file which includes the original        
illustrations4       ,see #djaba-;h4htm 
or #djaba-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu
b_/#djaba_/pg#djaba-;images4html7       
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#dj
aba_/djaba-;h4zip7         ,images of   
the original pages are available through
       ,internet ,archive4 ,see         
http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/meetingpl
aceofge#jj;daws   ,transcriber's note3  
,text enclosed by underscores is in     
italics 7italics74        ,text enclosed
 by equal signs is in bold face italics 
7bold italics74        ,to enhance      
readability1 small-capital text was left
 as       mixed-case4    ,,the          
,,meeting-,,place ,,of ,,geology ,,and  
,,history        99      99      99     
99      99  ,sir ,j4 ,william ,dawson1  
,,ll4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4  ,illustration  ,the
 name of ,sir ,william ,dawson on a     
title page is a guarantee of two things3
 one1 that the book is orthodox and     

thoroughly evangelical2 and the other1  
that the matter of it is first-class1   
according to the highest scientific     
standard4                               
--,the ,illustrated ,christian ,weekly4 
,the ,meeting-,place of ,geology and    
,history4 ,illustrated4 #abmo1     cloth
                                        
#a4be       ,sir ,william ,dawson's aim 
in this volume is aptly described by the
      title4 ,it is to fix with that    
measure of definiteness which the       
best and latest research permits the    
period when human life began      on the
 earth1 and to discuss from the geologic
 standpoint the many      questions of  
interest connected with this event4 ,he 
shows in how      many different ways   
science confirms the teaching of        
,scripture in      this department of   
knowledge4      ,modern ,ideas of       
,evolution as related to ,revelation and
 ,science4     ,sixth ,edition1 ,revised
 and ,enlarged4 #abmo1 cloth            
#a4ej       ,carefully and thoroughly   

revised in the light of the criticism1  
favorable and adverse1 which the        
preceding five editions have            
received4       ,dr4 ,dawson is himself 
a man of eminent judicial temper1 a     
widely      read scholar1 and a close1  
profound thinker1 which makes the blow  
he deals the ,evolution hypothesis all  
the heavier4 ,we commend it to      our 
readers as one of the most thorough and 
searching books on the      subject yet 
published4--,the ,christian at ,work4   
,the ,chain of ,life in ,geological     
,time4 ,a ,sketch of the ,origin and    
,succession of ,animals and ,plants4    
,illustrated4 ,third and ,revised       
,edition4 #abmo1 cloth                  
#b4jj       ,the judicial style of the  
writer in argument is enlivened by his  
ability to render science most          
attractive and popular4 ,he holds to    
the orthodox view of the ordered plan of
 the universe1 and yet      considers   
without prejudice the alluring ideas    
prevalent in modern      scientific     

circles4--,the ,christian ,advocate     
7,n4,y47     ,egypt and ,syria4 ,their  
,physical ,features in ,relation to     
,bible     ,history4 ,second ,edition1  
,revised and ,enlarged4 ,with many      
,illustrations4 ,by-,paths of ,bible    
,knowledge1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 #abmo1     cloth
                                        
#a4bj       ,this is one of the most    
interesting of the series to which it   
belongs4 ,it is the result of personal  
observation1 and the work of      a     
practised geological observer4--,the    
,british ,quarterly ,review4        99  
99      99      99      99   ,,the      
,,meeting-,,place ,,of ,,geology ,,and  
,,history  by  ,,sir ,j4 ,,william      
,,dawson1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4  ,author  
of ,the ,earth and ,man1 ,modern ,ideas 
of ,evolution1 ,the ,chain of ,life in  
,geological ,time1 etc4                 
,illustration  ,fleming ,h4 ,revell     
,company ,new ,york  ,chicago  ,toronto 
,the ,religious ,tract ,society1 ,london
  ,copyright1 #ahid ,fleming ,h4 ,revell

 ,company     ,,preface   ,the object of
 this little book is to give a clear and
 accurate statement of facts bearing on 
the character of the debatable ground   
intervening between the later part of   
the geological record and the beginnings
 of sacred and secular history4  ,the   
subject is one as yet full of           
difficulty2 but the materials for its   
treatment have been rapidly             
accumulating1 and it is hoped that it   
may prove possible to render it more    
interesting and intelligible than       
heretofore4  ,j4 ,w4 ,d4     ,,contents 
,,chapter                               
,,page       ,i4 ,general ,nature of the
 ,subject                               
#aa      ,,ii4 ,the ,world ,before ,man 
#ah     ,,iii4 ,the ,earliest ,traces of
 ,man                                   
#bg      ,,iv4 ,the ,palanthropic ,age  
#dj       ,v4 ,subdivisions and         
,conditions of the ,palanthropic ,age   
#fi      ,,vi4 ,end of the ,palanthropic
 ,age                                   

#he     ,,vii4 ,the ,early ,neanthropic 
,age                                    
#id    ,,viii4 ,the ,palanthropic ,age  
in the ,light of ,history               
#ajf      ,,ix4 ,the ,deluge of ,noah   
#aba       ,x4 ,special ,questions      
,respecting the ,deluge                 
#aea      ,,xi4 ,the ,prehistoric and   
,historic in the ,east                  
#afd     ,,xii4 ,the ,neanthropic       
,dispersion                             
#ahc    ,,xiii4 ,summary of ,results    
#baj          ,index                    
#bai     ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations    
,,page    ,section at ,trenton1 on the  
,delaware1 showing ,the ,relation of    
the ,stone ,implements to the ,glacial  
787 ,gravels 7after ,holmes7    #cb     
,chipped ,quartzites1 ,modern ,american 
7after ,holmes7                #cc      
,flint ,hache of the ,ancient or        
,chellean ,type1 ,aurillac 7after       
,carthaillac7                           
#da    ,cave of ,goyet1 ,belgium        
7,section after ,dupont7 #dg    ,lance  

,head formed of a ,flint ,flake 7,cave  
of ,moustier74 ,the ,flat   ,face shows 
a ,bulb of ,percussion 7after ,falsan7  
#di    ,outline of the ,skull of the    
',old ,man of ,cro-magnon' 7after       
,christy and ,lartet7                   
#ed    ,the ,first ,skeleton found in   
the ,mentone ,caves 7after ,rivire7     
#eg    ,handle of a ,piercer1 or        
,bodkin1 in ,bone1 from ,laugerie       
,basse1   in ,form of a ,deer           
#ei    ,flint ,flake ,knife1 found in   
the ,hand of the ',giant' ,skeleton of  
,mentone 7after ,evans7                 
#ei    ,neanderthal ,skull--two         
,outlines3 the ,outer giving the more   
,correct ,form 7from ,science7          
#fj    ,skull of ,canstadt ,type found  
at ,spy1 ,belgium1 by ,fraipont and     
,lohest                                 
#fa    ,outline of ,mammoth1 ,carved on 
a ,plate of ,ivory1 from the ,cave   of 
,la ,madeleine                          
#fh    ,tooth of ,cave ,bear1 with      
,engraving of a ,seal1 from a ,collar   

found at ,sordes1 ,pyrenees 7after      
,carthaillac7                     #ga   
,the ,skeleton of ,laugerie ,basse1     
,dordogne1 showing the ,position   of   
the ,perforated ,shells on the ,limbs   
and ,forehead 7after   ,carthaillac7    
#gi    ,skull from ,truchre1 showing a  
peculiar ,palanthropic ,type allied   to
 ,neanthropic ,races 7after             
,quatrefages7                           
#hb    ,flint ,flakes of two ,types1    
from ,palanthropic and ,neanthropic     
,caves in the ,lebanon                  
#ig    ,restoration of the ,sepulchral  
,cave of ,frontal1 ,belgium 7after      
,dupont7                                
#ii    ,cromlech at ,fontanaccia1       
,corsica 7after ,de ,mortillet7         
#aje    ,map showing the ,geographical  
and ,geological ,relations of the       
,site of ,eden1 as described in ,genesis
                            #aag    ,map
 showing ,lines of ,postdiluvian        
,migrations from ,shinar1 as in         
,genesis x4                             

#ahe    ,head illustrating the most     
,ancient ,type of ,cushite ,turanian1   
from ,tel-loh 7after de ,sarzec74 ,the  
cap is perhaps an imitation   of the    
antediluvian shell-caps1 like that of   
the ',man of   ,mentone'                
#aia     ,,the ,,meeting-,,place  ,,of  
,,geology ,,and ,,history     ,,chapter 
,i  ,,general ,,nature ,,of ,,the       
,,subject   ,the science of the earth   
and the history of man1 though          
cultivated by very different classes of 
specialists and in very different ways1 
must have their meeting-place4 ,they    
must indeed not only meet1 but overlap  
and run abreast of each other throughout
 nearly the whole time occupied by the  
existence of man on the earth4 ,the     
geologist1 from his point of view1      
studies all the stratified crust of the 
earth1 down to the mud deposited by last
 year's river inundations4 ,the         
historian1 aided by the archologist1 has
 written and monumental evidence        
carrying him back to the time of the    

earliest known men1 many thousands of   
years ago4 ,throughout all this interval
 the two records must have run more or  
less parallel to each other1 and must be
 in contact along the whole line4  ,the 
geologist1 ascending from the oldest and
 lowest portions of the earth's crust1  
and dealing for millions of years with  
physical forces and the instinctive     
powers of animals alone1 at length as he
 approaches the surface finds himself in
 contact with an entirely new agency1   
the free-will and conscious action of   
man4 ,it is true that at first the      
effects of these are small1 and the time
 in which they have been active is      
insignificant in comparison with that   
occupied by previous geological ages2   
but they introduce new questions which  
constantly grow in importance1 down to  
those later times in which human agency 
has so profoundly affected the surface  
of the earth and its living inhabitants4
 ,finally1 the geologist is obliged to  
have recourse to human observation and  

testimony for his information respecting
 those modern causes to which he has to 
appeal for the explanation of former    
changes1 and has to adduce effects      
produced by human agency in illustration
 of1 or in contrast with1 mutations in  
the pre-human periods4  ,the historian1 
on the other hand1 finds1 as he passes  
backward into earlier ages1 documentary 
evidence failing him1 and much of what  
he can obtain becoming mythical1 vague  
or uncertain1 or difficult of           
explanation by modern analogies1 until  
at length he is fain to have recourse to
 the pick-axe and spade1 and to         
endeavour to disinter from the earth the
 scanty relics of primeval man1 much as 
the geologist searches in the bedded    
rocks for the fossils which they        
contain4 ,he has even learned to use for
 these earliest ages the term           
prehistoric1 and so practically to      
transfer them to the domain of the      
archologist and geologist4  ,it is      
evident1 therefore1 that if we seek for 

the meeting-place of geology and        
history1 we shall find not a mere point 
or line of contact1 but a series of such
 points1 and even a complicated splicing
 together of different threads of       
investigation1 which it may be difficult
 to disentangle1 and which the          
geological specialist alone1 or the     
historical specialist alone1 may be     
unable fully to understand4 ,the object 
of this little volume will be to unravel
 as many as possible of these threads of
 contact1 and to make their value and   
meaning plain to the general reader1 so 
that he may not1 on the one hand1       
blindly follow mere assertions and      
speculations1 or1 on the other1 fail to 
appreciate ascertained and weighty facts
 relating to this great and important   
matter of human origins4  ,this is the  
more necessary since1 even in works of  
some pretension1 there are tendencies on
 the one hand to overlook geological    
evidence in favour of written records1  
or even of conjectural hypotheses1 and  

on the other to reject all early        
historical testimony or tradition as    
valueless4 ,we shall find that neither  
of these extremes is conducive to       
accurate conclusions4 ,researches of a  
geologico-historical character          
necessarily also bring us in view of the
 early history of our sacred books4     
,this may be to some extent an evil1 as 
inviting the excitement of religious    
controversy2 but on the other hand the  
fact that the early history incorporated
 in the ,bible goes back to the         
introduction of man1 and connects this  
with the completion of the physical and 
organic preparations for his advent1 has
 many and important uses4 ,it would seem
 indeed that it is a great advantage to 
our ,christian civilisation that our    
sacred books begin with a history of    
creation1 giving an idea of order and   
progress in the creative work4 ,whether 
we regard the days of creation as       
literal days or days of vision of a     
seer1 or whether we hold them to be days

 of ,god and ,his working1 suitable to  
the ,eternal ,one and ,his mighty plan1 
and bearing the same relation to ,him   
that ordinary working days bear to us1  
we cannot escape the idea of an orderly 
work in time4 ,this1 while it delivers  
the ,bible reader from the extravagant  
myths current among heathen peoples1    
ancient and modern1 predisposes him to  
expect that something may be learned    
from nature as to its beginning and     
progress4 ,in like manner the short     
statements in ,genesis respecting the   
early history of man have awakened      
curiosity as to human origins1 and have 
led us to search for further details    
derivable from ancient monuments4 ,the  
ordinary ,christian who believes his    
,bible is thus so far on his way toward 
a rational geology and archology1 and   
cannot say with truth that he is        
absolutely ignorant of the pre-human    
history of the earth4 ,his notions1 it  
is true1 may be imperfect1 either by    
reason of the brevity of the record to  

which he trusts1 or of his own imperfect
 knowledge of its contents1 but they    
give to historical and archological     
inquiry an interest and importance which
 they could not otherwise possess4#a  #a
 ,it is an interesting fact that the    
pecuniary means1 the skill and labour   
expended in research in the more ancient
 historic regions1 have to so large an  
extent been those of ,christians        
interested in the ,bible history4 ,yet  
some littrateurs1 who have contributed  
nothing to these results1 attempt to    
distort and falsify them in the interest
 of an unhistorical and unscientific    
criticism1 and even to taunt the ,bible 
as adverse to archological inquiry4     
,the earth has indeed1 especially in our
 own time1 and under the impulse of     
,christian civilisation1 made wonderful 
revelations as to its early history1 to 
which we do well to take heed1 as       
antidotes to some of the speculations   
which are palmed upon a credulous world 
as established truths4 ,we have now very

 complete data for tracing the earth    
from its original formless or chaotic   
state through a number of formative and 
preparatory stages up to its modern     
condition2 but perhaps the parts of its 
history least clearly known1 especially 
to general readers1 are those that      
relate to the beginning and the end of  
the creative work4 ,the earlier stages  
are those most different from our       
experience and whose monuments are most 
obscure4 ,the later stages on the other 
hand have left fewer monuments1 and     
these have been complicated with modern 
changes under human influence4 ,besides 
this1 it is always difficult to piece   
together the deductions from merely     
monumental evidence and the statements  
of written or traditional history4      
,there would seem1 however1 to be now in
 our possession sufficient facts to link
 the human period to those which        
preceded it1 and thereby to sweep away a
 large amount of misconception and      
misrepresentation in one department at  

least of the relations of natural       
science with history4  ,i have called   
the subject with which we are to deal   
the meeting-place of two sciences4 ,in  
reality1 however1 it might be embraced  
under the name anthropology1 the science
 of man1 which covers both his old      
prehistoric ages as revealed by geology 
and archology1 and the more modern world
 which is still present1 or of which we 
have written records4 ,the main point to
 be observed is that it is necessary to 
place distinctly before our minds the   
fact that we are studying a period in   
which1 on the one hand1 we have to      
observe the precautions necessary in    
geological investigation1 and on the    
other to examine the evidence of history
 and tradition4 ,a failure either on the
 one side or the other may lead to the  
gravest errors4  ,in studying the       
subjects thus indicated it will be      
necessary first to notice shortly the   
history of the earth before the human   
period1 and its condition at the time of

 man's introduction4 ,we may then       
inquire as to the earliest known remains
 of man preserved in the crust of the   
earth1 and trace his progress through   
the earlier part of the anthropic or    
human period1 in so far as it is        
revealed to us by the relics of man and 
his works preserved in the earth4 ,we   
shall then be in a position to inquire  
as to the form in which the same chain  
of events is presented to us by history 
and tradition1 and to discover the      
leading points in which the two records 
agree or appear to differ4  ,it may be  
necessary here to define a few terms4   
,the two latest of the great geological 
periods may be termed respectively the  
pleistocene and the modern1 or          
anthropic1 the latter being the human   
period or age of man4 ,the pleistocene  
includes what has been called the       
glacial age1 a period of exceptional    
cold and of much subsidence and         
elevation of the land1 in the northern  
hemisphere at least4 ,the modern1 or    

anthropic1 is for our present purpose   
divisible into two sections--the early  
modern1 or palanthropic1 sometimes      
called quaternary1 or post-glacial1 and 
which may coincide with the antediluvian
 period of human history2 and the       
neanthropic1 extending onward to the    
present time4#b  #b ,the terms          
',palolithic' and ',neolithic' have been
 used for the men of the ,palanthropic  
and ,neanthropic ages2 but these are    
objectionable1 as implying that these   
ages can be best distinguished by the   
use of certain stone implements1 which  
is not the fact4 ,i have preferred1     
therefore1 to call the earlier races of 
men palocosmic1 and the later neocosmic1
 where it may be necessary to refer to  
them as races2 while the periods to     
which they belong are respectively the  
,palanthropic and ,neanthropic4 ,by the 
use of these terms all ambiguity will be
 avoided4     ,,chapter ,,ii  ,,the     
,,world ,,before ,,man   ,man is of     
recent introduction on the earth4 ,for  

millions of years the slow process of   
world-making had been going on1 with    
reference to physical structure and to  
the lower grades of living creatures4   
,only within a few thousand years does  
our globe seem to have been fitted for  
its highest tenant4 ,the evidence of    
this is to be found in any text-book of 
geology4 ,i propose here merely to      
present the history of the earth in a   
series of word-pictures1 introductory to
 our special subject4  ,our first       
picture may be that of a nebula1 vast   
and vaporous1 containing the mixed and  
unconsolidated materials of the sun and 
planets--a void and desolate mass1      
slowly aggregating itself under the     
influence of gravitation4  ,our next may
 be that of an incandescent globe1      
molten and glowing1 and surrounded by a 
vast vaporous envelope1 but tending by  
degrees to a condition in which it shall
 have a solid crust1 on which the       
greater part of the watery vapour       
suspended in its atmosphere is to be    

condensed into a heated ocean4  ,our    
third picture may represent the world of
 what geologists call the archan1 or    
eozoic period1 when the crust had been  
furrowed up into ridges of land1 and    
corresponding but wider depressions     
occupied by the sea4 ,into the latter   
the rains falling on the land are       
carrying sediment derived from the      
wasting rocks1 though the waters are    
still warm and the thinner parts of the 
crust are still welling out rocky       
material1 either molten or dissolved in 
heated water4 ,in this period there were
 probably low forms of animal life in   
the waters and plants on the land1      
though we know little of their exact    
nature4  ,a fourth picture may represent
 that great and long-continued palozoic 
period in which the waters swarmed with 
many forms of life1 when fishes were    
introduced into the sea1 and when the   
land became covered with dense forests  
of plants allied to the modern          
club-mosses1 ferns1 mares'-tails and    

pines2 while insects1 scorpions and     
snails1 and some of the humbler forms of
 reptiles1 found place on the land4     
,returning after an interval1 we should 
see a fifth picture1 that of the        
mesozoic world4 ,this was the age of    
reptiles1 when animals of that class    
attained their highest and most gigantic
 forms1 and occupied in the sea1 on the 
land1 and in the air the places now held
 by the mammals and the birds2 while the
 continents were covered with a flora   
distinct alike from that of the previous
 and succeeding periods1 replaced1      
however1 as time went on by forests very
 like those of the modern world4 ,in    
this age the earliest mammals or        
ordinary quadrupeds were introduced1 few
 at first1 small and of low rank in     
their class4 ,birds also made their     
appearance1 and toward the close of the 
period fishes of modern types swarmed   
for the first time in the sea4  ,lastly1
 we might see in the cenozoic1 or       
tertiary age1 the newest of all1        

