,transcrib]'s note3 ,text 9 italics has be5 m>k$ ) und]scores 7text74 ,fur!r ,transcrib]'s ,notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,aircraft ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,seaplanes ,,nc-#a1 ,,nc-#c ,,& ,,nc-#d ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,navy ,,/>t+ ,,! ,,trans-,,atlantic ,,flight ,,f ,,rockaway ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,! ,,nc-#d ,,on ,,its ,,victori\s ,,trans-,,atlantic ,,flight1 ,,sixty ,,miles ,,at ,,sea4 ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,is ,,made ,,by ,a ,,/rut ,,( ,,! ,,photograph]s' ,,plane ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,aircraft ,,by ,,laur5ce ,,y>d ,,smi? ,,) ,,six ,,diagrams ,,& ,,?irty-,,?ree ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,photographs ,,london ,,grant ,,ri*>ds1 ,,ltd4 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet ,,mdccccxix ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,by ,,! ,,prospect ,,press ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,air #c ,,ii ,a ,b ,c',s ,,( ,a ,,balloon #ad ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,balloon ,,adv5tures #bj ,,iv ,,! ,,p>a*ute #bh ,v ,,balloon+ ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> #cf ,,"p ,,ii ,i ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,dirigible #dg ,,ii ,,=]unn]s ,,( ,,! ,,alli$ ,,dirigibles #fj ,,iii ,,dirigibles ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> #fh ,,"p ,,iii ,i ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,heavi]-,,?an-,,air ,,ma*9es #gg ,,ii ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,an ,,airplane #ia ,,iii ,,! ,,pione]s #ii ,,iv ,,! ,,airplane ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> #abh ,v ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,problems ,,! ,,inv5tors ,,_h ,,to ,,solve #aej ,,vi ,,fam\s ,,alli$ ,,airplanes #agj ,,vii ,,g]man ,,airplanes ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> #ahi ,,viii ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,air #bje ,,ix ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,an ,,airplane #bbc ,x ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,an ,,aviator #bcb ,,xi ,,! ,,future ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,air #bdd ,,read+ ,,li/ #bef ,,index #bei ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,seaplanes ,,nc-#a1 ,,nc-#c & ,,nc-#d ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy />t+ ! trans-,atlantic flight f ,rockaway4 ,! ,,nc-#d on its victori\s trans-,atlantic flight1 sixty miles at sea ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,montgolfi] exp]im5t at ,v]sailles1 #aghc #aj ,! fir/ cross-*annel trip #aa ,diagram %[+ ! ma9 features ( ! sph]ical balloon #af ,cock+'s p>a*ute #cj ,a ,g]man ,zeppel9 #ca ,inflat+ a s]vice balloon on ! field #dj ,army balloon ready to asc5d #da ,giff>d's air%ip #ed ,santos-,dumont r\nd+ ! ,eiffel ,t[] #ee ,baldw9 ,u4 ,s4 ,dirigible ,no4 #a #ff ,! ,briti% ,army ,baby dirigible #fg ,cross section ( ! gas bag ( ! ,a/ra-,torres1 %[+ me?od ( c> susp5sion #gj ,! ,blimp1 ,c-#a1 ! l>ge/ dirigible ( ! ,am]ican ,navy #gb ,! balloon ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,oklahoma #gc ,diagram %[+ ! ess5tial p>ts ( an airplane #ie ,wright />t+ ) pass5g] #ih ,an e>ly ,f>man ma*9e prior to />t #ii ,wright ma*9e ris+ j aft] leav+ ! rail #aad ,an e>ly ,wright ma*9e1 %[+ its me?od ( />t+ f a rail #aad ,! propell] dep>tm5t 9 "o ( ! great ,curtiss factories #aae ,a photograph ( nor!rn ,france tak5 at a height ( ?ree ?\s& feet #ach ,an airplane view ( ! city ( ,rheims1 %[+ ! ca!dral #aci ,diagram ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e cyl9d]1 %[+ pr9ciple on :i* x works #aeg ,?is photograph %[s ! relative size ( ! giant ,caproni bomb+ plane & ! ,fr5* baby ,nieuport1 us$ z a spe$ sc\t #agj ,! ,spad1 ! pride ( ! ,fr5* air fleet #aga ,a ,h&ley-,page ma*9e tun+ up = a flight #ahb ,! laun*+ ( a ,langley1 a giant bomb+ airplane #ahc ,side view ( a ,sop) triplane #ahg ,an ,am]ican built ,caproni airplane #ahh ,?is ,curtiss triplane has a spe$ ( "o hundr$ & sixty miles an h\r #ahi ,a giant ,go?a bomb+ plane br\ght d[n by ! ,fr5* #aih ,g]man ,fokk] plane captur$ by ! ,fr5* #aii ,capta9 ,eddie ,rick5back] #bah ,! fir/ bag ( mail c>ri$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a]o ,mail ,s]vice #bai ,a photograph made t5 ?\s& feet 9 ! air1 %[+ ma*9es 9 ,v =mation at bomb+ practise #bdb ,a gr\p ( ,de ,havill& planes at ,boll+ ,field ne> ,wa%+ton #bdc ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,aircraft ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,! ,,air ,on a beautiful aft]noon 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,june #e1 #agic--;a di/+ui%$ company ( ,fr5*m5 7 ga!r$ 9 ! public squ>e ( ! little village ( ,annonay1 n f> f ,lyons4 ,!y _h come !re by special invitation ( ! bro!rs ,/eph5 & ,joseph ,montgolfi]1 respect$ own]s ( a pap] manufactory 9 ! little t[n4 ,x 0 :isp]$ t ! bro!rs _h a great surprise 9 /ore = !m1 a rem>kable discov]y4 ,yet all _! curi\s gaze c\ld make out 0 a great l95 bag1 t swung1 l a huge limp sail1 f a rope t 0 susp5d$ betwe5 two high poles4 ,by means ( ?is seem+ly helpless piece ( fabric ! bro!rs ,montgolfi] propos$ to accompli% ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,^? :o v5tur$ ne> to ?is /range object p]ceiv$ at its base a wide circul> op5+1 sew$ fa/ to a wood5 r+4 ,! r+ hung directly ov] a deep pit1 9 :i* _h be5 heap$ fuel = a bonfire1--/raw & wood & *opp$ wool4 ,at a giv5 signal "o ( ! bro!rs appli$ a tor* to ! mass & 9 an in/ant ! flames %ot up4 ,a d5se column ( smoke arose ?r\gh ! neck ( ! bag4 ,! latt] gradually began to fill1 spread+ out 9 all directions1 until1 be=e ! a/oni%$ gaze ( ! spectators1 x assum$ ! %ape ( an enorm\s ball1 t ov]%ad[$ ! squ>e1 & t pull$ & wre/l$ fev]i%ly at ! re/ra9+ ropes4 ,f ! ranks ( ! onlook]s a great %\t ( applause w5t up4 ,! keep]s let g ! ropes1 & ! globe1 l a live creature1 fre$ f its bonds1 rose triumphantly be=e _! eyes4 ,up1 up1 high] & high] x w5t1 s fa/ t !y c\ld sc>cely foll[ x4 ,= a mom5t x 0 hidd5 beh9d a pat* ( cl\d1 !n x reappe>$ aga91 /ill asc5d+1 until x rode maje/ically 9 ! heav5s1 sev5 ?\s& feet above _! heads6 ,! %\ts & cries ( ! onlook]s 7 deaf5+4 ,l wildfire ! news spread f h\se to h\se ( ! little ,fr5* village4 ,grave old legislators :o _h witness$ ! surpris+ spectacle =got _! dignity & toss$ _! hats 9 air4 ,wom51 see+ ! unusual object f a di/ance1 fell on _! knees to pray1 ?9k+ x a sign 9 ! heav5s1 t port5d$1 :o knew :at8 ,man's age-old dream ( conqu]+ ! air 0 n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 an accompli%$ fact4 ,^? :o /ood 9 ! little public squ>e ( ,annonay on t auspici\s aft]noon long ago1 wat*+ ! fir/ ,montgolfi] globe on its victori\s asc5t1 knew t x c\ld be b a v %ort "t inde$ until m5 w\ld be able to explore at w ! dim regions ( ! upp] air4 ,mean:ile picture ! con/]nation & t]ror among a gr\p ( humble peasants1 :o 7 till+ ! fields a %ort di/ance f ! spot :]e ! fam\s ,montgolfi] balloon 0 laun*$4 ,sudd5ly 9 ! sky !re appe>$ a great black moon1 :i* sl[ly & om9\sly desc5d$ t[>d ! e>?4 ,! village prie/ himself l$ =? a little b& ( 8 /\t-he>t$ foll[]s to attack ?is dread in/rum5t ( ! ,evil ,"o4 ,) pit*=ks & scy!s !y ru%$ ^u ! un=tunate balloon z x light$ g5tly on ! gr\nd1 heav+ ?is way & t ) e puff ( breeze t blew aga9/ x4 ,) c\rage born ( fe> !y prodd$ & beat ! un=tunate mon/]4 ,:5 ! gas _h f9ally escap$ ?r\gh ! great ga%es 9 its sides1 & no?+ rema9$ b a disord]$ heap ( tatt]s & %r$s1 ! pr\d conqu]or ( ! skies 0 ti$ fa/ to a horse's tail1 & ! t]rifi$ creature gallop$ (f ) x into ! op5 c\ntry4 ,b ! news ( ! ,montgolfi] bro!rs' discov]y spread ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,france & ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! ,fr5* k+ ord]$ a special demon/ration at ,v]sailles1 be=e himself & ! ,royal family4 ,on ?is occasion a wick] basket 0 swung f ! ri*ly ornam5t$ balloon4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! safety ( travel 9 ! skies !re 7 plac$ 9 x a %eep1 a cock & a duck4 ,a fire 0 lit b5ea? ! base ( ! balloon & x 0 fill$ ) heat$ air4 ,x rose ) its /range c>go to a height ( #aejj feet1 travel$ along peacefully two miles ) ! breeze & desc5d$ sl[ly into a ne>-by wood4 ,!re two gamekeep]s1 hurry+ to ! sc5e1 7 amaz$ to f9d its occupants calmly fe$+1 app>5tly unaffect$ by _! voyage4 ,?is incid5t gave ! exp]im5t]s r5ew$ c\rage & en?usiasm4 ,a gallant ,fr5*man1 ,piltre de ,rozi]1 volunte]$ to be ! fir/ man to make ! asc5t into ! skies4 ,a new & /rong] ma*9e 0 con/ruct$1 ?is "t oval 9 %ape in/ead ( r\nd1 #gd feet high & #dh feet 9 diamet]4 ,at ! bottom 0 a huge circul> op5+1 #ae feet across4 ,j b5ea? ?is !re 0 swung f iron *a9s an op5 grate1 on :i* ! fire 0 built by means ( :i* ! balloon 0 inflat$4 ,?is grate hung d[n into a wick] basket or gall]y1 9 :i* ! occupant /ood1 heap+ fuel ^u ! fire4 ,= ( c\rse1 z soon z ! fire di$ d[n1 ! heat$ air 9 ! balloon comm5c$ sl[ly to escape1 & ! :ole ?+ sank to e>?4 ,piltre de ,rozi] 0 n at fir/ p]mitt$ to set himself free & g voyag+ ungu>d$ into ! upp] air4 ,:o knew :e!r ?is air above ! cl\ds 0 fit to brea!8--:o1 = t matt]1 knew :e!r !re actually 0 air at any di/ance above ! surface ( ! e>?8 ,x 0 consid]$ ! bett] "p ( valor to try ! exp]im5t ! fir/ few times ) ! balloon ti$ firmly to ! gr\nd1 ) /rong cables :i* only p]mitt$ x to rise "s eighty or n9ety feet4 ,ev5 ) ^! precautions a good deal ( appreh5sion 0 felt reg>d+ ! heal?fulness ( ! sport4 ,b a sigh ( relief 0 brea!d by ^? :o _h ! und]tak+ 9 *>ge :5 ! bold de ,rozi] insi/$ t nev] 9 8 life be=e _h he kn[n any exp]i5ce s pleasurable z ?is ( ris+ f> above ! h\setops & ( feel+ himself float+1 g5tly & peacefully1 9 a region ( noiseless calm4 ,impati5t ( ?is mild v>iety ( a]ial adv5ture1 de ,rozi] f9ally won p]mission to make a free asc5t1 & he & 8 fri5d1 ! ,m>quis d',arl&es1 made a numb] ( d>+ voyages 9 ! ,montgolfi] fire balloon4 ,assur+ _! fri5ds t no h>mful results c\ld come to !m f asc5d+ into ! cl\ds1 !y loos$ ! ropes & w5t m]rily sail+ away until f> out ( sight4 ,s long z !y kept ! fire 9 ! grate burn+ ! balloon rema9$ al(t1 & float$ along 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d bore x4 ,:5 !y wi%$ to desc5d !y _h m]ely to put out ! fire1 & z ! heat$ air gradually escap$1 ! balloon sank g5tly to e>?4 ,b ! dang]s ( ?is sort ( a]ial adv5ture 7 v great inde$1 & x requir$ ! mo/ rem>kable h]oism on ! "p ( de ,rozi] to und]take !m4 ,a *ance sp>k f ! grate might at any mom5t set fire to ! body ( ! balloon1 & br+ x1 a flam+ firebr&1 to e>?4 ,de ,rozi] und]/ood ?is1 & on 8 v fir/ voyage c>ri$ along 9 ! gall]y ( ! balloon a bucket ( wat] & a sponge4 ,x 0 late 9 ,novemb] ( #ahic t he & d',arl&es float$ ov] ,p>is1--de ,rozi] heap+ fuel ^u ! grate & t5d+ ! fire :i* kept ! balloon afloat4 ,sudd5ly d',arl&es he>d a slight crackl+ noise high 9 ! balloon4 ,look+ up he caught a sight :i* turn$ him cold ) horror1--a t9y lick+ flame f> above 8 head4 ,he seiz$ ! wet sponge & rea*$ up to ext+ui% x4 ,b ano!r & yet ano!r appe>$1 little tongues ( fire1 eat+ away at ! body ( ! balloon4 ,z ea* %[$ its face wat] 0 da%$ ^u x4 ,f bel[ ! balloon c\ld be se5 peacefully j\rney+ across ! city4 ,b f> above1 9 its basket1 de ,rozi] & d',arl&es 7 coolly beat+ (f ! dang] t hung ov] !m l a ,sword ( ,damocles4 ,n until !y _h be5 9 ! air tw5ty-five m9utes1 h[ev]1 did !y put out ! fire 9 ! grate & all[ !mselves to s9k to e>?4 ,^! e>ly exp]im5ts ( ! ,montgolfi]s & de ,rozi] fir$ ! imag9ations ( sci5tific m5 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & x 0 only a v %ort "t be=e a saf] & m reliable type ( balloon ?an ! fire balloon 0 develop$4 ,/eph5 ,montgolfi]'s inv5tion 0 bas$ on ! idea t smoke & cl\ds rise 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,if1 said he to himself1 x 7 possible to surr\nd a cl\d ) a bag :i* did n p]mit x to escape1 !n bo? w\ld asc5d4 ,( c\rse ?is 0 a r *ildi% explanation ( ! cause ( a balloon asc5sion1 b x 0 ! be/ t ! ,montgolfi]s or any ( _! le>n$ fri5ds knew at t e>ly day4 ,n[ x 0 only a little :ile be=e ?is t an ,engli%man _h discov]$ ! gas :i* is n[ kn[n z hydrog51 b :i* 0 !n call$ inflammable air4 ,?is gas1 ( :i* ! ,montgolfi]s app>5tly knew no?+1 is exce$+ly light1 & !re=e rises v quickly 9 ! air4 ,! ye> be=e ! ,montgolfi] balloon 0 inv5t$1 ?is ,engli%man1 ,cavallo1 tri$ to fill small bags ) hydrog5 gas1 on ! !ory t !y w\ld rise 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,he fail$ m]ely because he did n hit ^u ! prop] mat]ial ( :i* to con/ruct 8 bags4 ,! fabric he *ose 0 por\s1 & ! gas escap$ ?r\gh x be=e ! balloon c\ld rise4 ,cavallo did1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 bl[+ hydrog5 into ord9>y soap bubbles1 :i* arose ) great velocity & bur/ z !y /ruck ! ceil+4 ,! problem ( ! mat]ial to be us$ 9 balloon con/ruction _h be5 fairly well solv$ by ! ,montgolfi]s4 ,_! balloons 7 ( l95 fabric1 v>ni%$ & l9$ ) pap]1 to r5d] !m z ne>ly z possible air-tight4 ,?is set ! philosoph]s ( ,p>is ?9k+ h[ !y might con/ruct a globe :i* c\ld be successfully inflat$ ) hydrog54 ,! bro!rs ,rob]ts & ,m4 ,*>les made ! fir/ hydrog5 balloon4 ,x 0 fa%ion$ ( v f9e silk1 v>ni%$ ) a solution ( gum ela/ic4 ,?is made x impossible = ! hydrog5 to leak ?r\gh4 ,! balloon 0 fill$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! neck1 :i* 0 fitt$ ) a /opcock1 s t ! gas c\ld be p\r$ 9 or all[$ to escape at w4 ,! funds = con/ruct+ ?is fir/ hydrog5 balloon _h be5 rais$ by popul> subscription1 & ! :ole ,fr5* p 7 alive ) en?usiasm ov] ! success ( ! exp]im5t4 ,ev5 at t e>ly day ,france 0 ! ard5t *ampion ( a]ial conque/4 ,! day set = its asc5sion 0 ! #bg? ( ,augu/1 #aghc4 ,by ! night ( ! #bf? x _h be5 p>tially fill$ ) gas4 ,x 0 ti$ to a c>t1 & long be=e daylight1 />t$ its j\rney to ! ,field ( ,m>s4 ,?rongs ( spectators cr[d$ e av5ue4 ,f ! ro( tops ?\s&s ( eag] m51 wom5 & *ildr5 pe]$ d[n ^u x ?r\gh ! d>kness4 ,e w9d[ 9 e build+ 0 cr[d$ ) faces4 ,a /rong milit>y gu>d surr\nd$ x1 rid+ on horseback & c>ry+ fl>+ tor*es4 ,all day long multitudes cr[d$ & jo/l$ ea* o!r impati5tly at ! po9t :]e ! asc5sion 0 to take place4 ,at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! sudd5 boom+ ( artill]y fire gave notice to ! hundr$ ?\s& wait+ t ! great ev5t 0 on4 ,releas$ f its bonds ! balloon %ot up1 & 9 two m9utes x 0 ov] #c1jjj feet above ! heads ( ! wat*]s4 ,/ill x cont9u$ /eadily to rise1 until f9ally x 0 lo/ to sight by ! heavy /orm cl\ds ?r\gh :i* x _h cut its passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,montgolfi] ,,exp]im5t ,,at ,,v]sailles1 #aghc ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cross-,,*annel ,,trip ,! spectators 7 ov]joy$1 z on t fir/ occasion :5 ! ,montgolfi] balloon rose into ! skies4 ,x 0 p\r+ ra91 b !y did n seem to notice x z !y *e]$ !mselves ho>se at ! second great air victory4 ,! balloon1 likewise1 0 undisc\rag$ by ! ra94 ,f> above ! cl\ds1 :]e all 0 quiet sun%9e1 x j\rney$ peacefully along = fifte5 miles1 & desc5d$ 9 an op5 field4 ,! fir/ two important *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( balloon+ _h n[ be5 writt54 ,look+ back1 we are fill$ ) gratitude to ! ,fr5*1 ^: c\rage1 intellig5ce1 & b\ndless en?usiasm made possible ! conque/ ( ! skies4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 ( c\rse1 exp]im5ts 7 also 9 progress1 ?\gh !y lack$ to a great ext5t ! popul> back+ :i* help$ ! ,fr5* ef=ts to be> su* spl5did results4 ,9 ,london1 an ,italian1 ,c\nt ,zambecc>i1 con/ruct$ a hydrog5 balloon ( oil silk1 #aj feet 9 diamet] & gild$1 s t 9 ! air x 0 dazzl+ to look ^u4 ,a few mon?s aft] ! ?ree ,fr5*m5 laun*$ _! hydrog5 balloon 9 ,p>is1 ?is gorge\s affair 0 s5t up 9 ,london1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s ( spectators4 ,"o mon? lat] /ill1 ! city ( ,philadelphia witness$ ! fir/ asc5sion ( a hydrog5 balloon 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,x c>ri$ a c>p5t]1 "o ,james ,wilcox1 z pass5g]4 ,:at is ! use ( a balloon1 anyway8 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 ask$ :5 9 ,p>is at ! "t ( ! ,montgolfi] exp]im5ts4 ,:at is ! use ( a baby8 ! great ,am]ican repli$1 smil+4 ,p]haps he _h "s inkl+ ( ! rem>kable future 9 /ore = ! sci5ce ( a]onautics1 !n 9 its infancy6 ,! fir/ really notable asc5t 9 a hydrog5 balloon aft] ! e>ly ef=ts 0 t ( a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,blan*>d1 :o rose f ,p>is 9 #aghd1 accompani$ by a ,b5$ict9e monk4 ,be=e !y _h got f> above ! gr\nd a slight accid5t br\ght ! balloon bump+ d[n aga94 ,! monk1 ?or\ghly sc>$1 ab&on$ 8 seat1 & ,m4 ,blan*>d asc5d$ alone4 ,?is balloon 0 fitt$ out ) w+s & a rudd]1 by :i* x 0 hop$ to /e] its c\rse1 b !y prov$ useless1 & its occupant _h to all[ himself to drift ) ! w9d4 ,he rea*$ a height ( #ifjj feet1 rema9+ 9 ! air an h\r & a qu>t]4 ,suff]+ f ! extreme cold :i* is exp]i5c$ s high 9 ! atmosph]e1 & almo/ ov]come ) numbness & dr[s9ess1 he 0 at l5g? compell$ to desc5d4 ,9 ,engl& at ab\t ?is "t1 ,v9c5t ,lun>di accompli%$ a free asc5t 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,b aga9 x 0 ! ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,blan*>d1 :o succe$$ 9 mak+ ! fir/ long balloon voyage4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aghe1 he & ,dr4 ,jeffries1 an ,am]ican physician1 sail$ across ! ,engli% ,*annel f ,dov]4 ,x 0 a p]il\s adv5ture1 ) ! ev] pres5t dang] ( fall+ into ! sea4 ,half way across !y f\nd !mselves desc5d+4 ,!n began a con/ant ?r[+ out ( balla/ 9 a race ) "t & ! w9d4 ,:5 ! bags ( s& !y _h br\ght = ! purpose 7 exhau/$ !y hurl$ ov]bo>d bottles1 boxes1 pieces ( rope1 ev5 _! compass & ! app>atus ( ! balloon4 ,!y 7 /ill fall+ :5 9 ! di/ance !y caught sight ( ! dim outl9e ( ! ,fr5* coa/1 & 9 a la/ ef=t to keep afloat !y began dropp+ articles ( clo?+ ov] ! basket's edge4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 ! balloon began to m\nt4 ,!y float$ 9 ov] ! l&1 com+ to e>? safely n f> f ,calais4 ,piltre de ,rozi] at once set ab\t to imitate ,m4 ,blan*>d's feat1 & to avoid ! dang] ( fall+ he con/ruct$ a hydrog5 balloon ) a fire balloon bel[ x1 s t by heap+ on fuel he c\ld =ce x to rise :5ev] he notic$ a t5d5cy to fall4 ,9 ?is +5i\s contrivance he attempt$ to fly ! ,*annel4 ,at a height ( #c1jjj feet bo? balloons 7 se5 to bur/ into flames1 & de ,rozi] fell4 ,s ! gallant ,fr5*man :o 0 fir/ to explore ! skies came to 8 un=tunate end4 ,8 dea? ca/ a gloom ov] ! _m a]onautic en?usia/s ( ,france1 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,b 8 spl5did pione] exploits _h borne _! fruit 9 a p]man5t & gr[+ int]e/ 9 ! navigation ( ! air4 ,! sci5ce ( a]onautics m>*$ on1 & new & important s*emes 7 inv5t$ = conqu]+ ! skies4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,b ,c',s ,,( ,a ,,balloon ,:y does a balloon rise 9 ! atmosph]e8--is ! v natural "q we are apt to ask z we read ! /ory ( ^! e>ly balloon exp]im5ts4 ,! ,montgolfi] bro!rs !mselves c\ld probably n h answ]$ x1 = !y claim$ t "s m>vel\s secret prop]ties exi/$ 9 ,montgolfi] smoke4 ,/eph5 ,montgolfi] seems to h _h ! idea ( hold+ a cl\d captive 9 a bag1 s9ce he _h obs]v$ t cl\ds rise 9 ! air4 ,! real explanation c be/ be und]/ood by a simple exp]im5t4 ,?r[ a /one into a pool ( wat] & x w s9k1 because x is heavi] ?an wat]3 t is1 x weighs m 9 proportion to its volume ?an ! same quantity ( wat] weighs4 ,b ?r[ into ! same pool a piece ( cork & x w rise1 because x is light] 9 proportion to its volume ?an wat]4 ,?is tru? 0 long ago express$ z a law by ! old ,greek philosoph] ,ar*im$es1 :o said3 ,e body imm]s$ 9 a liquid loses "p ( its weight1 or is act$ ^u by an upw>d =ce equal to ! weight ( ! liquid x displaces4 ,9 ! case ( ! cork1 ! weight ( ! wat] x displaces is great] ?an ! weight ( ! cork1 & consequ5tly ! upw>d =ce act+ ^u x is suffici5t to lift x to ! surface ( ! pool2 b ) ! /one x is diff]5t3 ! wat] x displaces weighs less ?an ! /one1 & !re=e ! upw>d =ce act+ ^u x is n suffici5t to prev5t x f s9k+4 ,n[ all ?is applies j z well to a body 9 ! atmosph]e z x does to ! body imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! air 9 ?is case corresponds to ! liquid4 ,!re=e any object plac$ 9 ! air :i* weighs less 9 proportion to its volume ?an ! atmosph]e1 is b\nd to rise4 ,e object we see ab\t u1 includ+ ourselves1 :i* is n fa/5$ d[n to e>?1 w\ld1 if x 7 n heavi] ?an air1 g fly+ (f t[>d ! skies4 ,imag9e a balloon all ready to be inflat$1 t is1 ready to be fill$ ) gas4 ,! bag or envelope hangs limp & lifeless4 ,toge!r ) ! basket1 ropes1 etc41 :i* are atta*$ to x1 x probably weighs sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 yet because its volume is s small x displaces v little air4 ,n[ we comm5ce to inflate ! balloon4 ,z ! gas ru%es 91 ! envelope comm5ces to swell2 x gr[s l>g] & l>g]1 displac+ a great] volume ( air e mom5t4 ,:5 fully inflat$ x displaces a volume ( air mu* great] 9 weight ?an itself4 ,?is weight ( displac$ air acts ^u x ) a resi/less upw>d =ce1 suffici5t to lift x into ! cl\ds4 ,! mom5t its /ra9+ bonds are loos$1 x rises ) great velocity4 ,( c\rse1 ! light] ! gas t is us$ to inflate ! balloon1 ! less weight w be add$ by x to ! total weight ( ! /ructure1--al?\gh a light] gas adds j z mu* to ! volume z a heavi] "o w\ld d4 ,if two balloons ( exactly ! same weight be=e inflation are fill$1 "o ) ! comp>atively heavy coal gas :i* weighs #a_/b oz4 p] cubic foot1 & ! o!r ) ! v light hydrog51 :i* weighs #a_/aj oz4 p] cubic foot1 x is easy to see t ! hydrog5-fill$ balloon w rise mu* fa/] & h a great] lift+ p[]4 ,x is a simple matt] to calculate :at size balloon w be requir$ to lift "o1 two or ?ree pass5g]s & a giv5 weight ( c>go1 = we "k t ! balloon envelope mu/ be l>ge en\gh :5 fill$ ) gas1 to displace a great] weight ( air ?an its own weight1 toge!r ) ! weight ( ! basket1 equipm5t1 pass5g]s & c>go4 ,once a balloon has be5 inflat$ & begun to asc5d x w\ld1 if un*eck$1 cont9ue ris+ indef9itely until x rea*$ a po9t 9 ! greatly r>efi$ upp] air :]e x 0 exactly displac+ its own weight1 or1 z sci5ce puts x1 0 9 equilibrium ) ! air4 ,b ?is is usually n desirable1 & s 9 all mod]n balloons arrangem5t is made = less5+ ! volume ( ! envelope & s decreas+ ! upw>d pressure4 ,?is is manag$ f ! basket by pull+ a cord :i* connects ) a valve at ! top & ?us all[s "s ( ! gas to escape4 ,!re is also a valve 9 ! neck ( ! balloon :i* op5s automatically :5 ! pressure becomes too great1 or :i* c be op]at$ by a cord4 ,9 addition to ^! two1 balloons to-day h :at is kn[n z a ripp+ panel1 or long slit clos$ ov] ) a sort ( pat* or /rip ( ! envelope mat]ial4 ,9 case x becomes necess>y to make a quick desc5t1 ! ripp+ panel may be torn op5 by pull+ ! cord :i* connects ) ?is ripp+ /rip4 ,a wide r5t is ?us produc$ 9 ! envelope & ! gas escapes v rapidly4 ,z ! balloon becomes deflat$ 7t is1 loses its gas71 x gr[s small]1 displaces less & less air1 & s s9ks to ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ma9 ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,sph]ical ,,balloon ,! accompany+ diagram gives a v good idea ( ! ma9 features ( ! sph]ical balloon4 ,! envelope is usually made ( /rong cotton diagonal clo?1 cut 9 pe> %ap$ gores & v>ni%$ ) a solution ( rubb] 9 ord] to prev5t ! gas f leak+ ?r\gh4 ,at ! bottom x ends 9 ! long neck1--?r\gh ?is ! balloon is inflat$ by jo9+ x securely to a gas pipe :i* leads to ! ma9 supply ( gas4 ,ov] ! envelope !re is spread a /rong net made ( heavy cord4 ,f ! net hang ! /\t lead+ l9es4 ,! lead+ l9es 9 turn are atta*$ to a /rong wood5 hoop1 & f ?is hoop ! c> is susp5d$ by ropes :i* are call$ c> l9es4 ,! cords t connect ) ! upp] & l[] valves & ! ripp+ panel hang d[n into ! c> & may be op]at$ by ! occupants1 or crew4 ,unless ! balloon is held captive x is suppli$ also ) a trail rope4 ,?is is a v heavy cable :i* is all[$ to hang d[n f ! c> dur+ an asc5t4 ,:5 desc5d+1 z ! trail rope rea*es ! gr\nd ! balloon is reliev$ ( a portion ( its weight & becomes m buoyant4 ,?is makes its desc5t m gradual1 = z x is reliev$ ( "o p\nd ( weight ( ! dragg+ trail rope1 x ga9s a slight t5d5cy to rise aga9 :i* c\nt]acts ! sev]ity ( its d[nw>d motion4 ,! free balloon also has a grapnel or an*or = use 9 l&+4 ,! c> or basket ( ! balloon is usually made ( wov5 will[ & bamboo1 :i* insures /r5g? & lightness4 ,?is brief description ( ! sph]ical balloon is int5d$ to give ! read] an idea ( ! ess5tial features ( any balloon4 ,9 mod]n w>f>e ! captive balloon has prov$ its usefulness = purposes ( obs]vation1 b ! old sph]ical type is pass+ out4 ,balloons ( _m %apes & sizes1 all design$ = great] /ability1 are tak+ its place4 ,among ^! ! kite or sausage balloon is by f> ! be/ kn[n4 ,p>tly a kite & p>tly a balloon1 ) its long sausage-%ap$ body1 its air-rudd] or small /e]+ ballonet atta*$ to its /]n1 x possesses consid]able /ead9ess 9 ! air4 ,! kite balloon is us$ ov] ! tr5*es to direct artill]y fire & to report movem5ts ( ! enemy3 & x is likewise us$ ov] ! sea1 z a guide to direct ! movem5ts ( ! fleet 9 an attack1 & z a s5t9el on ! look-out = enemy %ips or subm>9es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,balloon ,,adv5tures ,no soon] _h ! news ( ! rem>kable balloon exploits ( de ,rozi] & ,blan*>d spread ?r\gh\t ! nations1 ?an p ( all classes became int]e/$ 9 ! future ( balloon+4 ,!re 7 ^? :o reg>d$ x z ! great com+ sport1 & !re 7 also ^? :o1 l ! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities1 saw 9 ?is new inv5tion a possible weapon ( w> ^: developm5t !y d>$ n neglect4 ,x 0 only a %ort "t be=e ! ,fr5* _h an army tra9+ s*ool = a]onauts1 & a numb] ( milit>y s]vice balloons4 ,! romance ( balloon+ _h captur$ ! imag9ations ( great masses ( p & !y prov$ _! eag]ness to back up ! ef=ts ( sportsm5 ballooni/s ) ! necess>y funds to c>ry on ! _m a]onautic projects :i* 7 sugge/$4 ,we h already m5tion$ ,*evali] ,v9c5t ,lun>di1 ! "y ,italian :o 0 ! fir/ to accompli% a voyage 9 a balloon 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,engli% p _h read ) ev] increas+ curiosity & impati5ce ! /ories ( ! ,fr5* ballooni/s4 ,:at 0 _! delight :5 ?is "y ,italian1 poor b clev]1 propos$ to give !m an exhibition ( _! own4 ,he _h little difficulty 9 obta9+ p]mission = a />t to be made f ,london4 ,! next /ep 0 to obta9 funds by popul> subscription = ! con/ruction ( ! balloon4 ,= a "t money fl[$ freely into ! c(f]s2 b a ,fr5*man nam$ ,moret came into ! limelight z a rival ( ,lun>di & ann\nc$ a balloon asc5t "s little "t be=e t plann$ by 8 oppon5t4 ,! demon/ration promis$ by ,moret nev] came (f1 8 balloon refus$ utt]ly to take to ! air1 & ! indignant spectators w5t home1 feel+ t !y _h be5 clev]ly hoodw9k$ out ( ! price ( admission4 ,_! wra? naturally turn$ ^u ! un=tunate ,lun>di1 & x 0 only ) difficulty & aft] mu* disc\ragem5t t he actually succe$$ 9 c>ry+ 8 und]tak+ to completion4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 he _h 8 balloon built4 ,! ,k+ _h )drawn 8 p]mission = a flight f ! gr\nds ( ! ,*elsea hospital1 b he succe$$ 9 secur+ ano!r />t+ place1 & ann\nc$ t he 0 ready to demon/rate :at ! balloon c\ld d4 ,va/ cr[ds ga!r$ to witness ! spectacle4 ,! balloon itself 0 gorge\s to behold4 ,x look$ l a mammo? ,*ri/mas-tree ball1 ( %9+ silk1 9 brilliant /ripes ( r$ & blue4 ,x 0 fill$ ) hydrog5 gas1 & z x gradually took =m be=e _! eyes1 ! p %\t$ ) excitem5t & eag]ness4 ,x 0 a pleasant ,septemb] aft]noon 9 ! ye> #aghd4 ,:5 all 0 9 read9ess1 ,lun>di1 no less eag] & excit$ ?an ! masses :o _h ga!r$ to witness 8 exploit1 climb$ into ! c>4 ,! cords 7 loos$ & 9 a few mom5ts ! balloon1 9 its gala dress1 0 so>+ f> 9 ! sky4 ,lun>di enjoy$ 8 flight imm5sely4 ,aft] travel+ along )\t a mi%ap = a consid]able "t1 he decid$ to come d[n1 b once he _h t\*$ ! e>? he 0 seiz$ by ! desire to so> aga94 ,putt+ out "s ( 8 balla/ he all[$ ! balloon to arise once m into ! sky4 ,f9ally 9 ! late aft]noon he came to e>? = ! second "t1 l&+ 9 a field & greatly t]rify+ ! simple c\ntry folk :o 7 at "w !re4 ,he 0 cold & hungry aft] 8 long j\rney 9 ! r>efi$ upp] air1 b happy at ! rem>kable triumph he _h a*iev$4 ,h5ce=? balloon+ w\ld n be reg>d$ ) d]ision & unbelief 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,engli% nation 0 z wild ) joy z ! ,fr5* _h be5 at ! e>ly balloon asc5ts4 ,lun>di 0 lioniz$ & became ! favorite ( ! h\r2 8 pres5ce 0 dem&$ ev]y:]e & he 0 royally ent]ta9$ by ! =emo/ p ( ! realm4 ,! ,briti% ,isles became1 f ?is "t on1 ! sc5e ( _m a ?rill+ adv5ture ) ! balloon4 ,x 0 only a few ye>s lat] t ,*>les ,gre51 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! e>ly ,engli% a]onauts1 began 8 voyages 9 ! ,great ,nassau1 ! balloon ^: "n is ev5 to-day a tradition4 ,9 x he />t$ out1 "o fall day 9 ! ye> #ahcf1 c>ry+ provisions = a long voyage1 b ) no idea :]e ! w9ds w\ld c>ry him4 ,! great balloon pass$ out ov] ! ,briti% ,*annel & 9 aga9 ov] ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,day fad$ into twilight & twilight into ! blackness ( night1 b /ill x cont9u$ /eadily on its way4 ,?r\gh ! d>kness ,gre5 & ! fri5ds :o accompani$ him 9 ! l>ge c> ( ! balloon pe]$ anxi\sly ov] ! side1 try+ to guess :]e !y 7 be+ bl[n4 ,f9ally aft] an all night ride1 ! dawn began to break1 & 9 ! morn+ ! great balloon 0 br\ght to e>? on ,g]man t]ritory4 ,gre5 _h accompli%$ ! longe/ balloon trip ( 8 day4 ,9 ! ye>s t foll[$ he made _m voyages1 b none t won = him m r5[n ?an ?is "o4 ,s9ce ! days :5 ,blan*>d accompli%$ ! fir/ trip across ! ,briti% ,*annel1 & ! fe>less de ,rozi] s\ght to imitate him1 a numb] ( a]onauts _h made int]e/+ voyages betwe5 ,france & ,engl&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ adv5tur\s 0 t ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,pollock1 9 ,july1 #ahii4 ,accompani$ by a fri5d1 ,mr4 ,pollock asc5d$ e>ly "o aft]noon1 & aft] a picturesque & beautiful trip across ! ,engli% c\ntryside1 sail$ out ov] ! sea4 ,beh9d !m rose ! :ite cliffs ( ! ,engli% coa/1 :ile be=e !m ga!r+ cl\ds hung l a curta91 ?r\gh :i* !y pe]$ anxi\sly4 ,sudd5ly ! balloon began to fall1 &1 fe>ful le/ !y %\ld l& 9 ! r\gh wat]s ( ! *annel1 !y began ?r[+ ov]bo>d ! s& :i* !y _h c>ri$ along z balla/4 ,by means ( ?is !y succe$$ 9 ris+ once m to a height ( sev5 or eight ?\s& feet4 ,x 0 e>ly ev5+4 ,f> bel[ ! sea _h ceas$ to ro>4 ,!y float$ along 9 a realm ( sil5ce :]e no?+ 0 visible ?r\gh ! veil ( mi/4 ,at l5g? ! veil 0 brok5 by ! dim outl9e ( ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,on & on !y drift$ yet seem$ to draw no clos] to x4 ,!re x rema9$1 always ahead ( !m1 tantaliz+ & provok+4 ,_! balla/ 0 almo/ gone1 & !y _h unpleasant visions ( l&+ 9 ! wat] )9 view ( _! goal4 ,s calmly & ev5ly did ! balloon move =w>d t x 0 practically impossible = its occupants to tell :e!r x 0 mov+ at all4 ,z !y pe]$ ahead unc]ta9ly1 se>*+ ! sea = a vessel by :i* !y might gauge _! progress1 !y felt !mselves once m comm5c+ to s9k4 ,9 ano!r few m9utes ! re/ ( ! s& _h be5 ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,!re 0 no?+ left ) :i* to *eck ! fall+ ( ! balloon1 :i* surely & om9\sly cont9u$4 ,! ,fr5* coa/ 0 /ill _m miles away4 ,almo/ 9 despair ! two a]onauts ca/ ab\t !m = some?+ :i* c\ld be hurl$ ov] ! side to light5 ! weight ( ! balloon4 ,z a la/ measure !y decid$ ^u ! an*or4 ,9 ano!r mom5t !y _h toss$ x into ! sea4 ,reliev$ ( s great a weight ! balloon %ot up ) lightn+ spe$4 ,! coa/ 0 draw+ clos]1 b aft] its fir/ swift asc5t ! balloon comm5c$ to s9k aga9 & ! a]onauts almo/ gave up hope ( actually rea*+ %ore4 ,b j ab\t eight o'clock !y discov]$ to _! great relief t ! cliffs t m>k$ ! coa/ 7 bel[ !m4 ,9 ano!r few m9utes !y _h sail$ 9 ov] ! l&4 ,!y op5$ ! valve ( ! balloon & effect$ a desc5t 9 a field1 :]e !y 7 soon surr\nd$ by an admir+ circle ( ,fr5* peasants4 ,x 0 only ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! pione] voyages ( de ,rozi] t ! balloon 0 actually us$ on ! battlefield1 = 9 #agid ! ,fr5* employ$ x aga9/ ! ,au/rians at ,may5ce & at ,*>l]oi4 ,"u ! fire ( ! ,au/rians :o s\ght to prev5t him f asc5d+1 ! ,fr5* ,capta9 ,c\telle rose 9 an obs]vation balloon at ,may5ce to a height ( ov] a ?\s& feet4 ,at t height he 0 beyond ! range ( ! ,au/rian guns & c\ld sit at ease wat*+ _! movem5ts & prep>ations1 at ! same "t dropp+ communications to ! (fic]s bel[4 ,by 8 pluck he made possible a ,fr5* victory1 al?\gh ! ,au/rians1 mu* *agr9$ at _! own lack ( obs]vation balloons1 decl>$ t ?is sort ( w>f>e 0 unfair4 ,x may surprise ,am]icans to "k t balloons 7 us$ to good purpose = obs]vation "w 9 our own ,civil ,w>1 & t !y assi/$ ! army ( ! ,nor? to keep an eye on ! movem5ts ( ,conf$]ate troops ar\nd ,ri*mond4 ,!y 7 once m employ$ by ! ,fr5* dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj & #ahga1 :5 #ff balloons left ! city at v>i\s times1 be>+ messages1 pass5g]s1 & flocks ( c>ri] pigeons1 :i* 7 us$ = deliv]+ return messages4 ,"o plucky ,fr5*man dropp$ ?\s&s ( messages f 8 balloon ^u ! ,g]man soldi]s1 w>n+ !m ( ,france's det]m9ation to fight to ! bitt] end4 ,! incid5t rem9ds u some:at ( simil> ones 9 ! ,great ,w>1 :5 ! ,alli$ aviators bomb$ ! cities ( ,g]many ) proclamations4 ,! fir/ notable employm5t ( ! balloon by ! ,briti% army occurr$ dur+ ! ,bo] ,w>4 ,dur+ ! siege ( ,ladysmi? captive balloons 7 us$ to good purpose = obs]vation & !y 7 likewise made use ( dur+ a numb] ( battles & "u heavy fire4 ,! ,fr5* aga9 employ$ !m dur+ ! w>s 9 ,madagasc>4 ,balloons _h by ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury become an important adjunct ( e great army1 & _h prov$ !mselves indisp5sable4 ,/range to relate !y h nev] be5 driv5 f ! field1 & al?\gh we h to-day ! swift dirigible & ! /ill swift] airplane1 !re are c]ta9 milit>y duties :i* !y c p]=m be/4 ,:ile ! balloon 0 ?us becom+ a recogniz$ in/rum5t ( w> x 0 likewise ga9+ 9 favor among sportsm54 ,9 all ! great nations ,a]o ,clubs 7 =m$ & races & conte/s began to be ann\nc$4 ,9 #aijf ,gordon ,b5nett made ! (f] ( a ,*all5ge ,cup = ! longe/ trip by balloon4 ,! conte/ants 7 to />t f ,p>is4 ,on ,septemb] #cj?1 #aijf1 sixte5 balloons arose f ! ,tuil]ies ,g>d5s & />t$ on _! way4 ,an ,am]ican1 ,lieut5ant ,frank ,p4 ,lahm1 c>ri$ (f ! cup1 accompli%+ a total di/ance ( #dja miles & l&+ 9 ,york%ire4 ,! second race = ! ,gordon ,b5nett cup 0 held 9 ,am]ica1 & 0 won by a ,g]man4 ,! ?ird 0 held 9 #aijh 9 ,g]many4 ,! w9n]1 ,colonel ,s*aeck1 made a dang]\s desc5t ^u ! sea ne> ! coa/ ( ,norway1 :]e he 0 rescu$ by a fi%+ boat4 ,sev]al o!r conte/ants _h p]il\s adv5tures4 ,! ,am]ican balloon ,conqu]or explod$ 9 mid-air1 mu* to ! excitem5t ( ! ?\s&s ( spectators :o _h ga!r$ to witness ! />t ( ! race4 ,in/ead ( cra%+ to e>?1 h[ev]1 z !y _h expect$1 x sank d[n g5tly1 ! upp] "p ( ! envelope =m+ a p>a*ute4 ,! a]onauts made an amus+ l&+ on a h\setop1 little ! worse = _! sudd5 drop ( sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,ano!r ,am]ican balloon l&$ 9 ! bran*es ( a tree1 :ile sev]al ( ! rema9+ conte/ants came d[n 9 ! sea & 7 rescu$4 ,on ! :ole x 0 a ?or\ghly excit+ race1 & ! news ( x ar\s$ int5se en?usiasm = ! sport ( balloon+ 9 _m l&s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,p>a*ute ,! /ory ( ! p>a*ute is inevitably l9k$ 9 memory ) t ( ! balloon4 ,^? :o look back a few ye>s c rememb] :5 exhibition balloons 7 9 _! heyday1 & ! s5sation ! p>a*uti/ us$ to create z he leapt f on high & came fly+ recklessly ?r\gh ! air4 ,= a brea?less mom5t or two ! p>a*ute rema9$ fold$1 & :51 f9ally1 its umbrella-l =m spread out protect+ly above ! h]o1 a ?rill ( relief ran ?r\gh ! anxi\s cr[d ( spectators4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( balloon+ ! p>a*ute 0 look$ on z a sort ( life belt ! a]onaut might don 9 ! ev5t ( a s]i\s accid5t to 8 craft 9 mid-air4 ,_m exp]im5t]s gave _! att5tion to develop+ x = ?is purpose2 b :5 x 0 f\nd t ! ballooni/ actually ne$$ no protection1 s9ce ! balloon itself w\ld p>a*ute to e>? aft] an explosion1 int]e/ 9 ! matt] wan$4 ,to-day ! p>a*ute has come once m into prom95ce because ( ! h]oic "w x p]=m$ 9 connection ) ! kite balloon & ) ! airplane 9 ! w>1 & s our conc]n 9 x has reviv$4 ,_m /ories rea*$ u f ! front1 ( artill]y spott]s :o jump$ to safety :5 _! obs]vation balloons 7 unexpect$ly attack$ by enemy airplanes4 ,x has actually become ! life-belt ( ! air4 ,m (t5 9 ! e>ly days ( balloon+ x 0 a s\rce ( grave dang] to ! plucky a]onaut :o s\ght to try x out & improve x1 & its hi/ory includes ! record ( sev]al sad accid5ts4 ,x 0 9 ! v ye> t ! balloon 0 inv5t$ t a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,le ,norm& began exp]im5t+ ) a contrivance resembl+ an umbrella1 ) :i* he jump$ f ! bran*es ( a tree1 & sank g5tly to e>?1 ! p>a*ute sav+ him f injury4 ,successful z 8 fir/ attempt 0 x seems t he aft]w>d lo/ 8 n]ve1 & lat] attempts 7 made ) animals plac$ 9 a basket bel[ ! p>a*ute & dropp$ to e>? f a consid]able height4 ,blan*>d1 ! fam\s ballooni/1 became int]e/$ 9 ! idea ( ! p>a*ute1 & made a numb] ( v int]e/+ exp]im5ts4 ,:ile mak+ a public asc5t 9 a balloon at ,/rasb\rg1 he dropp$ ov] ! side ( 8 balloon a dog ) a p>a*ute atta*$ to him4 ,! spectators 7 greatly pleas$ :5 ! little creature came to e>? q unh>m$1 & public int]e/ 9 ! contrivance z a means ( sav+ life 0 ar\s$4 ,9 #agic ,blan*>d himself und]took to make a p>a*ute desc5t4 ,he 0 n :olly successful1 = be=e he rea*$ ! e>? ! app>atus gave way & he cra%$ d[n heavily1 =tunately escap+ ) no?+ worse ?an a brok5 leg4 ,9 spite ( 8 injury he did n give up ! idea ( ! p>a*ute z a life belt = ! a]onaut1 & look$ =w>d to ! "t :5 x %\ld be s improv$ t x c\ld be reli$ ^u to br+ ! a]onaut to e>? un9jur$ if any accid5t %\ld make x necess>y = him to escape f 8 balloon 9 mid-air4 ,h[ev] x 0 aga9 a ,fr5*man1 ,m4 ,&r ,g>n]9 :o accompli%$ ! fir/ desc5t by p>a*ute f a great height )\t injury4 ,8 p>a*ute 0 atta*$ to a balloon4 ,at a height ( sev]al ?\s& feet 9 ! air1 he fre$ himself & desc5d$ gradually1 alight+ g5tly ^u ! e>?4 ,t 0 9 #agig & five ye>s lat] he gave a public demon/ration ( 8 p>a*ute 9 ,engl&4 ,?is "t he 0 n s successful1 = 8 app>atus broke be=e he rea*$ ! gr\nd & he receiv$ a numb] ( injuries by 8 fall4 ,! p>a*ute actually sav$ a life1 h[ev]1 9 #ahjh1 :5 ! a]onaut ,r4 ,jord>ki ,kup>anto1 ^: balloon caught fire 9 mid-air dur+ a demon/ration at ,w>saw1 leapt ov] ! side ) 8 p>a*ute & came to e>? unh>m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cock+',s ,,p>a*ute ,! p>a*ute :i* ,g>n]9 & ! e>ly a]onauts us$ 9 _! exp]im5ts 0 fa%ion$ to resemble an umbrella4 ,z ! a]onaut desc5d$ & ! swift curr5t ( air caus$ by ! fall ru%$ up "u ?is canopy1 x t5d$ to hold x 9 ! air mu* z ! w9d supports a kite1 & ?us ! =ce ( ! desc5t 0 brok54 ,9 ! ye> #ahcg an ,engli%man nam$ ,cock+1 :o _h be5 /udy+ ! pr9ciples ( ! p>a*ute1 came =w>d ) an idea :i* diff]$ greatly f ?is4 ,! p>a*ute he inv5t$ resembl$ an umbrella t _h be5 bl[n inside out by ! w9d1--x 0 9 o!r words an inv]t$ cone1 ) a basket = ! a]onaut hung f ! cone's apex4 ,! upp] rim ( ! cone 0 made ( t9 to /r5g!n x1 & ! sides 7 ( clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,a ,,g]man ,,zeppel9 ,cock+ 0 v en?usia/ic ov] 8 inv5tion1 = he believ$ t 8 inv]t$ p>a*ute w\ld desc5d m smoo?ly ?r\gh ! air ?an ! old k9d1 :i*1 :ile x support$ ! aviator1 _h a t5d5cy to rock & pit* 9 ! air aft] ! mann] ( a kite4 ,he s\ght an opportunity ( giv+ 8 idea a public trial1 b exp]i5c$ a]onauts advis$ him n to d s1 z !y did n tru/ ! safety ( 8 app>atus4 ,h[ev]1 he insi/$1 & he f9ally p]suad$ ! fam\s a]onaut ,gre5 to take him up4 ,on ,july #bd?1 #ahcg1 ! fam\s exp]im5t 0 made4 ,gre5 asc5d$ 9 ! great ,nassau balloon1 ) ,cock+'s p>a*ute susp5d$ b5ea? x4 ,?\s&s ( spectators _h ga!r$ to wat* ! asc5t1 b z ! balloon 0 c>ri$ away by ! breeze x 0 f9ally lo/ to _! view1 & s !y 7 sp>$ witness+ ! accid5t :i* foll[$4 ,gre5 _h be5 greatly worri$ ov] ! safety ( ! p>a*ute & _h refus$ to free x f 8 balloon1 b ?is difficulty ,cock+ _h ov]come by arrang+ a contrivance :i* p]mitt$ him to free himself :5 he ?