! fact t crop clov] is a d]ivative plant :i* has be5 s =c$ t x is _m times l>g] & m juicy & succul5t ?an ! wild plant f :i* x sprung4 ,?is d]iv$ nature 7! prop5sity1 z x 71 = fatt5+7 c only be ma9ta9$ by a cont9uance f "o g5]ation to ano!r ( ^? luxuries to :i* ! cultivat$ family has be5 accu/om$2 h5ce1 !n1 if se$ be br\ght f a ri*] soil to a poor]1 or f a w>m] to a cold] climate1 we may expect t its plants gr[n amid b>ley & drawn up dur+ ! summ] w\ld h b a poor con/itution to )/& ! rig\rs ( w9t]2 b c we 9 su* a case say t ! l& is clov]-sick1 t is1 sick ( gr[+ clov]8 ,( c\rse ! se$ "h suppos$ w gr[ bett] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 z1 = example1 we h trac$ "s ,am]ican se$ ( broad-leav$ clov] gr[n by itself 9 a deep ri* soil 9 ! ,vale ( ,gl\ce/]1 :]e ! climate is s mu* mild] z to be a =tnight be=e ! elevat$ l& ( ! ,cotteswold ,hills & produc+ an abundant crop2 :ile ! same =m+ "p ( a mixture ( 8se$s0 ) rye-grass & planta9 on ! hills1 ! two latt] h tak5 possession ( ! soil1 & ! clov] made no progress at all2 :il/ o!r se$1 "u precisely ! same circum/ances1 has done rem>kably well4 ,t !re is mu* reason = ^! conclusions w be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! m se$ we import f w>m] climates ! m difficult is x f\nd to make ! l& produce a plant2 /ill importation is rapidly on ! increase1 because w>m] climates c produce se$ m c]ta9ly & 9 great] quantity ?an we c at home4 ,! difficulty ( gr[+ f =eign se$ increases 9 proportion to ! ?9ness ( ! soil & ! backw>dness ( ! climate1 s t ! elevat$ di/ricts on ! /ony ,cotteswolds j adv]t$ to pres5t1 p]haps1 m ( ! s-call$ clov]-sick l& ?an any o!r ( l ext5t4 ,! se$ ( clov]1 !n1 has become m & m pamp]$--m ! (fspr+ ( l>ge crops f deep alluvial soils "u ! tropical summ] heat ( ! s\? ( ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is gr[n z a self-crop & n f$ m]ely on :at ! corn c\ld n c>ry away2 & s :ile ?is en]vation1 or1 if pref]r$1 ?is civilization1 ( plant has gone on1 we expect its se$ all at once to )/& ! %ock ( a l[] temp]ature ) con/ant climatal *anges & cutt+ w9ds2 & if x does n succe$1 we say t ! l& is clov]-sick1 :51 9 tru?1 x is ! se$ t sick5s "u ^! new & try+ conditions4 ,z well may we say t ! ,nor!rn ,/ates sick5 ( ! negro1 because he !re dies out s rapidly1 or t ! w>m s\? sick5s ( humanity1 because ^? :o are unacclimat$ sick5 & die !re4 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* has contribut$ to an increas$ difficulty 9 gr[+ clov] on ?9 soils w be f\nd 9 ! f>m] disc>d+ z antiquat$ ! practice ( p>+ & burn+1 :i* 0 =m]ly ! usual prep>ation = ! turnip crop4 ,9 a pap] on 8,p>+ & ,burn+10 9 ! #ah? volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 ,pr(essor ,voelck] rem>ks3-- ,! a%es produc$ by p>+ & burn+ are especially useful to turnips1 & also to o!r gre5 crops1 because !y conta9 a l>ge proportion ( phosphates & pota%--con/itu5ts :i*1 x is well kn[n1 fav\r 9 a high degree ! luxuriant gr[? ( root-crops4 ,fur!r1 ! le>n$ pr(essor closes a mo/ able pap] ) ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,p>+ & burn+1 in/ead ( be+ an antiquat$ op]ation1 is a practice ! advantages ( :i* are fully confirm$ & expla9$ by mod]n *emical sci5ce4 ,p>+ & burn+1 to judge f our own exp]i5ce1 _h ! effect ( conv]t+ "s ( ! h>d lime/one bra% into lime1 9 :i* case x broke up by ! influ5ces ( air & ra91 & s re/or$ ! lime & alum9a :i* mo/ly exi/ toge!r 9 lime/one1 ! =m] ( :i* is quickly lo/ 9 ?9 soils1--s mu* s1 inde$1 t n unfrequ5tly ! :ole dep? ( soil1 ev5 ^u a lime/one1 w (t5 be curi\sly devoid ( lime1 :i* is a necess>y +r$i5t 9 ! con/itution ( a clov] crop4 ,aga91 we %\ld conclude t ! op]ation "u discussion1 f its decompos+ t d>k vegetable matt] call$ humus1 :i* is always f\nd 9 l>ge quantities on "s ( ! soils :i* are call$ 8dead10 f _! inability to produce crops1 & :i* (t5 cause a/oni%m5t t su* black1 nice-look+ e>? %\ld be unproductive4 ,n[ ?is soil1 ?\gh x w\ld fav\r ! gr[? ( "s species ( peat-lov+ plants1 z ,l+1 ,hea?1 c41 is n suitable = clov]1 z ! wild plant is curi\sly abs5t f peaty positions4 ,pr(essor ,voelck] rem>ks t 8! excess ( undecompos$ organic matt]s 9 soils is decid$ly injuri\s to vegetation4 ,roots1 /ems1 & o!r vegetable matt]s rema9 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd = ye>s )\t und]go+ decomposition1 & if we att5tively /udy ! subjo9$ analysis ( soil 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cir5ce/]1 well adapt$ = burn+1 we %all see h[ ! lime1 alum9a1 & organic matt] might be b5eficially affect$ by ! process3-- ,,analysis ,,( ,,soil ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,burn+1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,voelck]4 ,moi/ure #ic ,organic matt] #ajfg ,oxides ( iron & alum9a #acdj ,c>bonate ( lime ) a little sulphate ( lime #bcij ,c>bonate ( magnesia #aaj ,phosphoric acid trace ,pota% #ch ,soda #ac ,insoluble silici\s matt] #diff ------ #ajjag0 ,! a%es1 h[ev]1 are obta9$ by burn+ a ?9 slice p>$ f ! surface ( ! l&1 s t !y are d]iv$ f surface-soil & vegetable matt]1 ! latt] (t5 yield+ a suffici5t am\nt ( phosphoric acid ) :i* to procure a crop1 &1 :at is all important = u to consid] is1 t ?is phosphorus1 ! alkalies1 & lime1 are r5d]$ by ! burn+ 9 a /ate j fitt$ = ! gr[? ( ! plants t are to be gr[n ^u !m2 :]eas1 be=e ! process1 ^! +r$i5ts 7 9 a measure lock$ up1 s t plants c\ld n gr[ = ! want ( su/5ance2 n t x 0 n 9 ! soil1 b t x 0 insoluble4 ,if1 !n1 clov] or any o!r plant _h n succe$$1 x w\ld h be5 call$ 8clov]-sick40 ,! foll[+ analysis ( vegetable a%es f a field 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cir5ce/] w well repay att5tive consid]ation1 z illu/rat+ ^! po9ts3-- ,,analysis ,,( ,,a%es ,,f ,,p>+ ,,& ,,burn+1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,voelck]4 ,moi/ure & organic matt] #iab ,oxides ( iron & alum9a #adef ,c>bonate ( lime #agag ,sulphate ( lime #agc ,magnesia #dj ,*loride ( sodium #jh ,*loride ( potassium #cb ,pota% #add ,phosphoric acid #ahd ,equal to bone e>? 7#cih7 ,soluble silica 7soluble 9 pota%7 #hgj ,insoluble silici\s matt] #ddfd ------ #ajjjj ,n[1 t l& s burnt & conta9+ su* +r$i5ts w\ld1 aft] ! process1 refuse to gr[ clov]s we _c at all believe2 b we d "k t "s ( ! l& ( a l composition w n gr[ ev5 a crop ( turnips until prep>$ z describ$2 & ?\gh ! tak+ a subsequ5t b>ley crop (f be=e ! clov] w\ld n t5d to ! improvem5t ( ! latt]1 x w be too (t5 because ! b>ley has tak5 all ! available manurial matt]1 s t !re is little left = ! clov] to fe$ ^u4 ,9 su* cases we h se5 ! clov] sav$ by top dress+4 ,p>+ & burn+ _h also a salut>y effect ^u ! clov] crop 9 ! de/ruction :i* x wr\ght to v>i\s insect pe/s1 & m especially ! wire-worm1 :i* n[ makes su* increas+ inroads ^u our crops ( :eat & b>ley1 & s aft]w>ds 9 ! clov]2 s t b>e pat*es1 (t5 ( great ext5t1 w be ! consequ5ce 9 e crop 9 ! rotation4 ,n[1 ^! b>e pat*es 9 ! clov] crop are (t5 appeal$ to z evid5ce ( clov]-sickness1 :il/ we d n at ! same "t say t l& is :eat-sick or b>ley-sick4 ,insects1 inde$1 are ye>ly becom+ m de/ructive1 n only on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( f>m+1 b greatly f ! det]m9$ de/ruction ( birds4 ,! food ( birds is 9 g5]al v mix$1 b at "o season ( ! ye>1 :5 !y are bre$+1 !y are mo/ indu/ri\s de/roy]s ( insects2 b x is j at ?is "t t !y are kept f ! crops1 exactly :5 insects are work+ ! mo/ mis*ief3 h5ce1 !n1 z ! exig5cies ( a small gr[+ family become m & m press+1 birds are driv5 to fe$ _! "y ^u se$s1 fruits1 buds1 & o!r vegetable matt]s1 z unsuitable to build up ! con/itution ( ! "y bird z bread diet = an infant4 ,let1 h[ev]1 our gr& birds ( prey be enc\rag$1 in/ead ( be+ %ot by ! keep] z v]m91 or knock$ ov] by ! pr[l+ bird-/uff]1 9 ord] to be p]*$ up 9 a box = sale to "s ,cockney1 :o w\ld fa9 be consid]$ z fond ( sport because 8 8d510 p]*ance1 conta9s a /uff$ owl1 hawk1 magpie1 or "s o!r specim54 ,on a rec5t visit to ,dorset%ire1 on our own f>m1 we saw a man employ$ to 8keep ! birds0 f a field :]e sev]al lab\r]s 7 engag$ b>ley s[+2 & x is q true t1 unless he _h be5 !re1 ! rooks w\ld h z indu/ri\sly foll[$ ! drill z !y d ! pl\gh2 b1 z we ?\ght1 sc>cely to pick up b>ley 9 ! bre$+ season1 :5 !re 0 metal m attractive 9 ! rec5tly-hat*$ ,elat] obscurus1 p>5t ( ! wireworm1 :i* 7 ?ick] ?an we ev] saw !m be=e1 &1 d\btless1 ! di/urbance ( ! soil br\ght ^! & two or ?ree g5]ations ( wireworms to ! surface4 ,n[1 we d n hesitate to give z our op9ion t ?is birdkeep] w\ld h done m good to ! b>ley & ! succe$+ clov] crop by pick+ up a hundr$ or two ( ^! beetles & de/roy+ !m ?an by blaz+ away at rooks = a twelvemon?1 & ?is c]ta9ly might h be5 done 9 an h\r or two4 ,/ill1 t "s soils d get incapable ( gr[+ a clov] crop is pretty c]ta92 & x may1 we ?9k1 be equally settl$ t ?is does n entirely dep5d ^u _! hav+ be5 exhau/$ ( ! +r$i5ts :i* analysis demon/rates clov] to conta91 = we c]ta9ly h se5 clov] succe$ aft] ! burn+ ( s-call$ clov]-sick l&2 & ?\gh !re is reason to ?9k t ?is result 0 p>tially due to ! sett+ free ( a fre% supply ( manurial +r$i5ts1 we are /ill conv9c$ t ! burn+ out ( humus or peaty vegetable matt] & ! de/ruction ( insects _h _! %>e 9 ! induc$ *ange4 ,/ill1 h[ev] mu* we may suppose t ! failure ( ! clov] crop is influ5c$ by ! alt]ation ( its con/itution z ! result ( cultivation1 ! pres5ce ( *ok+ we$s1 or by ! pres5ce ( prejudicial +r$i5ts1 especially 9 ?9 soils1 !re c be no d\bt t ! pr9cipal cause ( ! difficulty w be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! corn crop ) :i* ! clov] is gr[n exhau/s ! soil1 9 ! mo/ unsp>+ mann]1 ( ! v *emical +r$i5ts :i* ! clov] requires4 ,?us1 if %eep are fold$ on a crop ( turnips1 ! :ole ( ?is crop is conv]t$ into a manure at once available = ! gra9 crop1 by :i* x is quickly appropriat$ & !n tak5 away4 ,"h1 !n1 we may suppose at />t+ t ! clov] is half />v$2 &1 ) a con/itution drawn up 9 ! ef=t ( ! plants to obta9 a glance ( sun%9e1 & weak5$ = ! want ( n\ri%m5t1 x is expect$ to be> our inclem5t w9t]s4 ,?is argum5t w be made all ! cle>] if we place side by side ! result ( ! analyses ( b>ley & clov]s1 & especially if we consid] :at a quantity ( m9]al matt] is tak5 9 a %ort "t1 & by a crop rip5+ its /raw & se$4 ,n[1 if we look at ^! figures we %all see h[ mu* ( ! m9]al matt] requir$ = ! clov] has be5 previ\sly ab/ract$ by ! b>ley1 & if at ! same "t we reflect t ?is robb]y may1 & too (t5 does1 co-exi/ ) ! o!r causes :i* we h in/anc$ z t5d+ to clov]-sickness1 we %\ld no m call l& sick ( clov] because x w n be> ?is crop "u our exhau/ive sy/em ( cultivation ?an we %\ld call a b>r5 s& :eat-sick = refus+ to gr[ corn4 ,,analyses ,,( ,,b>ley ,,& ,,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,playfair ,,way4 -------------------------------- ,b>ley ,b>ley ,r$ ,:ite ,gra94 ,/raw4 ,clov]4 ,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,silica #bhig #dfcj #ccd #cfh ,phosphoric acid #cefh #cbb #fce #aaec ,sulphuric acid #abb #bfa #dah #gba ,c>bonic acid #afic #ahjc ,lime #cjf #gei #ceci #bfda ,magnesia #hjd #cee #aabb #hae & loss& loss ,p]oxide ( iron #aid8 #dce8 #jig #aif ,pota% #aefa #bbag #adhe #adcc ,soda #ejc #jhd #adj #cgb ,*loride ( sodium #jde #icg #bcf #did ,*loride ( potassium #bif ------ ------ ----- ----- #ajjjj #ajjjj #iiie #iiif ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,we _c bett] conclude ?is *apt] ?an by quot+ ! foll[+ f ,b>on ,liebig's ,lett]s on ,mod]n ,agriculture1 s ably translat$ by ,pr(essor ,bly?3-- ,! simple/ peasant has s5se en\gh to see1 & all agriculturi/s agree ) him1 t clov]1 turnips1 hay1 c41 _c be sold (f f a f>m )\t mo/ mat]ially damag+ ! cultivation ( ! corn4 ,e "o will+ly admits t ! sale & exportation ( clov]1 turnips1 c41 ex]cise a detrim5tal influ5ce on ! gr[+ ( corn4 8,above all1 let u take c>e to h pl5ty ( fodd]2 ! corn crop w !n take c>e ( itself40 ,b t ! exportation ( corn may possibly ex]cise an injuri\s influ5ce on ! cultivation ( clov] or turnips2 t x is1 above all1 indisp5sable to re/ore to ! soil ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! corn1 to enable ! clov] or turnip crop to 8take c>e ( itself20 9 o!r words1 t 9 ord] to gr[ clov]1 turnip1 c41 we mu/ manure ! l&--?is is a notion utt]ly incompreh5sible1 nay absolutely impossible1 = mo/ agriculturi/s4 ,=1 is n ! clov] gr[n = ! sake ( manure8 ,:at advantage1 !n1 w\ld !re be if x 7 necess>y to manure aga9 to produce ! clov]8 ,?is clov] ! f>m] expects to gr[ = no?+4 ,! mutual relations exi/+ 9 ! ord] ( nature betwe5 ! two classes ( plants are1 h[ev]1 z cle> z daylight4 ,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! clov]1 turnips1 c41 & ( ! corn1 =m ! conditions = ! production ( ! clov]1 turnips1 c41 & ( ! corn1 & !y are 9 _! elem5ts q id5tical4 ,! clov]s1 c41 require = _! gr[? a c]ta9 am\nt ( phosphoric acid1 pota%1 lime1 magnesia1--s does ! corn4 ,! m9]al con/itu5ts conta9$ 9 ! clov] are ! same z ^? 9 ! corn1 plus a c]ta9 excess ( pota%1 lime1 & sulphuric acid4 ,! clov] draws ^! con/itu5ts f ! soil2 ! c]eal plant receives !m1--we may s repres5t x f ! clov]4 ,9 sell+ 8 clov]1 !re=e1 ! f>m] removes f 8 l& ! conditions = ! production ( corn4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he sells 8 corn1 !re w be no clov] crop 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 = 9 8 corn he has sold "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial conditions = ! production ( a clov] crop4--pp4 #ahc-e4 ,?is discussion1 !n1 ^u ! s-call$ clov]-sickness leads u to adopt ! foll[+ propositions3-- ,fir/4 ,t ! l>g] induc$ plant ( our cultivat$ clov]s has n1 z a rule1 t p]5nial con/itution ( ! small] wild species4 ,second4 ,ev5 its induc$ habit is mu* det]iorat$ by transportation "u adv]se climatal circum/ances4 ,?ird4 ,! se$ itself is (t5 full ( we$s1 :i*1 by ga9+ ! ma/]y1 kill out ! "y clov] plant4 ,f\r?4 ,?is effect is enhanc$ by gr[+ clov] ) b>ley1 9 :i*1 if n smo!r$1 x mu/ become weak5$4 ,fif?4 ,we ought n to expect to gr[ clov] :]e we h tak5 away ! necess>y sub/ances = its gr[? 9 ! corn crop4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,on ,,! ,,we$s ,,( ,,clov]s4 ,t clov] crops are (t5 v full ( we$s e f>m] mu/ be fully aw>e1 b few among !m h us$ suffici5t p5etration to h discov]$ ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! we$ gr[?1 n only 9 clov]s1 b 9 o!r crops3 h[ mu*1 !n1 may !y be expect$ to be a/oni%$ if told t !y cultivate we$s by s[+ _! se$s z c>efully z !y d ^? ( _! crops1 & t !y pay ! same price = we$ z = crop se$s6 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahei we publi%$ ! results ( "s analyses ( ! we$ admixtures 9 sev]al samples ( diff]5t k9ds ( clov] se$s1 :i* we annex 7table #a1 p4 #adi71 add+ to !m "s fur!r results obta9$ dur+ ! pres5t spr+1 #ahfc1 by way ( comp>ison4 ,?is pres5ts a =midable array ( figures1 z x %[s h[ mu* ( m ?an m]e h>mless matt] is pur*as$ & s[n in/ead ( good se$2 & ! fact ( ! mis*ief likely to accrue f putt+ s _m enemies 9 ! place ( fri5ds w become all ! m pla9 by a c>eful /udy ( ! next table 7,no4 #b1 p4 #aej74 ,n[1 9 ord] to make ?is "p ( our argum5t /ill m complete1 we add ano!r table 7,no4 #c1 p4 #aej71 int5d+ to %[ ! numb] ( we$ plants absolutely sep>at$ f a s+le squ>e y>d ( old se$s tak5 f a field on ! great oolite rock4 #a4 ,,table ,,( ,,we$s ,,9 ,,clov] ,,se$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,date4 ,label4 ,numb] ( ,we$s ,av]age4 p] ,bu%el4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #ahei ,r$ ,clov] #ff1efj ,ditto #adj1hhj ,ditto #bde1gfj #gbh1ccc ,ditto #cjg1bjj ,ditto #a1jhe1ddj ,ditto #e1ebd1afj ,c[-grass ,clov] #dj1ifj ,ditto #ajb1djj ,ditto #cjg1bjj #dja1jff ,ditto #dji1fjj ,ditto #gfh1jjj ,ditto #ggh1bdj ,:ite ,dut* ,clov] #bef1jjj ,ditto #a1jbd1jjj ,ditto #a1bii1hdj #b1gfh1ajf ,ditto #a1hdc1bjj ,ditto #d1eje1fjj ,ditto #g1fhj1jjj #ahfc ,ditto #a1cca1bjj ,ditto #hai1bjj ,alsike ,clov] #a1igf1jhj ,ditto #a1dgd1efj #hbj1adj ,r$ ,clov] #fad1djj ,ditto #bff1bdj ,trefoil ,ditto #gi1ddj ---------------------------------------- ------------- #b4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,we$s ,,s[n ,,9 ,,clov] ,,se$s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,we$s ,p9ts ,we$s ,we$s to to to an to an a ,squ>e a ,p9t4,acre ,acre4 ,y>d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,broad ,clov] #g1hdj #ac #ajj1ibj #ba ,ditto #h1djj #ac #aji1bjj #bb ,c[-grass ,clov] #ab1jjj #ac #aef1jjj #cb ,ditto #f1djj #ac #hc1bjj #ag ,:ite ,dut* ,clov] #bf1efj #ab #cah1gbj #ff ,ditto #gj1djj #ab #hdd1hjj #agd ---------------------------------------- ------------ #c4 ,,table ,,( ,,we$s ,,9 ,a ,,squ>e ,,y>d ,,( ,,se$s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,botanical ,"n4 ,trivial ,"n4 ,numb] ( ,we$-plants4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a ,plantago lanceolata ,n>r[-leav$ ,planta9 #g #b ,ranunculus rep5s ,creep+ ,cr[foot #h #c ,c5taurea scabiosa ,h>d ,head #b #d ,leontodon t>axacum ,d&elion #b #e ,ap>gia autumnalis ,autumnal ,hawkbit #a #f ,gle*oma h$]acea ,gr\nd ,ivy #f #g ,prunella vulg>is ,self ,heal #d #h ,convolvulus arv5sis ,corn ,b9dwe$ #a #i ?usa cynapium ,fool's ,p>sley #a #aj ,c]a/ium arv5se ,m\se-e> #b #aa ,%]>dia arv5sis ,field ,madd] #f #ab ,triticum rep5s ,common ,c\* #b #ac ,agro/is /olonif]a ,creep+ ,b5t #d -- ,total ( we$s 9 a squ>e y>d besides annual grasses4 #df ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,^! ?ree tables %[ u n only ! fact t ! f>m] s[s we$s ) 8 crop1 b1 z w be se5 f table #b1 q en\gh ( ^! 9 "s cases to /ock ! l&1--h[ effectually1 inde$1 may be se5 f table #c1 :]e 9 arable l& we f9d no less ?an =ty-six plants o!r ?an ! crop1 & mo/ly ( ^? species ^: se$s w be trac$ 9 dirty samples4 ,to fur!r %[ t clov]s & _! mixtures ) grasses call$ 8se$s0 h _! own peculi> we$s1 we subjo9 "o o!r table ( ! species ( we$s obs]v$ 9 ?ree k9ds ( se$ crops z "u3-- #a4 ,old clov] & common rye grass 7second ye>74 #b4 8,old se$s10--clov]1 trefoil1 common & ,italian rye grasses 7second ye>74 #c4 ,new se$s1 clov] & rye grass 7fir/ ye>74 ,no4 #a exam9$ on ,augu/ #ca2 #b & #c on ! #bd? ,septemb]1 #ahei4 #d4 ,,table ,,( ,,we$-,,plants ,,9 ,,se$s4 ,! da%es 7--7 9 ?ree columns intimate ! occurr5ce ( ! plants signifi$ 9 ! fields #a1 #b1 & #c respectively4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,botanical ,"n4 ,trivial ,"n4 ,old4,old4,new4 #a4 #b4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a,knautia arv5sis ,corn ,scabi\s ---- 44 44 #b;,c5taurea ,jacobea ,h>d ,head ---- ---- ---- #c nigra ,black ,head ---- 44 44 #d;,a*illea millefolium ,milfoil ---- 44 44 #e;,*rysan!mum leucan!mum,ox-eye ---- 44 44 #f,tussilago f>f>a ,coltsfoot ---- 44 44 #g;,gnaphalium ,g]manicum ,cudwe$ ---- ---- ---- #h;,an!mis arv5sis ,corn ,*amomile ---- 44 44 #i;,bellis p]5nis ,daisy 44 ---- 44 #aj,s5ecio vulg>is ,gr\ndsel ---- ---- ---- #aa,leontodon t>axacum ,d&elion ---- ---- ---- #ab;,ap>gia hispida ,r\gh ,hawkbit ---- 44 44 #ac autumnalis ,autumnal ditto ---- 44 44 #ad,son*us arv5sis ,corn ,s[?i/le ---- ---- ---- #ae;,c>duus arv5sis ,corn ,?i/le ---- ---- ---- #af lanceolatus ,lancet-leav$ ,?i/le 44 ---- 44 #ag nutans ,nodd+ or ,musk ,?i/le ---- ---- ---- #ah acan?oides ,welt$ ,?i/le 44 44 ---- #ai;,arctium lappa ,burdock ---- ---- 44 #bj,s9apis arv5sis ,*>lock 44 ---- ---- #ba,sisymbrium (fic9ale ,treacle ,mu/>d 44 44 ---- #bb,rumex obtusifolius ,r\nd-leav$ ,dock ---- ---- 44 #bc crispus ,curl$-leaf ,dock ---- ---- ---- #bd,v]onica s]pyllifolia ,?yme-leav$ ,spe$well ---- ---- 44 #be agre/is ,field ,spe$well 44 ---- ---- #bf ,buxbaumii ,buxbaum's ditto 44 ---- ---- #bg;,euphorbia exigua ,petty ,spurge ---- ---- ---- #bh;,geum urbanum ,common ,av5s ---- 44 44 #bi,prunella vulg>is ,self ,heal ---- ---- ---- #cj;,ac9os vulg>is ,ba/>d ,?yme ---- ---- 44 #ca,polygonum avicul>e ,knot ,grass ---- ---- ---- #cb convolvulus ,climb+ ,buck:eat 44 44 ---- #cc,plantago m$ia ,broad-leav$ ,planta9 ---- ---- ---- #cd lanceolata ,lancet-leav$ ditto ---- ---- ---- #ce,ranunculus rep5s ,creep+ ,cr[foot ---- ---- ---- #cf;,g]anium molle ,s(t ,cranesbill ---- ---- ---- #cg ,columb9um ,long-/alk$ ditto 44 ---- 44 #ch;,galeopsis ,ladanum ,r$ ,hemp ,nettle 44 44 ---- #ci;,gle*oma h$]acea ,gr\nd ,ivy ---- ---- 44 #dj,/a*ys sylvatica ,h$ge ,/a*ys ---- 44 44 #da,/ell>ia m$ia ,*ickwe$ 44 ---- ---- #db;,c]a/ium arv5se ,m\se-e> ---- ---- ---- #dc;,ar5>ia s]pyllifolia ,?yme-leav$ ,s&wort ---- ---- ---- #dd,ly*nis dioica ,:ite ,campion 44 44 ---- #de;,convolvulus arv5sis ,small ,b9dwe$ ---- ---- ---- #df,urtica dioica ,nettle ---- 44 44 #dg,petrosel9um segetum ,corn ,p>sley ---- ---- 44 #dh,torilis an?riscus ,h$ge ,p>sley 44 44 ---- #di nodosa ,knott$ ,p>sley ---- ---- 44 #ej;,anagallis arv5sis ,pimp]nel ---- ---- ---- #ea;,capsella ,bursa-pa/oris ,%eph]d's ,purse ---- ---- ---- #eb,%]>dia arv5sis ,field ,madd] ---- ---- ---- #ec;,*5opodium polysp]mum ,goosefoot ---- 44 ---- #ed,pot5tilla ans]9a ,silv] ,we$ ---- 44 44 #ee;,b>tsia odontites ,r$ ,b>tsia 44 ---- ---- #ef,l9>ia spuria ,r\nd-leav$ ,toad ,flax 44 44 ---- #eg elat9e ,fluell5 ditto 44 44 ---- #eh,myosotis arv5sis ,corn ,=get-me-n 44 44 ---- #ei,lamium amplexicaule ,h5bit 44 44 ---- #fj,poa annua ,annual ,mead[-grass 44 44 ---- #fa;,agro/is /olonif]a ,creep+ ,b5t ---- ---- 44 #fb;,bromus mollis ,lop or ,s(t ,brome-grass ---- 44 44 #fc v>4 racemosus,lop or ,smoo? ,brome- grass 44 ---- 44 #fd,triticum rep5s ,c\* ---- ---- 44 ------------ #dd #ci #ch ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,^! ?ree fields are situate on ! ,agricultural ,college ,f>m1 ! sub/rata ( :i* are =e/ m>ble & great oolite1 & #b & #c 7 absolutely adjo9+ ea* o!r4 ,h[ diff]5t1 !n1 are ! species ( wild plants 9 fields s close toge!r1 :5 out ( a li/ ( sixty-f\r species only tw5ty-f\r1 or a little m ?an "o-?ird1 are common to all ?ree ( ! fields exam9$2 & yet we c safely affirm t ! aborig9al flora ( any ?ree fields ( ! di/rict w\ld sc>cely (f] half a doz5 species 9 ! "o field t c\ld n be f\nd 9 all2 &1 inde$1 9 a field t _h la9 fall[ = sev]al ye>s n half ( ! pres5t li/ w\ld be f\nd4 ,t ^!1 !n1 h to a great ext5t be5 s[n ) ! se$ is q c]ta92 b :at t5ds fur!r to /r5g!n ! argum5t is1 t ! ,v]onica ,buxbaumii 7,buxbaum's ,spe$well7 & ! ,petrosel9um segetum 7,corn ,p>sley7 are n native to ! f>m2 &1 inde$1 x is d\btful :e!r v _m ( our agr>ian we$s are true natives1 z on exam9ation _m we$s w only be f\nd 9 special crops1 & ^! occur 9 ! same crops all ov] ! _w :]ev] ^? crops c be cultivat$4 ,our own c\ntry1 !n1 has1 d\btless1 import$ a l>ge portion ( h] we$ flora f abroad1 j z we h trac$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,european 7n ,am]ican7 plants1 track+ ! settl]s f ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&4 ,x is ?us t ! ,european daisy 7,bellis p]5nis7 has got ! "n ( ! 8,:ite ,man's ,foot40 ,see+1 !n1 t ! clov] se$s are s liable to be dirty1 x becomes an important inquiry z to :e!r x is possible to get pure se$2 & 9 reply to ?is qu]y we %\ld answ]1 f a long exp]i5ce1 t ?\gh "o seldom sees pure clov] se$1 yet x sometimes falls 9 our way1 or at lea/ s pure t its we$s are r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,su* samples may be expect$ to be high-pric$2 b /ill1 h[ mu* *eap] ?an a dirty article6--=1 indep5d5tly ( hav+ only ! se$ ( ! crop y wi% to cultivate1 y are sav$ ! annoyance :i* mu/ arise :5 a we$ has tak5 root1 9 t !n ! clov] _c gr[1 & y ultimately see ! gr\nd occupi$ by a spread+ noxi\s plant1 or1 ?is dy+ out1 !re w be a vacant spot1--9 ei!r case result+ 9 a loss ( nutrim5t4 ,b1 besides ! m natural me?od ( sell+ dirty se$ f we$y pat*es1 se$sm5 are too apt to mix ! se$ ( planta9 7,plantago lanceolata7 ) t ( clov]2 =1 z ! col\rs ( ! se$s are n unlike1 & "s p speak fav\rably ( planta9 z a %eep-fe$1 x is unblu%+ly mix$ & sold ) clov] se$1 ?\gh ! planta9 at mo/ is only wor? ab\t half ! price4 ,:]e x occurs naturally among/ clov]s1 x may be sep>at$ to make a good sample1 b only to be ultimately mix$ aga9 & sold to gre5horns ) a *eap sample4 ,we h _h be=e u samples ( clov] conta9+ planta9 z "u3-- #e4 ,,table ,,( ,,planta9 ,,se$s ,,9 ,,clov]4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,planta9 ,se$s4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,:ite ,dut* ,clov] #a1jbd1jjj ,r$ ,clov] #a1jhe1ddj ,9 an ,ditto #a1efh1jjj ,imp]ial ,ditto #b1ejh1afj ,bu%el4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,9 ! in/ance :]e we _h e/imat$ z _m z #a1efh1jjj planta9 se$s to a bu%el ( clov] se$1 ! se$sman admitt$ t he _h put x ) ! clov] at ! rate ( "o p\nd ( planta9 to elev5 p\nds ( clov]1 "u ! impression t x 0 a desirable pa/ure plant4 ,n[ ?is we "k is (t5 done2 b is x n always *>g$ = z clov] 9 cases :]e x is us$ = adult]ation8 ,?is matt]1 !n1 ( dirty se$ is cle>ly "o ( importance3 x1 h[ev]1 only wants ! f>m] to become acqua9t$ ) ! true =m ( clov] se$ to enable him to detect any admixture 9 ?is2 & !n1 if he has ?is k1 s requisite = 8 well-do+1 & /eadily ab/a9s f pur*as+ ! na/y1 h[ev] *eap1 he w soon f9d t 8 se$sman w supply him ) a g5u9e article1 :i*1 all ?+s consid]$1 w be ev5 *eap] ?an ! opposite4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,p>asites ,,( ,,clov]4 ,( ! truly p>asitic plants affect+ ! clov] crop1 we h two g5]a--namely1 ,cuscuta or ,dodd]1 & ,oroban*e or ,broomrape4 ,bo? ( ^!1 "s few ye>s s9ce1 7 comp>atively r>e z f>m pe/s2 b z !y are probably m abundant on ,cont95tal ?an on our home f>ms1 !y are greatly increas+ f ! con/ant influx ( =eign se$s4 ,,cuscuta--,dodd]4 ,( ! g5us ,cuscuta we h two species ( agricultural importance1--,cuscuta epil9um1 ! ,flax ,dodd]1 & ,c4 trifolii1 ! ,clov] ,dodd]4 ,9 bo?1 ! plant itself consi/s ( a mass ( p9k & yell[i% t5drils1 ^u :i* are plac$ "h & !re compact bun*es ( fl[]s v>y+ alike 9 col\r4 ,! :ole plant1 9 bo? species1 be+ entirely p>asitic--t is1 x lives :olly on ! juices ( its fo/]-p>5t1--x has no leaves ( its own2 /ill1 h[ev]1 ! ,dodd] plant is 9 ! fir/ in/ance produc$ f se$1 ea* fl[] be+ succe$$ by a capsule conta9+ two small wr9kl$ se$s1 :i*1 n be+ l>g] or light] 9 ! ,c4 epil9um ?an a l9se$1 or 9 ! /ill small] se$ ( ! clov]1 9 ! case ( ! ,c4 trifolii1 ! se$ ( flax or clov] crops affect$ ) dodd] w nev] be entirely free f x3 z an evid5ce ( its l>ge increase1 we rememb] once see+ a crop ( flax gr[n f ,riga se$ dim9i%$ ab\t "o-tw5tie? by ! dodd]2 b on ! se$ s produc$ be+ s[n 9 ano!r field ( ! same f>m1 ! crop ( flax 0 well-nigh de/roy$4 ,our fri5d ,pr(essor ,voelck] _h "s se$ ( ! flax dodd] s5t to him = analysis1 ! reason be+ t1 z 8 correspond5t _h sep>at$ a great numb] ( bu%els ( ?is we$ pe/ f a s+le crop ( flax1 he 0 desir\s ( asc]ta9+ :e!r x possess$ any fe$+ prop]ties or ! rev]se2 & on ?is head x is satisfactory to le>n t x is consid]$ useless1 ?\gh innocu\s4 ,x 0 "p ( ?is sample ) :i* we exp]im5t$ on ! mode ( gr[? ( dodd]1 :i*1 al?\gh be+ ! dodd] ( ! flax or l9se$ plant1 yet its natural hi/ory w d\btless be t ( ! clov] dodd]2#h we %all1 !re=e1 describe ! progress ( our exp]im5ts1 & _! results4 #h ,we are desir\s ( in/itut+ special exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( clov] dodd]1 b h fail$ to procure ripe se$1 ! reason be+ t ! se$ does n rip5 aft] ! clov] has be5 cut d[n = its fir/ crop4 ,hav+ prep>$ "s f9ely-sift$ soil 9 a g>d5 sauc]1 we s[$ a small quantity ( flax se$ ) :i* _h be5 purposely mix$ a few ( ! se$s ( flax dodd]2 ?is1 on be+ plac$ 9 a hot-h\se1 %[$ ! progress indicat$ 9 ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,se$-cov]+ b5ea? :i* radicle or "y root is pu%+4 ,b4 ,leafless /em or t5dril gr[+ upw>ds1 be>+ se$-cov]+ on its apex4 ,c4 ,"y ?read-l plant fre$ f se$-cov]+1 on ! look-out = a fo/]-p>5t4 ,d4 ,n f9d+ a fo/]-p>5t1 droops & dies4 ,our next diagram %[s ! progress ( dodd]-gr[? :5 ! p>asite has g]m9at$ suffici5tly ne> to a "y flax plant to be attract$ to x4 ,9 su* case1 in/ead ( dy+1 x seems all at once to be animat$ by new vig\r4 ,! highly ela/ic ?read1 :i* n[ repres5ts ! :ole dodd] plant1 goes ?r\gh ! foll[+ /ages3-- ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,! dodd]1 hav+ j clasp$ a flax plant1 has made two coils r\nd ! /em ( ! latt]4 ,b4 ,mean:ile ! flax 9 gr[+ lifts ! dodd] out ( ! soil4 ,c4 ,:ile ! flax is gett+ /ill tall]1 ! dodd] s5ds out rootlets1 :i* pi]ce & fix !mselves into ! flax4 ,dur+ ?is ! dodd] s5ds out buds upw>ds1 :i*1 elongat+ until new flax plants are met )1 expla9s n only h[ ! dodd] comm5ces a gr[? q indep5d5t ( ! soil1 b1 by spread+1 f plant to plant1 ?us increases to an indef9ite ext5t4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ! dodd] ( flax1 comm5c+ f se$s at diff]5t po9ts1 spreads 9 m or less ext5d$ pat*es1 :i*1 if su* c5tre be few1 w be di/9ct2 if _m1 ! pe/ may occupy ! great] "p ( ! crop by spread+1 & s becom+ conflu5t4 ,su* is ! me?od ( gr[? ( flax dodd]1 & we h no d\bt b t ! dodd] ( ! clov] progresses 9 l mann]2 at all ev5ts1 we see ! latt] occupy+ m or less isolat$ pat*es 9 ! affect$ crop2 & 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! =m]1 ! crop-plant is n only />v$1 f hav+ 8its v]dure suck$ out10 b x is borne d[n to ! gr\nd & ru9$4 ,z reg>ds its de/ruction1 we %\ld be c>eful to look at our crops 9 _! e>ly gr[?1 z1 if ! sickly-look+1 wire-l t5dril be obs]v$ !n1 x is easily remov$ by h&2 if1 h[ev]1 x has made head1 ! be/ way w\ld be to make a tr5* ( a foot wide ar\nd ! plague-spots1 :i* w prev5t its spread+1 z ! plant mu/ h contigu\s clov]s to twi/ r\nd if x is to ext5d2 & !n burn "s /raw on ! dodd] plot1 & x w be wa/$ to dea?4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! easie/ plan is to depa/ure ! crop1--c]ta9ly n to se$ x d[n--9 :i* case x w be impossible = any dodd] se$s to rip54 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! evil w be prev5t$ by s[+ pure se$1 :e!r ( flax or ( clov]2 & z ! dodd] is a small1 br[n1 r\ndi% little se$1 s diff]5t f t ( ei!r crop1 !re is no difficulty 9 recogniz+ x :]e pres5t4 ,,oroban*e--,broomrape4 ,! ,broomrape is n[ becom+ a v p]nici\s clov] we$1 especially 9 light] soils4 ,we h se5 x on clov] ne> ,/oneh5ge s ?ick z to h positively spoil$ ! crop2 & we %\ld expect f its bitt]1 disagreeable flav\r1 t if cattle did n univ]sally refuse to eat x1 x might prove mis*iev\s to !m4 ,! species :i* attacks clov] is ! ,oroban*e m9or--,less] ,broomrape1--:i* is at once di/+ui%$ 9 a clov] field by its upright br[ni% spike ( dead1 dry-look+1 lipp$ fl[]s2 ! /em )\t true leaves1 b clo!d ) small br[n leaf-l processes 7bracts ( ! botani/71 :i*1 ) ! /em1 are clo!d ) hairs4 ,?is plant1 :i* is mu* l>g] & v diff]5t f ! clov]1 is p>asitic on ! pr9cipal division ( ! clov] root2 s t if ! soil be c>efully remov$ f ! broomrape1 x w be f\nd to swell at ! base1 into :i* ! clov] root may be detect$ to be fa/5$1 & a v odd appe>ance inde$ has ! small-/emm$ clov] unit$ to s comp>atively l>ge a p>asite4 ,! se$s ( ! broomrape are s small z sc>cely to be detect$ 9 a sample ( clov] se$2 inde$1 sev]al may be fa/5$ to a se$ z du/1 s t :atev] c>e may be us$ 9 ! selection ( se$ w h>dly prev5t ?is pe/4 ,any great injury to ! clov] crop may be spe$ily /opp$ by h&-pick+ ! broomrape2 =1 al?\gh x w sometimes bran* up aga91 x w be mu* less5$1 & ! few second>y %oots w usually be v weak4 ,clov]s are attack$ by ,epiphytes--t is1 m9ute fungoid plants gr[+ ^u ! leaves2 b ! natural hi/ory ( ^! is too obscure = a g5]al treatise1 nor are !y ( suffici5t int]e/ to ! practical f>m]4#i #i ,to su* z may be int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( ! 8ru/s0 ( ,clov]1 & "s o!r plants1 we w\ld e>ne/ly recomm5d a p]usal ( "s mo/ int]e/+ pap]s on ! subject1 by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,esq41 beautifully illu/rat$ by ,messrs4 ,we/ ,s[]by1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review--a s]ial :i* %\ld h a place 9 ! h\se ( e c\ntry g5tleman4 ,illu/ration3 ,corn4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,corn4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,nature ,,( ,,corn4 ,by corn1 9 its enl>g$ s5se1 ! f>m] means all su* crops z are gr[n = _! se$s2 s t all k9ds ( gra9 & pulse1 su* z peas & beans1 belong to ! corn crop1 z di/+ui%$ f roots & gre5 crops4 ,9 ,am]ica ! ^w 8corn0 is re/rict$ to maize or ,indian corn1 & o!r crops are call$ aft] _! respective names4 ,our diction>ies def9e corn z 8se$s :i* gr[ 9 e>s1 n pods20 & x is to ^! t ! pres5t treatise is meant exclusively to apply1 conf9+ our rem>ks = ! mo/ "p to su* k9ds z are m commonly cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,corn1 !n1 may be said to be d]iv$ f diff]5t species ( grasses1 ^: se$s are suffici5tly l>ge to enable !m to be ?re%$ f ! e> & become /or$ z gra91 9 :i* case x diff]s f ! small] k9ds1 ^: se$s may be gr[n = pa/urage crops4 ,h5ce1 !n1 grasses af=d u two sets1 :i* are diff]5tly us$1--"o1 z af=d+ corn fabl$ to be ! gift ( ! goddess ,c]es1 & s call$ c]eal or corn grasses2 ! o!r1 n gr[n = ! sake ( ! gra91 b = h]bage1 & nam$ mead[ & pa/ure grasses4 ,corn grasses1 !n1 belong exclusively to arable cultivation2 &1 inde$1 x may be conclud$ t su* h be5 d]iv$ f wild species1 & t cont9u$ culture has br\ght !m ab\t1 & /ill ma9ta9s !m 9 all _! endless v>ieties1 & also gives u a p[] to add to ^! to an extraord9>y ext5t4 ,x is ?is facility = improvem5t1 ?is capability = =m+ gra9 on ! "o h&1 & runn+ into v>ieties on ! o!r1 :i* enables corn to be gr[n "u s wide a range ( temp]ature & 9 su* v>i$ & v>iable climates2 & x is a k ( ! laws affect+ ^! *anges1 & ! modes ( action 9 ! gr[? ( corn consequ5t !reupon1 :i* w con/itute 8,sci5ce & ,practice 9 ,corn ,cultivation10 & %\ld lead to a k ( 8,h[ to ,gr[ ,good ,corn40 ,9 foll[+ out ?is inquiry1 we %all1 = ! mo/ "p1 conf9e our obs]vations to ! foll[+ crops3-- #a4 ,:eat1 #b4 ,oats1 ,_! ,orig91 ,cultivation1 ,diseases1 #c4 ,b>ley1 ,enemies1 c4 c4 #d4 ,rye1 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,:eat3 ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,acclimatization4 ,x is a popul> belief t :eat1 9 a /ate fit = food1 0 a direct gift to man1 & h&$ d[n to him unalt]$ 9 =m1 except 9 s f> z relates to v>ieties2 b if we consid] h[ v>i$ are ! details ( ?is plant1 h[ v diff]5t f ea* o!r are ! m remote v>ieties1 & yet h[ easy x is to fill up ! l9ks on ! "o h&1 or to arrive at equally di/9ct & yet new =ms on ! o!r1 we c only conclude t :eat1 l mo/1 if n all1 our vegetable escul5ts1 is b a d]ivative plant obta9$ f a wild =m ( grass1 & 9 v e>ly times br\ght into cultivation because ( ! facilities = *ange :i* x 0 capable ( und]go+4 ,n[h]e is :eat1 z su*1 f\nd wild2 =1 al?\gh its gra9 has be5 cultivat$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 its scatt]$ se$s _c ma9ta9 a position = any l5g? ( "t2 =1 z x has be5 obta9$ by cultivation1 s its d]iv$ /atus c only be ma9ta9$ by c>eful culture1 )\t :i* !re seems reason to believe t c]eal :eat w\ld inde$ become ext9ct4 ,_m botani/s _h arriv$ at ^! or k9dr$ views f obs]vation & reason+ ^u ! subject1 b x 0 n until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod t we possess$ any direct evid5ce d]iv$ f exp]im5t3 ?is we n[ h1 & ^u x we quote ! foll[+ f ,mr4 ,b5?am1 9 ! ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture1 article 8,triticum03-- ,x has nev] be5 cont5d$ t _! orig9al types h become ext9ct1 & v>i\s1 !re=e1 h be5 ! conjectures z to ! trans=mations !y may h successively und]gone2 & z no accid5tal returns t[>ds primitive =ms h be5 obs]v$1 we h till lately _h b little to guide u 9 ^! vague surmises4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ,m4 ,esprit ,fabre1 ( ,agde1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 seem to prove a fact :i* _h be5 m ?an once sugge/$1 b almo/ always sc\t$1 t our agricultural :eats are cultivat$ v>ieties ( a set ( grasses common 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 :i* botani/s h uni=mly reg>d$ z belong+ to a diff]5t g5us1 nam$ gilops4 ,! pr9cipal "* by :i* ! latt] g5us _h be5 di/+ui%$1 consi/$ 9 ! great] fragility ( ! e>1 & 9 ! glumes 7i4e4 ! *aff-scales7 be+ g5]ally t]m9at$ by ?ree or f\r1 & ! pales by two or ?ree po9ts or awns 7be>ds74 ,b ,m4 ,fabre has %[n h[ readily ^! *>act]s become modifi$ by cultivation2 &1 wide z is ! app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 gilops ovata & common :eat1 he has practically prov$ _! botanical id5tity2 =1 f ! se$s ( ! gilops fir/ s[n 9 #ahch1 c>efully rais$ 9 a g>d5 soil1 & re-s[n e ye> f _! produce1 he _h1 ?r\gh successive trans=mations1 by ! eigh? ye> 7#ahdf7 obta9$ crops ( real :eat z good z ! g5]ality ( ^? cultivat$ 9 8 neighb\rhood4 ,x 0 ! description ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,fabre1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,agricultural ,society1 :i* l$ u to in/itute indep5d5t inquiries1 to :i* end1 hav+ pur*as$ "s se$s ( gilops ovata1 we s[$ !m 9 our exp]im5tal g>d5 at ,cir5ce/]1 9 a prep>$ plot ( five y>ds squ>e1 on a subsoil ( =e/ m>ble4 ,f ?is se$s 7 select$ to c>ry on ! exp]im5ts1 :il/ ! mass ( ! plants 9 ! plot 7 all[$ to se$ & come up spontane\sly1 :i* x did ye> aft] ye>1 & s pres]v$ ! orig9al type ) :i* we />t$4 ,! pres]v$ se$s 7 s[n 9 fre% plots ye> by ye>1 b--p]haps ow+ to ! coldness ( ! soil & ! g5]al l[] climate ( ! ,cotteswolds--progress 0 only sl[ at fir/2 h[ev]1 9 ! w>m summ] ( #ahei our plot ( ! season _h made fre% advances1 :i* w be be/ und]/ood by an exam9ation ( ! accompany+ draw+s4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a spikelet ( ! type ( gilops ovata1 introduc$ into our g>d5 9 #ahee4 ,9 ?is "s ( ! pales h d\ble awns1 o!rs s+le ones4 ,fig4 #d1 a spikelet ( #ahei1 modifi$ by cultivation4 ,9 ?is ! awns are s+le4 ,fig4 #e1 a spikelet f an e> ( be>d$ :eat4 ,n[1 ! close aff9ity ( ^! ?ree =ms mu/ /rike any "o2 b we feel ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t1 _h n our exp]im5ts be5 p]emptorily /opp$1 & ! results1 z f> z possible1 spoil$ f ! ignorance & jeal\sy ( ! new ,pr9cipal1 we %\ld be=e ?is h arriv$ at results mu* m satisfactory4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! obs]v$ *anges w be und]/ood by /at+ ! foll[+ facts4 a4 gilops ovata has a se$ ( suffici5t size to be call$ a corn gra91 & :i*1 ?