quadrupeds dominant on the land and     
modern types of animal life in the sea4 
,in this period our continents finally  
assumed their present forms4 ,toward its
 close and after many vicissitudes of   
geography and climate1 and several      
successive dynasties of mammalian life1 
man and the land animals now his        
contemporaries occupied the world1 and  
thus the cenozoic passes into the       
anthropic1 or modern period1 called by  
some1 but without good reason1          
'quaternary1' since it is in all        
respects a proper continuation of the   
tertiary1 or cenozoic4#c  #c ,it will be
 seen that our six pictures are in some 
degree parallel with the 'days' of      
creation4 ,this is not an intentional   
reconciliation4 ,it merely expresses the
 fact of the case1 whatever its         
significance4  ,this last age of the    
world is so intimately connected with   
man that it will be necessary to        
consider it more in detail4 ,more       
particularly we may endeavour to answer1

 if we can1 the questions of order and  
time involved in man's late appearance4 
,no geologist would expect to find any  
remains of man or his works in the      
periods represented by our five earlier 
pictures1 because in these periods the  
physical conditions necessary to man and
 the animals nearest to him in structure
 do not appear to have existed1 and     
their places in nature were occupied by 
lower types4  ,nor for similar reasons  
would we expect to meet with man in the 
earlier part of that last1 or cenozoic1 
period in which we still live2 and in   
point of fact it is only in superficial 
deposits of the later part of this last 
great period of the earth's history that
 we actually meet with evidence of the  
existence of the human species4  ,if    
there is based on this fact a question  
as to the actual date of man's first    
appearance1 the physical considerations 
indicate about twenty millions of years 
for the whole duration of the earth4    
,setting apart1 say1 a fourth of this   

time for the early pre-geologic         
condition of the world1 the remainder   
may be roughly estimated as five        
millions for the archan1 or eozoic1 six 
for the palozoic1 three for the         
mesozoic1 and one for the cenozoic4#d   
,of the last1 the later part1 in which  
there is a possibility of the existence 
of man1 will be limited to less than a  
quarter of a million2 and within this   
the certainly known remains of man1     
whether attributed as by some to the    
latest inter-99glacial period1 or to the
 post-glacial--a mere question of terms1
 and not of facts--cannot be older1     
according to the best geological        
estimates1 than from seven thousand to  
ten thousand years4 ,this1 according to 
our present knowledge1 is the maximum   
date of the oldest traces of man1 and   
probably these are nearer in age to the 
smaller than to the larger number4  #d  
,the absolute length of these periods   
is1 of course1 a matter of estimation2  
but the relative lengths of the         

different ages may be regarded as a fair
 approximation1 based on facts4  ,if the
 reader will take the trouble to draw on
 paper a scale of twenty inches1 each of
 these will represent a million of years
 of the earth's history1 and the known  
duration of the human period may be     
indicated by a thickish line at one end 
of the scale4 ,we may thus represent to 
the eye the recency of man's appearance1
 so far as at present known to science4 
,it may be said that all this is mere   
assertion4 ,it fairly represents1       
however1 the conclusions reached on the 
latest geological evidence1 though this 
evidence would demand for its full      
detail a larger space than the whole of 
this little volume4 ,references are     
given below to works in which this      
evidence will be found4#e  #e ,lyell's  
,students' ,manual2 ,dana's ,manual2    
,prestwich's ,geology2 ,the ,story of   
the ,earth1 by the author4  ,it may also
 be objected that if1 as held by some   
evolutionists1 man was slowly developed 

from lower animals1 and if his earliest 
known remains are still human in their  
characters1 he must have had a vastly   
longer history covering the periods of  
his gradual change from1 say1 ape-like  
forms4 ,this is admitted2 but then we   
have as yet no good evidence that man   
was so developed1 and no remains of     
intermediate forms are yet known to     
science4 ,even should some animal1      
either recent or fossil1 be discovered  
intermediate in structure between man   
and the highest apes1 we should still   
require proof that it was the ancestor  
of man1 by the occurrence of connecting 
forms1 or otherwise4 ,as the facts now  
stand1 the earliest known remains of man
 are still human1 and tell us nothing as
 to previous stages of development4  ,we
 must now glance a little more          
particularly at what may be termed the  
more immediate antecedents of man4 ,the 
latest great period of the earth's      
geological history 7the cenozoic7 was   
ingeniously subdivided by ,lyell1 on the

 ground of the percentages of extinct   
and surviving species of marine shells  
contained in its several beds4          
,according to this method1 which1 with  
some modifications in detail1 is still  
accepted1 the eocene age1 or that of the
 dawn of the recent1 includes those     
formations in which the percentage of   
modern or still living species of marine
 animals does not exceed three and a    
half1 all the other species found being 
extinct4 ,the miocene 7less recent7     
includes beds in which the percentage of
 living species does not exceed         
thirty-five4 ,the pliocene 7more recent7
 includes beds in which the living forms
 of marine life exceed thirty-five per  
cent1 but there is still a considerable 
proportion of extinct species4 ,newer   
than this we have the pleistocene 7most 
recent71 in which there are scarcely as 
many extinct species as there are of    
recent in the eocene4 ,lastly1 the      
modern1 of course1 includes only the    
living species of the modern seas4      

,other geologists1 notably ,dawkins and 
,gandry1 have arrived at similar results
 from a consideration of the vertebrate 
animals of the land4 ,in the eocene we  
find numerous remains of mammals1 or    
ordinary land quadrupeds1 but all are   
extinct1 and nearly all belong to       
extinct genera4 ,in the miocene there   
are many living genera1 but no species  
that survive to the present time4 ,the  
pliocene begins to show a few living    
species1 and these are dominant in the  
succeeding pleistocene4  ,these several 
stages of the cenozoic were also        
characterised by great vicissitudes of  
geography and climate4 ,in the early and
 middle portions of the eocene1 much of 
the land of the northern hemisphere was 
under the sea or in the state of swamps 
and marshes1 and there seems to have    
been a very mild and equable climate1   
insomuch that plants now limited to warm
 temperate regions could flourish in    
,greenland4 ,it is further to be        
observed that regions such as           

,mesopotamia1 ,syria and ,egypt1 which  
are known to us historically as among   
the earliest abodes of man1 were at this
 time under the ocean1 as were also     
rocks that now appear at great          
elevations in the highest mountains of  
,europe and ,asia4 ,for example1 the    
limestones through which the ,nile has  
cut its valley are marine beds of eocene
 age1 and beds of the same period       
holding marine remains occur at an      
elevation of #af1jjj feet in the        
,himalayan region4  ,in the miocene the 
amount of land was somewhat greater1    
though large areas of the continents    
were still under the sea1 and the       
climate was still mild1 but for reasons 
to be stated in the sequel it is not    
likely that man inhabited the warm      
continents of this age4 ,the pliocene   
inaugurates what has been termed a      
continental period1 when the land of the
 northern hemisphere was higher and more
 extensive than at present4 ,it was also
 a time of great physical change1 when  

much erosion of valleys and sculpturing 
of the surface of the land occurred1 and
 when extensive earth movements and     
ejections of igneous rock increased the 
irregularity of the surface and gave    
greater variety and beauty to the land4 
,the pliocene was altogether a most     
important period for giving the         
finishing touches of physical geography1
 and in it several modern species of    
land animals were introduced2 but we    
have as yet1 as we shall find in the    
sequel1 no certain evidence that man was
 a witness of the movements and         
sculpturing of the earth's crust1 so    
important in the preparation of his     
future home1 though statements to this  
effect have been made on grounds which  
we shall have to consider4  ,in the     
course of the pliocene the previously   
high temperature of the northern        
hemisphere was sensibly lowered1 and at 
its close the pleistocene period        
introduced a cold and wintry climate1   
along with gradual and unequal          

subsidence of the land1 the whole       
producing that most dismal of the       
geological ages1 known as the 'glacial  
period4' ,at this time much of the lower
 land of the continents was submerged   
and the mountains became covered with   
snow and ice1 leaving space for         
vegetable and animal life only toward   
the south and in a few favoured spots in
 the higher latitudes4 ,there is much   
difference of opinion among geologists  
as to the extent1 duration and          
vicissitudes of this reign of ice1 but  
there can be no doubt that it destroyed 
much of the animal and vegetable life of
 the pliocene1 or obliged it to migrate 
to the southward4 ,in this period great 
deposits of mud1 sand and gravel were   
laid down1 which prepared the world for 
a new departure in the succeeding age4  
,this we may name the post-glacial1 or  
early modern period1 and in it we have  
the most certain evidence of the        
existence of man1 though the            
geographical arrangement of our         

continents and their animal inhabitants 
were in many respects different from    
what they now are4 ,if geologists are   
right in the conclusion already stated1 
that the close of the glacial period is 
as recent as #g1jjj years ago1 this will
 give us a narrow limit in time for the 
age of man1 at least under his present  
conditions4  ,while1 however1 there is  
an absolute consensus of opinion among  
geologists as to the existence of man at
 or about the close of the glacial age1 
in the northern temperate regions at    
least1 there are some facts which have  
been supposed to indicate a pre-glacial 
human period1 or the advent of man even 
as early as the middle of the cenozoic  
time4 ,these merit a short              
consideration4     ,,chapter ,,iii      
,,the ,,earliest ,,traces ,,of ,,man    
,in the eocene1 or earliest cenozoic1 it
 is not pretended by anyone that man    
existed1 except inferentially1 on the   
ground that if the remains we know in   
the earliest caves and gravels belong to

 men who were developed from apes on the
 method of natural selection1 their     
ancestors must have existed1 at least in
 a semi-human form1 in the eocene4 ,but 
no such precursors of man are yet known 
to us4 ,it would have been pleasant to  
believe that man arrived in time to see 
the beautiful forests and to enjoy the  
mild climate of the golden age of the   
miocene1 and this would have agreed with
 some human traditions2 but the         
probabilities are against it1 as we know
 no one species of higher animal of the 
many found in the miocene that has      
survived to our time4 ,the privilege of 
enjoying the forests of the miocene age 
seems to have been reserved for some    
large and specialised monkeys1 which    
even ,darwinians can scarcely claim as  
probable ancestors of man4#f ,it would  
appear also that owing to increasing    
refrigeration of climate these apes were
 either obliged to leave ,europe for    
warmer latitudes or became extinct in   
the succeeding pliocene4  #f            

,dryopithecus and ,mesopithecus4  ,there
 are1 however1 in ,france two           
localities1 one in the upper and the    
other in the middle miocene1 which have 
afforded what are supposed to be worked 
flints4#g ,the geological age of the    
deposits seems in both cases beyond     
question1 but doubts have been cast1 and
 this seemingly with some reason1 on the
 artificial character of the flint      
flakes1 while in the case of some       
examples which appear to be scrapers and
 borers1 like those in use long         
afterward by semi-civilised peoples for 
working in bone and skin1 there are     
grave doubts whether they actually came 
from the miocene beds4 ,lastly1 it has  
even been suggested that these flints   
may be the handiwork of miocene apes1 a 
suggestion not so unreasonable as at    
first sight it appears1 when taken in   
connection with the working instincts of
 beavers and other animals4 ,monkeys1   
however1 seem to have less of this gift 
as artificers than most other creatures4

 ,on the whole1 we must regard the      
existence of miocene man as not proven1 
though1 if it should prove to be a fact1
 it may be useful to some of the        
scoffers of these days to know that it  
would not be so irreconcilable with the 
,biblical account of creation as they   
seem to suppose4 ,it might1 however1    
prove a serious stumbling-block to      
orthodox ,darwinians1 and might raise   
some difficulties respecting            
antediluvian genealogies4  #g ,puy1     
,courny and ,thenay4  ,in the pliocene  
of ,europe there are alleged to be      
instances of the occurrence of human    
bones4 ,one of these is that of the     
skull now in the museum of ,florence1   
supposed to have been found in the      
pliocene of the ,val d',arno4 ,it is1   
however1 a skull of modern type1 and may
 have been brought down from the surface
 by a landslip4 ,but this explanation   
does not seem to apply to the human     
remains found in lower pliocene beds at 
,castelnedolo1 near ,brescia4 ,they     

include a nearly entire human skeleton1 
and are said by good observers to have  
been imbedded in undisturbed pliocene   
beds4 ,m4 ,quatrefages1 who has         
described them1 and whose testimony     
should be considered as that of an      
expert1 was satisfied that the remains  
had not been interred1 but were part of 
the original deposit4 ,unfortunately the
 skull of the only perfect skeleton is  
said to have been of fair proportions   
and superior to those of the ruder types
 of post-glacial men4 ,this has cast a  
shade of suspicion on the discovery1    
especially on the part of evolutionists1
 who think it is not in accordance with 
theory that man should retrograde       
between the pliocene and the early      
modern period1 instead of advancing4    
,still we may ask1 why not8 ,if men     
existed in the fine climates of the     
miocene and early pliocene1 why should  
they not have been a noble race1 suited 
to their environment2 and when the cold 
of the glacial period intervened1 with  

its scarcity and hardships1 might they  
not have deteriorated1 to be            
subsequently improved when better       
conditions supervened8 ,this would      
certainly not be contradictory to       
experience in the case of varieties of  
other animals1 however at variance with 
a hypothetical idea of necessarily      
progressive improvement4 ,let us hope   
that the existence of ,european pliocene
 man will be established1 and that he   
will be found to have been not of low   
and bestial type1 but1 as the           
discoveries above referred to if genuine
 would indicate1 a worthy progenitor of 
modern races of men4  ,it still remains 
to inquire whether man may have made his
 appearance at the close of the pliocene
 or in the early stages of the          
pleistocene1 before the full development
 of the glacial conditions of that      
period4 ,perhaps the most important     
indications of this kind are those      
adduced by ,dr4 ,mourlon1 of the        
,geological ,survey of ,belgium1#h from 

which it would appear that worked flints
 and broken bones of animals occur in   
deposits1 the relations of which would  
indicate that they belong either to the 
base of the pleistocene or close of the 
pliocene4 ,they are imbedded in sands   
derived from eocene and pliocene beds1  
and supposed to have been remani by wind
 action4 ,with the modesty of a true man
 of science1 ,mourlon presents his      
facts1 and does not insist too strongly 
on the important conclusion to which    
they seem to tend1 but he has certainly 
established the strongest case yet on   
record for the existence of tertiary    
man4 ,with this should1 however1 be     
placed the facts adduced in a similar   
sense by ,prestwich in his paper on the 
worked flints of ,ightham4#i  #h        
,bulletin de l',acadmie ,royale de      
,belgique1 #ahhi4  #i ,journal of the   
,geological ,society1 ,london1 ,may     
#ahhi4  ,should this be established1 the
 curious result will follow that man    
must have been the witness of two great 

continental subsidences1 or deluges1    
that of the early pleistocene and the   
early modern1 the former of which1 and  
perhaps the latter also1 must have been 
accompanied with a great access of cold 
in the northern hemisphere4 ,it seems1  
however1 more likely that the facts will
 be found to admit of a different       
explanation4  ,every reader of the      
scientific journals of the ,united      
,states must be aware of the numerous   
finds of 'palolithic' implements in     
'glacial' gravels1 indicating a far     
greater antiquity of man in ,america    
than on other grounds we have a right to
 imagine4 ,i have endeavoured to show1  
in a work published several years       
ago1#aj how much doubt on geological    
grounds attaches to the reports of these
 discoveries1 and how uncertain is the  
reference of the supposed implements to 
undisturbed glacial deposits1 and how   
much such of the 'paloliths' as appear  
to be the work of man resemble the      
rougher tools and rejectamenta of the   

modern ,indians4 ,but since the         
publication of that work1 so great a    
number of 'finds' have been recorded1   
that despite their individual           
improbability1 one was almost           
overwhelmed by the coincidence of so    
many witnesses4 ,now the bubble seems to
 have been effectually pricked by ,mr4  
,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 of the ,american       
,geological ,survey1 who has published  
his observations in the ,american       
,journal of ,anthology and elsewhere4#aa
  #aj ,fossil ,man1 ,london1 #ahhj4  #aa
 ,science1 ,november #ahib2 ,journal of 
,geology1 #ahic4  ,illustration3        
,,section ,,at ,,trenton1 ,,on ,,the    
,,delaware1 ,,showing ,,the ,,relation  
,,of ,,the ,,stone ,,implements ,,to    
,,the ,,glacial 787 ,,gravels 7after    
,holmes7  ,one of the most widely-known 
examples was that of ,trenton1 on the   
,delaware1 where there was a bed of     
gravel alleged to be pleistocene1 and   
which seemed to contain enough of       
'palolithic' implements to stock all the

 museums in the world4 ,the evidence of 
age was not satisfactory from a         
geological point of view1 and ,holmes1  
with the aid of a deep excavation made  
for a city sewer1 has shown that the    
supposed implements do not belong to the
 undisturbed gravel1 but merely to a    
talus of loose dbris lying against it1  
and to which modern ,indians resorted to
 find material for implements1 and left 
behind them rejected or unfinished      
pieces4 ,this alleged discovery has     
therefore no geological or              
anthropological significance4 ,the same 
acute and industrious observer has      
inquired into a number of similar cases 
in different parts of the ,united       
,states1 and finds all liable to        
objections on similar grounds1 except in
 a few cases in which the alleged       
implements are probably not artificial4 
,these observations not only dispose1   
for the present at least1 of palolithic 
man in ,america1 but they suggest the   
propriety of a revision of the whole    

doctrine of 'palolithic' and 'neolithic'
 implements as held in ,great ,britain  
and elsewhere4 ,such distinctions are   
often founded on forms which may quite  
as well represent merely local or       
temporary exigencies1 or the dbris of   
old work-99shops1 as any difference of  
time or culture4  ,illustration3        
,,chipped ,,quartzites1 ,,modern        
,,american 7after ,holmes7  ,upper line 
7#a to #f71 unfinished and rejected     
pieces4 ,lower line 7#g to #ah71        
progress of development from the        
unfinished oval form to finished lance  
and arrow-heads4  ,for the present1     
therefore1 we may afford to pass over   
with this slight notice the alleged     
occurrence of miocene and pliocene man1 
and this the rather since1 if such men  
ever existed in the northern hemisphere1
 the cold and submergence of the        
pleistocene must have cut them off from 
their more modern successors in such a  
way that man must practically have made 
a new beginning at the close of the     

glacial age4  ,i do not refer here to   
the finds of skulls and implements in   
the auriferous gravels of ,western      
,america4 ,some of these1 if genuine1   
might go back to the pliocene age1 but  
in so far as the evidence now available 
indicates1 they all belong to the modern
 races of ,indians1 and1 in one way or  
another1 by fraud or error1 have had    
assigned to them a fabulous antiquity4  
,there still seems reason to believe    
that remains of man and his works exist 
in beds which are overlaid by boulders  
and gravel1 implying a cold climate4    
,these may indicate the last portion of 
the glacial period proper1 in which case
 the beds with human remains may be     
called inter-glacial1 or they may       
indicate a partial relapse to the cold  
conditions occurring after the glacial  
age had passed away1 and in the early   
part of the modern period4 ,my own view 
is1 that it is most natural to draw the 
boundary line of the pleistocene and    
anthropic or modern at the point where  

the earliest certain evidences of man   
appear1 and that the anthropic age will 
be found to include not only an early   
period of mild climate succeeding the   
glacial age1 but a little later a return
 of cold1 not comparable with that of   
the extreme glacial period1 but         
sufficient seriously to affect human    
interests1 and which almost immediately 
preceded those physical changes which   
carried away palocosmic man1 or the man 
of the earliest period1 and many of his 
companion animals1 and introduced the   
neanthropic or later human age4 ,we     
shall find facts bearing on this in the 
sequel4  ,in the meantime1 we may       
consider it as established beyond cavil 
that man was already in ,europe         
immediately after the close of the      
glacial period1 and was contemporary    
with the species of animals1 many of    
them large and formidable1 which at that
 time occupied the land4 ,he must have  
entered on the possession of a world    
more ample and richer in resources than 

