,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,! c>at "* 77 indicates t ! foll[+ lett] or numb] is sup]script$ 7example3 #ae;b-#ah;a74 e repres5ts e ) a macon ov] x4 ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,by ,,george ,,foot ,,moore1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,london ,,williams ,,norgate ,,h5ry ,,holt ,co41 ,,new ,,york ,,canada3 ,,wm4 ,,briggs1 ,,toronto ,,india3 ,r4 ,t4 ,,wa%b\rne1 ,,ltd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,home ,,univ]sity ,,libr>y ,,( ,,mod]n ,,k ,editors3 ,,h]b]t ,,fi%]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(4 ,,gilb]t ,,murray1 ,d4,,litt41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(4 ,,william ,t4 ,,brew/]1 ,m4,a4 7,,columbia ,,univ]sity1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,new ,,york ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,by ,,george ,,foot ,,moore ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity2 ,editor ( ! ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review2 ,au?or ( ,comm5t>y on ,judges1 etc4 ,,london ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate ,! foll[+ volumes ( k9dr$ int]e/ h already be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y3-- ,,vol4 #ef4--,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,bacon1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,d4,vol4 ,,vol4 #fh4--;,,comp>ative ,,religion4 ,by ,,pr9cipal ,j4 ,,e/l9 ,,c>p5t]1 ,d4,litt4 ,,vol4 #ae4--,,mohamm$anism4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,m>goli\?1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,litt4 ,,vol4 #dg4--;,,buddhism4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,rhys ,,davids1 ,m4,a4 ,,vol4 #ed4--;,,e?ics4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,moore1 ,m4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,! ,,canon ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t #g ,,ii ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,z ,a ,,national ,,lit]ature #be ,,iii ,,! ,,p5tateu* #bi ,,iv ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,s\rces4 ,,g5esis #cc ,v ,,exodus1 ,,leviticus1 ,,numb]s #dg ,,vi ,,deut]onomy #eh ,,vii ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,s\rces4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu* #fe ,,viii ,,jo%ua #gc ,,ix ,,judges #ha ,x ,,samuel #ia ,,xi ,,k+s #ajj ,,xii ,,*ronicles #aah ,,xiii ,,ezra ,,& ,,nehemiah #abh ,,xiv ,,/ory ,,books3 ,,e/h]1 ,,ru?1 ,,jonah #acd ,,xv ,,! ,,prophets #add ,,xvi ,,isaiah #adg ,,xvii ,,j]emiah #afd ,,xviii ,,ezekiel #agd ,,xix ,,daniel #ahj ,,xx ,,m9or ,,prophets #aij ,,xxi ,,psalms4 ,,lam5tations #bah ,,xxii ,,prov]bs #bca ,,xxiii ,,job #bce ,,xxiv ,,ecclesia/es4 ,,song ,,( ,,songs #bdc ,,bibliography #bea ,,index #bec ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,canon ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians receiv$ ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,jews z inspir$ ,scripture conta9+ a div9e revelation & clo!d ) div9e au?ority1 & till well on 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era ! "n ,scriptures 0 appli$ exclusively to ^! books4 ,9 "t1 z !y came to atta* ! same au?ority to ! ,epi/les & ,gospels1 & to call !m1 too1 ,scriptures 7#b ,pet4 iii4 #af71 !y di/+ui%$ ! ,*ri/ian writ+s z ! ,scriptures ( ! new disp5sation1 or1 z !y call$ x1 ! new cov5ant1 f ! ,scriptures ( ! old cov5ant 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #f1 #ad71 ! ,bible ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,greek ^w = cov5ant 7dia?k7 0 r5d]$ 9 ! e>ly ,lat9 translation by te/am5tum1 & ! two bodies ( ,scripture !mselves 7 call$ ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new ,te/am5t respectively4 ,! ,scriptures ( ! ,jews 7 writt5 9 ,hebrew1 ! old] language ( ! p2 b a few *apt]s 9 ,ezra & ,daniel are 9 ,aramaic1 :i* gradually replac$ ,hebrew z ! v]nacul> ( ,pale/9e f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! ,sacr$ ,books comprise ! ,law1 t is1 ! ,five ,books ( ,moses2 ! ,prophets1 "u :i* "n are includ$ ! old] hi/orical books 7,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 ,k+s7 z well z :at we call ! ,prophets 7,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 & ! ,twelve1 i4e4 ,m9or ,prophets72 a ?ird gr\p1 ( less homog5e\s "*1 _h no m di/9ctive "n ?an ! ,scriptures2 x includ$ ,ru?1 ,psalms1 ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,song ( ,songs1 ,lam5tations1 ,daniel1 ,e/h]1 ,ezra-,nehemiah1 & ,*ronicles4 ,! ,m9or ,prophets c\nt$ z "o book2 & ! division ( ,samuel1 ,k+s1 ,ezra-,nehemiah1 & ,*ronicles ea* into two books 0 made lat]1 & p]haps only 9 ,*ri/ian copies ( ! ,bible4 ,!re are1 consequ5tly1 accord+ to ! ,jewi% enum]ation tw5ty-f\r books 9 ! ,bible1 :ile 9 ! ,engli% ,old ,te/am5t1 by subdivision1 we c\nt ! same books z ?irty-n9e4 ,! ord] ( ! books 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,=m] ,prophets 7,jo%ua-,k+s7 is fix$ by ! hi/orical sequ5ce1 & !re=e con/ant2 among ! ,latt] ,prophets ,j]emiah 0 sometimes put fir/1 imm$iately foll[+ ! end ( ,k+s1 ) :i* x 0 s closely connect$4 ,9 ! ?ird gr\p !re 0 no su* obvi\s pr9ciple ( arrangem5t1 & consequ5tly !re 7 diff]5t op9ions ab\t ! prop] ord]2 t :i* is giv5 above foll[s ! olde/ deliv]ance on ! subject1 & puts !m 9 :at ! rabbis d\btless suppos$ to be a *ronological s]ies4 ,s long z ! books 7 writt5 on sep>ate rolls ( papyrus1 ! "q ( ord] 0 !oretical r ?an practical2 & ev5 :5 manuscripts 7 writt5 9 codex =m 7on fold$ leaves /it*$ toge!r l our books71 no uni=mity 0 atta9$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 lessons f ! ,law 7 regul>ly read 9 ! synagogues on ! sabba? 7! ,p5tateu* be+ s divid$ t x 0 read ?r\gh consecutively once 9 ?ree ye>s71 & a second lesson 0 *os5 f ! ,prophets4 ,! title ( ^! books to be reg>d$ z ,sacr$ ,scripture 0 ?us e/abli%$ by long-/&+ liturgical use1 & 01 inde$1 beyond "q4 ,nor 0 !re any "q ab\t ! inspiration ( mo/ ( ! books 9 ! ?ird gr\p1 ! ,scriptures4 ,!re 0 a controv]sy1 h[ev]1 ov] ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs2 "s tea*]s ( ! /ricte/ s*ool d5i$ t ei!r ( !m 0 inspir$1 :ile o!rs accept$ only "o ( !m4 ,! "q 0 vot$ on 9 a c\ncil ( rabbis held at ,jamnia ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ( our era1 & ! majority decid$ = ! inspiration ( bo? books4 ,!re 7 also1 ev5 d[n to ! ?ird c5tury1 ,jewi% s*ol>s :o did n ackn[l$ge ,e/h] z ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s 7 incl9$ to include among ! ,sacr$ ,books ! ,prov]bs ( ,b5 ,sira1 :i* /& 9 ! ,engli% ,bible among ! ,apocrypha "u ! title ,ecclesia/icus4 ,x is ?us evid5t t1 :ile !re 0 agreem5t 9 g5]al1 !re 01 d[n to ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 no au?oritative li/ ( ! ,scriptures1 & t ab\t "s ( ! books !re 7 conflict+ op9ions among ! le>n$ ( ! mo/ or?odox /amp4 ,an int]e/+ confirmation ( ?is is ! fact t 9 ! fir/ half ( t c5tury x 0 ?\ght necess>y to make a =mal deliv]ance t ! ,gospel & o!r writ+s ( ! h]etics are n ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,!re are o!r indications t 9 t g5]ation ,jewi% ,*ri/ianity _h a dang]\s attraction = "s ev5 9 rabb9ical circles1 & !re 0 evid5tly gr\nd = appreh5sion t ! inspiration :i* ! ,*ri/ians claim$ = ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,cov5ant might impose ^u well-mean+ b un9/ruct$ ,jews4 ,9 ! same connection x 0 decid$1 fur!r1 t ,b5 ,sira 7,ecclesia/icus7 0 n ,holy ,scripture1 & t no books writt5 f 8 "t on 7ab\t #bjj ,b4,c47 7 inspir$1 9 accordance ) ! !ory1 f\nd also 9 ,josephus1 t inspiration ceas$ 9 ! age ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,by su* decisions1 recogniz+ ! inspiration ( books t _h be5 *all5g$ & exclud+ o!rs = :i* inspiration _h be5 claim$1 ! canon ( ! ,scriptures1 t is1 ! au?oritative li/ ( ,sacr$ ,books1 0 def9$4 ,! olde/ catalogue we h1 conta9+ ! titles ( all ! books1 dates probably f ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury1 & is n conc]n$ ) ! po9t ( canonicity--:i* x takes = grant$--b ) ! prop] ord] ( ! ,prophets & ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,jews _h = c5turies be5 widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! l&s t _h be5 includ$ 9 ! k+doms ( ,alex&]'s successors4 ,!re 7 l>ge numb]s 9 ,babylonia & ! neighb\r+ prov9ces ( ! ,p>?ian empire1 & /ill m 9 ! c\ntries ar\nd ! ea/]n end ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,egypt & ,cyr5e4 ,9 ,alex&ria ! ,jews _h a :ole qu>t] ( ! city to !mselves1 & ,philo e/imates _! numb]s 9 ,egypt 9 8 "t 7ca4 ,a4,d4 #dj7 at a million4 ,9 cities l ,alex&ria1 :]e ,greek 0 ! common spee* ( a population recruit$ f _m races1 ! ,jews soon ex*ang$ _! "m tongue = ! cosmopolitan language4 ,! anci5t ,hebrew ( _! ,sacr$ ,books 0 un9telligible1 n only to ! masses1 b ev5 to mo/ ( ! educat$1 :o _h le>n$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,greek rhetoricians & philosoph]s r ?an at ! feet ( ! rabbis4 ,if ! k ( ! holy ,law by :i* ! di/9ctive ,jewi% life 0 regulat$ 0 n to be lo/ altoge!r1 ! ,scriptures mu/ be translat$ into ,greek4 ,! ,p5tateu* 0 d\btless translat$ fir/--leg5d attributes ! initiative to ,k+ ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7#bhe-bdf ,b4,c472 !n o!r books1 by diff]5t h&s & at diff]5t times & places4 ,to "s ( ! books1 z to ,daniel & ,e/h]1 additions 7 made 9 ! translation :i* 7 n accept$ by ! ,pale/9ian ,jews4 ,besides ! books :i* 7 f9ally includ$ 9 ! ,jewi% canon1 !re 7 v>i\s o!rs1 writt5 9 ,hebrew or ,aramaic aft] ! patt]n ( ! sev]al =ms ( ,biblical lit]ature4 ,hi/ory1 = example1 is repres5t$ by #a ,maccabees1 relat+ ! /ruggle ( ! ,jews 9 ,pale/9e = religi\s lib]ty & national indep5d5ce 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon h a c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,prov]bs ( ,b5 ,sira1 already m5tion$2 ! ,psalt]1 9 ! s-call$ ,psalms ( ,solomon2 ! /ory ( ,judi? may be comp>$ ) ,e/h]2 ! visions ( ,daniel h _! p>allel 9 popul> apocalypses be>+ ! names ( ,eno*1 ,noah1 ,ezra1 ,b>u*1 & o!r anci5t wor?ies4 ,^! writ+s 7 soon] or lat] translat$ into ,greek1 & "s ( !m atta9$ a wide circulation4 ,! ,greek-speak+ ,jews1 also1 produc$ a religi\s lit]ature1 9 "p imitat+ ! famili> ,biblical =ms1 z 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon & #b ,maccabees1 9 "p ca/ 9 ,greek m\lds1 z :5 prophecy disguis$ itself 9 ,sibyll9e ,oracles1 or ! supremacy ( reason ov] ! emotions 0 made ! subject ( a disc\rse aft] ! patt]n ( a ,/oic diatribe 7#d ,maccabees74 ,! influ5ce ( ,greek culture on _m ( ^! writ]s 0 n conf9$ to language & lit]>y =m2 !y liv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ,greek ?\ght--! popul> philosophy1 9 :i* ,platonic & ,/oic elem5ts 7 fus$ or confus$--& a few _h a m academic acqua9tance ) ! ,greek ?9k]s4 ,b1 "u all ?is1 !y 7 ,jews to ! core1 devot$ to ! religion ( _! fa!rs1 ( ! sup]iority ( :i* !y 7 ! m conv9c$ by ! spectacle ( hea!nism ab\t !m3 ,judaism 0 ! only true religion1 its ,scriptures ! "o div9e revelation4 ,! ,law & ! ,prophets _h ! same prec$5ce z 9 ! ,pale/9ian synagogue4 ,( ! o!r ,scriptures !re 0 no au?oritative & exclusive li/1 & among books read solely = private edification x is n likely t a v %>p l9e 0 drawn2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! practice ( ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews does n seem to h be5 mat]ially diff]5t f t ( _! c\ntrym5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,outside ( ,pale/9e1 ,*ri/ianity 0 spread by ,greek-speak+ ,jews :o _h embrac$ ! new ,messianic fai?1 & _! conv]ts 9 ! fields ( _! mission>y lab\rs1 bo? ,jews & ,g5tiles1 spoke ,greek1 ei!r z _! "m tongue or z ! language ( common int]c\rse4 ,! *ur*1 !re=e1 took ov] ! ,jewi% ,scriptures 9 ! exi/+ translations3 ! ,*ri/ian ,old ,te/am5t 0 f ! beg9n+ ! ,greek ,bible1 n ! ,hebrew4 ,!y receiv$ also f ! ,greek-speak+ ,jews ! belief 9 ! div9e inspiration ( ! translators1 by virtue ( :i* ! same infallible au?ority atta*$ to ! v]sion ( ! ,sev5ty :i* belong$ to ! ,hebrew orig9al4 ,9 _! desire to possess e ^w ( ,god1 !y ga!r$ up ! religi\s books :i* !y f\nd 9 ! h&s ( ! ,jews1 )\t inquir+ curi\sly :e!r ! ,jews includ$ !m 9 ! n>r[] category ( ,sacr$ ,scriptures or n2 & !y discov]$ no reason 9 ! books !mselves :y ,e/h]1 = example1 %\ld be inspir$ & ,judi? n2 or :y ,ecclesia/es1 ) its scepticism ab\t ! de/9y ( ! s\l1 %\ld be div9ely reveal$1 & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ) its eloqu5t def5ce ( immortality1 a purely human production2 or1 aga91 :y ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon 7 ,scripture1 & ! ,prov]bs ( ,b5 ,sira 7,ecclesia/icus7 no?+ b pr(ane wisdom4 ,controv]sies 9 ! second c5tury made ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s aw>e t ! ,jews did n ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( "s ( ! books f :i* _! oppon5ts adduc$ pro(-texts1 & ?is practical conc]n1 r ?an purely le>n$ int]e/1 l$ to ! draw+ up ( li/s ( books :i* 7 accept$ by ! ,jews z ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,! olde/ ( ^! li/s :i* has come d[n to u 0 made by ,melito1 ,bi%op ( ,s>des1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj2 x conta9s ! books ( ! ,jewi% canon enum]at$ above 7p4 #h71 ) ! notewor?y exception ( ,e/h]1 ab\t :i*1 z we h se51 ,jewi% op9ion 0 divid$4 ,*ri/ian catalogues ( ! ,jewi% ,old ,te/am5t long %[ an unc]ta9ty ab\t ! "r ( ?is book to a place 9 ! canon4 ,mean:ile ! *ur* _h1 9 its wor%ip & 9 religi\s in/ruction1 e/abli%$ a use & tradition ( its own4 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 0 appropriat$ = ! moral in/ruction ( y\? & ( conv]ts1 z is %[n by ! title x be>s 9 ! ,greek ,bible1 ,ecclesia/icus1 t is1 ,! ,*ur* ,book1 & o!r writ+s n includ$ 9 ! ,jewi% canon 7 highly e/eem$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #bdj1 ,julius ,africanus1 ,bi%op ( ,emmaus 9 ,pale/9e1 address$ a critical lett] to ,orig5 on ! /ory ( ,susanna & ! ,eld]s 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,?is /ory1 he said1 0 n f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew ,daniel1 & 0 n ackn[l$g$ by ! ,jews4 ,he prov$ by int]nal evid5ce t x 0 n translat$ f ! ,hebrew1 ! language 9 :i* ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 inspir$1 b orig9ally compos$ 9 ,greek1 & he rais$ v>i\s hi/orical objections to ! tale3 x ought n1 !re=e1 to be quot$ z ,sacr$ ,scripture4 ,9 8 answ]1 ,orig51 ! greate/ ,biblical s*ol> ( 8 age1 argu$ t if ! /ory ( ,susanna 0 to be set aside on ! gr\nd t x 0 n accept$ by ! ,jews1 o!r books1 su* z ,judi? & ,tobit1 w\ld h to be reject$ also4 ,he appeals to ! prescriptive usage ( ! *ur* itself1 :i* _h always us$ ^! books & read !m ) edification4 ,?is immemorial tradition 0 au?ority en\gh = ,*ri/ians2 !re 0 no reason :y ! *ur* %\ld prune its ,bible to please ! ,jews or adapt itself to _! op9ions ab\t :at 0 & :at 0 n inspir$ ,scripture2 he rem9ds 8 correspond5t ( ! law1 ,?\ %alt n remove ! anci5t l&m>ks :i* ^? be=e !e h set4 ,?is way ( look+ at ! matt]1 z might be expect$1 prevail$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,li/s ( ! books ( ! ,jewi% ,bible 7 h&$ d[n1 & s*ol>s 7 well aw>e t ! ,*ri/ian ,old ,te/am5t conta9$ sev]al books n receiv$ by ! ,jews4 ,by ! m critical ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs ^! books are n cit$ ) ! same au?ority = ! e/abli%m5t ( doctr9e z ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,?us1 ,a?anasius1 at ! end ( a li/ ( ! canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts 7,a4,d4 #cfe71 adds3 ,!re are1 besides ^!1 o!r books1 n1 inde$1 includ$ 9 ! canon1 b prescrib$ by ! ,fa!rs to be read by ^? :o come to ! *ur* & wi% to be taught ! doctr9e ( religion1 namely1 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & ! ,wisdom ( ,sira*1 ,e/h]1 ,judi?1 ,tobit1 & ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,b ?is le>n$ res]ve _h no effect on ! liturgical or practical use ( ! *ur*4 ,! "q ( ! inspiration & au?ority ( ! sup]num]>y books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 n decid$ by any c\ncil speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! ca?olic *ur*2 nor 0 x ev] ?us det]m9$ exactly :at ^! sup]num]>y books 71 ?\gh sev]al local synods made li/s ( !m4 ,! ,lat9 ,*ur* receiv$ its ,bible f ! ,greeks1 & ! ,lat9 translations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t made f ! ,greek includ$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! books :i* ! *ur* accept$ & ! synagogue reject$4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ,j]ome und]took a new ,lat9 translation direct f ! ,hebrew4 ,he liv$ = _m ye>s at ,be?lehem1 & _h le>n$ ,hebrew f ,jewi% tea*]s1 ^: assi/ance he employ$ also 9 ! "w ( translation4 ,9 "s ( ! prefaces to ?is translation 7:i* 0 publi%$ 9 p>ts71 & 9 o!r places 9 8 writ+s1 ,j]ome gives a catalogue ( ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 correspond+ to ! cont5ts ( our ,engli% ,old ,te/am5t1 & expressly excludes all o!rs f ! class ( canonical ,scriptures3 ,:atev] is n includ$ 9 ?is li/ is to be class$ z apocrypha4 ,!re=e ,wisdom 7commonly entitl$ '( ,solomon'71 & ! ,book ( ,jesus son ( ,sira*1 & ,judi? & ,tobit 444 are n 9 ! canon4 ,! ^w apocrypha1 lit]ally secret1 or esot]ic1 writ+s1 _h be5 us$ g5]ally = ! books ( h]etical sects1 or suspect$ ( be+ su*1 &1 m broadly1 ( writ+s :i* ! *ur* repudiat$ z n only un9spir$ b h>mful1 ! read+ ( :i* x (t5 =bade4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a v radical ^w t ,j]ome utt]$ :5 he appli$ ?is "n to books :i* ! *ur* _h always reg>d$ z godly & edify+4 ,j]ome himself did n consi/5tly ma9ta9 ! position :i* w\ld make ! ,jewi% ,bible ! canon ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,at ! reque/ ( c]ta9 bi%ops he translat$ ,judi? & ,tobit1 not+ 9 ! prefaces t ! ,jews exclude ^! books f ! canon & put !m among ! apocrypha1 b significantly add+ 9 ! "o case t he ?9ks x bett] to oppose ! judgm5t ( ! ,ph>isees & obey ! comm&s ( ! bi%ops1 9 ! o!r plead+ n only ! dem& ( a bi%op b ! fact t ! ,nic5e ,c\ncil _h includ$ ,judi? among ! ,sacr$ ,books4#a ,9 ano!r preface he describes ,ecclesia/icus & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon z books :i* ! *ur* reads = ! edification ( ! p1 n = prov+ ! doctr9es ( ! *ur*--a def9ition :i* accords ) ! attitude ( _m ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs4 ,j]ome ?us halts betwe5 two op9ions3 9 relegat+ to ! apocrypha ev]y?+ t is n 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible he speaks z a critic2 9 recogniz+ ! books f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,old ,te/am5t1 b n 9 ! ,hebrew1 z useful & edify+1 ?\gh ( inf]ior au?ority = doctr9al purposes1 he1 l ,orig51 takes ! gr\nd ( ! practical *ur*man4 ,! m$iat+ position is m cle>ly def9$ by ,ruf9us1 :o1 aft] giv+ a catalogue ( ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 adds3 ,!re are o!r books1 :i* old] au?ors call$ n 'canonical' b 'ecclesia/ical1' su* z ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & ! s-call$ ,wisdom ( ! ,son ( ,sira*1 nam$ by ! ,lat9s ,ecclesia/icus2 to ! same class belong ,tobit1 ,judi? & ! ,books ( ! ,maccabees4 #a ,! ,nic5e ,c\ncil made no =mal deliv]ance on ! subject ( ! canon1 & ^u :at ,j]ome's appeal to its au?ority re/s is unkn[n4 ,! great influ5ce ( ,augu/9e 0 ?r[n :olly on ! side ( ecclesia/ical tradition2 he ev5 remon/rat$ ) ,j]ome = translat+ ! ,old ,te/am5t f ! ,hebrew & ?us di/urb+ ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful1 in/ead ( revis+ ! ,old ,lat9 v]sion aft] ! ,greek4 ,9 8 treatise on ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e 7ii4 #h2 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #cig7 he includes among ! canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,judi?1 ,tobit1 #a & #b ,maccabees1 ,ecclesia/icus1 & ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon2 ,african prov9cial synods at ,hippo 7,a4,d4 #cic7 & ,c>?age 7,a4,d4 #cig7 pron\nc$ !mselves 9 ! same s5se4 ,! ,syriac-speak+ *ur*es1 ^: ,old ,te/am5t 0 translat$ f ! ,hebrew1 orig9ally recogniz$ ^? books only :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! ,jewi% ,bible2 x appe>s1 inde$1 t ! e>lie/ ,syriac v]sion did n ext5d to ,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah1 b did include ,sira*4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ^? bran*es ( ! ,syrian ,*ur* :i* rema9$ 9 communion ) x gradually add$ to _! ,bible translations ( ! o!r books f ! ,greek2 b ! ,ne/orians1 9 ^: s*ools ,biblical criticism mov$ m freely ?an 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 cont9u$ to reject !m1 or to accord !m1 toge!r ) sev]al ( ! books commonly reckon$ canonical 7,*ronicles1 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,judi?1 #a & #b ,maccabees1 ,job1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,wisdom71 only qualifi$ au?ority4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages le>n$ au?ors repeat$ ! conflict+ utt]ances ( ! ,fa!rs conc]n+ ! canon1 )\t be+ di/urb$ by _! inconsi/5cy2 9 practice1 ! ,old ,te/am5t compris$ all ! books t 7 usually f\nd 9 copies ( ! ,greek or ,lat9 ,bible1 )\t reg>d to ! f9e di/9ctions ( canonical & ecclesia/ical4 ,! immemorial usage ( ! *ur* _h m weight ?an ! op9ions ( s*ol>s4 ,) ?is concurr$ ! fact t f ! f\r? c5tury on ! ,bible 0 copi$ 9 collective codices1 on fold$ %eets ( p>*m5t or vellum l our books1 n 9 sep>ate rolls1 & ?us ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t became1 n a m]e li/ ( ,sacr$ ,books1 b a physical unity1 9 :i* ! books ( ! ,jewi% ,bible 7 int]m+l$ ) ^? :i* ! ,jews did n accept4 ,! "q assum$ a new significance at ! ,re=mation4 ,9 reject+ ! au?ority ( ecclesia/ical tradition & ! prescriptive usage ( ! *ur* & mak+ ! ,scriptures ! only rule ( fai? & practice1 ! ,re=m]s 7 "u ! necessity ( decid+ :at books 7 inspir$ ,scripture1 conta9+ ! ,^w ( ,god reveal$ to m51 clo!d ) div9e au?ority1 dem&+ unqualifi$ fai?1 & a means ( grace to believ]s4 ,obvi\sly !y c\ld n logically ackn[l$ge books ^: place 9 ! ,bible _h no o!r w>rant ?an t ! *ur* _h accept$ !m f v e>ly times2 no?+ %ort ( ! au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t itself w\ld suffice1 & !y f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t no quotations f ^! books4 ,to ! ,jews1 ,/4 ,paul said1 7 committ$ ! oracles ( ,god2 x 0 ! ,jewi% ,scriptures to :i* ,jesus & ! ,apo/les appeal$4 ,naturally1 !re=e1 ,lu!r rev]t$ to ! position ( ,j]ome3 ! books f\nd 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 & ^? only1 7 ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 :atev] 0 m ?an ^! 0 to be reckon$ among ! apocrypha4 ,9 ! fir/ complete pr9t$ edition ( 8 translation 7#aecd71 ^! books 7,judi?1 ,wisdom1 ,tobit1 ,sira*1 ,b>u*1 #a & #b ,maccabees1 ! ,greek additions to ,e/h] & ,daniel1 ! ,pray] ( ,manasseh7 /& betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new1 ) ! title 7aft] ,j]ome7 ,apocrypha2 t is1 books t are n equally e/eem$ ) ! ,holy ,scripture1 b nev]!less are pr(itable & good to read4 ,! o!r ,prote/ant v]sions1 on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,engl&1 foll[$ ?is example4 ,! attitude ( ,lu!r t[>d ! ,old ,te/am5t ,apocrypha 0 ma9ta9$ by ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*es1 ^: ,confessions d n1 h[ev]1 attempt a m exact def9ition ( ! value & au?ority ( ! ,apocrypha4 ,! e>li] ,re=m$ 7,calv9i/ic7 ,confessions take sub/antially ! same gr\nd3 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,books1 or ,apocrypha1 are useful1 especially = moral in/ruction1 b !y h n ! same au?ority z ! canonical books1 & doctr9es may n be d$uc$ f !m alone4 ,! ,articles ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7#aefc2 ,engli% translation1 #aega7 agree on ?is po9t ) ! o!r ,re=m$ ,confessions3 aft] enum]at+ ! canonical books ( ^: au?ority !re 0 nev] any d\bt 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,six? ,article cont9ues3 ,& ! o!r books 7z ,hi]ome sai?7 ! ,*ur* do? read = example ( life1 & in/ruction ( mann]s2 b yet x do? n apply !m to e/abli% any doctr9e4 ,a li/ ( su* books foll[s1 compris+ ^? commonly pr9t$ 9 ! ,engli% ,bible "u ! title ,apocrypha4 ,a m radical position 0 repres5t$ by ! ,synod ( ,dort 7#afah7 & by ! ,we/m9/] ,assembly 7#afdc74 ,! latt] decl>es3 ,! books commonly call$ ,apocrypha1 n be+ ( div9e inspiration1 are no "p ( ! canon ( ,scripture2 & !re=e are ( no au?ority 9 ! *ur* ( ,god1 nor to be o!rwise approv$1 or made use (1 ?an o!r human writ+s4 ,9 opposition to ! ,prote/ant limitation ( ! canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible1 ! ,roman ,*ur* def9$ its attitude m %>ply4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,session ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t 7#aedf7 x fram$ a ,decree conc]n+ ! ,canonical ,scripture1 9 :i* ! books set ap>t by ! ,prote/ants z ,apocrypha are includ$ ) ! re/4 ,! complete cont5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,ca?olic ,bible z ?us def9$ are z foll[s3 ,! ,five ,books ( ,moses1 t is1 ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s1 ,deut]onomy2 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,ru?1 f\r ,books ( ,k+s ,samuel1 ,k+s1 two ,books ( ,*ronicles1 #a & #b ,esdras ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,tobit1 ,judi?1 ,e/h]1 ,job1 ! ,psalt] ( ,david1 conta9+ "o hundr$ & fifty ,psalms1 ,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 ,song ( ,songs1 ,wisdom1 ,ecclesia/icus1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah ) ,b>u*1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel1 ! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 two ,books ( ,maccabees1 namely1 ! ,fir/ & ,second4444 ,if any man does n accept z sacr$ & canonical ^! books1 entire1 ) all _! p>ts1 z !y h cu/om>ily be5 read 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* & are conta9$ 9 ! anci5t common ,lat9 edition 444 let him be ana!ma6 ,?is decree n only affirms t all ! books 9 "q are ,holy & ,canonical ,scripture1 b seems to put !m all 9 "o class1 & delib]ately to exclude ! anci5t di/9ction betwe5 ! books ( ! ,jewi% ,bible & ! ,ecclesia/ical ,books4 ,_m ( ! ,fa!rs _h1 h[ev]1 made su* a di/9ction1 & ,ca?olic s*ol>s1 ev5 aft] ,tr5t1 ?\ght x p]missible to class ! ,ecclesia/ical ,books 7:i* ,prote/ants call ! ,apocrypha7 z deut]ocanonic1 mean+ n !reby to imply t !y are inf]ior 9 au?ority or infallibility or dignity--= bo? classes owe _! excell5ce to ! same ,holy ,_s--b t !y _h atta9$ recognition 9 ! *ur* at a lat] "t ?an ! o!rs4 ,individuals h sometimes gone f>!r1 & ackn[l$g$ a diff]5ce 9 au?ority3 ! deut]ocanonic books are useful = edification1 b n = ! pro( ( doctr9es--a position sub/antially ! same z t ( ! ,greek ,fa!rs & ( mod]ate ,prote/ants2 b ?is is pla9ly aga9/ ! s5se ( ! decree ( ,tr5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,z ,a ,,national ,,lit]ature ,= ! religi\s appreh5sion ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians ! ,old ,te/am5t is a body ( ,sacr$ ,scriptures1 conta9+ ! ,^w ( ,god z reveal$ to ! *os5 p4 ,! revelation 0 made at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s ?r\gh _m c5turies1 t is to say1 x has a hi/orical "*1 an adaptation to ! ne$s or accommodation to ! capacities ( m51 &1 f ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 makes a progressive disclosure ( ! div9e purpose & plan ( salvation4 ,to und]/& ?is economy ( revelation1 or ?is p$agogic ( religion1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% ! times1 & to det]m9e ! nature1 au?or%ip1 & age ( ! sev]al books or p>ts ( books4 ,! critical que/ions :i* lie at ! ?re%old ( e hi/orical inquiry arise1 !re=e1 9 ! /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & mu* le>n+ & acum5 h be5 exp5d$ ^u !m1 especially 9 mod]n times1 by s*ol>s ( all %ades ( !ological op9ion4 ,t !re %\ld be wide div]g5ce 9 _! conclusions on _m po9ts is n surpris+1 9 view ( ! difficulty ( _m ( ! que/ions & ! insuffici5cy ( ! data available = a solution2 ! same ?+ is true 9 o!r anci5t lit]atures4 ,a m radical diff]5ce exi/s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 because1 = _m s*ol>s1 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant1 ! deliv]ances ( ! *ur*1 or ! cons5t ( tradition1 or ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ! concurr5ce ( all ^!1 outweighs1 9 su* a matt] z ! unity & ,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! books !mselves1 & makes x _! task to %[ t ! evid5ce :i* seems to contradict ?is attribution is1 :5 prop]ly int]pret$1 compatible ) x2 :ile o!rs hold t no ext]nal au?ority & no !ory ( inspiration c be all[$ to c\nt]vail ! cumulative weight ( int]nal evid5ce4 ,ap>t f its religi\s value & au?ority = ! synagogue & ! *ur*1 ! ,old ,te/am5t conta9s ! rema9s ( a national lit]ature :i* ri*ly rew>ds /udy = its own sake4 ,:ile its ma/]pieces may be read ) pleasure & pr(it )\t reg>d to ! age & circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 !y w be bett] appreciat$ z well z bett] und]/ood 9 ! light ( _! own times & 9 _! place 9 ! lit]ature z a :ole4 ,9 ?is lit]ature are also ! s\rces = ! political hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew p & = ! hi/ory ( its civilization & religion4 ,! critical ord]+ & appraisal ( ^! s\rces is fundam5tal to any solid hi/orical con/ruction &1 inde$1 to any hi/orical und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ! results ( ?is critical inquiry are concisely set =?1 ) prim>y ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( ! lit]ature & ! developm5t ( religion1 r ?an to ! s\rces = ! political hi/ory1 a complete inve/igation ( :i* w\ld require a some:at diff]5t me?od4 ,! que/ions are approa*$ 9 ! same way 9 :i* we %\ld deal ) simil> que/ions 9 any o!r lit]ature2 critical problems1 :e!r 9 sacr$ texts or pr(ane1 c be solv$ only by ! application ( ! e/abli%$ me?ods ( hi/orical criticism4 ,all t survives ( ,hebrew lit]ature prior to ! age ( ,alex&] is pres]v$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,bible4 ,x is n until ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 t we come ^u books writt5 by ,jews 9 ,hebrew or 9 ,greek :i* are n includ$ 9 ! canon4 ,x is1 d\btless1 only a small "p ( a ri* & v>i$ lit]ature t has ?us be5 rescu$ across ! c5turies2 mu* ! l>g] "p ( :at 0 writt5 9 ! days ( ! national k+doms1 = example1 mu/ h p]i%$ 9 ! cata/rophes :i* befell ,israel 9 ! eigh? c5tury & ,judah 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six?4 ,:at 0 sav$ 0 pres]v$ = its intr9sic religi\s value or its association ) great names ( religi\s lead]s & tea*]s1 n out ( a m]ely lit]>y or patriotic int]e/4 ,nor 7 ^! losses conf9$ to ! old] lit]ature4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ,judah "u ! ,p]sian k+s1 = example1 !re mu/ once h be5 complet] records ?an ! dubi\s scraps we h 9 ,ezra4 ,( secul> poetry1 :i* !re is e reason to ?9k fl\ri%$ no less ?an hymnody1 we %\ld h _h no specim5s1 _h n an an?ology ( love songs someh[ got ! "n ( ,solomon1 & by a my/ical int]pretation be5 conv]t$ to religion4 ,! rema9s ( ?is lit]ature are scatt]$ unequally ov] a p]iod ( a ?\s& ye>s or m4 ,! y\nge/ writ+s 9 ! canon date f ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 7,daniel1 ,maccabean ,psalms71 be+ lat] ?an ,sira*1 & contempor>y ) "s ( ! visions ( ,eno*4 ,all t is pres]v$ ( ! e>lie/ writ+s has be5 transmitt$ to u by lat] au?ors1 :o incorporat$ 9 _! works long] or %ort] passages extract$ f _! pr$ecessors4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t diff] widely 9 matt] & =m--hi/ory & /ory2 legislation1 civil & ritual1 moral & c]emonial2 prophecy & apocalypse2 lyric1 didactic1 & dramatic poetry4 ,! lit]>y quality ( ! be/ 9 all ^! k9ds is v high4 ,! ,song ( ,deborah 7,judg4 #e71 not)/&+ ! imp]fect /ate ( ! text1 is "o ( ! greate/ ( triumphal odes2 p>ts ( ,job atta9 ! height ( ! sublime2 "s ( ! ,psalms are wor?y ( a =emo/ place among religi\s lyrics2 _m oracles ( ! prophets are z notewor?y = ! p]fection ( ! expression z = ! elevation ( ! ?\ght2 ! laws are (t5 =mulat$ ) admirable precision2 9 ! art ( n>ration ! old] hi/orians are unsurpass$ 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,^! qualities appe> ev5 m conspicu\s 9 comp>ison ) ! rema9s ( ,egyptian or ( ,babylonian & ,assyrian writ+s4 ,x is only among ! ,greeks t we f9d any?+ to mat* ! f9e/ productions ( ! ,hebrew g5ius4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ! ,old ,te/am5t is n all on ?is high level ( excell5ce--:at lit]ature is8 ,b1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! level is surpris+ly high1 & ev5 9 ! decad5ce classical models are sometimes imitat$ ) no small degree ( success4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,p5tateu* ,! ,old ,te/am5t beg9s ) a compreh5sive hi/orical "w1 rea*+ f ! creation ( ! _w to ! fall ( ! k+dom ( ,judah 7#ehf ,b4,c471 :i* 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible is divid$ into n9e books 7,g5esis-,k+s74 ,! ,jews made a great] division at ! end ( ! fif? book 7,deut]onomy7 & treat$ ! fir/ five books 7! ,p5tateu*7 z a unit1 ) a "* & "n ( its own1 ! ,law4 ,! names ( ! sev]al books 9 our ,bibles are d]iv$ f ! ,greek v]sion1 & indicate 9 a g5]al way ! subject ( ! book1 or1 m exactly1 ! subject ) :i* x beg9s3 ,g5esis1 ! creation ( ! _w2 ,exodus1 ! escape f ,egypt2 ,leviticus1 ! prie/s' book2 ,numb]s1 ! c5sus ( ! tribes2 ,deut]onomy1 ! second legislation1 or ! recapitulation ( ! law4 ,! ?ree middle books ( ! ,p5tateu* 7,exodus-,numb]s7 are m closely connect$ ) "o ano!r ?an ) ! prec$+ & foll[+ books 7,g5esis1 ,deut]onomy72 9 fact1 !y =m a :ole :i* is only = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+ divid$ into p>ts4 ,9 ^! books n>rative & legislation are some:at unequally repres5t$4 ,exod4 #a-ai is almo/ all n>rative1 z are also c4 #bd1 & cc4 #cb-cd2 ! /ory is pick$ up aga9 9 ,num4 #aj1 :at lies betwe5 is :olly legislative2 9 ,num4 #aj-bg1 #bh-cf1 n>rative & laws alt]nate1 ! latt] pr$om9at+4 ,x is evid5t t f ! au?or's po9t ( view ! n>rative 0 prim>ily a hi/orical sett+ = ! ,mosaic legislation4 ,deut]onomy beg9s ) a brief retrospect 7,deut4 #a-c7 ( ! movem5ts ( ! ,israelites f ! "t !y left ! ,m\nt ( ,god till !y arriv$ 9 ! ,pla9s ( ,moab1 ! lifetime ( a :ole g5]ation4 ,!re1 z !y are ab\t to cross ! ,jordan to possess ! ,l& ( ,promise1 ,moses deliv]s to !m ! law :i* !y %all obs]ve 9 ! l&1 & ) _m exhortations & w>n+s urges !m to be fai?ful to _! religion ) its di/9ctive wor%ip & morals4 ,?us ,deut]onomy also pres5ts itself ess5tially z legislation4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,israelite tribes op5s ) ! acc\nt ( ! oppression 9 ,egypt1 ! introduction to ! /ory ( deliv]ance4 ,its antec$5ts are f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 ! migration ( ,jacob & 8 sons f ,pale/9e to ,egypt sev]al g5]ations e>li] 9 a "t ( fam9e2 & ?is 9 turn is b ! la/ *apt] 9 ! patri>*al /ory :i* beg9s ) ! migration ( ,abraham f ,syria or ,babylonia to ,pale/9e4 ,g54 #a-aa tells ( creation & fir/ m52 ! great flood2 ! disp]sion ( ! peoples1 ) a g5ealogical table %[+ ! aff9ities ( ! sev]al races & ano!r trac+ ! desc5t ( ,abraham 9 direct l9e f ,%em ! son ( ,noah4 ,b ev5 9 ,g5esis ! int]e/ 9 ! law manife/s itself 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z ! sanction ( ! sabba?1 ! prohibition ( blood1 & ! introduction ( circumcision4 ,9 reg>d+ ! :ole ,p5tateu* z ,law1 or1 to express x m accurately1 z a revelation ( ! pr9ciples & obs]vances ( religion1 ! ,jews 71 !re=e1 do+ no viol5ce to ! "* & _s ( ^! books2 & 9 ascrib+ !m to ,moses !y 7 only ext5d+ to ! :ole ! au?or%ip :i* is ass]t$ 9 p>ticul> ( _m ( ! laws1 & especially ( ! impressive exhortations 9 ,deut]onomy :i* =m ! climactic close ( 8 "w z a legislator4 ,x 0 e>ly obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t !re are num]\s expressions 9 ! ,p5tateu* :i* assume ! settlem5t ( ,israel 9 ,canaan & look back to ! age ( ,moses z to a some:at remote pa/3 ,g54 xxxvi4 #ca1 = example1 implies ! exi/5ce ( ! ,israelite mon>*y4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury su* ana*ronisms 7 b&i$ ab\t a good deal1 b1 inasmu* z !y 7 all brief clauses :i* might well be notes or glosses by scribes1 !y prov$ no?+ ab\t ! age ( ! ma9 text4 ,! controv]sy %>p5$ ! eyes ( ! critics1 & _m m conclusive facts 7 br\ght to light1 :i* prov$ t ! ,p5tateu* 0 n ! product ( "o au?or nor ( "o age1 & t1 :atev] "p ,moses may be conceiv$ to h _h 9 x1 mu* mu/ be ascrib$ to lat] writ]s4 ,no me?odical attempt _h be5 made1 h[ev]1 to di/+ui% its diff]5t /rata1 or to discov] ! s\rces f :i* x 0 compil$4 ,?is 0 fir/ und]tak5 by an em95t ,fr5* physician1 ,jean ,a/ruc1 :o 9 #agec publi%$ ! results ( 8 inve/igations "u ! mode/ title ,conjectures conc]n+ ! ,orig9al ,memoirs :i* x appe>s t ,moses us$ 9 compil+ ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,a/ruc's analysis 0 sugge/$ by peculi> ph5om5a 9 ! use ( ! div9e names 9 ,g5esis1 & he 0 l$ to ! hypo!sis t ,moses _h = ! primeval & patri>*al hi/ory two pr9cipal s\rces1 "o ( :i* employ$ consi/5tly ! prop] "n ,jehovah1 ! o!r ! appellative ,elohim 7,god74 ,! two n>ratives 7 9 l>ge "p p>allel1 & :5 !y 7 unit$ 9 "o cont9u\s n>rative1 repetitions1 contradictions1 & *ronological difficulties 7 creat$ :i* disappe> :5 ! s\rces are sep>at$ & recomb9$ 9 _! orig9al sequ5ce4 ,?is is n ! place = a hi/ory ( criticism3 x mu/ suffice to say t1 z ! result ( ! lab\rs ( _m s*ol>s 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half ^u ! problem ( ! s\rces & composition ( ! ,p5tateu*1 hi/orians are n[ g5]ally agre$ t f\r ma9 s\rces are to be recogniz$1 ( :i* ?ree run1 9 v>y+ proportion1 f ,g5esis to ,numb]s & reappe> 9 ,jo%ua1 :ile ! f\r? is f\nd 9 ,deut]onomy & ,jo%ua only4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,s\rces3 ,,g5esis ,( ! f\r ma9 s\rces ( ! ,p5tateu* & ,jo%ua1 two are easily recognizable1 & may be di/+ui%$ ) c]ta9ty 9 almo/ any comb9ation4 ,! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 ?\gh itself a composite "w1 con/itutes a :ole1 ) a *>act]i/ic religi\s po9t ( view & m>k$ peculi>ities ( language & /yle4 ,! /r& ak9 to x 9 ,jo%ua is n always s easy to discrim9ate f additions & editorial ret\*+s 9 "o ( ! o!r s\rces2 b s9ce ^! are ( approximately ! same age1 ! difficulty is1 f ! hi/orian's po9t ( view1 n ( v s]i\s mom5t4 ,! second s\rce1 m closely int]wov5 9 ! n>rative ( ,g5esis-,numb]s1 & ,jo%ua1 has also su* /rongly m>k$ peculi>ities1 n only 9 religi\s ideas & 9 phraseology & /yle1 b 9 its :ole conception & treatm5t ( ! hi/ory1 t x /&s out 9 sali5t contra/ to any surr\nd+s 9 :i* x may occur4 ,its int]e/ is conc5trat$ on ! orig9 ( ! sacr$ in/itutions ( ,israel1 especially on ! prie/hood1 ! wor%ip1 & ! di/9ctive religi\s cu/oms ( ! p1 = :i* reason x is commonly call$ ! prie/ly hi/ory & law4 ,! two rema9+ s\rces resemble ea* o!r mu* m closely 9 religi\s conceptions1 9 language1 & 9 _! repres5tation ( ! hi/ory1 s t1 :]e _! closely p>allel n>ratives are intimately int]wov5 to make "o cont9u\s & h>moni\s /ory1 x is (t5 impossible to unravel !m4 ,z f> z ,exod4 iii4 #ad "o ( !m employs ! "n ,elohim = ,god1 :ile ! o!r uses ,jehovah f ! beg9n+ 7see ,g54 iv4 #bf71 & ?is diff]5ce frequ5tly s]ves z a fir/ clue2 b editors & copyi/s h s (t51 purposely or ?\ghtlessly1 int]*ang$ ! names ( ,god t x is by no means a decisive crit]ion4 ,f ,exod4 #c on1 ?is crit]ion fails altoge!r4 ,clos] acqua9tance ) ! two s\rces discov]s1 "u all _! simil>ity1 individual peculi>ities by :i* !y c ord9>ily be recogniz$4 ,frequ5tly1 also1 ! connection ( ! /ory itself1 ref]5ces or allusions to incid5ts already rec\nt$ & prep>ation = ev5ts subsequ5tly to be n>rat$1 s]ve to id5tify passages ) "o or ! o!r4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 x is cu/om>y to designate ^! s\rces by symbols3 ,j 7,jahvi/71 ! s\rce 9 :i* ,god is f ! beg9n+ call$ ,jehovah 7m exactly1 ,jahveh72 ,e 7,elohi/71 ! closely cognate s\rce 9 :i* ,elohim 7,god7 is consi/5tly us$ ?r\gh\t ,g5esis2 ,d1 ,deut]onomy & ! k9dr$ n>rative 9 ,jo%ua2 ,p 7,prie/ly71 ! s\rce 9 :i* ! int]e/ 9 ! religi\s in/itutions pr$om9ates4 ,?is au?or also uses ,elohim exclusively 9 ,g5esis1 & d[n to ,exod4 vi4 #b ff4 ,! two s\rces1 ,j & ,e1 bo? n>rate ! /ory ( ! patri>*s at "s l5g?4 ,j beg9s ) ! migration ( ,abraham f ,h>an 7,g54 #ab72 ! correspond+ introduction ( ,abraham 9 ,e is n pres]v$1 & ! fir/ passage t c ) confid5ce be attribut$ to t s\rce is ,g54 #bj4 ,f t po9t ?r\gh ,g5esis & d[n to ,exod4 #bd1 ,j & ,e furni%$ ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu* mo/ ( 8 n>rative4 ,! cont5ts ( bo? 7 evid5tly drawn f ! same common /ock ( leg5d1 & !y tell 9 l>ge "p ! same /ories 9 v>iant =ms1 ) diff]5ces ( incid5t or ( localization4 ,sometimes "o is ampl] & m detail$1 sometimes ! o!r4 ,! au?or ( ,g5esis 9 su* cases (t5 *ose ! full] v]sion1 enri*+ x "h & !re f ! o!r2 9 o!r places ! two are comb9$ 9 m equal measure into "o cont9u\s n>rative2 or1 aga91 z 9 p>ts ( ! /ory ( ,joseph1 extracts f ! two alt]nate 9 l>ge blocks4 ,j & ,e are1 z has be5 said above1 mu* alike 9 language & /yle1 yet ea* has di/+ui%+ peculi>ities ( expression4 ,^! ( necessity disappe> 9 a translation1 especially 9 a translation :i*1 l ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 raises ev]y?