\gh n s l>ge z t ( :eat1 yet rapidly improves by cultivation1 :i* includes selection4 b4 ,! ra*is 7! "p on :i* ! spikelets are plac$ 9 ! wild grass7 is exce$+ly brittle1 s t x readily breaks into bits bel[ ea* spikelet2 ?is brittl5ess annually gets less "u cultivation4 c4 ,! wild grass has a trail+ habit ( gr[?2 b uprightness & a long] culm is at once induc$ by ! clos] contact ( drill+ ! se$s 9 ?ick r[s4 d4 ,! cultivation ( gilops1 & especially subject+ x to ri* soil1 produces ! same k9ds ( fungoid attacks z are f\nd ) :eats "u l circum/ances1 z ?us3--,pucc9ia gram9is 7mildew7 ( ! leaves & culms2 ,ur$o rubigo 7r$ ru/7 ( ! *aff-scales2 ,ur$o c>ies 7smut or bunt7 ( ! gra94 ,n[1 all ^! circum/ances seem to po9t to a simil>ity 9 ess5tial /ructure1 & a uni=mity ( habit some:at rem>kable 9 plants :i* at fir/ sight w\ld /rike "o z be+ s diff]5t2 b z ^! diff]5ces betwe5 gilops & any v>iety ( :eat are (t5 all sc>cely great] ?an is to be met ) on contra/+ two kn[n v>ieties ( :eat1 we may agree 9 conclud+ t ! evid5ce w>rants ! assumption t :eat1 z a cultivat$ c]eal1 has be5 d]iv$ f gilops4 ,if1 !n1 we view ! :eat plant z a d]ivative1 we %all be at no loss 9 und]/&+ h[ ! va/ numb] ( v>ieties h be5 br\ght ab\t--v>ieties applicable1 too1 to a wide range ( climatal conditions2 & ! ease ) :i* new =ms c be br\ght ab\t by hybridization & selection is a matt] ( importance1 because old] v>ieties1 too (t5 repeat$1 are apt to deg5]ate bo? 9 quality ( gra9 & quantity ( crop4 ,b :5 we speak ( acclimatiz+ :eat1 we ?9k x w\ld be excessively difficult to make any exi/+ =m gr[ well 9 a climate n cong5ial to x1 ?\gh x might be easy to arrive at a new v>iety possess+ "s desir$ quality4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 t x is n difficult to alt] a climate to suit a sort1 &1 9 all probability1 ?is at ! pres5t day mu*-us$ t]m ( 8acclimatization0 simply means no m ?an mak+ our cultivation & climate accord z ne>ly z possible to ! habits ( ! plant or animal to be ent]ta9$ "u new conditions4 ,?us1 :5 we see ! f9] :ite :eats gr[+ good crops on f>ms :]e su* w\ld h be5 impossible a few ye>s ago1 we are h>dly to conclude t we h at l5g? got ?is m delicate sort to become m h>dy2 b ! climate has be5 ameliorat$ by dra9+ & bett] cultivation4 ,we di/9ctly recollect :5 ! lias clays ( ! ,vale ( ,gl\ce/] c\ld sc>cely be made to gr[ a good crop ( ev5 ! h>di] sorts ( r$ :eat1 ! common cone be+ ! sort g5]ally gr[n4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by _m sorts ( r$ :eat1 & n[ only ! be/-cultivat$ f>ms produce :ite :eats4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are facts :i* w be m /rongly br\ght out :5 we consid] ! subject ( cultivation2 = ! pres5t we w\ld be cont5t ) ! expression ( a belief t :eat1 z a c]eal gra91 is d]iv$ by cultivation f a wild grass1 & x is due to ! effects ( cultivation t we h s _m sorts1 ) su* v>iable adaptability4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,wild ,,oat ,,z ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,cultivat$ ,,v>ieties4 ,crop oats1 l :eat1 h ev] be5 consid]$ z a direct gift f ,c]es1 & few1 inde$1 among/ sci5tific m5 7 will+ to believe t !y 7 d]iv$ f a wild & we$ species4 ,/ill1 ! f>m] _h long ma9ta9$ t oats1 :5 cultivat$1 (t5 left beh9d !m we$ oats2 & 9 "s di/ricts ( ,worce/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,w>wick1 we h kn[n m5 refuse to gr[ oats z a crop f _! fe> ( produc+ ! t]rible we$1 :i*1 inde$1 ! wild oat is on all h&s admitt$ to be4 ,n[1 al?\gh we by no means wi% to advance ! !ory ( transmutation1 & _c believe t by any plan b>ley c be conv]t$ into oats1 or oats into b>ley1 we are yet confid5t t :at has be5 t]m$ ennobl+1 or ! produc+ ( a cultivat$ plant f a wild "o1 is (t5times comp>atively easy1 & 9 none m s ?an 9 ! production ( crop oats f ! wild species1 ,av5a fatua4 ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 9 ! article 8,av5a10 9 ,morton's ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture1 sugge/s t ! cultivat$ oat 8is a dome/icat$ v>iety ( "s wild species1 & may be n improbably ref]r$ to ,av5a /rigosa1 bri/le-po9t$ oat20 b our exp]im5ts w\ld %[ t ! ,av5a fatua is ! =m f :i* at lea/ ! dome/ic sorts 9 g5]al cultivation seem to h sprung4 ,! ,av5a fatua 7wild oat7 is an annual grass :i* almo/ univ]sally accompanies agr>ian circum/ances2 t is to say1 x seldom1 if ev]1 occurs 9 a truly wild aborig9al /ate1 & is !re=e n f\nd 9 uncultivat$ tracts1 b is ! common att5dant on tillage1 & 9 "s soils is a mo/ common & disagreeable we$ 9 v>i\s agricultural crops1 b m especially amid gra91 :e!r ( :eat1 b>ley1 or oats4 ,sometimes x is f\nd ) beans1 peas1 & vet*es1 &1 inde$1 x may be said to be a common we$ 9 "s di/ricts 9 any crop f :i* x has n be5 eradicat$ by ! hoe--an op]ation almo/ impossible 9 gra91 z its gr[? is s mu* l t ( ! crop itself4 ,x is a tall grass1 rivall+ ! height ( ! f9e/ cultivat$ oat crop1 f "s =ms ( :i*1 & especially ^? ) a lax panicle1 x is at fir/ n easily di/+ui%$2 h[ev]1 a m c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison ) ! s-call$ ,av5a sativa 7cultivat$ oat7 enables u to make out ! foll[+ diff]5ces3-- ,av5a fatua1 ,l4 ,av5a fatua1 v>4 sativa4 ,! valves ( ! inn] pales1 ,! valves ( ! inn] pales n :i* adh]e to ! se$s1 ?ick1 n s co>se z 9 ,a4 fatua1 & cov]$ ) /iff hairs1 & q devoid ( hairs4 ,! especially t[>ds ! base4 ,! out] valve ) or )\t an ext]nal valve has a long /iff awn1 :i* :5 pres5t is n s awn1 :i* 9 ! ripe se$ is /iff z 9 ! wild plant1 usually twi/$ at ! l[] "p1 sometimes twi/$ at ! base1 & b5t at ne>ly "r angles b seldom b5t4 ,se$s l>ge & at ab\t ! middle4 ,! gra9- full1 =m+ ! gra9 = :i* se$ v small & wor?less4 ! crop is cultivat$4 ,! exp]im5ts ab\t to be detail$ 7 p]=m$ ) ! ,av5a fatua4 ,9 #ahea1 a quantity ( ?is plant 0 notic$ by ! au?or on ! f>m ( ,c4 ,lawr5ce1 ,esq41 ne> ,cir5ce/]4 ,x 0 mix$ ) a pat* ( mangel-wurzel :i* _h be5 plant$ = se$2 & f ^! specim5s suffici5t se$s 7 pres]v$ :]e) to s[ "o ( our exp]im5tal plots4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! sub/ratum 0 =e/ m>ble1 & no d\bt ! se$s ( ! oat 7 br\ght ) ! manure by :i* ! mangold pat* 0 dress$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aheb a plot ( two & a half y>ds squ>e 0 s[n ) se$ :i* _h be5 kept dur+ ! w9t]--a fact :i* %\ld be c>efully not$1 z x =ms a fir/ & mo/ important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce1 & con/itut+ :at we t]m a cultivative process1 inasmu* z 9 wild gr[? ! se$s are s[n z soon z !y become ripe4 ,! se$s ( ! fir/ crop came up well1 & on rip5+1 t[>ds autumn1 ! plants 7 tall & robu/2 ! gra9s pres5t$ a sc>cely appreciable diff]5ce f ! wild examples2 if any1 !re may h be5 a slight t5d5cy to an increas$ plumpness ( gra94 ,! se$s ( crop ,no4 #a 7 aga9 collect$ & pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 & s[n 9 a pat* ( simil> size1 b 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! g>d51 9 ! spr+ ( #ahec1 repeat+ ! process ) ! successive crops 9 #ahed & #ahee1 ) slight alt]ations f ye> to ye>1 ?\gh 9 "s examples ! foll[+ t5d5cies seem$ f ! fir/ to be ga9+ /r5g? 9 "s few ( ! specim5s3-- #a/4 ,a gradual decrease 9 ! quantity ( hairs on ! pales4 #bnd4 ,a m tumid gra91 9 :i* ! pales 7 less co>se & ! awn n s /rong & rigid1 & less black ?an 9 ! wild example4 #crd4 ,a gradual increas$ developm5t ( k]nel or fl[]4 ,! se$s ( #ahee crop1 )\t selection1 7 treat$ 9 ! same mann] dur+ ! w9t]1 & 7 s[n 9 ! spr+ ( #ahef1 ! result+ crop 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> pres5t+ ! foll[+ curi\s circum/ances3-- #a/4 ,av5a fatua 7typical wild oat71 ) l>ge loose panicles ( fl[]s1#aj ?9 hairy florets1 ) a b5t awn twi/$ at ! base4 ,five p>ts ( crop4 #aj ,"s examples ( ?is plant1 ga!r$ at ,framilode1 9 ! ,vale ( ,gl\ce/]1 9 ! pa/ autumn1 gave z _m z #gej se$s to a root1 f :i* its rate ( increase z a we$ may be imag9$4 #bnd4 ,av5a fatua1 v>4 sativa1 ) loose panicles ( fl[]s1 florets q smoo?1 tumid1 ) or )\t /raight awns1 "s few examples slightly hairy t[>ds ! base4 ,?is is ! potato-oat type4 ,six p>ts ( crop4 #crd4 ,av5a fatua1 v>4 sativa--,panicles m compact1 fl[]s incl9+ to "o side1 gra9s m tumid ?an #bnd1 q devoid ( hairs1 awn /raight4 ,^! pres5t ! type ( ! :ite ,t>t>ian oat4 ,twelve p>ts ( crop4 ,fig4 #b4 ,see plate4 ,hav+ n[ procur$ a crop ( sep>ate types ( oat f ! same se$1 we pres]v$ !m di/9ct1 & ?is ye> c>ri$ on our exp]im5ts by cultivat+ a pat* ( ea*1 :il/ ! plot ( #ahef 0 left ) self-s[n se$s1 9 ord] t x %\ld aga9 become wild by deg5]acy4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 !n1 we may conclude t diff]5t types ( crop oats are d]iv$ f ! ,av5a fatua1 or wild oat2 b1 besides ?is1 !y op5 out a subject = inquiry ( great practical int]e/ & importance1 :i* may be cle>ly /at$ z foll[s3-- ,if by cultivation ! wild oat assumes ! cultivat$ =m1 !n by deg5]acy cultivat$ oats may become wild ones4 ,^? :o "k :at a dete/able we$ is ! wild oat :]ev] x occurs1 & h[ difficult x is to eradicate1#aa w at once see ! cog5cy ( ! "q involv$4 #aa ,! au?or once w5t ) a rector ( a p>i% 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire to exam9e ! glebe allotm5ts ( ! poor p1 :51 cat*+ sight ( an app>5t crop ( oats1 ! l&lord ?reat5$ to dispossess ! t5ant1 8because he _h c>elessly left 8 crop )\t ga!r+40 ,h[ev]1 ! matt] 0 expla9$ :5 x 0 po9t$ out t ! l& 0 plant$ ) :eat1 :i* ! oats _h q smo!r$4 ,f>m]s 9 "s di/ricts1 & m especially on /iff clay soils1 h ev] object$ to ! cultivation ( oats1 z !y _h always ma9ta9$ t !y left beh9d a crop ( we$ oats4 ,?is1 :i* 0 nev] a fav\rite idea ) ! botani/1 :o is g5]ally too mu* incl9$ to species-mak+1 seems n[ to h a basis ( tru?1 = n only is x confirm$ by ! exp]im5ts describ$1 b obs]vation ( an indep5d5t k9d po9ts to ! same tru?4 ,on exam9+ ! produce ( %$1 or accid5tally scatt]$ oat se$s1 ! fir/ crop w (t5 pres5t ! wild t5d5cy 9 a p>tial rev]sion to ! hairy /ate1 an elongation & ?ick5+ ( ! awn1 & a less5+ ( ! size ( ! k]nel2 & ?is m p>ticul>ly on heavy soils4 ,x 01 inde$1 an obs]vation ( ?is *ange 9 oats scatt]$ on =e/ m>ble clay :i* induc$ u to try ! exp]im5ts above detail$2 & z ! subsoil ( our botanical g>d5 is ! same clay1 we are1 p]haps1 indebt$ to ?is cause = arriv+ s soon at su* signal results4 ,aga91 x is kn[n 9 f>m+ t "s clay l&s w nev] produce heavy oats2 a sample1 h[ev] good1 is sure to deg5]ate ^u su* soils4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! =ego+ exp]im5ts & obs]vations lead to ! foll[+ conclusions3-- #a/4 ,! wild oat is p]haps n a native ( ,brita91 b d]iv$ ?r\gh ! deg5]acy ( ! c]eal crop2 & h5ce its occurr5ce only z an agr>ian4 #bnd4 ,! c]eal oat1 on ! contr>y1 is ! result ( ! impress ( cultivative processes ^u ! wild =m1 & z su* liable to lapse into ! wild /ate ) great] or less cel]ity1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( soil & situation4 ,^! conclusions are ( practical value1 z !y %[ ! direction 9 :i* exp]im5ts %\ld be conduct$ 9 ord] to atta9 to v>ieties1 x be+ a well-kn[n fact t "o v>iety is suitable = "o soil1 & ano!r = a diff]5t k9d ( l&4 ,& aga91 z "s =ms ( plants w\ld seem to h ! t5d5cy ( we>+ out by long cultivation1 s we h ! means ( apply+ to ! orig9al s\rce ( _! production1 & ?us ( comm5c+ a new g5]ation4 ,!y tea* u1 too1 ! necessity ( avoid+ ! gr[? ( ! oat crop 9 "s situations1 & :i* 9 ! case be=e u is n ! result ( ! 8pighead$ness0 ) :i* ! f>m] is (t5 s ?\ghtlessly accus$1 b a conclusion f\nd$ 9 reason2 & if we consid] h[ robu/ is ! gr[? ( ! wild oat1 & t its support is secur$ by robb+ ! gra9 crop ) :i* x occurs z a we$--! difficulty ( sep>at+ x f ! crop :]e x has ga9$ a foot+--&1 above all1 t its succession is secur$ by its se$s univ]sally rip5+ a few days be=e t ( ! crop ) :i* x is mix$1 & ! mom5t !y are ripe !y fall & become self-s[n1#ab--we c see abundant reason = :olesome fe> z to ! introduction ( c]eal oats 9 di/ricts liable to _! deg5]acy4 #ab ,! wild =ms %$ _! se$s mu* m readily ?an ! cultivat$ ones1 & are1 besides1 e>li] 9 rip5+1 & ?us mu* ( our wild se$ _h dropp$ be=e ! o!r =ms 7 fully ripe2 & x mu* assi/s exp]im5ts 9 transmutation n to let ! se$s ) :i* !y are to be c>ri$ on become dead ripe4 ,?is is ano!r cultivative process4 ,! annex$ enl>g$ figure ( a bun* ( wild oat se$s w suffici5tly illu/rate ! *anges necess>y to produce ! cultivat$ =m4 ,"u cultivation1 :i* supposes ! selection1 sav+ up1 & s[+ 9 a prep>$ b$ ( our se$1 ! wild oat se$ gradually becomes smoo? ext]nally1 & its awn less co>se1 :ile int]nally ! gra9 becomes l>g] & heavi]2 s t :ile ! se$ ( ! wild oat w\ld weigh ab\t #ae lb4 p] bu%el1 t ( a f9e sample ( :ite cultivat$ oat s[n on our f>m ?is ye> weigh$ z mu* z #dh lb4 p] bu%el4 ,n[1 ! pro( ( ?is !ory consi/s 9 ! facts-- #a/4 ,t heavy oats deg5]ate by be+ cultivat$ 9 poor soil4 #bnd4 ,by be+ let g wild1 !y s9k /ill l[]1 & gradually assume ! ext]nal hairs1 /iff awns1 & poor gra9 ( ! wild oat4 ,illu/ration3 ,spikelet ( ! ,wild ,oat4#ac #ac ,f ,popul> ,sci5ce ,review1 vol4 i4 p4 #aj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,on ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,orig9 ,,( ,,b>ley ,,& ,,rye4 ,! c]eal b>ley is f\nd to (f] ?ree important =ms1 :i* c be be/ expla9$ by ! annex$ diagramatic arrangem5t3-- ,illu/ration3 ,two-r[$--by abortion ( f\r ,f\r-r[$--by abortion ( two ,six-r[$--by fruition ( all ! se$s ( a spikelet4 ,! two-r[$ b>ley has be5 nam$ ,hordeum di/i*um2 & z we are incl9$1 ) ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 to ! belief t ?is is ! orig9al f :5ce ! o!r =ms h sprung1 we "h quote ! le>n$ ,pr(essor's rem>ks ^u ?is & ! probably alli$ =ms3-- 8,x is probable10 he says1 8t all k9ds ( b>ley gr[n by f>m]s are v>ieties ( "o species1 ( :i*1 ! ,h4 di/i*um ( ,l9nu is ! type4 ,! spikelets ( ?is g5us always /&+ 9 ?rees1 & ! ?rees be+ plac$ back to back1 x is evid5t t e e> ( b>ley mu/ consi/ ( six r[s ( spikelets4 ,if ! middle spikelet ( ea* set ( ?rees is alone p]fect1 ! side spikelets be+ abortive1 we h ,h4 di/i*um1 ! common two-r[$ b>ley1 & its _m v>ieties2 if ! two-tub]al ( ea* set is p]fect1 & ! c5tral spikelet imp]fect1 z sometimes happ5s1 !n we h f\r-r[$ b>ley2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! spikelets are p]fect1 we h six-r[$ b>ley1 or ,h4 hexa/i*um2 b ! cases ( f\r-r[$ b>ley h be5 m]ely accid5tal--!y may be ref]r$ to ! six-r[$ =m2 & ?us we h only two pr9cipal k9ds ( b>ley--namely1 ,h4 di/i*um & ,h4 hexa/i*um4 8#a4 ,h4 di/i*um4--,?is is ! only k9d ( b>ley t has be5 f\nd app>5tly wild4 ,we h n[ be=e u specim5s ga!r$ 9 ,mesopotamia dur+ ,col4 ,*esney's exp$ition to ! ,euphrates1 ) n>r[ e>s1 a little m ?an an in* long1 exclusive ( ! awn1 or f\r & a half in*es awns includ$2 & o!rs f ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis1 ) e>s sc>cely s l>ge z />v$ rye4 ,bo? are /raw-col\r1 b t f ,mesopotamia has ! glumes mu* m hairy ?an ! o!r4 ,! plant is also said to inhabit ,t>t>y4 ,! report t x gr[s wild 9 ,sicily seems to h aris5 f ! ,m$it]ranean gilops ovata hav+ be5 mi/ak5 = x4 ,to ?is species belong all ! v>ieties1 f "o to sixte51 =m]ly m5tion$ "u ,b>ley2 z also does ,no4 #bj1 fig4 #cdad--! ,h4 zeocriton1 sprat or battl$ore b>ley1 an und\bt$ result ( dome/ication1 *iefly rem>kable = ! e>s be+ s mu* broad] at ! base ?an ! po9t z to produce a long ovate figure4 #ad ,see ,morton's ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture4 8#b4 ,h4 hexa/i*um4--,we f\nd no record ( ?is hav+ be5 f\nd wild1 & presume x & its num]\s v>ieties to be dome/icat$ =ms ( ,h4 di/i*um4 ,! common b]e1 or w9t] b>ley1 may be tak5 z ! typical =m to :i* ,nos4 #ah1 #ba1 & #bb1 & figs4 #cg & #chae are evid5tly ref]able1 v>y+ 9 size1 col\r1 & hair9ess1 m ?an 9 any o!r circum/ance des]v+ botanical appreciation4 #ae ,ibid4 8,! ,h4 vulg>e ( ,l9nu is a =m ) ! gra9s 9 f\r r[s1 ! nak$-e>$ v>iety ( :i* is aga9 ! ,h4 cle/e ( "s writ]s4 8,bo? ^! =ms ( b>ley v>y ) nak$ se$1 ! pales los+ _! adhesion to ! gra94 ,b ?is diff]5ce is att5d$ ) no o!r peculi>ity4 8#c4 ,! ,h4 trifurcatum1 also kn[n "u ,dr4 ,royle's "n ( ,h4 gic]as1 is a v rem>kable nak$-se$$ species1 ) mu* ! appe>ance ( :eat4 ,x is a tall or glauc\s six-r[$ sort1 b ! r[s are n plac$ 9 l9es ) ! same exactness z 9 ! two =m] k9ds1 s t ! e>s are r\nd l :eat4 ,! pales are app>5tly 9 a mon/r\s =m1 ! ends be+ ?ree-lob$1 & curv$ back 9 ! =m ( horns1 :i* sometimes ext5d into awns4 ,x has be5 introduc$ f ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s )9 a few ye>s1 b its economical qualities rema9 to be det]m9$40#af #af ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh4 ,we h _h opportunities1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,l9dley1 :o contribut$ se$s1 ( cultivat+ all ! =ms j describ$2 b our exp]im5ts = two ye>s did n elicit any?+ new ^u ! subject3 we !re=e feel ju/ifi$ 9 quot+ ! above entire1 especially z ! diff]5t =ms 9 our plots af=d$ suffici5t evid5ce ( an uni=mity ( orig9 on ! "o h&1 ) e disposition = =m+ v>ieties on ! o!r4 ,rye 7,secale c]eale74--,= ! little t is kn[n ( ! natural hi/ory & orig9 ( ?is crop-plant we aga9 quote f ! ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture1 :i* /ates z foll[s3-- 8,! common rye is a c]eal grass1 di/+ui%$ f :eat by its n>r[ glumes & con/antly tw9 n>r[ florets1 ) a membran\s abortion betwe5 !m4 ,o!rwise x is little diff]5t 9 /ructure1 al?\gh ! quality ( its gra9 is s inf]ior4 ,accord+ to ,k>l ,ko*1 x is f\nd und\bt$ly wild on ! m\nta9s ( ! ,crimea1 especially all ar\nd ! village ( ,d%imil1 on granite1 at ! elevation ( f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet4 ,9 su* places1 its e>s are n m ?an #a to #b in*es long4 ,its native c\ntry expla9s ! reason :y x is s mu* h>di] ?an any v>iety ( :eat1 ! s\!rn orig9 ( :i* is n[ asc]ta9$40 ,we h n se5 any ( ?is s-call$ wild rye2 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ( great s]vice c\ld "s good exp]im5ts be made ) x1 ) a view ( not+ ! *anges :i* take place on cultivation4 ,inde$1 we h long wi%$ = au!ntic examples ( all our wild1 or suppos$ wild1 c]eals1 ) a view ( exam9+ side by side ! nature & am\nt ( ! *anges :i* cultivation w\ld mo/ assur$ly produce4 ,rye1 unlike ei!r :eat or b>ley1 is n rem>kable = a long li/ ( v>ieties--a fact :i* may1 p]haps1 be attribut$ to ! m limit$ gr[? ( ! =m] ?an ! two latt]4 ,its less ext5d$ cultivation mu/ be attribut$ to its inf]ior qualities z food2 =1 ?\gh rye is 9 ! ma9 a h>di] plant ?an :eat1 & !re=e c\ld )/& ! evils ( a cold] climate & cold] treatm5t1 yet ) ! advanc$ climate--! acclimatization ( a c\ntry r ?an a plant--! sup]ior plant1 :eat1 ev]y:]e prevails2 & ?is cause also gives rise to ! production ( f9] v>ieties1 :i* are ?us gr[n :]e only co>s] ones 7 possible4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,epiphytical ,,p>asites 7,,vegetable ,,blights7 ,,( ,,corn ,,crops4 ,^! =ms ( p>asite are s num]\s1 t ne>ly e species ( fl[]+ plant may become ! nidus ev5 ( sev]al nam$ g5]a1 ) _m species1 or1 at lea/1 v>ieties ( !m4 ,we "h say attack$1 because ! adv5t ( _m ( _! =ms passes "u ! "n ( 8blight20 a t]m :i* at once recognises _! injuri\s t5d5cy4 ,:e!r ^! epiphytes are ! causes ( ! s-call$ blight$ conditions1 or m]ely _! effects1 is a subject ^u :i* no little discussion has be5 exp5d$4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 mean to re-op5 ! "q "h2 we w only rem>k1 t 9 all probability ?is v wide range ( ! l[] tribes ( ! vegetable k+dom is v v>iable 9 ^! respects4 ,aga93 x w be impossible to ent] into details ( ! diff]5t species ( epiphytes4 ,we %all hope1 !re=e1 to elucidate _! natural hi/ory1 9 s f> z ! f>m] is conc]n$1 by po9t+ out ! m g5]al facts connect$ ) ! foll[+ =ms3-- #a4 ,ur$o segetum--,smut or du/-br& ( :eat1 b>ley1 & grasses4 #b4 ,ur$o c>ies 7,tilletia7--,bunt #c4 ,ur$o rubigo--,r$ gum or r$ rob9 ( :eat4 #d4 ,ur$o l9e>is --,/raw-ru/1 or 8mildew0 #e4 ,pucc9ia gram9is #f4 ,pucc9ia fab--,bean-ru/4 #g4 cidium b]b]idis--,b>b]ry-ru/4 #h4 ,cladosporium h]b>um--,corn-e> m\ld4 #i4 ,botrytis infe/ans--,potato-m\ld & mildew4 #aj4 ,botrytis--,turnip-mildew4 #aa4 ,odium erysiphioides ,hop-mildew4 #ab4 ,erysiphe macul>is #ac4 ,odium abortifaci5s--,ergot ( grasses4 #a4 ,ur$o segetum1 ,smut or ,du/-br&1 is common to b>ley1 & n unfrequ5t 9 :eat2 9 bo? ( :i* crops x is easily recognis$ f ! affect$ e>s ( corn appe>+ z ?\gh !y _h be5 p[d]$ ov] f ! sweep's soot-bag4 ,on closely exam9+ ^! black5$ e>s1 we f9d t ! :ole fl[] has1 z x 71 effloresc$ into a black p[d]1 :i*1 on be+ plac$ "u ! microscope1 is %[n to be compos$ ( myriads ( granules1 call$ by ! fungologi/ spores1 9 :i* latt] are conta9$ /ill small] gra9s1 or sporidia4 ,^! black spores are all wa%$ away by ! "t ! crop is ripe1 leav+ ! /alks b>e & gra9less1 s t ! sample suff]s no injury f ?is blight1 :i*1 ev5 if pres5t aft] ?re%+1 w\ld only t5d to a slight discoloration ( ! sample1 :i* is rem$iable by ! smutt]4 ,its *ief effect1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 caus+ ! loss ( mu* gra94 ,we h obs]v$ x to ! ext5t ( z mu* z an eigh?1 b usually ! dim9ution is ab\t equal to ! am\nt ( se$ s[n2 ?\gh x is n improbable t ! :ole crop may 9 _m cases be great] :5 ! smut is pres5t4 ,%eep-fold+ previ\s to b>ley1 special manur+ = ?is crop1 & o!r causes ( increas$ f]tility1 are con/ant causes ( ! increase ( ! du/-br&4 #b4 ,ur$o c>ies--,bunt1 ,pepp]-br&1 ,smut-balls4--,?is blight diff]s f ! prec$+ 9 ! fact t 9 ! gra9 no fl[] is =m$1 b its int]ior becomes fill$ ) a d>k p[d]1 :i*1 :5 view$ "u a high magnify+ p[]1 is f\nd to consi/ ( granules1 ) a surface :i* is r\gh1 & n smoo? z 9 ! du/-br&4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! :ole gra9s ( ! e> w be s affect$2 9 o!rs1 only a portion ( !m4 ,!y w be ga!r$ 9 ! h>ve/1 & z ! diseas$ gra9 is readily cru%$1 ! black p[d] mat]ially damages ! appe>ance ( ! sample4 ,nor is ?is all3 ?is blight has a mo/ disagreeable od\r & flav\r1 bo? ( :i* are communicat$ to ! sample1 & s1 besides dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( produce1 x greatly det]iorates x4 ,its specific "n ( c>ies ( c\rse ref]s to ?is fact1 z also does t ( ,u4 ftida1 adopt$ by ,baur1 an au?or to :om we are greatly indebt$ = in=mation ^u ^! curi\s productions4 ,be=e consid]+ ! rem$y = ?is evil1 x w be well to di/+ui% x f ! 8purples1 e>-cockle1 or pepp]corn0 7vibrio tritici7--a "n expressive ( its animal orig91 & frequ5tly r5d]$ 8:eat-eels40 ,9 ! purples1 ! gra9 is %ort] ?an a heal?y :eat gra91 irregul> 9 %ape 7cockl$71 & purple ext]nally2 b its int]ior is fill$ ) :at1 to ! nak$ eye1 is l v %ort :ite cotton-wool4 ,on plac+ a bit ( ?is woolly sub/ance ) ! po9t ( a ne$le on a slip ( glass1 j t\*+ x ) wat] & submitt+ x to a high magnify+ p[]1 ! t]m 8:eat-eel0 w at once be se5 to be ju/ifi$2 =1 if alive1 ?\s&s ( eel-l creatures w be se5 wri?+ 9 ! fluid4 ,! diff]5ces ( ^! two affections ( :eat may be express$ z foll[s3-- ,bunt4 ,e>-cockle4 ,gra9 smoo? ext]nally1 sometimes ,gra9 cockl$ & irregul> 9 appe>+ black f black5$ %ape1 purple ext]nally1 sk9 int]ior gra9s %[+ ?r\gh ?ick5$1 int]ior ( ! gra9s ! ?9 epid]mis 7bran74 ,^! /uff$ ) a :ite cottony corns easily cru% b5ea? ! sub/ance1 n compressible by f+]1 emitt+ ! black fungi4 ! f+]2 b be+ op5$1 & ! int]ior magnifi$1 exhibits ! liv+ :eat-eels4 ,z reg>ds ! e>-cockle1 we incl9e to ! belief t a damp atmosph]e & cold soil are *iefly conc]n$ 9 its spread1 if n 9 its production4 ,z we h %[n ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & bunt1 we n[ proce$ to (f] a few rem>ks ^u ! production ( ! latt]1 & its rem$ies4 ,bunt is ma9ly produc$ by defective se$4 ,x occurs on all k9ds ( soils--s&s1 clays1 & lime/ones--& is n peculi> to any climate4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ believes ! disease to be :olly propagat$ by ! spores ( ! fungus adh]+ to ! :eat-se$4 ,he says1 8,x has be5 cle>ly prov$ t :eat plants may be easily infect$1 & ! disease ?us propagat$1 by simply rubb+ ! se$s be=e !y are s[n ) ! black p[d] or spores ( ! fungus4 ,x is also cle>ly asc]ta9$ t if se$s ?us ta9t$ be ?or\ghly cleans$1 ! plants rais$ f !m w n be infect$20 & he d$uces f ?is a pro( 9 fav\r ( /eep+2 = he says1 8,?is fact is n[ s well e/abli%$1 t ! practice ( wa%+ or /eep+ se$ :eat 9 c]ta9 solutions almo/ univ]sally prevails40#ag #ag ,see an essay on ,diseases ( ,:eat1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society = #ahda1 by ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[4 ,our own exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 record$ 9 ! 8,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society0 = #ahef1 l$ u to conclude t ! success d]iv$ f pickl+ :eat 9 diff]5t cau/ic & corrosive solutions arose f ! fact ( diseas$ gra9 be+ de/roy$ 9 ! process2 & we extract ! foll[+ record ( exp]im5ts made 9 #ahec1 z expla9+ ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,f\r plots ( :eat1 all f ! same sample1 7 s[n 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mu* diseas$ ,mu* diseas$2,p]fect pick$ ,p]fect pick$ :eat1 treat$ ) se$1 se$1 ) )\t pickle4 sulphate ( )\t pickle4 sulphate ( copp]4 copp]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! results ( ^! 7 z "u3-- ,plot #a4 ,mo/ ( ! se$ g]m9at$1 b ! crop 0 mu* blight$1 bo? 9 /raw & gra92 9 fact1 sc>cely a p]fect e> ( ! latt]4 ,plot #b4 ,a small quantity ( ! se$ g]m9at$2 ! few result+ e>s 7 free f blight4 ,plot #c4 ,g]m9at$1 ) a good & clean result+ crop4 ,plot #d4 ,! same result z ,plot #c4 ,^! exp]im5ts seem$ to %[ t ! pickl+ ( :eat de/roys ! se$1 s z to prev5t g]m9ation :5 ! se$ is diseas$ or ill-=m$2 b if p]fect se$ be always employ$1 no pickl+ at all is necess>y1 x be+ /rictly true t a diseas$ prog5y mu/ result f an imp]fect /ock 9 plants no less ?an 9 animals4 ,we h said t bunt is n peculi> to any climate2 we h1 h[ev]1 always obs]v$ t employ+ se$ f a w>m di/rict on a cold "o1 or us+ ! f9] :ite :eats 9 cold1 expos$1 or ill-dra9$ situations1 is sure to produce a l>ge quantity ( ?is fungus4 ,autumn-s[n :eat1 too1 is less liable to ! infection ?an spr+ :eat1 :i* we attribute to ! fact t _m ( ! weak] plants w succumb to ! cold ra9 & fro/4 #c4 ,ur$o rubigo 7,r$-ru/1 ,r$-rag1 ,r$-rob97 makes its appe>ance 9 ! inside ( ! *aff-scales1 & ultimately 9 ! gre5 epid]mis ( ! gr[+ gra9s ( :eat4 ,its fir/ appe>ance is t ( oval pu/ules1 caus$ by ! rais+ ( ! sk91 :i*1 ultimately bur/+1 %[s ! orange-col\r$ spores ( ! epiphyte4 ,?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,cecidomyia tritici 7:eat-midge71 ! l>v ( :i* are ( a bright orange-col\r2 9 ! latt]1 ! liv+ mov+ worms may be easily detect$ by any common pocket l5s or magnify+ glass4 ,bo? ^! pe/s1 to :i* we w\ld apply ! di/9ctive t]ms ( ,ur$o rubigo 7r$-ru/7 & ,cecidomyia tritici 7r$-gum71 are exce$+ly common 9 "s seasons1 & n unfrequ5tly 9 ! same crop4 ,good deep cultivation is ! be/ rem$y = ! ru/2 b ! treatm5t ( ! fly is a diff]5t matt]4 ,we w\ld sugge/ ! burn+ ( smo!r-heaps on calm days1 j z ! :eat is bur/+ into e>1 z smoke is decid$ly obnoxi\s to ^! small insects1 :i* 9 "s seasons may be se5 9 ?\s&s ab\t ! bur/+ :eat4 #d & #e4 ,ur$o l9e>is2 ,pucc9ia gram9is 7,/raw-ru/ & ,mildew74--,we ref] to ^! epiphytes "u "o head+1 z !re c be b little d\bt t ! latt] is a m advanc$ /ate ( ! =m]4 ,!y bo? occur 9 oblong pat*es on ! leaves & /raw ( :eats & o!r grasses3 9 ! ur$o /age1 ( a dull r$ col\r2 9 ! pucc9ia /age1 ( a blacki% hue4 ,!y are bo?1 z1 inde$1 are all ^! fungi1 int]e/+ microscopic objects2 b our object n[ is to describe !m popul>ly4 ,bo? w always be f\nd 9 abundance 9 cold poor soils1 & m especially if ! f9] :eats be gr[n 9 su* situations4 ,! application ( a dress+ ( salt to ! soil is said to be a prev5tive4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! disease is said to be r>] 9 ,*e%ire1 :]e salt is s mu* us$ by ! f>m]1 ?an 9 any o!r c\nty1 9 z f> z we h obs]v$4 ,"h1 aga91 we incl9e to ?9k t ^! are morbid affections ( ! plant4 ,!y are1 inde$1 view$ z su* by ,ung]1 9 8 8,die ,exan!me ,pflanz510 9 :i* ! v title classes !m ) eruptive diseases ( animals4 ,b]keley & ,h5sl[1 ! two great au?orities1 h[ev]1 d n accord ) ?is view3 ! =m] rem>ks 9 ref]5ce to x--8,surely ^! plants are too di/9ctly1 too regul>ly1 & too beautifully organiz$ to be ! products ( disease l w>ts or purul5t matt] 9 animals40 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! microscope demon/rates t w>ts & eruptive diseases h also _! special & curi\sly =m$ organisms1 su* a mode ( reason+ is n conclusive4 ,we$s h a great influ5ce 9 produc+ mildew1 :i* p]haps may be acc\nt$ = f ! fact t we$s are 9 active gr[? z ! :eat-/alks decl9e 9 vig\r2 & h5ce ! con/ant evaporation ( moi/ure f ! we$s to ! :eat is cont9ually re-moi/5+ an ev]-dry+ surface--a mo/ f]tile s\rce ( mildew & m\lds ( sev]al descriptions4 #f4 ,pucc9ia fab 7,bean-ru/74#ah--,! br[n pu/ul> ru/-look+ spots on ! foliage ( beans1 &1 inde$1 occasionally on ! /ems & pods ( beans1 are sometimes common to ?is crop4 ,!y are usually accompani$ by a less5+ bo? 9 quantity & quality ( ?is pulse1 bo? 9 ! g>d5 & 9 field culture1 b c]ta9ly m g5]ally 9 ! latt]4 ,too gross manur+ )\t well mix+ ! dung ) ! soil w\ld seem to be a con/ant s\rce ( ! evil4 ,9 fact1 highly nitrog5iz$ manures appe> to fav\r ! developm5t ( all ?is class ( epiphytes1 j z too mu* meat might br+ ab\t diff]5t =ms ( ra% or eruptions 9 ! animal4 ,we$s1 :i* are too mu* p]mitt$ 9 beans1 "h aid 9 p]fect+ ! mis*ief2 h5ce1 !n1 we may p]haps take x = grant$ t ! m5tion ( ! causes ( mis*ief sugge/s ! rem$y4 #ah ,?is blight is m5tion$ "h on acc\nt ( its aff9ity to ! =m]4 #g4 cidium b]b]idis 7,b>b]ry-ru/7 is "h ref]r$ to1 f ! op9ion prevail+ t x is ! cause ( ru/ & mildew 9 :eat4 ,we c no m believe t ! b>b]ry-ru/ w\ld produce ru/ 9 :eat1 ?an ! ru/ ( any o!r plant w\ld d s2 = ne>ly all plants are affect$ ) "s k9d or o!r ( ru/4 ,?is epiphyte1 too1 is v diff]5t 9 /ructure f :eat-ru/4 ,/ill1 t :eat gr[+ "u a b>b]ry h$ge may be m blight$ ?an 9 ! re/ ( ! field is q true2 & s x is ) :eat gr[n "u any k9d ( h$ge4 ,high f5ces are kn[n to fav\r :eat blights2 op51 expos$1 well-cultivat$ positions1 :5 n too elevat$1 & )\t trees or h$ges1 be+ ^? 9 :i* ! be/ :eats are gr[n4 #h4 ,cladosporium h]b>um 7,corn-e> ,m\ld7 is a br[n-col\r$ mildew1 mo/ly occurr+ on ! ext]ior ( ! *aff-scales ( :eat1 b common to _m plants 9 a /ate ( decad5ce4 ,x consi/s ( gre5i% or blacki% tufts1 :i* appe> on ! outside ( ! *aff-scales ( :eat "u ! two foll[+ conditions3-- ,on wet soils1 :]e ! e>s appe> to h be5 prematurely />v$4 ,on dry s&s1 :]e long-cont9u$ dr\ght has caus$ "s e>s to )] & die be=e ! se$ 0 fully =m$4 ,9 bo? ^! cases we see t ! plant has be5 previ\sly injur$4 ,! decay comm5ces "u alt]nations ( moi/ure & dry+1 & h5ce ! fungoid attack4 ,"h1 !n1 ! conditions necess>y = prev5t+ w be deep cultivation & a due pulv]ization & mixture ( ! soils4 #i-ab4 ,botrytis1 c4 7,mildew74--,"u ?is head we include a multitude ( epiphytes1 to :i* ! t]ms mildew1 mealdew1 mehl?au 7,g]m47 are applicable4 ,!y appe> to ! nak$ eye z pat*es ( :ite du/ or meal on ! leaves & /ems ( ! affect$ plants4 ,) ! microscope we see t !y are beautifully-organiz$ plants1 hav+ a k9d ( rootlet 7mycelium7 or spawn ent]+ ! tissues ( ! liv+ plants on :i* !y gr[1 & delicate p$icels support+ spores at ! ext]nally visible portion ( ! plant4 ,! botrytis ( ! potato & turnip1 ! erysiphe or odium ( ! hop1 v9e1 & o!r plants1 are only diff]5t =ms ( mildew1 :i* 9 "s %ape or ano!r w be f\nd on mo/ plants4 ,t ^! attack liv+ tissues is q c]ta92 b 9 ! case ( ! potato1 ! turnip1 & ! v9e1 !re is reason to believe t !y result1 to a v consid]able ext5t1 f diseas$ action 9 _! tissues4 ,= example3 ! botrytis ( ! potato seems to attack a crop mu* ov]-cultivat$1 on ! approa* ( wet & cold nights aft] a prosp]\s gr[? 9 w>m sun%9e4 ,s1 ! odium seems to u to be mo/ abundant on r5ew$ gr[? aft] a season ( dry wea!r4 ,aga93 mildew 9 turnips is sure to foll[ t *eck :i* a long season ( dry wea!r br+s aft] a prosp]\s & vigor\s gr[?4 ,all ^! circum/ances at lea/ %[ h[ ^! attacks are fav\r$ by ! conditions :i* br+ disease4 ,s mu*1 inde$1 is ?is ! case1 t we f\nd1 ^u exp]im5t+ ) "s cucumb]s 9 a w>m /ove1 t z long z we regul>ly wat]$ ! plants & gave !m ! requisite air1 !y kept heal?y2 b1 by neglect+ ^! conditions = a few days1 we obta9$ mildew ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty4 ,! rem$ies aga9/ mildew are--to obta9 z heal?y a gr[? z possible1 & to ma9ta9 ?is ) z great regul>ity z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,( late ye>s1 bo? ! mildew ( ! v9e & ! hop h be5 treat$ ) fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,du/+ ! affect$ hop-leaves ) sulphur c]ta9ly arre/s ! mildew 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t2 & we f\nd t by du/+ sulphur f a f9e sieve on our cucumb] plants1 ! disease 0 imm$iately arre/$ 9 its progress4 ,we !re=e look ^u ?is z an invaluable rem$y 9 ^! /ates ( mildew1 :e!r occurr+ on ! v9e1 ! hop1 ! turnip1 ! cucumb]1 or on o!r plants1 z we h frequ5tly se5 x 9 ho?\ses--a circum/ance :i* %[s ! ne> aff9ity ( all ^? =ms ( epiphytes1 :i*1 p]haps1 aft] all1 only v>y ) ! v>iations 9 ! /ructure & economy ( ! diff]5t plants on :i* !y occur4 #ac4 ,odium abortifaci5s 7,ergot72 ,secale cornutum 7,ergot ( ,rye74--,! black horn-look+ spur :i* occurs 9 rye & o!r grasses 0 =m]ly look$ ^u z a di/9ct fungus2 n[1 h[ev]1 x is kn[n to be a diseas$ or mal=m$ condition ( ! gra9 or se$1 result+ f an attack by an odium on ! immature se$4 ,mo/ ( ! c]eal & ev5 ! mead[ grasses are liable to attacks ( ergot1 :i* is increas$ by cold damp fogs & a moi/ condition ( ! atmosph]e1 ! diff]5ce ( ! size ( ! spur be+ 9 accordance ) ! size ( ! affect$ grass se$4 ,?us1 9 rye we h se5 spurs m ?an an in* long1 :ile 9 ! cock's-foot grass x is seldom a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,! ergot1 z x occurs 9 ! rye1 is mu* us$ by m$ical m5 9 difficult cases ( p>turition2 & we h _h evid5ce be=e u1 9 "s cases ( abortion 9 c[s1 t ! con/ant depa/ur+ on grasses affect$ ) ergot 7& ! ,lolium p]5ne 9 aft]ma?s is (t5 especially s7 has be5 ! pr$ispos+ cause4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,insects 7,,animal ,,blights7 ,,affect+ ,,corn ,,crops4 ,! diff]5t families & species ( insects affect+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( corn crops 9 all _! /ages ( gr[? are s num]\s1 t a detail$ li/ ( !m w\ld occupy great] space ?an we c devote to ?is *apt]4 ,9 ?is position ( affairs we h ?\ght x wise to conf9e our rem>ks to "s ( ! common] & m mis*iev\s species1 *oos+ ^? m p>ticul>ly :i* are common to ! :eat crop1 ( :i* ! foll[+ may be at once introduc$ z a summ>y 9 itself suffici5t to %[ :at ! f>m] may expect at ea* /age ( gr[?3-- #a4 ,! ,slug1 ,attack+ ! plants soon aft] g]m9ation4 ,! ,wire-worm1 #b4 ,! ,g\t ,fly1 ,t attacks ! :eat /ems z !y beg9 to ,! ,saw ,fly1 =m4 #c4 ,! ,:eat ,midge--,comm5c+ _! injuries 9 ! "y fl[]4 #d4 ,! ,aphis ,flea--,:i* attacks ! ra*is & floral envelopes4 #e4 ,! ,e> cockle1 ,:i* de/roys ! gr[+ gra94 ,! ,corn ,mo?1 #f4 ,! ,corn ,weevil--,:i* eats ! fl[] f ! gra94 #g4 ,! ,little-gra9 ,mo?