\ght ! prop] mom5t _h arriv$ = 8 exp]im5t4 ,f9ally1 at a height ( ab\t #ejjj feet1 he call$ good-by to ,gre5 & let himself g4 ,reliev$ ( 8 weight ! balloon b\nd$ up ) great swiftness1 & x 0 "s "t be=e x recov]$ its equilibrium4 ,mean:ile ! p>a*ute fell e>?w>d ) trem5d\s spe$1 rock+ f side to side1 until f9ally1 unable to /& ! /ra9 any long] x w5t to pieces 9 ! air1 & ! un=tunate p>a*uti/ came cra%+ to ! gr\nd4 ,he di$ a few mom5ts lat]4 ,cock+'s dea? ca/ a gloom ov] p>a*ute en?usia/s1 & = "s "t ! contrivance fell into disfavor4 ,b ! real reason = its disuse 0 t ballooni/s f\nd !y ne$$ no life belt1 z ! balloon itself1 if = any reason an explosion %\ld occur1 w\ld s9k g5tly to e>?1 ! upp] portion ( ! envelope =m+ a natural p>a*ute4 ,s = a numb] ( ye>s ! p>a*ute 0 little he>d (1 except z a ?rill] at c\ntry fairs4 ,9 ?is connection x 0 always fairly popul>4 ,x 0 usually a fold+ umbrella p>a*ute t ! p]=m] us$ on su* occasions4 ,z he leapt f ! balloon he dropp$ /raight d[n dur+ a few t]rify+ seconds4 ,!n to ! relief ( ! spectators ! p>a*ute sl[ly & gracefully op5$ l a huge canopy ov] 8 head4 ,f t mom5t 8 fall 0 *eck$ & he sank gracefully & sl[ly to ! e>?4 ,) ! com+ ( ! ,great ,w> ! day ( ! p>a*ute 0 reviv$4 ,greatly improv$ 9 con/ruction x came into its true & important rle z ! life-belt ( ! a]onaut4 ,! life ( ! balloon obs]v] 9 w> times is a prec>i\s "o4 ,8 balloon is n free b is held captive by heavy cables rea*+ to ! gr\nd bel[4 ,h\r aft] h\r he sits wat*+ ! situation ov] ! enemy's l9es by means ( a telescope4 ,9 ! balloon basket he has a telephone :i* connects ) ! gr\nd /ation1 & ?us he is able to s5d con/ant in/ructions to ! artill]y1 enabl+ !m to hit _! objectives1 z well z to keep ! (fic]s in=m$ ( ! g5]al situation4 ,b 8 /ation>y position makes him an easy t>get = enemy bombs & bullets4 ,at any mom5t he may f9d himself attack$ by a squadron ( airplanes4 ,at ! fir/ indication ( dang] 8 comrades on ! gr\nd beg9 haul+ 8 balloon d[n1 & ?is precaution may possibly save 8 life4 ,b (t5 ! em]g5cy is v great4 ,! a]onaut1 attack$1 unexpect$ly & ) no means ( def5d+ himself1 has b "o *ance ( sav+ 8 life1 & t is to spr+ ) 8 p>a*ute f ! balloon4 ,?us ! p>a*ute 0 in/rum5tal 9 sav+ _m lives dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 & 9 peace times x w probably be fur!r develop$ = use 9 connection ) ! airplane z well z ! balloon4 ,"h ! great difficulty lies 9 ! fact t ! pilot is /rapp$ 9 8 seat1 & t he w\ld n h "t1 9 case ( an accid5t 9 mid-air1 to un/rap himself & atta* a p>a*ute device to 8 body4 ,?is might be ov]come by hav+ an app>atus already atta*$1 s t all he w\ld h to d w\ld be to free himself f 8 seat & leap ov] ! side4 ,"h aga9 he w\ld run a v great dang] ( be+ in/antly kill$1 z unless he maneuv]$ 8 control lev]s j "r be=e tak+ ! leap1 he w\ld probably be hit by 8 own ma*9e4 ,! idea has be5 sugge/$ ( a p>a*ute arrangem5t to be atta*$ to ! upp] w+ ( ! airplane itself4 ,?is p>a*ute w\ld rema9 clos$ except 9 case ( accid5t1 :5 a lev] op]at$ by ! pilot w\ld cause x to op5 & c>ry ! airplane safely to ! gr\nd4 ,b ! plan has nev] be5 work$ out & x is impossible to say at ?is e>ly date :e!r x w\ld prove ( mu* real b5efit4 ,9 cases ( eng9e failure ! aviator c v (t5 glide d[n safely to ! e>?2 :ile 9 w>time1 !re is always ! possibility t if ! w+s ( ! airplane 7 damag$ by enemy fire ! p>a*ute also might be impair$4 ,an int]e/+ use ( ! p>a*ute 0 made by bomb+ airplanes & ,zeppel9s dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,! pilots ( ^! craft dropp$ fl>es or lights atta*$ to p>a*utes1 & by means ( ^! !y succe$$ 9 locat+ _! objectives & at ! same "t 9 bl9d+ ! op]ators ( se>*lights & anti-aircraft guns4 ,j :at ! future ( ! p>a*ute w be x is h>d to pr$ict4 ,if !re are to be future w>s x w no d\bt play an important "p 9 !m 9 ! sav+ ( human life4 ,! next few ye>s w probably see ! adv5t ( huge a]ial l9]s1 built some:at on ! design ( ! ,zeppel94 ,^! great air%ips w travel 9 regul> r\tes across ! important c\ntries ( ! _w1 be>+ heavy c>goes ( m]*&ise & l>ge numb]s ( pass5g]s4 ,& we c easily imag9e t 9 t day e travel] 9 ! air w be suppli$ ) a p>a*ute z ! ocean travel] ( to-day is provid$ ) a life-belt4 ,?us ! simple little p>a*ute w h p]=m$ its useful mission 9 ! triumphal progress ( a]onautics4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,balloon+ ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,if y w5t d[n ,new ,york ,bay dur+ w>time y probably saw at ! entrance ( ! h>bor a ,unit$ ,/ates cruis] /ation$1 ) a kite balloon atta*$ to x1 /&+ s5t9el aga9/ enemy subm>9es or aircraft4 ,f _! positions high 9 ! basket1 ! obs]v]s c\ld see f> bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 = ! high] "o rises 9 ! air ! cle>] ! dep?s ( ! wat] become to ! vision4 ,!y _h p[]ful glasses & by means ( !m c\ld see f> out ov] ! wat]1 :]e at any mom5t a p]iscope might h %[n its face4 ,! obs]v]s 9 t s5t9el balloon c\ld spot a subm>9e :ile x 0 /ill a long way (f4 ,a telephone connection rea*+ f ! basket to ! %ip bel[ made x possible = !m to report a dang] in/antly1 & soon ! news w\ld be travel+ by wireless to ! wait+ de/roy]s & *as]s4 ,?is 0 probably ! mo/ important w> duty t 0 be+ p]=m$ by a balloon on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,b ov] 9 ,europe ! kite balloon did valiant s]vice above ! tr5*es4 ,! com+ ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e1 ) its p[]ful motor1 its bird-l body1 its great spe$ & lift+ p[]1 seem$ at fir/ to h driv5 ! balloon f ! field z an implem5t ( w>4 ,& 9 fact1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,_w ,w> ! airplane 0 almo/ exclusively employ$ by ! ,allies = sc\t+ ov] ! l9es1 wat*+ enemy movem5ts1 direct+ artill]y fire1 & keep+ ! g5]al /aff in=m$ ( ! /rategic situation4 ,x 0 ! ,hun :o fir/ discov]$ t _m ( ^! duties c\ld be f> m effici5tly p]=m$ by ! kite or sausage balloon--! dra*5 balloon1 z ! ,g]mans call$ x4 ,?is 0 n orig9ally a ,g]man inv5tion4 ,x 0 fir/ propos$ 9 #ahde by an ,engli%man nam$ ,ar*ibald ,d\glas1 b 8 exp]im5ts did n meet ) success & ! und]tak+ 0 all[$ to drop4 ,two ,prussian (fic]s1 ,major von ,p>seval & ,capta9 von ,sigsfeld1 seiz+ ^u ! idea ( ! kite balloon z ( great milit>y importance1 set !mselves to develop+ x4 ,9 #ahid !y produc$ ! fir/ dra*5 balloon1 & x 0 ?is t gave ! ,g]man army at ! outbreak ( ! w> "o ( its greate/ advantages ov] ! ,allies4 ,! *ief requirem5t = any obs]vation balloon is t x %all re/ 9 ! air absolutely /eady & motionless1 s t ! obs]v] may n be int]rupt$ 9 8 /udy ( ! enemy's t]ritory4 ,! sph]ical balloon is apt to sway & roll ) e puff ( w9d4 ,! kite balloon !re=e is a great improvem5t4 ,long & sausage-%ap$1 x comb9es ! features ( a kite & a balloon4 ,set at an angle to ! w9d1 x is support$ p>tly by ! gas ) :i* ! ma9 envelope is inflat$1 & p>tly by ! action ( ! breeze bl[+ aga9/ its "u surface1 exactly z a kite is held 9 ! air4 ,a small] balloon1 or /e]+ ballonet1 z x is call$1 is atta*$ to ! /]n ( ! kite balloon & acts z a rudd]4 ,?is ballonet is n inflat$ ) ! gas4 ,x hangs limp :ile ! balloon asc5ds1 b ! breeze quickly ru%es into its op5 end b5ea? ! ma9 envelope & fills x out4 ,?is air-rudd]1 z x cat*es ! breeze1 acts z a /eadi] = ! balloon4 ,! ma9 envelope has also an air *amb] or section at ! re>1 :i* is p>tition$ (f1 & :i* is n fill$ ) gas b is kept inflat$ by ! action ( ! breeze2 :ile on ei!r side ( ! rudd] !re are two small rectangul> sails1 :i* help resi/ any motion ( ! breeze :i* might cause ! balloon to sway4 ,be=e ! w> ! o!r l>ge p[]s _h made no attempts to imitate ! ,g]man dra*51 al?\gh !y _h e opportunity ( obs]v+ & /udy+ x1 & x seems v likely !y actually und]e/imat$ its milit>y importance4 ,b :5 ! w> began1 ,g]many surpris$ ! ,allies by ! effici5cy ( ^! obs]vation po/s 9 ! air4 ,! fact t !y 7 captive gave !m c]ta9 advantages ov] ! airplane = p>ticul> l9es ( "w4 ,!y 7 able to direct artill]y fire & keep ! g5]al /aff in=m$ ( ! situation ov] ! l9es4 ,high 9 ! air ^! look\ts c\ld spot ! t9ie/ *ange 9 ! map4 ,provid$ ) ! f9e/ in/rum5ts = obs]v+1 & connect$ ) ! artill]y /ation or ! headqu>t]s by telephone1 !y c\ld s5d 9 mom5tly reports ( ! progress ( ! battle4 ,:ile ! airplane 0 circl+ ! sky to wat* ! effects ( ! la/ artill]y fire1 & _h to get back to ! gr\nd be=e x c\ld give full in/ructions to ! gunn]s1 ! man 9 ! basket ( ! kite balloon ) a telephone 9 8 h&1 c\ld report e second j :]e ! la/ %ell /ruck1 :e!r ! %oot+ 0 too high or too l[1 & h[ to v>y ! aim to get clos] to ! t>get4 ,he 0 ! eye ( 8 batt]y4 ,! /ory ( h[ ! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities at ,*alais ,meudon succe$$ 9 obta9+ plans = ! fir/ ,fr5* milit>y kite balloon 0 "o ( ! c>efully gu>d$ secrets ( ! w>4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiae ! manufacture ( kite balloons 0 well "u way 9 ,france4 ,9 record "t :ole battalions ( !m 7 ready = s]vice on l& & on sea4 ,!y play$ a gallant rle 9 ! ,d>danelles 9 connection ) ! ,briti% fleet4 ,soon aft]w>d !y 7 employ$ ov] ! tr5*es 9 ,france4 ,! milit>y kite balloon's fir/ & *ief aim is ! direct+ ( artill]y fire4 ,?is x c d bett] ?an ! airplane1 :i* travels at high spe$ & mu/ con/antly circle or fly backw>d & =w>d 9 ord] to keep close to & be able to wat* ! t>get t is be+ aim$ at4 ,b ! obs]v] 9 ! balloon basket sits practically motionless1 :ile ) ! aid ( a p[]ful telescope he wat*es ! results ( ! fir+4 ,be=e him he has a map on :i* he c plot ! location ( ! t>get1 & ?r\gh a telephone connection he c advise ! m5 9 ! gr\nd /ation h[ to v>y ! range4 ,?9k h[ mu* easi] x is = him to expla9 to ! m5 bel[ by ^w ( m\? ! results ( 8 obs]vations1 ?an = ! obs]v] 9 an airplane1 so>+ ?r\gh ! sky1 to s5d t same message 9 a few brief words by means ( wireless4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! kite balloon at ! front usually c>ries two obs]v]s 9 its basket3 "o to "w directly ) ! artill]y & ! o!r to d g5]al look-out "w4 ,! fir/ has 8 eye on ! t>get :i* ! m5 bel[ are try+ to hit1 & wat*es = ! explosions ( %ells fir$ by 8 batt]y4 ,b 8 comrade lets 8 gaze roam all ov] ! horizon4 ,he sees ! movem5ts ( enemy troop tra9s1 ! mass+ ( m5 & supplies1 ! fla%es ( ! enemy's batt]ies4 ,%\ld "s objective ( great importance loom up 9 ! di/ance1 su* z a convoy ( ammunition1 ! ^w is pass$ in/antly to ! batt]y bel[1 & ! guns are tra9$ on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inflat+ ,a ,,s]vice ,,balloon ,,on ,,! ,,field ,aft] ! "w 9 connection ) ! batt]ies1 ! second great rle ( ! obs]vation balloon is to keep ! comm&+ (fic] at headqu>t]s in=m$ ( ! movem5ts ( ! enemy1 ! effects ( ! fir+ & ! g5]al situation4 ,! m5 9 a balloon ( ?is sort mu/ "k ! t]ritory v intimately1 s t !y c spot ! t9ie/ *ange4 ,x is _! duty to discov] conceal$ batt]ies & o!r objects beh9d ! enemy's l9es :i* may help ! ,divisional /aff to lay its plans4 ,& rememb] t !y h no l&m>ks to g by4 ,out 9 t dread region ( battle n a tree nor a m\nd has be5 left to v>y ! dull monotony ( ! br[n e>?1 swept clean by ! con/ant ra9 ( %ells4 ,s x requires %>p eyes to di/+ui% ! c>efully cam\flag$ batt]ies ( ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,army ,,balloon ,,ready ,,to ,,asc5d ,( c\rse ! obs]vation balloon at ! front has to be c>efully protect$1 = x furni%es a good t>get = ! bombs f enemy aircraft4 ,e kite balloon has its deta*m5t ( def5d+ airplanes1 :i* circle r\nd x 9 wide circles1 on ! look\t = approa*+ bomb+ planes ( ! enemy4 ,anti-aircraft guns also /& gu>d aga9/ ! dang]4 ,nev]!less ! obs]v]'s life is a p]il\s "o1 ! m s because he is a fix$ t>get1 unable to %ift 8 position4 ,a /ory is told ( ! h]oism ( ,emile ,dubonnet1 ! weal?y ,fr5* sportsman1 :o 0 obs]v+ = ! ,fr5* #ge's ne> ,b]ry-au-,bac :5 he 0 attack$ by two ,g]man taubes4 ,appe>+ sudd5ly out ( ! cl\ds1 !y swoop$ d[n ^u him1 hov]+ ov] 8 balloon & dropp+ %ells1 :i* =tunately miss$ _! aim4 ,! taubes 7 s ne> to ! balloon t ! ,fr5* 7 =c$ to /op fir+ le/ !y hit _! own man4 ,coolly ,dubonnet cont9u$ 8 obs]vations ( ! enemy's t]ritory1 telephon+ ! results ( _! fire to ! ,fr5* batt]ies bel[ him1 until a c\ple ( ,fr5* planes arriv$ on ! sc5e & drove ! taubes back to _! l9es4 ,s sev]e is ! /ra9 ( con/ant scann+ ( ! enemy's t]ritory ?r\gh high p[]$ glasses t x 0 f\nd necess>y to draw ! obs]vation balloon d[n ab\t e two h\rs 9 ord] to *ange obs]v]s4 ,at dawn ! fir/ balloons 7 s5t up4 ,all day long1 except = ! brief int]vals :5 obs]v]s 7 *ang$1 !y /ood !re 9 ! sky4 ,(t5 f> into ! night !y cont9u$ to play _! sil5t rle 9 ! great drama ( w>4 ,"s ( ! obs]v]s 9 fact became s exp]i5c$ t !y 7 able to d almo/ z good "w at night z by day4 ,x is said t enemy guns s cam\flag$ t !y are n visible by day n infrequ5tly %[ up 9 ! d>kness4 ,! kite balloon is connect$ ) ! e>? by means ( a /rong /eel cable1 :i* w9ds onto an imm5se reel4 ,to s5d ! balloon up1 ! reel is turn$ & ! cable is play$ out2 :5 x is necess>y to draw ! balloon to e>? once m1 ! cable is aga9 w\nd ab\t ! reel4 ,an electric motor is atta*$ to ! reel & turns x 9 "o direction or ! o!r4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! cable runs ! telephone wire :i* connects ! obs]v] 9 ! basket ) ! batt]y ) :i* he works4 ,! obs]v] is equipp$ ) a p>a*ute = use 9 case ( sudd5 dang]4 ,?is p>a*ute has /raps l ^? ( a man's susp5d]s :i* hold x to 8 back4 ,:5 he spr+s f ! balloon ! p>a*ute quickly op5s & l&s him g5tly & safely on ! gr\nd4 ,! kite balloon itself has be5 greatly improv$ s9ce x 0 fir/ con/ruct$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,"o ( its greate/ disadvantages lay 9 ! great drag ^u ! cable1 :i* :5 ! w9d 0 v high caus$ su* an excessive /ra9 t x 0 dang]\s to use ! balloon4 ,! ,g]man dra*5 0 badly /reaml9$1 t is to say1 its %ape (f]$ great resi/ance to ! w9d4 ,?is resi/ance 0 increas$ by ! ru% ( air into ! op5 m\? ( ! /e]+ ballonet4 ,an attempt to improve ! design ( ! kite balloon 0 made by an ,am]ican firm1 ! ,goodye> ,tire & ,rubb] ,company ( ,akron1 ,ohio4 ,!y con/ruct$ a balloon :i* 9 g5]al outl9e resembl$ ! ,g]man dra*51 b :i* _h n ! /e]+ ballonet or rudd] at ! /]n4 ,9 its place !y sub/itut$ l>ge flat f9s at ! /]n1 & ^!1 :ile !y (f]$ less resi/ance & ?us r$uc$ ! /ra9 or tug ( ! balloon ^u its cable1 did n hold ! balloon absolutely /eady 9 ! air1 z ! /e]+ ballonet _h done4 ,9 ord] to give great /ead9ess ! ,goodye> p design$ a tail l t ( a kite1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( v small inv]t$ p>a*utes4 ,^! z !y caught ! breeze produc$ a resi/ance :i* /eadi$ ! balloon aft] ! mann] ( ! air rudd]4 ,! ,goodye> kite balloon 0 n an unqualifi$ success1 & x rema9$ = ,capta9 ,cacquot ( ! ,fr5* army to produce ! mo/ satisfactory design4 ,8 0 an almo/ p]fect /reaml9e model4 ,long & sausage-%ap$ l ! ,g]man dra*51 x has1 9 place ( ! /e]+ ballonet1 ?ree small ballonets at ! /]n :i* are 9 reality inflat$ f9s4 ,!y are fill$ ) air :i* is f$ to !m by a m\? or op5+ und]nea? ! ma9 envelope4 ,^! inflat$ f9s1 :ile act+ z a rudd] to hold ! balloon /eady 9 ! air1 d n (f] ! resi/ance t 0 caus$ by ei!r ! flat f9s ( ! ,goodye> model or ! op5-m\!d /e]+ ballonet ( ! old type4 ,?us ! ,fr5* /reaml9e balloon came to be ! accept$ model ( ! ,alli$ nations1 & prov$ itself an effici5t arm ( ! s]vice dur+ ! w>4 ,balloon+ 9 itself w probably nev] be ! sport t x once 01 = ! com+ ( ! swift motor-driv5 dirigible & ! /ill swift] airplane has made ! old w9d-driv5 vessel a hopelessly obsolete contrivance4 ,x is !re=e all ! m int]e/+ to "k t ! captive balloon1 develop$ to highe/ =m ( effici5cy1 gave good s]vice 9 ! w> aga9/ ,g]many & made itself a reliable & valuable s]vant ( our armies1 accompli%+ its mission 9 a p>ticul> field 9 :i* nei!r ! air%ip nor ! airplane 0 able to compete ) x successfully4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,dirigible ,no soon] _h ! ,montgolfi]s & _! colleagues con/ruct$ _! e>lie/ balloon models ?an sci5tific m5 & ! g5]al public1 ar\s$ by ! possibilities ( navigat+ ! heav5s1 set !mselves to devis+ s*emes = /e]+ aircraft4 ,= ( c\rse ! "o great faculty :i* ! balloon lack$ 0 ! ability to *oose its own c\rse4 ,once x arose into ! air x 0 c>ri$ along 9 ! direction & at ! spe$ ( :atev] w9d happ5$ to be bl[+4 ,int]e/ 9 ! problem wax$ s hot t !re 0 sc>cely a bank]1 f>m] or groc] ( ^? e>ly days :o did n h 8 private !ory conc]n+ ! /e]+ ( balloons4 ,_m le>n$ essays on ! subject 7 writt51 & _m fooli% solutions 7 advanc$1 among !m t ( h>ness+ a flock ( birds to ! balloon1 ) re9s = guid+ !m4 ,b ! idea e "o ?\ght mo/ likely 0 t ( o>s1 sails & a rudd]4 ,n[ !re are sev]al v good reasons :y ?is me?od1 adapt$ f sail+ vessels1 is useless :5 x comes to a balloon4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no soon] has ! balloon ris5 to its maximum height into ! atmosph]e ?an x is caught 9 an air-curr5t & c>ri$ along at exactly ! same rate ( spe$ z t at :i* ! air itself is mov+4 ,to ! occupants x seems to be hang+ motionless 9 a dead calm1 :]e !re is no breeze bl[+4 ,s9ce its motion & t ( ! surr\nd+ air are exactly equal1 !re is ( c\rse no resi/+ pressure aga9/ a sail1 :i* simply hangs dead & lifeless4 ,to r[ 9 ! air1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld require o>s ( enorm\s size or else mov+ at a trem5d\s spe$ & a sup]human /r5g? w\ld be ne$$ = mov+ !m4 ,/op to ?9k ( ! great velocity & p[] ( ! w9d & !n try to imag9e ! /r5g? t w\ld be necess>y to r[ aga9/ ?is tide4 ,^! facts1 h[ev]1 did n occur to ! e>ly exp]im5t]s1 & balloons equipp$ ) sails & o>s 7 actually con/ruct$4 ,9 ord] t !y might pres5t less resi/ance to ! air1 !y 7 made egg-%ap$1 or long & cyl9drical1 sometimes ) po9t$ ends1 & ?is1 at lea/1 0 an advance4 ,ano!r /ep 9 ! "r direction 0 ! sugge/ion ( paddle :eels1 project+ f ea* side ( ! c>1 & beat+ ! air z !y revolv$4 ,?is 0 com+ v close to ! correct solution1 t ( a revolv+ propell]4 ,b un=tunately at ?is e>ly date ! me*anical sci5ces 7 9 _! infancy1 & al?\gh soon aft]w>d ! idea ( a screw propell] did come up1 ! inv5tors 7 h&icapp$ by ! fact !y knew ( no o!r p[] ?an h&-p[] ) :i* to drive x4 ,! man :o might almo/ be call$ ! fa!r ( ! mod]n dirigible balloon 0 ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,meusni]1 an (fic] 9 ! army & a man ( great sci5tific & te*nical skill4 ,meusni] j propos$ t air-bags or ballonets z !y are n[ call$ be plac$ inside ! balloon prop]4 ,by pump+ air into ^! ! balloon envelope c\ld be fill$ out aga9 :5 x _h become p>tly deflat$ by loss ( gas1 = "o ( ! great problems 0 to ma9ta9 ! %ape ( ! balloon aft] a quantity ( gas _h escap$4 ,?is 0 a good idea1 b un=tunately its fir/ public trial almo/ result$ 9 a trag$y4 ,"o ,duke de ,*>tres ord]$ a balloon ( ?is sort to be built = him by ! bro!rs ,rob]t1 ,p>isian me*anics4 ,accompani$ by ! ,rob]ts !mselves & ano!r man he asc5d$ 9 x 9 ,july1 #aghd4 ,! balloon 0 fi%-%ap$ & 0 equipp$ ) o>s & a rudd]4 ,no soon] _h x />t$ on its upw>d j\rney ?an x 0 caught 9 a viol5t swirl ( air :i* tore away ! o>s4 ,! op5+ 9 ! neck ( ! balloon became clos$ ov] by ! air bag inside1 & !re 0 no outlet = ! gas1 :i* exp&$ z ! balloon rose4 ,und\bt$ly a t]rific explosion w\ld h occurr$1 b ! ,duke1 ) great pres5ce ( m9d1 drew 8 sword & cut a sla% t5 feet long 9 ! balloon envelope4 ,he sav$ 8 own life & t ( 8 comrades4 ,! gas1 escap+ ?r\gh ! r5t1 all[$ ! balloon to settle sl[ly to e>?1 )\t injury to its occupants4 ,b ! spectators did n und]/& ! em]g5cy1 & ! ,duke 0 cov]$ ) ridicule = 8 suppos$ c[>dice4 ,! idea ( ! air-bags1 h[ev]1 0 a useful "o1 & 9 lat] exp]im5ts work$ well4 ,meusni] gave a great deal ( e>ne/ /udy & exp]im5t to ! dirigible balloon1 & he orig9at$ a design :i* 0 f> ahead ( 8 day4 ,he decid$ on an elliptical or egg %ape = ! envelope1 ) small air bags inside x1 & he sugge/$ us+ a boat %ap$ c>1 :i* w\ld (f] less resi/ance to ! air ?an ! old r\nd basket4 ,! c> 0 atta*$ to ! balloon by an absolutely rigid connection1 s t x c\ld n sw+ backw>d z ! balloon drove ahead4 ,halfway betwe5 ! c> & ! envelope he plac$ ?ree propell]s1 & ^!1 = want ( any =m ( motor1 7 driv5 by h& pulleys4 ,meusni]'s design = a dirigible 0 ! clev]e/ & mo/ practical ( its day1 b ow+ to ! co/1 x 0 nev] actually c>ri$ out4 ,9 #agic1 ,g5]al ,meusni] 0 kill$ at ,may5ce1 fight+ aga9/ ! ,prussians4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 little 0 he>d ( ! dirigible balloon = ano!r fifty ye>s4 ,except p]haps = ! novelty balloons at ! c\ntry fair1 ! sci5ce ( a]onautics slept4 ,! next appe>ance ( ! dirigible 9 hi/ory 0 9 #aheb1 :5 ! "w ( ! ,fr5*man ,giff>d attract$ widespread att5tion4 ,9 #ahea1 ,giff>d _h con/ruct$ a small /eam eng9e1 ( ab\t ?ree horsep[]1 & weigh+ only #ajj p\nds4 ,he ?\ght x c\ld be us$ = driv+ a balloon1 & ) ! aid ( a c\ple ( fri5ds he set to "w build+ an air%ip1 :i* 0 some:at ! %ape ( a cig>1 po9t$ at ! ends4 ,x 0 #add feet long & #dj feet 9 diamet] at its ?icke/ "p1 & x held #hh1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,ov] ! envelope 0 spread a net f :i* a heavy pole 0 susp5d$ by ropes4 ,at ! end ( ?is pole1 or keel1 z ,giff>d call$ x1 0 a triangul> sail :i* act$ z a rudd]4 ,tw5ty feet bel[ ! pole hung ! c>1 9 :i* 0 ! /eam motor & propell]4 ,) ?is new means ( driv+ ! propell]1 ! dirigible began to %[ signs ( prov+ a success1 al?\gh z yet x c\ld n develop any v great spe$4 ,"o reason 0 t ! eng9e 0 too heavy 9 proportion to ! p[] x g5]at$4 ,giff>d's air%ip "u ! mo/ favorable conditions c\ld only g at f f\r to five miles an h\r1 :5 !re 0 no w9d4 ,"o ( ! problems ,giff>d _h to solve 0 t ( prev5t+ an explosion ( ! gas escap+ ?r\gh ! neck ( ! balloon1 z x came 9 contact ) ! heat ( ! eng9e4 ,to avoid ?is1 he plac$ a piece ( wire gauze1 simil> to t us$ 9 safety lant]ns1 9 front ( ! /okehole & ! smoke ( ! furnace 0 all[$ to escape ?r\gh a *imney at "o corn] ( ! c>1 po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,giff>d's second air%ip1 ( some:at diff]5t design1 0 de/roy$ by an accid5t on its v fir/ trip4 ,he at once began work+ on a design = a giant air%ip1 :i* 0 to be #a1igj feet long1 & #ih feet 9 diamet] at ! middle4 ,! motor 0 to weigh #cj tons1 & he e/imat$ t ! air%ip w\ld fly at #dj miles an h\r4 ,he work$ out ! s*eme 9 e detail1 b ow+ to ! exp5se ! dirigible 0 nev] made4 ,! fir/ milit>y dirigible ev] built 0 t con/ruct$ by ,dupuy de ,lme = ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 & tri$ out 9 #ahgb4 ,its propell] 0 driv5 by a crew ( eight m51 a v curi\s proce$+1 s9ce ! /eam eng9e _h be5 successfully tri$4 ,a dirigible :i* 0 almo/ mod]n 9 design 0 mean:ile be+ con/ruct$ by ,paul ,ha5le9 9 ,g]many1 & made its appe>ance 9 #ahgb4 ,x 0 long & cyl9drical1 ) po9t$ ends1 ! c> plac$ close to ! balloon envelope1 to give a v rigid connection4 ,its really notewor?y feature 0 ! gas eng9e1 replac+ ! /eam eng9e t ,giff>d _h us$ z a means ( driv+ ! propell]4 ,! gas = ! eng9e 0 tak5 f ! balloon itself & ! loss 0 made good by pump+ air into ! air-bags4 ,! balloon envelope held #he1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 & ( ?is ! eng9e consum$ #bej cubic feet an h\r4 ,?is dirigible1 on trial trips1 atta9$ a v fair spe$1 :i* w\ld h be5 great] _h hydrog5 gas be5 us$ 9 ! envelope in/ead ( ord9>y gas4 ,b lack ( funds prev5t$ fur!r exp]im5t1 & ,ha5le9 _h to ab&on 8 attempts4 ,t5 ye>s n[ pass$ be=e ! next notable ef=t at dirigible con/ruction4 ,! delay 0 probably due to ! fact t no suitable driv+ p[] 0 yet kn[n4 ,9 #ahhb ! fam\s ,fr5* a]onauts ,ga/on & ,alb]t ,tiss&i] con/ruct$ an air%ip some:at simil> to ,giff>d's models1 b conta9+ an electric motor4 ,b al?\gh ?is dirigible co/ #b1jjj or almo/ #aj1jjj to build1 x _h ! same fault z all t prec$$ x2 x c\ld n develop spe$4 ,! problem ( f9d+ an eng9e ( suffici5tly light weight & high p[] 0 a difficult "o1 :i* has n to-day be5 :olly solv$4 ,! public g5]ally _h begun to ?9k ( ! dirigible balloon z impractical & impossible1 :5 9 #ahhd came ! />tl+ news t two ,fr5* (fic]s1 nam$ ,r5>d & ,krebs1 _h p]=m$ "s rem>kable feats 9 a balloon ( _! own design4 ,an electric motor ( #h-a_/b horsep[] drove ! propell]4 ,sev]al details ( ?is dirigible are extremely int]e/+4 ,! axis on :i* ! propell] blades 7 fix$ c\ld be lift$ 9 ord] to prev5t !m f be+ injur$ 9 case ( a sudd5 drop4 ,a trail rope 0 also us$ s z to break ! %ock :i* might result f a sudd5 fall4 ,at ! back betwe5 ! c> & ! balloon 0 fix$ ! rudd]1 ( unusual design1 consi/+ ( two f\r-sid$ pyramids ) _! bases plac$ toge!r4 ,r5>d & ,krebs *ri/5$ _! dirigible ,la ,france1 & on ,augu/ #i1 #ahhd1 !y gave x its fir/ public try\t ne> ,*alais1 ) great success4 ,!y travel$ "s di/ance aga9/ ! w9d1 turn$ & came back cov]+ a di/ance ( ab\t #e miles 9 #bc m9utes4 ,nev] be=e _h a balloon be5 able to make a trip & return to ! place ( its asc5sion4 ,b 9 spite ( ! success ( ,r5>d & 8 comrade1 con/ruction ( dirigibles 9 ,france paus$ = sometime1 & x 0 9 ,g]many t ! next attempts 7 made4 ,9 #ahhj1 a cig>-%ap$ dirigible1 equipp$ ) a b5z9e motor 0 demon/rat$ 9 ,leipsic4 ,x _h be5 built ! ye> be=e by ,baumg>t5 & ,wlf]t4 ,at its sides x _h w+s or sails & ?ree c>s 7 susp5d$ f x in/ead ( "o4 ,?is air%ip met ) a s]i\s accid5t on its v fir/ trip4 ,a pass5g] 9 "o ( ! c>s de/roy$ ! balance1 ! :ole ?+ toppl$ ov] & cra%$ to ! e>?1 ! occupants miracul\sly escap+ injury4 ,n long aft]w>d ,baumg>t5 di$4 ,wlf]t con/ruct$ a new dirigible ( 8 own design conta9+ a b5z9e motor 9 :i* he asc5d$ f ! ,tempelh(] ,feld1 ne> ,b]l91 9 ,june1 #ahig4 ,wlf]t _h neglect$ to provide aga9/ contact ( ! gas escap+ f ! envelope ) ! heat$ fumes f ! eng9e4 ,an explosion took place 9 mid-air1 & ! ma*9e fell to e>? 9 a mass ( flames1 kill+ ,wlf]t & ! o!r occupant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,giff>d',s ,,air%ip ,next 9 ! long s]ies ( attempts came t ( an ,au/rian nam$ ,david ,s*w>tz1 :o design$ a dirigible ) "o entirely new feature3 a rigid alum9um envelope4 ,?is balloon _h a petrol eng9e4 ,x 0 tri$ out 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahig1 b an accid5t to ! propell]s br\ght x cra%+ to ! gr\nd4 ,its occupant jump$ = 8 life & b>ely escap$ kill+4 ,up to ?is "t !re is little to record 9 dirigible hi/ory b a long s]ies ( valiant attempts & failures1 punctuat$ all too frequ5tly by grewsome disa/]s4 ,b ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 draw+ to a close1 ! tw5tie? c5tury ) its era ( me*anical triumphs 0 at h&1 & ! "t 0 ripe = ^? *ampions ( ! dirigible to appe> :o %\ld make x a pot5t factor 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,santos-,,dumont ,,r\nd+ ,,! ,,eiffel ,,t[] ,almo/ at ! same "t !re /epp$ into ! limelight ( public int]e/ two m51 repres5t+ ,g]many & ,france1 ^: names are n[ fam\s 9 ! a]onautic _w4 ,9 #ahih !re appe>$ 9 ,p>is a "y ,brazilian nam$ ,santos-,dumont1 :o began con/ruct+ a s]ies ( dirigibles ^: success a/\nd$ ! au?orities4 ,9 exactly ! same ye> ,c\nt von ,zeppel91 9 ,g]many1 =m$ a limit$ liability company = ! purpose ( rais+ funds = air%ip con/ruction4 ,8 fir/ dirigible balloon 0 ! longe/ & bigge/ t _h ev] be5 built4 ,al?\gh ! envelope 0 n1 l ,s*w>tz's dirigible1 ( solid alum9um1 x 0 practically rigid1 = x 0 made by /ret*+ a l95 & silk cov]+ ov] an alum9um framework4 ,zeppel9's fir/ air%ip _h two c>s1 ) a motor 9 ea*1 giv+ ab\t #cj horsep[]4 ,on its trial trips x made a bett] spe$ ?an _h yet be5 atta9$4 ,) ! exp]i5ce he _h ga9$ ,zeppel9 set to "w on a new design4 ,x 0 five ye>s be=e he secur$ en\gh funds = its con/ruction1 b x 0 f9ally ready 9 #aije4 ,! mo/ important improvem5t 0 9 ! motors1 :i* 7 z light 9 weight z ^? ( ! fir/ dirigible b _h a greatly increas$ p[]4 ,z be=e1 !re 7 two c>s1 ) an #hj horsep[] motor 9 ea*4 ,ev5 ?is air%ip1 9 spite ( its great] spe$1 0 n an unqualifi$ success1 = x 0 discov]$ t x _h too great a lift+ p[]1 s t :5 laun*$ x rose at once to a height ( ab\t #aejj feet1 & 0 impossible to op]ate at a l[] level4 ,santos-,dumont1 mean:ile1 9 ,p>is1 _h be5 p]=m+ feats ( a]onautics :i* _h made him ! ackn[l$g$ h]o ( ! air4 ,santos-,dumont 0 probably f> f be+ ! sci5tific /ud5t ( balloon con/ruction t ,zeppel9 01 b :ile 8 dirigibles did n atta9 a great spe$ or repres5t a trem5d\s advance 9 actual !ory1 8 public p]=mances s]v$ "o great purpose1 !y ar\s$ ! ardor & en?usiasm ( ! :ole ,fr5* p & ( _m 9 o!r c\ntries = ! sport ( balloon+4 ,santos-,dumont _h great weal?1 & a sportsman's c\rage4 ,he con/ruct$ 9 all #ad dirigibles1 ea* "t seiz+ ^u ! exp]i5ce he _h ga9$ & incorporat+ x into a new model1 ca/+ aside ! old4 ,santos-,dumont's air%ips 7 altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( ,zeppel94 ,:ile ,zeppel9's _h an inn] framework to ma9ta9 ! %ape ( ! envelope1 ,santos-,dumont dep5d$ entirely on ! l95 air bags1 plac$ inside ! balloon1 :i* z x became flabby ?r\gh loss ( gas1 c\ld be pump$ full ( air to hold ! envelope 9 place4 ,8 balloons 7 ei!r long & cyl9drical ) po9t$ ends1 cig>-%ap$1 or else egg-%ap$1 ) ends r\nd$4 ,9 spite ( all ! curi\s accid5ts t beset ?is "y ,brazilian on 8 e>ly trips1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,p>is1 he 0 nev] once det]r$ f 8 ef=ts4 ,he almo/ lo/ 8 life sev]al times 9 8 fir/ air%ip1 b he pr(it$ by ! mi/akes ( con/ruction 9 build+ ! second4 ,8 dirigibles increas$ 9 size z he in/all$ 9 ea* successive model a m p[]ful & consequ5tly heavi] motor1 requir+ great] lift+ p[]4 ,9 8 ?ird balloon ,santos-,dumont asc5d$ f ! ,*amp de ,m>s 9 ,p>is & circl$ ! ,eiffel ,t[] amid ! *e]s ( ?\s&s ( onlook]s1 f9ally desc5d+ 9 an op5 field outside ,p>is4 ,public int]e/ 0 n[ ?or\ghly ar\s$4 ,a prize ( #d1jjj 0 (f]$ by ,monsieur ,deuts* to ! a]onaut :o c\ld circle ! ,eiffel ,t[] & return to ! />t+-po9t at ,sa9t ,cl\d )9 half an h\r4 ,santos-,dumont attempt$ ?is ) 8 #d? & #e? ma*9es1 b x 0 n until he built 8 #f? model t he f9ally accompli%$ x4 ,! ,brazilian gov]nm5t s5t him a gold m$al & an additional #e1jjj ) :i* to build new balloons4 ,numb] #i 0 ! mo/ popul> ( all ,santos-,dumont's ma*9es4 ,he became ! idol ( ! ,fr5* public1 :om he 0 always surpris+ ) 8 spectacul> & unlook$-= adv5tures4 ,dur+ ! races at ,long*amps he desc5d$ on ! race c\rse1 /ay$ to view ! p]=mance1 !n m\nt$ 9 8 c> & rode away4 ,he amaz$ ! pass]sby by alight+ be=e 8 own front door 9 ,p>is :]e he left 8 air%ip :ile he w5t & ate breakfa/4 ,he sail$ up opposite ! gr&/& :5 ,presid5t ,l\bet 0 review+ ! ,fr5* troops1 fir$ a salute1 & z unexpect$ly dep>t$4 ,santos-,dumont's p[] ( escape f dea? seems almo/ uncanny b x 0 due to 8 coolness 9 fac+ any situation4 ,9 ! majority ( 8 air%ips he us$ a petroleum motor1 & ) ?is !re is consid]able dang] ( ! petroleum 9 ! res]voir cat*+ fire4 ,on "o occasion a fire did />t1 b he succe$$ 9 ext+ui%+ x ) 8 panama hat4 ,among all 8 mi%aps1 includ+ t ( fall+ into ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 he nev] really _h a s]i\s explosion4 ,ano!r "y ,brazilian1 h[ev]1 nam$ ,sev]o1 0 kill$ 9 a dirigible ( 8 own con/ruction1 :5 ! petroleum 9 ! eng9e caught fire4 ,he asc5d$ 9 ,may1 #aijb1 9 a balloon :i* he call$ ! ,pax4 ,8 c> 0 se5 sudd5ly to bur/ 9 flames1 a viol5t explosion foll[$1 & ! :ole ?+ cra%$ to e>?4 ,santos-,dumont plac$ 8 la/ ?ree dirigibles at ! disposal ( ! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities4 ,actually he _h n develop$ a type suitable = milit>y use4 ,b 8 public p]=mances _h ar\s$ int5se popul> int]e/ & _h succe$$ 9 op5+ ! eyes ( ! ,fr5* au?orities to ! possibilities ( ! air%ip 9 "t ( w>4 ,8 rem>kable a]ial feats _h attract$ ! att5tion 9 p>ticul> ( two ,fr5*m5 ( 8 own f9e metal & c\rage1 :o f ?is "t =? left no /one unturn$ to excel him 9 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,=]unn]s ,,( ,,! ,,alli$ ,,dirigibles ,x is to ! two ,fr5* bro!rs ,lebaudy t ,france & ! ,allies owe ! cr$it = ! developm5t ( ! big milit>y dirigible su* z is us$ 9 ! pres5t ,w>4 ,^! bro!rs 7 weal?y & full ( en?usiasm = a]onautics4 ,f a di/ance !y _h wat*$ ! a*ievem5ts ( ,santos-,dumont & !y det]m9$ to exp5d e possible ef=t to excel him 9 ! con/ruction ( dirigibles4 ,9 #ahii !y commission$ an exp]i5c$ eng9e] nam$ ,j\illot to make a /udy ( ! problem1 to discov] if possible :y previ\s exp]im5t]s _h fail$ to produce a model ( satisfactory spe$ & p[]1 & to draw up designs = an air%ip :i* %\ld correct ! faults ( ^? already kn[n4 ,x took two ye>s be=e a f+] c\ld be lift$ t[>d ! actual build+1 b f9ally 9 #aija ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! fir/ ,lebaudy air%ip comm5c$4 ,x 0 ready = a try\t 9 ,novemb]1 #aijb4 ,! envelope 0 ( bright yell[ calico3 x 0 cig>-%ap$1 #ahg feet long & #cb feet 9 diamet]4 ,! envelope 0 fa/5$ at ! bottom to a rigid floor-"w ( /eel tub+ & f ?is ! c> 0 susp5d$4 ,! dirigible 0 fitt$ ) a #dj horse p[] b5z9e motor2 & its total weight1 includ+ a supply ( b5z9e1 wat] & balla/1 0 two & "o-half tons4 ,dur+ ! next ye> ?is dirigible made at lea/ #cj trips1 at v fair spe$4 ,mean:ile ! build]s 7 /udy+ x 9 e detail1 work+ out ideas = improvem5ts & draw+ up plans = _! next model4 ,9 #aijd !y built _! second air%ip4 ,x 0 some:at long] ?an ! fir/ & ab\t ! same %ape1 b ! po9t$ end at ! re> _h be5 r\nd$ (f4 ,calico 0 aga9 us$ = ! cov]+ ( ! envelope1 & x 0 made absolutely air-tight by coat+ x inside & out ) rubb]4 ,besides ! ma9 valve !re 7 safety valves 9 ! envelope = all[+ ! gas to escape :5 ! pressure became too great4 ,! envelope 0 also provid$ ) two small w9d[s1 s t ! inside ( ! balloon c\ld be easily inspect$4 ,x _h sails to give x great] /ability1 & two movable sail-l rudd]s1 plac$ toge!r at a ,v-%ap$ angle4 ,! driv] c\ld alt] ! position ( ! sails & ! rudd] accord+ to ! w9d4 ,! c> ( ?is ,lebaudy air%ip 0 boat-%ap$ ) a flat bottom4 ,to dim9i% ! %ock 9 case ( a fall /eel tub+ 0 plac$ 9 a slant+ position b5ea? x 9 a pyramid arrangem5t1 ! po9t fac+ d[nw>ds4 ,! c> 0 set v close to ! envelope or body ( ! air%ip1 & c>ri$ ! #dj horse p[] b5z9e eng9e4 ,at ! front ( ! c> 0 an electrically work$ cam]a1 a #a1jjj1jjj c&le p[] acetyl5e projector provid+ light+ by night4 ,_m improvem5ts 7 lat] add$ to ?is second dirigible :i* 0 *ri/5$ ! ,lebaudy4 ,! int]e/ ( ! ,fr5* ,m9i/] ( ,w> 0 ar\s$ & he appo9t$ a commission f ! ,balloon ,corps to foll[ ! progress ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,e "o n[ began to look ^u ! dirigible z a factor to be reckon$ ) 9 ! ev5t ( a w>4 ,! ,lebaudy bro!rs (f]$ _! air%ip to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 & aft] x _h accompli%$ a s]ies ( te/s to prove its value z an in/rum5t ( w>1 x 0 accept$1 & became a model = lat] air%ip con/ruction4 ,g]many 0 n f> beh9d1 = already ,c\nt von ,zeppel9's second air%ip _h prov$ itself a success1 & plans 7 be+ laid = a ?ird4 ,f ?is "t on ! two ,european nations de/9$ to become p[]ful adv]s>ies 9 ! ,_w ,w>1 ?\gh work+ along some:at diff]5t l9es1 kept almo/ neck & neck 9 _! /ruggle = air supremacy4 ,! ,fr5* milit>y balloon dep>tm5t began at once ! "w ( con/ruct+ an airfleet ) ! ,lebaudy z a model & ) ! eng9e] ,j\illot z *ief advis]1 ?is "w w5t =w>d ) great rapidity4 ,! ,lebaudy 0 foll[$ 9 design pretty closely1 b a few *anges 7 made :i* exp]i5ce _h sugge/$4 ,= "o ?+ ! balloon envelope 0 r\nd$ at ! front & po9t$ at ! re>1 exactly ! rev]se ( ! ,lebaudy model1 z ?is arrangem5t 0 ?\ght to (f] less resi/ance to ! air4 ,x _h an int]nal air-bag or ballonet ^: capacity 0 "o-fif? t ( ! envelope4 ,?is ballonet 0 ( c\rse empty on ! asc5t4 ,x 0 calculat$ t ! balloon c\ld rea* a height ( ab\t a mile4 ,to desc5d1 gas w\ld !n be all[$ to escape1 &1 9 ord] to keep ! envelope fully inflat$1 air w\ld be pump$ into ! ballonet4 ,?is fir/ type ( dirigible actually con/ruct$ by ! ,fr5* army 0 call$ ! ,patrie4 ,x 0 #aig feet long & c>ri$ a b5z9e motor ( f #cj to #dj horse p[]1 :i* drove ! two d\ble-blad$ /eel propell]s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,lebaudy1 ! ,patrie 0 protect$ f injury by a /rong /eel framework1 com+ to a po9t bel[ ! c>4 ,9 case ( a sudd5 drop1 ?is po9t w\ld /rike ! gr\nd fir/ & w>d (f ! bl[ f ! c>1 & ! propell]s4 ,good z ?is plan seem$1 x did n always "w4 ,! ,patrie1 aft] _m successful j\rneys1 met ) an accid5t to h] motor1 escap$ h] gu>d ( soldi]s & drift$ (f alone4 ,%e cross$ ! ,engli% ,*annel & fell 9 ,irel&1 break+ (f h] propell]4 ,be=e %e c\ld be captur$ %e rose aga9 into ! air1 drift$ out ov] ! sea & 0 nev] aga9 he>d f4 ,m4 ,deuts*1 :o _h done s mu* to enc\rage ! ef=ts ( ,santos-,dumont1 /epp$ =w>d 9 ! em]g5cy & (f]$ ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 8 air%ip ! ,ville de ,p>is4 ,?is _h be5 design$ = him by an eng9e] nam$ ,tat94 ,x 0 #bjj feet long1 made ( ,g]man ,cont95tal ,rubb] ,fabric1 &1 l ! ,patrie1 _h an int]nal air-bag ( "o-fif? its capacity4 ,9 "o important respect x 0 diff]5t f ^? t prec$$ x4 ,at its /]n x _h eight small cyl9d]s1 or ballonets1 fill$ ) gas1 :i* add$ greatly to its /ability1 ?\gh !y detract$ f its spe$ by caus+ a consid]able resi/ance to ! air4 ,:ile ! c> ( ! ,patrie 0 ab\t #af feet long1 ?is new air%ip _h a c> measur+ #aae feet1 & ! propell] 0 at ! front1 s t z x revolv$ x drew r ?an pu%$ ! c> ?r\gh ! air4 ,a propell] ( ?is sort is t]m$ a tractor1 & figures to-day 9 _m models ( aircraft4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ( exp]im5t 9 ,france1 ,engl& & ,am]ica _h look$ on 9 comp>ative idl5ess4 ,9 #aijb ,engl& did inde$ possess "o small air%ip1 design$ by ,colonel ,templ] ( ! ,army ,balloon ,dep>tm5t1 & *ri/5$ ! ,nulli ,secundus 7,second to ,none74 ,%e 0 sausage %ap$3 r\nd$ at ! front & po9t$ at ! /]n ) a peculi> rudd] design4 ,h] c> 0 boat-%ap$ & h] propell]s 7 alum9um1 bo? revolv+ 9 ! same direction1 :i* gave h] a curi\s t5d5cy to som]sault4 ,9 spite ( _! baby dirigible's r pret5ti\s title1 ! milit>y au?orities1 & ! ,engli% public 9 g5]al1 evid5tly took slight /ore 9 ! infant prodigy1 = f #aijb to #aijh1 %e only came out ( h] %$ = a few %ort trips4 ,9 #aijh %e 0 completely remodell$1 & em]g$ = a trial trip4 ,b nei!r ! gov]nm5t nor ! public seem$ int]e/$ 9 ,colonel ,templ]'s s*emes4 ,! valiant little pione] %ip ( ,engl&'s airfleet w5t back to h] %$s1 resign+ h]self to obscurity4 ,our own c\ntry1 :i* 9 _m o!r l9es has l$ ! _w 9 its me*anical skill & ent]prise1 did n h a s+le army dirigible till z late z #aijh1 :5 x gave out a contract = an air%ip :i* 0 built by ,capta9 ,?omas ,s4 ,baldw94 ,! motor 0 design$ & built by a "y me*anic 9 ,hammondsport1 ,n4 ,y41 :o = sev]al ye>s _h be5 manufactur+ motors = automobiles4 ,8 "n 0 ,gl5n ,curtiss & he aft]w>d became "o ( ! _w's mo/ fam\s aviators4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army ,dirigible ,no4 #a 0 long & cyl9drical1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 & cov]$ ) ,japanese silk1 vulcaniz$ ) rubb]4 ,! wat]-cool$ ,curtiss motor 0 a #bj horse p[]1 & ! wood5 propell] 0 ( ! tractor type1 plac$ 9 ! front ( ! c>4 ,g]many1 :ile ,am]ica & ,engl& /ood idle1 _h be5 rapidly =g+ ahead4 ,by #aijh ,c\nt von ,zeppel9 _h con/ruct$ 8 ?ird & f\r? models1 & 8 public demon/rations _h ar\s$ ! :ole ,g]man p to unb\nd$ en?usiasm4 ,! ,cr[n ,pr9ce made a trip 9 ,zeppel9 ,no4 #c & its orig9ator 0 decorat$ ) ! ,ord] ( ! ,black ,eagle4 ,! ,g]man ,association = an ,a]ial ,fleet 0 =m$1 & )9 a %ort "t ov] a million doll>s _h be5 contribut$ by ! p = ! purpose ( build+ dirigibles4 ,zeppel9 ,no4 #d 0 de/roy$ by an accid5t1 b ,zeppel9 ,no4 #c 0 recall$ into ! national s]vice & 9 #aiji giv5 ! (ficial title ( ,s4,m4,s4 ,zeppel9 ,i4 ,f ?is "t on dirigible con/ruction 9 ,g]many w5t =w>d ) ! greate/ spe$4 ,two o!r names became prom95t 9 ! ent]prise3 ^? ( ,major von ,p>seval & ,major von ,gross4 ,! ,p>seval design resembl$ m ! ,fr5*1 = x 0 cov]$ ) ,cont95tal fabric1 0 long & cyl9drical1 r\nd$ at ! front & po9t$ at ! /]n1 ) a l>ge int]nal air ballonet4 ,! c> 0 susp5d$ f two /eel cables or trolleys1 :i* x c\ld slide along1 alt]+ its position & ! balance ( ! :ole air%ip4 ,! ,gross type ( air%ip resembl$ ! ,lebaudy & ! ,patrie1 ) its boat-%ap$ c> hung f a /eel plat=m atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! envelope4 ,out ( ?is brief /ory ( ! developm5t ( ! e>ly air%ip models ( all ! nations1 we c1 if we look c>efully1 see c]ta9 def9ite types ( dirigibles em]g+4 ,! exp]im5t]s _h to solve ?is problem3 ,:at %all we d :5 ow+ to loss ( gas ! balloon envelope beg9s to get flabby8 ,= ( c\rse a flabby1 p>tially fill$ envelope w\ld flop f side to side1 de/roy+ ! balance ( ! air%ip & *eck+ its spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,baldw9 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dirigible ,,no4 #a ,! ,g]man inv5tors settl$ ! problem by mak+ ! envelope rigid1 ei!r ) a solid cov]+ or ) a cov]+ ( fabric /ret*$ ov] an inn] framework4 ,?us ! rigid type ( air%ip 0 evolv$4 ,! ,fr5* inv5tors solv$ ! same problem by plac+ inside ! envelope a l>ge empty bag ( fabric1 into :i* air c\ld be pump$ :5 necess>y to fill ! balloon out & hold ! envelope firm4 ,! air c\ld n be pump$ directly into ! envelope itself z x w\ld produce an explosive mixture ) ! gas already !re4 ,f ?is me?od ( deal+ ) difficulty1 ! non-rigid type ( dirigible 0 evolv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,briti% ,,army ,,baby ,,dirigible ,b ! non-rigid dirigible pres5t$ a new difficulty3 h[ c\ld ! c> be susp5d$ f x 9 su* a way t x w\ld n sw+8 ,= only ) a rigid connection betwe5 ! c> & ! envelope c\ld ! greate/ spe$ be obta9$4 ,! ,lebaudy solv$ ?is problem by atta*+ to ! base ( ! envelope a rigid /eel floor+1 f :i* ! c> c\ld !n be susp5d$ by an immovable connection4 ,& s 0 evolv$ ! semi-rigid type ( air%ip4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ano!r solution ( ?is problem ( prev5t+ ! c> f sw++ has be5 employ$ to "s ext5t3 ,by mak+ ! c> almo/ z long z ! envelope1 ! connect+ cables by :i* ! c> is susp5d$ hang almo/ p]p5dicul>1 & !re is n ! same t5d5cy to sw]ve z ) cables slant+ d[n to a comp>atively small c>4 ,?is type ( air%ip is call$ ! demi-semi-rigid4 ,^! !n are ! f\r g5]al classes ( dirigibles :i* 7 us$ 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dirigibles ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> ,:5 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! s9i/] black cl\d ( a _w w> appe>$ on ! horizon1 only ! ,hun 0 prep>$ = ! life & dea? /ruggle 9 ! air4 ,8 =midable fleet ( sup]-,zeppel9s _h n _! mat* 9 ! _w1 & 8 program ( air%ip con/ruction 0 be+ pu%$ =w>d ) ! utmo/ spe$ & effici5cy4 ,france _h ! l>ge/ fleet ( dirigibles among ! ,alli$ nations4 ,!y 7 ( ! semi-rigid type1 ( only m$ium size & sl[ spe$4 ,!y c\ld n hope to compete on equal t]ms ) ! swift & p[]ful ,g]man air%ips4 ,great ,brita9 0 f> worse (f ?an ,france1 = h] air%ip fleet practically did n exi/4 ,! army _h only two l>ge mod]n dirigibles & a few v small vessels l ! old ,nulli ,secundus1 ( little practical value4 ,! navy _h no air%ips at all4 ,italy _h a few good m$ium siz$ vessels1 & f\r l>ge dirigibles 7 9 process ( build+4 ,russia1 too1 _h sev]al air%ips pur*as$ f ! o!r c\ntries1 ( v>i\s makes & types1 b %e lack$ exp]i5c$ a]onauts ) :i* to op]ate !m4 ,bo? ,france & ,engl& _h already made ext5sive plans = ! build+ ( dirigibles1 b few ( ! %ips ord]$ 7 ne> to completion 9 #aiad4 ,only ! ,prussian 0 ready = ho/ilities2 8 air%ips gave him a great /rategic advantage4 ,by means ( !m he ga9$ in=mation ab\t ! movem5ts ( ,alli$ troops & munitions2 direct$ 8 artill]y1 bomb$ ,alli$ positions1 & w5t 8 way1 = ! mo/ "p un*all5g$4 ,8 naval air%ips 7 likewise a t]rible m5ace4 ,"o ( !m1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 receiv$ an iron cross = its "w 9 connection ) a ,g]man subm>9e1 9 an attack on ?ree ,briti% cruis]s4 ,e "o kn[s ( ,g]many's record 9 ! bomb+ ( cities & t[ns by means ( ,zeppel9s4 ,9 ! fir/ days ( ! w> ! ,allies _h no anti-aircraft guns & v few airplanes ) :i* to protect !mselves1 & s ,g]many w5t unmole/$ :ile %e wag$ h] w> aga9/ def5seless civilians1 wom5 & *ildr54 ,! _s ( ! ,allies1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be daunt$4 ,engl& put h] few small dirigibles on duty ov] ! ,engli% ,*annel1 :]e !y s]v$ z patrols aga9/ subm>9es4 ,= ?is "w air%ips are v effective1 s9ce x is a curi\s fact t f _! height 9 ! atmosph]e x is possible to see f> bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,s dur+ ! fir/ tragic weeks1 :5 ,france & ,belgium 7 p\r+ out _! life-blood to *eck ! onw>d sweep ( ! ,hun1 ^! t9y aircraft /ood gu>d ov] ! ,*annel across :i* ! contemptible little army ( ,brita9 0 be+ hurri$ on transports to meet ! invad]4 ,l ! contemptible little army itself !y prov$ a factor to be reckon$ )4 ,su* a]ial sc\ts n[ =m a l>ge arm ( ! ,briti%1 ,fr5* & ,am]ican navies4 ,soon aft] ! w> began !y 7 con/ruct$ 9 l>ge numb]s to s]ve z patrols aga9/ subm>9es4 ,9 ! language ( ! air1 ^! little dirigibles are kn[n z ,blimps4 ,! ,blimp 0 fir/ develop$ = use 9 ! w> by ! ,briti% ,naval ,air ,s]vice1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates soon saw its advantage z a means ( patrol+ & gu>d+ our h>bors & coa/l9e1 & s %e set to "w to manufacture ?is type ( dirigible 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,to-day x is ! *ief dirigible ( our a]ial fleet4 ,9 "s important ways x has ! advantage ov] ! airplane 9 combat+ ! subm>9e4 ,= ! airplane c only rema9 9 ! air :ile x keeps go+ at high spe$4 ,j z soon z its eng9es are /opp$ x comm5ces to desc5d4 ,b ! dirigible c sail out ov] ! h>bor1 %ut (f its p[] & rema9 motionless 9 ! air = h\rs1 :ile its obs]v] keeps a con/ant look\t = enemy und]sea craft4 ,:5 spe$ is necess>y its p[]ful motor makes x a fa/ fly+ craft1 sometimes consid]ably fa/] ?an ! airplane4 ,= ! airplane mu/ (t5 travel aga9/ ! w9d1 :ile ! dirigible simply rises until x rea*es a curr5t ( air mov+ 9 ! desir$ direction1 :5 x has ! comb9$ p[] ( ! w9d & its eng9e to drive x =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,gas-,,bag ,,( ,,! ,,a/ra-,,torres1 ,,%[+ ,,me?od ,,( ,,c> ,,susp5sion ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,blimp is ab\t #afj feet long1 r\nd$ 9 front & tap]+ to a po9t$ /]n4 ,its /ability & balance are increas$ by five f9s at its /]n2 & x has also f\r rudd]s4 ,! c>1 :i* is exactly l ! ord9>y airplane body1 has two seats1 = pilot & obs]v]1 susp5d$ directly f ! base ( ! envelope by wire cables4 ,! ,blimp c>ries a #ajj horse p[] ,curtiss aviation motor1 & is equipp$ ) wireless = ex*ang+ messages4 ,! ,fr5* h a small air%ip v mu* l ! ,blimp :i* !y use = sc\t duty4 ,x is call$ ! ,zodiac1 & be=e ! w> 0 design$ z a private pleasure c>4 ,because ( ! fact t x c\ld be easily pack$ & transport$ f place to place x 0 draft$ into ! s]vice e>ly 9 ! w>4 ,naturally1 if an air%ip has to be kept inflat$ :5 n 9 use x is a con/ant t>get = ! enemy's gunfire2 & a small dirigible :i* c be pack$ up 9 an h\r :5 n ne$$ & readily inflat$ :5 ! call = action comes is a v mu* saf] proposition4 ,!re are sev]al sizes & slightly diff]5t %apes ( ! ,zodiac1 b ! %ape ( ! envelope 9 all ( !m is v simil> to ! ,blimp1 tap]+ t[>d ! /]n ) f9s to give /ability4 ,a l>ge sail-l rudd] is set b5ea? ! /]n ( ! %ip4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ! ,zodiac is ! c> :i* 9 mo/ models has a v long wood5 framework4 ,?is framework1 or gird]1 by its l5g? di/ributes ! weight along ! :ole l5g? ( ! envelope4 ,! c>1 9 :i* ! pilot & obs]v] sit1 is set 9 ?is gird]4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,! ,,blimp1 ,c-#a1 ,,! ,,l>ge/ ,,dirigible ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,navy ,no?