that which remains to us4 ,the early    
post-glacial age was1 like the preceding
 pliocene1 a time of continental        
elevation1 in which the dry land spread 
itself widely over the now submerged    
margins of the sea basins4 ,in ,europe1 
the ,british ,islands were connected    
with the mainland1 and ,ireland was     
united to ,england4 ,the ,rhine flowed  
northward to the ,orkneys1 through a    
wide plain probably wooded and swarming 
with great quadrupeds1 now extinct or   
strange to ,europe4 ,the ,thames and the
 ,humber were tributaries of the ,rhine4
 ,the land of ,france and ,spain        
extended out to the hundred-fathom line4
 ,the shallower parts of the            
,mediterranean were dry land1 and that  
sea was divided into two parts by land  
connecting ,italy with ,africa4         
,possibly portions of the shallower     
areas of the ,atlantic were so elevated 
as to connect ,europe and ,america more 
closely than at present4  ,connected    
with this elevation of the continents   

out of the sea was a great change of    
climate1 whereby the cold of the        
pleistocene age passed away and a milder
 climate overspread the northern        
hemisphere1 while the newly-raised land 
and that vacated by snow and ice became 
clothed with vegetation1 and were       
occupied by a rich quadrupedal fauna1   
including even in the northern parts of 
,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america1 species of
 elephant1 rhinoceros1 and other genera 
now confined to the warmer climates4    
,this new and noble world was the rich  
heritage of primeval man4  ,pictet has  
estimated the number of species of      
mammals inhabiting ,europe in the       
palanthropic period at ninety-eight1#ab 
of which only fifty-seven now live      
there1 the remainder being either wholly
 or locally extinct--that is1 they are  
either not now existing in any part of  
the world1 or are found only beyond the 
limits of ,central1 ,western1 and       
,southern ,europe4 ,the extinct species 
also include the largest and noblest of 

all4 ,it has been remarked that the     
assemblage of palanthropic species in   
,europe and ,western ,asia is so great  
and varied that with our present        
experience we can scarcely imagine them 
to have existed contemporaneously in the
 same region4 ,for example1 the         
association of species of elephant and  
rhinoceros1 the musk-sheep1 the         
reindeer1 the ,cape hyena1 and the      
hippopotamus seems to be incongruous4   
#ab ,zittel1 in a recent paper 7#ahic71 
gives #aaj species of mammals in the    
pleistocene and early modern4 ,of these 
about twenty of the largest and most    
important are extinct4  ,various        
theories have been proposed to remove   
the difficulty4 ,modern analogies will  
allow us to believe in such astounding  
facts if we take into account the       
probability of a warm climate1          
especially in summer1 along with a      
wooded state of the country providing   
much shelter1 and wide continental      
plains affording facilities for seasonal

 migrations4 ,there were no doubt also  
climatal changes in the course of the   
age1 which may have tended to the       
remarkable mixture of animal types in   
its deposits4 ,in connection with this  
there is now every reason to believe    
that while1 in its earlier part1 the    
palanthropic age was distinguished by a 
warm climate1 in its later portion a    
colder and more inclement atmosphere    
crept over the northern hemisphere4 ,as 
an illustration of this1 it is known    
that in the earlier part of the period a
 noble species of elephant named        
,elephas antiquus1 and a rhinoceros 7,r4
 ,merkii71 abounded in ,europe2 but as  
the age advanced these species          
disappeared1 and were replaced by the   
mammoth 7,e4 primigenius7 and the woolly
 rhinoceros 7,r4 tichorhinus71 animals  
clothed like the musk-ox in dense wool  
and hair1 and evidently intended for a  
rigorous climate4 ,with and succeeding  
these last species1 the reindeer becomes
 characteristic and abundant4 ,it is1 as

 we shall see1 a point of much          
importance in what may be called the    
prehistoric history of man1 that he was 
introduced in a period of genial        
temperature as well as of wide          
continental extension1 and survived to  
find his physical environment gradually 
becoming less favourable1 and the age   
ending in that great cataclysm which    
swept so many species of animals and    
tribes of men out of existence1 and     
reduced the dry land of our continents  
to its present comparatively limited    
area4  ,i should1 perhaps1 have noticed 
here the worked flints found so         
abundantly in some parts of the south of
 ,england1 which have long attracted the
 attention of collectors1 and have in   
some cases been referred to glacial or  
pre-glacial times4 ,i believe1 however1 
they are all really post-glacial1 though
 in some cases belonging to the earliest
 portion of that period4#ac  #ac        
,prestwich on ',ightham ,beds1' ,journ4 
,geol4 ,soc41 #ahic2 ,dawkins1 ,journ4  

,anthrop4 ,soc41 #ahid4  ,we may close  
the present chapter by presenting to the
 eye in a tabular form the series of    
events included in the pleistocene and  
modern periods of the great cenozoic    
time4   ,,later ,,cenozoic1 ,,or        
,,tertiary ,,period  7,in ,ascending    
,order1 or from the ,older to the       
,newer7  ,newer ,pliocene4--,a          
continental period of long duration1    
elevated land1 much erosion1 much       
volcanic action4                        
,pleistocene4--,irregular elevation and 
depression of the land1 ending in wide  
submergence with cold climate4 ,glaciers
 on all mountains near to coasts and    
ice-drift over submerged plains4        
,glacial period1 with an inter-glacial  
mild period in the middle and great     
submergence of the continents toward the
 close4  ,anthropic4--,palanthropic1 or 
post-glacial1 in which the land emerges 
and attains a very wide extension1 and  
is inhabited by a varied mammalian      
fauna4 ,man appears in ,europe1 ,asia1  

and ,north ,africa4 ,terminated by a    
recurrence of cold and great subsidence1
 deluging all the lower lands4          
,neanthropic4--,area of continents      
smaller than in the previous period4    
,surviving races of men and species of  
animals repeople the world4 ,modern     
races of men and modern animals4        
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,the ,,palanthropic    
,,age#ad  #ad ,called by some           
',palolithic1' from the use of          
implements like that figured on p4 #da4 
,we have now to inquire more            
particularly what we can learn as to the
 earliest men known to us1 those who    
appeared in ,western ,asia and ,europe  
at the close of the glacial period1 when
 the cold had passed away and a genial  
climate had succeeded1 and when the     
continents of the northern hemisphere   
had attained to their largest           
dimensions1 were clothed with a rich    
vegetation and tenanted by an abundant  
mammalian fauna1 including many large   
and important creatures now extinct4    

,we may first notice here a necessary   
limitation to our knowledge4 ,the dry   
land of this age was of greater         
dimensions than at present4 ,a large    
portion of what then was land is        
consequently now under the sea or deeply
 buried in alluvial deposits4 ,hence if 
any men of this age lived near the      
borders of the ocean1 their remains must
 now be inaccessible1 and the relics    
which we find must be those of inland   
tribes or of those who were driven      
inland by the encroachments of the      
waters4 ,our means of information are   
thus limited1 and we must be prepared to
 admit that there may have been in this 
age great and populous communities of   
which we can have no record1 at least of
 a geological character4 ,hence if we   
should find remains of only rude races  
of men1 we should not be justified in   
assuming that all the peoples of the    
palanthropic age were of this character1
 more especially if we can find any     
indications that the men whose remains  

are accessible to us1 though rude       
themselves1 may have belonged to more   
advanced races4  ,illustration3 ,,flint 
,,hache ,,of ,,the ,,ancient ,,or       
,,chellean ,,type1 ,,aurillac  7after   
,carthaillac7  ,the bones1 implements   
and weapons1 and dbris of the feasts of 
these primitive peoples are to be found 
principally in caves of residence or of 
sepulture1#ae and in the alluvia        
deposited by rivers1 and in a few cases 
in rock fissures or marine gravels1 into
 which remains were drifted1 or in which
 they were deposited by water4 ,here1   
again1 we have another limitation1 for  
it is possible that large populations   
may have lived on plains or in forests  
in perishable structures1 and1 like some
 modern savages1 may have disposed of   
their dead in such a way that their     
bones could not have been preserved4 ,in
 such cases we can hope to obtain1 and  
then very rarely1 only stone implements 
and other imperishable relics4  #ae     
,caverns1 in relation to this subject1  

may be divided into those of residence1 
in which early men have lived and have  
left therein the dbris of their food1   
the ashes and cinders of their fires1   
and implements1 c42 those of sepulture1 
in which the bodies of the dead have    
been deposited2 and those of inundation1
 into which the bodies of animals or men
 have been drifted by floods4 ,the same 
cave may1 however1 exhibit these        
different conditions in the deposits on 
its successive floors4 ,thus men may    
have inhabited a cave for a time2 it may
 next have been invaded by river floods 
depositing mud1 and it may subsequently 
have been used for burial4              
,notwithstanding these limitations1     
however1 it is wonderful that so much   
has been recovered from the ground by   
the diligence of collectors1 and that   
the material thus obtained has proved so
 fertile in information respecting our  
long-perished ancestors4  ,supposing1   
then1 that we search for remains of     
palocosmic men in river alluvia1 or in  

caves of residence or burial1 or in     
similar repositories1 the question next 
arises1 by what means can we distinguish
 their bones from those of later times8 
,the following criteria are available3  
7#a7 ,the remains were in their present 
condition at least as long ago as the   
date of the earliest history or         
tradition4 ,this evidence is of course  
of greatest value in those regions in   
which history extends farthest back4    
,thus the remains of early men in the   
,lebanon caves1 which we know date much 
farther back than the arrival of the    
first ,phnicians and ,canaanites in     
,syria1 are in a different position1 in 
so far as history is concerned1 from    
those occurring in countries whose      
written history goes back only a few    
centuries4  7#b7 ,the deposits          
containing these remains may underlie   
those holding relics of historic times1 
or may indicate different physical      
conditions of the districts in which    
they occur from those known within      

historic periods4 ,this is the case with
 some river beds1 as those of ,grenelle1
 near ,paris1 and with the successive   
deposits in old caves of residence4     
7#c7 ,they may be accompanied by remains
 of animals now extinct in the regions  
in question1 and whose disappearance and
 replacement by the modern fauna implies
 great lapse of time and physical       
changes2 as1 for instance1 when we find 
that men have left remains of their     
feasts holding bones of the extinct     
woolly rhinoceros and his               
contemporaries1 or in now temperate     
climates1 those of the reindeer4  7#d7  
,the remains themselves may indicate a  
race or races of men and a condition of 
the arts of life different from any     
known in the region in historic times4  
,thus we may have skulls and skeletons  
indicating men racially distinct from   
any now extant1 and implements and      
weapons different from those in use in  
the times of history or tradition4  ,we 
have now to consider what evidence of   

this kind vindicates the assertion that 
man existed on our continents in the    
second continental or post-glacial age1 
or1 as others will have it1 in the      
closing period of the glacial age1 and  
was contemporary with the mammoth and   
other great beasts now extinct4 ,this   
evidence1 which has been accumulating   
with great rapidity and relates to many 
parts of the northern hemisphere1 is too
 voluminous to be reproduced here4#af   
,but a few examples of it may be given1 
more especially from parts of the old   
world whose history extends farthest    
back and where explorations have been   
most extensive4  #af ,reference may be  
made to ,christy and ,lartet1 ,reliqui  
,aquitanic2 ,quatrefages1 ,homme        
,fossile2 ,dupont1 ,l',homme pendant les
 ,ages de ,pierre2 ,carthaillac1 ,la    
,france ,prhistorique2 ,dawkins1 ,cave  
,hunting and ,early ,man in ,britain2   
,fossil ,men and ,modern ,science in    
,bible ,lands1 by the author4  ,my first
 instance shall be one originally       

described by ,canon ,tristram1 and which
 ,i had an opportunity to examine in    
#ahhd--the caverns or rock shelters in  
the face of the limestone cliff of the  
pass of ,nahr-el-,kelb1 north of        
,beyrout4 ,at this place1 in old caverns
 partly cut away in the forming of the  
,roman road round the cliff1 there is a 
hard stalagmite1 or modern limestone1   
produced by the calcareous drippings    
from the rock4 ,this is filled with     
broken bones intermixed with flint      
flakes suitable for use as knives or    
spears or darts1 and occasional         
fragments of charcoal4 ,the bones are   
those of large animals1 and have been   
broken for the extraction of the marrow2
 and the whole is evidently the remnants
 of the cuisine of some primitive tribe 
of hunters1 now cemented into a somewhat
 hard stone by stalagmitic matter4 ,the 
bones are not those of the present      
animals of ,syria1 but principally of an
 extinct species of rhinoceros 7,r4     
tichorhinus71 a species of bison1 and   

other large mammals which inhabited the 
region in the pleistocene and           
post-glacial periods4 ,it is farther    
known that these animals had been       
extinct long before the early ,phnicians
 penetrated into this country1 perhaps  
#cjjj ,b4,c41 and that the deposits     
existed in their present state when the 
early ,egyptian conquerors passed this  
way1 at least #aejj ,b4,c41 on their    
march to encounter the ,hittites4 ,it is
 also known that the earliest historic  
aborigines of the ,lebanon1 certain rude
 tribes which seem to have existed there
 before the migration of the ,phnicians1
 subsisted on the modern animals of the 
district1 and used flint implements and 
weapons somewhat differing from those of
 the earlier cave men of the region4#ag 
,what1 then1 were these earlier cave    
men8 ,certainly no people known to      
history1 unless those whom we know as   
antediluvians4#ah  #ag ,see the         
illustration on p4 #ig4  #ah ,for more  
detailed description see ,modern        

,science in ,bible ,lands2 also ,egypt  
and ,syria1 in the ,bypaths of ,bible   
,knowledge1 by the author4  ,from the   
,lebanon we may pass to the west of     
,europe1 where in ,france and ,belgium a
 vast number of interesting relics of   
palocosmic man have been discovered1 and
 have been scientifically examined4  ,we
 may take as an illustration the cave of
 ,goyet1 on the cliffs bounding the     
ravine of the ,samson1 a tributary of   
the ,meuse4 ,this cavern is about       
forty-five feet above the present       
ordinary level of the river1 but in     
post-glacial times seems to have been   
invaded by inundations1 as it shows on  
its floor five distinct ossiferous      
surfaces1 separated by layers of        
river-mud4 ,these successive surfaces   
have been carefully examined by ,m4     
,dupont1 and their contents noted4  ,on 
the lowest of these1 or the first in    
order of age1 were found numerous       
skeletons and detached bones of the cave
 lion and the cave bear2 the former a   

possible ancestor of the lion of        
,western ,asia1 the latter closely      
allied to the grizzly bear of ,north    
,america1 but both entirely extinct in  
,europe4 ,one of the skeletons of the   
lion was of unusually large size1 and so
 complete that when set up it forms the 
principal ornament of the cave          
collection in the ,brussels ,museum4    
,illustration3 ,,cave ,,of ,,goyet1     
,,belgium 7section after ,dupont7  #a to
 #e1 layers of clay deposited in the    
mammoth ages  ,the next surface1 the    
second in order of time1 had a greater  
variety of animal remains4 ,the lion had
 disappeared1 and instead hyenas haunted
 the cave1 and had dragged in animal    
bones to be gnawed4 ,these included     
remains of the cave bear1 wolf1         
rhinoceros1 mammoth1 wild horse1 wapiti1
 ,irish stag1 chamois1 reindeer1 wild   
ox1 besides several smaller animals4    
,the above animals are now all unknown  
in the fauna of modern ,europe1 except  
the reindeer1 the chamois1 and the wolf4

 ,but the most remarkable discovery on  
this surface was that of a few human    
bones1 gnawed like the others by the    
hyenas4 ,man was thus already in the    
country1 and contemporary with all these
 animals4 ,how the hyena obtained his   
bones1 whether from some neglected      
corpse or from some badly-constructed   
grave1 will never be known2 but the     
discovery introduces us to a tribe or   
family of men coming as immigrants into 
a region already stocked with many great
 quadrupeds4 ,they probably did not yet 
dwell in caves1 which1 at a later and   
perhaps more inclement period1 formed   
their homes4 ,dupont concludes from the 
condition of the bones that on both the 
older surfaces the cave bear was the    
later tenant1 and had replaced the lion 
on the first and the hyena on the       
second4  ,the remaining surfaces        
introduce us to man as a cave-dweller4  
,on the oldest of them are found not    
only abundance of dbris of food1 but    
worked flints and bones1 objects of     

ornament1 and evidences of the use of   
fire4 ,the two higher layers show works 
of art in more varied and improved      
forms1 as if a certain progress in the  
arts of life had taken place during the 
occupancy of the cave4 ,among the       
objects in the upper layers were red    
oxide of iron1 showing the use of       
colouring matter for the skin or        
garments1 bone needles1 proving the     
manufacture of clothing by sewing1 bone 
points for darts1 skilfully-barbed bone 
harpoons1 ornaments made of perforated  
teeth of animals1 and fragments of bone1
 and a remarkable necklace of a hundred 
and twenty-four silicified shells of the
 genus ,turritella1 looking like spirals
 of agate1 with a pendant made of       
another and larger shell4 ,these shells 
are not known to occur nearer to the    
cave than ,rheims1 in ,champagne4 ,it is
 scarcely too much to say that this     
necklace might be worn by any lady of   
the present day4 ,a certain amount of   
imitative art is also shown in the      

carving of animal and plant forms and   
fancy devices on pieces of reindeer     
antler1 which may have served for       
handles of weapons or implements4 ,but  
objects of much more elaborate design   
have been found in caverns of this age  
in ,france4 7,see illustrations on pp4  
#ei and #fh47  ,illustration3           
,,lance-,,head ,,formed ,,of ,a ,,flint 
,,flake 7,,cave ,,of ,,moustier7        
,similar to weapons found in the ,goyet 
cave4 ,the flat face shows a bulb of    
percussion 7after ,falsan7  ,the food of
 these people1 in so far as it was of an
 animal nature1 may be learned from the 
broken bones1 which show that here as   
elsewhere they carried into their caves 
only the legs and skulls of the larger  
animals they killed1 leaving the        
carcases2 though it is quite possible   
that1 like ,north ,american hunting     
,indians1 they may have stripped off    
portions of flesh from the back1 and    
preserved the heart1 liver1 c41 which   
would of course leave no remains4       