+ to "o /ately level ( noble ,engli% prose4 ,ev5 9 translation1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 ! /ory-tell]'s art & mann] may be disc]n$4 ,= ,j ! read] w f9d good examples 9 ,g54 #ah-ai2 #bd2 #ch2 #ci2 & #dc-dd 7:i* are ne>ly solid extracts f t s\rce72 ) ! latt] *apt]s1 f ! /ory ( ,joseph1 %\ld be comp>$ ,g54 #dj-db1 *iefly f ,e4 ,g54 #bb is also f ,e4 ,f ! lit]>y po9t ( view1 ,j is ! bett] n>rator2 he tells 8 /ory directly1 swiftly1 ) almo/ epic bread?1 & ) j t measure ( detail :i* gives ! note ( reality1 nev] ov]load+ ! /ory ) circum/ance4 ,nor is x only ! ext]nal action :i* he causes ?us vividly to pass be=e u2 ) ! dramatic in/9ct ( ! true /ory-tell] he makes u spectators ( ! inn] play ( feel+ & motive4 ,! religi\s elem5t 9 ! /ories ( ,j is p]vasive4 ,! =efa!rs are fav\rites ( ,god1 :o directs _! ways1 & protects & blesses !m 9 all _! do+s4 ,he appe>s to !m 9 human =m1 & conv]ses ) !m z a man ) 8 fri5ds2 reflection has n yet f\nd su* too human behavi\r unbecom+ 9 ,god4 ,g54 #ah is a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is famili>ity 9 ! deity3 ,jehovah ) two companions comes to ,abraham's t5t1 eats ( ! meal ! patri>*'s hospitality provides1 pr$icts t ,s>ah %all be> a son be=e ! ye> is out--a prospect :i* moves ! old woman li/5+ beh9d ! door to incr$ul\s m]rim5t--& z he dep>ts ann\nces t he is go+ d[n to ,sodom to see :e!r !y are z bad !re z has be5 report$ to him4 ,a /ill m dra/ic example is ! man :o wre/les ) ,jacob1 & f9d+ himself no mat* = ! brawny patri>*1 disables him by a f\l1 putt+ 8 hip out ( jo9t1 & f9ally1 to get loose1 unmasks z a god1 owns ,jacob ! w9n]1 & names him ,israel1 ! man :o held 8 own aga9/ a god 7,g54 xxxii4 #bd ff474 ,or1 aga91 z ,moses is on ! way to ,egypt by ,god's comm& to deliv] 8 p1 ,jehovah enc\nt]s him :]e he halts = ! night1 & tries to kill him1 desi/+ only :5 ,zipporah bans him by sme>+ h] imp]ill$ husb& ) ! bloody =esk9 ( h] son 7,exod4 iv4 #bd ff474 ,su* extremely human repres5tations belong to ! anci5t leg5ds :i* are incorporat$ 9 ! hi/ory2 ! au?or's own conception ( ,god1 if we may judge him by passages l ,exod4 xxxiii4 #ab-bc2 xxxiv4 #f-i1 0 mu* less crude2 b x is significant t su* traits 7 all[$ to rema9 ) s little *ange4 ,! leg5ds also attribute to ,god a p>tiality = ! patri>*s :i* lets him protect & prosp] !m 9 transactions su* z are repugnant n only to ! mo/ rudim5t>y morality b to savage manl9ess1 z 9 ,g54 #ab & #bf1 v>iants ( ! /ory h[ "o ( ! =efa!rs expos$ 8 wife's hon\r r ?an risk 8 own neck4 ,less /rik+1 b no less in/ructive1 is ,jacob1 :o ga9s ! bir?right by ov]rea*+ 8 bro!r & ! bless+ ( ! fir/-born by deceiv+ 8 fa!r1 & 9 ! end outwits ! wily ,laban at 8 own devices & gr[s ri* at 8 exp5se4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to take su* /ories z reflect+ ! morality ( ! au?or's "t3 !y 7 ! traditions ( ano!r age & ano!r ord] ( ?+s4 ,b aga9 x is significant t !y are n>rat$ 9 ,j )\t any visible attempt to mitigate _! (f5sive features4 ,o!r au?ors1 z we %all see1 ton$ d[n ^! features or elim9at$ !m4 ,! second ( ! au?ors 9 ! patri>*al hi/ory 7,e7 is b little inf]ior to ,j z n>rator1 & 9 translation ! diff]5ce is ev5 less noticeable ?an 9 ! orig9al4 ,:]e !y c be directly comp>$1 h[ev]1 ,e is slightly less vivid & picturesque4 ,a c]ta9 le>n$1 or antiqu>ian1 int]e/ is also app>5t4 ,e notes1 = in/ance1 t ,laban1 :o z a ,syrian naturally spoke ,aramaic1 call$ ! b\nd>y cairn ,jeg> ,sahaduta1 :ile ,jacob nam$ x 9 good ,hebrew ,gal ',ed 7a popul> etymology ( ,gilead71 & t ! ance/ors ( ! ,israelites 9 _! old homes beyond ! ,euphrates 7 hea!n4 ,he is p>ticul>ly well in=m$ 9 ?+s ,egyptian2 he kn[s1 = example1 ! ,egyptian names ( ! *ief p]sonages 9 ! /ory ( ,joseph4 ,x is 9 accord ) ?is t5d5cy t he introduces ! "n ,jehovah only aft] ! call ( ,moses 7,exod4 iii4 #ad ff471 & = ! patri>*al p]iod employs only ! appellative1 ,god4 ,! conception ( deity is less nave ?an 9 ,j3 ,god nev] appe>s 9 tangible bodil9ess l a man1 b reveals himself 9 visions or dreams1 or makes kn[n 8 w by a voice out ( ! unse54 ,?+s objectionable to morals or ta/e are frequ5tly s(t5$ d[n4 ,9 ,j1 = example1 ,joseph's bro!rs1 at ,judah's in/ance1 sell him to ! ,i%maelites2 9 ,e ,reub5 p]suades !m to put ,joseph into a dry well1 int5d+ to save him f !m & re/ore him to 8 fa!r2 :ile he is abs5t1 ,midianites /eal ,joseph out ( ! well & c>ry him (f to ,egypt4 ,comp>e also ,g54 #bj 7,e7 ) c4 #ab 7,j71 not+ h[ 9 ! =m] ! au?or takes pa9s to make cle> t no h>m came to ,s>ah1 & t ,abraham is a prophet ^: int]cession is effectual ) ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]v5tions ( ,god 9 ,e (t5 %[ a disposition to magnify ! miracle & to give x a magical "*4 ,?us at ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ,j ! wat]s are driv5 back by a /rong w9d1 leav+ ! %all[ bas9 dry2 9 ,e ! miracle is wr\ght by ,moses ) 8 w& 7l ! plagues71 & ?is repres5tation is foll[$ by ,p1 9 :i* ! wat]s /& 9 walls on ei!r h& :ile ! p m>* betwe54 ,if ! au?or ( ,e 0 acqua9t$ ) ,j1 z x w\ld be natural to assume1 he c]ta9ly does n copy him2 ( lit]>y dep5d5ce 9 a /rict s5se !re is no sign4 ,! two appe>1 r1 to be p>allel n>ratives1 draw+ on a common /ock ( tradition1 :i* _h already acquir$ by repetition1 :e!r oral or writt51 a comp>atively fix$ =m4 ,?is common /ock includ$ traditions ( diff]5t gr\ps ( tribes & ( holy places 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! l&4 ,z might be suppos$1 ! tribes seat$ 9 c5tral ,pale/9e1 ) _! k9sm5 ea/ ( ! ,jordan1 :i* con/itut$ ! /r5g? ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 make ! l>ge/ contribution2 ,judah ) its alli$ clans 9 ! s\? comes second4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! common tradition 9 ,j & ,e1 respectively1 local or national int]e/s appe>1 f :i* x is g5]ally inf]r$ t ,e 0 writt5 9 ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom 7,israel7 & ,j 9 ! ,s\!rn 7,judah74 ,! "q ( ! age ( ^! writ+s c be m pr(itably consid]$ at a lat] /age ( our inquiry4 ,! patri>*al hi/ory :i* beg9s ) ! migration ( ,abraham1 ,g54 #ab1 is prec$$ by :at may be call$ ! primeval hi/ory ( mank9d1 ,g54 #a-aa4 ,9 ^! *apt]s ,e is n repres5t$1 & x seems probable t ! ,israelite hi/orian began 8 book ) ,abraham4 ,! primeval hi/ory z we read x1 !re=e1 is d]iv$ 9 "p f ,j1 9 "p f ,p4 ,f ,j come ,g54 ii4 #d;b-iv4 #be2 vi4 #a-h2 a "p ( ! composite /ory ( ! ,flood 7vii4 #a-e1 #g-aj1 #ab1 #ag;b1 #bb-bc2 viii4 #f-ab1 #ac;b1 #bj-bb72 ! sons ( ,noah1 ix4 #ah-bg1 & "p ( ! table ( nations 7x4 #h-ai1 #ba1 #bd-cj72 ! ,t[] ( ,babel 7xi4 #a-i74 ,^! pieces d n =m a lit]>y unity1 & !y give evid5ce1 z we %\ld expect1 ( div]se orig94 ,!re are "s among !m :i* imply a cont9u\s developm5t ( civilization1 unbrok5 by ! cata/rophe ( ! ,deluge1 & ,noah himself 0 orig9ally an agricultural figure1 ! fir/ v9e-dress] & mak] ( w9e1 n ! navigator ( ! ark4 ,! tradition :i* ascribes ! inv5tion ( ! arts ( primitive civilization to desc5dants ( ,ca9 7,g54 iv4 #ag-bd7 is obvi\sly ( diff]5t orig9 f ! /ory ( ,ca9 & ,abel4 ,clos] inspection %[s t ! n>rative ( ,j 9 ,g54 #a-aa is compos$ ( two /r&s1 ea* hav+ a consi/5cy & cont9uity ( its own1 & simil> ph5om5a appe> 9 subsequ5t p>ts ( ! hi/ory f ,g5esis to ,samuel4 ,if ^! v>i\s elem5ts are alike designat$ by ! symbol ,j1 x is because !y exhibit ! peculi>ities ( conception & expression :i* *>act]ize t "w4 ,! ,god :o walks = pleasure 9 8 g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! day1 misses 8 g>d5]s1 & f9d+ t !y h eat5 ! =bidd5 fruit ( ! tree ( k1 drives !m out ( ! g>d5 = fe> !y might also put out _! h&s to ! tree ^: fruit gives immortality1 or :o comes d[n to see ! t[] ! ,babylonian heav5-/orm]s are build+1 & appreh5d+ m presumptu\s attempts f _! success1 breaks up _! conc]t by ! +5i\s device ( mak+ !m talk diff]5t languages1 is pla9ly imag9$ 9 q ! same way z ! ,god :o visits ,abraham on 8 way to ,sodom or wre/les ) ,jacob or tries to kill ,moses on ! road to ,egypt4 ,ev5 m primitive is ! fragm5t1 ,g54 vi4 #a-d1 tell+ h[ deities1 captivat$ by ! *>ms ( mortal wom51 begot ) !m a my?ical race ( giants4 ,! ,deluge has long be5 kn[n to be a ,babylonian my?1 :i* n[ =ms an episode 9 a poem celebrat+ ! exploits ( a h]o nam$ ,gilgame%4 ,b1 ?\gh pres]v+ ev5 su* details ( ! ,babylonian orig9al z ! s5d+ out ( ! birds1 ! ,hebrew au?or has impress$ ^u x ! /amp ( 8 own religion1 effac+ its poly!i/ic features1 & mak+ ! ,flood a j judgm5t on univ]sal s9fulness2 :ile = ! ,babylonian h]o he sub/itut$ a figure ( ,pale/9ian leg5d1 & %[s 8 inl& br++-up by conv]t+ ! %ip into an enorm\s box4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 assum$ or ass]t$ t o!rs ( ^! my?s ( ! e>ly _w1 p>ticul>ly ! ,g>d5 9 ,ed5 & ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 are also ( ,babylonian orig91 b no p>allels to !m h z yet be5 discov]$1 nor does int]nal evid5ce po9t t way4 ,! sc5]y 9 ! ,g>d5 9 ,ed5 is nave en\gh1 b ! problem ( ! my? is "o :i* has ex]cis$ ! m9ds ( m5 ?r\gh all "t3 ,:y is man mortal8 or1 z x is usually put 9 my?s1 ,h[ did man fail ( immortality8 ,two o!r p]si/5t que/ions are "h jo9$ ) x1 ,:y has man to "w s h>d = a liv+8 & ,:y mu/ wom5 be> *ildr5 ) pangs & p]il8 ,! answ] ev9ces a reflection ( :i* we (t5 ?9k primitive philosophy incapable3 man aspir$ to a k t ,god jeal\sly kept to himself--he w\ld n respect 8 limitations4 ,! ?ird *ief n>rative s\rce 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 commonly call$ ! ,prie/ly ,hi/ory 7,p71 is ( a diff]5t "* f ^? :i* we h be5 exam9+4 ,a m descriptive title = x w\ld be1 ,orig9s ( ! ,religi\s ,in/itutions ( ,israel4 ,9 ! view ( ! au?or1 ^! in/itutions 7 successively orda9$ by ,god at c]ta9 epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d & 9 connection ) c]ta9 hi/orical ev5ts2 ^! ev5ts he n>rates z ! occasion or gr\nd ( ! in/itution1 :i* ! subsequ5t obs]vance recalls & commemorates4 ,^! in/itutions 7 n all fir/ reveal$ to ,israel & prescrib$ = x2 on ! contr>y1 ! au?or has a !ory ( a progressive revelation ( ,god's w1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ man & woman1 & amplifi$ f age to age by ! addition to its cont5ts ( fre% ord9ances1 :ile at ! same "t its ext5sion gradually n>r[s1 until1 9 ! ,mosaic ,law1 x is address$ to ! *os5 p ( ,israel alone4 ,! place ( ea* new in/itution is !re=e fix$ n only 9 a *ronological sy/em b 9 ! g5ealogical s*eme ( races & nations4 ,! g5ealogies :i* connect "o epo* ( revelation ) ! foll[+ "o are ?us n ! b>e bones ( hi/ory1 /ripp$ ( its fle% & blood1 b s]ve a di/9ct & *>act]i/ic purpose4 ,! ,orig9s beg9 ) ! creation ( ! _w 7,g54 i4-ii4 #d71 & a comp>ison ( ?is acc\nt ) t ( ,j 9 #b-c well illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s\rces4 ,! ,god ( ,p is n "o :o fa%ions man & bea/ out ( clay & brea!s ) 8 own lips into ! "w ( 8 h&s ! brea? ( life2 he /&s above & ap>t f ! _w1 & creates all ?+s by fiat3 ,let !re be light1 & !re 0 light--s 9 sublime simplicity ! =mula runs4 ,! creative acts are six natural days3 ,ev5+ came & morn+ came1 a fir/ day4 ,& he re/$ 7kept sabba?7 on ! sev5? day f all 8 "w :i* he _h made4 ,& ,god bless$ ! sev5? day & made x holy1 because on x he re/$ f all 8 creative "w4 ,! ord9ance ( ! sabba? ?us has its orig9 & sanction 9 ! creation itself1 & ?is is alleg$ 9 ! ,decalogue 7,exod4 xx4 #aa7 z ! motive = man's sabba?-keep+4 ,! ,flood gives occasion to ! bless+ ( ,noah & 8 sons1 9 :i* = ! fir/ "t animal food is p]mitt$--l _m ( ! anci5ts1 ,p made ! fir/ m5 veget>ians--& ) ?is lic5ce is c\pl$ a prohibition ( fle% ) blood 9 x & ! s5t5ce ( ,god ^u murd]1 ,:oso %$de? man's blood1 by man %all 8 blood be %$2 = 9 ! image ( ,god made he man4 ,^! comm&m5ts1 giv5 to ,noah1 are b9d+ on all mank9d1 8 desc5dants4 ,! g5ealogies ( ! ant$iluvians connect ! creation ) ! ,flood & s]ve also ! *ronology2 g5ealogies ( ! desc5dants ( ,noah's sons foll[1 ! *ronology atta*+ to ! l9e ( ,%em d[n to ,t]ah1 ! fa!r ( ,abraham4 ,abraham's migration to ,canaan & ! bir? ( ,i%mael are briefly told1 & !n1 at l>ge1 ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ! promise ( a son by ,s>ah1 & ! in/itution ( circumcision1 :i* is an ord9ance = all ! ,abrahamic peoples1 ! ,arab desc5dants ( ,i%mael z well z ! ,israelites & ,edomites sprung f ,isaac1 & = _! slaves1 home-born or =eign4 ,! only o!r incid5t 9 ,abraham's life ( :i* ,p gives a full] acc\nt is ! pur*ase f ! sons ( ,he? ( ! cave ( ,macpelah1 ! burial-place ( ! patri>*s2 meagre notices ( m>riages & dea?s1 & t$i\s p$igrees take ! place ( ! vivid /ories ( ,j & ,e4 ,! contra/ is mo/ /rik+ 9 ! case ( ,joseph1 ab\t :om we h f ,p only a few v]ses4 ,d\btless ?is is 9 "p due to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu* pref]r$ ! ri*] n>rative ( 8 o!r s\rces1 b :at is pres]v$ ( ,p %[s cle>ly en\gh t 8 hi/ory ( ,joseph1 ev5 :5 complete1 0 brief & dry4 ,! diction & /yle ( ,p are v unlike t ( ,j & ,e2 a fav\rable example ( 8 mann] is ,g54 #ag4 ,ev5 9 a translation1 :i* necess>ily oblit]ates mu*1 "s ( ! au?or's peculi>ities c be obs]v$1 =emo/ among !m a c]ta9 /iffness & a labori\s circum/antiality1 :i* w be felt if ,g54 xvi4 #a-b1 #d-h1 #aa-ad 7,j7 or xvi4 #h-ba 7,e7 be comp>$ ) c4 #ag 7,p74 ,9 ,g54 #a1 ?anks to ! subject1 ?is dry simplicity gives an impression ( sublimity2 b 9 g5]al1 n>ration is n ! au?or's be/ gift4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception ( ,god1 z we h se5 9 ,g54 #a1 is m elevat$ ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r s\rces2 & 9 ! little ,p tells ( ! patri>*s _! deportm5t is unimpea*able4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,exodus1 ,,leviticus1 ,,numb]s ,9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,exodus ! n>rative is *iefly a comb9ation ( ,j & ,e2 ! fir/ consid]able extract f ,p is ,exod4 vi4 #b-vii4 #ac1 recall+ ! cov5ant ) ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 & ann\nc+ its approa*+ fulfilm5t1 add+1 z ! signature ( ! new epo* ( ! hi/ory n[ op5+1 ! revelation ( ! "n ,god1 ,jehovah 7,jahveh71 :i* none ( ! patri>*s _h kn[n4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! plagues all ?ree s\rces are int]wov52 a di/9ctive feature ( ,p is t ,a>on ) 8 w&1 "u ,moses' direction1 br+s ! plagues to pass4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! la/ plague is ! occasion = ,p to introduce ! ord9ance ( ! ,passov]4 ,! h\ses ( ! ,israelites are to be m>k$ by ! blood ( ! victim on ! door-po/s & l9tel3 :5 ,jehovah passes ?r\gh ! l&1 smit+ dead all ! fir/-born ( ! ,egyptians1 he w skip ! h\ses s protect$--?us ! "n ( ! fea/ is expla9$ 7,exod4 xii4 #a-ac74 ,to ?is is annex$ a law = ! obs]vance ( ! fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread1 :i* 9 ,pale/9e imm$iately foll[$ ! ,passov] 7xii4 #ad-bj74 ,) ! in/itution ( ! ,passov] is connect$ also a *ange 9 ! cal5d>3 h5ce=? ! mon? ( ! v]nal full moon 7,m>*-,april7 is to be ! fir/ ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 s 9 ! ecclesia/ical cal5d> ( lat] times1 b ! civil ,new ,ye> 01 & /ill is1 9 ! ,autumn4 ,all ! /r&s ( ! triple n>rative lead to a holy m\nta9 9 ! des]t 7,s9ai 9 ,p & probably 9 ,j2 ,horeb 9 ,e & ,d71 ! ,m\nt ( ,god1 repres5t$ 9 all z ! anci5t seat ( ,jehovah4 ,x 0 on ?is m\nta9 t ,god appe>$ to ,moses & bade him return to ,egypt to deliv] ,israel3 :5 he _h br\ght ! p out ( ,egypt !y %\ld wor%ip at ?is m\nta94 ,?i!r1 !re=e1 ,moses directs _! way aft] cross+ ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 all ! s\rces ,god's pres5ce is manife/$ by cl\d & fire ^u ! m\nta91 & ,moses goes to ! summit to meet ,god 7,exod4 #ai1 ,j1 ,e2 xxiv4 #ae;b-#ah;a1 ,p74 ,^! impos+ prep>ations port5d a revelation ( no common mom5t2 & ! :ole situation bids u expect ! organic law ( ! religion ( ,jehovah1 ! ?+s :i* he requires ( 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,we f9d1 9 fact1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree s\rces at ?is po9t l>g] or small] gr\ps ( laws purport+ to be deliv]$ to ,moses at ! holy m\nta91 & conta9+ :at may be reg>d$ z fundam5tal in/itutions4 ,^! bodies ( law are1 h[ev]1 v diff]5t2 ! problem ( _! relation to "o ano!r & to ! n>ratives is extremely difficult1 & ! p>allel acc\nt ( ! legislation at ,horeb 9 ,deut4 #e adds ano!r elem5t to ! complication4 ,if ! read] w att5tively comp>e ,exod4 #bj2 #ba-bc2 #bd2 ,deut4 #e2 ix4 #h-x4 #e2 & ,exod4 #cd1 he w get "s impression ( ! nature ( ! difficulties4 ,accord+ to ,deut4 v4 #bb1 ! ,decalogue 7,deut4 v4 #f-ba2 ,exod4 xx4 #a-ag1 ) notewor?y v>iants7 0 ! law writt5 on ! two tables ( /one by ! h& ( ,god :i* ,moses da%$ d[n & %att]$ :5 he saw ! p wanton+ ar\nd ! gold5 calf 7,exod4 xxxii4 #ai74 ,god proposes to reproduce ! law on two new tablets 7xxxiv4 #a71 b ! ,decalogue 7xxxiv4 #bh7 writt5 on ^! tablets 7xxxiv4 #ad-bf7 is :olly diff]5t f t ( ,exod4 #bj1 be+ n a comp5d ( moral law1 b prescriptions = ! fe/ivals & ritual rules1 :]eas ,deut4 ix4 #h-x4 #e says 9 s _m words t x 0 ! ,decalogue ( v4 #f-ba :i* 0 re/or$4 ,x is impossible to discuss ^! problems "h4 ,x mu/ suffice to say t !y arise 9 "p f ! attempt to h>monize radically diff]5t repres5tations ( :at ! fundam5tal law giv5 at ,s9ai 7or ,horeb7 01 9 "p f ! t5d5cy ( lat] times to ascribe to ! orig9al ,mosaic legislation ! :ole body ( actual law reg>d$ z hav+ a religi\s sanction4 ,to ! latt] cause we may )\t hesitation attribute1 = example1 ! introduction ( ! fragm5t>y rema9s ( a ,pale/9ian civil code 9 ,exod4 #ba-bb1 to :i* o!r remnants ( div]se orig9 h be5 atta*$1 z well z ! great mass ( ritual & c]emonial laws :i* are ?ru/ into ! framework ( ,p4 ,! fundam5tal law ( ,j1 ! basis ( ! orig9al compact betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel1 is pres]v$ 9 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #a-e1 #aj;a1 #ad-bh 7) "s manife/ amplifications 9 vss4 #ae1 #af1 #bd74 ,:5 ?is 0 comb9$ ) ! /ory ( ! gold5 calf & ! brok5 tables 7,e71 x 0 necess>y to take x z a r5ewal ( ! law1 & ?is 0 accompli%$ by v slight additions 9 vss4 #a & #d 7l unto ! fir/1 t 7 on ! fir/ tables1 :i* ?\ brake/74 ,:at ! ,horeb con/itution 9 ,e orig9ally 01 is less confid5tly to be det]m9$4 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* ,e 0 read by ! au?ors ( ,deut4 #e & ( ix4 #h-x4 #e 7end ( ! sev5? c5tury or lat]71 x 0 ! ,decalogue only 7,deut4 v4 #bb f472 b x is n c]ta9 t ?is 0 ! olde/ repres5tation4 ,!re are o!r evid5ces t ,e 0 revis$ & enl>g$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury by an au?or :o 0 influ5c$ by ! prophets1 p>ticul>ly by ,hosea2 & ! /ory ( ! gold5 calf 7) :i* ! ,decalogue n>rative is closely connect$71 a condemnation 9 advance ( ! ,israelite wor%ip ( ,jehovah 9 ! image ( a bull1 may h be5 introduc$ 9 ?is edition1 z ! repudiation ( ! sacrifice ( *ildr5 to ,jehovah 9 ! /ory ( ,abraham & ,isaac 7,g54 #bb7 probably 04 ,9 ,p ! case is cle>]4 ,accord+ to 8 !ory all ! ord9ances ( wor%ip 7 reveal$ at ,s9ai4 ,legitimate sacrifice presupposes "o legitimate temple & alt>1 a legitimate prie/hood1 & a m9utely prescrib$ ritual4 ,9 ,j & ,e ! patri>*s set up alt>s & (f] sacrifice 9 _m places2 x is an obvi\s int]e/ ( ! au?ors1 or ( ! local leg5ds ( holy places :i* !y foll[1 to trace ! orig9 ( ! alt>s1 sacr$ /ones1 holy trees & wells1 at ,%e*em or ,be!l1 ,hebron or ,be]%eba1 to "o ( ! =efa!rs4 ,9 ,p1 on ! contr>y1 ! patri>*s nev] (f] sacrifice4 ,until ! tab]nacle 0 erect$ & ,god's pres5ce fill$ x1 until ,a>on 0 consecrat$ z prie/1 until ! te*nique ( ! v>i\s species ( (f]+ _h be5 reveal$ by ,god & exemplifi$ by ,moses or ,a>on1 no sacrifice c\ld be any?+ b impi\s1 l ! wor%ip ( hea!n4 ,accord+ly1 ! fir/ ?+ ,god does :5 ,moses goes up into ! m\nt is to give him plans & specifications = a sacr$ t5t--a portable temple--) all its furniture1 an alt> = sacrifice 9 ! c\rt be=e x1 ! ve/m5ts ( ! prie/s1 & ! app>atus ( ! high-prie/ly oracle1 & to reveal 9 detail ! ritual = ! consecration ( prie/s 7,exod4 #be-cj74 ,! mak+ ( ! tab]nacle & all ! o!r ?+s necess>y = ! complete cultus is describ$ 9 ,exod4 #ce-dj2 ! consecration ( ! prie/s & ! inaugural sacrifices by ,a>on 9 ,lev4 #h-i2 ,lev4 x4 #a-g is closely connect$ ) cc4 #h-i1 & its sequel 7comb9$ ) o!r matt]7 is f\nd 9 c4 #af1 ! ritual ( atonem5t4 ,lev4 #h-i is a good specim5 ( ! au?or's me?od4 ,9 ! =m ( a description ( ! sacrifices ( consecration & ! inaugural sacrifices ( ,a>on1 he gives a p>adigm = e v>iety ( (f]+4 ,"h 0 obvi\sly a natural place to introduce laws prescrib+ ! ritual ( ^! species ( sacrifice & ! circum/ances :i* dem& !m1 & accord+ly we f9d 9 ,lev4 #a-g a collection ( su* laws1 "s ( !m 7e4g4 ,lev4 #a & #c7 unque/ionably old bo? 9 sub/ance & =mulation1 ) slight adaptation to _! surr\nd+ 7e4g4 ! sons ( ,a>on1 i4 #e1 etc471 or ) supplem5ts to meet new economic & social conditions1 su* z ! burnt (f]+ ( doves 7,lev4 i4 #ad-ag1 cf4 vs4 #b72 o!rs are y\ng] or h be5 m ext5sively enl>g$ & am5d$4 ,! *apt]s ?us repres5t a gr[? 9 actual cu/om & correspond+ rule4 ,9 c4 #d we may obs]ve an example ( ano!r k9d ( legal gr[?1 namely1 ! sy/ematic developm5t ( pr9ciples or ideas4 ,! scale ( s9-(f]+s1 graduat$ by ! social /ation ( ! s9n]--! high prie/1 ! :ole p1 ! pr9ce1 a common citiz5--is consi/5tly ?\ght out 9 con=mity ) a !ory4 ,obs]ve t ! pr9ce is assign$ a mode/ place next ! bottom1 bel[ ! religi\s community corporately1 :ile ! prie/ takes 8 at ! top4 ,we c say ) full confid5ce t ?is elaborate ritual is n ! book+ ( usage1 b is a product ( sac]dotal !ory2 &1 fur!r1 t s long z k+s reign$1 ! mo/ high-*ur* ecclesia/ic is n likely to h arrogat$ s mu* to himself1 or1 at lea/1 to h proclaim$ 8 ambitions4 ,only 9 days :51 "u =eign gov]nors1 ! high prie/ 0 really ! greate/ man 9 ! community is su* a table ( prec$5ce conceivable4 ,:e!r ev5 !n ?is law 0 actually put 9 op]ation1 may be an op5 "q4 ,! position ( ! sacrificial laws1 ,lev4 #a-g1 expla9s itself1 z has be5 said4 ,9 _m o!r cases1 h[ev]1 we see no reason :y a subject is br\ght 9 :]e x is4 ,?us1 ,lev4 #aa-ae1 on v>i\s =ms ( uncleanness & ! prescrib$ purifications1 to :i* x4 #aj f4 seems to be a fragm5t>y introduction1 h no obvi\s association ) any?+ 9 ! context1 ?\gh !y are introduc$ appropriately en\gh be=e ! g5]al purification ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 c4 #af4 ,! laws1 :i* read l ! *apt]s ( an exactly =mulat$ code ( purity1 h be5 exp&$ by ! addition ( new p>agraphs 7e4g4 ,lev4 xiv4 #ba-cb1 #cc-ec71 & 9 "s cases *anges 9 ! ritual may be recogniz$2 comp>e1 = example1 ,lev4 xiv4 #a-h ) vss4 #aj-bj4 ,*apt]s #ag-bf =m a di/9ct body ( law1 hav+ c]ta9 m>k$ peculi>ities ( its own1 notably ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( ! motive ( hol9ess--t is1 ! avoidance ( ?+s & actions taboo$ by ! religion ( ,israel--(t5 c\pl$ ) ! appeal to ,god's hol9ess1 z 9 xix4 #b1 ,ye %all be holy1 = ,i1 ,jehovah1 y\r ,god1 am holy1 or simply ass]t+ 8 au?ority1 ,i am ,jehovah4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mu* 9 ! laws ( ?is ,hol9ess ,book 7,h71 z x n[ /&s1 has close aff9ity to ! mass ( ritual & c]emonial laws 9 ,leviticus & ,numb]s4 ,! hypo!sis :i* seems be/ to expla9 ! ph5om5a is t an indep5d5t collection ( laws 7or r ! rema9s ( su* a collection71 *>act]iz$ by ! motive ( hol9ess1 has be5 exp&$ & edit$ 9 ! _s & mann] ( ! prie/ly legislation1 :ile "s laws :i* 7 orig9ally includ$ 9 ?is collection h be5 transpos$ to o!r contexts4 ,! ,hol9ess ,book clos$ ) an e>ne/ exhortation & w>n+ to obs]ve all ^! laws1 promis+ ! bless+ ( ,god on ob$i5ce & depict+ 9 /rong col\rs ! calamities ) :i* he w puni% defection 7,lev4 #bf74 ,! position & prophetic t5\r ( ?is *apt] resemble ,deut4 #bh1 & ! book 9 its orig9al =m is app>5tly ! product ( ! same age ) ,deut]onomy4 ,! ,orig9s 7,p7 describ$ 9 ,exod4 #bh f4 & ,lev4 #h f4 ! *oice ( ,a>on & 8 sons to be prie/s & _! in/allation 9 ! sacr$ (fice4 ,! inf]ior ord] ( ! m9i/ry ( ! sanctu>y1 ! levites1 is n z yet in/itut$4 ,?is is done 9 ,numb]s1 & inde$ ) a c]ta9 r$undancy1 = ,num4 #c & #d indep5d5tly deal ) ! subject1 & c4 #ah takes x up afre% )\t any allusion to a previ\s appo9tm5t4 ,mu* /ress is laid on ! exclusive pr]ogative ( ,a>on & 8 sons 9 ! s]vice ( ! alt> & ! m9i/ry )9 ! veil2 no levite1 mu* less a layman1 may presume to ^! sacr$ functions on pa9 ( dea?4 ,! levites are giv5 to ,a>on & 8 sons z temple slaves = ! m5ial "w ( ! sanctu>y1 9 place ( ! fir/-born ,israelites ( all tribes :o w\ld naturally be d$icat$ to ,god1 i4e4 to ! temple4 ,yet1 z m9i/]s ( religion1 !y are support$ by a g5]al ti! ( ! products ( ! soil impos$ on all ! p4 ,! laws 9 ,numb]s pres5t ! same v>iety z 9 ,leviticus4 ,!re are old laws ) modifications & enl>gem5ts1 & _m o!rs :i* by v>i\s signs betray a m rec5t orig94 ,num4 #bh-cf belong z a :ole to ! latt] class2 cc4 #bh f4 exemplify t gr[? ( ! law by ! =mulation ( sac]dotal ideals or desid]ata :i* has be5 not$ 9 ! case ( ,lev4 #d4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! n>rative ( ,p has rea*$ 9 ,num4 xxvii4 #ab-bc ! end ( ,moses' c>e]2 no?+ is 9 place aft] x b ! asc5t ( ,mt4 ,ab>im & ,moses' dea? 7,deut4 #cd74 ,num4 #bh-cf ?us /& ev5 =mally 9 ! place ( an app5dix4 ,! n>rative ( ,p 7,orig9 ( ! ,religi\s ,in/itutions7 & ! great mass ( ritual & c]emonial laws 9 ! ?ree middle books ( ! ,p5tateu* are (t5 call$ collectively ! ,prie/s' ,code4 ,! "n naturally sugge/s to ! ,engli% read] an ord]ly body ( law1 compil$1 revis$1 & promulgat$ by "s au?ority2 &1 9 fact1 _m critics--except = ! ord]l9ess1 :i* nobody has v5tur$ to affirm1 & ) all[ance = lat] additions--reg>d ! ,prie/s' ,code z su* a law book1 compil$ & edit$ by prie/ly scribes 9 ,babylonia1 br\ght to ,juda by ,ezra1 ) ! au?ority ( ! ,p]sian k+1 to re=m ! _m disord]s t exi/$ !re1 & ratifi$ & put 9 =ce 9 ,b4,c4 #ddd by ! magnates & ! p ( ! ,jews4 7,see ,ezra #g2 ,neh4 #h-aj1 & bel[1 pp4 #abi ff47 ,int]nal evid5ce ( su* an orig9 & de/9ation is1 h[ev]1 s\ght 9 va9 9 ! laws2 ! ?+s t ,ezra & ,nehemiah 7 mo/ zeal\s ab\t1 especially ! veto on mix$ m>riages1 d n /& out 9 ! s-call$ ,prie/s' ,code z !y d 9 o!r p>ts ( ! law1 :ile ab\t a re=m ( ! cultus 9 ,j]usalem 9 con=mity ) a new ritual introduc$ f ,babylonia1 ! /ory ( ,ezra's do+s is significantly sil5t4 ,! ph5om5a we h obs]v$ 9 ,exodus-,numb]s sugge/ ! hypo!sis1 r1 t v>i\s old laws1 deal+ *iefly ) sacrifice & ) ! rules ( clean & unclean--! two pr9cipal subjects ( prie/ly regulation--7 ins]t$ at suitable po9ts 9 ! ,orig9s ( ! ,religi\s ,in/itutions 7,p72 ^! receiv$ am5dm5ts & supplem5ts bo? be=e & aft] _! incorporation2 o!r m indep5d5t developm5ts1 :e!r repres5t+ actual cu/om or sac]dotal aspirations1 f\nd place among or beside !m2 & ?us ! :ole ,prie/ly /ratum grew by a process ( accretion ?r\gh _m g5]ations into its pres5t inorganic magnitude4 ,x is antec$5tly probable t ?is process w5t on 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e ! ritual laws 7 a practical conc]n1 r ?an 9 ! s*ools ( ,babylonia2 & only /rong evid5ce to ! contr>y c\ld ov]come ?is presumption4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,deut]onomy ,deut]onomy purports to conta9 ! laws "u :i* ,israel is to live 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,x deals ) ! conditions ( an agricultural p1 settl$ 9 t[ns & villages1 9 ! pres5ce ( a native population to ! contam9ation ( ^: religion & morals ! ,israelites are expos$4 ,?is legislation 0 reveal$ to ,moses at ,horeb 7,deut4 v4 #bh-cc71 b1 inasmu* z x 0 n to g into effect until ,israel 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! possession ( ,canaan1 be+ 9 fact :olly inapplicable to nomadic conditions--a consid]ation ( :i* ,p1 9 its code ( wor%ip1 is oblivi\s--x 0 n promulgat$ till ! mom5t :5 ! p1 encamp$ opposite ,j]i*o1 0 on ! po9t ( invad+ ,pale/9e4 ,!n ! ag$ ,moses1 ab\t to lay d[n 8 (fice & 8 life1 deliv]s to ! p1 9 national assembly1 ! law by :i* !y are 9 future to be gov]n$1 & adds 8 mo/ urg5t injunctions & solemn w>n+s to be fai?ful to _! religion & ! law ( _! ,god4 ,! book is ?us almo/ :olly 9 ! =m ( address1 & ! hortatory note is insi/5t4 ,z an introduction1 ,moses briefly recalls ! hi/ory ( ! w&]+s1 f ,horeb on1 impress+ at e turn ! lessons ( _! exp]i5ce 7,deut4 #a-c72 ! mat]ial is tak5 *iefly f ,e's n>rative1 :i* x 0 int5d$ to sup]s$e 9 an indep5d5t ,book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,!re foll[s a hortatory disc\rse 7iv4 #a-dj71 closely ak9 to cc4 #bi-cj4 ,! la/ acts & ! dea? ( ,moses are n>rat$ 9 confus$ fa%ion 9 c4 #ca2 xxxii4 #dh-eb2 #cd4 ,! ,song ( ,moses 7c4 #cb71 & ! ,bless+ ( ,moses 7c4 #cc71 are app>5tly indep5d5t compositions :i* h be5 giv5 an appropriate place at ! end ( ! book4 ,! core ( ,deut]onomy is cc4 #e-aa2 #ab-bf2 #bh4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! fir/ "p 7cc4 #e-aa7 exp\nds ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( religion1 :ile ! second 7cc4 #ab-bf7 conta9s special laws1 &1 z a fitt+ & effective conclusion ( ! :ole1 c4 #bh sets =? ! bless+s :i* ,god w be/[ on ,israel if x keeps 8 comm&m5ts1 & ! curses x w incur by unfai?fulness & disob$i5ce4 ,! special laws1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,deut4 #bb ff41 are simil> 9 "* to ^? 9 ,exod4 #ba-bc & 9 ,lev4 #ag-be1 & d\btless embody 9 ! ma9 anci5t cu/om2 b beside !m are provisions ( a s+ul>ly ,utopian k9d1 su* z ^? on ! conduct ( w> 9 c4 #bj & ! sept5nial cancell+ ( all debts 7xv4 #a-aa74 ,! conception ( religion :i* dom9ates ! :ole book1 b is mo/ conspicu\s 9 cc4 #e-aa1 is ! highe/ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re is b "o ,god1 supreme 9 might & maje/y1 con/ant 9 purpose1 fai?ful to 8 ^w1 j b compassionate2 he is n to be imag$ or imag9$ 9 ! lik5ess ( any?+ 9 heav5 or on e>?2 idolatry1 div9ation1 & sorc]y are /rictly =bidd54 ,! ess5ce ( religion is love 7,deut4 vi4 #d71 ! love ( ,god to 8 p & _! responsive love to him is ! rul+ motive 9 wor%ip & conduct4 ,9 ! relations ( m5 to _! fell[s1 :e!r c\ntrym5 or /rang]s & to ! brute creation1 humanity & *>ity are ! prime virtues2 ! ,utopian features ( ! laws are su* only because !y pu% ! ideal ( humanity too h>d = unideal human nature4 ,:at is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! ,deut]onomic legislation1 ! ?+ on :i* x dwells ) insi/5t it]ation1 is t ,jehovah w be wor%ipp$ only at "o place1 to be *os5 by himself 9 ! t]ritory ( "o ( ! tribes4 ,!re all sacrifices mu/ be (f]$1 all fe/ivals celebrat$4 ,at ! head ( ! special laws ?is fundam5tal article is repeat$ly laid d[n 7,deut4 xii4 #ac-ai--seem+ly ! olde/ =mulation--xii4 #b-g1 #h-ab1 #bj-bg71 & x recurs 9 connection ) ! laws conc]n+ ! disposition ( ,god's %>e 9 man's increase 7ti!s1 fir/l+s1 etc47 & ! annual fe/ivals 7,passov]1 ,tab]nacles74 ,?is 0 an innovation :i* dislocat$ ! :ole sy/em ( religi\s obs]vances1 & ! ,deut]onomic legislation _h to provide = ! direct & indirect consequ5ces ( s radical a *ange4 ,by anci5t cu/om ! religi\s dues 7 r5d]$ & sacrifices (f]$ at ! village alt>s 7high places71 & !re also ! fe/ivals 7 kept :i* m>k$ ! seasons ( ! husb&man's ye>2 beside ! alt>1 ) a simple religi\s rite1 dome/ic animals 7 slaught]$ :5ev] hospitality or a family fe/ival gave occasion4 ,if a man visit$ a m r5[n$ sanctu>y at a di/ance f 8 home1 he did x ( 8 own accord & 9 8 own "t & way4 ,! fea/s at ! village alt>s1 at :i* cu/om prescrib$ op5 hospitality1 7 a gods5d to ! poor ( ! community1 _m ( :om w\ld else seldom h ta/$ fle% or eat5 _! fill4 ,! ,deut]onomic law lic5ses ! slaught] ( animals at home )\t any religi\s rite1 & introduces a plan ( *>ity ti!s to replace ! hospitality ( ! alt>4 ,its conc]n = ! levites 7t is1 ! prie/s ( ! local sanctu>ies71 :o by ! new arrangem5t 7 left )\t a livelihood1 is also to be not$4 ,! motives = ?is radical *ange 9 immemorial religi\s cu/om are *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! high places _h be5 seats ( ,canaanite wor%ip be=e !y 7 tak5 possession ( by ! ,israelites1 & n only did ! /igma ( aborig9al hea!nism cl+ to !m1 b1 9 fact1 _m hea!ni% do+s 7 p]petuat$ at !m--drunk5 debau*es & consecrat$ pro/itution4 ,b1 fur!r1 _! exi/5ce seem$ to be incompatible ) /rict mono!ism3 ! _m gods 7 wor%ipp$ 9 _m places2 ! "o ,god seem$ to h z coroll>y "o place ( wor%ip4 ,z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 ! localiz+ ( ,jehovah at num]\s sanctu>ies--,dan1 ,be!l1 ,gilgal1 ,be]%eba--) _! di/9ctive traditions & local peculi>ities ( ritual1 d\btless did result1 = ! appreh5sion ( ! common man1 9 mak+ a local ,jehovah1 z happ5s to ! ,virg9 & ! ,sa9ts 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,= ! ,deut]onomi/ ?is 0 only ano!r k9d ( poly!ism3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 ,jehovah1 our ,god1 is "o ,jehovah6 ,deut]onomy is1 !re=e1 ! programme ( a re=m4 ,=tunately1 we "k h[ ?is programme 0 put 9 execution2 ! hi/ory ( x is writt5 9 #b ,k+s #bb-bc4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s repairs 9 ! temple 9 ,j]usalem1 a law book turn$ up1 ! read+ ( :i* ?rew ,k+ ,josiah & 8 advis]s into con/]nation4 ,aft] tak+ c\nsel ( a prophetess1 an assembly 0 convok$1 & ! book publicly ratifi$ by ! notables & ! p z ! law ( ! realm4 ,!reupon ! k+ proce$$ to put ! code 9 =ce4 ,he n only clean$ h\se 9 ! temple 9 ,j]usalem1 :]e a miscellany ( =eign gods & cults 0 in/all$1 b he de/roy$ & desecrat$ all ! high places1 t is1 ! immemorial seats ( ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 9 ! t[ns & villages ( 8 k+dom1 pull+ ! alt>s to pieces1 sma%+ ! /one pill>s1 hew+ d[n ! sacr$ poles1 & =cibly c>ry+ (f ! prie/s 7levites7 to ,j]usalem1 :]e he assign$ !m a liv+ f ! income ( ! temple1 b--9 8 zeal go+ beyond ! law ( ,deut4 xviii4 #f-h--;exclud$ !m f sacrificial functions4 ,x 0 se5 long ago by "s ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs t ! law book :i* ,hilkiah f\nd & ,josiah en=c$ c h be5 no o!r ?an ,deut]onomy4 ,! hi/orian ( ! k+doms1 writ+ aft] ! re=ms ( ,josiah & ! foll[+ reaction & believ+ t ! prohibition ( wor%ip at ! high places _h be5 b9d+ s9ce ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple1 is at pa9s to say t none ( ! k+s f ,solomon to ,josiah1 n ev5 ^? to :om o!rwise he gives ! be/ m>k = piety1 _h paid any att5tion to ?is law1 ) ! sole exception ( a brief attempt by ,hezekiah4 ,we c g fur!r1 & say t none ( ! old] hi/orians & none ( ! prophets ( ! n9? & eigh? c5turies %[ any acqua9tance ) su* a prohibition4 ,if ! prophets assail ! wor%ip at ! high places1 z ,hosea does1 x is on ! gr\nd t x is hea!ni% & immoral1 n t x is illegitimate2 if ,hosea condemns ! pilgrimages to ,gilgal & ,be]%eba1 x is n impli$ t x w\ld be bett] to g to ,j]usalem2 nor1 inde$1 is any condemnation ( ! wor%ip at ! high places m dra/ic ?an ,isaiah's ( ! cultus 9 ,j]usalem4 ,be=e ! latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury !re is no ?\ght t ,jehovah has su* an exclusive pref]5ce = ,solomon's temple4 ,all ! o!r evid5ce 9 ,deut]onomy po9ts to ! same age4 ,its conception ( ,god & ( religion is d]iv$ f ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hosea is p>ticul>ly pla93 t ! ess5ce ( religion is love is ,hosea's idea1 if !re is su* a ?+ z orig9ality 9 religion4 ,! language & /yle ( ,deut]onomy are ( ! sev5? c5tury1 9 its excell5ces & 9 its defects2 ,j]emiah & ! au?or ( ,k+s h ! close/ resemblance to x 9 its rhetorical mann] & 9 its peculi> pa?os4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 s9ce ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 an increas+ numb] ( s*ol>s h held t ! book 0 writt5 9 ! second half ( ! sev5? c5tury = ! purpose ( br++ ab\t a revolution su* z actually foll[$ its well-tim$ discov]y2 & ?is is n[ ! op9ion ( almo/ all :o admit t ! common pr9ciples ( hi/orical criticism are applicable to ,biblical lit]ature4 ,deut]onomy is n all ( "o piece1 z has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,_m old] laws 7 tak5 up into x at ! beg9n+ or introduc$ subsequ5tly2 consid]able additions 7 made to x aft] ,josiah's "t1 & ev5 aft] ! fall ( ,judah1 = 9 sev]al passages t cata/rophe & ! disp]sion ( ! p are an accompli%$ fact1 an exi/+ situation4 ,x is only ! re=m programme & :at hangs toge!r ) x t c be def9itely dat$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,age ,,( ,,! ,,s\rces1 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu* ,deut]onomy is a fix$ po9t1 by ref]5ce to :i* ! age ( o!r /rata 9 ! ,p5tateu* may be det]m9$1 at lea/ relatively4 ,?us 9 ,p ! patri>*s nev] (f] sacrifice at ! anci5t holy places ( ,canaan1 & ! notion t legitimate sacrifice c be made only on "o alt> is s fundam5tal an article ( religion t ! fir/ ?+ at ,s9ai is ! con/ruction ( ! tab]nacle to be transport$ f "o /ation to ano!r 9 ! des]t4 ,! inf]5ce is pla9 t ,p 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ! pr9ciple ( ! unity ( ! sanctu>y = :i* ,deut]onomy cont5ds ) ! zeal ( innovation 0 no long] disput$1 at lea/ 9 ! au?or's surr\nd+s1 s t he has no ne$ to enjo9 x1 & c1 inde$1 ignore ! fact t !re ev] _h be5 o!r sanctu>ies ( ,jehovah4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s nev] exi/$ :ile ! k+dom /ood2 x 0 only 9 ! ,p]sian p]iod1 :5 ,juda 0 r$uc$ to a circle ( a few miles ab\t ,j]usalem1 t ! conditions impli$ 9 ,p arose4 ,only 9 t age1 ?r\gh political circum/ances1 did ! high prie/s atta9 ! pre-em95ce to :i* ,p gives ! sanction ( div9e "r2 & ,p itself n obscurely witnesses t ^! t[]+ pret5sions did n g un*all5g$ 7see especially ,num4 #af74 ,) ?is all ! o!r evid5ce concurs3 ! supramundane conception ( ,god & ! avoidance ( ev]y?+ t seems to br+ ! deity into too close contact ) e>?ly ?+s or tempts ! imag9ation to figure him too humanly speak ( ! progress ( !ological reflection4 ,! language is pla9ly 9 decad5ce3 ap>t f words :i* seem to be new1 & occasionally =eign1 ! s5t5ce is los+ its flexibility1 or au?ors are los+ _! ma/]y ( x2 x is only necess>y to comp>e ev5 ! be/ passages 9 ,p 7su* z ,g54 #bc7 ) examples ( really classical ,hebrew prose 7say1 9 #b ,sam4 #aa ff4 or ! /ories ( ,elijah 9 ,k+s71 on ! "o h&1 & ) ! writ+ ( ! ,*ronicl] 7?ird c5tury ,b4,c471 on ! o!r1 to see t ,p is ne>] to ! latt] ?an to ! =m]4 ,! age ( ! laws n[ set 9 ! framework ( ! ,orig9s is a di/9ct "q1 or r1 z w be und]/ood f :at has be5 said above1 x is a sep>ate "q = e law1 & (t5 = successive p>agraphs ( ! same law4 ,& beh9d ! "q ( ! age ( ! law 9 its pres5t =mulation is frequ5tly ! remot] problem ( ! age ( ! in/itution or cu/om4 ,v>i\s crit]ia are available 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,k+doms1 9 ! prophets1 9 o!r collections ( laws1 & 9 ,ezekiel's programme = ! ,new ,j]usalem 7,ezek4 #dj ff474 ,x mu/ be en\gh "h to say t ! old] laws 9 ,p g back1 sub/antially 9 _! pres5t %ape1 to ! days ( ! k+dom1 & 9 _m cases repres5t a prescriptive usage :i* is ( remote antiquity2 :ile ! late/ additions to ,p 7 made at a "t s rec5t t !y _h n f\nd entry into ! copies f :i* ! e>lie/ ,greek v]sion 0 made 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,j & ,e are bo? old] ?an ,deut]onomy4 ,9 ,g5esis1 z has already be5 not$1 !y recite ! f\ndation leg5ds ( ,%e*em1 ,be!l1 ,hebron1 ,be]%eba1 & o!r ( ! holy places ( ,canaan1 tell+ h[ ! patri>*s built ! alt>s1 set up ! sacr$ /ones1 plant$ ! sacr$ trees1 dug ! holy wells1 & (f]$ sacrifice to _! own ,god at ^! spots1 by ?is orig9 legitimat+ z ,israelite sanctu>ies :at 71 at ! "t ( ! conque/ & long aft]1 ,canaanite high places4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,jo%ua1 ,gilgal & ,%iloh are ,israelite f\ndations4 ,^! 7 all1 9 ! "t ( ! k+doms1 holy places ( great repute1 frequ5t$ by pilgrims f di/ant qu>t]s2 b !re 7 o!rs1 ( less anci5t pret5sions1 :i* atta9$ equal celebrity4 ,dan1 = in/ance1 :i* came into ! h&s ( ! ,israelites 9 ! "t ( ! ,judges1 claim$ a prie/hood desc5d$ f ,moses1 & became prov]bial = ! t5acity ) :i* ! good old traditions ( ,israel 7 pres]v$ !re4 ,! n>ratives 9 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ,k+s %[ t e t[n & village _h its own holy place1 ) an alt> & a sacr$ /one1 & sometimes a hall = fea/s 7e4g4 #a ,sam4 ix4 #bb71 & t tempor>y alt>s 7 built :5ev] & :]ev] !re 0 reason4 ,?is practice is presum$ 9 an anci5t fragm5t ( a law1 ,exod4 xx4 #bd-bf1 :i* prescribes t all (f]+s mu/ be made at an alt>1 :i* may be a m\nd ( e>? or a heap ( field-/ones 7n hewn /one71 & promises t at e place :]e ,god has giv5 signs ( 8 pres5ce he w come to ! sacrifice & bless ! (f]]4 ,?is rule1 :i* probably orig9ally /ood 9 ! context ( ,j1 expressly sanctions ! local alt>s & sacrifices :i* are s abhorr5t to ! deut]onomic re=m]s ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /rong int]e/ 9 ! orig9s ( ! holy places ( ,canaan indicates t :5 ,j & ,e 7 writt5 ^! high places 7 ,israelite sanctu>ies1 :i* _h z su* _! sacr$ leg5ds2 inde$1 a consid]able "p ( ! patri>*al /ories is ultimately d]iv$ f ^! leg5ds ( local sanctu>ies1 :i* =m a cycle1 h>moniz$ & connect$ by a migration motive4 ,t bo? ,j & ,e 7 writt5 long aft] ! settlem5t ( ! ,israelites 9 ,pale/9e is prov$ ev5 m conclusively by ! fact t ! obligatory religi\s obs]vances are ^? ( an agricultural p4 ,?us 9 ,exod4 #cd1 9 :at 0 probably accord+ to ,j ! organic law ( ! religion ( ,jehovah1 & is indisputably ! olde/ collection ( religi\s laws 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ?ree fe/ivals are orda9$1 at :i* e male is b\nd to see ! face ( ,jehovah1 t is1 to appe> at ! high place ) 8 (f]+--he is w>n$ n to try to see ,jehovah )\t some?+ 9 8 h&s--namely1 ! ,fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread1 ! ,fea/ ( ,weeks1#b & ! ,fea/ ( ,+a!r+ 9 ! end ( ! ye>4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 z we "k1 came at ! beg9n+ ( ! b>ley h>ve/1 at ! second ! fir/fruits ( ! :eat h>ve/ 7 pres5t$1 ! ?ird celebrat$ ! close ( ! v9tage & ! olive-press+4 ,! fir/l+s ( ! flock & h]d1 if we may inf] f ! ord] ( ! prescriptions1 7 to be (f]$ at ! fea/ ( ,unleav5$ ,bread 9 ! ,spr+4 ,! sabba? is to be kept z a day ( ab/5tion f agricultural lab\r1 ev5 9 pl\gh+-"t & h>ve/ ?\ %alt re/4 ,! occupations ( a nomad g on "o day l ano!r2 ! c>e ( ! flocks _c be susp5d$ = sabba?