+ is m int]e/+ to note 9 mod]n air%ips ?an ! simplification ( ! me?od ( c> susp5sion4 ,9 ! e>ly air%ips ! c> 0 hung f ! envelope by a l>ge numb] ( cables1 :i* ei!r connect$ ) a network t fitt$ ov] ! envelope1 or else1 9 a semi-rigid dirigible1 to ! plat=m or keel at ! base ( ! balloon4 ,n[ ( c\rse all ^! cables (f]$ a great resi/ance to ! air & 7 an enemy to spe$4 ,j z ! "q ( spe$ affect$ ! %ape ( ! envelope1 until to-day we h ! /reaml9e balloon1 tap]+ to ! re>1 & j z x made ! "q ( a rigid or non-rigid envelope s important1 x likewise f9ally did away ) complicat$ connections betwe5 ! envelope & ! c>4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,,! ,,balloon ,,( ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,oklahoma ,f ! po9t ( view ( c> susp5sion "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! mod]n ,fr5* air%ips is ! ,a/ra-,torres4 ,?is is a dirigible ( ! non-rigid type4 ,canvas p>titions are /ret*$ across ! int]ior ( ! envelope 9 su* a mann] z to =m a triangle1 its apex fac+ d[nw>ds4 ,! sides ( ?is triangle are /r5g!n$ by cables & f its apex hang ! cables :i* support ! c>4 ,! air resi/ance produc$ by ! cables is !re=e v slight1 s9ce only two l9es are expos$4 ,among ! a]ial w> fleets ( ! ,alli$ nations1 ! ,fr5* (f]s by f> ! greate/ field = /udy1 s9ce x possesses _m diff]5t types ( dirigibles4 ,! ,a/ra & ! ,a/ra-,torres are p]haps ! *ief repres5tatives ( ! non-rigid design1 & are g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ successful ( ! ,fr5* air%ips4 ,! ,a/ra is ! old] model1 &1 l ! ,zodiac1 has ! long wood5 framework or c> gird]1 hung directly to ! base ( ! envelope & di/ribut+ to all p>ts ( x ! weight ( ! c>4 ,x c be recogniz$ by ?is & by its /abiliz]s or small inflat$ gas bags ar\nd ! /]n ( ! envelope4 ,! ,a/ra is ( m$ium size1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #aii to #bge feet4 ,! ,a/ra-,torres is v mu* long]1 ^? ( ! #aiad type measur+ #deg feet f nose to /]n4 ,f ! ext]ior1 ?is air%ip has a peculi> ?ree-lob$ appe>ance4 ,x tap]s v slightly to ! /]n & is po9t$ at bo? ends1 b x has n ! ,a/ra's inflat$ /abiliz]s4 ,ano!r ,fr5* air%ip ( non-rigid design is ! ,clem5t-,bay>d4 ,x is simil> 9 design & 9 size to ! ,a/ra1 b )\t ! inflat$ /abiliz]s4 ,r\nd$ slightly at ! nose1 ! envelope tap]s to a %>p-po9t$ /]n4 ,! ,lebaudy is ! *ief example ( a ,fr5* semi-rigid air%ip4 ,! envelope is long & cyl9drical1 po9t$ at ! nose & r\nd$ at ! /]n1 :]e x is fitt$ ) /abiliz+ f9s4 ,! base ( ! envelope is fitt$ to a long keel1 :i* ends at ! re> 9 a rudd] & f9s4 ,f ?is keel ! c> is susp5d$ by /rong cables1 & b5ea? ! c> ext5ds a conical /ructure ( /eel tubes1 ) po9ts fall+ d[nw>d4 ,^! s]ve z a protection 9 case ( a sudd5 l&+4 ,9 front ( ! c> & on ea* side ( ! keel are planes simil> to ^? ( an airplane1 :i* help to give balance to ! %ip4 ,among air%ips ( ! ,allies1 ! ,fr5* ,speiss furni%es an example ( ! purely rigid design4 ,con/ruct$ on ! plan ( ! ,g]man ,zeppel91 its envelope has an inn] wood5 framework :i* holds x 9 place4 ,! ,speiss is a l>ge dirigible1 measur+ ab\t #dej feet4 ,x c>ries two c>s1 & 9 ea* is a two-hundr$ horse p[] motor1 giv+ x great spe$4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,*apt] ,i ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,heavi]-,,?an-,,air ,,ma*9es ,= _m c5turies be=e ! asc5sion ( ! fir/ ,montgolfi] balloon1 :i*1 z we h se51 m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a]ial flight1 m5 _h dream$ ( a diff]5t me?od ( conqu]+ ! skies1--9 fact1 ! v natural "o sugge/$ by ! flight ( birds4 ,to build artificial w+s 0 ! ambition ( _m an old-"t sci5ti/4 ,yet practicable z ! idea seem$1 its work+ out 01 z a matt] ( fact1 beset ) difficulties4 ,! ,montgolfi] balloon rose 9 ! air because x 0 light] ?an air1--j z a piece ( cork rises 9 wat] because x weighs less 9 proportion to its volume ?an ! wat]4 ,b a man equipp$ ) w+s is a fairly heavy object2 :]e is ! =ce t is to lift him & c>ry him so>+ into ! sky8 ,un=tunately ! e>ly exp]im5t]s 9 a]onautics 7 n m5 :o _h _h ! long tra9+ 9 ke5 obs]vation nor ! gr\ndwork ( me*anical k :i* w\ld h fitt$ !m = _! task ( devis+ a fly+ ma*9e4 ,!y 7 dream]s & philosoph]s1 (t5 ) v clev] ideas ab\t h[ man might succe$ 9 fly+4 ,b ! exact sci5ce ( me*anics 0 yet unborn1 & x 0 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) its great advance 9 ?is direction1 dawn$1 t ! "t 0 ripe = any measure ( success4 ,/ill1 9 _m old pictures & m$ieval manuscripts !re are curi\s examples ( ! ideas ( ^! old philosoph]s1 designs :i* 7 nev] actually tri$ out1 b :i* %[ ! long+ ( m51 ev5 9 ^? days1 = ! great adv5ture ( sail+ above ! cl\ds4 ,all ^! /range !ories ( ! middle ages 7 hamp]$ by ! sup]/ition t !re 0 "s magic connect$ ) ! p[] ( birds to fly4 ,cam]as 7 unhe>d (1 or x w\ld h be5 a simple matt] to h record$ on pap] ! actual motions ( ! bird's w+s 9 ord] to /udy _! significance4 ,! a/\nd+ ease ) :i* ^! little w+$ creatures 7 able to float across ! heav5s 0 inde$ baffl+2 x 0 difficult to det]m9e j h[ x 0 accompli%$4 ,any "o :o wat*es ! flight ( a seagull realizes t "h is an accompli%$ a]onaut1 able to balance himself ) p]fect ease 9 ! atmosph]e1 to m\nt upw>d on flapp+ w+s1 or1 tak+ advantage ( a ris+ air curr5t :i* c support him1 to float motionless ) w+s ext5d$4 ,all ?is requires an unusual am\nt ( skill1 p>ticul>ly 9 balanc+4 ,drop a piece ( pap] & wat* h[ x turns & tumbles at e angle be=e x rea*es ! floor4 ,t is j :at a bird or an airplane has a t5d5cy to d1 & x takes a p]fect sy/em ( control & a skill$ pilot inde$1 to keep x "r side up4 ,! fir/ idea1 ( c\rse1 = a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e1 0 t ( a pair ( w+s to be atta*$ directly to ! human body1 & to be work$ ) ! arms4 ,z e>ly z #adhj ,leon>di da ,v9ci drew up a design = an app>atus ( ?is sort4 ,& ! idea 0 n a bad "o3 x w\ld h work$ all v well _h x n be5 = "o small fact :i* ! philosoph]s ov]look$1 t man is n provid$ ) ! p[]ful %\ld] muscles su* z ! bird possesses = mov+ 8 w+s4 ,altoge!r1 x 0 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury t any real progress t[>d flight 9 a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e 0 made4 ,x came :5 exp]im5t]s began to inve/igate ! def9ite laws ( air resi/ance & air pressure :i* control ! action ( a bird j z !y d ! action ( a kite4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a bird1 or an airplane1 is no?+ m ?an a complicat$ kite1 controll$ by an intellig5ce )9 itself1 r ?an by an op]ator /&+ on ! gr\nd & guid+ x by means ( a cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,kite ,e "o kn[s t a kite1 if plac$ at an angle to ! w9d1 w be c>ri$ upw>d4 ,! reason = ?is c be se5 f a v simple diagram4 ,! pressure ( ! w9d w\ld1 if unh9d]$1 pu% ! kite into a horizontal position4 ,b ! /r+ prev5ts ! angle ( ! kite f alt]+1 & s9ce ! pressure on its l[] surface is great] ?an t on its upp]1 x naturally rises4 ,?is is j :at happ5s :5 ! bird sets 8 w+s at su* an angle to ! w9d t he is lift$ into ! sky4 ,x is also ! pr9ciple :i* gov]ns ! airplane or glid]1 ^: planes are kept at a def9ite angle to ! air curr5t4 ,! bird c ( c\rse readju/ ! angle ( 8 w+s :5 he has ris5 high en\gh1 or :5 he meets a curr5t ( air mov+ 9 a diff]5t direction1 & 9 ! same way ! elevat+ plane ( a mod]n airplane c be lift$ or deflect$ at ! w ( ! fly]1 to produce an upw>d or a d[nw>d motion4 ,! fir/ man to /udy s]i\sly ! effects ( air pressure on plane surfaces 0 an ,engli%man nam$ ,sir ,george ,cayley1 :o 9 #ahaj drew up plans = a fly+ ma*9e some:at resembl+ ! mod]n monoplane4 ,9 #ahff ,w5ham pat5t$ a ma*9e :i* involv$ an +5i\s idea1 t ( sev]al p>allel planes rang$ above ea* o!r1 in/ead ( ! s+le surface1 z ( ! bird's w+4 ,w5ham believ$ t ! upw>d pressure ( ! w9d1 act+ on all ^! surfaces w\ld give a f> great] lift+ p[]1 z well z a greatly increas$ /ability1 = ! ma*9e c\ld n be s easily ov]turn$4 ,"h 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! mod]n biplane & triplane 9 its infancy4 ,yet ! idea ( /rict bird-=m 0 m appeal+ to ! imag9ation1 & ! exp]im5t]s :o came aft] ,w5ham did n adopt 8 sugge/ions4 ,! man :o may truly be said to h giv5 ! airplane its fir/ real />t 9 life1 0 a ,g]man nam$ ,otto ,lili5?al4 ,8 figure is a v picturesque "o 9 ! long /ory ( ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,lili5?al 0 a v busy eng9e]1 b f boyhood he _h _h a consum+ int]e/ 9 ! problems ( flight1 & z he travel$ ab\t ,g]many on 8 bus9ess und]tak+s he ca/ ab\t 9 8 m9d incessantly = "s plan ( w+s :i* w\ld support ! human body & c>ry x up into ! air4 ,he f9ally began a v sy/ematic /udy ( ! w+s ( birds ) ! result t he made "s unusual & important discov]ies4 ,:ile ! m5 :o _h prec$$ him _h attempt$ only flat w+s 9 _! plans = fly+ ma*9es1 ,lili5?al decid$ t ! w+s %\ld be ar*$1 l ^? ( a bird1 heavi] 9 front1 ) an abrupt d[nw>d dip to ! front edge1 & !n slop+ away gradually to ! re> :]e _! weight 0 comp>atively slight4 ,:5 /ill q a "y man he began build+ kites ) planes curv$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,to 8 surprise & joy he f\nd t !y rose v rapidly :5 set to ! breeze4 ,!y ev5 seem$ to move =w>d slightly 9 ! air1 z ?\gh !y _h a t5d5cy to fly4 ,l a bird re/+ on a curr5t ( air ) w+s motionless1 ^! little toy w+s 7 c>ri$ along gracefully on ! breeze4 ,lili5?al 0 jubilant4 ,a man equipp$ ) w+s l ^!1 he said to himself1 w\ld h no difficulty at all 9 fly+4 ,lili5?al 0 n a ri* man & x 0 _m ye>s be=e 8 opportunity to te/ 8 ideas ) a real fly+ ma*9e came4 ,:5 by h>d toil at 8 pr(ession he _h accumulat$ a com=table =tune1 he turn$ at la/ to 8 belov$ /udy4 ,he _h (t5 wat*$ ! baby birds 9 _! ef=ts to fly1 & he knew x w\ld be a long "t be=e he atta9$ any skill ) w+s1 b he 0 absolutely confid5t t ) mu* practise & p]sev]ance he c\ld actually le>n to fly l ! birds4 ,s he con/ruct$ = himself a pair ( bird w+s1 ar*$ exactly l ^? :i* he _h /udi$4 ,!y 7 arrang$ ) a circul> /rip ( wood betwe5 !m = 8 body4 ,"h he hung1 ) 8 arms out/ret*$ on ea* side1 s t he c\ld op]ate ! w+s4 ,! difficulties ,lili5?al _h look$ = he exp]i5c$ 9 l>ge measure4 ,x 0 no easy ?+ to attempt to fly 9 ?is crude app>atus1 b day aft] day he w5t out ^u ! road1 turn$ to face ! breeze z he _h se5 ! baby birds d1 ran swiftly a %ort di/ance1 & !n incl9$ ! w+s upw>d s t !y might cat* ! curr5t ( air4 ,= a long "t he 0 unsuccessful1 b imag9e 8 joy :5 he actually did "o day feel himself lift$ (f 8 feet1 c>ri$ =w>d a few feet & set d[n4 ,x 0 sc>cely m ?an a t9y jump1 b ,lili5?al knew he _h comm5c$ to fly4 ,f t "t on 8 ef=ts 7 ceaseless4 ,he succe$$ 9 be+ lift$ a numb] ( feet (f ! gr\nd & c>ri$ = "s di/ance4 ,b try z he w\ld he c\ld n get high 9 ! air4 ,he realiz$ t :at he lack$ 0 any =m ( motive p[]1 & = want ( a bett]1 det]m9$ to make use ( ! =ce ( gravity to />t him ?r\gh ! air at great] spe$4 ,accord+ly he _h built = him a hill ) a smoo? incl9e1 & f ! top ( ?is he jump$ 9 8 fly+ ma*9e4 ,! w+s he _h fir/ con/ruct$ he _h s9ce improv$ on1 add+ two tail planes at ! re> :i* gave great] /ability & decreas$ ! t5d5cy to turn ov] 9 ! air4 ,z he sprang f ! hilltop 9 ?is curi\s app>atus1 he turn$ ! w+s upw>d slightly to cat* ! breeze1 :i* support$ him exactly z if he _h be5 a kite :ile he glid$ out gracefully & f9ally came g5tly to e>?4 ,?is spectacle ( a man glid+ ?r\gh ! air attract$ l>ge cr[ds4 ,p assembl$ f f> & wide to behold ! fly+ man1 & 8 a*ievem5ts 7 greet$ ) wild *e]+4 ,on 8 huge w+$ glid] he float$ calmly ov] ! heads ( ! a/\nd$ multitude1 (t5 l&+ f> beh9d !m 9 ! fields4 ,9 ! difficult matt] ( balanc+ himself 9 mid-air he became exce$+ly skilful4 ,e slight gu/ ( w9d _h a t5d5cy to ov]turn him1 b ,lili5?al con/antly %ift$ ! weight ( 8 body 9 su* a mann] z to balance himself4 ,z he ga9$ confid5ce he began practis+ 9 /rong] w9ds4 ,8 great long+ 0 to so> l a bird up into ! sky1 & s :5 he felt a ris+ air curr5t1 he incl9$ 8 w+s slightly upw>d to take advantage ( x4 ,(t5 he did rise f> above ! hilltop f :i* he _h sprung1 b he nev] succe$$ 9 actually fly+ l a bird4 ,8 glid] _h n ! motive p[] to drive x aga9/ ! breeze ) suffici5t velocity to s5d x up into ! air1 & 8 w+s 7 b crude imitations ( ! wond]ful me*anism on :i* ! bird so>s into ! sky4 ,undaunt$ by 8 failure he set to "w on a d\ble set ( w+s1 v simil> to a mod]n biplane4 ,he ?\ght ^! w\ld h great] lift+ p[]1 b :5 he came to try !m he f\nd !m exce$+ly unwieldy & h>d to control4 ,= :]e ! biplane has an intricate control sy/em1 ,lili5?al reli$ entirely ^u 8 own body to op]ate 8 glid]4 ,lili5?al became m & m reckless 9 8 glid+ ef=ts1 & 9 #ahif1 :ile glid+ 9 a /rong w9d1 he lo/ control ( 8 w+$ contrivance & came cra%+ to ! e>? f a great height4 ,:5 ! horrifi$ spectators ru%$ to ! spot1 !y f\nd ! fe>less pione] fli] dead b5ea? ! wreck ( 8 ma*9e4 ,:at ,lili5?al _h done = ! cause ( aviation1 h[ev]1 w\ld be h>d to e/imate4 ,he _h drawn ! att5tion ( ?9k+ p ! _w ov] to 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he _h po9t$ ! way to ! real solution ( ! problem ( fly+3 t ( /udy+ & imitat+ ! birds2 & he _h discov]$ ! =m ( plane :i* on airplanes to-day is well kn[n to give ! greate/ lift+ p[]3 t ( an ar*$ surface1 deeply curv$ 9 front & slop+ gradually back to its re> edge :]e its ?ickness is v slight4 ,moreov]1 8 attempts at flight _h pres5t$ a *all5ge to eng9e]s & sci5ti/s--a *all5ge :i* 0 quickly to be> fruit4 ,an ,engli%man nam$ ,p]cy ,s4 ,pil*] _h foll[$ ! "w ( ,lili5?al ) ! deepe/ int]e/1 & he n[ det]m9$ to beg9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on 8 own acc\nt4 ,l ,lili5?al he realiz$ t x w\ld be useless to attempt a motor driv5 airplane until ! pr9ciples ( glid] con/ruction 7 fully und]/ood4 ,a glid] is simply an airplane )\t an eng9e1 & ,lili5?al succe$$ 9 giv+ x a c]ta9 motive p[] by />t+ f a high po9t1 s t ! =ce ( gravity c\ld draw him =w>d & d[nw>d4 ,pil*] adopt$ an ev5 m orig9al s*eme = mak+ 8 glid] g4 ,he treat$ x exactly z if x _h be5 a huge kite1 fa/5+ a rope to x & hav+ x pull$ swiftly by a team ( horses1 until x _h ga9$ suffici5t mom5tum to c>ry x up 9 ! air4 ,! mom5t x began to rise1 ,pil*]1 :o hung betwe5 ! two l>ge w+s mu* z ,lili5?al _h done1 deta*$ himself f ! rope & w5t so>+ into ! air l a kite1 attempt+ to balance himself & prev5t 8 glid] f ov]turn+4 ,b he _h n ! exp]i5ce t long & c>eful practise _h giv5 to ,lili5?al1 & be=e he _h made v _m flights 9 8 glid]1 he fell & met 8 dea?4 ,9 #ahif an ,au/ralian1 ,h>grave1 exp]im5t$ ) kites 9 ord] to discov] a glid] =m :i* possess$ bo? lift+ p[] & /ability4 ,he 0 ! orig9ator ( ! famili> box-kite1 :i* flies s /eadily ev5 9 a /rong breeze4 ,h>grave connect$ f\r v l>ge kites ( ?is sort by a cable1 swung a rope seat b5ea? !m & succe$$ 9 mak+ asc5ts )\t fe> ( accid5t4 ,*anute1 a ,fr5*man1 n[ devis$ a biplane glid] ) :i* he succe$$ 9 mak+ brief flights ( a few seconds4 ,! way 0 n[ pav$ = ! com+ ( two great pione]s 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation4 ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright 7 own]s ( a small bicycle %op 9 ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,!y 7 m5 ) an innate me*anical skill & ) ! same dogg$ p]si/5ce & indiff]5ce to physical h>d%ips :i* might h br\ght success to ,lili5?al if he _h _h ! "t to devote to 8 exp]im5ts4 ,! ,wright bro!rs _h read ) fasc9ation acc\nts ( ! glid+ ef=ts ( ,lili5?al4 ,!y det]m9$ to set to "w to solve ! problem ( human flight4 ,= two ye>s !y read & /udi$ ev]y?+ t _h be5 writt5 ^u ! subject1 & !n f9ally !y felt ready to make a trial ( a glid] ( _! own con/ruction4 ,!y _h made up _! m9ds t ,*anute's idea ( ! biplane 0 mo/ practicable1 & s ! ma*9e :i* !y built 0 n /rictly bird =m1 b _h two long planes ext5d+ horizontally & p>allel to ea* o!r1 atta*$ by wood5 supports4 ,! op]ator or fli] lay face d[nw>d 9 ! c5t] ( ! l[] plane4 ,_! glid] 0 too l>ge to be op]at$ ) ! arms z ,lili5?al's _h be51 & s !y _h to devise "s new me?od = controll+ & balanc+ x 9 ! air4 ,?is !y manag$ by ! use ( small auxili>y planes1 :i* 7 op]at$ by lev]s & ropes4 ,9 front ( ! two l>ge planes 0 a small horizontal plane :i* c\ld be rais$ or l[]$4 ,:5 rais$ to cat* ! w9d x gave ! glid] an upw>d motion :i* c>ri$ x into ! air1 br++ ! l>ge planes to an angle ) ! w9d :]e !y c\ld cont9ue ! climb+ process4 ,"o ( ! great difficulties ( ! e>ly glid]s 0 _! t5d5cy to turn ov] sidewise4 ,lili5?al c\nt]act$ ?is :5ev] he felt "o side ( 8 glid] fall+ by %ift+ 8 weight t[>d ! highe/ w+ & ?us pull+ x d[n4 ,?is crude me?od 0 impossible 9 ! ,wright biplane4 ,! bro!rs set !mselves to seek+ a solution f ! balanc+ me?ods ( birds1 & "r "h !y made a discov]y :i* 0 ( ! greate/ importance to ! progress ( ! airplane4 ,! bird :5 he feels "o ( 8 w+s fall+ bel[ ! level ( ! o!r1 simply droops ! re> portion ( ! w+ :i* is l[e/1 =m+ a cup or curve at ! back :i* cat*es ! air z x ru%es "u4 ,?is increas$ pressure ( air =ces ! w+ up aga9 until 9 a second ! bird has rega9$ 8 balance4 ,imitat+ ?is me?od1 ! ,wright bro!rs con/ruct$ ! planes ( _! glid] 9 su* a mann] t a cord fa/5$ to ! re> sections ( ea* plane c\ld be pull$ to draw ! re> edge d[nw>d4 ,if ! left side ( _! ma*9e became l[] ?an ! "r x 0 a simple matt] to pull d[n ! left halves ( ! re> edges ( ! two planes1 & s cat* ! air curr5ts :i* w\ld =ce t side upw>d4 ,?is +5i\s s*eme ( obta9+ sidewise or lat]al balance is us$ 9 a modifi$ =m 9 airplanes to-day1 & is kn[n z w+-w>p+4 ,! bro!rs *ose ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a z ! be/ place = _! fir/ attempts to fly1 = !re ! breezes 7 usually n too /rong4 ,aft] a good deal ( difficulty !y le>n$ n only to glide1 z ,lili5?al _h done1 b also to so> "s di/ance into ! air4 ,!y _h s f> no means ( turn+ ar\nd1 b ?is 0 rem$i$ by fa/5+ at ! re> ( ! two l>ge planes a small v]tical plane :i* c\ld be mov$ f side to side & :i* s]v$ to turn ! glid]4 ,!re 7 ?ree a*ievem5ts 9 airplane con/ruction :i* s f> c\ld be plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! ,wrights4 ,"o 0 ! elevat+ plane by means ( :i* an upw>d or d[nw>d motion ( ! glid] 0 obta9$4 ,! second 0 ! +5i\s w+-w>p+ device1 = secur+ /ability4 ,! ?ird 0 ! rudd]1 :i* enabl$ ! pilot to turn ar\nd 9 mid-air4 ,n satisfi$ ) :at !y _h already accompli%$1 ! bro!rs n[ turn$ _! att5tion to con/ruct+ a motor suitable = use 9 a fly+ ma*9e4 ,?is _h to be exce$+ly light & at ! same "t /rong1 & "s means _h to be discov]$ = conv]t+ its p[] into motion4 ,! fir/ eng9e !y built 0 a f\r-cyl9d] petrol1 & x 0 us$ to revolve two wood5 propell]s act+ 9 opposite directions4 ,! blades ( ^! propell]s z !y *urn$ ! air1 gave ?ru/ to ! airplane exactly z ! propell]s ( a %ip drive x ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,9 ?is new model airplane ! fli] no long] lay face d[nw>d z 9 ! old glid]1 b sat on a b5* betwe5 ! planes1 f :i* he controll$ ! action ( ! eng9e1 ! elevat+ plane1 ! rudd] & ! w+ w>p+ arrangem5t by means ( lev]s & cords4 ,x 0 9 ! memorable ye> ( #aijc t ?is fir/ real airplane 0 fl[n by ! ,wrights4 ,!y cont9u$ to "w /eadily ^u ! problems ( design & con/ruction1 & aft] _m trials 9 ! next two ye>s1 !y succe$$ by #aije 9 build+ an airplane :i* w\ld actually fly a numb] ( miles4 ,!y det]m9$ to (f] _! preci\s secret to "s gov]nm5t1 & decid$ on ,france1 :i* has always be5 ! patron ( aviation4 ,b ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 aft] an inve/igation did n accept _! (f]1 & s1 disappo9t$1 b /ill dogg$1 !y retir$ into sil5ce = a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s4 ,9 #aijh1 :5 _! inv5tions _h be5 pat5t$ 9 e c\ntry1 !y began a s]ies ( public demon/rations ( _! rem>kable ma*9e1 ,orville 9 ,am]ica & ,wilbur 9 ,france4 ,by t "t1 un=tunately1 o!r pione]s _h /epp$ =w>d to claim honors 9 ! field :i* !y fir/ _h explor$1 b ! ,wright biplane easily out/ripp$ its contempor>ies4 ,_! wond]ful demon/ration flights made !m h]oes1 acclaim$ by millions1 & _! a*ievem5ts ar\s$ imm$iate & int5se int]e/ 9 a]onautics4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,an ,,airplane ,x is almo/ humor\s t man1 :o = c5turies _h n\ri%$ ! secret ambition ( acquir+ w+s1 %\ld h f\nd 8 dream imp]fectly realiz$ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury by rid+ 9 a kite4 ,= t is all an airplane actually is4 ,yet a kite :i* is no long] ti$ to e>? by a cord & :i* is equipp$ ) a motor to drive x =w>d at a great spe$ has "o decid$ advantage ov] ! old-fa%ion$ sort4 ,! pap] kite _h to wait = a favorable breeze to cat* x up & be> x al(t4 ,we saw 9 ! la/ *apt] h[ ! pu% ( ! air aga9/ ! und]nea? side ( ! kite caus$ x to rise4 ,if in/ead ( ! air curr5t pu%+ aga9/ ! kite1 ! kite _h pu%$ aga9/ ! air1 exactly ! same result w\ld h be5 atta9$4 ,a bird1 fly+ 9 a dead calm1 creates an upw>d pressure ( air by 8 motion :i* is suffici5t to support 8 weight4 ,b ! bird1 z he flies =w>d aga9/ ! air creates m resi/ance "u ! front portion ( 8 body ?an "u ! re>1 & ?is increas$ upw>d pressure w\ld be suffici5t to turn him ov] backw>d if 8 weight 7 n di/ribut$ m t[>d ! front ( 8 body1 9 ord] to c\nt]balance x4 ,?is fact c be easily illu/rat$ ) a piece ( c>dbo>d4 ,take a small oblong %eet ( c>dbo>d & m>k a dot at its c5t]4 ,if ! c>dbo>d is ( ev5 ?ickness ?is dot w be ! c5t] ( its weight4 ,n[ hold ! c>dbo>d v c>efully 9 a horizontal position & all[ x to drop4 ,x %\ld fall )\t turn+ ov]1 = x is press+ d[n ev5ly on ! air at all po9ts4 ,y might say x is creat+ an upw>d air pressure b5ea? x1 :i* is ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,! c5t] ( ! support+ air pressure exactly co9cides ) ! c5t] ( weight4 ,if y h n held ! c>dbo>d 9 a precisely horizontal position ?is w n be true4 ,! unequal air pressure w cause x to lose its balance & upset4 ,?is is v mu* ! sort ( exp]im5t t ,lili5?al tri$ :5 he jump$ f ! top ( a hill 9 8 glid]1 & x is easy to imag9e h[ mu* skill he mu/ h requir$ 9 balanc+ himself 9 ord] to prev5t 8 crude contrivance f ov]turn+4 ,b n[ suppose t in/ead ( dropp+ ! piece ( c>dbo>d /raight d[n1 we give x a =w>d pu% into ! air4 ,z ! c>dbo>d moves =w>d x naturally creates m air resi/ance "u ! front ?an "u ! re>1 & ?is unequal pressure w cause x to d a s]ies ( som]saults1 be=e x rea*es ! floor4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 to ! bird or ! airplane ^: weight 0 ev5ly & equally di/ribut$4 ,n[ s9ce ! air pressure is great] "u ! front ( ! c>dbo>d1 add a c\nt]balanc+ weight by dropp+ a little seal+ wax at ! c5t] front4 ,! dot t y made 9 ! middle ( ! %eet is no long] its c5t] ( weight4 ,! c5t] ( weight has mov$ =w>d1 & if x n[ corresponds to ! c5t] ( pressure ! c>dbo>d c be made to fly out & across ! room )\t ov]turn+4 ,! :ole problem ( balanc+ a glid] or an airplane is simply ?is "o ( mak+ ! c5t] ( weight co9cide ) ! c5t] ( ! support+ air pressure4 ,add+ weight at ! front ( ! glid] is n ! only way ( do+ ?is3 p]haps ! read] has already ?\ght ( ano!r4 ,s9ce ! air pressure is caus$ by ! weight ( ! c>dbo>d & its =w>d motion1 we c\ld cut ! %eet small] at ! front s z to less5 its air resi/ance !re1 or we c\ld add a tail at ! /]n 9 ord] to create m air resi/ance at t end4 ,ei!r ( ^! plans w\ld move ! c5t] ( pressure back until x correspond$ ) ! c5t] ( weight1 & s w\ld complete ! balance ( our c>dbo>d glid]4 ,9 ! bird's body all ( ^! me?ods ( obta9+ balance are comb9$4 ,8 body & head tap] to a po9t at ! front 9 ord] to decrease ! =w>d air resi/ance4 ,! weight ( 8 body is di/ribut$ m t[>d ! front1 ?us c\nt]balanc+ any t5d5cy to :irl ov] backw>d4 ,8 tail increases ! /]n resi/ance1 ?us help+ to draw ! c5t] ( pressure back to correspond to ! c5t] ( weight4 ,we beg9 to see "s reasons :y a man equipp$ ) w+s c\ld nev] be taught to fly1--z well z h[ p]fectly ! =m ( ! bird is plann$ to correspond to 8 mode ( travel4 ,no wond] ! e>ly exp]im5t]s ) w+s1 f9d+ !mselves s utt]ly helpless & awkw>d1 attribut$ ! bird's ease & grace ( c>riage to magic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ess5tial ,,p>ts ,,( ,,an ,,airplane ,! mod]n airplane is con/ruct$ ) ! mo/ pa9/ak+ att5tion to ?is pr9ciple ( balance4 ,next to x 9 importance is t ( w+ con/ruction3 t is1 ! size1 %ape & prop] curve ( ! support+ planes4 ,"h aga9 ! con/ruction ( ! airplane foll[s v closely ! g5]al =m ( ! bird4 ,a l>ge bird :i* flew v high w\ld be f\nd to h 8 w+s ar*$ high 9 front1 :]e !y w\ld h consid]able ?ickness1 & slop+ d[n v rapidly t[>d ! re>1 :ile _! ?ickness rapidly dim9i%$4 ,?is sort ( w+ has great lift+ p[]1 & x is ! sort t is us$ on an airplane :i* is built to climb r ?an to develop spe$4 ,z ! ar*$ w+ cuts ?r\gh ! air x leaves above x a p>tial vacuum4 ,nature always t5ds to fill a vacuum1 & s ! airplane is drawn upw>d to fill ?is space4 ,z ! w+s cut ?r\gh ! air a new vacuum is con/antly creat$ & s ! airplane m\nts high] & high]4 ,! airplane is be+ c>ri$ upw>d by two =ces3 ! air pressure b5ea? x & ! vacuum above x :i* draws x up4 ,! air pressure b5ea? x increases ) ! spe$ at :i* ! airplane is travel+1 & x has a t5d5cy to press ! w+ into a m horizontal position1 ?us de/roy+ its climb+ prop]ties4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 ?is happ5s1 ! ?ick front section ( ! w+ pres5ts a great head resi/ance :i* ret>ds progress1 & a v high spe$ becomes impossible4 ,w+s ( ?is type c nev] be us$ on an airplane :i* is int5d$ to travel at high spe$4 ,!y 7 us$ on ! heavy bomb+ & battle planes ( ! ,great ,w>1 = !y are capable ( lift+ a v great weight4 ,b on ! sc\t+ planes1 :]e spe$ is ess5tial1 a totally diff]5t sort ( surface 0 employ$4 ,"h ! plane is v little ar*$ & ( almo/ ev5 ?ickness1 tap]+ only v slightly to ! re> edge4 ,x also tap]s some:at at ! front1 s z to less5 its head resi/ance z x cuts ?r\gh ! air4 ,su* a surface creates little vacuum above x1 & consequ5tly has n a great lift+ p[]4 ,on ! o!r h& x (f]s little head resi/ance & s p]mits a high spe$4 ,& "r "h x %\ld be m5tion$ t a p[]ful motor does n 9 itself make a swift airplane1 unless ! w+s are "r1--= if ! w+s create a /rong resi/ance 9 front ( ! airplane !y de/roy spe$ z fa/ z ! motor g5]ates x4 ,rememb] t ! lift+ p[] ( ! airplane w+ is made up ( two factors4 ,fir/1 !re is ! resi/ance or ! support+ air pressure creat$ by ! weight & spe$ ( ! w+2 second1 ! ar* ( ! w+ creates a vacuum above x :i* t5ds to lift ! airplane up4 ,n[ :5 = spe$ ! ar* is made v slight1 ! lift+ p[] c /ill be increas$ by increas+ ! area ( ! w+1 ?us add+ to ! upw>d pressure4 ,?us = c]ta9 w> duties an airplane ) v l>ge1 comp>atively flat w+s c develop bo? a v good lift+ p[] & a v high spe$4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! head resi/ance ( ! airplane w+4 ,if ! w+ c\ld /rike ! air 9 su* a way z to %>ply divide x into curr5ts fl[+ above & bel[1 !re w\ld be no head resi/ance4 ,b ! v ar* ( ! w+ 9 front gives x a c]ta9 am\nt ( ?ickness :]e x /rikes ! air1 s t in/ead ( fl[+ above or bel[1 a portion ( ! air is pu%$ along 9 front1 ret>d+ ! progress ( ! airplane4 ,?is resi/ance is call$ by aviators ! drift4 ,! be/ w+ is ! "o :i* has ! maximum lift+ p[] ) ! m9imum head resi/ance1 or1 to use te*nical language1 ! greate/ lift 9 proportion to its drift4 ,( c\rse1 n only ! w+ b all p>ts ( ! airplane (f] resi/ance to ! air4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ?is total head resi/ance to ! m9imum1 e ef=t is made to give ! body or fuselage ( ! airplane a /reaml9e =m1--t is1 a %ape1 su* z t ( a fi% or a bird1 :i* all[s ! air to sep>ate & fl[ pa/ x ) little di/urbance4 ,= ?is purpose ! fuselage ( ! airplane is usually some:at r\nd$ & tap]+ t[>d ! ends1 (t5 egg %ap$ at ! nose4 ,! me?od ( w+ w>p+ inv5t$ by ! ,wright bro!rs is /ill us$ on all mod]n airplanes to pres]ve lat]al /ability4 ,! "p ( ! w+ :i* c be w>p$ is call$ ! ail]on4 ,!re are two ail]ons on e w+1 "o on ea* side at ! re>1 & !y may be rais$ or drawn d[n by ! action ( a lev] op]at$ by ! pilot4 ,if ! pilot feels t ! left side ( 8 ma*9e is fall+1 he draws d[n ! ail]on on t side & raises ! "r h& ail]on4 ,! ail]on :i* is l[]$ cat*es ! air curr5ts fl[+ b5ea? ! w+ on t side4 ,at ! same "t ! rais$ ail]on on ! "r less5s ! pressure "u ! w+ on t side & s gives x a t5d5cy to fall4 ,9 ?is way1 9 a fraction ( a m9ute ! w+s are br\ght level aga9 & lat]al /ability is re/or$4 ,:]eas ! old ,wright biplane _h an elevat+ plane 9 front ( ! ma9 planes1 mo/ ma*9es to-day h ! elevat+ surfaces at ! re>4 ,by rais+ ! elevators an upw>d motion is obta9$1 or by l[]+ !m1 a d[nw>d motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wright ,,/>t+ ,,) ,,pass5g] ,/e]+ to "r & left is accompli%$ by a rudd] at ! re> ( ! airplane body or fuselage4 ,?is rudd] may be turn$ to "r or to left1 work+ on a h+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,f>man ,,ma*9e ,,prior ,,to ,,/>t ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,pione]s ,:ile ! ,wright bro!rs1 lack+ bo? funds & enc\ragem5t to cont9ue _! rem>kable project1 rema9$1 f #aije to #aijh 9 almo/ total obscurity--_! wond]ful fly+ ma*9e pack$ away ignom9i\sly 9 a b>n1--9 ,france a numb] ( eag] exp]im5t]s 7 work+ assidu\sly to out/rip !m1 & x 0 only by great good =tune t :5 ,wilbur ,wright arriv$ 9 ,france 9 #aijh he did n f9d himself beat5 f ! field4 ,actually ! ,wright ma*9e 0 f> 9 advance ( ! e>ly ,fr5* models1 & al?\gh ! ,fr5*1 ) true _s ( sportsman%ip1 7 quick to admit x :5 ! fact 0 demon/rat$1 yet prior to #aijh !y _h no idea t su* 0 ! case1 & 7 en?usia/ically pr\d ( _! home-made models4 ,among ! v fir/ ( ! ,fr5* pione]s ( flight 0 t gallant little ,brazilian1 ,santos-,dumont1 ^: exploits ) ! dirigible _h done s mu* to popul>ize air sports4 ,8 "n 0 a h\sehold ^w ) ! ,fr5*1 :o lit]ally lioniz$ him4 ,impati5t ( ! limit$ opportunities = adv5ture pres5t$ by ! dirigible1 ,santos-,dumont ca/ ab\t 9 8 m9d = "s means ( procur+ a m agile /e$ on :i* to p]=m 8 a]ial tricks4 ,9 #aijd he became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! subject ( glid+1 & made up 8 m9d to try a few glid+ exp]im5ts ( 8 own4 ,l ev]y?+ else he _h attempt$ 8 me?od ( attack+ ?is new problem 0 />tl+ly orig9al4 ,lili5?al & ! o!r glid]s _h all made _! flights above ! solid gr\nd4 ,santos-,dumont lik$ ! idea ( ris+ f ! wat] mu* bett]4 ,he ord]$ built = him a glid] ( 8 own design = ?is p>ticul> purpose4 ,on e cle> day :5 ! w9d 0 favorable1 ! plucky little a]onaut 0 out1 le>n+ to use 8 new-f\nd w+s4 ,8 glid]1 :i* float$ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 _h to be t[$ swiftly = "s di/ance by a boat 9 ord] to give x ! initial spe$ :i* ,lili5?al secur$ by tak+ advantage ( ! =ce ( gravity 9 8 d[nw>d jump f ! hilltop4 ,once he felt 8 spe$ to be suffici5t1 ,santos-,dumont g5tly incl9$ 8 w+s upw>d to cat* ! air curr5t4 ,to ! surprise ( e "o he 0 rem>kably successful4 ,he actually succe$$ 9 so>+ %ort di/ances1 & aft] a s]ies ( ef=ts he acquir$ a fair am\nt ( skill 9 ! use ( 8 glid] app>atus4 ,! next /ep 0 to atta* "s motive p[] to 8 fly+ ma*9e4 ,be=e v long he _h ready = trial a mu* m pret5ti\s biplane glid]1 equipp$ ) an #h cyl9d] motor :i* drove a two-blad$ alum9um propell]1 & fitt$ ) sev]al orig9al appliances to increase its so>+ p[]s & its /ability4 ,9 front 0 a curi\s arrangem5t resembl+ a box-kite1 :i* 0 int5d$ to fulfil ! same purpose z ! elevat+ plane :i* ! ,wright bro!rs plac$ 9 front ( ! two ma9 planes ( _! ma*9e4 ,santos-,dumont _h exp]i5c$ ! same tr\ble z all ! o!r glid]s3 ! difficulty ( keep+ 8 ma*9e 9 a horizontal position4 ,! t9ie/ gu/1 bl[+ f "o side or ! o!r1 0 suffici5t to cause x to lose its balance1 & ov] x w\ld topple sidewise4 ,to ov]come ?is ob/acle ! ,wright bro!rs _h adopt$ ! +5i\s me?od ( w+-w>p+1 imitat$ directly f ! habits ( birds4 ,santos-,dumont 0 n ne>ly ( s sci5tific a turn ( m9d z ! two great ,am]ican pione]s4 ,)\t hav+ gone s deeply into ! subject1 he det]m9$ to place upright planes betwe5 8 ma9 planes1 to w>d (f gu/s & increase ! lat]al /ability4 ,! idea 0 n a bad "o1 ?\gh f> f be+ ! be/4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aijf he flew ) 8 glid] successfully v %ort di/ances4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> he accompli%$ a demon/ration flight ( #bjj feet at ,bagatelle1 ne> ,p>is4 ,at ! pres5t day :5 airplanes g so>+ above our heads fa/] ?an express tra9s1 mak+ long1 cont9u\s cross-c\ntry flights1 t j\rney ( #bjj feet seems humor\s1 b at ! "t x 0 ! ,european record4 ,x ar\s$ a great deal ( popul> en?usiasm1 = ! ,fr5*1 ) _! vivid p[]s ( imag9ation1 7 quick to see ! possibilities 9 ?is new1 heavi]-?an-air contrivance4 ,at once ! ,brazilian set to "w to out/rip ?is fir/ a*ievem5t4 ,?is "t 8 orig9ality took an entirely new turn4 ,in/ead ( ! biplane type he decid$ on a monoplane1 & he began lay+ out plans = a monoplane s t9y1 yet s effici5t1 t x 0 de/9$ to become fam\s4 ,b x 0 sev]al ye>s be=e ?is m9iature fli] 0 ready1 & s = a :ile ! idol ( ! ,fr5* public dropp$ almo/ completely out ( sight4 ,9 ! meantime o!rs 7 up & do+ 9 ,france4 ,h5ry ,f>man1 :o already _h made 8 "n fam\s 9 motor c> rac+1 0 ! next to w9 popul> acclaim = exploits 9 ! air4 ,f>man 0 kn[n z a man ( ! mo/ consummate d>+1 cool-head$ness 9 em]g5cy1 & quick judgm5t4 ,an ,engli%man by bir?1 he _h resid$ all 8 life 9 ,france1 :]e ) 8 bro!r ,maurice he _h a*iev$ an enviable reputation z a sportsman4 ,f>man aft]w>d design$ & con/ruct$ airplanes ( 8 own1 b x 0 9 "o built by ! ,vois9 bro!rs t he fir/ took to ! air4 ,! ,vois9s 7 v ambiti\s inde$ 9 _! fir/ airplane project4 ,! ma*9e :i* !y built 0 bo? l>ge & heavy1 & possess$ ( _m unsci5tific features4 ,l ! ,wrights' ma*9e x _h two l>ge horizontal planes1 9 front ( :i* 0 plac$ a small elevat+ plane1 :i* c\ld be incl9$ up or d[n to lift ! airplane into ! air or br+ x to e>? aga94 ,unlike ! ,wright model x _h a l>ge tail1 or horizontal plane at ! re>1 int5d$ to give x increas$ longitud9al /ability4 ,?is feature repres5t$ an improvem5t4 ,! ,wrights _h to keep _! ma*9e on ! level by rais+ or l[]+ ! front elevat+ plane 9 su* a way z to c\nt]act any pit*+ motion1 b ! tail ( ! ,vois9 biplane gave x a great deal m /ead9ess 9 ! air4 ,fitt$ to ! tail 0 a rudd]1 by :i* turn+ to "r or left 0 accompli%$4 ,b ! ,vois9 bro!rs _h no w+-w>p+ device on _! l>ge fli]4 ,in/ead !y us$ ! upright curta9s or planes betwe5 ! ma9 planes1 :i* we h already se5 on ! ma*9e design$ by ,santos-,dumont4 ,_! airplane 0 equipp$ ) an #h-;cyl9d] motor1 :i* turn$ a l>ge propell]4 ,9 ?is l>ge & unwieldy ma*9e1 weigh+ possibly #adjj p\nds1 ,h5ry ,f>man made a %ort flight 9 a clos$ circuit 9 #aijh4 ,at ! "t x 0 ! record flight 9 ,europe1 & ! ,fr5* p fondly imag9$ x 0 ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,t same ye> ,wilbur ,wright arriv$ on ,fr5* soil & %[$ !m 9 a few a/\nd+ exp]im5ts :at ! ,wright biplane c\ld d4 ,! successes ( ?is tall1 untalkative ,am]ican1 :o _h come ov] to ,france & ) ease made ! a]ial adv5tures ( ,santos-,dumont & ,f>man seem l ! fir/ ef=ts ( a baby le>n+ to crawl1 greatly z !y surpris$1 &1 p]haps1 disappo9t$ ! ,fr5* p1 9 ! outcome _h ! result ( spurr+ ,fr5*m5 on to great] ef=t 9 ! problem ( air%ip design4 ,be=e ! end ( #aijh ,h5ry ,f>man1 9 an improv$ ,vois91 _h wre/$ back ! lo/ honors by flights :i* 7 long] ?an ^? made by ,wilbur ,wright4 ,& o!r ,fr5*m5 7 h>d at "w4 ,aft] build+ a numb] ( ma*9es & meet+ ) _m accid5ts & failures1 ,blriot em]g$ 9 ! summ] ( #aiji ) a successful monoplane4 ,at almo/ ! same "t ! ,anto9ette monoplane made its appe>ance1 & soon ^! two simil> ma*9es 7 pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 a fam\s conte/4 ,! ,london ,daily ,mail1 ) ! int5tion ( /imulat+ progress 9 aviation1 put up a prize ( #ajjj = ! fir/ ma*9e to fly ! ,briti% ,*annel4 ,9 ,july1 ,blriot br\ght 8 monoplane to ,calais2 & ,hub]t ,la?am appe>$ z 8 antagoni/1 ) an ,anto9ette ma*9e4 ,bo? ( ! conte/ants 7 skill$ pilots1 & bo? 7 m5 ( fe>less d>+4 ,! feat :i* !y 7 ab\t to attempt requir$ m5 ) ^? qualities1 = 9 ^! pione] days ( aviation x 0 n ! easy task to fly ! ,*annel :i* at fir/ glance x might seem to be4 ,ov] ! ,*annel ! w9ds 7 almo/ always v sev]e1 & !y repres5t$ ! greate/ dang] ! airman _h to face4 ,! fir/ airplanes _h s small a factor ( /ability t x 0 almo/ impossible to fly !m 9 ev5 ! g5tle/ breeze4 ,! mo/ intrepid aviators nev] once ?\ght ( attempt+ flight 9 unfavorable wea!r4 ,to be ov]turn$ 9 cross+ ! ,*annel meant tak+ a big risk ( dea?1 & bo? ,blriot & ,la?am realiz$ t !y 7 tak+ _! lives 9 _! h&s 9 und]tak+ ! trip4 ,!y _h a long wait = calm wea!r1 b on ,july #bd? conditions seem$ "r = a />t ! next morn+4 ,j at dawn ,la?am flew out across ! sea & disappe>$ 9 ! di/ance4 ,n v long beh9d him1 ,blriot1 hav+ te/$ ) ! utmo/ c>e e "p ( 8 little ma*9e1 climb$ into ! pilot's seat1 & ) a ,good-by to ! little gr\p ( me*anics & fri5ds :o /ood ab\t1 sp$ away1 hot on ! trail4 ,on & on flew ,la?am 9 8 l>g] ,anto9ette monoplane1 & ! hope ( victory began to loom big4 ,f> out ov] ! ,*annel h[ev]1 8 eng9e sudd5ly w5t wrong1 z eng9es 9 ^? days _h a habit ( do+1 & ! mu* fe>$ ?+ happ5$3 he began to fall4 ,9 a v few mom5ts ! plucky pilot 0 cl++ to 8 airplane1 z x float$ = a few mom5ts on ! *oppy sea4 ,be=e x c\ld s9k a vessel _h hurri$ to ! rescue1 & ,la?am 0 haul$ on bo>d1 disappo9t$1 b safe4 ,blriot1 mean:ile1 0 f> f be+ sure ( 8 c\rse z he flew on /eadily ?r\gh ! e>ly morn+ haze4 ,b 8 eng9e cont9u$ to run smoo?ly1 & f9ally f> ahead1 ! :ite cliffs ( ,engl& began to em]ge out ( ! di/ance4 ,) joy 9 8 he>t ! ,fr5*man flew pr\dly 9 ov] ! l& & br\ght 8 airplane to ! e>? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,dov] ,ca/le4 ,he 0 greet$ z a h]o by ! ,briti% & ! glad message ( 8 triumph 0 spe$$ back to ,calais4 ,lo? to be beh9dh& 9 airplane activities1 ,am]ica 0 also busily at "w develop+ ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e1 & ano!r fam\s "n _h by ?is "t be5 add$ to t ( ! ,wright bro!rs4 ,by #aiji ,gl5n ,curtiss ) a gr\p ( di/+ui%$ co-exp]im5t]s _h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ sev]al v int]e/+ fly+ ma*9es4 ,curtiss' /ory is an int]e/+ "o4 ,9 #aijj he 0 ! own] ( a small bicycle %op 9 ,hammondsport1 ,new ,york4 ,he _h a mania = spe$1 hav+ ridd5 9 _m cycl+ races1 & x 0 he :o fir/ ?\ght ( atta*+ a motor to a bicycle = great] spe$4 ,he soon sprang into ! limelight z a motorcycli/ & a manufactur] ( motorcycles4 ,a small factory w5t up at ,hammondsport1 & a*iev$ a reputation = ! v good motors x turn$ out4 ,curtiss fir/ became int]e/$ 9 fly+ ?r\gh an ord] he receiv$ f ,capta9 ,?omas ,scott ,baldw9 = a motor to be us$ 9 a dirigible balloon4 ,he set to "w on ! problem ( con/ruct+ a motor suitable = ! purpose1 &1 z might be expect$1 he became fasc9at$ ) ! possibilities ( flight4 ,curtiss & ,baldw9 made "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) ! dirigible4 ,!n1 9 #aije1 ,curtiss made ! acqua9tance ( ,dr4 ,alex&] ,bell4 ,! fam\s inv5tor ( ! telephone 0 engross$ 9 ! /udy ( glid+ ma*9es1 & _h be5 c>ry+ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) kites by :i* he hop$ to evolve a sci5tific airplane4 ,to fur!r ^! exp]im5ts he _h call$ 9 z associates 9 ! "w two eng9e]s1 ,f4 ,w4 ,baldw91 & ,j4 ,a4 ,d4 ,mc,curdy1 :ile ,lt4 ,?omas ,selfridge ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army 0 also greatly int]e/$4 ,?us x came ab\t t 9 ! summ] ( #aijg ?is gr\p ( capable m5 =m$ :at !y 7 pleas$ to call ! ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association1 ( :i* ,curtiss 0 p]haps ! mov+ _s4 ,! fir/ ma*9e built by ! ,association 0 *ri/5$ ! ,r$ ,w+1 ! second ! ,:ite ,w+2 ! ?ird 0 call$ ! ,june ,bug1 & x prov$ s successful a fli] t on ,july #d?1 #aijh1 x 0 aw>d$ ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican trophy = a flight ( "o kilomet]1 or five-eigh?s ( a mile4 ,:ile1 9 ,france1 ,f>man & ! ,vois9 bro!rs1 ,la?am & ,blriot 7 pu%+ /eadily along ! r\gh road to aviation successes1--9 ,am]ica1 ! ,wright bro!rs & ,curtiss ) 8 associates1 7 demon/rat+ to ! public on ?is side ( ! wat] :at fly+ ma*9es c\ld d4 ,9 fact1 ! airplane _h def9itely begun to ass]t its sup]iority z ma/] ( ! air1 & _m eyes 9 all p>ts ( ! _w 7 fix$ on x & on ! great future possibilities = :i* x /ood4 ,ev]y:]e1 w>m int]e/ _h be5 ar\s$1 &1 at lea/ 9 ,france1 ! milit>y importance ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e 0 com+ to be realiz$4 ,n[ ! "t 0 ripe = ! great public demon/ration ( ! _w's airplanes :i* took place at ,rheims 9 ,augu/1 #aiji4 ,! ,rheims ,meet+ is probably ! mo/ memorable ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation4 ,x plac$ ! "w ( a doz5 or m e>ne/ exp]im5t]s def9itely 9 ! limelight1 & gave ! *ance = comp>isons1 = a summ+ up ( k on ! subject ( flight1 & = a te/ ( /r5g?1 :i* result$ 9 ! mighty impetus to a]ial progress :i* foll[$ imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,"h at ,rheims 7 ga!r$ _m fam\s fly+ m5 :o already _h made _! names kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!re 7 ,f>man1 ,la?am1 ,paulhan1 ,blriot1 ,curtiss1 & ! ?ree :o flew ,wright ma*9es1 ! ,comte de ,lamb]t1 ,lefevre & ,tiss&i]1--z well z _m o!rs1 = !re 7 ?irty conte/ants 9 all4 ,_m unusual feats delight$ ! spectators4 ,lefevre1 a /ud5t ( ! ,wrights1 & up to t "t unkn[n1 amaz$ ! assemblage by 8 wond]ful a]ial /unts4 ,he circl$ gracefully 9 ! air1 mak+ %>p1 unexpect$ turns ) ! utmo/ skill1 & w9n+ r\nd aft] r\nd ( applause4 ,curtiss & ,blriot em]g$ z conte/ants = ! spe$ prize ov] #aj kilomet]s1 & aft] sev]al brea?less attempts 9 :i* records 7 made & brok51 ! honor 0 f9ally c>ri$ (f by ,blriot1 :o cov]$ ! di/ance ( #aj kilomet]s 7ab\t #f-a_/d miles7 9 #g m9utes1 #dg4hj seconds4 ,curtiss repli$ by beat+ 8 fam\s oppon5t 9 ! conte/ = ! ,gordon ,b5nett ,cup1 (f]$ = ! fa/e/ flight ov] #bj kilomet]s2 & ,curtiss also 0 ! w9n] ( ! #cj kilomet] race4 ,x 0 ,f>man1 9 a biplane ( 8 own design1 :o surpris$ e "o by 8 rem>kable p]=mance1 & turn$ out to be ! victor ( ! occasion4 ,fly+ = ?ree h\rs )\t /opp+1 r\nd ! c\rse1 he cov]$ #aab miles )\t ! slighte/ difficulty1 & 0 only =c$ to make a l&+ because ( ! rapidly approa*+ dusk4 ,= 8 feat he 0 aw>d$ ! ,gr& ,prize1 & 0 hail$ z ! mo/ successful ( all ! conte/ants4 ,f9ally ,la?am1 9 an ,anto9ette monoplane1 prov$ he _h ! ma*9e ) ! greate/ climb+ p[]s1 & c>ri$ (f ! ,altitude prize on ! clos+ day ( ! meet+4 ,among ^? :o look$ on at ! fam\s ,rheims ,meet+ ( #aiji !re 7 none m ke5ly & intellig5tly int]e/$ ?an ! repres5tatives ( ! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities4 ,!y _h come = two reasons3 to asc]ta9 at fir/ h& :i* 7 ! be/ ma*9es & to ord] !m = ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t2 on ! o!r h&1 to enc\rage to ! fulle/ ext5t possible all ^? m5 pres5t :o 7 e>ne/ly work+ 9 ! int]e/s ( aviation4 ,france 0 ready & will+ to sp5d money freely = ?is purpose1 & ! ,rheims ,meet+ result$ 9 ord]s = ma*9es ( sev]al makes4 ,"s ( ^! 7 reg>d$ z hav+ great possibilities f a milit>y po9t ( view2 & o!rs1 ?\gh n look$ on s favorably1 7 pur*as$ z a sign ( goodwill & support to future exp]im5t4 ,x 0 ?is f>-see+ patronage :i* pav$ ! way = ,france's lat] a]ial triumphs1 = x gave h] a div]sity ( ma*9es & a devot$ cot]ie ( work]s all foll[+ orig9al l9es ( exp]im5t4 ,let u glance = a mom5t at ! little gr\p ( ma*9es :i* /ood out by _! m]its mo/ prom95tly at t ,rheims ,meet+ ( #aiji1 & :i* gave ! greate/ promise = ! future4 ,to-day !y seem antiquat$ inde$1 b = all _! r curi\s appe>ance !y 7 ! legitimate =efa!rs ( our p[]ful mod]n airplanes4 ,among ! biplanes1 ^? especially wor?y ( note 7 ! ,f>man1 ! ,wright1 & ! ,vois92 :ile ! ,blriot & ,anto9ette monoplanes gave a mo/ excell5t acc\nt ( !mselves4 ,f>man1 :o _h fir/ le>n$ to fly 9 a ma*9e design$ & built by ! ,vois9 bro!rs1 0 f> f satisfi$ ) 8 sluggi%1 unmanageable /e$ & at once set to "w on a design ( 8 own4 ,8 "o idea 0 to con/ruct a biplane ( light weight1 spe$ & g5]al effici5cy4 ,he did away ) ! box-kite tail ( ! ,vois9 model & sub/itut$ two horizontal tail planes ) a v]tical rudd] fitt$ betwe5 !m4 ,in/ead ( ! v]tical planes or curta9s betwe5 ! ma9 planes by :i* ! ,vois9s attempt$ to pres]ve ! lat]al /ability ( _! airplane1 ,f>man adopt$ ! w+-w>p+ plan ( ! ,wrights 9 a some:at modifi$ =m4 ,! ,wright ma*9e1 x w be rememb]$1 _h w+s ^: re> portions 7 flexible1 s t !y c\ld be drawn d[n at ! w ( ! pilot4 ,if ! latt] felt t ! left side ( 8 ma*9e 0 fall+ he simply drew d[n or w>p$ ! re> edges ( ! w+s on t side4 ,! air ru%+ "u ! w+ 0 block$ 9 its passage & ! great] pressure ?us creat$ =c$ ! w+ upw>d on ! left side until balance _h be5 re/or$4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple1 ,f>man atta*$ to ! re> edges ( ! ma9 planes at ea* side a flap1 or z x is call$ to-day1 an ail]on1 :i* work$ on a h+e1 s t x c\ld be rais$ or l[]$4 ,ano!r novel feature ( ?is fir/ ,f>man biplane 0 its me?od ( />t+ & l&+4 ,bel[ ! planes _h be5 plac$ two long wood5 skids1 & to ^! small1 pneumatic tir$ :eels _h be5 atta*$ by means ( /rong rubb] b&s4 ,9 ris+1 ! airplane ran along ! gr\nd on ^! :eels until x _h acquir$ ! mom5tum necess>y to lift x into ! air4 ,:5 a desc5t 0 made1 ! =ce ( contact ) ! gr\nd s5t ! :eels fly+ upw>d on _! flexible b&s1 & all[$ ! /rong skids to absorb ! %ock4 ,?is und]body or *assis 0 a di/9ct improvem5t on any?+ t _h yet be5 devis$1 = x 0 light 9 weight & effici5t4 ,9 "o o!r important respect ! ,f>man ma*9e 0 sup]ior to all ^? demon/rat$ at ,rheims 9 #aiji1 & t 0 9 its eng9e4 ,airplane eng9es up to ?is "t _h be5 no?+ m or less ?an automobile eng9es built z light 9 weight z possible4 ,b 9 ,france a new eng9e _h made its appe>ance1 design$ especially = airplane ne$s4 ,hoot$ z a freak at ! fir/1 & reject$ by exp]ts z impossible1 x c>ri$ ,f>man r\nd ! c\rse on 8 ?ree h\r flight )\t a hit* & made him ! w9n] ( ! ,gr& ,prize4 ,?is rem>kable eng9e 0 ! ,gnome & ! reason = its excell5ce lay 9 its unusual sy/em ( cool+4 ,! ov]heat+ ( 8 motor 0 a ?orn 9 ! fle% ( _m an e>ly aviator4 ,an eng9e :i* gave good s]vice 9 an automobile w\ld inv>iably ov]heat 9 an airplane because ( ! con/ant high spe$ at :i* x mu/ run4 ,n[ motor c> eng9es ( :atev] type1 & :e!r wat]-cool$ or air-cool$1 _h fix$ cyl9d]s & a revolv+ crank%aft4 ,9 ! ,gnome motor ! cyl9d]s revolv$ & ! crank%aft 0 /ation>y4 ,fly+ ?r\gh ! air at trem5d\s spe$ !y necess>ily cool$ !mselves4 ,?is 0 ! secret ( ! p]fect runn+ ( ! ,f>man biplane4 ,?\gh ,f>man _h be5 ! fir/ to recognize ! m]its ( ! ,gnome & in/all x 9 8 ma*9e1 he 0 n ! la/1 = aft] ! ,rheims ,meet+ x rapidly became ! favorite ( practically all build]s4 ,next to ! ,f>man1 ! ,wright ma*9e 0 probably ! be/ = all-ar\nd s]vice ( ! _m demon/rat$ at ! great meet+4 ,its "o greate/ disadvantage 0 ! fact t x _h to be laun*$ f a rail4 ,x c>ri$ no :eels--m]ely skids = l&+--& s to ga9 initial mom5tum x _h to be plac$ on a small trolley :i* ran d[n a rail4 ,su* a me?od ( ga9+ spe$ 0 exce$+ly complicat$1 & ! "q at once arises3 ,:at w\ld ! pilot d if =c$ to make a l&+ f> f 8 />t+ po9t8 ,( c\rse x w\ld h be5 q impossible = him to h ris5 into ! air = a return trip1 & 8 ma*9e1 ?\gh 9 p]fect condition1 w\ld h to h be5 pack$ & c>t$ back home4 ,! ,vois9 biplane1 ?\gh improv$ s9ce ,f>man _h pilot$ x 9 #aijh1 0 /ill 9 #aiji an ov]ly heavy1 sl[ fly+ ma*9e1 m or less difficult to /e]4 ,x /ill _h its box-kite tail & its upright curta9s betwe5 ! ma9 planes4 ,& x c>ri$ a r weighty l&+ *assis built ( holl[ metal tub+1 to :i* 7 atta*$ pneumatic-tir$ bicycle :eels4 ,small :eels 7 also plac$ "u ! tail1 to support x :5 runn+ along ! gr\nd4 ,! ,blriot monoplane c\ld h claim$ ! honors = simplicity4 ,x _h a body built up ( light woodwork1 ov] "p ( :i* fabric _h be5 /ret*$4 ,on ei!r side ( ! body ext5d$ ! two support+ planes1 support$ above & bel[ by wires4 ,9 ! front ( ! body 0 ! eng9e & at ! re> extremity a small /abiliz+ plane4 ,at ! ends ( ! /abiliz+ plane1 on ei!r side1 7 two small planes :i* c\ld be mov$ up & d[n4 ,!y took ! place ( ! front elevat+ plane employ$ on ! o!r ma*9es4 ,j beh9d ! /abiliz+ plane 0 ! v]tical rudd]1 :i* turn$ to "r or left4 ,! w+s ( ! ,blriot _h ! ,wright bro!rs' w+ w>p+ arrangem5t4 ,! pilot sat j beh9d ! eng9e1 op]at+ ! controls4 ,l>g] 9 w+ span & long] 9 body ?an ! ,blriot 0 ! ,anto9ette monoplane4 ,l ! ,blriot x _h its elevat+ planes at ! re>1 & c>ri$ its eng9e 9 ! b[4 ,in/ead ( ! w+ w>p+ device x made use ( movable flaps or ail]ons at ! re> edges ( ! w+s4 ,ano!r idea _h be5 incorporat$ 9 ?is ma*9e = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ lat]al /ability4 ,its w+s1 in/ead ( ext5d+ 9 a horizontal position f ! body 7 incl9$ slightly upw>d1--a plan :i* met ) s]i\s condemnation f ! eng9e]+ exp]ts4 ,^! five !n1 7 ! ma*9es :i* claim$ mo/ att5tion 9 #aiji1 al?\gh _m o!rs1--z = in/ance ! ,r4 ,e4 ,p4 monoplane1 built by ,m4 ,esnault-,pelt]ie1 & ! ,breguet biplane--7 fl[n at ! fam\s meet+4 ,! ,rheims ev5t _h be5 hugely successful1 & ! news ( ! spl5did a*ievem5ts ( ! airplane spread l wildfire ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,small] meet+s 7 arrang$ = 9 o!r cities1 & ev]y:]e ! great aviators 7 call$ = to give exhibition flights4 ,9 ,septemb] ,santos-,dumont came once m be=e ! public ) ! t9ie/ monoplane 9 exi/5ce1 a little ma*9e :i* he call$ ! ,demoiselle1 & 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts prov$ its rem>kable capabilities4 ,santos-,dumont _h be5 resid+ = "s "t at ,/4 ,cyr1 :]e he _h work$ on 8 designs = ! ,demoiselle4 ,"o ( 8 aviator fri5ds1 ,m4 ,guffroy1 0 also exp]im5t+ at ,buc1 five miles away4 ,! two m5 agre$ t ! "o :o fir/ complet$ an airplane %\ld fly 9 x to ! home ( ! o!r & collect #dj4 ,9 #f m9utes & #a second ,santos-,dumont cov]$ ! five miles on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] & claim$ 8 rew>d4 ,orville ,wright at ab\t ?is "t 0 exhibit+ 8 airplane 9 ,b]l9 & w9n+ new laurels be=e ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,g]many4 ,by ! middle ( ,octob] he 0 9 ,france1 & 0 pres5t at ! ,juvisy ,meet+1 :5 ! ,comte de ,lamb]t1 leav+ ! c\rse unexpect$ly1 made 8 s5sational flight ov] ,p>is1 circl+ r\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[] at a height ( #a1jjj feet4 ,p>is 0 fill$ ) amazem5t & delight at ! sight ( an airplane so>+ ov] ! city4 ,x 0 almo/ an h\r be=e ! ,comte de ,lamb]t1 fly+ ) ! greate/ ease1 arriv$ once m at ! c\rse1 to be ov]:elm$ ) congratulations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wright ,,ma*9e ,,ris+ ,,j ,,aft] ,,leav+ ,,! ,,rail ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,wright ,,ma*9e1 ,,%[+ ,,its ,,me?od ,,( ,,/>t+ ,,f ,a ,,rail ,on ,novemb] #crd1 ,h5ry ,f>man made a _w's record ( #add miles 9 #d h\rs1 #ag m9utes & #ec seconds1 wre/+ f ,wilbur ,wright ! covet$ ,mi*el9 ,cup4 ,9 ,decemb] ,blriot attempt$ an exhibition ( 8 monoplane 9 ,con/ant9ople1 b 8 ma*9e lo/ its balance 9 ! sev]e w9d :i* 0 bl[+ & came cra%+ to e>?4 ,?\gh sev]ely w\nd$1 ! great aviator recov]$ rapidly1 ju/ify+ ! (t-repeat$ sup]/ition t he 0 possess$ ( a *>m$ life4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,! ,,propell] ,,dep>tm5t ,,9 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,curtiss ,,factories ,?us ! ye> :i* _h meant s mu* 9 ! =w>d m>* ( aviation drew to a close4 ,beg9n+ at ,rheims1 ! reputation ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e _h spread 9 ev] wid5+ circles ?r\gh\t all civiliz$ l&s4 ,mo/ important ( all1 ! milit>y au?orities ( sev]al nations _h op5$ _! eyes to trem5d\s importance ( ! airplane z an implem5t ( w>f>e1 & _! realization ( ?is fact 0 de/9$ to br+ ab\t new & weighty developm5ts )9 ! next few ye>s4 ,among ! great ,european /ates only "o nation slept :ile ! re/ 7 up & do+1 & %e saw ! day :51 ) ! %ad[ ( w> loom+ on ! horizon1 %e _h cause = bitt] regrets4 ,! beg9n+ ( #aiaj saw ! fam\s aviator ,paulhan 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a s]ies ( exhibition flights4 ,on ,janu>y #ab? he made a _w's record = altitude1 climb+ at ,los ,angeles to a height ( #d1adj feet1 9 a ,f>man ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,spr+ !re occurr$ 9 ,engl& a memorable conte/ betwe5 ,paulhan & a "y fli] :o up to t "t 0 unhe>d (1 b :o rapidly made a reputation = himself 9 aviation4 ,! ,london ,daily ,mail1 :i* _h already done s mu* to ar\se en?usiasm = ! airplane 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 n[ (f]$ a prize ( #aj1jjj = ! fir/ cross-c\ntry flight f ,london to ,man*e/]4 ,!re arose z ,engl&'s *ampion ,claude ,grahame-,:ite1 & ,paulhan ) 8 ,f>man biplane 0 on h& to dispute ! honors ) him4 ,! di/ance to be cov]$ 0 ab\t #ahc miles1 & ! task seem$ almo/ impossible1 l>gely ow+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* ! flight mu/ be made4 ,x 0 r\gh & hilly & ?ickly spr9kl$ ) t[ns1 mak+ ! task ( a =c$ l&+ a v p]il\s "o4 ,eng9es 9 #aiaj 7 none too reliable & 7 apt to play /range tricks4 ,to be =c$ to desc5d ov] a t[n or 9 r\gh c\ntry meant a *ance ( s]i\s accid5t or dea?4 ,r\gh c\ntry moreov] is apt to be w9dy c\ntry1 ) %>p1 unlook$-= gu/s bl[+ f unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,x 0 ^! above all ?+s :i* fill$ ! airman's he>t ) dread1 = he knew only too well ! limit$ /ability ( 8 pione] craft4 ,late 9 ! aft]noon ( ,april #bg?1 ,paulhan1 ^: biplane1 9 p]fect repair1 0 await+ him at ,h5don1 ne> ,london1 asc]ta9$ t ! w9d 0 favorable1 & at once rose into ! air & />t$ on 8 long trip4 ,grahame-,:ite _h assum$ t x 0 too late 9 ! day to make a />t1 & _h left 8 ma*9e1 all ready = flight1 at ,wormwood ,scrubbs1 int5d+ to make a />t 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,%ortly aft] six ! news 0 br\ght to ,:ite t ,paulhan 0 on 8 way1 & he imm$iately ru%$ to 8 />t+ po9t & hurri$ aft] 8 rival4 ,paulhan _h /udi$ e in* ( ! gr\nd & knew :at conditions to expect4 ,8 e>li] />t gave him a great advantage1 = he manag$ to get f>!r be=e nightfall1 & also be=e any adv]se w9ds arose4 ,) d>kness bo? pilots 7 =c$ to make l&+s1 b ,paulhan 0 f> ahead1 & ! prospect ( victory began to wane = ! plucky "y ,engli% fli]4 ,9 ! em]g5cy he det]m9$ on a desp]ate attempt to ov]come 8 h&icap4 ,night fly+ !n 0 a ?+ unhe>d (1 b ,grahame-,:ite prep>$ to try x1 h[ev] risky4 ,at half pa/ two 9 ! morn+1 by ! wan light ( ! moon he arose f ! field :]e 8 ma*9e _h be5 l&$ & flew (f into ! murky night4 ,disappo9tm5t await$ ! dauntless pilot1 h[ev]4 ,he _h a /]n /ruggle ) ! w9d1 8 eng9e began to give tr\ble1 & f9ally he 0 compell$ to come to e>?4 ,paulhan got away at dawn & be+ ! m exp]i5c$ pilot ( ! two1 manag$1 aft] a %>p tussle ) ! w9d1 to arrive intact at 8 de/9ation4 ,he 0 greet$ ) wild en?usiasm & 0 inde$ ! h]o ( ! day4 ,b ,engl& 0 n )\t gratitude to h] defeat$ airman1 :o 9 ! face ( enorm\s difficulties1 _h p]si/$ s gallantly 9 8 ef=t to uphold 8 c\ntry's honor 9 ! records ( aviation4 ,?\gh (ficial ,engl& 0 sl[ to recognize ! airplane's claims1 ! ,briti% public %[$ ke5e/ int]e/ 9 all ! exploits ( _! sportsm5 ( ! air1 & be=e long !re 0 q a fair-siz$ gr\p ( su* m5 dem&+ att5tion4 ,am]ica also _h a rem>kable feat to record 9 ! summ] ( #aiaj4 ,! ,new ,york ,_w _h (f]$ a #aj1jjj prize = a flight d[n ! ,hudson ,riv] f ,albany to ,new ,york4 ,! difficulties 7 ev5 great] ?an ^? ( ! ,london-,man*e/] conte/1 = "h ! airman _h to fly ! entire di/ance ov] a swift /ream4 ,! high hills on ei!r side meant increas$ p]il1 = !re 7 sure to be p[]ful w9d gu/s ru%+ out betwe5 ! gaps 9 ! hills & seek+ to ov]turn ! ma*9e4 ,if ! eng9e %\ld give out1 !re 0 no place to l& except 9 ! wat] itself1 ) slight *ance ( escape = ei!r ! pilot or 8 airplane4 ,nev]!less1 ,gl5n ,curtiss1 ^: accompli%m5ts at ! ,rheims ,meet+ we h already witness$1 det]m9$ to try = ! prize4 ,8 ma*9e 0 br\ght f ,hammondsport to ,albany ready = a />t1 & on ,may #ca1 aft] a long wait = favorable atmosph]ic conditions1 he 0 on 8 way4 ,a special tra9 /eam$ aft] him1 c>ry+ newspap] report]s & anxi\s fri5ds1 b he left x f> 9 ! di/ance :ile he flew swiftly d[n ! ,hudson4 ,villag]s & boatm5 wav$ & %\t$ to him z he pass$4 ,at "o po9t he enc\nt]$ an air :irlpool t almo/ suck$ him d[n1 b he succe$$ 9 right+ 8 ma*9e & gett+ on 8 way aga94 ,ne> ,p\ghkeepsie he made a l&+ to obta9 m fuel1 & f !re he flew /raight on to 8 j\rney's end1 rea*+ ,new ,york ,city & desc5d+ 9 a little field ne> ,inwood4 ,9 ,july ( #aiaj came ! second big ,rheims ,meet+1 to %[ :at unprec$5t$ advances _h be5 made 9 "o %ort ye>4 ,almo/ #hj conte/ants appe>$1 z comp>$ ) ! #cj ( #aiji4 ,ma*9es 7 9 e way bett] & "s v excell5t records 7 made4 ,! ,anto9ette monoplane flew ! greate/ di/ance 7#bab miles71 & also rea*$ ! greate/ height2 :ile a new ma*9e1 ! ,morane monoplane1 took ! prizes = spe$4 ,mean:ile ! ,fr5* ,army _h be5 busy tra9+ aviators & secur+ new ma*9es4 ,9 ! ,fall ^! 7 tri$ out at ! ,army ,maneuv]s 9 ,pic>dy1 & = ! fir/ "t ! _w saw :at milit>y airplanes really c\ld accompli%4 ,9 ! %am w>f>e ! army pilots flew ov] ! enemy's l9es & br\ght back a/oni%+ly complete reports ( ! movem5ts ( troops1 disposition ( =ces1 etc4 ,! ,fr5* milit>y au?orities !mselves1 en?usia/ic z !y _h be5 ov] ! developm5t ( ! airplane1 _h n anticipat$ su* complete success4 ,!y 7 delight$ ) ! results ( _! ef=ts1 & a /rong a]ial policy 0 !reupon mapp$ out = ,france4 ,engl& at ?is date possess$ "o milit>y airplane1 & x 0 late be=e %e awak5$ to ! importance ( aviation z a bran* ( w>f>e4 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,russia1 & ,am]ica 7 look+ on ) ke5 int]e/1 b = a :ile ,france ma9ta9$ supremacy ov] all 9 h] a]ial projects4 ,by ! end ( ! foll[+ ye> %e _h ov] #bjj milit>y ma*9es1 ) a compet5t /aff ( pilots & obs]v]s4 ,to foll[ ! c\rse ( aviation a*ievem5t we mu/ n[ g back to ,engl&1 :]e 9 ,july1 #aiaa1 ano!r big ,daily ,mail conte/ took place4 ,?is "t ! newspap] _h put up a prize ( #aj1jjj to be won by fly+ :at 0 kn[n z ! ,circuit ( ,brita94 ,?is _h be5 m>k$ out to pass ?r\gh _m ( ! l>ge cities ( ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,irel&4 ,!re 7 sev5te5 entrants = ! conte/1 :i* 0 won by a lieut5ant ( ! ,fr5* navy1 nam$ ,conneau4 ,cross-c\ntry flights 7 gr[+ long] & long]1 keep+ pace ) ! rapid /rides 9 ! developm5t ( ! airplane4 ,/ill ano!r conte/ dur+ #aiaa 0 ! ,circuit ( ,europe1 :i* lay ?r\gh ,france1 ,belgium & ,engl&2 :ile a flight f ,p>is to ,rome & "o f ,p>is to ,madrid s]v$ to demon/rate ! gr[+ reliability ( ! aircraft4 ,money _h always fl[$ freely f ,fr5* c(f]s = ?is favorite ( all hobbies4 ,at ! ,rheims ,meet+ 9 ,octob] ( #aiaa ! ,gov]nm5t (f]$ approximately a qu>t] ( a million doll>s 9 prizes = a]ial feats & 9 ord]s = ma*9es4 ,repres5tatives f _m c\ntries visit$ ! meet+ to witness ! te/s ( w> airplanes4 ,9 ! two ye>s s9ce ! fir/ ,rheims ,meet+ _m va/ *anges _h tak5 place4 ,pilots no long] fe>$ to fly 9 high w9ds2 ma*9es 7 reliable1 /rong & swift4 ,a numb] made non-/op flights ( close on to #bjj miles1 & %[$ z well rem>kable climb+ abilities4 ,x 0 ! ,nieuport monoplane :i* l$ all o!rs at ?is ,rheims ,meet+4 ,to-day ! "n ( ,nieuport is famili> to e "o1 = ! little sc\t ma*9es c>ri$ "s ( ! brave/ pilots ( ,france & ,am]ica to victory 9 ! air battles ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,ev5 9 #aiaa ! ,nieuport monoplane 0 break+ all records = spe$4 ,c>ry+ bo? a pilot & a pass5g] x flew z fa/ z #gj miles an h\r at ,rheims4 ,ano!r new ma*9e t attract$ att5tion 0 ! ,breguet biplane1 a heavy g5]al s]vice ma*9e weigh+ #bdbj p\nds & c>ry+ a #adj h4 p4 ,gnome motor4 ,! ,gnome _h s f> outdi/anc$ all competitors t x _h virtually become ! univ]sal motor = airplanes1 &1 _m ( ^? se5 9 #aiaa 7 equipp$ ) x4 ,s9ce !n va/ improvem5ts h be5 made 9 /ation>y eng9es b at t "t !y almo/ entirely fail$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( light weight1 high p[] & reliability4 ,"o developm5t 9 ! biplanes ( #aiaa _c be pass$ ov]1 = x be>s a v int]e/+ relation to _! effici5cy z w> ma*9es4 ,any "o :o has se5 a photograph ( "o ( ! e>ly biplanes mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! curi\s kite-l appe>ance x pres5t$1 due to ! fact t x _h no body or fuselage1 b only two l>ge planes1 connect$ by /rong wood5 supports1 & usually ) a seat = ! pilot 9 ! c5t] ( ! l[] plane4 ,x 0 9 ! monoplane t a c> or airplane body fir/ made its appe>ance1 & to x ! w+ surfaces ( ! monoplane 7 /rongly brac$ ) wires4 ,_m ( ! biplanes ( #aiaa _h adopt$ ! idea & 9 consequ5ce began to take on a m mod]n appe>ance4 ,x 0 a ?or\ghly good idea1 = by means ( its great] /ability & /r5g?1 protection = ! pilot & g5]al effici5cy 7 obta9$4 ,biplanes ( ?is type n[ c>ri$ _! eng9es 9 ! fuselage b[ ) ! pilot's seat j beh9d x1 :ile in/ead ( ! front elevat+ plane ( ! e>li] models1 ! elevat+ surfaces 7 at ! re> ( ! fix$ tail plane4 ,! ,breguet 0 "o ( ^! progressive type biplanes ( #aiaa4 ,con/ruct$ v l>gely ( /eel1 x _h a long1 tap]+ body ) its controll+ planes--rudd] & elevators--at ! re>4 ,in/ead ( a numb] ( wood5 supports betwe5 ! planes ! ,breguet _h exactly f\r reliable /ruts4 ,h5ry ,f>man develop$ a milit>y biplane 9 #aiaa :i* _h "o p>ticul>ly new feature4 ,in/ead ( ! upp] ma9 plane be+ plac$ exactly above ! l[] x _h be5 mov$ slightly =w>d or /agg]$--giv+ x an ov]hang 9 front4 ,! idea 0 t ?is gave a great] climb+ p[] & 0 helpful 9 mak+ desc5ts1 ?\gh ! po9t has nev] be5 satisfactorily prov$4 ,until #aiaa ,g]many _h p9n$ h] fai? almo/ :olly to ! ,zeppel9 z ! unit = ! a]ial fleet :i* %e _h hop$ to build up1 & %e _h confid5tly expect$ x to prove its sup]iority to ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e 9 ! ev5t ( w>4 ,no funds _h be5 sp>$ to ru% ! "w ( design+ & con/ruct+ ^! huge air mon/]s4 ,c>efully & quietly ! p]fect+ & /&>diz+ ( ! ,zeppel9 "u gov]nm5t sup]vision _h mov$ =w>d1 & ,g]man eng9e]s _h n be5 beh9dh& 9 design+ eng9es p>ticul>ly suitable to aircraft4 ,:ile ,france 0 amus+ h]self ) ! clev] little monoplanes & biplanes ( ! pione] days--ma*9es :i* c\ld fly b a few y>ds at l[ altitude1 ,g]many1 possibly ) ! dream ( _w conque/ tuck$ away 9 h] m9d1 0 sp>+ no exp5se to get ready h] fleet ( light]-?an-air craft4 ,imag9e h] *agr9 :5 ! feeble w+$ birds ( #aijh & #aiji became ! so>+ eaglets ( #aiaa1 swiftly circl+ ! sky1 swoop+1 climb+ & p]=m+ a]ial tricks :i* made ! l>g] & clumsi] ,zeppel9 appe> z agile z a waddl+ duck4 ,:atev] ! feel+s ( ! ,g]man milit>y au?orities 7 on ! subject1 !y wa/$ no "t 9 cry+ ov] spilt milk1 b at once began a policy ( con/ruction by :i* !y hop$ soon to out/rip _! bra9i] ,fr5* neighbors4 ,z 9 ev]y?+ ,g]man1 me?od 0 ! *>act]iz+ feature ( ! airplane program !y in/itut$4 ,france _h s\ght to enc\rage mak]s ( all types ( planes1 & ?us obta9 a div]sity ( ma*9es ( wide capabilities4 ,! plan did n appeal to ,g]many4 ,f ! v beg9n+ %e aim$ at r$uc+ ev]y?+ to a fix$ /&>d & !n turn+ out airplanes 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,:5 ! ,w> broke out x seem$ = a "t t %e _h be5 "r1 b x 0 n long be=e %e look$ ) sorr[ ^u ! sad lack ( v]satility ( h] fleet ( /&>diz$ biplanes4 ,!y 7 hopelessly outdi/anc$ & outmaneuv]$ by ! small1 fa/ fight+ ma*9es ( ! ,fr5*1 :ile !y 7 by no means s /rong z ! heavy s]vice planes ! ,fr5* c\ld put into ! air4 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 ,russia1 ,am]ica & ,japan began also to make plans = ! build+ ( a]ial fleets ab\t #aiaa4 ,! ,italian ,gov]nm5t reli$ at fir/ on ma*9es secur$ f ,france1 or on ^? copi$ f ,fr5* designs4 ,soon h] own clev] eng9e]s began to be he>d f & %e 0 responsible = develop+ sev]al ( ! p[]ful mod]n types4 ,russia w\ld sc>cely seem a c\ntry :]e a]ial progress might be expect$1 yet %e has giv5 a good acc\nt ( h]self 9 aviation1 & "o ( h] ma*9es1 ! giant ,sikorsky did spl5did "w on ! sev]al fronts dur+ ! w>4 ,i4 ,i4 ,sikorsky1 ! inv5tor ( ! big ,sikorsky ma*9e 0 a little :ile ago m]ely a clev] /ud5t at ! ,kieff ,polyte*nic4 ,l _m o!r "y m5 he dream$ ( a]ial conque/1 b receiv$ little enc\ragem5t 9 c>ry+ out 8 projects4 ,at tw5ty-f\r1 h[ev]1 he became a /ud5t aviator1 & almo/ imm$iately began "w on orig9al airplane designs4 ,he succe$$ 9 build+ a small monoplane :i* 9 "s ways resembl$ ! ,blriot1 except 9 its habits ( flight4 ,9 ^! x 0 q balky1 refus+ to fly except 9 %ort hops & jumps4 ,sikorsky's fri5ds good-natur$ly nicknam$ x ,! ,hopp]4 ,b ! "y /ud5t 0 n "o wit daunt$4 ,he plugg$ along /eadily at new designs1 & 9 ! autumn ( #aiaj he actually took to ! air 9 a tractor biplane ( 8 own con/ruction4 ,sev]al o!r ma*9es ( some:at ! same type foll[$1 & 8 ef=ts f9ally won ! att5tion ( ! great ,russo-,baltic ,works4 ,!y (f]$ him f9ancial assi/ance to c>ry on 8 /udy ( ! airplane problem4 ,) ?is back+ ,sikorsky mov$ =w>d to sure success4 ,9 ! meantime he _h secretly prep>$ plans = an enorm\s airplane :i* at fir/ he d>$ n divulge = fe> ( ridicule & disappo9tm5t4 ,f9ally he took c\rage & laid !m be=e 8 fri5ds at ! ,russo-,baltic ,works4 ,:atev] !y may h ?\ght ( 8 wild s*eme ( air supremacy !y cons5t$ to give x a try\t1 & 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiac ! fir/ ( ! giant ,sikorsky ma*9es /ood await+ a flight4 ,x 0 view$ ) grave misgiv+s by a numb] ( exp]ts1 b to _! frank surprise x took to ! air ) ease & flew well4 ,! sight 0 a /rangely impressive "o4 ,9 w+ span ! big ma*9e measur$ almo/ #ib feet1 :ile ! body or fuselage 0 ov] #fb feet long4 ,! weight ( ! amaz+ mon/] fly+ ma*9e 0 #d tons4 ,9 ! =w>d "p ( ! fuselage cab9s _h be5 fitt$1 ) a small deck on ! b[4 ,! fuselage con/ruction 0 ( wood1 ) a /rong #h-:eel$ l&+ *assis b5ea? x4 ,f\r #ajj h4 p4 ,g]man ,argus eng9es1 driv+ f\r tractor propell]s s5t x rac+ triumphantly ?r\gh ! air4 ,its weight lift+ ability 0 enorm\s1 & x made a _w record = flight4 ,prodigi\s z ?is fir/ great ma/] ( ! air _h seem$ x 0 foll[$ 9 #aiac by "o /ill l>g]4 ,! new ma*9e 0 to ! fulle/ ext5t an a]ial wond]4 ,its enorm\s body consi/$ ( a wood5 framework cov]$ ) canvas1 & 9 its int]ior a s]ies ( cab9s 7 provid$4 ,!re 7 ?ree decks3 ! ma9 "o 9 ! c5t] ( ! fuselage1 design$ to c>ry heavy armam5t ( ma*9e guns & a se>*light2 a small deck at ! /]n2 & "o set 9 ! und]c>riage1 :]e additional heavy armam5t c\ld be plac$4 ,only a few mon?s be=e ! /orm ( w> broke ov] ,europe ?is ,air ,levia?an 0 born1 & at ! "t no "o suspect$ x w\ld s soon be call$ into active s]vice4 ,9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiad x made flight aft] flight1 scor+ a succession ( triumphs by its record break+ p]=mances1 & w9n+ = its design] a decoration f ! ,emp]or4 ,sikorsky 0 a man ( weal? b s recklessly did he lavi% 8 p]sonal funds on 8 airplane v5tures t on _m occasions he came v ne> to want z a result4 ,x 0 no unusual ?+ to see him dur+ ^? ye>s ( reckless exp]im5t1 brav+ ! bitt] w9t] wea!r ( ,russia 9 ?readb>e g>m5ts1 %iv]+1 b grimly & /]nly det]m9$4 ,!n came ! ,w>1 & at ! fir/ call 8 ma*9es 7 ready to prove !mselves 9 ! battle aga9/ ! ,hun4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,airplane ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> ,picture to y\rself a sc5e outside "o ( ! ,alli$ hang>s or airplane %$s1 j back ( ! front l9es1 :ile ! ,great ,w> is 9 progress4 ,x is e>ly morn+1 gray & *illy4 ,small fight+ ma*9es1 :i* _! tru/y me*anics h c>efully gone ov] = ! t9ie/ flaw1 n[ /& ready to take to ! air4 ,pilots1 wrapp$ 9 _! heavy clo?+--lea!r jacket1 helmet & ov]coat1 gloves1 goggles & muffl]--prep>e to face ! frigid atmosph]e above ! cl\ds4 ,! :irr ( ! motor1 a %ort run ov] ! gr\nd1 & up !y g1 "o by "o1 until !y become s _m blackbirds1 driv+ & loop+ & skimm+ ?r\gh ! sky4 ,ov] 9 ?is corn] is a l>ge reconnaissance ma*9e1 ) pilot & obs]v]1 wait+ to asc5d4 ,x is "o ( a squadron t w fly ov] ! ,g]man l9es to take photographs ( ! enemy's positions4 ,) its rapid-fir+ ma*9e guns x is prep>$ to give battle to ! swift] enemy craft t w fla% out to *all5ge its onw>d flight4 ,its rle is a difficult "o4 ,x _c climb to safety z ! fight+ ma*9e c d & !n swoop d[n on its enemy f a favorable height4 ,its duty is to br+ back accurate views ( ! t]ritory on ! o!r side ( ,no ,man's ,l&4 ,no matt] :at ! dang]s1 x mu/ fly /raight on1 /ick+ close en\gh to e>? to accommodate its cam]a's range1 & deviat+ z little z possible f its c\rse1 ?\gh ! enemy's spe$ sc\ts black5 ! air ) bullets & ! anti-aircraft guns spit at x malici\sly f bel[4 ,all ! ma*9es 9 ! squadron may n return1 & !re w be vacant *airs at ! d9n] table to-night :5 ^? pilots :o h brav$ ! /]n h>d%ips ( ! day relate _! little exp]i5ces ) ! ,hun4 ,b ^? :o d come back w br+ in=mation :i* w enable ! ,alli$ comm&]s to plan ) intellig5ce ! next move 9 ! battle t is rag+4 ,a t\r ( inspection w\ld disclose /ill o!r ma*9es1 l>ge & small1 ea* design$ & equipp$ = its special duties ov] ! l9es4 ,!re are heavy1 sl[]-fly+ day bomb]s1 &--sil5t ?is morn+ b wait+ pati5tly = ! curta9 ( night to desc5d1--enorm\s night bomb+ ma*9es1 ! fi]ce/ & huge/ ( all ! great birds ( ! fly+ =ce4 ,to-night1 "u cov] ( d>kness ^! ma*9es w spe$ ^u _! way1 f> ov] ! enemy's l9es4 ,!y c>ry fuel = a j\rney ( _m h\rs' duration1 & heavy bombs :i* !y w drop ^u railway junctions1 ammunition factories1 /aff headqu>t]s & important positions deep 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,hun4 ,be=e !y turn _! noses homew>d !y w h cross$ ov] ! bord]s ( ,g]many1 & along _! sil5t c\rse fires w %oot up & enemy supplies & /oreh\ses w be smold]+ ru9s :5 day breaks4 ,unlike ! night bomb+ ma*9es ( ! ,g]mans ^! great ,alli$ aircraft w n drop _! missiles ^u op5 t[ns along ! ,rh9e1 nor w !y leave beh9d !m any toll ( little *ildr5 & civilians maim$ & kill$ by _! brutality4 ,_! in/ructions are to bomb milit>y objectives only1 & :5 !y h done t !y w fly back sil5tly ?r\gh ! night1 pass+ ov] quiet villages & t[ns1 :]e ! sleep+ inhabitants nev] w "k t ! great blackbirds h hov]$ s close to !m4 ,:5 ! ,w> broke out airplanes 7 n plann$ s c>efully nor equipp$ s fully = _! special duties z !y are to-day4 ,nobody =esaw exactly :at ^? duties w\ld be1 & nobody once dream$ t ! battalions ( ! air w\ld play ! trem5d\s rle !y h play$ 9 decid+ ! great /ruggle4 ,ev5 ,g]many1 :o _h be5 secretly plann+ & work+ & prep>+ = s long1 _h v little conception ( ! actual importance ( h] heavi]-?an-air ma*9es4 ,%e neglect$ to use !m entirely :5 %e began h] swift /ride across ,belgium4 ,t piece ( neglect lo/ h] ! prize1 = ! plucky ,belgians1 seiz+ ! opportunity1 m>%all$ _! air =ces1 a small h&ful ( airplanes1 & us$ !m to good advantage 9 discov]+ ! int5tions ( ! enemy4 ,by means ( h] air =ce1 ,belgium 0 enabl$ to hold back = a:ile ! onru%+ tide ( ! ,hun armies1 until ,france c\ld br+ h] m5 into ! field & ! contemptible little army ( ,brita9 c\ld be hurri$ across ! ,*annel4 ,z ! air =ces 7 ! decid+ factor 9 t fir/ great onslaught1 s !y h rema9$ dur+ ! :ole /ruggle4 ,!y began z m]e sc\t+ ma*9es1 b !y h tak5 ^u !mselves m & m duties1 until at ! pres5t "t !y are us$ = a multitude ( purposes1 & are fitt$ ) ! mo/ p]fect equipm5t to c>ry out _! v>i\s ends4 ,airplanes h (t5 be5 call$ ! eyes ( ! army1 b 9 w> x is n suffici5t to be able to see :at ! enemy is do+ or is ab\t to d4 ,y mu/ also be able to keep him f kn[+ :at y\r plans are4 ,s1 !re are ! ma*9es ^: duty is to see & ^? ^: duty is to put out ! eyes ( ! enemy4 ,^! latt] mu/ keep an et]nal vigilance ov] ! l9es1 on ! look\t = enemy craft4 ,:5 "o is spott$ !y da% out aft] x1 pursue x back to its l9es & prev5t x f p]=m+ its mission ( reconnaissance4 ,nor are !y satisfi$ m]ely to drive x (f1 !y foll[ & give fight4 ,ov] !re aga9/ ! sky y see a little puff ( smoke & flame t goes %oot+ d[n to ! horizon4 ,x is an enemy plane t w nev] aga9 come spy+ ^u ,alli$ troops4 ,p]haps a gr\p ( fa/ ,g]man fight+ ma*9es d>t out unexpect$ly to av5ge x1 & !n !re is a t]rible battle 9 ! cl\ds1 ) e ma*9e t is 9 ! air hurry+ to ! skirmi%4 ,y try to foll[ _! swift movem5ts z !y loop & d>t & dive1 b all y c see is a rapid confusion ( w+s1 & n[ & !n a ma*9e t sep>ates itself f ! g5]al mle & goes cra%+ to e>?4 ,n ! lea/ dang]\s ( ! _m s]vices ! airplane is p]=m+ is t ( ! artill]y spott]4 ,x belongs to "s p>ticul> batt]y ^: guns are ?und]+ away at ! enemy4 ,hov]+ above ,no ,man's ,l&1 :]e its position is a trifle too expos$ to be com=table1 x radiographs back to ! gunn]s ! exact locations ( important objectives1 !n wat*es ! fir+ & reports ! results4 ,?anks to x ! big guns d n speak 9 va91 & almo/ e %ot is a direct hit4 ,& !n !re are ! dreadnaughts ( ! sky :o actually take "p 9 an attack1 fly+ l[ ov] ! l9es & attack+ ! enemy infantry ) guns & ) dea?-deal+ bombs4 ,!y mu/ run ! gauntlet ( ! enemy's fire1 b on ! o!r h& !y spread t]ror & confusion 9 ! ranks ( ! soldi]s mass$ bel[1 di/ract+ _! att5tion & leav+ !m op5 to ! surprise ( a sudd5 onslaught ( ,alli$ troops4 ,!re are o!r ma*9es :i* help 9 an attack by keep+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! long l9e 9 close communication ) ea* o!r1 s t all ef=ts are 9 unison4 ,_! duties correspond 9 a way to ^? ( ! swift horseback rid] we read ( 9 ! /ories ( old w>s1 :o sp$ ) news ( great import f "o comm&] to ano!r4 ,only t ! airplanes ( to-day are s mu* m effici5t ?an ! gallant horseback rid] ( old1 t al?\gh ! l9e /ret*es across a nation1 x c act z a man :5 ! mom5t comes = a big pu%4 ,long be=e ! w> ,g]many _h be5 busy turn+ out airplanes 9 l>ge numb]s 9 h] factories1 & 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 h] air =ce 0 f> sup]ior 9 numb]s to t ( h] great oppon5t ,france4 ,%e fondly imag9$ t %e w\ld be able ) ! greate/ ease to put out h] enemy's eyes1 b 9 ?is %e fail$ utt]ly4 ,9 spite ( h] milit>y program ( con/ruction1 accord+ to :i* airplanes 7 turn$ out z if by clock-"w1 !re 0 some?+ wrong ) h] calculations4 ,x is amus+ to look back & see h[ ,g]man me?od _h be5 c>ri$ to ! absurd po9t ( defeat+ itself4 ,9 mann] truly *>act]i/ic1 ! ,hun _h /&>diz$ 8 airplane d[n to ! la/ bolt4 ,e ma*9e turn$ out 0 ( exactly ! same patt]n1 & built up ( exactly ! same p>ts--p>ts :i* c\ld be manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities & put toge!r ) unusual spe$4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly sy/em rais$ to ! n? degree4 ,& ! ma*9es !mselves 7 good en\gh--/urdy biplanes int5d$ to be maids-(-all-"w ov] ! front l9es4 ,yet 9 a little :ile aft] ! fight+ _h begun1 ,g]many )drew !m 9 m or less *agr91 & set h]self to con/ruct+ o!rs ( v>i$ patt]ns4 ,!y 7 well made & spl5didly equipp$1 b !y 7 n suffici5tly specializ$ = ! _m diff]5t k9ds ( "w !y 7 call$ on to p]=m4 ,france _h a motley array ( airplanes ( e size1 %ape & make :5 ! w> broke out4 ,!y _h v>y+ sy/ems ( control1 s t a pilot :o flew "o ) ease 0 no?+ m ?an a novice :5 he /epp$ into ano!r4 ,he did n "k h[ its new set ( lev]s op]at$1 nor h[ ! plane w\ld behave 9 ! air4 ,moreov]1 ! p>ts = ^! ,fr5* airplanes & = _! eng9es _h be5 specially design$ by ea* mak]1 & 7 q unsuitable = any o!r type ( ma*9e4 ,! result 0 t :5 a ma*9e _h to be repair$ at ! front1 x 0 laid up = a long "t1 :ile ! special "p x requir$ 0 be+ ord]$ & made = x4 ,:5 f9ally x arriv$1 v (t5 !re _h be5 "s mi/ake1 & s !re 0 ano!r long p]iod ( uselessness4 ,france _h prid$ h]self on h] v]satility 9 air%ip design4 ,%e n[ _h cause to regret x z %e view$ ! almo/ helpless confusion x _h caus$ 9 h] air s]vice4 ,h] ma*9es1 moreov]1 7 mu* inf]ior to ! ,g]man 9 armam5t1 spe$ & climb+ gauges1 cam]as1 & all ! hundr$s ( accessories :i* gave ! ,g]man ma*9es _! initial advantage4 ,b exp]i5ce is ! be/ tea*]1 & no soon] _h %e se5 :]e9 %e fell %ort ?an dauntless ,france mu/]$ all h] res\rces to correct+ pa/ mi/akes4 ,ord] 0 br\ght out ( confusion1 & x 0 only a v little :ile be=e ! ,g]man w> lords _h ne$ to look to _! laurels1 = ! ,fr5*m5 7 f> out/ripp+ !m 9 ! air4 ,!re 0 "o accessory :i* ! airplane ( ! ,hun lack$1 & :i* all 8 me*anical skill & +5uity 7 n able to provide3 a pilot ) ! da% & d>+ ( ! ,fr5*6 ,ev5 9 ^? fir/ d>k days :5 ! ,fr5* planes 7 ! equals ( _! adv]s>ies nei!r 9 numb]s nor 9 capabilities1--a cont9u\s /ream ( gallant ,fr5* pilots took to ! air & prov$ t !y c\ld surprise & outmaneuv] _! sl[]-?9k+ oppon5ts4 ,:ile !y held ! l9e 9 _! inf]ior craft1 ,fr5* manufactur]s 7 ru%+ new] & bett] equipp$ ma*9es to re5=ce !m4 ,great ,brita9 0 f> beh9dh& 9 aircraft production :5 ! trumpet ( w> s\nd$1--9 fact1 h] air =ce 0 consid]$ a negligible quantity by fri5d & foe alike4 ,by d9t ( p]sev]+ se>* %e manag$ to scrape up a small gr\p ( planes ( _m makes & = ! mo/ "p antiquat$4 ,%e s5t !m--along ) h] contemptible little army --to ,france1 & !re !y succe$$ 9 hold+ _! own dur+ ! fir/ great ,g]man pu%4 ,:5 ! ,/ories ( h]oic fight+ aga9/ hopeless odds1 ( ,briti% airm5 fl++ _! lives 9 *all5ge aga9/ ! foe 9 ! great air /ruggle1 began to rea* home1 ! ,briti% lion rep5t$ 8 t>d9ess & a program ( aircraft con/ruction on a l>ge scale 0 in/itut$ )\t delay4 ,9 c>efully /&>diz+ ^? fir/ airplanes !re 0 "o po9t :i* ! crafty ,g]mans ov]look$3 :i* is1 t y c't make a dray horse run fa/1 nor a race horse draw heavy burd5s4 ,! same ?+ holds good ) ! /e$s ( ! air4 ,a plane :i* is design$ = great spe$ is nev] z good a burd5 be>] z "o :i* is built to lift heavy weights at ! exp5se ( swiftness 9 flight4 ,z soon z ! duties ( ! airplane began to be specializ$1 ! airplane itself began to appe> 9 c]ta9 def9ite types4 ,n[ ( c\rse ! duties ( ! airplane 9 w>time are numb]less1 b out ( ! e>ly confusion ?ree types ( ma*9es 7 f9ally evolv$1 :i*1 ) ! addition ( equipm5t1 su* z a cam]a1 ma*9e guns1 etc41 are suitable = practically any sort ( "w ov] ! l&4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,! high spe$ fight+ ma*9es4 #b4 ,! reconnaissance ma*9es4 #c4 ,! bomb+ ma*9es 7includ+ ! day & ! night bomb]s74 ,( all milit>y airplanes !re is none s fond ( aliases z ! high spe$ fight+ ma*9e4 ,possibly 9 ord] to baffle ! un9itiat$1 or to surr\nd itself ) an atmosph]e ( unc]ta9ty & romance1 x goes by fir/ "o title & !n ano!r4 ,mo/ (t5 we he> x call$ a spe$ sc\t1 p]haps = ! reason t x does no sc\t+6 ,at o!r times x masqu]ades pr\dly "u ! f9e ,fr5* titles ( ,avions de ,*asse or ,avions de ,combat4 ,x is ref]r$ to z a *as]1 a pursuit ma*9e1 a battle plane & a combat ma*9e--b :atev] x is call$1 9 type x is ! small1 fa/ airplane1 usually a s+le seat]1 quick 9 climb+1 agile z an acrobat1 able to g high & f>1--= its duty is to run e enemy ma*9e out ( ! sky & sweep ! bo>d clean be=e ! heavi] s]vice ma*9es beg9 _! tasks ( ! day4 ,x %\ld be able to rea* a height ( f #ah1jjj to #bc1jjj feet1 or 9 ! language ( ! air1 x mu/ h a high ceil+4 ,f altitudes s trem5d\s t !y awe ! m]e e>?ly p$e/rian x swoops d[n ^u its unsuspect+ victim1 op5+ ^u him a /ream ( ma*9e gun fire4 ,= its pilot is also a skill$ gunn] & a crack %ot4 ,^u 8 ability to maneuv] 8 ma*9e swiftly & clev]ly & hit 8 t>get un]r+ly dep5ds 8 own life & ! life ( a co/ly milit>y airplane4 ,! reconnaissance ma*9es & ! bomb+ planes may d valuable s]vice1--& inde$ !y inv>iably d--b x is ! spe$ sc\t t cov]s itself ) glory4 ,! reason is t its c>e] br+s x ne>] to ! p]sonal combat ( ! knights ( old ?an any?