,dupont gives lists of the animals in   
each layer4 ,those in the lower of the  
anthropic layers consist of twenty-three
 species of quadrupeds and some bones of
 birds4 ,among the former were the      
mammoth1 the rhinoceros1 two species of 
bear1 the horse1 the reindeer1 two other
 species of deer and two bovine animals4
 ,even the lion1 the hyena and the wolf 
were eaten by these people4 ,it is      
interesting to note that the numerical  
preponderance was in favour of the      
reindeer and the wild horse1 though     
remains were found indicating seven     
individuals of the mammoth1 and four of 
the rhinoceros1 as having fallen a prey 
to the old hunters4 ,in the highest bed 
the number of species and the           
proportions of each one are nearly the  
same1 so that no material change in the 
fauna had occurred during the occupancy 
of this cave4 ,it may also be noted that
 while ,dupont calls this a cave of the 
mammoth age1 the ,french archologists   
are in the habit of naming similar      

deposits those of the reindeer age4 ,the
 age of both animals was in reality the 
same1 except that in ,france the        
reindeer seems to have survived the     
mammoth1 and indeed we know this to be  
the fact from its continuing in the     
forests of ,germany till the ,roman     
times4  ,this cave may serve as an      
example of the manner in which the men  
of the palanthropic age make their      
appearance4 ,let it be observed also    
that this is only one instance selected 
from many giving similar testimony1 and 
that ,dupont adduces evidence to show   
that there may have been a contemporary 
plain-dwelling people1 of whom less is  
known than of the troglodytes4 ,let it  
also be noted that there are other caves
 in ,belgium1 to which we shall return  
later1 which show how the neocosmic men 
contemporary with the present fauna     
succeeded the men of the mammoth age4   
,we may now inquire as to the physical  
characters of the men of this period4   
,it may be stated in answer to this     

question that two races of men are known
 in the palanthropic age1 both somewhat 
different from any existing peoples1 and
 known respectively as the ,canstadt and
 ,cro-magnon races4 ,as the latter is   
the most important and best known1 we   
may take it first1 though the former may
 locally at least have been the older4  
,the valley of the little river ,vezre1 
a tributary of the ,dordogne1 in the    
south of ,france1 abounding in          
overhanging rock-shelters1 seems to have
 been a favourite abode of the men of   
the mammoth and reindeer age4 ,the      
rock-shelter of ,cro-magnon explored by 
,lartet is one of these1 and that of    
,laugerie ,basse is on the opposite side
 of the same stream4  ,the former is a  
shelter or hollow under an              
over-99hanging ledge of limestone1 and  
excavated originally by the action of   
the weather on a softer bed4 ,it fronts 
the south-west1 and1 having originally  
been about eight feet high and nearly   
twenty deep1 must have formed a         

comfortable shelter from rain or cold or
 summer sun1 and with a pleasant outlook
 from its front4 ,being nearly fifty    
feet wide1 it was capacious enough to   
accommodate several families1 and when  
in use it no doubt had trees or shrubs  
in front1 and may have been further     
completed by stones1 poles1 or bark     
placed across the opening4 ,it seems1   
however1 in the first instance to have  
been used only at intervals1 and to have
 been left vacant for considerable      
portions of time4 ,perhaps it was       
visited only by hunting or war-parties4 
,but subsequently it was permanently    
occupied1 and this for so long a time   
that in some places a foot and a half of
 ashes and carbonaceous matter1 with    
bones1 implements1 c41 was accumulated4 
,all of these1 it may be remarked1      
belong to the palanthropic age4 ,by this
 time the height of the cavern had been 
much diminished1 and1 instead of        
clearing it out for future use1 it was  
made a place of burial1 in which five   

individuals were interred4 ,of these1   
three were men1 one of great age1 the   
other two probably in the prime of life4
 ,the fourth and fifth were a woman of  
about thirty or forty years of age1 and 
the remains of a ftus4  ,these bones1   
with others to be mentioned in          
connection with them1 unquestionably    
belong to some of the oldest human      
inhabitants known in ,western ,europe4  
,they have been most carefully examined 
by several competent anatomists and     
archologists1 and the results have been 
published with excellent figures in the 
,reliqui ,aquitanic1 where will also be 
found details of their characters and   
accompaniments1 among which last were   
about three hundred small shells of     
different species pierced for stringing 
or attachment to garments4 ,these men   
are1 therefore1 of the utmost interest  
for our present purpose1 and ,i shall   
try so to divest the descriptions of    
anatomical details as to give a clear   
notion of their character4 ,the doubts  

at one time cast on the age of these    
skeletons have been removed by the      
discovery of others at ,laugerie ,basse1
 ,mentone1 c4 ,they are no doubt        
palanthropic1 though not of the earliest
 part of the period4 ,the ',old ,man of 
,cro-magnon' was of great stature1 being
 nearly six feet high4 ,more than this1 
his bones show that he was of the       
strongest and most athletic muscular    
development2 and the bones of the limbs 
have the peculiar form which is         
characteristic of athletic men          
habituated to rough walking1 climbing1  
and running2 for this is1 ,i believe1   
the real meaning of the enormous        
strength of the thigh-bone and the      
flattened condition of the leg in this  
and other old skeletons4 ,it occurs to  
some extent1 though much less than in   
this old man1 in ,american skeletons4   
,his skull presents all the characters  
of advanced age1 though the teeth had   
been worn down to the sockets without   
being lost2 which1 again1 is a character

 often observed in rude peoples of      
modern times4 ,the skull proper1 or     
brain-case1 is very long--more so than  
in ordinary modern skulls--and this     
length is accompanied with a great      
breadth2 so that the brain was of       
greater size than in average modern men1
 and the frontal region was largely and 
well developed4 ,the face1 however1     
presented very peculiar characters4 ,it 
was extremely broad1 with projecting    
cheek-bones and heavy jaw1 in this      
resembling the coarse types of the      
,american face1 and the eye-orbits were 
square and elongated laterally in a     
manner peculiar to the skulls of this   
age4 ,the nose was large and prominent1 
and the jaws projected somewhat forward4
 ,this man1 therefore1 had1 as to his   
features1 some resemblance to the       
harsher type of ,american physiognomy1  
with overhanging brows1 small and       
transverse eyes1 high cheek-bones1 and  
coarse mouth4 ,he had not lived to so   
great an age without some rubs1 for his 

thigh-bone showed a depression which    
must have resulted from a severe        
wound--perhaps from the horn of some    
wild animal or the spear of an enemy4   
,illustration3 ,,outline ,,of ,,the     
,,skull ,,of ,,the ',,old ,,man ,,of    
,,cro-,,magnon'  7after ,christy and    
,lartet7  ,the woman presented similar  
characters of stature and cranial form  
modified by her sex1 and in form and    
visage closely resembled her sisters of 
the ,american wilderness in the         
pre-,columbian times4 ,if her hair and  
complexion were suitable1 she would have
 passed at once for an ,american-,indian
 woman1 but one of unusual size and     
development4 ,her head bears sad        
testimony to the violence of her age and
 people4 ,she died from the effects of a
 blow from a stone-headed pogamogan or  
spear1 which has penetrated the right   
side of the forehead with so clean a    
fracture as to indicate the extreme     
rapidity and force of its blow4 ,it is  
inferred from the condition of the edges

 of this wound that she may have        
survived its infliction for two weeks or
 more4 ,if1 as is most likely1 the wound
 was received in some sudden attack by a
 hostile tribe1 they must have been     
driven off or have retired1 leaving the 
wounded woman in the hands of her       
friends to be tended for a time1 and    
then buried1 either with other members  
of her family or with others who had    
perished in the same skirmish4 ,unless  
the wound was inflicted in sleep1 during
 a night attack1 she must have fallen1  
not in flight1 but with her face to the 
foe1 perhaps aiding the resistance of   
her friends or shielding her little ones
 from destruction4 ,with the people of  
,cro-magnon1 as with the ,american      
,indians1 the care of the wounded was   
probably a sacred duty1 not to be       
neglected without incurring the greatest
 disgrace and the vengeance of the      
guardian spirits of the sufferers4      
,unreasonable doubts have been cast on  
the burial of the dead by palocosmic    

men4 ,the burial of men of the          
,cro-magnon race at that place and at   
,laugerie ,basse and ,mentone is        
established by the most unequivocal     
evidence2 and interments of men of the  
,canstadt race have been found at ,spy1 
in ,belgium4 ,of course1 even if        
interment proper had not been practised1
 there might have been cremation1 as    
among the ,tasmanians1 or burial on     
stages or in huts1 as among some        
,american ,indians4 ,still1 that        
interment was practised we know1 and    
this carries with it the certainty that 
our palocosmic men must have had some   
simple ideas of religion4               
,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,skeleton 
,,found ,,in ,,the ,,mentone ,,caves    
7after ,rivire7  ,the skulls of these   
people have been compared to those of   
the modern ,esthonians or ,lithuanians2 
but on the authority of ,m4 ,quatrefages
 it is stated that1 while this applies  
to the probably later race of smaller   
men found in some of the ,belgian caves1

 it does not apply so well to the people
 of ,cro-magnon4 ,are1 then1 these      
people the types of any ancient1 or of  
the most ancient1 ,european race8 ,the  
answer is that they are types of the    
cave men of the mammoth age in ,europe4 
,another example is the remarkable      
skeleton of ,mentone1 in the south of   
,france1 found under circumstances      
equally suggestive of great antiquity4  
,dr4 ,rivire1 in a memoir on this       
skeleton1 illustrated by two beautiful  
photographs1 shows that the characters  
of the skull and of the bones of the    
limbs are similar to those of the       
,cro-magnon skeleton1 indicating a      
perfect identity of race1 while the     
objects found with the skeleton are     
similar in character4 ,i had an         
opportunity of verifying his description
 by an examination of the skeleton in   
the ,museum of the ,jardin des ,plantes1
 in #ahhc2 and more recent discoveries  
at ,mentone have confirmed the          
conclusion that this man really         

represents a race of giants1 some of    
them seven feet high1 who inhabited     
,southern ,europe in the palanthropic   
age4 ,a similar skeleton found by       
,carthaillac1 at ,laugerie ,basse1 was  
buried under a great thickness of       
accumulated dbris of cookery1 as well as
 of large stones fallen from above4     
,this skeleton had its shell ornaments  
in place on the forehead1 arms1 legs and
 feet1 in a manner which would induce   
the belief that they had been attached  
to a head-dress1 sleeves1 leggings1 and 
shoes or moccasins4 7,see illustration  
on p4 #gi47  ,illustration3 ,,handle    
,,of ,a ,,piercer1 ,,or ,,bodkin1 ,,in  
,,bone1 ,,from ,,laugerie ,,basse1 ,,in 
,,form ,,of ,a ,,deer  7a7 ,hollow for  
thumb2 7b7 hollow for finger4 ,reduced  
to one-half4 ,from a cast of the        
original  ,illustration3 ,section at    
,a4,a4  ,,flint ,,flake ,,knife1 ,,found
 ,,in ,,the ,,hand ,,of ,,the ',,giant' 
,,skeleton ,,of ,,mentone  7after       
,evans7  ,the ornaments of ,cro-magnon  

were perforated shells from the         
,atlantic and pieces of ivory4 ,those at
 ,mentone were perforated ,neritin from 
the ,mediterranean and canine teeth of  
the deer4 ,in both cases there was      
evidence that these ancient people      
painted themselves with red oxide of    
iron1 and used bodkins of bone1 and long
 and beautifully-formed flint knives1   
perhaps for dividing their food1 or     
perhaps for sacrificial purposes4       
,skulls found at ,clichy and ,grenelle  
in #ahfh and #ahfi are described by     
,professor ,broca and ,m4 ,fleurens as  
of the same general type1 and the       
remains found at ,gibraltar and in the  
cave of ,paviland1 in ,england1 seem    
also to have belonged to this race4 ,the
 celebrated ,engis skull from one of the
 ,belgian caves1 which is believed to   
have belonged to a contemporary of the  
mammoth1 is also of this type1 though   
less massive than that of ,cro-magnon2  
and lastly1 even the somewhat degraded  
,neanderthal skull1 found in a cave near

 ,dsseldorf1 though1 like those of      
,clichy1 ,canstadt1 ,spy and ,gibraltar1
 inferior in frontal development1 is    
referable to the same peculiar          
long-headed style of man1 in so far as  
can be judged from the portion that     
remains1 though certainly to a ruder and
 more degraded variety1 commonly known  
as the ,canstadt man as distinguished   
from the ,engis or ,cro-magnon4         
,illustration3 ,,neanderthal            
,,skull--,,two ,,outlines3 ,,the ,,outer
 ,,giving ,,the ,,more ,,correct ,,form 
7from ,science7  ,let it be observed1   
then1 that these skulls are probably the
 oldest known in the world1 and they are
 all referable to two varieties of one  
race of men2 and let us ask what they   
tell as to the position and character of
 palanthropic man4 ,the testimony is    
here fortunately well-nigh unanimous4   
,all anatomists and archologists admit  
the high and human character of the     
,engis and even the ,neanderthal skulls4
  ,illustration3 ,,skull ,,of ,,canstadt

 ,,type ,,found ,,at ,,spy1 ,,belgium1  
,,by ,,fraipont ,,and ,,lohest  ,broca1 
who has carefully studied the           
,cro-magnon skulls1 has the following   
general conclusions3 ',the great volume 
of the brain1 the development of the    
frontal region1 the fine elliptical     
profile of the anterior portion of the  
skull1 and the orthognathous form of the
 upper facial region1 are incontestably 
evidences of superiority1 which are met 
with usually only in the civilised      
races4 ,on the other hand1 the great    
breadth of face1 the alveolar           
prognathism1 the enormous development of
 the ascending ramus of the lower jaw1  
the extent and roughness of the muscular
 insertions1 especially of the          
masticatory muscles1 give rise to the   
idea of a violent and brutal race4'  ,he
 adds that this apparent antithesis1    
seen also in the limbs as well as in the
 skull1 accords with the evidence       
furnished by the associated weapons and 
implements of a rude hunter-life1 and at

 the same time of no mean degree of     
taste and skill in carving and other    
arts4 ,he might have added that this is 
the antithesis seen in the ,american    
tribes1 among whom art and taste of     
various kinds1 and much that is high and
 spiritual even in thought1 coexisted   
with barbarous modes of life and intense
 ferocity and cruelty4 ,the god and the 
devil were combined in these races1 but 
there was nothing of the mere brute4    
,rivire remarks1 with expressions of    
surprise1 the same contradictory points 
in the ,mentone skeleton3 its grand     
development of brain-case and high      
facial angle--even higher apparently    
than in most of these ancient           
skulls--combined with other characters  
which indicate a low type and barbarous 
modes of life4  ,another point which    
strikes us in reading the descriptions  
of these skeletons is the indication    
which they seem to present of an extreme
 longevity4 ,the massive proportions of 
the body1 the great development of the  

muscular processes1 the extreme wearing 
of the teeth among a people who         
predominantly lived on flesh and not on 
grain1 the obliteration of the sutures  
of the skull1 along with indications of 
slow ossification of the ends of the    
long bones1 point in this direction1 and
 seem to indicate a slow maturity and   
great length of life in this most       
primitive race4  ,the picture would be  
incomplete did we not add that          
,quatrefages has described a single     
skull1 that of ,truchre1 from deposits  
of this age1 which shows that these     
gigantic men were contemporaneous with a
 feebler race of smaller stature and    
with different cranial characters1 and  
inhabiting in all likelihood a more     
eastern region4  ,it is further         
significant that there is evidence to   
show that the larger and stronger race  
was that which prevailed in ,europe at  
the time of its greatest elevation above
 the sea and greatest horizontal extent1
 and when its fauna included many large 

quadrupeds now extinct4 ,this race of   
giants was thus in the possession of a  
greater continental area than that now  
existing1 and had to contend with       
gigantic brute rivals for the possession
 of the world4 ,it is also not          
improbable that this early race became  
extinct in ,europe in consequence of the
 physical changes which occurred in     
connection with the subsidence that     
reduced the land to its present limits1 
and that the feebler race which         
succeeded came in as the appropriate    
accompaniment of a diminished           
land-surface and a less genial climate  
in the early historic period4 ,the older
 races are those usually classed as     
palolithic1 and are supposed to antedate
 the period of polished stone2 but this 
may1 to some extent1 be a prejudice of  
collectors1 who have arrived at a       
foregone conclusion as to distinctions  
of this kind4 ,judging from the great   
cranial capacity of the older race and  
the small number of their skeletons     

found1 it might be fair to suppose that 
they represent rude outlying tribes     
belonging to nations which elsewhere had
 attained to greater population and     
culture4  ,lastly1 all of these old     
,european races were ,turanian1         
,mongolian1 or ,american in their       
head-forms and features1 as well as in  
their habits1 implements1 and arts4 ,in 
other words1 their nearest affinities   
were with races of men which in the     
modern world are the oldest and most    
widely distributed4  ,the reader1       
reflecting on what he has learned from  
history1 may be disposed here to ask1   
,must we suppose ,adam to have been one 
of these ,turanian men1 like the ',old  
,man of ,cro-magnon'8 ,in answer1 ,i    
would say that there is no good reason  
to regard the first man as having       
resembled a ,greek ,apollo or an        
,adonis4 ,he was probably of sterner and
 more muscular mould4 ,but he was       
probably more akin to the more delicate 
and refined race represented by the     

solitary skull of ,truchre1 while the   
gigantic palocosmic men of the ,european
 caves are more likely to have been     
representatives of that terrible and    
powerful race who filled the            
antediluvian world with violence1 and   
who reappear in postdiluvian times as   
the ,anakim and traditional giants1 who 
constitute a feature in the early       
history of so many countries4 ,perhaps  
nothing is more curious in the          
revelations as to the most ancient cave 
men than that they confirm the old      
belief that there were 'giants in those 
days4' ,at the same time we must bear in
 mind that the more diminutive race     
which survived must have existed        
previously in some part of the world1   
and must have furnished the survivors of
 the succeeding subsidence 7see         
illustration on p4 #hb74  ,and now let  
us pause for a moment to picture these  
so-called palolithic men4 ,what could   
the ',old ,man of ,cro-magnon' have told
 us1 had we been able to sit by his     

hearth and listen understandingly to his
 speech8--which1 if we may judge from   
the form of his palate-bones1 must have 
resembled more that of the ,americans or
 ,mongolians than of any modern         
,european people4 ,he had1 no doubt1    
travelled far1 for to his stalwart limbs
 a long journey through forests and over
 plains and mountains would be a mere   
pastime4 ,he may have bestridden the    
wild horse1 which seems to have abounded
 at the time in ,france1 and he may have
 launched his canoe on the waters of the
 ,atlantic4 ,his experience and memory  
might extend back a century or more1 and
 his traditional lore might go back to  
the times of the first mother of our    
race4 ,did he live in that wide         
post-pliocene continent which extended  
westward through ,ireland8 ,did he know 
and had he visited the more cultured    
nations that lived in the great plains  
of the ,mediterranean ,valley1 or on    
that nameless river which flowed through
 the land now covered by the ,german    