-keep+4 #b ,! old] "n1 ,h>ve/ ,fea/1 is pres]v$ 9 ! p>allel1 ,exod4 xxiii4 #af4 ,x is difficult to recon/ruct ! n>ratives ( ! exodus & ! w&]+s 9 ! des]t 9 ,j & ,e z !y orig9ally 74 ,ext5sive transpositions seem to h be5 made at "s /age 9 ! transmission1 by :i* p>allel relations ( ! same occurr5ce are sep>at$ & appe> z di/9ct ev5ts4 ,!re 7 evid5tly consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! traditional acc\nts :i* ! e>lie/ au?ors f\nd curr5t4 ,! holy m\nta9 is 9 ,e nam$ ,horeb1 9 ,j 7probably7 z 9 ,p1 ,s9ai2 ,moses' fa!r-9-law 9 ! "o is ,je?ro1 9 ! o!r ,hobab4 ,9 ,j !re are "s traces ( a tradition1 p]haps ! olde/ ( all1 9 :i* !re 0 no m5tion ( ,s9ai2 ! ,israelites made _! way /raight f ! ,r$ ,sea to ,kade%4 ,a comp>ison ( ,j & ,e ) ! hi/ory ( ! times ( ,saul & ,david 9 ,samuel1 & ) ! /ories ( ,elijah & ,eli%a 9 ,k+s1 w\ld lead u to ascribe !m bo? to ! classic age ( ,hebrew prose ( :i* ^? n>ratives are specim5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,j & ! old] /ratum ( ,e !re is no influ5ce ( ! prophetic movem5t ( ! eigh? c5tury :i* left s deep a m>k on religion & lit]ature4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,j may be probably ascrib$ to ! n9? c5tury1 & ,e1 :i* is some:at y\ng]1 to ! fir/ half ( ! eigh?4 ,bo? us$ old] s\rces1 & bo? 7 revis$ & enl>g$ by lat] h&s2 we h _h m ?an "o occasion to ref] to an edition ( ,e :i* reflects ! tea*+ ( ! prophets1 p>ticul>ly ( ,hosea4 ,^! two hi/ories--! "o1 z we h se51 ,judan1 ! o!r ,israelite--ran s ne>ly p>allel & conta9$ s mu* matt] 9 common t an attempt to comb9e !m 9 "o cont9u\s n>rative 0 natural4 ,! task 0 accompli%$ ) consid]able skill1 by a ,judan hi/orian 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 :o probably introduc$ v>iants or supplem5t>y matt] f o!r s\rces4 ,! au?or's own h& is mo/ c]ta9ly recogniz$ 9 ! multipli$ & emphasiz$ w>n+s aga9/ all sorts ( hea!nism & 9 a f9e tone ( religi\s reflection on ! hi/ory & its lessons1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( ! prophets is pla9ly visible1 b ! peculi> !ories ( ! sev5? c5tury hi/orians d n appe>4 ,:e!r ?is hi/ory 7,,je7 ext5d$ beyond ! ,book ( ,jo%ua1 & if s :]e x end$1 are que/ions :i* mu/ be res]v$ = lat] consid]ation4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion t ! next /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! ,hexateu* 7,g5esis-,jo%ua7 0 ! inclusion 9 a new edition ( ,,je ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy 9 ! =m & dim5sions :i* x _h atta9$ 9 ! g5]ation aft] ! fall ( ,judah2 &1 p]haps 9 connection ) ?is1 ! hi/ory ( ! conque/ 9 ,jo%ua z n>rat$ 9 ,,je 0 reca/ & mu* enl>g$ by an au?or :o 0 full ( ! ideas & phrases ( ,deut]onomy4 ,at a consid]ably lat] "t1 p]haps 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 or ev5 9 ! f\r?1 ! ,orig9s ( ! ,religi\s ,in/itutions1 a product ( ! ,p]sian p]iod1 ) ! mass ( laws t _h be5 incorporat$ 9 x 7see above p4 #eg71 0 unit$ ) ,,j$1 ?us br++ toge!r into "o volume all t 0 pres]v$ ab\t ! hi/ory d[n to ! conque/ ( ,canaan & all ! v>i\s in/itutions & collections ( laws :i* 7 attribut$ to ,moses4 ,! au?or ( ?is compreh5sive "w1 z 0 mo/ natural1 took ,p1 ) its %>ply m>k$ divisions & out/&+ epo*s1 z 8 basis1 & introduc$ 9 ea* p]iod ! p>ts ( ,,je :i* seem$ to him to belong !re4 ,:]e ,p _h a p>allel n>rative1 z 9 ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 he wove ! /r&s toge!r ) m or less +5uity1 omitt+1 9 ord9>y cases1 only ! mo/ palpable d\blets4 ,x is possible t ! same au?or fir/ incorporat$ 9 ,p a l>ge "p ( ! s-call$ prie/ly laws2 x is m c]ta9 t1 besides ! h>moni/ic *anges necess>y 9 comb9+ 8 s\rces1 he made num]\s additions2 b !re is usually no way ( di/+ui%+ 8 h& f t ( e>li] or ( /ill lat] editors4 ,?is hypo!sis1 :i*1 = all its seem+ complexity1 is d\btless a great simplification ( ! actual lit]>y hi/ory1 is accept$ by ! majority ( ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s--) _m v>iations 9 p>ticul>s1 x ne$ h>dly be said4 ,x is comm5d$ to ! hi/orian1 n m]ely by ! fact t x expla9s ! confusion & contradiction :i* reign 9 ! ,p5tateu* & (f]s a solution ( its lit]>y problems1 b t1 :5 ! s\rces are di/+ui%$ & recon/ruct$ & _! age & relations det]m9$1 !y become hi/orical s\rces ( great value = ! times 9 :i* !y 7 respectively writt51 confirm+1 supplem5t+1 or int]pret+ ! evid5ce ( ! hi/orical books & ! prophets1 & contribut+ important mat]ial ( v>i\s k9ds to our k ( civilization 9 anci5t ,israel & ( its religi\s developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,jo%ua ,9 all ! s\rces ( ! ,p5tateu* ! possession ( ,canaan is ! goal t[>d :i* ! :ole hi/ory moves1 f ! call ( ,abraham to ! la/ exhortations ( ,moses 9 ! pla9s ( ,moab1 & !y mu/ all h n>rat$1 h[ev] briefly1 ! occupation ( ! c\ntry4 ,! hi/ory ( ! conque/ & division ( ,canaan is ! subject ( ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,! au?or has evid5tly d]iv$ 8 mat]ial f div]se s\rces1 & x is reasonable to expect to f9d among !m ! cont9uation ( ! *ief s\rces ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,?is expectation is v]ifi$2 x is n difficult to recognize 9 "s places ! sequel ( ! prec$+ n>ratives1 & o!r passages :i* on int]nal gr\nds may confid5tly be ascrib$ to "o or ! o!r ( !m4 ,b ! attempt to analyze ! book discov]s at once ! fact t ! problem is diff]5t f t 9 ,g5esis to ,numb]s4 ,! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu* _h two *ief n>rative s\rces1 a hi/ory compil$ probably 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury & 9 any case pre-,deut]onomic1 :i* f its two pr9cipal /r&s is commonly designat$ by ! symbol ,,je1 & ! hi/ory ( ! religi\s in/itutions 7,p71 probably ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! au?or ( ,jo%ua _h = 8 s\rces1 besides ! cont9uation ( ,p1 a hi/ory ( ! conque/ by a writ] belong+ to :at is n inaptly call$ ! deut]onomi/ s*ool ( hi/orians1 ^: ?\ght & /yle are m\ld$ by ^? ( ,deut]onomy4 ,9 cc4 #a-ab ! au?or ( ,jo%ua foll[s ?is s\rce almo/ exclusively1 only "h & !re introduc+ a passage f ! po/-exilic n>rative 7e4g4 ,jos4 v4 #aj-ab72 9 cc4 #ac-bd1 on ! o!r h&1 ! allotm5t ( ! tribal t]ritories & ! assignm5t ( cities 9 ^! t]ritories to ! levites & ! prie/s1 are *iefly f ! lat] "w4 ,inasmu* z ! /yle ( ! deut]onomi/ & ( ! prie/ly writ]s is *>act]i/ically diff]5t1 ! r\gh analysis is "h comp>atively easy1 nor is x ord9>ily difficult to recognize ! brief passages :i* are incorporat$ f ! old] s\rces2 b1 z 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! discrim9ation ( ! orig9al cont5ts ( ! prie/ly s\rce f subsequ5t expansions & f ! h& ( ! au?or ( ,jo%ua himself is frequ5tly v unc]ta94 ,"h also additions 7 made by editors at a /ill lat] "t1 "s ( :i* are n f\nd 9 ! ,greek v]sion4 ,a diff]5t & mu* m difficult problem is pres5t$ by ,jos4 #a-ab1 ! problem1 namely1 ( ! s\rces ( ! deut]onomi/ hi/ory4 ,! duplication ( ! n>rative is v pla9 9 ! /ory ( ,j]i*o 7,jos4 #f74 ,"o acc\nt told h[ ! ,israelites m>*$ ar\nd ! city once ea* day = sev5 days 9 om9\s sil5ce2 on ! sev5? day1 at ,jo%ua's comm&1 !y broke out 9 ! w>-cry1 & ru%+ ^u ! city f e side1 took x by /orm1 & put e liv+ ?+ 9 x to ! sword1 sp>+ only ,rahab ! h>lot & h] h\sehold4 ,9 ! p>allel n>rative a religi\s procession1 ! prie/s be>+ ! ark 9 ! mid/1 compass$ ! city sev5 times2 on ! la/ circuit ! prie/s blew a fanf>e on _! ram's horns1 at :i* ! walls fell flat to ! gr\nd1 & ! ,israelites1 aft] br++ ,rahab to a place ( safety1 burnt ! city ) fire4 ,editors or scribes :o 7 p>ticul>ly edifi$ by ! horn-bl[+ />t x prematurely 9 vs4 #h f41 #ac1 & h tri$ to improve on ! /ory 9 o!r places4 ,! second v]sion %[s ! same incl9ation to glorify ! div9e int]v5tions by giv+ !m a magical =m :i* has be5 rem>k$ 9 ,e's acc\nt ( ! deliv]ance at ! ,r$ ,sea1 :ile ! simpl] /ory ( ! unexpect$ assault--to :i* !re is a close p>allel 9 a ,roman h&-book ( milit>y /ratagems--resembles 9 its naturalness ,j's acc\nt ( ! cross+ ( ! sea4 ,bo? s\rces tell ( ! rescue ( ,rahab1 & ?us presuppose "s su* /ory z we f9d 9 ,jos4 #b1 :]e1 aga91 duplication is evid5t4 ,! int]dict on ! spoils ( ,j]i*o 7vi4 #ag1 ,j71 is ! antec$5t to ! /ory ( ,a*an1 ^: appropriation ( a "p ( ! spoil is ! cause ( ! repulse at ,ai 7c4 #g71 & ?us ! clues c be foll[$ backw>d & =w>d4 ,! *ief s\rce 9 c4 #h 7! tak+ ( ,ai7 & c4 #i 7ruse ( ! ,gibeonites7 also is ,j1 ) :i* ! p>allel acc\nt ( ,e is comb9$2 additions by lat] h&s are recognizable1 ! mo/ rem>kable be+ viii4 #cj-ce 7cf4 ,deut4 xxvii4 #a-h1 #ab74 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! two campaigns by :i* ! alli$ k+s ( ! s\? & ( ! nor? respectively 7 annihilat$ 7,jos4 #aj & #aa7 bo? s\rces appe>4 ,a consid]able "p ( ^! *apt]s1 h[ev]1 is ! "w ( ! deut]onomi/ au?or1 especially ! summ>y ( ! conque/s1 cc4 x4 #bh-dc2 xi4 #aj-bc4 ,*apt] #ab1 :i* = complet5ess goes ov] ! conque/s ea/ ( ! ,jordan also1 is dep5d5t on ,deut4 #c2 ,jos4 xiii4 #b-f 7! t]ritories rema9+ to be conqu]$7 is ( ! same sort & probably by ! same h&4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t bo? ,j & ,e relat$ ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan1 ! tak+ ( ,j]i*o & ! op]ations aga9/ ,ai1 &1 fur!r1 ! w>s ) ! conf$]ate k+s4 ,9 ^! n>ratives ,israel1 f its /&+ camp at ,gilgal1 invades ! c\ntry z "o great army "u ! comm& ( ,jo%ua2 ! deut]onomi/ au?or repres5ts !m z ext]m9at+ ! native population root & bran*1 !y left n a s\l alive4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 scatt]$ "h & !re ?r\gh ! text1 fragm5ts ( a v diff]5t /ory 7xiii4 #ac2 xv4 #ac-ai1 #fc2 xvii4 #aa-ac1 #ad-ah2 xix4 #dg71 mo/ ( :i* are also f\nd cont9u\sly 9 ,judg4 #a4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 ! ,israelite tribes invad$ ! c\ntry sep>ately or 9 small gr\ps2 _! success v>i$ 9 diff]5t regions1 b ev]y:]e ! wall$ cities rema9$ 9 ! possession ( _! old inhabitants2 9 "s qu>t]s ! ,israelites became subject to ! ,canaanites1 9 o!rs !y 9 "t r$uc$ !m to subjection4 ,?is acc\nt may n embody a hi/orical tradition--x c\ld p]fectly well h aris5 by inf]5ce f ! actual situation at ! beg9n+ ( ! k+dom--b x is at lea/ 9 a broad s5se hi/orical4 ,! case illu/rates 9 an in/ructive way ! fact t ! olde/ lit]>y s\rces ( ! hi/ory :i* we c recov] _h !mselves div]se & sometimes contradictory s\rces 9 tradition4 ,9 ! ,p5tateu* x is well e/abli%$ t ,j & ,e _h be5 comb9$ by a hi/orian ( ! prophetic p]iod 7,,je71 ?\gh !re is evid5ce t ! sep>ate works cont9u$ to circulate4 ,9 ,jo%ua1 also1 x is probable t ! deut]onomi/ hi/orian us$ ! composite ,,je1 & t ! h>moniz+ ( ^! s\rces & "s ( ! religi\s improvem5t :i* runs along ) x is ! "w ( 8 pr$ecessor :o comb9$ ! two s\rces4 ,x seems t ,p also _h ,e indep5d5tly1 & x is c]ta9 t lat] editors ( ! deut]onomi/ s*ool add$ _! contributions4 ,! allotm5t ( ! tribal t]ritories1 ! designation ( asylum cities1 & ! sett+ ap>t ( cities = ! levites & prie/s1 comes *iefly1 z 0 said above1 f a prie/ly s\rce4 ,h[ mu* ( x 0 9 ! old] hi/ory ( ,p 7,book ( ,orig9s7 is d\btful4 ,"o1 at lea/1 ( ! e>li] n>ratives told ( ! division ( ! l& by lot1 & ,p1 :o foll[$ ?is repres5tation1 may h connect$ ) x "s sort ( domesday book2 b x 0 probably n s detail$ z t :i* we n[ read4 ,! assignm5t ( =ty-eight cities to ! prie/s & levites1 includ+ ! mo/ important places 9 ! c\ntry1 is an extravagance ev5 = ! sac]dotal imag9ation1 comp>able to ,ezekiel's p>tition ( ! l& 9 p>allel /rips4 ,x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ,num4 xxxv4 #a-h1 9 a late supplem5t to ! prie/ly laws1 & directly contradicts ! old] pr9ciple 7,num4 xviii4 #ba-bd7 t nei!r prie/s nor levites %all h any l&$ prop]ty4 ,?us 9 ,jo%ua1 z 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! prie/ly elem5t is nei!r ( "o sort nor ( "o age3 & aga9 ! evid5ce ( ! ,greek v]sion %[s t additions & *anges cont9u$ to be made 9 ! text till ! neighb\rhood ( #bjj ,b4,c4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! au?or ( our ,book ( ,jo%ua 0 ! same z ! au?or ( ! pres5t ,p5tateu*2 v>i\s indications po9t r to ! contr>y4 ,nor c ! au?or ( ! deut]onomi/ hi/ory ( ! conque/ be c]ta9ly id5tifi$ ) any "o ( ! h&s engag$ 9 ! compilation & enl>gem5t ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy2 all t c be affirm$ is t he 0 ( ! same _s1 & t lit]>y dep5d5ce ^u ,deut]onomy1 & sometimes on y\ng] p>ts ( x1 is visible 9 _m places 9 ,jo%ua4 ,! ,book ( ,jo%ua closes ) a f>ewell address by ,jo%ua to ! tribes ( ,israel assembl$ at ,%e*em1 9 :i*1 aft] a brief rsum ( ,god's deal+ ) _! fa!rs f ! call+ ( ,abraham1 ! exodus1 & _! own m rec5t exp]i5ces d[n to ! pres5t1 he exhorts !m to put away ! gods :i* _! fa!rs s]v$ beyond ! riv] 79 ,mesopotamia71 & wor%ip ,jehovah alone4 ,!reupon ! p solemnly pl$ge !mselves to s]ve him only & he>k5 to 8 words 7,jos4 #bd74 ,!re is no "q t ?is disc\rse is d]iv$ f ,e2 a c\nt]p>t to x f ! h& ( ! au?or ( ! deut]onomi/ ,jo%ua /&s 9 c4 #bc1 & corresponds to ! address ( ,moses 9 ,deut4 xxxi4 #a-h4 ,! sequel ( ,jos4 xxiv4 #bh is f\nd 9 ,judg4 ii4 #f-i4 ,! re/oration at a late "t1 ( ! old fragm5t ,judg4 i4 #a-cf1 & ! division ( ! books at ?is po9t1 l$ to ! repetition ( ! v]ses 9 ,jos4 xxiv4 #bi ff4 ,! importance ( ?is fact is ! pro( x gives t ,e n>rat$ ! hi/ory ( ! g5]ations foll[+ ! dea? ( ,jo%ua z an apo/asy f ! religion ( ,jehovah su* z ! dy+ lead] _h w>n$ ! p aga9/ 7,jos4 xxiv4 #ai71 & ?us det]m9$ ! treatm5t ( ! :ole p]iod :i* we n[ f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,judges4 ,! la/ injunctions ( ,jo%ua 9 ! deut]onomi/ hi/ory 7,jos4 xxiii4 #ad-af7 exhibit ! same conception ( ! subsequ5t hi/ory2 9 ,judg4 ii4 #aa-;iii4 #f1 bo? ,e & ! deut]onomi/ au?or are repres5t$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,judges ,! ,book ( ,judges falls into ?ree p>ts1 namely1 7#a7 ,judg4 i4 #a-;ii4 #e1 :i* intrudes1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 betwe5 ! close ( ,jo%ua & its imm$iate sequel 9 ,judges ii4 #f ff42 7#b7 ,judg4 ii4 #f-xvi4 #ca1 /ories ( a succession ( *ampions & deliv]]s ( ,israel 9 ! c5turies prec$+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom2 7#c7 ,judg4 #ag-ah2 #ai-ba1 two additional /ories laid 9 ! "t ( ! ,judges4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian ,bibles ! /ory ( ,ru?1 :i* also is said to h occurr$ 9 ! days ( ! ,judges1 foll[s4 ,! introduction1 ,judg4 ii4 #f-;iii4 #f1 gives a summ>y ( ! :ole p]iod3 z soon z ,jo%ua & 8 g5]ation _h pass$ away1 ! ,israelites fell away f ! religion ( ,jehovah1 & wor%ipp$ ! gods ( ,canaan2 indignant at ?is defection1 he all[$ !m to be ov]run & subdu$ by _! enemies2 :5 9 _! di/ress !y turn$ to _! own ,god = help1 he rais$ !m up *ampions :o deliv]$ !m2 b _! am5dm5t 0 brief1 !y pres5tly relaps$ into hea!nism2 & s x w5t on f bad to worse4 ,9 correspond5ce ) ?is g5]al s*eme ea* epo* 9 ! hi/ory is op5$ 9 "s su* way z ?is3 ,! ,israelites aga9 did :at 0 evil 9 ! sight ( ,jehovah2 he deliv]$ !m into ! p[] ( su* & su* a tyrant or nation2 :5 !y cri$ unto him1 he rais$ up s & s z a deliv]]4 ,!reupon foll[s ! /ory ( ! deliv]ance 7see iii4 #g-aa2 iii4 #ab-ae2 iv4 #a ff474 ,sometimes1 z 9 vi4 #a-aj1 x4 #f-ah1 ^! preambles are exp&$1 b ! purport rema9s ! same4 ,ano!r feature ( ! book is ! sy/ematic *ronology 9 :i* ! frequ5cy ( ! numb]s tw5ty1 =ty1 & eighty 7=ty ye>s be+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t equival5t to a g5]ation7 at once /rikes ! att5tion2 see iii4 #aa1 #cj2 iv4 #c2 v4 #ca2 viii4 #bh2 xiii4 #a2 xv4 #bj 7xvi4 #ca74 ,9 sev]al o!r in/ances ! figures v>y a little on ei!r side ( tw5ty 7eighte51 tw5ty-two1 etc474 ,! duration ( ! oppression is giv5 9 ! introduction ( ! /ory2 ! p]iod ( peace & prosp]ity :i* succe$$ ! deliv]ance1 at ! end2 see1 e4g41 iv4 #c2 v4 #ca4 ,9 ! same way ! life ( ,moses is divid$ into ?ree p>ts ( =ty ye>s ea*2 ,eli judg$ ,israel =ty ye>s2 ,david & ,solomon ea* reign$ =ty ye>s4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is *ronology is artificial1 & t ! key to x is f\nd 9 #a ,k+s vi4 #a1 :i* reckons f\r hundr$ & eighty ye>s 7i4e4 twelve g5]ations7 f ! exodus to ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple2 b ! actual figures 9 ,judges & ,samuel d n foot up to ?is sum1 & !re are "s gaps 9 ! s]ies1 namely1 ! ye>s ( ,jo%ua aft] ! conque/1 ! rule ( ,samuel1 & t ( ,saul4 ,! symmetry ( ! s*eme has be5 brok5 by intrusions or accid5tal omissions 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ! book4 ,! au?or ( ! "p ( ! ,book ( ,judges we are n[ consid]+ 7ii4 #f-xvi4 #ca7 sees 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! c5turies a s]ies ( oppressions by ! native k+s or by neighb\r+ peoples :i* ! ,israelites br\ght ^u !mselves by neglect+ _! own ,god & wor%ipp+ ! deities ( ! ,canaanites1 ! ,baals & ,a/>tes4 ,?is is mak+ hi/ory illu/rate & en=ce ! prophetic tea*+ ( ,hosea 9 ! eigh? c5tury & ,j]emiah 9 ! sev5?4 ,ab\t ! oppressions ! au?or ( ,judges _h cle>ly no in=mation indep5d5t ( :at he extract$ f ! /ories ( ! deliv]ances 9 8 s\rces4 ,9 accordance ) 8 !ory ( national s9 & national disa/] he conv]t$ :at are 9 ! /ories !mselves local conflicts1 involv+ p>ticul> tribes or regions1 into oppressions & deliv]ances ( all ,israel2 :]e ! /ory tells ( raids by ! ,midianites1 = example1 ! introduction gives !m ! ,amalekites & ! ,ea/]n ,b$\9s = allies1 & ext5ds ! deva/ation ^! wr\ght across ! :ole c\ntry to ! neighb\rhood ( ,gaza4 ,! exagg]ation ( ! evils & ! emphasiz+ ( ! moral1 z 9 o!r cases1 invit$ lat] editors to amplifications 9 ! same _s4 ,( ! h]oes :o deliv]$ ,israel f its oppressors ! au?or made a succession ( dictators 7judges71 :o diff]$ f ! k+s aft] !m *iefly 9 t _! (fice 0 n h]$it>y1 & to mo/ ( !m he gives 9 8 *ronology a long reign4 ,! sett+ ( ! hi/ory is ?us unmi/akably a product ( ! s-call$ deut]onomi/ s*ool ( ! six? c5tury :i* we h already recogniz$ 9 ,jo%ua1 & %all le>n m ( 9 ,k+s4 ,! /ories !mselves h1 h[ev]1 n be5 reca/ or ext5sively ret\*$ by deut]onomi/ h&s2 only at ! beg9n+ & ! end1 :]e !y _h to be fitt$ into ! frame1 are su* ret\*es common4 ,! au?or's s\rce 0 a collection ( /ories ( /ruggles 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! l&1 bo? ea/ & we/ ( ! ,jordan1 ) ! old] settl$ populations or ) invad]s1 & ! exploits ( ! lead]s & *ampions ( ! ,israelite tribes 9 ^! /ruggles4 ,x includ$ ,ehud's assass9ation ( ! k+ ( ,moab1 ! defeat ( ,sis]a & ! ,canaanite k+s ( ! great ,pla9 by ,b>ak & ,deborah1 ! r\t & pursuit ( ! ,midianite invad]s by ,gideon1 & ,jeph?ah's victory ov] ! ,ammonites 9 ,gilead4 ,! hi/ory ( ,abimele*'s k+dom ( ,%e*em--sequel to ! /ory ( ,gideon--:i* is n accompani$ by ! au?or's moraliz+ comm5ts1 & ! /ories ( ,samson1 :i* h no m ?an a *ronological introduction & close1 evid5tly belong to ! same cycle ( h]oic leg5ds2 z d also ! /ories ( ,micah's idol & ! migration ( ! ,danites 7cc4 #ag-ah71 & ! old] =m ( ! /ory ( ! levite & 8 concub9e & ! sangu9>y v5geance on ,b5jam9 9 cc4 #ai-ba4 ,! two la/-nam$ /ories 7 n compris$ 9 ! deut]onomi/ ,judges1 ^: doctr9e !y c\ld n well be made to exemplify4 ,on ! o!r h& we %all see t ?is "w includ$ ,eli & ,samuel among ! judges1 & came to its natural conclusion ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom1 z x began ) ! dea? ( ,jo%ua4 ,9 sev]al ( ! /ories we recognize n m]ely su* additions & improvem5ts z are commonly made to popul> tales 9 ! retell+1 b evid5ces ( ! comb9ation ( two v]sions ( ! same exploit or acc\nts ( o!r do+s ( ! same h]o4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly pla9 9 ! /ory ( ,gideon1 :]e 9 ,judg4 vii4 #bd f4 7vs4 #bc is a h>moni/ic note71 viii4 #a-c1 ! bus9ess ( ! *iefs ( ,midian is effectually f9i%$1 :ile 9 viii4 #d ff4 x is all /ill to be done4 ,! ph5om5on is entirely simil> to ^? :i* we h _h repeat$ occasion to obs]ve 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,jo%ua & is to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,! two v]sions ( ! /ory _h be5 unit$ be=e ! "t ( ! au?or ( ! deut]onomi/ ,judges1 = 9 ! jo9ts ( ! n>rative no trace ( 8 peculi> motives or /yle occur4 ,! /ories rec\nt ! exploits ( local or tribal h]oes1 & d\btless repres5t ! traditions ( ! regions or tribes conc]n$2 ) ! union ( ! tribes "u ! k+dom1 h[ev]1 ^! traditions became ! common prop]ty ( ! nation1 & m ?an "o writ] made collections ( !m4 ,z 9 ! patri>*al leg5ds1 two /r&s may be di/+ui%$1 :i* h su* aff9ities ) ! ,judan & ! ,israelite hi/ories 9 ! ,hexateu* respectively t !y are naturally reg>d$ z ! cont9uations ( ,j & ,e4 ,to ,j may be probably attribut$ ! /ory ( ,ehud 7disreg>d+ ! introduction & conclusion71 say ,judg4 iii4 #af-bh2 9 ! /ory ( ,gideon1 viii4 #d-fj 7) small exceptions71 & a "p ( cc4 #f-g2 "p ( ! hi/ory ( ,abimele*2 & ! adv5tures ( ,samson4 ,a good specim5 ( ! o!r n>rator is ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory ( ,abimele*1 ) ! fable ( ,jo?am1 ,judg4 ix4 #a-be4 ,"h1 aga91 additions h be5 made at v>i\s /ages ( ! transmission3 to ! s\rces indep5d5tly1 by ! au?or :o fir/ comb9$ !m1 by ! deut]onomi/ au?or1 & 9 "s places by editors at a mu* lat] "t4 ,^! h&s _c always be c]ta9ly discrim9at$1 b ! ma9 outl9es ( ! lit]>y hi/ory are cle> en\gh4 ,a peculi> problem is pres5t$ by ! s-call$ ,m9or ,judges1 ( :om no?+ is told b ! l5g? ( _! rule & ! sultanly size ( _! families 7,judg4 x4 #a-e2 xii4 #h-ae74 ,!y seem to be br\ght 9 only = ! sake ( ! *ronology1 ! difficulties ( :i* !y d n dim9i%4 ,except ! curt notices t1 ! ,israelites hav+ aga9 (f5d$ _! ,god1 he gave !m into ! p[] ( ! ,phili/9es = =ty ye>s1 & t ,samson judg$ ,israel = tw5ty ye>s1 x has already be5 rem>k$ t ! /ories ( ,samson h no su* introduction & conclusion z ^? :i* prec$e4 ,! /atem5t ab\t ! duration ( ,samson's judge%ip occurs bo? at ! end ( ,judg4 #ae1 & at ! end ( c4 #af1 & x has be5 inf]r$ f ?is t :oev] put ?is =mal close 9 xv4 #bj left out ! adv5ture ) ,delilah & ,samson's tragic end 7c4 #af74 ,! /ories ( ,micah & ! migration ( ! ,danites 7,judg4 #ag-ah7 & ( ! levite & 8 concub9e & ! decimation ( ,b5jam9 7cc4 #ai-ba7 7 n includ$ 9 ! deut]onomi/ book2 b !re is no reason to d\bt t !y are ( ! same age z ! o!r /ories 9 ,judges1 nor t !y 7 f\nd 9 "o or m ( ! lit]>y collections ( ^! /ories4 ,9 cc4 #ag-ah ! "* ( ! n>rative 9 ! ma9 sugge/s ! same s\rce ) ! /ories ( ,samson 7,j71 b !re are "s duplications & inconsi/5cies :i* may be reg>d$ z fragm5ts ( a closely p>allel acc\nt ( n greatly inf]ior age4 ,9 cc4 #ai-ba1 aga91 ! orig9al /ory seems to be f ,j 7) p]haps traces ( ano!r v]sion 9 c4 #ai71 b 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! v5geance tak5 by all ,israel on ! ,b5jamites1 ! old] n>rative has be5 unit$ ) a second1 :i* 9 its po9t ( view1 its language1 & its unimag9able exagg]ations1 is evid5tly ak9 to p>ts ( ! ,books ( ,*ronicles1 or to ! y\nge/ additions to ! ,p5tateu* su* z ! v5geance on ! ,midianites 7,num4 #ca71 & d\btless belongs to ! mo/ rec5t /ratum ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,judges i4 #a-;ii4 #e1 z has be5 po9t$ out above1 is =eign to ! connection 9 :i* x /&s1 & c only h be5 introduc$ !re by a late compil] or editor4 ,x is a remnant ( ! mo/ hi/orical1 & presumably ! olde/1 acc\nt ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! tribes 9 we/]n ,pale/9e4 ,t1 9 complet] =m1 x _h orig9ally a place 9 ! ,judan hi/ory 7,j7 is unque/ion$1 & 9 t "w x may h be5 closely foll[$ by /ories ( exploits su* z ^? ( ,ehud1 ,b>ak1 ,gideon4 ,inasmu* z x contradict$ ! !ory ( ! complete conque/ & ext]m9ation ( ! ,canaanites1 x 0 left out ( ! works :i* describ$ ! conque/ 9 t way1 b scraps ( x 7 subsequ5tly introduc$ 9 ,jo%ua1 & f9ally ! :ole re/or$ 9 its pres5t position4 ,x is easily se5 t ! recurr+ apo/asies into ,canaanite hea!nism1 z well z su* /ories z ^? ( ,deborah & ,b>ak & ( ,abimele*1 assume t ! ,canaanites _h n be5 kill$ (f to ! la/ man1 b1 on ! contr>y1 7 v mu* alive2 &1 9 fact1 ! au?ors ( ,judg4 ii4 #bj-;iii4 #d feel ! necessity ( expla9+ :y ,god _h all[$ ^! hea!n to survive4 ,! hi/orical value ( ! /ories 9 ,judges is v great4 ,h[ev] l>ge ! elem5t ( leg5d>y embelli%m5t may be 9 !m1 !y give u a picture ( ! social & religi\s conditions 9 ! p]iod prec$+ ! f\nd+ ( ! k+dom :i* has an altoge!r diff]5t reality f ! n>ratives ( ! exodus & ! w&]+s4 ,! tru/wor?9ess ( ?is picture is confirm$ by "o contempor>y monum5t ( prime significance1 ! triumphal ode 9 ,judg4 #e1 commonly call$ ! ,song ( ,deborah1 celebrat+ ! victory ( ! ,israelite tribes ov] ,sis]a & 8 ho/s & ! dea? ( ! flee+ k+ by ! h& ( a ,b$\9 woman 9 ^: t5t he s\ght refuge4 ,! text 9 ! middle ( ! poem has suff]$ greatly1 b ! beg9n+ & end are bett] pres]v$ & display n only a develop$ poetic art b poetic inspiration ( ! highe/ k9d4 ,to ! hi/orian x has an ev5 great] int]e/ = ! light :i* x ?r[s on ! times3 ! indep5d5ce ( ! tribes on bo? sides ( ! ,jordan1 ! subjection ( ^? along ! ,great ,pla9 to ! ,canaanite k+s ) _! wall$ cities & _! =midable *>iotry1 ! summons to ! /ruggle 9 ! "n ( religion & ! v>y+ response1 ! victory ( ,jehovah ov] 8 foes4 ,x %\ld n be ov]look$ t ,judah is ignor$2 x 0 n c\nt$ among ! tribes ( ,israel4 ,! moraliz+ improvem5t ( ! hi/ory 9 ! ,book ( ,judges is n c>ri$ beyond ! /ory ( ,jeph?ah1 b nei!r at t po9t nor aft] ! /ories ( ,samson is !re any?+ to indicate t ! au?or is done4 ,! introduction 9 ,judg4 ii4 #aa-;iii4 #f1 a passage 9 :i* bo? ! deut]onomi/ hi/orian & a pr$ecessor 9 ! same way ( ?9k+ h _h a h&1 seems to require a correspond+ly solemn conclusion1 & ! example ( ,deut]onomy & ,jo%ua sugge/s t ?is w\ld take ! =m ( a hortatory address su* z ,moses & ,jo%ua deliv] z _! te/am5t to ! p4 ,exactly su* a disc\rse is f\nd 9 #a ,sam4 #ab1 :]e ! ag$ ,samuel1 on ! po9t ( lay+ d[n 8 (fice z judge1 rem9ds ! p's consci5ce ( ! *ief crises ( ! times ( ! judges 9 t]ms rem9isc5t ( ! introduction to ! ,book ( ,judges & to ! sev]al oppressions1 upbraids !m = _! s9 9 desir+ a k+1 & closes ) admonitions = ! future4 ,"h ,samuel appe>s z a judge1 ! la/ 9 ! succession2 z a judge he is repres5t$ also 9 #a ,sam4 #g1 :]e he deliv]s 8 p f ! ,phili/9es 9 ! great victory at ,eb5ez] ?r\gh ! efficacy ( 8 sacrifice & pray]s--a ,gideon or a ,jeph?ah w5t ab\t ! bus9ess 9 a m secul> fa%ion6 ,eli also is said to h judg$ ,israel =ty ye>s4 ,at "s /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! s\rces ( ,judges & ,samuel1 !re=e1 ,eli & ,samuel 7 enum]at$ among ! judges1 & ! close ( ! p]iod 0 m>k$ by ! address ( ,samuel :i* we n[ read 9 #a ,sam4 #ab4 ,! cont5ts & =m ( ?is address h _! p>allels 9 ! writ+s ( ! six? c5tury or ! latt] "p ( ! sev5?1 & to t "t x is d\btless to be ascrib$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,samuel ,a diff]5t division is adopt$ 9 ! pres5t books ( ,judges & ,samuel1 9 :i* ! /ories ( ,eli & ( ,samuel are n made ! close ( ! p]iod ( ! judges b ! prelude to ! hi/ory ( ! k+dom4 ,! ,greek ,bible divides ?is hi/ory into f\r books ( ! ,k+doms1 or r ( ! ,reigns ( ! ,k+s2 ! ,hebrew1 into two1 ,samuel & ,k+s2 ! mod]n translations employ ! latt] names b adopt ! subdivisions ( ! ,greek1 ?us mak+ two books ( ,samuel & two ( ,k+s4 ,fir/ ,samuel %[s h[ ! conque/ & occupation ( c5tral ,pale/9e by ! ,phili/9es l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a national k+dom "u ,saul1 a ,b5jamite2 n>rates ! rise ( 8 rival1 ! ,judan ,david1 & ! feud betwe5 !m1 d[n to ! disa/r\s battle ) ! ,phili/9es at ,mt4 ,gilboa 9 :i* ,saul & 8 gallant sons fell4 ,second ,samuel is ! hi/ory ( ,david's reign & ! trag$y ( 8 h\se1 ! conclusion ( :i*1 ! intrigue :i* rais$ ,solomon to ! ?rone & ! dea? ( ! ag$ k+1 is treat$ z ! prelude to ,solomon's reign & c>ri$ ov] into #a ,k+s2 "o rec5sion ( ! ,greek ,bible1 h[ev]1 jo9s ^! *apt]s 7#a ,k+s #a-b7 to ! prec$+ book4 ,! two ,books ( ,k+s rec\nt ! reign ( ,solomon2 ! division ( ! k+dom aft] 8 dea? into two1 on ! old l9e1 ,israel & ,judah2 ! p>allel hi/ory ( ! two k+doms to ! end ( ,israel 9 #gba ,b4,c42 & ! re/ ( ! hi/ory ( ,judah to its fall 9 #ehf4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( h[ ,saul became k+ !re are two contradictory repres5tations4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* agrees ) #a ,sam4 #ab 9 treat+ ! desire ( ! p = a k+ z ! wanton repudiation ( ,jehovah _! k+ & ( ,samuel _! div9ely appo9t$ judge1 is conta9$ 9 cc4 #h2 x4 #ag-bg2 #ab4 ,! o!r1 accord+ to :i* ,god1 see+ ! di/ress ! p 7 9 because ( ! ,phili/9es1 ( 8 own motion resolves to give !m a k+ to deliv] !m f _! oppressors1 is 9 #a ,sam4 ix4 #a-x4 #af2 #aa4 ,9 c4 #i ,samuel appe>s z a se] ) a neighb\rhood reputation ( be+ able to tell :]e p's /ray asses h gone1 n z ! prophet & judge1 ! fir/ man ( 8 "t4 ,^! /r&s c be foll[$ 9 bo? directions beyond ! *apt]s nam$3 #a ,sam4 xiii4 #a-xiv4 #ff belongs to ! second1 :i* we may call ! national v]sion ( ! matt]2 c4 #ae atta*es itself to ! o!r1 say !ocratic1 repres5tation1 ?\gh x is ( a some:at diff]5t texture4 ,on ! o!r side1 vii4 #c-ag pla9ly goes ) c4 #h2 :ile iv4 #a;b-vii4 #b are ak9 to ! national v]sion1 %[+ h[ griev\s ! situation 0 & h[ urg5t ! ne$ ( a k+4 ,*apt]s #a-c h a tw(old motive2 !y tell ( ! wond]ful *ildhood ( a great man1 & !y expla9 ! disa/]s ( ,eli's h\se4 ,! latt] has ref]5ce to cc4 #d-f2 ! =m]1 a fav\rite !me ( popul> tales1 is an appropriate introduction to ,samuel ! prophet4 ,( ! two acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( ! k+dom1 x takes no great critical disc]nm5t to see t :at we h call$ ! national v]sion is ! old] & m hi/orical2 ! o!r1 :i* condemns ! mon>*y z a k9d ( apo/asy1 takes ! /&po9t ( ,hosea4 ,! picture ( ! mon>* 9 #a ,sam4 #ab is drawn f sorry exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! old] n>rative n all is ( "o piece4 ,*apt] #i1 9 :i* ,saul is a "y man 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 does n tally ) c4 #ad1 :]e he has a gr[n-up son4 ,! au?or ( ?is n>rative made x up f traditions ( div]se orig91 "s ( !m m /rictly hi/orical1 o!rs embelli%$ ) leg5d>y traits4 ,9 its ma9 features1 h[ev]1 x gives u a tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom4 ,9 c4 #ac1 ! brea* ) ,samuel1 vs4 #g;b-#ae;a 7) x4 #h :i* prep>es = x71 are n "p ( ! orig9al n>rative2 c4 #ae gives ano!r acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?is brea*1 :i* 0 evid5tly a /&+ feature ( tradition4 ,9 ! rema9+ *apt]s ( #a ,samuel ! c5tral int]e/ is ! relations ( ,david to ,saul4 ,"h also !re are n only two ma9 lit]>y s\rces b evid5ce ( v>iant traditions und]ly+ ! olde/ n>rative1 & ( ! additions by lat] editors1 sometimes ( _! conception1 sometimes tak5 f old & good s\rces4 ,x is impossible "h to pursue ! analysis ( ! s\rces fur!r4 ,x mu/ suffice to say t ! fur!r on we g1 ! m ! old] & bett] ( ! hi/ories pr$om9ates4 ,9 #b ,samuel almo/ ! :ole is f ?is s\rce 7c4 #g is a notable exception1 9 ! _s & mann] ( ! sev5? c5tury74 ,abridgm5t & transposition h br\ght matt]s into disord] at "s po9ts2 b #b ,sam4 #i-bj is a well-pres]v$ piece ( cont9u\s n>rative1 ( :i* #a ,k+s #a-b is ! sequel4 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #a-ad & c4 #bd are f ! same s\rce1 b mu/ orig9ally h /ood at an e>li] po9t 9 ! hi/ory2 _! pres5t position is be/ expla9$ by suppos+ t !y 7 once omitt$--:i* _! cont5ts make v natural--& subsequ5tly re/or$ f a complet] copy1 n 9 _! prop] connection b 9 an app5dix4 ,*apt] xxiii4 #h-ci is a v anci5t ro/] ( ,david's valiant m51 ! companions ( 8 days z an outlaw$ freeboot] on ! ,phili/9e bord]2 xxi4 #ae-bb is ( ! same "*4 ,two poems attribut$ to ,david are also includ$ 9 ?is app5dix1 c4 #bb1 :i*1 ) _m v>iants1 is f\nd also 9 ! ,psalt] 7,ps4 #ah71 & xxiii4 #a-g4 ,! hi/ory ( ,saul & ,david gave little invitation to a moraliz+ improvem5t su* z we h f\nd 9 ,judges & %all f9d aga9 9 ,k+s4 ,:atev] faults ^? h]oes _h1 a prop5sity to ! wor%ip ( hea!n gods c\ld n be laid to !m4 ,! national upris+ aga9/ ! ,phili/9es 01 9 fact1 a revival ( religion4 ,if 9 times ( peace m5 s\ght ! bless+ ( ! gods ( ! soil 7! ,baals7 ^u _! tillage1 9 w> _! only reliance 0 on ,jehovah1 ! god ( ,israel4 ,nor 0 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah at ! village sanctu>ies 7high places7 or ^u alt>s erect$ = ! nonce1 illegitimate1 ev5 9 deut]onomic !ory1 till ,god _h tak5 up 8 sole abode 9 ,solomon's temple4 ,accord+ly !re is1 aft] #a ,sam4 #ab1 once ! close ( a hi/ory ( ! judges1 small trace ( ! motives or phrases ( ! sev5?-c5tury s*ool ( hi/orians2 & only 9 a few passages c ! h& ( po/-exilic editors be suspect$4 ,= ! re/ we h 9 our h&s a product ( ! olde/ ,hebrew hi/oriography4 ,f a lit]>y po9t ( view ! old] s\rce 9 ! hi/ory ( ,david is unsurpass$4 ,x has 9 p]fection all ! qualities t di/+ui% ! be/ ,hebrew prose su* z are conspicu\s 9 ! ,judan au?or ( ! patri>*al /ories 9 ,g5esis4 ,9 ! art ( n>rative ,h]odotus himself c\ld d no bett]4 ,its hi/orical value is also v high4 ,! acc\nt ( ,david's lat] ye>s 9 #b ,sam4 #i-bj2 #b ,k+s #a-b be>s all ! m>ks ( contempor>y orig94 ,x comes f "o :o n only knew ! l>ge political ev5ts ( ! reign1 b 0 intimately in=m$ ab\t ! life ( ! c\rt1 & ! sc&als1 crimes1 & intrigues 9 ! k+'s h\sehold :i* cl\d$ ! end ( 8 glori\s c>e]4 ,^! ?+s are n>rat$ ) an objectivity & imp>tiality :i* _c fail to impress ! read]4 ,! au?or has a high admiration = ,david1 b ?is does n lead him to gloze ov] 8 faults or ev5 8 grave s9s1 nor to disguise ! weakness ( 8 rule 9 8 own h\se :i* 0 ! cause ( s mu* unhapp9ess4 ,8 developm5t ( ?is dome/ic trag$y is1 inde$1 truly dramatic1 & ! discrim9ation ( ! *>act]s--say ( ,absalom & ,adonijah--%[s f9e insight4 ,he tells )\t comm5t h[ only ! di/ru/ ( "s ( ! ,phili/9e *iefs kept ,david1 z a vassal ( ,a*i% ( ,ga?1 f fight+ ^u ! ,phili/9e side aga9/ ,saul 9 ! fatal battle ( ,mt4 ,gilboa4 ,s1 too1 he is loyally m9d$ to ,solomon1 b he does n conceal ! /r+s ( ! h>em-intrigue by :i* ! dot+ old ,k+ ,david 0 br\ght to decl>e = 8 succession1 or to pass ov] ! om9\s beg9n+ ( ,solomon's new c\rse1 ) ! execution ( ,adonijah1 ! deposition ( ! prie/ ,abia?>1 & ! murd]1 at alt> :]e he _h s\ght asylum1 ( ,joab1 to :om m ?an any o!r ! h\se ( ,jesse ow$ ! ?rone4 ,! (ficial pretexts are duly record$1 b ! facts speak = !mselves4 ,9 #a ,k+s ii4 #e f4 ! dea? ( ,joab is enjo9$ 9 ,david's te/am5t2 op9ions diff] :e!r ^! v]ses are f ! same s\rce ) ii4 #ab ff41 or are by ! late sev5?-c5tury writ] to :om vs4 #a-d are ascrib$ by all4 ,)\t idealiz+ ,david1 we may at lea/ all[ ourselves ! conjecture t1 if 8 la/ words decid$ ! dea? ( 8 old companion 9 arms & mo/ loyal s]vant1 ,na?an or ,ba?%eba 0 at 8 dy+ e>4 ,! crisis 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelite tribes :i* ! ,phili/9e invasion creat$2 ! long /ruggle ) ^! foes1 v diff]5t f _! conflicts ) _! petty neighb\rs2 ! em]g5ce 9 ?is /ruggle ( a national consci\sness at once political & religi\s2 ! union ( ! tribes 9 a national k+dom2 ! conque/ ( indep5d5ce2 ! foll[+ w>s ( expansion & ! f\ndation ( a %ort-liv$ ,israelite empire--^! 7 a*ievem5ts to /ir ! s\l ( a p & be celebrat$ 9 song & /ory4 ,! lead]s too1 9 ^! memorable do+s 7 su* h]oes z anci5t hi/ory loves to h 9 ! middle ( its /age--,saul ) 8 *ivalric son ,jona?an2 ,david ) ,joab1 ,abn]1 & ! re/ ( 8 gallant b&4 ,! mak+ ( great hi/ory has (t5 giv5 a fir/ impulse to ! writ+ ( hi/ory1 & we may well believe t x 0 s 9 ,israel1 & t ! beg9n+ ( ,hebrew hi/orical lit]ature1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 0 made ) ,saul & ,david4 ,ar\nd su* figures ! popul> imag9ation always weaves a m or less transluc5t tissue ( leg5d1 & p>ticul>ly ab\t _! y\? be=e !y come out on ! /age ( hi/ory1 or ! mann] ( _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,! hi/orians ga!r$ up tribal tales su* z ! exploits ( ! judges 7t is1 9 ! orig9al s5se1 deliv]]s1 or def5d]s71 ! sacr$ leg5ds ( holy places1 ! traditions ( a wond]ful escape f ! ,egyptians1 a visit to ! ,m\nt ( ,god & an agreem5t to wor%ip ! god ( ! place z _! god1 ( ano!r sanctu>y 9 ! des]t at ,kade%1 conflicts ) ! ,b$\9s1 & attempts to =ce an entry into ,canaan--9 %ort1 all ! div]se mat]ial :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! old] n>ratives 9 ,exodus & ,numb]s--& comb9$ !m z be/ !y c\ld into a cont9u\s hi/ory ( ! p ( ,israel4 ,! cont9uity is1 h[ev]1 only a n>rative cont9uity2 hi/orically !re are great gaps 9 x1 or1 m exactly1 ! traditions clu/] ab\t only a few po9ts1 su* z ! exodus & ! invasion ( ,pale/9e1 & ^! are embelli%$ ) a weal? ( leg5d>y & my?ical circum/ance b5ea? :i* ! facts are effectually hidd54 ,! nature ( ?is mat]ial may be judg$ f ! fact t betwe5 ,jo%ua & ,eli !re are only ! episodes ( ! judges1 /rung on a *ronological /r+1 g5]aliz$ z exp]i5ces ( all ,israel1 & put "u a !ological judgm5t--invaluable z pictures ( civilization1 b z a hi/ory ( a c\ple ( c5turies 7! *ronology says f\r7 evid5tly insuffici5t4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! exodus are1 accord+ to ! g5ealogies1 ?ree or f\r g5]ations 7! *ronology aga9 makes x f\r hundr$ ye>s7 ( total ignorance2 beyond t lies ! patri>*al /ory1 ! realm ( pure leg5d4 ,out ( su* mat]ials ,judan au?ors 9 ! t5? & foll[+ c5turies con/ruct$ ! hi/ory ( _! p f ! remote/ antiquity1 &1 z commonly happ5s ) ! fir/ precipitation ( national traditions1 pre=m$ all subsequ5t repres5tations4 ,?is e>lie/ book ( hi/ory is commonly designat$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,jo%ua by ! symbol ,j4 ,x is disput$ :e!r ! olde/ hi/ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! k+dom 9 ,samuel %\ld be reg>d$ z a cont9uation ( ,j4 ,if x 7 meant !reby to affirm unity ( au?or%ip ( ?is /r& f ,g5esis to ,samuel1 t w\ld be say+ mu* m ?an ! facts w>rant2 b !re is ?r\gh ! :ole s notewor?y a congruity ( conception & sam5ess ( excell5ce 9 /yle t x is n inappropriate to use = x ! "o symbol ,j 9 ! s5se ( ! olde/ ,judan hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,k+s ,david took ,j]usalem1 :i* till !n _h be5 a ,jebusite /ronghold1 & made x ! capital ( 8 k+dom2 b he reign$1 aft] z be=e1 9 patri>*al fa%ion1 mak+1 s f> z appe>s1 few *anges 9 ! old in/itutions4 ,solomon reorganiz$ ! mon>*y aft] ! common patt]n ( ,ori5tal despotisms1 divid+ ! c\ntry into prov9ces = purposes ( taxation1 )\t reg>d to ! autonomy ( ! tribes & _! lib]ties4 ,he built a great palace 9 ! citadel1 &1 )9 ! same enclosure1 a temple1 :i*1 z ! royal sanctu>y1 0 also 9 a s5se national4 ,l o!r ,ea/]n rul]s1 he caus$ 8 do+s to be record$ 9 ! annals ( ! k+dom1 & d\btless ! prie/s ( ! temple kept _! own *ronicles4 ,f ?is "t1 !re=e1 s\rces ( a new k9d make _! appe>ance 9 ! hi/ory1 contempor>y records drawn f ! royal & prie/ly annals4 ,! extracts f ^! s\rces 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s1 l ^? ( ! ,assyrian k+s1 or ! ,pho5ician annals ( :i* fragm5ts 7?r\gh ,m5&]7 are pres]v$ by ,josephus1 7 brief & bald records ( do+s or happ5+s1 n biographical or hi/orical n>ratives4 ,b brief & bald z !y 7 !y furni%$ a gr\ndwork ( fact2 &1 s9ce !y set d[n at ! accession ( ea* k+ ! l5g? ( 8 pr$ecessor's reign1 !y gave also ! data = a cont9u\s *ronology4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! hi/orical lit]ature ^: brilliant beg9n+s we h se5 ceas$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! k+dom or t ! writ]s occupi$ !mselves solely ) ! remot] pa/4 ,! memorable de$s ( great m5 w n h gone uncelebrat$4 ,! n>rative1 h[ev]1 :i* is ! *ief s\rce = ! times ( ,saul & ,david1 breaks (f abruptly 9 #a ,k+s #b4 ,! ,books ( ,k+s are ( a :olly diff]5t fabric4 ,= "o ?+1 :ile ! two ,books ( ,samuel cov] little m ?an ! span ( "o long lifetime1 ,k+s1 9 ab\t ! same space1 comprises ! hi/ory ( close on to f\r c5turies4 ,b !re is a /ill great] diff]5ce1 z we %all see1 9 ! way 9 :i* hi/ory is treat$4 ,! gr& divisions ( ! ,books ( ,k+s are ^!3 #a ,k+s ii4 #ab-xi4 #dc is occupi$ ) ! reign ( ,solomon2 ! division ( ! k+dom aft] 8 dea? is n>rat$ 9 xii4 #a-bd2 ! p>allel hi/ory ( ! two k+doms ( ,israel & ,judah to ! fall ( ,sam>ia 9 #gba ,b4,c4 runs to #b ,k+s xviii4 #ab2 ! hi/ory ( ,judah f t date to its own fall 9 #ehf fills ! re/ ( ! book4 ,! age ( ! book is easily det]m9$3 x tells ( ! two sieges ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonians 7#eig & #ehf ,b4,c472 ! de/ruction ( ! temple & palace & ! raz+ ( ! city walls1 ! assass9ation ( ,g$aliah1 :om ,nebu*adnezz> _h made gov]nor ov] ! deva/at$ l&2 & ! flight ( ! ,jews f ! k+'s v5geance to ,egypt4 ,! la/ ev5t m5tion$ is ! lib]ation ( ,k+ ,jehoia*9 by ,evil-,m]oda* 7,amil-,m>duk7 9 #efa ,b4,c4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ?is deta*$ notice 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bg-cj7 0 add$ by a lat] h&2 b !re is no reason to include ! /ory ( ,g$aliah 9 ?is suspicion4 ,! book 9 its pres5t =m _c1 !re=e1 be e>li] ?an1 say1 ab\t #ehj ,b4,c4 ,9 "s places 9 ! body ( ! book1 also1 ! fall ( ,judah is spok5 ( z an accompli%$ fact1 e4g4 #b ,k+s xvii4 #ai f4 79 conflict ) vss4 #ah & #ba ff474 ,su* passages are1 h[ev]1 n v num]\s1 & !y commonly sit loose 9 _! context1 l ! v]ses j cit$1 z if !y 7 ?ru/ into ! n>rative by an editor4 ,! bulk ( ! "w1 on ! contr>y1 seems to suppose ! exi/5ce ( ! k+dom4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! g5]al op9ion t ! book 0 writt5 be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & t a cont9uator add$ ! acc\nt ( ! cata/rophe & ! ev5ts imm$iately subsequ5t to x4 ,! old] ,k+s1 f beg9n+ to end1 is dom9at$ by ! conception & p]meat$ by ! phraseology ( ,deut]onomy & ( ! prophet ,j]emiah1 & mu/ !re=e be plac$ betwe5 #fba ,b4,c4 7! date ( ! introduction ( ! deut]onomic law7 & ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ act ( ! hi/ory1 t is to say1 probably %ortly be=e ! ye> #fjj ,b4,c4 ,x is n en\gh to say t ,k+s 0 writt5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,deut]onomy2 x 0 writt51 we might r say1 z a comm5t>y on ! deut]onomic doctr9e t fall+ away f ! national religion is puni%$ by national disa/]4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view x resembles ,judges2 b :ile 9 ,judges x is ! lapse into ,canaanite hea!nism1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,baals & ,a/>tes1 :i* draws ^u ,israel invasion & subjugation1 9 ,k+s n only =eign religions b ! wor%ip at ! high places1 t is1 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah at 8 olde/ & holie/ sanctu>ies1 provokes ! wra? ( ,god2 = s9ce ! d$ication ( ,solomon's temple ,jehovah _h made x 8 exclusive abode & all o!r places ( wor%ip 7 illegitimate4 ,we h se5 t d[n to ,josiah's re=m ?is wor%ip prevail$ un*all5g$ 9 bo? k+doms4 ,9 ! au?or's view1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 "u bad k+s & good1 _h ?us s9n$ aga9/ ! organic law ( religion1 & all judgm5ts _h fail$ to "w am5dm5t4 ,9 ,israel idolatry made ! case worse2 ! gold5 calves1 t is1 ! small images ( ,jehovah 9 ! =m ( a bull1 :i* ,j]oboam _h set up at ,be!l & ,dan1 7 wor%ipp$ "u all 8 successors4 ,^! s9s _h 9 ! end br\ght ru9 on ,israel1 & !y 7 br++ x on ,judah4 ,manasseh _h done ev5 worse ?an ,j]oboam2 /range gods f ne> & f> 7 in/all$ 9 ! temple itself1 & "u its walls m5 sacrific$ _! *ildr5 to ! ,k+ 7,molo*74 ,josiah's re=ms _h no la/+ results2 ! reaction "u 8 successors re/or$ ! high places1 & hea!n cults fl\ri%$ aga94 ,! doom 0 imm95t2 w\ld ,judah le>n ! lesson ( hi/ory be=e x 0 too late8 ,"s "o has said t hi/ory is philosophy tea*+ by example2 = ! au?or ( ,k+s hi/ory 0 prophecy tea*+ by example4 ,x 0 ! lesson ( ! hi/ory t ! au?or 0 aft]1 & ?is rul+ motive det]m9$ 8 selection ( mat]ial z well z ! treatm5t ( x4 ,x expla9s :y he h>dly tells any?+ ab\t "s ( ! greate/ k+s & ! mo/ glori\s p]iods ( ! hi/ory1 :i* did n af=d illu/rations ( 8 !sis1 :ile he dwells on ?+s ( mu* less hi/orical importance4 ,! *>act]i/ic int]e/s ( ! au?or & 8 highly *>act]i/ic /yle %>ply di/+ui% 8 own writ+ f ! s\rces :i* he incorporates4 ,^! s\rces1 z w be suppos$1 7 ( diff]5t k9ds & ( v>i\s wor?2 !y 7 naturally n ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! long p]iod he cov]s1 & he has n always dealt ) !m 9 ! same way4 ,"p ( 8 mat]ial comes1 directly or indirectly1 f ! annals ( ! k+s1 to :i* ! read] is regul>ly ref]r$ = fur!r in=mation 7see e4g41 #a ,k+s xiv4 #ai1 #bi71 or f temple records2 "p ( x f m prop]ly lit]>y s\rces4 ,sometimes x has all ! m>ks ( tru/wor?y tradition orig9at+ close to ! ev5t2 aga91 x is embroid]$ ) leg5d>y traits2 a small] "p is edify+ fiction4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 ! /ories ( ,elijah & ,eli%a1 a special s\rce is recognizable1 b 9 ! ma9 ! attempt to trace ! lit]>y *annels ?r\gh :i* ! matt] rea*$ ! au?or is fruitless4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,solomon's reign ! c5tral place is tak5 by a description ( ! palace & temple he erect$ 7#a ,k+s #f-g71 = :i* c4 #e is a prep>ation1 & c4 #h1 ! d$ication ( ! temple1 ! sequel4 ,! int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! prov9cial organization & sy/em ( taxation 9 c4 #d is evid5tly f an au?oritative s\rce2 ! cession ( cities 9 ,galilee to ,hiram1 ! li/ ( cities =tifi$1 ! 