+ 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,driv+ 8 swift ,nieuport sc\t z a knight w\ld h ridd5 8 *>g]1 ! belov$ ,guynem] w5t =? to *all5ge ! ,g]man fight]s1--& o!r ,fr5*m5 & ,engli%m5 & ,am]icans h foll[$ him4 ,x is a fact beyond all "q t ?is bran* ( ! s]vice has produc$ "s ( ! mo/ truly unselfi% & h]oic figures ( ! :ole w>4 ,! spe$ sc\t pilot did n ne$ to be a man deeply v]s$ 9 milit>y affairs--z = in/ance ! pilot & obs]v] ( ! reconnaissance ma*9e mu/ be1--b he did ne$ dauntless c\rage1 unfail+ n]ves ( /eel1 da% & d>+ & contempt = 8 own safety4 ,s :]ev] ! spe$ sc\t has blaz$ its trail ( fire across ! sky1 !re h sprung up ! names ( m5 ^: h]oic de$s h made !m ! idols ( ! :ole _w4 ,usually !y h be5 v "y m5--"y en\gh = _! ideals to h kept fre% & unt>ni%$ f ! sordid ?+s ( life1 & ?us !y h writt5 _! names among ! immortals4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,a ,,photograph ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,france ,,tak5 ,,at ,a ,,height ,,( ,,?ree ,,?\s& ,,feet ,less appeal+ to ! imag9ation1 p]haps1 b no less vital to ! progress ( mod]n w>f>e1 is ! sl[] fly+ reconnaissance craft4 ,?is ma*9e is always a two-seat]1 & sometimes a ?ree1 = at ! v m9imum x mu/ c>ry a pilot & an obs]v]1 :ile a gunn] is a v conv5i5t ?ird p>ty 9 case ( an attack f enemy sc\ts4 ,?is type ( ma*9e is us$ = photographic "w1 = artill]y spott+1 & = _m g5]al s]vice duties ov] ! l9es4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> x 0 cu/om>y = ! photography airplane to be escort$ on its mission by a gr\p ( fight+ ma*9es1 :o hov]$ ab\t x & engag$ 9 battle any airplanes ( ! enemy t might seek to int]rupt its important "w4 ,b ! la/ ye> or s h br\ght _m improvem5ts 9 airplane con/ruction & x has be5 f\nd possible to build a ma*9e :i* c n only c>ry ! heavy photographic app>atus & a c\ple ( ma*9e guns1 b :i* c also travel at a good spe$ & climb fa/ en\gh to escape f ! anti-aircraft guns4 ,in/ead ( ! r helpless1 clumsy1 sl[-fly+ reconnaissance ma*9es ( ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 we n[ h p[]ful a]ial dreadnaughts1 :i* no long] ne$ to run away1 b c /ay & fight x out :5 !y are int]rupt$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! air duties4 ,milit>y photography is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( ! side issues ( ! w>4 ,be=e ! day ( ! airplane x 0 ! sc\t or spy :o work$ 8 way secretly into ! enemy's l9es & at great p]sonal risk1--& (t5 aft] _m ?rill+ adv5tures1 if ! /ory books are to be believ$--br\ght back to 8 comm&+ (fic] news ( ! disposition ( troops1 etc41 9 ! oppos+ camp4 ,to-day ! spy's job has be5 tak5 away f him4 ,no long] is x necess>y = him to creep "u cov] ( night pa/ ! gu>d po/s ( ! enemy4 ,a big1 com=table & effici5t airplane flies ov] ! gr\nd by broad daylight & collects ! necess>y in=mation a great deal bett] ?an ! spy ev] c\ld h secur$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,an ,,airplane ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,rheims1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ca!dral ,a reconnaissance cam]a has v little 9 common ) a kodak4 ,! obs]v] does n tilt x ov] ! edge ( ! ma*9e1 focus x on "s int]e/+ object & snap 8 picture4 ,z a matt] ( fact x works m aft] ! mann] ( a gun4 ,x is fix$ 9 ! bottom ( ! airplane1 fac+ d[nw>d4 ,! obs]v] has be5 in/ruct$ be=e leav+ ! gr\nd t a c]ta9 area or tr5* is to be photograph$4 ,/raight to ! beg9n+ ( t tr5* l9e ! pilot heads 8 ma*9e4 ,! obs]v] comp>es ! c\ntry ov] :i* he is fly+ ) ! *>t or map :i* he c>ries4 ,j z a gunn] sights a t>get1 he locates ! beg9n+ ( ! tr5* l9e to be photograph$ ?r\gh a bull's eye1 & imm$iately pu%es ! button :i* sets ! cam]a work+4 ,f t po9t ! cam]a op]ates automatically1 tak+ a s]ies ( ov]lapp+ pictures ( ! c\ntry x looks d[n ^u4 ,) calm det]m9ation ! pilot holds 8 ma*9e to ! c\rse laid out1 9 spite ( any opposition t may arise 9 8 pa?1 = ! slighte/ deviation f t fix$ l9e ( flight w mean a gap 9 ! reconnaissance report :i* ! pictures repres5t4 ,b once he has cov]$ ! requir$ area1 he turns & flees4 ,9 less "t ?an x takes to tell t magaz9e ( films is be+ develop$ 9 a d>k room4 ,f !re ! pr9t$ pictures are ru%$ to an exp]t int]pret] :o reads ! secret mean+s ( ! ?+s he sees--?is or t d>k blot* or peculi> look+ speck sugge/s to 8 tra9$ m9d a ma*9e gun ne/1 a railroad c5t]1 an obs]vation po/1 a b>b$ wire entanglem5t1 a cam\flag$ batt]y1 an ammunition dump1 or :at-n4 ,pa/$ toge!r s t !y give a cont9u\s view ( ! foe's t]ritory1 ! pr9t$ pictures are hurri$ to headqu>t]s1 :]e 9 a few brief mom5ts _! message has be5 turn$ into a comm& to ! troops4 ,by ! ^w t ^? pictures br+ ! battle is direct$1 & ! bl[ is aim$ /raight at ! enemy's vital spots4 ,occasionally in/ead ( a s]ies ( photographs ( a tr5* l9e or limit$ area1 a cont9u\s set ( pictures ( a broad space ( c\ntry is desir$4 ,!n in/ead ( a s+le ma*9e z describ$ above1 a squadron ( reconnaissance ma*9es set =?1 fly+ 9 ,v =mation1 ) ! lead] ( ! squadron fly+ 9 front at ! po9t ( ! ,v4 ,! mom5t he rea*es ! area to be photograph$1 he notifies ! ma*9es beh9d him by fir+ a smoke rocket ) a signal pi/ol4 ,at t signal ! ,v broad5s in/antly1 s t x becomes almo/ a /raight l9e1 ! comm&] keep+ only slightly ahead s t he may lead ! way4 ,on & on t broad ,v =mation ( airplanes sweeps1 e cam]a regi/]+1 & all keep+ close en\gh toge!r to produce slightly ov]lapp+ photographs4 ,ea* ma*9e w br+ home a long l9e ( pictures ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* x pass$1 & ^? l9es1 piec$ toge!r1 w make a l>ge milit>y map ( ! entire region4 ,t is if ev]y?+ goes smoo?ly1 :i* 9 w> "t x seldom does4 ,m likely t plucky ,v w be p\nc$ ^u by a h]d ( fa/ fight+ ma*9es ^: duty x is to see t none ev] return ) _! in=mation to headqu>t]s4 ,!re w foll[ a t]rific conte/2 ! obs]v] 9 ! reconnaissance ma*9e becomes a gunn]1 & fires away at 8 pursu]s1 :ile ! nev]-fail+ cam]a keeps /eadily on ) its job ( record+4 ,z ne>ly z possible ! ,v =mation is held1 = mu* dep5ds ^u x1 b sudd5ly a great gap appe>s 9 ! l9e4 ,done = ) a direct hit1 "o brave ma*9e goes cra%+ e>?w>d4 ,t w mean a gap 9 ! map t is 9 ! mak+4 ,/ill ! ,v presses on rel5tlessly4 ,"o ( ! planes beg9s to lag beh9d4 ,!re is some?+ wrong ) its eng9e4 ,x does its be/ to keep up ) its fell[s1 b soon x is left beh9d1 & ! enemy craft dive aft] x4 ,batt]$ & torn1 its numb]s deplet$ sadly1 sev]al ( its crew w\nd$1 its w+s p]haps riddl$ ) bullets1 ! photograph+ squadron turns its face t[>d home1 &1 fly+ n[ z high z possible to keep out ( sight1 puts on all spe$ = ! safe side ( ,no ,man's ,l&4 ,milit>y photography s\nds easy & com=table4 ,x dem&s ! type ( c\rage :i* c make a man /ick to a giv5 l9e ( flight1 ev5 :5 c]ta9 dea? lies /raight ahead4 ,sometimes a ma*9e c>ries bo? bombs & a cam]a1 &1 z x drops its missiles1 keeps a cont9u\s record ( its hits to c>ry home4 ,& t br+s u to ! bomb+ ma*9e1 la/ b n lea/ ( ! trio ( milit>y airplanes4 ,! bomb] t works by day & ne> to its own l9es1 is simil> to ! reconnaissance ma*9e1 except t x does n usually c>ry a radio app>atus or a cam]a4 ,in/ead1 ! great] "p ( its c>go consi/s ( bombs1 dread in/rum5ts ( de/ruction :i* w fall on ! railroad junctions1 troop tra9s1 /aff headqu>t]s or ammunition dumps ( ! enemy4 ,! day bomb] is nev] us$ = long di/ance "w1 & s x does n ne$ to be ( trem5d\s size1 z ! ma*9e :i* mu/ c>ry fuel = an all night run z well z a l>ge quantity ( bombs to drop on a f> away important objective4 ,! night bomb] is ! giant ( ! sky4 ,! greate/ g5ius ( ! clev]e/ design]s has be5 exp5d$ ^u its con/ruction4 ,m & m its trem5d\s importance is be+ recogniz$4 ,its activities prec$e e great (f5sive movem5t1 = x flies ov] ! enemy's c\ntry1 leav+ a trail ( t]rible de/ruction 9 its wake1 & prep>+ ! soil = ! infantry advance4 ,deep 9 ! t]ritory ( ! foe x se>*es out ! great supply c5t]s & railway t]m9als & !re x unloads its c>go ( bombs4 ,if ! ,allies _h possess$ a suffici5t numb] ( ^! huge bomb+ planes !y c\ld h c>ri$ on an a]ial w>f>e aga9/ ,g]many :i* w\ld h defeat$ h] )\t ne>ly s great a sacrifice ( ! lives ( ! infantry4 ,! "w is dang]\s1 b a s+le bomb+ plane c\ld h wreak$ m v5geance ^u ! ,hun ?an p]haps a :ole regim5t ( ! brave/ fight]s4 ,consequ5tly its use w\ld h meant economy ( human lives4 ,^! fe>ful %ad[s t walk by night require pilots ( ! utmo/ skill to navigate ! sea ( d>kness1 z well z bomb dropp]s & gunn]s ^: tra9+ has be5 p]fect4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m are equipp$ ) ei!r two or ?ree p[]ful eng9es1 ea* work+ a sep>ate propell]4 ,su* a ma*9e c c>ry z mu* z five tons ( explosives1 ) fuel = a twelve h\rs' flight4 ,! night bomb] is v (t5 a huge triplane1 = ! extra w+ surface gives great] lift+ p[]4 ,at ! same "t ! triplane has great] /ability & has a fair *ance ( rea*+ home ev5 :5 "o ( its planes has be5 badly damag$4 ,x is ! same ) a ma*9e :i* has two or m eng9es3 ev5 :5 "o ( ^! has be5 put out ( ord] by ! %ots ( ! enemy ! airplane c /ill rea* home4 ,! night bomb]s mu/ travel long di/ances1 c>ry great c>gos1 bomb _! objectives & make _! escape1 & s 9 ! con/ruction ( _! ma*9es z mu* /ability1 lift+ p[] & spe$ z possible has be5 ! aim4 ,usually x is "s important munition base or factory c5t] t is supply+ ! ,g]man troops1 :i* ! airm5 set out to bomb4 ,!y travel 9 squadrons n only = safety1 b because 9 ?is way an almo/ unlimit$ numb] ( bombs c be c>ri$ & dropp$ simultane\sly4 ,(t5 a second squadron foll[s ! fir/ at a %ort di/ance4 ,by ! light ( ! t]rible fires t ! fir/ set ( explosives dropp$ are b\nd to />t1 ?is second squadron c drop its bombs ) great] precision directly on important build+s t mu/ be de/roy$4 ,mov+ sl[ly "u _! great load ( explosives1 & fly+ l[1 ^! two squadrons ( de/roy]s />t = "s po9t 9 ! he>t ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,l gho/s !y feel _! way mile aft] mile4 ,!y are n anxi\s to invite detection1 = "u ! great weight ( _! messages to ,g]many1 !y w\ld n be able to maneuv] quickly or to climb to safety4 ,once ^? tons ( explosives h be5 releas$ & ! noise ( _! dreadful havoc has ar\s$ ! anti-aircraft gunn]s ( ! enemy1 ^? bomb+ planes w f9d ! e>? an un9vit+ sort ( region & !y w be glad to spr+ into ! protect+ sil5ce & d>kness ( ! upp] air4 ,& ?is !y c d easily1 =1 rid ( _! load1 !y possess unusual climb+ p[]s4 ,! second squadron ( bomb]s1 fly+ ov] ! same t]ritory may expect a w>m reception1 & !y w ne$ to d _! "w quickly & beat a ha/y retreat4 ,su* are ! my/]i\s do+s ( ! night4 ,:5 ! e>ly dawn appe>s1 gray & heavy ey$1 x w f9d ! bomb+ planes tuck$ away dr[sily 9 _! hang>s1 sc>cely kn[+ !mselves :e!r ! j\rney up ! ,rh9e 0 a reality or m]ely a t]rify+ dream4 ,& ) ! dawn _! daylight si/]s w take up ! "w ne> home4 ,^w has j come t enemy re9=cem5ts are mov+ up to ! front along c]ta9 roads4 ,f9e1 s+s out a "y lieut5ant1 appe>+ unexpect$ly on ! field f a small1 c>efully cam\flag$ (fice4 ,we w make !m dance = u ?is morn+6 ,he talks quickly & det]m9$ly ) a gr\p ( pilots1 giv+ in/ructions1 *>g+ all to keep ! =mation4 ,ma*9es are gone ov] to make sure t ev]y?+ is 9 p]fect condition4 ,!n ! fir/ bomb+ plane1 be>+ ! flight lead]1 taxis across ! field1 appe>+ to /agg] "u its great burd54 ,sudd5ly x takes to ! air1 & l a l>ge graceful bird1 its clums9ess all gone1 x so>s up into ! blue4 ,rapidly ! o!r big birds foll[ suit1 & at a signal !y are (f1 ! flight comm&] head+ ! gr\p1 & ! o!rs foll[+ 9 close =mation1 l a huge flock ( wild geese4 ,on & on !y fly1 until b5ea? !m appe>s ! w9d+ ribbon ( road t is _! objective4 ,x is cr[d$ ) m>*+ troops1 gun wagons1 supplies4 ,z !y swoop close to ! e>? !y cat* a swift glimpse ( :ite faces turn$ up at !m ) t]ror4 ,!n panic falls ^u ! m>*+ column &1 helt]-skelt]1 e man tries to break away to a po9t ( safety4 ,9 ano!r mom5t guns are turn$ ^u ! bomb]s1 b !y dodge ! fly+ %ells & let g _! heavy explosives1 :i* cra% to e>? ) dreadful upro>4 ,:]e a few mom5ts be=e ! ,huns 7 foll[+ _! way undi/urb$ !re is n[ a road 9 :i* great furr[s are pl[$2 huge holes gape op5 & a hopeless mass ( dbris cov]s ! e>?4 ,! columns ( ! enemy w be block$ = _m h\rs :ile ! mass is be+ cle>$ away4 ,satisfi$ ) ! results ( _! exploit ! bomb+ squadron turns swiftly t[>d home4 ,h[ simple a matt] x seems at fir/ glance to release a bomb & hit a giv5 po9t bel[4 ,actually x requires ! v highe/ skill4 ,to beg9 )1 ! airplane is mov+ at trem5d\s spe$1 & ! bomb>di] 7z ! man :o drops ! bombs is call$7 has to "k exactly h[ ! =w>d motion ( ! airplane w affect ! direction t ! bomb takes on its c\rse t[>d ! e>?4 ,moreov] ! bomb has a spe$ at />t+ equal to ! spe$ ( ! airplane1 & ?is beg9n+ spe$ is increas$ by ! action ( gravity draw+ x d[n4 ,x may be aid$ 9 its j\rney by ! w9d or ret>d$1 accord+ to ! w9d's direction1 & ?is too mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 if ! t>get is to be hit4 ,bomb dropp+ c only be c>ri$ out successfully ) ! aid ( ! mo/ delicate & complicat$ range-f9d+ me*anism1 ) :i* e bomb+ plane is equipp$4 ,! ,g]mans h l$ ! way 9 inv5tions = ?is purpose1 & _! ,go]tz range f9d] is p]haps ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,! bombs !mselves are g5]ally c>ri$ 9 v]tical position1 "o-above ano!r1 9 ! body ( ! airplane1 & by an automatic arrangem5t1 z "o is releas$1 ano!r slips into place1 ready to be dropp$4 ,n[ t we h made ! acqua9tance ( ! ?ree types ( ma*9es t are us$ ov] ! tr5*es--! spe$ sc\t or small fight+ ma*9e2 ! l>g] arm$ reconnaissance plane2 & l>ge/ ( all1 ! bomb]--let u g back & give j a ha/y glance at ! ma9 po9ts ( _! con/ruction4 ,fir/ we mu/ recall ! ,a ,b ,c facts we le>n$ ab\t w+ con/ruction4 ,a w+ ga9s lift+ p[] f two s\rces3 ! upw>d pressure ( ! air curr5t und]nea? x1 & ! =ce ( ! vacuum above x :i* is creat$ by ! ar* ( ! w+4 ,if a w+ is only slightly ar*$ x c move =w>d ?r\gh ! air m swiftly1 b x w n h ! lift+ p[] ( ! high ar*$ w+4 ,?is is ! reason t an airplane :i* mu/ be a weight c>ri] _c be z fa/ 9 flight z ! spe$ sc\t1 :i* has only its pilot & a ma*9e gun to c>ry4 ,! spe$ sc\t is always a small ma*9e1 usually a s+le-seat]1 ) a gun 9 front t fires ov] or ?r\gh ! propell]4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,great ,w> x 0 mo/ (t5 a monoplane1 b ! small] biplane took its place1 because1 ) practically ! same spe$1 x comb9es great] /ability4 ,! planes ( ! spe$ sc\t are v flat z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! reconnaissance craft4 ,?is airplane mu/ c>ry ma*9e guns1 photography app>atus1 radio1 & a pilot1 an obs]v]1 & (t5 a gunn]4 ,its w+s mu/ !re=e be ar*$ to give x lift+ p[]1 b at ! same "t x becomes a mu* sl[] fly+ ma*9e ?an its small] si/]4 ,lift+ p[] ( a w+ c ( c\rse be increas$ up to a c]ta9 po9t by increas+ ! w+ area1 s t a great] air pressure is creat$ bel[4 ,beyond t c]ta9 po9t ! ma*9e w\ld become unwieldy & w\ld lose its balanc+ prop]ties4 ,yet ?is idea has be5 put into practise 9 build+ ! late/ types ( a]ial dreadnaughts us$ = reconnaissance4 ,^! airplanes h ga9$ _! lift+ p[] p>tly by increas+ ! w+ spread & p>tly by ar*+ ! w+4 ,?us a w+ has be5 secur$ :i* (f]s ! m9imum resi/ance to =w>d motion ?r\gh ! air1 toge!r ) ! maximum weight c>ry+ ability4 ,biplanes ( ?is type are by f> ! mo/ popul> ( ^? design$ = g5]al s]vice1 = !y comb9e spe$1 climb+ ability1 & lift+ p[]1--?anks to _! /rong armam5t !y c def5d !mselves or run away quickly z ! situation dem&s4 ,b !re is "o o!r me?od :i* has n yet be5 m5tion$ ( increas+ ! lift+ p[] ( an airplane4 ,x is simply to add a ?ird w+4 ,:5 we h made ! w+s ( ! biplane z l>ge z we d>e1 & h curv$ !m to make !m weight-be>]s1 if ! result+ ma*9e is /ill n /rong en\gh to c>ry z _m tons ( explosives z we desire1 !re is only "o ?+ left to d & t is to add a ?ird w+4 ,?us ! triplane made its appe>ance 9 answ] to ! call = planes :i* c\ld c>ry va/ c>goes ( explosives & fuel = j\rneys ( _m h\rs ov] ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,! huge night bomb+ ma*9e ( ! pres5t "t is almo/ always ( ! triplane type4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,problems ,,! ,,inv5tors ,,_h ,,to ,,solve ,e ,am]ican mu/ feel a gl[ ( pride :5 he /ops to ?9k t x 0 two ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 ,wilbur & ,orville ,wright1 :o inv5t$ ! airplane4 ,b x is l>gely to ,france1 our great ally & fri5d1 t ! cr$it mu/ g = improv+ ^u ! inv5tion ( ! ,wrights1 & mak+ possible ! wond]ful a]ial feats1 ! m>vel\s flights & accompli%m5ts ( ! airplane ( to-day4 ,f ! fir/ day !y saw an airplane fl[n1 ! ,fr5* 7 wildly en?usia/ic4 ,!y gave freely ( _! money & _! enc\ragem5t to help ! good cause along4 ,fr5* inv5tors attack$ ! problems ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e ) a w1 & _! unfail+ det]m9ation & refusal to accept defeat or failure made f9al victory inevitable4 ,b be=e we c\ld h ! p[]ful fight+ ma*9es1 ! big cross c\ntry fli]s & ! seaplanes ( to-day1 !re 7 _m difficulties ( con/ruction :i* _h to be met & solv$4 ,fir/ ( all ! pione] design] _h to *oose betwe5 ! monoplane1 ! biplane & ! triplane4 ,! monoplane 0 light 9 weight & c\ld fly fa/] ) ! same p[]$ eng9e ?an ! biplane4 ,b x 0 difficult to "k j h[ to brace & /r5g!n ! s+le pair ( w+s4 ,9 ! biplane ! /ruts betwe5 ! w+s gave /r5g? & firmness4 ,! w+s ( ! monoplane 7 brac$ by wires to ! body1 b (t5 !y did n prove /rong en\gh & ! airplane collaps$ 9 mid-air4 ,9 spite ( ?is dang] ! monoplane 0 mu* 9 favor because ( its spe$4 ,sl[] 9 spe$1 b /rong] & a bett] weight lift] 0 ! biplane4 ,& 9 addition to /r5g? x possess$ m natural /ability1 a mu* s\ght aft] quality 9 ! pione] days4 ,ev5 m /able & ) great] lift+ p[]s ?an ! biplane 0 ! triplane1 b ! difficulty "h 0 ! lack ( an airplane motor ( suffici5t /r5g? to drive x4 ,until clev] eng9e]s came to ! rescue ) an improv$ aircraft motor1 ! triplane 0 v mu* 9 disfavor4 ,! monoplane1 inde$1 captur$ mo/ ( ! e>ly records = spe$ & x 0 ?is type ( ma*9e t 0 g5]ally built by ! sportsman type ( airman1 :ile m5 l ! ,wright bro!rs & o!rs ^: aim 0 to develop an airplane ( unusual reliability & suit$ to _m purposes1 turn$ to ! biplane & gave _m h\rs & mon?s & ye>s ( _! "t to its improvem5t4 ,once ! *oice ( a type _h be5 made1 !re 7 c\ntless o!r problems4 ,/ability 0 ( prime importance & ! airm5 ( a few ye>s ago labor$ desp]ately to atta9 x4 ,!y knew all too little ab\t ! airplane f a sci5tific angle4 ,we h se5 9 our brief /udy t ! me?od ( obta9+ balance 9 a glid] or an airplane is to see t its c5t] ( weight co9cides ) ! c5t] ( ! upw>d pressure ( air4 ,h[ to br+ ?is happy /ate ( ?+s ab\t 0 a s\rce ( mu* debate4 ,"s sugge/$ t in/ead ( a tail at ! /]n a tail 9 front ( ! ma9 planes ( ! ma*9e w\ld help to balance x 9 flight4 ,"s plac$ ! pilot's seat above bo? planes ( ! biplane1 :ile o!rs ?\ght he %\ld sit bel[4 ,_m ( ^! que] ideas 7 tri$ out & by d9t ( h>d practise & _m failures c]ta9 simple elem5t>y facts 7 f9ally we$$ out & set d[n4 ,probably ! addition ( a fuselage or body to ! mod]n airplane has _h some?+ to d ) help+ 9 ! prop] di/ribution ( its weight & increas+ its /ability4 ,l>g] at ! b[ & tap]+ t[>d ! /]n :]e a fix$ tail piece or horizontal /abiliz+ plane is atta*$1 x resembl$ m or less closely ! g5]al outl9es ( a fi% or bird4 ,& ?is /reaml9e =m greatly r$uces ! head resi/ance1 ano!r important subject on :i* !re 0 v little kn[n :5 ! fir/ ( ! airplanes 0 built4 ,9 addition to hav+ only a v sl[ & ineffici5t eng9e ! e>ly ma*9e suff]$ f ! head resi/ance x creat$ z x pu%$ =w>d ?r\gh ! air1 & ?is *eck to its progress ate up ! little spe$ its motor c\ld develop4 ,= if ! airman ( #aijh or #aiji 0 made mis]able by 8 fe> ( w9ds1 gu/s & a]ial :irlpools :i* might upset him 9 mid-air1 8 fe>s 9 ?is direction 7 completely ov]%ad[$ by 8 worries ab\t a suitable motor4 ,if ! design ( 8 craft 0 faulty & x prov$ balky :5 he attempt$ flight1 he _h only himself to blame4 ,b = an eng9e he _h to rely entirely ^u "s "o else4 ,! airplane c\ld be a home-made article1 b ! eng9e _h to be *os5 f su* z 7 on ! m>ket4 ,! ,wright bro!rs 9 _! fir/ fly+ ma*9e us$ a made-ov] automobile eng9e ( #ab horsep[]4 ,x 0 n long be=e ?is 0 improv$ ^u1 & lat] ,wright ma*9es _h a f\r-cyl9d]1 wat]-cool$ eng9e develop+ #ce horsep[]4 ,its weight _h be5 r$uc$ z f> z possible & its simplicity ( design 0 its greate/ recomm5dation4 ,und\bt$ly ! eng9e problem has be5 ! big "o 9 ! hi/ory ( aviation4 ,! com+ ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e might be said to h plac$ practical aviation )9 ! range ( possibility1 b at t x took a long "t to evolve a motor especially suit$ to ! ne$s ( aircraft4 ,!re 7 ?ree ?+s ne$$ 9 an airplane motor3 ,light weight1 high p[]1 & absolute reliability4 ,h[ important ! ?ird factor is we c imag9e if we /op to ?9k t no?+ keeps ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e afloat b its own spe$1 creat+ an air pressure b5ea? its w+s4 ,l ! boy :o runs ) 8 kite 9 ord] to make x g up1 ! airplane mu/ g if x w\ld rise1 & ! mom5t its eng9e fails !re is no?+ to prev5t x f fall+ to ! e>?4 ,! driv] ( a motor c>1 c1 if 8 eng9e goes wrong1 get out & g ov] x c>efully until he f9ds :at ! difficulty is4 ,! pilot ( an airplane1 so>+ ?\s&s ( feet above ! e>?1 is at ! m]cy ( 8 motor's reliability or lack ( x4 ,eng9e failure 01 & /ill is1 "o ( ! greate/ dang]s ! airman has to fe>4 ,ano!r *ief cause ( tr\ble 9 e>ly airplane motors 0 ov]heat+4 ,be=e actual airplane eng9es _h be5 design$ !re 0 no?+ to d b to use ! type ( eng9e :i* _h be5 design$ = ! automobile1 ) z mu* r$uction 9 weight z c\ld be secur$4 ,b ! automobile eng9e 0 nev] int5d$ to run at top spe$ cont9u\sly & = long p]iods1 z ! airplane eng9e necess>ily mu/ d4 ,9 a c> ! motor has little /ops & re/s1 z x is ?rottl$ d[n = a mom5t or *anges 9 spe$ are made1 & ^! brea?+ spells help x v mu* inde$ 9 ! cool+ (f process4 ,! airplane eng9e does n h ^! little betwe5-"t naps4 ,! result 0 t ! automobile eng9e in/all$ 9 ! e>ly airplane inv>iably ov]heat$ & caus$ s]i\s tr\ble4 ,"u ^! conditions no flights ( any di/ance c\ld possibly be attempt$4 ,yet at ! ,rheims ,meet+ ( #aiji ,h5ry ,f>man surpris$ ! _w by rema9+ 9 ! air two h\rs 9 a cont9u\s flight4 ,up to t "t ! feat _h nev] be5 equal$ or approa*$4 ,aviators 7 amaz$ & s\ght an explanation4 ,! answ] 03 ! ,gnome motor4 ,anxi\s to help ! airplane 9 its =w>d m>*1 ,fr5* eng9e]s _h good natur$ly set to "w & ! ,gnome motor 0 _! fir/ answ] to ! anxi\s "q ( ,:at eng9e8 ,x involv$ a new & +5i\s sy/em ( cool+ :i* made x possible = ,f>man to drive 8 big ma*9e r\nd & r\nd ! ,rheims c\rse until /opp$ by d>kness1 b )\t ev] exp]i5c+ ! slighte/ difficulty ) 8 motor4 ,be=e attempt+ to und]/& ! secret ( sup]iority ( ?is fir/ real airplane motor ov] o!rs ( its day1 we mu/ "k a little m ab\t ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( any int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,! diagram on page #aef %[s "o cyl9d] ( su* an eng9e 9 action4 ,a mixture ( gasol9e & air--call$ c>buret$ air--is introduc$ ?r\gh a valve op5+ into a *amb] or cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 figure ,a ( ! diagram4 ,! valve op5+ !n closes1 & ! pi/on moves =w>d compress+ ! gases enclos$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 z %[n 9 figure ,b4 ,an electric sp>k sudd5ly explodes ^! compress$ gases1 caus+ !m to exp& ) ! greate/ viol5ce & drive ! pi/on back4 ,?is action1 :i* is %[n 9 figure ,c1 is call$ ! p[] /roke1 =1 transmitt$ by ! pi/on rod to ! crank%aft x furni%es ! p[] :i* turns ! propell] & s5ds ! airplane =w>d ?r\gh ! air4 ,j be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! p[] /roke ! exhau/ valve op5s1 & ! explod$ gases are =c$ out ( ! *amb]1 p>tly by ! =ce ( _! own t5sion & p>tly by ! upw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 z %[n 9 figure ,d4 ,! c>buret$ air is suppli$ to ! cyl9d] f a *amb] call$ ! c>buret]4 ,"h x is produc$ by ! mixture ( a gasol9e spray--simil> to ! f9e spray ( an atomiz]--) ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,an ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9e ,,cyl9d]1 ,,%[+ ,,pr9ciple ,,on ,,:i* ,,x ,,works ,a sp>k plug is fitt$ to ! cyl9d]1 & a break curr5t f an electric magneto causes ! sp>k :i* at ! prop] in/ant explodes ! compress$ gases4 ,s9ce by means ( ! explosion ( ! gases ! =ce is produc$ :i* drives ! airplane propell]1 ! viol5ce & frequ5cy ( ^! explosions det]m9e ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,great] p[] c be obta9$ ei!r by increas+ ! size ( ! cyl9d] s t x c hold m ( ! c>buret$ air1 mak+ a great] explosion possible2 or else by caus+ m frequ5t explosions4 ,! latt] is ! bett] me?od 9 an airplane eng9e1 z l>g] cyl9d]s mean m weight to be c>ri$4 ,9 ! av]age airplane eng9e f #aejj to #bjjj explosions or revolutions occur p] m9ute4 ,! combu/ion cyl9d] ( an aircraft eng9e is usually built ( /eel1 & ! pi/on ( ca/ iron or alum9um1 :i* furni%es a v smoo? glid+ surface4 ,! pi/on rod transmits ! p[] to ! crank%aft1 a long rotat+ piece ( /eel4 ,e "t ! pi/on rod is ?ru/ d[n by ! explosion 9 ! cyl9d]1 its motion s]ves to turn ! crank%aft & ?us ! v]tical motion ( ! pi/on is trans=m$ into ! rot>y motion :i* s5ds ! propell] :irl+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,:]ev] two surfaces ( metal mu/ rub aga9/ ea* o!r1 z 9 ! case ( ! pi/on & ! cyl9d]1 !re is b\nd to be a great am\nt ( friction4 ,?is friction causes ! p>ts to heat & 9 "t x we>s away ! surfaces & de/roys ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is1 ! surfaces mu/ be kept con/antly well oil$ or lubricat$4 ,9 "s eng9es all ! p>ts are enclos$ 9 "o l>ge box or crank case :i* is fill$ ) oil4 ,small holes are bor$ ?r\gh to ! surfaces to be lubricat$1 & ! oil is spla%$ ^u !m by ! motions ( ! pi/on rod1 ! crank%aft1 etc41 z !y plunge ?r\gh ! oil ba?4 ,b ov]heat+ ( ! cyl9d] may cause ?is oil to decompose & 9 ord] to prev5t ?is a cool+ sy/em is necess>y4 ,= only :5 ! eng9e is kept cool & prop]ly oil$ c x be expect$ to run smoo?ly or give satisfactory s]vice4 ,s n[ we come back to ! problem ( cool+1 :i* caus$ s mu* anxiety & tr\ble to ! e>ly aviators4 ,) _! eng9es runn+ at ! great spe$ :i* 0 necess>y to keep ! airplane 9 ! air1 ov]heat+ & eng9e difficulties 7 sure to arise4 ,cool+ ( ! cyl9d] is accompli%$ 9 "o ( two ways3 ei!r by wat] or by air4 ,if wat] is us$1 a jacket 9 :i* ! wat] circulates is plac$ ar\nd ! cyl9d]1--! wat] z x becomes heat$ pass+ out ( ! jacket to ! radiator1 :]e x is cool$ be=e x returns4 ,! radiator1 at ! v front ( ! airplane body1 is expos$ to ! swift curr5t ( ! air z ! ma*9e drives =w>d1 & ?is air curr5t s]ves to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,?is me?od 0 ! "o orig9ally employ$ ) ! automobile eng9e1 b 9 ! e>ly models ! cool+ sy/em1 ?\gh adequate = ! motor c>1 0 hopelessly insuffici5t :5 ! same eng9e 0 in/all$ 9 an airplane4 ,x 0 ! ,gnome manufactur]s :o fir/ ?\ght ( a mo/ +5i\s s*eme = cool+ ! cyl9d]s ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,in/ead ( hav+ ! pi/on & ! crank%aft move1 x 0 ! cyl9d] itself :i* mov$ 9 ! ,gnome motor1 :ile ! crank%aft & pi/on 7 /ation>y4 ,?us cool+ 0 v easily accompli%$1 = ! cyl9d]s1 fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 mak+ z _m z #aejj revolutions p] m9ute1 cool$ !mselves4 ,! crank%aft 9 ! ,gnome motor _h be5 holl[$ out to =m a tube or pipe1 ?r\gh :i* ! fuel or c>buret$ air pass$ to ! cyl9d] by means ( a valve 9 ! head ( ! pi/on :i* work$ automatically4 ,! ,gnome c\ld be built up ( any numb] ( cyl9d]s1 accord+ to ! p[] requir$4 ,its cyl9d]s 7 set 9 a circle ab\t ! crank%aft1 s t ! entire eng9e occupi$ a m9imum ( space 9 ! airplane body4 ,sc\t$ at fir/ z a freak eng9e1 x soon prov$ its sup]iority ov] all ^? 9 use & 0 rapidly adopt$ by build]s ( all types ( airplanes4 ,to-day ! /ation>y eng9e has be5 greatly improv$1 its provisions = cool+ h be5 increas$ & x is once m look$ on ) favor by _m manufactur]s ( aircraft4 ,! cyl9d]s ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e c be gr\p$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways1 & ?us !re are ?ree ma9 types ( airplane eng9es we %\ld be able to recognize4 ,!y are ! /raight-l9e eng9e1 ! ,v-type1 & ! radial4 ,9 ! /raight-l9e model f\r1 six1 or ev5 a l>g] numb] ( cyl9d]s are plac$ 9 a r[ 9 "o crank case4 ,9 ! ,v-type ( motor !y are set in/ead 9 two l9es1 l a lett] ,v2 :ile 9 ! radial type ! cyl9d]s =m a circle ar\nd ! c5tral crank%aft4 ,! radial motor may be /ation>y or its cyl9d]s may revolve1 9 :i* case x becomes a rot>y eng9e1 z = in/ance1 ! ,gnome4 ,ea* ( ^! types ( motors has its peculi> advantages4 ,! lea/ head resi/ance is caus$ by a /raight l9e eng9e1 & ?is type also uses less fuel & oil4 ,b x is usually heavi] 9 weight1 ow+ to ! l>g] cool+ sy/em necess>y & ! long] crank%aft1 & x takes up m room 9 ! airplane fuselage ?an a motor ( ! compact radial type4 ,! radial eng9e is v light 9 weight1--a big item 9 ! airplane--b x consumes a l>ge quantity ( fuel & oil & besides produces a maximum head resi/ance4 ,! ,v-type motor is a compromise betwe5 ! two1--light] 9 weight ?an ! /raight-l9e1 less wa/eful ( fuel & caus+ less head resi/ance ?an ! radial4 ,! rot>y eng9e1 because ( its appetite = fuel & oil is no long] us$ 9 airplanes :i* are int5d$ = long di/ance flights1 because "h ! weight ( ! extra fuel c>ri$ has to be consid]$4 ,9 %ort di/ance1 high-spe$ ma*9es x works well1 b 9 ! l>g] planes ! v]tical or ,v-type motor has be5 f\nd to give great] satisfaction4 ,:5 we read ( ! enorm\s tr\ble ! pione]s ( aviation w5t to1 9 ord] to f9d an eng9e suitable to drive ! propell] ( ! airplane1 we _c help wond]+ j h[ ! revolv+ ( ! propell] s5ds ! :ole ma*9e fly+ =w>d ?r\gh ! air4 ,! matt] is v simply expla9$4 ,! propell] ( a %ip is (t5 ref]r$ to z ! %ip's screw1 & ?\gh few p h ev] comp>$ x ) ! small screws !y use ab\t ! h\se1 or ) ! screw & screw driv] 9 ! tool *e/1 !re is 9 fact v little diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple4 ,take a screw & place x aga9/ a block ( wood1 & !n comm5ce to turn x ) a screw driv]4 ,/raight into ! wood its curv$ edges w cut _! way1 dragg+ ! r\nd /eel rod ( ! screw beh9d !m4 ,) e turn !y w cut 9 deep] & c>ry ! screw =w>d ?r\gh ! wood4 ,t is :at ! propell] ( a %ip or an airplane does3 x screws its way ?r\gh ! wat] or ! air4 ,b ( c\rse !re is ?is diff]5ce1 t ! wood (f]s great resi/ance to ! =w>d motion ( ! screw1 :ile ! wat] (f]s mu* less resi/ance to ! %ip's propell]1 & ! air less /ill to ! propell] ( ! airplane4 ,if1 z 9 ! case ( ! screw-driv]1 ! airplane propell] is 9 front ( ! airplane & drags its load along beh9d x1 x is call$ a tractor propell]2 b if in/ead x is plac$ at ! /]n ( ! airplane1 & z x screws ?r\gh ! air x pu%es ! airplane along ahead ( x1 !n x is kn[n z a pu%] propell]4 ,! little cutt+ edge t w9ds r\nd & r\nd an ord9>y screw is ref]r$ to z its ?read1 & ! di/ance betwe5 two ( ^! edges or ?reads is kn[n z ! pit*4 ,9 "s screws ! ?reads are v close or1 to put x ano!r way1 ! pit* is small1 :ile 9 o!rs x is mu* great]4 ,ea* blade ( a propell] is really a portion ( a screw4 ,to g back to ! example ( ! screw-driv] & ! block ( wood1 e "t ! screw is turn$ once ar\nd x w advance into ! wood a di/ance equal to its pit*4 ,! same ?+ is !oretically true ( ! propell] ( an airplane2 at ea* revolution x might be expect$ to advance ?r\gh ! air a di/ance equal to ! pit* t has be5 giv5 to its blades4 ,b ! air may all[ ! propell] to slip back & s lose "s ( its spe$1 a ?+ :i* 0 n possible ) ! screw-driv]4 ,?is t5d5cy to slip v>ies ) ! pit* ( ! propell] & ! spe$ ( its revolutions4 ,a propell] :i* works spl5didly :5 turn+ at a giv5 rate1 may prove worse ?an useless :5 ! eng9e is sl[$ d[n & x is only mak+ half ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,& s we beg9 to see ano!r ( ! big problems ( ! pione] airm53 to det]m9e ! "r pit* = ! propell] 9 relation to ! spe$ :i* _h be5 det]m9$ ^u = ! airplane4 ,x is a problem t has n be5 :olly solv$ to-day1 because ( ! fact t an airplane _c always be driv5 at top spe$4 ,if ! maximum spe$ ( ! ma*9e is #aej miles p] h\r1 & ! propell] has be5 design$ to deal ) ! air effici5tly at ?is spe$1 x is apt to slip & slide & wa/e away ! p[] ( ! eng9e :5 = any reason x is necess>y to sl[ d[n to #ajj miles p] h\r4 ,! only answ] to ! difficulty is a v>iable pit* propell] :i* may be alt]$ to con=m ) alt]ations 9 spe$1 b up to ! pres5t "t no?+ really satisfactory along ?is l9e has be5 devis$4 ,ano!r "q 9 connection ) ! propell] has be5 ( :at mat]ial to make x4 ,wood is mo/ g5]ally us$ to-day1 = al?\gh /eel & alum9um h be5 tri$1 !y h n be5 f\nd to /& ! /ra9 s well4 ,imag9e = "o mom5t ! /ress ^u an airplane propell] beat+ ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( #aejj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! greate/ /r5g? has be5 secur$ by build+ x up ( sev]al pieces ( wood :i* are fa/5$ /rongly toge!r & v>ni%$4 ,mat]ials h always pres5t$ a s\rce ( endless exp]im5t & diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 ! con/ruction ( ! airplane4 ,! problem has come up 9 connection ) ! fuselage1 ! w+s & w+ cov]+s1 ! l&+ *assis--9 fact1 ea* & e "p ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e has rais$ ! old qu]y3 ,:at %all we make x (8 ,9 ! e>li] ma*9es wood 0 almo/ entirely us$ 9 airplane con/ruction4 ,= "o ?+ x 0 *eap]1 & = ano!r x 0 easi] to get wood work+ ma*9]y1 ?an ! complicat$ & exp5sive ma*9]y necess>y to con/ruct airplanes out ( metal4 ,metals are /rong] b !y co/ m & !y make ! problem ( repairs m difficult4 ,! w+s ( ! airplane are usually built up on a wood5 framework :i* gives !m _! %ape & curve4 ,_m h be5 ! disputes ov] ! matt] ( w+ cov]+s4 ,9 ! pione] ma*9es !y 7 cov]$ ) cotton mat]ial :i* _h n be5 treat$ to make x wat]-pro( or air-pro(4 ,x gave ! poore/ k9d ( s]vice1 & an ef=t 0 made to improve x by rubb]iz+ x1 b ?is process did n produce a w+ ( la/+ durability4 ,_m o!r treatm5ts 7 exp]im5t$ )1 b ) little success until ! sub/ance kn[n z dope made its appe>ance4 ,dope is l>gely compos$ ( acetyl cellulose4 ,x makes ! w+ cov]+ pro( aga9/ ra91 w9d1 & ! oil ?r[n (f f ! airplane eng9e1 & gives x a f9e1 smoo? f9i% & excell5t durability4 ,two or ?ree coats ( x are usually appli$1 ) a f9al coat ( v>ni% on top1 to produce a w+ t is sure to prove /rong & tru/wor?y4 ,! problems ( />t+ & l&+ ! airplane h be5 _m4 ,! e>ly ,wright ma*9e _h to run on a little trolley d[n a track 9 ord] to ga9 suffici5t mom5tum to take to ! air4 ,lat] ma*9es %[$ an improvem5t on ?is4 ,h5ry ,f>man atta*$ wood5 skids to ! bottom ( 8 airplane & fa/5$ :eels to !m by means ( heavy rubb] b&s4 ,?us he c\ld />t 8 motor & run ov] ! gr\nd until 8 spe$ p]mitt$ him to rise1 :ile 9 mak+ a desc5t ! :eels flew back on _! flexible b&s & ! /\t skids absorb$ ! %ock ( ! fall4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n ma*9es h a :eel$ framework bel[ ! fuselage1 :i* p]mits !m to run ov] ! gr\nd 9 />t+ & also 9 mak+ a desc5t4 ,! dang] ( eng9e failure becomes v important :5 ne> to ! gr\nd1 z ! pilot has no "t to get 8 ma*9e into a gradual glide & avoid a bad accid5t4 ,?is dang] is sometimes av]t$ by in/all+ two eng9es1 s t if "o /ops ! o!r w c>ry ! airplane on up into ! air & prev5t a sma%-up4 ,b ! ?+ :i* has greate/ effect on ! ability ( ! airplane to l& easily is its own design & spe$4 ,! w+s ( ! airplane1 its propell] & its :ole con/ruction h be5 plann$ s t x c support itself be/ 9 ! air :5 fly+ at a c]ta9 fix$ spe$4 ,suppose ?is spe$ = a c]ta9 type ( airplane to be #aej miles p] h\r4 ,! airplane _c l& :ile travel+ at t rate1 yet its spe$ :ile /ill 9 ! air c only be dim9i%$ to a c]ta9 po9t ) safety1 & bel[ t po9t x may n be able to su/a9 itself 9 flight4 ,! pilot mu/ be able to l& 8 ma*9e )\t accid5t & )\t ?rottl+ 8 eng9e bel[ ?is dang] l9e2 :ile ! design] ( airplanes mu/ /ruggle to produce a ma*9e :i*1 :ile fly+ be/ at its maximum spe$1 w fly at a mu* l[] rate ( motion1 :5 necess>y to effect a l&+4 ,! support+ p[] ( ! w+s dep5ds p>tly on _! size & p>tly on _! rate ( motion4 ,small w+s mov+ at high spe$ produce ! same support+ pressure ( air b5ea? !m z l>ge w+s fly+ at sl[ spe$4 ,! problem ( a safe l&+ c\ld be/ be solv$ by build+ w+s ^: area c\ld be alt]$ 9 mid-air4 ,:5 travel+ "u full p[] ! pilot w\ld r$uce ! w+ spread1 z ! small] w+s w\ld !n be suffici5t to support ! weight ( ! ma*9e & w\ld create less air resi/ance4 ,:5 ab\t to l&1 he w\ld increase ! spread ( ! w+s1 s t at ! sl[] rate ( motion ?r\gh ! air he might take advantage ( a l>g] support+ surface4 ,no?+ ( ?is sort has yet be5 work$ out on a practical scale1 b _m h be5 ! sugge/ions = telescop+ w+s4 ,! r$uction ( head resi/ance & ! /reaml9+ ( ! airplane h receiv$ _! goodly %>e ( att5tion & exp]im5t4 ,to-day ! airplane fuselage is c>efully /reaml9$1 b ! l&+ *assis b5ea? x creates a good deal ( resi/ance to motion4 ,probably ?is problem w be solv$ by devis+ a l&+ *assis :i*1 aft] ! ma*9e has aris5 f ! gr\nd1 c be drawn up inside ! body1 & let d[n aga9 to make a l&+1 b ?is is ano!r important "q :i* is n yet work$ out 9 ! airplanes ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! com+ ( ! ,w> caus$ all nations to /op & take /rict acc\nt ( :at _h be5 accompli%$ 9 solv+ ! _m problems ( aviation1 = ! w> ma*9e _h to be z ne>ly z possible ! sum total ( all ! be/ t _h be5 work$ out up to t "t 9 ! difficult matt]4 ,9 aircraft design & 9 types ( eng9es ,france und\bt$ly /ood =emo/1 al?\gh ! k %e possess$ _h n be5 sort$1 pigeonhol$ & accurately /&>diz$ z 0 ! case 9 ,g]many4 ,g]many _h "s excell5t aircraft motors ( ! wat]-cool$ type1 :i* 7 light 9 weight1 v reliable & high-p[]$4 ,! ,g]man gov]nm5t _h sp5t l>ge sums ( money = ! purpose ( enc\rag+ airplane con/ruction & ! improvem5t ( designs & eng9es4 ,yet no c\ntry at w> f\nd h] milit>y airplanes all %e _h expect$ !m to be4 ,x 0 n until actual w> s]vice br\ght def9ite dem&s f ! pilots & def9ite criticisms ( ! bad features ( ! airplanes 9 use1 t ! design]s 7 able to turn out ma*9es ( ! highe/ effici5cy4 ,!re 7 _m ?+s :i* ! pilots ask$ =4 ,spe$ & climb+ p[] 7 among !m1 great] ease ( op]ation1 m protection 9 ! way ( guns & armam5t1 ! pilot's seat s locat$ t 8 vision 0 n ob/ruct$ above or bel[1 & a uni=m sy/em ( controls4 ,gradually all ^! requirem5ts h be5 met by ! airplane mak]s4 ,by #aiag !y _h turn$ out ma*9es :i* c\ld fly z fa/ z #aej miles p] h\r & climb to #bb1jjj feet1 :ile s9ce !n ev5 ?is record has be5 greatly improv$ ^u4 ,9 ! field ( aviation ,am]ica c claim "o big accompli%m5t s9ce h] entrance into ! ,_w ,w>4 ,t is ! ,lib]ty motor1 probably ! mo/ successful motor t has ev] yet be5 devis$ = an airplane4 ,:5 x 0 decid$ t we %\ld beg9 "w build+ ,am]ican airplanes1 !re 0 "o important problem3 ! eng9e4 ,=eign types ( eng9es c\ld n v well be built 9 ?is c\ntry1 z !y requir$ workm5 ( _m ye>s' tra9+ 9 a highly specializ$ field4 ,x 0 agre$ t we mu/ h a motor ( our own1 :i* c\ld be manufactur$ rapidly "u ! conditions ( our pres5t indu/rial sy/em4 ,two ( ! mo/ capable eng9e]s 9 ! c\ntry 7 summon$ to ,wa%+ton1 & 9 ord] to assi/ !m 9 _! "w motor manufactur]s f all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5t draftsm5 & consult+ eng9e]s4 ,= five days ^! two m5 did n leave ! rooms t _h be5 engag$ = !m at ! capital4 ,sacrifice 0 necess>y if victory 0 to be won4 ,eng9e]+ companies & companies mak+ motors = automobiles1 etc41 gave up _! mo/ c>efully-gu>d$ secrets 9 ord] to make ! ,lib]ty motor a success4 ,! result 0 t an eng9e 0 produc$ s mu* bett] ?an any?+ on ! m>ket t our allies ord]$ x 9 l>ge quantities = _! own airplanes4 ,tw5ty-eight days aft] ! draw+s 7 />t$1 ! fir/ motor 0 set up4 ,x 0 ready on ,indep5d5ce ,day1 & 0 demon/rat$ 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! p>ts _h be5 manufactur$ 9 _m factories1 yet !y 7 assembl$ )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,! complet$ eng9e 0 s5t to ,wa%+ton by special tra9 f ! ,we/4 ,?irty days lat] x _h pass$ all te/s & 0 (ficially ! ,lib]ty motor4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s ab\t ! ,lib]ty motor is ! way 9 :i* all ( its p>ts h be5 c>efully /&>diz$ s t !y c be manufactur$ accord+ to in/ructions by factories 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p>ts c !n be rapidly assembl$ at a c5tral po9t4 ,! cyl9d]s are exactly ! same 9 e case1 al?\gh ! ,lib]ty motor is made 9 f\r models1 rang+ f #d to #ab cyl9d]s4 ,!y c be int]*ang$ & ! p>ts ( a wreck$ eng9e c be us$ to repair ano!r eng9e4 ,?us ,am]ican wit1 patriotism & en]gy 7 able at a mo/ critical "t to answ] ! ?reat ( ,g]man supremacy 9 ! air4 ,our aircraft production has gone =w>d ) spe$ :i* almo/ baffles und]/&+1 :ile ! airplane motors we %ipp$ abroad 9 su* ov]:elm+ numb]s to be in/all$ 9 =eign ma*9es gave good s]vice to ! cause = :i* ! ,lib]ty motor 0 nam$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,fam\s ,,alli$ ,,airplanes ,airplanes1 l m51 are n all alike1 ev5 :5 !y are 9 ! same l9e ( "w & p]=m+ ! self-same duties4 ,9 w> "t1 e gunn] has 8 own little peculi>ities1 e %>p%oot] has 8 p]sonal ideas ab\t cat*+ ! enemy napp+1 & e infantryman :o goes ov] ! top1 9 spite ( 8 rigor\s tra9+ 9 ! art ( w>1 meets & d[ns 8 oppon5t 9 a mann] all 8 own4 ,s x is ) ! ma*9es t 9 ! la/ few ye>s h won fame = _! valiant s]vice ov] ! dread region ( battle4 ,r\ghly !y c be l9$ up z fight+ ma*9es1 reconnaissance airplanes & bomb]s4 ,yet if we look a little clos]1 individual types ( planes w /& out ( ! g5]al gr\p1 & x becomes fasc9at+ to /udy !m 9 _! design1 _! a*ievem5ts & _! p>ticul> capabilities4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,,?is ,,photograph ,,%[s ,,! ,,relative ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,giant ,,caproni ,,bomb+ ,,plane ,,& ,,! ,,fr5* ,,baby ,,nieuport1 ,,us$ ,,z ,a ,,spe$ ,,sc\t ,z x w\ld be impossible to m5tion 9 "o %ort *apt] all ! brave pilots :o di/+ui%$ !mselves = _! h]oism 9 ! w> 9 ! air1 s x w\ld be a hopeless task to attempt to d ju/ice to all ! airplanes :i* r5d]$ good s]vice ov] ! front l9es4 ,! be/ we c hope to d is to make ! acqua9tance ( ! mo/ fam\s ( !m all4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,,! ,,spad1 ,,! ,,pride ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,air ,,fleet ,!re is "o little ma*9e1 :i*1 :5 ! f9al retreat 0 s\nd$ & accompli%m5ts 7 reckon$1 _h cov]$ itself ) glory4 ,l ! _m fam\s pilots :o h driv5 x1 x has le>n$ mu* by exp]i5ce1 & x has *ang$ consid]ably 9 outw>d appe>ance s9ce ! summ] ( #aiad4 ,:]ev] ! a*ievem5ts ( ! spe$ sc\t are m5tion$ ! ,nieuport is b\nd to come 9 = its %>e ( ! praise4 ,?is little fight+ ma*9e 0 greatly reli$ on by ! ,fr5*1 :o us$ x 9 l>ge numb]s ov] ! front l9es4 ,al?