,ocean8 ,had he visited or seen from    
afar the great island ,atlantis1 whose  
inhabitants could almost see in the     
sunset sky the islands of the blest8    
,could he have told us of the huge      
animals of the antediluvian world1 and  
of the feats of the men of renown who   
contended with these animal giants8 ,we 
can but conjecture all this4 ,but1 mute 
though they may be as to the details of 
their lives1 the man of ,cro-magnon and 
his contemporaries are eloquent of one  
great truth1 in which they coincide with
 the ,americans and with the primitive  
men of all the early ages4 ,they tell us
 that primitive man had the same high   
cerebral organisation which he possesses
 now1 and1 we may infer1 the same high  
intellectual and moral nature1 fitting  
him for communion with ,god and headship
 over the lower world4 ,they indicate   
also1 like the mound-builders1 who      
preceded the ,north ,american ,indian1  
that man's earlier state was the        
best--that he had been a high and noble 

creature before he became a savage4 ,it 
is not conceivable that their high      
development of brain and mind could have
 spontaneously engrafted itself on a    
mere brutal and savage life4 ,these     
gifts must be remnants of a noble       
organisation degraded by moral evil4    
,they thus justify the tradition of a   
,golden and ,edenic ,age1 and mutely    
protest against the philosophy of       
progressive development as applied to   
man1 while they bear witness to the     
similarity in all important characters  
of the oldest prehistoric men with that 
variety of our species which is at the  
present day at once the most widely     
extended and the most primitive in its  
manners and usages4#ai  #ai ,perhaps no 
feature of this early human age is more 
remarkable than its artistic            
productions4 ,recent testimony1 more    
especially that of the very careful     
explorers of the deposits at ,spy1 in   
,belgium1 seems to show existence of the
 potter's art1 though this until lately 

was denied4 ,these people ornamented    
their clothing with pearly and coloured 
shells1 and made beautiful necklaces4   
,we have already noticed that found in  
the cave of ,goyet4 ,at ,sordes1 in the 
,pyrenees1 in a very old interment of   
this period1 there was a necklace of    
forty-three teeth of the cave lion and  
cave bear1 carved with figures of       
animals 7see p4 #ga74 ,the handle of a  
piercer1 represented on p4 #ei1 is a    
marvel of skilful adaptation of an      
animal form to produce a handle fitted  
to be firmly and conveniently grasped by
 the human hand4 ,the figure of the     
mammoth on p4 #fh shows how a few bold  
lines may produce a vigorous and        
truthful sketch2 and multitudes of such 
carvings and drawings have been found in
 ,france as well as in ,germany and     
,belgium4 ,even the chipping of flint is
 an art requiring much skill to produce 
the fine knives1 spears1 c41 so commonly
 found1 and there is evidence that these
 were fitted into strong and probably   

artistic handles4 ,all this and much    
more testifies to the fact that our     
palocosmic men were no mean artists as  
well as artificers4  ,illustration3     
,,outline ,,of ,,mammoth1 ,,carved ,,on 
,a ,,plate ,,of ,,ivory1 ,,from ,,the   
,,cave ,,of ,,la ,,madeleine            
,,chapter ,v  ,,subdivisions ,,and      
,,conditions ,,of ,,the ,,palanthropic  
,,age   ,while all geologists and       
archologists are agreed in the existence
 of the men contemporary with the       
mammoth and reindeer in ,europe1 and in 
the fact of two or even three races of  
men having existed in that period1      
various opinions are entertained as to  
the succession of events and the        
chronological classification of the     
remains4 ,mortillet1 whose arrangement  
has been usually adopted in ,france1    
recognises a period of chipped stone or 
palolithic period1 corresponding to the 
palanthropic age1 and a period of       
polished stone1 corresponding to the    
neanthropic age4 ,within the former he  

believes that it is possible to separate
 different ages1#bj from the character  
of the implements and other remains4    
,the first two are characterised by the 
presence of two elephants1 the mammoth  
and another species 7,e4 antiquus71 the 
next two by the mammoth associated with 
the cave bear and reindeer1 the last by 
the nearly entire predominance of the   
reindeer4 ,dupont is content in ,belgium
 to recognise a mammoth age and a       
reindeer age1 but the latter perhaps    
includes some deposits which are        
properly neanthropic4  #bj ,respectively
 the ,achulienne1 ,chellienne1          
,mousterienne1 ,soloutrienne1 and       
,magdalenienne4  ,carthaillac places the
 whole palanthropic age as quaternary1  
properly so-called1 which he separates  
from the tertiary on the one hand and   
the modern on the other1 and divides his
 quaternary into two stages1 the first  
characterised by ,e4 antiquus and       
,mortillet's ,chellean men1 the second  
by the mammoth and reindeer--the earlier

 of these two periods being warm and    
moist1 the latter cold and dry4 ,the    
table appended to this chapter is       
modified from those of ,carthaillac4    
,dawkins1 while admitting a similar     
twofold division1 calls the earlier men 
those of the river gravels1 the latter  
those of the caves4  ,this twofold      
division of the palanthropic age        
requires some consideration4 ,in the    
first place1 there is reason to believe 
that the ,canstadt race locally preceded
 that of ,cro-magnon4 ,i say locally1   
for no one supposes that they are       
distinct species1 and as varietal forms 
they may have originated from a common  
intermediate ancestor1 or the humbler   
race may be the earlier1 and the higher 
race an improvement on it1 or the lower 
race may have been a degraded type of   
the higher4 ,probably also there was a  
third1 the ,truchre race1 and the       
,cro-magnon race may have been a        
half-breed or metis progeny4            
,illustration3 ,,tooth ,,of ,,cave      

,,bear1 ,,with ,,engraving ,,of ,a      
,,seal1 ,,from ,a ,,collar ,,found ,,at 
,,sordes1 ,,pyrenees 7after             
,carthaillac7  ,again1 there was an     
undoubted change of fauna within the    
palanthropic age1 and this dependent on 
or accompanied by a change of climate4  
,the earlier elephant of the period 7,e4
 antiquus7 and its companion animals are
 believed to have been suited to a warm 
climate1 and to have entered ,europe    
from the south-99east4 ,with1 or        
immediately after1 them came man1 and   
this conclusion harmonises with human   
physiology1 for we know that man must   
have originated in a warm climate1 and  
must in the first place have been a     
feeder on fruits and grains or other    
nutritious vegetable products4 ,in this 
early stage he would be nearly destitute
 of implements and weapons4 ,but in the 
succeeding cold period1 one tribe after 
another might be obliged to resort to   
hunting habits1 to the use of fire and  
of clothing1 and of natural and         

artificial shelter4 ,hence the          
peculiarities of the cave men1 who1     
while they advanced in art1 may have    
also advanced in ferocity and warlike   
habits1 under the pressure of necessity 
and competition4 ,hence also their      
association more and more closely with  
such animals as the reindeer1 the hairy 
mammoth1 and the woolly rhinoceros1     
while the previous species had migrated 
to the south or perished4 ,thus it would
 appear that the men of the mammoth age 
may not be really the most primitive    
men1 but a derivative from them under   
pressure of a severe climate4 ,this     
possibility may be summed up as follows4
 ,if the early part of the post-glacial 
or palanthropic era was characterised by
 a milder climate than its later period1
 this may have had much to do with the  
change in implements and weapons4 ,the  
earliest men probably subsisted merely  
on natural fruits and other vegetable   
productions4 ,to secure these in a mild 
climate they would require no           

implements1 except perhaps to dig for   
roots or to crack nuts4 ,if they        
migrated into a colder climate1 or if   
the climate became more severe1 they    
might be obliged to become hunters and  
fishermen1 and would invent new         
implements and weapons1 not because they
 had advanced in civilisation1 but1 as  
,lamech has it in ,genesis1 'because of 
the ground which the ,lord had cursed1' 
and which would no longer yield food to 
them4 ,at the same time they might      
contend with one another for the most   
sheltered and productive stations1 and  
so war might further stimulate that very
 questionable advance in civilisation   
which consists in the improvement of    
weapons of destruction4 ,we have much to
 learn as to these matters2 but we must1
 if we have any regard to physiology and
 to natural probability1 start from the 
idea that the most primitive men were   
frugivorous and fitted for a mild       
climate4 ,in this case we should expect 
that these earliest men would leave     

behind them scarcely any weapons or     
implements except of the simplest kind1 
and that their apparent progress in the 
arts of war and the chase might in      
reality be evidence1 up to a certain    
point at least1 of increasing barbarism4
 ,primitive as well as modern men       
present in these respects strange       
paradoxes4  ,we have to inquire in the  
sequel as to the cause of the final     
disappearance of the palocosmic men1 and
 as to the question whether history is  
cognisant of any such human period as   
that which has occupied us in this      
chapter1 or whether1 as has sometimes   
been assumed1 it is altogether          
prehistoric4  ,on the subject of the    
correlation of the ,french and ,belgian 
discoveries as to primitive man1 a most 
interesting and important communication 
was made by ,dupont to the ,geological  
,society of ,belgium in #ahib4ba ,the   
veteran explorer of the ,belgian caves  
addresses himself in this paper to a    
careful comparison of the geological    

relations1 animal remains and human     
relics in these caves1 and in the       
gravels and 'quaternary' clays          
associated with them4 ,he arrives at the
 conclusion1 which ,i had already       
stated1#bb that these deposits are      
contemporaneous and show similar stages1
 but that the mammoth age properly      
so-called1 in which the primitive people
 fed on the mammoth and its companion   
the woolly rhinoceros1 extended to a    
later date in ,belgium than in ,france1 
so that the mammoth age of ,dupont and  
the reindeer age of the ,french         
archologists overlap one another4 ,he   
notes in connection with this that there
 is evidence of the continued existence 
of the mammoth in the so-called reindeer
 age of ,france1 in the discovery in    
caves of that period of plates of ivory 
with the portrait of the mammoth        
engraved on them4 ,it would therefore   
appear either that the mammoth earlier  
became extinct or rare in ,france1      
perhaps on account of climatal changes1 

or perhaps because of destruction by    
man1 or that the habits of the ,french  
populations changed in such a way as to 
cause them to confine themselves to     
smaller game4 ,in either case1 we now   
find that the whole palanthropic age is 
one period4 ,on the other hand1 ,dupont 
agrees with ,mortillet that there is a  
hiatus1 physical1 palontological and    
anthropological1 between the so-called  
palolithic and neolithic periods1 that  
is1 between the palanthropic and        
neanthropic ages4  #ba ,bulletin de la  
,socit ,belge de ,gologie1 janvier      
#ahic4 ,this paper should be studied by 
all interested in the subject4  #bb     
,fossil ,men4  ,dupont holds that the   
plain-dwellers 7,pedionomytes1 as he    
calls them7 were the earliest known men1
 corresponding to the oldest gravel     
remains of ,dawkins and ,prestwich1 and 
points out that their implements are in 
size and form1 though not in material   
and finish1 allied to those of the      
polished stone age1 which might thus be 

regarded as an improved continuation or 
revival of this first period4 ,this     
might be read to mean1 as above         
maintained1 that the earliest men were  
peaceful and perhaps in part            
agricultural1 that they were succeeded  
by lawless1 powerful1 artistic and      
savage peoples1 and when the latter were
 swept away that a remnant of the       
primitive stock repossessed the land4   
,if this proves to be the net result1 it
 will correspond exactly with our old   
historical beliefs4  ,i was struck in   
reading this paper with a remark of     
,dupont on the unprogressive character  
of the men of the mammoth age1 who seem 
to have made so little advance in the   
arts of life during the period of their 
occupation of ,europe4 ,perhaps he makes
 too great an estimate of the length of 
their residence1 or does not            
sufficiently consider how long men about
 their stage of civilisation have       
remained at the same point in the       
historic period4 ,nor does he consider  

the possibility of the cave men         
belonging to ruder tribes of a race     
which may have inhabited better if more 
perishable residences elsewhere4 ,in any
 case1 all experience shows that to such
 a people any great advance in the arts 
could come only by missionary influence 
from abroad1 or by the appearance of    
some great inventive genius among       
themselves2 and no good fortune of this 
kind seems to have happened to the      
,canstadt or ,cro-magnon men1 or if it  
did1 they rejected their opportunity1 as
 so many others have since done4        
,still1 perhaps1 we need not pity them  
too much4 ,they lived in a young and    
fresh condition of the earth1 enjoyed a 
vigorous health1 and were gifted with   
rare strength and energy4 ,they were    
bountifully provided for by nature as to
 food and clothing1 were in slavery to  
no man1 lived in families bound together
 by ties of affection1 and were free to 
migrate over vast territories according 
to the exigencies of the seasons4 ,they 

had some taste in dress and ornaments1  
and no doubt enjoyed their clever       
carvings on bone and ivory as much as   
any modern lovers of art their most     
finished treasures4 ,a ,cro-magnon      
'brave1' tall1 muscular and graceful in 
movement1 clad in well-dressed skins1   
ornamented with polished shells and     
ivory pendants1 with a pearly shell     
helmet1 probably decked with feathers1  
and armed with his flint-headed lance   
and skull-cracker of reindeer antler    
handsomely carved1 must have been a     
somewhat noble savage1 and he must have 
rejoiced in the chase of the mammoth1   
the rhinoceros1 the bison1 and the wild 
horse and reindeer1 and in launching his
 curiously-constructed harpoons against 
the salmon and other larger fish that   
haunted the rivers4  ,nor was he        
destitute of higher hopes4 ,he laid his 
dead reverently in the bosom of mother  
earth1 with such things as had been     
pleasant or useful in life1 and his     
rudimentary bible1 or 'book of the      

dead1' must have at least included the  
idea--',this corruptible shall put on   
incorruption1 this mortal immortality4' 
,that is the meaning of such funeral    
gifts in every part of the world1 and   
has always been so1 as far as we can    
learn4 ,but the belief in immortality   
implies also a belief in a ,god or gods4
 ,for if there is a spiritual world for 
the dead1 there must be a ,power to care
 for them there4 ,whether these beliefs 
were originally implanted in him when   
,god breathed into his nostrils the     
breath of life1 or were taught to him by
 special revelation1 we do not know1 but
 they were there as a foundation on     
which he could1 with the aid of his     
sense of right and wrong1 build a happy 
and harmless life4 ,that he did not     
always do so we have some sad evidence1 
to be gathered even from his bones2 and 
the testimony of tradition is that his  
great sin was that of inhuman violence1 
and it was for this that he was swept   
away by the ,flood1 and replaced by men 

of more peaceful mould1 whom but for    
that catastrophe he would soon have     
annihilated4  ,carthaillac#bc devotes a 
chapter to the mortuary customs of the  
men of the quaternary 7palanthropic7    
age4 ,he shows that the statement       
sometimes made that these men did not   
care for the dead is entirely incorrect1
 though he believes that we know        
comparatively little of their burials1  
owing to the circumstance that only     
those in caverns were likely to be      
preserved or discovered4 ,the           
discoveries at ,spy1 in ,belgium1 show  
that even the ,canstadt race1 the lowest
 in development1 and probably in art1   
interred the bodies of their dead1 while
 a large number of interments of the    
,cro-magnon race are known4 ,he calls   
attention to the fact that in all of    
these the body lies on its side4 ,the   
hands are brought up to the head or     
neck1 and the knees are bent1 sometimes 
slightly1 sometimes very strongly1 so as
 to give the body a crouching posture   

7p4 #gi74 ,the idea seems to have been  
to place the body in the attitude of    
sleep or of rest4 ,the deceased was     
arrayed in the garments and ornaments   
worn during life1 and not infrequently a
 quantity of red oxide of iron was      
buried with1 or has been scattered over1
 the body4 ,flint knives and lances seem
 often to have been placed with the     
dead4 ,it is needless to say that all   
this recalls the burial customs of many 
rude tribes of men up to modern times4  
#bc ,homme ,prhistorique4  ,there is    
some reason to believe that             
occasionally1 at least1 the flesh has   
been partially removed from the bones   
before interment4 ,this reminds us of   
the custom of some ,american tribes1 who
 were in the habit of disinterring the  
dead after a temporary burial1 carefully
 cleaning the bones1 and then placing   
them wrapped in skins in their tribal   
ossuaries4 ,it would seem1 however1 that
 the primitive men when they removed the
 flesh did so in a recent state4        

,perhaps this practice was resorted to  
only when the body had to be kept for   
some time1 or carried some distance for 
interment4 ,if the body was             
disembowelled and the remaining flesh   
and ligaments dried1 it would be reduced
 very nearly to the condition of the    
imperfect mummies of the ,guanches of   
the ,canaries and of the ,peruvians4    
,thus we may suppose that we have here a
 rudimentary condition of the art of the
 embalmer4  ,illustration3 ,,the        
,,skeleton ,,of ,,laugerie ,,basse1     
,,dordogne1 ,,showing ,,the ,,position  
,,of ,,the ,,perforated ,,shells ,,on   
,,the ,,limbs ,,and ,,forehead 7after   
,carthaillac7  ,some questions still    
remain as to the races of men actually  
known to us in the palanthropic age4 ,it
 has already been explained that in the 
earliest part of this period1 that      
characterised by the presence of the    
,elephas antiquus in ,europe1 there are 
evidences of the existence of man1 and  
this in a more genial climate than that 

prevailing later4 ,of these men we have 
no certain osseous remains4 ,should     
these be found1 we may anticipate that  
their characters would be peculiar1 and 
would indicate a frugivorous rather than
 a carnivorous mode of life1 and less of
 rude power than that evidenced by the  
,canstadt and ,cro-magnon races4  ,of   
the latter1 though both are of the same 
faunal period1 and therefore            
geologically contemporaneous1 the       
former1 the lower of the two in point of
 physical development1 is apparently in 
,western ,europe the older1 and         
represents the earlier part of the      
mammoth age1 when the climate had become
 cooler and ,elephas primigenius had    
succeeded to ,e4 antiquus4 ,the         
,cro-magnon race1 beginning in this     
period1 goes on to the close of the     
mammoth age1 which1 as already stated1  
coincides with the reindeer age of the  
,french archologists4 ,this ,cro-magnon 
race ,i am disposed to regard as a mixed
 or half breed tribe1 produced by the   

union of the ,canstadt peoples with the 
higher race already hinted at4 ,this    
last may possibly be represented by a   
few skulls more resembling those of the 
men of the neanthropic age1 which are   
occasionally found in the burials of the
 ,cro-magnon people1 and of which that  
found at ,truchre has been already      
referred to4  ,we have thus traces of   
two primitive or antediluvian races1 one
 probably mild and subsisting on        
vegetable food1 and another fierce1 rude
 and carnivorous1 perhaps a product of  
degeneracy of the former2 and a third1  
or mixed race1 of greater physical power
 and energy than either of the others4  
,this is of course merely a hypothetical
 reading of the facts1 but it is by no  
means improbable1 and would1 as we shall
 see1 bring them into close relation    
with the teachings of history and       
tradition as to the antediluvian age4   
,the most careful and elaborate studies 
of these several types have been made by
 ,,mm4 ,quatrefages and ,hamy4 ,the     

former sums up the races of fossil or   
'quaternary' men as six in number1 viz43
 7#a7 ,the ,canstadt2 7#b7 the          
,cro-magnon2 7#c7 the mesitocephalic    
race of ,furfooz2 7#d7 the              
sub-brachycephalic race of ,furfooz2    
7#e7 the race of ,grenelle2 7#f7 the    
race of ,truchre4 ,of these only three  
7namely1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #f7 properly 
belong to the palanthropic age4 ,the    
races of ,furfooz#bd and of the upper   
beds of ,grenelle are neanthropic1      
because they are found with the animal  
remains of that age1 and they resemble  
in cranial characters the neanthropic   
peoples4  #bd ,noticed later1 in        
,chapter ,,vii4  ,the ,canstadt and     
,cro-magnon races resemble each other in
 being long-headed or dolichocephalic1  
and in having strong and coarsely-made  
facial bones1 but the ,canstadt race has
 a comparatively low fore-99head with   
strong superciliary arches1 and round   
eye-sockets4 ,the ,cro-magnon race has a
 brain-case of more than ordinary       

capacity1 a more elevated fore-99head1  
and eye-sockets singularly elongated    
horizontally4 ,broca has measured the   
cubic contents of the ,cro-magnon skull1
 and gives as the result #a1eij cubic   
centimetres1 or #aai centimetres more   
than the average of #abe modern         
,parisian skulls4 ,the ,canstadt men    
were of moderate stature1 but strongly  
built and muscular4 ,the ,cro-magnon    
race was of great stature1 some         
skeletons approaching to seven feet in  
height1 and affording evidence of       
immense muscular development4           
,illustration3 ,,skull ,,from           
,,truch,,re1 ,,showing ,a ,,peculiar    
,,palanthropic ,,type ,,allied ,,to     
,,neanthropic ,,races 7after            
,quatrefages7  ,the race of ,truchre is 
represented by only a single skull2 but 
,quatrefages vouches for it as belonging
 to the age of the mammoth4 ,it is a    
well-formed brachycephalic cranium of   
unusually great internal capacity1 and  
would be regarded anywhere as indicating

 a race of high and refined cerebral    
endowment4 ,if really of the mammoth    
age1 it may have belonged to a straggler
 or captive from a higher and more      
cultured tribe1 introduced accidentally 
into a sepulchre of the ,cro-magnon     
period4 ,it connects itself with the    
speculation in the preceding pages as to
 the existence of such a race4 ,this    
skull resembles1 as we should expect1   
the type of the neanthropic men who     
spread over the earth at the beginning  
of that later age4    ,table ,showing   
,relations of ,later ,cenozoic ,ages in 
,europe    ,later cenozoic              
,geological       ,geography and        
,climate       ,fauna                   
,periods                                
,modern or        ,the actual climate   
,modern quadrupeds1         neanthropic 
and geographical       including        
arrangements           domestic animals 
,cold and dry1 with     ,reindeer1      
,l ,c                   widely extended 
mammoth 7,elephas      a e              

continents4 ,extension  primigenius71   
t n  ,post-glacial or  of glaciers c4   
hairy rhinoceros      e o  palanthropic 
7,r4 tichorhinus7      r z              
o                   ,warm and moist1    
i                   extended continents 
,elephas antiquus        c              
and ,r4 ,merkii                         
,pleistocene or   ,glacial period4      
,arctic animals             glacial     
,submergence and        and plants      
diminished continents                   
,elephas                    ,pliocene   
,first continental      meridionalis1   
period4                ,rhinoceros      
,mild climate           leptorhinus1 and
                                        
other extinct                           
,geological       ,geography and        
,climate       ,fauna                   
,periods                                
,modern or        ,so-called of ,iron1  
,recent                     neanthropic 
,bronze1 and ,polished   ,roman         
,stone                  ,gaulish        