7mutilat$7 acc\nt ( ! revolt ( ,edom1 ! rise ( ! k+dom ( ,damascus1 & ! 7mutilat$7 hi/ory ( ! revolt ( ,j]oboam1 ! prelude to ! sep>ation ( ,israel & ,judah1 are also ( good au?ority4 ,by ! side ( ^! are /ories celebrat+ ! magnific5ce & wisdom ( ,solomon1 ! beg9n+s ( ! exub]ant ,solomonic leg5d4 ,! judgm5t ( ,solomon 9 ! case ( ! two h>lots & ( ! visit ( ! ,que5 ( ,%eba are examples ( ! popul> tale1 & relatively old4 ,! d$ication ( ! temple has be5 mu* exp&$ by ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,k+s2 #a ,k+s viii4 #ad-ff are :olly 8 composition2 ix4 #a-i is an app5dix to c4 #h4 ,9 viii4 #a-ab an old] acc\nt ( ! d$ication has be5 improv$ by v>i\s h&s4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,greek translation %[s t ?is process w5t on to v late times2 ! late/ additions are ak9 to ! prie/ly /ratum 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,*apt] xi4 #a-ac also is by ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,k+s1 built ab\t a few words f 8 s\rce 9 vs4 #g2 vss4 #bi-dj are ( ! same sort4 #a ,k+s #ab-b ,k+s #ag conta9s ! p>allel hi/ory ( ,israel & ,judah4 ,! me?od ( ! au?or is to foll[ ! reign ( a k+1 say ( ,israel1 to its end & !n g back to take up ! k+ ( ,judah :o came to ! ?rone dur+ ?is reign1 foll[ him to 8 dea?1 & return to pick up ! ,israelite hi/ory aga9 9 ! same way4 ,! result is1 ?us1 int]lock+ hi/ories1 r ?an a p>allel hi/ory4 ,! l5g? ( ea* reign is giv51 probably ultimately f ! annals1 ) a comput$ syn*ronism :i* is at "s po9ts demon/rably 9 error4 ,) ! introduction ( ea* k+ a compreh5sive judgm5t by ! /&>d ( ! deut]onomic law is pron\nc$ ^u 8 reign4 ,?us1 ,9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ! k+ ,j]oboam ! son ( ,nebat k+ ( ,israel1 began ,abijah to reign ov] ,judah4 ,?ree ye>s reign$ he 9 ,j]usalem1 & 8 "m's "n 0 ,maacah ! daught] ( ,abi%alom4 ,& he walk$ 9 all ! s9s ( 8 fa!r :i* he _h done be=e him1 etc4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,asa k+ ( ,judah began ,baa%a ! son ( ,abijah to reign ov] all ,israel 9 ,tirzah1 & he reign$ tw5ty & f\r ye>s4 ,& he did t :i* 0 evil 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 & walk$ 9 ! way ( ,j]oboam1 & 9 8 s9 :]e) he made ,israel to s94 ,^! judgm5ts are s /]eotyp$ t !y are pron\nc$ ev5 on k+s :o reign$ b a %ort "t--,zimri1 = in/ance1 :o la/$ only sev5 days4 ,9 ! case ( godly k+s ( ,judah1 ev5 ( su* z are cr$it$ ) comm5dable zeal aga9/ ! wor%ips t ,deut]onomy d5\nces z ,canaaniti% hea!nism1 ! reproa* ( leav+ ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah at ! high places unmole/$ is n sp>$ !m2 see1 e4g41 #a ,k+s xv4 #a-ad2 xxii4 #dc4 ,! conflict betwe5 ! tribes to :om ! "n ,israel by hi/orical "r belong$1 head$ by ,ephraim1 int5t on reclaim+ ! anci5t lib]ties :i* ,solomon _h curtail$ & secur+ adequate gu>antees = !m1 & ,rehoboam1 ob/9ate to ma9ta9 ! despotism :i* 8 fa!r _h e/abli%$ & ! supremacy ( ,judah1 end$ 9 ! ,israelite tribes refus+ to ackn[l$ge ! succession & sett+ up a k+dom ( _! own ) ,j]oboam ! son ,nebat z k+4 ,^! critical ev5ts are n>rat$ 9 ! s\rce1 #a ,k+s xii4 #a-bj1 ) notewor?y imp>tiality2 a comp>ison ) ! treatm5t ( ! matt] by ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,k+s himself 9 xi4 #bi-ci2 xii4 #ba-bd1 is in/ructive4 ,! acc\nt ( ,j]oboam's religi\s f\ndations & innovations 9 c4 xii4 #bf-cc 7) :i* xiii4 #cc;b belongs7 is probably bas$ on an old ,israelite s\rce 7! temples ,j]oboam built1 etc471 on :i* ! au?or ( ! book has put 8 own con/ruction & made 8 own comm5ts4 #a ,k+s #ac is a specim5 ( ! edify+ /ories--religi\s fiction--:i* 7 add$ to ! hi/orical books at a v late "t & are especially num]\s 9 ,*ronicles2 ! ref]5ce to x 9 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #ag f4 is an int]polation 9 a context itself po/-exilic4 ,! /ory ( ! visit ( ,j]oboam's wife to ! prophet ,ahijah 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #a-ah7 is 9 ! mann] ( ! au?or1 b seems to h an old] basis4 ,! fluid /ate ( ! text at a v late "t is aga9 %[n by ! fact t 9 "s rec5sions ( ! ,greek v]sion ! /ory is n f\nd 9 ?is place1 b1 toge!r ) o!r matt] ab\t ,j]oboam 79 "p v>iant p>allel to #a ,k+s xi4 #bf ff41 #dj71 9 a long passage :i* /&s 9 c4 #ab betwe5 vss4 #bd & #be4 ,! invasion ( ,%i%ak1 k+ ( ,egypt 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #be-bh71 is introduc$ by ! au?or ) a catalogue ( ! deut]onomic transgressions :i* provok$ ,god to puni% ! k+dom 9 ?is way2 ! simil>ity to ! introduction to ! oppressions 9 ,judges is app>5t4 ,s 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s3 ! au?or's facts probably come f annali/ic s\rces :i* c 9 places be recogniz$1 b ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! ev5ts1 :i* he sometimes gives 9 8 own quality z hi/orian1 sometimes puts into ! m\? ( a prophet 7e4g4 xvi4 #a-g1 cf4 xiv4 #a-ah71 is f ! po9t ( view ( ! deut]onomi/ s*ool4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or's me?od is illu/rat$ by 8 treatm5t ( ! reign ( ,omri 7#a ,k+s xvi4 #bc-bh74 ,omri 0 ! f\nd] ( ! greate/ dyna/y ( ! nor!rn k+dom1 & 0 "o ( its greate/ k+s4 ,f an inscription ( ! ,moabite k+ ,me%a1 we le>n t ,omri subjugat$ ! l&s ea/ ( ! ,jordan 7see also #b ,k+s i4 #a2 iii4 #d ff471 & x is probable t 8 conque/s 7 pu%$ to ! nor?-ea/ into ,syria2 ! ,assyrian k+s long aft] 8 dea? call ,israel ! h\se ( ,omri4 ,b ! long & brilliantly successful reign ( a k+ :o 9 religion foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! k+s ( ,israel be=e him1 gold5 calves & all1 obvi\sly c\ld n be made to exemplify ! doctr9e t su* s9s are regul>ly visit$ by condign judgm5t 9 national disa/]4 ,consequ5tly1 all t our au?or records ( ,omri1 beyond ! revolutions :i* pav$ = him ! way to ! ?rone 7#a ,k+s xvi4 #af-ah71 is conta9$ 9 "o v]se1 #a ,k+s xvi4 #bd--;he built a capital on a new site1 ,sam>ia6 ,9 ! foll[+ reign1 h[ev]1 ,israel _h tr\bles en\gh2 ! conque/s ea/ ( ! ,jordan 7 lo/1 & ! long *apt] ( ,syrian w>s began4 ,?is 0 mat]ial m to ! au?or's purpose1 & he makes good use ( x4 ,"h also1 9 addition to ! annals & :atev] o!r s\rces 7 at 8 h& = ! prec$+ p]iod1 he _h a new & peculi>ly grateful s\rce 9 ! /ories ( ,elijah & ,eli%a4 ,to ! fact t ^! prophets 7 out/&+ figures 9 "s ( ! crises ( ! ,syrian w>s we owe x t s mu* ( ! hi/ory ( t /ruggle is pres]v$2 = :at ! au?or has extract$ f ! annals is z meagre z else:]e4 ,f su* lives & times ( ! prophets is d]iv$ mu* ! great] "p ( #a ,k+s #ag-b ,k+s #aj1 ) #b ,k+s xiii4 #ad-ba4 ,! /ories ( ,elijah 7#a ,k+s #ag-ai2 #ba2 #b ,k+s #a2 ii4 #a-ah7 are among ! mo/ /rik+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ! sup]natural 9 !m seems ! natural sett+ = a figure ( su* h]oic m\ld1 & is a /rong] te/imony ?an any record ( fact c\ld be to ! impression ( ! sup]man on ! imag9ation ( ord9>y mortals4 ,?r\gh ! ve/ure ( leg5d1 we too h ! impression ( a some?+ titanic 9 ! man :o d>$ solit>y to /& = 8 ,god aga9/ k+s1 prie/s1 prophets1 & p1 &1 worse ?an all1 ! v5geful fury ( a woman6 ,we c see1 also1 t 8 conflict aga9/ ! prophets ( ,baal makes an era 9 ! hi/ory ( religion 9 ,israel4 ,if ,jehovah be ,god1 foll[ him2 b if ,baal1 !n foll[ him1 he ?und]s at ! p on ,mt4 ,c>mel4 ,x 0 n ! fir/ ass]tion ( ! jeal\sy ( ,jehovah & ! exclusiv5ess ( ! true religion2 b ! issue _h nev] be=e be5 s dramatically jo9$4 ,! intol]ant mono!ism ( ,judaism _h f\nd its w> cry4 #a ,k+s #ag-ai1 ,elijah at ,s>epta1 on ,c>mel1 & at ,horeb1 belong toge!r2 ! beg9n+1 :i* mu/ 9 "s way h br\ght ,elijah ^u ! /age1 is n pres]v$2 #a ,k+s #ba 7,nabo?'s v9ey>d7 may v well be f ! same s\rce2 9 ! end ( ! *apt] 7vs4 #bj;b-#bf7 ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,k+s has ! ^w1 & 9 ! o!r *apt]s !re are slight traces ( ! same h&4 ,) ^! small exceptions ! /ories are old1 & probably receiv$ _! pres5t lit]>y =m 9 ! n9? c5tury1 c]ta9ly be=e ! prophetic movem5t ( ! eigh?4 #b ,k+s i4 #b-ag is a leg5d ( a diff]5t k9d & presumably consid]ably y\ng]4 #b ,k+s ii4 #a-ah1 on ! o!r h&1 is ak9 to ! old] /ories 9 #a ,k+s #ag-ai1 #ba2 x =ms ! connect+ l9k ) ,eli%a4 ,among ! /ories ( ,elijah /& o!r episodes ( ! ,syrian w>s 9 :i* prophets figure1 #a ,k+s #bj2 xxii4 #a-ch4 ,! second ( ^!1 ,micaiah b5 ,imlah be=e ,ahab & ,jeho%aphat1 is ( peculi> int]e/4 ,!y are app>5tly ( ! same age ) _! surr\nd+s4 ,9 bo? a few v]ses are f lat] editors4 ,to ! same cycle probably belong #b ,k+s iii4 #d-bg1 ! campaign aga9/ ,moab1 z well z #b ,k+s ix4 #a-x4 #bg1 ,jehu's revolt in/igat$ by ,eli%a1 ! murd] ( ,k+ ,ahaziah & ( ! que5 "m1 ,jezebel1 ! massacre ( ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,omri & ! extirpation ( ! wor%ip ( ,baal4 ,beside ^! are a gr\p ( /ories ab\t ,eli%a1 *iefly celebrat+ him z a wond]-work]1 & br++ him into connection ) ! sons ( ! prophets1 :o seem to h =m$ a k9d ( d]vi% ord]4 ,! collector or editor has accumulat$ !m all 9 "o reign1 probably aga9/ _! orig9al int5tion4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! n>ratives drawn f ! lives ( ! prophets are brief notices f ! annals & ! usual deut]onomi/ appraisals by ! au?or ( ,k+s4 ,! attempt ( ,jehu to ext]m9ate ! dyna/y ( ,omri1 involv+ ! slaught] ( ! ,judan pr9ces1 _h ! un9t5d$ result ( enabl+ ! que5 "m1 ,a?aliah1 a daught] ( ,ahab & ,jezebel1 to seize ! ?rone4 ,! revolution1 plann$ by ! *ief prie/ ( ,j]usalem1 :i* ov]?rew ! usurp] & br\ght ! true heir1 ! sev5-ye>-old ,joa%1 to 8 own1 is told 9 #b ,k+s xi4 #a-bj2 a some:at m9ute acc\nt ( ! re/oration ( ! temple 9 8 reign foll[s 9 c4 xii4 #d-af1 bo? f a good ,judan s\rce1 p]haps ultimately a temple *ronicle4 ,! au?or ( ,k+s has 8 usual =mulas1 includ+ ! tol]at$ high places1 9 c4 xii4 #a-c4 ,! extract f ! annals at ! end ( ! *apt]1 ! /raits into :i* ,hazael ( ,syria br\ght ,joa%1 & 8 dea? by a treasonable conspiracy1 :i* might be ?\ght to prove t piety is n always cr[n$ ) prosp]ity1 is anticipat$ by ! au?or ( ,k+s 9 #b ,k+s xii4 #c--;,joa%'s piety la/$ only z long z he 0 9 ! lead+ /r+s ( ! prie/ ,jehoiada4 ,9 ! foll[+ reigns ! mat]ial d]iv$ f n>rative s\rces is m scanty2 a notewor?y passage ( ?is k9d is ! acc\nt1 evid5tly f an ,israelite writ]1 ( ! *a/isem5t ,jehoa% ( ,israel inflict$ on ! presumptu\s ,amaziah ( ,judah 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #h-ad74 ,! contempor>y reigns ( ,j]oboam ,,ii ( ,israel & ,az>iah1 or ,uzziah1 ( ,judah1 la/+ half a c5tury1 a p]iod ( great prosp]ity 9 bo? k+doms1 are dispat*$ ) extreme brevity1 & are foll[$ by ! swiftly successive conspiracies & revolutions 9 :i* ! nor!rn k+dom decl9$ to its fall4 ,! /ory ( treason & blood%$ is susp5d$ to tell ( ! reign ( ,ahaz 9 ,judah 7#b ,k+s #af7 f a s\rce *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! temple1 & !n ! la/ act ( ,israel's trag$y op5s4 ,to ! brief acc\nt ( ! fall ( ,sam>ia 9 #b ,k+s xvii4 #a-f1 is app5d$ ! moral ( ! :ole hi/ory1 ,,vss4 #g-da4 ,?is homiletic improvem5t ( ! cata/rophe 0 an invit+ task1 & besides ! au?or ( ,k+s1 ! exilian cont9uator & p]haps /ill lat] editors contribut$ to draw x out & emphasize x4 ,f ?is po9t ! hi/orian has only ,judah to deal )4 ,! reign ( ,hezekiah is n>rat$ at "s l5g? 9 #b ,k+s #ah-bj4 ,a consid]able "p ( ^! *apt]s 7xviii4 #ac-,,xx4 #ai7 is f\nd also 9 ! ,book ( ,isaiah 7,isa4 #cf-ci71 ) v>iations :i* are ( mu* int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( ! text4 ,! psalm1 ,isa4 xxxviii4 #i-bj1 = in/ance1 is n f\nd 9 ,k+s2 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ad-af is n 9 ,isaiah1 & m9or diff]5ces occur 9 almo/ e v]se4 ,! introduction to ! reign ( ,hezekiah by ! au?or ( ,k+s is some:at long] ?an usual1 & attributes to him n only ! de/ruction ( ! s]p5t idol 9 ! temple :i* ,moses 0 believ$ to h made 7cf4 ,num4 xxi4 #h f471 & ( o!r app>atus ( hea!nism1 b ! removal ( ! high places1 mak+ him ?us anticipate ! re=ms ( ,josiah a c5tury lat] 7#b ,k+s xviii4 #d74 ,?is probably exagg]ates ,hezekiah's good works1 b = ! bronze s]p5t to :i* sacrificial wor%ip _h be5 paid f "t immemorial1 z well z = vs4 #g f4 7,hezekiah's rebellion71 :i* is ! antec$5t ( vs4 #ac ff41 he may h _h ! au?ority ( ! annals4 ,f ! annals probably come also #b ,k+s xviii4 #ac-af1 ) _! brief record ( ! p5alty ,hezekiah paid = 8 revolt4 ,( ?is we h also ,s5na*]ib's acc\nt 9 8 inscriptions1 :]e he tells h[ he took ! cities ( ,judah & %ut up ,hezekiah 9 ,j]usalem l a bird 9 a cage1 & gives ! figures ( ! heavy indemnity he impos$ ^u him4 ,!re foll[ two long] acc\nts ( ,s5na*]ib's op]ations1 #b ,k+s xviii4 #ag-xix4 #h & xix4 #i-cg1 :i* are commonly reg>d$ z p>allel & some:at discrepant relations ( ! same campaign1 b by "s are ?\ght to ref] to two diff]5t occasions1 at an int]val ( t5 ye>s or m4 #b ,k+s xx4 #a-aa 7cf4 ,isa4 #ch7 is p]haps f a life ( ,isaiah1 :o is ! *ief figure 9 x2 vs4 #ab-ai 7,isa4 #ci71 ! embassy ( ! *ronic ,babylonia rebel1 ,m]oda* ,baladan1 presumably to und]m9e ,hezekiah's %aky loyalty to 8 ,assyrian "l1 seems to belong at an e>li] po9t 9 ! /ory2 9 x also ,isaiah is ! c5tral p]son4 ,9 ! clos+ p>agraph ! au?or ( ,k+s has pres]v$ an int]e/+ annali/ic notice ( an aqu$uct & res]voir :i* ,hezekiah con/ruct$1 n improbably ! ,siloam tunnel & ! res]voir x fe$s4 ,( ! fifty-five ye>s' reign ( ,manasseh1 & ! two ye>s ( 8 son ,amon1 a half-c5tury ( peace & prosp]ity 9 :i* ! c\ntry recup]at$ f ! disa/]s ,hezekiah _h br\ght ^u x1 no?+ is told4 ,in/ead we h a long catalogue ( ,manasseh's religi\s obliquities1 :i* includes all ! crimes mo/ abhorr5t to ! sev5?-c5tury prophets & laws1 & ! proclamation ( ,god by 8 s]vants ! prophets t ^! s9s seal$ ! doom ( ,judah4 ,?is pr$iction is made f ! /&po9t ( ! accompli%$ fact1 & inde$ mo/ ( ! *apt] seems to be by ! exilian cont9uator ( ,k+s or a /ill lat] writ]4 ,) ! re=ms ( ,josiah 7#fba ,b4,c42 #b ,k+s #bb-bc7 we arrive at ev5ts :i*1 if n )9 ! p]sonal k ( ! au?or ( ,k+s1 7 kn[n to 8 old] contempor>ies4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 exclude ! use ( writt5 records or n>ratives1 &1 9 fact1 !re seem to be traces ( su* 9 ! *apt]s4 ,m c]ta9 x is t ! cont9uator ( ! book made "s *anges 9 ! acc\nt2 ! oracle ( ,huldah1 = example1 seems to h be5 revis$ 9 ! light ( ! ev5t4 ,to ?is cont9uator1 z has already be5 said1 ! hi/ory ( ! two sieges ( ,j]usalem1 ! deportations1 & ! mis=tunes ( ^? :o 7 left 9 ! l& are to be attribut$4 ,9 sev]al places 9 e>li] p>ts ( ! hi/ory we h _h occasion to obs]ve t additions & *anges cont9ue to be made by ! editors or scribes--& e scribe :o copi$ a book 9 ^? days wield$ an editor's p5 :5 he *ose--until a "t close to ! age ( ! ,greek translation1 t is1 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! age 9 :i* ! ,p5tateu* & ! sev]al ,hi/orical ,books 7,jo%ua-,k+s71 ! product ( ! long & obscure process :i* we h attempt$ to outl9e 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 7 adju/$ & connect$ s z to make a cont9u\s hi/ory f ! creation to ! fall ( ! ,judan /ate1 c be fix$ only by ! fact t ! au?or ( ,*ronicles 7ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 or some:at lat]2 see bel[7 seems to h read ^! books 9 ! ord] &1 s f> z 8 use ( !m p]mits a judgm5t1 sub/antially ) ! cont5ts ( our pres5t ,old ,te/am5t4 ,?is arrangem5t1 or edition1 if we *oose to call x s1 z has be5 %[n1 did n put an end to additions & alt]ations1 ?\gh !y gradually became less frequ5t & less important 9 ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,a /&>d & /able ,hebrew text 0 e/abli%$ only 9 ! second c5tury aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,*ronicles ,by ! side ( ?is compreh5sive hi/ory /&s ano!r :i* is 9 "p p>allel1 9 "p supplem5t>y1 to x1 ,*ronicles-,ezra-,nehemiah4 ,x diff]s f ! =m] 9 be+ ! "w ( "o au?or1 ^: *>act]i/ic conceptions1 int]e/s1 & mann] make x easy to di/+ui% 8 writ+ f ! s\rces he incorporates4 ,8 peculi>ities are ! bett] kn[n because !re is s mu* ( 8 own 9 ! books--n f> f half ! matt] conta9$ 9 !m4 ,! succession ( ! high prie/s is br\ght d[n to ,jaddua1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,alex&] ! ,great1 & li/s ( heads ( prie/ly & levitical families are giv5 9 ,neh4 #ab = ! reign ( ,d>ius 7,codomannus71 ! la/ ,p]sian k+4 ,! book c1 !re=e1 n be put mu*1 if any1 be=e #cjj ,b4,c41 & m probably x 0 writt5 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,! hi/ory beg9s ) ! dea? ( ,saul & ! election ( ,david z k+ by all ,israel at ,hebron 7#a ,*ron4 #aj-aa74 ,! prec$+ *apt]s are fill$ ) g5ealogies1 beg9n+ ) ,adam4 ,tw5ty-six v]ses br+ u to ,abraham1 & ! second *apt] op5s ) ! sons ( ,israel1 :ile ! ?ird is a li/ ( ! sons ( ,david & ( 8 successors on ! ?rone to ! fall ( ! k+dom1 ) ! desc5dants ( ! la/ k+ ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations4 ,^! g5ealogies1 to :i* hi/orical notices ( diff]5t k9ds are frequ5tly atta*$1 are 9 "p compil$ f v>i\s places 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,hi/orical ,books1 9 "p m freely reproduc$ f su* passages2 b a l>ge rema9d] has no p>allel 9 ! old] "w4 ,! au?or1 "h z else:]e1 evid5tly atta*es great importance to ^! li/s1 9 p>ticul> to ^? :i* enabl$ ! families ( 8 own "t1 cl]ical & lay1 or ! inhabitants ( t[ns & villages1 to trace _! p$igree back to remote times4 ,x is n )\t reason t ! hi/orical n>rative sets 9 ) ,david1 & t ! fir/ ev5t ( 8 reign record$ is ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem2 = ,j]usalem is f fir/ to la/ ! c5tre ( ! au?or's int]e/4 ,he writes ! hi/ory ( ,judah alone1 t\*+ ^u ! k+dom ( ,israel only 9 its relation to ,judah4 ,! desire to magnify & glorify ! k+dom ( ,judah 9 its great days1 especially "u ,david & ,solomon1 to repres5t x z ! mo/ p[]ful1 weal?y1 & magnific5t among ! nations1 n only ( its "t b ( any "t1 frequ5tly expresses itself 9 enorm\s exagg]ations4 ,david c\ld raise a native army ( a million & a half1 almo/ z _m z1 accord+ to ,h]odotus--:o c]ta9ly does n und]e/imate ! numb]s--,x]xes mu/]$ f ! :ole ,p]sian empire = ! invasion ( ,greece2 he laid away1 out ( 8 pov]ty1 to build ! temple1 a hundr$ ?\s& tal5ts ( gold & a million tal5ts ( silv]--ov] ?ree times ! national debt ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 9 #aiab2 at ! d$ication ( ! temple ,solomon sacrific$ #bb1jjj bullocks & #abj1jjj %eep & goats2 & s on4 ,x is evid5t t ! au?or has rais$ ! figures out ( ! grasp ( 8 own imag9ation4 ,f ! same motive1 if x is possible to avoid x1 he tells no?+ to discr$it ! k+s :om he ?us extols4 ,david's s9 9 tak+ a c5sus is necess>ily relat$1 because ! sequel ( x 0 ! *oice ( a site = ! future temple1 b1 *>act]i/ically1 n ,god b ,satan tempt$ him to numb] ! p2 o!rwise none ( ! misde$s & mis=tunes :i* are set d[n s imp>tially 9 #b ,samuel is s mu* z allud$ to by ! ,*ronicl]2 ,david is 9 8 pages ! model k+4 ,solomon f>es z well2 no?+ is said ( ! p]v]t+ influ5ce ( 8 =eign wives nor ! temples he erect$ to _! gods4 ,inde$1 8 piety is su* t he w n all[ ,ph>aoh's daught]1 app>5tly ! only =eign wife ! ,*ronicl] gives him1 to live 9 ! city ( ,david1 = ! neighb\rhood ( ! ark is holy4 ,solomon's press-gangs 7 "o ( ! greate/ grievances ( ! tribes2 ! au?or ( ,*ronicles takes pa9s to av] t ,solomon rais$ 8 corve f ! remnants ( ! ,hittites & o!r hea!n2 no ,israelites 7 put to su* "w4 ,9 ,k+s we read t ,solomon c$$ tw5ty t[ns 9 ,galilee to ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre1 9 paym5t = mat]ials & s]vices 9 ! build+ ( ! temple2 to ! ,*ronicl] su* a transaction is unimag9able1 & he am5ds x by mak+ ,hiram give ! t[ns to ,solomon4 ,all ?is is1 h[ev]1 incid5tal to ! ma9 purpose ( ! book to exalt ,j]usalem z ! religi\s capital1 its temple z ! place :i* ,god has *os5 = 8 abode1 its liturgy z ! correct =m ( wor%ip1 its prie/s & levites z ! only m9i/ry ( valid ord]s & unimpea*able succession4 ,x is n solely ! pride ( ! *ur*man :i* prompts him to dwell on ^! ?+s4 ,! ass]tion is s emphasiz$ & reit]at$ t we c h>dly mi/ake 9 inf]r+ a controv]sial animus1 especially :5 we recall t at ! "t ( writ+ !re 0 a rival temple on ,mt4 ,g]izim ne> ,%e*em1 at "o ( ! mo/ v5]able holy places 9 ! l&4 ,?is temple is said by ,josephus to h be5 erect$ 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 9 av[$ rivalry to ! temple 9 ,j]usalem4 ,! high prie/s ( ! ,sam>itan temple 7 a bran* ( ! ,jewi% high-prie/ly l9e1 its ritual 0 ! same1 ! ,p5tateu* 0 ! ,law 9 ,%e*em z well z 9 ,j]usalem4 ,if ! ,jews ma9ta9$ t ,j]usalem 0 ! only place 9 ! l& :]e sacrifice might lawfully be made to ,god1 ! ,sam>itans made ! same exclusive claim = _! temple3 ,%e*em1 n ,j]usalem1 0 ! place 7unnam$ 9 ,deut]onomy7 :i* ,god _h *os5 out ( all ! tribes to put 8 "n !re4 ,at ,%e*em 0 held ! fir/ great religi\s assembly ( ,israel aft] ! invasion ( ,canaan2 !re1 on ,g]izim1 ! fir/ alt> ( ,jehovah 0 erect$ by 8 express comm& 7see ,deut4 xi4 #bf-bi2 ,jos4 viii4 #cj-ce2 ,jos4 #bd2 especially ,deut4 xxvii4 #d1 :]e ,ebal 9 ! ,jewi% ,bible is an anti-,sam>itan sub/itute = ! orig9al ,g]izim74 ,! rivalry ( ,%e*em 0 ?us a s]i\s m5ace1 & s ! ,j]usalem ,jews treat$ x4 ,9 _! eyes ! p ( ! old t]ritory ( ,ephraim 7 desc5dants ( ! assort$ hea!n :om ! ,assyrian k+s _h coloniz$ 9 ! cities ( ,sam>ia aft] transplant+ to ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ! empire ! old ,israelite population ( ! region 7see #b ,k+s #ag--;a v late passage--not+ especially vs4 #cd1 unto ?is day74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,j]usalem & ! region ab\t x1 aft] ly+ wa/e = sev5ty ye>s1 _h be5 repeopl$ "u ,cyrus by ,jews ( pure race return+ f ! exile 9 ,babylonia1 :o rebuilt ! temple & re/or$ ! wor%ip z prescrib$ 9 ! law4 ,!y 7 surr\nd$ by ! peoples ( ! l&1 :o 7 reg>d$ z desc5dants ( ! anci5t hea!n ( ,canaan ) :om int]m>riage 0 =bidd5 9 ! law4 ,?is is ! ,*ronicl]'s repres5tation3 ! return$ exiles are ! only g5u9e /ock1 _! prie/hood ! only legitimate sons ( ,a>on1 ! re/ ( ! m9i/ry1 d[n to ! temple slaves1 0 au!nticat$ by record$ p$igrees 7see ,ezra ii4 #ei-fc71 & ! elaborate liturgy ( 8 own "t ! same 9 all p>ticul>s :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! temple f its f\ndation4 ,! au?or has an exagg]at$ int]e/ 9 ?is liturgy1 & especially 9 ! "p tak5 9 x by ! m9or ord]s ( ! cl]gy1 levites1 musicians1 s+]s1 door-keep]s1 & ! re/4 ,! levites are provid$ = 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 b ! or*e/ra & *oruses1 accord+ to ! ,*ronicl]1 7 organiz$ by ,david 7#a ,*ron4 #bc-bf71 :o ?us provid$ = ! prop] execution ( 8 ,psalms4 ,:5 a great religi\s function is describ$1 ! music inv>iably comes 9 = a prom95t notice 7e4g4 #b ,*ron4 v4 #ab f474 ,we h se5 t ! hi/orians ( ! sev5? & foll[+ c5turies1 ! s-call$ deut]onomi/ s*ool1 wrote or int]pret$ ! hi/ory to exemplify ! doctr9e t defection f ! national religion is surely puni%$ by national calamities4 ,! ,*ronicl]'s doctr9e ( retribution is at once h>d] & m individual4 ,he also turns x ab\t3 unusual suff]+ is pro( ( s94 ,?us1 ,asa 01 accord+ to ,k+s1 a conspicu\sly good k+1 b 9 8 old age he _h ! g\t4 ,! ,*ronicl]1 by ! m\? ( a prophet1 expla9s :y3 he reli$ on ! k+ ( ,syria to help him aga9/ ,israel1 in/ead ( rely+ on ! ,"l4 ,! k+ clapp$ ! prophet into prison = m$dl+ ) affairs ( /ate1 & s add$ ano!r affront to ,god4 ,he 0 imp5it5t1 h[ev]1 = ?\gh ! g\t 0 v bad1 yet s\ght he n unto ! ,"l1 b to ! physicians4 ,uzziah1 ano!r godly k+1 0 9 8 lat] ye>s afflict$ ) leprosy1 a disease :i* 0 reg>d$ z peculi>ly ! /roke ( ,god4 ,! ,*ronicl] gives ! reason3 ! k+ presum$ to burn inc5se on ! alt> 9 spite ( ! prote/ ( ! prie/1 & 0 smitt5 ) leprosy on ! spot4 ,!re is no reason to impugn ! au?or's good fai? 9 su* em5dations ( 8 s\rces4 ,he ?\ght he knew ! laws ( hi/ory1 & if 9 ! p>ticul> in/ance ! record did n correspond1 x mu/ be defective4 ,b :atev] apology may be made = 8 good int5tions1 x ne$ h>dly be said t ! unsupport$ te/imony ( a doctr9aire hi/orian :o deals s sov]eignly ) ! facts is ( no weight4 ,! ,*ronicl] names a consid]able numb] ( books z au?orities = diff]5t p]iods ( ! hi/ory2 ! ,book ( ! ,k+s ( ,judah & ,israel 7or ,israel & ,judah7 & ! ,book ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel are repeat$ly cit$ = ?+s n relat$ 9 our ,book ( ,k+s4 ,= m in=mation ab\t ,joa% ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,midra% ( ! ,book ( ,k+s1 & = ,abijah to ! ,midra% ( ! ,prophet ,iddo1 titles t 9 lat] times1 at lea/1 w\ld designate an edify+ exposition 9 :i* full lic5ce 0 giv5 to ! imag9ation to embroid] ! !me ) picturesque inv5tions4 ,! fav\rite ref]5ces1 h[ev]1 are to writ+s be>+ ! names ( prophets--,samuel1 ,na?an1 ,gad1 ,ahijah1 ,iddo1 ,%emaiah1 ,jehu son ( ,hanani4 ,! title ,hi/ory ( ,samuel ! ,se]1 ( ,na?an ! ,prophet1 & s on1 may mean ei!r ab\t ,samuel or by ,samuel4 ,v likely ! au?or ent]ta9$ ! !ory :i* subsequ5tly prevail$ among ! ,jews t 9 ea* age ! prophets wrote d[n ! ev5ts ( _! own "t 9 :i* _m ( !m _h a conspicu\s "p4 ,! "q is ( no o!r int]e/2 = an exam9ation ( ! extracts f 8 s\rces :i* ! ,*ronicl] has incorporat$ or cond5s$ %[s t 7) small possible exceptions to be consid]$ h]eaft]7 8 mat]ial 0 all tak5 f our ,book ( ,k+s4 ,?is enables u to confront 8 hi/ory ( ,judah ) 8 s\rces & acqua9t ourselves ) 8 habitual way ( deal+ ) !m1 an inve/igation n only in/ructive = 8 me?od1 b ( ! greate/ importance :5 we come to ! ,*ronicl]'s hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian p]iod1 :]e1 = ! mo/ "p1 8 s\rces are n indep5d5tly pres]v$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x w be notic$ t he has select$ f ! hi/ory 9 ,samuel & ,k+s ! p>ts :i* p>ticul>ly int]e/$ him = _! own sake1 su* z ! description ( religi\s c]emonies1 or c\ld be us$ z a text = ! doctr9es he _h mo/ at he>t1 & has !re=e pass$ ov] a v l>ge "p ( ! cont5ts ( 8 s\rce4 ,precisely s1 ! au?or ( ,k+s1 two c5turies e>li]1 _h dealt ) 8 s\rces1 ?\gh ) a diff]5t int]e/4 ,:at ! ,*ronicl] *ose to include he g5]ally copi$ out )\t mu* *ange2 ! pres5t v>iations 9 ! text are *iefly due to div]g5t transmission4 7,comp>e1 = illu/ration1 #a ,*ron4 x4 #a-xi4 #dg ) #a ,sam4 #ca & #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #h-ci1 or #a ,*ron4 xvii4 #a-xx4 #h ) #b ,sam4 #g1 #h1 #aj & #ab474 ,(t5 he introduces 9 ^! extracts1 or app5ds to !m1 notes ( 8 own :i* w\ld 9 almo/ all cases be c]ta9ly recognizable on int]nal evid5ce ev5 if we _h n ! text ( ,k+s be=e u4 ,9 a few places he cond5ses or abridges ! n>rative ( ,k+s1 z 9 #b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #a-bc comp>$ ) #b ,k+s xviii4 #ac-xix4 #cg4 ,( alt]ations1 or1 f ! au?or's own po9t ( view1 corrections1 ( ! old] hi/ory sev]al examples h be5 giv5 above4 ,"o m1 ( a /rik+ "*1 may be cit$1 viz4 #b ,*ron4 xxii4 #aj-xxiii4 #ba comp>$ ) #b ,k+s #aa4 ,! ,c>ian m]c5>ies ( ! gu>d 9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( ! temple 7#b ,k+s xi4 #d7 7 a pla9 pr(anation1 ( :i* ! pi\s *ief prie/ c\ld n h be5 guilty4 ,! ,*ronicl] accord+ly rewrites ! /ory1 sub/itut+ ! levites 7note #b ,*ron4 xxiii4 #f7 = ! obnoxi\s hea!n4 ,f9ally1 he sometimes freely exp&s on 8 text1 z 9 ! build+ ( ,solomon's temple 7#b ,*ron4 #b-c74 ,9 view ( ! ,*ronicl]'s multipli$ ref]5ces to au?orities1 x has frequ5tly be5 assum$ t 8 imm$iate s\rce 0 n ! ,books ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 b a "w ( a midra%ic "*--t is1 euphemi/ically1 a "w ) m conc]n = edification ?an = hi/orical v]ity--writt5 n long be=e 8 "t f ! same po9t ( view & ) ! same sali5t int]e/s1 :i* ! ,*ronicl] 9 all simplicity took = au!ntic hi/ory4 ,?is gho/ s\rce eludes1 h[ev]1 all attempts to cat* x actually walk+4 ,x may p]fectly well be t ! ,*ronicl] did n inv5t ev]y?+ 9 ! book :i* is pla9ly inv5tion1 b if n1 we c only apply ! fam\s contribution ( an und]graduate to ,hom]ic criticism1 ! ,iliad 0 n writt5 by ,hom]1 b by ano!r man ( ! same "n4 ,!re rema9 a few %ort notices1 n d]iv$ f ! ,p5tateu* or ,hi/orical ,books1 ^: cont5ts & =m sugge/ t !y are scraps :i* ! ,*ronicl] pick$ up f "s o!r s\rce1 e4g4 ! migration ( ! ,simeonites1 #a ,*ron4 iv4 #bd-dc 79 ! ma974 ,b ^! passages are s few1 & g5]ally ( s little hi/orical importance1 t ! "q ne$ "h n be pursu$ f>!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ezra ,,& ,,nehemiah ,! books :i* 9 our ,bible be> ! names ,ezra & ,nehemiah 79 ! ,jewi% ,bible1 "o book1 ,ezra7 are ! imm$iate cont9uation ( ,*ronicles1 by ! same au?or4 ,:5 !y 7 divid$1 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #bb-bc1 ! necess>y sequel ( vss4 #bj-ba 0 repeat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,ezra 7,ezra i4 #a-c74 ,! reason = ! division is pla93 d[n to ! end ( ! exile ! "w 0 no m ?an an epitome ( ! ,p5tateu* & ,hi/orical ,books2 b f ! "t ( ,cyrus to ,alex&] x 0 ! only hi/ory ! ,jews possess$4 ,?is "p 0 !re=e sep>at$ f :at w5t be=e z ! book ( po/-exilic hi/ory1 & nam$ ,ezra aft] ! figure mo/ prom95t 9 ! e>li] half ( x1 on ! same pr9ciple t ! hi/ory ( ! f\nd+ ( ! k+dom 0 nam$ ,samuel4 ,! subdivision into two books ( ,ezra z 9 ! ,greek ,bible1 or z we "n !m ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 is app>5tly due to ,*ri/ian h&s4 ,?is "p ( ! ,*ronicl]'s "w beg9s1 z has be5 said1 ) an edict ( ,cyrus p]mitt+ ! ,jews 9 ,babylonia to return to ,j]usalem & rebuild ! temple4 ,!re foll[s a li/ 7giv5 aga9 9 ,neh4 #g7 ( ! families :o avail$ !mselves ( ?is p]mission1 %ortly aft] #ech ,b4,c4 ,! re/oration ( ! temple is begun1 !n /opp$ by ! ma*9ations ( _! enemies "u ,x]xes 7#dhf-dfe ,b4,c47 & ,artax]xes 7#dfe-dbd ,b4,c471 b happily complet$ 7by ! same ,z]ubbabel & ,jo%ua :o began x7 9 ! six? ye> ( ,d>ius 7,no?us1 #dbd-dje ,b4,c474 ,aft] ^! ?+s1 9 ! reign ( ,artax]xes1 ,ezra came up f ,babylonia1 arm$ ) l>ge p[]s by an edict ( ! k+1 to ord] ?+s accord+ to ! law ( 8 ,god 9 ! prov9ce beyond ! riv] 7,euphrates1 ,ezra #g f474 ,he f\nd ?+s en\gh t ne$$ re=m2 p>ticul>ly ! frequ5t int]m>riages ( all classes1 includ+ ! cl]gy1 ) ! peoples ( ! l&1 & succe$$ 9 induc+ ! ,jews1 9 a great act ( p5it5ce1 to divorce ^! =eign wom5 7cc4 #i-aj74 ,at ?is po9t ! ,hi/ory ( ,nehemiah sets 9 abruptly 9 ! =m ( p]sonal memoirs4 ,nehemiah1 a fav\rite cup-be>] ( ! ,p]sian k+ ,artax]xes1 he>+ t ! wall ( ,j]usalem 0 brok5 d[n & ! gates burn$1 asks p]mission to g ?i!r & repair ! damag$ =tifications1 & is s5t ) a commission z royal gov]nor ( ! di/rict4 ,9 spite ( dang]\s opposition f jeal\s neighb\rs 9 ,sam>ia & else:]e1 by ! utmo/ endeav\rs he accompli%es ! rebuild+ ( ! walls 9 a v brief space 7,neh4 #a-f74 ,9 all ?is !re is n s mu* z a m5tion ( ,ezra1 :o is suppos$ to h be5 n[ ?irte5 ye>s 9 ,j]usalem1 b 9 ,neh4 #h he sudd5ly appe>s on ! sc5e ) 8 law-book4 ,! law is read1 & ! p solemnly cov5ant by sign & seal to obs]ve x2 ,nehemiah's "n /&s at ! head ( ! li/ ( sign]s1 b o!rwise he is entirely ignor$ 7,neh4 #h-aj74 ,li/s ( ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem & ( o!r settlem5ts1 a catalogue ( ! prie/s & levites :o came up "u ,cyrus1 & a description ( ! d$ication ( ! walls1 9 :i* ! s+]s %9e1 fill ,neh4 #aa-ab4 ,t ! ,*ronicl] is ! au?or is palpable4 ,f9ally1 9 c4 #ac1 ,nehemiah1 :o _h return$ to c\rt1 reappe>s1 & f9ds a sad /ate ( ?+s2 a =eign]1 & an ,ammonite at t1 lodg$ by ! high prie/ 9 a *amb] ( ! temple1 flagrant violations ( ! sabba? by m>ket m51 & ! old grievance ( mix$ m>riages 9 full gait4 ,ev5 ! high prie/'s family 0 n pure3 "o ( its scions 0 son-9-law to ,nehemiah's ar*-enemy1 ,sanballat ( ,sam>ia4 ,naturally ,nehemiah expell$ him4 ,x has be5 necess>y to give ?is some:at detail$ synopsis ( ! books to make intelligible ! problems !y pres5t4 ,on ?is po9t x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! book is n all writt5 9 ,hebrew3 ,ezra iv4 #h-vi4 #ah2 vii4 #ab-bf1 conta9+ *iefly correspond5ce ) ! ,p]sian c\rt & docum5ts issu+ f x1 are 9 ,aramaic1 ! (ficial language ( ! we/]n prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,moreov]1 ! olde/ ,greek translation ( ! ,*ronicl]'s hi/ory1 "p ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,bible ( ! *ur* z #a ,esdras1 diff]s bo? 9 matt] & ord] f ! ,jewi% /&>d text & ! lat] ,greek v]sion2 x conta9s1 = example1 ! fam\s exhibition ( wits by ! ?ree ,jewi% y\?s at ! c\rt ( ,d>ius 7#a ,esdr4 #c f471 z a result ( :i* ,z]ubbabel obta9s f ,d>ius p]mission to g up to ,j]usalem4 ,9 #a ,esdras ! read+ ( ! law 7,neh4 #h7 imm$iately foll[s ! act ( p5it5ce = ! /range wives 7,ezra #aj74 ,a l>ge "p ( ,ezra-,nehemiah exhibits ! ,*ronicl]'s famili> motives & mann]2 9 o!r places he has incorporat$ extracts f ! s\rces ) or )\t annotations ( 8 own4 ,( ^! s\rces ! only ones :i* h be5 indep5d5tly pres]v$ are ! prophecies ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 f :i* ! au?or takes1 h[ev]1 no m ?an ! facts t at ! in/ance ( ^! prophets ,z]ubbabel & ,jo%ua began to rebuild ! temple 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius 7,ezra v4 #a f472 ! completion ( ! "w by ! same h&s1 :i* accord+ to ! ,*ronicl] took place 9 ! six? ye> ( ,d>ius & 0 celebrat$ 9 a great d$ication c]emony1 is 9 ,ze*4 iv4 #i /ill pr$iction4 ,ano!r s\rce :i* /&s out di/9ctly is ! ,memoirs ( ,nehemiah1 ( :i* ,neh4 #a-f 7except c4 #c7 is a solid piece4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a s]ies ( docum5ts3 ,ezra #a1 ! edict ( ,cyrus2 ,ezra iv4 #g-vi4 #ab1 compla9ts to ! c\rt ( ! ,jews' build+ op]ations1 & answ]s ( ! k+s ,artax]xes & ,d>ius respectively4 ,ezra vii4 #aa-bf1 commission ( ,artax]xes to ,ezra4 ,a diplomatic appe>ance is giv5 to ^! by ! fact t--except ! edict ( ,cyrus--!y are all c\*$ 9 ! (ficial ,aramaic2 &1 inasmu* z 9 cc4 iv4 #g-vi4 #ah ! connect+ l9ks ( n>rative are also 9 ,aramaic1 ! presumption is t ?is mat]ial 0 tak5 bodily f an ,aramaic book 9 :i* ! lett]s & rescripts 7 already embodi$4 ,f9ally1 a di/9ct s\rce is commonly assum$ = ! hi/ory ( ,ezra4 ,?is is *iefly told ( ,ezra 9 ! ?ird p]son2 b 9 "s p>ts = a consid]able space toge!r ,ezra speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son 7,i or we71 & x is accord+ly ?\ght by mo/ s*ol>s t ! ,*ronicl] _h 9 8 h&s ,memoirs ( ,ezra z well z ( ,nehemiah1 :i* 9 "p he incorporat$ intact 7e4g4 ,ezra #h f471 9 "p reca/ into ! =m ( a n>rative ab\t ,ezra 7z 9 ,ezra #aj2 ,neh4 #h f474 ,x is evid5t t ! /ory ( ,ezra1 :atev] its orig91 is badly dislocat$3 ! *apt]s :i* n[ /& 9 ,neh4 #h-aj h no bus9ess !re1 &1 z has be5 notic$ above1 9 #a ,esdras ! read+ ( ! law imm$iately foll[s ,ezra #aj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a gap at ! end ( ,ezra #f2 *apt] #i _c well be its orig9al sequel4 ,&1 la/ly1 ,neh4 #i f4 does n seem naturally to foll[ c4 #h4 ,! mo/ probable re/oration ( ! ord] is ,ezra #h2 ,neh4 vii4 #gj-gc2 #h2 ,ezra #i-aj2 ,neh4 #i-aj4 ,?is arrangem5t gives a cont9u\s & consi/5t /ory1 & ! num]\s dates fall into sequ5ce4 ,incid5tally ano!r connection is ?us re/or$1 ,neh4 #aa foll[s vii4 #e;a4 ,! li/ 7,neh4 vii4 #e;b-#fj7 ( ! exiles :o return$ ) ,z]ubbabel & 8 company 7 ,ezra #b7 is obvi\sly n :at is requir$ "h4 ,! dismemb]m5t ( ! /ory ( ,ezra is n to be attribut$ to ! ,*ronicl]1 b to misadv5tures ( copy+ su* z are n infrequ5t 9 anci5t manuscripts4 ,! extract f ! ,memoirs ( ,nehemiah breaks (f ) ,neh4 #f2 ?\gh p]haps 9 vii4 #a-d2 xi4 #a-c ! ,*ronicl] has utiliz$ 9 8 own way "s fur!r s5t5ces4 ,9 ,neh4 xii4 #bg-dc1 ! procession at ! d$ication ( ! walls is describ$1 o/5sibly by ,nehemiah 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & ! passage has on ?is gr\nd be5 tak5 = an extract f ! ,memoirs4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an unmi/akable piece ( ! ,*ronicl]'s own composition4 ,9 c4 #ac1 also1 ,nehemiah1 9 ! fir/ p]son1 gives an acc\nt ( 8 re=m+ ent]prises on a second visit to ,j]usalem4 ,an unalt]$ extract f ! ,memoirs1 h[ev]1 ! *apt] _c well be2 ! ,*ronicl]'s ve9 crops out 9 too _m places4 ,x does n belong to our pres5t task to discuss ! hi/orical value ( ^! s\rces2 b x may n be amiss to say t ! au?ority ( ! ,memoirs ( ,nehemiah alone is unimpea*$4 ,! "q is ( peculi> int]e/ 9 ! case ( ! suppos$ ,memoirs ( ,ezra1 because ,neh4 #h has be5 g5]ally und]/ood by rec5t critics to be ! acc\nt ( ! =mal introduction ( a new1 or newly codifi$1 law1 ! ,prie/s' ,code or ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* ,ezra br\ght up f ,babylonia4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,/ory ,,books3 ,,e/h]1 ,,ru?1 ,,jonah ,besides ! old] & y\ng] hi/orical books we h be5 consid]+1 ! ,jewi% ,bible conta9s "s examples ( :at we %\ld call ! %ort /ory1 & ! *ur* has pres]v$ o!rs4 ,! canonical books ( ?is class are ,e/h]1 ,ru?1 & ,jonah2 among ! apocrypha are ,judi? & ,tobit2 o!rs1 su* z #c ,maccabees1 are f\nd 9 manuscripts ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,bibles1 or 9 ,ori5tal translations1 b did n atta9 (ficial recognition ( any ( ! great *ur*es4 ,^! /ories1 :i*1 z might be expect$1 diff] widely 9 lit]>y quality z well z 9 subject & motive1 are d\btless only ! r>e survivors ( a l>g] lit]ature ( ?is k9d1 b !y suffice to give u a notion ( ! popul> read+ ( ! ,jews 9 ! la/ c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x w\ld be m exact1 p]haps1 to say ! popul> /ory-tell+1 = probably ! writt5 books 7 *iefly us$ by ! /ory-tell]s1 :o reproduc$ _! cont5ts orally & freely1 j z ! ,moslem /ory-tell]s to-day recite /ories f ! ,arabian ,nights or ! ,ant> romance4 ,"s ( !m1 h[ev]1 l ,e/h]1 atta*$ !mselves to popul> fe/ivals & 7 recit$ or read z "p ( ! celebration4 ,,e/h]4--,e/h] is ! /ory ( a beautiful ,jewess ( ,susa :om ,x]xes raises f ! ranks ( 8 concub9es to be 8 que51 & :o uses h] influ5ce ov] him to save h] p f a g5]al massacre :i* ! gr& vizi] has prep>$ = !m by way ( av5g+ an affront f "o ( ! race4 ,! plot is develop$ ) notewor?y art4 ,! deposition ( ,va%ti1 :i*1 s f> z ! ma9 matt] goes1 is necess>y only to make room = ,e/h]1 "u ! au?or's h& becomes a brilliant fir/ act4 ,! embroilm5t ( ,mordecai & ,haman is skilfully manag$2 ! /iffneck$ ,jew refuses homage to ! pr\d vizi]1 :o s*emes a g5]\s rev5ge4 ,e/h] v5tures h] life = h] p by intrud+ into ! audi5ce *amb]1 b ! dn\em5t is artfully ret>d$--in/ead ( a pa!tic plea = ! imp]ill$ ,jews1 an invitation = ! k+ & 8 prime m9i/] to a petit dn] 9 ! que5's ap>tm5ts6 ,at ! banquet ! k+ (f]s ,e/h] h] wi%1 b aga9 ! issue is po/pon$4 ,haman1 9 8 elation at su* signal m>ks ( que5ly fav\r1 builds a gall[s = ,mordecai sev5ty-five feet high--& next day has to p>ade ! /reets ( ! capital at ! bridle ( ! hat$ ,jew's horse proclaim+ him ! object ( ! k+'s special hon\r6 ,! sc5e 9 ! banquet+ hall :5 ,e/h] at la/ makes h] petition is highly dramatic4 ,%e makes x a plea = h] own life1 = we are sold1 ,i & my p1 to be de/roy$1 to be sla91 & to p]i%4 ,! k+1 :o has no inkl+ t %e is a ,jewess1 & is inc5s$ at ! ?\ght ( su* a plot aga9/ 8 que51 angrily asks1 ,:o is he1 & :]e is he1 t dur/ presume 9 8 he>t to d s8 ,! climax s skilfully prep>$ comes 9 ! /unn+ words1 ,?is wick$ ,haman "h6 ,!nce=? ! action mat*es swiftly3 ! k+ bur/s out ( ! room to collect himself by a turn 9 ! g>d52 ! fall5 vizi] s9ks a suppliant on ! que5's c\*1 :]e ! k+1 return+1 f9ds him2 ! s9i/] eunu* /&+ by describes ! f9e new gall[s ,haman has at home1 ready = ,mordecai1 & on 8 own gall[s1 9 poetic ju/ice1 ,haman is hang$1 fifty cubits high6 ,mordecai succe$s to ! seal ( /ate1 & conceives ! c\nt]-/roke by :i*1 in/ead ( ! hea!n massacr+ ! ,jews1 ! ,jews slaught] ! hea!n4 ,an annual fe/ival celebrates ! joyful issue4 ,= ! full acc\nt ( ,mordecai's greatness ! read] is ref]r$ to ! royal annals ( ,m$ia & ,p]sia1 :]e x w be f\nd1 he says1 record$ along ) ! mighty de$s ( ,x]xes1 includ+ 8 subjugation ( ! ,greeks4 ,despite ?is au?ority1 x %\ld be unnecess>y to say t ! ,book ( ,e/h] is a "w ( fiction4 ,:e!r x is pure inv5tion1 or :e!r "s ( ! incid5ts are borr[$ f fact1 is an idle "q1 because a :olly unansw]able "o4 ,if ! local col\r1 :i* is laid on pretty ?ick1 is good1 z "s mod]n ar*ologi/s av]1 x w\ld n be /range t a ,jewi% noveli/ :o wrote n s long aft] ! pass+ ( ,p]sia %\ld prove z well acqua9t$ ) x z a mod]n ar*ologi/4 ,"s rec5t int]pret]s f9d 9 ! /ory a my?ical backgr\nd3 ,e/h] is ,i%t>1 ! ,babylonian goddess ( love2 ,mordecai1 ,m>duk's man1 0 orig9ally ,m>duk himself1 ! great god ( ,babylon2 ! "n ( ,haman s\nds some?+ l "o way ( pron\nc+ ! "n ( an ,elamite god 9 ! epic ( ,gilgame%4 ,! triumph ( ,mordecai & ,e/h] ov] ,haman w\ld ?us be an e*o ( anci5t /rife betwe5 ! gods ( ,babylonia & ,elam4 ,x w be obvi\s1 h[ev]1 to ! my?ologically unsophi/icat$ und]/&+1 t if ^! v problematical comb9ations are "r1 ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,e/h] 0 q innoc5t ( !m1 & !re=e t = ! int]pretation ( ! /ory he tells !y are :olly irrelevant4 ,! ,book ( ,e/h]1 x 0 long ago obs]v$1 is s+ul> among ! books ( ! ,bible 9 t !re is no m5tion ( ,god 9 x4 ,x is ,jewi% ) a sangu9>y loyalty to race1 b ( ,judaism z religion !re is n a trace2 x is 9 fact some:at obtrusive by its abs5ce4 ,:5 ,mordecai w>ns ,e/h] t if %e fails h] p 9 _! h\r ( ne$ deliv]ance w come f ano!r place1 ! ^w ,god is o/5tati\sly avoid$2 be=e h] great adv5ture %e fa/s ?ree days1 b !re is no sugge/ion ( pray]2 9 ! celebrations ( rescue & ! annual commemoration ( x !re is fea/+ & gladness1 b no ?anksgiv+ to ,god4 ,x is no wond] t or?odox rabbis d\bt$ ! inspiration ( s conspicu\sly secul> romance1 nor t ! ,greek translators made good ! religi\s defici5cies ( ! book by putt+ pi\s pray]s into ! m\? ( ,mordecai & ,e/h] at ! appropriate junctures4 ,! age ( ! book _c be v closely det]m9$2 x is pretty c]ta9ly n old] ?an ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 m likely f ! second4 ,a note at ! end ( ! ,greek v]sion says t ?is translation 0 br\ght f ,j]usalem to ,egypt 9 ! ye> :i* corresponds to #aad ,b4,c4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! fe/ival ( ,purim is 9 #b ,macc4 xv4 #cf1 :]e x is call$ ,mordecai ,day4 ,,ru?4--,! /ory ( ,ru? is laid 9 ! "t ( ! ,judges1 = :i* reason x 0 plac$ 9 ! ,greek ,bible & 9 mod]n v]sions betwe5 ,judges & ,samuel4 ,x tells ( a "y ,moabitess1 ! *ildless wid[ ( a ,judan f ,be?lehem1 :o accompanies h] wid[$ "m-9-law back to ,be?lehem1 embrac+ h] religion4 ,ru? goes out to glean aft] ! reap]s & by *ance comes to ! field ( ,boaz1 a k9sman ( h] husb&1 :o %[s h] k9dness4 ,by ,naomi's contrivance1 %e reveals to him :o %e is "u circum/ances t appeal to 8 *ivalry1 &1 aft] a ne>] ( k9 has waiv$ 8 "r1 ,boaz takes ! wid[ ) ! l&1 & !y live happy ev] aft]4 ,_! son ,ob$ is ,david's gr&fa!r4 ,! legal proce$+s 9 ! la/ *apt] are diff]5t f any?