--,:i* attacks ! gra9 9 /ore4 #h4 ,! ,meal-worm ,beetle--,liv+ ^u gr\nd corn or fl\r4 ,n[1 ?is li/ may be said to h ref]5ce to eight /ages 9 ! gr[? & prep>ation ( :eat1 & !y mo/ly apply to o!r gra9s also--namely1 #a4 ,! g]m9at+ plant2 #b4 ,! gr[+ plant2 #c4 ,! gr[+ fl[]2 #d4 ,! gre5 e> ( corn2 #e4 ,! "y gra92 #f4 ,! p]fect$ gra92 #g4 ,! /or$ gra92 & #h4 ,9 ! /ate ( fl\r4 #a4 ,! ,slug may be describ$ z a h\seless snail4 ,!re are sev]al species1 b ! milky slug 7,limax agre/is7 & ! black slug 7,l4 at]7 are ^? mo/ common to our corn crops1 & are m especially mis*iev\s to :eat2 =1 z ?is crop usually succe$s clov] or 8se$s10 9 :i* !y bre$ mo/ rapidly1 s1 ! old] ! clov] lea1 ! m eggs w be ready to hat* 9 ! :eat crop1 & ?is all ! m readily z ! :eat is ne>ly always put 9 ) a s+le pl\gh+1 & ) z little cultivation z possible4 ,! be/ rem$y w be f\nd 9 enc\rag+ insectivor\s birds--! l>k1 rook1 />l+1 peewit1 & o!rs1 eat+ !m ei!r 9 ! egg or "y /ate ) great avidity2 a good assi/ance to ^: lab\rs may be suppli$ 9 a few broods ( ducks f ! f>my>d1 :i* x w pay well to h t5d$ by a good boy--:]e su* c be f\nd--z ^! birds are mo/ effici5t z de/roy]s ( slugs & cat]pill>s4 ,/ore pigs turn$ into old leas1 :]e !y c d no mis*ief1 w get no bad liv+ :]e snails & insects ab\nd4 ,wire-worms4--,! sev]al species ( beetle :i* produce ! wire-worm belong to ! g5us ,elat]4 ,!y are ( a long oval %ape3 ab\t half ! l5g? belongs to ! head & ?orax1 & ! o!r to ! abdom54 ,e s*oolboy kn[s t :5 he holds ! insect on its back x elevates ! abdom9al portion1 & aga9 lets x fall s z to make a beat+ s\nd2 & h5ce its g5]ic "n1 & also its common "n ( click-&-hamm] beetle4 ,if he remove 8 f+] :5 9 ?is position1 ! creature imm$iately skips up & turns on its feet1 f :i* action x has got ! "n ( 8skipjack40 ,curtis has e/imat$ ne>ly sev5ty species ( click-beetles z produc+ wire-worms 9 ?is c\ntry2 b ! ?ree foll[+ are ^? g5]ally met )--,elat] l9eatus1 ,e4 obscurus1 & ,e4 ruficaudis4 ,^! all attack corn & almo/ e o!r k9d ( vegetable4 ,! l>v ( ^! are v mu* alike1 be+ h>d1 lea!ry1 wiry cat]pill>s1 :i* v>y 9 l5g? to ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 accord+ to age4 ,^! are mo/ly smoo?1 & h six feet on _! ?oracic segm5ts1 & a false foot or proleg 9 ! middle ( ! und]p>t ( ! t]m9al section ( ! abdom5--*>act]s by :i* wire-worms may be di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,_! l5g? v>ies ) age2 z !y live = "s ye>s 9 ! l>va /ate1 s ! diff]5t sizes m>k s _m broods1 :i* 9 "s fields are annually provid$ =4 ,x %\ld "h be obs]v$ t ! wire-worm does n bre$2 ^! l>v c only be hat*$ f ! eggs ( ! female click-beetle3 h5ce1 !n1 de/roy+ ! worms prev5ts ! developm5t ( _! p>5t4 ,n[1 z we h se5 :ole fields ( :eat de/roy$ by wire-worms1 x becomes important to exam9e ! nature ( ?is attack1 ) a view to po9t out a rem$y4 ,if1 !n1 we g into a corn field 9 e>ly spr+1 & see ! "y :eat blades look+ yell[ & sickly1 we %all seldom be long 9 f9d+ ! wire-worm1 on c>efully tak+ up "s ( ! affect$ plants4 ,its position w be at ! base ( ! plant1 sometimes eat+ its way into its c5tre1 & s eat+ out its v he>t2 or p]haps x may nibble away ! out] coat ( ! "y /em1 & s prev5t any nutrim5t pass+ into ! blade4 ,"o worm w be en\gh to kill a s+le blade2 b1 alas6 x frequ5tly happ5s t he ei!r visits all ! blades1 or is assi/$ by _m individuals to ea* plant4 ,?is abundance we h obs]v$ m p>ticul>ly on ! break+ up ( old pa/ures1 old se$s1 or sa9tfo9 lea1 9 :i* n only h we _m broods ( wire-worms1 b ! eggs ( a fre% lot1 :i* hat* 9 "t to eat ! spr+ :eats4 ,aga91 ?is l>ge increase we h ev] obs]v$ 9 di/ricts :]e rooks are few or mu* mole/$4 ,! rook is a con/ant visitor to ! clov] field2 b :5 ! plant is "y he is driv5 (f1 because ! f>m] 8_c ?9k :at else he c come = b ! clov] buds20 & :5 he sees "s ( ^! /rew+ ! gr\nd :]e ! birds h be51 he is confirm$ 9 8 op9ion3 b1 if he c>efully look$ at ! buds !mselves1 he w\ld f9d !m ( a sickly hue1 h[ev] rec5t ! attack1 &1 if he look$ deep] he might f9d ! real enemy4 ,=tifi$1 !n1 ) repeat$ obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 if ask$ h[ be/ to keep "u wire-worms1 we say mo/ unhesitat+ly1 enc\rage ! rook3 he is "o ( ! f>m]'s be/ lab\r]s2 & ?\gh1 l ,john1 & ,dick1 & ,hodge1 he w sometimes run into mis*ief1 x is surely bett] to in/itute a judici\s police ?an to condemn & execute )\t v /rong evid5ce4 ,y>rell1 9 8 beautiful 8,briti% ,birds10 has ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ?is highly-important subject3-- ,! attempts occasionally made by man to int]f]e ) ! balance ( p[]s z arrang$ & su/a9$ by ,nature1 are seldom successful4 ,an ext5sive exp]im5t appe>s to h be5 made 9 "s ( ! agricultural di/ricts on ! ,cont95t1 ! result ( :i* has be5 ! op9ion t f>m]s d wrong 9 de/roy+ rooks1 jays1 sp>r[s1 &1 inde$1 birds 9 g5]al on _! f>ms1 p>ticul>ly :]e !re are or*>ds4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly on "s v l>ge f>ms 9 ,devon%ire1 ! proprietors det]m9$1 a few summ]s ago1 to try ! result ( (f]+ a great rew>d = heads ( rooks2 b ! issue prov$ de/ructive to ! f>ms1 = ne>ly ! :ole ( ! crops fail$ = ?ree successive ye>s1 & !y h s9ce be5 =c$ to import rooks & o!r birds to /ock _! f>ms )4 ,a simil> exp]im5t 0 made a few ye>s ago 9 a nor!rn c\nty1 p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to rooks1 b ) no bett] success2 ! f>m]s 7 oblig$ to re9/ate ! rooks to save _! crops4 ,b z1 p]haps1 ! mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! value ( rooks w be f\nd 9 an extract f ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 vi4 p4 #adb1 we _c d bett] ?an transcribe x3-- 8,9 ! neighb\rhood ( my native place 79 ! c\nty ( ,york710 says ! writ]1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,cli!ro1 8is a rook]y belong+ to ,w4 ,vavas\r1 ,esq41 ( ,we/on1 9 ,:>fdale1 9 :i* x is e/imat$ t !re are #aj1jjj rooks2 t #a lb4 ( food a week is a v mod]ate all[ance = ea* bird1 & t n9e-t5?s ( _! food consi/s ( worms1 insects1 & _! l>v2 =1 al?\gh !y d consid]able damage to ! fields = a few weeks 9 se$-"t1 & a few weeks 9 h>ve/1 p>ticul>ly 9 backw>d seasons1 yet a v l>ge proportion ( _! food1 ev5 at ^! seasons1 consi/s ( insects & worms1 :i* 7if we except a few acorns & walnuts 9 autumn7 compose at all o!r times ! :ole ( _! subsi/5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 if my data be correct1 !re is ! enorm\s quantity ( #dfh1jjj lb41 or #bji tons1 ( worms1 insects1 & _! l>v1 de/roy$ by ! rooks ( a s+le rook]y 9 "o ye>4 ,to ev]yone :o kn[s h[ v de/ructive to vegetation are ! l>v ( ! tribes ( insects1 z well z worms1 f$ ^u by rooks1 "s slight idea may be =m$ ( ! deva/ation :i* rooks are ! means ( prev5t+40 ,let ?is1 !n1 suffice = ! rooks2 b />l+s1 wagtails1 l>ks1 & o!r birds1 are also helpmates to ! f>m]2 & !re=e ! wanton de/ruction ( ^! w c]ta9ly br+1 nay1 has already br\ght1 a great am\nt ( tr\ble ^u ! cultivator ( ! soil4 ,! de/ruction we speak ( has be5 committ$ by clubs & societies e/abli%$ = ! purpose2 b1 z _! memb]s are mo/ly fill$ up ) all sorts ( prejudices--few be+ naturali/s1 or ev5 accurate obs]v]s--x becomes daily a matt] ( m press+ importance t middle-class education1 if n ,national-s*ool tea*+1 %\ld recognise ! value ( ! natural sci5ces4 #b4 ,! ,g\t-fly 7,*lorops glabra7 & ! ,saw-fly 7,sirex pygmu7 bo? lay _! eggs bel[ ! fir/ node or knot ( ! "y plant1 :i*1 z soon z !y hat*1 =m maggots t eat out ! sub/ance ( ! /ems & ! nodes1 :i* ?us become weak5$ & ultimately break (f1 or1 if left /&+1 ! e>s ( corn z !y appe> w be dri$1 :it5$1 & inf]tile4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 mo/ cases ( insect attacks1 we h an occasional blight ( su* ext5t z to de/roy :ole crops1 aga9/ :i* we are almo/ p[]less1 z we "k s little ( ! economy ( ! creatures by :om ! mis*ief is caus$2 /ill1 !re c be little d\bt b t _! p]iodical appe>ance1 to ! ext5t to cause !m to be recognis$ z blights1 is due to ! ?9n+ ( _! enemies2 & we h always obs]v$ t a paucity ( ! ,hirund9es--! swall[ tribe ( birds1 _! greate/ enemies--is c\pl$ ) a great increase ( ! small] insects :i* x is ! vocation ( swall[s1 bats1 & o!rs ( ! hawk+ insectivor\s creatures1 to take on ! w+4 #c4 ,! ,:eat-midge 7,cecidomyia tritici71 also call$ ! ,hessian-fly1 is sometimes v de/ructive to ! :eat crop4 ,9 #ahfj we obs]v$ ! effects ( ?is creature to a great] ext5t ?an we h be=e kn[n1 9 n a few in/ances r5d]+ ! crop sc>cely wor? reap+4 ,^u ?is creature we s5t ! foll[+ notice to ! ,agricultural ,gazette = ,augu/ #cj1 #ahfb3-- ,! :eat-midge 7,cecidomyia tritici7 has be5 s de/ructive = ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 t e fact connect$ ) its hi/ory ought to be ( great int]e/4 ,curtis tells u t 89 ,scotl& "o-?ird ( ! crop 0 lo/1 & ! f>m]s suff]$ sev]ely 9 #ahbh & ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s20 :il/ 89 ,suffolk ! yield#ai ( :eat 0 "o-?ird less 9 "s di/ricts 9 #ahda ?an 0 expect$40 #ai ,we believe ?is creature to be "o ( ! mo/ common causes ( defici5t yield1 s t a k ( its hi/ory is all-important 9 e/imat+ ! value ( a crop1 :i*1 z a rule1 we %\ld always put l[] 9 ! seasons :5 ?is blight ab\nds4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ?is insect is s important z affect+ ! yield1 t we n[ nev] fail to look = x 9 e crop ^u :i* we w\ld (f] a judgm5t 9 ?is respect4 ,x is easily detect$ 9 ! l>va /ate on op5+ "s ( ! *aff-scales--pales--( affect$ crops1 z 9 ! int]ior ( ^! w be f\nd "s m9ute l>v 7maggots7 ( a bright yell[ or orange col\r4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ! blossom ^! l>v w be f\nd ab\t ! /am5s & pi/ils2 lat]1 ^u ! gra91 :i* is always %rivell$ & lo/ :]e ! attack has be5 made4 ,! col\r ( ! maggots is s mu* l t ( ! r$-ru/ z (t5 to be mi/ak5 = x2 ! diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! bun*es ( m9ute granul> fungi & liv+ worms w be made app>5t to ! mo/ c>eless obs]v] by ! assi/ance ( a common pocket l5s4 ,we f9d two t]ms 9 use = ^! yell[ appe>ances--namely1 r$-ru/ & r$-gum2 & z we h s (t5 f\nd !m employ$ indiscrim9ately1 we w\ld re/rict ! =m] to ! fungus1#bj ?us--,ur$o rubigo1 r$-ru/2 & ,cecidomyia tritici1 r$-gum4 ,our obs]vations on ! latt] ?is ye> h *iefly be5 made 9 ! c\nties ( ,sussex & ,gl\ce/]1 9 bo? ( :i* we h se5 ?is insidi\s enemy at "w to an al>m+ ext5t4 ,9 ! =m] c\nty1 ) a v limit$ ext5t ( r$-ru/2 9 ! latt]1 ! lat] & m delicate :eats h bo? r$-ru/ & r$-gum 9 ! same crop3 & ! int]e/ ( ! subject w be ! m =cibly appreh5d$ :5 we say t 9 "s crops1 :i*1 f a fir/ glance at ! /raw & e>s1 we %\ld h put d[n z some:]e ab\t ?irty bu%els p] acre1 we h1 aft] a m m9ute inspection ( ! e>s1 e/imat$ at less ?an tw5ty bu%els2 &1 inde$1 9 "o field :i* we h exam9$ dur+ ! la/ week 7,augu/1 #ahfb71 affect$ by ! ,cladosporium1 ,ur$o1 & ,cecidomyia1 !re w sc>cely be a yield 9 good gra9s ( ! am\nt ( ! se$ s[n4 #bj ,see ante1 p4 #ahe4 ,! fly :i* lays ! eggs f :i* ^! yell[ l>v are d]iv$ is ( ab\t ! size ( a gnat1 & usually takes ! w+ 9 ! ev5+1 9 :i* case1 if its enemies ! bats are n num]\s1 smo!r fires light$ t[>ds sund[n on ! w9d side ( ! fields are n only de/ructive to l>ge numb]s1 b act z an (f5sive notice to quit to o!rs4 ,curtis says3-- ,) reg>d to ! ,hessian-fly1 ev5 if its pres5ce c\ld be asc]ta9$ 9 ! e>ly /ages1 x does n seem possible to devise any means ( de/roy+ ! eggs or "y l>v1 unless fe$+ (f ! blade ) %eep w\ld effect ! object2 & :5 _! progress is detect$ by _! mis*iev\s works1 at a m advanc$ p]iod1 no?+1 ,i appreh5d1 b sacrific+ ! crop w\ld arre/ !m4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 to be an evil to :i* we mu/ occasionally submit2 b1 to gu>d aga9/ its imm$iate recurr5ce1 x w only be necess>y to collect & burn ! /ubble aft] ! corn is reap$1 by :i* means ! l>v & pup :i* are conceal$ at ! base ( ! /alk w1 ( c\rse1 be de/roy$4 ,n[1 9 ref]5ce to :eat /ubbles1 we w\ld rem>k t ! old-fa%ion$ plan ( leav+ !m long z a protection1 &1 we may add1 a pres]ve ( food = p>tridges1 _h its good effects 9 an agricultural po9t ( view2 b if ?is be done1 we advocate ! burn+ ( ! /ubs on ! soil1 z !y w ?us act bett] z a manure1 :ile ! de/ruction ( insects by ! process mu/ be enorm\s4 ,all concur t mod]n agriculture suff]s increas+ly f insects2 h5ce1 !n1 an ext5d$ /udy ( _! habits seems daily m desirable3 & we boldly ass]t t if our c\ntry s*oolma/]s w\ld tea* _! pupils to obs]ve insect life1 !y may be do+ m good to agriculture ?an all our pres5t s-call$ agricultural colleges & s*ools put toge!r4 #d4 ,! ,aphis flea 7,aphis gran>ia7 is a creature de/ructive to ! gra9 by 8suck+ ! v]dure out on't40 ,we h ?is ye> 7#ahfd7 se5 ?is insect1 m especially ! apt]\s--w+less--females1 /ick+ on to ! gre5 :eat e>s to su* an ext5t z to r5d] a walk into ! crop a disgu/+ly dirty process4 ,x w\ld seem t a cont9u\s dry & w>m season fav\rs ! increase ( ^! creatures2 b1 z we h always obs]v$ t ! e>li] s[n :eats ne>ly always escape1 f _! com+ into e> & advanc+ to rip5ess be=e ! aphis has increas$ its c\ntless broods2 s !n we %\ld recomm5d e>ly :eat s[+1 :]ev] & :5ev] practicable1 z a prev5tive ( ! pe/2 9 fact1 ! be+ 9 good "t ) all f>m "w has e advantage4 #e4 ,! two affections ( ! gra9 9 our table are widely diff]5t 9 _! modes ( attack1 b bo? t5d to less5 ! quantity ( produce4 ,! fir/1 ! ,e>-,cockle 7,vitrio tritici7 is an affection ( ! gra91 :i* at />t+ x w be well to di/+ui% f smut or bunt4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! gra9 is fill$ ) :at appe>s a black p[d]1 ! gra9s ( :i* ! microscope %[s to be a fungus2#ba :il/ 9 ! cockle ! se$1 :i* is purple ext]nally--h5ce call$ 8purples0--is fill$ ) :at appe>s to be :ite cotton wool4 ,?is1 "u ! microscope1 has ! appe>ance ( a multitude ( eels4 ,^! are1 inde$1 m9ute infusorial worms1 & are exce$+ly curi\s2 ! smalle/ portion ( ! cottony sub/ance tak5 on a p9's po9t & j moi/5$ ) wat]1 (t5 %[+ ?\s&s ( ! eels "u a good in/rum5t2 = draw+s & descriptions ( :i* & good draw+s 7aft] ,bau]71 we %\ld recomm5d ! read] to consult 8,curtis's ,f>m ,insects40 ,a damp season fav\rs ! production ( ^!2 h5ce dra9age & su* conditions z increase ! effects ( damp & cold are to be gu>d$ aga9/4 #ba ,see ante1 p4 #ahc4 ,! ,corn ,mo? is be/ kn[n by ! pres5ce ( a small1 slightly hairy maggot1 :i* is f\nd to eat ! fl\r f ! gra92 ?is is ! l>va ( a small mo?1 probably ! ,butalis c]ealella4 ,x is easily f\nd 9 ! *aff scales2 & dur+ ! summ] ( #ahfa we saw z _m z six 9 a s+le e>1 & x 01 inde$1 "o ( ! causes ( ! bad yield ( t ye>4 ,we "k ( no rem$y = ?is evil2 b1 p]haps1 if we 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! habits ( ! mo? itself1 means might be devis$ = tak+ x be=e ! eggs are laid 9 ! "y e> ( corn4 #f4 ,! ,corn or ,gran>y ,weevil 7,cal&ra gran>ia7 & o!rs4--,^! attack corn 9 /ore1 & probably diff] 9 species accord+ to ! k9d ( corn4 ,?is is a small beetle1 ! female ( :i* makes a hole 9 ! gra9 & deposits an egg1 :i* soon hat*es into ! maggot2 ?is eats out ! gra9 ) great assiduity until its p>tial p]iod ( re/ 9 ! pupa /ate2 :i* pass$1 ! beetle f9i%es ! "w1 & may frequ5tly be f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( :eat4 ,! usual /ructures ( gran>ies & corn-/ores contribute to ! increase ( ?is pe/1 z !y are mo/ly d>k & ill-v5tilat$ *amb]s4 ,! be/ rem$y is to expose ! gra9 to ! greate/ possible am\nt ( cold1 by spread+ x on ! floors 9 h>d fro/s1 & lett+ 9 light & air4 ,curtis quotes ! 8,bullet9 des ,sci5ces ,agriculture0 = ,july1 #ahbf1 = ! foll[+ plan3--8,lay fleeces ( wool1 :i* h n be5 sc\r$1 on ! gra92 ! oily matt] attracts ! insects among/ ! wool1 :]e !y soon die1 f :at cause is n exactly kn[n4 ,m4 ,b4 ,c4 ,payr&eau relat$ to ! ,philomatic ,society ( ,p>is t 8 fa!r _h made ! discov]y 9 #ahaa1 & _h s9ce practis$ x on a l>ge scale40 #g4 ,! mo? t visits gran>ies 7,t9ia granella7 may "h be adv]t$ to4 ,! pres5ce ( ! l>v ( ! little gra9 mo? may soon be asc]ta9$ 9 ! gran>y1 :5 "o f9ds sev]al gra9s ( corn unit$ by a web1 to :i* w be atta*$ bun*es ( small granules1 :i* are ! exuvi ( ! "o or two cat]pill>s belong+ to ea* gr\p ( corns4 ,! be/ me?od ( prev5t+ ?is is ?or\gh cleanl9ess1 light1 & v5tilation 9 ! gran>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mo? has got possession1 !n we recomm5d sulphur to be burnt 9 iron pans--old saucepan lids are z good z any?+--/opp+ up all ! crevices4 ,?is w be an effectual rem$y1 n only = ! mo?1 b = ! weevils & o!r insect pe/s2 & if a p\nd ( sulphur be occasionally burnt 9 ! b>n1 ev5 rats mu/ succumb to ! gas :i* is g5]at$4 #h4 ,! ,meal-worm ,beetle 7,t5ebrio molitor71 :i* g5]ates commonly 9 ! meal-b9s ( ?is c\ntry1 & ! ,t4 obscurus1 :i* has be5 introduc$ 9 ,am]ican fl\r1 are two =ms ( beetle1 ! l>v ( :i* are 8meal-worms40 ,^! are be/ prev5t$ by n keep+ too l>ge a /ore ( fl\r1 always hav+ ?is dry & 9 ! be/ condition1 & /or+1 z f> z possible1 9 a clean1 light1 & airy position4 ,inde$1 z ,curtis rem>ks1 8,cleanl9ess is ! be/ gu>d aga9/ ^! insects20 & we _c bett] conclude ?is *apt] ?an by fur!r quot+ ! foll[+ f ?is excell5t au?or3-- ,9 look+ back to ! v>iety ( insects t fe$ ^u corn1 & ! multitudes t are (t5 congregat$ 9 "o heap1 !re c be no d\bt t a v l>ge portion mu/ be occasionally gr\nd up ) ! corn & consum$ by ! public4 ,?is is n only a disagreeable fact1 b x may be ! s\rce ( v s]i\s consequ5ces1 = ,i ?9k x n improbable t _m diseases might be trac$ to ! insects :i* are conv]t$ ) ! infe/$ fl\r into bread1 am\nt+ to su* a l>ge p]c5tage1 t if !y h ! slighte/ m$ic9al or delet]i\s qualities1 x is impossible to d5y ! influ5ce !y mu/ ex]cise ^u ! human sy/em4 ,i h kn[n bu%els ( cocoa-nuts1 :i* 7 e "o worm-eat5 & full ( maggots1 ) _! webs1 excrem5t1 ca/-(f sk9s1 pup1 & cocoons1 all gr\nd d[n to make *ocolate1 flav\r$1 ,i suppose1 ) vanilla6 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,corn4 ,! object ( ! pres5t *apt] w be to po9t out ! pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! m imm$iate acts connect$ ) ! cultivation ( corn4 ,9 s do+ 9 ! pres5t case1 z 9 ! discussion ( ! prec$+ subjects1 x may n be out ( place "h to /ate t x has n1 nor w x be1 our object to ent] into ! e-day practical details ( crop-managem5t1 b to dwell m p>ticul>ly ^u ^? po9ts 9 cultivation :i* may be said to belong m especially to ! sci5ce ( ! subject4 ,?is *apt]1 !n1 w be m especially devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! ?ree foll[+ subjects3-- #a/4 ,on ! uses ( special manures = corn crops4 #bnd4 ,on ! quality & quantity ( corn to be us$ = se$4 #crd4 ,on ! p]iod = h>ve/+ corn4 #a/4 ,on ! ,uses ( ,manures4--,x is pretty g5]ally agre$ t special manur+ = corn1 :5 gr[n 9 ! ord9>y %ift+ crop sy/em1 is positively injuri\s1 & m truly s1 if f>my>d dung be employ$4 ,/ill1 on our own f>m we 7 ov]-p]suad$ to give a dress+ ( rott$ dung to "s :eat4 ,z ! previ\s crop1 turnips1 _h all b fail$1 we yield$ on be+ told t x 0 a common ,dorset cu/om1 b1 =tunately1 only to ! ext5t ( a few acres d[n ! middle ( ! field1 on :i* "p1 at h>ve/1 ! ma9 ( ! crop _h fall5 to ! gr\nd1 ) ! affection kn[n z knee-b5t4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( /raw1 n at all good2 b ! yield ( plump gra9s c h>dly be half ( ^? ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! field4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we h nev] obs]v$ special manur+ to be useful except z top-dress+s 9 e>ly spr+1 at :i* "t soot1 or1 bett] /ill1 a mixture ( soot & guano1 may be s[n on mo/ :eat crops to advantage1 & m especially :]e ! "y plant has be5 injur$ by ! slug or ! wire-worm1 z 9 ^! cases ! l[] jo9t & ! w9t] root are de/roy$4 ,if1 !n1 ! "y plant be at ?is "t /imulat$ ) ! mixture z advis$1 & ! crop be aft]w>ds roll$1 we supply nutrim5t j 9 ! =m t x c be readily assimilat$1 ! injur$ plants s5d out new roots f ! second jo9t1 & beg9 a fre% life1 :il/ ! un9jur$ ones pu% out new buds--/olons--& all gr[ ! bett]1 because ! roll] has aid$ 9 firmly fix+ ! plants 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!re h be5 ^? :o w\ld tell u t manure c be be/ us$ to :eat by subject+ ! se$ to v>i\s /eeps2 b we ne$ h>dly /op to "q ! folly ( ! ass]tions :i* f "t to "t re-appe>1 bo? at home & abroad1 ^u ?is po9t4 ,?us f> ! subject ( manures has be5 treat$ z = :eat z a %ift+ crop2 b ?is crop has be5 gr[n ye> aft] ye> on ! same soil1 &1 9 "s cases1 )\t an app>5t dim9ution 9 quantity or quality4 ,"o in/ance t came "u our own obs]vation 0 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 :]e a cottag] _h gr[n :eat on ! same plot ( gr\nd = ?irte5 ye>s1 &1 = aught ,i "k1 x may /ill be cont9u$4 ,h5ce ! subsoil 0 ,lias %ale2 b x 0 well dra9$ & cultivat$ z a g>d51 ! manure employ$ be+ ! cont5ts ( ! g>d5-h\se4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 an annual application ( manure is absolutely necess>y2 & we are happy to f9d t diff]5t manures & _! effects h be5 exp]im5t$ ^u & duly not$1 = ! same plots1 dur+ a p]iod ( no less ?an tw5ty ye>s1 & t by su* c>eful & reliable inquir]s z ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 ,f4,r4,s42 full details ( ! results ( ^: lab\rs ^u ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,vol4 ,,xxv4 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 f :i* we h extract$ "s ( ! foll[+ g5]al conclusions z to av]age yield & weight ( corn = ! l5g!n$ p]iods quot$3-- #a4 ,,table ,,( ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,at ,,ro?am%ead1 ,,by ,,messrs4 ,,lawes ,,& ,,gilb]t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,av]age ,plots4 ,manures us$ e ye>4 ,av]age4 weight ,ye>s4 p] bu%4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,bu%4 ,pecks4 #a ,unmanur$ e ye> #af #a #egi #bj ye>s1 #ahdd-fc4 #b ,ammonia salts alone #bd #a #egf #ai ye>s1 #ahde-fc4 #c #ad tons ,f>my>d manure #cb #a #fjj #bj ye>s1 #ahdd-fc4 #d ,unmanur$ e ye> #ae #b #efe #e ,mix$ m9]al manure alone #ah #a #egi #f ,ammonia salts alone #bb #b #eei #ab ye>s1 #g ,ammonia salts & mix$ #aheb-fc4 m9]al manure #cf #a #ehd #h #ad tons ,f>my>d manure #ce #a #eic ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a glance at ?is table %[s u ! wond]ful results ( cont9u\s manur+ = ! soil op]at$ ^u2 we might1 h[ev]1 expect t1 ?\gh ! g5]al conclusions w\ld probably n greatly v>y1 yet t !re w\ld n be absolute uni=mity 9 ^! respects 9 diff]5t soils & di/ricts4 #b4 ,on ! ,quality & ,quantity ( ,se$-corn4--,x seems to be g5]ally conclud$ t a ?9 se$1 f poor] soil1 %\ld be pref]r$ = l& ( a bett] quality2 b our own exp]i5ce w\ld lead u to look = se$ f z great a *ange ( soil z possible1 & to procure !refrom n a poor1 b z good a sample z we c\ld4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 look = our se$1 n f a ri*] soil or a w>m] climate1 b ! rev]se4 ,oats1 = example1 z previ\sly %[n1 deg5]ate1 ev5 to wild ones1 if ! poor se$ be br\ght f a poor1 cold soil1 to be cultivat$ 9 l& /ill poor]4 ,we1 h[ev]1 on our f>m1 s[$ oats dur+ ! pa/ season weigh+ #dh lb4 p] bu%el on a s&y soil2 &1 al?\gh our return 0 n s l>ge 9 bu%els z ?\gh we _h s[n black oats1 yet _! weight 0 b j "u t ( ! se$4 ,n[1 ^! oats 7 f ,canada1 &1 no d\bt1 ! w>m climate ( ! we/ ( ,engl& suit$ !m z to *ange4 ,z reg>ds b>ley1 we pref] a good sample = se$1 if x be ( home-gr[?2 at ! same "t1 v ?9 samples f ,russia1 or ! ,/ates1 (t5 d well4 ,la/ season1 we s[$ "s ,am]ican b>ley ( s poor a quality1 t x 0 impossible to tell its "n1 b :i* gave = #ej acres an av]age yield ( #dj bu%els p] acre1 s ev5 & plump1 t only #bh sacks ( 8tail+0 7 sep>at$1 & ! bulk--good ,*evalli] b>ley--0 equal to any 9 ! m>ket4 ,9 cultivat+ :eat1 climate mu/ ev] be consid]$1 z only 9 w>m situations c ! f9e/ samples ( :ite :eats be gr[n4 ,upl& cold positions are suitable = r$ :eats1 & s are undra9$ l[l&s2 /ill1 good f>m+ w r5d] x possible to gr[ :ite :eats :]e1 be=e dra9age & o!r ameliorat+ processes1 su* 0 impossible4 ,z reg>ds ! quantity to be s[n p] acre1 x w be se5 t ! m>g9 is suffici5tly wide1 if we say t x lies betwe5 half a peck & half a qu>t]4 ,9 g>d5 cultivation1 ) deep digg+1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( we$s1 birds1 or insects1 :]e y c *oose y\r "t = e op]ation1 dibble 9 a se$ 9 a place1 ! m9imum quantity may suffice1 z good crops h be5 got f a v small quantity ( se$2 b g>d5 exp]im5t]s r too positively lay d[n ! law1 :5 !y tell ! f>m] t ?is ?9 se$+ w d equally well on broad acres1 :]e e op]ation is circumscrib$ by circum/ances4 ,:]e !re is s mu* to d1 y _c always get ev]y?+ done at ! "r season1 ev5 if ! soil 7 fav\rable = s do+2 & ! p]iod at :i* y get y\r l& ready = ! se$1 & ! "t ( s[+ x1 makes a wide diff]5ce4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t ( ev5--if possible--great] importance2 namely1 ! quality ( ! se$4 ,n[1 on our f>m we always asc]ta9 ! g]m9at+ p[] ( e sample ( se$ be=e s[+2 & f ?is1 z well z f ! results ( num]\s exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 we h arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t !re are imm5se diff]5ces 9 ?is respect1 :i* _c possibly be made out at sight1 b c only be asc]ta9$ exp]im5tally4 ,to make ?is matt] cle>1 we app5d a table 7#b7 ( ! results ( exp]im5ts on ?is po9t ^u no less ?an =ty-two samples1 :i* 7 tri$ 9 #ahfc4 ,n[1 ^! exp]im5ts %[$ a want ( g]m9at+ p[]1 9 "s ( ! samples1 ( m ?an #ej p] c5t41 & 9 ! #db samples an av]age ( #bde p] c5t42 f :i* x w be se5 t sometimes ! ?ick s[] is n ! ?ick se$]1 & 8 failure ( a crop is n always due to slugs & wireworms4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette1 & !y evok$ "s rem>ks f a le>n$ div9e1 s unfair & unc&id1 z only to be excus$ by ! nature ( 8 pr(essional education & modes ( ?\ght4 ,n[1 :5 ?is g5tleman affect$ to believe t ^! ?+s c\ld n be s1 & t ) him e se$ g]m9at$1 we c\ld only conclude t ! days ( miracles _h n q ceas$2 b z1 9 lat] numb]s ( ! ,gazette1 8 op9ions h be5 some:at modifi$ 9 ?is respect1 we yet ?9k him capable ( rid+ a hobby too h>d1 ?\gh n until ! pace has ?r[n him d[n & brok5 8 knees w he own x4 #b4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,,:eat4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ,label4 ,weight ,price ,came ,fail$ ,rem>ks4 ,:eats ( #ahfb4 p] p] up p] bu%el4bu%el4pr4 c5t4 c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- s4 d4 ,^! are six #a ,tasmania #ff 444 #df #ed samples f ! #b ,ditto #fje 444 #h #ib ! ,int]national #c ,tuscan1 f ,victoria #fh 444 #id #f ,exhibition ( #d ,ditto ditto #fc 444 #gh #bb #ahfb1 to :i* #e ,ditto ditto #fg 444 #ij #aj !y 7 =- #f ,tasmania #fj 444 #cj #gj w>d$ by v>i\s coloni/s4 ,tak5 by u2 #g ,ditto #eie 444 #bh #gb probably ! same z ,no4 #f4 #h ,talav]a #ff 444 #ih #b ,f\r samples f #i ,spald+ #fcc 444 #id #f ,ha9hault ,f>m-- #aj ,?ick-set ,r\gh ,*aff #fe 444 #ajj ,none among/ ! be/ #aa ,morton's ,blood ,/raw #fbf 444 #id #f t h come be=e u4 #ab ,hallett's ,p$igree #fbi 444 #gh #bb ,communicat$4 #ac ,creep+ ,:eat #ffe 444 #ih #b ,ditto4 #ad ,bl&'s ,giant #ei 444 #if #d ,ditto4 ,prolific #ae ,full]'s ,r$ #efh 444 #ih #b ,a poor gra9 f ! ,cotteswolds4 ,samples tak5 by u f ,cir5ces- #af ,r$ ,/raw ,lammas #efh #g #j #hb #ah t] ,m>ket4 ,no4 #ag ,hallett's ,p$igree #fdf #aj #f #hh #ab #ba n a se$ #ah ,br[ick #ehe #f #f #hh #ab :eat2 x con- #ai ,r$ ,*aff ,:ite #ei #f #f #gh #bb ta9s #gf1hjj #bj ,free-trade #eie #f #c #hh #ab se$s ( corn #ba ,russian #ee #e #g #cb #fh cockle & #fd1jjj se$s ( rye 9 ! bu%el4 #bb ,burwell #ehe #h #j #ah #hb ,communicat$ #bc ,r\gh ,*aff ,talav]a #fje #i #j #ij #aj f a well-kn[n se$sman4 #bd ,talav]a #fc #aj #j #ch #fb #be ,corn]'s ,r\gh ,*aff #fb #aj #j #eb #dh #bf ,r$ ,br[ick #fe #h #j #eh #db #bg ,*idham #ffe #aj #j #gj #cj #bh ,lammas #fcc #h #j #eh #db #bi ,britannia1 or ,r$ #h #j #ed #df ,^! =m$ a ,?ickset #ff mo/ int]e/+ #cj ,r$ ,nurs]y #fg #i #j #ib #h s]ies ( sev]al #ca ,col4 ,qu5t9's ,giant #fh #i #j #ch #fb sorts ( :eat-- #cb ,kess+l& #fcc #h #j #hf #ad mo/ ( :i* #cc ,april #fjc #ab #j #hd #af look$ rem>k- #cd ,gold5 ,drop #fcc #h #j #ib #h ably well z h& #ce ,%irreff's ,be>d$ #fje #i #j #gd #bf samples4 ,r$ #cf ,essex ,r\gh ,*aff #ffc #i #j #if #d #cg ,hunt]'s ,:ite #fj #h #j #fj #dj ,out ( condition4 #ch ,%irreff's ,be>d$ #fcb #aj #j #if #d ,:ite #ci ,:ite ,trump #fcc #i #j #if #d #dj ,grace's ,:ite #fe #aj #j #ch #fb #da ,h]t=d%ire ,:ite #fbb #h #j #id #f #db ,hallett's ,p$igree #ff #aj #j #ib #h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #c4 ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,,b>ley1 #ahfc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,price ,came ,fail$ ,no4 ,label4 p] up p] ,rem>ks4 qu>- pr4 c5t4 t]4 c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ s4 #a ,f ,%]borne #bi #ih #b #b ,m>tock #bi #ih #b #c ,lulwor? #bd #if #d ,all m>ket samples4 #d ,crewk]ne #bh #gf #bd #e ,mr4 ,ma/]s #bh #if #d #f ,odessa #bd #if #d #g ,f ,salisbury #bd #ajj #j ,salisbury is consid]$ #h ,ditto #bd #if #d "o ( ! be/ places = #i ,ditto #bd #ij #aj se$ b>ley4 ,! samples #aj ,ditto #bd #ib #h are mo/ly f ! ,*alk #aa ,ditto #bd #ajj #j ,rock4 #ab ,f ,langport #bh #ajj #j #ac ,*>d #bg #hb #ah ,l mo/ ( our speci- #ad ,/iff-/raw #bh #hb #ah m5s1 m>ket samples4 #ae ,nott+ham #cb #ij #aj #af ,*evalli] #bf #if #d #ag ,f ,yeovil #bf #gj #cj ,?is is a l[-g]m9at+ #ah ,ditto #bf #gj #cj s]ies2 _! uni=mity ( #ai ,ditto #bf #hd #af price & diff]5ce 9 #bj ,ditto #bf #id #f g]m9ation is rem>kable4 #ba ,ditto #bf #hd #af #bb ,*evalli]1 ,two good samples1 & ! s[n on f>m #bh #if #d yield ( ! crop ( fifty #bc ,am]ican1 ditto #bh #ajj #j acres ea* ab\t #cf bu%4 p] acre4 #bd ,ditto #cj #ib #h #be ,new f f>m1 #cj #ih #b #ahfd --- --- ,av]age #ib #h ,9 r\nd numb]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,see+1 !n1 t !re 7 su* v>iations 9 ! g]m9at+ p[]s ( :eat1 we det]m9$ to try a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) b>ley2 & f ! results 7table #c71 x w be se5 t1 ?\gh ! m>g9 is n s wide1 yet great diff]5ces occur2 /ill1 ) reg>d to ?is gra91 we con/antly f9d t 9 samples too ?9 & poor = ev5 ! f>my>d p\ltry to pick up1 yet t mu* ( ?is is capable ( g]m9ation4 ,/ill1 !ory & practice confirm ! assumption t 9 ,engl& v mu* se$ is wa/$ by be+ too ?ickly s[n2 &1 if a f>m] c get 8 l& well prep>$ & 9 good "t1 we conclude1 z a matt] ( practical exp]i5ce1 t j half ! se$ usually s[n w be bett] ?an ! d\ble quantity2 b we %\ld1 z a rule1 make a diff]5ce ( at lea/ half a peck = ea* week t we 7 beyond ! be/ "t ( :eat-s[+ 9 any p>ticul> di/rict4 ,on our own f>m we s[$ f\r & six pecks ( :eat :]e d\ble ! quantity _h be5 ! rule be=e ,*ri/mas1 & f six to eight pecks aft]w>ds2 six pecks ( b>ley & oats1 :]e a sack _h previ\sly be5 ! rule4 ,) ! :eat & b>ley we 7 "r1 except 9 ! v late-s[n ( ! latt]1 :5 "t 0 only suffici5t to gr[ a s+le head1 & n to all[ ( /ool+4 ,"h a sack w\ld h giv5 a bett] result4 ,! same ) our oats3 ?9 se$+ caus$ !m to run to /raw2 !y 7 on a poor s&1 tall] ?an ! m5 :o cut !m2 b _h we d\bl$ our se$1 we conclude we %\ld h _h %ort] /raw & m corn4 ,if1 !n1 ^! ?+s be s1 ! judgm5t ( ! f>m] w be be/ %[n 9 rightly weigh+ all ! circum/ances ( 8 case2 & 9 ! matt] ( se$+1 z ) physic1 he w f9d t homopa?y alone is only quack]y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,on ,,h>ve/+ ,,corn4 ,a k ( :5 corn is 9 ! be/ condition to be h>ve/$ is a matt] ( great importance2 & h5ce "s obs]vations ^u ?is subject may fitly conclude ?is "p ( our "w4 ,n to ent] too deeply into *emical matt]s1 we may /ate1 at lea/ z a probable g5]al conclusion1 t !re is a p]iod 9 ! gr[? ( gra9 & pulse crops be=e !y are ripe1 9 :i* all ! fe$+ qualities w be f\nd diffus$ 9 ! sev]al plants2 a little lat]1 & ! fe$+ matt]s w be f\nd m p>ticul>ly conc5trat$ 9 ! se$4 ,n[1 if oats1 peas1 & beans1 be cut 9 ?is 8gre50 /ate1 !y make ei!r a fre% food1 or c be dri$ into hay1 :i*1 :5 cut into *aff1 is f\nd to be an excell5t fe$+ mat]ial2 & z su* crops c be quickly cle>$ & *eaply employ$1 !re is no d\bt b t !y w h5ce=w>d be m g5]ally us$ 9 ?is way ?an =m]ly4 ,b1 aga91 9 rip5+ ( :eat !re w\ld appe> to be a po9t 9 its progress %ort ( 8dead ripe10 9 :i* e quality is fully /or$ 9 ! se$2 &1 aft] ?is p]iod1 ! se$-cov]+ becomes ?ick]1 & makes m bran 9 proportion to fl\r3 facts made out f ! foll[+ results ( exp]im5ts ( samples 9 ?ree diff]5t /ates3-- ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,:eat4 ,sample #a4--,:eat ga!r$ :5 ! gra9 0 sweet1 & almo/ milky4 ,! /alks gre54 ,date1 ,july #be?1 #ahef4 ,sample #b4--,:eat f ! same field1 ga!r$ :5 9 ! /ate ( h>d5+ gra94 ,! /alk j yell[$ all ! way d[n4 ,augu/ #bnd4 ,sample #c4--,:eat f ! same field1 ga!r$ :5 :at is t]m$ 8dead ripe10 hav+ be51 9 fact1 left long] ?an x o!rwise w\ld1 = want ( h&s4 ,augu/ #ah?4 #d4 ,,table ,,( ,,results ,,= ,,twelve ,,e>s ,,( ,,:eat ,,dri$4 8,,morton',s ,,r$ ,,/raw ,,:ite40 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,sample4 ,weight ,no4 ( gra9s,weight ( ( ( gra9s ( ! e>s4 corn4 corn4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 #a #djj #efi #bhd ,gra9 %rivell$4 #b #cgi #dca #bid ,gra9 plump4 #c #dfh #dec #cgg ,gra9 co>s]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #e4 ,,table ,,( ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,corn ,,= ,,! ,,twelve ,,e>s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,p]-c5tage,p]-c5tage ,sample4,measure4 ( ( fl\r4 bran4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #a #ge #gjd #bif ,fl\r ( a f9e #b #fh #gad #bhf :ite quality 9 #c #hh #fcg #cfc all ! samples4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,n[1 ?is %[s t al?\gh ! m$ium ripe e>s 9 sample #b _h a less numb] ( gra9s1 yet _! p]-c5tage ( fl\r1 z comp>$ ) bran1 0 greatly on ! increase4 ,/ill1 x w be se5 t sample #c has ! advantage 9 measure3 h5ce1 !n1 unless ! mill] w agree to give a bett] price = a 8gay0#bb sample1 x w be to ! f>m]'s advantage to leave x to fully rip51 if he c make sure t x c be kept f %$d+ 9 h>ve/+1 & ! attacks ( birds4 #bb ,! f>m]'s t]m = e>ly-cut corn1 9 bo? ! middle & ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,z reg>ds b>ley1 if our crop is requir$ = home use = fe$+ purposes1 we %\ld cut at lea/ a week e>li] ?an mo/ p1 & we %\ld h z good fe$+ quality1 )\t loss f w9ds1 loss 9 h>ve/+1 & f birds2 b1 if our l& gr[s malt+ b>ley1 ! sample w be a bett]1 & m uni=m 9 g]m9at+1 :5 8dead ripe40 ,dur+ ! la/ season 7#ahfd71 our pupil1 ,f4 ,witts1 ,esq41 collect$ bun*es ( corn f a crop ( f9e :ite oats at ! "u-m5tion$ dates4 ,f ^! we c\nt$ #ejj se$s1 & took _! weights2 &1 ?\gh we confess t _m su* exp]im5ts w be requir$ to settle ! :ole facts ( ! case1 yet ! results giv5 9 table #f are s curi\s1 t we hope 9 future to direct our pupils 9 c>ry+ out _m simil> exp]im5ts4 ,! two samples1 ea* ( ! #bj? & #ba/1 7 probably obta9$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same field1 yet !y lead u to conclude1 z d ^? ( ! o!r dates1 t a s+le day1 if a hot summ]1 makes a great deal ( diff]5ce4 ,n[1 ! crop 0 n cut until a week aft] ! #ba/1 & yet we are p]suad$ t we %\ld h ga9$ by cutt+ on ! #bj? r ?an lat]1 &1 at lea/1 we %\ld h prev5t$ mu* loss f 8%$0 se$s4 #f4 ,,table ,,( ,,rip5+ ,,( ,,oats4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,no4 ,weight ,date4 ( 9 ,rem>ks4 se$s4gra9s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,july #i #ejj #aaj ,! int]iors ( ! gra9s ,july #i #ejj #abj only milky4 ,july #aa #ejj #afe ,! int]iors j beg9n+ ,july #ad #ejj #afe to h>d54 ,july #af #ejj #bjge ,se$s ripe1 b n beg9n+ ,july #ah #ejj #bcj to %$4 ,july #bj #ejj #bej ,july #bj #ejj #bfbe ,ripe1 & %$d+ m ,july #ba #ejj #bege e day4 ,july #ba #ejj #bfge ,dec4 #ae #ejj #bej ,?ra%$ on ! nam$ date4 ,weight1 #dg lb4 p] bu%el4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,illu/ration3 ,cratgus oxyacan?oides4 ,glabr\s ,:ite-?orn4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,f5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,f5ces4 ,f5ces1 z b\nd>y l9es to e/ates & z a means ( divid+ & sep>at+ l& into conv5i5t p>ts or fields1 are wor?y ( great] att5tion ?an we ?9k is paid to !m ei!r by ! l&lord or ! t5ant4 ,b x is p]haps ! fact t ! l&lord on ! "o h& too (t5 looks ^u !m z m]e b\nd>ies1 or deems t he is only p]sonally conc]n$ 9 !m to t ext5t2 :ile ! t5ant on ! o!r h&--& especially if 8 hold+ be prec>i\s--c h>dly be expect$ to take t c>e & defray ^? exp5ses :i* gr[+ good f5ces & keep+ !m 9 ord] mu/ necess>ily entail4 ,9 treat+ ?is subject1 !n1 we %all endeav\r to %[ t ! /udy ( h[ to gr[ good f5ces1 by putt+ ! matt] ^u correct pr9ciples1 w t5d to ! good ( all p>ties conc]n$4 ,f5ces are ( two well-kn[n types3 ,dead f5ces1 su* z ! natural b\nd>ies ( /reams1 artificial dit*es1 rais$ m\nds1 walls1 rail+s1 c42 ,live f5ces1 gr[n f liv+ trees or %rubs4 ,^! latt]1 !n1 z =m+ no unimportant "p ( f>m cultivation1 w occupy our att5tion 9 ! next few *apt]s4 ,) reg>d to dead f5ces1 ^? 9 m g5]al f>m use may be briefly describ$ "u ! heads ( rail+s1 m\nds1 & /one walls4 ,rail+s are ( v>i\s k9ds1 accord+ to circum/ances2 ! simple/ =m ( ^! consi/ ( piles driv5 into ! gr\nd at ab\t five feet ap>t & secur$ by split l>* on ! top1 & ei!r l>* cross pieces bel[ or iron hoops4 ,9 mak+ ^! ! l&lord usually f9ds ! r\gh mat]ial1 ! t5ant pay+ = ! "w1 ! usual co/ = cutt+-out be+ a p5ny = ea* pile4 ,?is k9d ( f5c+ is mo/ly employ$ z a protection to "y live f5ces1 or to fill up gaps 9 old] ones4 ,m\nds are simply l9es ( rais$ e>?works1 & are us$ :]e /one or f5c+ mat]ials are exp5sive1 or :]e live f5ces c only be gr[n ) difficulty4 ,sometimes ^! elevations are cr[n$ ) privet or "s light h$ge-plant4 ,!y are occasionally employ$ z field b\nd>ies by riv] sides1 :]e !y subs]ve ! purpose ( keep+ out floods1 b usually ! m\nd is m us$ z a division ( prop]ty ?an z a f5ce4 ,/one walls are ! commone/ f5ces ov] miles ( c\ntry 9 ! middle ( ,engl&1 ! ,cotteswold hills be+ rem>kable = dry /one walls--! /one = ^! 