,iberian                                
,magdalenian           ,l ,c            
,post-glacial or  ,so-called palolithic 
,soloutrian            a e  palanthropic
     or ,age of              ,mousterian
            t n                         
,chipped ,stone          ,chellean      
e o                                     
r z                                     
o                                       
i                                       
c                                       
,pleistocene or                         
glacial                                 
,no certain trace of ,man               
,pliocene                               
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,end ,,of ,,the        
,,palanthropic ,,age   ,the palanthropic
 age came to a tragic end1 and is       
somewhat definitely separated from that 
which succeeded it4 ,this appears from  
several considerations which are too    
often overlooked by writers who have a  
prejudice in favour of everything       
passing imperceptibly and by slow       

degrees into that by which it is        
followed--an exaggerated                
uniformitarianism beyond that of ,lyell1
 but in harmony with the hypothesis of  
,darwin1 to which many anthropologists  
appear to tie themselves hopelessly4    
,three facts are here specially         
important4 ,the ,canstadt and           
,cro-magnon races are physically        
different from any modern races1 and    
give place at the close of this age to  
peoples as distinct from them as any now
 existing1 and who1 on the other hand1  
while separated from the palocosmic men 
preceding them1 are linked with the     
races of modern times4 ,it is no doubt  
true that occasional and abnormal human 
skulls may to this day be seen on living
 men which are more or less of the      
,canstadt or ,cro-magnon type4 ,these   
are good evidences of the unity of man  
through all the ages1 but no race exists
 having all the peculiarities of these  
ancient peoples1 which thus belong not  
to a distinct species but to a distinct 

racial variety of man4  ,secondly1 at   
the close of the palanthropic age we    
find a great change in land animals--a  
number of important species hunted by   
early man having disappeared1 and the   
more meagre modern fauna having come in 
at once4 ,thus it may be affirmed that  
the land fauna of this primitive time   
was distinct from that now living4 ,this
 implies either long time or a great    
physical break4  ,thirdly1 this change  
of fauna consists not so much in the    
introduction of new species as in the   
extinction of old forms1 either         
absolutely or locally2 and this agrees  
with the fact of diminution of land     
area1 since it seems to be a law of the 
geological succession that increasing   
land brings in new land animals2        
diminishing land area leads to          
extinction1 and not to introduction4    
,fourthly1 in accordance with this we   
find that1 at the close of the          
palanthropic age1 the continents of the 
northern hemisphere experienced a       

subsidence from which they have only    
partially recovered up to the present   
time1 and which introduced the modern   
geographical and climatal features4     
,this appears from raised beaches and   
beds of rubble1 loam and loess of modern
 date overlying the dbris of the glacial
 period and holding the remains of      
post-glacial animals4 ,these are widely 
spread over the whole northern          
hemisphere1 and ascend in some districts
 to high levels4 ,an interesting        
illustration has recently been given by 
,dr4 ,nuesch and ,m4 ,boule1 in the     
deposits under a rock-shelter at        
,schweizersbild1 near ,schaffhausen4#be 
,these show an overlying deposit with   
'neolithic' implements and bones of     
recent animals1 a bed of rubble and loam
 destitute of human remains1 and below  
this a bed containing bone implements1  
worked flints1 and traces of cookery of 
the palanthropic period4 ,the whole     
rests on a bed of rolled pebbles1       
supposed to be the upper part of the    

glacial deposits4 ,this shows the       
interval between the palanthropic and   
neanthropic periods1 and also the       
post-glacial date of man in             
,switzerland1 and it accords with a     
great many other instances4  #be        
,nouvelles archives des ,missions1 c4   
vol4 iii4 ,noticed in ,natural ,science1
 #ahic4  ,were these changes sudden or  
gradual8 ,experience has no answer1 for 
no similar events have occurred in      
historic times1 and though there are    
records in the geological history of    
many mutations in the elevation of the  
land1 we have no information as to their
 rate of progress1 and we know little of
 their causes4 ,the changes of this kind
 known to us in modern times are merely 
local1 not general1 and in regard to    
their rate are of two kinds4 ,some are  
abrupt and accompanied with earthquake  
shocks4 ,these are very local1 and      
usually occur in regions of volcanic    
activity4 ,others are so slow and       
gradual as to be scarcely perceptible1  

and are often of wider distribution4 ,it
 is evident1 however1 that these slight 
and local phenomena furnish but little  
clue to the mutations of past periods4  
,these were on a far grander scale and  
affected vast areas4 ,we have no modern 
instances of these almost world-wide    
depressions of continents under the sea1
 though we know that these have         
occurred1 one of them within the human  
period1 and it is idle to speculate as  
to their rate or duration in the absence
 of facts4 ,we know pretty certainly1   
however1 from the gauges of time which  
can be applied to the close of the      
glacial period1 that this latest        
subsidence must have occurred within six
 thousand years of our time4  ,with     
reference to the particular movement in 
question1 we know that the close of the 
palanthropic period was accompanied by a
 movement at least equal to the         
difference between the wide lands of the
 second continental period and the      
shrunken dimensions of the present      

lands4 ,besides this we find on the     
surface of the land modern raised       
beaches1 deposits of loess and plateau  
gravels1 intrusions of mud into caves of
 considerable elevation1 and evidences1 
as in ,siberia1 of large herds of       
animals perishing on elevated lands on  
which they seem to have taken refuge4#bf
 ,in short1 no geological fact can be   
better established than the post-glacial
 subsidence4  #bf ,prestwich1 ',evidence
 of ,submergence of ,western ,europe1'  
,trans4 ,royal ,society1 #ahic2         
',possible ,cause for the ,origin of the
 ,tradition of the ,flood1' ,trans4     
,vict4 ,inst41 #ahid2 ,dawkins1 ,journal
 ,anthrop4 ,inst41 ,february #ahid4     
,kingsmill and ,skertchly 7,nature1     
,november #aj1 #ahib7 report the        
,asiatic loess to be marine1 and to     
extend far upward on the ,caspian plain 
and the ,pamirs1 so that all ,asia must 
have been submerged within a very recent
 period4 ,see also ,fossil ,man1 by the 
author1 #ahhj4  ,putting these facts    

together1 we cannot doubt that the      
submergence at the close of the         
palanthropic age was very considerable1 
and that it was followed by a partial   
re-emergence4 ,further1 there is no     
evidence of any serious fractures or    
folding of the crust taking place at the
 time1 though it is possible that great 
lava ejections like some of those of    
,western ,america may belong to this    
period4 ,it is therefore allowable to   
suppose that the cause of submergence   
may have been either depression of the  
land1 or elevation of the bed of the    
ocean throwing its waters over the land1
 or possibly a combination of both4     
,movements of these kinds have recurred 
again and again in geological time4     
,their causes are mysterious1 but their 
effects have been of the most stupendous
 character4 ,fortunately1 they occur at 
rare intervals1 and that to which we are
 now referring is the last of which we  
have any record1 and differs from all   
others in having occurred at a time when

 man was widely spread over the world4  
,the geological chronometers already    
referred to inform us that the land of  
the northern hemisphere rose from the   
great pleistocene submergence about     
eight thousand to ten thousand years    
ago1 and the second continental period  
with its forests and its teeming and    
widely-extended animal and human life1  
may have been established within two    
thousand years of that time1 or say six 
thousand to eight thousand years ago4   
,how long the second continental or     
palanthropic period continued intact we 
do not know1 but we can scarcely allow  
it less than two thousand years4        
,perhaps it was considerably longer4    
,now on historical evidence produced by 
,egypt1 ,chaldea1 and other ancient     
countries in the ,mediterranean region1 
we can trace the neanthropic age        
continuously back to1 say1 three        
thousand years ,b4,c41 or nearly five   
thousand years in all4 ,adding to this  
two thousand years for the palanthropic 

age1 we are carried back to a time      
within one thousand years of the        
earliest we can assign on geological    
grounds to the termination of the great 
glacial period4 ,therefore1 unless we   
suppose the last continental subsidence 
to have begun some time before the close
 of the palanthropic age1 and to have   
continued to some degree into the       
beginning of the neanthropic1 we cannot 
assign to it a very long time4 ,that it 
could not have been sudden in the sense 
of being instantaneous is evident1      
because in that case terrestrial        
denudation of a stupendous character    
must have ensued1 and no animal life    
except that of mountain tops and        
elevated table-lands could have escaped 
its destructive effects1 but that it was
 by no means secular or long-continued  
is certain4  ,thus we seem shut up to   
the conclusion that the close of the    
palanthropic age was marked by great    
geological vicissitudes of the character
 of submergence1 leading primarily to   

vast destruction of animal life1 and    
secondarily to permanent changes both in
 geography and climate1 under which new 
conditions the neanthropic age was      
inaugurated4 ,how this took place we    
have to inquire in the sequel4 ,in the  
meantime we may merely remark that since
 the two principal races of primitive   
men known to us in ,europe seem to have 
perished1 we must infer that individuals
 of a third race beyond the limits of   
,europe were destined to survive1 and   
again to replenish the earth in the new 
era1 and that possibly these may be     
represented by the solitary ,truchre    
skull4 ,in the case of many of the more 
bulky and unwieldy animals inhabiting   
the plains the case was different4 ,they
 perished1 or if any survived the       
submergence they were unable to multiply
 under the new conditions4  ,desperate  
attempts have been made in the interests
 of extreme uniformitarianism to        
discredit the abrupt change from        
palocosmic to neocosmic men4 ,it has    

been supposed that the latter replaced  
the former as conquerors--a most        
unlikely theory1 when their relative    
powers are considered4 ,it has been     
conjectured that as the cold decreased  
the old races of men followed the       
reindeer to the north and became ,arctic
 peoples4 ,but why did they not rather  
attack the new animals1 which in that   
case must have come in from the south8  
,it has even been supposed that the     
,esquimaux may be their descendants2 but
 they are quite different in physical   
characters1 and have no nearer          
resemblance in their arts than other    
rude peoples4 ,in opposition to all this
 we have not only the remarkable change 
in the races of men and in their animal 
associates1 but when we know that the   
whole geographical features of our      
continents have changed since the       
palanthropic age1 and that not only are 
our continents reduced in size since the
 continental post-glacial period1 but   
that there is evidence of re-elevation  

as well as subsidence1 and this within a
 short period--say eight thousand years 
less the historic period on the one hand
 and the early palanthropic on the      
other--it seems impossible to doubt the 
greatness and suddenness of the physical
 break that divides the anthropic age   
into two distinct portions4 ,all this   
may be held to be certainly known as    
geological fact1 and it would be folly  
to overlook it in any discussions as to 
primitive man1 or in any comparisons of 
the evidence afforded by his remains    
with that of early human history or     
tradition4  ,but if man was a witness of
 and sufferer in this great catastrophe1
 and if any men survived it1 did they   
preserve no tradition or memory of such 
a stupendous event8 ,we may imagine this
 to be possible4 ,the survivors may have
 belonged to the rudest and most        
isolated of the races of men1 and may   
have had no means of knowing the extent 
of the disaster or of preserving its    
memory4 ,on the other hand1 they may    

have attained to a sufficient degree of 
culture to have had some means of       
perpetuating the memory of great events4
 ,if so1 we may imagine that the great  
diluvial cataclysm which separates the  
human or anthropic period into two parts
 may have left an indelible mark in the 
history or tradition of mankind4 ,we    
shall inquire into this in the sequel1  
but must first consider what geological 
monuments remain of the early           
neanthropic age in ,europe4#bg  #bg ,a  
valuable paper by ,dawkins ',on the     
relation of the ,palolithic to the      
,neolithic ,period1' reaches me when    
correcting the proof of this volume4    
7,reprint from ,journal of              
,anthropological ,society1 ,february    
#ahid47  ,in the meantime ,i may remark 
that1 if we take the ,canstadt people to
 represent the ruder tribes of the      
antediluvian ,cainites1 the feebler folk
 of ,truchre to represent the ,sethites1
 and the giant race of ,cro-magnon and  
,mentone as the equivalent of the       

'mighty men' or ,nephelim of ,genesis   
who arose from the mixture of the two   
original stocks1 we shall have a        
somewhat exact parallel between the men 
of the caves and gravels and those we   
have so long been familiar with in the  
,book of ,genesis4     ,,chapter ,,vii  
,,the ,,early ,,neanthropic ,,age       
,there has been much confusion among    
anthropologists respecting the          
distinction of this from the preceding  
age4 ,the ,cro-magnon race has been     
classed as neanthropic1 and has been    
confounded with a very dissimilar people
 which succeeded it after an interval of
 some duration4 ,the gap between the    
disappearance of the earlier race and   
the arrival of the newer has thus been  
overlooked1 and no account has been     
taken of the great intervening faunal   
and geographical changes4 ,this has     
arisen from neglecting or being unable  
to appreciate the geological part of the
 evidence2 and the somewhat lamentable  
result has been that it is difficult for

 the ordinary reader to arrive at any   
certainty1 in the midst of conflicting  
statements all based on imperfect data4 
,in these circumstances it will be well 
to begin this chapter with some examples
 of the relations of these different    
races4  ,at ,grenelle1 near ,paris1 on  
the river ,seine1 there is a succession 
of old inundation beds of that river1   
extending from the oldest part of the   
anthropic to modern times1 and          
furnishing what may be regarded as a    
chronological series for ,northern      
,france1 as many human remains have been
 from time to time deposited on this old
 eddy of the ,seine and buried under    
newer accumulations4 ,belgrand has shown
 that in the lowest gravels of this     
deposit the long-headed ,canstadt man is
 alone found4 ,immediately above this   
occur remains of the ,cro-magnon type1  
and these are associated with and       
overlain by beds holding large stones or
 erratic blocks1 a monument perhaps of  
the physical disturbances closing the   

palanthropic age4 ,above these the next 
remains are those of a race of men of   
smaller stature and with less elongated 
heads1 which we shall find belong to the
 neanthropic age4 ,here1 as ,quatrefages
 points out1 we have a distinct         
stratigraphical succession1 which       
accords with that in other localities4  
,if we now turn to ,england we may      
select from other examples the          
,cresswell caves1 so carefully explored 
by ,dawkins and ,mello1 and in which we 
have well-ascertained evidence from     
fossils as well as from superposition4  
,without going into the details as to   
the several chambers and passages in    
these caverns1 we find as the result of 
the whole the following succession in   
ascending order3  #a4 ,white calcareous 
sand1 a deposit from water1 but with no 
animal remains4  #b4 ,stiff red clay    
with blocks of limestone1 and in places 
underlaid by a ferruginous sand4 ,these 
beds1 of which the red clay is the      
principal1 contain bones of rhinoceros  

leptorhinus1 hippopotamus1 bison1 bear1 
hyena and fox1 but no human remains4    
,dawkins1 however1 shows that in other  
caves farther south some rude flint     
implements show that man had already    
appeared in ,england1 though he may not 
have made his way as far north as       
,yorkshire4  #c4 ,above this lies a     
stratum of red sandy cave earth1 in     
which occur the bones of the mammoth and
 the woolly rhinoceros1 the horse1 the  
bison1 the bear1 and the hyena1 but the 
leptorhine rhinoceros is gone4 ,the     
bones are gnawed by hyenas1 and there   
are rude quartzite implements4 ,over    
this1 and representing the later part of
 the palanthropic age1 corresponding to 
some of the ,french1 ,belgian1 and      
,lebanon caves1 are an upper cave earth 
and breccia1 rich in 'palolithic' flint 
implements and bones of the animals of  
the mammoth age4  #d4 ,above this1 in   
the surface soil and disturbed portions 
of the underlying beds1 are remains of  
the neanthropic period1 including twelve

 species of modern animals1 but with no 
trace of the great extinct quadrupeds4  
,connected with these were human skulls 
of the same type found in the ancient   
burial barrows of ,england1 and         
belonging to races still extant4 ,the   
,cresswell caves give no bones of       
palocosmic men1 but they very well show 
the succession of the early period of   
mild climate1 the later severe climate1 
the extinction of the old animals       
contemporary with the earliest men1 and 
the final succession of modern men and  
animals to the now insular ,britain1    
which1 in the times represented by the  
beds one1 two1 and three above          
mentioned1 was a part of the mainland of
 ,europe4  ,illustration3 ,,flint       
,,flakes ,,of ,,two ,,types ,,from      
,,palanthropic ,,and ,,neanthropic      
,,caves ,,in ,,the ,,lebanon  ,but      
perhaps the most interesting views of   
the succession of early men and the gap 
between the palanthropic and neanthropic
 periods are presented by the ,belgian  

caves explored by ,schmerling and       
,dupont4 ,the latter has excavated more 
than sixty caverns1 and has carefully   
noted the mode of occurrence of their   
contents1 collecting at the same time a 
vast number of bones and implements1 now
 admirably arranged in the museum of    
,brussels4 ,in ,belgium the earlier     
anthropic period has been characterised 
as that of the mammoth4 ,the beginning  
of the neanthropic is still a reindeer  
age1 though that animal was apparently  
becoming rare4 ,it existed1 as we know1 
in ,central ,europe till the time of    
,csar4  ,illustration3 ,,restoration    
,,of ,,the ,,sepulchral ,,cave ,,of     
,,frontal1 ,,belgium  7after ,dupont7   
#a4 and #b4 ,gravel and clay of mammoth 
age4 #c4 ,surface of modern accumulation
 of angular stones and clay4 7,d7 ,slab 
closing the sepulchre4 7,s7 ,platform   
for funeral feasts4 7,f7 ,hearth4 7,r7  
,rock forming the walls of the cavern4  
,the caves of ,furfooz1 and especially  
that of ,frontal1 are among the most    

instructive4 ,dupont has found that in  
many caves the older remains of the     
mammoth age are contained in or covered 
by a diluvial or inundation mud1#bh     
which seems to be the closing deposit of
 this age4 ,now in the ,frontal cave    
this mud remained undisturbed and       
extended out into a platform in front of
 the cave4 ,the cave itself had been    
used as a place of burial1 and as many  
as sixteen skeletons were found in it1  
with flint implements1 perforated       
shells1 flat pieces of sandstone with   
sketches of figures scratched on them1  
and an earthen vase4 ,all these lay     
above the original palanthropic mud     
floor1 and belonged to new tribes which 
probably knew nothing of their          
predecessors1 whose bones were covered  
by the inundation mud below4 ,on the    
platform in front of the cave was a     
hearth with the ashes of funeral feasts1
 and around this were found a multitude 
of bones of animals1 of the modern      
species of the country4 ,the people who 

used this cave as a sepulchre had       
evidently arrived in ,belgium after the 
palocosmic men and the mammoth were not 
only extinct1 but their remains were    
buried in muddy deposits2 though the    
reindeer and even the wild horse still  
existed1 and the time was long before   
the dawn of any authentic history in    
that part of the world4 ,these men have 
somewhat shorter heads than the old     
,cro-magnon race1 and they are of       
smaller stature1 and with finer and more
 delicate features4 ,in these respects  
they resemble the men of the dolmens and
 long barrows of ,france and ,england1  
and the existing ,auvergnats and        
,basques1 and also the ,lapps of the far
 north4 ,dupont observes that their     
materials for implements and ornaments  
came almost entirely from regions to the
 southward1 and hence he infers commerce
 with tribes in that direction and the  
existence of enemies in the north4 ,i   
should rather infer that the men of     
,frontal had immigrated into ,belgium   

from the south1 and that they were a    
small and poor outlying tribe of a      
greater people living south of them4    
,dupont also remarks on their evident   
care of the dead1 a characteristic of   
the early neocosmic men1 their belief in
 a future life1 and the absence of      
warlike weapons1 whence he infers that  
they were a mild and pacific race--a    
conclusion which makes against the idea 
entertained by some1 that they may have 
displaced the formidable palocosmic men 
by conquest4  #bh ,sometimes with       
angular stones--argile  blocaux4        
,similar illustrations are afforded by  
the caves and rock-shelters of ,france1 
,switzerland1 and ,syria1 and have      
convinced many of the ablest            
archologists of the existence of a      
decided break between the palanthropic  
and neanthropic ages4 ,in such a case   
also it is to be observed that a few    
decided1 positive facts are of more     
value than any number of examples in    
which1 from local circumstances1 the    

succession may be obscure or uncertain4 
,the above examples relate to the men of
 the older neanthropic age1 the men of  
the so-called neolithic or polished     
stone age of archologists4 ,these men   
can be shown to be identical with the   
oldest populations of postdiluvian      
,europe1 peoples whose descendants exist
 to-day in many parts of ,western       
,europe1 though they have been more or  
less displaced or mixed with later      
intrusive races4 ,these people have gone
 on without any physical cataclysm1 or  
change of fauna1 or geographical or     
climatal changes of any magnitude1 into 
the ages of bronze and iron and of the  
modern civilisation4 ,thus1 while the   
palocosmic men passed away abruptly and 
have left no certain successors1 those  
who succeeded them pass on without a    
break into the existing populations of  
the world4  ,we must1 however1 here     
guard ourselves from a misconception    
which has apparently unconsciously      
deceived many writers on this subject4  