+ we o!rwise "k ( ,israelite cu/om1 b our ignorance is no w>rant = assum+ t ! usage !re describ$ is fictiti\s4 ,if ! /ory ( ,e/h] is told ) dramatic p[]1 t ( ,ru? is told ) idyllic grace4 ,! pa?os ( ! mom5t 9 :i* ,naomi bids h] daught]s-9-law return to _! mo!rs' homes & ,ru? refuses to "p f h] is un=c$4 ,! picture ( ! glean]s 9 ! fields2 ! delicacy ) :i* ! night at ! ?re%+-floor is treat$2 ! sc5e at ! city gate1 :]e ! waiv] & r$emption are witness$ & ! %oe giv5 9 atte/ation2 ! bless+ ( ! t[nsm5 on ! union1 all h ! *>m ( simple & unaffect$ n>rative4 ,! "q :at ! book 0 writt5 = has receiv$ div]se answ]s4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! au?or meant to prote/ aga9/ ! n>r[ness ( ^? :o condemn$ all m>riages ) =eign]s & put ! ,moabites "u a special ban1 by %[+ t ,david himself _h ,moabite blood 9 8 ve9s2 o!rs see ! po9t ( ! book 9 ! comm5dation ( ! m>riage ( *ildless wid[s1 n by bro!rs-9-law only z ! levirate law requir$1 b by remot] k9sm54 ,o!rs h conjectur$ o!rwise4 ,9 ?is /ate ( ! case x is safe to say t if ! au?or _h an ult]ior motive1 he conceal$ x m successfully ?an is common to /ory-tell]s :o write ) a purpose4 ,!re are no v def9ite signs 9 ! book ( ! age 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,! au?or is famili> ) ! ,hebrew lit]ature ( ! good p]iod1 & writes a bett] imitation ( x ?an "s4 ,x is precisely ?is imitative "* :i* /&s 9 ! way ( putt+ ! book 9 ! days ( ! k+dom4 ,b :]e1 9 ! c5turies ( ! ,p]sian or ,greek dom9ion x belongs1 x is impossible to say4 ,,jonah4--,! ?ird ( ! %ort /ories1 ,jonah1 is n f\nd1 l ,e/h] & ,ru?1 9 ! ,jewi% ,bible 9 ! miscellane\s collection ( ,scriptures & 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,bible among ! ,hi/orical ,books1 b 9 ! prophetic canon1 z "o ( ! ,m9or ,prophets4 ,! reason1 d\btless1 is t x is n only a /ory ab\t a prophet & 8 mission1 b 0 ?\ght to be writt5 by himself4 ,! tale is too famili> to h to be retold at l5g?4 ,! ,israelite prophet1 ,jonah ! son ( ,amittai1 is commission$ by ,god to g to ,n9eveh & ann\nce its imp5d+ de/ruction2 to escape ?is unwelcome err& he emb>ks on a ,pho5ician %ip b\nd = ,spa91 at ! o!r end ( ! _w2 a tempe/ ?reat5s to engulf ! %ip2 ! seam5 ca/ lots to discov] aga9/ :om ! gods are s angry2 ! lot falls on ,jonah1 & he is ca/ into ! sea1 :i* !reupon becomes calm2 ,jonah is swall[$ by a mon/r\s fi%1 :i* aft] ?ree days sets him a%ore safe & s\nd4 ,he goes to ,n9eveh & deliv]s 8 message2 ! p rep5t ( _! s9s1 & ,god rep5ts ( 8 purpose to de/roy !m1 :]eat ! prophet is v indignant & upbraids ,god ) 8 s(t-he>t$ness2 he expect$ ?is f ! beg9n+1 & !re=e tri$ to flee to ,t>%i%4 ,by 8 own grief = ! dea? ( ! plant :i* sprang up 9 a night & p]i%$ 9 a night1 ! prophet is taught ! lesson ( ! div9e compassion3 ,h[ %\ld ,i n h compassion on ?is great city1 ,n9eveh1 9 :i* are m ?an a hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s& human be+s :i* d n "k _! "r h& f _! left1 n to speak ( cattle8 ,) ?is rebuke ! book ends4 ,^! clos+ words leave no room = "q ab\t ! purpose ( ! book4 ,9 ! p]son ( ,jonah1 ! rebuke is address$ to ! ,jews1 to :om ,god's long-suff]+ ) ! hea!n 0 a /umbl+-block4 ,! great] prophetic books1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 all conta9 a long array ( oracles aga9/ =eign nations1 pr$ict+ _! total & rem$iless de/ruction1 "s ( !m v precise z to "t & ag5t 7see1 = example1 ,isa4 #ac f41 aga9/ ,babylon74 ,! fulfilm5t ( ^! prophecies1 ! f9al break+ ( ! p[] ( ! hea!n _w1 mu/ come be=e ! gold5 age ( ,israel c\ld dawn4 ,yet ! g5]ations came & w5t1 & ! hea!n /ill rul$ ! e>?6 ,!n1 too1 ! ,jews d\btless felt t !y1 z ! p ( ,god1 _h an exclusive claim on 8 affections1 z he ass]t$ exclusive claims to !irs4 ,! au?or ( ,jonah n only ext5ds to mank9d ,god's ^w 9 ,ezekiel1 ,h ,i any pleasure 9 ! dea? ( ! wick$8 sai? ! ,"l ,god1 & n r t he %\ld return f 8 way & live8 b he ass]ts ! all-embrac+ compassion ( ,god4 ,! "o ,god is ! creator ( ! hea!n z well z ( ,israel1 8 m]ciful provid5ce is ov] all 8 works4 ,! high] _s ( ,judaism "h reproves ! l[]1 n>r[1 exclusive1 & intol]ant _s1 :i* c\ld un=tunately allege s mu* w>rant = itself f ! law & ! prophets4 ,!re9 ! au?or _h _m & noble successors1 n only among ! sages1 ) _! cosmopolitan wisdom1 b 9 ! circles ( ! law4 ,x is n ! fault ( ! au?or t mod]n read]s & int]pret]s h _h _! att5tion div]t$ f ! moral ( ! book to ! fable 9 :i* x is convey$2 he c\ld n h imag9$ ! pseudo-hi/orical frame ( m9d to :i* ! "q :e!r x all happ5$ ?us & s 0 ( su* absorb+ importance t x might almo/ be said t ! sea-mon/] swall[$ ! comm5tators z well z ! prophet4 ,= "o ( ! difficulties ( ! book he is n responsible1 ! psalm 7,jonah ii4 #b-i7 :i* ,jonah s+s 9 ! fi%'s belly 0 put 9 8 m\? by a lat] editor2 vs4 #aj is ! imm$iate sequel ( vs4 #a4 ,! poem 0 evid5tly n compos$ = ! place2 x is a hymn ( ?anksgiv+ n a pray] = deliv]ance2 b ! 7figurative7 ref]5ces to ! dep?s ( ! abyss seem$ appropriate to ,jonah's situation4 ,! h]o ( ! /ory is a hi/orical "*1 ( :om1 to be sure1 we "k only t he came f a place nam$ ,ga?-heph]1 & pr$ict$ ! reconque/ ( lo/ ,israelite t]ritories :i* ,j]oboam ,,ii4 a*iev$ 7#b ,k+s xiv4 #be74 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ! au?or ( our book may h he>d 9 "s way t he w5t on a mission to ,n9eveh2 b if he _h1 t w\ld n make ! book any m hi/orical4 ,jonah1 l ,ru? & ,e/h]1 belongs to ! lat] p]iod ( ,hebrew lit]ature2 x is m likely t x 0 writt5 aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ?an be=e1 b great] def9it5ess is n ju/ifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,prophets ,9 ! old /ory ( ,saul & ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 #i f47 ,samuel is nam$ ! se]1 t is1 a man end[$ ) :at we call second sight1 & a note by an editor expla9s t :at 9 8 "t 0 call$ a prophet us$ to be call$ a se]4 ,samuel 01 inde$1 9 ! appreh5sion ( lat] times1 a prophet1 b ! /ory itself makes a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,! b& ( prophets :om ,saul meets com+ d[n f ! high place1 work+ up by music an en?usiasm1 or possession1 :i* makes !m beside !mselves1 rav+ 9 ! prophetic fury 7rav+ & prophesy+1 9 su* connections1 is ! same ^w 9 ,hebrew71 an en?usiasm :i* ,saul cat*es1 to ! surprise & sc&al ( 8 t[nsm51 are evid5tly some?+ q diff]5t f ! village se]2 !y mu/ h be5 outw>dly v mu* l mod]n ,moslem d]vi%es4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ( ! ,syrian w>s1 ^! greg>i\s prophets appe> 9 _m places2 especially 9 ! /ories ( ,eli%a !y are organiz$ societies ( devotees1 liv+ by !mselves 9 colonies ( huts or cells "u a sup]ior--aga9 v mu* l a d]vi% ord]--& sometimes turn+ _! religi\s zeal into political *annels1 z :5 !y incite ,jehu to ! revolt :i* ov]?rew ! h\se ( ,omri4 ,beside !m are o!rs :o also be> ! "n prophet1 b /& ap>t f ! ord] & (t5 9 opposition to x4 ,su* a figure is ,micaiah son ( ,imlah1 confront+ ! f\r hundr$ prophets :om ,ahab got toge!r1 & decl>+ _! unanimity ( inspiration to be ! "w ( a ly+ _s s5t f ,god to lure ! k+ to 8 doom 7#a ,k+s #bb74 ,su* a figure1 above all z we h already se51 is ,elijah1 :o1 solit>y1 *ampions ,jehovah's "r to ! undivid$ allegiance ( ,israel1 or ?und]s ! doom ( ! dyna/y at ! au?ors ( ,nabo?'s judicial murd]4 ,x is 9 su* m5 z ^!1 r ?an 9 ! common h]d ( prophets by pr(ession1 t ! e?ical prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury h _! =]unn]s4 ,! moral conception ( ,god _h its roots f> d[n 9 ! religion ( ,israel1 z may be se5 9 ! old] 7c]ta9ly preprophetic7 /rata 9 ,samuel1 & bett] /ill 9 ! patri>*al leg5ds1 :i* receiv$ _! pres5t =m 9 ! same age2 b aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! k+dom x 0 cross$ by ! national idea4 ,x 0 n till ! eigh? c5tury t ! m5 came :o ?\ght ?r\gh :at ! moral idea ( ,god involves1 & _h ! c\rage to proclaim its consequ5ces1 fatal ?\gh !y might be to bo? /ate & *ur*4 ,^! prophets1 beg9n+ ) ,amos1 n only prea*$ a new doctr9e1 !y employ$ a new me?od4 ,! message :i* !y spoke to ! he$less1 incr$ul\s1 or ho/ile e>s ( _! contempor>ies1 !y also record$1 :e!r 9 ! hope to rea* ?r\gh ! writt5 page a l>g] audi5ce1 or to p]petuate _! words to g5]ations foll[+4 ,?us !re beg9s a prophetic lit]ature :i* is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,f\r prophets ( ! second half ( ! eigh? c5tury h giv5 _! names to su* prophetic books1 ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 & ,micah4 ,!n1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! six?1 foll[ ! little books ( ,zephaniah1 ,nahum1 & ,habbakuk1 & ! great "o ( ,j]emiah1 ^: y\ng] contempor>y 9 ,babylonia is ,ezekiel4 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7 in/rum5tal 9 ! rebuild+ ( ! temple 9 ! reign ( ,d>ius ,i4 ,9 ! discussion ( ^! books we %all n attempt a *ronological disposition1 b foll[ ! ord] ( ! ,engli% ,bible4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,isaiah ,! fir/ ( ! prophetic books be>s ! "n ( ,isaiah1 a ,judan prophet1 :o dates 8 call 9 ! ye> t k+ ,uzziah di$1 a ye> :i* _c be fix$ ) c]ta9ty1 b 0 at all ev5ts n v long be=e #gcd ,b4,c41 & ^: late/ dat$ utt]ances are f ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib's invasion 9 ! ye> #gja4 ,8 prophecies ?us range ov] a p]iod ( n f> f =ty ye>s4 ,he witness$ ! humbl+ ( ,israel by ,tigla?-,piles] 9 #gcd1 ! fall ( ,sam>ia 9 #gba1 ! ,assyrian campaigns 9 ! we/ 9 #gbj & #gaa1 & ! condign puni%m5t ,s5na*]ib inflict$ on ,judah 9 #gja2 & all ^! ev5ts 7( :i* we h hi/orical k f bo? ,assyrian & ,jewi% s\rces7 are reflect$ 9 8 prophecies4 ,! book conta9s1 h[ev]1 mu* besides ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 9 ! diff]5t p]iods ( 8 long c>e]4 ,x has already be5 not$ t ,isa4 #cf-ci are f\nd also1 ) "s v>iations1 9 #b ,k+s #ah-bj1 :]e !y are an integral "p ( ! n>rative4 ,t ?is extract f ,k+s 0 copi$ into ! ,book ( ,isaiah is expla9$ by ! fact t ! prophet is a prom95t figure 9 ! /ory4 ,x does n /& 9 imm$iate connection ) ! prophecies ( ,isaiah dur+ ! campaign ( ,s5na*]ib 9 cc4 #bh-cc1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by sev]al oracles ( diff]5t "* & date2 & ! natural presumption is t ?is hi/orical app5dix 0 add$ at ! end ( a roll1 j z ,j]4 #eb1 also an extract f ,k+s 7#b ,k+s xxiv4 #ah-xxv4 #ba71 is app5d$ at ! end ( ! roll ( ,j]emiah4 ,9 ! pres5t ,book ( ,isaiah1 cc4 #cf-ci are foll[$ by ano!r prophetic book ( consid]able l5g? 7,isa4 #dj-ff71 :i* has no title1 & 9 :i*1 f fir/ to la/1 no prophet's "n appe>s4 ,! !me :i* is ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ v]ses ( ?is book & runs ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( x is ! approa*+ deliv]ance ( ! ,jews f ! ,babylonian captivity1 _! return to _! own l&1 & ! re/oration ( ,zion4 ,9 ,isa4 #a-ce c]ta9 l>g] divisions are at once app>5t2 cc4 #a-ab1 a collection ( prophecies1 *iefly1 z appe>s f dates & o!r indications1 f ! e>li] ye>s ( ,isaiah's m9i/ry2 cc4 #ac to #bc1 a collection ( oracles ma9ly aga9/ =eign nations2 cc4 #bd-bg1 previsions ( a great judgm5t1 9 a peculi>ly my/]i\s tone2 cc4 #bh-cc1 *iefly f ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib1 foll[$ by c4 #cd1 9 :i* ,god's fury is p\r$ out on ,edom1 & c4 #ce1 a prophecy ( re/oration ak9 to cc4 #dj ff4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! pres5t book is made up f sev]al old] collections ( prophecies ga!r$ by diff]5t h&s2 ! peculi> titles 9 cc4 #ac-bc1 = in/ance1 are mo/ probably to be attribut$ to ! editor ( an indep5d5t book ( prophecies aga9/ ! hea!n4 ,! same ph5om5on appe>s on a small] scale 9 ,isa4 #a-ab4 ,t ^! *apt]s1 at "o /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! collections1 =m$ a roll by !mselves is probable f ! fact t !y beg9 ) a gr& ov]ture 7c4 #a71 9 :i* ! lead+ motives ( ,isaiah's prophecy are he>d1 & close 7c4 #ab7 ) a psalm ( praise = ! messianic deliv]ance :i* is ! subject ( c4 #aa4 ,b ! ord] ( ! prophecies is n *ronological3 ! inaugural vision & ,isaiah's call to be a prophet /&s1 n at ! beg9n+1 z 9 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 b 9 c4 #f 7dat$ 9 ! ye> ( ,k+ ,uzziah's dea?71 :ile ! *apt]s t prec$e x 7cc4 #b f42 #e71 ) :at 0 once an initial title 7ii4 #a71 may confid5tly be assign$1 on int]nal gr\nds1 to ! reigns ( ,uzziah's successors4 ,*apt]s #g & #h 7dat$ "u ,ahaz7 seem to h orig9ally foll[$ close on c4 #f1 z !y d n[4 ,:atev] may be ! reason = ?is s+ul> arrangem5t1 x seems evid5t t ! compil] _h sev]al small] gr\ps or loose leaves ( oracles1 :i* he put toge!r = bett] pres]vation1 r1 p]haps1 by aff9ity ( subject ?an 9 ord] ( "t4 ,?is mu/ h tak5 place at a comp>atively late "t1 = n only does 8 roll beg9 ) a prophecy 7,isa4 i4 #b-i7 :i* vividly depicts ! deva/ation ( ,judah & ! isolation ( ,j]usalem by ,s5na*]ib 9 #gja 7p]haps ! late/ oracle ( ,isaiah pres]v$ 9 ! book71 b x conta9s passages 7e4g4 xi4 #aa-af7 :i* be> all ! m>ks ( a "t sev]al c5turies aft] ,isaiah's dea?2 ! psalm 9 c4 #ab is p]haps lat] /ill4 ,ano!r indication t ! collection 0 made at a date remote f ! age ( ! prophet is ! fragm5t>y "* ( sev]al ( ! oracles 9 cc4 #b-e4 ,! refra9 v]ses "h af=d a c]ta9 clue2 !y %[ t prophecies orig9ally compos$ ) mu* art 9 balanc$ /rophes ) clos+ refra9s came into ! compil]'s h&s mutilat$ & dislocat$4 ,?us1 v4 #be has ! refra9 ( ix4 #h-ba2 x4 #d1 :ile x4 #a-c is a woe :i* has /ray$ away f v4 #ah ff41 & ! refra9 ii4 #i1 #aa1 #ag recurs 9 v4 #ae4 ,fragm5t>y z _m ( ^! prophecies are1 en\gh rema9s to %[ t ,isaiah _h poetical g5ius z well z unequall$ ma/]y ( ! peculi> lit]>y =m ( ! ,hebrew oracle4 ,! p>able ( ! v9ey>d 7,isa4 v4 #a-g71 or ! picture ( ! swift1 resi/less advance ( ! ,assyrian 7v4 #bf-cj71 or ! description ( deva/at$ ,judah 7i4 #b-h71 or ! oracle aga9/ ,sam>ia 7ix4 #h-ba71 9 ! au?oriz$ ,engli% ,v]sion illu/rate 9 diff]5t ways ! art ) :i* ,isaiah h&les ?is traditional =m4 ,! e>li] prophecies ( ,isaiah1 :e!r direct$ aga9/ ,israel & its allies or aga9/ ,judah1 are unsp>+ 9 _! condemnation ( ! political & social evils ( ! "t1 & pr$ict ! imm95t & irrem$iable ru9 ( bo? nations4 ,?is is reveal$ to ,isaiah 9 ! vision :i* made him a prophet1 9 t]ms s dra/ic t ! clos+ words 7 pi\sly eras$ by "s late editor 7s 9 ! ,greek ,bible71 & a mean+less phrase put 9 _! place 9 ! curtail$ s5t5ce by a /ill lat] h& 7our ,hebrew text74 ,) ?is ! t5or ( 8 utt]ances 9 cc4 ii4 #e-;iii4 #bf2 v4 #a-cj2 ix4 #h-x4 #d1 :olly agrees4 ,^! unreliev$ =ebod+s ( doom l$ 9 lat] times n only to excisions su* z we h not$ 9 vi4 #ac1 b to int]polations2 hopeful p5dants 7 atta*$ to ! prophet's gloomy pictures1 sometimes writt5 = ! purpose--a p>ticul>ly in/ructive example is iv4 #b-f1 aft] iii4 #af-;iv4 #a--sometimes borr[$ f o!r prophetic contexts4 ,to ! latt] class belongs ! fam\s messianic oracle1 ix4 #a-g1 :i* is v imp]fectly connect$ 7by *anges 9 viii4 #bb7 ) ! prec$+ climactic d5unciation ( doom1 ! end ( :i* is miss+4 ,if ,isa4 ix4 #a-g is a prophecy by ,isaiah1 x c only belong to 8 late/ ye>s4 ,"o o!r feature ( ,isaiah's message mu/ be signaliz$4 ,8 ,god indignantly rejects ! sacrifices & all ! pomp\s wor%ip :i* are (f]$ him 9 8 temple 9 ,j]usalem 7,isa4 i4 #aj-ag74 ,m5 ?9k !y c ?us ga9 ! fav\r ( ,god & p]suade him to ov]look or condone _! s9s aga9/ _! fell[s6 ,su* wor%ip is an insult to ,god4 ,s ,amos a few ye>s be=e _h condemn$ ! wor%ip at ,be!l 7,amos v4 #ba-be74 ,s _! successors repeat 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms 7see ,mic4 vi4 #f-h2 ,j]4 #g1 especially vss4 #ba-bc74 ,x is ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( prophecy3 ! w ( ,god is :olly moral4 ,= wor%ip he c>es no?+ at all2 = ju/ice1 fairness1 & goodness betwe5 man & man he c>es ev]y?+4 ,su* a ,god is capable ( de/roy+ ! nation = ! wrongs m5 d _! fell[ m52 he is n capable ( be+ brib$ by (f]+s1 or flatt]$ ) psalms1 or :e$l$ ) pray]s4 ,he w li/5 to no int]cession 7,j]4 xv4 #a ff41 aft] c4 #ad72 no?+ b complete re=mation & rep>ation w he call rep5tance--& !re comes a pass :]e rep5tance is impossible4 ,! book ( prophecies aga9/ ! hea!n 7,isa4 #ac-bc7 beg9s ) two rem>kable *apt]s 7xiii4 #a-xiv4 #bc7 decl>+ ! imm95t de/ruction ( ,babylon by ! ,m$es1 :om ! prophet sees already 9 motion aga9/ ! doom$ city1 & exult+ ov] ! desc5t ( ! k+ ( ,babylon to hell1 greet$ by ! taunts ( ! mighty ( ! e>? :o 7 be=e him !re4 ,! two prophecies are connect$ by a pr$iction ( ! deliv]ance ( captive ,israel1 :i* w be re/or$ to its own l& & rule ov] its oppressors 7xiv4 #a-d;a74 ,! situation is n t ( ,isaiah's "t1 9 :i* ,babylon 0 a prov9ce ( ! ,assyrian empire1 & :51 "u ,m]oda* ,baladan1 x = a :ile reass]t$ its indep5d5ce1 seems to h s\ght an alliance ) ,hezekiah aga9/ _! common oppressor1 ,assyria 7,isa4 #ci #b ,k+s xx4 #ab ff474 ,! ,m$es _h be5 9 league ) ! ,babylonians aga9/ ,assyria until its fall 9 #fjf ,b4,c42 x 0 n until ! "t ( ,cyrus t ! ,m$es became a m5ace to ,babylonia1 & only aft] ,cyrus's conque/ ( ,lydia 7#edf ,b4,c47 t ! turn ( ,babylon 0 visibly come4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sack & ru9 ( ,babylon1 pictur$ ) v5geful satisfaction 9 ,isa4 #ac1 did n come to pass at t "t4 ,! ,p]sian armies1 aft] a decisive battle 9 nor!rn ,babylonia1 ent]$ ! city 9 ! autumn ( #ech )\t resi/ance4 ,babylonian inscriptions acclaim ,cyrus z a deliv]]1 & ,babylon became "o ( ! capitals ( 8 great empire4 ,on ^! gr\nds ! prophecy is g5]ally ?\ght to fall betwe5 #edf & #ech ,b4,c4 ,x is imm$iately foll[$ by a %ort oracle 7,isa4 xiv4 #bd-bg7 aga9/ ! ,assyrians1 q 9 ! tone ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah 9 ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib 7#gja ,b4,c471 & by an enigmatical w>n+ to ! inhabitants ( ! ,phili/9e cities1 said 9 ! title to h come 9 ! ye> t ,k+ ,ahaz di$4 ,ano!r prophecy conc]n$ ) ! inhabitants ( ^! cities1 be>+ ,isaiah's "n & def9itely dat$ 7#gaa ,b4,c471 is ,isa4 #bj4 ,*apt] #ag1 entitl$ ,! ,burd5 ( ,damascus1 is 9 fact *iefly aga9/ ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & falls 9 l9e ) prophecies ( ,isaiah 9 ! "t ( ! alliance ( ! two k+doms aga9/ ,judah 7ca4 #gcf ,b4,c472 comp>e ,isa4 #g4 ,9 ,isa4 xxii4 #ae-be is a prophecy ( ,isaiah s+ul> 9 ! fact t x is laun*$ at an individual1 ! major domo ( ,k+ ,hezekiah4 ,besides ^!1 ! collection conta9s oracles aga9/ ,moab 7,isa4 #ae f471 ,nubia 7c4 #ah71 ,egypt 7c4 #ai71 ano!r vision ( ! fall ( ,babylon be=e ! armies ( ,elam & ,m$ia 7xxi4 #a-aj71 b 9 a diff]5t _s f cc4 #ac-ad1 ! ,arabs 7xxi4 #aa f41 #ac-ag71 ,tyre 7c4 #bc71 & "o ) ! my/]i\s 7editorial7 title ,burd5 ( ! ,valley ( ,vision 7xxii4 #a-ad74 ,! la/-nam$1 9 ! =m ( a vision1 depicts a crisis 9 ! hi/ory ( ,j]usalem1 & condemns ! frivol\s behavi\r ( its inhabitants on ! eve ( a siege or1 z "s ?9k1 dur+ ! respite giv5 by a tempor>y rais+ ( a siege4 ,x 0 probably utt]$ by ,isaiah at an e>ly /age 9 ,hezekiah's revolt aga9/ ,s5na*]ib 7#gjd or #gjc ,b4,c471 be=e ! actual appe>ance ( ! ,assyrian army4 ,! oracle aga9/ ,tyre 7,isa4 xxiii4 #a-ad--:at foll[s is a lat] supplem5t7 seems m appropriate to ! ?irte5 ye>s' siege by ,nebu*adnezz> ?an to ! op]ations ( ,%almanez] or ( ,s5na*]ib 9 ,isaiah's days4 ,?us ,isa4 #ac-bc1 l cc4 #a-ab1 conta9s prophecies ( ,isaiah f bo? ! e>lie/ & ! late/ p]iod ( 8 activity1 int]m+l$ ) o!rs hav+ a totally diff]5t hi/orical horizon & dat+ f a mu* lat] "t1 & to bo? additions h be5 made by editors or scribes4 ,a v int]e/+ example ( ! latt] ph5om5on is ,isa4 xix4 #ah ff4 ,! passage is1 9 all probability1 f ! "t ( ! ,greek k+doms ( ,egypt & ,syria1 ! "n ( ! city 9 ! ,greek ,bible1 ,city ( ,righte\sness1 ref]r+ to ,leontopolis1 :]e a ,jewi% temple 0 erect$ ab\t #agj ,b4,c41 ) high prie/s ( ! legitimate l9e exil$ f ,j]usalem4 ,city ( ,de/ruction 7h]es7 9 ! ,hebrew text is a ho/ile p]v]sion1 possibly by way ( ano!r read+ ,city ( ! ,sun 7h]es74 ,ea* ( ! ?ree l>ge prophetic books has su* a gr\p ( oracles ab\t g5tile nations1 ,isa4 #ac-bc2 ,j]4 #df-ea2 ,ezek4 #be-cb4 ,!y are 9 "p levell$ at ! imm$iate neighb\rs ( ,judah1 9 "p aga9/ ! great p[]s1 ,babylon & ,egypt4 ,_m ( !m are 9 su* g5]al t]ms--or1 if !y ref] to specific ev5ts & situations1 our k ( ! hi/ory is s incomplete--t x is peculi>ly difficult to fix _! age4 ,x 0 also a k9d ( prophecy :i* peculi>ly invit$ imitation4 ,"u ! =eign yoke ! ,jews wore = s _m c5turies1 x mu/ (t5 h be5 a relief ( s\l to repeat :at ,god 0 go+ to d to ! hea!n2 ! _s ( ! au?or ( ,jonah 0 n = ev]ybody4 ,moreov]1 if !re is any place 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e x w\ld be easi] ?an ano!r = oracles ( ! false prophets to slip 9 & be pres]v$1 x is 9 ^! collections2 ab\t ! doom ( ! enemies ( ,israel !y 7 z or?odox & z emphatic z ! be/4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 t !re %\ld be m ?an usual unc]ta9ty ab\t ! orig9 ( ^! ana!mas on ! g5tiles4 ,isaiah #bd-bg conta9s a s]ies ( prophecies ( judgm5t to come :i* diff] f o!rs 9 ! book 9 hav+ no p>ticul> address4 ,! vision seems to wid5 to a judgm5t ( ! _w1 9 :i* ! e>? itself reels & s9ks "u ! weight ( m5's s91 & ! cele/ial p[]s 7! heav5ly bodies1 :i* are ! tutel>y deities ( ! hea!n7 & ! k+s ( ! e>? are ca/ into ! pit & %ut up 9 prison1 :ile ! ,"l ( ,ho/s reigns glori\sly 9 ,zion4 ,9 ano!r passage ,god1 ) 8 great sword1 puni%es ! levia?an1 ! swift & w9d+ s]p5t1 & slays ! great dragon 9 ! sea4 ,! my?ological es*atology ( ,judaism made mu* ( su* imag]y1 :i* is itself d\btless ( my?ical ance/ry4 ,! diction & /yle ( ^! *apt]s alone w\ld suffice to acquit ,isaiah ( responsibility = !m2 any?+ m unlike 8 writ+ c\ld n be imag9$4 ,! au?or1 :osoev] he 01 riots 9 plays on words1 _m ( !m1 z is ! fate ( labori\s pun/]s1 =c$ or f>-fet*$4 ,z to ! age ( ! *apt]s1 ap>t f ! language1 prophecy is "h pla9ly mak+ ! transition to apocalypse ) ^? vision>y revelations ( ! la/ judgm5t 9 :i* ,jewi% inv5tion 0 s f]tile4 ,?is ( itself po9ts to a late "t 9 ! po/-exilic p]iod4 ,! hi/orical allusions :i* h be5 sc5t$ out 9 ! *apt]s are too unc]ta9 to reckon )2 only1 z 9 c4 #ai1 ! way 9 :i* ,egypt & ,assyria 7or ,syria7 are conjo9$ seems pla9ly to po9t to ! divisions ( ,alex&]'s empire4 ,9 *apt]s #bh-cc are br\ght toge!r a numb] ( oracles ( ,isaiah f ! ye>s ( ,hezekiah's revolt & ,s5na*]ib's punitive exp$ition4 ,^! oracles are g5]ally brief & po9t$2 !y agree 9 =m & _s ) 8 prophecies 9 cc4 #a-ab q z closely z ! writ+ ( an ag+ man ord9>ily resembles t ( 8 y\?4 ,9 xxviii4 #a-d1 inde$1 an e>ly prophecy aga9/ ,sam>ia is made to s]ve z text = a c\nt]p>t address$ to ,j]usalem4 ,m+l$ ) ^! is a s]ies ( passages :i* =etell ! de/ruction ( ! foe & ! miracul\s escape ( ,judah f imm95t ru91 or1 tak+ high] flight1 picture ! gold5 age to come4 ,to ! =m] class belong1 = example1 xxx4 #bg-cc2 xxxi4 #d-i2 to ! latt]1 xxix4 #ah-bd2 xxx4 #ah-bf2 xxxii4 #a-h1 #af-bj2 :ile c4 #cc p>takes ( bo? *>act]s4 ,t ,isaiah pr$ict$ ! deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem 9 ! la/ extremity is report$ also 9 ,k+s1 & ne$ n be que/ion$ 7see also ,isa4 x4 #e-ad2 xiv4 #bd-bg74 ,mo/ ( ! prophecies ( ! gold5 age are1 h[ev]1 ali5 to _! context1 & ! unm$iat$ transition f ! unsp>+ pr$ictions ( judgm5t to ^! messianic idylls makes !m suspici\s4 ,x is n to be believ$ t ! prophet ?us took ! /+ out ( 8 mo/ pung5t oracles1 b ! position ( ! passages 9 "q c h no o!r int5tion4 ,if1 !n1 ^! are utt]ances ( ,isaiah at all1 !y _c h be5 spok5 9 _! pres5t connection4 ,"s ( !m1 at lea/1 are mu* m likely by o!r h&s4 ,?is is true mo/ evid5tly ( c4 #cc1 :i* 0 probably once ! end ( ?is little book ( prophecies f ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib 7,isa4 #bh-cc74 ,isaiah #cd is a prophecy aga9/ all ! nations1 :i* at once conc5trates itself ^u ,edom1 & is rem>kable = its ranc\r1 9 :i*1 z 9 o!r respects1 x resembles cc4 #ac f4 ,! sup]natural features ( ! judgm5t rem9d u also ( ,isa4 #bg3 x is too little t ! p are annihilat$1 its v l& is turn$ into an un9habitable wa/e1 &1 z by "s prodigi\s volcanic convulsion1 its du/ becomes brim/one & its soil burn+ pit*4 ,?is is ! ,"l's v5geance = ! wrong ( ,zion4 ,! cause ( ?is unusual passion is kn[n f o!r prophets 7see ,obad4 vss4 #aj-ab2 ,ezek4 xxv4 #ab-ad2 c4 #ce73 9 ! life & dea? /ruggle aga9/ ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! ,edomites1 ,judah's next neighb\rs & ne> k91 _h be5 on ! side ( ! ,babylonians1 & 7 ! *ief ga9]s by ! ru9 ( ,judah1 occupy+ p]man5tly ! :ole s\? ( ! c\ntry to a l9e nor? ( ,hebron1 mak+ good 9 ?is way ! "p ( _! own old t]ritory :i* _h be5 tak5 by ! ,nabatans4 ,! injury 0 la/+ & ! hatr$ durable1 b ! flam+ passion ( ,isa4 #cd w\ld incl9e u to ?9k t x 0 writt5 :ile ! grief 0 /ill fre%4 ,! p5dant to ?is1 ,isa4 #ce1 a prophecy ( ! return ( ! disp]sion & re/oration ( ,zion1 is q 9 ! mann] ( ,isa4 #dj ff41 & n improbably by ! same au?or4 ,( ,isa4 #cf-ci 7#b ,k+s #ah-bj7 acc\nt has already be5 giv5 7see above1 pp4 #aab f474 ,!re rema9s ! anonym\s prophetic book1 ,isa4 #dj-ff1 :i* n only has no title1 b 9 :i*--9 /rik+ contra/ to ! frequ5cy ) :i* ,isaiah's "n occurs 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ! book--no prophet's "n appe>s4 ,x beg9s ) ! ann\ncem5t t ! ,jews h n[ be5 suffici5tly puni%$ = _! s9s2 _! guilt has be5 expiat$ by suff]+4 ,! h\r ( national re/oration is at h&4 ,god has already call$ ! deliv]]1 :o w br+ l[ ! pride ( ,babylon & set free captive ,israel2 by 8 edict ,j]usalem %all be rebuilt & ! temple re/or$4 ,! ,jews1 n only f ,babylonia b f ! wide & di/ant l&s ( _! disp]sion1 %all flock back to _! own c\ntry1 ! cities ( ,judah %all be repeopl$1 & ,zion %all be too /rait = its inhabitants4 ,! deliv]] is ,cyrus 7,isa4 xliv4 #bh2 xlv4 #a71 :o is call$ ,god's fri5d1 8 ano9t$ "o 7messiah72 ! victories he has already ga9$ h be5 won 9 ! might ( ,jehovah1 :o1 all unkn[n to him1 girds him = ! battle1 & w g be=e him to new conque/s4 ,! prophet's pr$iction 0 met ) incr$ulity2 ! p[] ( ,babylon seem$ inv9cible1 ! resurrection ( ! dead nation impossible4 ,impossible1 maybe1 to m51 b n to ! ,almighty ,god1 ! creator ( heav5 & e>?1 ! sov]eign rul] ( ! nations6 ,z surely z ! words ( =m] prophets h come true1 s signally %all ^! =etell+s be fulfill$4 ,= hi/ory is ! unfold+ ( ,god's plan f ! beg9n+1 :i* he reveals by *apt]s to 8 s]vants ! prophets4 ,t ?is prophecy 0 deliv]$ by ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem1 a c5tury be=e ! fall ( ,judah & a c5tury & a half be=e ! "t ( ,cyrus1 w\ld nev] h ent]$ anybody's head _h ^! *apt]s n be5 app5d$ to a roll :i* bore at its beg9n+ ! "n ( ,isaiah & conta9$ _m oracles ( ! eigh?-c5tury prophet4 ,b ?is physical fact1 :i* may be due to no int5tion m pr(\nd ?an a desire to economize writ+ mat]ial1 _c c\nt aga9/ ! conclusive int]nal evid5ce2 backgr\nd & =egr\nd 9 ,isa4 #dj ff4 are n m]ely totally diff]5t f ^? ( ! prophecies ( ,isaiah & 8 contempor>ies1 !y are alike inconceivable 9 8 age4 ,nor is ! fact t ! ,jews 9 ,new ,te/am5t times1 includ+ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s1 quot$ ^! *apt]s z ,isaiah & believ$ him ! au?or ( !m1 prove any?+ except t su* 0 ! op9ion ( ! ,jews 9 t age4 ,! hi/orical situation 9 ,isa4 #dj ff4 w\ld ( itself be conclusive aga9/ ,isaiah's au?or%ip2 b x is n ! only pro( ( ! contr>y4 ,! au?or ( ^! *apt]s has n inappropriately be5 call$ ! !ologian among ! prophets4 ,8 idea ( ,god is conspicu\sly m advanc$ ?an t ( ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury2 x lies 9 ! same l9e ) ! mono!ism ( ,deut]onomy & ,j]emiah1 b lies beyond !m4 ,& x is *>act]i/ic t1 9 contra/ to ! old] prophets1 ?is "o reasons ab\t x4 ,he argues ! omnipot5ce ( ,god 9 hi/ory f 8 omnipot5ce 9 creation1 & makes l>ge use ( ! evid5ce f ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy to prove t ,jehovah is ! only ,god2 he c pr$ict because he =eorda9s & br+s to pass4 ,) him beg9s ! polemic1 n aga9/ ! wor%ip ( hea!n gods1 b aga9/ _! exi/5ce4 ,:at ! hea!n b[ d[n to are naught b helpless1 s5seless idols1 ! "w ( _! own h&s4 ,he is fond ( invit+ 8 read]s to an image-mak]'s %op to see h[ a god is made 7see1 e4g41 ,isa4 xliv4 #i-bj74 ,su* are ! impot5t gods t ! ,babylonians expect to save !m out ( ! h&s ( ! creator ( ! _w6 ,! /yle ( ,isa4 #dj ff4 is n less decisive4 ,translation necess>ily 9 l>ge measure effaces ! diff]5ces1 b ev5 9 translation a comp>ison ( two passages on simil> !mes su* z ,isa4 x4 #e-ai & ,isa4 #dg may p]haps give "s impression ( !m4 ,! /yle ( ,isaiah & 8 contempor>ies--,amos1 ,hosea1 ,micah--is concise & pregnant1 ! s5t5ces are %ort & h (t5 an oracul> r+4 ,! au?or ( ,isa4 #dj ff4 writes ) a fre] p5 9 fl[+ p]iods2 he develops 8 ?\ght & 8 figures m at l>ge2 if he is obscure1 x is seldom f compression4 ,"h aga91 ,deut]onomy & ,j]emiah1 ! :ole lit]ature ( ! sev5? c5tury1 is an int]m$iate /age4 ,! lat] au?or is a poet1 z ,isaiah is1 b ) o!r !mes & 9 o!r =ms2 comp>e1 e4g41 ,isa4 #e ) ,isa4 xlii4 #a-i4 ,9 %ort1 ea* has a highly *>act]i/ic /yle1 & ! two are totally diff]5t4 ,! hi/orical situation1 z x has be5 def9$ above1 appe>s mo/ di/9ctly 9 ,isa4 #dj-ee4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s two passages 7 long ago se5 n to correspond to t situation1 viz4 lvi4 #i-lvii4 #ac & c4 #fe 7especially vss4 #a-af71 9 :i* ! vehem5t attack on idolatr\s & abom9able rites practis$ by ,jews "u ! prophet's eyes 0 ?\ght to indicate a pre-exilic orig94 ,x 0 a s]i\s error1 h[ev]1 to conceive t ! s-call$ exile cur$ all ! ,jews once & = all ( e incl9ation to hea!nism2 ! hi/ory ( ! ,seleucid p]iod suffici5tly proves ! contr>y4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! *apt]s inconsi/5t ) ! view1 n[ g5]ally ent]ta9$1 t ^! flam+ d5unciations 7 deliv]$ 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! ,p]sian or ! ,greek p]iod2 & !re is no w>rant = assum+ t !y 7 specifically address$ to ! half-hea!n population ( ! old t]ritory ( ,israel1 /ill less to ! s-call$ ,sam>itan sect1 t is1 ! wor%ipp]s at ! rival temple on ,g]izim4 ,o!r *apt]s 7,isa4 lvii4 #ad-ba2 #fj2 #fa f47 resemble 9 _s & mann] ! prophecies 9 ,isa4 #dj-ee1 b are m probably by lat] writ]s "u ! influ5ce ( ^? prophecies ?an by _! au?or4 ,_! optimism contra/s ) ! depress$ tone ( lviii4 #a-lix4 #ae;a1 9 :i* ! s5se ( s9 is borne 9 on ! community by ! delay 9 ! com+ ( ! good times4 ,9 lix4 #ae;b-#ba1 & lxiii4 #a-f ,god's fury is p\r$ out on =eign nations1 9 ! latt] specifically on ,edom2 lxiii4 #g-lxiv4 #ab is a cry = ,god's int]v5tion 9 dire di/ress 7see lxiii4 #ah2 lxiv4 #aj f41 deva/ation ( ,judah1 burn+ ( ! temple72 c4 #ff conta9s div]se elem5ts1 consolation to ,j]usalem ( ! s*ool ( ,isa4 #dj-de1 & c5sures ( abom9able rites 7lxvi4 #c f41 #ag ff474 ,isaiah #ef-ff is1 !re=e1 g5]ally reg>d$ z an app5dix to ! book ( consolation1 cc4 #dj-ee1 conta9+ v div]se elem5ts4 ,x w\ld be no?+ /range if ali5 prophecies & editorial expansions 7 f\nd 9 ,isa4 #dj-ee also1 & displacem5ts are probably 9 m ?an "o passage4 ,! "q ( au?or%ip is ( peculi> int]e/ 9 ! case ( ?ree prophecies :i* h = _! subject ! mission & suff]+ ( ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ,isa4 xlii4 #a-i2 xlix4 #a-ac2 lii4 #ac-liii4 #ab1 :i* are ?\ght by "s to be tak5 :olly or 9 "p f an old] prophet1 by o!rs to be lat] ins]tions4 ,! reasons = ascrib+ ! ,s]vant passages to a diff]5t au?or d n seem decisive4 ,! ,book ( ,isaiah is ?us a great collection ( prophecies ( v>i\s ages1 f ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 d[n p]haps to ! ?ird1 ) "s m9or additions ( ev5 lat] date4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,j]emiah ,j]emiah dates 8 call to ! ardu\s mission ( prophet 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ,k+ ,josiah 7#fbf ,b4,c471 & he liv$ till aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehf ,b4,c41 s t1 l 8 pr$ecessor ,isaiah a c5tury e>li]1 8 c>e] spans a p]iod ( ab\t =ty ye>s 9 a "t ( great ev5ts4 ,only five ye>s aft] he began to prophesy1 ,josiah re=m$ religion 9 ,judah on ! new model ( ! law-book discov]$ by ,hilkiah 7,deut]onomy2 see above1 pp4 #fb f474 ,j]emiah1 scion ( a prie/ly family native 9 ,ana?o?1 a few miles nor? ( ,j]usalem1 :i* v likely trac$ its desc5t f ,abia?>1 ,david's prie/1 :om ,solomon depos$ 9 fav\r ( ,zadok1 0 !re=e "o ( ^? prie/s ( ! high places :o 7 hit h>de/ by ! suppression ( ! local sanctu>ies4 ,t 8 t[nsm5 ( ,ana?o? s\ght 8 life 7,j]4 xi4 #ah ff47 has be5 attribut$ to _! indignation t ,j]emiah %\ld d>e to prea* ,josiah's cov5ant to !m 7see ,j]4 xi4 #a-ag74 ,:atev] hopes he may h ent]ta9$ at fir/1 ,j]emiah 0 n long 9 see+ t ! re=m _h clean$ only ! outside ( ! cup & ! platt]1 :ile m5 =tifi$ _! consci5ces beh9d ! cov5ant aga9/ an inve/igation ( ! inside4 ,9 #fjh ,b4,c4 ,josiah fell 9 battle at ,megiddo aga9/ ! ,egyptian k+ ,ne*o4 ,aft] a brief vassalage to ,egypt1 ,judah came "u ! ,babylonian yoke4 ,j]emiah saw all ?is2 saw1 too1 ,j]usalem twice tak5 by ! armies ( ,nebu*adnezz> 7#eig1 #ehf ,b4,c471 ! temple burn$ & ! walls raz$2 & 0 at la/ =c$ to accompany ! refugees to ,egypt aft] ! murd] ( ,g$aliah4 ,e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 ,j]emiah deliv]$ himself ( a fulm9ant oracle 9 ! gate ( ! temple 7,j]4 vii4 #a-ae1 cf4 c4 #bf71 9 :i* he decl>$ t ! ,jews' fai? 9 ! temple z ! palladium ( ! city 0 a delusion2 unless !y altoge!r am5d$ _! ways1 ,god w\ld make ! temple a ru9 l ! anci5t sanctu>y at ,%iloh4 ,prie/s1 prophets1 & p clam\r$ ) "o voice = ! blasphem]'s dea?1 b he hurl$ back at !m a reit]ation ( 8 w>n+4 ,! int]v5tion ( "s ( ! magnates sav$ 8 life2 b ano!r prophet :o lack$ su* influ5tial protection 0 extradit$ f ,egypt & put to dea?4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,j]emiah took ano!r way ( rea*+ ! public 7see ,j]4 #cf74 ,he dictat$ to ,b>u* ! prophecies :i* he _h utt]$ f ! beg9n+ ( 8 mission to t "t1 & s5t ,b>u* to read ! roll 9 ! temple at ! fa/ 9 ! n9? mon? 9 ! fif? ye> ( ,jehoiakim 7#fjc ,b4,c474 ,"s ( ! nobles _h ,b>u* give !m a private read+1 & !n c>ri$ ! book to ! k+1 fir/ giv+ ,b>u* ! fri5dly advice to put himself & ,j]emiah out ( h>m's way4 ,! k+1 z he read ! roll1 cut (f ! pages1 & burn$ !m on ! brazi] 9 8 *amb]4 ,j]emiah !reupon dictat$ to ! fai?ful ,b>u* ano!r roll conta9+ all ! prophecies t 7 9 ! fir/1 & !re 7 add$ besides unto !m _m l words4 ,we may be sure t ! second edition w\ld h be5 ev5 less agreeable read+ to ,jehoiakim ?an ! fir/4 ,"o ( ! additional words is inde$ pres]v$ 9 ,j]4 xxxvi4 #bi-ca4 ,! *apt] is ( peculi> int]e/1 because x is an acc\nt--! only "o 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t--( ! orig9 ( a prophetic book4 ,we see ! prophet reproduc+1 d\btless f memory1 ! cont5t ( oracles utt]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ tw5ty ye>s or m1 & enl>g+ ! collection = a second edition4 ,x is a fair conjecture t ?is second roll furni%$ to our ,book ( ,j]emiah mo/1 if n all1 ! prophecies prior to ! fif? ye> ( ,jehoiakim2 b x is c]ta9 t ! roll itself is n incorporat$ z su* 9 ! pres5t book4 ,!re are also sev]al prophecies f lat] ye>s ( ,jehoiakim1 & _m f ! reign ( ! la/ k+1 ,z$ekiah1 especially f ! "t ( 8 revolt & ! siege ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonians4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! ,book ( ,j]emiah is ! pres5ce ( passages ( consid]able ext5t d]iv$ f a biographical s\rce4 ,f ?is comes ! acc\nt ( ! mak+ & read+ ( ! collect$ volume ( prophecies 9 ! f\r? & fif? ye>s ( ,jehoiakim ( :i* we h already spok5 7,j]4 #cf71 & p>ticul>ly ! n>rative ( ,j]emiah's =tunes dur+ ! la/ siege ( ,j]usalem & aft]w>d1 includ+ ! flight to ,egypt & 8 exp]i5ces ) ! refugees !re1 cov]+ ?us ?ree or f\r ye>s beg9n+ ) #ehh 7,j]4 #cg-dd74 ,to ! same s\rce x is natural to ascribe c4 #bf1 relat+ to ! circum/ances & consequ5ces ( ! prophecy deliv]$ 9 ! temple at ! beg9n+ ( ,jehoiakim's reign 7c4 #g72 c4 #bh 7collision ) ! false prophet ,hananiah1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,z$ekiah72 c4 #bi 7lett] to ! ,jews 9 ,babylonia1 ab\t ! same "t72 & p>ts ( cc4 #cb1 #cd1 & #ce4 ,!re is good reason to believe t ! au?or ( ?is biography 0 ,b>u*1 :o n only /ood 9 intimate relations ) ,j]emiah be=e ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 b accompani$ him to ,egypt 7,j]4 xliii4 #f74 ,x is consequ5tly a hi/orical s\rce ( ! be/ possible k9d4 ,= ! fir/ half ( ,j]emiah's c>e] ?is s\rce fails u2 &1 z we h se51 x is cont9u\s only f ! la/ ye>s ( ,z$ekiah4 ,x is possible t ,b>u*'s association ) ,j]emiah began 9 ! "t ( ,jehoiakim1 & 8 n>rative may h comm5c$ !re4 ,un=tunately ?is life ( ,j]emiah has n be5 pres]v$ complete or intact4 ,! prophecies conta9$ 9 x l$ lat] compil]s to introduce o!r oracles :i* seem$ appropriate to ! context1 & to supplem5t ! words ( ,j]emiah by edify+ compositions ( _! own4 ,_! aim1 x mu/ con/antly be borne 9 m9d1 0 n to produce a critical edition ( ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah1 b to make a book effective to impress ! tru?s & motives ( religion on _! own contempor>ies1 & ) *ang+ times & situations to keep ! book1 s to speak1 up to date4 ,if ! words ( an old prophet sugge/$ to !m a good moral1 !y wrote x out = him1 )\t dream+ t !y 7 do+ ei!r him or morality a wrong1 or ?9k+ h[ mu* tr\ble !y 7 mak+ = future hi/orical /ud5ts4 ,x is exactly ! same proc$ure & ! same motive :i* meets u 9 innum]able places 9 ! ,p5tateu* & ,hi/orical ,books4 ,to /igmatize su* int]polations z lit]>y fraud is absurd4 ,^! additions are (t5 recognizable by _! prosaic prea*9ess or by _! composite imitativ5ess4 ,( "o k9d ( pr$iction ! ,jews ( lat] c5turies c\ld n h en\gh1 ! prophecies ( deliv]ance f ! =eign yoke & ! bett] "t to foll[4 ,!y n only *]i%$ ! hopeful words ( =m] prophets & wrote v>iations on _! !mes1 b gave expression to _! fai? & _! ideals 9 _! own way4 ,t !y (t5 took _! inspiration f ,isa4 #dj ff4 is natural4 ,9 ,j]emiah su* promises ( a happi] future are accumulat$ 9 cc4 #cj-cc1 :i* conta91 ) "s oracles ( ,j]emiah1 pieces ( v>i\s au?or%ip & age1 "s ( !m su* p5dants to gloomy pictures z we h f\nd num]\s 9 ,isaiah 7e4g4 ,j]4 xxx4 #a ff4 to vss4 #ab-ae71 o!rs m indep5d5t compositions4 ,^! /& int]sp]s$ among ! extracts f ,b>u*'s life ( ,j]emiah4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! book 7,j]4 #a-be7 !re is no su* hi/ory = a framework4 ,x w be obs]v$ "h t ! prophet commonly introduces 8 message 9 p]sonal =m1 ,! ^w ( ,jehovah came to me1 say+1 or ,!n ,jehovah said to me1 or ! l4 ,sometimes an oracle beg9s1 z 9 c4 #ah1 ,! words :i* came to ,j]emiah1 z a k9d ( title1 :ile 9 ! sequel ! prophet speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,dates are infrequ5t 9 ?is "p ( ! book1 & if a *ronological ord] 0 obs]v$ 9 ,b>u*'s roll1 x has be5 brok5 up 9 ! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,int]nal evid5ce does n always suffice to fix ! age ( ! utt]ances1 ! less because "s ( ! e>ly oracles h obvi\sly be5 adapt$ to a lat] situation4 ,?is is peculi>ly evid5t 9 cc4 #a-f4 ,9 ^! *apt]s are sev]al prophecies f ! ye>s :5 ! wild horsem5 f ! ,scy?ian /eppes 7 ov]runn+ we/]n ,asia & /rik+ t]ror into ! /\te/ he>ts by _! b>b>\s appe>ance & fi]ce mann]s4 ,j]emiah saw 9 !m ! sc\rge ( ,god 7see e4g4 ,j]4 iv4 #e-h1 #bg-ca71 ! day ( doom 0 come6 ,x 01 inde$1 su* a vision ( doom t fir/ met 8 gaze1 :5 ,god made him a prophet 7,j]4 i4 #ac ff474 ,b 9 ! pres5t %ape ( ^! *apt]s ! enemy out ( ! nor? :i* m5aces ru9 is n ! wild ,scy?ian hordes1 b ! s]ri$ armies ( ,babylon4 ,x is n at all improbable t ?is *ange ( horizon 0 made by ,j]emiah himself1 :5 at ! beg9n+ ( ,jehoiakim's reign ! ,scy?ian flood _h run (f1 &1 by ! ov]?r[ ( ,n9eveh & ,nebu*adnezz>'s defeat ( ,ph>aoh ,ne*o on ! ,euphrates1 ! new ,babylonian empire _h become ! imp5d+ fate ( ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,among ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah 9 ?is "p ( ! book also are introduc$ pieces1 l>g] or small]1 :i* are ! product ( lat] g5]ations2 two conspicu\s examples are ,j]4 ix4 #bc-cd2 x4 #a-af 7x4 #ag is ! imm$iate cont9uation ( ix4 #bb71 & xvii4 #ai-bg4 ,j]emiah's exp]i5ce 9 ! pursuit ( 8 call+ 0 a h>d "o4 ,8 ,cass&ra =ebod+s ga9$ him ! enmity ( all1 & ho/ility grew to bitt] hatr$ z ! dire fulfilm5t />$ !m 9 ! face4 ,8 c\ntrym5 9 ,ana?o? plott$ 8 dea?2 ! prophecy 9 ! temple all b co/ him 8 life1 & 0 an end1 = ! "t at lea/1 ( public appe>ances2 ! com+ ( 8 collect$ oracles into ,jehoiakim's h&s drove him & ! scribe into hid+4 ,dur+ ! la/ siege1 he fir/ 0 kept 9 arre/ 9 a private h\se1 !n ca/ into an empty ci/]n1 :]e he w\ld h p]i%$ b = ! fri5dl9ess ( a negro eunu*2 !n conf9$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! gu>d till ! tak+ ( ! city2 releas$ by ! ,babylonians1 8 c\nsel to ! refugees n to flee to ,egypt 0 badly receiv$1 & he 0 con/ra9$ to accompany !m4 ,9 ,egypt1 aga9 d5\nc+ & pr$ict+ ill1 he disappe>s2 ,jewi% leg5d says1 kill$ by 8 exasp]at$ c\ntrym54 ,b ^! outw>d p]ils & pa9s 7 n all he _h to be> = be+ a prophet4 ,9 angui% ( s\l he suff]$ twice ! trag$y ( 8 p1 9 =esight & 9 fact--suff]$ z only a man ( s5sitive _s & unfl9*+ w c suff]4 ,t ne$s no comm5t>y2 b !re is ano!r elem5t we d n s easily conceive3 ,j]emiah believ$ t ! ^w ( ,god he _h to utt] 0 n m]ely a pr$iction1 b ! effectual cause1 ( ! ru9 ( ,judah 7see ,j]4 i4 #i f474 ,x is n /range t ! task ,god _h laid on him seem$ too heavy to be borne4 ,he feels himself a man ( cont5tion to ! :ole e>?4 ,he remon/rates1 he reproa*es ,god = hav+ misl$ him1 he resolves nev] aga9 to speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l2 b !re is )9 him z x 7 a burn+ fire %ut up 9 8 bones1 he _c hold 9 7,j]4 xx4 #g-ah2 see also xv4 #aj f41 #ae-ah2 xii4 #a-f74 ,^! confessions1 z !y h be5 call$1 are ( ! greate/ int]e/2 !y are a revelation ( ! prophet's s\l su* z has no c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 &1 ) ,b>u*'s simple /ory1 br+ him z a man ne>] to u ?an any ( ! o!r prophets4 ,9 ! ,hebrew 7& !re=e 9 ! ,engli%7 ,bible1 ! la/ *apt]s ( ! book 7,j]4 #df-ea7 conta9 a collection ( prophecies aga9/ =eign nations1 to :i* is app5d$ 7c4 #eb7 an extract f ! ,book ( ,k+s 7#b ,k+s xxiv4 #ah-xxv4 #ba71 describ+ ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ! ,babylonian army 9 #ehf ,b4,c4 ,9 ! ,greek ,bible ! oracles aga9/ ! =eign nations come 9 betwe5 ,j]4 xxv4 #ac & vs4 #ae1 b 9 an altoge!r diff]5t ord]4 ,!y evid5tly =m$ a little book by !mselves1 :i* 9 "o rec5sion ( ! ,book ( ,j]emiah 7 app5d$ to ! volume ( 8 prophecies1 9 ano!r 7 ins]t$ 9 ! middle ( x z ! correspond+ collections ( =eign oracles are plac$ 9 ,ezek4 #be-cb & ,isa4 #ac-bc4 ,! "q ( ! orig9al place & disposition ( ^! prophecies is ( importance only = ! relation ( ! two =ms ( ! book to ea* o!r1 & ne$ n be pursu$ "h4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r ,j]emiah _h any h& :atev] 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,! prolix prophecy aga9/ ,babylon 7,j]4 #ej-ea7 is a purely lit]>y ex]cise1 = :i* contributions h be5 levi$ "r & left1 & 0 writt5 at a "t :5 ,babylon _h long ceas$ to be ( hi/orical importance4 ,o!rs ( ! prophecies borr[ f e>li] prophets g5]\sly4 ,an exam9ation1 by ! aid ( ! m>g9al ref]5ces 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion 7,ox=d & ,cambridge edition1 #ahih71 ( ! appropriations & rem9isc5ces w give a pr(itable notion ( ?is lit]>y imitation ( prophecy4 ,! diff]5t ord] ( ! prophecies is n ! only1 nor ! mo/ important1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek ,j]emiah4 ,besides a great numb] ( v>iant read+s ( ! ord9>y k9d1 ! olde/ ,greek v]sion is mu* %ort] ?an ! ,hebrew2 x has be5 reckon$ t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #bgjj words 9 ! latt] h no?