8,oolite free/ones0 be+ well adapt$ = ! purpose--( c\rse !y are dry1 t is1 built )\t mort>1 z ?is w\ld r5d] ! "w too co/ly = field b\nd>ies4 ,^! walls h a wild & desolate appe>ance1 b !y are comm5d$ by "s z n h>b\r+ birds or v]m92 b ?is is a que/ionable good1 = z reg>ds birds1 we cont5d t ! /one wall di/ricts w\ld be bett] (f if !y af=d$ %elt] = a few m2 b /oats1 mice1 snails1 beetles1 & small fry ( ! k9d ( no use :atev]1 are absolutely protect$ by ! /one wall4 ,x is said aga91 t ! /one wall (f]s little *ance = we$s1 b to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to obs]ve ab\t a y>d on ei!r side ( a wall con/antly left unpl\gh$ & unclean$1 /one walls w be consid]$ z nurs]ies & protectors ( we$s1 & ^?1 too1 ( a highly mis*iev\s "*1 z c\* ?i/les1 docks1 c4 ,) reg>d to ! c\* grass 7,triticum rep5s71 we h trac$ x runn+ f ?is s\rce = a c\ple ( y>ds into ! pl\gh$ field1 ) ! inevitable consequ5ce t 9 ! furr[s x is cut into conv5i5t l5g?s to multiply ! pe/2 & x has be5 on ?is acc\nt t we h ev] be5 c>eful to direct dragg+ & h>r[+ to be done 9 ! direction ( ! walls1 be=e proce$+ ) ^! op]ations ov] ! re/ ( ! field1 & we recomm5d ! cutt+ d[n ( we$s "u ^! walls be=e a crop ( corn be c>ri$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,on ,,! ,,plants ,,= 8,,live0 ,,f5ces4 ,! native plants :i* h be5 employ$ = liv+ f5ces include mo/ ( our indig5\s trees & %rubs1 ) "s few :i*1 if n native1 h yet be5 = a long "t naturalis$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita94 ,! mo/ important ( ^! w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ li/3-- ,oak ,bee* ,=e/ trees usually =m+ ,gr\p #a4 ,hornbeam f5ces by means ( und]gr[? ,a% f lopp+ & ,elm cutt+4 ,maple ,:ite?orn ,black?orn ,trees & %rubs =m+ f5ces ,gr\p #b4 ,crab by reason ( a ?ick-gr[? ,buck?orn & repellant ?orns & sp9es4 ,holly ,nut ,privet ,%rubs :i* = ! mo/ "p ,gr\p #c4 ,dogwood fill up badly-gr[n f5ces4 ,spe>wood ,^! are really we$s 9 ,gueld] ,rose good h$ges4 ,eld] ,9 ! fir/ gr\p1 x may be rem>k$1 t oak1 a%1 & elm are seldom1 if ev]1 plant$ = h$ges2 = 9 ! fir/ place ^! plants are usually too exp5sive1 & 9 ! next !y are n e/eem$ z h$ge plants4 ,!y mo/ly f9d _! way 9 ! f5ce by se$s be+ s[n by ! w9d1 z is (t5 ! case ) a%-keys1 or !y may />t up a bu% ( und]wood aft] be+ cut d[n z h$ge-r[ timb]2 9 ei!r case !y are v unsightly 9 appe>ance1 & f> f good 9 h$ges4 ,trees %\ld n be gr[n 9 h$ge-r[s :]e ! f5ce is to be p]fect1 z ^! ov]%ad[ ! be/ h$ge-plants1 & ! sides ( ! boles always (f] weak places4 ,bee* & hornbeam are frequ5tly us$ = g>d5 & small] f5ces1 &1 :5 well gr[n1 are really useful z a protection1 z _! )]$ leaves are p]si/5t1 t is1 !y d n fall (f until new ones are =m$4 ,!y are gr[n comp>atively quickly1 & w fl\ri% 9 poor light soils1 & if /rong plants be made to cross ea* o!r 9 plant+1 !y may be tra9$ to =m a /rong f5ce4 ,9 ! second gr\p1 ! :ite?orn 7,cratgus oxyacan?a7 /&s des]v$ly at ! top ( ! li/2 9 fact1 x is ! v be/ h$ge-r[ plant we possess4 ,x is n sl[ ( gr[? 9 cong5ial soil1 especially if well att5d$ to4 ,its ?orns r5d] x ?or\ghly repellant to cattle4 ,x be>s cutt+1 clipp+1 & trimm+ bett] ?an any o!r2 & ?\gh v>iable 9 its behavi\r 9 diff]5t soils1 x is1 aft] all1 capable ( be>+ a great] div]sity 9 ?is respect ?an any o!r ( our li/4 ,! :ite?orn1 !n1 is des]v$ly held 9 ! highe/ repute = ! gr[? ( ! mo/ p]fect live f5ce = all ord9>y f>m purposes2 ! black?orn1 crab1 & buck?orn be+ tol]at$ only because !y possess "s ( ! same *>act]i/ics z ! :ite?orn4 ,z reg>ds ! latt]1 x is exce$+ly long-liv$1 &1 if left to itself1 =ms trees ( consid]able size1 :i* are occasionally v beautiful z =m+ "p ( p>k sc5]y2 /ill 9 h$ges x c be kept to any size1 & cutt+ x 9 causes a new wood to spr+ up1 :i* has all ! *>act]i/ics ( a "y1 quick plant4 ,^! are m]its ( ! greate/ importance 9 fav\r ( ! :ite?orn1 :i* w ev] make ?is ! be/ h$ge-r[ plant1 z if we succe$ to a :ite?orn f5ce1 :i* has be5 trimm$ & kept )9 due b\nds1 !re is no difficulty 9 cont9u+ ! process2 & s if ! h$ge be left to gr[ tall & wild x may be cut out ei!r :olly or p>tially1 "s /ems cut half ?r\gh--z 9 ! process ( pla%+--laid d[n1 & s a secure ?\gh n s tall a f5ce be =m$1 t w only gr[ ?ick] ye> by ye>4 ,black?orn--sloe 7,prunus sp9osa7 is =midable en\gh z reg>ds ?orns1 b x _c /& ! same am\nt ( cutt+ z ! :ite?orn1 &1 :5 cut1 its "y %oots be+ almo/ ?ornless1 makes a h$ge ( ! sloe ! less repellant ! m vigor\s are its %oots4 ,! crab-apple 7,pyrus malus7 & ! buck?orn 7,rhamnus ca?>ticus7 may be consid]$ z accid5tal 9 f5ces2 & z1 to a great ext5t1 !y w gr[ ) ! quicks & suff] ! same treatm5t )\t gr[+ z up/>ts on ! "o h&1 or refus+ to />t aga9 aft] crippl+ on ! o!r1 !y are bo? tol]at$ 9 f5ces )\t q gett+ a "* = be+ h$g][ we$s4 ,! holly 7,ilex aquifolium7 possesses a wond]ful repellant arm\r 9 its sp9\s1 ev]gre5 leaves1 on :i*1 acc\nt x is e/eem$ z a plant = f5ces3-- ,a h$ge ( holly1 ?ieves t w\ld invade1 ,repulses l a gr[+ palisade2 ,^: num]\s leaves su* ori5t gre5s inve/1 ,z 9 deep w9t] d ! spr+ arre/4 ,?is is "o ( our native trees1 frequ5tly atta9+ to a great size on ev5 wild1 /ony places1 ) only a ?9 lay] ( soil4 ,we h se5 "s f9e examples1 l>ge en\gh to secure ! holly a place among our native =e/ trees on ! 8/ony ,cotteswolds10 z ,%akespe>e calls ! high ,gl\ce/]%ire range2 x is1 h[ev]1 ( sl[ gr[?1 or x w\ld1 d\btless1 be m us$ = f5ces3 /ill 9 poor soils x w1 aft] all1 gr[ z fa/ z ! :ite?orn1 ,evelyn is eloqu5t 9 praise ( holly4 ,he says3-- ,is !re "u heav5 a m glori\s & refre%+ object ( ! k9d ?an an impregnable h$ge ( ab\t f\r hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 n9e feet high1 & five 9 diamet]1 :i* ,i c %[ 9 my n[ ru9$ g>d5s at ,saye ,c\rt 7?anks to ! ,cz> ( ,muscovy#bc71 at any "t ( ! ye>1 glitt]+ ) its arm$ & v>ni%$ leaves8 ,! tall] /&>ds1 at ord]ly di/ances1 blu%+ ) _! natural coral2 x mocks ! rude/ assaults ( ! wea!r1 bea/s1 or h$ge-break]s1-- ,et illum nemo impun lacessit4 #bc ,! ,cz> ,pet] ! ,great resid$ at ,mr4 ,evelyn's h\se1 9 ord] t he might be ne> ! y>d at ,dept=d1 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,engl&2 b we d n see :y he %\ld be ?ank$ = ! holly h$ge4 ,x is ) u ( two em95t k9ds1 ! prickly & smoo!r leav$2 or1 z "s t]m x1 ! free holly1 n unwelcome1 :5 t5d]1 to %eep & o!r cattle4 ,!re is also ( ! :ite b]ri$1 & a gold5 & silv]1 v>iegat$ 9 six or sev5 diff]5ces1 :i* proce$s f no diff]5ce 9 ! species1 b accid5tally1 & natur lusu1 z mo/ su* v>iegations d1 s9ce we are taught h[ to effect x artificially1 namely by s[+ ! se$s1 & plant+ 9 gravelly soil mix$ ) /ore ( *alk1 press+ x h>d d[n3 x be+ c]ta9 t !y return to _! native col\r :5 s[n 9 ri*] m\ld1 & t all ! fibres ( ! roots recov] _! natural food4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! col\r ( ! fruit1 z ( ! col\r & %ape ( ! leaves1 is truly a matt] ( v>iety4 ,! r$-b]ri$ holly1 "u ! "n ( 8,*ri/mas10 is q an article ( comm]ce at ! fe/ive season--s mu* s t a fri5d ( ours 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/r\d1 :o ?is ye> 7#ahfd-e7 _h a l>ge tree well cov]$ ) b]ries1 assur$ u t he _h great difficulty 9 prev5t+ x go+ to m>ket ) "s ( ! m>aud]s1 :o sc\r ! c\ntry 9 se>* ( any?+ !y c sell4 ,9 ! ,worce/] m>ket we = _m ye>s notic$ a spr9kl+ ( :ite1 or1 r1 yell[i%-b]ri$ holly1 a spray or two ( :i* 0 always put ) ! bundle ( ! r$-b]ri$ 9 effect+ ! _m ,*ri/mas sales4 ,z reg>ds ! diff]5ce 9 ! leaves1 al?\gh x is true t 9 ! g>d5s we h a smoo? & un>m$ v>iety1 h[ev] dw>f ! specim5 may be1 yet 9 wild examples ! smoo? leaves w1 = ! mo/ "p1 only be f\nd on ! upp] p>ts ( tall trees2 ! poet1 !n1 has be5 z true to ,nature z graceful 9 art 9 ! poem ( :i* ! foll[+ l9es =m a "p3-- ,bel[1 a circl+ f5ce1 its leaves are se5 ,wr9kl$ & ke54 ,no graz+ cattle ?r\gh _! prickly r\nd ,c rea* to w\nd2 ,b z !y gr[ :]e no?+ is to fe>1 ,smoo? & un>m$1 ! po9tless leaves appe>4 ,s\!y4 ,9 gr[+ h$ges1 ! clipp+ to keep !m )9 b\nds helps to keep ! holly sp9\s at any age4 ,evelyn fur!r descants ^u ! excell5cy ( holly = h$ges2 & z ! foll[+ rem>ks are s truly practical1 we quote !m 9 ?is place3-- ,! holly is an excell5t plant = h$ges1 & w\ld claim ! pref]5ce to ! haw?orn1 7 x n = ! sl[ness ( its gr[? :ile "y1 & ! difficulty ( transplant+ x :5 gr[n to a mod]ate size4 ,x w gr[ be/ 9 cold1 /ony l&1 :]e1 if once x takes well1 ! h$ges may be r5d]$ s close & ?ick z to keep out all sorts ( animals4 ,^! h$ges may be rais$ by s[+ ! b]ries 9 ! place :]e !y are design$ to rema91 or by plants ( ?ree or f\r ye>s' gr[?2 b z ! b]ries cont9ue 9 ! gr\nd ne> eighte5 mon?s be=e ! plants appe>1 few p]sons c>e to wait s long2 !re=e1 ! usual & be/ me?od is to plant ! h$ges ) plants ( ! be=e-m5tion$ age4 ,b :]e ?is is practis$1 !y %\ld be transplant$ ei!r e>ly 9 autumn1 or def]r$ till t[>d ! end ( ,m>*2 !n ! surface ( ! gr\nd %\ld be cov]$ ) mul* ne> _! roots1 aft] !y are plant$1 to keep ! e>? moi/2 & if ! season %\ld prove dry1 ! plants %\ld be wat]$1 at lea/ once a-week1 until !y h tak5 root1 o!rwise !y w be 9 dang] ( misc>ry+1 = :i* reason ! autumnal plant+ is g5]ally pref]r$ to ! spr+1 especially 9 dry gr\nds4 ,columella's description ( a good h$ge is highly applicable to "o made ( holly1 8,neu sit pecori1 neu p]via furi40 ,( ! r9d ( ?is tree birdlime is made4 ,alas6 9 va9 ) w>m? & food ,y *e] ! song/]s ( ! wood2 ,! b>b>\s boy f y prep>es1 ,on trea*]\s twigs1 8 visc\s sn>es2 ,yes1 ! poor bird y nurs$ %all f9d ,de/ruction 9 y\r rifl$ r9d4 ,if we except ! ,privet1 ! examples ( plants 9 our ?ird gr\p are q unfit = h$ge purposes1 z !y are entirely )\t (f5sive armature4 ,privet h$ges are n unfrequ5t 9 g>d5s1 :]e !y are useful = b\nd>ies1 bl9ds1 & to act z %elt]1 b z a f>m h$ge-plant x is q useless4 ,! nut1 gueld] rose1 & eld] h none ( ! qualities = h$ge gr[? t are requir$ by ! =m]2 on ! contr>y1 !y h l>ge leaves1 & s smo!r ! quicks if !y gr[ ) !m1 & :5 cut !y %oot rapidly1 especially 9 ! case ( ! eld] 7,sambucus nig]71 & s make a h$g][ look ragg$ by "h & !re gr[+ a y>d or s above ! ord9>y h$ge-plants2 b1 besides ?is1 ! l[] /ems get free f leaves1 & h5ce gaps are easily made 9 bu%es ( nut1 dogwood1 eld]1 c4 ,9 ! above description ( h$g][ plants we h omitt$ all m5tion ( yew1 holly1 lauru/9as1 furze1 & ! l1 z be+ m prop]ly mat]ials = ornam5tal or g>d5 h$ges4 ,! furze1 h[ev]1 is sometimes us$ on ! tops ( m\nds1 9 "s s&y di/ricts1 z a f5ce plant1 b ! con/ant dy+ ( ! old wood & ! consequ5t ex]cise by ! cottag] ( a fanci$ "r to pull ! h$ge to pieces = fir+ r5d] x almo/ impossible to employ x to any advantage4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,on ,,! ,,re>+ ,,& ,,plant+ ,,( ,,h$ges4 ,! re>+ ( plants = h$ges is a matt] ( s mu* importance t "o c well und]/& h[ x has come to be a bus9ess ( itself2 & z x is bett] t x %\ld be s1 bo? l&lords & t5ants w d rightly to enc\rage its be+ done well4 ,if1 !n1 we take x = grant$ t ! :ite?orn is ! be/ h$ge-plant1 x w be be/ to inquire--z a contribution to ! sci5ce ( ! subject--:e!r !re are n "s important v>ieties ( ?is plant2 if s1 we %\ld det]m9e :i* is ! be/1 & enc\rage its cultivation4 ,z ! case at pres5t /&s1 nurs]ym5 take no pa9s 9 ! matt]2 !y usually employ *ildr5 to collect ! 8haws0--! "n by :i* ! fruits are kn[n--& x is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce :]e or h[ !y obta9 !m4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! common haw?orn1 exp]i5ce has taught u t se$s obta9$ f trees 9 cold1 wild1 /ony places1 su* z h e/abli%$ !mselves ab\t old qu>ries on ! ,cotteswold-hills1 m quickly make good plants ?an ^? f ! pamp]$ h$ge-r[ 9 ! deep vale-l&s4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 hav+ "s ye>s ago obs]v$ t c]ta9 :ite?orn-trees came into fl[] a full =tnight be=e o!rs1 & ?is on ! cold =e/-m>ble clays 9 ! expos$ c\ntry ( ,nor? ,wilts & s\? ( ,cir5ce/]1 we 7 induc$ to exam9e ?is tree m closely2 & ! result ( ! inquiry 0 to induce a belief t ?is is a mu* h>di]1 quick]1 & m c]ta9 gr[+ plant = h$ge-r[s ?an ! common] =m4 ,) ^! views e/abli%$ 9 our m9d1 we 7 n a little pleas$ to f9d t 9 ! beautiful new edition ( 8,engli% ,botany10 by ! accompli%$ editor1 ,j4 ,t4 ,syme1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 c41 figures & descriptions are giv5 ( ! two =ms2 & we "h reproduce 9 opposite columns ! descriptions ref]r$ to ) a figure ( ! e>ly =m we h m5tion$1 t our read]s may comp>e x ) ! common :ite?orn3-- ,cratgus oxyacan?a4 _/-------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,cratgus oxyacan?oides ,cratgus monogyna 7,glabr\s ,:ite?orn74 7,common ,:ite?orn74 ,plate ,,cccclxxix4 7,e4,b47 ,plate ,,cccclxxx4 7,e4,b47 ,leaves obovate or rhomboid- ,leaves rhomboidal or rhomboidal- obovate1 ) #c to #e lobes1 ovate1 ) #c to #e lobes1 m>g9s m>g9s slightly convex f ! /raight or concave f ! base base to ! apex ( ! fir/ to ! apex ( ! fir/ lobe1 lobe1 usually s]rat$2 lobes usually entire1 except at ! sc>cely long] ?an broad1 tips ( ! lobes2 lobes long] g5]ally r\nd$4 ,p$uncles ?an broad1 & acute at ! commonly glabr\s4 ,calyx-tube apex4 ,p$uncles g5]ally d[ny4 glabr\s2 segm5ts glabr\s1 ,calyx-tube m or less d[ny2 ovate-deltoid1 acum9ate1 segm5ts slightly d[ny1 ovate- spread+-reflex$1 ) recurv$ triangul>1 acum9ate1 sudd5ly po9ts4 ,/yles usually #b or #c4 reflex$4 ,/yle #a4 ,fruit ) ,fruit ) #b or #c /ones4 #a /one4 7,see plate47 ,t ! glabr\s :ite?orn w\ld make ! be/ h$ge-r[ =m we h no d\bt1 z its free gr[? & e>ly leaf+ p>ticul>ly recomm5d x2 & besides1 ?\gh n ! commone/1 we _c help ?9k+ x to be ! h>die/ v>iety1 & "o t w\ld be likely to succe$ 9 soils :]e ! ord9>y "o w\ld be v sl[ 9 gr[?4 ,we h occasionally met ) x 9 nurs]y-plantations1 z well z 9 h$ge-r[s1 :]e x is di/+ui%$ at a glance by its m freely gr[+ twigs & bright] col\r$1 q smoo? leaves2 s also1 b m r>ely1 we h met ) ! ,gla/onbury ?orn 9 ! h$ge-r[1 :i* we look ^u z a v>iety ( ! glabr\s ?orn1 a specim5 ( :i* is n[ be=e u 7,janu>y1 #ahfe71 ) bo? leaves & fl[]s well 9 bud1 9 ! mid/ ( a deep sn[ & a sev]e fro/4 ,?is v>iety is fabl$ to h sprung f ,joseph ( ,arima?a's /aff1 :i* he is suppos$ to h plant$ 9 ! soil at ,gla/onbury1 on ,*ri/mas-day1 prior to ! f\ndation ( ! abbey at t int]e/+ place2 & we h f\nd "s natives1 bo? "h & 9 ,h]e=d%ire--:i!r p]haps ! ?orn _h spread ) sorts ( apples1--:o adduce ! budd+ ( ?is ?orn1 :i* is usually aft] our pres5t ,*ri/mas-tide1 z an evid5ce t ,old ,*ri/mas is ! "r day4 ,b we mu/ n be too f> l$ away by ! leg5d>y lore1 mu* less ! poetry connect$ ) ! :ite?orn4 ,we come n[ to a description ( ! me?ods to be obs]v$ 9 plant+ f5ces1 hav+ tak5 = grant$ t quicks be employ$ = ! purpose1 & t we enc\rage ! production ( ! sort be/ adapt$ to our purpose1--an end :i*1 we conceive1 w be well atta9$ by (f]+ prizes to nurs]ym5 = good & well-gr[n quicks4 ,9 plant+ h$ges1 !n1 our fir/ c>e %\ld be to prep>e ! gr\nd4 ,?is mu/ be done accord+ to ! soil2 & "h x may be not$ t !re are two plans ( do+ ?is mo/ commonly us$1 namely1 rais+ a m\nd1 on :i* ! quicks are to be plant$ )\t a dit*2 & ! mak+ a dit* & plant+ ! quicks on ! top ( ! elevat$ soil4 ,n[1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! fir/ me?od is ! "o usually adopt$ 9 light1 por\s soils1 z on ! s&s ( ,dorset%ire2 ! second1 9 por\s /ones1 :]e dit*es are n requir$1 z 9 ! oolitic di/ricts2 or else 9 clay soils1 :]e alone ! dit* is at all advisable4 ,we advise t 9 light soils1 z s&y loams1 :]e dra9age is n requir$1 ! gr\nd be well dug on ! flat be=e ! plant+ ( ! quicks2 t 9 ?9 soils on bra%es ! bra% be loos5$2 & !n t "s soil be c>t$ on ?is surface1 mak+ an additional ?ickness ( n m ?an six in*es ( soil4 ,z reg>ds ! prep>ation = a f5ce1 by previ\sly mak+ a dit*1 we object to x on acc\nt ( ! loss ( gr\nd2 ! dit*1 aga91 if =m+ "p ( ! sy/em ( dra9age1 is always liable to become *ok$ by we$s1 brambles1 & ! l1 ) wat]-plants gr[+ 9 x4 ,_h we to beg9 ! lay+-out ( gr\nd1 we %\ld make our dra9age-sy/em indep5d5t ( ! f5ces2 & s1 h[ev] /iff our clays if well dra9$1 we %\ld z a rule only raise ! soil :]e a f5ce 0 to be plant$1 by a few in*es4 ,we speak ! m /rongly on ?is matt]1 because on our own f>m we h f5ces attempt$ to be gr[n on ! top ( m\nds five feet high1 & :i* are made out ( "s ( ! lighte/ agricultural soil 9 ,engl&1 s light1 inde$1 z at fir/ to appe> to be a ne>ly pure s&4 ,on ! same f>m1 aga91 we h yawn+ dit*es 9 oolitic lime/one1 :i* nev] c>ri$ wat]2 & ,mr4 ,p>kes made dit*es ( ?is k9d on ! ,college-f>m at ,cir5ce/]1 :i* h ev] be5 equally dry4 ,^! banks & dit*es are worse ?an useless 9 our own case3 quicks w n gr[ at all2 & s ! bank is cov]$ ) all k9ds ( %rubs1 mix$ ) we$s1 nei!r suffici5t to keep 9 cattle1 nor prev5t ! workm5 trespass+ 9 e direction4 ,! next subject = consid]ation is t ( ! plant+ ( ! quicks4 ,to ?is end we %\ld *oose our plants to be ( ab\t f\r or five ye>s old2 & 9 all cases1 if possible1 %\ld p]sonally sup]9t5d _! removal f ! nurs]y4 ,old bundles ( quicks1 t h /ood x may be two or ?ree weekly m>kets1 w be sure to cause disappo9tm5t4 ,!y %\ld be remov$ s z to secure z _m ( ! rootlets--n m]ely ! l>g] roots--z possible4 ,9 plant+1 :i* %\ld be done z quickly z may be aft] removal1 avoid ! dibble1 or any?+ :i* w\ld t5d to comb9e ! roots 9 a small compass4 ,! be/ plan is to use ! spade & to spread ! roots c>efully2 !n cov] !m up1 & tread ! plants firmly into ! gr\nd1 tak+ c>e1 if x be 9 a ret5tive soil1 n to leave holes 9 :i* wat] c\ld /agnate4 ,:5 s plant$1 at ab\t f six to n9e in*es1 !y %\ld annually1 or twice a ye> if necess>y1 be ho$ & we$$ & h ! surface-soil tol]ably well /irr$1 &1 usually at ! end ( ab\t ! ?ird or f\r? ye>1 be c>efully cut d[n )9 six or eight in*es ( ! gr\nd1 & ! soil well /irr$ & manur$4 ,?is w\ld appe> to be a wa/e ( "t2 b a s+le ye> w re/ore ! plants to ev5 a great] height ?an be=e1 & ) all ! elem5ts = a ?ick imp]vi\s bottom1 f :i* "t annual c>eful trimm+--always :5 ! leaves h p]=m$ _! functions & fall (f--w be suffici5t to keep ! h$ge 9 an improv+ /ate4 ,we h "h advocat$ plant+ 9 s+le l9es4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 pref] d\ble r[s ( quicks2 b ! latt] are m difficult to keep clean & to cultivate2 & we h ev] se5 t x is n ! quantity1 b ! quality & ! aft]-treatm5t ( ! plants :i* result 9 ! compact & repellant h$ge4 ,( c\rse1 all "y h$ges mu/ be protect$ by a dead f5ce2 & = ?is purpose we pref] po/s & rails ( wood1 or1 if to keep back %eep1 mix$ ) a l9e or two ( hoop-iron3 ?is1 accord+ to ! situation ( ! f5ce1 w be requir$ on only "o or on bo? sides4 ,9 plant+ "y bee*1 or hornbeam1 or any non-sp9\s plant1 = h$ges1 x is advisable to cross ! sets l a s]ies ( ,,xxx's1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r at ab\t t5 or twelve in*es ap>t2 by ?is means ! bran*es int]lace1 & a compact f5ce1 difficult to p5etrate1 w be =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,e4,b4 #bejd4 ,cratgus monogyna4 ,common ,:ite-?orn4 ,maple may be us$ 9 ! same way2 b x nev] makes a /rong f5ce1 & x has n ! advantage ( ! two =m]1 z its leaves fall (f at ! approa* ( cold wea!r1 :i* is n ! case ) ei!r bee* or hornbeam1 ^: leaves are em95tly p]si/5t1 especially 9 ! e>li] "p ( _! lives4 ,if furze h$ges be requir$ = any position1 !y may easily be gr[n1 ei!r by tak+ up "y plants f ! wa/e & plant+ !m :]e want$1 or by s[+ se$1 :i* c readily be obta9$ f any se$sman4 ,be=e s[+1 ! gr\nd %\ld be lightly dug1 & ! se$s1 aft] be+ soak$ = a few h\rs 9 wat]1 be ?9ly s[n1 & be only j cov]$ up by ! soil4 ,?is op]ation may be done 9 ,febru>y2 & :5 ! se$s come up1 if !y are cov]$ ov] by bran*es ( cut furze1 or ^! be /uck "h & !re 91 or on1 ei!r side ( ! r[s1 ! "y plants w be protect$ f cattle & %eep1 :i* are fond ( nibbl+ ! t5d] furze %oots4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,we$s ,,( ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,f5ces4 ,z ! haw?orn is usually recogniz$ z ! be/ plant = liv+ f5ces = f>m purposes1 x w be expect$ t ?is has be5 almo/ exclusively employ$2 b1 see+ t ?is is s1 & has be5 s = _m ye>s pa/1 x is n a little int]e/+ to trace 9 all h$ges a pr$ilection to gr[ any?+ else r ?an t orig9ally plant$4 ,( c\rse1 ) any?+ else we wi%$ to gr[1 su* int]lop]s w\ld be eradicat$ z we$s2 b ) h$ges x w\ld seem t all k9ds ( rubbi% are left to accumulate1 until a h$ge orig9ally all haw?orn has become made up ( extrane\s matt]s1 ) occasional 8gaps10 :i* are sure to occur :]e o!r plants are all[$1 to ! prejudice ( ! quicks4 ,z examples1 we app5d ! foll[+3-- ,ex4 #a4 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,oolite ,,college ,,f>m1 ,,cir5ce/]4 ft4 94 ,:ite?orn #b #f ,maple #d #j ,eld] #b #j ,maple & :ite?orn confus$ #d #f ,eld] #c #j ,maple1 :ite?orn1 & eld]1 confus$ #ab #j ,eld] #e #j ,maple1 :ite?orn1 & eld]1 confus$ #ba #j ,a% twigs #c #j ,maple #b #j ,a% #c #f ,quicks #ab #j ,elm twigs #c #j ,eld] #c #f ,maple #c #j ,eld] #c #j ,:ite?orn & maple #bd #j ,gap #d #j -------- ,total #aae #j ,ex4 #b4 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,h$ge ,,on ,,! ,,=e/ ,,m>ble1 ,,ne> ,,cir5ce/]4 ft4 94 ,:ite?orn #c #j ,black?orn #d #j ,brambles & bri>s 7,rubus & ,rosa7 #d #f ,a% & gap #d #j ,crab #d #j ,gap & brambles #c #j ,:ite?orn #b #f ,crab #b #j ,black?orn #b #j ,:ite?orn #d #j ,black?orn #g #j ,gap & bri>s 7,rosa can9a7 #d #j ,black?orn #d #j ,:ite?orn #c #j ,rose 7bri>s7 & brambles #d #f ,:ite?orn #c #j ,gap & brambles #b #f ,:ite?orn #b #j ,rose 7bri>s7 #c #j ,:ite?orn #b #j ,rose #b #f ,black?orn #b #f -------- ,total #gc #j ,ex4 #c4 ,,analysis ,,( ,a ,,h$ge ,,on ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,oolite1 ,,brad=d ,,abbas4 ft4 94 ,travell]'s ,joy 7clematis7 #c #j ,gap #ab #j ,:ite?orn #d #j ,a% #c #f ,:ite?orn1 brambles1 c4 #aj #j ,clematis #ah #j ,sycamore /ump #d #j ,brambles1 c4 #h #j ,maple brambles1 ) occasional :ite?orn bu% #cc #j ,nut & gaps #aa #j ,black?orn & brambles #f #f ,gueld] rose #c #j ,black?orn1 c4 #e #j ,eld] #c #j ,black?orn1 maple1 & o!rs1 ) occasional :ite?orn #bj #j ,! same1 smo!r$ ) clematis #bh #j -------- ,total #agb #j ,^! ?ree examples w be suffici5t to %[ ! fact t1 9 ! lapse ( ye>s1 a h$ge orig9ally plant$ ei!r all or ne>ly all quicks1 ultimately conta9s almo/ ev]y?+ besides4 ,h[ ?is comes ab\t may be easily obs]v$4 ,birds & o!r creatures are con/antly tak+ fruits ( v>i\s plants to ! h$ge-r[s1 ! se$s ( :i* be+ dropp$ !re1 soon vegetate2 & if %rubs ) heavi] twigs & broad] leaves once asc5d into ! h$ge1 !y ov]%ad[ ! small] leaves ( ! quicks1 & ultimately s disc\rage !m t !y all b die out1 & x is n at all difficult to see t ! success ( ! int]lop]s is only augm5t$ by ! injuries to ! quicks4 ,a m m9ute inquiry into ! natural hi/ory & mode ( op]ation ( h$ge-r[ we$s w be be/ prec$$ by a li/ ( su* plants z may be consid]$ to act z we$s 9 a prop]ly plant$ :ite?orn h$ge4 ,9 do+ ?is we may premise t1 if our object has be5 to plant quicks1 int]lop]s ( all k9ds1 :e!r trees or %rubs--9 fact1 all b ! plant :i* we h pur*as$ & plant$--c sc>cely be consid]$ o!r ?an z we$s4 ,to ^! int]lop]s1 !n1 we may add ! foll[+ li/1 z conta9+ a s]ies ( plants t w be1 p]haps1 m g5]ally recogniz$ z we$s3-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,we$s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,no4 ,botanical ,"n4 ,trivial ,"n4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a ,salix species ,will[s1 v>i\s #b ,b]b]is vulg>is ,b>b]ry ,sp9\s "u- #c ,rosa species ,wild ,roses 7bri>s71 %rubs4 v>i\s #d ,rubus species ,brambles1 v>i\s ,woody climb+ #e ,clematis vitalba ,travell]'s ,joy plants4 #f ,h$]a helix ,ivy #g ,solanum dulcam>a ,bitt]-sweet ,night%ade,climb+ #h ,tamus communis ,black ,bryony h]bs1--mo/ly #i ,bryonia dioica ,:ite ,bryony twi/+ ar\nd #aj ,humulus lupulus ,wild ,hop ! /ems ( ! #aa ,convolvulus sepium ,l>g] ,b9dwe$ /rong] h$ge- #ab ,galium species ,b$/raw1 v>i\s plants4 ,we$s ( ! l[] #ac ,gle*oma h$]acea ,gr\nd ,ivy p>ts ( h$ges1 #ad ,g]anium ,rob]tianum ,h]b1 ,rob]t ,cranesbill:i* smo!r out #ae ,c>duus v>ieties ,v>i\s ,?i/les "y quicks1 & #af ,umbellif] v>ieties,h$ge ,p>sley1 c4 prev5t ! old #ag ,gram9ace v>ieties ,grasses ones f be+ ?ick at 8bottom40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,z reg>ds ! plants ( ?is li/1 x w only be necess>y to ref] to a few ( !m1 9 ord] ! m fully to impress ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n4 ,! roses 7bri>s7 & brambles1 ?\gh sp9\s1 are yet %ort-liv$2 s t _! old wood is cont9ually dy+ out1 ?us caus+ gaps1 inasmu* z su* heavily-foliag$ plants necess>ily prev5t ! gr[? ( ! :ite?orn or any o!r tol]able h$ge-plant4 ,b1 besides ?is1 ! bramble has ! prop5sity to root at ! ends ( its long flexile bran*es1 & s spreads ! pe/ 9 e direction1 n escap+ ! dit* :5 x =ms "p ( ! f5ce1 t ! :ole becomes smo!r$ up 9 a tangl$1 inextricable mass1 always out ( ord] & unsightly1 mak+ b a poor f5ce1 ?\gh af=d+ %elt] to h>es1 rabbits1 & o!r f>m pe/s4 ,! clematis & ivy are l>ge-foliag$ plants1 & _! pliant /ems int]lace on ! h$ge 9 su* a mann] z mo/ surely to kill out ! quicks1 & s to become ! usurp+ t5ants2 b1 no soon] h !y atta9$ ! ma/]y ?an !y beg9 to decay1 :ole bran*es die1 & ! result is a gap1 :i* mu/ ei!r be pat*$ up ) ?orns or be newly plant$1 & !n f5c$ ) po/ & rails4 ,z reg>ds m5d+ gaps ) ?orns1 we ought to /ate t we view x z decid$ly injuri\s1--z dead matt] 9 proximity ) ! liv+ only prev5ts ! gr[? ( ! latt]3 at be/ x is only a make%ift1 :i* soon gets rott51 & tempts ! petty wood-pilf]] to pull ! h$ge fur!r to pieces = ! sake ( a few dry /icks4 ,) reg>d to ^? plants ( :i* we may take ! bryony & ! hop z ! types1 x is true t _! b9e is annual2 b ea* ye> ! quantity & /r5g? ( ?is augm5ts--ea* ye> ! mass ( foliage becomes l>g] & ?ick]4 ,! tw9+ arms twi/ ar\nd any bran* /rong en\gh to support !m1 & !n1 once at ! top ( ! f5ce1 !y spread ov] its surface1 mak+ s ?ick a mass t ! legitimate h$ge-plants are no long] visible2 ?us sun & air are exclud$ f !m1 & !y soon p9e away4 ,^! are difficult to eradicate1 z !y h /\t rhizomata 7und]gr\nd /ems7 int]lac$ ) ! v roots ( ! h$ge-plants3 /ill1 if pa9s be tak5 to pluck away ! b9e z soon z x makes its appe>ance1 x mu/ 9 "t be de/roy$2 =1 l ev5 ! haw?orn tree1 h>dy z x is1 if ! leaves be kept f p]fect+ !mselves1 !y soon p9e away1 & ultimately die altoge!r4 ,! o!r plants are m prop]ly we$s ( ! h$ge-bank ?an ( ! h$ge1 & z su* ne$ only be m5tion$ ) we$s 9 g5]al z pe/s to be p]iodically remov$ by hoe+1 digg+1 & o!rwise cle>+ ! gr\nd betwe5 & ab\t ! h$ge-r[ "w1 m p>ticul>ly necess>y 9 ! fir/ few ye>s ( plant+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,on ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,timb]4 ,( ! _m s\rces ( mis*ief to :i* ! f>m] may be liable1 we c conceive none great] ?an t ( be+ ov]gr[n ) h$ge-r[ timb]4 ,x is sc>cely1 if at all1 second to t ( be+ ov]/ock$ ) game--= z reg>ds game1 !re is a *ance ( gett+ "s comp5sation = palpable injury2 b ! mis*ief :i* trees sil5tly b surely effect1 :5 surr\nd+ fields1 is nev] all[$ =1 z x is n fully appreciat$ by ! t5ant1 & nev] admitt$ by ! l&lord2 & s z h$ge-r[ timb] is usually ?ick] 9 ! ri*] p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 x is someh[ consid]$ z an evid5ce ( f]tility on ! "o h&1 :ile x is look$ ^u z a legitimate mode ( increas+ income on ! o!r4 ,b we are q sure t h$ge-r[ timb] is almo/ useless 9 itself1 & a pe/ to all :o mu/ live "u x4 ,h$ges !mselves are usually too _m1 & ^! too ?ick ?r\gh !m2 & :5 x comes to be und]/ood t ! enclosures are small]1 ! h$ges (t5 great]1 & h$ge-r[ timb] ?ick] on good ?an on bad l&s1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! mis*ief :i* is inflict$ by ?us hemm+ 9 f9e l& f light & air4 ,! foll[+ tables1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,brav5d]1 l&-surveyor1 ( ,cir5ce/]1 are ! results ( an 8exam9ation ( ! fields conta9$ 9 #abj p>i%es30-- ,,table ,,( ,,admeasurem5t ,,( ,,f5ces4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,av]age ,l5g? ,quantity ,quantity ,geological quantity ,l5g? ( ,wid? occupi$ p] ,=mation1 c4 ( ( f5c+1 ( by f5ceshundr$ ea* f5c+4p] acre4f5c+4p] acre4 acres4 field4 #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,acres4 ,*a9s4 ,*a9s4 ,l9ks4 ,p]*es4 ,acres4 #a4 ,r$ ,s&- #e #aeeh #bhc #ae #ije #e8 /one #b4 ,lias #d #abij #cbb #ah #abcf #g #c4 ,oolite #aa #bjge #ahh #ab #dha #c #d4 ,ox=d ,clay #f #afde #bec #af #hfc #e8 #e4 ,corall9e #aa #bjge #ahh #ad #efa #c ,oolite #f4 ,kimm]idge #h #ahbe #bbh #af #hfe #e ,clay #g4 ,*alk #ac #bcbg #agi #ab #deh #b8 ,! av]age ( ! above quantity occupi$ by f5ces is 44 #d ,a wall1 #b ft4 wide1 ) #a ft4 #c 94 on ea* side1 betwe5 arable fields 7oolite7 #bhj #a ,a wall1 #b ft4 wide1 betwe5 pa/ure fields 7oolite7 #abj #j ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #bd ,includ+ "o-?ird add$ = angul> s9uosities4 ,! above calculations d n include ! /rips :i* are s (t5 f\nd alongside f5ces1 cov]$ by brambles1 black?orns1 & o!r rubbi%4 ,n[ we h se5 :at is ! quantity ( l& occupi$ by f5ces1 x w be our prov9ce to asc]ta9 to :at ext5t !y may be r$uc$ 9 size1 & yet rema9 z useful to ! agriculturi/4 ,! foll[+ table w exhibit ! sav+ p] hundr$ acres1 by r$uc+ ! wid? ( f5ces3-- ,,table ,,( ,,r$uction ,,( ,,f5ces4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,wid?1 ,wid? to ,l5g? ,sav+ ,geological z 9 ! :i* ,sav+ p] 9 ,sav+ ,=mation4 prec$+ f5ces 9 h$ge1quantity p] table4 may be wid?4 p] p] c5t4 r$uc$4 acre4 acre4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,l9ks4 ,l9ks4 ,l9ks4,*a9s4,p]*es4 #a4 ,r$ ,s&/one #ae #i #f #bhc #bga #a-g_/aj #b4 ,lias #ah #aj #g #cbb #chf #b-b_/e #c4 ,oolite1 ,=e/ ,m>ble1 & #ab #g #d #ahh #ace #j-g_/h ,cornbra% #d4 ,ox=d ,clay #af #i #f #bec #bfc #a-b_/c #e4 ,corall9e ,oolite #ad #h #e #ahh #afe #a #f4 ,kimm]idge ,clay #af #aj #f #bbh #bah #a-c_/h #g4 ,upp] ,l[] #ab #g #e #agi #adc #j-i_/aj ,*alk ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! av]age quantity ( ! above sav+ is #a = e #ajj acres4 ,if ?is sav+ 7 effect$1 :i* is q practicable1 x w\ld increase ! cultivat$ l& 9 ,engl& & ,wales #dij1jjj acres1 & w\ld be simil> 9 its effect to ! addition ( a new c\nty1 ne>ly equal 9 ext5t to ,nott+ham%ire1 & some:at l>g] ?an ,b]k%ire40--,morton's ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture1 p4 #hei4 ,! above is ! evid5ce ( a highly practical g5tleman z reg>ds ! loss by bad1 wide1 & /raggl+ f5ces2 & if we add to ?is ! additional loss & injury :i* ! l& su/a9s by ! gr[? ( h$ge-r[ timb]1 we %all f9d t we h ev5 a great] acc\nt to settle4 ,n[1 if we inquire into ! nature ( ^! evils1 we %all f9d t !y result f %ade1 drip1 & exhau/ion by roots4 ,!re are ^? :o speak 9 fav\r ( h$ge-r[ timb] z af=d+ %ade = cattle2 b we %\ld rememb] t :5 ?is is s1 ! cattle1 by be+ ?us ga!r$ to "o spot1 only aid 9 manur+ ^? portions ( ! field :]e ! grass is always m rank ?an nutriti\s1 & ?is to ! robb]y ( o!r portions ( ! field4 ,= ourselves1 we w\ld r h our fields expos$ to ! influ5ce ( sun & air1 &1 if requir$1 h "s contrivances = %ade :i* c\ld be mov$ ab\t ! fields at pleasure4 ,! %ade ( trees keeps (f ^? refre%+ %[]s s important to vegetation1 b 9 mu* wet ! trees s5d d[n a drip :i* is sometimes f\nd to be s injuri\s z to prev5t any good gr[? b5ea? !m1 & !n z ! leaves fall (f !y (t5 poison ! soil = "s di/ance1 :ile ! roots impov]i% ! l& 9 e direction4 ,we h j visit$ a field1 9 ! s\!rn h$ge ( :i* are gr[+ "s bee* trees2 ^! n only keep (f ! s\!rn sun1 b _! drip & fall5 leaves r5d] fully "o-eigh? ( ! field ne>ly useless4 ,aga91 d we n ev]y:]e f9d twice ! numb] ( h$ges t are requir$2 &1 to add to ! mis*ief1 ^! fill$ ) trees8 ,9 _m places we see elms n m ?an ?ree y>ds ap>t4 ,"h ! %ade w\ld be intol]able1 b ! f>m] is all[$ to lop !m until !y look n unlike ! /uck-up tails ( ,fr5* poodle dogs--a process :i* c]ta9ly dim9i%es ! evils !y entail ^u ! f>m]1 b r5d]s ! timb] comp>atively useless4 ,b1 say ! advocates ( tall h$ges & h$ge-r[ timb]1 8,h[ beautiful !y make ! c\ntry look6 ,y\r plan w\ld leave x all b>e & desolate2 no song ( birds to *e] ! wayf>]10 c4 ,b /op1 good p2 we love trees1 b we d n c>e s mu* = /raight l9es ( /uck-up besoms4 ,let ! l&lord gr[ 8 woods & 8 groves1 & plant 8 p>ks4 ,let him put trees 9 p>ts :i* w gr[ no?+ bett]1 & 9 belts to keep (f malignant w9ds2 & ev5 "h 7! be/ places = !m71 let him be cont5t ) _! pleasure & pr(it z a r5t = ! gr\nd !y occupy1 & n1 z "s d1 insi/ ^u ! t5ant ye>ly plant+ trees 9 positions :i* mu/ injure s mu* l& :i* he is /ill to pay r5t =4 ,?is is ab\t z tyrannical z to make a s*oolboy c>ry a bir*1 & ask = its application4 ,z reg>ds ! loss ( l& by ! division into small] fields1 we _c d bett] ?an copy ! =m] outl9es ( an arable field on our own f>m4 ,?is1 :i* is n[ "o field ( ov] fifty acres1 0 =m]ly 9 fifte5 f5c$ fields1 ea* ) a ragg$ h$ge--( any?+ b quicks--plant$ ^u rais$ m\nds4 ,n[1 ! ga9 9 ! removal ( f5ces1 indicat$ by ! dott$ l9es 7see fig4 #a71 may be expla9$ by ! foll[+ calculations3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,field ) its old divisions1 n[ remov$1 z m>k$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,acr4 ,rds4 ,gr\nd1 #b y>ds wide1 occupi$ by ! m\nds & h$ges1 ab\t #a #b ,"o foot & a half on ei!r side ( ! m\nds :i* _c be pl\gh$1 ab\t #j #c -------- ,total ( ga9 9 #ej acres #b #a ,or1 p] c5t41 #d;a4 #br4 ,f ^! data1 !n1 we may conclude t if available l& equal 9 ext5t to a c\nty may be ga9$ by keep+ f5ces )9 b\nds1 ?is may be m ?an d\bl$ by grubb+ up1 n m]ely useless1 b mis*iev\s f5ces1 & disc\nt5anc+ ! gr[? ( h$ge-r[ timb]4 ,n[1 al?\gh we reside 9 ! c\nty ( ! ,dorset%ire poet1 we are n ( ^? :o w\ld curtail ! privileges ( ! poor by clos+ up all footpa?s1 or by too rigidly curtail+ ! road space2 b z long z ! f>m] has to pay r5t = ! gr\nd ne$lessly occupi$ by badly-con/ruct$ h$ge-r[s1 we ?9k x due to him1 & ev5 to ! poor !mselves1 t l& n[ s occupi$ %\ld 9 future be made food-produc+2 & ) ^! s5tim5ts we w\ld conclude ?is *apt] by quot+ ! foll[+ ,,dorset%ire ,,ditty4 7,f ,poems by ,william ,b>nes47 8,!y d zay t a travell9 *ap ,h a-put 9 ! newspep] n[ ,t ! bit o' gre5 gr\nd on ! knap ,%\ld be all a-took 9 vor ! pl\gh4 ,he d fancy 'tis easy to %[ ,t we c be b /unpolls at be/1 ,vor to leve a gre5 spot :]e a fl[] c gr[ ,or a foot-we>y walk] mid re/4 ',tis h$ge-grubbn1 ,?omas1 an' l$ge-grubbn ,nev] a done1 ,:ile a sov'rn mwore's to be won4 8,! road1 he d zay1 is s wide ,z 'tis want$ vor travell]s' :eels2 ,z if all t did travel did ride1 ,an' did nev] get galls on _! heels4 ,he w\ld leve si* a ?9 /rip o' gr\n' ,t if a man's veet 9 8 %oes ,w] a-burnn an' zore1 :y he c\ld5 zit d[n ,b ! :eels w\ld run ov] 8 tooes4 ,vor 'tis meke money1 ,?omas1 an' teke money1 ,:at's zwold an' b\ght ,is all t is wor?y o' ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 8,! *ildr5 w soon h noo plece ,vor to play 91 an' if !y d gr[1 ,!y w h a ?9 mu%]oom fece1 ,wi' _! bodies s sumple z d\gh4 ,b a man is a mede ov a *ild ,an' 8 limbs d gr[ worksome by play1 ,an' if ! "y *ild's little body's a-spweil'd1 ,:y1 ! man's wull ! zoon] decay4 ,b weal? is wo'? n[ mwore ?an heal? is wo'?2 ,let x all goo ,if 't 'ull br+ b a sov'rn or two40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,on ,,! ,,v]m9 ,,( ,,f5ces4 ,"o ( ! great objections urg$ to m h$ge-r[ f5ces ?an are necess>y1 is t ( h>b\r+ ,v]m92 x !re=e becomes necess>y to inquire into ! hi/ory ( ^? creatures designat$ by a "n ev]y:]e held 9 reproa*4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m v]m9 has n be5 v accurately def9$4 ,johnson consid]s 8any noxi\s animal0 to belong to v]m92 :il/ ,bailey1 anxi\s to be m specific1 def9es v]m9 to be 8any k9d ( hurtful creature or insect1 z rats1 mice1 lice1 fleas1 bugs1 c420 b :atev] lexicograph]s may say ^u ! subject1 !re c be no d\bt t1 9 c\ntry language1 :at are kn[n z noxi\s animals are di/+ui%$ f noxi\s insects1 ! fir/ be+ 9 mo/ c\nties kn[n z 8,v>m5t10 to :i* belong rats1 mice1 /oats1 c41 to :i* ! keep] w\ld add kites1 hawks1 owls1 magpies1 & o!r birds2 ! second t]m be+ limit$ to ^? p>asitic creatures by :i* bo? man & "s inf]ior animals may be attack$4 ,! f>m]'s notion ( v]m91 z appli$ to ! h$ge-r[1 diff]s f ^!1 z x includes all bea/s1 birds1 reptiles1 insects1 c41 :i* directly injure ! h$ge1 toge!r ) su* z *oose ! h$ge-r[ or ! bank on :i* x might be gr[n z a bre$+-place1 f :i* !y migrate to f>m crops1 & s become injuri\s1 n to ! h$ge alone1 b to ! f>m 9 g5]al4 ,"s notion ( ^! may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ li/3-- #a4 ,rabbits--,by burr[+ 9 ! h$ge-bank4 #b4 ,h$ge-hog--,ignorantly includ$ ) h$ge-r[ v]m9 by ! f>m]4 #c4 ,/oats ,^! burr[ or make ! h$ge-r[ or bank ,rats a place ( refuge & concealm5t4 ,mice #d4 ,snakes--,errone\sly suppos$ to be injuri\s4 #e4 ,slugs ,bo? bre$ ext5sively 9 h$ge-r[s1 :i* ,snails (t5 =m ^! hyb]nacula4 ,insects injuri\s to ! gr[+ h$ge-plants4 ,d4 protect$ by ! h$ge1 & migrat+ to ! #f4 f>m crops4 ,d4 h>b\r$ by h$ge-r[ we$s1 & !nce migrat+ to ! crops4 #g4 ,birds 9 g5]al1 accord+ to ! dictum ( ! ,sp>r[ ,clubbi/s4 #a4 ,! rabbit is "o ( ! greate/ pe/s to ! bank on :i* h$ges are too (t5 gr[n1 & !re=e is injuri\s to ! gr[+ h$ge1 to say no?+ ( ! mis*ief :i* ^! creatures d to ! crops4 ,! o!r day we visit$ a field 9 :i* a h$ge-bank _h be5 und]m9$ ) no less ?an fifty holes 9 ! di/ance ( five-&-tw5ty y>ds2 ^! ramifi$ 9 e direction1 n only ?r\gh ! rais$ m\nd1 b into ! fields on ei!r side ( ! h$ge1 & out ( :i* rabbits 7 dug f a dep? ( z mu* z f\r feet4 ,"h ! ridicul\s nature ( ! m\nd 0 ! prim>y cause ( ! mis*ief1 & h5ce we "h (f] an illu/ration ( ! g5]al facts :i* met our view3-- ,illu/ration3 ,diagram ( a ,m\nd & ,dit* 9 ,oolite ,s&s4 ft4 94 a4 ,a rabbit hole4 #a4 & #e4 ,grass & we$s :i* _c be pl\gh$ #e #j #b4 ,m\nd = f5ce #h #j #c4 ,bottom ( dit* #c #j #d4 ,field side ( dit* #f #j #f4 ,arable field ---- ----- ,total #bb #j ,"h x w be se5 t n only has ne>ly tw5ty feet ( l& be5 tak5 up ) ! f5ce1 b ! plan ^u :i* x is made ( itself sugge/s a rabbit-w>r51 & especially :5 we say t ! soil is ( a loose s&y nature1 & ! dit* has nev] yet be5 a conduit = runn+ wat]1 & is !re=e p]fectly unnecess>y4 #b4 ,! h$ge-hog is "h only m5tion$ 9 ! hope ( dispell+ a popul> prejudice ) reg>d to him4 ,he is ru?lessly de/roy$ z v]m91 on ! supposition t ! h$ge scre5s a traitor :o is ev] ready to suck eggs or to take a meal f ! c['s udd]4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! fir/ *>ge1 "o w\ld h ?\ght t1 f ! p]t9acity display$ by ^? :o br+ x 9 de/roy+ birds' eggs & birds ( e k9d1 !y w\ld h little c>e ^u ?is head4 ,8 suck+ ( c[s has nev] be5 witness$ by any compet5t obs]v]1 & ) su* ! idea 0 nev] ent]ta9$1 nor c x be suppos$ t a c[ w\ld suff] ! approa* ( a creature s ?or\ghly arm$ ) sp9es z ! h$ge-hog4 ,9 ! words ( ,y>rell we may conclude t 8?is is ab\t z well-f\nd$ an accusation z t ( ,pl9y1 exagg]at$ z x is by ,sp]l+1 :o assures u t x asc5ds trees1 knocks (f ! apples & pe>s1 &1 ?r[+ itself d[n ^u !m t !y may /ick to its sp9es1 trots (f ) ! prize6 lian gives u ! same /ory1 sub/itut+ figs = apples1 & omitt+ ! climb+ p[] ( ! animal40 #c4 ,?is section conta9s creatures = :i* few ( u ent]ta9 any affection2 at ! same "t1 x may p]haps be true t "s ( ! greate/ ( f>m pe/s1 9 ! %apes ( rats & mice1 h greatly increas$ s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! polecat1 /oat1 & o!r ( our small] c>nivor\s quadrup$s4 ,z reg>ds mice 9 g5]al1 "o s\rce ( al>m connect$ ) _! =m] occupancy ( ! h$ge-r[ has ne>ly vani%$ f among u4 ,we allude to ! suppos$ injury !y 7 ?