\gh lately ano!r swift sc\t plane has come into ! field to eclipse its reputation1 x probably took "p 9 m a]ial battles ?an any o!r airplane ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,x 0 ! ,nieuport monoplane ^: spe$ & agility at maneuv]s made x a favorite 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ho/ilities4 ,= a :ile x 0 a mat* = ! ,g]man sc\t ma*9es1 b ! rapid /rides :i* aviation took "u ! pressure ( w> necessity left x beh9d1 & ! m rapid & effici5t ,nieuport ,biplane ,sc\t made its appe>ance4 ,9 sev]al important features x 0 entirely diff]5t f any ( ! biplanes4 ,x c\ld n q =get its monoplane con/ruction1 & x _h made a compromise ) ! biplane by add+ a v n>r[ l[] w+4 ,x 0 humor\sly nicknam$ ! "o & "o-half plane1 b x prov$ itself j ! ?+ ! fight+ airm5 7 look+ =4 ,its n>r[ l[] plane1 :ile giv+ m /ability & a gird] =mation to its w+ brac+1 did n int]f]e ) ! pilot's range ( vision1 a highly important consid]ation4 ,9 ord] to all[ z full a view z possible 9 all directions1 x _h only two ,v-%ap$ /ruts betwe5 ! planes1 :ile ! upp] w+1 j above ! pilot's seat1 _h be5 cut away 9 a semi-circle at ! re> s t he might be able to see above4 ,! l[] w+ 0 9 two sections1 "o at ea* side ( ! fuselage4 ,?is little biplane _h a top w+ span ( only #bc feet1 #f in*es1 :ile ! di/ance across ! l[] plane f tip to tip 0 a trifle %ort]1 measur+ j #bc feet4 ,! upp] plane measur$ f ! front to ! re> edge a trifle less ?an #d feet1--or to use te*nical language1 x _h a *ord ( #c feet1 #aa in*es2 :ile ! *ord ( ! l[] w+ 0 only a little ov] #b feet4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! biplane f ! tip ( its nose to its tail 0 #ah feet1 #f in*es4 ,! fuselage 0 built ) sides & bottom flat b ! top r\nd$ (f4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( room = ! pilot to move freely 9 8 seat4 ,arm$ ) a ma*9e gun :i* fir$ ov] ! propell]1 he 0 well able to def5d himself :5 enemy craft appe>$4 ,! ,nieuport biplane wrote its a*ievem5ts 9 l>ge lett]s dur+ ! ,great ,w>4 ,x 0 ! ma*9e :i* ,guynem] & 8 fam\s b& ( ,/orks flew 9 _! d>+ battles aga9/ ! ,g]man fa/ sc\t1 ! ,fokk]4 ,x c>ri$ _m an ,am]ican *ap to fame 9 ! ,lafayette ,escadrille4 ,engl&1 ,italy & ,am]ica all us$ x ov] ! l9es1 & its high spe$ & quickness at maneuv] made x a g5]al favorite4 ,to-day x is made 9 ei!r ! s+le-seat] sc\t type1 or 9 a l>g]1 two-seat$ model4 ,! gunn]'s seat 9 ! latt] is 9 front ( ! pilot1 & a circul> op5+ has be5 cut 9 ! upp] plane above him1 s t 9 an a]ial battle he may /& up1 8 head & %\ld]s above ! top w+1 & op]ate ! ma*9e gun1 :i* fires across ! propell]4 ,9 spite ( all its excell5t qualities & its record ( victories won1 ! ,nieuport has lo/ its *ampion%ip among ! ,spe$ sc\ts4 ,ano!r t9y biplane ( /ill great] spe$1 has wre/$ ! honors f x4 ,! fir/ place among fight]s is n[ p]haps held by ! ,spad4 ,c>ry+ "o or two pass5g]s & equipp$ ) an eng9e ( #aej to #bej horsep[]1 ) its ,lewis & ,vick]s ma*9e guns spitt+ away at ! enemy1 x is a =midable object 9 ! ar5a ( w>4 ,n to be left beh9d1 ,am]ica has develop$ a small1 fa/ fight+ ma*9e :i* bids fair to make ! o!r two look to _! laurels4 ,x is a t9y ,curtiss triplane1 ! span ( ^: w+s is only #be feet4 ,its extra lift+ surface gives x rem>kable climb+ p[]s )\t increas+ its size z a t>get4 ,x is always an advantage to a fight+ ma*9e to h z small a w+ area z possible1 =1 besides be+ able to maneuv] m quickly1 x furni%es a small] t>get to ! enemy's gunn]s4 ,! triplane c m\nt rapidly into ! upp] air1 s z to comm& a /rategic position above ! airplanes ( ! foe1 :ile to ^? attempt+ to fire ^u x f above or bel[1 its ?ree w+s d n pres5t any l>g] surface ?an ! two ( ! biplane or ! "o ( ! monoplane4 ,! ,curtiss factory has be5 at "w = sev]al ye>s on ! problem ( ! small fa/ fight]4 ,its fir/ ef=t 0 a biplane ^: top w+ span 0 only #bj feet4 ,9 a te/ flight by ,victor ,c>l/rom at ,%eep%ead ,bay ,spe$way1 ,new ,york ,city1 its unusual p]=mances amaz$ ! spectators4 ,) />tl+ swiftness ! pilot m\nt$ into ! blue1 maneuv]$ 8 little biplane ) ! agility ( an acrobat1 gave excell5t te/s ( spe$1 & desc5d$4 ,r$uc+ ! spe$ ( 8 motor b n cutt+ x (f entirely1 he all[$ ! little airplane to skim sl[ly along ! gr\nd4 ,!n1 alight+1 he took hold ( ! fuselage close to ! tail1 & /e]$ ! dim9utive craft to a suitable spot f :i* to make ano!r flight4 ,) ! motor /ill runn+1 & mu* to ! surprise ( ! onlook]s1 he /epp$ 9 once m1 put on full p[] & 0 (f4 ,?is little airplane 0 nicknam$ ! ,curtiss ,baby ,spe$ ,sc\t4 ,9 "o int]e/+ respect x 0 diff]5t f ! ,nieuport1 ^: upp] plane _h to be cut away to increase ! pilot's range ( vision4 ,9 ! ,curtiss ma*9e ! pilot sits j beh9d ! planes1 s t he c see above & on all sides ) ! greate/ ease4 ,z a protection 9 battle 8 seat & ! front portion ( ! fuselage are surr\nd$ ) ?9 /eel1 & ! pilot sits close to ! floor1 s t he does n (f] a v good t>get to ! enemy's /ray bullets4 ,! baby biplane is fitt$ ) a /&>d ,v-type motor ( ab\t #ajj horsep[]1 & x c>ries fuel = a run ( two & "o-half h\rs4 ,! ,briti% h done "s v f9e "w 9 develop+ airplanes ( ! spe$ sc\t type4 ,_! fight+ ma*9es flew ov] ! l9es & d[n$ ! ,g]man planes 9 goodly numb]s4 ,among ^? :i* e>n$ fame = _! a*ievem5ts are ! ,bri/ol ,sc\t1 famili>ly kn[n z ! bullet1 "o ( ! fa/e/ ( ! milit>y airplanes2 & ! ,vick]s ,sc\t1 ano!r ( ! swift eagles t help$ to ma9ta9 ,alli$ supremacy 9 ! cl\ds4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ features ( ! ,vick]s sc\t is ! high /agg] ( its planes4 ,by ?is we mean t ! upp] plane has be5 set f> =w>d1 s t x appe>s to ov]hang ! l[]4 ,q rec5tly ano!r ,briti% sc\t ma*9e1 a ,sop) triplane1 0 fl[n by ! ,briti% ,royal ,fly+ ,corps1 & x made a spl5did record ( victories ov] ! l9es4 ,9 a crack regim5t ( vet]an fight]s x is h>d to pick out ! m5 :o might be said to be ! be/ soldi]s4 ,ea* man excels 9 "s individual way1 & 9 j ! "r situation might prove to be ! lead] ( 8 fell[s4 ,s x is b\nd to be ) ! long li/ ( valiant little fight+ planes t took up ! cudgels aga9/ ! ,hun4 ,no %ort summ>y c d ju/ice to !m all4 ,!re are ! ,avro1 = in/ance1 & ! ,de ,havill& ,sc\t ,biplane ( ! ,briti%1 z well z a biplane ( ! ,sop) type2 :ile ! li/ is almo/ endless ( ,briti% & ,fr5* ma*9es be>+ su* well kn[n names z ,f>man1 ,caudron1 ,dor&1 ,mo9eau1 ,morane-,saulni]1 etc4 ,b :atev] ! p>ticul> features ( ^! sc\t ma*9es1 _! armam5t is g5]ally ab\t ! same4 ,x usually consi/s ( a ma*9e gun op]at$ by ! pilot & fir+ across ! propell]4 ,! pilot directs ! nose ( 8 ma*9e /raight at ! enemy & lets g a ra9 ( bullets4 ,fight+ tactics are ! subject ( ! mo/ int5se /udy on ! "p ( e pilot ( a sc\t ma*9e4 ,(t5 he has 8 pet sy/em ( d[n+ ! enemy4 ,immelmann1 ! fam\s ,g]man aviator1 lik$ to get high 9 ! upp] air & !re await ! approa* ( a victim1 :5 he c\ld dive /raight d[n ^u ! unsuspect+ airplane & op5 fire4 ,e pilot aims to surprise 8 enemy4 ,to d s he mu/ (t5 p]=m />tl+ a]ial tricks1 loop+ ! loop to come up "u ! tail ( ! o!r ma*9e1 swoop+ d[n f above1 or fir+ f beh9d :ile ! tail ( ! enemy ma*9e %ields him z he gets 9 8 fatal %ot4 ,! aviator le>ns to hide beh9d a cl\d1 to take advantage ( bl9d+ sunlight or any o!r natural condition 9 ord] to take ! oppos+ airplane unaw>es4 ,x is = ?is reason t ma*9es are ne$$ :i* comb9e spe$1 exceptional climb+ p[]s1 & quick maneuv]+ ability4 ,n only mu/ !y be able to practise all mann] ( tricks & /unts 9 ord] to surprise ! foe1 b x is q z important t !y be able to move rapidly on _! own acc\nt1 = a sl[ mov+ airplane is m liable to surprise ?an "o :i* is swift 9 flight & able to alt] its c\rse repeat$ly or else climb out ( dang]'s way4 ,h[ important ! agility ( ^! little fight+ planes is !y are apt !mselves to discov] :5 "o ( _! numb] meets a big reconnaissance ma*9e ( ! enemy4 ,! latt]1 ) its big guns1 is a =midable object1 & c\ld easily get ! bett] ( ! lightly built combat plane1 if x 7 n = ! fact t its weight & sl[ spe$ make x unmanageable4 ,! small] ma*9e drops d[n ^u ! big fell[ sudd5ly1 fir+ a volley at its gunn]s4 ,if he kills !m well & good1 b if n he mu/ p]=m 8 clev]e/ a]ial /unts to get out ( _! way1 or he w soon be a m]e ball ( fire %oot+ e>?w>d4 ,=tunately1 he is quick1 & a few acrobatic turns save him f ?reat5+ disa/]4 ,be=e ! pres5t type ( reconnaissance craft1 bri/l+ ) ma*9e guns _h be5 develop$1 x 0 cu/om>y = ! airplane do+ photographic "w1 artill]y spott+ & simil> duties to rely = its protection on a numb] ( spe$ sc\ts1 :o flew above & ar\nd x & escort$ x ^u its mission4 ,to-day ! airplane t is us$ = g5]al s]vice duties ov] ! l9es is a dreadnaught ( ! air1 & al?\gh x may /ill take along ) x on its err&s a few sc\ts to give battle to ! fa/] airplanes ( ! enemy1 yet on ! :ole x is self-reliant & has little to fe>4 ,to ^! sl[]-fly+1 l>g] g5]al s]vice ma*9es are entru/$ "s ( ! grave/ duties ( w>4 ,!y are ! eyes ( ! army1 :e!r !y act = ! heads ( /aff1 fly+ out ov] ! t]ritory ( ! foe ) _! tra9$ obs]v]s & br++ back accurate in=mation ab\t ! movem5ts ( troops1 :e!r !y help 9 spott+ t>gets = ! gunn]s1 or :e!r dur+ an actual engagem5t !y act z a]ial spectators & mess5g]s1 help+ to coord9ate ! ef=ts ( ! v>i\s bodies ( troops4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ho/ilities ,g]many /rove to ov]:elm ! ,fr5* 9 ! air & prev5t _! airplanes f p]=m+ ^! necess>y duties4 ,france 0 at fir/ b poorly equipp$ ) ma*9es ( ! type s sorely ne$$ to ma9ta9 h] air supremacy4 ,by ! skill & brav]y ( h] airm5 %e manag$ to hold out1 h[ev]1 & ! ,huns 7 disappo9t$ 9 nev] accompli%+ _! purpose ( putt+ out h] eyes4 ,h] eng9e]s 7 9 ! long run mu* m clev] ?an ^? ( ,g]many1 & by ! e>ly "p ( #aiae !y _h ready a numb] ( sup]ior ma*9es = reconnaissance & bomb+4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y 7 big ,caudrons & ,f>mans1 well arm$ & a good mat* = ! ,g]man maid-(-all-"w biplanes4 ,& !re 7 l>ge ,vois9 biplanes1 suitable = photographic "w or = bomb+4 ,!y 7 us$ ext5sively by ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 ,belgians & ,italians4 ,! ,vois91 z 9 its v e>lie/ models1 is /ill easily recognizable by its curi\s tail resembl+ a box-kite1 plac$ at ! end ( a project+ framework ( f\r long beams or outrigg]s4 ,x is a pu%] type ( airplane1 ) its propell] at ! /]n in/ead ( at ! b[4 ,l>g] & m =midable gr[ ! a]ial de/roy]s4 ,to-day among ! sup]-dreadnaughts ( ! sky may be numb]$ ! big biplanes be>+ ! names ( ,mo9eau1 ,breguet-,mi*el91 ,vois9-,peugeot1 & ,f>man4 ,heavily arm$ ) ma*9e guns !y r5d]$ valuable s]vice to ! ,allies 9 _m capacities1 & !y 7 ! effici5t answ] to ! /ruggle ( ! ,hun = a]ial supremacy4 ,:5 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiah ! ,g]mans laun*$ _! trem5d\s (f5sive at ! ,allies1 ! latt] 7 well in=m$ 9 advance ( _! int5tions1 ?anks to ^! p[]ful reconnaissance planes4 ,swoop+ d[n close to ! ,g]man l9es 9 defiance ( anti-aircraft guns & fight+ ma*9es alike1 !y _h daily look$ on at ! mass+ ( troops1 ! br++ up ( re5=cem5ts = ! drive1 & ! pil+ up ( ammunition supplies4 ,9 spite ( e ef=t ( ! enemy to make _! mission an intol]able "o & to prev5t !m f spy+ ^u prep>ations = ! (f5sive1 !y _h succe$$ 9 br++ back to ,alli$ comm&]s accurate & detail$ in=mation4 ,by _! aid ! ,allies knew at :at po9ts to expect ! heavie/ bl[s1 & !re !y collect$ _! re5=cem5ts4 ,?us ! nations l9$ up aga9/ ! ,hun 7 ready :5 ! bl[ came1 & !y 7 able to *eck ! trem5d\s onslaught by _! l& & air =ces4 ,:at !y really lack$ p]haps1 0 n eyes1 to discov] :at ! ,g]mans 7 plott+1 b a l>ge en\gh numb] ( small fight+ ma*9es to keep ! enemy reconnaissance craft f spy+ ^u _! own prep>ations2 & a l>ge en\gh numb] ( huge bomb+ planes to h completely int]f]$ ) ! ,g]man ef=ts to mass re5=cem5ts & ammunition = ! pu%4 ,9 ! long run x is p]haps ! bomb+ plane t repres5ts ! greate/ sav+ 9 human life 9 "t ( w>4 ,an army may be well equipp$ ) reconnaissance ma*9es & spe$ sc\ts1 s t x may keep 9 close/ t\* ) e move ( ! enemy4 ,b unless x is able to int]f]e ) ^? moves be=e !y rea* ! proportions ( a direct & /agg]+ bl[1 !n ! be/ x c d is to conc5trate its own troops & supplies 9 read9ess to meet ! bl[ :5 x does fall4 ,t means t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( lives ( infantrym5 w be sacrific$ 9 *eck+ ! waves ( enemy troops4 ,! ,allies discov]$ a f> bett] & m economical way ( w9n+ ! w> ?an ?is1 & 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! ,w> !y /ra9$ e n]ve to put x into actual op]ation4 ,x 0 ?is3 to se>* out e milit>y base ( ! enemy1 e munition dump1 ne/ ( guns1 supply tra9 or troop tra9 & drop bombs ^u x4 ,two m5 9 a bomb+ ma*9e c attack & p]haps de/roy a =ce :i*1 if all[$ to rea* ! front l9es1 w\ld h to be met by sev]al ?\s& infantrym54 ,two m5 9 a bomb+ ma*9e c de/roy at a s+le bl[ ! ammunition :i*1 if x _h rea*$ ! front1 might h swept out a regim5t4 ,t is :y s mu* ?\ght & g5ius has be5 exp5d$ ^u ! bomb+ plane4 ,! day bomb] becomes ! "r arm ( ! infantry1 fly+ l[ ov] ! l9es1 attack+ troops & /rik+ t]ror to ! he>t ( ! enemy z ! huge ,alli$ tanks did :5 !y fir/ />t$ on _! irresi/ible sl[ walk across tr5*es1 troops1 build+s & e mann] ( ob/ruction4 ,! big bomb]--p>ticul>ly if ! fight+ ma*9es h cle>$ ! way ahead ( x--is some?+ l t3 x is an inv9cible weapon ( de/ruction1 wip+ out :ole bodies ( ! foe at e /roke1 l a giant sweep+ ! pigmies ( e>? ahead ( him ) 8 /rong "r arm4 ,! big dreadnaughts ( ! air l ! ,mo9eau1 ! ,vois9-,peugeot1 ! ,breguet1 & ! ,f>man1 become1 :5 a bomb+ app>atus is sub/itut$ = _! cam]a & radio1 v effici5t day bomb]s4 ,!re is a long li/ ( o!rs3 z = in/ance1 ! ,briti% ,avro1 ,h&ley-,page & ,sop) ma*9es & ! ,fr5* ,caudron1 ,dor& & ,letord4 ,_m ( ^! big bomb+ planes 7 design$ = long di/ance "w ei!r by day or by night1 & s !y h be5 made enorm\s weight-lift]s1 ) l>ge support+ surfaces1 two or m eng9es1 & equipp$ ) a fuel supply suffici5t = long runs4 ,9 ord] to c>ry _! eng9es conv5i5tly !y v (t5 h m ?an "o fuselage4 ,sometimes ! pilot sits 9 a l>ge fuselage 9 ! c5t]1 :ile ! motors are c>ri$ 9 two small] c>s or bodies call$ nacelles at ei!r side4 ,! ,briti% ,avro1 = in/ance1 is a huge biplane ) ?ree fuselages & two rot>y eng9es4 ,its upp] & l[] w+s are equal 9 span1 & x c readily be di/+ui%$ f ! ,briti% ,h&ley-,page1 ^: upp] w+ has a l>ge ov]hang4 ,! ,h&ley-,page is "o ( ! l>ge/ ma*9es built4 ,x c>ries its two #ab-;cyl9d] ,rolls-,royce eng9es 9 small nacelles betwe5 ! ma9 planes1 & x c be recogniz$ by ^! & its biplane tail4 ,! ,caudron is ano!r big tw9-motor$ ma*9e1 us$ by ,fr5*1 ,briti% & ,italians4 ,its two rot>y eng9es are fix$ 9 small nacelles betwe5 ! planes1 :ile ! pilot rides 9 a c5t] fuselage4 ,some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! ,vois91 x c>ries its tail at ! end ( a project+ framework ( f\r long beams1 ! l[] two ( :i* act also z l&+ skids4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,a ,,h&ley ,,page ,,ma*9e ,,tun+ ,,up ,,= ,a ,,flight ,am]ica1 l ! re/ ( ! nations1 has _h h] secret ambition to try h] h& at build+ bomb+ ma*9es4 ,9 #aiah ! designs = ! ,h&ley-,page bomb] 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry1 & on ,july #f? ! fir/ ,am]ican built ,h&ley-,page bomb] 0 successfully laun*$ into ! air at ,elizabe?1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! huge ma*9e 0 *ri/5$ ! ,langley aft] "o ( ! e>ly exp]im5t]s ) ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e4 ,x _h a w+ span ( #ajj feet1 & a c5tral fuselage #fc feet long4 ,small armor$ nacelles at ei!r side ( ! fuselage c>ri$ its two #djj horsep[] ,lib]ty motors1 ea* turn+ a sep>ate propell]4 ,lad5 ) its full supply ( bombs1 its two ,br[n+ ma*9e guns & fuel = a long run1 ?is giant ( ! skies weighs ab\t #i1jjj p\nds4 ,our c\ntry has in/itut$ a program ( con/ruction = ^! sup]-dreadnaughts1 & be=e long !y w =m an enorm\s a]ial weapon 9 ! h&s ( our airm54 ,= ,am]ica1 /ill practically a novice at airplane con/ruction on a l>ge scale1 to be able to produce 9 h] factories ! l>ge/ & mo/ complicat$ ( ! =eign types1 speaks well = h] det]m9ation & res\rcefulness4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,! ,,laun*+ ,,( ,a ,,langley1 ,a ,,giant ,,bomb+ ,,airplane ,! ,alli$ nations h vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 _! ef=ts to produce ! k+ among bomb+ planes4 ,! ,italians h und\bt$ly c>ri$ away ! prize4 ,_! ,caproni triplane is among ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,! details ( its con/ruction 7 kept secret1 z x 0 "o ( ! mo/ dread$ weapons ( ! ,allies4 ,?ree p[]ful ,fiat motors drive x at a spe$ ( ab\t #hj miles an h\r4 ,) its five tons ( bombs1 de/9$ = important objectives 9 ! l& ( ! enemy1 x is an object to inspire awe4 ,! ,caproni mak]s h long be5 kn[n = _! l>ge bomb+ ma*9es4 ,_! ?ree bomb]s1 includ+ a small] triplane & a biplane1 head$ ! li/ ( _! fell[s at ! front4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiag a ,caproni biplane 0 demon/rat$ 9 ,am]ica1 cov]+ a di/ance ( almo/ #djj miles 9 ab\t #d-a_/b h\rs4 ,x />t$ its j\rney f ,norfolk & l&$ at ! ,m9eola ,aviation field1 ) sev5 pass5g]s on bo>d4 ,caproni bomb+ airplanes c>ri$ out _m hi/oric raids1 among !m be+ t on ! fam\s ,au/rian ,base at ,pola4 ,to rea* x ! ,italian aviators _h to travel by night across ! ,adriatic1 & !y c>ri$ out _! pre-arrang$ plan ( attack ) ! utmo/ punctuality1 9 spite ( ! trem5d\s difficulties t loom$ along _! pa?4 ,two squadrons ( ma*9es left ! a]odrome1 ! fir/ "s "t be=e ! second1 & ea* airplane foll[+ its fell[s at a consid]able di/ance4 ,at #aa o'clock at night ! fir/ ( ! bomb]s flew ov] ,pola & dis*>g$ its ra9 ( high explosives4 ,9 rapid succession ! o!rs foll[$1 lett+ g _! missiles ^u /ores ( ammunition1 docks1 & e object ( milit>y importance4 ,9 ord] to aid !m 9 pick+ out _! t>gets ! raid]s made use ( an +5i\s contrivance :i* s amaz$ & /upefi$ ! ,au/rians t = a :ile !y fail$ to make any attempt to %oot d[n ! ,italian planes ) _! anti-aircraft guns4 ,x 0 a huge p>a*ute1 to :i* _h be5 atta*$ a p[]ful *emical light4 ,desc5d+ sl[ly ! t]rify+ object hung z x seem$ susp5d$ 9 mid-air1 light+ ! way = ! raid+ ma*9es1 :o took advantage ( ! t]ror ( ! ,au/rians to drop #ad tons ( high-explosives & make _! escape unh>m$4 ,! trem5d\s ,caproni triplane is almo/ impregnable4 ,its enemies h little *ance ( d[n+ x1 = x c fly ev5 :5 "o ( its planes has be5 sev]ely damag$1 & ) its ?ree p[]ful motors x is practically immune f any eng9e tr\ble1 z 9 case ( an accid5t or injury to "o motor ! o!r two1 or = t matt]1 "o ( !m1 w c>ry x safely home4 ,) ! great /ability giv5 x by its ?ree support+ surfaces x c g ?r\gh ! /ormie/ wea!r )\t ! slighte/ ne$ = fe>4 ,once its load ( bombs has be5 dis*>g$1 x c rise to #g1jjj feet to escape f its pursu]s4 ,! /ory is told ( an ,italian aviator1 ,major ,salomone1 :o escap$ 9 a ,caproni :5 attack$ aft] a bomb+ exp$ition by a squadron ( ,au/rian spe$ sc\ts4 ,8 enemies succe$$ 9 wreck+ "o ( ! big eng9es by _! gun fire1 & 9 kill+ two ( 8 gunn]s & a pilot4 ,he himself 0 sev]ely w\nd$1 b keep+ control ( 8 ma*9e he manag$ to rea* home safely by ! p[] ( ! rema9+ two eng9es4 ,! triplane is by f> ! be/ type = ^! giant raid]s t fly by night4 ,_! requirem5ts are great lift+ p[] & great /ability1 & ^!1 ! triplane ) its extra lift+ surface1 be/ fulfills4 ,equipp$ ) two or ?ree eng9es s t its p[]-plant c be absolutely reli$ ^u 9 e em]g5cy1 ) accurate bomb-sight+ in/rum5ts & ) a compass1 se>*light & o!r app>atus necess>y = travel+ by night1 ! triplane c be dep5d$ ^u to inflict gigantic bl[s ^u enemy bases4 ,! ,briti% h a big bomb+ triplane t 0 he>d f 9 ,g]many3 ! ,sop)4 ,its ?ree planes are equal 9 span1 & h only "o /rut at ea* side ( ! fuselage1 ) ! wir+ also greatly simplifi$1 9 ord] to r$uce ! head-resi/ance to a m9imum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,a ,,sop) ,,triplane ,illu/ration3 ,,top ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,tail ,,( ,,! ,,sop) ,! ,sop) 0 "o ( ! fir/ triplanes to be us$ = bomb+ & g5]al s]vice ov] ! l9es4 ,^? at ! front e>ly 9 #aiah 7 equipp$ ) a #aaj horsep[] ,cl]get rot>y eng9e4 ,a r\nd metal hood or c[l surr\nd+ ! motor =m$ ! front ( ! fuselage1 ov]hang+ ! body slightly at ! bottom 9 ord] to =m an air outlet = ! eng9e4 ,am]ica has n actually develop$ any big bomb+ planes ( ! type ( ! ,sop)1 al?\gh we h "o enorm\s triplane1--! ,curtiss triplane air-cruis]1 built = s]vice ov] ! sea4 ,& al?\gh ,russia ab&on$ ! good cause = :i* %e 0 fight+1 we _c pass ov] ! subject ( big bomb+ triplanes )\t m5tion+ ! giant ,sikorsky1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable weapons ( de/ruction t 7 employ$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,hun4 ,! future w no d\bt write a new & fasc9at+ *apt] 9 ! /ory ( ! triplane4 ,! big night bomb]s are be+ built on a l>ge scale by all ! ,alli$ nations4 ,_! exploits op5$ e great milit>y op]ation1 !y con/itut$ a reign ( t]ror ov] ! l9es ( ! enemy1 & _! dea?-deal+ bl[s sav$ c\ntless ?\s&s ( alli$ troops f ! ne$ ( sacrific+ _! lives4 ,!y c\ld make ! j\rney /raight to ! he>t ( ! enemy's c\ntry & return1 ) pl5ty ( surplus fuel4 ,_! missiles did enorm\s damage to railway c5t]s1 docks1 bridges1 a]odromes & ars5als4 ,c>ry+ bombs t weigh any:]e f #af to #ejj p\nds1 !y spread havoc 9 _! wake1 :ile ! sil5c]s on _! eng9es made !m v]itable spect]s ( ! night4 ,an illu/ration ( _! possible accompli%m5ts 0 ! flight ( ,italian ma*9es across ! ,alps & to ,vi5na1 :5 !y dropp$ manife/os ^u ! fright5$ populace4 ,^? manife/os rem9d$ ! ,au/rian p t only ! humanity & self-respect ( ! alli$ airm5 made !m drop pap] bombs on ,vi5na :ile ! ,g]mans 7 unload+ high explosives 9 ! mid/ ( ! civilian populations ( ,london & ,p>is4 ,x mu/ h %[n ! p ( ,vi5na :at ! ma*9es ( _! enemies 7 capable ( do+4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,an ,,am]ican ,,built ,,caproni ,,airplane ,b ! airplanes ( w> ^: acqua9tance we h made s ha/ily 9 ?is *apt] 7 n us$ by ! ,allies = raid+ or t]rify+ civilians4 ,f ! t9y fight+ ma*9es t c>ri$ s _m ( our brave/ pilots to p]sonal combat ov] ! l9es1 to ! enorm\s bomb+ planes us$ to scatt] de/ruction & ru9 among ! milit>y /rongholds ( ! enemy1 our ma*9es 7 tru/wor?y & brave1 b !y 7 also ma*9es ( honor4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,?is ,,curtiss ,,triplane ,,has ,a ,,spe$ ,,( ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,sixty ,,miles ,,an ,,h\r ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,g]man ,,airplanes ,,9 ,,! ,,_w ,,w> ,:5 we read ! /ory ( ! wond]ful contributions made by ,france1 ,engl&1 ,italy1 & ,am]ica to ! progress ( aviation & to ! romantic hi/ory ( ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e1 we mu/ rememb] t x is ! /ory ( nations :i*1 a few %ort ye>s ago1 _h no ?\ght ( turn+ ! airplane into a m]e weapon ( de/ruction & desolation4 ,x 0 ! conque/ ( ! air1 = its own sake1 t appeal$ to ! fi]y imag9ations ( ! ,fr5*1 & t made !m1 f ! day :5 ! fir/ ,montgolfi] balloon w5t so>+ into ! cl\ds1 d[n to ! e>ly triumphs ( ! airplane 9 ,france & ! great conte/s & meet+s t foll[$ !m1 ard5t en?usia/s ov] ea* & e =m ( a]ial sport4 ,engl&1 9 spite ( ! fact t h] sportsm5 fli]s 7 w9n+ new triumphs daily1 & 9 spite ( ! public int]e/ t 0 tak5 f ! v beg9n+ 9 ! advance ( aviation1 _h1 at ! beg9n+ ( #aiaa1 j "o milit>y airplane4 ,am]ica1 ard5t devotee ( ,peace1 ev5 :ile ! ,_w ,w> 0 rag+ 9 ,europe1 fail$ to take /eps to provide h]self ) an a]ial fleet4 ,b :5 we come to ,g]many1 ! /ory ( aviation takes an entirely diff]5t turn4 ,! ,g]mans z a p 7 nev] wildly en?usia/ic ov] airplanes1 = !y lack$ ! f9e sportsman%ip & love ( d>+ adv5ture :i* produc$ s _m clev] aviators 9 o!r l&s4 ,9 fact1 until !y saw its utt] inability to compete ) ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e z a milit>y weapon1 !y conf9$ !mselves almo/ entirely to ! con/ruction ( ! safe & com=table dirigible4 ,) ! possible exception ( su* a man z ,lili5?al1 ! ,g]mans took slight p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! subject ( human flight4 ,x 0 ! ,g]man gov]nm5t t1 by lavi% exp5diture1 & by e means kn[n to x1 enc\rag$ exp]im5t & progress4 ,! :ole ?\ght 9 ,g]many1 bo? 9 ! days ( ! dirigible & lat]1 :5 ! airplane _h prov$ its sup]iority1 0 solely to develop ! fly+ ma*9e z an in/rum5t ( w>4 ,x 0 = ?is t %e began h] co/ly & gigantic program ( ,zeppel9 con/ruction1 x 0 = ?is t ! be/ eng9e]s 9 ! ,empire 7 set to "w design+ a]onautic eng9es4 ,x 0 n )\t "s *agr9 t ! ,g]man milit>y au?orities gave up _! dream ( _w conque/ by means ( ! ,zeppel91 & set !mselves to build+ airplanes in/ead4 ,yet :5 !y did1 !y appli$ to ! new problem ! same ?or\ghness1 ! same milit>y precision & uni=mity t _h m>k$ _! e>li] program4 ,read+ ( ! ,fr5* ma*9es we are fasc9at$ by ! _m types & patt]ns t ! +5i\s ,fr5*m5 7 able to devise4 ,9 ,g]many ev]y?+ 0 c>efully sy/ematiz$ by ! gov]nm5t1 individual designs 7 disc\rag$ unless !y fitt$ into ! milit>y s*eme ( ?+s1 & ! airplane 0 produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 l s _m blackjacks1 all exactly alike1 to be us$ 9 /rik+ ! peaceful nations ( ! _w4 ,g]man ?or\ghness w5t a long way 9 p]fect+ ! airplane z a w> in/rum5t4 ,:51 9 ,augu/ #aiad1 h] sword f9ally desc5d$1 %e _h close on to #hjj ma*9es & a ?\s& tra9$ pilots1 toge!r ) a small =ce ( seaplanes & pilots4 ,to-day1 accord+ to an ,engli% au?ority1 %e has at lea/ #bj1jjj aircraft ( all sorts1 mann$ by a =ce ( #cjj1jjj pilots1 obs]v]s1 & bomb>di]s4 ,! fir/ ,g]man ma*9es to fly ov] ,fr5* t]ritory might well h /ruck t]ror to ! he>ts ( ! plucky ,fr5*1 = !y 7 equipp$ ) ! clev]e/ in/rum5ts ( de/ruction t ,g]many c\ld devise4 ,! swept-back1 curv$ w+s ( ^! /&>d biplanes won !m ! "n ( ,taube or dove4 ,c]ta9ly !y 7 n doves ( peace4 ,!y 7 equipp$ ) wireless1 c>ri$ cam]as = reconnaissance "w1 _h ! mo/ accurate record]s ( height & spe$1 dep5dable compasses1 in/rum5ts = bomb-dropp+1 dual control sy/ems1 s t !y c\ld be op]at$ by ei!r pilot or obs]v]1 & doz5s ( o!r small improvem5ts & accessories t made !m m ?an a mat* = ! ,fr5* ma*9es s5t up to dispute _! supremacy 9 ! air4 ,! *all5ge ^! ma*9es pres5t$ to ! g5ius ( ! ,fr5* 0 tak5 up ) vigor4 ,x 0 n long be=e !y f\nd !mselves an obsolete =m ( aircraft 9 ! great w> 9 ! air1 & = all _! inv5tions & improvem5ts1 !y 7 =c$ back into _! hang>s4 ,by ! ,spr+ ( #aiae1 ! ,fr5* 7 so>+ ?r\gh ! sky 9 fa/ fight+ ma*9es t made ! air a v unsafe place = ! plodd+ ,g]man maid-(-all-"w4 ,! ,g]mans be/irr$ !mselves to ?9k ( "s me?od ( gett+ ev5 ) ^! unreasonable ,fr5* pilots1 :o someh[ refus$ to admit defeat4 ,! ma*9e :i* !y s5t out 9 answ] to ! ,nieuport monoplane & o!rs ( its type 0 ! inv5tion ( a ,dut*man2 x succe$$ 9 creat+ q a s5sation = a :ile 9 ,alli$ circles1 until l o!rs ( its company x 0 sup]s$$ by ,fr5* inv5tive g5ius & r5d]$ a m or less h>mless craft4 ,?is suppos$ly inv9cible fight] 0 ! ,fokk]4 ,9 g5]al con/ruction x 0 l>gely an imitation ( ! ,fr5* ,morane monoplane1 b x _h "o entirely new feature t r5d]$ x at ! "t a =midable adv]s>y4 ,t 0 :at 0 kn[n z a syn*roniz$ gun1 fir+ ?r\gh ! propell]4 ,! problem _h be5 to design a ma*9e :i* c\ld be op]at$ by "o man1 :o became bo? ! pilot & ! gunn]4 ,9 ord] to d ?is he mu/ necess>ily be able to control ! direction ( 8 ma*9e 9 flight & aim 8 gun at ! enemy at ! same "t4 ,! be/ way to accompli% ?is 0 to po9t ! nose ( 8 ma*9e at 8 victim & fire /raight ahead ( him4 ,b "h ! propell] 0 ! great ob/acle4 ,h[ c\ld he fire a gun f ! b[ ( 8 ma*9e )\t /rik+ ! propell] blades z !y :irl$ swiftly ab\t 9 front ( him8 ,! ,g]man ,fokk] answ]$ t "q4 ,! ma*9e gun ) :i* x 0 equipp$ _h its %ots s syn*roniz$1 or tim$1 t1 impossible z x seems1 !y pass$ betwe5 ! rapidly revolv+ propell] blades )\t /rik+ !m4 ,! ,fokk] 0 a rem>kable climb] 9 its day1 & 9 addition x _h a simple device by :i* ! pilot c\ld lock ! control ( ! elevat+ planes1 /e]+ only to "r or to left1 by means ( p$als work$ ) 8 feet4 ,e>ly 9 #aiaf ?is deadly weapon ( a]ial w>f>e made its appe>ance1 & = a :ile ! civilian population ( ,engl& & ,france read ) dismay ( its conque/s4 ,m\nt+ high into ! cl\ds1 x w\ld await its victim4 ,! mom5t a ma*9e ( ! ,allies appe>$ b5ea? x1 ! ,fokk] turn$ its nose /raight d[n & w5t spe$+ 9 ! direction ( its prey1 op5+ fire z soon z x got )9 range4 ,!re 0 no use ( ! un=tunate airplane try+ to escape4 ,! ,fokk] c\ld1 by wobbl+ its nose slightly 9 spiral fa%ion z x desc5d$1 produce1 n a /raight /ream ( bullets ahead ( x b a cone ( fire f its ma*9e gun1 ) ! victim 9 ! c5t] ( ! circle4 ,:i*ev] way ! latt] turn$ to escape x met a curta9 ( bullets :i* c\ld de/roy x4 ,! ,alli$ ma*9es c\ld only combat x 9 gr\ps ( ?ree & = a "t at lea/ x held supremacy 9 ! skies4 ,:5 itself pursu$ by a sup]ior numb] ( planes1 x 0 quick z an acrobat1 & spe$y at climb+1 s t x v seldom c\ld be caught4 ,?is 0 ! ma*9e 9 :i* ! two fam\s ,g]man airm51 ,immelmann & ,boelke p]=m$ "s ( _! mo/ d>+ exploits4 ,x travel$ at a spe$ ( m ?an #ajj miles p] h\r & c\ld p]=m surpris+ feats ) ! mo/ al>m+ ease4 ,b :ile ! ,fokk]'s db ov] ! tr5*es caus$ ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons to debate ! new p]il gravely1 ,fr5* & ,briti% airm5 sprang quickly & gaily to ! *all5ge4 ,he$less ( ! dang]1 !y brav$ ! bullets ( ! ,fokk] 9 ord] to get a bett] view ( its me*anism1 & !y soon answ]$ x ) swift & p[]ful ma*9es l ! ,briti% ,de ,havill&4 ,x 0 only a %ort :ile be=e ! ,fokk] monoplane 0 beh9d ! times4 ,fa/] ma*9es ) great] climb+ p[]s ov]took x 9 ! skies & swoop$ d[n ^u x f sup]ior altitudes1 z x _h swoop$ d[n ^u s _m ( its victims4 ,its day ( triumph at an end1 x )drew to ! seclusion ( its hang>1 & ! ,fokk] biplane replac$ x 9 ! air4 ,?is 9 its turn became ! /e$ ( _m ( ,g]many's /> a]ial p]=m]s4 ,n[ came ! days :5 ,capta9 ,b>on von ,ri*?(5 held =? 9 ! heav5s ) 8 squadrons ( v>iegat$ planes :i* ! ,briti% airm5 nicknam$ ,ri*?(5's circus4 ,^! que]ly cam\flag$ planes 7 ,g]man ,albatroses4 ,! ,albatros 0 "o ( ! be/ design$ ( ! ,g]man airplanes1 & al?\gh ! fir/ models produc$ 7 n rem>kable = _! spe$1 !y 7 good climb]s & weight-c>ri]s & ?or\ghly reliable4 ,!y 7 lat] develop$ 9 two di/9ct types3 a fa/ spe$ sc\t biplane s+le-seat]1 equipp$ ) two ma*9e guns bo? fir+ across ! propell]2 & a sl[] reconnaissance airplane1 = g5]al s]vice ov] ! l9es4 ,! latt] c>ri$ bo? a pilot & an obs]v]1 & _h two ma*9e guns1 "o to be fir$ by ea* ( !m4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! ,allies _h sev]al captur$ ma*9es ( ?is type 9 _! possession4 ,an ,au/rian ,albatros reconnaissance biplane1 tak5 9 #aiaf1 af=d$ an int]e/+ opportunity to exam9e :at 0 at t "t "o ( ! v be/ ( ! enemy's planes4 ,its g5]al con/ruction did n entirely meet ) ! approval ( exp]t airm5 :o look$ x ov]4 ,its upp] w+ 0 mu* long] f tip to tip ?an ! l[]1 produc+ a v great ov]hang4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! pilot ?is _h its advantage1 = ! %ort] plane bel[ him all[$ a mu* bett] range ( vision1 b x und\bt$ly weak5$ ! :ole /ructure4 ,! biplane 0 exce$+ly sl[ 9 flight1 a great drawback ev5 9 a ma*9e n built = fight+ purposes4 ,"o curi\s feature 0 its v l>ge fix$ tail plane1 to :i* ! elevat+ plane 0 atta*$2 :ile a decid$ defect f a milit>y /&po9t 0 ! entirely unprotect$ position ( ! pilot & ! obs]v]4 ,obvi\sly ! ,g]mans _h n yet solv$ ! problem ( air supremacy to _! complete satisfaction4 ,b _! eng9e]s & design]s 7 busy ?9k+ x ov]1 & soon !y _h ready a numb] ( swift] airplanes1 =emo/ among :i* 7 probably ! ,aviatik & ! ,halb]/adt4 ,! ,aviatik made great claims ( sup]ior accompli%m5ts ov] ! front l9es4 ,g]man pilots boa/$ t x _h a ceil+ 7a climb+ capacity7 ( almo/ #af1jjj feet ) pilot1 obs]v] & a fuel supply4 ,?is 0 ov] #d1jjj feet great] altitude ?an t :i* any o!r ,alli$ or enemy ma*9e c\ld rea* "u simil> conditions4 ,! ma*9e _h an upp] w+ span ( #dj feet1 #h in*es1 :ile its l[] w+ measur$ #ce feet1 #e in*es f tip to tip4 ,x _h a /rong armor ( /eel tub+ surr\nd+ ! comp>tm5t or cockpit :i* held ! seats ( ! pilot & obs]v]4 ,! ,aviatik 0 an effici5t bomb+ biplane ( its day1 al?\gh l>g] & m p[]ful ma*9es h s9ce come into ! field to sup]s$e x4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) metal bomb-laun*+ tubes at ei!r side ( ! b[1 & ! bombs 7 releas$ by pull+ a cable connect$ ) ! releas+ trigg]4 ,! ,aviatik 0 arm$ 9 addition ) rotat+ ma*9e guns1 able to fire 9 any direction 9 an a]ial battle4 ,! ,halb]/adt 0 a swift fight+ ma*9e or spe$ sc\t1 :i* made its appe>ance 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! w> & prov$ effici5t & reliable4 ,?is & ! combat planes t foll[$ x %[$ great] & great] spe$ until by #aiag ! sc\t ma*9es 7 fly+ at #aej miles p] h\r & climb+ to altitudes z high z #bb1jjj feet4 ,x 0 ! bomb+ plane1 h[ev]1 t appeal$ mo/ /rongly to ! ,g]man m9d z an in/rum5t ( de/ruction4 ,tir$1 p]haps1 ( _! ef=ts to produce a fight+ ma*9e :i* %\ld be )\t its mat* 9 a]ial w>f>e1 !y focuss$ _! att5tion ab\t ?is "t ^u ! bomb]1 :i* 9 #aiag 0 play+ an ev] m important role 9 ! /ruggle = air supremacy4 ,e>ly 9 #aiag1 ! fl[] ( _! creative g5ius took to ! air4 ,x 0 ! ,go?a biplane1 & at ! "t ( its db x prov$ "o ( ! mo/ difficult ma*9es to attack & d[n ( any ( ^? fly+ = ! ,hun4 ,! ,gun-tunnel ,go?a x 0 famili>ly call$1 ow+ to ! unusual means ( def5se aga9/ pursu]s t _h be5 devis$ = x4 ,up to ?is "t "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( attack+ an enemy plane _h be5 to come up sudd5ly & fire on x "u its tail4 ,! gunn] 9 ! ma*9e ?us attack$ c\ld n get 9 a s+le %ot at 8 pursu] )\t /rik+ ! tail planes ( 8 own ma*9e4 ,! portion ( an airplane :i* c be fir$ on 9 ?is way )\t dang] ( return fire is said to be its bl9d spot1 & x 0 ?is bl9d spot t s5t _m a well-arm$ & p[]ful airplane cra%+ to e>? :5 its pursu]s _h succe$$ 9 outmaneuv]+ x4 ,! ,gun-tunnel ,go?a _h practically no bl9d spot4 ,its design]s _h con/ruct$ x ) a tunnel t ran ! l5g? ( ! fuselage1 f ! cockpit1 or comp>tm5t :]e ! pilot & gunn]s sat1 ?r\gh to an op5+ j "u ! tail planes4 ,a ma*9e gun 9 ! cockpit c\ld be po9t$ ?r\gh ?is tunnel & fir$ at ! unsuspect+ victim :o came up back ( x accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ tactics4 ,! op5+ ( ! gun tunnel 0 c>efully cam\flag$1 s t at a %ort di/ance x c\ld n be se5 by an attack+ airplane1 especially "o :i* 0 unprep>$ = x4 ,! ,go?a practically bri/l$ ) ma*9e guns4 ,"o 9 its b[ :i* comm&$ a fairly l>ge range 0 op]at$ by ! =w>d obs]v]1 :o sat 9 front ( ! pilot4 ,a passage-way beside ! pilot's seat all[$ him to rea* gun-tunnel1 :]e1 /ret*$ flat on ! floor ( ! fuselage he op]at$ ! gun :i* fir$ out "u ! tail4 ,above him 9 ! fuselage sat ! re> gunn]1 & by _! comb9$ aid ! ,go?a c\ld keep all enemy planes at a safe di/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,a ,,giant ,,go?a ,,bomb+ ,,plane ,,br\ght ,,d[n ,,by ,,! ,,fr5* ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 m]ely protective measures4 ,! ,go?a's real mission 0 bomb+1 & = ?is x c>ri$ a bomb-releas+ me*anism j 9 front ( ! pilot's seat1 on ! floor ( ! fuselage1 :ile beh9d ! pilot an additional supply ( ! dea?-deal+ missiles 7 c>ri$ 9 racks 9 v]tical position4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,,g]man ,,fokk] ,,plane ,,captur$ ,,by ,,! ,,fr5* ,^! 7 ! ma*9es :i* flew ov] ,engl& & ,france 9 #aiag scatt]+ dea? & de/ruction4 ,aga9/ !m ! ma*9es ( ! ,allies 7 = a "t almo/ p[]less1 = ! be/ ( _! airplanes 7 completely outgunn$ by ?is new t]ror ( ! skies4 ,! new ,g]man ma*9e 0 giv5 "o ( its fir/ try\ts 9 ! ,balkans1 :]e a squadron ( tw9-eng9$ ,go?as accompli%$ ! bomb+ ( ,bu*>e/4 ,its effici5cy prov$1 x appe>$ ov] ! l9es & 0 also us$ ext5sively by ! ,g]mans = long di/ance bomb+ op]ations4 ,! fact t ! ,go?as flew 9 l>ge squadrons made !m /ill m difficult to attack4 ,yet ,alli$ airplanes w5t out to give !m fight1 & 9 spite ( :at seem$ ! almo/ complete hopelessness ( ! situation1 !y did succe$ 9 break+ up ,go?a =mations & 9 d[n+ a few ( ! dread ma*9es4 ,yet ano!r ,g]man tw9-w+$ bomb+ plane 0 ready ab\t ?is "t4 ,! ,fri$ri*%af5 bomb] 0 n s l>ge z ! ,go?a1 b 9 _m po9ts ( con/ruction x resembl$ x4 ,a biplane1 x _h w+s t tap]$ some:at f ! c5t] to ! tips4 ,! w+s 7 /r5g!n$ by c5t] sp>s ( /eel tub+1 :i* 0 also us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! rudd] & elevators at ! tail4 ,! pilot occupi$ ! re> seat 9 ! cockpit & ! gunn] ! =w>d seat1 :ile a %ort passage-way ran betwe5 ! two4 ,e ef=t _h be5 made at cam\flage4 ,on _! upp] surfaces ! w+s 7 pa9t$ z ne>ly z possible e>? color1 s t !y might be indi/+ui%able to a ma*9e look+ d[n ^u !m f a sup]ior altitude4 ,on _! l[] surfaces !y 7 pa9t$ pale blue1 to bl5d ) ! sky & make !m invisible to an enemy plane bel[4 ,! armam5t ( ?is ,fri$ri*%af5 bomb] consi/$ ( ?ree ma*9e guns1 "o ( !m fir+ d[nw>d ?r\gh a trap door 9 ! fuselage4 ,x 0 fitt$ ) an automatic bomb-releas+ app>atus1 by means ( :i*1 z "o bomb 0 releas$1 ano!r slipp$ into place4 ,o!r bomb+ ma*9es appe>$ 9 #aiag1 z ! ,a4,e4,g4 tw9-motor$ tractor biplane1 & ! ,a4,g4,o4 tw9-bodi$ biplane4 ,! ,g]mans also began con/ruction ( huge bomb+ triplanes1 heavily arm$ ) ma*9e guns4 ,) squadrons ( ^!1 ! ,go?as1 & ! ,fri$ri*%af5s1 !y c>ri$ out 9 #aiag & #aiah an e/abli%$ program ( bomb>dm5t4 ,! night no long] held t]rors = _! airm51 :o _h le>n$ to fly 9 ! d>kness4 ,!y made _! raid+ exp$itions1 n only aga9/ ,alli$ troops & milit>y bases1 b also on ,engli% & ,fr5* t[ns1 kill+ civilians & *ildr5 & de/roy+ prop]ty ( no importance f a milit>y po9t ( view4 ,by ^! me?ods ! ,hun _h hop$ to acquire ! supremacy ( ! air :i* 8 small] fight+ ma*9es _h n yet won = him4 ,=tunately ! ,fr5* & ,briti% _h be5 h>d at "w1 & 9 answ] to ! =ays ( ! ,g]man bomb+ planes1 squadrons ( ,alli$ planes dropp$ _! missiles 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many4 ,! ,alli$ planes1 h[ev]1 *ose milit>y objectives1 & did n aim _! bl[s at def5seless civilians4 ,/roke = /roke1 & ) a little extra = good measure ! ,allies beat back _! oppon5ts 9 ! air4 ,to-day "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable raid+ ma*9es 9 exi/5ce1 :e!r = night or = day "w belong to ,france & ,engl&1 :ile ,am]ica is leav+ no /one unturn$ to build up an air navy ! equal ( ^? by ^: side %e f\ght4 ,yet ! w> 9 ! air1 on ! ,alli$ side1 0 always m>k$ by honor1 dec5cy & humanity4 ,! enemy repeat$ly %[$ t n m]e milit>y ga9s1 b ! savage pleasure ( bomb+ civilians1 0 a "p ( 8 air program4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 n9e squadrons ( 8 airplanes flew ov] ,p>is & attack$ ! city4 ,! raid result$ 9 #ajj dea?s1 besides #gi p injur$1 a %ock+ /ory to g d[n 9 ! record ( ! ,hun's attempt at ma/]y ( ! air4 ,mr4 ,bak]1 our ,am]ican ,secret>y ( ,w>1 0 9 ,p>is at ! "t :5 ?is hi/oric raid occurr$4 ,he 0 hold+ a conf]5ce at 8 hotel ) ,g5]al ,task] ,h4 ,bliss1 at ! "t ,am]ican ,*ief ( ,/aff1 :5 ! ,fr5* w>n+ sir5 0 s\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! city4 ,! city 0 cov]$ ) a deep fog1 t completely %ield$ f ! view ( ! ,g]man ma*9es any possible objective4 ,b !y _h no int5tion ( *oos+ t>gets = _! bombs1--!y let !m fall at r&om ^u ,p>is4 ,= almo/ ?ree h\rs t]ror reign$ among ! helpless civilians2 !n ! raid]s1 hav+ lo/ f\r ( _! numb] to ! anti-aircraft gunn]s1 turn$ & sp$ swiftly t[>d _! own l9es4 ,x 0 a revelation1 said ,mr4 ,bak]1 ( ! me?ods inaugurat$ by an enemy :o wages ! same w> aga9/ wom5 & *ildr5 z aga9/ soldi]s4444 ,we are s5d+ our soldi]s to ,europe to fight until ! _w is deliv]$ f ^! horrors4 ,london z well z ,p>is suff]$ f enemy bomb+ planes4 ,raid foll[$ raid 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiah1 b ! ,briti% _h s improv$ _! a]ial def5ses t !y 7 able to meet ! attempt$ ravages ( ! enemy ) ! mo/ p[]ful anti-aircraft guns1 :i*1 l a wall ( fire1 =bade ! dread mon/]s to come )9 ! limits ( ! metropolis4 ,_m ma*9es 9 ! ,g]man squadrons nev] got close en\gh to ,london to bomb x1 b ^? :i* did let fall _! t]rible explosives )\t aim or object1 kill+ & maim+ a l>ge numb] ( civilians4 ,! ,briti% 7 f9ally =c$ to take ! only c\rse :i* c\ld h effect ) ! ,hun4 ,!y flew into ! he>t ( ! enemy's c\ntry & gave him a ta/e ( 8 own m$ic9e4 ,true1 !y *ose _! objectives c>efully1 & ! t>gets :i* !y bomb$ 7 munition works1 railways1 factories1 & camps1 b = all _! temp]$ rev5ge !y made ! foe sm>t b5ea? ! /++ la% t desc5d$1 aga9 & aga91 ^u 8 back4 ,9 answ] to ! aircraft program ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,g]many r5ew$ h] en]gies1 & h] con/ruction ( airplanes dur+ ! la/ ye> ( ! ,w> 0 on a l>g] scale ?an ev] be=e4 ,h] small fight+ ma*9es1 or spe$ sc\ts1 include ! ,fokk]1 ! ,halb]/adt1 ! ,rol&1 ! ,albatros1 ! ,aviatik1 ! ,pfalz monoplane1 ! ,rumpl]1 ! ,l4,v4,w4 & a numb] ( o!rs4 ,"s ( ^! we h already se5 at "w4 ,! ,rol& is "o ( ! late/ types ( ,g]man two-seat] sc\ts4 ,e ef=t has be5 made 9 x to decrease ! head resi/ance by c>eful /reaml9+1 r$uction ( ! numb] ( int]plane /ruts1 etc4 ,swift fly+ & a rapid climb]1 x has won = itself ! title ( ,! ,g]man ,spad4 ,! ,pfalz is built ei!r z a monoplane or z a biplane4 ,x is a ma*9e some:at simil> to ! ,fokk]4 ,! monoplane1 h[ev]1 has two ma*9e guns1 "o on ea* side ( ! pilot1 & fir+ ?r\gh ! propell]4 ,among airplanes us$ by ! enemy = g5]al s]vice duties ov] ! l9es1 ! ,a4,g4,o41 ! ,a4,e4,g4 & ! ,go?a und\bt$ly take ! lead4 ,all are heavily arm$ ) ma*9e guns & bombs & are driv5 by p[]ful motors4 ,yet = all ! desp]ate ,g]man /ruggle = supremacy1 h] ma*9es & h] pilots did n prove ! equals ( ! ,allies 9 ! air4 ,! airplanes ( ,france1 ,engl&1 ,italy & ,am]ica ma9ta9$ a ceaseless vigilance ov] ! l9es1 giv+ *ase to e enemy plane or squadron ( planes t made its appe>ance on ! horizon4 ,our airm5 %[$ ! mo/ dauntless c\rage1 & !y cont9ually outwitt$ & outmaneuv]$ ! sl[] ?9k+ ,hun4 ,our spe$ sc\ts *all5g$ 8 reconnaissance & bomb+ planes1 & prev5t$ !m f p]=m+ _! missions effectively2 our own reconnaissance airplanes gave him a h>d "t ( x2 & our bomb+ ma*9es prov$ !mselves ! /rong "r arm ( ! s]vice--tak+ ! place ( ! big guns 9 ra9+ heavy explosives ^u enemy troops1 bomb+ 8 milit>y bases1 & mak+ life 9 g5]al mo/ uncom=table = ! foe4 ,x is a f> cry f ^? fir/ /&>diz$ ,taubes to ! _m makes & patt]ns ( ,g]man airplanes ( ! pres5t day4 ,z ! ,allies met ^? fir/ maids-(-all-"w ) a mix$ company ( airplanes ( _m & untri$ tal5ts1 s to-day !y are meet+ h] ef=ts to imitate _! own v]satility 9 aircraft ) ma*9es :i* are c>efully /&>diz$ 9 e detail4 ,x %\ld be an object lesson to ,g]many t ! ,allies h triumph$ 9 ea* case4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,air ,h]oes ( ! air 9 peace times h be5 num]\s4 ,we already "k ! /ories ( _m ( ! pione]s ( aircraft1 :o risk$ _! lives 9 situations involv+ ! utmo/ p]il4 ,! m5 :o1 9 ! fir/ frail monoplanes & biplanes attempt$ to fly ! ,briti% ,*annel1 or to make dang]\s cross-c\ntry flights "u adv]se wea!r conditions 7 h]oes inde$4 ,yet und\bt$ly ! greate/ exploits w be told ( ^? h]oes :o1 9 ! ,great ,w>1 flew daily ov] ! l9es1 meet+ ! aviators ( ! enemy 9 mortal combat4 ,e alli$ nation engag$ 9 ! great conflict has h] sacr$ roll ( honor ( ^? :o f\ght = h] 9 ! air4 ,am]icans w nev] gr[ we>y ( tales ( ! great ,lufb]y2 ,engli%m5 w boa/ ( ! pr[ess ( ,bi%op1 ,mc,cudden & ! re/ ( !m2 :ile ,fr5*m5 w tell1 ) m+l+ ( joy & sadness1 ( ! immortal ,guynem]1 ,pr9ce ( ,aces4 ,georges ,guynem]'s "n w always /& fir/ on ! record ( ! w>'s great fly+ m54 ,8 %ort c>e] 0 a blaze ( triumph aga9/ ! ,hun1 b ) _m a hairbread? escape f dea? & _m a feat ( reckless d>+4 ,"y1 h&some & da%+1 anxi\s to give 8 life = 8 belov$ ,france1 he became ! ador$ idol ( ! ,fr5* nation4 ,on "o occasion :5 he m>*$ 9 a p>ade 9 ,p>is1 ! p /rew$ 8 pa? ) fl[]s1 & x 0 necess>y = ! police to int]v5e & protect him f ! enraptur$ multitudes :o press$ =w>d to embrace him4 ,yet ,guynem] came ne> miss+ ! fight+ altoge!r4 ,guynem] 0 born on ,*ri/mas day1 #ahic1 9 ! t[n ( ,compigne4 ,he grew up a tall1 delicate boy1 :o1 8 fri5ds pr$ict$1 w\ld nev] live to rea* maturity4 ,p]haps ! fact t he 0 almo/ an invalid turn$ 8 att5tion away f ! a?letic sports ( ! o!r boys & gave him 8 int5se int]e/ 9 me*anics4 ,he _h "o consum+ ambition3 to become a /ud5t 9 ! cole ,polyte*nique 9 ,p>is2 b :5 by h>d /udy he _h f9ally prep>$ himself & came up = 8 entrance exam9ation1 ! pr(essors ( ! s*ool reject$ him on ! gr\nd t he might n live to f9i% ! c\rse4 ,to help ! lad =get 8 ov]:elm+ disappo9tm5t1 8 p>5ts hurri$ him away to a heal? resort at ,bi>ritz4 ,he _h be5 !re a ye> :5 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 came ! news t 8 c\ntry _h be5 attack$4 ,burn+ ) zeal to help def5d 8 belov$ ,france1 ,guynem] (f]$ himself aga9 & aga9 = enli/m5t 9 ! ,fr5* army4 ,h>d press$ z t army 01 its (fic]s did n feel t !y ne$$ ! sacrifice ( a frail y\? ) "o foot 9 ! grave4 ,g5tly b firmly1 ! "y c&idate 0 reject$4 ,bitt]ly humiliat$ he w5t back to 8 life ( en=c$ inaction2 & :ile he saw 8 comrades m>*+ =? to w>1 he eag]ly pond]$ 9 8 m9d :at s]vice he c\ld p]=m 9 ! w> aga9/ ! invad]4 ,at l5g? he hit ^u an idea4 ,s9ce he c\ld n become a soldi]1 :y %\ld he n turn 8 me*anical skill to "s acc\nt 9 "o ( ! great airplane factories :]e ,france 0 turn+ out h] swift squadrons ( ! air4 ,he volunte]$ & 0 accept$4 ,9 a %ort "t he _h made 8 pres5ce felt1 = he _h receiv$ a ?or\gh prep>atory education 9 me*anics & 0 f> ! sup]ior ( ! majority ( 8 fell[ workm54 ,little by little he won ! fri5d%ip & admiration ( 8 sup]iors1 :o promot$ him to ! position ( me*anician at "o ( ! big milit>y aviation fields4 ,n[ = ! fir/ "t he 0 liv+ among w> sc5es4 ,:ile he p]=m$ 8 humble duties 9 ! hang> he burn$ ) ambition to pilot ov] ! l9es "o ( ! swift ,fr5* battle planes4 ,b he h>dly d>$ make ! reque/ t he be taught to fly1 fe>+ ! rebuff :i* he _h receiv$ on e o!r occasion :5 he _h s\ght to enli/4 ,b ! (fic]s at ! aviation camp _h be5 wat*+ "y ,guynem]1 & _! respect = 8 nobility ( "* & high intellig5ce f9ally outweigh$ _! fe>s t he might prove too delicate = ! s]vice 9 ! air4 ,s ! happy day f9ally arriv$ :5 he 0 p]mitt$ to enli/ z a /ud5t airman4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aiaf1 hav+ complet$ 8 c\rse ( tra9+1 he flew = ! fir/ "t 9 a swift sc\t plane4 ,f ! day t he fir/ flew out ov] ! l9es1 8 high] (fic]s realiz$ t "h inde$ 0 a ma/] airman4 ,9 ?ree %ort weeks he _h won ! di/9ction ( ace1 hav+ d[n$ 8 fif? enemy ma*9e4 ,! secret ( 8 success lay p>tly 9 ! frail con/itution :i* _h come s ne> condemn+ him to inactivity4 ,= ! y\? 