+ correspond+ to !m 9 ! translation4 ,"s "p ( ?is may be due to abridgm5t by ! translators1 to :i* ! repetitions 9 p>ts ( ,j]emiah--*iefly second>y p>ts--invit$2 b :5 all all[ance is made = ?is1 x rema9s t ! ,hebrew copies f :i* ! translation 0 made _h a mu* brief] text ?an ! ,pale/9ian ,hebrew 9 our h&s1 & x is probable t ! great] "p ( ?is diff]5ce1 :i* is *iefly 9 comp>ative v]bosity1 is due to padd+ ) /ock phrases & turns ( ?\ght 9 ! ,pale/9ian text4 ,9 "s in/ances oracles or tags to oracles :i* on o!r gr\nds are recogniz$ z late additions to our text _h n got into t ( ! ,greek translators4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,ezekiel ,ezekiel 0 "o ( ! prie/s ( ,j]usalem :o 0 c>ri$ (f to ,babylonia ) ,k+ ,jehoia*9 9 ! deportation ( #eig ,b4,c4 ,^? :o 7 ?us deport$ 7 ! upp] classes1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 ! royal family & ! c\rt & ! ari/ocracy ( ! prie/hood1 & skill$ artisans1 p>ticul>ly ! smi?s 7armor]s74 ,hav+ ?us remov$ ! natural lead]s ( ! rebelli\s p1 ,nebu*adnezz> made ,z$ekiah1 an uncle ( ,jehoia*91 k+ 9 8 /ead & gave ,judah ano!r trial4 ,! eight or t5 ?\s& ,jews ) _! families :o 7 remov$ to ,babylonia 7 coloniz$ at diff]5t po9ts1 ,ezekiel repeat$ly m5tions ! riv] ,*eb>1 t is1 probably1 ! gr& canal 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nippur4 ,! patricians 9 exile ?\ght v poorly ( ! new lords :o _h /epp$ into _! %oes 9 ,j]usalem1 & !y flatt]$ !mselves t ev5ts w\ld soon take su* a turn t !y w\ld return to ,juda & to p[]4 ,!y _h prophets & div9]s among !m :o enc\rag$ !m 9 ?is expectation4 ,:5 ,z$ekiah revolt$ & ! ,babylonian armies a second "t besieg$ ,j]usalem1 _! fai? 9 ! inviolability ( ,zion1 confirm$1 r ?an %ak51 by ! outcome ( ?+s 9 #eig ,b4,c41 :5 ,jehoia*9 surr5d]$ & ! holy city took no h>m1 made !m refuse he>+ to ,ezekiel's pr$iction ( ru92 !y may ev5 h dream$ t ,nebu*adnezz> w\ld f9d out 8 mi/ake & re/ore to ,judah its legitimate rul]s1 *a/5$ by exp]i5ce1 & pack ,z$ekiah & 8 advis]s into exile 9 _! place4 ,aga9/ ?is va9 & sup]/iti\s optimism ,ezekiel _h to cont5d until ! disa/r\s issue made a rude end ( all _! dreams & ?rew ! exiles into ! dep?s ( hopelessness3 ,bel _h triumph$ ov] ,jehovah1 & x 0 all ov] ) ! nation4 ,!nce=? ,ezekiel's task 0 to save !m f despair by ! assurance t ,god /ill _h a purpose to fulfil ) !m1 & t1 9 8 own "t1 :5 !y _h be5 ?or\ghly purg$ f _! old s9s & fill$ ) a new _s1 he w\ld re/ore !m to _! own l& & br+ to life aga9 ! dead nation4 ,^! two p]iods ( ! prophet's mission %>ply divide ! ,book ( ,ezekiel4 ,to ! day :5 ! ^w came to him t ! ,babylonian armies _h inve/$ ,j]usalem 7,ezek4 #bd7 he combats delusion2 f ! arrival ( ! tid+s ( ! fall ( ! city 7xxxiii4 #ba ff47 he combats despair4 ,! fir/ "p is all m5ace1 ! second is full ( promise4 ,num]\s dat$ oracles s]ve z l&m>ks1 especially 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,betwe5 ! two1 9 ! two ye>s ( susp5se1 :5 ab\t 8 own p ! prophet is dumb1 is plac$ ! gr\p ( prophecies aga9/ =eign nations 7cc4 #be-cb71 beg9n+ ) oracles aga9/ ! neighb\rs ( ,judah :o held true to ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ?is crisis & _h _! rew>d at ,judah's co/--,ammonites1 ,moabites1 ,edomites1 & ,phili/9es4 ,^! are foll[$ by long pr$ictions ( ! ru9 ( ,tyre1 ov] ^: calamity ! prophet exults m l\dly ?an ! grievance ( ,j]usalem 7,ezek4 xxvi4 #b7 seems to ju/ify4 ,nebu*adnezz> did 9 fact besiege ,tyre = ?irte5 ye>s 7#ehe-egb ,b4,c471 & d\btless inflict$ ^u x great losses2 b ! isl& city1 ) its comm& ( ! sea1 he c\ld n take4 ,ezekiel himself1 9 a rem>kable passage :i* is p]haps 8 late/ ^w 9 ! book1 admits t 8 pr$ictions ( ! capture ( ,tyre 7xxvi4 #g-ad7 _h n be5 fulfill$--,nebu*adnezz> _h _h to raise ! long & ineffectual siege--b he promises t ,jehovah w rew>d him = ^! fruitless lab\rs 9 ! ,"l's s]vice by giv+ him ,egypt in/ead 7xxix4 #ag-ba74 ,! animosity aga9/ ,egypt :i* f9ds expression 9 ! pr$ictions ( ! ,babylonian subjugation ( t c\ntry is m easily expla9$4 ,egypt _h be5 ! evil g5ius ( ,judah1 in/igat+ rebellion aga9/ ! ,babylonian suz]a9ty1 & promis+ arm$ aid :i* always fail$ 9 ! decisive h\r2 x 0 meet t x %\ld ta/e ! cup ( humiliation itself4 ,9 c4 #cb ! desc5t ( ,egypt to ! hell ( fall5 nations is vividly depict$2 a simil> picture ( ! desc5t ( ! ,babylonian k+ 9 ,isa4 #ad has already be5 not$4 ,n improbably ,babylonian notions ( ! ne!r _w may h influ5c$ ! imag]y ( bo?1 z a my? ( p>adise seems to h sugge/$ ! imag]y ( ,tyre 9 ,ed5 7xxviii4 #ab ff474 ,outside ?is gr\p is an oracle aga9/ ,edom 7c4 #ce71 & ! great prophecy ( ! irruption ( ,gog & 8 hordes & _! fate 7cc4 #ch f474 ,a conspicu\s feature ( ! ,book ( ,ezekiel are ! ext5d$ visions & ! elaborat$ symbolical actions4 ,9 ! inaugural vision 7,ezek4 i4-iii4 #ae71 = in/ance1 ,god appe>s1 a v]itable deus ex ma*9a1 on a high seat 9 a curi\s motor c> made up ( animat$ :eels & w+$ mon/]s4 ,9 a lat] vision 7c4 #aj7 he sees ,god leave ! doom$ temple 9 ,j]usalem & m\nt ?is *]ubim c>1 9 :i* he is :irl$ away ?r\gh ! air to ! ea/2 & 9 ! great vision ( ! new temple 9 ! gold5 age ,god returns to 8 abode 9 ! same conveyance 7c4 #dc74 ,/rik+ examples ( symbolical actions may be f\nd 9 ,ezek4 #d1 & 9 xii4 #a-bj4 ,!y are ( su* an extraord9>y "* z to raise ! "q :e!r !y 7 really enact$ be=e ! eyes ( ! p or only describ$ 9 disc\rse4 ,ezekiel's visions are sometimes ec/atic /ates1 9 :i* he is in/antane\sly translat$ f place to place4 ,at ! end ( ! inaugural vision1 ! _s lift$ him up & took him away1 sett+ him d[n 9 amazem5t among ! coloni/s at ,tell-,abib4 ,9 viii4 #a ff41 z he sat 9 8 own h\se 9 ! mid/ ( a company ( ! eld]s ( ,judah1 ! _s1 :i* is describ$ z a /range lum9\s creature1 took him up by ! hair ( 8 head & waft$ him 9 ! visions ( ,god to ,j]usalem1 :]e 8 conductor %[$ him all ! idolatr\s cults & ! abom9able my/]ies t 7 practis$ 9 ! temple "u ! v eyes ( ! glory ( ! ,god ( ,israel 7c4 #h72 aft] see+ ,god take 8 flight f ! desecrat$ sanctu>y1 ! prophet is translat$ by ! _s to ,*alda aga94 ,ano!r su* vision 9 ec/asy is ! fam\s sc5e 9 ! valley ( dry bones 7,ezek4 #cg74 ,9 su* cases x is impossible to say h[ mu* is actually ! exp]i5ce ( ! vision>y1 h[ mu* lit]>y =m4 ,9 ! great vision ( ! re/oration1 cc4 #dj-dh1 :i* also is introduc$ z an ec/asy ) ! translation ( ! prophet to ,pale/9e1 we may be pretty sure t ! elem5t ( consci\s composition pr$om9ates4 ,! *apt]s conta9 a programme = ! com+ age :5 all ! twelve tribes1 ga!r$ toge!r f exile & disp]sion1 %all reoccupy ! holy l&1 ) a new1 geometrical division ( ! t]ritory1 ) a new plan = ! city ( ,j]usalem1 a new con/itution = ! /ate1 a new temple aft] ! old model1 a reorganiz$ m9i/ry ( religion1 & a re=m$ wor%ip4 ,! rul+ idea :i* runs ?r\gh all is to make impossible ^? s9s aga9/ ! hol9ess ( ,god1 8 l&1 8 h\se1 8 p1 :i* _h be5 ! cause ( =m] ru94 ,! ,book ( ,ezekiel seems to h be5 arrang$ & publi%$ by ! au?or1 & ?\gh "s d]angem5ts & repetitions may be obs]v$1 x has n be5 mu* m$dl$ ) by lat] editors1 &1 to :atev] reason x may be attribut$1 exhibits none ( ! ph5om5a ( compilation & amplification :i* we h f\nd 9 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,! ,hebrew text1 h[ev]1 has suff]$ m ?an mo/ books 9 transmission1 & has rea*$ u 9 an unusually corrupt /ate4 ,! au?or has a /yle ( 8 own1 :i* c rise to eloqu5ce 7z 9 ! oracles aga9/ ,tyre71 b is g5]ally p$e/rian & sometimes clumsy4 ,he has pl5ty ( imag9ation1 n always regulat$ by ta/e or re/ra9$ by dec5cy4 ,8 dra/ic figures ( ! unfai?fulness ( ,israel & ,judah are (t5 unfit to translate4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,daniel ,9 ! ,hebrew ,bible ! ,book ( ,daniel /&s1 n z 9 our ,bible among ! ,prophets1 aft] ,ezekiel1 b among ! miscellane\s books 9 ! ?ird division1 ! ,scriptures4 ,v>i\s reasons h be5 sugge/$ = ?is1 b by f> ! mo/ probable is t at ! "t :5 ,daniel became curr5t1 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,prophets 7 already a def9ite gr\p ( writ+s ) a traditional use 9 ! read+s ( ! ,synagogue1 to :i* a new book c\ld n well be add$4 ,! ,book ( ,daniel consi/s ( two p>ts1 /ories ab\t ,daniel & 8 ?ree comrades 7cc4 #a-f71 & visions ( ,daniel 7cc4 #g-ab72 9 ! latt] ,daniel reports 8 visions 9 ! fir/ p]son z ,ezekiel habitually does1 & x 0 only natural t he %\ld be tak5 = ! au?or ( ! book4 ,accord+ to ! introduction to ! fir/ /ory1 ,daniel & 8 ?ree fri5ds1 ,hananiah1 ,mi%ael1 & ,az>iah1 7 ,jewi% y\?s ( high bir? :o 7 c>ri$ captive to ,babylon by ,nebu*adnezz> 9 ! fir/ deportation 7:i* is errone\sly dat$ 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,jehoiakim74 ,"o /ory 7,dan4 #a7 tells h[ ^! y\?s contriv$ to avoid all dang] ( eat+ unclean food1 & h[ ,god bless$ !m 9 body & m9d = _! scrupul\sness 9 obs]vance ( ! diet>y laws2 ano!r 7c4 #c71 h[ ! ?ree 7 sav$ f ,nebu*adnezz>'s ov]heat$ furnace1 into :i* !y 7 ?r[n = refus+ to wor%ip ! idol2 a ?ird 7c4 #f71 h[ ,daniel 0 ca/ into ! lions' d5 = pray+ to 8 ,god despite ! edict ( ,d>ius4 ,^! miracul\s deliv]ances con/ra9 ! hea!n k+s publicly to ackn[l$ge t ! ,god ( ! ,jews is ! greate/ ( gods4 ,! same ackn[l$gm5t is drawn f ,nebu*adnezz> :5 ,daniel recalls 8 =gott5 dream & int]prets x1 aft] all ! div9]s ( ,babylon _h fail$ 7c4 #b72 he alone is able to deciph] & expla9 = ,bel%azz> ! h&writ+ on ! wall 7c4 #e74 ,! /ories ( ,nebu*adnezz>'s madness 7c4 #b7 & ( ,bel%azz>'s fea/ 7c4 #e7 tea* also h[ ,god puni%es k+s :o 9 _! pride ( p[] exalt !mselves be=e him1 or 9 _! arrogance pr(ane 8 holy ?+s4 ,all ( !m ?us magnify ! ,god ( ! ,jews z 9 p[] & wisdom above all o!r gods1 & two ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( !m h = _! !me ! deliv]ance f mortal p]il ( m5 :o /ood fai?ful to _! religion aga9/ ! k+'s comm&m5t4 ,^! obvi\s motives1 z we %all pres5tly see1 h a be>+ on ! age ( ! /ories4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! book are f\r visions1 or revelations1 :i* /& 9 *ronological ord] 7accord+ to ! au?or's *ronology73 c4 #g 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,bel%azz>2 c4 #h 9 8 ?ird ye>2 c4 #i 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,d>ius son ( ,x]xes1 ( ! race ( ! ,m$es--n prop]ly a vision1 b a revelation by ,gabriel2 & cc4 #aj-ab 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,cyrus1 k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,by ! side ( ^! mu/ be put ,nebu*adnezz>'s dream 9 ,dan4 ii4 #bh-de 7second ye> ( ,nebu*adnezz>71 :i*1 9 its f\r-empire s*eme1 corresponds to ,daniel's vision 9 c4 #g4 ,! int]pretations :i* ,daniel gives to ,nebu*adnezz> or ! angel gives to ,daniel1 ?\gh sometimes surr\nd$ ) an impressive air ( my/]y1 give all ! necess>y clues to ! und]/&+ ( ! visions1 & obscure allusions are (t5 made pla9 by a m explicit p>allel4 ,"u fanta/ic & v>i$ imag]y1 !y unroll ! hi/ory ( ! empires :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! dom9ion ( ! _w1 f ! ,babylonian 7,dan4 #b & #g71 or ! ,m$o-,p]sian 7c4 #h71 or ,p]sian 7cc4 #aj-ab7--t is f ! assum$ /&po9t ( ,daniel--?r\gh ! dom9ion ( ,alex&] & ! k+doms into :i* 8 empire 0 brok5 up1 end+ always ) ! reign ( ,antio*us ,,iv4 7#age-afd ,b4,c474 ,! goal 9 !m all is ! de/ruction ( ! hea!n p[] & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! et]nal k+dom ( ! holy p ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 o!rwise1 ! ,jews4 ,! simple/ =m ( ?is s*eme is ,nebu*adnezz>'s dream 9 ,dan4 #b4 ,! image ) head ( gold1 brea/ & arms ( silv]1 belly & ?ighs ( brass1 legs ( iron1 & feet "p ( iron & "p ( clay1 /&s = f\r empires 9 a scale ( det]ioration1 l ! f\r ages ( ,hesiod1 beg9n+ ) ! ,babylonian1 repres5t$ by ,nebu*adnezz> himself4 ,?is is foll[$ by an inf]ior k+dom1 & t by a ?ird univ]sal empire2 ! de/ructive /r5g? ( ! f\r? is figur$ by iron :i* %att]s all t x smites2 ! feet & toes signify a divid$ k+dom1 9 "p /rong z iron1 9 "p brittle z pott]y4 ,! /one :i* smote ! image on ! feet & broke !m to pieces1 :]eupon ! :ole image collaps$ into du/ & 0 :irl$ away by ! w9d1 :ile ! /one grew to a great m\nta9 & fill$ all ! e>?1 is ! k+dom :i* ! ,god ( heav5 %all e/abli% 9 ^? days1 :i* %all nev] be de/roy$1 nor %all ! sov]eignty !re( be left to ano!r p1 b x %all break 9 pieces & annihilate all ^? empires1 & x %all /& =ev]4 ,! image ?us repres5ts ! rule ( ! hea!n z "o _w-empire1 ! dom9ion be+ ex]cis$ successively by f\r k+doms & by ! divisions ( ! f\r?2 9 ! de/ruction ( ^! la/ ! hea!n _w-empire is =ev] annihilat$1 & ! et]nal k+dom ( ,god subdues & rules ! :ole e>?4 ,:at is said ab\t ! second & ?ird k+doms is too g5]al to id5tify !m2 ! iron /r5g? & de/ructiv5ess ( ! f\r?1 & its divisions ) _! m+l$ /r5g? & weakness1 naturally sugge/ ,alex&] & 8 successors1 & ?is impression is /r5g!n$ by ! "o specific trait 9 ! :ole picture2 ! va9 ef=t to make iron & wet clay comb9e signifies1 we are told1 an equally futile attempt to b9d ! divid$ k+doms toge!r by int]m>riages 7,dan4 ii4 #dc74 ,we "k f ! hi/orians t attempts to ally ! k+doms ( ! ,ptolemies 9 ,egypt & ! ,seleucids 9 ,syria by dyna/ic m>riages 7 repeat$ly made 9 va91 & ! au?or ( ,daniel himself1 9 c4 #aa1 ref]s to ^! alliances & _! disa/r\s failure 9 pla9 t]ms4 ,! vision ( ,daniel 9 c4 #g br+s 9 ! f\r empires "u ! symbol ( f\r mon/r\s bea/s4 ,! f\r?1 m t]rible & m de/ructive ?an ! o!rs1 has t5 horns 7out ( ?is k+dom t5 k+s %all arise1 vs4 #bd72 ano!r horn1 ) ! eyes ( a man & a boa/ful m\?1 arises :i* roots out ?ree ( ! t54 ,daniel sees h[ he makes w> on ! holy m5 7i4e4 ! ,jews7 & prevails ov] !m 7vs4 #ba72 ! int]pret+ angel describes 9 m detail ! crimes ( ! la/ k+3 he w utt] spee*es aga9/ ! ,highe/1 & we> out ! holy m5 ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & try to *ange 7religi\s7 seasons & law 7religion74 ,god's p w be deliv]$ into 8 p[] till ! expiration ( ?ree & a half ye>s 7cf4 xii4 #g74 ,!n ! pr\d k+ & 8 k+dom w be annihilat$ & ! univ]sal & et]nal empire ( ! ,jews e/abli%$4 ,/ill m def9ite is ! description ( ! do+s ( ! little horn :i* spr+s up on ! head ( ! great he-goat 9 ! vision ( c4 #h4 ,"h ! int]pret] becomes explicit3 ! he-goat is by "n ! ,mac$onian empire4 ,! little horn is a k+ :o %all arise 9 ! latt] "t ( ! divid$ k+doms ( ,alex&]'s successors4 ,?is k+ magnifies himself aga9/ ! *ief ( ! heav5ly ho/1 ca/s d[n 8 sanctu>y1 takes away 8 daily burnt-(f]+s1 & de/roys ! holy p2 & is !n himself sudd5ly brok5 )\t h&4 ,9 ! fur!r explanation giv5 to ,daniel 9 ix4 #bf ff41 ! cessation ( ! daily sacrifice is to la/ half a week 7( ye>s71 i4e4 ?ree & a half ye>s2 ! pr(anation ( ! sanctu>y & suppression ( ! sacrifices & ! p]secution ( ! ,jews occur aga9 9 xi4 #ca ff4 7cf4 xii4 #e-ab74 ,9 connection ) ?is we he> ( sett+ up ( a desolat+ 7or appall+7 abom9ation1 9 ! temple4 ,! common use ( abom9ation 7loa?some ?+7 = idols or o!r objects ( hea!n wor%ip leaves no d\bt t "s su* object is meant "h3 ! k+ n only /opp$ ! wor%ip ( ! ,god ( ! ,jews 9 8 own temple1 b e/abli%$ 9 its place a hea!n cult4 ,x is1 inde$1 n improbable t ! words translat$ appall+ abom9ation are an int5tional di/ortion ( ! prop] "n ( ! hea!n god ,baal ,%amaim1 i4e4 ,jupit]4 ,! def9it5ess ( all ?is proves t ! au?or is n creat+ an imag9>y mon/] 9 :om all ! s9s ( ! hea!n rul]s aga9/ ! ,god ( ,heav5 & 8 p are accumulat$1 b describ+ a hi/orical figure4 ,nor is !re ! smalle/ room = "q ^: portrait he is pa9t+3 e feature ( x belongs to ,antio*us ,,iv41 ,epiphanes 7,manife/ ,god1 ! title means1 :i* ,antio*ian wits p]v]t$ to ,epimanes1 ,manife/ ,madman71 :o 9 #afh ,b4,c4 took possession ( ! temple 9 ,j]usalem1 suppress$ ! wor%ip ( its ,god1 erect$ an alt> ( ,jupit] on ! great alt> ( burnt (f]+1 & inaugurat$ hea!n sacrifices4 ,n only t1 b he =bade circumcision1 ! obs]vance ( ! sabba?1 & ! possession ( copies ( ! scriptures1 & comm&$ t ,jews %\ld c]tify _! abjuration ( _! own religion by sacrific+ to 8 gods4 ,^? :o ignor$ or defi$ 8 decrees 7 p]secut$2 _m ( !m put to dea?4 ,?is attempt to extirpate ! ,jewi% religion & =cibly hea!nize ! p provok$ a revolt l$ by ,judas ,maccabu & 8 bro!rs1 :o ?ree ye>s lat] recov]$ ! temple1 purg$ x1 & re/or$ ! sacrifices4 ,if !re c\ld be any d\bt ab\t ! id5tification1 x w\ld be remov$ by ,dan4 #aa1 :i*1 z 0 recogniz$ by ,porphyry 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era1 conta9s a m9ute hi/ory ( ! relations ( ! ,ptolemies & ,seleucids1 _! int]m>riages & _! w>s1 ) increas+ detail1 d[n to ! ,egyptian campaigns ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes--m5tion+1 = in/ance1 ! rebuff he receiv$ f ! ,roman envoy 7,popillius ,la5as71 & 9 ! sequel ( ?is 8 desecration ( ! temple 9 ,j]usalem & p]secution ( ! law-abid+ ,jews--& !re ! hi/ory ends4 ,all ?is is suppos$ to be reveal$ to ,daniel 9 ! days ( ,nebu*adnezz> & "u lat] ,babylonian & ,m$ian k+s d[n to ! fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus1 t is1 accord+ to ! hi/orical *ronology1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five ye>s be=e ! ev5t4 ,su* vision>y panoramas =m a recogniz$ g5us ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 & !y are regul>ly unroll$ to "s man ( ,god 9 ! remote or remote/ pa/4 ,9 ! second & fir/ c5turies be=e our era a great v>iety ( su* visions 7 attribut$ to ,eno*1 o!rs to ,noah2 revelations to ,se? ! son ( ,adam 7 once popul>1 & ,adam himself _h "s4 ,ano!r class1 l ,daniel1 bore ! names ( m5 ( ! exile2 ,b>u* is ! putative fa!r ( sev]al su* revelations2 "o ( ! mo/ notable ( ! k9d is ! apocalypse ( ,ezra1 :i* /&s 9 ! ,apocrypha 9 our ,bible z ,second ,esdras4 ,! age ( su* apocalypses is det]m9$1 n by ! date assign$ to ! imag9>y se]1 b by ! actual /&po9t ( ! au?or z disclos$ 9 ! visions4 ,9 ,daniel ! hi/orical panorama is unroll$ e "t to ! reign ( ,antio*us ,,iv41 & !re /ops4 ,! writ] _h witness$ ! desecration ( ! temple & ! p]secution ( ! ,jews = _! religion1 he _h se5 ! fir/ small successes ( ! ,maccabees1 b ! recov]y ( ! temple & ! re/oration ( sacrifice _h n yet occurr$4 ,! dea? ( ,antio*us is circum/antially pr$ict$1 b 9 a place & mann] v remote f ! reality 7,dan4 xi4 #de74 ,! visions ( ,daniel fall1 !re=e1 betwe5 ,decemb] #afh ,b4,c41 ! date ( ! desecration ( ! temple1 & ,decemb] #afe1 ! re/oration4 ,! motives ( ! /ories also 7see above1 p4 #agh f47 are mo/ appropriate to ! situation "u ,antio*us4 ,x is possible t !y are adaptations ( old] tales1 b !re is no reason to ?9k t !y are ( high antiquity4 ,! ,greek ,bible has ?ree additional /ories ab\t ,daniel 7,susanna & ! ,eld]s1 ,bel1 & ! ,dragon7 :i* /& 9 our ,bibles among ! ,apocrypha4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! ,book ( ,daniel rema9s = brief m5tion4 ,l ,ezra1 x is 9 two languages3 ,dan4 i4 #a-;ii4 #d is 9 ,hebrew1 f ii4 #d b to ! end ( c4 #g 9 ,aramaic1 & f ! beg9n+ ( c4 #h ! re/ is 9 ,hebrew aga94 ,! ,aramaic beg9s appropriately :]e ! ,*aldans 7div9]s7 are introduc$ speak+ 9 :at ! au?or evid5tly conceives to be ! language ( ! c\ntry2 ! text does n1 h[ev]1 rev]t to ,hebrew :5 ?is conf]5ce is ov]1 b holds on1 n only ?r\gh all ! re/ ( ! /ories1 b ?r\gh ! fir/ vision 7c4 #g74 ,a motive = j ?is di/ribution ( ! two tongues is n discov]able2 9 ! *apt] ( accid5ts are v>i\s possibilities :i* (fset "o ano!r4 ,z 9 ,ezra--?\gh !re are "s diff]5ces betwe5 ! two books--! ,aramaic is ( a k9d :i* 0 v]nacul> 9 ,pale/9e 9 ! la/ c5turies be=e our era4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,m9or ,,prophets ,! ,m9or ,prophets--s call$ n 9 depreciation1 b because _! books are small] ?an ^? ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 & ,ezekiel--=m 9 ! ,jewi% ,bible "o book1 9 :i* are br\ght toge!r oracles 9 ! "n ( v>i\s prophets f ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 7,amos1 ,hosea7 to ! fif? 7,haggai1 ,ze*>iah71 & "o anonym\s book 7,mala*i74 ,z 9 ! collections :i* be> 9 _! titles ! names ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 s 9 ! collection ( ! ,twelve1 prophecies h be5 attribut$1 by error or conjecture or accid5t1 to prophets to :om !y d n belong1 & additions & alt]ations h be5 made by compil]s or editors4 ,! ext5t ( ?is ali5 matt] diff]s 9 diff]5t books2 ,hosea1 = example1 seems to conta9 little ( x1 :ile 9 ,micah x is consid]able4 ,,hosea4--,9 our ,bibles1 9 :i* ! ,m9or ,prophets /& & are c\nt$ individually1 ! fir/ is ,hosea4 ,?is position1 :i* x has also 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible1 may h be5 giv5 ! book1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its age1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its l5g?2 b x might also claim x by reason ( its wor?1 = ,hosea is "o ( ! greate/ ( ! prophets1 n 9 ,m9or company alone1 b 9 ! canon4 ,no o!r contribut$ s mu*1 ?r\gh 8 own words & ?r\gh 8 great successors1 ,j]emiah & ! ,deut]onomi/s1 to deep5 & spiritualize ! conception ( religion4 ,hosea 0 an ,israelite :o began to prophesy to 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii41 probably ab\t #gej ,b4,c41 & aft] ,j]oboam's dea? witness$ at lea/ ! beg9n+ ( t procession ( assass9ations & revolutions ?r\gh :i* ! k+dom hurri$ to meet its fate2 b x does n appe> f 8 book t he liv$ to see ! invasion ( ,tigla?-,piles] & ! loss ( ,gilead & ,galilee 9 #gcd ,b4,c4 9 :i* 8 own pr$ictions ( imp5d+ doom _h s signal a v]ification4 ,_! complete fulfilm5t came 9 #gba1 :5 ,s>gon made an end =ev] ( ! k+dom ( ,israel1 & deport$ _m ( ! p ( ,sam>ia to remote qu>t]s ( 8 empire4 ,! ,book ( ,hosea op5s ) *apt]s out ( ! prophet's exp]i5ce ) 8 unfai?ful wife1 9 :i* he sees a c\nt]p>t & symbol ( ,god's exp]i5ce ) ,israel4 ,?is discov]y ( ?is significance 9 ! trag$y ( 8 life is :at made him a prophet4 ,he saw !n t x 0 = ?is he _h be5 l$ to m>ry a woman :o turn$ out a gross adult]ess4 ,:5 he drove h] f 8 h\se1 :5 lat] he b\ght h] out ( ! s]vitude into :i* %e _h sunk1 & by seclusion & a discipl9e at once firm & k9d tri$ to w9 h] back by love to virtue1 t1 too1 0 an apologue ( ,god's deal+ ) 8 p 7see specially ,hos4 i4 #b-i2 iii4 #a-e74 ,he is ! fir/1 app>5tly1 to use ! metaphor adult]y1 or =nication1 = religi\s defection4 ,! oracle1 ii4 #b-bc1 translates x into its hi/orical t]ms & discloses ,hosea's con/ruction ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,! root ( ,israel's apo/asy 0 ! belief t ! gods ( ! soil ( ,canaan1 ! baals1 gave ! corn & ! w9e & ! oil :i* 9 reality its own ,god1 ,jehovah1 be/[$4 ,!re=e he w take away all ^!1 :i* %e deems ! gift ( ! baals1 ! wages ( h] pro/itution1 & w lead ! p into ! des]t ( exile4 ,b he w be ) !m !re to com=t & enc\rage1 & ,israel w return to its fir/ love z 9 ! e>ly days :5 x 0 alone ) ,god 9 ! des]t ( ! exodus4 ,!n ! old relation w be re/or$1 nev] to be brok51 & ! gifts 9 ! new betro?al are uprightness & ju/ice & *>ity & k9dness ( he>t & fai?fulness & ! k ( ,god 7,hosea's ^w = religion74 ,t w be ! gold5 age6 7,see ,hos4 ii4 #ah-bc47 ,:5 ! ,jew says 8 ,%ema or ! ,*ri/ian 8 ,great ,comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?9e he>t & ) all ?y s\l & ) all ?y might1 x is ,hosea's great ?\ght he is repeat+4 ,hosea int]prets ,god's deal+ ) 8 p by 8 fai? 9 ,god's inext+ui%able love4 ,outrag$ love may smite h>d] ?an (f5d$ righte\sness1 b its bl[s are rem$ial1 n retributive or expiatory2 its aim n to satisfy ju/ice1 b to recov] ! err+4 ,! exile1 :i* = ,amos is ! f9al v9dication ( ,god's righte\sness 9 ! dea? ( ! s9ful nation1 is = ,hosea a *a/isem5t :i* leads to rep5tance & re/oration4 ,he is !re=e ! au?or ( t ideal ( a gold5 age ( godl9ess & uprightness & happ9ess1 beyond ! imp5d+ judgm5t or ! pres5t oppression1 :i* is "o ( ! lead+ motives ( ! s-call$ messianic prophecy4 ,! re/ ( ! book 7cc4 #d-ad7 consi/s ( a collection ( oracles1 )\t titles1 & (t5 )\t obvi\s b\nd>ies4 ,!y conta9 an appall+ picture ( ! s9s ( ! nation z a :ole & ( all classes ( society2 k+s & pr9ces1 prie/s & prophets & p--all are corrupt4 ,! !me ( ! :ole may be read 9 ,hos4 iv4 #a f43 ,!re is no tru?1 nor *>ity1 nor k ( ,god 7religion7 9 ! l&2 naught b swe>+ & break+ fai? & murd] & !ft & adult]y4 ,!re=e ru9 yawns be=e ! nation4 ,yet ,god w n de/roy utt]ly2 all ! pa?os ( ! div9e love f9ds words 9 su* passages z xi4 #h ff41 ,h[ c ,i give !e up1 ,ephraim8 or xiv4 #a ff41 ,o ,israel1 return unto ! ,"l ?y ,god4 ,?is book ( a prophet ( ! nor!rn k+dom has come d[n to u ?r\gh ,judan h&s2 ! title1 ) its li/ ( ,judan k+s 7exactly ! same z 9 ! title ( ,isaiah71 is d\btless due to a ,jewi% editor1 & we are n surpris$ to f9d 9 ! text itself ,jewi% t\*es1 su* z ! words & ,david _! k+ 9 iii4 #e1 or i4 #aa1 b ^! are n num]\s nor important4 ,! text ( ,hosea is1 h[ev]1 unusually corrupt4 ,! prophet's /yle is v difficult1 & scribes did z !y commonly d ) a difficult text1 !y made me*anical mi/akes because !y did n und]/& & false em5dations because !y ?\ght !y und]/ood :at !y did n4 ,,joel4--,joel 0 probably put betwe5 ,hosea & ,amos because ! editors ( ! ,book ( ! ,twelve ?\ght t he 0 "o ( ! e>li] prophets1 &1 *iefly because ( its position1 ?is op9ion has be5 g5]al until rec5t times4 ,9 ! book itself !re are nei!r names nor id5tifiable hi/orical allusions by :i* its age c be det]m9$4 ,! :ole situation1 h[ev]1 is t ( ! s-call$ po/-exilic times4 ,! occasion ( ! prophecy ) :i* ! book beg9s 0 a port5t\s plague ( locu/s1 ^: invasion & ravages are describ$ 9 ,joel #a-b 9 highly poetical imag]y4 ,locu/s & dr\ght toge!r h s deva/at$ ! l& t bo? m5 & bea/s are p]i%+1 &--! la/ t\* ( ! extremity--! obligatory daily (f]+s 9 ! temple h be5 cut (f4 ,! prophet calls to fa/+ & supplication2 p]haps ,god may be entreat$ to h m]cy on !m 7ii4 #ab-ag74 ,god _h pity on 8 p2 ! foll[+ oracle 7ii4 #ah-bg7 promises relief & ev]la/+ prosp]ity4 ,! visitation seems to ! prophet an om5 ( ! dread ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,he sees ! nations ga!r b5ea? ! walls ( ,j]usalem 79 ! valley ) ! om9\s "n1 ,jeho%aphat1 ,jehovah judges7 = ! la/ onset1 to be annihilat$ by ! int]v5tion ( ,god4 ,!n ! gold5 age w be u%]$ 94 ,! heads ( ! p are prie/s & eld]s2 ( k+ & pr9ces !re is no ^w4 ,! ,judah & ,j]usalem :i* ! prophet addresses are ! religi\s community :i* assembles 9 ! temple2 p & congregation are ! same ?+4 ,?is "o obs]vation takes ,joel out ( ! company ( ,amos & ,hosea & puts him by ! side ( ,mala*i4 ,all ! o!r features ( ! book confirm ?is date4 ,assyrians or ,babylonians1 )\t :om no picture ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l 9 ! pre-exilic prophets w\ld be complete1 are n "h2 ,israel has disappe>$4 ,! au?or has read mu* prophetic lit]ature2 rem9isc5ces 9 ?\ght & phrase meet u at e turn4 ,! hea!n 9 ! ,valley ( ,jeho%aphat are ,ezekiel's hordes ( ,gog 7,ezek4 #ch f472 ! f\nta9 t fl[s f ! h\se ( ! ,"l is a mode/ c\nt]p>t ( ! riv] t sweet5s ! ,dead ,sea 7,ezek4 #dg74 ,! ?umb-pr9ts ( editorial h&s h be5 ?\ght to betray !mselves 9 sev]al places1 & "s /ud5ts w\ld give a l>g] range to ?is obs]vation4 ,! additions1 if su* !y are1 are n f> remote 9 "t f ! orig9al book1 & reflect ! same religi\s conceptions4 ,,amos4--,a dramatic sc5e 9 ,amos vii4 #aj-ag describes ! appe>ance ( ,amos at ,be!l on a high fe/ival1 ) 8 presages ( swift & utt] ru9 = ,israel 7cf4 vii4 #a-i74 ,t 8 he>]s greet$ ! message ) incr$ulity c well be believ$1 = "u ,j]oboam ,,ii4 ,israel 0 at ! v culm9ation ( its p[] & prosp]ity4 ,! *ief prie/ ( ,be!l 0 n m9d$ to let su* spee* pass 9 8 diocese2 z scornfully z ,creon dismisses ! prophet ,teiresias 9 ! ,antigone1 he bids ,amos be gone3 ,o ,se]1 be (f1 flee to ! l& ( ,judah2 make ?y liv+ !re1 & !re d ?y prophesy+4 ,b prophesy no m at ,be!l1 = x is a royal temple & a resid5ce city4 ,spurn+ ! contemptu\s ins9uation1 ,amos answ]s3 ,no prophet am ,i1 & no memb] ( ! prophetic ord]1 b a h]dsman am ,i & a rip5] ( sycamore figs4 ,jehovah took me f foll[+ ! flock1 & bade me1 ,g prophesy aga9/ my p ,israel4 ,incid5tally we see 9 h[ l[ e/eem ! pr(essional prophet /ood1 t ! prie/ %\ld make a taunt ( ! "n & ! prophet indignantly repel x4 ,! prie/ foll[$ up 8 w>n+ by a report to ! k+1 & we may safely conclude t ,amos prophesi$ no m at ,be!l4 ,p]haps x 0 ! rude end ( 8 mission t prompt$ him to collect 8 oracles into a book1 ! e>lie/ example ( su* a collection1 z a witness to 8 own g5]ation & to t :i* %\ld see ! fulfilm5t4 ,! title1 ?is "p ( :i* may well be orig9al1 describes ,amos z a %eph]d f ,tekoa1 9 ! wild]ness ( ,judah4 ,beyond ! brief sc5e at ,be!l no?+ m is told ( him 9 ! book or out ( x4 ,b ! book is 8 monum5t4 ,x is "o ( ! easie/ ( ! prophetic books to und]/& & "o ( ! be/ pres]v$4 ,*apt]s #a & #b conta9 a s]ies ( brief oracles1 on ! same plan1 aga9/ ! neighb\rs ( ,israel1 ! ,syrians ( ,damascus1 ! ,phili/9es1 ,pho5icians1 ,edomites1 ,ammonites1 ,moabites1 ,judans1 lead+ up to a long] indictm5t ( ,israel & d5unciation ( ,god's judgm5t ^u x4 ,?is is foll[$ by prophecies aga9/ ,israel 7cc4 #c-f71 :i* seem to be =mally divid$ into ?ree p>ts by ! introductory =mula1 ,he> ?is ^w 7iii4 #a2 iv4 #a2 v4 #a71 b by subject w\ld naturally fall into a l>g] numb] ( oracles4 ,*apt] #g beg9s ) ?ree visions1 ! deliv]y ( :i* at ,be!l may h provok$ ,amaziah's int]f]5ce 7vii4 #aj-ag72 c4 #h aga9 op5s ) a vision1 9 :i* ! basket ( summ] fruit 7kais7 is to ! prophet a symbol ( ! com+ end 7kes7 ( ,israel2 9 c4 #i ,amos sees ! ,"l /&+ beside ! alt> & pron\nc+ ! ^w ( de/ruction & inescapable doom 7ix4 #a-h;a71 f :i* an awkw>d transition 7ix4 #h;b-#aj7 c>ries u to a pr$iction ( ! re/oration ( ,david's k+dom & ! prosp]ity ( ! gold5 age4 ,! doom :i* ,amos sees imp5d+ ov] ,israel is visit$ ^u x 9 retribution = ! wrongs :i* m5 inflict ^u _! fell[s1 ! oppression ( ! poor by ! ri*1 ! small man by ! great2 ! inju/ice1 (t5 9 ! =ms ( law1 by :i* m5 are depriv$ ( prop]ty & lib]ty2 ! luxury1 ap+ =eign modes1 :i* is n only corrupt+ 9 itself1 b is ! *ief motive ( inju/ice & oppression & fraud4 ,! v prosp]ity ( ! nation 0 its ru94 ,) all ?is1 ,israel is v religi\s2 x ackn[l$ges ! success 9 w> & ! pr(it ( comm]ce z ! gift ( ! national ,god & evid5ce ( 8 fav\r1 & does n grudge him 8 %>e ev5 ( ill-gott5 ga9s4 ,amos's ,god has a consci5ce--t 0 a new idea ab\t gods6--& abhors su* religion2 he hates _! fe/ivals1 refuses _! sacrifices1 spurns _! hymns ( praise4 ,b let ju/ice roll d[n l floods1 & "r l an unfail+ /ream4 ,t is ! only wor%ip he owns4 ,! /&>d ( "r is n "o ?+ 9 ,israel & ano!r among ! hea!n3 ,amos summons ! ,phili/9es & ! ,egyptians to behold ) amazem5t & horror ! do+s 9 ,sam>ia4 ,9 ! oracles ) :i* ! book op5s1 he pron\nces ! judgm5t ( ,god on ! peoples neighb\r to ,israel1 n solely because !y h wrong$ ,israel1 z 9 s _m ( ! prophecies aga9/ ! nations1 b because !y h violat$ ! pr9ciples ( humanity4 ,x is ! fir/ ass]tion 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t !re is su* a ?+ z an int]national morality4 ,amos is ! fir/ 9 ! succession ( e?ical prophets1 ! au?or1 s f> z we "k1 ( a new idea ( religion4 ,x is deeply significant t he & ,hosea are contempor>ies2 h>dly m ?an t5 ye>s c lie betwe5 ,amos's appe>ance at ,be!l & ! e>lie/ ( ,hosea's prophecies aga9/ ! h\se ( ,jehu4 ,! ,god ( ,amos is ! apo!osis ( "r1 ! consci5ce ( ! _w t c nei!r be corrupt$ nor sophi/icat$2 ! ,god ( ,hosea 0 born 9 ! he>t ( a man ^: love ! grosse/ wrong c\ld n qu5*4 ,retribution is ! div9ity ( ! "o1 r$emption ( ! o!r4 ,amos's conception 0 ! fir/ to take hold2 ! e>li] prophecies ( ,isaiah aga9/ ,judah are :olly 9 t mood4 ,hosea _h to wait a c5tury be=e 8 great] ?\ght f\nd a fruitful soil 9 ,j]emiah & ! ,deut]onomi/s4 ,! pr$ictions ( judgm5t 9 ,amos are s sweep+ & ultimate t lat] read]s f\nd ! message incomplete4 ,especially ! la/ oracle 7ix4 #a ff47 0 an ill-om5$ close4 ,consequ5tly1 a messianic p5dant 0 atta*$ to x 7ix4 #aa-ae7 by a ,judan editor1 & an imp]fect juncture made by ! introduction ( vs4 #h;b 7:i* flatly contradicts ! fir/ half v]se7 & #i;b 7no gra9 %all fall to ! gr\nd7 p]haps displac+ "s words ( ! orig9al4 ,x seems t "s imitative pieces h be5 ins]t$ also 9 c4 #a2 ! prophecy aga9/ ,judah 9 ii4 #d f4 ) its deut]onomic s9s1 falls out ( ! s*eme & is g5]ally recogniz$ z editorial4 ,slight ret\*es else:]e 7e4g4 iv4 #ac2 v4 #h f42 ix4 #f7 ne$ n deta9 u4 ,9 g5]al ! book has suff]$ little f ! improv]s1 & ! text is 9 relatively good pres]vation4 ,,obadiah4--,! s+le *apt] ( ,obadiah1 ! %orte/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books1 is a prophecy aga9/ ! ,edomites1 t[>d :om1 z we h repeat$ly se51 ! ,jews *]i%$ an implacable animosity f ! "t ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,obadiah vss4 #a-i has close p>allels 9 ,j]4 xlix4 #g-bb 7cf4 ,obad4 vss4 #a-d ) ,j]4 xlix4 #ad-af2 ,obad4 vs4 #e f41 ,j]4 xlix4 #i f42 ,obad4 vs4 #h1 ,j]4 xlix4 #g74 ,! "q :i* is ! borr[] has be5 diff]5tly answ]$4 ,obadiah vss4 #ae-ba1 9 :i* ,edom gets its judgm5t 9 ! ,day ( ! ,"l on ! nations1 is probably lat] ?an vss4 #a-ad1 b ! :ole is po/-exilic4 ,,jonah4--,! ,book ( ,jonah has already be5 discuss$ along ) ! /ories ( ,e/h] & ,ru?4 ,,micah4--,! pr$iction ( ,micah1 ! ,mora%tite1 t ,zion %\ld be pl[$ z a field & ,j]usalem be a heap ( ru9s & ! temple hill become l =e/ %r9es 7,mic4 iii4 #b71 is quot$ "u 8 "n 9 ,j]4 xxvi4 #ah--! only example ( su* a prophetic quotation 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! au?or1 a resid5t ( ,more%e?-,ga? 9 ! ,judan ,l[l&1 is said 9 ! title to h prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,jo?am1 ,ahaz1 & ,hezekiah1 :i* is ! editor's way ( say+ t he 0 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,isaiah4 ,! reign ( ,hezekiah is atte/$ by ! tradition 9 ,j]emiah4 ,x is probable t only cc4 #a-c 7) p]haps "s dubi\s possibilities 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s7 c be attribut$ to ,micah4 ,! book op5s ) an oracle aga9/ ,sam>ia 7,mic4 i4 #b-h74 ,sam>ia fell 9 #gba ,b4,c41 :ile ! sequel 7vs4 #i ff47 portrays ! imm95t p]il ( ,judah1 presumably 9 ! "t ( ,s5na*]ib 7#gja ,b4,c474 ,! case seems to be simil> to ,isa4 xxviii4 #a ff43 ! fate ( ,sam>ia1 ?\gh x is already fact1 is repres5t$ prophetically = a clos] p>allel to ! foll[+4 ,v]ses #aj-af are little m ?an a /r+ ( om9\s puns on ! names ( t[ns 9 ! au?or's ,l[l&1 :i* 9 translation lose :at little po9t !y h4 ,! second *apt] gives ! cause ( ! woe mu* z 9 ,amos or ,isaiah1 b p]haps ) local emphasis on ! wrongs ! capitali/s ( ! great city inflict on ! peasant proprietors4 ,8 =ebod+s & c5sures are n well receiv$1 m5 bid him /op 8 prea*+1 x is a diff]5t sort ( prophet !y l 7ii4 #f-aa74 ,if a man1 walk+ 9 w9d & falsehood1 %\ld lie1 ',i w prea* to !e ( w9e & dr9k1' he w be ! prea*] = ?is p4 ,micah has m to say1 b n bett]1 ab\t ! demagogue prophets 9 ! foll[+ oracle 7iii4 #e-g74 ,! pr$ictions ( disa/] 9 ii4 #a-aa h _! po9t blunt$ 9 vs4 #ab f4 9 ! way ! editors ( ! prophetic books s (t5 d x4 ,*apt] #c returns to condemnation1 :i* turns at la/ on ! heads ( ! rul]s :o build up ,zion ) blood & ,j]usalem ) iniquity1 & ends ) ! pr$iction ( ! total de/ruction ( ! city :i* has already be5 quot$4 ,!n ! unexpect$ foll[s1 9 ! prophecy t ,j]usalem %all become ! religi\s c5tre ( ! e>?1 to :i* all nations fl[1 & ! law ( ,god ! univ]sal arbit] 9 an age ( univ]sal peace 7,mic4 iv4 #a-e74 ,v]ses #a-c are f\nd also1 9 no m suitable context1 9 ,isa4 ii4 #b-d4 ,!y belong to nei!r ,isaiah nor ,micah4 ,= ! re/1 ,mic4 #d-e & cc4 #f-g conta9 a numb] ( pieces ( div]se age & orig94 ,*apt]s iv4 #f-v4 #a are z a :ole ( good om51 yet aft] ! promise ( re/oration 9 iv4 #h1 ,j]usalem is sudd5ly 9 desp]ate /raits2 exile awaits its p1 & only beyond ! exile 7! words ?\ %alt come ev5 unto ,babylon may be a gloss1 b ! mean+ is n ess5tially *ang$7 r$emption waits 7iv4 #i f474 ,9 iv4 #aa-ac1 aga91 _m nations ga!r aga9/ ,zion1 b x cru%es !m l %eaves on ! ?re%+ floor4 ,!re foll[s 7v4 #b-i1 #aj-ae7 a messianic prophecy1 9 :i* an allusion to ,isa4 vii4 #ad appe>s4 ,no less /rangely assort$ are ! oracles 9 ,mic4 #f-g1 ( :i* !re are f\r3 vi4 #a-h2 vi4 #i-af2 vii4 #a-f2 vii4 #g-bj4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conta9s ! qu9tess5ce ( ! prophetic conception ( religion3 ,god does n dem& holocau/s & co/ly (f]+s 9 expiation ( s92 nor ! supreme expiation :i* ! prophets & ! laws ( ! sev5? c5tury s (t5 reject & condemn3 ,%all ,i give my fir/-born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 ,he ha? %[$ !e1 ,o man4 ,:at is good & :at do? ,god require ( !e1 b to d ju/ice & love m]cy & walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,tr5*ant condemnations ( ! s9s ( ! times fill vi4 #i-af & vii4 #a-f1 ! =m] ( :i*1 at lea/1 is pre-exilic2 :ile ! book closes 9 ! situation & _s ( ,isa4 #dj ff4 ,?us ! ,book ( ,micah1 l t ( 8 contempor>y ,isaiah1 has be5 a depository = prophecies diff]+ 9 age by sev]al c5turies4 ,p]haps ! book once /ood at ! end ( a roll1 & 0 !re=e ! natural place to add /ray & nameless pieces1 z happ5$ lat] to ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah at ! end ( ! volume ( ! ,m9or ,prophets4 ,,nahum4--,9 ! ?ree l>g] prophetic books we h f\nd gr\ps ( oracles aga9/ =eign nations1 "s relatively old1 _m late & lit]>y v>iations on giv5 motives--x 0 evid5tly a grateful !me4 ,9 ,nahum we h a :ole book occupi$ ) ! imp5d+ fall ( ,n9eveh & ! ,assyrian empire1 :i* _h s long & s brutally tyranniz$ ov] all we/]n ,asia4 ,n[ its h\r has /ruck1 & ! prophet triumphs ov] ! fate ( ! old lion1 :o r5t 9 pieces to satisfy 8 :elps & /rangl$ = 8 lionesses1 & fill$ 8 d5s ) prey & 8 lairs ) rav94 ,8 imag9ation revels 9 ! t]rors ( ! onslaught1 ! horrors ( ! sack1 :i* he depicts ) unsurpass$ vividness & great poetic p[]4 ,x is ! judgm5t ( ! ,"l1 long def]r$1 b sure & f9al 7,nah4 #a74 ,9 ,nah4 iii4 #h-aj ! fate ( ! ,egyptian ,!bes is adduc$ z an hi/oric example3 all h] p[] c\ld n save h]1 & x %all f>e no bett] ) ,n9eveh4 ,! ref]5ce is probably to ! capture ( ,!bes by ,assurbanipal 9 #ffa ,b4,c4 ,n9eveh itself fell ab\t #fjf ,b4,c4 "u an attack ( enemies f ! nor? 7,m$es or ,scy?ians71 & 0 de/roy$ nev] to be re/or$4 ,) x ! ,assyrians disappe> f hi/ory4 ,! prophecy ( ,nahum 0 probably deliv]$ %ortly be=e ?is ev5t1 ?\gh a date tw5ty ye>s e>li]1 :51 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,n9eveh b>ely escap$ f a simil> onset by ,cyax>es1 is n /rictly impossible4 ,x is ?\ght by _m s*ol>s t ! fir/ *apt] 7) :i* ii4 #b mu/ g7 is a lat] composition1 a poem1 mu* d]ang$1 orig9ally 9 acro/ic =m4 ,,habakkuk4--,! ,book ( ,habakkuk pr$icts t ,jehovah is ab\t to raise up ! fi]ce ,*aldan nation1 :i* m>*es ?r\gh ! bread? ( ! e>? to occupy habitations n belong+ to x1 :i* sc(fs at k+s & has dyna/s 9 d]ision1 laugh+ at all =tresses1 aga9/ :i* x ca/s up a m\nd & takes !m 7,hab4 i4 #e-aa74 ,su* a prophecy w\ld be timely 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! sev5? c5tury3 ! ,*aldan1 or ,new ,babylonian1 k+dom dates its indep5d5ce f #fbe1 & is h>dly likely to h attract$ mu* att5tion 9 ! ,we/ be=e ! fall ( ,n9eveh 9 #fjf ,b4,c4 & ! defeat ( ,ph>aoh ,ne*o on ! ,euphrates 9 #fje ,b4,c4 ,! prophecy1 :i* does n specifically ?reat5 ,judah1 intrudes betwe5 i4 #d & i4 #ab ff41 :]e ! pla9t ( vss4 #b-d is cont9u$1 s t vss4 #e-aa are at lea/ misplac$4 ,?is compla9t is ( ! oppression ( ! righte\s 7,judah7 by ! wick$ 7hea!n1 i4 #ac-ag74 ,f 8 wat* t[] ! prophet sees a vision ( a di/ant "t1 :i* he is bidd5 record1 & ( ^: ultimate fulfilm5t he is assur$ 7ii4 #a-c74 ,:at foll[s is a s]ies ( invectives :i* ! nations he has ga!r$ "u 8 robb] rule %all heap ^u ! fall5 oppressor1 ! man :o 0 gre$y z hell1 insatiable z dea?4 ,! date ( ! prophecy dep5ds on ! id5tification ( ?is tyrant ( ! nations4 ,if x is ,babylon1 ! oracle mu/ be consid]$ lat] ?an i4 #e-aa1 :i* greets ! rise ( ! ,babylonian p[] to execute ,god's judgm5t on ! _w4 ,an +5i\s solution ( ! difficulty has be5 propos$1 viz41 to transf] i4 #e-aa f c4 #a to a place aft] ii4 #d1 & see 9 x ! cont5ts ( ! vision spok5 ( 9 ii4 #c3 ! ,babylonians w\ld !n be ! m9i/]s ( ,god's av5g+ ju/ice on ! ,assyrian robb]s ( ! _w1 & ! :ole might h be5 utt]$ ab\t #fae ,b4,c4 ,all p>ts ( ^! *apt]s ab\nd 9 rem9isc5ces ( ! eigh?-c5tury prophets2 ! resemblances to ,j]emiah may be expla9$ by ! contemporane\sness ( ! au?ors4 ,habakkuk #c1 entitl$ ,a ,pray] by ,habakkuk ! ,prophet1 ) a musical direction foll[+1 z 9 ! ,psalms1 is 9 fact a psalm1 & ! pres5ce ( ! musical directions1 imply+ liturgical use1 sugge/s t x once /ood 9 a hymn book l ! ,psalt]4 ,x is a f9e ode1 by an au?or well read 9 ! classic lit]ature ( 8 nation4 ,! !ophany 7iii4 #b ff47 is indebt$ to ,exod4 xxxiii4 #b ff4 & ,judg4 v4 #d ff4 ,! ode belongs ) ! ,psalms ( ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,x is imitat$ 9 ,ps4 #gg4 ,! title ascrib+ x to ,habakkuk ! prophet is ( no great] au?ority ?an ! ascription ,pss4 #adf-adh 9 ! ,greek ,bible to ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 ,,zephaniah4--,! p$igree ( ,zephaniah is c>ri$ back to 8 great-great-gr&fa!r1 ,hezekiah4 ,z su* g5ealogical prop] names h seldom m ?an ?ree t]ms1 x has be5 conjectur$ t ! p>ticul> reason = adduc+ two extra g5]ations "h 0 t ! prophet boa/$ royal blood--,hezekiah 0 ! k+ ( t "n4 ,! ?+ is possible1 ?