\ght to inflict on any creature ov] :i* !y might creep4 ,at "o "t1 if a c[ or %eep (f]$ any symptom ( p>alysis or injury1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! h9d-qu>t]s1 ! creature 0 said to be 8m\se-crope10 = :i* 7 sev]al popul> rem$ies1 :i* 7 us$ by way ( direct applications1 su* z a lib]al application ( rods ( wyt*-hazel1 draw+ twigs ( m\nta9-a% or r[an-tree ov] ! affect$ p>ts2 b ! m g5]al plan ( action 0 to op]ate ^u ! (f5d+ creature ^u ! same pr9ciple z p]ta9s to ! pres5t day 9 ! case ( a bite by a dog--namely1 t ! bitt5 subject is n safe f ! dire/ calamities s long z ! au?or ( ! mis*ief is alive2 & act+ ^u ?is1 !re are few p]sons 9 rural di/ricts :o w\ld n dem& ! dea? ( a dog by :om !y may h be5 bitt51 & ?is n z a measure ( precaution1 to prev5t ! l occurr5ce happ5+ aga91 b z ! fir/ ?+ to be done to ensure a safe cure4 ,s ) a 8m\se-crope0 subject3 action 0 at once tak5 aga9/ ! m\se1 b ?is ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! 8%rew-a%10 :i* pot5t rem$y is ?us describ$ by ,gilb]t ,:ite1 9 8 *>m+ 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne30-- ,n[1 a %rew-a% is an a% ^: twigs or bran*es1 :5 g5tly appli$ to ! limbs ( cattle1 w imm$iately relieve ! pa9s :i* a bea/ suff]s f ! runn+ ( a %rew-m\se ov] ! "p affect$2 = x is suppos$ t a %rew-m\se is ( s baneful & delet]i\s a nature1 t :]ev] x creeps ov] a bea/1 be x horse1 c[1 or %eep1 ! suff]+ animal is afflict$ ) cruel angui%1 & ?reat5$ ) ! loss ( ! use ( ! limb4 ,aga9/ ?is accid5t1 to :i* !y 7 cont9ually liable1 our provid5t =efa!rs always kept a %rew-a% at h&1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly m$icat$1 w\ld ma9ta9 its virtue = ev]4 ,a %rew-a% 0 made ?us3--,into ! body ( ! tree a deep hole 0 bor$ ) an augur1 & a poor devot$ %rew-m\se 0 ?ru/ 9 alive1 & plugg$ 91 no d\bt1 ) sev]al qua9t incantations1 long s9ce =gott54 ,t ! %rew-m\se 0 g5]ally held 9 ! greate/ dread1 !re is no d\bt2 b1 we f9d 9 ,dorset%ire1 :]e ?is notion /ill prevails1 t ! idea ( mis*ief is n conf9$ to ! %rew1 b is believ$ ( any m\se4 ,we _h a /e] 9 "o ( our fe$+-pits1 :i*1 z he did n ga9 fle%1 0 said to be 8moss-crop10 ! we/]n v]nacul> = m\se-crope4 ,/ill1 field mice1 )\t reg>d to species1 are suppos$ to be ! mo/ baneful 9 ?is way2 at ! same "t1 we may trace an evid5ce ( ! =m] g5]ally prevail+ belief 9 ! injuri\s t5d5cies ( ev5 our common m\se1 9 ! fact t :5 y h s f> conv9c$ a lady fri5d1 :o may h a 8horror ( a m\se10 ( _! h>mless nature1 y are sure to be met ) ! unansw]able rem>k1 :i* ga9s po9t f ! mann] ( its utt]ance1 8,b suppose a m\se %\ld creep ov] me80 ,we may n[ entirely disc>d e notion ( ! evils ( m\se-crope cattle z an argum5t aga9/ ! h$ge-r[ z a h>b\r = rats & mice2 /ill1 ^! are v]m9 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 & :i* h$ge-r[s1 unless kept trim & clean at bottom1 are sure to enc\rage4 #d4 ,snakes 9 h$ge-r[s are v common1 & especially on banks fac+ ! s\?2 ( ^!1 ! common r+$ snake & ! sl[-worm are (t5 met )4 ,!y excite great t]ror 9 mo/ p2 b /ill !y may be said n m]ely to be q h>mless1 b absolutely useful1 z !y live ^u insects & small fry 9 g5]al1 & s1 9 reality1 !y ought n to be class$ z v]m91 b take _! place among/ _! mo/ decid$ enemies4 #e4 ,! l& mollusks1 to :i* belong ! snail & ! slug1 are %elt]$ 9 h$ges by ?\s&s2 & highly de/ructive !y are1 & m especially 9 small ov]%ad[$ enclosures4 ,! quantity ( vegetation :i* ^! consume is enorm\s1 & we are sorry to ?9k t !y are on ! increase--a fact :i* we deem to be due to ! indiscrim9ate slaught] ( small birds1 m especially ! blackbird1 ?ru%1 & l>k1 :i* are _! mo/ det]m9$ enemies4 ,z f>m]s1 we might well af=d !m a dess]t ( small fruit = ! good !y d 9 de/roy+ slugs & snails4 #f4 ,h$ge-r[ %rubs are liable to be injur$ by _m insects1 m especially ! cat]pill>s ( diff]5t k9ds ( mo?s & butt]flies1 :i* sometimes eat away all _! leaves1 & s greatly ret>d ! gr[? ( ! h$ge4 ,^u ?is subject we quote f 8,our ,woodl&s1 ,hea?s1 & ,h$ges10 = ! purpose ( introduc+ to our read]s a small book by ,w4 ,s4 ,coleman1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all c\ntry read]s3-- ,! foliage ( ! haw?orn1 rem>kable = its elegance1 is ! *os5 food ( a great numb] ( int]e/+ insects1 pr9cipally ! cat]pill>s ( v>i\s lepidopt]a4 ,sev]al species ( ^! are ( a greg>i\s nature1 liv+ toge!r 9 ext5sive colonies "u a ?ick net-"w ( silk1 :i* s]ves !m = a common protection :ile fe$+ on ! foliage enclos$ ) !mselves 9 a silk5 t5t4 ,among ^! social net-weav]s are ! cat]pill>s ( a f9e insect1 ! black-ve9$ :ite butt]fly 7,pi]is cratgi71 a r>ity 9 "s di/ricts1 b 9 c]ta9 localities1 & at c]ta9 p]iods1 ab\nd+ to su* an ext5t z entirely to /rip ! haw?orn h$ges ( _! foliage4 ,simil> depr$ations are committ$ by ! gaily-col\r$ prog5y ( ! common lackey mo?1 & ( ! gold-tail$ & br[n-tail$ mo?s2 b ! mo/ =midable deva/ators1 ?\gh ! t9ie/ individually1 are ! little erm9e mo?s 7,yponom5ta71 small silv]y-grey creatures1 m9utely spott$ ) black4 ,! curi\s twig-l cat]pill>s ( ! brim/one mo? 7a pretty can>y-col\r$ creature1 ) br[n m>k+s71 & ( sev]al o!r geomet]s1 are common ^u haw?orn4 ,la/ summ] 7#ahfd71 ! haw?orn trees & h$ges ab\t ! p>ks & squ>es ( ,london 7 entirely defoliat$ by cat]pill>s1 :i* progress$ f tree to tree 9 squads ( numb]less individuals1 only seek+ a new site ( action :5 ! =m] "o _h be5 despoil$ ( e ve/ige ( leaf & bud4 ,b x is n only ! haw?orn :i* becomes attack$ by insects3 all o!r h$ge-r[ trees & %rubs h _! peculi> enemies1 to describe :i* w\ld take m space ?an we h to sp>e1 & we !re=e conclude ! *apt] ) a few rem>ks ^u ! we$s ( dirty h$ge-r[s4 ,^! h>b\r v>i\s insects1 :i* migrate to our crops1 & d an imm5se am\nt ( injury4 ,= in/ance1 su* plants z ,jack by ! ,h$ge 7,erysimum alli>ia71 treacle mu/>d 7,sisymbrium (fic9ale71 wild mu/>ds1 & o!r =ms ( ,crucif]1 9 h$ge-r[s1 af=d a w9t] nidus = ! turnip flea beetles 7,haltica conc9na & ,h4 nemorum71#be f :i* !y take _! flight to ! m delicate turnip & sw$e crops z soon z ^! come up4 #be ,see ,h[ to ,gr[ ,good ,roots1 pp4 #dc & #dd ( ! pres5t "w4 ,birds ne$ only "h be m5tion$ incid5tally1 z !re is /ill a conflict ( op9ions z to ! use ( ! bird family to ! f>m]2 & ^? species :i* mo/ly build 9 & frequ5t our h$ges are p]haps ^? ^u :i* evil suspicions are mo/ univ]sally held4 ,among/ ^! are ! h$ge-sp>r[1 f9*1 l9net1 & o!rs--& t ^! are mis*iev\s at times1 we are n prep>$ to d5y2 b we %\ld be sorry if ! curtailm5t ( h$ges1 = :i* we are advocates1 %\ld result 9 ! de/ruction ( our small birds1 z we conclude mo/ ( ! species to be at times em95tly useful4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,h$ge-,,r[ ,,f5ces4 ,we %all1 9 ! fir/ place1 treat ! subject ( managem5t 9 ref]5ce to f5ces compos$ ( haw?orn4 ,9 ! newly-plant$ h$ge we %all f9d t ! bett] ! soil 9 :i* x is plant$1 ! quick] & /rong] ! "y quicks w gr[4 ,if1 !n1 ! soil be n good1 or if x be ?91 x w be wor? :ile to prep>e x z well z circum/ances w p]mit4 ,?is may be done by deep digg+1 by br++ good soil f a di/ance1 or "s aid may be giv5 by means ( any k9d ( manure4 ,x %\ld ev] be borne 9 m9d t to />t ) luxuriant gr[? is all-important1 z neglect 9 ?is matt] at fir/ c only be p>tially rem$i$ aft]w>ds4 ,good quicks1 select$ & remov$ ) c>e1 c>efully plant$ 9 well-prep>$ gr\nd1 n elevat$ sev]al feet on a dry s&-bank1 or c>elessly gr\t$ 9 a gutt] ( clay1 w soon s5d out vigor\s %oots4 ,^! %\ld be well we$$ & dug at lea/ = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t an occasional trimm+ ( a wild %oot "h & !re ) ! knife w rightly direct a m ev5 gr[?4 ,9 we$+1 ! fir/ adv5t ( bri>s & brambles %\ld be look$ to2 s all se$l+ a%1 eld]1 maple1 & def5celess trees 9 g5]al1 %\ld be tak5 out by ! roots1 n cut (f1 z ?is only makes a ?icket ( a twig4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r ye>s1 if ! gr[? be suffici5tly /rong1 ! "y h$ge may be trimm$ to a desir$ %ape ) ! %e>s or ! hook2 b if weak & /raggl+1 we w\ld /rongly recomm5d t ! :ole be boldly cut (f )9 a few in*es ( ! base1 ! gr\nd to be well dug & ev5 manur$ ab\t ! roots1 & ! protect+ rail+s to be put 9 ord]1 & a new gr[? be wait$ =1 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 w n be long--= by ?is means we believe t a good f5ce w be soon] arriv$ at ?an by all[+ weak wood to g on gr[+ /ill weak]4 ,haw?orn f5ces are sometimes all[$ to get sev]al feet high be=e be+ br\ght into reasonable dim5sions1 9 :i* case !y get smoo?1 un>m$1 & unbran*$ /ems at ! base4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is too (t5 attempt$ to be cur$ by cutt+ out a quantity ( ! wood & lay+ ! re/1 by p>tially divid+ !m ne> ! gr\nd--a plan :i* is call$ 8pla%+40 ,?is we ?9k highly objectionable3 x w\ld be f> bett] to cut (f ! :ole to )9 a few in*es ( ! gr\nd1 & s trim ! %oots z !y gr[ aga94 ,! tru? is1 t pla%+ gets out ( ord]1 ! lay]$ /icks get out ( place1 & ! :ole is aid$ by /akes ( dead wood1 :i* soon decay1 or1 if n1 are almo/ c]ta9 to be remov$ by ! con/ant c\ntry claimants to dead /icks 9 g5]al4 ,we pref] t no dead mat]ials %\ld be put to a liv+ f5ce2 = if !re are gaps1 x w be be/ to dig ! gr\nd well & put 9 "s "y quicks1 f5c+ ) po/s & rails1 to gu>d ! plants z well z imp\nd ! cattle4 ,m5d+ gaps ) ?orns only aggravates ! evil1 z ! liv+ "p ( ! f5ce is s int]f]$ ) by ! dead matt] t x gr[s b imp]fectly1 & ! dead mat]ials soon rot away1 leav+ a great] gap to be re-m5d$4 ,we h se5 gaps tri$ to be repair$ by old quicks1 b ?is seldom succe$s--= if !y gr[1 !y are nev] bu%y en\gh to be repellant2 b !y (t5 die altoge!r1 & at be/ ) old plants1 "y quicks w repair ! mis*ief 9 less "t4 ,see+ ! difficulty !re is sometimes 9 gett+ quicks to gr[ well 9 h$ge gaps1 x is n uncommon to fill up ) v>i\s k9ds ( h$ge-r[ plants1 su* z hazel1 :itebeam1 sp9dle-tree1 dogwood1 maple1 c42 b ! objection to ^! is1 t !y are (t5 n repellant 9 any way1 & !y help to make weak] places broad] ?an !y f\nd !m1 &1 inde$1 ultimately get possession ( ! great] "p ( ! h$ge-r[4 ,!re is1 !n1 no?+ bett] to m5d a :ite?orn h$ge ?an quicks1 & !y w gr[ if att5d$ to = ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s2 b :y !y usually fail is1 t if plant$ 9 gaps !y are usually closely hemm$ 9 by old ?orns1 or all[$ to become smo!r$ by we$s4 ,) respect to v old h$ges1 made up ( all sorts ( mat]ials1 we pref] cutt+ !m d[n ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 leav+ all ! /ubs to bran* out1 ?an to attempt to lay] z %rubs1 & !n ! :ite?orn succe$s ev5 less ) pla%+4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 we h r\gh1 b1 aft] all1 n repellant f5ces1 we %\ld l to see !m re-plant$1 by :i* !y c\ld mo/ly be curtail$1 & at ! same "t opportunity may be tak5 to get rid ( "s ( !m altoge!r1 or to make !m 9 a m conv5i5t direction4 ,we are n[ 9 possession ( a h$ge compos$ ( ev]y?+ b haw?orn1 & some:]e ab\t twelve feet high4 ,x is )\t gaps1 b /ill pregnable at any po9t1 by reason ( ! want ( armature 9 ! %rubs ( :i* x is compos$4 ,/ill1 z x /&s on ! top ( a bank five feet high1 ! m\nd & h$ge toge!r is n s bad a f5ce z its mat]ials might w>rant4 ,we "h give a li/ ( ! plants ( :i* ?is f5ce is compos$1 9 ord] to ! m cle> explanation ( :at is to foll[3-- ,,plants ,,9 ,a ,,h$ge ,,at ,,brad=d ,,abbas1 ,,on ,,! ,,inf]ior ,,oolite4 ,p>ts4 ,a% #d ,hazel #bj ,! :ole ,cornel #aj int]mix$ ,sp9dle-tree #ab ) long ,black?orn #f climb+ brambles ,maple #bj & /raggl+ ,mealy ,gueld] ,rose #e bri>s1 & ! ,clematis #b bank cov]$ ) ,eld] #c ! usual h$ge-r[ ,elm #c we$s4 ,:ite?orn #b ,n[1 "h is a tall h$ge on ! nor? side ( our field1 & s capable ( af=d+ no slight am\nt ( %elt] to /ock2 b h[ mu* s\!rn sun does x keep (f our neighb\r's field6 ,& yet we h j succe$$ to a lease :i* conta9s a clause compell+ ?is h$ge to be annually trimm$--a process :i* has n be5 p]=m$ = _m ye>s1 b :i* we %all h]eaft] %[ %\ld be done1 especially :]e h$ges h be5 prop]ly c>$ =1 = ! due keep+ ( ! f5ce itself2 b fur!r1 we feel conv9c$ t a proprietor %\ld be able to call ^u ! own] ( a neighb\r+ e/ate to keep 8 portion ( ! f5ces )9 su* b\nds z may n be injuri\s4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 :at is be/ to be done8 ,cu/om says1 8,lay x2 pla% x40 ,/ill1 ! mat]ials are n suitable = ?is process4 8,cut x d[n & x w %oot up aga910 says ! h$g]1 :o w\ld be ready to d ! "w = ! wood2 b m>k1 t 9 ord] to get z mu* z possible1 x w\ld be cut close to ! gr\nd4 ,our plan w be to cut x at ab\t a y>d f ! top ( ! m\nd1 & aft]w>ds to wat* ! "y %oots1 s z c>efully to trim !m1 9 ord] to induce !m to ?r[ out lat]als1 & ?us make1 at lea/1 a ?ick gr[?1 ?\gh ( unpromis+ mat]ials4 ,) reg>d to trimm+ by ! piece3 if x be really a well-gr[n quick-set h$ge1 ! keep+ x to a c]ta9 /&>d may be easily accompli%$2 b if x be a weakly gr[? ( all k9ds ( %rubs1 ! lab\r] sla%es z close to ! gr\nd z he c ) ! hook1 9 ord] to 8h some?+ to cut aga9/0--a process :i* only makes ! h$ges weak] ! (t5] x is p]=m$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,cov5ants ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,f5ces1 ,,etc4 ,f :at has be5 already advanc$1 x w be se5 t ! matt] ( f5ces is mo/ important 9 connection ) ! arrangem5ts betwe5 l&lord & t5ant4 ,! l&lord = ! mo/ "p gets ! same r5t = ! l& occupi$ by f5ces z = ! :ole ( ! field1 su* l& be+ calculat$ ) ! acreage2 &1 fur!r1 ) ! t5ant-at-w he insi/s ^u _! be+ kept 9 ord]--t is1 if he c>es = or kn[s any?+ ab\t ord]--at ! exp5se ( ! t5ant4 ,9 leases !re are usually ins]t$ cov5ants oblig+ annual trimm+ ( f5ces & sc\r+ ( dit*es2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! t5ant does j z mu* z he likes1 & ! l&lord kn[s b little ab\t x4 ,at ! same "t1 annual trimm+ ( h$ges w\ld (t5 be mis*iev\s2 & aga91 z "s h$ges w\ld be well to be let gr[ tall1 on acc\nt ( ! %elt] !y might af=d1 !re w be s _m circum/ances to be consid]$ 9 com+ to a "r conclusion ab\t :at %\ld be done to f5ces1 t x is no wond] t cov5ants are only insi/$ ^u 9 a v p>tial mann]1 & ! c>eless f>m]1 in/ead ( repair+ h$ges 9 a p]man5t mann]1 is cont5t to m5d gaps--or 8%>ds10 z !y are call$ 9 ! midl& c\nties--only :5 he wants to keep 8 bea/s 9 any p>ticul> mead[ or field4 ,we %all %ortly discuss ^! views "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4 ,f5ces %\ld n be kept up to a great] ext5t ?an is requir$4 #b4 ,a t5ant-at-w %\ld n be expect$ to plant or take *>ge ( f5ces4 #c4 ,evils ( bad f5ces4 #a4 ,! curtailm5t & removal ( f5ces is1 z already %[n1 a matt] ( great mom5t1 n only z provid+ m available l& = cultivation1 b z expos+ a great] surface ev5 ( ! cultivat$ portions ( fields to ! influ5ce ( light & air4 ,b on any e/ate :]e ?is has be5 deem$ advisable1 we h usually se5 t z ! "w has be51 z x 71 divid$ among/ ! t5ants1 x has ei!r be5 done )\t judgm5t1 or1 if p]=m$ well1 yet by m5 ( diff]5t views1 z hav+ diff]5t requirem5ts1 s t x has result$ 9 a pat*y & any?+ r ?an an uni=m improvem5t4 ,we w\ld advise t ! l&lord or 8 ag5t take *>ge ( ?is matt]1 ) a view to t uni=m improvem5t :i* w\ld affect ! :ole e/ate4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be to ! int]e/ ( ! proprietor to make ! run ( ! f5ces z /raight z possible1 to plant quicks1 to m5d gaps1 & prop]ly to f5ce !m ) rails4 ,7 ?is ! case1 we %\ld h>dly see gaps fill$ up ) dead mat]ials1 only to wid5 !m z "t advances by kill+ m ( ! liv+ wood1 or1 :at is ev5 worse1 left z roadways to tempt ! trespass]4 ,9 f9e1 z ! e/ate w\ld be improv$ by hav+ p]fect f5ces1 & !re=e w\ld fet* a bett] r5t1 x w\ld appe> to be ! l&lord's duty to see x att5d$ to1 & n to expect to *>ge a t5ant = bad f5ces1 & to insi/ ^u 8 con/antly m5d+ !m into ! b>ga91 or x w naturally foll[ t !y w seldom be up to a high /&>d ( p]fection4 #b4 ,a t5ant-at-w1 or ev5 a leasehold]1 %\ld n be expect$ to plant new f5ces1 or to cultivate ^? already plant$1 :5 x involves exp5ses f :i* he _c reap ! b5efit4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n only ! plant+1 b we$+ & prun+--n m]ely sla%+--t is requir$1 all involv+ "t1 exp5se1 & judgm5t1 :i* no man w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 exp5d+ ^u a prec>i\s hold+4 ,b take ! case ( a leasehold] = sev5 ye>s4 ,9 our own p>i%1 on ! light oolite s&s1 is a quick-set h$ge1 :i* has be5 badly plant$--n[ ent]+ ^u ! f\r? ye> s9ce--^u ! top ( a ?9 m\nd ( s&y soil1 f f\r to five feet high4 ,! quicks are n s good z :5 !y 7 plant$2 x c nev] make a good h$ge4 ,bri>s & brambles1 & v>i\s %rubs common to oolite soils1 w smo!r out ! quicks1 & altoge!r x w result 9 failure4 ,"h ! l&lord %\ld n expect 8 t5ant to we$1 & x is n wor? 8 :ile to ev5 f9d 8r\gh timb]0 = =m+ a def5ce ( su* a h$ge f ! cattle1 nor w x pay ! t5ant to employ a c>p5t] to "w x4 ,9 ?is case ! l&lord %\ld level ! soil & re-plant ! h$ge--n on a m\nd ( s&1 b 9 ! well-dug surface soil--effici5tly f5ce x1 & see to its annual we$+4 ,9 ?is way1 in/ead ( 8 hav+ to f9d r\gh timb] = f5ces = all "t1 "o set ( rails %\ld be en\gh1 & s he w\ld ultimately save money = "t by a pres5t judici\s exp5diture2 &1 besides1 z he w\ld give 8 t5ant m available l& = 8 acreage1 & ?is bett] secur$1 s t trespass]s are kept f )\t & 8 cattle prev5t$ /ray+ f )91 ! hold+ w\ld c]ta9ly be m valuable4 #c4 ,) bad f5ces ! l& is n at comm&4 ,!re has to be sup]9t5d5ce & m5d+ :5ev] a field is want$ to be us$4 ,we recollect a f>m] :o1 hav+ b\ght "s pigs1 on be+ ask$ by 8 man :]e he 0 to put 'em1 repli$1 8,oh1 put 'em 9 ! g>d51 = if y don't !y'll v soon get !re40 ,"h 0 a case ( bad f5ces ab\t ! home/ead1 & we may be sure ev]y:]e else too4 ,& "h we w\ld controv]t ! ass]tion t is too (t5 made1 t 8! f>m] :o is a c>eful g>d5] w be a bad f>m]40 ,we h ev] se5 t att5tion to neatness & ord]1 at home & 9 ! fields1 w m>k ! good f>m]1 ?\gh x may n always assure u ( ! prosp]\s "o4 ,! tru? is1 t neatness is sometimes exp5sive2 & z x does n always yield any great] rew>d ?an gratification to ! t5ant1 x %\ld at all times be enc\rag$ by ! l&lord ) e possible assi/ance1 z he c nev] be a los] !reby1 b mu/ be ! ga9]4 ,! tru? is1 t !re is no?+ ab\t e/ates or f>ms :i* s mu* requires remodell+ z ! sy/em ( f5ces4 ,!y want less5+1 z ! l& is cut up into f> too _m awkw>d little pieces4 ,!y want /raight5+ & p>allel+1 if we may s express x4 ,!y %\ld1 too1 be kept )9 due compass1 bo? z to bread? & height1 s t altoge!r1 z to mat]ial1 mode ( plant+1 position1 & g5]al sup]vision1 ! h$ge-r[ really is 9 want ( t k9d ( treatm5t :i* only a f>-see+1 compreh5sive ov]se] c direct1 & :i*1 7 we to come into ! possession ( a l>ge e/ate1 w\ld be ! fir/ process = its amelioration & improvem5t t we %\ld att5d to4 ,9 fact1 x may be said t ?is subject is daily receiv+ a great] %>e ( att5tion1 & t = a reason at fir/ little suspect$2 b ! tru? is1 /eam is ass]t+ its p[] on ! f>m z on ! road1 & z ! eng9e m>*es into our fields1 f5ces w be levell$ be=e 8 might9ess--all sorts ( crook$ corn]s & que]-%ap$ angles w be remov$1 & ! :ole w assume a m regul> outl9e4 ,!re are moral evils connect$ ) bad f5ces :i* we ?9k h h>dly be5 duly consid]$4 ,we h h9t$ at _! enc\ragem5t ( trespass]s & fo/]+ ( idle habits4 ,9 our own p>i% are gaps lead+ f "o field & f "o f>m to ano!r4 ,?is enc\rages idle vagabonds to g any:]e--ev]y:]e--on pret5ce ( %oot+ small birds1 _m ( :i* are (t5 ( m value ?an !mselves2 & if !re is no gap already1 h[ easy to pu% ?r\gh twigs ( cornel1 a%1 gueld] rose1 c4 c4 ,su* h$ges1 aga91 are m5d$ ) dead ?orns & /akes & rails ( wood1 :i* soon decay & become a prey to all ! old wom5 & idle *ildr5 9 ! p>i%1 ! latt] ( :om ha/5 ! p]iod :5 !y may claim !m by climb+ ?r\gh & ov] !m1 & s prematurely despoil :at !y soon take home z ( "r4 ,9 conclusion1 !n1 we haz>d ! ass]tion t well-gr[n & well-kept f5ces are a boon to all4 ,!y b5efit ! l&lord1 by enabl+ him to give well-secur$ acres 9 ex*ange = 8 r5t4 ,l good 8build+s10 f5ces b5efit ! f>m] by af=d+ him protection = 8 prop]ty4 ,!y b5efit ! poor1 by remov+ a great s\rce ( lawless habits1 & t comm5cem5t ( petty l>c5y :i* too (t5 leads to a complete negation ( consci5ce4 ,!y b5efit all1 inasmu* z ,ord]1 :i* 8is ,heav5's fir/ law10 is ,man's be/ fri5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,j4,e4 ,s[]by1 sc4 ,w4 ,we/1 imp4 ,qu]cus ,robur ,p$unculata ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,timb]4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,on ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,timb] ,,= ,,ornam5t ,,& ,,pr(it4 ,among all ! v>i$ productions 7says ,/rutt#bf7 ) :i* nature has adorn$ ! surface ( ! e>?1 none awak5s our sympa?ies1 or int]e/s our imag9ation1 s p[]fully z ^? v5]able trees :i* seem to h /ood ! lapse ( ages--sil5t witnesses ( ! successive g5]ations ( man1 to ^: de/9y !y be> s t\*+ a resemblance1 alike 9 _! budd+1 _! pride1 & _! decay4 #bf ,introduction to 8,sylva ,britannica40 ,h5ce1 9 all ages1 ! e>lie/ dawn ( civilization has be5 m>k$ by a rev]5ce ( woods & groves2 devotion has fl$ to _! recesses = ! p]=mance ( h] mo/ solemn rites2 pr9ces h *os5 ! emb[]+ %ade ( "s wide-spread+ tree1 "u :i* to receive ! deputations ( ! neighb\r+ 8great ones ( ! e>?20 & angels !mselves1 x is record$1 h n disda9$ to deliv] _! cele/ial messages b5ea? ! same v]dant canopy4 ,to sit "u ! %ad[ ( 8 own fig-tree1 & dr9k ( ! fruit ( 8 own v9e1 is ! rew>d promis$1 9 ,holy ,writ1 to ! righte\s man2 & ! gratification aris+ f ! site ( a fav\r$ & long-rememb]$ tree is "o enjoy$ 9 common by ! pe]1 :om x rem9ds1 z its bran*es wave ov] 8 head :il/ w&]+ 9 8 h]$it>y doma9s1 ( ! illu/ri\s ance/ors :o may h se5 x plant$2 & by ! peasant1 :o recalls1 z he looks on x 9 8 way to 8 daily lab\rs1 ! sports ( 8 infancy r\nd its v5]able trunk1 & reg>ds x at once z 8 *ronicl] & l&m>k4 ,:o inde$ among/ u1 9 :atev] position ( life he may be1 or 9 :at l& soev] 8 lot may be ca/1 does n (t5 f9d 8 m9d's eye re/+ ^u "s fav\rite tree2 x may be "s huge elm on 8 village gre51 :]e1 9 ! dim twilight1 he ei!r told or li/5$ to ! fairy tale or excit+ gho/ /ory2 or ! spread+ oak1 b5ea? ^: %ade he has picnick$2 or ! haunt$ grove1 :]e 8 tale1 ?\gh only :isp]$1 yet spoke l\dly to a will+ li/5]4 ,n[ %ift ! sc5e to moonlight glade1 ,:]e dapp] elves b5ea? ! %ade ,( oak or elm _! revels keep1 ,:at "t we plodd+ mortals sleep4 ,next lead me to "s haunt$ grove1 ,su* z ! ,fauns & ,dryads love2 ,or seat me by "s brook1 ^: swell ,makes music l a ,naiad's %ell2 ,!n t\* ! tree 'nea? :i* ,i lie1 ,till x unclose to e> & eye ,:ate'er x may h he>d or se5 ,s9ce spr+ fir/ clo!d its /ems ) gre54 ,_s ( ! ,woods4 ,b we mu/ n be l$ a/ray by ! poetical emotions :i* are sure to rise up )9 u at ! contemplation ( =e/ trees2 we %all !re=e conf9e ourself1 9 ?is treatise1 m p>ticul>ly to a g5]al description ( ! g5]a & species ( trees usually gr[n 9 ,great ,brita9 = timb]1 ) an explanation ( "s ( ! pr9ciples connect$ ) ! gr[? ( timb]4 ,timb] 9 a c\ntry :]e trees are almo/1 if n :olly1 plant$1 af=ds a subject = consid]ation v diff]5t f t ( wild aborig9al =e/s2 9 ! =m] we h to consid] our subjects z objects = cultivation1 & t ) a view ( yield+ pr(it or pleasure1 or bo?1 :il/ ! /udy ( trees 9 ! =e/ w\ld naturally resolve itself into a botanical & physiological inquiry into specific =ms4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we w\ld n "h neglect ! latt]1 our arrangem5t ( trees & _! hi/ory w h m p>ticul> ref]5ce to _! cultivation1 a subject :i* w probably address itself m especially to ! l&lord ?an to ! t5ant f>m]4 ,9 ! ma91 !n1 ! prim>y object ( gr[+ trees is t ( pr(it1 :il/ a second>y--or ) "s ev5 prim>y--consid]ation w be t ( ornam5tation2 & we admit t1 ap>t f any o!r consid]ation1 a l&$ e/ate )\t timb] w\ld be z b>e1 cold1 & com=tless z a h\se )\t furniture2 at ! same "t1 too _m trees1 & ^! 9 !mselves awkw>dly gr[n & /uck ab\t 9 all sorts ( awkw>d positions1 w\ld be l an ov]-furni%$ & ill-regulat$ mansion4 ,we w\ld1 !n1 h t k9d ( ?\ght ex]cis$ 9 plant+ :i* %\ld result1 if n 9 pr(it1 at lea/ 9 provid+ ornam5t )\t loss1 ei!r to ! t5ant on ! "o h&1 or ! proprietor on ! o!r4 ,to ?is end we w\ld advocate sett+ ap>t portions ( ! e/ate = ! cultivation ( timb] 9 belt plantations1 or ev5 9 woods1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! soil & g5]al position1 & ?is 9 pref]5ce to h$ge-r[ plant+1 z long l9es ( a% or elm c nev] look ornam5tal h[ev] well-gr[n2 b1 inasmu* z ?is mode ( gr[? necessitates lopp+1 ! timb] is s long 9 gr[+ & !n is nev] good1 t x seldom pays ev5 ! exp5ses att5dant ^u its utilization4 ,9 plantations1 aga91 y c adopt su* a sy/em ( gr[+ nurses t "s return = ! outlay w n be _m ye>s 9 comm5c+1 & s pr(it by way ( r5t is n delay$ z 9 h$ge-r[ gr[?4#bg #bg ,we are aw>e t ! l&lord too (t5 consid]s h$ge-r[ timb] z co/less2 b ! injury :i* x entails ^u ! f>m1 & its ne>ly useless "*1 leads u to view ! matt] 9 a diff]5t light4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :at we w\ld call a =e/ nurse1 let u suppose t 9 a c]ta9 position our object is to gr[ a plantation ( oak3 we might 9 ?is case mix bee*1 elm1 l>*1 ,scot* firs1 & spruce ) ! oak2 ^!1 by gr[+ toge!r1 w\ld increase an upw>d developm5t2 !y w\ld 8pull ea* o!r up10 z usually express$4 ,soon ?is lat]al gr[? w\ld cause !m to approa* ea* o!r too closely1 & !n ! l>* w\ld be fir/ cut out1 p]haps = hop-poles2 next ! spruce & ,scot* firs = f5c+ & o!r purposes2 !n ! bee* & elm z !y became useful2 & at la/1 all ! nurses gone1 ! oak w\ld be suffici5t to occupy ! space1 &1 ?\gh _m ye>s h pass$ 9 ! process1 ! wood has all ! "t yield$ some?+ t[>ds r5t & exp5ses4 ,9 plant+1 ( c\rse1 ! k9ds to be plant$ w dep5d ^u circum/ances1 & s to a great ext5t w ! me?ods to be adopt$ 9 plant+2 x may1 h[ev]1 be "h /at$ t ?ree plans ( prep>+ ! soil h be5 recomm5d$3--#a4 ,tr5*+2 #b4 ,pitt+2 & #c4 ,pl\gh+4 #a4 ,tr5*+ is a v exp5sive process1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 is sc>cely wor? ! co/4 ,x is true t digg+ & turn+ ov] ! soil w cause a numb] ( we$s to die1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x enc\rages ! gr[? ( great] numb]s ?an x de/roys1 & x is d\btful :e!r we$+ c be done s well 9 ! loos5$ gr\nd z x c\ld be=e4 ,suppos+1 !n1 ! "y trees to be plant$ 9 old turf1 we consid] tr5*+ to be q unnecess>y2 b1 z ! plants w fl\ri% be/ :5 we$s & grass are kept "u1 we %\ld advise ! sk9n+ ( ! turf r\nd !m annually = ab\t ?ree ye>s ) a common mattock1 & at ! same "t advantage to be tak5 ( ! opportunity to tread 9 ! trees m firmly :5 !y may h become loos5$2 to remove any brok5 or decay$ matt]1 z 9 ! case ( conif]s1 to see to ! tra9+ ( a s+le lead]1 r ?an two or m2 & 9 all cases :]e "y conif]s %[ an increas+ disposition to gr[ a great quantity ( fruits 7cones71 we %\ld ei!r dig ar\nd x1 &1 p]haps1 apply a portion ( manure1 or sacrifice ! plant & put a fre% "o 9 its /ead4 ,?is premature fruit+ arises sometimes f ! roots ( ! plant hav+ be5 too mu* crippl$1 ei!r by break+ or dry+ f be+ kept too long out ( ! gr\nd2 we may "h /ate1 !n1 t1 if only to prev5t ?is1 9 all cases ( transplantation1 !y %\ld be tak5 out ( ! nurs]y ) great c>e1 s z to injure ! roots z little z possible1 & fur!r be plant$ 9 _! new home ) ! utmo/ despat*4 ,disappo9tm5t is sure to result :]e trees ( any k9d h be5 kept long out ( ! gr\nd1 z !y are :5 b\ght at m>ket or 9 packets at sales4 ,we %\ld nev] pur*ase at ! latt]1 unless !y 7 left 9 ! gr\nd to be fet*$ z might be requir$4 ,z we h be5 l$ incid5tally to rem>k ^u ! subject ( crippl+ by means ( injur$ roots1 we may n[ po9t out t ! same ?+ occurs :]e "y trees h be5 topp$ ei!r = mis*ief1 or injudici\sly prun$4 ,we rememb] hav+ "s l>*es ?us damag$ by "s vagabond boy1 & 9 sev5 ye>s !y 7 only dw>f cone-be>+ bu%es1 :il/ o!rs plant$ at ! same "t 7 #ae feet 9 height4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 in/ant removal1 :5 discov]$1 & ! be+ replac$ by fre% plants1 w\ld aft] all be a sav+ ( "t 9 gett+ useful /icks4 #b4 ,pitt+4--,9 ?is process ! soil is sometimes dug out s z to make holes ab\t #b feet squ>e1 ! soil be+ left to wea!r by ! sides ( ! holes1 & return$ ar\nd ! trees :5 !y are plant$4 ,?is is n ne>ly s exp5sive z tr5*+2 b x1 too1 is n always advisable1 = trees h ! t5d5cy to conf9e _! roots to ! dug-out space = "s ye>s1 & s !y d n get ! hold ^u ! gr\nd t !y o!rwise w\ld4 ,?is plan is t ( p>tial tr5*+1 & we %\ld pref] ! =m] to ! pitt+ process1 unless :]e /ones1 su* z ^? f\nd 9 ! oolite rocks1 come to ! surface4 ,9 su* case1 ! removal ( "s ( ! l>g] /ones & supplem5t+ !m ) soil f "s o!r s\rce we h f\nd to be ( advantage4 #c4 ,pl\gh+ ! soil is z exp$iti\s a plan ( prep>+ & cle>+ x z we possess2 & n[ t /eam cultivation c be br\ght into action = a mu* great] dep? ?an c\ld be done ) horses1 sma%+-up ! l& by its means w\ld be no bad prep>ation = plant+ :]e ?is is to be done on tol]ably level gr\nd4 ,:ile ^u ?is subject we may "h quote1 z /ill wor?y ( att5tion1 ! directions 9 ! f\r? edition ( ! 8,sylva40 ,let u n[ see 9 :at mann] we are to prep>e ! gr\nd = _! reception4 ,! be/ way is by tr5*+1 or d\ble digg+1 z deep z ! soil w admit (2 b z ?is is a v exp5sive proce$+1 & consequ5tly c only be practis$ ^u a small scale1 ,i %all recomm5d ano!r good me?od ( prep>+ ! gr\nd4 ,?is is to be done by prop] pl\gh+1 &1 if agreeable1 ! ye> be=e ! l& is plant$1 x may be> a crop ( oats1 rape1 or turnips4 ,by ?is means ! sw>d w be effectually de/roy$4 ,aft] ! crop is (f1 let ! gr\nd be tr5*-pl\gh$1 & !n h>r[$ ) v heavy h>r[s1 to break ! clods2 ab\t ! end ( ,octob] let x be aga9 pl\gh$ crossways1 & h>r[$ z be=e4 ,?is is ! season = plant+ ! sets1 = ! gr\nd1 by be+ ?us cross-pl\gh$ & well h>r[$1 w be 9 prop] ord] = _! reception4 ,! mann] ( plant+ ! sets is z foll[s3-- ,fir/1 c>efully take ! plants out ( ! se$-b$s1 %ort5 ! tap-root1 & take (f "p ( ! side-%oots1 t !re may be an equal proportion ( /r5g? betwe5 ! /em & ! root4 ,if ! wood is design$ to be b small1 t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty acres1 !n l9es may be drawn1 & ! trees plant$ 9 r[s1 f\r feet di/ant f ea* o!r1 & ! trees two feet asund] 9 ! r[3 ea* l9e mu/ h a man & a boy = plant+4 ,! gr\nd be+ made light & pliable by cross-pl\gh+ & h>r[+1 ! man /rikes 8 spade into ! e>? close to ! l9e2 he !n takes x out1 & gives ano!r /roke at "r angles ) x2 !n ! boy1 hav+ a p>cel ( plants "u 8 left arm1 takes "o ) 8 "r h&1 & readily puts x into ! crevice made by ! spade at ! second /roke2 aft] ?is ! man g5tly presses ! m\ld to x ) 8 foot1 & ?us ! "y oakl+ is plant$4 ,he proce$s 9 ! same mann] to ! next1 & s on till all is f9i%$4 ,an active man ) 8 boy w plant #a1ejj or #b1jjj 9 a day2 & :ile !y are plant+ o!rs %\ld be employ$ 9 tak+ up fre% sets f ! se$-b$1 sort+ !m1 & prep>+ _! roots4 ,9 %ort1 a suffici5t numb] ( h&s %\ld be set to e "p ( ?is "w1 t ! :ole may be c>ri$ on ) despat* & regul>ity2 = ! gr\nd _c be too soon furni%$ ) its plants aft] x is 9 read9ess to receive !m1 nei!r c ! plants be put too e>ly into ! gr\nd aft] !y are tak5 up f ! sem9>y4 ,^? plants :i* are ne>ly ( ! same size %\ld be made to occupy a l>ge qu>t] toge!r1 & ! weake/ %\ld be left 9 ! sem9>y a ye> long] to ga9 /r5g?4 ,! trees1 ei!r = small or l>ge plantations1 be+ 9 ! gr\nd1 ! fir/ c>e %\ld be to f5ce !m well f cattle1 & ev51 if possible1 f rabbits & h>es4 ,! next %\ld be to keep !m cle> f we$s1 t !y may n be incommod$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,9 all l&s we$s mu/ be c>efully wat*$ & de/roy$ at _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,9 small plantations hoe+ may d2 b :]e ! plantations are l>ge & noble1 a d\ble-%elv+ pl\gh %\ld be provid$2 & :5 ! we$s are got two or ?ree in*es high1 ?is mu/ be drawn exactly d[n ! middle ( ea* r[ by horses ) _! m\?s muzzl$1 somebody lead+ ! =emo/ horse2 ?is pl\gh w effectually ?r[ a ridge ea* way1 s t ! edge ( x w be almo/ contigu\s to ! plants on bo? sides4 ,?is be+ done1 ! :ole surface ( ! gr\nd w be *ang$1 & ! we$s all buri$1 except a few ab\t ! /ems ( ! plants1 :i* a man foll[+ ! pl\gh %\ld cut or pluck up4 ,9 ?is mann] ! gr\nd may lie until a fre% crop ( we$s pres5t !mselves2 :5 ^! are ab\t ?ree in*es high1 a common pl\gh %\ld be provid$ to g up "o side ( ! r[ & d[n ! o!r1 to pl\gh ! ridges made by ! d\ble-%elv+ pl\gh into _! =m] places1 m5 foll[+ ) hoes to de/roy su* we$s z are ne> ! /ems ( ! trees4 ,?us w ! :ole sc5e be *ang$ aga92 ! gr\nd w appe> z new-till$2 & 9 ?is condition x may rema9 until ! we$s call = ! d\ble-%elv+ pl\gh a second "t1 :i* mu/ also be foll[$ alt]nately ) ! common pl\gh z occasion may require4 ,by ?is means ! gr\nd w n only be kept cle> ( we$s1 b ! e>?1 by con/ant /irr+1 w be m replete ) n\ri%+ juices1 ! g5tle %[]s w produce _! good effects1 ! sun w h 8 influ5ce1 & all ! p[]s ( vegetation w comb9e to n\ri% & set =w>d ! infant oak4 ,?is "w mu/ be repeat$ e ye>1 until ! oaks are ( a height suffici5t to de/roy ! we$s1 :i* may be1 p]haps1 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 accord+ to ! goodness ( ! gr\nd 9 :i* !y are plant$4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ ! c>e sometimes tak5 9 plant+1 we h (t5 obs]v$ t ! simple me?od ( mak+ triangul> or cruci=m op5+s ) ! spade1 ?us--,y 1 & c>efully divid+ ! roots 9 putt+ ! plants 9 _! places1 & aft]w>ds well press+ ! turf aga9/ !m1 has succe$$ z well z any o!r me?od4 ,inde$1 we h kn[n plants put 9 ) only a s+le slit2 b ?is nev] succe$s s well1 ?\gh x is m exp$iti\sly p]=m$4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 trees are put 9 at s mu* an acre1 ! plan ( action mu/ be specifi$1 & ! proce$+s c>efully wat*$1 to ensure its due p]=mance1 or ! "w w mo/ likely be done 9 ! quicke/1 & n be/1 mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,on ,,! ,,k9ds ,,( ,,timb] ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,diff]5t ,,situations4 ,t ! gr[? & quality ( timb] w be influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! soil is a matt] s well und]/ood t x w\ld sc>cely require to be treat$ ( 9 ?is place1 if we did n daily see examples ( plant+ 9 :i* all laws ( gr[? h be5 set at defiance2 /ill1 occasionally1 exp]i5ce has l5t h] aid & produc$ "s satisfactory results2 &1 z an exemplification ( our mean+1 & z %[+ ! influ5ce ( geological position ^u plant+1 we w\ld direct att5tion to ! foll[+ section3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,alice ,,holt ,,=e/4 ,bee*4 ,hops4 ,l>*4 ,oak4 ,l>*4 ,hops4 ,bee*4 #d4 ,*alk4 #c4 ,*alk ,m>l4 #b4 ,upp] ,g4 ,s4 #a4 ,gault ,clay4 ,"h we h ! oak--( bo? v>ieties kn[n to plant]s1 to be h]eaft] describ$--fl\ri%+ mo/ luxuriantly on ! /iff soil ( ! gault2 ! *alk-m>l1 upp] gre5 s&1 & gault--! two latt] only p>tially--be+ engag$ 9 hop cultivation4 ,! gre5 s& surr\nd+ ! =e/ is mo/ly devot$ to ! gr[? ( l>* or spruce1 ! ?9n+s ( :i* are us$ = hop-poles & ! l>g] trees are left z timb]-belts2 :il/ ! bee* w be f\nd to fav\r ! *alk4 ,hops & o!r cultivat$ plants fl\ri% accord+ to geological position4 ,t ! geology ( a di/rict affects vegetation ma9ly1 accord+ to ! me*anical & *emical /ructure ( its individual rocks & ! climate 9 :i* !y are situate1 is q true2 & yet ! foll[+ table w %[ t diff]5t =mations fav\r ! gr[? ( trees ^u o!r conditions ?an ^? nam$4 ,*oos+ figures to repres5t relative values1 ! annex$ table is int5d$ to %[ ! am\nt ( influ5ce ex]cis$ by c]ta9 geological rocks 9 ! gr[? ( diff]5t fruit & =e/ trees met ) 9 ,engl&4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4,rocks4 ,apple4,pe>4,oak4,elm4,bee*4,firs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cretace\s #a ,*alk #b #j #b #d #h #e ,rocks4 #b ,gre5 ,s&s #c #a #c #g #j #c #c ,gault #d #a #f #f #j #j ,jurassique #d ,ox=d ,clay #f #j #aj #h #j #a ,rocks4 #e ,oolite ,free/one #b #j #a #d #aj #e #f ,lias #aj #c #e #aj #j #a #g ,new ,r$ ,s&/one #h #aj #g #ab #j #b #h ,m\nta9 ,lime/one #a #j #b #b #c #a #i ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #ae #h #h #aj #j #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,^! figures may s]ve to express--al?\gh r\ghly--! capacities ( diff]5t =mations = ! production ( fruit & =e/ trees1 & x may be curi\s to note t1 :ile ! *alk & ! oolite free/ones1 bo? compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime1 (f] a rem>kable agreem5t 9 po9t ( d5drological productions1 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 also consi/+ ( c>bonate ( lime1 af=ds v diff]5t results2 "h1 no d\bt1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( sc5]y pres5t$ by ! rocks !mselves h a decid$ influ5ce on ! g5]al results4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 ( any geological influ5ce 9 ! gr[? ( trees mu/ dep5d ^u ! mat]ial r ?an ^u ! position ( ! rocks =m+ ! subsoil ^u :i* !y occur1 & ?us x may be expect$ t clays1 lime/ones1 & s&s1 & diff]5t mixtures ( ^!1 w ea* fav\r ! gr[? ( a peculi> spontane\s or native vegetation2 s t1 if we look$ to a l>g] li/ ( trees & c\pl$ x ) li/s ( h]bace\s plants1 we might make out ev5 a /rong] case1 ei!r = ! effects ( geological or li?ological conditions2 b en\gh has be5 said to po9t out t v>i\s trees naturally affect "o position m ?an ano!r1 & s !y succe$ z ! results ( plant+ & cultivation 9 "o k9d ( soil 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 & x may be laid d[n z a rule1 t pomace\s fruits & h>d-wood$ trees1 z oak & elm1 only fl\ri% 9 /rong soils1 ?