,it by no means follows from the facts  
insisted on above that there are no     
direct links of connection between      
palocosmic and neocosmic men4 ,the      
ancestors of the latter must have       
existed through the palanthropic period1
 and wherever they were living they may 
have had the same characters which      
distinguish them at a later time1 and   
which persist to this day4 ,there would 
therefore be nothing contradictory to   
our general view in finding that the    
small1 fine-featured men who succeeded  
the giants of the olden time were in    
some more genial parts of the world     
extant from the first4 ,nay1 it may even
 appear that they were similar to the   
,truchre race1 and that still more      
primitive people whose bones are yet    
unknown1 and who inhabited ,europe in   
the early mild period preceding the     
mammoth age4 ,neither is there anything 
anomalous in the occasional reappearance
 of characters similar to those even of 
the ,canstadt race at the present time1 

not because any modern men are direct   
descendants of this race1 but because   
under certain conditions these          
characters tend to be reproduced4 ,let  
us put the case conjecturally as        
follows3  ,the original men who peopled 
the northern continents after the first 
glacial period were of small stature1   
agile1 and well formed1 with mild and   
pleasing countenance and heads of the   
medium 7mesitocephalic7 type4 ,they were
 dwellers in a warm climate and         
subsisted on fruits4 ,as population     
increased and men became hunters and    
fishermen1 and wandered widely over the 
world1 a large-boned1 coarse-featured1  
and savage type of man arose1 such as we
 find in the older caves and gravels1   
and weapons of kinds not needed in      
primitive times were invented4 ,in this 
state of affairs1 when the coarser and  
stronger races had made themselves      
masters of the world1 and had perhaps   
partially intermixed with the older and 
more peaceful peoples1 a great diluvial 

catastrophe occurred1 which swept away  
the greater part of men4 ,the survivors 
were of the old and unmodified stock1   
and it was they who repeopled the new   
world1 finding possibly here and there  
some survivors of the former population1
 or themselves locally relapsing into a 
similar state4 ,in this case all the    
seeming paradoxes and contradictions    
which have perplexed archologists would 
be easily explained4 ,we might even find
 occasional captives of the primitive   
small race among the interments of the  
old giants1 and we might find new races 
of superior physical power arising in   
the new world and again intruding on the
 feebler race4  ,in closing our notice  
of this period we may proceed to connect
 it with actual history in the ,british 
,islands4 ,when the ,romans invaded     
,britain they found in it two races of  
men physically very distinct1 one of    
them the aborigines1 who had made their 
way to the island as its first          
population after the close of the       

mammoth age1 the others apparently a    
later intrusion4 ,they are known to     
,english antiquaries from their modes of
 burial as the men of the long and the  
round barrows or funeral mounds4 ,the   
first of these are beyond doubt the     
kinsmen of our little men of the ,trou  
de ,frontal1 in ,belgium4 ,they are thus
 described by ,greenwell and ,taylor#bi3
  #bi ,greenwell1 ,british ,barrows2    
,taylor1 ,origin of the ,aryans4  ,they 
were of feeble build1 short stature1    
dark complexion1 and somewhat long      
skull4 ,they buried their dead in long  
barrows or mounds with interior chambers
 and passages2 some of these are as much
 as #djj feet in length1 and resemble   
artificial caves2 and there can be no   
doubt that1 as in ,belgium1 they buried 
their dead in caves when these were     
accessible2 and the laborious           
construction of the long barrows when   
caves failed is an indication of the    
great importance they attached to the   
secure and decent sepulture of the dead4

 ,no trace of metal is found in their   
barrows1 and but little pottery1 but it 
is believed that they had at a very     
early time domesticated sheep and cattle
 and practised agriculture4 ,these      
people are now identified with the      
people of the south and west of         
,england1 called by the ,romans         
,silures4 ,they were the builders of the
 cromlechs1 dolmens1 and other          
megalithic structures so common in      
various parts of the old continent4     
,their type survives to this day in the 
small dark people of parts of ,wales and
 the south and west of ,ireland1 and in 
parts of the ,hebrides4 ,their physical 
characters connect them with the        
primitive populations of the hills of   
,central ,france1 with the ,basques of  
the ,pyrenees1 the ,corsicans1 the      
,berbers of ,africa1 and the ,guanches  
of the ,canary ,islands1 and the term   
,iberian has been applied to the whole  
group4 ,their language was originally   
not ,aryan1 but ,turanian4 ,they        

represent not merely a new race still   
surviving1 but a distinct advance in    
practical civilisation over that of the 
peoples of the palanthropic age1 in     
,europe at least4  ,at the time of the  
,roman conquest this primitive race had 
been replaced in the east of ,england   
and south of ,scotland by a wholly      
different people1 supposed to be        
identical with the ,celt of the ,romans4
 ,they were tall1 muscular1 with broader
 and shorter heads1 fair complexion1 and
 light-coloured hair4 ,they buried their
 dead in round barrows or mounds1 and   
seem at a very early period to have     
possessed bronze1 and so to have        
introduced what has been termed the     
bronze age into ,britain4 ,at the time  
of the ,roman invasion1 however1 they   
already possessed iron weapons4 ,these  
people were ,aryan in speech1 allied to 
the ,gauls and ,belg1 and the ancestors 
of the so-called ,celtic populations of 
the ,british ,islands4  ,illustration3  
,,cromlech ,,at ,,fontanaccia1 ,,corsica

 7after ,de ,mortillet7     ,,chapter   
,,viii  ,,the ,,palanthropic ,,age ,,in 
,,the ,,light ,,of ,,history   ,the time
 was when the earlier books of the      
,hebrew ,scriptures stood almost alone  
in their notices of the creation and    
antediluvian times1 and when critics    
could quietly take for granted that they
 were altogether mythical4 ,this state  
of things has now passed away from the  
minds of the better informed1 and it may
 be profitable before proceeding farther
 to glance for a moment at some of the  
recent corroborations1 if they may be so
 called1 of the ,bible history from     
altogether unexpected quarters4  ,in the
 first place1 there can now be no doubt 
that the order of creation1 as revealed 
to the author of the first chapter of   
,genesis1 corresponds with the results  
of astronomical and geological research 
in a manner which cannot be             
accidental4#cj ,this old document thus  
stands in the position of a prophecy    
which has been fulfilled in its details4

 ,besides this1 the discovery of the    
similar though not identical ,chaldean  
creation tablets throws a remarkable and
 interesting side-light on the whole    
question4 ,the ,chaldean tablets are    
unquestionably very ancient1 and        
borrowed from still older documents from
 which they are alleged to have been    
copied4 ,but they and the ,genesis      
narrative are independent of each other4
 ,neither can have been copied from the 
other4 ,thus there must have been a     
still more ancient common source of the 
narrative1 and1 as ,i have elsewhere    
urged1#ca the greater simplicity and    
monotheistic character of the ,hebrew   
document entitle it to the palm of the  
higher antiquity4  #cj ,for evidence of 
this ,i may be permitted to refer to my 
work1 ,the ,origin of the ,world4  #ca  
,modern ,science in ,bible ,lands4      
,with reference to the antediluvian age 
and the ,deluge1 while the ,bible is    
here only in accord with almost         
universal tradition1 and this in        

reference to an event which if it       
occurred at all must have fixed itself  
in the memory of the survivors1 it is in
 remarkable accordance with very ancient
 ,chaldean writings commemorative of the
 same event4 ,some principal points of  
this accordance are the following4 ,the 
,chaldean account implies that the anger
 of the gods1 or some of them1 against  
an evil race of men was the cause of the
 catastrophe4 ,it gives it a universal  
character1 so far as the sphere of      
observation extended4 ,it represents the
 survivors as saved in a ship or ark4   
,it represents ,hasisadra1 its ,noah1 as
 sending out birds to ascertain the     
subsidence of the waters4 ,in all these 
points and many others the ,chaldean    
account agrees with the ,biblical in    
representing antediluvian men1 or some  
of them1 as civilised1 possessing       
domestic animals1 and competent to      
construct large ships4  ,when we leave  
the ,deluge and come to the postdiluvian
 or neanthropic period1 similar         

coincidences occur4 ,the foundation of a
 primitive ,cushite or ,akkadian kingdom
 in the ,euphratean valley1 the         
dispersion of men according to their    
families and their languages1 the early 
kingdoms contemporary with ,abraham1    
mentioned in the narrative of his       
campaign to recover the captives taken  
from the cities of the plain1 the       
extremely early use of the arrow-headed 
characters in ,asia1 of the hieroglyphic
 writing in ,egypt1 and of a            
proto-,phnician or early ,hebrew        
alphabet among the ,mineans of ancient  
,arabia1 tend at once to vindicate the  
,bible history1 and to show how at a    
very early period this history may have 
been rendered permanent in written      
documents4 ,on all these grounds        
scientific archologists are beginning to
 attach more value than formerly to the 
,hebrew annals1 and to recognise them as
 true historical accounts of the times  
to which they relate4  ,it may seem rash
 to make such a statement at a time when

 it is well known that many divines of  
repute avow themselves as believers in  
the theory that the earlier ,biblical   
books are of comparatively late         
composition4 ,but ,science will have her
 way in a matter of this kind1 whatever 
literature or criticism may say1 and she
 is beginning strongly to lift her voice
 against the destructive criticism of   
the ,pentateuch4 ,in a recent article1  
,professor ,sayce1 one of the           
best-informed experts in these subjects1
 uses the following language3           
',naturally1 the higher criticism is    
disinclined to see its assumptions swept
 away along with the conclusions which  
are based upon them1 and to sit humbly  
at the feet of the newer science4 ,at   
first1 the results of ,egyptian or      
,assyrian research were ignored2 then   
they were reluctantly admitted1 so far  
as they did not clash with the          
preconceived opinions of the higher     
critics4 ,it was urged1 unfortunately   
with too much justice1 that the         

decipherers were not1 as a rule1 trained
 critics1 and that in the enthusiasm of 
research they often announced           
discoveries which proved to be false or 
only partially correct4 ,but it must be 
remembered1 on the other side1 that this
 charge applies with equal force to all 
progressive studies1 not excluding the  
higher criticism itself4  ',the time is 
now come for confronting the conclusions
 of the higher criticism1 so far as it  
applies to the books of the ,old        
,testament1 with the ascertained results
 of modern ,oriental research4 ,the     
amount of certain knowledge now         
possessed by the ,egyptologist and      
,assyriologist would be surprising to   
those who are not specialists in these  
branches of study1 while the discovery  
of the ,tel-el-,amarna tablets has      
poured a flood of light upon the ancient
 world1 which is at once startling and  
revolutionary4 ,as in the case of ,greek
 history1 so too in that of ,israelitish
 history1 the period of critical        

demolition is at an end1 and it is time 
for the archologist to reconstruct the  
fallen edifice4  ',but the very word    
reconstruct implies that what is built  
again will not be exactly that which    
existed before4 ,it implies that the    
work of the higher criticism has not    
been in vain2 on the contrary1 the work 
it has performed has been a very needful
 and important one1 and in its own      
sphere has helped us to the discovery of
 the truth4 ,egyptian or ,assyrian      
research has not corroborated every     
historical statement which we find in   
the ,old ,testament1 any more than      
classical archology has corroborated    
every statement which we find in the    
,greek writers2 what it has done has    
been to show that the extreme scepticism
 of modern criticism is not justified1  
that the materials on which the history 
of ,israel has been based may1 and      
probably do1 go back to an early date1  
and that much which the higher critics  
have declared to be mythical and        

impossible was really possible and      
true4'  ,in point of fact a much        
stronger position might be held in      
favour of ,genesis1 and we shall find in
 comparing it with the monuments of the 
palanthropic and early neanthropic ages 
that its statements vindicate themselves
 as derived from original contemporary  
documents1 which were under no          
obligations to the literature or        
philosophy of those later times1 to     
which they have been relegated by some  
of the critics4  ,let us inquire a      
little more in detail into the general  
features of these early historic        
notices4  ,for the purposes of this     
inquiry we may content ourselves with   
the consideration of the ancient ,hebrew
 documents incorporated in the ,book of 
,genesis1 and the remains which have    
been preserved of the old ,chaldean     
literature4 ,both of these represent an 
antediluvian period of long duration4#cb
 ,both refer the primitive seats of     
population to the ,euphratean region of 

,western ,asia4 ,both terminate the     
antediluvian age with a great diluvial  
catastrophe4 ,these are sufficient      
points of general agreement to make it  
probable that both originated in one    
fundamental history1 or at least were   
based on attempts to describe the same  
events4 ,otherwise there are great      
differences4 ,the ,chaldean accounts    
have a prolix iteration1 which makes it 
probable that they were prepared for    
popular and liturgic use1 and may not   
fairly represent the original documents 
in possession of the priestly class4    
,they also naturally introduce all the  
personnel of the ,chaldean pantheon1 and
 as this must have been a thing of      
gradual growth it gives them an air of  
recency1 though we know that they are   
very old4 ,the ,hebrew version1 on the  
other hand1 is monotheistic1 and has an 
aspect of severe simplicity in striking 
contrast to the florid and popular      
,chaldean version4  #cb ,hommel has     
proved 7,journal of the ,society of     

,biblical ,archology1 #ahic71 what has  
always been suspected1 that the ten     
patriarchs of ,berosus are the same with
 those of the ,sethite line in ,genesis4
  ,we may first notice what history can 
tell of the palanthropic age1 supposing 
this to be the same with that           
historically known as antediluvian4 ,the
 account of creation in the first       
chapter of ,genesis is altogether       
general1 and has no local colouring4 ,it
 evidently refers to the whole history  
of the making of the earth4 ,the second 
chapter1 on the other hand1 begins at   
verse #d the special history of man1 and
 opens with a picture which is not1 as  
some have rashly supposed1 a repetition 
of the previous general account of      
creation1 and still less contradictory  
to it1 but a statement that immediately 
before the introduction of man the earth
 had been in a desolate and             
comparatively untenanted state1 that    
state to which we know it had been      
reduced by the glacial cold and         

submergence4  ,thus the two accounts of 
the creation of man1 that in which he   
appears in his chronological position in
 the general development1 and that in   
which he takes a first place1 as        
introductory to his special history1 are
 not contradictory1 but complementary to
 each other2 and the latter refers      
wholly to man and the creatures         
contemporary with him in the            
palanthropic age4 ,it is in accordance  
with this1 and no doubt intended by the 
editor to mark this distinction1 that   
the name ,elohim is used in the general 
narrative1 and ,jehovah ,elohim in the  
special one4 ,the failure of so many    
critics to notice this distinction1     
which must have been so plain to the    
primitive historian himself1 is a marked
 illustration of the blindness of       
certain nineteenth-century savants1 so  
full of their own special knowledge1 yet
 so careless of science and common      
sense4  ,it would even seem that this   
distinction appeared in the ,chaldean   