\gh ! g5]ations are some:at rapid2 ! p>allel royal l9e c\nts f\r4 ,x w\ld be a romantic t\* if ! prophet 0 a great-gr&-nephew ( ,manasseh1 & a second c\s9 ( ,josiah1 ( ! mann]s & morals ( ^: c\rts he has s bad an op9ion4 ,! title says t he prophesi$ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 & ) ?is ! t5or ( a l>ge "p ( ! book agrees4 ,l ! e>lie/ prophecies ( ,j]emiah 7,j]4 #a-f7 ,zephaniah's ,day ( ! ,"l is inspir$ by ! irruption ( ! ,scy?ian hordes :i* ?reat5$ to engulf ! civiliz$ nations ( we/]n ,asia 9 a common ru91 z ! ,mongol & ,turki% hordes1 p\r+ out ( ! same cradle ( ! commission$ races1 ! sc\rges ( ,god1 did successively 9 lat] ages4 ,= ,judah x is ! day ( reckon+ = ! s9s :i* made ! reign ( ,manasseh a by-^w ) prophets & hi/orians1 & :i* w5t on unre/ra9$ ?r\gh ! %ort ye>s ( 8 successor & ! m9ority ( ,josiah d[n to ! re=ms ( 8 eighte5? ye>4 ,n[h]e is ! /ate ( ?+s 9 t ?ree qu>t]s ( a c5tury m cle>ly expos$ ?an 9 ! fir/ oracle ( ,zephaniah4 ,! second *apt] holds out ! possibility t rep5tance may /ill save ,judah2 ! wave ( invasion has tak51 z we "k f hi/orical s\rces x did1 ! way by ! coa/1 br++ calamity on ! ,phili/9e cities4 ,x surg$ on to ! v fronti] ( ,egypt1 :]e x 0 /ay$1 m likely by ! paym5t ( a great indemnity ?an by =ce ( arms1 & roll$ back :5ce x came4 ,zephaniah sees ! /orm break ov] ,assyria1 & pr$icts ! total de/ruction ( ! pr\d city ( ,n9eveh :i* _h s long said 9 h] he>t1 ,i1 & none beside me4 ,sev]al v]ses 9 ?is *apt] are suspect$ ( be+ lat] amplifications1 viz4 ii4 #g;a 7,judah pr(its by ! ru9 ( ! ,phili/9e pla92 vs4 #g;b connects directly ) vs4 #f71 & especially ! oracles aga9/ ,moab & ,ammon1 :i* accuse !m ( _! enmity to ,judah 9 ! "t ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 a g5]ation aft] ,zephaniah4 ,! fir/ oracle 9 ,zeph4 #c is incomplete2 ! orig9al conclusion1 a s5t5ce ( doom ^u ,judah1 ! only imag9able sequel to vss4 #a-g1 is supplant$ by ! inconsequ5t p\r+ out ( ,god's fury on ! nations1 :]eupon ! hea!n are conv]t$1 ! disp]sion returns1 &1 purifi$ & *a/5$ ! remnant ( ,judah enjoys a mode/ gold5 age 7iii4 #h-ac74 ,! book closes 9 a m jubilant salutation ( ! good "t com+ 7iii4 #ad-bj74 ,?us 9 ,zephaniah1 z 9 s _m o!r prophetic books1 all turns out well 9 ! end2 b z 9 mo/ ( ! o!rs1 ! happy end+s are an aft]?\ght ( lat] g5]ations = :om ! judgm5t 0 9 ! pa/ b ! gold5 age _h n yet come4 ,,haggai4--,haggai dates 8 fir/ revelation to ! v day ( ! mon?--a new fa%ion :i* he & 8 contempor>y ,ze*>iah h--! fir/ day ( ! six? mon? 7( ! ,jewi% cal5d>7 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius 7,hy/aspis71 t is1 #ebj ,b4,c4 ,he has ! ^w ( ! ,"l = ,z]ubbabel1 ! gov]nor ( ,judah1 & ,jo%ua1 ! *ief prie/1 t x is high "t to rebuild ! temple2 ! lean ye>s !y h be5 hav+ are due to ,god's displeasure t he is ?us neglect$4 ,! civil & religi\s heads ( ! community /ir up ! p & ! "w beg9s2 aga9 ! exact date is giv54 ,?ree o!r oracles foll[1 all 9 ! same ye>4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7ii4 #a-i7 enc\rages ,z]ubbabel & ! p to m zeal by ! pr$iction t ! great crisis ( hi/ory is at h&3 yet a little :ile & ! ,"l w %ake ! heav5s & ! e>?2 he w %ake all ! nations1 & ! treasures ( all ! nations %all fl[ to 8 temple 7cf4 ,isa4 lx4 #i ff471 & ,god w fill ! h\se ) 8 glory4 ,! ?ird 7ii4 #bj-bc71 to ,z]ubbabel1 =etells ! ov]?r[ & de/ruction ( ! k+doms ( ! nations2 &1 9 prud5tly veil$ phrase--s9ce su* great expectations might h ill consequ5ces if !y rea*$ ,p]sian e>s--! re/oration ( ,z]ubbabel to ! ?rone ( 8 fa!rs1 fulfill+ ! messianic pr$ictions ( e>li] prophets4 ,! int]v5+ oracle 7ii4 #aj-ai7 is ano!r spur to zeal 9 rebuild+ ! temple4 ,! imm$iate re/oration ( ,jewi% nationality :i* ,haggai & ,ze*>iah s confid5tly =etold 0 n m]ely ! expression ( a g5]al fai? or ! result ( /udies 9 _! pr$ecessors4 ,= 9 reality ,god 0 %ak+ ! nations2 9 p>ticul> ! ,p]sian empire1 newly made ma/] ( ! _w1 0 %ak5 to its f\ndations by ! usurpation ( ! pret5d$ ,sm]dis1 ! dea? ( ,cambyses1 ! conspiracy ( ! nobles aga9/ ,sm]dis1 & ! elevation ( ,d>ius to ! ?rone4 ,9 ! ye>s :5 ! ,jewi% prophets 7 mak+ _! pr$ictions1 ,d>ius 0 confront$ by =midable rebellions 9 e qu>t] ( ! empire except ! we/4 ,x might well appe> to ,haggai t ! armies ( ! nations 7 fall+ e "o by ! sword ( 8 fell[4 ,9 ! end ,d>ius put d[n all opposition & weld$ ! empire toge!r m /rongly ?an ev]2 ! brief dream ( ,jewi% indep5d5ce "u a ,davidic pr9ce & ! bright] vision ( ! gold5 age fad$4 ,,ze*>iah4--,ze*>iah's fir/ oracle is dat$ 9 ! mon? aft] t 9 :i* ,haggai's fir/ 0 deliv]$4 ,x is a brief exhortation to 8 c\ntrym5 to rep5t1 & n neglect ! w>n+s ( ! prophets z _! fa!rs _h done1 to _! sorr[ :5 ! pr$ict$ judgm5ts ov]took !m 7,ze*4 i4 #a-f74 ,!n foll[1 9 i4 #g-vi4 #ae1 "u ! common date 7second ye> ( ,d>ius1 #aa? mon?1 #bd? day71 a s]ies ( eight visions1 ! mean+ ( :i* is int]pret$ to ! prophet by an angel4 ,!y symbolize ! %att]+ ( ! p[] ( ! nations2 ! rebuild+ ( ! temple & city1 & ! gold5 age to foll[2 ! removal ( ! s9 ( ,judah2 ! recognition ( ! ,messiah 7,z]ubbabel72 ! h>mony ( pr9ce & prie/4 ,at ! end ( ?is gr\p ( visions is a bit ( hi/ory ( high int]e/4 ,a cr[n 0 made ( gold & silv] br\ght by "s repres5tatives ( ! ,babylonian ,jews1 & set by ! prophet on ! head ( ,z]ubbabel1 :o 0 salut$ z ! ,scion1 i4e41 ! ,messiah 7,j]4 xxiii4 #e71 ) ! pr$iction t he %\ld rebuild ! temple1 assume maje/y1 & sit & rule ^u 8 ?rone4 ,! coronation1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 0 9 ! secrecy ( a private h\se1 & is to be reg>d$ z a symbolical act2 ! ,babylonian envoys kept ! cr[n z a mem5to4 ,b its significance is unmi/akable4 ,! pr$iction 0 n fulfill$4 ,:atev] became ( ,z]ubbabel--he disappe>s ) ?is sc5e--he nev] wore a real cr[n nor sat ^u ! ?rone ( 8 fa!rs4 ,?is has l$ to m ?an "o *ange 9 ! text1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 7 n suffici5tly ?or\gh-go+ to pass unnotic$4 ,fir/1 ! cr[n is once made plural1 cr[ns1 z ?\gh ! int5tion 0 to cr[n bo? ! pr9ce & ! prie/2 :5 x comes to ! coronation1 h[ev]1 only ,jo%ua1 ! high prie/1 receives ! hon\r 7vi4 #aa74 ,b vss4 #ab1 #ac;a1 :i* are left unt\*$1 c ref] only to ,z]ubbabel4 ,v]se #ac;b orig9ally read1 & ,jo%ua %all be prie/ at 8 "r h& 7s ! ,greek ,bible1 in/ead ( on 8 ?rone71 & !re %all be h>mony betwe5 ! two4 ,9 vs4 #ad !re is only "o cr[n4 ,9 ,ze*4 #g ! "q is ask$ ( ! prophet by "s pilgrims f ,be!l1 :e!r1 n[ t ! temple 0 rebuild+1 !y %\ld cont9ue to keep ! fa/ = ! burn+ ( ! temple 9 ! fif? mon?2 8 response1 t :at ,god wants ( !m is n fa/+ b ju/ice1 *>ity1 compassion1 t none %\ld oppress 8 neighb\r nor devise evil aga9/ him1 is q 9 ! _s ( ! e>li] prophets to :om he appeals4 ,he goes on1 9 c4 #h1 to picture ! com+ gold5 age1 :5 ! fa/s %all all be turn$ into *e]ful fea/s1 a prophecy :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ ( its k9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & a fitt+ cr[n to ! book4 ,! prophecies ( ,ze*>iah 7cc4 #a-h7 are def9itely dat$2 !y spr+ out ( a def9ite hi/orical & religi\s situation :i* is ev]y:]e app>5t & consi/5t4 ,n s ! *apt]s :i* foll[ 7cc4 #i-ad74 ,! titles 7ix4 #a2 xii4 #a7 h a diff]5t =m 7,burd5s71 ! situations :i* give _! backgr\nd to ! oracles are :olly unlike t :i* /&s out s cle>ly 9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah2 ! "* ( ! prophecies1 ) _! affect$ obscurity1 easily p5etrable1 d\btless1 to contempor>ies1 b imp5etrable to u :o h n ! hi/orical key1 & _! apocalyptic es*atology1 are 9 /rong contra/ to ! mann] ( ,ze*>iah2 ! evid5ce ( diction confirms t ( situation & cont5t4 ,x has1 !re=e1 long be5 recogniz$ t none ( ^! prophecies c be by ! au?or ( ,ze*4 #a-h3 !y are anonym\s oracles :i* h be5 app5d$ at ! close ( 8 book or ( ! ,book ( ! ,m9or ,prophets4 ,!y are n all by ! same au?or3 cc4 #ab-ad conta9 two pictures 7xiii4 #a-xiii4 #f2 xiv4 #a-ba7 ( ! f9al onset ( ! hea!n on ,j]usalem1 _! de/ruction1 & ! gold5 age ( pi\s prosp]ity t ensues1 v>iations ( ,ezekiel's orig9al 9 ! great prophecy ( ,gog 7,ezek4 #ch-ci7 :i* gave ! s*eme = all subsequ5t revelations on ! la/ times4 ,a notable diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pictures is t 9 ,ze*4 #ab ! hea!n are de/roy$ by ! clans ( ,judah1 :o deliv] ,j]usalem2 :ile 9 c4 #ad ,j]usalem is tak5 by ! hea!n & subject$ to all ! horrors ( a sack1 half ( its inhabitants be+ c>ri$ into slav]y1 be=e ,jehovah himself1 desc5d+ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 fights aga9/ ! nations & cleaves ! m\nt itself 9 twa94 ,9 cc4 xii4 #a-xiii4 #f concrete features ( ! au?or's "t are probably disc]nible1 9 ! fact1 = in/ance1 t ,judah 7t is ! inhabitants ( ! o!r t[ns & ! c\ntry7 besieges ,j]usalem 9 company ) ! neighb\r+ hea!n peoples1 & 9 ! /rik+ animosity display$ t[>d ! prophets1 :o are 9 ! same condemnation ) ! idols & ar\se mu* int5s] feel+ 7xii4 #b-f74 ,our ignorance ( ! int]nal hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% community = two or ?ree c5turies is1 h[ev]1 s complete t ^! allusions furni% u no clue4 ,9 ,ze*4 #i-aa also !re are two sections1 viz4 ix4 #a-xi4 #c & xi4 #d-ag xiii4 #g-i4 ,! age ( ^! c be fix$ ) great] confid5ce by ! ext]nal hi/orical situation4 ,! hea!n p[] ! ov]?r[ ( :i* u%]s 9 ! gold5 age is nam$1 9 ix4 #ac1 ! ,greeks4 ,egypt & ,syria 7,assyria71 t is1 ! k+doms ( ! ,ptolemies & ! ,seleucids1 %all be br\ght l[ 7x4 #aa74 ,! l& ( ,hadra*1 to :i* ! fir/ oracle is direct$1 is 9 all probability ! region ( ,antio*1 ! ,seleucid capital4 ,! bad %eph]ds ( cc4 #aa2 xiii4 #g-i1 :o are ov] ! flock ( ,god1 are v good lik5esses ( ! ,jewi% high prie/s ( ! ,greek "t1 ?\gh x is impossible to id5tify ! concrete hi/orical p]sons & ev5ts ( c4 #aa4 ,tak+ all toge!r1 we %all n g amiss 9 ascrib+ ^! to ! e>ly "p ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4--say betwe5 ! ye> #bjj1 :5 ,juda came "u ,seleucid rule & ! religi\s p]secution ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes & ! ,maccaban revolt1 to nei!r ( :i* is !re any allusion 9 ! *apt]s4 ,*apt]s #ab-ad may p]haps be put 9 ! c5tury be=e4 ,,mala*i4--,a ?ird app5dix to ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah is ! anonym\s book :i* we call ,mala*i4 ,! e>lie/ title1 ,! ,burd5 ( ! ,^w ( ! ,"l aga9/ ,israel1 is ^w = ^w ! same z t 9 ,ze*4 xii4 #a 7cf4 ix4 #a71 & d\btless 0 prefix$ by ! same editor4 ,subsequ5tly1 p]haps to give ! book an indep5d5t /atus & ?us r\nd out ! numb] ( ! ,m9or ,prophets to twelve1 ! words by ',my ,mess5g]' 7,heb4 malaki2 iii4 #a f47 7 add$4 ,jewi% tradition 9 lat] times id5tifi$ ?is mess5g] ) ,ezra4 ,9 ! v]sions ! ^w 0 naturally tak5 = a prop] "n4 ,! book consi/s ( two p>ts1 ,mal4 i4 #b-;ii4 #i1 :i* f i4 #f on is address$ to ! prie/s1 & ii4 #aj-;iv4 #c1 to ! p at l>ge4 ,! prie/s treat ! wor%ip 9 ! temple ) pr(essional disrespect1 "u :i* lurks an equally pr(essional scepticism4 ,any k9d ( blemi%$ or diseas$ victim is good en\gh--! prophet invites !m to make su* a scurvy gift to ! gov]nor6 ,! p]petual r\t9e ( sacr$ s]vices !y f9d tiresome4 ,!y are no less neglig5t 9 _! o!r great function z ! religi\s tea*]s & guides ( ! p4 ,! ,tora1 t is1 ! reveal$ w ( ,god1 is committ$ to !m1 & !y1 deg5]ate successors ( ! fai?ful prie/s 9 ! good old times1 h n only !mselves ab&on$ ! "r way1 b h caus$ _m to fall by _! false in/ructions4 ,!y h e>n$ ! contempt 9 :i* m5 hold !m4 ,! curse ( ,god is on !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable words 9 ! ,bible /&s 9 ?is indignant d5unciation 7,mal4 i4 #aa f474 ,jehovah's own prie/s 9 8 own temple treat 8 wor%ip ) contempt2 he refuses _! (f]+s3 ,= f ! ris+ ( ! sun to ! sett+1 my "n is great among ! nations1 & 9 e place pure sacrifices are burnt to my "n among ! nations1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s2 b ye pr(ane x by ?9k+ t ! table ( ,jehovah may be pollut$ & 8 food despis$4 ,t ! sacrifices ( ! hea!n may be pure sacrifices1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! ,mosaic rite1 because all true wor%ip is ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god1 is a conception q unp>allel$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! au?or's polemic aga9/ ! prie/s ( ,j]usalem has d\btless made him say m ?an he w\ld h /ood by z a dogmatic /atem5t2 m1 inde$1 ?an any *ur* has ev] be5 ready to ackn[l$ge1 b x 0 fitt+ t x %\ld be said1 = x is ! f9al consequ5ce ( ! e?ical conception ( religion ( :i* ! ,hebrew prophets f ,amos on are ! expon5ts4 ,( ! rema9+ oracles1 "o 7,mal4 iii4 #f-ab7 urges to ! hone/ consecration ( ! ti!s 7dues to ! temple72 ano!r 7ii4 #aj-af71 z commonly int]pret$1 condemns ! m>riages ) hea!n wom5 :i* s di/urb$ ! s\l ( ,nehemiah & ,ezra1 & especially ! divorce ( native wives to take =eign ones2 b ! language %\ld p]haps r be tak5 z figurative = =eign wor%ip4 ,! two rema9+ prophecies 7ii4 #ag-;iii4 #e2 iii4 #ac-;iv4 #c7 are address$ to su* z ?\ght t ,god did n tr\ble himself ab\t m5's affairs3 ! long ?reat5$ day ( doom gave no sign ( com+1 nor 0 ! promis$ rew>d ( s]v+ ,god be/[$4 ,! prophet decl>es t ! ,day w come1 sudd5 & t]rible1 & ! ungodly w get _! des]ts4 ,! la/ v]ses 7iv4 #d-f7 are n improbably an addition by an editorial h&4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,psalms4 ,,lam5tations ,! ,book ( ,psalms c\nts "o hundr$ & fifty hymns1 & ?is evid5tly by design1 = ! ,greek ,v]sion1 :i* sometimes unites 9 "o :at are two psalms 9 ! ,hebrew & divides "o ,hebrew psalm into two1 comes out ) ! same numb]4 ,x is divid$ into five books1 z is indicat$ 9 ! ,revis$ ,engli% ,v]sion1 vis4 ,book ,i41 ,pss4 #a-da2 ,book ,,ii41 ,pss4 #db-gb2 ,book ,,iii41 ,pss4 #gc-hi2 ,book ,,iv41 ,pss4 #ij-ajf2 ,book ,v41 ,pss4 #ajg-aej1 ea* book end+ ) a liturgical doxology4 ,! rabbis 7 probably "r 9 ! op9ion t ?is fivefold division 0 made 9 imitation ( ! five books ( ! ,p5tateu*1 b 9 "s cases1 z we %all see1 ! limits correspond to ^? ( old] sep>ate books4 ,! psalt] has n inaptly be5 call$ ! hymn book ( ! second temple4 ,we le>n f ,jewi% tradition t c]ta9 psalms 7 us$ 9 ! liturgy ( ! ,h]odian temple on c]ta9 days or at c]ta9 seasons1 & to _m ( !m musical or liturgical directions are prefix$ & int]ludes are not$ 7,selah71 f :i*1 ap>t f tradition1 su* a use w\ld be inf]r$4 ,x is evid5t f ! famili>ity ) ! ,psalms :i* is %[n 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 contempor>y ,jewi% writ+s1 bo? ,greek & ,hebrew1 t1 l our hymn books1 ! ,psalt] 0 l>gely us$ = private devotion & edification4 ,! poems conta9$ 9 ! ,psalt] are f diff]5t ages & au?ors1 & ( widely div]se religi\s wor? & poetical excell5ce4 ,"s ( !m are unsurpass$ 9 ! religi\s lit]ature ( ! _w2 o!rs are ! t$i\s production ( au?ors :o1 l s _m hymni/s ( all climes1 7 nei!r born nor made poets4 ,?anks to ! translators1 su* pieces are a great deal bett]1 s f> z expression goes1 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,engli% ,v]sion or 9 ,lu!r's1 ?an ! orig9al4 ,a mod]n hymn book is seldom1 if ev]1 a fre% compilation f ! s\rces2 x is habitually made up f collections already 9 use1 ) ! addition1 p]haps1 ( ! editor's glean+s f ! s\rces1 or ( rec5t poems4 ,! names ( ! collections ?us us$ may be giv51 & ! names ( ! au?ors--(t5 tak5 along )\t v]ification4 ,editors ( hymn books h also g5]ally all[$ !mselves great lib]ties ) ! text ( hymns1 alt]+ !m to suit _! own ta/e or ! religi\s & !ological idiosyncrasies ( _! sect2 abridg+1 transpos+1 exp&+1 )\t scruple2 & only 9 v mod]n times has a t>dily awak5$ lit]>y consci5ce con/ra9$ !m to give notice ( su* *anges4 ,9 ?is way m$ival ,ca?olic poets are made to s+ good ,prote/ant songs1 or ,calv9i/s & ,me?odi/s to drop _! %ibbole?s & express !mselves 9 a mann] acceptable to ,unit>ians4 ,! famili> hymn1 ,o = a ?\s& tongues to s+ my de> ,r$eem]'s praise1 has be5 adapt$ to ,buddhi/ use z1 ,o = a ?\s& tongues to s+ my holy ,buddha's praise1 ,! glories ( my tea*] great1 ! triumphs ( 8 grace1 ) simil> *anges ?r\gh\t1 & if we did n "k ! ,*ri/ian hymn1 we might take ! au?or = a good ,%9-%u ,buddhi/1 ?\gh an indiff]5t poet4 ,! editors ( ! ,psalt] proce$$ 9 ! same way1 & ! old] recollections on :i* !y work$ c 9 "p be recogniz$4 ,x is obs]v$ t ,books ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ( ! ,psalt] 7,pss4 #db-hi71 or1 m exactly1 ,pss4 #db-hc1 mu/ once h =m$ a collection by !mselves1 ^: editor 0 av]se to ! use ( ! prop] "n ,jehovah1 & accord+ly alt]$ ! text ( ! hymns :]e ?is "n occurr$ by sub/itut+ ! appellative ,god 7,elohim71 giv+ rise to su* /range expressions z ,o ,god1 my ,god4 ,?us ,ps4 #ec is ! same ) ,ps4 #ad1 b :]ev] ,jehovah /&s 9 ,ps4 #ad1 ,god takes its place 9 ,ps4 #ec2 ,ps4 #gj is m]ely an extract f ,ps4 #dj 7vss4 #ac-ag7 ) ! same *ange4 ,9 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 copyi/s1 influ5c$ by ! p>allel passage1 h re/or$ ,jehovah 9 "o 7,greek7 or two 7,hebrew7 places1 z !y h done 9 o!r ( ^! psalms4 ,?is occurr5ce ( ! same hymn 9 two p>ts ( ! ,psalt]1 ( :i* ano!r in/ance is ,ps4 #ajh 7made up ( p>ts ( two psalms 9 ! elohi/ic book1 lvii4 #g-aa1 & lx4 #e-ab71 is itself presumptive evid5ce t ^! p>ts once exi/$ sep>ately4 ,at ! "t :5 ! musical directions 7 prefix$ to ! psalms1 ! la/ two books 7,pss4 #ij-aej7 seem n to h be5 includ$ 9 ! temple hymn book2 = ^! directions1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ,pss4 #a-hi1 are lack+ f t po9t on1 not)/&+ ! fact t a l>g] proportion ( ! psalms 9 ,pss4 #ij-aej 7 manife/ly compos$ = public wor%ip ?an 9 ,pss4 #a-hi4 ,! titles ( ,psalms give ! names ( o!r collections f :i* individual psalms 7 tak54 ,?us twelve psalms1 ,pss4 #db1 #dd-di1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #hh1 are hymns or songs ( ! ,korahites1 & elev51 ,pss4 #ej1 #gc-hc1 ( ,asaph1 :o 7 accord+ to ! ,*ronicl]--a good au?ority on ! wor%ip ( 8 "t--families1 or h]$it>y guilds1 ( temple musicians1 & seem1 9 ?is capacity1 to h _h special hymn books conta9+ psalms :i* !y sang1 & :i* may also h be5 compos$ by memb]s ( ! guild4 ,! fact t ! ,korahite & ,asaphite psalms are n scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pres5t ,psalt]1 b appe> 9 gr\ps1 & only 9 ! elohi/ic hymn book 7,pss4 #db-hi71 confirms ?is view4 ,:5 !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ! collection1 ! s\rce 0 indicat$ by prefix+ ! "n ( ! guild book to ! individual psalms4 ,ano!r gr\p ( fifte5 psalms 7,pss4 #abj-acd7 be> 9 _! titles1 ,! ,song ( ! ,asc5ts1 a phrase :i*1 by ! irregul>ity ( its =m1 %[s t x 0 transf]r$ me*anically f ! title ( ! collection 7,! ,songs ( ! ,asc5ts7 to ! individual poems4 ,! anci5t int]pretation makes ! asc5ts ! fifte5 /eps1 or asc5d+ plat=ms1 on :i* ! levitical or*e/ra /ood at ! fe/ival ( ! wat]-draw+ on ! ev5+ aft] ! fir/ day ( ,tab]nacles 7h5ce ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 ,song ( ,degrees1 i4e4 ,/eps74 ,we ne$ n discuss ! "q2 t ^! psalms con/itute a liturgical unit select$ = a specific c]emony is pla94 ,a consid]able numb] ( psalms h loosely prefix$ to !m ! words ,hallelu ,jah 7,praise ye ,jah71 :i* 9 ! ,hebrew text are frequ5tly f\nd at ! end1 hav+ be5 errone\sly c>ri$ back f ! beg9n+ ( a foll[+ psalm4 ,:5 ?is displacem5t 7:i* is lat] ?an ! ,greek translation7 is correct$1 ! ,hallelujah psalms are #aje-ajg1 #aaa-aah1 #ace1 #acf1 #adf-aej4 ,"h also a liturgical collection is naturally inf]r$4 ,jewi% tradition in=ms u ab\t ! use ( ! ,hallel 7,pss4 #aac-aah7 & ! ,great ,hallel 7,ps4 #acf7 at ! fe/ivals1 & ! "n ,hallel is also sometimes giv5 to ,pss4 #adf-adh4 ,bo? ! ,hallels & ! ,songs ( ,degrees1 x w be obs]v$1 are 9 ! la/ ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ! ,psalt] 7,pss4 #ij-aej74 ,( great] int]e/ is ! l>ge collection ( psalms :i* be> individually ! "n ( ,david4 ,?is "n is f\nd 9 ! titles ( all ! psalms 9 ,book ,i4 7,pss4 #a-da71 except ,pss4 #a & #b1 #aj 7prop]ly a "p ( #i1 z 9 ! ,greek ,bible71 & #cc 79 ! ,greek ,bible ,davidic72 fur!r1 9 ,book ,,ii41 two gr\ps1 ,pss4 #ea-fe1 #fh-gj1 & !reaft]1 scatt]+1 ,pss4 #hf1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajh-aaj1 #abb1 #abd1 #aca1 #acc1 #ach-ade--gc psalms 9 all1 or almo/ half ! ,psalt]4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,greek ,bible add a v>y+ numb] ( o!rs1 & o!r v]sions d ! same4 ,9 ! light ( ! ph5om5a we h already obs]v$1 we may confid5tly inf] t !re 0 once a collection ( religi\s lyrics be>+ "s su* title z ,hymns ( ,david4 ,s long z ?is book _h a sep>ate exi/5ce1 ! "n w\ld naturally n be repeat$ at ! head ( ! individual poems 9 x2 su* repetition became necess>y1 h[ev]1 :5 psalms f ?is book 7 tak5 up into a l>g] hymn book conta9+ n only psalms f ! ,korahite & ,asaphite collections b _m anonym\s hymns2 j z ! "n ( ,*>les ,wesley w\ld be atta*$ to "o ( 8 hymns only :5 x 0 tak5 out ( 8 own volume & includ$ 9 a composite hymn book4 ,by good =tune we h ! colophon ( ?is ,davidic ,psalt] 9 ,ps4 lxxii4 #bj1 9 ! words ( a scribe3 ,! ,pray]s 7an old] "n = ,psalms7 ( ,david son ( ,jesse are f9i%$1 t is1 ! roll conta9+ !m is copi$ to ! end--a v common ,ori5tal =m ( colophon4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! hymn to :i* ?is note is annex$ is said 9 its title to be by ,solomon1 to :om ,ps4 #abg 7"o ( ! ,songs ( ,degrees7 is simil>ly attribut$4 ,9 bo? cases ! gr\nd ( ! ascription is pla93 ! editor ?\ght t ,ps4 cxxvii4 #a ref]r$ to ! build+ ( ! temple1 :ile ! pray] = wisdom ) :i* ,ps4 #gb beg9s sugge/$ to him ,solomon's dream1 #a ,k+s #c4 ,f ?is ,davidic hymn book came :at is n[ ! fir/ book ( ! ,psalt] entire1 except ,ps4 #a & probably #b2 fur!r ! gr\ps 9 ,book ,,ii4 7#ea-fe1 #fh-gj1 ) #gb71 :i* probably /ood imm$iately aft] ,ps4 #da4 ,= x w be not$ t ! second 7elohi/ic7 "p ( ! pres5t ,psalt] 7,pss4 #db-hi7 is made up ( ,korahite1 ,asaphite1 & ,davidic psalms1 & t 9 _! pres5t position ! ,davidic psalms1 say ,pss4 #ea-gb1 are ?ru/ into ! o!rwise solid gr\p ( ,asaphite hymns ,pss4 #ej 444 #gc-hc4 ,fur!r1 ! transposition ( ! ,davidic psalms to ! beg9n+ ( ! book w\ld br+ ! hymns ( ! guilds toge!r4 ,! elohi/ic rec5sion does n ext5d consi/5tly beyond ,ps4 #hc2 & ,pss4 #hd-hi 7,korahite7 may !re=e be reg>d$ z a supplem5t>y extract f ! guild book4 ,! titles ( sev]al ( ! ,davidic psalms specify ! occasion & circum/ances 9 :i* ! poem 0 compos$2 ^! hi/orical notes are especially num]\s 9 ! gr\p ,pss4 #ea-gb 7see ,pss4 #ea1 #eb1 #ed1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fc71 b occur also 9 ! ,fir/ ,book 7,pss4 #c1 #g1 #ah1 #cd71 & 9 ,ps4 #adb 7cf4 ,ps4 #eg74 ,! incid5ts ref]r$ to are1 ) "o exception1 all n>rat$ 9 ! ,books ( ,samuel4 ,!re is no reason to imag9e t ! editor _h any tradition ab\t ! orig9 ( ^! p>ticul> poems1 mu* less au!ntic in=mation on ! subject4 ,precisely z 9 ! ascription ( ,pss4 #gb & #abg to ,solomon1 he comb9$ :at he took to be allusions to a hi/orical situation 9 ! poems ) ! hi/ory z he read x4 ,psalm #ea1 = example1 is a confession ( deep s9fulness1 & seems to specify blood-guilt 7vs4 #ad74 ,:5 _h ,david reason to express himself 9 ?is mann]8 ,cle>ly aft] 8 adult]y ) ,ba?%eba & ! murd] ( ,uriah4 ,x is a v famili> proc$ure4 ,mod]n comm5tators h made _m simil> guesses1 b nobody atta*es any au?ority to !m4 ,:e!r ! scatt]$ ,davidic psalms 9 ! la/ "p ( ! ,psalt] 7,pss4 #ij-aej7 are a glean+ f ! ,davidic hymn book ( poems :i* _h n be5 includ$ by previ\s editors or come f "s o!r s\rce is unc]ta92 ! latt] is ! m probable hypo!sis4 ,! ,psalt]1 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h x1 is "o ( ! late/ books 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 = x conta9s poems 9 :i* ! religi\s p]secution ( ,antio*us ,,iv4 & ! ,maccaban /ruggle are cle>ly reflect$1 & v likely ev5ts /ill fur!r d[n 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is 0 %[n by an acute critic at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 & 9 ! ,re=mation c5tury ,john ,calv9 rightly ref]r$ ,pss4 #dd & #gd to ! ,maccaban times1 & admitt$ ! same possibility = ,ps4 #gi4 ,all ^! are f ! ,korahite & ,asaphite collections includ$ 9 ! elohi/ic hymn book1 :i* itself is n ! y\nge/ ( ! s\rces ( our ,psalt]4 ,num]\s o!r psalms are1 ) great] or less probability1 assign$ to ! same age2 ?us1 ,ps4 #adi1 :]e ! sa9ts1 ) ! high praises ( ,god 9 _! m\?s & a two-edg$ sword 9 _! h&s1 execute judgm5t on ! hea!n1 is s+ul>ly apt to ! ,maccaban victories4 ,psalm #aaj 7,davidic7 mo/ naturally is und]/ood z "o ( ! ,asmonan pr9ces1 s9ce 9 !m alone prie/hood & royalty 7 unit$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r & m conclusive crit]ia ?an ref]5ces to hi/orical ev5ts or p]sons4 ,! religi\s situation 9 ! ,jewi% community reflect$ 9 v _m ( ! psalms is t ( ! ,p]sian & ,greek p]iod1 n t ( ! days ( ! k+dom4 ,! /rife ( p>ties or ( classes1 on "o side ! righte\s1 ! pi\s1 ! poor1 = :om ! psalmi/s speak1 on ! o!r1 ! wick$1 ! ungodly1 ! ri* & ! great2 "h ^? ^: delight is 9 ! law ( ,god 7religion71 !re ^? :o contemn x & pursue evil ways reg>dless ( its precepts & prohibitions1 is a new condition1 n 9 ! behavi\r ( ! wick$1 b 9 ! self-consci\sness ( ! pi\s1 :o feel !mselves a di/9ct class & are evid5tly cry/alliz+ into a p>ty or a sect4 ,! religi\s conceptions & ! conception ( religion are drawn *iefly f ,j]emiah & ! ,deut]onomi/s1 & f ,isaiah #dj ff41 b on ! subjective side ( religion1 piety1 ! be/ ( ! psalms repres5t a m advanc$ /age ?an ! prophets ( ! sev5? & six? c5turies4 ,! hopes ( ! future ( ,god's p & ( ! _w run ) ! prophets ( ! ,p]sian p]iod & ! contempor>y anonym\s & editorial additions to ! old] prophetic books4 ,t ! long rehe>sals ( ! anci5t hi/ory l ,pss4 #gh1 #aje1 #ajf1 or eulogies ( ! law su* z ,ps4 #aai1 or litanies ( ! fa%ion ( ,ps4 #acf1 belong to a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ! liturgy su* z r\ses ! en?usiasm ( ! ,*ronicl] is also app>5t4 ,! evid5ce ( language t5ds ! same way4 ,f9e hymns 7 writt5 ev5 at a late "t2 b on a l>ge "p ( ! psalms ! decad5ce has set its m>k4 ,su* is ! impression ! ,psalt] makes z a :ole1 & x indicates t n only is ! exi/+ collection late1 b t mo/ ( ! hymns 9 x 7 comp>atively mod]n :5 !y 7 br\ght toge!r4 ,?is is :at w\ld be expect$ 9 a hymn book1 :i* = devotional ev5 m ?an = liturgical use1 ne$s to express & nurture ! type ( piety preval5t 9 its own "t & circle4 ,prote/ant hymn books fifty ye>s ago1 outside ! ,anglican communion1 _h h>dly any hymns 9 !m m ?an a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s old1 except v]sifi$ translations ( ! psalms1 mod]niz$ & ,*ri/ianiz$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,x w\ld be go+ mu* beyond ! evid5ce to say !re 7 no psalms 9 ! ,psalt] t 7 compos$ 9 ! days ( ! k+dom2 !re may be a consid]able numb]4 ,b ! pro( t any p>ticul> psalm came f t p]iod is difficult & seldom v conv9c+4 ,?is is true ev5 ( ! psalms :i* speak ( ! k+2 =1 aside f ! impossibility ( decid+ 9 "s in/ances :e!r a reign+ k+ is meant or ! k+ ( ! good "t com+ 7,messiah71 a =eign k+ may sometimes be 9 m9d 7,ps4 #de is s int]pret$ by _m71 or an ,asmonan k+4 ,,lam5tations4--,! fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehf ,b4,c4 is ! subject ( five poems ( consid]able l5g? :i* toge!r make ! ,book ( ,lam5tations4 ,! mi/ak5 op9ion t ! prophet ,j]emiah 0 ! au?or caus$ ?is book to be put imm$iately aft] ,j]emiah 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,bible1 ) an introduction explicitly attribut+ ! poems1 or ! fir/ ( !m1 to ! prophet4 ,9 ! ,hebrew ,bible ! book /&s among ! miscellane\s ,scriptures4 ,! fir/ f\r poems are 9 ! ,hebrew elegiac metre1 ! v]se us$ = dirges1 ! *>act]i/ic ( :i* is t ea* l9e is divid$ by a csura into unequal p>ts1 (t5e/ 9 ! ratio ( ?ree to two1 z 9 ,amos v4 #a4 ,fll5 no mre to rse is srael's dught]6 ,pr/rate to ar? %e les1 n "o to lft h]4 ,9 ,lam5tations #a-d ?is is comb9$ ) an alphabetic acro/ic4 ,9 cc4 #a & #b ! poem consi/s ( tw5ty-two ti]cets1 ! fir/ l9e ( ea* beg9n+ ) a lett] ( ! alphabet 9 ord]2 c4 #d1 ( z _m c\plets2 :ile 9 c4 #c ea* l9e ( ! ti]cet beg9s ) ! prop] lett]4 ,*apt] #e is nei!r alphabetic nor 9 elegiac metre4 ,! alphabetic artifice is n uncommon ) ,hebrew poets1 ! mo/ elaborate example be+ ,ps4 #aai1 :]e 9 /anzas ( sev5 v]ses ea* l9e ( ! /anza beg9s ) ,a1 ,b1 ,g1 ,d1 & s on4 ,! five ,lam5tations diff] consid]ably 9 "* & poetic m]it4 ,*apt]s #b & #d are di/9ctly sup]ior to ! re/1 & describe ! agony ( ,j]usalem 9 vivid & mov+ images2 peculi>ly direct & poignant is c4 #e2 :ile c4 #c has m ! "* ( a psalm4 ,! poems are n all by ! same au?or4 ,^? :i* seem to /& ne>e/ to ! cata/rophe 7cc4 #b & #d at lea/7 7 probably writt5 no v long "t aft] x2 ! o!rs p]haps 9 ! foll[+ g5]ation4 ,!re is no?+ 9 !m t w\ld lead u to ?9k ( ,j]emiah z ! au?or4 ,p]haps ! /atem5t ( ! ,*ronicl] t ,j]emiah made a dirge = ,k+ ,josiah :i* 0 writt5 among ! ,lam5tations1 & recit$ 9 lat] times by ! pr(essional s+]s ( dirges1 may imply t he ascrib$ "o ( ! poems to ! prophet4 ,at any rate1 x became tradition1 & has *iefly contribut$ to get ,j]emiah ! injuri\s reputation ( ! weep+ prophet4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,prov]bs ,! ,book ( ,prov]bs be>s ! title ,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon son ( ,david1 ,k+ ( ,israel4 ,o!r titles scatt]$ ?r\gh ! book prove t x is made up ( sev]al collections ( prov]bs :i* once circulat$ indep5d5tly4 ,?us ,prov4 #aj beg9s1 ,! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon2 xxii4 #ag-ba is an introduction invit+ ! read] to give att5tion to ,say+s ( ,sages1 & dwell+ on ! pr(it ( s do+2 xxiv4 #bc1 ,^! also are by ! ,sages2 xxv4 #a1 ,^! also are ,prov]bs ( ,solomon :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah k+ ( ,judah edit$2 xxx4 #a1 ,! ,say+s ( ,agur son ( ,jakeh2 xxxi4 #a1 ,! say+s ( ,lemuel ,k+ ( ,massa 7871 :i* 8 "m taught him2 f9ally1 xxxi4 #aj-ca is an anonym\s alphabetic poem 9 praise ( ! good h\sewife4 ,! inf]5ce ( div]se orig9 drawn f ^! titles is confirm$ by div]sity ( "* & =m1 & by ! repetition ( prov]bs 9 ! diff]5t sections1 especially 9 ,prov4 x4 #a-xxii4 #af & cc4 #be-bi2 on ! o!r h&1 ! simil>ity ( all p>ts ( ! book 9 ?\ght & expression indicates t !re is among !m no wide diff]5ce 9 "t4 ,! !me ( ! book is wisdom1 by :i* is meant prim>ily a practical wisdom 9 ! conduct ( individual life "u ! social1 political1 & economic conditions ( ! "t4 ,! end is a prosp]\s & happy life1 & ! motive is enlight5$ self-int]e/4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t morality conduces to prosp]ity & happ9ess1 & immoral & unsocial actions to ! opposite4 ,to inculcate ?is tru? & to apply x is ! aim ( ! wise1 :o make ?is k ! f\ndation ( virtue & ( well-be+4 ,_! in/ruction is n giv5 9 ! =m ( a philosophical e?ic1 ) a discussion ( ! nature ( ! highe/ good & ( ! pr9ciples & motives ( conduct1 b 9 s5t5ti\s maxims1 or aphorisms1 sometimes gr\p$ ^u a c5tral !me1 (t5 )\t any ?read ( connection4 ,religion is affirm$ by ! mo/ reflective ( ^! au?ors to be ! fir/ pr9ciple ( wisdom 7,prov4 i4 #g2 ix4 #aj2 cf4 xv4 #cc71 b !re is no appeal to a div9e law or to ! consci5ce ( ! individual2 ! maxims are bas$ on obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,! opposite ( wisdom is folly2 x is an un9tellig5t selfi%ness :i* ignores ! consequ5ces ( its c\rse1 & soon] or lat] involves itself 9 loss or ru94 ,= ru9 is ! end ( p]si/5t folly z happ9ess is ! fruit ( wisdom4 ,?is is ! ord] ( ! _w2 ,god's ord]+1 no d\bt1 b work+ itself out by natural law4 ,wise m5 & fools are two p]man5t classes ( m51 divid$ by z h>d a l9e z 9 ! ,/oic e?ics is drawn betwe5 ! virtu\s man & ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! au?ors "k no degrees ( wisdom2 !y recognize diff]5t k9ds ( folly1 b no diff]5ce 9 fools4 ,! pictures ( society !y draw are *iefly ( city life1 ) its temptations & vices1 & !y closely resemble ^? :i* ,jesus ! son ( ,sira* 7,ecclesia/icus7 pa9ts ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,mono!ism is tak5 = grant$2 among ! _m follies ! sages condemn1 ! folly ( poly!ism & idolatry does n appe>4 ,! national p>ticul>ism ( ! ,jewi% religion is n[h]e 9 evid5ce2 ! cultus is h>dly ref]r$ to1 except to say t ! sacrifice ( ! wick$ is an abom9ation1 or t ju/ice is m acceptable to ! ,"l ?an sacrifice4 ,^! features are d\btless due 9 "p to ! di/9ctive t5d5cies ( ! morali/s1 b !y also reflect ! times4 ,we f9d !m 9 ,job1 9 ,sira*1 & 9 ,ecclesia/es1 o!r products ( ,jewi% ,wisdom :i* date f ! lat] ,p]sian or ,greek p]iod2 & we h e reason to believe t ?is peculi> developm5t1 ( :i* we h no trace e>li]1 0 *>act]i/ic ( t age4 ,) ?is ! evid5ce ( language accords4 ,( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! book1 ,prov4 x4 #a-xxii4 #af seem to be ! olde/1 & may be f ! ,p]sian p]iod2 ! foll[+ *apt]s are lat]4 ,s also is ,prov4 #a-i1 :i* may well h be5 writt5 "u ,ptolemaic rule 7say #cbj-bjj ,b4,c471 :5 ! ,jews enjoy$ times ( peace & prosp]ity4 ,! latt] au?or treats 8 topics m su/a9$ly1 ?\gh )\t logical disposition or connection1 9 a w>m & fri5dly tone su* z an exp]i5c$ eld] might use t[>d a y\?4 ,! /yle is easy & fl[+1 & sometimes rises to poetic inspiration4 ,! p]sonifications ( wisdom & folly 9 c4 #i give a good example ( 8 mann]4 ,a m philosophical m9d is recogniz$ 9 c4 #h1 ) its p]sonification ( ! div9e wisdom1 fir/ ( ,god's creations1 ! skill$ artific] :o 0 by 8 side at ! mak+ ( ! _w1 rejoic+ 9 ,god's habitable e>? & ! sons ( m5 :o p x4 ,"h ! au?or comes ne> ! conceptions ( ! ,greek ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 & prep>es ! way = ! !ological hypo/ases ( ,wisdom & ! div9e ,reason & ,^w 7,logos74 ,ev5 among ! aphorisms ( ! old] collections1 !re are few t h ! /amp ( true popul> prov]bs1 ! wisdom ( ! g5]ations f9d+ ! pregnant phrase 9 ! m\? ( ! p2 !y are1 :at inde$ !y pr(ess to be1 maxims ( ! sages1 fa%ion$ ) consci\s art = a didactic end4 ,& ^! sages seem to h be51 l ! ,greek sophi/s1 pr(essional tea*]s ( ! y\? ( ! well-to-d classes4 ,t ! bulk ( ?is wisdom1 :5 compilation ( x came to be made1 %\ld h be5 labell$ ,solomonic1 is expla9$ by ,solomon's fame = wisdom1 :i* is ! subject ( num]\s anecdotes 9 ! hi/orical books 7see #a ,k+s iii4 #d-ae1 ) ! examples1 ibid4 vs4 #af-bh2 #a ,k+s x4 #a-ad1 etc471 c\pl$ ) ! explicit /atem5t t he spake ?ree ?\s& prov]bs1 n to m5tion 8 songs & 8 exp$itions into natural hi/ory 7#a ,k+s iv4 #bi-cd74 ,9 lat] times ,solomon's fame = wisdom 0 n t ( an e?ical philosoph] b ( an adept 9 magic4 ,x is almo/ a pity to take away f ,solomon ! urg5t w>n+s aga9/ wom5 9 :i* ! ,prov]bs ab\nd2 !y h 9 8 m\? su* a mordant irony4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,job ,! ,book ( ,job is ! greate/ "w ( ,hebrew lit]ature t has come d[n to u1 & "o ( ! great poetical works ( ! _w's lit]ature4 ,9 ! =m ( a colloquy betwe5 ,job & 8 fri5ds1 9 :i* at la/ ,god int]v5es1 x discusses ! grave/ problem ( !odicy1 ,h[ c ! suff]+ ( a good man be reconcil$ ) ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god8 ,9 a prose introduction ! read] is appris$ ( ! true cause ( ,job's suff]+s1 ( :i* ! p>ties to ! colloquy are1 ( c\rse1 ignorant3 !y are a trial ( 8 uprightness1 m specifically1 ( 8 dis9t]e/$ virtue4 ,9 ?is prologue 9 heav51 ,satan insi/s t ,job's exempl>y virtue is no wond]1 s9ce ,god rew>ds him s well = x1 & ,god1 :o has full fai? 9 ! patri>*1 gives ,satan p]mission to te/ him4 ,9 an h\r all 8 weal? is swept away & 8 *ildr5 p]i%1 b ,job b[s submissive to ,god's w4 ,!n he himself is smitt5 ) a loa?some & di/ressful ailm5t :i* 0 reg>d$ z 9 a peculi> s5se ! /roke ( ,god1 8 wife bids him bless ,god 7a euphemism = curse7 & die2 b he rebukes h]3 ,:at8 %all we receive good at ! h& ( ,god1 & %all we n receive evil8 ,9 all ?is did n ,job s9 ) 8 lips4 ,8 ?ree fri5ds come to bemoan him & to com=t him1 b ! sight ( 8 mis]y makes !m dumb2 !y sit d[n ) him 9 sil5ce = sev5 days4 ,s f> ! prologue4 ,on ?is sc5e ! poem op5s3 ,job's long suppress$ grief breaks out 9 bitt] words2 he curses ! day ( 8 bir?1 he envies ! dead :o are at re/4 ,! elde/ ( ! ?ree fri5ds answ]s him1 & s ! colloquy beg9s4 ,! /ructure ( ! poem is symmetrical4 ,ea* fri5d speaks 9 turn & to ea* ,job replies4 ,! cycle is ?rice repeat$ 7cc4 #d-ad2 #ae-ba2 #bb-bf71 b1 at lea/ 9 ! pres5t text1 ! ?ird r\nd is incomplete--,zoph> has no spee*4 ,! fri5ds be+ app>5tly conv9c$ t x is useless to argue ) him1 ,job soliloquizes 7cc4 #bg-ca71 contra/+ 8 =m] prosp]ity ) 8 pres5t adv]sity1 & aga9 prote/+ 8 good consci5ce be=e ,god & m54 ,n[ a new disputant comes on ! sc5e1 ^: "n does n appe> among ! dramatis p]son1 ! y\?ful ,elihu2 a %ort prose introduction tells u :o he is1 & :y he intrudes4 ,he is inc5s$ at !m all2 at ,job = ju/ify+ himself at ,god's exp5se1 at ! fri5ds = n hav+ f\nd argum5ts to put him d[n4 ,= 8 "p1 he is s full ( words t he _c hold 94 ,he deliv]s himself1 accord+ly1 ( f\r spee*es 7cc4 #cb f42 #cd2 #ce2 #cf71 to :i* ,job v\*safes no reply4 ,sudd5ly ,god1 :om ,job _h alt]nately *all5g$ & implor$ to appe>1 answ]s him out ( ! :irlw9d 7cc4 #ch-da72 ) ,job's confession ( 8 presumption 9 speak+ ( ?+s he und]/ood n 7xlii4 #a-f71 ! poem ends4 ,9 ! prose epilogue ,god condemns ! ?ree fri5ds1 :om he p>dons at ,job's pray]2 & ! trial ov]1 ,god1 9 poetical ju/ice1 re/ores ,job to a prosp]ity great] ?an ! fir/4 ,9 ! argum5t1 ! ?ree fri5ds & ,elihu ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t ! view ( div9e retribution :i* 0 pla9ly ! or?odoxy ( ! au?or's "t3 ,god rew>ds piety & virtue ) prosp]ity & requites s9 ) adv]sity4 ,?is law is gr\nd$ 9 ! righte\sness ( ,god2 x is inconceivable t he %\ld act o!rwise4 ,consequ5tly if a man is ov]:elm$ by calamity1 z ,job is1 ! only explanation _! religion c all[ is t he is a great s9n]2 any o!r int]pretation w\ld impugn ! ju/ice ( ,god or br+ into "q ! exi/5ce ( a div9e provid5ce4 ,!y recognize1 inde$1 t 9 s5d+ suff]+ ,god may design ?r\gh *a/isem5t or by way ( w>n+ to br+ ! s9n] to rep5tance & am5dm5t2 !y admit t suff]+ may be a trial ( man's fai?4 ,!y pres5t ! matt] to ,job ?us1 especially 9 _! e>li] spee*es2 b ! "* ( ,job's replies conv9ces !m t nei!r ( ^! is 8 case1 & !y come at la/ to outspok5 accusation4 ,job d5ies _! ins9uations & _! *>ges4 ,he has done no?+ to des]ve su* a fate2 if !y insi/ on call+ ?is ,god's ju/ice1 he w say /raight 9 ,god's face t he is an almighty tyrant1 :o unju/ly de/roys an innoc5t man4 ,if ,god slay him = x1 he w n belie 8 consci\s rectitude4 ,! argum5t goes r\nd & r\nd1 takes ?is or t turn1 gr[s hott] z x proce$s1 b does n get beyond ?is deadlock4 ,! au?or's motive s f> is cle>3 he means to controv]t ! dogma t all suff]+1 or at lea/ extraord9>y suff]+1 is retributive1 & to %[ 9 ! in/ance ( ,job h[ ?is doctr9e may drive a godly man to ! d5ial ( ,god's ju/ice altoge!r4 ,) rem>kable psy*ological insight1 h[ev]1 he makes ,job n only cl+ to ! belief t ,god is m j ?an 8 deal+s ) him %[1 b makes ?is fai? gr[ 9 ev5 /eps ) 8 passionate *>ges ( inju/ice4 ,he appeals f ! inju/ice ( ,god to ! j ,god :o "s day w h to ju/ify him4 ,! au?or meant to refute ! doctr9e t ,god's provid5ce is exhau/ively expla9$ by di/ributive ju/ice4 ,_h he 8 own solution ( ! problem ( !odicy to put 9 ! place ( t cruel dogma8 ,job1 we h se51 f9ds no solution4 ,9 ! spee*es ( ,jehovah1 :]e dramatic fitness w\ld lead u to look = ! au?or's solution if he _h "o1 !re is no refutation ( ,job's *>ges1 no response to 8 plead+s4 ,! spee*es are spl5did1 b ! gi/ ( !m is t ,god's ways are inscrutable4 ,if man _c compreh5d ,god's op]ations 9 nature1 :at folly1 :at presumption1 to pret5d to fa?om 8 deal+s 9 provid5ce6 ,9 t ,job acquiesces = ! s\l ( man4 ,let 8 suff]+s be a my/]y1 he c submit & tru/2 call !m punitive1 & he revolts aga9/ ! inju/ice4 ,t is ! end to :i* ! au?or w\ld br+ 8 read]s4 ,"s "o has said t !re is no?+ ab\t :i* m5 are usually s sure z ab\t ! "* ( ,god1 & no?+ !y are s ready to d z to int]pret 8 deal+s by 8 "*--especially 8 deal+s ) o!rs4 ,su* 7 ,job's fri5ds4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view we h no difficulty 9 und]/&+1 :at has /umbl$ "s critics1 h[ !y1 ) _! zeal = ,god's "*--t is1 = _! or?odox conception ( x--come (f 9 ! epilogue ) s sm>t a rebuke1 :ile ,job1 ^: words seem$ to !m %e] blasphemy1 is prais$ = say+ :at 0 "r ab\t ,god4 ,! !me ( ! ,book ( ,job is "o :i* ex]cis$ ! greate/ ( ! ,greek tragic poets1 & x is treat$ ) an s*ylean gr&eur2 9 conception & execution x decl>es ! g5ius ( its au?or4 ,x has n come into our h&s altoge!r z x left 81 & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! poem are g5]ally recogniz$ z additions by o!r p5s4 ,! mo/ consid]able ( ^! are ! spee*es ( ,elihu 7cc4 #cb-cf74 ,x has already be5 not$ t ,elihu's "n is n 9 ! prologue1 he comes 9 ) a bit ( a prologue ( 8 own 7xxxii4 #a-e72 & :5 ! ?ree fri5ds are rebuk$ 9 ! epilogue1 he1 :o surely des]v$ ! same condemnation1 is ignor$4 ,all 8 spee*es1 provocative en\gh1 draw no reply f ,job4 ,:51 at ! end ( ,elihu's disc\rse1 ,god answ]s out ( ! :irlw9d 7xxxviii4 #a ff471 ,:o is ?is t d>k5e? c\nsel by words )\t k1 x is to ,job he addresses himself1 n ,elihu2 & ! appe>ance ( ,god is naturally tak5 z ! response to ,job's *all5ge 9 xxxi4 #ce1 ,o t ,i _h "o to he> me1 etc41 j be=e ,elihu breaks 94 ,all ^! signs indicate t ,elihu is an intrud]4 ,?is inf]5ce is borne out by ! argum5ts s pret5ti\sly ann\nc$4 ,!y are 9 ! ma9 v>iations on ! !mes 9 ! prec$+ spee*es ( ! fri5ds1 ) a c]ta9 evid5t pr$ilection = ! idea t suff]+ is a w>n+4 ,x w\ld seem t ano!r poet ?\ght1 z he makes ,elihu boa/1 t he c\ld improve on ! argum5ts ( ! fri5ds4 ,! unbiass$ read]1 )\t depreciat+ ! poetical m]it ( ! spee*es1 w be likely to diff] ) him4 ,! eulogy ( ! div9e wisdom 7,job #bh7 is a v f9e poem1 9 ! ve9 ( ,prov4 #h1 ( :i* x is probably n indep5d5t1 b x is1 to say ! lea/1 inappropriate 9 ! m\? ( ,job at ?is po9t 9 ! debate4 ,! description ( anci5t m9+ is p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,9 ! spee*es ( ,god1 ! long descriptions ( ! hippopotamus & ! crocodile 7xl4 #ae-xli4 #cd7 are n )\t reason suspect$ ( be+ purple pat*es1 & 9 putt+ !m 9 "s damage has be5 done to ! m>g9s4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! prose prologue & epilogue really belong ) ! poem2 b x w\ld n be intelligible )\t !m4 ,9 ,ezek4 xiv4 #ad1 #bj ! "n ( ,job occurs ) ,noah & ,daniel z exempl>y righte\s m51 :o1 if !y 7 alive1 c\ld nev]!less n save ! wick$ city ( ,j]usalem f its doom2 b :e!r ! /ory ,ezekiel knew ab\t ,job _h any resemblance to ! prologue ( our book1 no "o c tell4 ,x may v well be t !re 0 a prose book ( ,job 79 :i*1 possibly1 ! fri5ds play$ ! opposite rle f t giv5 !m 9 ! poem71 & t ! poet took f x ! incid5ts & sett+ t he ne$$2 b ab\t t also no?