\gh !y may be imp]fectly gr[n 9 all soils1 :il/ s(t-wood$ trees1 z bee*1 lime1 & ! conif]1 succe$ be/ 9 light] soils2 h5ce1 !n1 ! plant] :o w\ld try to gr[ vigor\s oak on s&b$s w\ld be disappo9t$1 & :ile bee* is ! 8we$0 ( ! ,cotteswold oolite1 :oev] tries to gr[ an or*>d ^u ! free/one rocks is sure to meet ) disappo9tm5t4 ,z reg>ds =e/ trees we %all1 = ! mo/ "p1 conf9e our rem>ks to ^? ( ! foll[+ li/1 z1 al?\gh ( rec5t ye>s _m new g5]a & species h be5 introduc$1 !y are n yet 9 g5]al cultivation ev5 = ornam5tal purposes1 mu* less z a s\rce ( pr(it4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,native ,,or ,,naturaliz$ ,,=e/ ,,trees4 ,oak ,*e/nut ,our m common timb] trees us$ ,walnut 9 build+s1 furniture1 coop]age1 ,elm turn]y1 c4 ,a% ,bee* ,bir* ,employ$ 9 furniture1 turn]y1 c4 ,l>* ,! ,briti% ,conif] are n us$ ,spruce = timb]1 except = f5c+ & ,scot* ,fir o!r common purposes4 ,popl> ,plane ,m\nta9 ,a% ,employ$ = turn]y1 picture-frames1 ,maple & occasional useful purposes4 ,lime ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,on ,,! ,,briti% ,,oak4 ,:il/ ! discussion is /ill p5d+1 ( iron aga9/ wood5 bulw>ks1 if only = ! love we feel t[>ds ! 8brave old oak10 a few notes ^u ! =ms ( ?is truly national tree c h>dly fail to be acceptable4 ,at />t+1 h[ev]1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 t ?\gh we h ev] look$ ^u ! oak z s ?or\ghly ,briti% t we _h almo/ be5 br\ght to ?9k t x 0 made = ! sole glory ( our l&1 yet !re are ^? :o w\ld wi% to ca/ a d\bt ^u its true aborig9al nature1 & :o1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 repres5t ev]y?+ great z borr[$ f ! ,cont95t4 ,:at says1 h[ev]1 t pleasant disc\rs] on =e/ trees1 ,jacob ,george ,/rutt1 ( imp]i%able sylvan fame3--8,9 proportion z ! oak is valu$ above all o!r trees1 s is ! ,engli% oak e/eem$ above t ( any o!r c\ntry1 = its p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( h>dness & t\ghness1 qualities :i* s peculi>ly fit x to be ! #8fa!r ( %ips1' & :i* are s admirably express$ 9 two epi!ts by t great poet1 to :om ! book ( nature & ( ! human he>t seem$ alike laid op53-- ,?\ r ) ?y %>p & sulph'r\s bolt ,splitt'/ ! unw$geable & gn>l$ oak1 ,?an ! s(t myrtle40--,,%akespe>e4 ,selby aga91 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,=e/ ,trees10 a "w :i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all lov]s ( ! beautiful natural objects ( :i* x treats1 describes ! f9d+ ( "s bog oaks1 :i* w\ld almo/ connect ! pres5t race ) a fossiliz$ pa/3-- ,at ! ,l9d51 ! seat ( ,c4 ,w4 ,bigge1 ,esq41 ! trunk ( a magnific5t oak 0 extract$ f a peat moss t fills a small bas9 or holl[1 evid5tly produc$ by ! /agnation ( a /ream1 :i* n[ passes ?r\gh x1 & :i*1 at "s di/ant p]iod1 _h be5 damm$ back by ! fall ( ! trees ^u its m>g9s4 ,?is oak 0 cov]$ by a lay] ( ! peat to ! dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet1 & 0 discov]$ by prob+ ! moss4 ,! trunk1 ) a small portion ( "o ( ! l>g] limbs1 0 ) great lab\r & difficulty dragg$ f its miry b$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! portion recov]$ conta9$ #ede cubic feet1 al?\gh ! :ole ( ! sap-wood _h p]i%$4 ,! timb] 0 p]fectly s\nd1 & ! tree1 by :atev] accid5t x _h be5 ov]?r[n1 _h fall5 9 ! vig\r ( its gr[?4 ,:5 sawn up1 ! int]ior planks 7 f\nd ( a deep ri* br[n col\r2 ^? ne>] ! ext]ior d>k]1 or approa*+ to black4 ,a v>iety ( elegant furniture has be5 made f ! wood2 b x has be5 f\nd necess>y1 = f9e cab9et-"w1 to h x cut into v5e]s1 =1 :5 work$ 9 bulk1 x is apt to crack & become w>p$4 ,rema9s ( o!r huge oaks h also be5 met ) on ! banks ( ! ,tyne1 ! ,alne1 & o!r riv]s1 z well z 9 v>i\s bogs & morasses2 & we m5tion ^! in/ances to %[ t 9 a di/rict :]e1 at ! pres5t day1 no?+ b rec5tly-plant$ oak or dw>fi% timb] f /ock-%oots exi/s1 9 =m] times ! mon>* ( ! =e/ grew luxuriantly1 & atta9$ a spl5did developm5t2 & also z an inducem5t to ! plant] n to neglect ! lib]al ins]tion ( ?is national tree :]ev] soil & situation are f\nd cong5ial to its gr[?4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 ! oak /ill gr[s 9 all its native magnific5ce ( =m & dim5sions1 & ! rema9s ( ^? anci5t =e/s1 :i* are *ronicl$ by our e>lie/ writ]s1 & :i*1 9 ! "t ( our ,saxon ance/ors1 spread ov] ! great] portion ( ! c\ntry1 are /ill to be trac$ 9 ! v5]able b liv+ relics ( enorm\s oaks1 _m ( :i* are suppos$ to numb] m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,n to neglect to plant ! national tree6 ,we hope inde$ t !re is no possessor ( broad acres :o does n e/eem x a duty1 reg>dless ( pr(it1 to provide = a succession ( =e/ k+s1 if only to beautify ! face ( ! c\ntry1 & to leave ! p ( ! pres5t1 "s gr& liv+ object to connect !m ) ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,9 fact1 plant+ ( ! 8,briti% oak0 has n only be5 consid]$ a duty1 b foll[$ out ) ! ke5e/ pleasure by ! c\ntry g5tleman4 ,9 s do+1 ! "q has sc>cely until lately occurr$1 is ! ,briti% oak always ! same8 or1 are !re n diff]5t species1 or at lea/ v>ieties ( ! g5us qu]cus :i* h be5 conf\nd$ by ! plant]8 ,to ?is "q we n[ propose to address our inquiries4 ,on ref]r+ to diff]5t au?ors1 we %all f9d m5tion ( ! foll[+ names z appli$ to ! ,briti% oak3-- #a4 ,qu]cus robur1 ,l9n4 #b4 sessiliflora1 ,salisbury4 #c4 int]m$ia1 ,don4 ,?is me?od ( nom5clature w\ld1 h[ev]1 be only t5able on ! supposition t we consid]$ ! trees s nam$ specifically di/9ct2 b z we incl9e to believe !m to be only v>ieties--?\gh highly important z su*--we int5d to treat ( !m z foll[s3-- #a/4 ,,qu]cus ,,robur ,,p$unculata4 #bnd4 ,,sessiliflora4 #crd4 ,,int]m$ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,j4 ,e4 ,s[]by1 sc4 ,w4 ,we/1 imp4 ,qu]cus ,robur ,sessiliflora4 #a/4 ,qu]cus ,robur p$unculata is readily di/+ui%$ 9 trees sep>ate f o!rs by its robu/ habits1 ?ick1 gn>l$1 twi/$1 & m or less horizontally incl9$ bran*es4 ,! leaves h comp>atively few broad1 wavy ind5tations1 & are set on a %ort leaf-/alk 7petiole7 7,plate ,i4 fig4 a71 ! fruit be+ situate on long foot/alks 7p$uncles71 v>y+ f two to upw>ds ( f\r in*es 7fig4 b74 ,?is is ! typical ,briti% oak1 ! pride ( our sailors1 :5 m5 f\ght bravely & did n c>e to vie ) ea* o!r z to :o %\ld make ! mo/ secure skulk+-places4 ,! tree-- ,^: roots desc5d ,z l[ t[>ds ,pluto's realms1 z high 9 air ,its massive bran*es rise4 ,! utmo/ rage ,( w9try /orms h[ls o'er its /r5g? 9 va94 ,successive g5]ations ( mank9d1 ,revolv+ ages fl\ri% & decay1 ,yet /ill immovable x /&s1 & ?r[s ,its vigor\s limbs ar\nd1 & pr\dly be>s ,) firm & solid trunk its /ately =m1 ,a mighty canopy ( ?icke/ %ade4 ,,virgil1 ,georg4 ii4 #bia4 ,?is is ! tree t seems to be long] liv$ ?an any o!r 9 ,brita91 & ?\gh x w\ld appe> to be ! prey ( ne>ly1 if n q1 two hundr$ species ( insects1 x has /ill _h vig\r ( con/itution to survive !m all2 & 9 _m in/ances we might po9t to brave old trees :i* mu/ h be5 vet]ans at ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 !y are old & /aggy1 ) holl[ trunks truly--b :at trunks6--f =ty to fifty feet 9 circumf]5ce1 pres5t+ ! foll[+ picture to u z x did to ,sp5s]3-- ,!re grew an ag$ tree on ! gre51 ,a goodly oak "s "t _h x be51 ,) arms full long1 & l>gely display$1 ,b ( _! leaves !y 7 dis>ray$2 ,! body big1 & mightily pight1 ,?or\ghly root$1 & ( wond'r\s height3 ,:ilom _h be5 ! k+ ( ! field1 ,& mockel ma/ to ! husb& did yield2 ,& ) 8 nuts l>d$ _m a sw9e1 ,b n[ ! grey moss m>r$ 8 r9e2 ,8 b>$ b\ghs 7 beat5 ) /orms1 ,8 top 0 bald & wa/$ ) worms1 ,8 hon\r decay'd1 8 bran*es s]e4 ,%eph]d's ,cal5d>4 ,?is1 inde$1 is a melan*oly sight1 l ! ,/ag's ,horn ,oak by ! roadside betwe5 ,f>nham & ,woolm]1 9 ! anci5t b\nd>y ( ,alice ,holt ,=e/2 yet ?is has a "y tree gr[+ by its side1 p]haps "o ( 8 own *ildr51 :i* gracefully conceals mu* ( 8 gaunt nak$ness4 ,9 ! same =e/ are _m old /aggy trees1 _! contort$ horn-l bran*es /ick+ out 9 a mo/ picturesque mann] f ! top & sides ( a /ill leafy head4 ,9 ^! ! :ite owls may yet be se5 pe]+ out ( d>k cav]n\s holl[s z !y did 9 ,gilb]t ,:ite's day2 & dur+ ! summ] ( #ahfa we ) pleasure wat*$ _! motions1 :i* s m9utely agre$ ) ^? describ$ by ! fa!r ( obs]v+ naturali/s1 t we _c =be> quot+ 8 rem>ks !reon 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne10 a n v di/ant p>i% f ! ,holt1 & to :i* he inde$ (t5 ref]s3-- ,z ,i h paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! mann] ( life ( ^! birds 7! ,:ite ,owl71 dur+ _! season ( bre$+1 :i* la/s ! summ] ?r\gh1 ! foll[+ rem>ks may n be unacceptable4 ,ab\t an h\r be=e sunset 7= !n ! mice beg9 to run71 !y sally =? 9 que/ ( prey1 & hunt all r\nd ! h$ges ( mead[s & small enclosures = !m1 :i* seem to be _! only food4 ,9 ?is irregul> c\ntry we c /& on an em95ce & see !m beat ! fields ov] l a sett+-dog1 & (t5 drop d[n 9 ! grass or corn4 ,i h m9ut$ ^! birds ) my wat* = an h\r toge!r1 & h f\nd t !y return to _! ne/1 ! "o or ! o!r ( !m1 ab\t once 9 five m9utes2 reflect+ at ! same "t on ! adroitness t e animal is possess$ ( z f> z reg>ds ! well-be+ ( itself & (fspr+4 ,not)/&+ ! good done by ^! birds 9 keep+ "u mice1 all our eloqu5ce c\ld sc>cely pres]ve !m f ! onslaught ( ! keep]2 !y 71 h[ev]1 protect$ dur+ our pleasant soj\rn at ! ,holt2 b we mu* fe> only1 aft] all1 to gratify ! ta/e = /uff$ birds1 a love :i* is equally fatal to ! fea!r$ race 7& especially ! f9e/ examples !re(7 z ! hate ( ! keep]4 ,b we are digress+ sadly1 & mu/ return to ,qu]cus ,robur p$unculata1 & complete our obs]vations !reon ) ! /atem5t t mo/1 if n all1 ! nobl] examples ( oaks 9 ,engl& belong to ?is =m4 ,selby directs att5tion to ! 8,flitton ,oak1 9 ,devon%ire1 ( ! ,sessiliflora v>iety1 suppos$ to be "o ?\s& ye>s old1 & :i* is ?irty-?ree feet 9 circumf]5ce at "o foot f ! gr\nd40 ,h[ev]1 ne>ly e hi/orical oak is ( ! p$unculate v>iety4 ,9 ! ,holt =e/ are /ill left "s huge examples2 ! same 9 ! ,dean =e/2 & ,braydon1 ne> ,sw9don1 ,wilts1 ?\gh disaf=e/$1 c yet %[ noble trees ( ?is =m4 ,inde$1 ?r\gh\t ,engl& x is difficult to meet ) _m examples ( any o!r =m1 except 9 ,wyre =e/1 ,worce/]%ire1 :]e ! tree next to be describ$ is p]haps ! m g5]al1 & x w\ld also appe> t 9 ! ,new ,=e/ ! ,q4 sessiliflora is also frequ5tly met )4 ,qu]cus ,robur sessiliflora may be g5]ally describ$ z ( a m upright & =mal habit4 ,limbs /raight] & less gn>l$4 ,b>k usually smoo!r ?an ! =m]4 ,! leaf has _m s9uosities1 & is set on a comp>atively long leaf-/alk 7petiole7 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 a74 ,! fruit1 on ! contr>y1 is s ne>ly sessile t x may be said to h little m ?an ! indication ( a p$uncle 7fig4 b74 ,we h already /at$ our op9ion t ! sessile-fruit$ oak does n usually atta9 ! huge dim5sions ( ! p$unculate =m2 b on ! o!r h& we incl9e to ! belief t x gr[s m rapidly1 & is be/ adapt$ = a light] soil ?an ! latt]4 ,!re are conditions :i* might to a great] or less ext5t affect ! quality ( its timb]1 b we d n ?9k t !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,we believe t _! wood has be5 us$ indiff]5tly1 & ! quality is influ5c$ by surr\nd+ circum/ances4 ,selby1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,=e/ ,trees10 /ates on ?is head3--8,! result1 p]haps1 ( "s orig9al con/itutional defect1 or aris+ f ! nature ( ! soil1 situation1 or o!r local peculi>ities ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! timb] has be5 rais$2 su* at lea/ is ! result ( our own exp]i5ce1 z we h met ) oak ( ! p$uncl$ k9d1 its timb] possess+ all ! inf]ior qualities attribut$ to1 & suppos$ to be possess$ exclusively by1 ,q4 sessiliflora40 ,! long]1 /raight] sp>s ( ! ,sessiliflora1 9 days :5 oak 0 s uni=mly us$ = ro(s1 seem to h po9t$ out ?is v>iety = ro(-timb]+2 & h5ce "s ( ! f9e/ anci5t timb]$ ro(s ( ?is c\ntry h be5 asc]ta9$ to h be5 =m$ f its wood4 ,) respect to ^! ! op9ion long prevail$ t !y 7 =m$ ( ! wood ( ! ,spani% *e/nut4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is b a poor timb] tree1 z1 long be=e x c\ld af=d s l>ge a scantl+ z w\ld be requir$ by ! ro( ( ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se at ,ed9burgh or ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey 7bo? ( :i* 7 suppos$ to be ( *e/nut71 ! *e/nut w\ld beg9 to decay at ! he>t2 9 fact1 j at ! p]iod :5 ! he>t-wood ( oak beg9s to h>d51 t ( ! *e/nut w\ld appe> to det]iorate4 ,qu]cus ,robur int]m$ia1 hav+ a petiole int]m$iate 9 l5g? betwe5 ! o!r two v>ieties describ$1 & a p$uncle v>y+ f a qu>t] to "o in* 9 l5g?1 may ) propriety be deem$ a v>iety int]m$iate betwe5 8,sessiliflora0 & 8,p$unculata10 & a comp>ison ( ! ?ree w sub/antiate its claim to ?is title4 ,z a tree x is impossible to make out any specific "* f its mode ( gr[?1 &1 inde$1 )\t ! fruit1 x is extremely difficult ev5 to di/+ui% x z a v>iety4 ,x occurs--only occasionally--9 ! ,cotteswold di/rict1 & we suppose ! same else:]e4 ,"o meets ) x "h & !re 9 ! h$ge-r[s1 & 9 ,oakley ,p>k1 ! seat ( ,e>l ,ba?ur/1 we c po9t out a few specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,galls ( ! ,cynips ,qu]cus petiolata4 7,natural size47 ,pass+ f ! subject ( ! v>ieties ( our ,briti% oak1 x n[ rema9s to m5tion a mo/ =midable enemy by :i* x has ( late ye>s be5 attack$1 & s exclusively1 t 9 plantations :]e may be f\nd ! ,am]ican oaks1 ! ,ilex oak1 & ,turkey oak trees1 x has be5 ! only "o subject$ to ! op]ations ( ! new gall pe/4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t our native oaks 7 subject to excresc5ces ( diff]5t =ms & sizes1 su*1 = example1 z oak-apples1 oakleaf galls1 oak spangles1 c41 all ( :i* 7 asc]ta9$ to be caus$ by sev]al species ( cynips2 b lately we h to lam5t ! introduction ( a new species ( ! same insect1 =m+ a new k9d ( gall1 :i*1 in/ead ( attack+ ! backs ( ! leaves1 z does ! oakleaf gall1 occupies ! /em t belongs to ! leaf2 9 fact1 ! attack$ leaves seem to be conv]t$ into bun*es ( galls1 z repres5t$ 9 ! adjo9+ figure1 :i* pres5ts an illu/ration ( ! new pe/4 ,!y are h>d galls1 m or less l ! 8nut-gall0 f ,aleppo1 ( :i* ink is made1 & x w be se5 t ! little twig supports no less ?an five galls1 9 ! int]ior ( ea* ( :i* may be f\nd ! maggot or l>va ( an insect2 &1 z ?is is affect$ at ! exp5se ( ! buds & leaves1 ! mode ( injury mu/ be obvi\s1 z ! new twigs :i* w\ld h be5 =m$1 _h !re be5 no galls1 w\ld 9 _! turn h produc$ bran*es & leaves4 ,trees ?us infe/$ are crippl$ z ?\gh !y _h be5 subject$ to con/ant prun+4 ,z mu* ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! cynips1 by :i* ^! gall-nuts are =m$1 z is necess>y = our purpose1 may be ga!r$ f a pap] by ,mr4 ,p>fitt1 :o seems to h well /udi$ ! gall insect 9 ,devon1 its head-qu>t]s4 ,we quote x f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,ba? & ,we/ ( ,engl& ,agricultural ,society = #ahfa3-- ,! eggs deposit$ by ! females 9 ! oak buds 9 ,septemb] rema9 !re 9 a /ate ( app>5t quiesc5ce till ! foll[+ spr+2 !n1 z soon z ! sap beg9s to fl[1 ! irritant inject$ into ! w\nd at ! same "t ! egg 0 deposit$1 or possibly ! comb9$ action ( ! egg & irritant1 causes ! sap to div]ge2 t portion ( ! bud :i* %\ld h =m$ a "y %oot is conv]t$ into a sph]ical ball2 ! out] scales ( ! bud fall away1 & x is ! woody secretion :i* entirely =ms ! gall4 ,! cells 9 ! gall are n elongat$ & regul>1 z 9 ! "y %oot1 b confus$ & irregul>2 & 9 ! c5tre ( ea* gall lies a "y grub ( ! cynips1 =m+ a liv+ nucleus1 ar\nd :i* is deposit$ a ?91 h>d1 woody envelope1 mu* m compact 9 sub/ance ?an ! sponge-l tissue :i* fills up ! int]/ice betwe5 x & ! %9+ out] coat ( ! gall4 ,?is compactness ( /ructure is a necess>y & all-wise provision ( nature = protect+ ! delicate insect :i* lies )9 f de/ruction2 = if ! gall 7 compos$ entirely ( l>ge spongy cells1 ! rapid fl[ ( sap 9 ! e>ly spr+ w\ld be m ?an ! creature c\ld consume1 & x w\ld consequ5tly be dr[n$4 ,i am aw>e t "s naturali/s incl9e to ! op9ion t ! l>v ( ! cynips fe$ on ! gall4 ,f ?is view1 h[ev]1 ,i v5ture to diss5t2 = n only is x inconsi/5t ) ! /ructure ( ! creature's m\?1 & ! position 9 :i* ! "y l>v are inv>iably f\nd1 ) ! head tuck$ "u ! apex ( ! abdom51 b if !y f$ on ! sub/ance or crude mat]ial ( ! gall1 ! undige/$ p>ts w\ld c]ta9ly be f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( its cell3 9 o!r words1 ! excrem5t w\ld be !re1 = !re is no outlet1 & ! lacteals or absorb5t vessels ( ! gall c\ld n take x up4 ,i !re=e ?9k t ! creature fe$s entirely on ! sap ( ! tree--an elaborate food fit = x )\t ! ne$ ( ma/ication4 ,?is expla9s h[ x happ5s t ! galls ( comm]ce1 ) ! insects 9 !m1 are s mu* bett] & de>] ?an ^? f :i* ! cynips has escap$2 9 a ^w1 ! tannic acid is m abundant4 ,x has be5 be=e obs]v$1 t !re are two broods ( ! insect 9 a season2 ?us1 ^? :i* d n em]ge f ! gall 9 ,septemb] rema9 on till ! foll[+ ,april or ,may4 ,?is is a wise provision ( nature = cont9u+ ! species1 %\ld any?+ befall ! autumn brood2 & x is ! m des]v+ ( notice1 because ! gall-produc+ cynips has a deadly enemy :i* accompanies or foll[s x 9 its flight f bud to bud1 & deposits an egg :]ev] x f9ds ! egg ( ! cynips4 ,"h1 z soon z ! cynips l>va is hat*$1 ! l>va ( ! p>asite is hat*$ also2 =?) ! latt] proce$s to eat a hole 9 ! sk9 ( ! rightful occupant ( ! nidus1 & ! two l>v g on gr[+ toge!r till ! cynips is ready to assume ! pupal /ate2 !n ! p>asite cuts ! vital ?read ( ! cynips1 & uses its sk9 = a pupal envelope = itself2 & ?us1 in/ead ( ! gall-fly em]g+ into day1 a beautiful gre5 insect makes its appe>ance on ! /age ( life4 ,i _h ! pleasure ( fir/ discov]+ ?is p>asite :ile engag$ 9 /udy+ ! cynips2 x belongs to ! g5us ,callimone1 & f ! fact ( hav+ discov]$ x 9 ,devon%ire1 ,i gave x ! "n ( ,callimone ,devoni5sis4 ,x is "o ( ! h&some/ ( our ,briti% insects2 its co/ume a brilliant gre51 %ot ) gold2 ! abdom9al segm5ts gre51 gold1 & purple2 legs yell[2 t>si r$di%2 & x has f\r beautiful transp>5t & iridesc5t w+s4 ,x has be5 /at$ t oak-galls are produc$ at ! exp5se ( acorns4 ,f ?is view my exp]i5ce leads me to diss5t4 ,9 exceptional in/ances x may h be5 ! case2 b z a rule ! cynips conf9es its attacks to "y trees & "y gr[?s 9 h$ges1 )9 a range ( t5 or twelve feet f ! gr\nd1 & ! ne>] ! gr\nd ! m num]\s ! galls4 ,"y trees :i* h n atta9$ a great] height ?an t ,i h indicat$ suff] s mu* t _m ( !m c sc>cely make headway aga9/ _! foe2 & 9 sev]al nurs]ies ,i h visit$1 :]e x might be expect$ t great] c>e w\ld be paid ?an 9 ! case ( ord9>y plantations1 ! "y /ock ( oaks has be5 r5d]$ q unsaleable by ! pe/4 ,?is ye> ,i h notic$ ! progress ( ! insect on two gr\ps ( "y ,engli% & ,turkey oaks gr[+ side by side2 & al?\gh !re are hundr$s ( galls on ! ,engli% oaks1 !re are none on ! ,turkey oaks4 ,f ?is ,i am l$ to inf] t ! species ( cynips n[ "u notice is conf9$ 9 its depr$ations to ! ,engli% oak2 & z x inv>iably selects trees ( y\ng] or re/rict$ gr[?--probably because ! temp]ature at a high] elevation ?an t5 or twelve feet f ! e>? is unfav\rable to x--x w\ld seem t *ildr5 might be advantage\sly employ$ 9 "y plantations 9 collect+ ! galls by means ( cutt+-hooks1 su* z are us$ = ?i/les4 ,! galls1 :5 once collect$1 might ei!r be cru%$ = tann+ purposes1 or consum$ by fire1 & if ! process 7 repeat$ = two or ?ree seasons1 x is m ?an probable t ! plantation w\ld be altoge!r free f ! pe/4 ,^! able rem>ks n only well describe ! nature ( ! attack1 b also po9t to a cure--a matt] to :i* we w\ld direct ! mo/ s]i\s att5tion ( ! plant]2 = we may /ate t1 9 #ahec1 we saw "s v small oak trees1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,dawli%1 ,devon1 f :i* "s hundr$s ( ^! galls might h be5 ga!r$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t we _h notic$ ?is pe/1 ?\gh x appe>s t x _h be5 "u ,mr4 ,p>fitt's notice z long z a doz5 ye>s4 ,s9ce !n 7#ahec7 we h trac$ x 9 its progress z foll[s3-- ,hav+ obs]v$ ! galls 9 ,devon 9 #ahec1 we 7 ye>ly on ! look-out 9 ! ,midl& & ,ea/]n c\nties = its appe>ance1 & ! foll[+ dates w %[ t its spread1 ?\gh gradual1 0 suffici5tly rapid3-- ,! galls 7 ga!r$ 9 ,devon 9 #ahec ,! same k9d 9 ,som]set1 9 #ahed ,9 ,gl\ce/]1 on ! we/ side ( ! riv] ,sev]n1 ,=e/ ( ,dean1 9 #ahee ,9 ,gl\ce/]1 ea/ side ( ! ,sev]n1 & z f> z ,oakley ,p>k1 ,cir5ce/]1 9 #ahef ,9 ,worce/]%ire1 9 #aheg ,9 ,nor? ,wales1 ,b$dgel]t 7po9t$ out to u by ,john ,savory1 ,esq471 9 #ahei ,9 ,sussex1 v sp>+ly1 9 #ahfj ,9 ,alice ,holt ,=e/1 & f> f abundant1 9 #ahfa ,ab\t ,ha/+s1 v pl5tifully1 9 #ahfb ,we h ?is season obs]v$ a lot ( ! "y galls2 b la/ ye>1 = ! fir/ "t1 we discov]$ t1 9 _m cases1 ! maggot _h be5 extract$ by "s small bird1 "o ( ! titmice 7,p>us cruleus72 &1 if s1 :]ev] "y oaks may be gr[+1 x %\ld af=d an additional reason = ! protection ( ^! useful birds4 ,! magnitude ( ! evil1 unless *eck$ by "s means1 may be e/imat$ f ! fact t1 9 #ahef1 we c\ld sc>cely f9d half a doz5 galls )9 a wide di/rict1 & n[ all ar\nd may be f\nd trees1 n m ?an #aj feet high1 ^u :i* are no less ?an f "o to five hundr$ di/9ct galls4 ,we conclude ^! rem>ks ^u our native oaks ) ! f]v5t hope t 9 8,m]ry ,engl&0 x may ev] be z describ$ by de> old ,*auc]3-- ,a pleasant grove 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 :i* 7 okes grete1 /reight z a l9e1 ,undir ! :i* ! grass s fre% ( hew ,0 newly sprong1 & an eight fote1 or n9e1 ,e tree well f 8 fell[ grew1 ,) bran*es brode1 lad5 ) levis new1 ,t1 sprong9 out ag51 ! sonn %5e4 ,"s v r$e2 & "s a glad light gr5e4 ,! ,fl\re & ! ,leafe4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,on ,,! ,,*e/nut ,,& ,,walnut4 ,! ,*e/nut & ,walnut are "h br\ght toge!r1 n only z produc+ two useful k9ds ( h>d-wood$ timb]1 b f ! fact ( bo? be+ be>]s ( e/eem$ k9ds ( fruit4 ,!y are nei!r gr[n to ! same ext5t 9 ,engl& z on ! ,cont95t1 & probably nei!r ( !m is indig5\s to ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh x is /at$ by ,sir ,w4 ,hook] to gr[ 9 woods app>5tly wild1 9 ! s\? & s\?-we/ ( ,engl&4 ,z reg>ds ! fruit ( ! =m]1 x may be said t 9 p>ts ( ,spa9 8,spani% ,*e/nuts0 are a /aple article ( food4 ,9 ,engl& !y are sometimes br\ght to table z a /uff+ = turkeys1 or roa/$ = dess]t2 b _! greate/ consumption among u is ) ! poor1 :o1 9 w9t]1 ) a halfp5ny-wor? ( roa/$ *e/nuts enjoy ! d\ble luxury ( w>m f+]s & a sweet nutriti\s diet4 ,walnuts1 z a fruit1 are highly e/eem$ by all classes3 z mu* by ^? :o crack & peel !m 9 a second or ?ird class railway c>riage1 z by ! squire :o takes !m z a concomitant ) 8 glass ( port4 ,) u !y are only c>$ = :ile !y c be peel$1 b abroad !y are c>efully dri$1 9 :i* /ate !y =m an important article ( comm]ce4 ,9 ! ,portuguese c\rt ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahfa1 9 our capacity ( juryman1 we _h br\ght be=e u specim5s ( dri$ walnuts f z _m z fifty exhibitors4 ,! ,spani% *e/nut 7,ca/anea vulg>is7 has no relation%ip ) ! s-call$ horse-*e/nut1 :i* latt]1 we might j m5tion1 is solely employ$ z an ornam5tal tree1 if we except its occasional use 9 cab9et-"w4 ,evelyn1 sixty ye>s ago1 speaks ( x z be+ 8all ! mode = ! av5ues to _! c\ntry palaces 9 ,france40 ,x has be5 mu* us$ = ?is purpose ) u1 & its magnific5t fl[]s & f9e foliage w ev] recomm5d x z an ornam5t ab\t c\ntry resid5ces4 ,b to return to ! ,spani% *e/nut4 ,?is tree is plant$ ) u bo? = ! gr[? ( timb] or z und]wood = poles2 = ! latt] purpose x answ]s well1 z x soon gr[s up aga9 aft] cutt+1 & 9 its "y /ate x goes s soon to he>t-wood t ! poles are rem>kably /rong & t\gh4 ,z a timb] tree1 ! *e/nut has be5 v ext5sively extoll$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & on ! ,cont95t2 x may1 h[ev]1 be conclud$ t al?\gh its wood is exce$+ly useful1 x has nev] be5 put to ! important uses :i* h be5 claim$ = x4 ,evelyn1 speak+ ( *e/nut-wood1 says3--8,i _h once a v l>ge b>n ne> ! city1 fram$ entirely ( ?is timb]40 ,sir ,t4 ,d4 ,laud] tells u t ! ro( ( ! ,p>liam5t ,h\se 9 ,ed9burgh is con/ruct$ ( *e/nut1 & we h (t5 se5 x /at$ t ! magnific5t ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall has be5 fram$ ( ?is timb]2#bh b to quote f ,selby's admirable 8,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,=e/ ,trees03-- ,! fact is1 z ,buffon fir/ obs]v$1 ! wood ( ! oak1 m p>ticul>ly t ( ! sessile-fruit$ v>iety1 assumes1 9 c\rse ( "t1 a ne> resemblance 9 col\r to t ( ! *e/nut 9 its be/ condition1 or :5 "y & unta9t$ at he>t2 & z few *e/nuts c\ld h acquir$ ! scantl+ frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! timb]s ( ^! anci5t build+s at ! age diall+ or decay almo/ inv>iably comm5ces1 ?is 9 itself furni%es a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! use ( *e/nut timb]s & beams by our ance/ors1 inasmu* z ! trees mu/ become unfit = ! purpose long be=e !y _h atta9$ ! necess>y dim5sions4--,p4 #cbf4 #bh ,_m ( ! mo/ anci5t h\ses 9 ,london 7 built ( its 7*e/nut7 wood1 z is ! ro( ( ,we/m9/] ,hall1 built by ,william ,rufus1 9 ! ye> #ajii1 /ill free f any appe>ance ( decay4--,sylva ,britannica1 p4 #ha4 ,b al?\gh we may safely dismiss ! notion t *e/nut is ( ! value =m]ly suppos$1 yet its timb] is n )\t its uses2 x is employ$ = small] beams1 gate-po/s1 piles1 & o!r purposes :]e l>ge timb] is n requir$4 ,its be/ use is = poles1 = :i* purpose *e/nut may be employ$ z nurses to oak1 ?9n+ out ! =m] z gr[? advances4 ,dismiss+1 h[ev]1 ! subject ( ! economic value ( ! *e/nut1 :e!r = timb] or fruit1 z an ornam5tal tree x has few equals4 ,!re are _m f9e *e/nut-trees 9 our c\ntry1 b p]haps ! f9e/1 z x is suppos$ to be ! olde/1 sylvan vet]an 9 ,engl& is ! "o at ,tortwor?1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ( :i* ,/rutt says3-- ,9 ! reign ( ,/eph51 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #aace1 x 0 deem$ s rem>kable = its size1 t1 z appe>s ^u record1 x 0 well kn[n z a signal b\nd>y to ! ,manor ( ,tortwor?4 ,at ! "t t x 0 ?us conspicu\s = its magnitude & vig\r1 we may reasonably suppose x to h be5 9 its prime2 if1 !re=e1 we pay any reg>d to ! receiv$ op9ion :i* is appli$ to ! *e/nut1 equally ) ! oak1 t x is ?ree hundr$ ye>s 9 com+ to p]fection1 ?is calculation takes u back to ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,egb]t1 9 ! ye> #hjj1 = ! comm5cem5t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,tortwor? ,*e/nut4 ,well !n may we exclaim ) ! poet-- ,hail1 old patrician trees1 s great & good6 ,! ,walnut 7,juglans regia7 is suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ f ,p]sia by ! ,romans2 b al?\gh we c h no claim to x z a native1 yet x has ?riv5 s rem>kably well1 z = _m ye>s s9ce to h furni%$ u ) a l>ge quantity ( a highly valuable timb]4 ,s mu* inde$ is its wood e/eem$1 z to h caus$ its use only 9 ! bett] k9ds ( cab9et-"w1 su* z draw+-room furniture1 int]nal fitt+s1 & :]e mahogany w\ld n[ be consid]$ z some:at common2 x has1 too1 be5 ev] e/eem$ z a wood = gun-/ocks1 z x comb9es h>dness1 t\ghness1 & an agreeable col\r ) a great degree ( lightness--be+ ( a less specific gravity ?an t ( any o!r k9d ( h>d wood4 ,f[l+-pieces1 g5tlem5's rifles1 pi/ols1 & all ! f9] k9ds ( small arms1 usually h /ocks ( walnut1 z its texture1 col\r1 & ! %>pness ) :i* fancy c>v+s c be work$1 peculi>ly adapt x = ! purpose4 ,dur+ ! cont95tal w>1 ,engli% walnut fet*$ an enorm\s price4 ,selby tells u t a s+le tree 0 sold = #fjj1 ow+ to :i* _m ( ! noble/ specim5s 7 sacrific$2 & ,l\don tells u t1 ab\t #ahjf1 no less ?an #ab1jjj trees 7 annually requir$ = ^! uses 9 ,france4 ,9 ,engl& ?is tree is pr9cipally gr[n = its fruit1 :i* is a great fav\rite :5 ripe z an adjunct to ! social glass4 ,/ill enorm\s quantities are nev] all[$ to atta9 to rip5ess1 f _! be+ us$ 9 a gre5 /ate = ! purposes ( pickl+1 sauces1 & ! l2 inde$1 s mu* is ! gre5 "p ( ! walnut e/eem$ = its flav\r+ prop]ties1 t ! v 8hulls10 or cov]+s to ! rip5$ fruits1 are employ$ z an +r$i5t 9 ! prep>ation ( sauces & flav\r+s4 ,ano!r use ( ! fruit1 especially on ! ,cont95t1 is t ( mak+ oil1 :i* is consid]$ to be little1 if at all1 inf]ior to f9e olive-oil4 ,! walnut-tree1 !n1 may be consid]$ z (f]+ _m claims = its m ext5sive cultivation1 = al?\gh native gr[?s ( timb] h be5 ( late ye>s 9 a measure sup]s$$ by ,am]ican walnut & hickory wood1 /ill x (f]s no mean inducem5ts to ! plant] ^u ?is score alone1 at ! same "t x mu/ be all[$ t ) u ! *ief inducem5t to ! culture ( ?is tree is ! value ( its fruit & ! h&some tree :i* x makes4 ,9 ! gr[? ( ?is & ! prec$+1 x is always be/ to procure good1 heal?y1 "y trees f ! nurs]yman2 inde$1 9 plant+ all =e/ trees ?is may be consid]$ z n only ! be/1 b usually ! *eape/ mode ( proce$+4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,on ,,! ,,elm4 ,to ! critical botani/ ! /udy ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( ,elm is "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ subjects he has to cope )1 ! fact be+1 t if ! se$ ( any "o =m be cultivat$1 ! results w seldom or nev] be uni=m1 = n only may sev]al well-kn[n v>ieties be produc$ f ! se$ ( a s+le tree1 b ev5 new =ms may ?us be obta9$4 ,on ?is acc\nt h aris5 ! great discrepancies "o meets ) 9 au?ors z reg>ds nom5clature2 "s mak+ _m species ( ! ,elms commonly met ) 9 ,great ,brita91 :ile o!rs r$uce !m to two2 viz4-- ,ulmus campe/ris--,small-leav$1 ,common ,upright or ,engli% ,elm4 ,ulmus montana--,l>ge-leav$1 ,spread+ ,scot* or ,wy* ,elm4 ,b ?\gh ^! are ! names us$ by mo/ au?ors to di/+ui% ^! two well-recogniz$ =ms1 yet !y h be5 rev]s$ 9 ,dr4 ,arnott's edition ( ,hook]'s 8,flora10 ?us3-- ,ulmus sub]osa 7,ehrh47--,common or ,engli% ,elm4 ,ulmus campe/ris 7,l47--,broad-leav$ or ,wy* ,hazel4 ,n[ x is n our object to ent] into a discussion on ! mu*-vex$ "q ( species1 & !re=e1 )\t ev5 det]m9+ :e!r ! ,engli% & ,scot* ,elms be absolutely di/9ct1 we %all yet describe z two well-e/abli%$ =ms ( =e/ trees1 & endeav\r to put !m 9 _! prop] position among pr(itable & ornam5tal timb] trees1 to :i* end we w\ld di/+ui% !m z foll[s3-- #a4 ,,ulmus ,,campe/ris4 #b4 ,,ulmus ,,montana4 7,engli% ,elm47 7,scot* ,elm47 ,leaves small1 d\bly-not*$ at ,leaves l>g]1 divid$ into ! m>g91 ) an alt]nation segm5ts at ! m>g91 :i* ( l>g] & small] tee? segm5ts are not*$ ) f9e 7alt]nately s]rate74 s]rat$ tee?4 ,fruit small & flat1 ) a deep ,fruit l>ge & flat1 ) a slight not* at ! apex2 bun*es not* at ! apex2 bun*es l>ge some:at small & inconspicu\s4 & hav+ ! g5]al appe>ance ( bun*es ( hops4 ,bran*es m or less spread+1 ,bran*es m or less upright1 incl9+ to be r\gh or ev5 corky smoo?1 & ev54 ,twigs sometimes 7sub]ose74 ,twigs m or less clo!d ) a %ort d[n4 hairy4 ,bole m or less t[]+ upw>ds1 ,bole %ort]1 bran*+ at a its divisions hav+ ! same mod]ate elevation into l>ge t5d5cy4 ,arms m l ^? ( spread+ arms1 m l ^? ( ! bee*4 ! oak4 ,roots ?r[+ up suck]s (t5 at ,roots n /olonif]\s4 a great di/ance f ! tree4 #a4 ,ulmus campe/ris4--,! ,engli% ,elm1 ?\gh n ! produc] ( ! mo/ valuable timb]1 or ( a k9d = m ref9$ purposes1 is /ill "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively useful ( any k9d :atsoev]4 ,! long /raight balks ( ?is ,elm caus$ x at "o "t to be employ$ = wat]-pipes2 ^! c be readily cut into bo>ds ( great l5g? & wid?1 :i* are useful = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,selby sums up an acc\nt ( its "* z foll[s3-- ,! wood :5 matur$ is ( a deep-br[n col\r1 compact & f9e-gra9$2 accord+ to ,l\don1 x loses ne>ly two-?irds ( its weight 9 dry+1 z :5 cut x weighs ne>ly sev5ty p\nds ! cubic foot1 & :5 season$ n m ?an tw5ty-eight p\nds & a half4 ,9 ! lat]al adhesion ( its fibre x surpasses ! ,u4 montana1 ?\gh p]haps inf]ior to x 9 longitud9al t\ghness1 & !re=e n capable ( support+ s sev]e a cross /ra94 ,! =m] prop]ty1 h[ev]1 em95tly qualifies x = e purpose :]e a /rong wood t w n split or crack1 ei!r f concussion or ! action ( sun & wet1 is requir$2 on ?is acc\nt1 ,mat!w1 9 8 able treatise on naval timb]1 /rongly recomm5ds x = ! 8blocks1 dead-eyes1 & o!r wood5 furniture ( rigg+40 ,9 c\ntry c>p5try x is v ext5sively us$ 9 all ! ,s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl&2 b ! purposes to :i* x is appli$ x is unnecess>y to enum]ate1 ^! hav+ already be5 describ$ by ,evelyn & subsequ5t au?ors4 ,its durability "u wat]1 z well z ! /raightness & great l5g? ( its /em1 qualifies x = mak+ ! keels ( l>ge %ips1 = :i* purpose x sells at a v high price4 ,z an ornam5tal tree = g5]al purposes1 few c surpass ! elm1 z :5 well-gr[n & n too mu* int]f]$ ) by ! =e/]1 x has a gracefully aspir+ =m )\t a disposition to lank9ess3 its foliage is ?ick en\gh to af=d any am\nt ( %ade1 & yet is nev] ( a heavy appe>ance4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ 9 good deep soil1 9 :i* ! mo/ solid balks are gr[n3 :5 plant$ on poor l& or on gravel-b$s x decays at ! he>t at a v e>ly age4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% elms 9 ,hyde ,p>k h ?us decay$1 :il/ o!rs h atta9$ a respectable size & age1 hav+ be5 injur$ by /orms3-- ,! w9try w9ds _h pass$ ,& swept an arm away1 ,& w9t] f\nd a w\nd at la/1 ,9 :i* to "w decay4 ,9 good soil ! ,engli% elm gr[s to an enorm\s size1 rema9+ p]fectly solid to a good old age4 ,we rememb] ! fell+ ( a tree call$ 8,piff's ,elm10 on ! high-road betwe5 ,*elt5ham & ,tewkesbury1 9 :i* ! hole measur$ #bh feet 9 circumf]5ce at #d feet f ! gr\nd1 & we c\nt$ #aih r+s ( annual gr[?4 ,/ill1 :5 gr[n 9 poor gravelly soils & 9 ! usual h$ge mode1 9 :i* !y are p]iodically %r\d$ & crippl$1 !y (t5 beg9 to decay 9 ! c5tre at less ?an tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,!re are v>ieties ( ! ,u4 campe/ris1 :i*1 z !y are n ( any p>ticul> importance z timb] trees1 ne$ only be lightly t\*$ ^u 9 ?is place4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,ulmus sub]osa--,cork ,elm1 b>k ( ! limbs exce$+ly corky4 #b4 ,ulmus c>p9ifolia--,hornbeam-leav$ ,elm1 leaves /rongly-ve9$1 s]ratures blunt2 bran*es ne>ly smoo?4 #c4 ,ulmus /ricta--,corni% ,elm1 leaves smoo? & %9+ above1 d\bly s]rat$1 ) obtuse tee?2 bran*es bright-br[n1 smoo?1 erect4 #d4 ,ulmus glabra--,small-leav$ ,elm1 leaves small & smoo?2 bran*es p5dul\s4 #b4 ,ulmus montana4--,! ,scot* ,elm1 ! broad-leav$ elm 7wy* hazel7 ( mo/ p>ts ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 is well di/+ui%$ by its l>ge broad leaves1 hop-l fruits1 l>ge limbs div]g+ f a less t[]+ trunk at an obtuse angle1 bran*es m or less lax & p5dul\s1 b>k ( ! twigs d>k br[n1 smoo? & n corky2 ( /em :5 r\gh1 n sub]ose4 ,?is tree is reput$ wild1 b !re seems reason to ?9k t ?is =m1 & c]ta9ly ! ,u4 campe/ris1 has be5 introduc$4 ,"o reason = ?is conclusion is t al?\gh ! ,u4 montana produces su* an enorm\s am\nt ( se$1 yet1 9 z f> z we "k1 none ( ?is produces "y trees1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?is elm does n appe> to increase sporadically4 ,ev5 9 cultivation x is f\nd to be exce$+ly difficult to repl5i% our nurs]y /ock f se$1 & h5ce ! co/ ( "y plants1 z !y h to be produc$ f suck]s1 or o!rwise lay]$1 & occasionally gr[n f cutt+s4 ,evelyn says3-- ,x seems to be s mu* m addict$ to "s places ?an to o!rs1 t ,i h frequ5tly d\bt$ :e!r x be a pure indig5e or translatiti\s2 & n only because ,i h h>dly ev] kn[n any consid]able woods ( !m 7besides "s few nurs]ies ne> ,cambridge1 plant$1 ,i suppose1 = /ore71 b mo/ cont9ually 9 tufts1 h$ge-r[s1 & m\nds2 & t ,%rop%ire1 & sev]al o!r c\nties1 h r>ely any gr[+ 9 _m miles toge!r4--,sylva1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg4 ,to ?is may be add$ ! fact t ! mo/ notable elm trees w usually be f\nd at cross-roads--z ,maul's ,elm at ,*elt5ham1 ne>ly #dj feet 9 circumf]5ce1 or ab\t dwell+s2 ! f9e old trunk at ! ,slade ,f>m1 ne> ,/r\d1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 z mu* z #ej feet1 = "s "t holl[1 & once us$ z a cid]-mill2 ! f9e elms 9 our p>ks1 z at ,hyde ,p>k1 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 & o!rs2 & su* av5ues ( elms z se5 at ,*ri/*ur*4 ,z a timb] tree ! ,scot* elm is n e/eem$ s highly z is ! ,engli% sort4 ,to beg9 )1 x does n gr[ su* /raight ev5 balks2 x is m gn>l$ & knotty 9 saw+1 & m difficult to "w4 ,selby says t ,scotti% writ]s h arriv$ at a diff]5t conclusion1 :i* he conceives to h aris5 f ! fact t 8_! e/imate has be5 drawn f a comp>ison ( ! wood ( ,u4 montana ) t ( ,u4 sub]osa 7consid]$ by !m to be ! ,engli% elm71 :i* produces a s(t1 spongy wood1 greatly inf]ior to mo/ o!r trees ( ! g5us40 ,x is us$ = floor+ & r\gh c\ntry "w4 ,! peculi> w5-l excresc5ces t "o sometimes meets ) on ! sides ( wy* elms are c>efully pres]v$ & cut into v5e]s = f9e loo-tables1 "w-boxes1 & o!r purposes1 :5 a peculi> mottl$ f9e-col\r$ wood is requir$ = fancy-"w4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ elms we h exam9$ h be5 ,maul's elm1 ,piff's elm1 ! ,slade elm1 be=e m5tion$1 & ! foll[+1 measur$ at "o & ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,circum4 at ,circum4 at #a foot4 #c feet4 ,ulmus montana1 ,oakley ,p>k1 ,cir5ce/] #ch #j #cc #f ,ditto1 ,hyde ,p>k -- #bj #f ,ditto1 ,hyde ,p>k -- #bj #j ,ditto1 gr\p ( twelve 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 v>y+ to -- #bj #j ,ulmus campe/ris1 ,hyde ,p>k1 sev]al v>y+ f #bj ft4 to -- #cj #j ,ditto1 9 ,oakley ,p>k1 f #ae ft4 to -- #bb #j ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,on ,,! ,,a%1 ,,bee*1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,:ite-,,wood$ ,,trees4 ,,! ,,a% 7,frax9us excelsior71 :5 well-gr[n & 9 good foliage1 is "o ( our mo/ *>m+ trees2 its light1 graceful1 & agreeably-col\r$ leaves1 unit$ ) a graceful disposition ( li!1 smoo?ly-=m$ limbs1 altoge!r fully entitle x to be consid]$ z ! 