0 fully conv9c$ t he _h n long to live1 & 8 "o idea 0 to die 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! greate/ possible s]vice to 8 native l&4 ,p]fectly prep>$ to meet dea? :5 ! mom5t came1 he 0 scrupul\sly c>eful nev] to c\rt x unnecess>ily1 = he realiz$ t ! long] he liv$ ! m damage he w\ld be able to inflict ^u ! enemy4 ,! e>ly morn+ inv>iably f\nd him 9 8 hang>1 go+ ov] ) lov+ c>e e detail ( ! me*anism ( 8 swift sc\t plane4 ,n until e portion ( eng9e1 w+s1 /ruts & /ays _h be5 tri$ & prov$ 9 ,a-#a condition1 & e c>tridge remov$ f 8 ma*9e gun & c>efully te/$1 did he climb into 8 pilot's seat & w+ 8 way across ! sky 9 se>* ( enemy planes4 ,& :5 ,guynem] enc\nt]$ an enemy plane he maneuv]$ to ov]come x ) ! same c>e = exactness ( movem5t4 ,8 cool-head$ precision made x almo/ impossible to take him by surprise1 :ile !re 0 _m a hapless ma*9e ( ! enemy t he p\nc$ ^u unaw>es4 ,he 0 an accompli%$ a]ial acrobat1 & "o ( 8 favorite tactics 0 to climb to a great altitude & !n1 po9t+ ! nose ( 8 plane at 8 prey1 to sudd5ly swoop d[n at enorm\s spe$1 fir+ z he came4 ,exp]t z he 01 ! great ,fr5* aviator _h a numb] ( n>r[ escapes f dea?4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aiaf1 see+ "o ( 8 fell[ aviators engag$ 9 an unequal combat ) five ,g]man ,fokk]s1 he sp$ to ! sc5e ( ! affray4 ,maneuv]+ into a favorable position above 8 oppon5ts he %ot d[n two ( !m )9 ! space ( a few seconds4 ,! rema9+ ?ree ,fokk]s took to flight1 b ,guynem] 0 hot on _! trail4 ,ano!r ( !m w5t cra%+ e>?w>d4 ,sudd5ly1 z ! plucky ,fr5*man sp$ on1 hot on ! trail ( ! two t 7 /ill unpuni%$1 he 0 />tl$ by ! bur/+ ( a %ell j "u 8 ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! w+s ( 8 plane _h be5 torn completely away1 & f a height ( t5 ?\s& feet 9 ! atmosph]e1 he began fall+ rapidly4 ,he /ruggl$ bravely ) ! controls b no?+ c\ld *eck ! ev] increas+ spe$ ( 8 plunge e>?w>d4 ,at an altitude ( five ?\s& feet ! airplane comm5c$ to som]sault1 b ! pilot 0 /rapp$ 9 8 seat4 ,!n1 z if "s unse5 =ce _h int]v5$1 ! swiftness ( ! desc5t 0 unexpect$ly *eck$4 ,) spe$ greatly less5$ ! airplane came cra%+ to ! e>?1 & ! plucky aviator 0 rescu$ f ! dbris1 unconsci\s b n s]i\sly hurt by 8 dreadful fall4 ,x 0 = ?is exploit t he receiv$ ! rank ( ,lieut5ant1 :ile he 0 decorat$ ) ! mu*-covet$ ,fr5* ,w> ,cross4 ,on ano!r occasion ,guynem]'s ma*9e 0 %ot d[n by ,g]man %ells1 & came cra%+ to e>? 9 ,no ,man's ,l&1 betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,g]man tr5*es4 ,! ,prussians turn$ _! ma*9e guns on ! spot & pl[$ ! area ) scor*+ fire4 ,b ! ,fr5* _h se5 _! belov$ h]o fall1 & )\t a ?\ght = ! consequ5ces ! poilus 9 ! tr5*es w5t ov] ! top aft] him4 ,quickly !y bore him back to safety1 & if !y left "s ( _! comrades fall5 out 9 t dread region1 !y did n c\nt x too great a sacrifice to h r$eem$ _! idol ) _! blood4 ,practically e fight+ nation has _h n only its favorite airman b also its favorite a]ial escadrille4 ,guynem] 0 ! lead] ( ! fam\s b& ( ,cignognes or ,/orks1 into :i* _h be5 ga!r$ ! pick ( all ! fly+ m5 ( ,france4 ,8 hi/oric oppon5t 9 ! w> 9 ! air 0 ! ,g]man ,b>on von ,ri*?(51 ^: squadrons 7 humor\sly nicknam$ ,ri*?(5's circus by ! ,allies1 because ( _! curi\sly cam\flag$ w+s4 ,! ,g]mans 7 v jeal\s ( ,guynem]'s successes1 & z ! record ( ! numb] ( ma*9es he _h d[n$ grew1 !y eag]ly cr$it$ ,ri*?(5 ) m victories4 ,guynem]'s f9al score 0 #ed & 8 enemy's mu* high]4 ,yet z a matt] ( fact ! ,fr5*man _h de/roy$ _m m ma*9es ?an ,b>on von ,ri*?(51 = :]eas ! ,fr5* gave no cr$it = planes s5t to e>? :]e no o!r witnesses ?an ! pilot c\ld te/ify to _! de/ruction1 ! ,g]mans 7 v glad to pile up a huge score = _! h]o1 & 7 n by any means critical 9 seek+ pro( ( a victory4 ,guynem]'s rem>kable a]ial victories made him a h]o ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x 0 report$ t 9 "o day he _h be5 (ficially cr$it$ ) ! de/ruction ( f\r airplanes ( ! enemy4 ,"o ( 8 *ief ambitions 0 to br+ d[n an enemy ma*9e )9 ! alli$ l9es1 z little damag$ z possible4 ,su* a plane gave him an opportunity to indulge 8 int]e/ 9 ! purely me*anical side ( aviation4 ,) ! utmo/ pati5ce he w\ld exam9e x 9 e detail1 mak+ note ( any features :i* he reg>d$ z improvem5ts on ! ,nieuport he himself flew4 ,su* improvem5ts w\ld v %ortly appe> on 8 own ma*9e4 ,s :ile ,guynem] flew a ,nieuport1 x 0 9 reality a diff]5t ,nieuport f any do+ s]vice ov] ! l9es4 ,9 its _m little individual features & appliances x reflect$ ! active1 eag]1 pa9/ak+ m9d ( its fam\s pilot1 ^: m9d 0 ev] on ! al]t to discov] ! t9ie/ detail ( me*anism :i* might ga9 = him an advantage ov] 8 adv]s>ies4 ,x 0 on ,septemb] #aa1 #aiag1 t ! belov$ aviator f\ght 8 la/ battle 9 ! air4 ,:ile 9 flight ov] ,ypres he caught sight ( five ,g]man ,albatros planes1 & in/antly turn$ ! nose ( 8 ma*9e 9 _! direction4 ,z he bore swiftly d[n ^u !m1 a flock ( enemy ma*9es1 ov] =ty 9 numb]1 sudd5ly made _! appe>ance & swoop$ d[n f an enorm\s height above ! cl\ds4 ,b>on von ,ri*?(5 ) 8 fly+ circus 0 among !m4 ,none ( ,guynem]'s comrades 0 ne> en\gh to aid him4 ,9 ! di/ance a gr\p ( ,belgian ma*9es came 9 view1 ru%+ to 8 assi/ance1 b be=e !y _h arriv$ at ! spot ! plucky ,fr5* airplane 0 obs]v$ s9k+ g5tly to ! e>?1 :]e x disappe>$ beh9d ! ,g]man l9es4 ,guynem]'s comrades *]i%$ ! hope t he _h be5 =c$ to desc5d & _h be5 tak5 prison] by ! ,g]mans4 ,su* an end+ to a glori\s c>e] ( s]vice w\ld p]haps n h be5 desir$ by ! aviator himself4 ,he :o _h us$ 8 life to su* good advantage = 8 c\ntry _h cr[n$ 8 victories ) dea?4 ,! ,g]mans !mselves1 out ( respect = 8 memory1 und]took to in=m 8 fell[-m5 ( 8 fate1 & a few days lat] !y dropp$ a note into ! ,fr5* a]odrome /at+ t he _h be5 %ot ?r\gh ! head4 ,! ,g]man pilot :o _h kill$ him 0 nam$ ,wissemann1 & he 0 an unkn[n aviator4 ,:5 he le>n$ t he _h actually kill$ ! great ,guynem]1 he wrote home to say t he ne$ n[ fe> no "o1 s9ce he _h conqu]$ ! k+ ( !m all4 ,x 0 sc>cely a =tnight be=e he 0 s5t to 8 dea? by a devot$ fri5d ( 8 r5[n$ victim4 ,! man :o av5g$ ! dea? ( ,guynem] 0 ,r5 ,fonck1 likewise a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,cignognes4 ,fonck took up ! *ampion%ip ( ! air :]e 8 comrade _h laid x d[n4 ,he /&s to-day z ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! ,fr5* aviators4 ,he has be5 call$ ! mo/ poli%$ a]ial duelli/ ! _w has ev] se54 ,) an (ficial record ( almo/ half a hundr$ enemy ma*9es de/roy$1 he has a/\nd$ 8 spectators by 8 a]ial /unts & ! absolute accuracy ( 8 aim4 ,_m ( ,fonck's successful battles h be5 f\ght aga9/ heavy odds1 q frequ5tly ) z _m z five ( ! enemy's airplanes oppos+ him4 ,yet ) app>5t ease he inv>iably succe$$ 9 w>d+ (f 8 w\ld-be de/roy]s1 :il/ "o by "o he s5t !m flam+ to ! e>?4 ,x has be5 said ( ,fonck t 9 all 8 battles 9 ! cl\ds he nev] receiv$ s mu* z a bullet hole 9 8 ma*9e1 ?anks to 8 unp>allel$ skill at maneuv]+4 ,he made a _w's record at ,soissons 9 ,may1 #aiah1 :5 he d[n$ five enemy airplanes 9 "o day4 ,he 0 fly+ on patrol duty :5 he came ^u ?ree ,g]man two-seat] ma*9es1 & 9 less ?an #aj seconds s5t two ( !m flam+ to e>?4 ,lat] 9 ! same day he actually succe$$ 9 break+ up a l>ge =mation ( ,g]man fight+ ma*9es1 & aft] de/roy+ ?ree1 s5t ! re/ flee+ 9 confusion4 ,on ano!r occasion ,fonck made a _w's record :5 he br\ght d[n ?ree ,g]man planes 9 ! brief space ( #bj seconds4 ,:ile 9 flight above ! l9es he came ^u f\r big biplanes ( ! enemy1 fly+ 9 s+le file1 "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,he quickly p\nc$ ^u ! lead]1 & 9 less "t ?an x takes to tell1 _h s5t him cra%+ to ! e>?4 ,! second _h no *ance to alt] its c\rse4 ,tra9+ 8 ma*9e gun on x ,fonck soon s5t x1 a mass ( flames1 aft] its fell[4 ,! ?ird big biplane dodg$ out ( ! l9e & sp$ out ( h>m's way1 b ! f\r? 0 caught by ! plucky ,fr5*man1 :o :eel$ 8 ma*9e r\nd ) />tl+ rapidity & fir$ ^u x be=e x c\ld make good its escape4 ,?is rem>kable feat1 p]=m$ 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 br\ght ,lieut5ant ,r5 ,fonck's (ficial total ( victories up to sixty1 & made him ! premi] ,fr5* ace1 at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r4 ,9 all 8 a]ial battles he _h nev] be5 w\nd$1 pass+ unsca!d ?r\gh ! mo/ =midable enc\nt]s by reason ( 8 unp>allel$ skill at maneuv]+4 ,guynem] & ,fonck are p]haps ! two greate/ names on ! ,fr5* roll ( h]oes ( ! air4 ,b !re 7 _m o!r ,fr5*m5 :o did valiant s]vice4 ,lieut5ant ,r5 ,dor9e _h an (ficial record ( #bc victories :5 he disappe>$ 9 ,may1 #aiag4 ,he 0 nicknam$ ! ,unpuncturable by 8 comrades1 s9ce 9 all 8 exploits above ! l9es 8 ma*9e _h only twice receiv$ a bullet hole4 ,lieut5ant ,jean ,*aput _h a record ( #af enemy planes de/roy$1 :5 9 ,may1 #aiah1 he made ! great sacrifice2 & !re are _m o!rs1 "s liv+ & "s fall5 9 battle1 :o1 fly+ = ,france1 day aft] day & mon? aft] mon?1 help$ to make h] cause at l5g? a victori\s "o4 ,! ace ( aces among ,briti% fly+ m5 ( ! w> is ,major ,william ,a4 ,bi%op1 :o holds ! record ( #gb enemy airplanes d[n$4 ,second to him on ! ,briti% li/ /&s ! "n ( ,capta9 ,james ,mc,cudden1 :o _h dispos$ ( #ef ( 8 enemies :5 he himself 0 accid5tally kill$4 ,mc,cudden _h _h a mo/ picturesque c>e]4 ,he jo9$ ! ,briti% army z a bugl] at ! age ( fifte54 ,z a private he f\ght ) ! fir/ ,engli%m5 9 ,france 9 #aiad4 ,8 fir/ fly+ exp]i5ce came at ,mons1 :5 ow+ to ! sc>city ( obs]v]s he 0 p]mitt$ to s]ve 9 t capacity4 ,he rapidly made good1 & 0 soon promot$ to ! rank ( (fic]4 ,he prov$ himself a clev] a]ial gunn]1 & s won ! opportunity to qualify z a pilot4 ,) a fa/ fight+ ma*9e ( 8 own he became a m5ace to ! ,hun1 ) :om he engag$ 9 ov] #ajj combats dur+ 8 fly+ c>e]1 yet nev] himself receiv$ a w\nd4 ,o!r ,engli% fli]s made special records 9 ! ,great ,w>1 z ,capta9 ,philip ,f4 ,full>d1 :o d[n$ #dh enemy ma*9es2 ,capta9 ,h5ry ,w4 ,wollett1 :o acc\nt$ = #bh2 & ,lieut5ants ,john ,j4 ,malone1 ,allan ,wilk9son1 ,/anley ,roseve> & ,rob]t ,a4 ,little1 all ) scores ( f #ag to #bj4 ,capta9 ,alb]t ,ball1 :o 0 %ot d[n by ,b>on von ,ri*?(5 9 #aiag1 _h an (ficial score ( #dc victories ov] ! ,hun1 ) ! additional honor ( hav+ conqu]$ ! great ,g]man aviator ,immelmann4 ,& n[ we come to ! /ory ( ,am]ica's great fli]s4 ,long be=e ,am]ica h]self _h ent]$ ! ,_w ,w> !re _h aris5 a valiant little company ( h] sons1 :o1 rememb]+ our anci5t debt to ,france1 _h gone to fight beside h] m5 9 ! w> aga9/ ! invad]4 ,_m ( ^! ,am]icans became skilful aviators & memb]s ( ! squadron :i* ! ,fr5* _h appropriately nam$ ! ,lafayette ,escadrille4 ,9 #aiaf1 ?ree ( its mo/ di/+ui%$ fli]s--,norman ,price1 ,victor ,*apman & ,kiff5 ,rockwell--gave _! lives to ,france4 ,probably ! "n :i* all ,am]icans "k be/ is t ( ,major ,ra\l ,lufb]y1 till 8 dea? ,am]ican ace ( aces1 :o flew ) ! ,escadrille "u ! flags ( bo? c\ntries4 ,major ,lufb]y's p]sonal /ory is romantic z any fiction4 ,he 0 a born soldi] ( =tune4 ,:5 a v "y *ap he ran away f home & = sev]al ye>s rode & tramp$ ov] ,europe & "p ( ,africa1 work+ at any?+ t came to h&4 ,aft] 8 e>ly w&]+s !re foll[$ two ye>s ( /r5u\s s]vice ) ! ,u4 ,s4 regul>s 9 ! ,philipp9es2 & aft] t ano!r long1 aimless jaunt ov] ,japan & ,*9a4 ,x 0 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ t he came by *ance ^u ,m>c ,p\rpe1 ! ,fr5* aviator :o 0 giv+ exhibition flights & co9+ money out ( ! en?usiasm ( ! ,ori5tals4 ,! two m5 became fa/ fri5ds & ,p\rpe took ,lufb]y along ) him on 8 travels4 ,z an airplane me*anic "u ,p\rpe's direction ,lufb]y f\nd 8 fir/ s]i\s employm5t & also 8 fir/ s]i\s int]e/4 ,he conceiv$ a deep int]e/ 9 aviation & became an apt pupil4 ,!n came ! w>1 & ,p\rpe (f]$ 8 s]vices to ,france4 ,lufb]y w5t along z 8 me*anic4 ,x 0 only a few mon?s be=e 8 fri5d _h fall51 & ,lufb]y1 anxi\s to av5ge 8 dea?1 s\ght admission to ! ranks ( ,fr5* fli]s4 ,9 #aiaf1 aft] mu* excell5t s]vice ov] ! l9es1 he became a memb] ( ! ,lafayette ,escadrille4 ,! spectacul> p]iod ( 8 c>e] _h n[ begun4 ,he _h soon claim$ ! five (ficial victories necess>y to make him an ace1 & 9 addition 0 pres5t$ ) ! ,croix de ,gu]re = di/+ui%$ brav]y 9 action4 ,) 8 swift ,nieuport he engag$ 9 combat aft] combat1 com+ ?r\gh by %e] cool-head$ness & skill born ( long exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 (ficially describ$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t z able1 intrepid1 & a v]itable model = 8 comrades4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aiag1 ,am]ica _h ! honor ( claim+ back h] son1 :5 he became a major 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 s]vice & comm&+ (fic] ( ! ,lafayette ,escadrille4 ,& x 0 ) ! utmo/ sorr[ t ! ,am]ican public1 a little ov] six mon?s lat]1 read t our great aviator _h met 8 dea?4 ,he fell on ,may #ai1 #aiah1 9 an attack on a ,g]man armor$ tank1 :i* already _h s5t five ,am]ican airplanes plung+ to e>?4 ,lufb]y's (ficial total 0 #ag ,g]man planes de/roy$1 b actually he _h acc\nt$ = _m m4 ,he _h be5 made a ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor by ,france1 & l o!rs ( 8 ,am]ican comrades _h done mu* to cem5t ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,ano!r ,am]ican ace :o des]ves ! gratitude ( ! ,am]ican p1 n only because he br\ght d[n tw5ty-six ,g]man aircraft b because ( ! extraord9>y inspiration ( 8 example z a lead] at ! front to o!r ,am]ican air fight]s1 is ! pres5t premi] ,am]ican ace1 ,capta9 ,eddie ,rick5back]1 idol ( ! automobile rac+ _w be=e ! w>4 ,am]ica's entrance into ! w> fir$ ,rick5back] ) an ambition to get into ! fight+ at all co/s & aft] an attempt to organize a squadron compos$ ( exp]t auto rac+ m51 unsuccessful because ( lack ( funds1 he enli/$ 9 ! infantry4 ,he became ,g5]al ,p]%+'s driv] at ! front & :ile s]v+ 9 ?is capacity wat*$ 8 *ance to get into ! fly+ end ( ! air s]vice4 ,an opportunity soon pres5t$ itself & ,rick5back] advanc$ rapidly4 ,9 eighte5 mon?s he _h1 z comm&+ (fic]1 p]fect$ ! f9e/ & mo/ effici5t fly+ squadron 9 ! ,alli$ armies1 & _h become ,am]ica's ace ( aces4 ,8 s]vice 0 di/+ui%$ by untir+ en]gy1 devotion to 8 m5 & sacrifice ( p]sonal ambition 9 ! dem&s ( 8 duty z a lead]1 = x is a self-evid5t fact t _h ,rick5back] be5 a free lance1 he might easily h d\bl$ 8 score ( victories4 ,he is a *evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 has receiv$ ! ,croix de ,gu]re ) ?ree palms1 & also ! ,di/+ui%$ ,s]vice ,cross ) n9e palms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,capta9 ,,eddie ,,rick5back] ,a p>ticul>ly lovable figure 9 ,am]ican aviation dur+ ! w> 0 ,edmond ,g5et1 :o fell 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiag :ile s]v+ "u ! ,/>s & ,/ripes4 ,born 9 ,am]ica1 "y ,g5et 0 desc5d$ f ! fir/ ,fr5* m9i/] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! two c\ntries 7 equally de> to him4 ,:5 he di$1 at 8 own reque/ ! ,tri-color & ! ,/>s & ,/ripes 7 plac$ side by side ov] 8 grave1 z a m>k1 s he said t ,i di$ = bo? c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,bag ,,( ,,mail ,,c>ri$ ,,by ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,a]o ,,mail ,,s]vice ,x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate 9 "o %ort *apt] all ! brilliant records t 7 made dur+ ! w> by ! aviators ( ! alli$ nations4 ,! be/ we c hope to d is to rememb] ^? names :i* /ood out mo/ prom95tly 9 ! long /ory ( victories won & sacrifices made to ! cause ( ! _w's lib]ty4 ,oppos+ our brave m5 !re 01 f "t to "t1 a ,g]man fli] :o atta9$ consid]able r5[n1 & :o1 = a "t at lea/1 baffl$ 8 oppon5ts4 ,?us 9 ! e>ly days ,immelmann & ,boelke 7 mu* he>d (4 ,ea* _h 8 peculi> me?od ( maneuv]+ & fight+4 ,immelmann's favorite trick 0 to loop ! loop 9 ord] to get out ( ! way ( an enemy's gunfire1 sudd5ly right+ himself be=e ! loop 0 f9i%$1 9 ord] to fly back & cat* ! oppos+ airman unaw>es4 ,by ?is /unt he succe$$ 9 s5d+ #cg ,alli$ aviators to _! dea?s1 be=e he himself 0 %ot d[n by ,capta9 ,alb]t ,ball ( ! ,briti% ,royal ,fly+ ,corps4 ,capta9 ,boelke _h a totally diff]5t me?od ( attack f t ( ,immelmann4 ,8 favorite pa/ime 0 to lurk beh9d a cl\d at a great altitude1 until he spi$ an airplane ( ! ,allies bel[ him1 :5 he w\ld po9t ! nose ( 8 ma*9e /raight at 8 victim & dive = x1 op5+ fire4 ,9 case he miss$ 8 t>get he nev] wait$ to give battle1 b cont9u$ 8 desc5t until he _h made a l&+ beh9d ! ,g]man l9es4 ,accord+ to ! l5i5t ,g]man c\nt1 he _h scor$ #dc victories up to ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,x 0 an ,am]ican1 ,capta9 ,bonnel1 9 ! ,briti% air s]vice1 :o f9ally defeat$ & kill$ him 9 ,octob]1 #aiaf4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> ! ,g]mans discov]$ t1 h[ev] p]fect _! airplanes might become1 _! airm5 7 n ! equals ( ^? :o 7 fly+ = ! ,fr5* & ,briti%4 ,! ,g]man works mu* bett] "u ord]s ?an :]e1 z 9 a]ial combat1 he is requir$ to rely entirely ^u 8 p]sonal initiative4 ,! ,alli$ airm5 !re=e soon claim$ supremacy ov] ! l9es1 & x 0 9 ord] to wre/ x f !m t ! ,g]mans began turn+ ov] v>i\s s*emes 9 _! m9d4 ,! "o :i* prov$ acceptable 9 ! end has be5 cr$it$ to ,capta9 ,boelke4 ,x 0 t ( s5d+ ,g]man aviators out 9 gr\ps to meet ! ,alli$ fli]s1 ea* gr\p head$ by a comm&]4 ,?is plan at lea/ prov$ mu* m successful ?an ! old "o ( s+le enc\nt]4 ,?us ,boelke became ! comm&] ( a ,g]man squadron1 :i* aft] 8 dea? pass$ to ! lead]%ip ( ,b>on ,max von ,ri*?(54 ,ri*?(5 0 "o ( ! clev]e/ ( ! enemy aviators & 9 "t he made 8 squadron a =midable a]ial weapon4 ,he conceiv$ ! idea ( cam\flag+ 8 planes 9 ord] to r5d] !m invisible at high altitudes4 ,accord+ly he _h all ! ma*9es "u 8 comm& gaudily color$4 ,he pres5t$ a curi\s spectacle :5 he took to flight ) 8 gaudily pa9t$ flock ( birds & ! ,briti% promptly nicknam$ 8 squadron ,ri*?(5's circus4 ,! circus usually consi/$ ( ab\t #cj fa/ sc\t ma*9es1 ) e pilot a pick$ man4 ,fre$ f all r\t9e duties ov] ! l9es its "o object 0 to de/roy1 & s x rov$ up & d[n1 appe>+ n[ "h1 n[ !re1 9 an ef=t to /rike t]ror to ! he>ts ( ,briti% & ,fr5* airm54 ,x took a l>ge toll ( our be/ fight]s1 al?\gh ,ri*?(5's p]sonal record ( #gh victories 0 und\bt$ly exagg]at$4 ,! mo/ effective fight]s aga9/ ?is p[]ful organization 7 ! memb]s ( ! _w-fam\s ,hat-9-!-,r+ ,squadron comm&$ by ,capta9 ,eddie ,rick5back]1 ,am]ica's ace ( aces4 ,day aft] day !y w5t out aga9/ ! boa/$ *ampions ( ! ,g]man ,air ,s]vice & day aft] day !y came 9 ) ,g]man planes to _! cr$it4 ,at ! close ( ! w> !y _h won a great] numb] ( victories ?an any o!r ,am]ican squadron4 ,! ,hat-9-!-,r+ 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican squadron to g ov] ! enemies' l9es1 ! fir/ to de/roy an enemy plane & x br\ght d[n ! la/ ,hun a]oplane to fall 9 ! w>4 ,aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice x 0 di/+ui%$ by be+ select$ z ! only fight+ squadron 9 ! =ces to move into ,g]many ) ! ,army ( ,occupation4 ,x w d\btless g d[n 9 hi/ory z ! greate/ fly+ squadron ,am]ica s5t to ! w>4 ,on ,april #ba1 #aiah1 ! circus 0 9 op]ation ov] ! ,somme ,valley1 ov] ! ,briti% l9es4 ,sev]al ( its fight]s attack$ a c\ple ( ,briti% planes unexpect$ly1 & q z sudd5ly ! :ole squadron swoop$ d[n out ( ! blue4 ,o!r ,briti% airplanes ru%$ to ! spot f all directions & !re foll[$ a confus$ battle :i* spread ov] a wide area4 ,"o ( ! ,g]man planes :i* _h be5 fly+ l[ came cra%+ to e>?4 ,:5 ! wreckage 0 remov$ & ! body ( ! pilot recov]$ he 0 f\nd to be no o!r ?an ! great ,ri*?(5 himself4 ,?us ! greate/ ( ! ,g]man *ampions 0 d[n$4 ,he 0 buri$ ) milit>y honors by ! ,briti%1 b ! m5ace :i* he /ood = _h happily be5 de/roy$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,an ,,airplane ,out 9 ! =e/s ( ! great ,nor?we/ !re /&s a giant spruce tree1 tall & /raight & /rong1 ^: top looks out across ! g5tle slopes ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 foo?ills to ! ,pacific4 ,= eight hundr$ ye>s1 p]haps1 x has /ood gu>d !re4 ,great ( gir?1 its /raight trunk ris+ l a /ately column 9 ! =e/1 x is easily k+ ( all x surveys4 ,som$ay ! woodsm5 ( ,uncle ,sam come & fell t mighty spruce4 ,& !n beg9s ! /ory ( its evolution1 f a pr\d1 immovable p]sonage ^: upp] foliage seem$ to t\* ! cl\ds1 to a /rong & li!some bird :o goes so>+ fe>lessly across ! sky4 ,uncle ,sam has _h an army ( ov] t5 ?\s& m5 9 ! woods ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 select+ & fell+ spruces = airplane manufacture4 ,only ! f9e/ ( ! trees are *os51 & lumb] :i* %[s ! slighte/ defect is in/antly disc>d$4 ,! great logs are saw$ into long1 flat beams1 & are c>efully exam9$ = knots or pit* pockets or o!r blemi%es :i* might impair _! /r5g? :5 f9ally !y h be5 fa%ion$ into airplane p>ts4 ,^! beams !n />t on _! j\rney to ! aircraft plants1 :]e skill$ labor]s get to "w on !m4 ,= ! days ( ! homemade airplane h pass$4 ,x is only ab\t fifte5 ye>s s9ce ! ,wright bro!rs built _! fir/ crude fly+ ma*9e1 &1 n )\t "s misgiv+s1 made ! fir/ trial ( _! h&iwork4 ,s9ce !n airplane manufacture has made _m a /ride4 ,! fly+ ma*9e ( ^? days 0 l>gely a matt] ( guesswork4 ,nobody knew exactly :at x might d :5 x took to ! air4 ,nobody knew :e!r x w\ld prove /rong en\gh to be> ! pilot's weight1 or :e!r x might sudd5ly capsize 9 ! air & come cra%+ ) its burd5 to ! e>?4 ,= ! p>ts _h be5 crudely fa%ion$ by ! inv5tor's own h&s4 ,naturally he 0 v seldom a skill$ cab9et mak]1 pa9t] & me*anician4 ,he knew v little ab\t ! laws ( a]odynamics1 ab\t /ress & /ra9 & factors ( safety4 ,he j w5t ahead & did ! be/ he c\ld & took 8 *ance ab\t los+ 8 life :5 8 great bird took to ! air4 ,no wond] ! e>ly fli]s dread$ to set =? 9 ev5 a g5tle breeze6 ,no wond] !re us$ to be s mu* talk ab\t holes 9 ! air & all ! o!r atmosph]ic difficulties t beset ! pione]s4 ,! wond] is t any ( ! e>ly fli]s ev] came (f alive ) ! fickle m\nts to :om !y tru/$ _! lives4 ,to-day ! manufacture ( an airplane has be5 r$uc$ to ! mo/ exact ( sci5ces4 ,e "p is produc$ 9 l>ge quantities by skill$ workm51 & its /r5g? is sci5tifically det]m9$ be=e x is pass$ on to become a memb] ( ! f9i%$ airplane4 ,sometimes :ole factories specialize on a p>ticul> detail ( ! airplane4 ,"h !y make only airplane propell]s2 !re only eng9es2 :ile 9 ?is factory ! w+s & fuselage are produc$4 ,let u imag9e ourselves on a visit to "o ( ! great aircraft factories :i* h sudd5ly sprung up 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & become s busy ) ! "w ( turn+ out a huge a]ial fleet4 ,! great trees :i* 7 fell$ 9 ! ,nor?we/]n woods h *ang$ greatly 9 appe>ance s9ce we saw !m la/4 ,z a matt] ( fact = c]ta9 p>ts ( ! airplane !y %\ld h be5 all[$ to lie out 9 ! sun & ra9 = sev]al ye>s to season1 b ! ru% to put planes 9 ! air has made ?is impossible4 ,in/ead !y h be5 treat$ ) a special process 9 ord] to rid ! wood ( its impurities4 ,n[ ! big beams g to ! c>p5t]s to be fa%ion$ into ! airplane fuselage4 ,! sep>ate bo>ds are c>efully cut & fitt$ & trimm$ d[n to p]fect smoo?ness & symmetry4 ,pa9t$ & v>ni%$ ! fuselage resembles a f9e automobile body4 ,9 ! top or ro( ( ! fuselage "o or m circul> op5+s h be5 cut4 ,bel[1 almo/ on ! floor are ! seats = pilot & obs]v]1 9 :at are kn[n z ! cockpits4 ,:ile ! c>p5t]s & cab9et mak]s h be5 busy on ! fuselage1 m skill$ workm5 /ill h be5 fa%ion+ ! airplane w+s4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & delicate tasks ( all4 ,rememb] t ! curve ( ! w+ det]m9es to a l>ge ext5t ! spe$ & climb+ p[]s ( ! complet$ airplane4 ,! w+ is built up ( a numb] ( ribs :i* give x ! prop] curve & %ape4 ,ea* ( ^! ribs mu/ be accurately manufactur$ f a prescrib$ =mula4 ,fir/ a piece ( bo>d is turn$ out :i* looks exactly l a cross section ( a w+4 ,b !re is no ne$ = solid wood to add to ! weight ( ! w+1 & s all ov] its surface ! workman goes1 bor+ out circul> pieces1 until only a framework rema9s4 ,on its upp] & l[] edges a flexible /rip ( wood is b5t d[n to its %ape & /rongly atta*$4 ,! rib is n[ complete4 ,a numb] ( ribs plac$ 9 a r[ beg9 to sugge/ ! outl9es ( a w+4 ,!y are connect$ by long beams :i* run f tip to tip ( ! w+4 ,:5 ^! h be5 fa/5$ 9 place ! skeleton is complet$ & ! "w ( ! c>p5t]s is ov] = a little :ile4 ,! next /ep is to place ^u ?is w+ skeleton its l95 cov]+4 ,! l95 is usually cut 9 gores or /rips :i* are sew$ toge!r1 & !n ! :ole piece is /ret*$ z taut z possible ^u its framework1 above & bel[ ! ribs4 ,sometimes ! seams run p>allel to ! ribs & are tack$ d[n to !m1 b seams :i* run diagonally across ! w+ h be5 f\nd m satisfactory4 ,( c\rse x is practically impossible to /ret* ! fabric absolutely tight ov] ! frame s t x w n sag :5 subject$ to ! heavy pressure ( ! air4 ,v>i\s me?ods 7 tri$ 9 ! e>ly days to taut5 & /r5g!n ! fabric4 ,to-day ! cov]$ w+ is treat$ ) a sub/ance kn[n z dope1 :i* %r9ks x till x is tight z a drum4 ,dope r5d]s ! w+ bo? air-pro( & ra9pro(4 ,x /r5g!ns ! fabric & makes x able to be> ! t]rible /resses to :i* x w be subject$ :5 ! airplane is rac+ ?r\gh ! sky4 ,b x _c be appli$ c>elessly1 & "r "h ! skill ( ! v be/ pa9t]s is br\ght into play4 ,^! pa9t]s spread fir/ two v ?9 coats ( x ov] ! fabric1 fill+ up ! pores s t lat] coats w n run ?r\gh into ! int]ior ( ! w+4 ,next two or ?ree ?ick] coats are appli$4 ,aft] ?is ! w+ may receive sev]al coats ( v>ni%1 :ile if x is a ,u4 ,s4 s]vice plane x gets a f9al cov]+ ( :ite enamel1 :i* protects ! fabric f ! injuri\s action ( ! sun's rays4 ,n[ ! w+s & fuselage ( our airplane are ready1 & ! rudd]1 ! elevat+ surfaces & ! ail]ons are 9 c\rse ( production4 ,!y are made 9 ! same mann] z ! w+s1 ) a wood5 framework ov] :i* fabric is /ret*$ & dop$4 ,we beg9 to ?9k our big bird is almo/ ready to be put toge!r1 b we h =gott5 two important items3 ! eng9e & ! propell]4 ,! airplane manufactur] usually does n attempt to build 8 own eng9es or propell]s4 ,he buys 8 eng9e all ready to be in/all$ & procures 8 propell] f a factory :i* makes ?is its specialty4 ,= ! propell] is "o ( ! mo/ difficult p>ts ( ! airplane to produce4 ,above all ?+s x mu/ be /rong1 & = ?is reason /eel has be5 tri$ 9 its manufacture4 ,curi\sly en\gh x 0 f\nd t ! metal propell] c\ld n /& up "u high spe$s & /resses z well z "o built ( wood4 ,_m k9ds ( wood are us$ 9 propell] con/ruction1 & ! *oice dep5ds v l>gely on ! spe$ & /ress--9 o!r words on ! horsep[] ( ! eng9e4 ,sometimes a propell] is built ( alt]nat+ lay]s ( two diff]5t k9ds ( wood4 ,b ) high-p[]$ eng9es oak is v g5]ally employ$ on acc\nt ( its /r5g?4 ,an airplane propell] is n c>v$ out ( a s+le block ( wood1 = 9 ?is case x w\ld n be /rong en\gh = ! difficult task x has to p]=m ( cutt+ its way ?r\gh ! atmosph]e & draw+ ! airplane aft] x4 ,in/ead x is built up ( a numb] ( ?icknesses ( specially season$ wood1 s arrang$ t ! surface is =m$ by ! cross gra9s ( ! v>i\s lay]s4 ,?is result is produc$ by fir/ pil+ up a numb] ( bo>ds to =m a block out ( :i* ! propell] c be c>v$4 ,! bo>ds are glu$ firmly toge!r & !n !y are subject$ to trem5d\s pressure4 ,n[ exp]t wood c>v]s beg9 _! delicate task ( turn+ out a propell] ( a giv5 pit*4 ,_! "w requires ! utmo/ skill1 b !y succe$1 until gradually ! f9i%$ article beg9s to take =m out ( ! crude block4 ,a coat ( v>ni%1 a f9e metal hub--& our propell] is ready to be %ipp$ to jo9 ! w+s & ! fuselage & complete ! manufacture ( a mod]n airplane4 ,!re are sev]al o!r items--su* z ! /eel l&+ *assis1 ! /e]+ in/rum5ts & ! uphol/]y--:i* we mu/ h on h& be=e we are ready to comm5ce ! "w ( assembl+4 ,:5 all h be5 procur$ ! happy task beg9s4 ,! w+s are put 9 place1 & c>efully secur$ by wires & support+ /ruts4 ,! /e]+ app>atus is in/all$1 ! cu%ion$ seats are plac$ 9 ! cockpits1 ! fuselage is m\nt$ on ! :eel$ *assis1 & f9ally :5 all is complete ! big bird is s5t out = its fir/ te/ flight4 ,if !re is any "o way 9 :i* ! airplane ( to-day diff]s radically 9 its process ( manufacture f ! airplane ( a few ye>s ago x is 9 ?is3 t x is a te/$ ma*9e4 ,! greate/ enemy ( ! aviator 0 & always w be1 n s mu* ! bullets ( an enemy z ! hidd5 flaw 9 8 ma*9e's con/ruction1 :i* makes x g back on him :5 he lea/ expects4 ,! pione] aviator built himself :at he consid]$ a /rong airplane1 b :5 he attempt$ flight "u wea!r conditions n s favorable z ^? on :i* he _h c\nt$1 "s unte/$ "p gave way4 ,s 9 ! e>ly days !re 7 _m trag$ies4 ,to-day1 ! airplane has become a safe m\nt inde$1 = n only is ! f9i%$ ma*9e tri$ out be=e x is put into use1 b ea* sep>ate "p is subject$ to ! mo/ exact+ s]ies ( te/s4 ,if x does n be> up "u at lea/ six times ! /ra9 x w ev] be call$ on to endure 9 flight1 x is reject$ z unfit4 ,t is ! reason ! aviator ( to-day d>es to p]=m all ! m>vel\s tricks 9 ! air ( :i* we read4 ,back ( ! /ories ( h]oism & d>+ t h come f ! battle l9e dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 & back ( ! great comm]cial feats & ent]prises t are be+ plann$ = ! ne> future1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! rem>kable progress 9 airplane manufacture & ! c>eful pa9/ak+ rese>* & exp]im5t t h result$ 9 great] safety 9 ! air4 ,( c\rse x 0 ! w> t spurr$ e "o on to d 8 be/ 9 ! design & con/ruction ( airplanes4 ,be=e t "t ,engl& & ,am]ica _h made v poor %[+s1 & ,france1 al?\gh deeply int]e/$ 9 aviation1 _h no?+ 9 ! way ( a fly+ ma*9e t w\ld n seem anci5t comp>$ ) ! airplanes ( ! pres5t "t4 ,am]ica came into ! field ( action late1 & up to ! "t %e ent]$ ! w> %e _h practically no airplane indu/ry :atev]4 ,yet :5 %e did get 9 %e set to "w ) a w1 & z e "o kn[s %e succe$$ 9 mak+ a real contribution to aviation 9 ! w>4 ,e bra9 t c\ld be ( s]vice 9 our great c\ntry 0 mobiliz$4 ,! automobile manufactur]s did mu* = ! cause1 "s surr5d]+ _! trade secrets = ! good ( ! cause1 & o!rs turn+ ov] _! l>ge organizations to airplane con/ruction4 ,z a result1 a rec5t report /at$ t !re 7 #bdh factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates mak+ planes1 ) ov] #aej1jjj m5 work+ on aircraft4 ,9 a s+le ye> ?is giant indu/ry has sprung up1 & ! me*anical g5ius ( ,am]ica has be5 focuss$ ^u ?is late/ problem3 ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e4 ,x is inconceivable t our c\ntry1 :i* c boa/ ! inv5tion ( ! airplane1 %\ld 9 peace times all[ ?is great indu/ry to wane4 ,= a long "t we slept :ile ,france 0 =g+ ahead 9 ! design & con/ruction ( ma*9es4 ,! comm]cial uses ( ! airplane w be numb]less1 & x is b\nd to assume an ev] m important & practical role 9 ev]yday life4 ,am]ica has ! natural res\rces1 & n[ t %e has develop$ ! tools ) :i* to "w & has tra9$ a l>ge body ( "y m5 to be capable pilots1 %e %\ld look =w>d 9 ! future to ma9ta9+ h] prop] place among ! nations 9 airplane manufacture4 ,! big bird ( ! sky :o _h 8 bir? 9 ,am]ica & :o grew to su* enorm\s proportions dur+ ! /r5u\s days ( w>1 mu/ n be all[$ to lose 8 ,am]ican mann]s :5 he turns to peace pursuits4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,,an ,,aviator ,x is a rocky road t leads f ! obscurity ( civilian life to ! glory & a*ievem5t ( a successful bird-man4 ,! man--or ! boy--:o elects to foll[ x mu/ be possess$ ( bra9s1 physical p]fection1 & iron grit1 = he w ne$ !m all if he is to become "o ( ! h]oes ( ! air4 ,) "o's feet on solid e>? x is easy en\gh to make mi/akes & pr(it by !m1 do+ bett] ! next "t4 ,! airman seldom pr(its by 8 s]i\s blund]s1 = he is no long] on ! sc5e :5 ! exp]ts are po9t+ out :at error he 0 guilty (4 ,! mom5t 8 ma*9e1 aft] a run across ! gr\nd1 sudd5ly lifts & goes skimm+ (f into ! blue1 he mu/ dep5d ^u himself4 ,no fri5d ^u ! e>? c %\t to him any advice2 8 own unfail+ k & quick judgm5t mu/ dictate 9 e em]g5cy & see him ?r\gh until once m he alights ^u ?is old _w4 ,=tunately ! ,w> has prov$ t !re 7 _m "y m5 able to d j t--dep5d ^u !mselves 9 situations s critical t ! slighte/ deviation f ! "r c\rse1 ! slighte/ hesitation ab\t :at to d next1 w\ld h co/ !m _! lives1 & _! gov]nm5t a co/ly airplane4 ,su* m5 h cov]$ !mselves ) glory1 & h won ! love & admiration ( _! p4 ,b !y did n a*ieve _! d>+ exploits nor make _! m>vel\s records 9 ! air until !y _h pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( te/s & a sy/em ( tra9+ s rigid t x might well h disc\rag$ ! mo/ /\t-he>t$4 ,:y mu/ ! aviator be physically p]fect8 ,j imag9e = "o mom5t "s ( ! h>d%ips & p]ils he w h to face4 ,! high] ! altitude at :i* he flies1 ! m int5se becomes ! cold4 ,9 "s regions ( ! upp] air temp]atures z l[ z #hj & #ij bel[ z]o h be5 record$ by fli]s4 ,& ru%+ ?r\gh ! air at su* spe$s z #aej miles an h\r produces a /ra9 ^u ! lungs :i* only ! /ronge/ & /urdie/ c endure4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! t9ie/ defect 9 ! me*anism ( ! inn] e> may co/ ! airman 8 life1 if he und]takes night fly+4 ,if only he 7 requir$ to fly 9 broad daylight :5 !re 7 nei!r cl\ds nor d>kness to ob/ruct 8 view ( ,old ,"m ,e>?1 he might manage to get along ) a less-?an-p]fect e>4 ,b at night1--on a cl\dy night at t1 :5 !re are no lights on e>? to guide him & no />s visible 9 ! sky--! aviator faces "s ( 8 grave/ p]ils4 ,/range z x may seem x is (t5 v difficult = him to tell :e!r 8 ma*9e is 9 a horizontal position1 :e!r he is fly+ "r-side-up or is toppl+ ov] at a p]il\s angle4 ,! only ?+ :i* helps him 9 ?is extremity is a slight reflex action 9 ! inn] e> :i* w>ns him ( any loss ( balance4 ,9 ! same way p]fect vision is absolutely ess5tial to ! man :o mu/ be prep>$ = any sort ( a]ial em]g5cy4 ,?is does n mean m]ely see+ well4 ,x means ! absolute work+ "r ( ! l5s & muscles ( ! eye1 _! quick readju/m5t to normal aft] any s]ies ( loop-!-loops1 aft] a nose dive or any sort ( acrobatic /unt an airplane may be call$ on to p]=m4 ,s x goes ) e "o ( ! physical requirem5ts laid d[n by ! milit>y au?orities = m5 :o w\ld become fli]s--!y are n j arbitr>y requirem5ts1 b are bas$ on long exp]i5ce ( ! dem&s :i* fly+ makes ^u ! sy/em4 ,9 peace times ! aviator may be able to get along ) some:at less ?an ! physical p]fection requir$ ( ! milit>y aviator1 p>ticul>ly if he takes up fly+ m]ely z a sport1 = he w be able to sp>e himself ! night fly+ & all ! o!r difficult feats :i* h be5 requir$ ( ! aviators 9 ! w>4 ,b ! next few ye>s are go+ to see _m new comm]cial duties op5+ to ! airplane1 & ! pilots :o guide ^! great %ips ( peace & indu/ry w no d\bt be *os5 by j z high /&>ds z our milit>y aviators4 ,! room 9 :i* ! w\ld-be milit>y aviator receives 8 physical exam9ation has be5 jok+ly ref]r$ to z ! ,*amb] ( ,horrors1 & he rea*es x aft] a %ort prelim9>y te/ ( he>t1 lungs1 & e>4 ,z he sits side by side ) 8 fell[ applicants 9 ! out] wait+ room1 he _c help a feel+ ( creep9ess4 ,at int]vals a doctor appe>s at ! door ( t secret *amb] & beckons ano!r un=tunate 94 ,he rememb]s all ! grewsome /ories he _h he>d ( happ5+s 9 t room beh9d ! clos$ door & 8 knees comm5ce to %ake4 ,gradually ! m9utes pass & by a supreme ef=t he beg9s to recov] 8 n]ve4 ,sudd5ly ! door op5s & a :ite fac$ applicant ru%es out4 ,! poor w\ld-be aviator regrets 8 ra%ness 9 decid+ to le>n to pilot "o ( ! big birds ( ! air4 ,b x is 8 turn next1 s1 appe>+ z unconc]n$ z possible1 he foll[s ! doctor 94 ,he is ord]$ to sit d[n 9 a small *air to ! back ( :i* is atta*$ a bracket = 8 head4 ,! clamps are adju/$ to hold 8 head firm1 he is told to fix 8 gaze on a po9t ahead1 & !n sudd5ly1 he comm5ces to :irl ar\nd4 ,r\nd & r\nd he goes1 t5 times 9 #bj seconds4 ,! *air comes abruptly to a halt4 ,he mu/ f9d t po9t he fix$ 8 eyes on be=e />t+4 ,he /ruggles va9ly to d s1 imag9+ t failure means imm$iate rejection1 b 8 eyeballs are turn+ rapidly back & =?4 ,at la/ !y /op1 ! physician calls out ! numb] ( seconds to 8 assi/ant4 ,! same exp]im5t is tri$ 9 an opposite direction1 simil> ones foll[1 & !n ! unhappy applicant braces himself = "o ( ! mo/ sev]e ( all ! physical te/s4 ,8 head is releas$ f ! clamp 9 :i* x has be5 held1 & he is in/ruct$ to cl5* 8 h&s ^u 8 knees & re/ 8 head on !m4 ,?is done1 ! *air beg9s :irl+ once m4 ,z x comes to a sudd5 halt1 he is %>ply ord]$ to raise 8 head4 ,he has ! impression t he is fall+ rapidly ?r\gh space1 & a dizzy seasickness almo/ ov]comes him4 ,f9ally 8 eyeballs cease _! swift gyrations4 ,! in/ructor has tim$ !m ) a /op-wat*4 ,he is excus$ f ! room1 &1 feel+ l a man :o _h be5 ?r\gh a siege ( illness1 he makes a da% = ! op5 air4 ,if ! applicant = s]vice 9 ! air has pass$ 8 prelim9>y te/s successfully1 he may %ortly f9d himself at "o ( ! gov]nm5t's gr\nd s*ools1 :]e 8 education 9 airplane sci5ce beg9s4 ,actual flight is /ill a long way (f3 he mu/ fir/ receive "s rudim5t>y drill 9 ord9>y soldi]+1 & next be put ?r\gh an int5sive c\rse ( tra9+ 9 a positively al>m+ numb] ( /udies1 be=e he ev5 approa*es ! joyful mom5t :5 he may beg9 to ?9k ( himself z ev5 a fl$gl+ aviator4 ,9 ! next few weeks he mu/ become some?