+ c be kn[n4 ,! age ( ! book is det]m9$ *iefly by ! problem ) :i* x deals4 ,! doctr9e ( individual retribution is ! application to ! individual ( ! prophetic tea*+ ab\t ,god's deal+ ) ! nation2 x appe>s 9 a peculi>ly crude & h>d =m 9 ,ezekiel at ! mom5t ( ! break up ( ! nation4 ,x 0 fur!r$ by ! tea*+ ( ! sages1 z 9 ,prov]bs1 ab\t ! connection betwe5 prosp]ity & happ9ess & virtue4 ,exp]i5ce contradict$ ! dogma1 & s ! problem ( !odicy arose--arose 9 a peculi>ly difficult =m1 because all t befell a man 0 attribut$ to ! imm$iate act ( ,god1 :o 0 n reliev$ ( any "p ( 8 responsibility by talk ( second causes & natural laws1 & because ! sph]e ( retribution 0 limit$ to ?is life1 ) no relief 9 ! possible comp5sations ( ano!r4 ,?is is ! problem ( ,job1 & ( itself suffices to put ! book 9 :at is call$ ! po/-exilic age4 ,x belongs to ! lit]ature ( ,jewi% ,wisdom1 ) ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es4 ,! latt] book1 "o ( ! late/ c]ta9ly 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is mu* conc]n$ ) ! same conflict ( dogma ) exp]i5ce1 ?\gh 9 a v diff]5t _s4 ,job may be a "w ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 or p]haps ( ! f\r?4 ,! language w\ld incl9e u to ! e>li] date4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,ecclesia/es4 ,,song ,,( ,,songs ,two s+ul> books rema91 ab\t ! inspiration ( bo? ( :i* ! /raite/ sect ( ! ,ph>isees 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( our era _h grave difficulties1 ,ecclesia/es & ! ,song ( ,songs4 ,bo? are attribut$ to ,solomon1 ! ,song by title1 ,ecclesia/es by implication 9 ! book itself1 & d\btless ! suppos$ au?or%ip _h mu* to d ) f9ally secur+ ! two books a place 9 ! ,jewi% ,bible4 ,,ecclesia/es4--,! title ( ,ecclesia/es runs1 ,! words ( ,kohele? ! son ( ,david1 k+ 9 ,j]usalem1 "u :i* pseudonym no "o b ,solomon c be meant2 see also ,eccl4 i4 #ab1 & especially ii4 #a-aa4 ,9 ! body ( ! book1 ,kohele? is regul>ly us$ z a prop] "n2 x is app>5tly co9$ = ! nonce4 ,l _m pseudonyms 9 o!r lit]atures1 x is probably a my/ification1 piquant to ! au?or's contempor>ies b imp5etrable to u4 ,t x means ,prea*]--an anci5t guess--is highly improbable2 b ev5 if ! mean+ 7 transp>5t1 !re is no m reason = translat+ a fictiti\s prop] "n ?an a real "o4 ,! !me ( ?is symphony ( pessimism is /rid5tly ann\nc$ 9 ! fir/ notes ( ! ov]ture3 ,vanity ( vanities1 vanity ( vanities6 ,ev]y?+ is vanity4 ,! _w & its happ5+s1 man & 8 /riv+s1 pleasure1 pa91 wisdom1 folly1 good & evil--all is utt]ly empty2 exi/5ce has no mean+ & no wor?4 ,all is *ance & *ange1 9 :i* ?+s endlessly g r\nd & r\nd1 b plan1 purpose1 progress is n[h]e to be se54 ,& z all h "o lot1 ev5 ?is s5seless & incon/ant =tune1 s dea? soon] or lat] ov]takes all alike & ends ! /range play )\t plot we call human life4 ,( a div9e provid5ce direct$ to any end or by any pr9ciple1 ( a ju/ice above :i* requites m5 accord+ to _! de$s1 long ye>s & happ9ess to ! wise & good1 adv]sity & premature dea? to ! wick$ & fooli%1 ,kohele?1 look+ on ! _w ( ?+s z !y are ) se>*+ eyes1 discov]s no sign4 ,( ano!r _w & an immortal s\l1 ) :i* "s ( 8 contempor>ies consol$ !mselves1 he1 keep+ 8 ?9k+ )9 ! b\nds ( exp]i5ce1 kn[s no?+4 ,man dies z ! bea/ dies1 ! same vital brea? is 9 !m bo?1 all are ( du/ & turn to du/ aga92 nor has man any advantage ov] ! bea/1 !y all h ! same end 7iii4 #ai-ba2 ix4 #d-f74 ,!re is consolation 9 ?is ?\ght1 :5 ! mis]y ( ! _w weighs too heavy on ! he>t4 ,! dead are bett] (f ?an ! liv+1 b happi] /ill x w\ld be nev] to be born to see ! evils t are "u ! sun 7iv4 #b f474 ,:5 we look ! facts squ>ely 9 ! face1 ! only c\nsel ( wisdom is to make ! mo/ ( :at caprici\s =tune gives u 9 its fri5dly moods1 to enjoy ! pleasures life (f]s :ile we c1 ) ab&on1 b )\t excess4 ,= ! too mu* is always evil1 ev5 too mu* wisdom & virtue6 ,be n ov] righte\s nor put on too mu* wisdom1 :y %\lde/ ?\ die be=e ?y "t8 7vii4 #af f474 ,! au?or's religion makes ,god someh[ ! cause ( :at happ5s "u ! sun1 ! evil & ! good4 ,9 "o place he seems to express ! belief t all t ,god does is f9e & opportune1 if man c\ld only und]/& x2 b ,god has d5i$ man ! intellig5ce to p5etrate ! secret ( 8 ways4 ,s !re is no?+ bett] = man to d ?an to be m]ry1 & h a good "t :ile he is alive6 ,x is easy to imag9e :at sc&al all ?is gave to pi\s s\ls1 & x 0 v natural t or?odox editors %\ld try to neutralize ,kohele?'s scepticism & 8 epicurean c\nsels by notes 9 an opposite s5se4 ,a mod]n editor w\ld h put 8 prote/s into footnotes1 z = example to ,gibbon's fam\s *apt]s on ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity2 an anci5t editor1 hav+ no footnotes1 put 8 incont95tly into ! text4 ,to ^! editorial improvem5ts belong ! la/ v]ses 7,eccl4 xii4 #ac f471 ) its conclusion1 ,fe> ,god & keep 8 comm&m5ts1 = ?is is ! bus9ess ( e man2 = ,god w br+ e de$ into ! judgm5t on all secrets1 :e!r x be good or bad4 ,! judgm5t aft] dea? is evid5tly meant4 ,! w>n+ aga9/ _m books & mu* read+ 9 xii4 #ab is also a gloss1 :ile xii4 #i-aa appe>s to be writt5 by an e>li] editor ( ! book1 comm5d+ x to read+ & /udy4 ,9 ! body ( ! book1 also1 sev]al v]ses are obvi\sly introduc$ to give an or?odox twi/ to ! au?or's v het]odox utt]ances4 ,t ,ecclesia/es belongs to ! late/ /ratum ( ,hebrew ,biblical lit]ature is evid5t f bo? its matt] & its /yle2 b !re is no?+ 9 x by :i* its age c be exactly fix$4 ,,song ,,( ,,songs4--,a v]se already quot$ 7#a ,k+s iv4 #cb7 tells t1 besides ?ree ?\s& prov]bs1 ,solomon compos$ a ?\s& & five songs4 ,we %all probably n err 9 assum+ t ?is v]se 0 9 ! m9d ( ! editor :o prefix$ ! title ,! ,song ( ,songs 7t is1 ! v be/ ( songs71 by ,solomon4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! book to indicate t ,solomon 0 ! au?or or t ! poet meant 8 productions to be attribut$ to him4 ,! "o !me ( ! book1 runn+ ?r\gh _m v>iations1 is ! love ( man & woman1 passionate & s5su\s4 ,9 ! second c5tury ( our era its songs 7 w>bl$ at banquets or w$d+ fea/s1 a pr(ane abuse on :i* a sc&aliz$ rabbi d5\nc$ damnation4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury x 01 9 spite ( ,solomon's "n1 no ,holy ,scripture = ! /raite/ sect1 & 0 n f9ally admitt$ to ! canon1 we may be pretty sure1 until an allegorical s5se _h be5 discov]$ 9 x1 or r impos$ on x3 x sang1 "u ! figure ( w$d$ love1 ( ! relation ( ! ,"l to ,israel4 ,! ,fa!rs took ov] all ! allegory1 only mak+ ! lov] ,*ri/1 ! belov$ ! ,*ur* 7z /ill 9 ! runn+ titles ( ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion71 or ! s\l4 ,! m$ival *ur* saw 9 ! bride ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! allegorical int]pretation 0 a necess>y coroll>y ( ! dogmatic assumption t ! canon ( inspir$ scripture c\ld conta9 no?+ b books ( religi\s in/ruction & edification4 ,allegorical love poetry--usually ! love ( ,god & ! s\l--is n uncommon 9 my/ical sects or circles ( v>i\s cre$s2 & ! ultra-spiritual poets (t5 revel 9 an ultra-s5sual imag]y ( passion & fruition2 b no?+ 9 ! ,song ( ,songs sugge/s su* an orig91 nor h we k ( a ,jewi% my/icism ( ?is erotic type 9 ! c5turies f :i* x mu/ come4 ,! lit]>y criticism ( ! la/ c5tury *iefly sp5t itself 9 endeav\rs to discov] 9 ! book a lyric drama ) a moral t5d5cy1 on "s su* !me z ! triumph ( pure love ov] lu/4 ,great +5uity 0 exp5d$ 9 divid+ ! text into regul> acts & sc5es & assign+ ! spee*es to ! lead+ actors & ! *orus4 ,9 its simple/ =m !re 7 b two actors1 ! virtu\s village maid5 & ! h>em-jad$ ,solomon2 a m plausible s*eme gave ! girl a ru/ic lov]1 :i* add$ mu* to ! piquancy ( ! sc5es ) ,solomon1 & to ! dn\em5t1 9 :i* ! k+1 foil$ by ! maid5's con/ancy1 confesses virtue triumphant1 & s5ds h] back to h] %eph]d swa94 ,m rec5t support]s ( ! dramatic hypo!sis h modifi$ ?is s*eme 9 a way to remove "s ( its pla9e/ difficulties1 b h complicat$ x 9 proportion4 ,o!r int]pret]s take ! book = a collection ( love songs1 or1 m specifically1 ( w$d+ songs1 su* z are sung to-day at village w$d+s 9 ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,a c]ta9 dramatic quality 9 ! songs1 & _! relation to successive /ages ( ! fe/ivities1 w\ld give ! appe>ance ( a progressive action :i* has be5 urg$ = ! dramatic !ory4 ,! ,syrian peasant to-day1 9 ! region ( ,damascus1 is = 8 bride-week 9 song & salutation a k+ or pr9ce2 a sl$ge on ! village ?re%+-floor is 8 ?rone1 & ! bride is que54 ,?r\gh ! week ! royal pair are hon\r$ by ! villag]s ) songs & dances4 ,if 9 ! ,hebrew songs ! bridegroom-k+ is sometimes call$ ,solomon1 x is because ,solomon 0 ! ri*e/ & mo/ spl5did ( k+s4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( ! book is simpl] & m probable4 ,! sev]al poems are n di/+ui%$ by titles1 & !re is room = diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ! divisions2 b ?is is a small difficulty comp>$ ) ! p>tition into roles 9 ! suppos$ play4 ,! songs are f9e examples ( popul> poetry1 ) traditional subjects1 =ms1 & imag]y4 ,no?+ requires u to suppose t !y are ! production ( "o poet2 we may ?9k ( !m r z an an?ology ( love songs1 n necess>ily all compos$ = w$d+ fe/ivities1 b all appropriate = use on su* occasions4 ,! language ( ! songs proves t !y belong to a v late p]iod 9 ,hebrew lit]ature1 ?\gh ! type is d\btless old en\gh4 ,su* popul> poetry has no motive = pres]v+ or imitat+ ar*aism1 z hymn writ]s d1 b mod]nizes itself f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! w$d+ songs ( old ,israel may h be5 l en\gh to ^! 9 "*1 b !y 7 9 ano!r spee*4 ,x 0 a =tunate misund]/&+ t has pres]v$ !m2 b ! accid5tal pres]vation ( ^! few pages emphasizes ! loss ( almo/ e o!r ve/ige ( ,hebrew secul> poetry4 ,,bibliography #a4 ,g5]al4--,,smi?1 ,w4 ,,rob]tson4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 #ahib4--,^! lectures1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahha1 7 meant to give to laym5 an acc\nt ( ! problems & me?ods ( criticism4 ,!y are a rem>kably lucid exposition ( ! subject1 & may /ill be read ) pr(it z a g5]al introduction to criticism4 #b4 ,! ,canon4--,,ryle1 ,h4 ,e4 ,! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #ahib2 #bnd ed4 #ahie4--;,a hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t r ?an a hi/ory ( ! canon4 ,9 t gr[? !re 71 accord+ to ! au?or1 ?ree /ages2 9 ! fir/1 :i* began ) ! ratification ( ,deut]onomy 9 #fba ,b4,c41 ! ,law 7,p5tateu*7 0 ! only recogniz$ collection ( ,sacr$ ,scripture2 9 ! second ! ,law & ! ,prophets2 & 9 ! ?ird ! ,law1 ! ,prophets1 & ! ,writ+s4 ,! latt] "p ( ! volume1 :i* treats ( ! hi/ory ( ! canon 9 ! usual mean+ ( ! t]m1 is a conv5i5t b n v accurate compilation4 ,! article ,canon 7( ! ,old ,te/am5t7 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 by ,k>l ,budde1 & ! article ,old ,te/am5t ,canon 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,woods1 are concise pres5tations ( g5]ally accept$ op9ions by compet5t s*ol>s4 #c4 ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4--,,driv]1 ,s4 ,r4 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 #f? ed41 revis$1 #ahig4 ,a volume ( ! ,int]national ,!ological ,libr>y1 design$ prim>ily = m9i/]s & /ud5ts ( !ology4 ,! te*nical matt] 7li/s ( ,hebrew words & ! l7 is1 h[ev]1 set (f f ! body ( ! text1 & ! "w c !re=e be us$ ) pr(it by laym5 = purposes ( /udy4 ,! synopses ( ! cont5ts ( ,biblical books w be f\nd helpful4 ,! au?or is a s*ol> ( cons]vative temp] & cauti\s ab\t accept+ new or radical !ories4 ,,cornill1 ,,c>l4 ,introduction to ! ,canonical ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,box4 ,new ,york4 #aijg4--,orig9ally "o ( a ,g]man s]ies ( !ological h&books1 ?is volume is on a small] scale ?an ,driv]'s & goes less into details :i* are ( int]e/ only to ! pr(essional /ud5t4 ,! au?or's criticism is mu* less cons]vative ?an ,driv]'s & m orig9al4 ,,k5t1 ,c4 ,f4 ,! ,/ud5t's ,old ,te/am5t4 #aijd-aiaj4--;,i4 ,n>ratives ( ! ,beg9n+s ( ,hebrew ,hi/ory1 #aijd2 ,,ii4 ,israel's ,hi/orical & ,biographical ,n>ratives1 #aije2 ,,iii4 ,! ,s]mons1 ,epi/les1 & ,apocalypses ( ,israel's ,prophets1 #aiaj2 ,,iv4 ,israel's ,law & ,legal ,prec$5ts1 #aijg4 7,two volumes on ! ,poetical ,books w complete ! s]ies47 ,! s\rces ( ! ,p5tateu* & ! ,hi/orical ,books are sep>at$1 & :]e ! n>ratives are p>allel !y are pr9t$ 9 p>allel columns ) head+s indicat+ _! orig94 ,! analysis is also set out 9 tabul> =m1 & maps & *ronological *>ts are add$4 ,! oracles ( ! prophets are arrang$1 s f> z possible1 9 *ronological ord]1 additions & int]polations be+ set 9 small] type4 ,! au?or is an exp]i5c$ tea*] & book-mak]1 & has a f9e tal5t = exposition4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,j4 ,,e/l91 & ,,h>=d-,,batt]sby1 ,g4 ,! ,hexateu* accord+ to ! ,revis$ ,v]sion4 #b vols4 #aijj4--,! fir/ volume 7sep>ately repr9t$1 #aijb7 conta9s an excell5t hi/ory ( criticism1 & develops fully & v cle>ly ! evid5ce = ! prevail+ !ory conc]n+ ! s\rces & composition ( ! ,hexateu*4 ,tabul> app5dices exhibit ! l+ui/ic evid5ce 9 a =m :i* makes x available1 z f> z possible1 to ! read] :o does n "k ,hebrew2 !y also give a synopsis ( ! laws & in/itutions1 & an analysis & conspectus ( ! sev]al codes4 ,! second volume pres5ts 9 ! text ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion ! analysis ( ! ,p5tateu* & ,jo%ua 9 an extremely +5i\s typographical s*eme4 ,! articles on ! ,books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f ,g5esis to ,judges inclusive1 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 by ! au?or ( ! pres5t volume1 may be ref]r$ to = a full] /atem5t ( ! reasons = 8 views & a m detail$ analysis4 ,! article ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ! same ,encyclopa$ia gives a compreh5sive survey ( ! ,hebrew hi/oriography f its beg9n+s d[n to ! "t ( ,josephus4 ,! article on ,prophecy & ,prophets 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 by ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 ?\gh n deal+ prim>ily ) critical que/ions1 may be /rongly comm5d$1 & ! article on ,psalms1 by ,w4 ,t4 ,davison1 9 ! same volume1 is good4 ,an excell5t article on ,prov]bs 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica %\ld also be m5tion$4 ,,index ,abom9ation1 ,dan4 #h1 #ahf ,acro/ics1 #bbi f4 ,alex&] & successors 9 ,dan41 #ahe f4 ,allegory1 9 ,song ( ,songs1 #bdg ,amos1 ,book1 #aif ff4 ,annals1 royal & temple1 #ajj ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 #ahf1 #ahg f4 ,apocalypses1 "* (1 #ahh ----age1 h[ det]m9$1 #ahh ,apocrypha1 old] use ( ! "n1 #ah ----,j]ome1 #ag f4 ----,lu!r1 #ba f4 ----,see ,canon ,aramaic1 9 ,ezra1 #acj ----9 ,daniel1 #ahi f4 ,asa1 k+1 #abc ,assyria1 ,greek k+dom 7,syria71 #aee1 #bae ,a/ruc1 analysis ( ,g5esis1 #cb ,a?anasius1 #af ,augu/9e1 #ai f4 ,baal1 ,tyrian1 #aaa ,baals & ,a/>tes1 #hc1 #aib ,babylon1 de/ruction1 prophesi$1 #aeb ----tak5 by ,cyrus1 #aec ,babylonian my?s 9 ,g5esis1 #dc f4 ,b>u*1 scribe ( ,j]emiah1 #aff f41 #afh ,bible1 ,jewi%1 see ,old ,te/am5t ,calv91 on ,maccaban ,psalms1 #bbf ,canaan1 conque/1 9 ,jos41 #gg f41 #hh f4 ,canon1 ,jewi%1 =mation (1 #aa ----( ,greek-speak+ ,jews1 #ac ----,jewi%1 9 ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 #ad ff4 ----( ,greek ,*ur*1 #ac ff4 ----,lat9 ,*ur*1 #ag ff4 ----,syrian *ur*es1 #bj ----9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #bj ----! ,re=mation1 #ba ----,re=m$ *ur*es1 #bb ----,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 #bc ----,see also ,apocrypha ,*aldans1 9 ,hab41 #bje ----9 ,dan41 #ahi ,*]ubim c>1 #agh ,*ron4--,ezra--,neh41 "o book #aah ,*ronicles1 ,book1 #aah ff4 ----s\rces1 #abd f4 ----g5ealogies1 #aai ----hi/orical value1 #abd ,*ronology 9 ,judg41 #hb ----9 ,k+s1 #aja ,comm&m5ts1 ,t51 #di f4 ,criticism1 hi/orical1 #be f4 ----( ,p5tateu*1 #ca ff4 ,cyrus1 edict (1 #abh ----deliv]]1 messiah1 #afj ,daniel1 ,book1 #ahj ff4 ----two languages 91 #ahi ----,nebu*adnezz>'s dream1 #ahc f4 ----! f\r bea/s1 c4 #g1 #ahd f4 ----ram & he-goat1 c4 #h1 #ahe ----,seleucids & ,ptolemies1 c4 #aa1 #ahg f4 ----age ( ! book1 #ahh ,d>ius ,hy/aspis1 #bji f4 ,david1 hi/ory1 #if f41 #aji ----,psalms (1 #bbc ,day ( ! ,"l1 9 ,zeph41 #bjg ----9 ,joel1 #aie ----9 ,mal41 #bag f4 ,deborah1 ,song (1 #hi ,decalogue1 #di f4 ,deluge1 ,babylonian my?1 #dc f4 ,deut]ocanonic ,books1 #bd ,d 7,deut]onomy1 ,deut]onomi/71 #ce1 #hd ,deut]onomi/s1 hi/orians1 #hd ----,see also ,jos41 ,judg41 ,k+s ,deut]onomy1 #eh ff4 ----programme ( a re=m1 #fb ----age ( ! book1 #fd f4 ,dragon ( ! sea1 #aef ,e 7,elohi/71 #ce ----*>act]i/ics1 #ci ff4 ----orig91 #da ----age1 #fg f4 ----,horeb con/itution 91 #ej ----9 ,jos4 #a-ab1 #ge ff4 ----9 ,judg41 #hf ,ecclesia/es1 ,book1 #bdc ff4 ,ecclesia/es1 int]polations1 #bdf f4 ----age1 #bdf ----inspiration1 #h ff41 #bde ,ecclesia/ical ,books1 #ag1 #bd ,ecclesia/icus1 9 ! ,*ur*1 #ae f4 ,ed51 ,g>d5 91 #dc ,ed51 ,pr9ce ( ,tyre 91 #agg ,edom1 prophecies aga9/1 #aeh f41 #agg1 #aig1 #aii ----,obad41 #bjj ,egypt1 ,ezekiel's prophecy1 #agg ,eli1 a judge1 #ij ,elihu1 9 ,job1 #bdj f4 ,elijah1 #aaj f41 #ade ,eli%a1 #aab f4 ,e/h]1 ,book1 #ace ff4 ----my?ical int]pretation1 #acg ----age1 #ach1 #aci f4 ----inspiration1 #h1 #ach ----additions 9 ,greek1 #ach ,exile1 !ory ( ! return1 #abb ,exodus1 ,book1 #dg f4 ,ezekiel1 ,book1 #agd ff4 ----aga9/ =eign nations 7cc4 #be-cb71 #agf f4 ----/ate ( ! text1 #ahj ,ezra1 #abi ff4 ----,prie/s' ,code1 #ef f4 ----two languages 91 #acj ,ezra & ,neh41 sequel ( ,*ron41 #aah ----cont5ts1 #abh ff4 ----s\rces1 #aca f4 ----hi/orical value1 #acc ----d]angem5t1 #acb 7cf4 #abh-aca7 ,fa/1 ! true1 #bab ,fea/s1 agricultural1 #fi ,fool1 9 ,prov]bs1 #bcb f4 ,=eign nations1 oracles aga9/1 #adb1 #aeb ff41 #aeh f41 #aga f41 #agf ff41 #aie1 #aig1 #bjj1 #bjd f41 #bjf1 #bad f4 ,g5esis1 ,book1 #cc ff4 ,g]izim1 temple on1 #aba ,god1 national idea1 #adf ----moral idea1 #ade ----9 ,j1 #cg f4 ----9 ,e1 #ci f4 ----9 ,p1 #dg ----9 ,amos1 #aih f4 ----9 ,hosea1 #aic1 #aii ----9 ,deut]onomy1 #ei f4 ----9 ,isaiah #dj-ff1 #afa ,gog & 8 hordes1 #agh1 #bjj ----e*o 9 ,ze*41 #bad ,gold5 age1 prophecies (1 #aea1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afi ff41 #agf1 #agi1 #aic1 #aih f41 #bac f4 ,gold5 calves1 #ajd ,gospels1 inspiration (1 #aj ,greek v]sions ( ,o4 ,t41 #aa ,greeks1 k+dom doom$1 #bae ,habakkuk1 ,book1 #bje ff4 ,hadra*1 #bae ,haggai1 ,book1 #bji ,heav5ly bodies1 judgm5t on1 #aef ,hezekiah1 k+1 #aad f4 ,high places1 #fe f41 #ie1 #ajc1 #aag ----unt\*$ by good k+s1 #ajg ----,hezekiah's measures1 #aad f4 ----,josiah1 #fa f41 #aaf ,hi/orical lit]ature1 #ih ff4 ----olde/1 #ii cf4 #if f4 ,hi/ory1 religi\s lessons1 #ajd ,hol9ess1 ,law (1 ,lev4 #ag-bf1 #ed f4 ,horeb1 ,m\nt ( ,god1 #dh ,hosea1 ,book1 #aij ff4 ,idolatry1 satire on1 #afa ,idols1 see ,gold5 ,calves1 ,s]p5t ,immortality1 d5i$ 9 ,eccles41 #bdd ,inspiration1 cessation (1 #aj ----( ,eccles4 & ,cant41 #h ff4 ---( ,gospels1 #aj ,isaiah1 prophet1 #aae1 #adg ----g5ius (1 #aej ----e>li] utt]ances1 #aej ----rejection ( sacrifice1 #aea ,isaiah1 ,book1 #adg ff4 ----ma9 divisions1 #adg f4 ----cc4 #a-ab1 #adi f4 ----cc4 #ac-bc1 #aeb ff4 ----cc4 #bd-bg1 #aef f4 ----cc4 #bh-cc1 #aeg f4 ----cc4 #cd-ce1 #aeh f4 ----cc4 #cf-ci1 #adg ----cc4 #dj-ff1 #aei ff4 ,j & ,e1 *>act]i/ics (1 #ce ff4 ----9 ,g541 common tradition1 #dj f4 ----div]sity ( tradition1 #gj ----comb9$ 9 "o book 7,j ,e71 #ga ----9 ,jos41 #gh ----9 ,judg41 #he ,j 7,jahvi/71 #ce ,j1 lit]>y quality1 #cf ----9 ,g54 #a-aa1 two /r&s1 #da f4 ----an?ropomorphism1 #cg f41 #db ----religi\s elem5t1 #cg ff4 ----orig91 #da ----age1 #fg f4 ----fundam5tal law 91 #ej f4 ----9 ,jos41 #gd ff4 ----9 ,judg41 #hf ----9 ,sam41 #ii ,jehoa%1 k+ ( ,israel1 #aac ,jehoiakim1 k+1 #afe ,jehu1 k+1 #aab1 #aah ,j]emiah1 prophet1 #afd ----8 h>d lot1 #aga f4 ----confessions1 #agb ----n au?or ( ,lam41 #bcj ,j]emiah1 ,book1 #afd ff4 ----lat] additions1 #afh f41 #aga1 #agc ----,hebrew & ,greek texts1 #agb f4 ,j]i*o1 tak+ (1 #ge f4 ,j]oboam ,i41 #ajd1 #ajh ,j]oboam ,,ii41 #aad ,j]ome1 #ag1 #ah ,j]usalem1 two sieges1 #aag f41 #agd ----9 ,*ron41 #aba ,joa%1 k+ ( ,judah1 #aac ,job1 m5tion ( 9 ,ezek41 #bda ,job1 ,book1 #bce ff4 ----prologue & epilogue1 #bda ----/ructure ( ! poem1 #bcf f4 ----purpose ( au?or1 #bci f4 ----age1 #bdb f4 ----lat] additions1 #bdj ff4 ,joel1 ,book1 #aid ff4 ,jonah1 ,book1 #adj ff4 ,jo%ua1 ,book1 #gc ff4 ,josiah1 k+1 #aaf ----8 re=ms1 #fb ----reaction1 #ajc f4 ,judas ,maccabu1 #ahg ,judges1 ,book1 #ha ff4 ----/ories ( deliv]ance1 #hd ff4 ----int]pretation ( hi/ory1 #ha1 #hc ----orig9al close ( ! ,book1 #ia ,judgm5t1 la/1 9 ,isa4 #bd-bg1 #aef f4 ,julius ,africanus1 #ae ,kade%1 #gj ,k+dom1 f\nd+1 two acc\nts1 #ib ----division (1 #ajh ,k+s1 ,books1 #ajj ff4 ----#b ,k+s #ah-bj ,isa4 #cf-ci1 #aad ,kohele?1 ! "n1 #bdc ,lam5tations1 ,book1 #bbi ff4 ,lat9 ,bible1 #ag ,laws1 giv5 at ,s9ai1 #di ----,ezra's1 ratification (1 #acj ,leg5ds1 rise (1 #ih ,levia?an1 #aef ,levites1 *oice (1 9 ,num41 #ee f4 ----9 ,*ron41 #abc ,leviticus1 ,book1 #eb ff4 ,little ,horn1 ,dan4 #h1 #ahe ,love1 pr9ciple ( religion 9 ,hos41 #aib f4 ,mala*i1 ,book1 #bae f4 ,manasseh1 k+1 8 s9s1 #ajd ,m$es1 #aeb ,m]oda* ,baladan1 #aaf1 #aec ,messianic prophecy1 see ,gold5 ,age ,micah1 ,book1 #bja ff4 ,micaiah b5 ,imlah1 #aab1 #ade ,midra%1 ( ,k+s1 #abd1 #abg ,m9or ,prophets1 #aij ff4 ,mix$ m>riages1 #abi1 #acj1 #bag ,my?s1 ,babylonian1 9 ,g541 #agg f4 ,molo*1 #ajd ,mono!ism1 9 ,deut41 #ei ----9 ,isa4 #dj-ff1 #afa ,nabo?'s v9ey>d1 #aaa ,nahum1 ,book1 #bjd f4 ,nehemiah1 mission to ,j]usalem1 #abi f4 ----,memoirs1 #abi1 #aca1 #ahc ----,book1 #aah1 #abh ff4 ,new ,ye>1 #dh ,n9eveh1 prophecy aga9/1 ,zeph41 #bjh ----,nah41 #bjd f4 ,numb]s1 ,book1 #ee ff4 ,obadiah1 ,book1 #bjj ,old ,te/am5t1 ! "n1 #g ----,jewi%1 divisions1 #h ----ord] ( books1 #h ----sacr$ scriptures1 #be ----a national lit]ature1 #bf ff4 ----lit]>y quality1 #bh f4 ,omri1 k+1 #aji f4 ,orig51 #af ,p 7,prie/ly au?ors71 #ce f4 ----,orig9s ( ,religi\s ,in/itutions1 #dd f4 ----9 ,g541 cont5ts1 #de ff4 ----diction & /yle1 #df ----conception ( ,god1 #dg ----! revelation at ,s9ai1 #ea ----age ( ! laws 91 #ff f4 ----age & orig9 ( ,p1 #ef f41 #fe f4 ----unit$ ) ,j ,e ,d1 #gb ----9 ,jos41 #gh ,passov]1 #dh ,patri>*s1 9 ,j & ,e1 #ce ff4 ,p5tateu*1 #bi ff4 ----! law ( ,moses1 #ca ----names ( ! books1 #bi ----cont5ts1 #bi-ca ----beg9n+s ( criticism1 #cb ff4 ----ma9 s\rces1 #cc ff4 ----me?od ( ! au?or1 #gb f4 ----composition1 #fe ff4 ----age (1 z a :ole1 #gb f4 ----,see "u ! sev]al ,books1 also1 ,j1 ,e1 ,d1 ,p4 ,peoples ( ! l&1 #abb ,porphyry1 #ahg ,prie/hood1 9 ,*ron41 #aba1 #abb f4 ,prie/s' ,code1 #ef f41 #acj1 #acd ,prie/s & levites1 cities1 9 ,jos41 #gh ,prie/s1 invective 9 ,mal41 #baf ,primeval ,hi/ory1 s\rces1 #da ----ultimate s\rces1 #db f4 ,prophets1 ,=m] & ,latt]1 #h ----9 old ,israel1 #add f4 ----societies1 or ord]s (1 #ade f4 ----popul>1 #bjb f4 ----bad repute (1 #aif1 #bad ----n9? c5tury1 #aaj ff4 ----eigh? c5tury1 #adf f41 #aij1 #aii ,prov]bs1 ,book1 #bca ff4 ,provid5ce1 scepticism 9 ,eccles41 #bdc1 #bdd ,psalms1 ,book1 #bah ff4 ----old] hymn books1 #bbj ----liturgical & devotional use1 #bah f4 ----titles1 #bai ----,elohi/ic book 7,ps4 #db-hb71 #bbj1 #bbd ----,davidic1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf ----,asaphite & ,korahite1 #bba1 #bbd ----,songs ( ,asc5ts1 ,hallels1 #bbb ----,maccaban1 #bbf f4 ----age ( ! ,book1 #bbc ff4 ----religi\s conceptions1 #bbg f4 ,purim1 #aci ,religion1 idea (1 9 ,hos41 #aia f4 ----9 ,deut4 #ei ----9 ,mic41 #bjc ----9 ,isa4 #dj-ff1 #afa f4 ----9 ,prov]bs1 #bcb ----true1 among ! hea!n1 #baf ,re/oration1 9 ,ezek41 #agi ----9 ,isa41 #adh ff4 ----,see ,gold5 ,age ,retribution1 or?odoxy ( ,job's fri5ds1 #bcg ,ru?1 ,book1 #aci ff4 ,sacrifice1 patri>*al1 #ea f4 ----ritual laws1 9 ,lev4 #a-g1 #eb ----prophetic rejection1 #aea f41 #aih ,sam>ia1 ,omri's new capital1 #aaj ----fall (1 #aad ,sam>itan sect1 9 ,jewi% eyes1 #abb ,samuel1 la/ ( ! judges1 #ij f4 ,samuel1 ,books1 #ia ff4 ,sanballat1 #acj ,scriptures1 class ( sacr$ books1 #h ----disput$1 #i ,scy?ians1 #agj f41 #bjg ,se]s1 #add ,s5na*]ib1 siege ( ,j]usalem1 #aae ,septuag9t1 see ,greek ,v]sion ,s]p5t1 idol1 9 temple1 #aad f4 ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 9 ,isa41 #dj ff41 #afd ,%eol1 imag]y1 #aeb1 #aef1 #agg f4 ,%i%ak1 invasion by1 #aji ,siloam tunnel1 #aaf ,s9ai1 #dh ,sira*1 ,book1 see ,ecclesia/icus ,scepticism1 #bag ,solomon1 #ig ----"* ( 8 reign1 #ajj ----8 weal? & wisdom1 #aje ----reputation = wisdom1 #bcd ----,prov]bs ascrib$ to1 #bcd f4 ----,eccles4 ascrib$ to1 #bdc ----,psalms ascrib$ to1 #bbc f4 ,song ( ,deborah1 #hi ,song ( ,songs1 #bdf ff4 ----allegoriz$1 #bdg ----age1 #bdi ----inspiration1 #h1 #bdg ,/ory books1 ,jewi%1 #acd ff4 ,suff]+ ( ! good1 9 ,job1 #bcg ff4 ,susanna & ! ,eld]s1 #ae1 #ahi4 ,symbolical actions 9 ,ezek41 #agh ,syria 7,assyria71 #aee1 #bae ,syriac ,bible1 cont5ts ( ,o4 ,t41 #bj ,syrian w>s1 #aaj ,tab]nacle1 9 ,p1 #ea ,temple1 d$ication (1 #ajf ----abode ( ,jehovah1 #ajc ----no protection to ! city1 #aff ----rebuild+ (1 #bji ,!odicy1 9 ,job1 #bcg ff41 #bdb ,tyre1 prophecy aga9/1 ,ezek41 #agf ,uncanonical books1 ,hebrew & ,greek1 #ab ----,see also ,apocrypha ,valley ( dry bones1 #agi ,visions1 9 prophets1 #adi1 #agh1 #ahc ff41 #aig1 #baa ,w$d+ songs1 #bdh ,wisdom1 9 ,prov]bs1 #bcb ----p]sonifi$1 #bcc ----div9e1 9 ,job #bh1 #bda f4 ,wor%ip1 prophetic attitude1 #aea f4 ----,see ,sacrifice ,ze*>iah1 ,book1 #baa ff4 ,ze*41 #i-aa1 #ab-ad1 age1 #bad1 #bae ,z$ekiah1 k+1 #age f4 ,zephaniah1 ,book1 #bjg ff4 ,z]ubbabel1 ,messianic hopes1 #baj f4 ,,! ,,london ,,& ,,norwi* ,,press1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,norwi* ,! ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,mod]n ,k ,a ,compreh5sive ,s]ies ( ,new & ,specially ,writt5 ,books ,,editors3 ,,pr(4 ,,gilb]t ,,murray1 ,d4,litt41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,,h]b]t ,,fi%]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,m4,a4 ,,pr(4 ,,wm4 ,t4 ,,brew/]1 ,m4,a4 #a_/-net 9 clo? #bef ,pages #b_/f net 9 lea!r ,hi/ory & ,geography #c4 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,by ,,hilaire ,,belloc1 ,m4,a4 7,) ,maps47 ,x is col\r$ ) all ! militancy ( ! au?or's temp]am5t4--,daily ,news4 #d4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,w> ,,& ,,peace ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,p]ris4 ,! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,,james ,,bryce writes3 ,i h read x ) mu* int]e/ & pleasure1 admir+ ! skill ) :i* y h manag$ to compress s _m facts & views into s small a volume4 #h4 ,,pol> ,,exploration ,by ,dr ,w4 ,s4 ,,bruce1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,lead] ( ! ,scotia ,exp$ition4 7,) ,maps47 ,a v fre%ly writt5 & int]e/+ n>rative4--,! ,times4 #ab4 ,,! ,,op5+-,,up ,,( ,,africa ,by ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,,john/on1 ,g4,c4,m4,g41 ,f4,z4,s4 7,) ,maps47 ,! ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y is mu* enri*$ by ?is excell5t "w4--,daily ,mail4 #ac4 ,,m$i,,val ,,europe ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,davis1 ,m4,a4 7,) ,maps47 ,"o m illu/ration ( ! fact t x takes a complete ma/] ( ! subject to write briefly ^u x4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #ad4 ,,! ,,papacy ,,mod]n ,,times 7#acjc-ahgj7 ,by ,,william ,,b>ry1 ,d4,d4 ,dr ,b>ry has a wide range ( k & an arti/'s p[] ( selection4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #bc4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,our ,,"t 7#ahhe-aiaa7 ,by ,g4 ,p4 ,,goo*1 ,m4,a4 ,mr ,goo* contrives to brea! vitality into 8 /ory1 & to give u ! fle% z well z ! bones ( rec5t happ5+s4--,obs]v]4 #be4 ,,! ,,civilisation ,,( ,,*9a ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,giles1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese at ,cambridge4 ,9 all ! mass ( facts1 ,pr(essor ,giles nev] becomes dull4 ,he is always ready ) a gho/ /ory or a /reet adv5ture = ! read]'s recreation4--,spectator4 #bi4 ,,! ,,dawn ,,( ,,hi/ory ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,myres1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,wykeham ,pr(essor ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ,ox=d4 ,!re is n a page 9 x t is n sugge/ive4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #cc4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl& ,a ,/udy 9 ,political ,evolution ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,poll>d1 ,m4,a4 ,) a ,*ronological ,table4 ,x takes its place at once among ! au?oritative works on ,engli% hi/ory4--,obs]v]4 #cd4 ,,canada ,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,bradley4 ,! volume makes an imm$iate appeal to ! man :o wants to "k some?+ vivid & true ab\t ,canada4--,canadian ,gazette4 #cg4 ,,peoples ,,problems ,,( ,,india ,by ,sir ,t4 ,w4 ,,hold]ness1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,p]man5t ,"u-,secret>y ( ,/ate ( ! ,india ,(fice4 ,j ! book :i* newspap] read]s require to-day1 & a m>vel ( compreh5siv5ess4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 #db4 ,,rome ,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a4 ,a ma/]ly sket* ( ,roman "* & ( :at x did = ! _w4--,! ,spectator4 #dh4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,civil ,,w> ,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,paxson1 ,pr(essor ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,wiscons9 ,univ]sity4 7,) ,maps47 ,a /irr+ /udy4--,! ,gu>dian4 #ea4 ,,w>f>e ,,9 ,,brita9 ,by ,,hilaire ,,belloc1 ,m4,a4 ,ri* 9 sugge/ion = ! hi/orical /ud5t4--,ed9burgh ,ev5+ ,news4 #ee4 ,,ma/] ,,m>9]s ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,spe>s4 ,a cont9u\s /ory ( %ipp+ progress & adv5ture4444 ,x reads l a romance4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 #fa4 ,,napoleon ,by ,,h]b]t ,,fi%]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,%effield ,univ]sity4 7,) ,maps47 ,! /ory ( ! great ,bonap>te's y\?1 8 c>e]1 & 8 d[nfall1 ) "s say+s ( ,napoleon1 a g5ealogy1 & a bibliography4 #ff4 ,,! ,,navy ,,& ,,sea ,,p[] ,by ,,david ,,hannay4 ,! au?or traces ! gr[? ( naval p[] f e>ly times1 & discusses its pr9ciples & effects ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,we/]n _w4 #ga4 ,,g]many ,,( ,,to-,,day ,by ,,*>les ,,t[]4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n any bett] summ>y4--,daily ,news4 #hb4 ,,prehi/oric ,,brita9 ,by ,,rob]t ,,munro1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 7,illu/rat$47 ,lit]ature & ,art #b4 ,,%akespe>e ,by ,,john ,,masefield4 ,! book is a joy4 ,we h _h half-a-doz5 m le>n$ books on ,%akespe>e 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 b n "o s wise4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #bg4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature3 ,,mod]n ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,mair1 ,m4,a4 ,altoge!r a fre% & individual book4--,obs]v]4 #ce4 ,,l&m>ks ,,9 ,,fr5* ,,lit]ature ,by ,g4 ,l4 ,,/ra*ey4 ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ a bett] acc\nt ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature c\ld be giv5 9 #bej small pages4--,! ,times4 #ci4 ,,ar*itecture ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,le?aby4 7,ov] =ty ,illu/rations47 ,popul> guide-books to ar*itecture are1 z a rule1 n wor? mu*4 ,?is volume is a welcome exception4--,build+ ,news4 ,delightfully bright read+4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 #dc4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature3 ,,m$i,,val ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,k]1 ,m4,a4 ,pr(4 ,k]1 "o ( ! s\nde/ s*ol>s 9 ,engli% we h1 is ! v man to put an outl9e ( ,engli% ,m$ival ,lit]ature be=e ! un9/ruct$ public4 ,8 k & ta/e are unimpea*able1 & 8 /yle is effective1 simple1 yet nev] dry4--,! ,a!num4 #de4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,by ,l4 ,,pe>sall ,,smi?1 ,m4,a4 ,a :olly fasc9at+ /udy ( ! diff]5t /reams t w5t to ! mak+ ( ! great riv] ( ! ,engli% spee*4--,daily ,news4 #eb4 ,,great ,,writ]s ,,( ,,am]ica ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,,ersk9e & ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,tr5t4 ,an admirable summ>y1 f ,frankl9 to ,m>k ,twa91 enliv5$ by a dry hum\r4--,a!num4 #fc4 ,,pa9t]s ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,by ,sir ,,fr$]ick ,,w$more4 7,) #af half-tone illu/rations47 ,f ! ,primitives to ! ,impressioni/s4 #fd4 ,,dr ,,johnson ,,& ,,8 ,,circle ,by ,,john ,,bailey1 ,m4,a4 ,a mo/ delightful essay4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 #fe4 ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,g]many ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,g4 ,,rob]tson1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 ,"u ! au?or's skilful treatm5t ! subject %[s life & cont9uity4--,a!num4 #gj4 ,,! ,,victorian ,,age ,,9 ,,lit]ature ,by ,g4 ,k4 ,,*e/]ton4 ,! book is ev]y:]e imm5sely alive1 & no "o w put x d[n )\t a s5se ( hav+ tak5 a tonic or receiv$ a s]ies ( electric %ocks4--,! ,times4 #gc4 ,,! ,,writ+ ,,( ,,engli% ,by ,w4 ,t4 ,,brew/]1 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,engli% 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,s5sible 9 its tea*+1 & n ov]-rigidly conv5tional 9 its mann]4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #ge4 ,,anci5t ,,art ,,& ,,ritual ,by ,,jane ,e4 ,,h>rison1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,litt4 ,*>m+ 9 /yle & le>n$ 9 mann]4--,daily ,news4 #gf4 ,,euripides ,,& ,,8 ,,age ,by ,,gilb]t ,,murray1 ,d4,litt41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,greek at ,ox=d4 ,a beautiful piece ( "w4444 ,j 9 ! fulness ( "t1 & exactly 9 ! "r place4444 ,euripides has come into 8 own4--,! ,nation4 ,sci5ce #g4 ,,mod]n ,,geography ,by ,dr ,,m>ion ,,newbig94 7,illu/rat$47 ,geography1 aga93 :at a dull1 t$i\s /udy t 0 wont to be6444 ,b ,miss ,m>ion ,newbig9 inve/s its dry bones ) ! fle% & blood ( romantic int]e/4--,daily ,telegraph4 #i4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,plants ,by ,dr ,d4 ,h4 ,,scott1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 late ,hon4 ,keep] ( ! ,jodrell ,laboratory1 ,kew4 7,fully illu/rat$47 ,! in=mation is z tru/wor?y z fir/-h& k c make x4444 ,dr ,scott's c&id & famili> /yle makes ! difficult subject bo? fasc9at+ & easy4--,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 #ag4 ,,heal? ,,& ,,disease ,by ,w4 ,,leslie ,,mack5zie1 ,m4,d41 ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 ,ed9burgh4 ,dr ,mack5zie adds to a ?or\gh grasp ( ! problems an illum9at+ /yle1 & an arre/+ mann] ( treat+ a subject (t5 dull & sometimes unsav\ry4--,economi/4 #ah4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,ma!matics ,by ,a4 ,n4 ,,:itehead1 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,) ,diagrams47 ,mr ,:itehead has dis*>g$ ) conspicu\s success ! task he is s exceptionally qualifi$ to und]take4 ,= he is "o ( our great au?orities ^u ! f\ndations ( ! sci5ce4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 #ai4 ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,,gamble1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,introduction by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 7,_m ,illu/rations47 ,a delightful & in/ructive epitome ( animal 7& vegetable7 life4444 ,a fasc9at+ & sugge/ive survey4--,morn+ ,po/4 #bj4 ,,evolution ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson & ,pr(essor ,,patrick ,,g$des4 ,a _m-col\r$ & romantic panorama1 op5+ up1 l no o!r book we "k1 a rational vision ( _w-developm5t4--,belfa/ ,news-,lett]4 #bb4 ,,crime ,,& ,,insanity ,by ,dr ,c4 ,a4 ,,m]ci]4 ,furni%es mu* valuable in=mation f "o occupy+ ! highe/ position among m$ico-legal psy*ologi/s4--,asylum ,news4 #bh4 ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,by ,sir ,w4 ,f4 ,,b>rett1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl91 #ahgc-aiaj4 ,:at he has to say on ?\ght-read+1 hypnotism1 telepa?y1 cry/al-vision1 spiritualism1 div9+s1 & s on1 w be read ) avidity4--,dundee ,c\ri]4 #ca4 ,,a/ronomy ,by ,a4 ,r4 ,,h9ks1 ,m4,a41 ,*ief ,assi/ant1 ,cambridge ,obs]vatory4 ,orig9al 9 ?\ght1 eclectic 9 sub/ance1 & critical 9 treatm5t4444 ,no bett] little book is available4--,s*ool ,_w4 #cb4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,sci5ce ,by ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ,?omson's delightful lit]>y /yle is well kn[n2 & "h he disc\rses fre%ly & easily on ! me?ods ( sci5ce & its relations ) philosophy1 art1 religion1 & practical life4--,ab]de5 ,j\rnal4 #cf4 ,,climate ,,& ,,wea!r ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,dickson1 ,d4,sc4,oxon41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,meteorological ,society4 7,) ,diagrams47 ,! au?or has succe$$ 9 pres5t+ 9 a v lucid & agreeable mann] ! causes ( ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e & ( ! m /able w9ds4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #da4 ,,an?ropology ,by ,r4 ,r4 ,,m>ett1 ,m4,a41 ,read] 9 ,social ,an?ropology 9 ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 ,an absolutely p]fect h&book1 s cle> t a *ild c\ld und]/& x1 s fasc9at+ & human t x beats fiction 'to a frazzle4'--,morn+ ,lead]4 #dd4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,physiology ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,mck5drick1 ,m4,d4 ,x is a delightful & wond]fully compreh5sive h&l+ ( a subject :i*1 :ile ( importance to all1 does n readily l5d itself to unte*nical explanation4444 ,^u e page ( x is /amp$ ! impress ( a creative imag9ation4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 #df4 ,,matt] ,,& ,,en]gy ,by ,f4 ,,soddy1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(4 ,soddy has successfully accompli%$ ! v difficult task ( mak+ physics ( absorb+ int]e/ on popul> l9es4--,nature4 #di4 ,,psy*ology1 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,behavi\r ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,,mcd\gall1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,b4 ,a happy example ( ! non-te*nical h&l+ ( an unwieldy sci5ce1 sugge/+ r ?an dogmatis+4 ,x %\ld :et appetites = deep] /udy4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 #ec4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,gregory1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,) #ch ,maps & ,figures47 ,a fasc9at+ little volume4444 ,among ! _m good ?+s conta9$ 9 ! s]ies ?is takes a high place4--,! ,a!num4 #eg4 ,,! ,,human ,,body ,by ,a4 ,,kei?1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,cons]vator ( ,museum & ,hunt]ian ,pr(essor1 ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 7,illu/rat$47 ,x lit]ally makes ! 'dry bones' to live4 ,x w c]ta9ly take a high place among ! classics ( popul> sci5ce4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #eh4 ,,electricity ,by ,,gisb]t ,,kapp1 ,d4,eng41 ,pr(essor ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 7,illu/rat$47 ,x w be appreciat$ greatly by le>n]s & by ! great numb] ( amateurs :o are int]e/$ 9 :at is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( sci5tific /udies4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 #fb4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,nature ,,( ,,life ,by ,dr ,,b5jam9 ,,moore1 ,pr(essor ( ,bio-,*emi/ry1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool4 ,/imulat+1 le>n$1 lucid4--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 #fg4 ,,*emi/ry ,by ,,raphael ,,meldola1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,f9sbury ,te*nical ,college1 ,london4 ,pres5ts cle>ly1 )\t ! detail dem&$ by ! exp]t1 ! way 9 :i* *emical sci5ce has develop$1 & ! /age x has rea*$4 #gb4 ,,plant ,,life ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,f>m]1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,illu/rat$47 ,pr(essor ,f>m] has contriv$ to convey all ! mo/ vital facts ( plant physiology1 & also to pres5t a good _m ( ! *ief problems :i* confront inve/igators to-day 9 ! realms ( morphology & ( h]$ity4--,morn+ ,po/4 #gh4 ,,! ,,ocean ,a ,g5]al ,acc\nt ( ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,sea4 ,by ,sir ,,john ,,murray1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,illus47 ,a life's exp]i5ce is cr[d$ into ?is volume4 ,a v useful feature is ! t5 pages ( illu/rations & col\r$ maps at ! end4--,gl\ce/] ,j\rnal4 #gi4 ,,n]ves ,by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,,fras] ,,h>ris1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc4 7,illu/rat$47 ,a description1 9 non-te*nical language1 ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 its intricate me*anism & ! /range ph5om5a ( en]gy & fatigue1 ) "s practical reflections4 ,philosophy & ,religion #ae4 ,,mohamm$anism ,by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,s4 ,,m>goli\?1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,litt4 ,?is g5]\s %ill+'s wor? ( wisdom4444 ,a delicate1 humor\s1 & mo/ responsible tractate by an illum9ative pr(essor4--,daily ,mail4 #dj4 ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,philosophy ,by ! ,hon4 ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a book t ! 'man 9 ! /reet' w recognise at once to be a boon4444 ,consi/5tly lucid & non-te*nical ?r\gh\t4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 #dg4 ,,buddhism ,by ,mrs ,,rhys ,,davids1 ,m4,a4 ,! au?or pres5ts v attractively z well z v le>n$ly ! philosophy ( ,buddhism z ! greate/ s*ol>s ( ! day int]pret x4--,daily ,news4 #ej4 ,,noncon=mity3 ,its ,,orig9 & ,,progress ,by ,pr9cipal ,w4 ,b4 ,selbie1 ,m4,a4 ,! hi/orical "p is brilliant 9 its insight1 cl>ity1 & proportion2 & 9 ! lat] *apt]s ,dr ,selbie proves himself to be an ideal expon5t ( s\nd & mod]ate views4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 #ed4 ,,e?ics ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,moore1 ,m4,a41 ,lectur] 9 ,moral ,sci5ce 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,a v lucid ?\gh closely reason$ outl9e ( ! logic ( good conduct4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 #ef4 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,by ,pr(4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,bacon1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,d4 ,pr(essor ,bacon has boldly1 & wisely1 tak5 8 own l9e1 & has produc$1 z a result1 an extraord9>ily vivid1 /imulat+1 & lucid book4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 #fj4 ,,missions3 ,,_! ,,rise & ,,developm5t ,by ,mrs ,,creighton4 ,v int]e/+ly done4444 ,its /yle is simple1 direct1 unhackney$1 & %\ld f9d appreciation :]e a m f]v5tly pi\s /yle ( writ+ repels4--,me?odi/ ,record]4 #fh4 ,,comp>ative ,,religion ,by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,,e/l9 ,,c>p5t]1 ,d4,litt41 ,pr9cipal ( ,man*e/] ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,puts into ! read]'s h& a weal? 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