8,v5us ( ! ,=e/40 ,! leaves ( ! common a% are p9nate1 ) f ?ree to f\r pairs ( leaflets & "o t]m9al leaflet4 ,?is latt] is sometimes abs5t :5 ! apex is bifoliate1 & a =m call$ ! d\ble-leaf is produc$1 :i* ev5 at ?is day is reput$ by ! ru/ics to be capable ( work+ v>i\s *>ms4 ,x is ?is p9nate p5d5t leaf :i*1 loosely hang+ on ! flexile1 m or less p5d5t bran*es1 gives s mu* grace to ! tree4 ,we h be5 mu* pleas$ ) "s gr\ps ( a% trees 9 ,e>l ,ba?ur/'s p>k 7,oakley ,p>k7 at ,cir5ce/]2 b1 z ,/rutt well obs]ves1-- ,x is 9 m\nta9 sc5]y t ! a% appe>s to peculi> advantage2 wav+ its sl5d] bran*es ov] "s precipice :i* j af=ds x soil suffici5t = its foot+1 or spr++ betwe5 crevices ( rock1 a happy emblem ( ! h>dy _s :i* w n be subdu$ by =tune's scant9ess4 ,x is likewise a lovely object by ! side ( "s cry/al /ream1 9 :i* x views its elegant p5d5t foliage1 b5d+1 ,n>cissus-l1 ov] its own *>ms4 ,b *>m+ z is ! a% :5 9 its mo/ p]fect foliage1 yet z its /ivation is usually s late1 & ! fall ( its leaves s e>ly & rapid1 x (t5 displays all b nak$ limbs1 ev5 amid/ ! fre%ness ( spr+1 z well z dur+ ! autumnal t9t+ ( almo/ all o!r trees4 ,x w\ld seem t its buds _c exp& 9 spr+ fro/s1 :il/ ! fir/ fro/ ( autumn w frequ5tly make ! :ole foliage drop 9 "o mass b5ea? ! influ5ce ( ! succe$+ sun%9e4 ,?is susceptibility to spr+ cold is d\btless at ! base ( ! c\ntry wea!r pr$ictions :i* are made to dep5d ^u ! behavi\r ( ! a% 9 respect to its "t ( display+ its leaves3-- ,:5 ! oak's be=e ! a%1 ,y may !n expect a da%4 ,g5]ally held to mean1 t if ! leaves ( ! oak are se5 be=e ^? ( ! a%1 a f9e dry summ] may be expect$2 b1 on ! contr>y1-- ,) ! a% be=e ! oak1 ,y may !n expect a soak4 ,! tru? ( all ?is may be t a cold wet spr+1 :i* w\ld ret>d ! bur/+ ( ! buds ( ! a%1 may be expect$ to be foll[$ by a f9e summ]2 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 a g5ial =w>d spr+ is (t5 succe$$ by a wet summ]4 ,selby rem>ks on ! e>ly fall ( ! leaf1 :i*1 z he says1 is 8aft] ! fir/ autumnal fro/1 h[ev] e>ly t may happ52 & ?is1 9 g5]al1 )\t und]go+ any *ange ( col\r1 or contribut+ by ! 'se> & yell[ leaf' to ! wan+ beauty ( autumnal foliage40 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,sir ,t4 ,d4 ,laud] recomm5ds t 8a% trees %\ld be sp>+ly plant$ ar\nd a g5tleman's resid5ce1 to avoid ! risk ( _! giv+ to x a cold1 late appe>ance1 at a season :5 all nature %\ld smile40 ,x %\ld be not$ t al?\gh ! a% seems to be s susceptible ( cold1 x nev]!less rip5s its se$s mo/ p]fectly 9 any "p ( ,great ,brita92 & besides ?is1 ^! se$s1 or 8keys10 :5 naturally s[n1 come up ) ! greate/ c]ta9ty1 s t "y a% may be remov$ f ! wood & us$ = plant+4 ,?is r5d]s x easy to cultivate "y plants f se$2 to :i* end1 :5 ! rip5$ keys are ga!r$ 9 ! autumn1 !y %\ld be well exam9$ to see t ! se$ has n be5 eat5 out by ! a%-weevil1 z x w mo/ c]ta9ly be if a small orifice be obs]vable on "o side ( ! key or sam>a1 j ov] ! se$4 ,9 gr[+ a% ) a view to pr(it1 x is recomm5d$ to plant x by itself 9 belts or plantations1 :i* are call$ a%-holts1 z x usually1 :5 well />t$1 gr[s upw>ds too fa/ to be a good nurse to o!r trees1 :i* latt] w\ld suff] f ! :ipp+ ( ! long] heavy flexile /ems ( ! a%4#bi #bi ,selby says1 8,! pitt+ sy/em %\ld always be adopt$ 9 plant+ ! a%1 = ! roots1 ev5 9 "y plants1 are too num]\s1 l>ge1 & spread+1 to be prop]ly ins]t$ by ! splitt+ or ,t me?od40 ,we w\ld also add1 t !y %\ld be plant$ z soon ^u removal z possible4 ,x is too (t5 plant$ 9 h$ge-r[s1 :]e x is exce$+ly objectionable1 n only f ! ill effects on ! sc5e ( int]m9able r[s ( "o k9d ( tree1 b ! drip & ! peculi> gr[? ( ! roots r5d] x mo/ de/ructive to ! gr[? ( crops plant$ b5ea? its %ade4 ,! uses to :i* ! wood ( ?is tree is turn$ are multif>i\s 9 ! extreme4 ,walk+-/icks are made f a% sapl+s2 & z1 f y\? to age1 x is s t\gh & ela/ic1 x is us$ = h&les & o!r p>ts ( f>m implem5ts & ma*9]y ( all k9ds4 ,! :eelwright & coa*mak] employ ! wood ext5sively2 s also ! coop]4 ,z a firewood its 8(fal0 is always welcome1 z x burns ) a cle>1 bright flame1 & t ne>ly z well 9 ! gre5 z 9 ! dry /ate2 & ! :ole tree is s ri* 9 pota% t ?is alkali is (t5 made f its trimm+s & lopp+s4 ,we _h already m5tion$ "s ( ! sup]/itions connect$ ) ! a%1 & at p4 #bej w be f\nd directions = mak+ a %rew-a%2 we %all n[1 !re=e1 only direct att5tion to ano!r practice :i* ?is tree 0 employ$ =1 ev5 to a some:at rec5t p]iod1 z x w acc\nt = "s curi\s gr[?s ( a% :i* w sometimes be met )4 ,evelyn says3-- ,i h he>d x affirm$ ) great confid5ce1 & ^u exp]i5ce1 t ! rupture to :i* _m *ildr5 are obnoxi\s1 is heal$1 by pass+ ! infant ?r\gh a wide cleft made 9 ! bole or /em ( ! gr[+ a%-tree2 x is !n c>ri$ a second "t r\nd ! a%1 & caus$ to repass ! same ap]ture z be=e4 ,! rupture ( ! *ild be+ b\nd up1 x is suppos$ to heal z ! cleft ( ! tree closes & coalesces4 ,z1 !n1 ! heal+ ( ! *ild w\ld seem to dep5d ^u t ( ! tree1 ?is pot5t *>m is n always successful1 z may be ga!r$ f ! fact t "y trees h be5 met ) :i* nev] heal$ at all1 & we recollect "o ( ^!1 ( :i* ! accompany+ wood-cut is a copy1 hav+ be5 pres5t$ at a ,conv]sazione ( ! ,worce/]%ire ,natural ,hi/ory ,society4 ,! tree f :5ce x 0 tak5 0 ( ab\t t5 ye>s ( age4 ,selby says t an in/ance ( ?is use ( ! a% is 8relat$ by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,bree1 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 :]e a ruptur$ *ild 0 made to pass ?r\gh ! *asm ( a "y a%-tree1 split = ! purpose1 9 ,w>wick%ire40 ,illu/ration ,^! facts seem to po9t to ! act+ ^u su* sup]/itions to )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 ?\gh d\btless ! draw+ a *ild b5ea? ! /olon or %oot ( a bramble t has root$ at its extremity1 & :i* we h kn[n to be gravely recomm5d$ by a wise 767 woman1 w\ld be equally efficaci\s1 &1 ^u ! :ole1 easi] to p]=m4 ,evelyn fur!r says t 8! *emi/s exce$+ly comm5d ! se$ ( ! a% to be an admirable rem$y = ! /one40 8,b10 he adds1 8:e!r by ! p[] ( magic or nature1 ,i det]m9e n40 ,we w\ld sugge/ t x 0 by ! p[] its roots possess ( riv+ ! natural rock4 ,s /one-crop1 f decompos+ ! /ones on :i* x gr[s1 0 held to h ! l effect4 ,h[ /range1 !n1 x is t ) su* evid5ces ( ! tru? ( ! motto1-- ,similia similibus curantur1 physicians ( ! pres5t day %\ld refuse to li/5 to ?is /ill 7& v small7 voice ( nature1 & n all become homopa?s6 ,su* may well be ! reason+ ( _m an old woman :o /ill pret5ds to cures ei!r by magic spells or inf9itesimal globules4 ,two int]e/+ v>ieties ( a% are met )3 ! p5dul\s or weep+-a%1 :i*1 ,sir ,w4 ,hook] in=ms u1 is said to h be5 fir/ discov]$ 9 a field at ,gaml+ay1 & ! ,frax9us het]ophylla1 9 :i* ! leaf is simple1 t is1 x is 9 "o piece1 m ! =m ( a laurel-leaf ?an ! usual p9nat$ a%-leaf4 ,^! v>iations are easily p]petuat$ by graft+1 & are "h only m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! peculi> habits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica7 is admitt$ by all au?ors to be a native ( ,great ,brita91 & if ! _m magnific5t giants "o "h & !re meets ) be admitt$ z pro(s ( indig5\s orig91 few trees c put 9 a m impos+ claim4 ,! celebrat$ ,burnham bee*es1 s well kn[n to arti/s & lov]s ( nature 9 g5]al1 & ! _m f9e examples ( ?is tree 9 ! ,cotteswolds1 ^u :i* range x is said to gr[ z a we$1 te/ify to ! age & size to :i* ! bee* may atta94 ,! plantations ( bee*es 9 ,oakley ,p>k are well wor?y ( note 9 speak+ ( ! ,cotteswolds1 = al?\gh !y h be5 plant$ "h1 yet ! f9e1 tall1 clean balks1 l(ty tops1 & ! 8twilight %ades0 b5ea?1 w n soon be =gott5 by ! au?or1 :o1 b5ea? _! b\ghs1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,e>l ,ba?ur/1 8has felt !m all 8 own10 z says ! poet ,gray ( ! ,burnham bee*es4 ,"h1 too1 has he mus$1 ?\gh n1 l ,pope1 9 8?\ghts t burn10 yet mu* wond]+ at ! curi\s plants :i* *oose su* seclusion = _! dwell+4 ,( ^! ! foll[+ may be "h enum]at$1 z !y really =m "p ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! bee* wood3-- ,li/]a ,nidus-avis--,birds'-ne/ ,or*is4 ,hab5>ia *loran?a--,butt]fly ,or*is4 ,epipactis gr&iflora--,l>ge ,:ite ,hellebor9e4 ,epipactis ensifolia--,n>r[-leav$ ,:ite ,hellebor9e4 ,epipactis latifolia--,broad-leav$ ,hellebor9e4 ,monotropa ,hypopi?ys--,yell[ ,birds'-ne/4 ,pyrola m9or--,less] ,w9t] ,gre54 ,su* a li/ ( plants f\nd 9 ! bee* woods is suffici5t to make _! locality rem>kable1 & if we add to !m ! ,tub] cib>ium--,truffle1 ,mor*ella escul5ta--,morell1 ,elaphomyces muricatus--,%>p-w>t$ ,elaphomyces1 --^!1 ) v>i\s o!r curi\s fungi1 w be suffici5t to make ,oakley ,p>k & its bee*es a botanical habitat ( no mean pret5sion4 ,z reg>ds ! truffle1 we may m5tion t we h he>d t a =m] ,e>l ,ba?ur/ kept dogs = ! purpose ( hunt+ !m4 ,we h p>tak5 ( ! morells f ?is p>k sev]al times1 & always f\nd !m delici\s1 & c recomm5d !m /uff$ ) sausage-meat & fri$1 z a di% = an epicure3 we h se5 !m expos$ = sale 9 ! gre5groc]s' %ops ( ! good old t[n ( ,cir5ce/]4 ,b we are sadly digress+ f ! subject ( ! bee* tree 9 8 hi/ory z a =e/ & ornam5tal tree4 ,"u ! latt] aspect1 !n1 mo/ au?ors1 except ,gilp91 view ! bee* to hold a v high place4 ,coleman1 9 8 8,woodl&s10 consid]s t1-- ,among our truly indig5\s =e/-trees1 ! bee* mu/ c]ta9ly rank z second only to ! oak = maje/y & picturesqu5ess2 :ile1 = ! union ( grace & nobility1 x may claim prec$5ce ov] e o!r memb] ( our sylva4 ,hav+ said ?is1 we mu/1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 diss5t f ! op9ion ( ,gilp91 ! highly-gift$ au?or ( 8,=e/ ,sc5]y10 :o has1 z we ?9k1 unju/ly impugn$ ! ornam5tal "* ( ?is g5]ally fav\rite tree1 & ?is because he _h "s crot*ets ( 8 own ab\t l&scape composition1 & ! %ape t trees ought to take to make !m good subjects = ! p5cil4 ,! bee* did n happ5 to fit itself to 8 !ory1 & s he qu>rell$ ) x1 & call$ x h>d names4 ,any "o :o has ev] se5 a well-gr[n bee* tree1 su* z 0 once our delight to visit at ,h>tley ,bottom1 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,?ames1 or :o has se5 su* masses ( bee* gl[+ ) autumnal t9ts z may be witness$ 9 a j\rney on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway betwe5 ,sw9don & ,*elt5ham1 w nev] speak disp>ag+ly ( ! bee*1 :i* we ?9k noble1 alike by itself z 9 masses1 or z a sylvan d5iz5 ) o!r trees4 ,b x has o!r claims besides t ( ornam5t2 x is a highly useful wood1 mu* employ$ 9 c>p5try1 cab9et-"w1 & turn]y2 9 ! mak+ ( *>coal2 & increas+ly s 9 ! manufacture ( wood-_s4 ,z a firewood x excels mo/ o!rs1 z x burns ) a cle> flame1 ev5 :5 wet1 & leaves beh9d only a small quantity ( a%4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld x possess mu* a% :5 x fl\ri%es 9 positions :]e sc>cely f\r in*es ( soil cov]s up ! oolitic /one1 its roots spread+ ov] ! rock & occasionally dipp+ into its fissures 9 a mann] mo/ aptly illu/rative ( ! fact t ?is tree really d]ives b little nutrition f ! soil1 ! rocks ^u :i* x gr[s1 = ! mo/ "p1 s]v+ to moor ! giant 9 position t x may spread =? its leaves to fe$ ^u ! atmosph]e8 ,! bee* is easily propagat$ f its fruit--8ma/0--:i*1 inde$1 s readily gr[s b5ea? ! trees t ?\s&s might be obta9$ = ! purpose ( prick+ out 9 nurs]y l9es1 if look$ aft]4 ,! usual me?od ( cultivation is to ga!r ! ma/ 9 ! autumn1 to keep x well 9 s&1 & s[ 9 ! spr+4 ,aft] two ye>s x is prick$ out 9 nurs]y r[s1 & is fit = plant+ 9 ?ree ye>s m4 ,:]e once e/abli%$ x w soon spread1 z ! ma/ gr[s sporadically ) great read9ess1 & ?is tree has a faculty = ext5d+ undisput$ possession2 ?us1 9 ,am]ica w be f\nd wide-ext5d$ =e/s ( sc>cely any?+ b bee*1 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps a little v>i$ f our own1 is yet d\btless ( ! same species4 ,!re are sev]al ornam5tal v>ieties ( bee* to be obta9$ f ! nurs]ym51 "s ( :i* are m curi\s ?an useful2 b we mu/ n omit to m5tion ! ,copp] ,bee* 7,fagus sylvatica1 v>4 purpurea74 ,?is1 judici\sly dispos$1 is capable ( af=d+ a great *>m to ! wood1 & m especially 9 plantations ne> ! home/ead4 ,!y are fa/-gr[+ trees1 & at pres5t are "h & !re to be met ) ( consid]able size4 ,we once possess$ a c\ple on our lawn1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* mu/ h be5 ne>ly six feet 9 circumf]5ce2 & :at f its col\r1 ! ?ickness ( its foliage1 & ! f9e sweep ( its bran*es1 x 0 capable ( yield+ %ade & %elt] ( a mo/ p]fect & agreeable k9d4 ,! drip ( ! bee* is prejudicial to cultivation1 we ?9k1 f ! circum/ance t ! h>d1 ?\gh ?91 leaves are s difficult ( decomposition t :]e !y fall !y leave a ?ick c>pet cov]+ up ! gr\nd4 ,if1 !n1 ^! trees are 9 su* a position z to d mis*ief f ?is cause1 ! leaves %\ld be remov$1 & !y w1 if /or$1 be f\nd v useful 9 mak+ hotb$s1 l9+s to pots1 & o!r g>d5+ "w4 ,bee* is less liable to insect attacks ?an almo/ any o!r tree2 ! mo/ annoy+ is t ( ! ,aphis1 especially :5 ne> ! h\se1 z ?is h>b\rs insects ( all k9ds1 & ! exud+ honey-dew mu* injures ! aspect ( ! tree4 ,bee* timb] w\ld be m valuable ?an x is 7 x n = its liability1 :5 9 panels1 tables1 & furniture1 to be attack$ & bor$ by weevils4 ,we once _h our h\se s infe/$ ) ^! little beetles1 d]iv$ f "s furniture ( ?is wood1 z to cause consid]able al>m2 b =tunately our dome/ic's k ( natural hi/ory 9 ! matt] ( bugs 0 some:at defective1 z %e _h mi/ak5 ! nature ( ! weevil4 ,?is pe/ c be remov$ by boil+ 9 oil2 b x is a great drawback to ! use ( a wood :i* o!rwise might be appli$ to v>i\s dome/ic purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,on ,,s(t-,,wood$ ,,=e/ ,,trees4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all %ortly direct att5tion to su* s(t-wood$ trees z ! sycamore1 plane1 horse-*e/nut1 lime1 will[1 popl>1 & o!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh commonly gr[n1 are yet m s = ornam5t ?an pr(it2 = ?\gh _! woods are f\nd to be m or less useful1 z a g5]al rule !y mu/ take a comp>atively l[ rank z timb] trees4 ,bo? ! ,sycamore & ! ,plane are introduc$ trees2 bo? atta9 to a l>ge size2 & :5 judici\sly mix$ ) o!r trees =m a v pleas+ contra/4 ,! plane has ! prop]ty ( )/&+ ! effects ( smoke 9 t[ns bett] ?an any o!r tree1 & !re=e x is recomm5d$ = plant+ 9 public p>ks & t[n enclosures4 ,! ,horse-,*e/nut has mu* ( ! "* ( ! above2 x gr[s tall & l>ge1 & its f9e foliage & h&some bun*es ( fl[]s are v attractive4 ,x is an excell5t tree = %ade1 & has ! m]it ( quick gr[?2 b its wood is s brittle z to cause great limbs to be too readily bl[n (f ) a high w9d4 ,! ,lime 7,tilia ,europa7 is "o ( our mo/ *>m+ native trees1 = s x has be5 pretty cle>ly prov$ to be by ,e4 ,lees1 ,esq41 ,f4,l4,s41 :o says 8t at ,%rawley1 eight miles nor? f ,worce/]1 !re is a wood1 remote f any dwell+ or public road1 ( ab\t five hundr$ acres 9 ext5t1 ! great] "p ( ! und]gr[? ( :i* is compos$ ( ,tilia ,europa1 v>4 ,microphylla20 & ! same g5tleman1 9 a communication to ! ,botanical ,society ( ,london1 m5tion$ sev]al places1 9 ,worce/]%ire1 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,monm\?%ire1 & ,s\? ,wales1 :]e he consid]s ! lime to be indig5\s1 & :]e he met ) _m rem>kable & ag$ trees4 ,we %all n "h ent] into a discussion ab\t species1 b1 f :at we saw 9 ,%rawley wood & its di/rict1 we incl9e to ! belief t sev]al names made to dep5d ma9ly ^u ! leaves1 might well be omitt$1 see+ t f ,%rawley itself ! leaves on ! newly-sprung und]wood are fully five times l>g] ?an ^? on an old tree4 ,putt+ su* que/ions aside1 we may well consid] ! lime z a truly ornam5tal tree1 ^: v>ieties give great *>m to ! =e/ or ! m limit$ plantation ab\t ! home/ead1 :]e its %ade1 its p]fume :5 9 fl[]1 & pati5ce "u lopp+ & tra9+1 mu/ ev] recomm5d x4 ,! ,will[1 ?\gh usually cultivat$ 9 ! %ape ( twigs = basket-mak+ & ! l purposes1 = :i* _m species are employ$1 is nev]!less gr[n ^u ! m>g9s ( /reams & 9 damp places ab\t e/ates & f>ms = its lop1 :i* is mu* us$ = hurdle-bonds1 ?at*+-sp>s1 c4 ,among/ implem5ts f ?is tree1 ! will[-w& ( ! cricket] has n[ a fame 9 ! ,new z well z 9 ! ,old _w1 & long may its magic cont9ue to develope ! muscle & %>p5 ! faculties ( ! y\? ( ,old ,engl&2 :il/ well-develop$ muscle _c bett] ma9ta9 its tone ?an by a well-conte/$ game ( cricket4 ,9 good situations ! ,:ite ,will[ 7,salix alba7 atta9s to v magnific5t proportions4 ,"o at ,sidd+ton1 ne> ,cir5ce/]1 measures #bb feet 9 gir?1 at "o foot f ! gr\nd2 #ah ft4 #f 94 at ?ree feet2 & #bj ft4 #f 94 at six feet4 ,! pr9cipal limb measur$ #ab ft4 #f 941 & ! circumf]5ce ( its f9e top is z mu* z #gb feet4 ,& f\r trees by ! ,roman ,amphi!atre at ,cir5ce/]1 av]age some:]e ab\t #ab feet r\nd at six feet f ! gr\nd4 ,trees ( ?is size1 f _! light1 silv]y foliage1 give great "* to ! surr\nd+ sc5]y4 ,^! s(t-wood$ trees1 ) "s popl> & o!r ornam5tal trees1 furni% a m or less light1 s(t1 spongy wood1 v inf]ior = timb]1 b yet capable ( be+ put to v>i\s uses 9 turn]y1 int]nal "w1 c41 9 :i* :ite wood is employ$4 ,! ,conif] 7,cone-be>]s74--,! ,fir tribe may well =m a subject ev5 = a sep>ate volume1 = n only are "s ( !m employ$ z timb] trees1 b _m are gr[n = _! curi\s & int]e/+ /ructure4 ,! ,p9etum has become to be a matt] ( amusem5t to _m a c\ntry g5tleman ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & 9 ^! are collect$ su* new =ms z may 9 "t become useful to ! plant]1 z well z su* m9ute species z may illu/rate ! natural hi/ory ( a subject well wor?y ( ext5d$ /udy4 ,among/ our giants ( ?is natural ord] may be plac$ ! yew 7:i* has be5 made a sep>ate ord] "u ! "n ( ,taxace7 & ! c$>2 ! spruce-fir1 ,scot*-p9e1 & l>* be+ ! m useful memb]s z timb] trees4 ,! ,yew 7,taxus baccata7 is g5]ally consid]$ z an indig5\s tree1 & z we c c]ta9ly po9t to individuals t mu/ h wea!r$ ne>ly1 if n q a ?\s& ye>s1 we are n dispos$ to qu>rel ) ! conclusion4 ,its =m] use 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,engli% long-b[ is n[ obsolete1 & s too has almo/ di$ out ! ta/e = gr[+ ?is tree to torture into grotesque %apes4 ,/ill1 z a picturesque tree 9 woodl& & home sc5]y1 & ev5 z an att5dant ^u ! p>i% *ur*1 we %\ld l to see ! yew m ext5sively gr[n4 ,x is also a mo/ useful tree = close h$ges & bl9ds 9 ! g>d51 z x w be> be+ clipp$ )9 due b\nds ) a great am\nt ( pati5ce4 ,! ,c$> 7,c$rus ,libani71 :i* 0 probably introduc$ to ?is c\ntry t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has yet made su* progress z to rival 9 size & importance _m ( our m /ately native timb] trees ( f> great] age4 ,among/ ! m /ately examples ( ?is tree1 we may m5tion ^? at ! ,*elsea ,botanical ,g>d54 ,!re are "s f9e gr\ps 9 ,oakley ,p>k1 ,cir5ce/]1 gr[+ on almo/ a b>e rock ( ! ,great or ,ba? ,oolite1 & 9 ! bleak ,cotteswold c\ntry1 atta9+ ! circumf]5ce ( f #aj to #ab feet1 at ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4 ,long may ! c$> be cultivat$ = ! size & beauty to :i* x c atta91 9 :i*1 p]haps1 x may yet be excell$ by ! ,c$rus deod>a1 n _m ye>s s9ce introduc$ f ! ,himalayas4 ,we rejoice to see su* noble specim5s ( vegetation gr[n1 indep5d5t ( pr(it1 :i*1 inde$1 is sc>cely ne$$ by a pr9cely possessor ( a f9e e/ate h&$ d[n1 p]haps1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 9 :i* ea* tree may h a hi/ory ( its own4 ,! ,spruce-,fir 7,abies excelsa7 is an elegant tree 9 composition1 & gr[s well on ! ?9ne/ & poore/ soils4 ,its upright1 tap]+ mode ( gr[? r5d]s x a good nurse1 ) bee*1 l>*1 & o!r ,conif]4 ,x may be plant$ ?ickly2 ! fir/ ?9n+ be+ us$ = hop-poles1 ! next = sp>s1 ma/s1 c42 & ultimately a few may be left to atta9 size & height z %elt] & = effect4 ,! ,scot* ,p9e 7,p9us sylve/ris7 is a native ( ,nor? ,brita91 :]e its f9e trees 9 l>ge =e/s or 9 great clumps1 =m a peculi> & at times magnific5t appe>ance4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 plant+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 pr9cipally z a nurse2 b its "y /icks are n s durable z ^? ( ! spruce1 & mu* inf]ior to ! l>*4 ,its l>g] wood =ms ! r$ deal--a timb] s mu* us$ 9 all k9ds ( c>p5try z to give ?is tree a high value among timb] trees4 ,! ,l>* 7,l>ix ,europa7 is a decidu\s tree ( ! ord]1 & ?\gh x has n be5 introduc$ into g5]al use = v _m ye>s1 yet its value is daily becom+ m fully develop$2 & z a tree = g5]al plantation1 ei!r z a nurse or 9 belts1 x has few1 if any1 equals4 ,z a curi\s tree1 x appe>s to h be5 gr[n e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & "s f9e trees are notic$ by ,selby at ,dalwick 9 ,peebles%ire1 & at ,monzie 9 ,argyle%ire4 ,! l>ge/ l>* :i* we h notic$ 0 "o :i* 0 fell$ 9 ,oakley ,p>k4 ,x _h previ\sly be5 injur$ by be+ /ruck ) lightn+1 by :i* l>ge pieces ( ! b>k _h be5 torn away4 ,we exam9$ x at ,"l ,ba?ur/'s desire1 :5 x 0 f\nd to be bor$ into f ! base ( ! trunk to z high z we c\ld see1 by t curi\s insect ! ,sirex gigas1 ^: hornet-l appe>ance causes s mu* con/]nation 9 ! p9e =e/s 9 ,g]many1 f :i* x is (t5 introduc$ into ! dwell+s ( ! peasant ) fir logs4 ,x is q z l>ge z ! hornet1 & mu* ( ! same bright col\rs1 b its app>5t /+ ( m ?an half an in* 9 l5g? is only an ovipositor1 s t t =midable-look+ creature is p]fectly h>mless aft] all4 ,?is tree 0 ne>ly twelve feet 9 circumf]5ce1 at ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 9 :i* condition its l[] droop+ bran*es give ! l>* a f9e picturesque appe>ance4 ,l>*es1 &1 inde$1 ! :ole ( ! ,conif]1 are be/ procur$ = plant+ f ! nurs]y1 & mu* "t w ultimately be sav$ by plant+ !m z soon aft] removal z possible1 & t by ! pit me?od2 & s done1 l>*1 unlike mo/ o!r "y trees1 %oots away at once1 & soon all[s ( ?9n+ to pr(it4 ,we n[ br+ ?is subject to an end1 = ! want ( space2 b we _c "p ) fri5ds we love s mu* )\t a b5$iction2 9 ! words ( ,c[ley !n we say1-- ,hail1 old patrician trees6 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,plate ,i4 ,,qu]cus ,,robur ,,p$unculata1 nat4 size1 f ,oakley ,p>k1 ,cir5ce/]4 ,fig4 a4 ,petiole1 or leaf-/alk4 ,fig4 b4 ,p$uncle1 or fruit-/alk4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,,qu]cus ,,robur ,,sessiliflora1 f ,wyre ,=e/1 ne> ,kidd]m9/]4 ,fig4 a4 ,petiole4 ,fig4 b4 ,p$uncle4 ,,note4--,! leaf ( ,qu]cus ,robur sessiliflora has a great] numb] ( divisions ?an t ( ,q4 ,robur p$unculata4 ,^! lobes are some:at m acute at ! apex4 ,?is & its long] petiole1 & g5]al bright] col\r ( ! :ole leaf1 gives ! =m] tree1 :5 9 foliage1 a light] aspect ?an ! latt]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,good ,,or*>ds ,,*apt] ,,xlvii4 ,,on ,,! ,,apple ,,& ,,pe> ,,z ,,or*>d ,,fruits4 ,9 discuss+ ! subject ( fruit 9 relation to ! f>m1 we %all f9d t ! numb] ( species is exce$+ly limit$1 be+1 inde$1 conf9$ to two3 ! apple & ! pe>4 ,?is paucity ( species1 h[ev]1 is amply comp5sat$ = 9 an ext5d$ & con/antly ext5d+ li/ ( sorts1 or v>ieties1 :i*1 9 bo? species1 am\nt to sev]al hundr$s4 ,! apple1 :i* we %all fir/ describe1 is admitt$ on all h&s to be d]iv$ f ! wild crab-apple 7,pyrus malus71 :i* is consid]$ to be a native tree1 to :i* position its g5]al appe>ance 9 woods & h$ges all ov] ! isl& w\ld seem to give x no small claim4 ,! fruit ( ! crab is exce$+ly au/]e1 & h5ce s\r-temp]$ p are said to be 8crabb$40 ,! express$ juice makes a /rong v9eg>1 call$ 8,v]juice0--9 ! vulg>1 8,v>jes0--& h5ce ,ak]man1 9 8 8,wilt%ire ,tales10 has giv5 a cross-gra9$ woman ! "n ( 8,mi/ress ,v>jes40 ,v]juice is a v popul> rem$y = spra9s & bruises1 & h5ce on mo/ f>ms hav+ trees ( crab-apples1 ! fruit is made into v9eg>1 & kept sep>ately = m$ic9al or dome/ic use4 ,! wild crab is v v>i\s 9 ! size1 col\r1 & flav\r ( its fruit1 v>y+ 9 ! latt] po9t f an au/]ity t1 on bit+ an apple1 w\ld make "o w9ce aga91 to t ( an agreeable acid flav\r1 almo/ equal to "s ( our dome/ic apples4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ?is disposition to run into v>ieties1 ev5 9 a wild /ate1 we %all n be surpris$ t1 9 cultivation1 ! sorts ( apples %\ld be endless1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ,don1 9 8 8,g5]al ,sy/em ( ,g>d5+ & ,botany10 has copi$ a li/#cj 9 :i* are describ$ no less ?an "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ sorts1 & 9 a nurs]yman's li/ n[ be=e u1 8,descriptive ,catalogue ( ,fruit ,trees1 by ,john ,scott1 ( ,m]riott ,nurs]ies1 ,crewk]ne1 ,som]set10 are describ$ z _m z "o hundr$ & sixty-six sorts1 :i* he is prep>$ to supply to pur*as]s4 #cj ,?is li/ 0 made out by ! ,horticultural ,society 9 #ahcb1 & may n[ be consid]ably augm5t$4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! facility ) :i* new sorts c be obta9$1 !re is sc>cely a c\ntry t[n or place 9 or*>d di/ricts b has giv5 its "n to "s apple4 ,?us we h ,canadian ,pipp91 ,newt[n ,pipp91 ,c>lisle & ,keswick ,codl91 ,haw!nd51 c42 & ! names ( fruit-gr[]s & o!rs atta*$ to apples is almo/ endless2 z ?us3 ,a%mead's ,k]nel1 ,nelson's ,codl91 ,lucombe's ,se$l+1 ,"l ,nelson1 ,"l ,raglan1 c41 c4 ,! subject ( 8sorts10 z appli$ to fruit1 is "o ( great int]e/1 z ! facility ) :i* ^! c be obta9$ r5d]s x possible to procure fruit possess+ v diff]5t prop]ties & capabilities1 adapt$1 n only to a great v>iety ( uses1 b ) p[]s ( adaptation to diff]5t soils1 & a wide range ( climatic diff]5ces4 ,^! p[]s ( adaptation h1 inde$1 result$ 9 ! pres]vation ( _m sorts1 b x also causes ! neglect ( "s o!rs2 = z fa%ion takes up ) new fav\rites old ones are neglect$ until !y die out1 &1 if n become entirely lo/1 _! /ocks are less5$1 s t ! *ance ( a good *oice = _! cont9uance becomes m difficult ye> by ye>4 ,we believe ?is to h m to d ) ! decl9e ( old fav\rites ?an any inh]5t pr9ciple ( decay ) :i* grafts are said to be end[$4 ,! _m sorts ( apples diff]+ s mu* 9 flav\r & keep+ p[]s1 enable ?is fruit to be employ$ = a v>iety ( purposes1 su* z-- ,cul9>y ,apples1 us$ = t>ts1 pudd+s1 c41 c42 ,dess]t ,apples1 usually ( a sweet sub-acid flav\r & crisp texture1 eat5 raw2 ,cid] ,apples1 ! express$ juice ( :i* =ms ,engli% ,cid] 7,cidre1 ,fr5*74 ,! same di/9ctions apply to pe>s1 ) ! diff]5ce t _! juice is t]m$ ,p]ry4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ! two fir/1 we ne$ "h only m5tion !m incid5tally1 z _! description belongs m prop]ly to ! horticulturi/1 or pomologi/1 ?an to ! f>m]2 at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$ t bo? cul9>y & dess]t apples may be made a s\rce ( pr(it by ! f>m]1 z !y w\ld always f9d ready pur*as]s2 b ! difficulty a f>m] meets ) 9 _! cultivation results f ! circum/ance t x is n easy to ex]t t wat*fulness ov] broad acres necess>y to protect sweet apples f ! pr$atory ur*9s ) :i* e c\ntry p>i% ab\nds1 a prop5sity1 inde$1 n suffici5tly *eck$ by ! eld]s1 ^: plea t 8x is only a few apples1 & t *ildr5 w be *ildr510 af=ds j t am\nt ( enc\ragem5t :i* too (t5 ends 9 m s]i\s acts ( l>c5y4 ,z reg>ds cid] fruit1 we w\ld "h diss5t f ! common belief t s\r apples are ! be/ = cid]-mak+4 ,we believe t ! sweet] ! apple1 & ! high] ! specific gravity ( ! juice1 ! bett] ! cid]4 ,_m1 !n1 ( our cul9>y & dess]t apples w\ld make mo/ excell5t dr9k2 at ! same "t !re are _m sorts t w n 8cook10 ^: fle% _c be got to become s(t & pulpy1 b r h>d & t\gh by ! processes ei!r ( boil+ or bak+4 ,_m sorts ^: flav\r is n suffici5tly agreeable to be eat5 raw1 & yet ^! may yield on expression a sweet juice1 result+ 9 a /rong & agreeable cid]4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re c be little d\bt b t ! quality ( cid] is mu* influ5c$ by ! sort ( fruit f :i* x is made1 we are incl9$ to ! belief t ! nature ( ! soil has1 if possible1 a /ill m decid$ influ5ce ^u ! result4 ,we !re=e n[ direct att5tion to "s ( ! be/ cid] di/ricts 9 ,engl&1 :i* may be class$ z foll[s3-- ,devon%ire1 ,cid] ( ! sweete/ & ri*e/ k9d2 ,som]set%ire1 ,cid] ri* & n s sweet2 ,dorset%ire1 ,cid] some:at poor2 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,cid] & ,p]ry1 v /rong1 b some:at h>%2 ,worce/]%ire1 ,p]ry & ,cid]1 ri* & n too h>%2 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,cid] & ,p]ry1 /rong b n sweet4 ,! prevail+ geological =mations ( ^! cid]-produc+ c\nties may be arrang$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,oolite ,s&s--,dorset1 & p>ts ( ,som]set4 #b4 ,lias--,gl\ce/]1 ,som]set1 & ,dorset4 #c4 ,new ,r$ ,s&/one--,worce/]1 ,devon & ,h]e=d1 9 "p4 #d4 ,old ,r$ ,s&/one--,h]e=d & ,devon4 #e4 ,silurian ,sy/em--,h]e=d1 9 "p4 ,h5ce1 !n1 cid] & p]ry are gr[n on ! sub-soils ( five geological sub/rata1 if1 inde$1 ,no4 #a %\ld n "h be class$ ) ,no4 #b1 = ! ext5t ( or*>d+ ^u ! inf]ior oolite s&s ( ,som]set & ,dorset is r due to its ext5sion f ! contigu\s lias1 & ?is on acc\nt ( an occasional dep? & t5acity ( soil4 ,its produce1 h[ev]1 is usually inf]ior4 ,9 ,gl\ce/]%ire or*>ds always /op :5 ! top ( ! lias is rea*$1 & x is curi\s to see ! sides ( ! ,cotteswolds occupi$ ) well-to-d or*>ds until ! oolite is rea*$1 & !n !y cease altoge!r1 except 9 "s few in/ances1 :i* are "h ref]r$ to by way ( w>n+4 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 = our pres5t purpose1 may be said to re/ on liassic valleys & oolitic hills4 ,9 ! valleys are small f>ms ) small enclosures1 mu* ( :i* is 9 or*>d & mead[1 :il/ on ! hills are l>ge f>ms ) fields ( f #cj to #ajj acres devot$ to arable cultivation4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ?is has br\ght ab\t two sets ( f>ms3 ! vale1 ) its fruits & dairy /ock1 produc+ good cid]1 p]ry1 butt]1 & *eese2 ! hills1 mutton1 wool1 roots1 b>ley1 c4 ,n[1 x happ5s z a rule t ! hill f>m] /&s high] 9 8 pr(ession ?an he ( ! vale1 = on ! hills he c say-- 8,ay1 m>ry1 n[ my s\l ha? elb[-room40 ,! skill & ent]prise 9 bre$+ ! magnific5t ,cotteswold %eep1 = :i* !re is ea* ye> su* a spirit$ competition1 atte/ to ?is fact4 ,no soon]1 !n1 does a vale f>m] become possess$ ( suffici5t capital ?an he moves to ! hills1 & z 9 8 =m] resid5ce he _h imbib$ a love = cid]1 8 fir/ act w be to plant an or*>d at 8 new home2 b1 alas6 ! mo/ successful f>m] _c comm& crops 9 an uncong5ial soil1 & s x is n surpris+ t we %\ld "k ( in/ances :]e n ev5 en\gh fruit = an annual apple pudd+ has be5 produc$ f a ,cotteswold or*>d :i* _h be5 plant$ ?irty ye>s4 ,apples only atta9 to p]fection on deep t5aci\s soils1 & 9 a g5ial climate2 ! mom5t ! roots get d[n to /ones1 ! ends ( ! bran*es beg9 to decay1 & !y become cov]$ ov] ) li*5s z ?ickly z 9 wet ill-dra9$ clays2 besides ?is ! trees look old & knotty1 ev5 9 y\?1 a sure sign t !y are n suffici5tly n\ri%$4 ,^! facts are s well kn[n t 9 plant+ 9 our g>d5s we prep>e ! soil1 if n suffici5tly deep & good1 & make ! climate m g5ial by f5c+ & plant+ 9 %elt]$ situations2 b ?is is n possible on a l>ge scale4 ,pe>s pref] a light] soil ?an apples1 ! new r$ s&/one deposit1 especially1 ! m>ls ( ?is rock & ! lias clays1 :5 cov]$ up1 z 9 p>ts ( ! valley ( ! ,sev]n1 ) s& drifts1 suit pe>s admirably4 ,l ! apple1 ! pe> is ri* 9 sorts4 ,x is said to be d]iv$ f ! ,pyrus communis1 :i* is ref]r$ to z a native tree2 b ?\gh x is really wild 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,european cont95t1 & 9 p>ts ( ,asia1 !re seems reason to conclude t our occasional h$ge-r[ d5iz5 has1 aft] all1 be5 d]iv$ f pe> cultivation4 ,pe>s = dess]t are v num]\s1 & ea* ye> adds to ! li/4 ,scott1 ( ,crewk]ne & ,yeovil ,nurs]ies1 gives a li/ ( two hundr$ & ?irty sorts cultivat$ by himself1 z ,/&>ds1 ,pyramids1 & ,dw>f-tra9$ = walls & espali]s4 ,?is li/ ab\nds 9 ,fr5* names giv5 by bo? ,fr5* & ,dut* horticulturi/s1 ) :om ! pe> is a great fav\rite4 ,l9dley1 9 8 8,guide to ! ,or*>d & ,kit*5 ,g>d510 describes b six sorts ( p]ry pe>s1 ( :i* !re are d\btless sev]al v>ieties4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- ,,orig9 ,,( ,,names4 ,b>l&1 f ,b>l&1 9 ! p>i% ( ,bosbury1 ,h]e=d%ire4 ,holmore1 f ! p>i% ( ,holmore1 betwe5 ,h]e=d & ,leom9/]4 ,huffcap4 ,longl&1 f ! field 9 :i* ! tree grew4 ,oldfield1 f ,oldfield1 ne> ,l$bury4 ,te9ton ,squa%1 f ,te9ton1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,besides ^! are ,blak5ey ,r$ ,trump ,pe>1 ,honey ,pe>1 ,moorcr(t1 ,malv]n ,hill1 c4 ,pe>s1 l apples1 be+ nam$ f places & p1 c41 ea* di/rict hav+ its own fav\rite sorts2 b p]haps ^? 9 ! previ\s li/ are ! fav\rite4 ,?is subject ( v>iety 9 bo? apple & pe> is int]e/+1 z x has giv5 rise to innum]able names ^u ?is head4 ,my old pupil1 ,mr4 ,clem5t ,cadle1 says3-- ,x is almo/ impossible to give satisfactory in=mation on ! sorts ( fruit1 because ! same sort is n only kn[n by diff]5t names 9 diff]5t localities1 b x also assumes a widely diff]5t "* "u ! influ5ce ( broad di/9ctions ( soil & climate1 & ?is is m frequ5tly ! case ) pe>s ?an apples4 ,9 a t\r ,i made la/ autumn 9 ! s\? ( ,devon%ire1 ,i visit$ sev]al f>ms 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,totnes & ,paignton1 & among/ a great numb] ( sorts t ,i !re saw1 ,i c\ld 9 no in/ance recognize ei!r an apple or tree z be+ l ^? ,i _h se5 be=e 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 or ,worce/]%ire4 ,9 select+ = produc+ cid] or p]ry x is v important1 n only to get ^? k9ds :i* suit ! di/rict1 b to get a v>iety 9 _! "*1 especially = mak+ good cid]4 ,?us1 "s ( ! apples %\ld be s\r1 o!rs sweet1 bitt]-sweet1 t>t1 & h>%1 z mu* ( ! keep+ "* ( ! cid] dep5ds ^u ?is mixture1 :i* also makes x f9e d[n well4 ,x may be rem>k$ t sweet or eat+ sorts ( pe>s seldom make p]ry t w keep any l5g? ( "t1 or t f9es well4 ,!re is ano!r peculi> feature 9 reg>d to sorts ( fruit1 namely1 t ea* v>iety has its day1 !n gradually dies out4 ,! trees become non-be>]s1 & _! places are fill$ ) new sorts4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! ,hagloe crab1 ,fox :elp1 & ,skryme's k]nel1 :i* seldom be> or gr[ well n[1 & are ne>ly gone4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j\rnal ,s4,s41 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #ah1 #ai4 ,z reg>ds pe>s1 x %\ld be /at$ t1 :ile 9 ,worce/]1 ,gl\ce/]1 & ,h]e=d mu* p]ry is made1 & x is highly e/eem$1 especially = bottl+1 9 ,dorset ?is dr9k is almo/ unkn[n1 & we 7 la/ ye> greatly surpris$ t a f>m] :o _h an imm5se crop ( pe>s ( a sort t 7 n fit = dess]t or cul9>y purposes1 c\ld n div9e :at to d ) !m1 ?\gh he made excell5t cid]4 ,we conclude ?is portion ( our subject ) a quotation f ! ,botanical ,look]-out1 by our old fri5d & fell[ work]1 ,e4 ,lees1 ,esq43-- ,a pe> or*>d 9 exub]ant fl[] is a vegetable spectacle n easily mat*$1 = ! b5d+ bran*es ( ! pe> tree give a gracefulness to its outl9e f> exce$+ ! /iff =mality ( ! apple tree1 & oppress$ ) a multitud9\s cr[d ( blossoms its bran*es almo/ trail ! gr\nd1 a b5d+ load ( beauty t seems by moonlight a mass ( silv]y +ots4 ,! ,b>l& ,or*>d1 betwe5 ,worce/] & ,malv]n1 conta9+ m ?an sev5ty trees1 l(ty z oaks1 _c be se5 by a travell] )\t admiration1 & is ! f9e/ 9 ! k+dom1 ?\gh ! trees are n[ gett+ old4 ,,*apt] ,,xlviii4 ,,on ,,! ,,production ,,& ,,*oice ,,( ,,fruit ,,trees4 ,al?\gh new sorts ( fruits are easily obta9able f se$s1 yet ?is me?od ( production is mu* too sl[ = g5]al purposes1 & :5 k]nel trees--t is ^? rais$ f se$--are 9 ! sl[ progress ( su* ev5ts br\ght to produce fruit1 x is t5 to "o if x be ( any value2 s t ev5 se$l+ trees1 :5 !y h atta9$ suffici5t size1 are be/ us$ = /ocks ^u :i* to graft any desir$ sort4 ,9 reproduc+ a con/ant supply ( well-kn[n sorts ( fruit1 ?ree plans are usually practis$1 namely1 ,budd+1 ,graft+1 & ,cutt+4 ,budd+ is usually employ$ 9 ! case ( small] fruit or fl[] trees1 & b seldom ) apples & pe>s2 ?is well-kn[n process1 h[ev]1 is frequ5tly _h rec\rse to 9 ! nurs]y2 x is p]=m$ = fruit trees 9 ! same way z = roses1 & !re=e ne$s no description 9 ?is place1 z we c sc>cely conceive ! f>m] do+ mu* 9 ?is direction1 except z a matt] ( amusem5t & exp]im5t4 ,graft+ is a common process on mo/ f>ms ) or*>d+2 a sort ( fruit may be wi%$ to be *ang$ or a promis+ tree may be brok51 & 9 ei!r case ! f>m] %\ld "k en\gh ( ! process ( graft+ to be able to d x himself or else to prop]ly direct o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,! ,graft4 #b4 ,! ,/ock4 ,9 graft+1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to secure good %oots f a heal?y tree ( ! sort y wi% to gr[--^! are call$ ! 8grafts40 ,! /em to receive ! graft is call$ ! /ock4 ,n[ a /ock may be s+le1 9 :i* case "o graft w be suffici5t1 z 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 or if an old tree has to be graft$1 a graft may be ins]t$ on z _m bran*es z may seem desirable4 ,our diagram repres5ts ! common practice ( side graft+1 b diff]5t plans are adopt$ accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 size ( ! /ock on ! "o h&1 & ! graft on ! o!r1 ! pr9ciple to be aim$ at 9 ! process be+ to get z complete an apposition ( z mu* ( ! wood & b>k ( ! graft1 ) t ( ! /ock1 z is possible by c>eful cutt+ & fitt+1 & ! tact & delicacy 9 manipulat+ ?is matt] make t successful result :i* m>ks ! good graft]4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r matt]s1 practice & exp]i5ce ensure success2 & h5ce x is usually f\nd exp$i5t to employ a p]son :o makes x 8 pr(ession1 & su* are always to be obta9$ 9 cid] c\ntries4 ,:5 ! grafts h be5 fitt$1 !y mu/ be kept 9 place by "s pla/ic mat]ial1 & t mo/ commonly us$ is a compo/ ( c[-dung & clay1 well knead$ toge!r1 or m]ely *opp$ hay & clay2 ?is is press$ r\nd ! unit$ p>ts 9 ! =m ( a ball1 & 9 cases :]e e c>e is tak5 ! graft may be fur!r protect$ by a wick] basket1 z 9 ! diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,graft protect$ by a ,wick] basket4 ,cutt+4--,! ease ) :i* apple trees c be multipli$ by cutt+s 0 =cibly impress$ ^u our att5tion at a v e>ly age4 ,:5 a boy1 hav+ se5 a mo/ promis+ bran* cut f a fav\rite apple tree 9 ! process ( prun+1 ! ?