+ ( a gunn]1 a telegraph op]ator1 a map-read]1 a photograph] & a bomb]2 he mu/ make ! acqua9tance ( ! airplane eng9e 9 ! mo/ m9ute detail2 g ?r\gh a c\rse 9 a/ronomy & "o 9 meteorology2 & le>n ! use ( ! compass & all o!r in/rum5ts necess>y 9 /e]+ an airplane along a def9ite c\rse4 ,a]ial obs]vation =ms no small "p ( 8 c\rse ( /udies4 ,sitt+ 9 a gall]y & look+ d[n ^u a l>ge relief map ^: rais$ hills1 build+s1 /reams1 & tr5*es give a v fair reproduction ( ! e>? z x w look to him :5 he flies ov] x 9 a ma*9e1 he le>ns to pick out ! objects ( /rategic importance1 & to prep>e milit>y reports :i* w help ! /aff (fic]s 9 _! "w ( direct+ ho/ilities4 ,or he may h to report ! results ( a mock bomb>dm5t1 & ?us prep>e himself = ! duties ( ! artill]y spott]4 ,9 ord] to be able to int]pret ) a fair degree ( intellig5ce ! ?+s he w see z an a]ial obs]v]1 he mu/ "k a good deal ab\t milit>y sci5ce & /rategy himself1 & ?is =ms "o ( ! subjects 9 8 curriculum at ! gr\nd s*ool4 ,8 life "h is a /r5u\s "o4 ,he rises soon aft] five 9 ! morn+1 & f !n until lights g out = ! night at #i3cj he has all too little "t to call 8 own4 ,be=e he is f9ally pass$ out ( ! gr\nd s*ool ! cadet mu/ prove t he und]/&s ?or\ghly ! pr9ciple ( flight1 ! op]ation ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 & ! c>e & repair ( a ma*9e4 ,he w be able to recognize ! v>i\s types ( airplanes1 he w h "s skill at a]ial obs]vation1 & he w be able to op]ate an airplane cam]a1 a bomb-dropp+ in/rum5t & a range-f9d]1 a wireless or a radio in/rum5t4 ,he w h be5 in/ruct$ 9 signal+ ) wigwag & semaphore1 9 ! op]ation ( a magneto1 9 ! !ory ( a]ial combat1 & 9 a numb] ( m9or subjects su* z sail-mak+1 rope-splic+1 etc4 ,?us prep>$ 9 8 ,,abc's1 ! w\ld-be aviator f9ally makes 8 dep>ture = ! actual fly+ s*ool4 ,"h he does n %ake (f dull class-room r\t9e & laun* =? ^u a c>e] ( a]ial adv5ture4 ,q to ! contr>y 8 int5sive tra9+ 9 ! te*nical side ( aviation becomes ev5 m exact+4 ,he takes ap>t & puts toge!r aga9 ) 8 own h&s v>i\s types ( airplane eng9es1 he practises gunn]y at a mov+ t>get1 he assembles an airplane out ( ! dismantl$ p>ts4 ,he does1 h[ev]1 h t wond]ful exp]i5ce1 8 fir/ flight4 ,"s f9e morn+ he is told t ! in/ructor w take him up1 &1 ?or\ghly bundl$ up = w>m? 9 a lea!r jacket1 wool5 muffl]1 heavy cap1 etc41 ) goggles & o!r little ess5tials ( an aviator's dress1 he climbs into ! ma*9e4 ,he expects to acquire consid]able k ( ! sci5ce ( aviation on t fir/ flight4 ,z a matt] ( fact 8 m9d is s completely ov]:elm$ by ! _m new s5sations t come to x1 t x is only a long "t aft] t he is able to sort !m out & =m an accurate conception ( ! adv5ture4 ,! ro> ( ! motor is deaf5+ z ! big bird ( ! air goes taxi+ across ! e>?4 ,he does n realize t he has left ! gr\nd1 until sudd5ly1 look+ d[n1 he sees ! solid e>? rec$+ rapidly f b5ea? him4 ,!n1 unexpect$ly ! ma*9e gets into ! bumps & he has a few n]v\s mom5ts until f9ally x rights itself & goes skimm+ (f into ! blue4 ,! sun is %9+ & bel[ ! e>? looks peaceful & fri5dly4 ,he settles himself m com=tably 9 8 seat & beg9s to enjoy 8 little a]ial j\rney4 ,sudd5ly1 )\t a second's w>n+1 ! airplane dives d[nw>d4 ,! sick5+ drop leaves him a trifle pal]1 p]haps1 & he no long] has ! pleasant s5sation ( relax$ enjoym5t4 ,he h>dly kn[s :at to expect next1 & ! in/ructor1 b5t on te/+ 8 n]ve takes him ?r\gh /unt aft] /unt1 climb+1 turn+1 div+4 ,at l5g? ! airplane glides g5tly to e>?4 ,a %ort run ov] ! gr\nd once m1 foll[$ by a full /op2 & ! "y g5tleman :o w5t up a few m9utes ago ) a good deal ( vim & self-assurance climbs out ) a feel+ ( relief & satisfaction t 8 feet are once m on t]ra firma4 ,b d n imag9e t he has lo/ 8 en?usiasm = ! air4 ,if t 7 ! case !n he w\ld n be ( ! /uff ( :i* aviators are made4 ,at ! wor/ reckon+ he has acquir$ an int5se ambition to "s day try x on ! o!r fell[1 & ?is 9 all probability he w d1 :51 9 ! c\rse ( "t he has become an exp]i5c$ & season$ airman4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 he mu/ fir/ accu/om himself to ! feel ( ! air1 & next he mu/ le>n ! op]ation & control ( ! airplane 9 flight4 ,aft] a few fir/ trips z a pass5g]1 he w be all[$ to try 8 h& at /e]+ ! ma*9e4 ,?is is done by :at is call$ a dual control sy/em4 ,in/ead ( ! s+le control-/ick & /e]+-b> ( ! ord9>y airplane1 ! tra9+ ma*9e has ^! p>ts duplicat$1 s t any false move on ! "p ( ! /ud5t fly] may be imm$iately correct$ by ! in/ructor4 ,z long z 8 movem5ts are ! "r ones1 ! in/ructor does n int]f]e1 b ! mom5t he makes a mi/ake ! control ( ! airplane passes out ( 8 h&s4 ,gradually he becomes m & m adept at guid+ ! big bird ?r\gh ! air1 & c get along nicely )\t any int]f]5ce or correction4 ,at ea* lesson he has ma/]$ "s new problem4 ,he kn[s h[ to leave ! e>? at ! prop] angle aft] ! fir/ %ort run ov] ! gr\nd1 & h[ to come d[n aga91 h[ to turn 9 ! air1 :5 to cut (f ! p[] 9 alight+ & :5 to apply ! brakes4 ,he le>ns to li/5 = ! rhy?mic s\nd ( ! eng9e & to "k :5 any?+ has gone wrong ) x4 ,by f> ! mo/ difficult ( 8 problems is ! art ( l&+4 ,z we h already se5 ! spe$ ( an airplane _c be r$uc$ bel[ a c]ta9 dang] l9e if its w+s are to cont9ue to support x 9 ! air4 ,?is dang] l9e v>ies ) diff]5t types ( airplanes1 b 9 all ( !m ! eng9e mu/ be kept runn+ at a fairly high spe$ or ! :ole /ructure w come cra%+ to ! e>?4 ,to br+ an airplane to e>? :ile x is travel+ at a spe$ ( #ge miles an h\r is no mean accompli%m5t4 ,x mu/ n bump d[n heavily ^u ! gr\nd1 or its l&+ *assis w be brok51 ev5 if no m s]i\s accid5t occurs4 ,x mu/ settle sl[ly until its :eels j t\*1 :ile all ! "t x is mov+ =w>d at ! rate ( a fa/ express tra94 ,?is is an art t requires inf9ite practise to acquire1 b x is "o ( ! mo/ important feats ! /ud5t airman has to le>n4 ,h[ev]1 ! long wi%$-= day f9ally arrives :5 he c be tru/$ to g al(t by himself4 ,c>efully he goes ov] e in* ( 8 ma*9e1 to be sure x is 9 ,a-#a condition4 ,he inspects ! eng9e & te/s e /rut & wire1 !n1 satisfi$ t x is 9 prime work+ ord]1 he climbs into 8 seat4 ,t is "o ( ! mo/ ?rill+ mom5ts connect$ ) 8 aviation tra9+4 ,9 all o!r flights he has kn[n t ! errors he might make c\ld be correct$ by ! tru/y in/ructor4 ,n[ he mu/ rely solely ^u himself4 ,) a feel+ ( ma/]y & conque/1 he goes skimm+ into ! air4 ,he longs to prove himself4 ,probably he does1 & n long aft] he receives p]mission to try = an aviator's c]tificate4 ,?is is ! c]tificate issu$ by ! ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica2 x does n make him a full-fl$g$ milit>y aviator1 b x m>ks ! completion ( ! fir/ /age ( 8 progress t[>d ! covet$ goal4 ,9 ord] to acquire ! aviator's c]tificate1 ! c&idate mu/ accompli% two long di/ance flights & "o altitude flight2 he mu/ be able to cut figures ( eight & to l& )\t ! slighte/ injury to 8 ma*9e4 ,9 o!r words he mu/ prove to ! satisfaction ( 8 exam9]s t he is able to h&le an airplane skilfully1 b>r+ ( c\rse any fancy exploits 9 ! air4 ,he n[ laun*es on 8 advanc$ c\rse ( tra9+4 ,?is w require at lea/ ?ree mon?s ( h>d "w1 & dur+ t "t he mu/ le>n to fly a numb] ( diff]5t types ( ma*9es :i* are us$ 9 milit>y aviation4 ,9 ! meantime he may p]haps g up = exam9ation to acquire ! mu*-covet$ w+s4 ,b d n imag9e t !y m>k ! end ( 8 education4 ,) ! aviator x is v mu* z ) ! s*oolboy3 :5 he f9i%es "o grade or /age ( 8 progress he passes on to a /ill m difficult4 ,! man :o has acquir$ w+s is n immune f ! mo/ try+ daily r\t9e ( /udies1 :i* include ! ev] important map-read+1 photography1 a]ial gunn]y & :at-n4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 !re does come a day :5 ! army aviator may be said to pass out ( ! elem5t>y s*ool ( classes & in/ructors into ! broad] s*ool ( exp]i5ce4 ,_m "y ,am]ican aviators :o s]v$ dur+ ! ,w> c look back ^u su* a day ) a ?rill4 ,!y _h !n _! h>de/ lessons to le>n4 ,! map-read+1 ! gunn]y1 ! try+ & t$i\s curriculum ( ! aviation s*ool become sudd5ly vital issues1 & ! facts :i* 7 le>n$ 9 ! classroom h to be ma/]$ anew by liv+ !m 9 ! air4 ,! exp]i5ce ( "o "y airman on 8 fir/ real assignm5t goes to %[ h[ ! problems :i* seem$ s easy ( solution on ! gr\nd become unexpect$ly difficult :5 ! fly] is face to face ) !m = ! fir/ "t up !re above ! cl\ds4 ,fre% f 8 c\rse ( tra9+1 he _h be5 ord]$ to take an airplane f "o gov]nm5t hang> to ano!r :i* 0 close up beh9d ! front l9es4 ,he knew 8 map-read+ pretty well1 b he _h nev] made a long cross-c\ntry flight be=e & ! gr\nd 0 unfamili>4 ,some:]e ne> 8 de/9ation he made a false turn1 & ! fir/ intimation t rea*$ him ( ! fact t he 0 (f 8 c\rse 0 ! appe>ance bel[ him ( :ite puffs ( smoke--cream puffs z ! airm5 h jok+ly nicknam$ !m4 ,he realiz$ ) a />t t he 0 ov] ! enemy's l9es & 0 be+ fir$ at4 ,)\t los+ any "t he turn$ 8 face t[>d home1 & ?is "t he succe$$ 9 spott+ ! lo/ hang> & mak+ a safe l&+4 ,b he _h le>n$ a little lesson 9 foll[+ 8 map :i* no in/ructor c\ld h taught him half s well4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,und]wood & ,und]wood ,a ,,photograph ,,made ,,t5 ,,?\s& ,,feet ,,9 ,,! ,,air1 ,,%[+ ,,ma*9es ,,9 ,v ,,=mation ,,at ,,bomb+ ,,practice ,!re are _m lessons l t :i* ! airman :o is new at ! game mu/ ma/]4 ,gradually he becomes m & m exp]t & m & m self-reliant4 ,!n1 if he is ( ! /uff t h]oes are made (1 p]haps he may di/+ui% himself by 8 d>+ accompli%m5ts 9 ! air4 ,! m d>+ & successful he appe>s to be1 ! m c]ta9 x is t he has cov]$ t long road ( c>eful prep>ation ) exact+ ?or\ghness4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright ,int]national ,film ,s]vice1 ,inc4 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,de ,,havill& ,,planes ,,at ,,boll+ ,,field ,,ne> ,,wa%+ton ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,future ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,air ,s9ce ! days :5 ! fir/ man asc5d$ into ! cl\ds 9 a ,montgolfi] fire balloon1 & s9ce ! days :5 ! ,wright bro!rs tri$ _! fir/ glid+ exp]im5ts & prov$ t m5 might hope to so> ) w+s into ! sky1 _m glori\s *apt]s h be5 writt5 9 ! /ory ( ! air4 ,surely ! mo/ inspir+ & significant a*ievem5t 9 a]ial progress is ! great trans-,atlantic flight made 9 ! latt] "p ( ,may1 #aiai1 by a fly+ boat ( ! ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,a =ce ( fli]s 9 ?ree air%ips "u ,comm&] ,t[]s attempt$ ! flight f ,new ,york to ,lisbon by way ( ,halifax & ! ,azores1 9 ?ree legs or cont9u\s flights1 b on acc\nt ( disa/r\s wea!r conditions1 only "o ( ^! planes1 ! ,,nc-#d1 "u ,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,a4 ,c4 ,read complet$ ! trip successfully4 ,! en?usiasm ( ! entire _w 0 fir$ by ?is feat & x is difficult to e/imate fully its epo*al significance4 ,simultane\s ) ?is flight & ev5 m d>+ 9 plan1 0 ! attempt by an ,engli%man1 ,h>ry ,hawk]1 to fly direct f ,/4 ,johns1 ,newf\ndl&1 to ,engl& 9 a ,sop) biplane4 ,?r\gh an imp]fect action ( ! wat] pump ( 8 ma*9e ,hawk] 0 =c$ to desc5d & 0 rescu$ twelve hundr$ miles at sea by a ,dani% vessel4 ,h[ev]1 ! highe/ honor is due to ?is man ( ! air :o emb>k$ on s brave an adv5ture4 ,! next trans-,atlantic flight 0 made ab\t a mon? aft] ! ,,nc-#d _h blaz$ ! air r\te across ! ocean4 ,?is 0 a non-/op1 record-break+ trip ( ,capt4 ,john ,alcock & ,lieut4 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,br[n--an ,am]ican--9 ! ,briti% ,vick]s-,vimy l& plane f ,/ ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 to ,clifd5 on ! ,iri% coa/4 ,^! d>+ pilots made ! di/ance ( #aijj miles 9 sixte5 h\rs--an av]age spe$ ( #aai miles an h\r4 ,al?\gh ^! a*ievem5ts 9 heavi]-?an-air ma*9es 7 ( f>-rea*+ importance1 !y did n fully solve ! problem ( trans-,atlantic air passage4 ,x rema9$ = ! great dirigible exp]im5t 9 ,july to demon/rate t 9 all probability ! light]-?an-air craft w prove m effective = ?is haz>d\s game ) ! elem5ts4 ,on ,july #b ! ,briti% naval dirigible1 ,r-#cd1 left ,ea/ ,=tune1 ,scotl&1 ) ?irty-"o m5 on bo>d "u comm& ( ,major ,g4 ,h4 ,scott1 & made ! j\rney ( #cbjj sea miles1 by way ( ,newf\ndl& & ,nova ,scotia1 to ,m9eola1 ,long ,isl&1 9 #ajh h\rs4 ,! fact t wea!r conditions dur+ ?is trip 7 v unfavorable adds to ! value ( ! accompli%m5t4 ,! return trip 0 made a few days lat] 9 #ge h\rs4 ,! ,r-#cd is inde$ a mammo? ( ! air4 ,at ! "t ( its flight x 0 ! l>ge/ aircraft 9 ! _w1 hav+ a l5g? ( #fej feet & a diamet] ( #gh feet4 ,x has five c>s connect$ by a deck bel[ ! rigid bag & is propell$ by five eng9es ( #bej ,h4,p4 ea*4 ,its maximum spe$ is ab\t sixty miles an h\r4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! ,great ,w> w g d[n 9 hi/ory z a m>vel\s p]iod 9 a]onautic a*ievem5t4 ,! ,atlantic 0 = ! fir/ "t cross$ by aircraft & )9 t5 weeks ( its fir/ accompli%m5t two trans-,atlantic flights 7 made1 ?ree widely diff]+ types ( aircraft be+ repres5t$4 ,z a matt] ( fact we h b begun to explore ! possibilities ( a]ial flight4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s we h be5 ?9k+ ( ! airplane solely z an in/rum5t ( w>1 & = t purpose we h b5t our entire en]gies to develop+ x4 ,:5 all ! weal? ( skill we h acquir$ dur+ /r5u\s w> times is turn$ to solv+ ! problem ( mak+ ! airplane useful 9 times ( peace1 !re w be new & fasc9at+ *apt]s to relate4 ,! w> has done a lot = ! airplane4 ,x has rais$ up a ho/ ( aircraft factories 9 all ! l>ge c\ntries1 ) ?\s&s ( skill$ work]s4 ,x has giv5 u a spl5did =ce ( tra9$ pilots & me*anics4 ,x has result$ 9 /&>diz$ airplane p>ts1 in/ead ( ! endless confusion ( designs & makes t exi/$ a few ye>s ago4 ,& in/ead ( ! old haphaz>d me?ods ( production x has made ! build+ ( an airplane an exact sci5ce4 ,p us$ to be afraid ( ! airplane & x seem$ a long road to travel to ! "t :5 x w\ld play any important rle 9 ev]yday comm]ce or travel4 ,! w> has result$ 9 mak+ ! airplane safe1--s safe t x is apt to w9 ! confid5ce ( ! mo/ timid4 ,yet ! airplanes t we saw & read ( s frequ5tly 9 w> "t are n likely to be ^? :i* w prove ! mo/ popul> & useful 9 ! days to come4 ,9 w> "o ( ! great aims 0 = spe$4 ,n[ we c af=d to sacrifice "s spe$ to great] c>ry+ capacity4 ,! swift tractor biplane may possibly give way to ! sl[] biplane ( ! pu%] type1 :i* has great] /ability4 ,! big triplanes1 su* z ! ,russian ,sikorsky & ! ,italian ,caproni w come into _! own1 & yet bigg] triplanes w be built1 able to c>ry pass5g]s & freight on long j\rneys ov] l& & sea4 ,! ?ree surfaces ( ! triplane give x great lift+ p[]s1 & on ?is acc\nt x w be a favorite :]e long trips & heavy c>goes are to be reckon$ )4 ,we may expect 9 ! ne> future to see huge air-go+ l9]s ( ?is type1 fitt$ out ) prom5ade decks & /at]ooms1 & ) all ! conv5i5ces ( mod]n travel4 ,!re is a /rong probability t ! air%ip1 r ?an ! airplane1 may prove to be ! great a]ial l9] ( to-morr[4 ,! l>ge air%ip ( ! ,zeppel9 type1 travel+ at great] spe$ ?an ! fa/e/ express tra91 & c>ry+ a l>ge numb] ( pass5g]s & a heavy c>go1 is apt be=e long to become ! deadly rival ( ! /eam%ip4 ,a voyage across ! ,atlantic 9 su* an air%ip w\ld be f> %ort]1 saf] & pleasant] ?an 9 ! f9e/ ( ! ocean vessels4 ,glid+ along smoo?ly f> above ! wat]1 ! pass5g]s w\ld suff] no uncom=table seasickness1 nor w\ld !y be rock$ & tumbl$ ab\t :5 a /orm arose & ! waves pil$ up & up into m\nta9s ( wat] on ! surface ( ! deep4 ,_! craft w\ld move =w>d undi/urb$ by ! turbul5t seas b5ea?4 ,we c imag9e ^! =tunate individuals ( a few ye>s h5ce1 lean+ ov] ! rail+ ( _! prom5ade deck z we ourselves might on a calm day at sea1 & recall+ ! great discom=ts t us$ to att5d a trans-,atlantic voyage4 ,x is amus+ to ?9k t our /eam%ips ( to-day w p]haps be recall$ by ^! p ( ! future ab\t z we ourselves recall ! old sail+ vessels t us$ to ply ! deep a g5]ation or s ago4 ,! airplane1 if x is to hold its own beside ! air%ip z a l>ge pass5g] vessel1 w fir/ h to ov]come a numb] ( natural h&icaps4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n possible to g on increas+ ! size ( ! airplane indef9itely1 z is practically ! case ) ! air%ip4 ,= rememb] t ! light]-?an-air ma*9e floats 9 ! air1 & only requires its eng9e to drive x =w>d3 :]eas ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9e dep5ds ^u ! spe$ imp>t$ to x by its eng9e & propell] to keep x up 9 ! air at all4 ,beyond a c]ta9 size ! airplane w\ld require eng9es ( su* enorm\s size & p[] to support x t x w\ld be practically impossible to build & op]ate !m4 ,mod]n inv5tion has taught u t no?+ is beyond ! range ( fancy1 & we h se5 _m ( ! wilde/ dreams ( ye/]day fulfil$1 yet x is safe to say t ! airplane :i* w\ld 9 any way approximate an ocean l9] w n be built = _m a ye> to come4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 we w h huge ma*9es l ! ,caproni & ! ,sikorsky triplanes1 driv5 by two or m motors & able to make ! trans-,atlantic voyage ) a numb] ( pass5g]s1 freight & fuel = ! j\rney4 ,inde$1 ?\gh = purposes ( long di/ance travel & comm]ce ! airplane /&s a *ance ( be+ sup]s$$ by ! light]-?an-air ma*9e1 !re are _m o!r important missions t x c p]=m 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,"o = :i* x is p>ticul>ly suit$ is t ( c>ry+ ! mail4 ,9 #aiaa a ,curtiss airplane flew f ,nassau ,b\lev>d1 ,long ,isl& to ,m9eola1 be>+ ! ,hon4 ,frank ,h4 ,hit*cock1 ,po/ma/] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a mail bag on 8 knees4 ,z ! ma*9e swoop$ g5tly d[n ov] ! big :ite circle t _h be5 pa9t$ on ! ,m9eola field1 ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al let fall 8 bag4 ,t ma*9e 0 ! pione] ( a sy/em ( a]ial mail :i* w soon rea* e corn] ( ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! w> a mail r\te 0 inaugurat$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,wa%+ton4 ,n[1 ) _m fa/ ma*9es & tra9$ pilots fre$ f w> duties1 a sy/em ( r\tes :i* w trav]se our va/ t]ritory has be5 laid out4 ,x is = "w su* z ?is t ! small1 fa/ airplanes develop$ dur+ ! w> may prove mo/ successful4 ,travel+ ov] #ajj miles an h\r1 9 a /raight l9e f _! />t+ po9t to _! de/9ation1 !y w be able to deliv] ! mail ) a spe$ almo/ equal to t ( ! telegraph1 & f> 9 excess ( any?+ t c be accompli%$ by ! express tra94 ,= n only has ! express tra9 mu* less actual spe$1 b x mu/ ?read its way ?r\gh w9d+ valleys1 g f> out ( its c\rse 9 ord] to avoid "s impassable m\nta9 di/rict1 climb /eep slopes or foll[ riv] b$s 9 ord] to rea* its de/9ation4 ,! airplane has no ob/acles to ov]come4 ,m\nta9s1 riv]s1 imp5etrable jungles pres5t no difficulty to x4 ,x simply *ooses its objective & flies to x1 practically 9 a /raight l9e4 ,x c jump ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & deliv] mail to ! we/]n coa/ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,regions l ,alaska1 :]e lett]s f ! ,/ates took weeks or ev5 mon?s to be deliv]$1 & to :i* ! /eam%ip r\tes 7 clos$ = a portion ( ! ye>1 w be br\ght clos] home :5 mails are arriv+ & leav+ e few days4 ,:at use c be made ( ! l>ge photograph+ planes t h be5 develop$ dur+ ! w> to su* a degree ( p]fection8 ,9 peace times !y w h _m int]e/+ duties await+ !m4 ,! motion picture produc]s w no d\bt employ !m v widely4 ,fly+ ov] our c\ntry f end to end !y w br+ back wond]ful panoramic views4 ,!y w explore ! beauties ( ! ,yukon & %[ u ! peaks ( ! ,rockies 9 all _! maje/ic gr&eur4 ,!y w be tak5 to o!r cont95ts & s5t on photograph+ flights into regions t h sc>cely be5 trod by human feet1 & !y w br+ home to u rem>kable views ( jungles :]e wild animals roam4 ,pictures :i* ! motion picture man ( to-day ) 8 cam]a has (t5 risk$ 8 life to secure1 ! nimble photograph+ plane w secure ) ! utmo/ ease4 ,& t sugge/s ano!r possible rle ( ! airplane 9 times ( peace3 t ( exploration4 ,z we ?9k ( ,pe>y1 pu%+ ) 8 valiant p>ty across ! ice fields ( ! f> ,nor?1 /ruggl+ mon? aft] mon? to atta9 8 goal1 & return+ to ! same h>d ef=t ea* "t 8 exp$ition fail$1 we _c help wi%+ = 8 sake t ! airplane _h rea*$ its pres5t /ate ( developm5t :5 8 difficult und]tak+ ( f9d+ ! ,nor? ,pole began4 ,:o kn[s b t ,pe>y ! pilot might h atta9$ 8 objective _m ye>s be=e he did1 provid+ ( c\rse he _h _h a ma*9e ( ! mod]n type to fly 94 ,c]ta9ly "o ( ! com+ uses ( ! airplane w be t ( p5etrat+ into unkn[n qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,act+ on ! in=mation :i* we c ?us obta9 we may be able to op5 up new /ores ( weal? & new t]ritories to man4 ,! enorm\s boom t has be5 giv5 to aircraft production by ! w> ought to h at lea/ "o happy result 9 peace times3 x %\ld r$uce ! co/ ( ! airplane4 ,:5 t is br\ght )9 ! means ( ! av]age prosp]\s citiz51 we may expect to see fly+ become a popul> sport4 ,! man :o n[ sets =? on a cross c\ntry pleasure trip 9 8 automobile1 w f9d /ill great] enjoym5t 9 a cross c\ntry flight4 ,high above ! du/y c\ntry roads1 he w be able to skim happily ?r\gh ! blue1 enjoy+ 8 isolation & able to gaze out = _m miles 9 all directions ov] ! beautiful panorama ( ! e>?4 ,! plane :i* he pilots w no d\bt be s design$ z to possess unusual /ability4 ,x w to a l>ge ext5t be fool pro(4 ,its own] w enjoy ! com=table feel+ :i* comes f a s5se ( security1 & at ! same "t w h all ! delightful s5sations ( an adv5tur] 9 ! cl\ds4 ,he w f9d ! air at high altitudes invigorat+1 & s he w ga9 9 heal? z he nev] c\ld h done by motor+ ov] ! solid e>?4 ,:5 m5 take to fly+ 9 l>ge numb]s no d\bt we w h to h "s sort ( traffic regulations ( ! sky1 b ^! w nev] ne$ to be s /rict z ^u ! gr\nd1 = ! air is n a s+le track b a wide1 limitless expanse1 9 :i* airplanes c fly 9 _m directions & at _m altitudes4 ,!re w nev] be any ne$ ( pass+ to ! left ( ! ma*9e ahead ( y or signal+ beh9d t y are sl[+ d[n2 = t5 *ances to "o y w nev] enc\nt] ano!r plane directly 9 y\r l9e ( flight1 & if y d x w be a simple matt] to dive bel[ or climb ov] him1 cont9u+ y\r j\rney 9 a high] /ratum ( air4 ,!re w probably be laws controll+ flights ov] cities & communities1 :]e an accid5t to ! fli] might endang] ! lives bel[4 ,:at is likely to happ5 is t c]ta9 highways ( ! air w be e/abli%$ legally1 ext5d+ 9 _m directions ov] ! c\ntry4 ,9 ^! directions ! private airman w be p]mitt$ to fly = pleasure1 :ile at c]ta9 int]vals along ! r\tes public l&+ gr\nds w be ma9ta9$4 ,l&+ is /ill "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s problems ! air pilot has to face1 & x is to be hop$ t ! aircraft build]s ( ! ne> future w help him to solve ?is difficulty4 ,! reason = x1 z we h already se51 is t ! airplane secures its buoyancy l>gely z a result ( its spe$4 ,w+s :i* are l>ge en\gh to support x :5 fly+ at #aej miles an h\r are too small to hold x 9 ! air :5 its spe$ is sl[$ d[n4 ,! ma*9e has to be l&$ :ile /ill mov+ =w>d at comp>atively ! rate ( an express tra91 & ?is =w>d motion c only be *eck$ aft] ! :eels are safely on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! eng9e %\ld be /opp$ :ile ! airplane is /ill =ty or fifty feet above ! gr\nd1 ! w+s w\ld be unable to support x & x w\ld come cra%+ to ! e>?4 ,b ?is situation ( c\rse makes matt]s v difficult = ! airman :o has n _h long exp]i5ce 9 l&+ 8 ma*9e4 ,he mu/ come d[n on a small l&+ field & br+ 8 plane to a full /op be=e he has cra%$ into ! o!r ma*9es :i* p]haps are /&+ ab\t4 ,8 difficulty is add$ to by ! fact t 8 propell] only works effici5tly at ! full spe$ = :i* x 0 design$4 ,:5 he sl[s d[n 9 ! air prep>atory to l&+1 x may slip backw>d ?r\gh ! air1 in/ead ( driv+ 8 airplane =w>d at ! rate necess>y to support its weight4 ,9 t case he is 9 dang] ( go+ into a sp91 f :i* he may n h "t to recov]4 ,= ^! reasons x is to be hop$ t ! airplane ( ! future w h "s =m ( telescop+ w+s & ( v>iable pit* propell]4 ,:ile ^! improvem5ts 9 con/ruction h n be5 work$ out practically at ! pres5t mom5t1 !re is e reason to believe t !y may be be=e long4 ,b :atev] /ructural difficulties h yet to be ov]come 9 connection ) ! airplane1 c]ta9 x is t ! big birds :i* we saw s (t5 9 ! sky dur+ ! w>1 are go+ to be yet num]\s 9 peace times4 ,z = ! purely milit>y ma*9es1 let u hope t _! "w is ov]1 & t !y may nev] be call$ on to fight ano!r battle 9 ! air4 ,yet if o!r w>s %\ld come1 x is c]ta9 t !y w\ld play a /ill m trem5d\s rle ?an !y h 9 ! pres5t /ruggle4 ,we c imag9e ! w> ( ! future be+ f\ght almo/ entirely above ! cl\ds4 ,! "o great conte/ w\ld be = victory 9 ! air1 s9ce ! nation :i* succe$$ 9 driv+ its enemy f ! sky w\ld h complete control ( ! situation on ! gr\nd4 ,all nations w cont9ue to increase _! a]ial battalions until !y possess =midable fleets1 & x w be ^!1 r ?an armies or navies t w g =? to settle future disputes4 ,x is l>gely to ! a]ial supremacy ( ! ,allies t we h to give ! cr$it = ! w9n+ ( ! pres5t w> aga9/ ! ,hun1 & x w be by ma9ta9+ _! a]ial supremacy t ! great nations :i* h tak5 _! /& = ju/ice & humanity w succe$ 9 en=c+ ! reign ( ,"r 9 ! _w4 ,?us we see man's dream ( ! conque/ ( ! air become a noble ?+1 :ile ! frail-w+$ birds 8 imag9ation pictur$ to him ?r\gh\t s _m c5turies /& ready to be> him onw>d & upw>d to /ill great] a*ievem5ts 9 8 /ruggle to make ! _w a bett] & clean] place 9 :i* to live4 ,,read+ ,,li/ ,= ^? :o desire a wid] k ( ! hi/ory1 !ory1 con/ruction & op]ation ( aircraft ?an ?is book is int5d$ to supply1 ! foll[+ read+ li/ may prove sugge/ive & helpful4 ,! old] publications on ?is li/ h be5 f\nd valuable f an hi/orical viewpo9t2 :ile ! m rec5t ones treat f _m angles ! rapidly advanc+ sci5ce ( aviation4 ,,abbot1 ,w4 ,j41 ,aircraft & ,subm>9es 7#aiah7 ,,alex&]1 ,j4 ,h41 ,model ,balloons & ,fly+ ,ma*9es 7#aiaj7 ,,avion1 ,a]oplanes & ,a]o ,eng9es 7#aiah7 ,,b>b]1 ,,horatio1 ,! ,a]oplane ,speaks 7#aiag7 ,,b>nwell1 ,f4 ,s41 ,a]oplane ,design 7#aiag7 ,,b]get1 ,a41 ,! ,conque/ ( ! ,air 7#aiaa7 ,,b]ry1 ,w4 ,h41 ,aircraft 9 ,w> & ,comm]ce 7#aiah7 ,,bruce1 ,e4 ,h4 ,s41 ,aircraft 9 ,w> 7#aiad7 ,,cavanagh1 ,,george ,a41 ,model ,a]oplanes & ,_! ,motors 7#aiaf7 ,,*atley1 ,,h]b]t1 ,pr9ciples & ,design ( ,a]oplanes 7#aiab7 ,,curtiss1 ,g4 ,h41 & ,,po/1 ,a41 ,curtiss ,aviation ,book 7#aiab7 ,,corb91 ,t4 ,w41 ,aircraft1 ,a]oplanes & ,air%ips 7#aiad7 ,,coll9s1 ,a4 ,,fr$]ick1 ,! ,boy's ,airplane ,book 7#aiai7 ,,coll9s1 ,a4 ,,fr$]ick1 ,h[ to ,fly 7#aiag7 ,,colv91 ,f4 ,h41 ,aircraft ,me*anic's ,h&book 7#aiah7 ,,dommett1 ,w4 ,e41 ,a]oplanes & ,air%ips 7#aiaf7 ,,fales1 ,e4 ,n41 ,le>n+ to ,fly 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army 7#aiag7 ,,f]ris1 ,r41 ,h[ x ,flies 7#aiaj7 ,,grahame-,,:ite1 ,c41 & ,,h>p]1 ,h41 ,h]oes ( ! ,air 7#aiab7 ,,grahame-,,:ite1 ,c41 & ,,h>p]1 ,h41 ,le>n+ to ,fly 7#aiaf7 ,,grahame-,,:ite1 ,c41 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,a]oplane 7#aiaa7 ,,gramont1 ,a4 ,a4 ,,de1 ,aviator's ,elem5t>y ,h&book 7#aiah7 ,,hayw>d1 ,,*as4 ,b41 ,build+ & ,fly+ an ,a]oplane 7#aiah7 ,,he>ne1 ,r4 ,p41 ,zeppel9s & ,sup]-,zeppel9s 7#aiaf7 ,,he>ne1 ,r4 ,p41 ,air%ips 9 ,peace & ,w> 7#aiaj7 ,,hildebr&1 ,a4 ,l4 ,h41 ,air%ips ,pa/ & ,pres5t 7#aijh7 ,,jane',s ,,fight+ ,,%ips1 7,an ,annual7 ,,judge1 ,a4 ,w41 ,design ( ,a]oplanes 7#aiaf7 ,,lan*e/]1 ,f4 ,w41 ,aircraft 9 ,w>f>e 7#aiaf7 ,,lili5?al1 ,o41 ,bird ,flights z ! ,basis ( ,aviation 7#aiag7 ,,lo5+1 ,g4 ,c41 ,milit>y ,a]oplanes 7#aiaf7 ,,mcconnell1 ,,james ,r41 ,fly+ = ,france 7#aiag7 ,,mcm9nies1 ,w4 ,g41 ,practical ,fly+ 7#aiah7 ,,maxim1 ,h4 ,s41 ,artificial & ,natural ,flight 7#aijh7 ,,middleton1 ,e4 ,c41 ,! ,way ( ! ,air 7#aiag7 ,,middleton1 ,e4 ,c41 ,glori\s ,exploits ( ! ,air 7#aiah7 ,,middleton1 ,e4 ,c41 ,airf>e ( ,today & ! ,future 7#aiah7 ,,munday1 ,,alb]t ,h41 ,! ,eyes ( ! ,army & ,navy 7#aiag7 ,,orcy1 ,l4 ,d'1 ,editor & ,comp41 ,air%ip ,manual 7#aiag7 ,,page1 ,,capt4 ,,victor ,,wilfr$1 ,! ,a-,b-,c ( ,aviation 7#aiah7 ,,pe>y1 ,r4 ,e41 ,comm& ( ! ,air 7,spee* deliv]$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce7 7#aiag7 ,,ra?bun1 ,,john ,b41 ,a]oplane ,con/ruction & ,op]ation 7#aiah7 ,,robson1 ,w4 ,a41 ,aircraft 9 ,w> & ,peace 7#aiaf7 ,,ro?1 ,c4 ,w41 ,%ort ,c\rse 9 ! ,!ory & ,op]ation ( ! ,free ,balloon 7#aiah7 ,,r\/am-,,bek1 ,b41 ,a]ial ,russia 7#aiaf7 ,,simmonds1 ,r41 ,all ,ab\t ,aircraft 7#aiae7 ,,/\t1 ,,wm4 ,b41 ,acquir+ ,w+s 7#aiag7 ,,talbot1 ,f4 ,a41 ,a]oplanes & ,dirigibles ( ,w> 7#aiae7 ,,?ur/on1 ,a4 ,b41 ,elem5t>y ,a]onautics 7#aiaa7 ,,turn]1 ,c4 ,c41 ,aircraft ( ,today 7#aiag7 ,,turn]1 ,c4 ,c41 ,m>vels ( ,aviation 7#aiaf7 ,,v]rill1 ,a4 ,w41 ,h>p]'s ,aircraft ,book 7#aiac7 ,,walk]1 ,s4 ,f41 ,aviation1 ,its ,pr9ciples1 ,its ,pres5t & ,future 7#aiab7 ,,walk]1 ,f41 ,all ,ab\t ,zeppel9s & ,o!r ,enemy ,aircraft 7#aiae7 ,,widm]1 ,,emil ,j41 ,milit>y ,obs]vation ,balloons 7#aiag7 ,,wood1 ,,walt]1 ,?rill+ ,de$s ( ,briti% ,airm5 7#aiah7 ,,w9*e/]1 ,c41 ,fly+ ,m5 & ,_! ,ma*9es 7#aiaf7 ,,woodh\se1 ,,h5ry1 ,a ,textbook ( ,milit>y ,a]onautics 7#aiah7 ,,index ,accid5ts3 airplane1 #aae balloon1 #ac1 #cb1 #ed glid+1 #hd1 #he ,a]ial ,exp]im5t ,association1 #ajg ,a]o ,club ( ,am]ica1 #bda ,a4 ,e4 ,g4 airplane1 #bjj1 #bjc ,a4 ,g4 ,o4 airplane1 #bjj1 #bjc ,ail]ons1 #ac1 #id1 #ih1 #aaa1 #aac ,airplane3 ,a4 ,e4 ,g41 #bjj1 #bjc ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 #bjj1 #bjc ,albatros1 #aie1 #bjc ,anto9ette1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aai ,aviatik1 #aif1 #bjc ,avro1 #aha1 #ahb battle planes1 #abh-adj1 #agg1 #agh1 #aib-aif ,blriot1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aac bomb+ planes1 #abh-adi1 #ahj-ahh1 #aig-bjd ,breguet1 #aad1 #aha ,breguet-,mi*el91 #agi ,bri/ol ,sc\t1 #age ,caproni1 #ahc-ahe ,caudron1 #agh1 #ahb *assis1 #aaa1 #afe-afg ,curtiss1 #ajh1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahg1 #bdi ,de ,havill&1 #age1 #aid ,demoiselle1 #aad ,dor&1 #aha drift1 #ig e>ly exp]im5ts1 #gg-ij eng9es 7see eng9e7 ,f>man1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aaf1 #agh1 #aha fir/ pr9ciples (1 #ia-ih fir/ real1 #hi flight records 7see records7 ,fokk]1 #agb1 #aib-aid1 #bjc ,fri$ri*%af51 #aii ,go?a1 #aig-aii1 #bjc ,halb]/adt1 #aif1 #bjc ,h&ley-,page1 #aha1 #ahb head resi/ance1 #if1 #aea1 #afj ,june ,bug1 #ajg ,langley1 #ahb ,letord1 #aha ,l4 ,v4 ,w41 #bjc mak+ (1 #bbc-bca 7also see fabrics7 ,mo9eau1 #agi1 #aha ,morane1 #aai1 #aib ,,nc-#d1 #bdd ,nieuport1 #aba1 #aga1 #baa nom5clature1 #id ,pfalz1 #bjc reconnaissance planes1 #abh-adi1 #agg-ahj ,r$ ,w+1 #ajg ,rol&1 #bjc ,rumpl]1 #bjc ,santos-,dumont's1 #ajj1 #aad ,sikorsky1 #abe-abg1 #ahg ,sop)1 #age1 #aha1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bdd ,spad1 #agc />t+ & l&+ problems1 #afe-afg1 #bdj ,taube1 #aia ,vick]s1 ,sc\t1 #age ,vick]s-,vimy1 #bde ,vois91 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aab1 #agh1 #ahb ,vois9-,peugeot1 #agi1 #aha ,:ite ,w+1 #ajg w+s 7see w+s7 ,wright 7see ,wright7 ,albatros airplane1 #aie1 #bjc ,alcock1 ,capt4 ,john1 #bde ,annonay1 #c1 #d ,anto9ette airplane1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aai ,ar*im$es' law ( gravity1 #ad ,argus eng9e1 #abf ,arl&es1 ,m>quis d'1 #g1 #h ,asc5ts1 e>ly balloon1 #c1 #g-ab1 #bj-bc1 #bf1 #bg1 #di ,a/ra dirigible1 #gc-gd ,a/ra-,torres dirigible1 #gc-gd ,aviatik airplane1 #aif1 #bjc ,aviator1 tra9+ ( an1 #bcb-bdc ,avro airplane1 #aha1 #ahb ,bak]1 ,secret>y ( ,w>1 #bja ,baldw91 ,capt4 ,?omas ,s41 #fe1 #ajf ,ball1 ,capt4 ,alb]t1 #bae1 #bai1 #bbj ,balloon1 dirigible3 ,a/ra1 #gc1 #gd ,a/ra-,torres1 #gc1 #gd ,blimps1 #gj c> susp5sion1 #gb1 #gc demi-semi-rigid1 #fg developm5t (1 #dg-gd fir/1 #ea fir/ milit>y1 #eb fir/ ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 #fe ,la ,france1 #ec ,nulli ,secundus1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh ,patrie1 #fc ,pax1 #eh ,r-#cd1 #bde rigid & non-rigid1 #ff1 #fg semi-rigid1 #fg ,s4 ,m4 ,s4 ,zeppel9 ,i1 #ff ,speiss1 #gd trans-,atlantic flight1 #bde use 9 ,_w ,w>1 #fh-gd ,ville de ,p>is1 #fc ,zeppel9s1 #ee1 #ef1 #fb1 #fe-fh1 #abc ,zodiacs1 #gb ,balloon1 passive3 basket (1 #ai captive1 #cf-dd c> (1 #ai1 #ej c> l9es (1 #ah ,*annel flights1 #ab1 #bb-bd ,conqu]or1 #bg dra*51 #cf-dd e>ly asc5ts (1 #c-bg1 #di fabrics ( 7see fabrics7 fir/1 #c fir/ use (1 9 w>1 #be1 #bf gases us$ = 7see gases7 grapnel (1 #ai hoop (1 #ah kite1 #ai1 #cf-dd neck (1 #ah net (1 #ah obs]vation1 #cf-dd pr9ciples (1 #ad-ai ripp+ panel (1 #ah races1 #bf sausage1 #ai1 #cf-dd trail rope (1 #ah use (1 9 ,great ,w>1 #cf-dd ,ballonet1 /e]+1 #ch ,balloon+3 e>ly1 #c-bg 9 ,bo] ,w>1 #bf 9 ,civil ,w>1 #be 9 ,great ,w>1 #cf-dd ,basket1 balloon1 #ai ,battle planes1 #abh-adi1 #agg-agh1 #aib-aif ,baumg>t51 #ed ,bell1 ,alex&] ,graham1 #ajf ,b5nett1 ,gordon1 #bf1 #ajh ,bi%op1 ,major ,william ,a41 #bje1 #bad ,blan*>d1 #ab1 #ac1 #bi ,blriot1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aae ,blimps1 #gj-gb ,bliss1 ,g5]al ,task] ,h41 #bja ,boelke1 ,capta91 #aid1 #bai ,bo] ,w>1 balloons 91 #bf ,bomb+ planes1 #abh-adi1 #ahj-ahh1 #aig-bjd ,bonnel1 ,capta91 #bbj ,breguet airplane1 #aad1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #aha ,breguet-,mi*el9 airplane1 #agi ,bri/ol ,sc\t airplane1 #age ,br[n1 ,lieut4 ,ar?ur ,w41 #bde ,cacquot1 ,capta91 #dc ,caproni airplane1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahe ,c>1 balloon1 #ai1 #ej1 #gb ,c> l9es1 balloon1 #ah ,c>l/rom1 ,victor1 #agd ,caudron airplane1 #agh1 #ahb ,cavallo1 #i ,cayley1 ,sir ,george1 #hj ,c]tificate1 aviator's1 #bda ,*amb] ( ,horrors1 #bcd ,*annel flights3 fir/ airplane1 #ajd fir/ balloon1 #ab1 #bb-bd ,*anute1 #hf ,*apman1 ,victor1 #baf ,*aput1 ,lieut4 ,jean1 #bad ,*>les1 #i ,*>tres1 ,duke de1 #di ,*assis3 fir/1 #aaa problem (1 #afe-afg ,circuit ( ,brita9 prize1 #abj ,civil ,w>1 balloons 91 #be ,clem5t-,bay>d1 #gd ,cl]get eng9e1 #ahg ,cock+1 #ca ,conneau1 ,lieut5ant1 #abj ,conqu]or1 #bg ,curtiss airplane1 #ajh1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahg1 #bdi ,curtiss ,baby ,spe$ ,sc\t1 #agd ,curtiss1 ,gl5n ,h41 #fe1 #ajf-ajh1 #aai ,curtiss triplane1 #agc ,daily ,mail1 ,london1 prizes1 #ajd1 #aae1 #abj ,de ,havill& airplane1 #age1 #aid ,demoiselle1 #aad ,deuts*1 #eg1 #fc ,dope1 #afd1 #bbg ,dor& airplane1 #aha ,d\glas1 ,ar*ibald1 #cg ,dra*5 balloon1 #cf-dd ,drift1 airplane1 #ig ,dubonnet1 ,emile1 #da ,eiffel ,t[]1 flight ar\nd1 #eg1 #aae ,eng9e3 ,argus1 #abf ,cl]get1 #ahg ,curtiss1 #ga developm5t & pr9ciples ( airplane1 #aec-afi ,fiat1 #ahc fir/ balloon1 #ea ,gnome1 #aaa1 #aba1 #aed1 #aei ,lib]ty1 #afh1 #ahb ,rolls-,royce1 #ahb ,wright's1 #hi1 #aec ,esnault-,pelt]ie1 #aad ,fabrics3 calico1 #fj1 #fa cotton1 #ah1 #afd l951 #i oil silk1 #aa rubb]1 #fa1 #fc ,f>man airplane1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aaf1 #agh1 #aha ,f>man1 ,h5ry1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaj-aab1 #aae1 #abc1 #aed ,fiat motor1 #ahc ,field ( ,m>s1 #aj ,fokk] airplane1 #agb1 #aib-aid1 #bjc ,fonck1 ,r51 #bab-bad ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #aa ,fri$ri*%af5 airplane1 #aii ,full>d1 ,capt4 ,philip ,f41 #bae ,fuselage1 developm5t (1 #abb1 #afe-aff ,g>n]91 ,&r1 #cj ,gases3 coal1 #af hydrog51 #i1 #ba ,g5et1 ,edmond1 #bah ,giff>d1 #ej ,glid]s1 #ha-hh1 #ajj ,gnome eng9e1 #aaa1 #aba1 #aed1 #aei ,go]tz range f9d]1 #adg ,goodye> ,tire & ,rubb] ,co41 #dc ,go?a airplane1 #aig-aii1 #bjc ,grahame-,:ite1 ,claude1 #aaf ,grapnel1 balloon1 #ai ,great ,nassau1 #bb ,gre51 ,*>les1 #bb1 #ca ,gross1 ,major von1 #ff ,guffroy1 #aad ,gun-tunnel ,go?a1 #aig-aii ,guynem]1 ,georges1 #acg1 #agb1 #bje-bad ,ha5le91 ,paul1 #eb ,halb]/adt airplane1 #aif1 #bjc ,h&ley-,page airplane1 #aha1 #ahb ,h>grave1 #he ,hat-9-!-,r+ ,squadron1 #bba ,hawk]1 ,h>ry1 #bdd ,head resi/ance1 airplane1 #if1 #aea1 #afj ,hit*cock1 ,hon4 ,frank ,h41 #bdi ,hoop1 balloon1 #ah ,hopp]1 #abe ,immelmann1 #agf1 #aid1 #bae1 #bai ,jeffries1 ,dr41 #ab ,j\illot1 #fj ,june ,bug1 #ajg ,juvisy meet+1 #aae ,kite balloon1 #ai1 #cf-dd ,kites3 pr9ciples (1 #gi1 #ia ,lili5?al's1 #ha1 #hf ,krebs1 #ec ,kup>anto1 ,r4 ,jord>ki1 #cj ,lafayette ,escadrille1 #agb1 #baf1 #bag ,lahm1 ,lieut4 ,frank ,p41 #bf ,lamb]t1 ,comte de1 #ajh1 #aae ,l&+ problems1 #afe-afg1 #bdj ,langley1 #ahb ,la?am1 ,hub]t1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji ,lebaudy ,bro!rs1 #fj-fg ,lefevre1 #ajh ,letord airplane1 #aha ,lib]ty motor1 #afh1 #ahb ,lili5?al1 ,otto1 #ha-he1 #ib ,little1 ,rob]t ,a41 #bae ,lme1 ,dupuy de1 #eb ,l\bet1 ,presid5t1 #eh ,lufb]y1 ,major1 #bje1 #baf1 #bag ,lun>di1 ,v9c5t1 #ab1 #bj-bb ,l4 ,v4 ,w4 airplane1 #bjc ,malone1 ,lieut4 ,john ,j41 #bae ,mat]ials1 airplane1 problem (1 #afc1 #afd ,mc,cudden1 ,capt4 ,james1 #bje1 #bae ,mc,curdy1 ,j4 ,a4 ,d41 #ajf ,meusni]1 ,g5]al1 #di ,mi*el9 cup1 #aae ,mo9eau airplane1 #agi1 #aha ,monoplane1 pr9ciples (1 #aej-aea ,montgolfi] ,bro!rs1 #c-aa ,morane airplane1 #aai1 #aib ,moret1 #ba ,motor 7see eng9e7 ,,nc-#d1 #bdd ,neck1 balloon1 #ah ,net balloon1 #ah ,nieuport airplane1 #aba1 #aga1 #baa ,nom5clature ( airplane1 #id ,norm&1 ,le1 #bi ,nulli ,secundus1 #fd1 #fe1 #fh ,p>a*ute fl>es1 #cd ,p>a*utes1 #bh-ce1 #db ,paulhan1 #ajh1 #aaf ,p>is1 bomb+ raid on 7#aiah71 #bja ,p>seval1 ,major von1 #cg1 #ff ,patrie1 #fc ,pax1 #eh ,pel*]1 ,p]cy ,s41 #he ,p]%+1 ,g5]al ,john1 #bah ,pfalz airplane1 #bjc ,pola1 bomb+ raid on1 #ahd ,pollock1 ,c4 ,f41 #bc ,p\rpe1 ,m>c1 #baf ,price1 ,norman1 #baf ,propell]1 pr9ciple (1 #afa-afc ,raids1 fam\s bomb+3 ,p>is1 #bja ,pola1 #ahd ,read1 ,lieut4-,com4 ,a4 ,c41 #bdd ,reconnaissance planes1 #abh-adi1 #agg-ahj ,record airplane flights3 altitude1 #aaf1 #afh *annel1 #ajd di/ance1 #aja1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aai1 #aed spe$1 #ajh1 #aai1 #aba trans-,atlantic1 #bdd ,r$ ,w+1 #ajg ,r5>d1 #ec ,rheims meet+s1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aai1 #aba1 #aed ,ri*?(51 ,b>on von1 #aid1 #baj1 #bab1 #bae1 #bbj-bbb ,rick5back]1 ,capt4 ,eddie1 #bah-bbj ,ripp+ panel1 balloon1 #ah ,rob]ts ,bro!rs1 #i1 #di ,rockwell1 ,kiff51 #baf ,rol& airplane1 #bjc ,rolls-,royce eng9e1 #ahb ,roseve>1 ,/anley1 #bae ,rozi]1 ,pilat de1 #f1 #ac ,rumpl] airplane1 #bjc ,salomone1 ,major1 #ahe ,santos-,dumont1 #ee-ei1 #ii-ajb1 #aad ,sausage balloon1 #ai1 #cf-dd ,s*aeck1 ,colonel1 #bg ,s*w>tz1 ,david1 #ed ,sci5tific ,am]ican trophy1 #ajg ,scott1 ,major ,g4 ,h41 #bde ,selfridge1 ,lieut4 ,?omas1 #ajf ,sev]o1 #eh ,sigsfeld1 ,capta9 von1 #cg ,sikorsky1 ,i4 ,i41 #abe1 #abf1 #abg1 #ahg ,sop) airplane1 #age1 #aha1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bdd ,spad airplane1 #agc ,speiss dirigible1 #gd ,/e]+ ballonet1 #ch ,/orks1 !1 #agb1 #baj ,taube airplane1 #aia ,templ]1 ,colonel1 #fd1 #fe ,tiss&i]1 ,ga/on & ,alb]t1 #ec1 #ajh ,t[]s1 ,comm&]1 #bdd ,trail rope1 balloon1 #ah ,tra9+ ( an aviator1 #bcb-bdc ,trans-,atlantic flights1 #bdd ,triplane1 developm5t (1 #adh-aea ,vick]s ,sc\t airplane1 #age ,vick]s-,vimy airplane1 #bde ,ville de ,p>is1 #fc ,v9ci1 ,leon>di da1 #gi ,vois9 airplane1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aaj1 #aab1 #agh1 #ahb ,vois9 ,bro!rs1 #ajb1 #aaj ,vois9-,peugeot airplane1 #agi1 #aha ,w5ham1 #hj ,:ite ,w+1 #ajg ,wilcox1 ,james1 #aa ,wilk9son1 ,allan1 #bae ,w+s3 ,lili5?al's1 #ha-hd pr9ciples (1 #ha1 #ie1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aff1 #afg ,w+-w>p+1 #hh1 #ig ,wissemann1 #bab ,wlf]t1 #ed ,wollett1 ,capt4 ,h5ry ,w41 #bae ,_w1 ,new ,york1 prize1 #aah ,wright1 ,wilbur & ,orville1 #hf-ij1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aej1 #aea1 #aec ,zambecc>i1 ,c\nt1 #aa ,zeppel91 ,c\nt von1 #ee1 #fb1 #fe ,zeppel9s1 #ee-ef1 #fb1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh1 #abc ,zodiacs1 #gb 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! orig9al spell+ & m9or inconsi/5cies 9 ! spell+ & =matt+ h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,! table bel[ li/s all corrections appli$ to ! orig9al text4 p vii3 ,santos ,dumont - ,santos-,dumont p viii3 ,a gr\p ( ,de ,havil& - ,havill& p #f3 ,fr5*man1 ,pilatre de ,rozi] - ,piltre de ,rozi] p #f3 ,pilatre de ,rozi] - ,piltre de ,rozi] p #ac3 ,pilatre de ,rozi] - ,piltre de ,rozi] p #ai3 m buoyant - buoyant4 p #bh3 ! p>a*ute - ,is small caps3 ,,! ,,p>a*ute p #ca3 a]onuat - a]onaut p #cc3 he may f9d himsell - himself p #ed3 took place 9 midair - mid-air p #ee3 ,,santos ,,dumont - ,,santos-,,dumont p #fd3 air-bag ( onefif? - "o-fif? p #fe3 ,n4 ,y41 :o f> - = p #ff3 ) a l>ge int]val - int]nal p #gd3 ,! ,leb&y - ,lebaudy p #ih3 ! airplane body or fusilage4 - fuselage4 p #ajj3 resembl+ a boxkite - box-kite p #aaa3 ,! ov]-heat+ - ov]heat+ p #abb3 by means ( x - its p #abf3 ,9 ! =ew>d - =w>d p #ada3 produce slightly ov]-lapp+ - ov]lapp+ p #ade3 t enemy re5=cem5ts - re9=cem5ts p #aec3 ne$s ( air-craft - aircraft p #age3 & ! ,de ,havil& - ,havill& p #agf3 d[n+ ! enemy4 ,immelman - ,immelmann p #agi3 ,brguet-,mi*el9 - ,breguet-,mi*el9 p #aha3 ! ,brguet - ,breguet p #aid3 ,briti% ,de,haviland - ,de ,havill& p #bjf3 9 ! t[n ( ,compiegne - ,compigne p #bjf3 /ud5t 9 ! cole ,polyte*nic - ,polyte*nique p #bjf3 #aiad1 came ! ! news - ! news p #bai3 ! e>ly days ,immelman - ,immelmann p #bai3 & fight+4 ,immelman's - ,immelmann's p #bai3 f t ( ,immelman - ,immelmann p #bcf3 & a dizzy sea-sickness - seasickness p #bch3 goes taxi-+ - taxi+ p #bdd3 ,a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,de ,,havil& - ,,havill& p #bea3 picture man ( today - to-day p #beg3 ,air%ips 9 ,peace & ,w> - ,w> 7#aiaj7 ,p #bei3 balloon1 #ac1 #cb1 #ed1 #ed - balloon1 #ac1 #cb1 #ed p #bei3 ,a4 ,g4 ,o4 - ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 p #bei3 ,de ,havil& - ,havill& p #bei3 eng9es 7see eng9es7 - eng9e p #bfa3 ,de ,havil& - ,havill& p #bfa3 ,esnault-,pelt]ic - ,pelt]ie p #bfa3 ,full>d1 ,capt4 ,phillip ,f4 - ,full>d1 ,capt4 ,philip ,f4 p #bfb3 ,immelman - ,immelmann p #bfc3 ,rozi]1 ,pilat de - ,rozi]1 ,piltre de p #bfd3 ,wollet - ,wollett