\ght /ruck u t we might get a tree ( our own1 & s1 seiz+ ! bran* 9 "q1 we plant$ x 9 ano!r "p ( ! g>d51 only--sad to relate--to h x pull$ up ! fir/ "t ! g>d5] pass$ t way4 ,) a boy's p]sev]ance or ob/9acy--:i* ! read] pleases--aga9 & aga9 did we replant ?is same bran* ) a l result1 until f9d+ a quiet corn]1 we once m plant$ our cutt+1 & ?is "t1 no evil *ance ov]tak+ x1 x took root2 & 9 two ye>s f t "t we enjoy$ ! ta/e ( apples f :at1 we hope n undes]v$ly1 0 all[$ to be consid]$ our own tree4 ,?is 0 a matt] = frequ5t reflection 9 aft]-life1 =1 besides view+ ! result z a rew>d = p]sev]ance1 x is j possible t our fir/ disappo9tm5t may h t5d$ aft] all to our success1 = d\btless ! unexpos$ %elt]$ corn] 0 j ! place = ensur+ ?is 9 root+ cutt+s4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! cutt+ 0 a l>ge bran*1 b = g5]al purposes we %\ld recomm5d cutt+s to be made ( small unbran*$ %oots2 ^! may be plant$ 9 r[s 9 a some:at %ad$ situation1 & :5 !y h become root$ & fit = indep5d5t trees1 !y may be remov$ to _! p]man5t places1 & s be ei!r prun$ = tall or*>d trees1 or1 z !y are well adapt$ to ! purpose1 be tra9$ = dw>f or*>ds4 ,prun+1 9 ! cultivation & due keep+ ( an or*>d1 is "o ( ! mo/ important op]ations connect$ ) ! subject4 ,its objects are3-- #a/4 ,to circumscribe ! gr[? 9 any giv5 direction1 to tra9 ! tree on ! "o h&1 & to let 9 light & air by ?9n+ on ! o!r4 #bnd4 ,by prun+ fruit trees we op]ate s z to *eck undue gr[? ( wood & leaf1 & ?us1 by :at ! botani/ calls ! 8arre/ation ( developm5t10 cause fl[] & fruit to be =m$ in/ead ( leaves4 ,9 ! we/]n c\nties1 if a tree or plant ( any k9d gr[s leaves too freely1 x is said to be too 8frum10 probably d]iv$ f ! ,saxon f1 /rong1 /\t4 ,prun+1 !n1 ha/5s ! fruit+ season 9 fruit trees1 b at ! same "t x br+s on premature age1 & h5ce ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ ) judgm5t1 or else premature decay w be ! consequ5ce4 ,9 prun+ ( l>ge trees c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut out1 z smoo?ly z possible1 all awkw>d or cross+ bran*es1 s z to expose ! :ole ( ! fruit+ limbs to light1 w>m?1 & air4 ,?is aga9 is an op]ation requir+ an exp]i5c$ h&1 & :5 su* an "o is kn[n1 x is f> bett] to employ him ?an to tru/ ! matt] to ^? :o "k little or no?+ ( ! subject4 ,mu* has be5 said & writt5 ^u ! subject ( re>+ fruit trees1 & :5 matt] ( ?is k9d is address$ to ! nurs]yman1 x is to be welcom$ if bas$ ^u s\nd botanical pr9ciples1 b we _c recomm5d ! f>m] to gr[ 8 own fruit trees1 z he r>ely pays suffici5t att5tion to _! y\?ful tra9+1 & we !re=e recomm5d ! pur*ase ( fruit trees f ! be/ gr[]s1 to get ! be/ sorts1 & to get well-gr[n & heal?y examples4 ,^! %\ld be c>efully lift$ & plant$ z soon z possible aft] leav+ ! nurs]y1 always avoid+ trees t h hawk$ ! m>ket week aft] week1 ev5 if procurable = no?+4 ,"s p insi/ ^u ! propriety ( plant+ poor trees gr[n 9 poor soil1 b our exp]i5ce has %[n t no?+ c\ld be a great] mi/ake4 ,x is true t ^! (t5 fruit soon2 b gett+ crops ( fruit f trees only a qu>t] gr[n1 ?\gh sometimes welcome to a t5ant ) no sure hold+1 is a matt] :i* %\ld always be look$ to by ! l&lord1 :o1 inde$1 %\ld pay great] att5tion to 8 or*>ds ?an is usually ! case1 if 8 desire be to h& !m d[n to 8 successors 9 any?+ l a good be>+ condition4 ,t fruit trees mu/ 9 "t get old is q true2 at ! same "t x may be /at$ z an important fact1 t poor /unt$ trees on ! "o h&1 or ^? too prodigal ( _! y\? on ! o!r1 w too surely result 9 decrepitude ere half ! span ( a heal?y tree be atta9$4 ,feel+ s /rongly z we d ! importance ( heal?y "y trees f a good soil & climate to plant ev5 9 an unfav\rable di/rict1 in/ead (1 z is g5]ally s\ght aft]1 trees f a poor soil1 we are glad to h our op9ion =tifi$ by a successful practical gr[] ( fruit trees1 ^: samples ( "y /ock 9 apple trees1 z we h se5 !m exhibit$ 9 ,yeovil m>ket1 are patt]ns ( heal?9ess 9 b>k & models ( =m4 ,! cultivator to :om we ref] is ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott1 ^: "n & place we h be=e m5tion$4 ,he says1 9 8 ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ,fruit ,trees3-- ,!re rema9s "o ?+ ! writ] w\ld especially gu>d int5d+ plant]s aga9/2 t is1 be c>eful nev] to pur*ase trees (f a poor soil4 ,i "k ?is is het]odox2 b _m ye>s' exp]i5ce has taught me ! fallacy ( ! popul> dogma1 i4e41 8,get y\r trees (f poor soils1 z !y w be h>di]1 & endure ! /orms bett]40 ,i c\ld %[ examples1 9 numb]s1 9 my nurs]y1 :]e ! trees came f "o ( ! s-call$ poor soils1 t nev] w be any?+ l heal?y trees4 ,!y 7 hide-b\nd & *eck$ 9 _! natures :5 ,i receiv$ !m1 & ,i believe w ev] rema9 s1 less or m4 ,a g5ial1 mod]ately ri*1 & naturally good soil is ! soil ,i w\ld *oose my trees f4 ,exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 bo? 9 ! g>d5 & ! or*>d1 fully confirm u 9 ?is view ( ! case1 & we w\ld !re=e only add to ! direction1 8,get y\r trees f mod]ately ri* soil10 t (1 8,plant !m 9 a soil ( ! l k9d20 = if trees be br\ght f a poor soil1 n fit = !m1 to a poor]1 !y w c]ta9ly n succe$1 & inde$ ! *oice ( poor l& = or*>d gr[? w be se5 to end 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,9 plant+ apples we %\ld *oose a mixture ( sev]al ( ! be/ sorts1 & x is recomm5d$ t "s %\ld be s\r2 b we pref] to h ^? t produce a juice ( high specific gravity1 ?\gh ) all cid] & p]ry fruit !re w be great div]sities 9 ?is respect1 dep5d+ ^u soil1 climate1 & season4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( apples conta9s su* z are met ) pr9cipally 9 ! c\nties ( ,worce/]1 ,h]e=d1 & ,gl\ce/]2 all may be us$ = cid]1 b "s are m especially adapt$ = h\se purposes3-- ,i4--,,li/ ,,( ,,apples4 ,^? m>k$ ) 7,a7 are good = ho>d+1 & ^? ) are good = boil+4 ,skyrme's ,k]nel--,t>t2 good = cid]4 ,royal ,wild+--,bitt] sweet2 good = cid]4 ,black ,fox:elp--,mod]ately t>t2 good = cid]4 ,r$ ,fox:elp 7,a7--,mod]ately t>t2 good = cid]4 ,c[an ,r$--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,dymock ,r$ 7,a7--,v sweet2 good = cid]4 ,:ite ,norman--,bitt] sweet2 good = cid]4 ,r$ ,norman--,bitt] sweet2 good = cid]4 ,hagloe ,crab--,t>t2 good = cid]4 ,pawson--,t>t2 good = cid]4 ,r$/reak--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,yell[ ,/yre--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,hoop]'s ,k]nel 7,a7--,mod]ately sweet2 good = cid]4 ,hill ,b>n ,k]nel 7,a7--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,rib/on ,pipp9 7,a7--,sweet2 good = table & keep+4 ,gold5 ,h>vey 7,a7--,sweet2 good = table & = cid]4 ,sib]ian ,h>vey--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,f>ewell ,blossom--,t>t & bitt]2 l>ge be>]4 ,upright ,fr5*--,bitt] sweet2 l>ge be>]4 ,black or ,r$ ,fr5*--,bitt] sweet4 ,knott$ ,k]nel--,t>t4 ,lea!r ,apple--,h>dly any ta/e4 ,ironsides 7,a7--,h>dly any ta/e2 good = keep+4 ,cats'-heads 7,a7--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,pigs'-eyes--,sweet4 ,d[nton ,pipp9 7,a7--,sweet2 table & eat+4 ,codl+s 7,a7--,sweet2 good z boil]s & = cid]4 ,may ,blooms 7,a7--,sweet2 good = cid]1 boil+1 & keep+4 ,r\gh ,coat 7,a7--,dry & sweet2 good keep]s4 ,br&y ,apple 7,a7--,v sweet2 makes /rong cid]4 ,c[>ne ,qu99 7,a7 ,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,bl5heim ,orange 7,a7--,v sweet2 good = table4 ,gold5 ,pipp9 7,a7--,v sweet2 good = table4 ,old ,pe>ma9 7,a7--,v sweet2 good = table4 ,br[n ,cre/s--,v sweet4 ,"u ,leaves--,sweet2 l>ge be>]4 ,r$ ,k]nel--,sweet2 good = cid]4 ,reynolds's ,k]nel 7,a7--,sweet2 l>ge pot-fruit4 ,newl& ,k]nel--,bitt] sweet2 good = cid]4 ,jackson's ,k]nel--,t>t4 ,sam's ,crab--,t>t4 ,bridgewat] ,pipp9 7,a7--,sweet4 ,spice ,apple 7,a7--,sweet4 ,:ite ,bea*--,bitt] sweet2 good = cid]4 ,h&some ,m&y--,bitt] sweet2 good = cid]4 ,gold5 ,r5net 7,a7--,sweet4 ,p9e ,apple--,mod]ately t>t2 wood cank]s4 ,/oke ,pipp9 7,a7--,sweet2 good be>]s2 pot-fruit & = cid]2 & num]\s o!rs4 ,f ,prize ,essay on ,or*>ds1 by ,clem5t ,cadle1 f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! next li/ is tak5 f ,scott's ,descriptive ,catalogue1 by way ( contra/ & comp>ison ) ! above1 z x is m p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ,devon1 ,som]set1 & ,dorset4 ,,li/ ,,ii4 ,,cid] ,,apples4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( "s ( ! be/ ,cid] fruit1 cultivat$ 9 ! be/ ,cid] c\nties ?r\gh\t ,engl&4 #afg4 ,be/ ,ba*e1 spec4 grav4 #ajgc4 ,a ,h]e=d%ire fruit ( great excell5ce4 #afh4 ,br+ewood1 a good cid] fruit4 #afi4 ,bovey ,r$/reak4 #agj4 ,cadbury1 suppos$ to be ! same z ,royal ,som]set4 #aga4 ,coccagee1 a spl5did cid] fruit ( fir/-rate excell5ce4 #agb4 ,c[rane1 r$1 spec4 grav4 #ajfi2 an excell5t sort4 #agc4 ,devon%ire ,r$/reak4 #cg4 ,devon%ire ,qu>r5d51 a valuable h>dy fruit2 well kn[n4 #ce4 ,d[nton ,pipp91 a mo/ prolific & valuable cid] fruit4 #agd4 ,=e/ ,/yre1 spec4 grav4 #ajgf to #ajha1 e/eem$ fruit4 #age4 ,foxley1 spec4 grav4 #ajhj1 h>dy & a great be>]1 excell5t cid] fruit4 #agf4 ,fox ,:elp1 spec4 grav4 #ajgf to #ajhj1 a celebrat$ cid] fruit ( ! ri*e/ k9d4 #ed4 ,gold5 ,h>vey1 spec4 grav4 #ajhe1 a fir/-rate cid] fruit4 ,no or*>d %\ld be )\t ?is4 #agg4 ,haglo ,crab1 spec4 grav4 #ajha4 #agh4 ,j]sey1 e>ly1 v f9e cid] fruit4 #agi4 ,j]sey1 late1 a great be>]1 & excell5t2 "o ( ! be/4 #gg4 ,isle ( ,wight ,pipp91 spec4 gray4 #ajgd1 a f9e cid] fruit ( great excell5ce4 #ahj4 ,k+/on ,black1 fir/-rate cid] fruit ( fir/-rate excell5ce4 #ig4 ,m9*al ,crab1 a v f9e fruit4 #aha4 ,r$ ,mu/1 v l>ge1 yield+ a f9e cid] f heavy soils4 #ahb4 ,r$ ,/reak1 spec4 grav4 #ajgi1 "o ( ! be/ cid] apples4 #ahc4 ,sib]ian ,bitt] ,sweet1 spec4 grav4 #ajia4 #ahd4 ,sops 9 ,w9e4 #ahe4 ,tom ,pott] or ,tom ,put1 a f9e fruit4 ,besides ! above1 _m o!r *oice sorts make spl5did ,cid]4 ,pe>s = p]ry diff] 9 "o respect f apples1 9 t1 ?\gh ! be/ & pure/ p]ry is made f only "o sort ( fruit1 & t g5]ally f fruit utt]ly unfit = any o!r purpose4 ,pe>s1 z has be5 /at$1 delight 9 a light] soil ?an t :i* is suitable = apples1 & ! trees h ! advantage ( gr[+ s tall t ev5 c]eal cultivation is possible "u !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 curi\s to note h[ sc>cely any p]ry pe>s are gr[n 9 ! we/ ( ,engl&1 unless we view ,gl\ce/] z a we/]n c\nty4 ,?\gh ,som]set & ,dorset are p>ticul>ly adapt$ = ! pe>1 !re are _m places :]e its culture is nev] attempt$2 we w\ld m5tion ! di/rict ( s&y loam ar\nd ,%]borne1 ,dorset1 z "o well adapt$ = ! gr[? ( p]ry1 b :]e x is nev]!less almo/ unkn[n4 ,x may be not$ t al?\gh good cid]--ev5 ! be/--c be made f dess]t & cul9>y fruit1 yet dess]t pe>s are n well adapt$ = p]ry1 z _! produce is usually wat]y1 & does n f9e well4 ,,*apt] ,,xlix4 ,,on ,,fruit-,,ga!r+1 ,,etc4 ,9 mak+ cid] & p]ry !re are sev]al important matt]s to be tak5 into consid]ation1 z ^u ! due obs]vance ( ^! success w ma9ly dep5d4 ,^! are-- ,! selection1 ga!r+1 & /or+ ( ! fruit4 ,! gr9d+ ( ! fruit1 & /orage ( ! dr9k4 ,! aft]-managem5t1 keep+1 f9+1 c4 c4 ,or*>d fruit is economiz$ *iefly 9 ! ?ree foll[+ me?ods3-- #a4 ,cook+ ,apples--us$ = cul9>y purposes4 #b4 ,dess]t ,apples--"s ( ! f9e-flav\r$ v>ieties4 #c4 ,cid] ,fruit--:i* includes all ! o!rs4 #a4 ,cook+ apples may be h&-pick$ z !y become ripe1 & ^? t w n keep long1 z ! v>i\s codl9s1 may be dispos$ ( 9 ! lump to ! fruit]]1 or s5t to m>ket 9 small] quantities4 ,! good keep+ apples may be sold 9 ! lot :5 ripe1 or kept 9 /ore to be retail$ at m>ket4 ,bo? ^! sets ( apples require to be ga!r$ ) "s c>e2 9 %ort1 to be :at are call$ 8h&-pick$10 z1 :5 bruis$1 !y n only are injur$ = pres5t use1 b _! keep+ qualities are greatly affect$4 ,= /ore apples ! fruit %\ld be ga!r$ be=e be+ :at is call$ 8dead ripe10 t is1 :5 !y are q crisp & juicy2 "o ( ! be/ indications ( fitness be+ a bright light-br[n k]nel z oppos$ to a dull d>k-br[n4 ,! fruit %\ld be kept 9 a dry room1 f :i* fro/ is entirely exclud$1 & :]e air c freely v5tilate :5ev] requir$4 ,! be/ plan is to fit up su* a room ) %elves made up ( la?s ?ree in*es wide1 & plac$ an in* & a half or two in*es ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,%elf ,,= ,,keep+ ,,fruit4 ,9 ?is way a repres5ts ! la?s1 ( :i* !re may be _m or few to ea* %elf accord+ to ! bread? requir$2 b1 ! int]spaces4 ,"h1 !n1 ! fruit is plac$ 9 l9es ov] ! int]spaces1 ! object be+ ?us to secure a free passage = ! air all ar\nd ! fruit2 if plac$ 9 a s+le lay]1 faulty ones c be se5 at a glance1 & ^! %\ld be remov$ z soon z detect$4 ,if ?is plan be f\nd too on]\s1 & fruit mu/ be put toge!r 9 l>g] quantity1 we w\ld advise t !y be s plac$ z t air c get to !m f bel[4 ,keep+ fruit 9 heaps 9 corn]s1 or ev5 spread+ !m betwe5 lay]s ( /raw1 t5ds to _! de/ruction r ?an pres]vation4 ,if1 !n1 x be borne 9 m9d t ! end to aim at1 9 ord] to keep fruit1 is t ( expos+ s\nd examples to ! free access ( ! air1 x w be se5 t ! ne>] we c secure ?is ! bett] w be our result4 ,we say s\nd fruit1 = x is useless to put spott$ & worm-eat5 apples or pe>s 9 ! keep+-room4 ,^! _h bett] be put by & us$ z soon z possible = :atev] purpose !y may be fit1 = :5ev] ! air c get into ! int]ior ( fruit by reason ( abrasions1 bor+s1 c41 decay soon sets 92 & n[1 :ile we are writ+1 we h a quantity ( apples ) ! plague-spot ( rott5ness proce$+ f _! be+ 8worm-eat540 #b4 ,9 /or+ dess]t apples ^! directions are ev5 m important4 ,if1 !n1 ! f>m %\ld produce "o or sev]al sorts 9 quantity1 if !y are to be dispos$ (1 we w\ld advise _! sale to ! fruit]] ) ! onus ( ga!r+ & manag+ !m4 ,small f>m]s sometimes make no bad addition to _! income by ?us dispos+ ( f9e fruits1 & we always advise t su* %\ld be plant$ to a great] ext5t ?an is usually done ab\t f>m home/eads4 ,x is n a heavy matt] = ! l&lord to f9d a few sorts ( *oice fruit-trees = 8 small] or ev5 l>g] hold+s1 &1 by ?us add+ to ! com=t or ev5 luxuries ( 8 t5ants1 he w be b5efit+ n only himself b ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,we believe x to be a duty incumb5t ^u ! l&$ proprietor ?us to fo/] a love ( fruits1 & we hon\r ! names ( ,knight1 ( ,d[nton1 & ,williams1 ( ,pitma/on1 9 t !y lov$ to propagate new fruits1 & to enc\rage _! dissem9ation4 ,x is said by ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,maund1 ! au?or ( 8,! ,fruiti/03-- ,a propagator ( apple & pe> trees f se$s may be suppos$ to possess n only pati5ce1 b a desire to b5efit po/]ity4 ,twelve or f\rte5 ye>s ca/ a long %ad[ be=e !m2 & :51 aft] wait+ ?is l5g? ( "t1 ! unc]ta9 value ( ! sub/ance is consid]$1 x mu/ be confess$ t m5 des]ve m ?an praise1 :o orig9ate new fruits4 ,apple trees r>ely %[ ! real quality ( _! fruit 9 less ?an f\rte5 ye>s4 ,all1 h[ev]1 :o h ! conv5i5ce ( do+ s1 %\ld raise se$l+ trees2 = x is to ^! only t we c look ) any degree ( confid5ce = p]man5tly furni%+ our or*>ds1 & n to old or cank]+ v>ieties4 ,x is true t x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( all1 ev5 ( ! p]man5t own]s ( ! soil1 ?us to add to ! numb] ( ,pomona's gifts1 b all c inquire = & pur*ase e/eem$ sorts2 & no t5ant t is wor? hav+ w grudge !m c>e & att5tion1 be 8 t5ure ev] s prec>i\s4 ,we w\ld assign to ! lords ( ! soil ! duty ( improv+ fruit-trees1 :ile ! g5tleman :o resides 9 ! c\ntry1 x may be = only a %ort season1 %\ld make ! be/ use ( x to enc\rage a love = ! g>d51 & to increase its v>i\s attractions to *>m ! eye1 & to increase & v>y ! vegetable food ( ! p4 #c4 ,fruit = cid]-mak+ w consi/ ( 8w9d-falls10 t is1 su* z has fall5 prematurely ripe1 or be5 %ak5 (f by ! w9d2 & ga!r$ fruit4 ,z reg>ds w9d-falls1 x is only necess>y to /ate t1 al?\gh ^! c only be employ$ = an inf]ior k9d ( dr9k1 yet ev5 ?is may be improv$ by c>e1 z ?us3--,in/ead ( pick+ up ! apples :ile !y are /ill wet ) dew1 !y %\ld be ga!r$ 9 z dry a /ate z possible1 & !n n1 z is too (t5 ! case1 huddl$ toge!r 9 a heap 9 ! or*>d1 expos$ to alt]nations ( fro/1 & wet1 & dry4 ,su* fruit w (t5 require to be kept = "s "t wait+ temp]ate wea!r1 :i* is be/ = cid]-mak+4 ,x %\ld be kept !n "u cov]1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! air c get b5ea? x2 & = ?is purpose we h f\nd a few wattl$ hurdles well adapt$ = keep+ fruit on t is wait+ to be gr\nd4 ,9 ga!r+ cid]-fruit we %\ld consid] x ripe at t p]iod :5 a n rude %ake ( a limb w\ld cause mo/ ( x to fall pretty well at "o & ! same "t4 ,we dislike beat+ (f fruit ) /icks1 z x damages ! be>+ %oots4 ,9 f9e1 9 ga!r+ fruit all undue viol5ce %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 z x is unwise to use t am\nt ( hurry1 :i* w only secure a l>ge pres5t crop1 unless x c be done 9 su* a mann] z n to injure our hopes ( ! future4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t 9 ! g>d5 !re is usually some?+ l a crop1 ev5 9 a bad season2 b 9 ! or*>d we seldom meet ) any?+ l a crop ! ye> foll[+ :at is call$ a 8hit ( fruit10 & only ! f9] sorts ( apples :i* are h&-ga!r$ ) c>e are (t5 f\nd to be mo/ con/ant be>]s1 :ile ! r\gh] cid]-fruits seldom af=d a good crop (t5] ?an once 9 f ?ree to five ye>s4 ,surely1 !n1 mu* ( ?is mu/ be ! result ( ! r\gh] treatm5t to :i* cid]-fruit is s c>elessly subject$4 ,:5 ! fruit is collect$1 x %\ld be put 9 a dry airy place1 to await ! process ( gr9d+4 ,= ?is we adopt ! plan ( spread+ x 9 %$s or ou?\ses on wattl$ hurdles4 ,?is keeps x f ! ra91 by :i* x becomes sodd5 :5 9 expos$ heaps3 !n ! w9d w only p>tially dry x1 & ! result w be a g5]al heat+ ( ! mass1 :i* results1 if n 9 quick decay am\nt+ to absolute rott5ness1 yet 9 t /ate1 te*nically call$ 8moisey10#ca or dead1 9 :i* ! juices are ne>ly dri$ up & ! fruit flav\rless4 #ca ,apple moise1 or apple moce1 0 an old di% made ( press$ apples4 ,9 cid] c\nties apples are call$ moisey :5 !y are juiceless1 dry1 & )\t flav\r--dead4 7,see ,ar*aic ,diction>ies47 ,we h se5 heaps ( apples1 consi/+ ( _m waggon-loads1 9 ! or*>d at ,*ri/mas1 :5 wet & fro/ _h s prey$ ^u !m t none ( _! prop] juices rema9$4 ,?is is c]ta9 to make a cid] :i* w be ( inf]ior quality2 & ?\gh "s ( our fri5ds boa/ ( ! good quality ( _! cid] :i* has be5 made 9 ! r\ghe/ mann]1 yet "o _c help ?9k+ h[ mu* bett] x might h be5 ) ! fruit c>efully collect$1 & kept until x c\ld be gr\nd4 ,/ill1 ) all our c>e 9 ?is matt]1 disappo9tm5t is sometimes ! result2 = x is ) cid] z ) w9e1 ! season w h a great deal to d ) x1 ?\gh ) bo?1 ! mann] ( mak+ & /or+ w be all-important matt]s1 to :i* we %all adv]t 9 ! next *apt]4 ,we mu* object to ! ga!r+ ( fruit = any purpose 9 ! wet4 ,7 x n = ! exp5se1 x w\ld be bett] to take advantage ( dry wea!r1 & to collect ev5 cid]-fruit by h&-pick+ be=e x has become dead ripe1 & s let ! rip5+ process be complet$ 9 "s dry /or+-place4 ,9 our own exp]i5ce ( cid]-mak+1 ! two or ?ree casks made = home consumption f c>efully pick$ & well-kept fruit are usually ( ! be/ quality1 & s made we believe cid] to be a mo/ agreeable & v :olesome bev]age1--to p>aphrase ,isaac ,walton1 only fit = f>m]s or v hone/ m54 ,z long1 h[ev]1 z r\gh p are ab\t :o nev] "k :5 !y h _h en\gh1 ! r\gh] cid] made by a rud] process is q good en\gh4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s to all t if a man c dr9k z mu* z f\r gallons ( good cid] 9 a day's m[+1 he w\ld be bett] (f ) a less quantity ( an inf]ior sort1 supplem5t$ ) tea or c(fee4 ,,*apt] ,l4 ,,on ,,cid]-,,mak+ ,,& ,,its ,,managem5t4 ,9 mak+ cid] or p]ry x is well n to beg9 unless ! wea!r be mod]ately cool1 z 9 hot wea!r ! *anges 9 ! fluid become too rapid1 & x consequ5tly does n keep well4 ,! fir/ process w be to gr9d ! fruit into z p]fect a /ate ( pulp z possible4 ,?is w be effect$ :5 ! k]nels are decid$ly cru%$4 ,su* a /ate ( pulp usually ensures ! be/ results1 n only f ! fact t ! :ole juice ( ! fruit is n only set free1 b x is all expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 by :i* bo? ! col\r & quality are greatly improv$2 &1 besides ?is1 e good quality is decid$ly increas$ by hav+ ! pr9ciples & flav\r ( ! k]nels mix$ ) ! o!r juices4 ,! me?od by :i* ?is is be/ effect$ is by gr9d+ 9 ! usual circul> /one horse-mill4 ,?is is confess$ly a sl[ process1 b not)/&+ ! new] me?ods1 to be pres5tly describ$1 we /ill pref] x to all o!rs1 & t f ! great complet5ess ) :i* ! gr9d+ is effect$4 ,( late ye>s cid]-mills h be5 br\ght out :i* ess5tially consi/ ( a comb9ation ( gribbl+ tee?1 by :i* ! fruit is fir/ torn to pieces1 & two cyl9drical roll]s1 betwe5 :i* x is aft]w>ds cru%$ ) great] or less complet5ess4 ,9 "s cases ! roll]s are ( iron1 9 o!rs ( h>d /one3 ! latt] is pref]able1 z contact ) iron1 ev5 :]e b slight1 causes ! dr9k to assume a degree ( blackness1 especially on exposure4 ,portable mills ( ?is k9d are n[ v g5]al1 b we s fully agree ) ! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,cadle1 t we "h quote 8 description ( "s portable cid]-mills1 ) 8 comm5ts ^u _! action4 ,ab\t tw5ty-six ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,coleman1 ( ,*axhill1 ,we/bury-on-,sev]n1 comm5c$ mak+ an improv$ cid]-mill & press1 :i* c\ld act ei!r z a fixture or a portable mill4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! cid] ?us made f9$ bett]1 & ! process 0 also m exp$iti\s4 ,^! advantages1 toge!r ) ! co/ ( keep+ ! old k9d ( mills 9 repair1 :i* l&lords 7 unwill+ to und]take1 l$ to _! be+ sup]s$$1 z !y wore out1 by ,coleman's1 or a simil> mill4 ,coleman's mill consi/s ( two pairs ( roll]s fix$ 9 a /rong wood5 frame2 x is f$ f a hopp]1 ! apples pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ pair ( roll]s1 :i* are made ( h>d wood1 ) iron tee?1 s z to break ! apples1 :i* fall next betwe5 a pair ( /one roll]s set close en\gh to break ! k]nels1 & f ^! ! pulp drops into a tr\gh plac$ b5ea? to receive x4 ,mr4 ,lat*em1 ( ,h]e=d1 has also paid consid]able att5tion to ! con/ruction ( ^! mills1 & has tak5 out a pat5t = do+ away ) ! iron 9 ! fe$-roll]s1 & sub/itut+ /eel tee? fitt$ into "o roll]1 & work+ ?r\gh o!r /eel tee? on a fix$ plate1 p>tly on ! same pr9ciple z a curd-mill4 ,! fruit1 aft] pass+ ?is 8*ew]10 is gr\nd betwe5 a pair ( /one roll]s1 z be=e describ$4 ,until ! portable apple-mills became g5]al1 we _h a mill to almo/ e f>m1 & ev5 to _m ( ! cottages2 b 9 ,devon%ire "o mill or p\nd-h\se s]ves = a numb] ( mak]s1 & sometimes = a p>i%1 ea* p]son pay+ s mu* p] hog%ead = ! mak+4 ,mo/ ( ! travell+ portable ma*9es 9 ,h]e=d%ire h two presses ) ea* mill1 & are work$ by two horses1 mak+ #a1jjj to #a1ejj gallons 9 a day2 sometimes !y are work$ by a small portable /eam-eng9e4 ,!y are v exp$iti\s1 & d v well = a second-class cid]1 b if y w\ld h ! be/1 !y are v objectionable1 because ! diff]5t sorts ( fruit v r>ely get ripe at once 9 suffici5t quantities to enable y to make mu* at a "t4 ,mu* cid] is !re=e spoil$1 ! fruit be+ gr\nd :5 too gre51 by ^? :o are impati5t to f9i% ! process4 ,i ?9k t ea* f>m or hold+ %\ld h a mill ( its own1 ev5 if x be only a small h&-mill4 ,!re are sev]al o!r rude plans ( gr9d+1 su* z nut-mills1 grat]s1 scrat*]s1 c41 b !y are s objectionable t !y h>dly des]ve notice4 ,all metallic sub/ances %\ld be kept f contact ) ! pulp1 z *emical comb9ations imm$iately take place on contact2 = in/ance1 if y take a clean knife & cut an apple ?r\gh1 ! knife quickly becomes black1 z well z ! apple4 ,= ?is reason ,i ?9k ! iron tee? & ca/-iron 9 ! roll]s are objectionable2 z also ! /eel ones1 al?\gh p]haps n to ! same ext5t4 ,i %\ld recomm5d t ?is iron be remov$1 & flut$ roll]s ( l>g] diamet] be made ( "s h>d wood1 su* z yew-tree1 or ,am]ican iron-wood4 ,no d\bt m p[] w\ld !n be requir$ to "w ! mills1 b ?is w\ld be ( little consequ5ce if ! produce 0 fir/-class cid]4 ,:5 ?is new mode ( gr9d+ 0 fir/ tri$1 !re 0 great compla9t among/ ! lab\r]s t ! cid] did n agree ) !m1 & ?is 0 g5]ally attribut$ to ! iron2 b 9 my op9ion1 ! gre5 /ate ( ! fruit :5 gr\nd made ! juice h>%1 & caus$ irritation 9 ! sy/em4--,j\rnal ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 vol4 ,,xxv4 page #a4 ,! next po9t = consid]ation is ! press+ out ( ! juice4 ,?is has be5 done ) screw-presses ( v>i\s k9ds1 ei!r wood or iron1 ) s+le or d\ble screws4 ,hydraulic presses are n[ com+ into fa%ion1 & "o advantage :i* !y possess is1 t ( easily & exp$iti\sly gett+ all ! juice f ! pulp4 ,9 ,dorset%ire ! gr\nd pulp or 8pummy0 is usually put ^u a flat /age betwe5 lay]s ( /raw1 :i* are deftly turn$ up at ! edges s z to keep ! 8*eese0 toge!r4 ,^u ! top ( ! *eese is plac$ ano!r flat bo>d1 :i* is act$ ^u by ! press4 ,9 ,worce/]%ire & ,h]e=d ! pulp is press$ 9 hair clo?s1 :i* plan is mu* m p]fect ?an ) /raw4 ,9 press+ x is well to obs]ve t ! pulp be gr\nd on "o day & press$ ! next1 z n only col\r b g5]al ri*ness 9 quality results f exposure4 ,! d>k col\r :i* an apple assumes on be+ cut is due to ?is cause1 n z suppos$ to ! /eel knife1 = ! *ange m5tion$ is equally c]ta9 ) a silv] "o4 ,9 ! n[ almo/ explod$ plan ( scoop+ apples1 ! pulp ( ev5 s\r apples becomes sweet by ! process4 ,z ! juice is exud$ f ! press x falls into a tr\gh b5ea?1 :i* is divid$ into two p>ts by a grat+ ) small holes1 by :i* ! p>ticles ( pulp are sep>at$1 & f ?is ! cle>] fluid is convey$ to ! cask4 ,z reg>ds /ra9+1 we h se5 "s ( ! f9] sorts ( p]ry made by a m complete /ra9+ ?an ! above2 9 fact1 a r\gh k9d ( filt]+ 9 flannel bags4 ,?is w\ld take too long a "t = g5]al purposes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a good way ( mak+ dr9k = bottl+4 ,! aft]-managem5t ( cid] & p]ry is a subject ^u :i* mu* has be5 bo? said & writt54 ,we1 h[ev]1 jo9 9 ! c\ntry op9ion1 t 8if x be made well ! less x is mess$ ) ! bett]40 ,we pref] putt+ cid] 9 l>ge casks 9 a cool cell>--say ( f "o to two hundr$ gallons or m1--to ea* ( :i* %\ld be two tap-holes1 "o 9 ! middle & "o t[>ds ! bottom2 ! fir/ tapp+ f ! middle hole insures a cle> fluid )\t di/urb+ ! l[] "p1 :i* ?us goes on 8settl+ d[n40 ,if cid] f good fruit be made well1 x w h an agreeable sub-acid flav\r1 d]iv$ f ! malic acid1 :i* is ! pr9ciple :i* gives ! refre%+ juice ( mo/ fruits4 ,f]m5tation is necess>y to make good cid]1 z by x ! sug> ( ! fruit is conv]t$ into alcohol or _s2 & if1 :5 ?is process is complete1 ! f]m5tation ceases1 we %all h a refre%+1 excit+1 & g5]\s fluid2 if1 h[ev]1 x passes f v9\s to acet\s f]m5tation1 we get acetic acid1 & ! product is s\r4 ,cid] made f good & well-ord]$ fruit 9 temp]ate wea!r1 & put 9 casks 9 a cool cell>1 w be likely to f]m5t equably1 & to /op at ! "r "t2 if s1 ! product w be ( ! be/2 if1 h[ev]1 ^! conditions h n be5 compli$ )1 ! cid] w be m or less h>% or 8h>d10 & no means w avail to improve x4 ,sulphur may be burnt 9 ! casks to *eck f]m5tation2 b we w\ld aft] all pref] acetic to sulphur\s acid4 ,*alk & lime w decompose ! acid1 b to little purpose4 ,! ,london me?od ( add+ sug> or sug>-c&y & wat] to s\r cid]--& to !m all mature cid] is s\r--is 9 itself innoc5t en\gh4 ,!re is1 !n1 ?is consolation3 if ! cid] be h>%1 f>m lab\r]s w dr9k x2 & z !y w n1 z a rule1 dr9k half s mu* ( ! inf]ior z ( ! be/1 !y w aft] all be ! ga9]s4 ,,*apt] ,,li4 ,,on ,,! ,,uses ,,& ,,economy ,,( ,,cid] ,,& ,,p]ry4 ,if we canvass ! op9ions ( ! mass ( ! p 9 cid]-produc+ & non-cid]-produc+ c\nties z to ! relative m]its ( cid] & be]1 we %all f9d op9ions wid] ap>t ?an ev5 ! c\nties !mselves4 ,! 8,be]-dr9k+ ,briton0 _c at all und]/& h[ ! lov] ( cid] c sk9 8 ?roat ) su* s\r /uff z cid]1 :il/ ! agricultural lab\r] 9 cid] di/ricts inf9itely pref]s h>% cid] to ! f9e/ ale4 ,we recollect1 9 "o ( our geological trips 9 to ,h]e=d%ire1 9 company ) an e/eem$ cl]ical fri5d1 t a qu>ryman1 work+ 9 ,w5lock lime/one1 t5d]$ u a few %ells1 on :i* we (f]$ him sixp5ce1 rem>k+1 8,"h's a qu>t ( be] = y\r tr\ble40 ,?is same man !n gave our companion a c\ple ( trilobites1 :o pres5t$ him ) a co9 ( l value to our own1 b ) ! rem>k1 8,"h1 my fri5d1 is a gallon ( cid] = y40 ,! effect ^u ! man's :ole be+ w nev] be =gott54 ,he 0 ! slave ( ! ,*ur* = ! :ole day1 & ev] !reaft] = all we c tell4 ,9 cid] di/ricts ! f>m]1 8 family & fri5ds1 all reli% cid]1 & ) all1 its prop] use seems to agree 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]2 b x w\ld be fun to a c\ntry c\s9 :o c\ld cease to look at ! matt] 9 a s]i\s light to see :at a face 8 ,london relative w\ld make at a draught ( 8 8own peculi>20 & yet he ( ! t[n pr(esses to l sweet cid]2 b z 8 k ( sweet cid] is obta9$ f ! summ] dr9k ( ! ,london h\ses1 call$ 8,prime ,devon%ire ,cid]10 ! foll[+ recipe w expla9 x3-- ,take ( ,v9eg> 7or sweet] /ill1 cid]7 #a p9t4 ,br[n sug> 7or treacle7 #a p\nd4 ,wat] #g qu>ts4 ,! foll[+ w be f\nd 9 ,cooley's 8,cyclopdia ( ,practical ,receipts30-- ,,cid]1 ,,made4--,an article "u ?is "n is made 9 ,devon%ire = ! supply ( ! ,london m>ket1 x hav+ be5 f\nd t ! ord9>y cid] w n /& a voyage to ! metropolis )\t "s prep>ation4 ,! f9e/ quality ( made cid] is only ord9>y cid] rack$ into a clean cask1 & well sulphur$2 b ! mass ( t :i* is s5t to ,london is mix$ ) wat]1 treacle1 & alum1 & !n f9$ d[n1 aft] :i* x is rack$ into well-mat*$ casks 7i4e41 a burnt-sulphur mat*74 ,! l>g] portion ( ! cid] sold 9 ,london1 pr(ess+ to be ,devon%ire cid]1 w\ld be reject$ ev5 by ! f>m]s' s]vants 9 t c\nty4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t cid] is n a fav\rite bev]age :5 x is only us$ z a summ] dr9k 9 "s sophi/icat$ =m2 b1 :5 und]/ood & obta9$ at all good1 we believe x to be :olesome & palatable1 &1 inde$1 we "k x to be pref]r$ be=e ev5 ! be/ ales 9 cid] di/ricts4 ,!re is a common error among/ t[n-folk :o pref] ! above mixture t cid] is n intoxicat+1 t x has no /r5g? 9 x2 b we regret to say t x is n only intoxicat+1 b we believe m excit+ ?an be]3 x is true t its effects pass (f soon]4 ,drunk5ness ) cid] w\ld seem to be s f> diff]5t ?an 9 ! case ( be]1 9 t :ile ! latt] makes its victim heavy & /upid1 ! =m] incites to motion1 & leads to qu>rell+1 fight+1 & foolh>d9ess4 ,h5ce1 !n1 cid] s exhil>ates ! f>m lab\r] t he w d any am\nt ( "w if he is con/antly pli$ ) x1 & all ! :ile t x is b /imulat+ him1 he fancies he is gett+ /r5g? & vig\r f x2 b1 alas6 he is only ?us draw+ ^u 8 capital2 exhau/ion foll[s a h>d day's "w got ov] amid h>d dr9k+1 :i* requires ! foll[+ day to be sp5t on ! same high-pressure sy/em1 or else little w be done4 ,h5ce "o ( our own lab\r]s1 dur+ b>ley m[+ at s mu* p] acre1 0 fa9 to confess t he 8want$ a p9t ( cid] at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+ worse nor any o!r "t ( day40 ,x happ5s1 !n1 t z h>ve/ "w is want$ to be done exp$iti\sly1 x is let out by ! piece1 by :i* ! lab\r] gets m money & m cid]4 ,b consid]1 my ma/]s1 t1 :5 n "u ^! /imulants1 y c only expect f ! workman a languid day's "w :5 ! excitem5t is ov]2 & too (t51 inde$1 ! poor man gets a long illness z ! result ( 8 =c$1 t is1 /imulat$ lab\r1 &1 if n1 su* a sy/em ( draw+ ^u 8 capital--/r5g?--is c]ta9 to end 9 premature old age4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t ! lab\r] has got to believe t dr9k keeps up 8 /r5g?1 x too (t5 foll[s t he concludes t ! m he gets ( x ! bett]2 & h5ce1 z a rule1 !re is no satisfy+ him ^u ?is head1 & ! result is1 t ! lab\r] too (t5 keeps himself 9 t /ate ( ?ir/ & muzz9ess dur+ 8 "w t almo/ compels him to seek ! public-h\se :5 "w is done4 ,"h qu>rels ensue1 & x is a wond] t manslaught] is n m frequ5tly ! result4 ,expell$ f ! sc5e ( 8 debau*1 he f9ds 8 way home1 unless1 z is n unfrequ5t1 he is 8f\nd dr[n$0 9 ! riv] by :i* he may h to pass4 ,?is is no fanci$ sket*1 z x is d]iv$ f ! sad exp]i5ce ( ! au?or & ! result ( ev5ts 9 8 own p>i%4 ,on "o melan*oly occasion x 0 inde$ sad to he> ! ,coron]1 among o!r rem>ks1 obs]ve t full f\r-fif?s ( ! inque/s 9 a cid] c\nty 7 ! result ( dr9k4 ,is !re n1 !n1 a heavy responsibility re/+ ^u ! f>m] 9 especial connection ) cid]1 :ile 8 m5 are p>tially paid 9 ?is fluid8 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! be]-dr9k+ c\nties1 z be] co/s m money1 & is nev] all[$ 9 su* quantity z cid]4 ,put x d[n z true t ! f>m] at times gets m "w out ( 8 m5 by ply+ !m ) cid]1 yet we feel sure he !reby ha/5s ! "t :5 su* m5 c no long] "w1 & !y h !n to be *>geable to ! p>i%1 if 9 ! mean "t no?+ worse %\ld happ54 ,me*anics are n paid 9 dr9k2 !y pur*ase :at !y require out ( regul> wages1 & ?us !y h ! option1 :i* _m ( !m take advantage (1 ( leav+ (f /rong dr9k altoge!r2 & ?\gh !y too are sometimes h>d press$ to get a piece ( "w done1 yet1 by ov]-h\rs1 = :i* !y are rightly paid1 n1 z 9 ! c\ntry1 :olly by cid]1 b 9 money1 ! bus9ess is manag$1 & ! workman c af=d extra meat & bread1 by :i* 8 worn muscles are truly r5ovat$1 & n m]ely /imulat$ to frantic action z by dr9k4 ,! great rise 9 ! price ( meat1 ev5 be=e cattle disease became rife1 is due to ! cause t s mu* m meat has1 )9 ! la/ five ye>s1 be5 eat5 by ! ,briti% workman4 ,9 ?is advance1 h[ev]1 ! f>m lab\r] has _h no "p2 he r>ely gets meat twice a week1 :ile all ?is "t 8 wages h advanc$ s mu* z #be p] c5t41 :i* rise1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 is only look$ ^u z a boon1 inasmu* z x enables ! recipi5t to 8enjoy himself10 :i* simply means he has m to sp5d at ! public-h\se4 ,we conclude1 z ! result ( exp]i5ce1 t ea* sack ( corn t f9ds its way to m>ket f a cid] c\nty co/s #as4 7or #c;d4 p] bu%el7 9 dr9k1 :i*1 ?\gh x is produc$ on ! f>m1 might yet h be5 sold to produce t am\nt4 ,w\ld x !n n be bett] to sell su* f>m produce1 &1 by giv+ extra money in/ead ( dr9k to ! lab\r]s1 & s1 by all[+ him ! option ( tak+ less dr9k b m meat1 gradually to )draw him f ! temptations to get drunk1 :i* beset him "u ! pres5t sy/em8 ,=1 :ile we feel q sure t ! morbid crav+ = ! public-h\se has comm5c$ ) dr9k+ on ! f>m1 we may be c]ta9 t if by any means we c *eck ?is sy/em1 x w ultimately be a great ga9 to bo? ma/] & man4 ,:]e are f>m lab\r]s be/ (f8 ,we say 9 ! non-cid] c\nties4 ,9 ^! he has le>nt ! use ( skim-milk & ! value ( meat4 ,9 cid] c\nties ! f>m lab\r] despises skim-milk z 8poor weak tack1 only fit = pigs40 ,he _c get meat1 z he takes "p ( 8 wage 9 a /imulant :i* excites him to sp5d "s ( 8 money 9 falsely 8keep+ up 8 /r5g?40 ,n[ :at are ! results8 ,we unhesitat+ly ass]t1 muscle1 longevity1 m robu/1 hone/1 well-to-d families1 heal?i] bodies & m9ds1 beyond ! cid] limits4 ,if1 !n1 ^! ?+s be s1 "s *ange 9 ! use & economy ( ?is :olesome dr9k is an object wor?y ( ! deepe/ & mo/ e>ne/ consid]ation4 ,"o man alone c d no good4 ,b5eficial results c only foll[ ^u calm discussion & comb9$ action by ! ma/]s1 ^u well asc]ta9$ facts4 ,we w\ld n /9t ! lab\r] ( t :i* is to d him good2 & if we f9d t he is really will+ & capable ( tak+ ! :ole responsibility connect$ ) 8 dr9k+ requirem5ts ^u 8 own %\ld]s1 we _c help ?9k+ t x w\ld be = ! good ( all p>ties to pay increas$ wages 9 full r ?an any portion 9 k9d1 & m especially ( ! k9d we h ?us animadv]t$ ^u4 ,,po/script4 ,9 br++ ^! ,pap]s to a conclusion1 we w\ld1 among o!r matt]s1 make a few rem>ks ^u ! title "u :i* !y h be5 issu$1 namely1 ,sci5ce & ,practice ( ,f>m ,cultivation4 ,n[ x w be se5 t our object has n be5 to ent] into ! m9uti ( practical f>m+1 b r to po9t out "s ( ! m important sci5tific pr9ciples by :i* mu* ( practice is regulat$4 ,h5ce1 !n1 we w\ld beg ! read] to am5d ! title z foll[s3--8,sci5ce ( ,practice 9 ,f>m ,cultivation40 ,?is w m fully expla9 ! aim & object we h _h 9 view 9 ! s]ies ( ,pap]s n[ conclud$4 ,x is n[ "t to t5d] our be/ ackn[l$gem5ts = ! aid we h receiv$ 9 ! _m draw+s ) :i* ?is small "w has be5 s lib]ally illu/rat$4 ,we owe especial ?anks to ,mr4 ,h>dwicke = sev]al f9e plates ( int]e/+ agricultural z well z botanical specim5s2 to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl& = ! loan ( ! woodcuts ( roots2 & to our fri5d ,mr4 ,:eel]1 ( ,gl\ce/]1 = ! use ( ! woodcut illu/rations ( grasses2 & z bo? ! draw+s ( roots & grasses 7 made by u direct on ! wood1 r\gh ?\gh !y may be1 we yet hope !y may be deem$ m fai?ful ?an any second-h& copy4 ,our lab\rs be+ end$1 x only rema9s to add t we hope our little "w may h ! effect ( induc+ "s ( our agricultural fri5ds to look into ! pr9ciples connect$ ) ! v>i\s op]ations :i* !y daily sup]9t5d1 z by s do+ agriculture w be really elevat$ to a sci5ce2 :]eas1 by m]ely copy+ :at has be5 done be=e1 we %all only be empirics1 practis+ rational empiricism x is true1 b /ill com+ %ort ( t light & k :i* is ! life1--! sci5ce ( our pr(ession4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,brad=d ,,abbas1 ,,dorset1 ,sept4 #be1 #ahfe4 ,,cox ,,& ,,wyman1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,great ,,que5 ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,! text ( ! orig9al "w has be5 ma9ta9$1 includ+ all inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 lay-out1 hyph5ation1 capitalisation etc4 ,^! h n be5 *ang$1 except z indicat$ bel[4 ,notable inconsi/5cies include ,hagloe_/,haglo1 bird's foot_/ birdsfoot_/birds-foot1 codl9_/codl+1 ,cotteswold-hills_/,cotteswold ,hills1 wire-worm_/wireworm1 sa9fo9_/sa9tfo91 p] c5t4_/ p]c5t4_/p]-c5t4_/pr-c5t4 ,a*illa millefolia 7y>r[7 & ,a*illea millefolium 7milfoil7 are bo? us$ = ! same plant4 ,! tables h be5 re-arrang$ to fit 9 ! available wid?4 ,multi-page tables h be5 re-comb9$ into s+le tables4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly "u ! text to :i* !y ref]4 ,illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ to be=e or aft] ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y 7 pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al "w4 ,! diff]5ces 9 word+ betwe5 ! table ( cont5ts & ! text h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al "w because ! mean+ is cle>4 ,*anges made to ! text3 p4 vi epipitical *ang$ to epiphytical 7page numb]7 #bah #bag p4 vii 7page numb]7 #bff #bfe *esnut *e/nut 7page numb]7 #cbj #cai p4 #i be utt]ly fail$ he utt]ly fail$ p4 #aj t be has tri$ t he has tri$ p4 #bd ,skirv+s sw$e ,skirv+'s sw$e p4 #da 7see ,*ap4 ,,vii47 7see ,*ap4 ,,vi47 p4 #aab fnum-grcum fnum-grcum p4 #abg ,bird's-food ,trefoil ,bird's-foot ,trefoil p4 #acf s+le-se$$ s+le-se$$ p4 #adf ind5tical id5tical p4 #aea 9 ,augu/ #ca on ,augu/ #ca p4 #bgf geologial geological p4 #cah fir/ lett] miss+ f 8gives ! =m] tree01 8g0 ins]t$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------