,genesis as well2 for fragments of what 
has been called a second ,chaldean      
,genesis have been found which seem to  
correspond with the statements of the   
second chapter of ,genesis4  ,the       
following is an extract from this second
 ,chaldean or ,akkadian ,genesis as     
translated by ,pinches3#cc       #a ,the
 glorious house1 the house of the gods1 
in a glorious place      had not been   
made2       #b ,a plant had not been    
brought forth1 a tree had not been      
created2       #c ,a brick had not been 
laid1 a beam had not been shaped2       
#d ,a house had not been built1 a city  
had not been constructed2       #e ,a   
city had not been made1 a foundation had
 not been made      glorious2       #f  
,niffer had not been built1 -kura had   
not been constructed2       #g ,erech   
had not been built1 -ana had not been   
constructed2       #h ,the ,abyss had   
not been made1 -ridu had not been       
constructed2       #i 7,as for7 the     
glorious house1 the house of the gods1  

its seat had      not been made--       
#aj ,the whole of the lands were sea4   
#cc ,expository ,times1 ,december #ahib 
,this may be supposed to correspond with
 the ,hebrew verses following3          
,and no plant of the field was yet in   
the earth4       ,and no herb of the    
field had yet sprung up4       ,for     
,jahveh ,elohim had not caused it to    
rain on the earth4       ,and there was 
not a man to till 7irrigate7 the ground4
       ,and there went up a vapour from 
the earth1 and watered the surface      
of the ground4  ,this is the ,hebrew    
idea of the condition of the great      
,mesopotamian plain after the           
pleistocene submergence1 and before the 
appearance of man4 ,the ,chaldean       
version refers to the same region1 but  
is more elaborate and artificial1 and   
brings in the historic cities of a later
 time4 ,this difference alone would     
induce us to suppose that the ,hebrew   
record may be a better guide for our    
present comparison4  ,the ,hebrew writer

 in the first place gives us to         
understand that a period of comparative 
desolation preceded the appearance of   
man1 a great winter of destruction      
preparatory to a returning spring4 ,he  
then proceeds to localise primeval man  
by placing him in ,eden1 the ,idinu of  
the ,chaldean accounts1 which we also   
recognise by the geographical           
indications of the ,euphrates and       
,tigris as its rivers1 with two         
companion streams which can scarcely be 
other than the ,karun and the ,kerkhat4 
,thus the ,bible and the ,chaldean      
account agree in their locality for the 
advent of man1 for ,idinu was the       
ancient name of the plain of ,babylonia4
 ,it has been objected to this locality 
that much of this region is low and     
swampy1 and has only recently become    
land by the encroachment of the rivers  
on the head of the ,persian ,gulf4 ,but 
if our ,biblical authority really refers
 to palanthropic man1 we must bear in   
mind that in the post-glacial period the

 continents were higher than now1 and   
the ,babylonian plain must have been a  
dry and elevated district1 in all       
probability forest-clad4 ,we must also  
bear in mind that ,eden was a region of 
country1 and that the 'garden' or       
selected spot 'eastward in ,eden' may   
have been some rich wooded island       
surrounded by the river streams1 and    
producing all fruits pleasant to the    
taste and good for food4 ,in any case   
the modern objections to the site are   
based on entire ignorance of its        
geological history1 and only serve to   
show how much better informed the       
ancient writer was as to antediluvian   
geography than his modern critics4#cd   
#cd ,see1 for full discussion of this1  
,modern ,science in ,bible ,lands1 by   
the author4  ,it is scarcely necessary  
to say that this ,biblical environment  
of primitive man corresponds with the   
requirements of the case4 ,in a genial  
climate and sheltered position1 and     
supplied with abundance of food1 the    

first men would have the conditions     
necessary for comfortable existence and 
for multiplying in numbers4  ,we have   
also in the description of one of the   
rivers of ,eden a hint as to a few of   
the wants of early man beyond mere food 
and shelter4 ,we are told that the      
district traversed by this river        
produced gold1 bedolach1 and the shoham 
stone4 ,i have elsewhere shown that this
 river must be the ,karun1 draining the 
,luristan mountains1 and that the       
productions indicated must have been    
'native gold and silver1 wampum beads1  
and jade and similar stones suitable for
 implements4'#ce ,thus we have here a   
picture which may well represent the    
origin and early condition of our       
palocosmic men4 ,but the parallel does  
not end here4  #ce ,modern ,science in  
,bible ,lands4  ,according to the       
history1 man falls1 and is expelled from
 ,eden1 is clothed with skins1 and      
becomes an eater of animal food4 ,next  
we find murderous violence1 and a       

consequent separation of the primitive  
people into two tribes1 one of which    
migrates to a distance from the other   
and adopts different modes of life4     
,finally1 we have a mixture of the two  
races1 leading to a powerful and        
terrible race of half-breeds1 or metis1 
who filled the earth with violence4#cf  
#cf ,genesis vi4 #a-f4  ,illustration3  
,,map ,,showing ,,the ,,geographical    
,,and ,,geological ,,relations ,,of     
,,the ,,site ,,of ,,eden ,,as           
,,described ,,in ,,genesis  ,in one     
point only have we reason to doubt      
whether this old history fairly         
represents the palanthropic age4 ,it    
notes the invention of musical          
instruments1 the use of metals1 the     
domestication of animals as already     
existing in the antediluvian period4 ,of
 these we have little or no archological
 evidence4 ,the only musical instrument 
of this period known is a whistle made  
of one of the bones of a deer's foot1   
and capable of sounding a tetrachord or 

four notes1 and we have no certain      
evidence of metals or domesticated      
animals4 ,we must bear in mind that     
there may have been more civilised races
 than those of the ,cro-magnon type1 and
 that the latter evince an artistic     
skill which if it had any scope for     
development may have led to great       
results4 ,the native metals must have   
been known to man from the first1 though
 they must have been rare or only       
locally common2 and many semi-barbarous 
nations of later times show us that it  
is only a short step from the knowledge 
of native metals to the art of          
metallurgy1 in so far as it consists in 
treating those ores that in weight and  
metallic lustre most resemble the metals
 themselves4 ,it is also deserving of   
notice that no other hypothesis than    
that of antediluvian civilisation can   
account for the fact that in the dawn of
 postdiluvian history we find the       
dwellers by the ,euphrates and the ,nile
 already practising so many of the arts 

of civilised life4 ,in connection with  
this we may place the early dawn of     
literature4 ,without insisting on the   
documents which the ,chaldean ,noah1    
,hasisadra1 is said to have hid at      
,sippara before the ,deluge1 we have the
 known fact that in the earliest dawn of
 postdiluvian history the art of writing
 was known in ,chaldea and in ,egypt4   
,this at once testifies to antediluvian 
culture1 and shows that the means       
existed to record important events4     
,there is1 perhaps1 no one of the       
vagaries now current under the much     
abused name of evolution more opposed to
 facts1 whether physical or historical  
than the notion that1 because #cjjj     
years ,b4,c4 we have evidence of an     
advanced civilisation in ,chaldea and in
 ,egypt1 this must have been preceded by
 a long and uninterrupted progress      
through many thousands of years from a  
savage state4 ,two facts alone are      
sufficient to show the folly of such a  
supposition4 ,first1 the intervention of

 that great physical catastrophe which  
separates the palanthropic and          
neanthropic periods2 and secondly1 the  
testimony of history in favour of the   
arts of civilisation originating with   
great inventors1 and not by any slow and
 gradual process of evolution4          
,according to all history1 sacred and   
profane1 many such inventors existed    
even in the palanthropic and early      
neanthropic ages1 and transmitted their 
arts in an advanced state to later      
times4 ,the ,book of ,genesis testifies 
to this in its notices of ,tubal ,cain  
and ,jubal2 and the monuments of        
,chaldea and ,egypt show that           
metallurgy1 sculpture1 and architecture 
were as far advanced at the very dawn of
 history as in any later period4 ,it is 
true that ,genesis represents its early 
inventors as mere men1 albeit 'sons of  
,god1' while they often appear as gods  
or demi-gods in the early history of the
 heathen nations2 but the fact remains  
that then1 as now1 the rare appearance  

of ,god-given inventive genius is the   
sole cause of the greater advances in   
art and civilisation4 ,spontaneous      
development may produce socialistic     
trades' unions or ,chinese stagnation1  
but great gifts1 whether of prophecy1 of
 song1 of scientific insight1 or of     
inventive power1 are the inspiration of 
the ,almighty4  ,we have in the closing 
part of the ,bible story of the         
antediluvian age even an intimation of  
the deterioration of climate and means  
of subsistence towards the end of the   
period4 ,lamech1 we are told1 named his 
son ,noah--rest or comfort--in the hope 
that by his means he should be          
comforted1 because of the ground which  
the ,lord had cursed4 ,that curse       
provoked by the sons of man he may have 
recognised as fulfilled in the gradual  
deterioration of the climate toward the 
close of the palanthropic age4 ,there   
are here surely some curious            
coincidences which might be followed    
farther1 did space permit4  ,we now come

 to the close of the whole in the       
,deluge2 and as this has been made in   
our own time the subject of much        
discussion1 and as it contains within   
itself the whole kernel of the subject1 
it merits a separate treatment4         
,,chapter ,,ix  ,,the ,,deluge ,,of     
,,noah   ,to the older men of this      
generation1 who have followed the       
changes of scientific and historical    
opinion1 the story of the ,deluge1 old  
though it is1 has passed through a      
variety of phases like the changes of a 
kaleidoscope1 and which may afford an   
instructive illustration of the         
modifications of belief in other1 and   
some of them to us more important1      
matters1 whether of history or of       
religion1 which have presented          
themselves in like varied aspects1 and  
may be variously viewed in the future4  
,as children we listened with awe and   
wonder to the story of the wicked       
antediluvians1 and of their terrible    
fate and the salvation of righteous     

,noah1 and received a deep and abiding  
impression of the enormity of moral evil
 and of the just retribution of the     
,great ,ruler of the ,universe4 ,a      
little later1 though the idea that all  
the fossil remains imbedded in the rocks
 are memorials of the ,deluge had passed
 away from the minds of the better      
informed1 we read with interest the     
wonderful revelations of the bone-caves 
described by ,buckland1 and felt that   
the antediluvian age had become a       
scientific reality4 ,but later still all
 this seemed to pass away like a dream4 
,under the guidance of ,lyell we learned
 that even the caves and gravels must be
 of greater age than the historical     
,deluge1 and that the remains of men and
 animals contained in them must have    
belonged to far-off ons1 antedating     
perhaps even the ,biblical creation of  
man1 while the historical ,deluge1 if it
 ever occurred1 must have been an affair
 so small and local that it had left no 
traces on the rocks of the earth4 ,at   

the same time ,biblical critics were    
busy with the narrative itself1 showing 
that it could be decomposed into        
different documents1 that it bore traces
 of a very recent origin1 that it was   
unhistorical1 and to be relegated to the
 same category with the fairy-tales of  
our infancy4 ,again1 however1 the       
kaleidoscope turns1 and the later       
researches of geology into the physical 
and human history of the more recent    
deposits of the earth's crust1 the      
discoveries of ancient ,assyrian or     
,chaldean records of the ,deluge1 and   
the comparison of these with the ancient
 history of other nations1 rehabilitate 
the old story2 and as we study the new  
facts respecting the so-called          
palolithic and neolithic men1 the clay  
tablets recovered from the libraries of 
,nineveh by ,george ,smith1 the         
calculations of ,prestwich and others   
respecting the recency of the glacial   
period1 and the historical gatherings of
 ,lenormant1 we find ourselves drifting 

back to the faith of our childhood1 or  
may congratulate ourselves on having    
adhered to it all along1 even when the  
current of opinion tended strongly to   
turn us away4  ,in illustration of the  
present aspects of the question ,i make 
two extracts1 one from ,lenormant's     
,beginnings of ,history1 another from a 
recent work of my own4  ',we are1' says 
,lenormant1 'in a position to affirm    
that the account of the ,deluge is a    
universal tradition in all branches of  
the human family1 with the sole         
exception of the black race1 and a      
tradition every-99where so exact and so 
concordant cannot possibly be referred  
to an imaginary myth4 ,no religious or  
cosmogonic myth possesses this character
 of universality4 ,it must necessarily  
be the reminiscence of an actual and    
terrible event1 which made so powerful  
an impression upon the imaginations of  
the first parents of our species that   
their descendants could never forget it4
 ,this cataclysm took place near the    

primitive cradle of mankind1 and        
previous to the separation of the       
families from whom the principal races  
were to descend1 for it would be        
altogether contrary to probability and  
to the laws of sound criticism to admit 
that local phenomena exactly similar in 
character could have been reproduced at 
so many different points on the globe as
 would enable one to explain these      
universal traditions1 or that these     
traditions should always have assumed an
 identical form1 combined with          
circumstances which need not necessarily
 have suggested themselves to the mind  
in such a connection4'#cg  #cg ,les     
,origines de l',histoire4 ,brown's      
translation4  ,on the geological side1  
the following may be accepted as a      
summary of facts3#ch  #ch ,modern       
,science in ,bible ,lands1 #ahhh1 pp4   
#bdd1 #bde1 #bea1 #beb4  ',if the       
earliest men were those of the river    
gravels and caves1 men of the mammoth   
age or of the palolithic or palocosmic  

period1 we can form some definite ideas 
as to their possible antiquity4 ,they   
colonised the continents immediately    
after the elevation of the land from the
 great subsidence which closed the      
pleistocene or glacial period1 or in    
what has been called the continental    
period of the post-glacial age1 because 
the new lands then raised out of the sea
 exceeded in extent those which we now  
have4 ,we have some measures of the date
 of this great continental elevation4   
,many years ago1 ,sir ,charles ,lyell   
used the recession of the ,falls of     
,niagara as a chronometer1 estimating   
their cutting power as equal to one foot
 per annum4 ,he calculated the beginning
 of the process1 which dates from the   
post-glacial elevation1 to be about     
thirty thousand years ago4 ,more recent 
surveys have shown that the rate is     
three times as great as that estimated  
by ,lyell1 and also that a considerable 
part of the gorge was merely cleaned out
 by the river since the pleistocene age4

 ,in this way the age of the ,niagara   
gorge becomes reduced to perhaps seven  
or eight thousand years4 ,other         
indications of similar bearing are found
 both in ,europe and ,america1 and lead 
to the belief that it is physically     
impossible that man could have colonised
 the northern hemisphere at an earlier  
date4 ,these facts render necessary an  
entire revision of the calculations     
based on the growth of stalagmite in    
caves1 and other uncertain data which   
have been held to indicate a greater    
lapse of time4  ',if we identify the    
antediluvians of ,genesis with the      
oldest men known to geological and      
archological science1 the parallelism is
 somewhat marked in physical            
characteristics and habits of life1 and 
also in their apparently sudden and     
tragical disappearance from ,europe and 
,western ,asia1 along with several of   
the large mammalia which were their     
contemporaries4 ,if the ,deluge is to be
 accepted as historical1 and if a       

similar great break interrupts the      
geological history of man1 separating   
extinct races from those which still    
survive1 why may we not correlate the   
two8 ,if the ,deluge was misused in the 
early history of geology1 by employing  
it to account for changes which took    
place long before the advent of man1    
this should not cause us to neglect its 
legitimate uses1 with reference to the  
early human period4 ,it is evident that 
if this correlation be accepted as      
probable1 it must modify many views now 
held as to the antiquity of man4 ,in    
that case the modern gravels and silts1 
spread over the plateaus between the    
river valleys1 will be accounted for1   
not by any greater overflow of the      
existing streams1 but by the abnormal   
action of currents of water diluvial in 
their character4 ,further1 since the    
historical ,deluge must have been of    
very limited duration1 the physical     
changes separating the deposits         
containing the remains of palocosmic men

 from those of later date would in like 
manner be accounted for1 not by the slow
 processes imagined by extreme          
uniformitarians1 but by causes of a more
 abrupt and cataclysmic character4'#ci  
#ci ,see also ,howorth1 ,the ,mammoth   
and the ,flood1 and papers by ,professor
 ,prestwich in ,journal ,geol4 ,society 
and ,trans4 ,royal ,society and by      
,andrews1 ,winchell1 and others in      
,america4  ,we may proceed to inquire as
 to whether the position which we have  
now reached is likely to be permanent1  
or may represent merely one shifting    
phase of opinion4 ,for this purpose we  
may formulate these conclusions in a few
 general statements1 merely referring to
 the evidence on which they are based1  
as any complete discussion of this would
 necessarily be impossible within the   
limits of this work4 ,we may first      
summarise the present position of the   
matter as indicated by historical and   
scientific research1 altogether         
independently of the ,bible4#dj  #dj    

,see articles by the author in ,the     
,contemporary ,review1 ,december #ahhi1 
and in ,the ,magazine of ,christian     
,literature1 ,october #ahij4  #a4 ,the  
recent discovery of the ,chaldean deluge
 tablets has again directed attention to
 the statements of ,berosus respecting  
the ,babylonian tradition of a great    
flood1 and these statements are found to
 be borne out in the main by the        
contents of the tablets4 ,there is thus 
a twofold testimony as to the occurrence
 of a deluge in that ,babylonian plain  
which the ,old ,testament history       
represents as the earliest seat of      
antediluvian man4 ,as ,lenormant has    
well shown1 the tradition exists in the 
ancient literature of ,india1 ,persia1  
,phnicia1 ,phrygia1 and ,greece1 and can
 be recognised in the traditions of     
,northern and ,western ,europe and of   
,america1 while the ,egyptians had a    
similar account of the destruction of   
men1 but apparently not by water1 though
 their idea of a submerged continent of 

,atlantis probably had reference to the 
antediluvian world4 ,thus we find this  
story widely spread over the earth1 and 
possessed by members of all the leading 
divisions of mankind4 ,this does not    
necessarily prove the universality of   
the ,deluge1 though every distinct      
people naturally refers it to its own   
country4 ,it shows1 however1 the        
existence of some very early common     
source of the tradition1 and the        
variations are not more than were to    
have been expected in the different of  
transmission4  #b4 ,parallel with this  
historical evidence lies the result of  
geological and archological research1   
which has revealed to us the remains and
 works of prehistoric men1 racially     
distinct from those of modern times1 and
 who inhabited the earth at a period    
when its animal population was to a     
great extent distinct from that at      
present existing1 and when its physical 
condition was also in many respects     
different4 ,thus in ,europe and ,asia1  

and to some extent also in ,america1 we 
have evidence that the present races of 
men were preceded by others which have  
passed away1 and this at the same time  
with many important species of land     
animals1 once the contemporaries of man1
 but now known only as fossils4 ,these  
ancient men are those called by         
geologists later pleistocene1 or        
post-glacial1 or the men of the cave and
 gravel deposits1 or of the age of the  
mammoth1 and who have been designated by
 archologists palolithic men1 or1 more  
properly1 palocosmic men1 since the     
character of their stone implements is  
only one not very important feature of  
their history1 and implements of the    
palolithic type have been used in all   
periods1 and indeed are still used in   
some places4  #c4 ,the prevalence among 
geologists of an exaggerated and        
unreasonable uniformitarianism1 which   
refused to allow sufficient prominence  
to sudden cataclysms arising from the   
slow accumulation of natural forces1 and

 which was a natural reaction from the  
convulsive geology of an earlier period1
 has caused the idea to be generally    
entertained that the age of palocosmic  
men was of vast duration1 and passed    
only by slow gradations and a gradual   
transition into the new conditions of   
the modern period4 ,this view long was1 
and still is1 an obstacle to any        
rational correlation of the geological  
and traditional history of man4         
,recently1 however1 new views have been 
forced on geologists1 and have led many 
of the most sagacious observers and     
reasoners to see that the palanthropic  
period is much nearer to us than we had 
imagined4 ,the arguments for this ,i    
have referred to in previous pages1 and 
need not reiterate them1 here4 ,a few   
leading points may1 however1 be noted4  
,one of these is the small amount of    
physical or organic change which has    
occurred since the close of the         
palanthropic period4 ,another is the    
more rapid rate of erosion and          

deposition by rivers in the modern      
period than had previously been         
supposed4 ,another is the striking fact 
that a large number of mammals1 like the
 mammoth and woolly rhinoceros1 seem to 
have perished simultaneously with the   
palocosmic men1 and this by some sudden 
catastrophe4#da ,it has also been shown 
by ,pictet and ,dawkins that all the    
extant mammals of ,europe already       
existed in the post-glacial age1 but    
along with many others now altogether or
 locally extinct4 ,thus there seems to  
have been the removal over the whole    
northern hemisphere of a number of the  
largest mammals1 while a selected number
 survived and no additions were made4   
,again1 while at one time it was        
supposed that the remains of palocosmic 
man and his contemporaries were confined
 to caverns and river alluvia1 it is now
 known that they occur also on high     
plateaus and water-sheds1 in beds of    
gravel and silt which must have been    
deposited there under conditions of     

submergence and somewhat active current 
drift1 perhaps in some cases aided by   
floating ice4#db ,lastly1 while1 as must
 naturally be the case1 in some places  
the remains of ancient and more modern  
men are mixed1 or seem to pass into each
 other1 in others1 as in the ,swiss1    
,belgian and ,lebanon caves and in the  
superficial deposits1 there is a        
distinct separation1 implying an        
interval accompanied by physical change 
between the time of the earlier and     
later men4  #da ,howorth1 ,the ,mammoth 
and the ,flood4  #db ,prestwich on      
deposits at ,ightham1 ,kent1 ,journal   
,geological ,society1 ,may #ahhi4  ,such
 considerations as these1 the force of  
which is most strongly felt by those    
best acquainted with the methods of     
investigation employed by geologists and
 archologists1 are forcing us to        
conclude3 7#a7 ,that there are indicated
 in the latest geological formations two
 distinct human periods1 an earlier and 
a later1 characterised by differences of

 faun and of physical conditions1 as    
well as by distinct races of men4 7#b7  
,that these two periods are separated by
 a somewhat rapid physical change of the
 nature of submergence1 or by a series  
of changes locally sudden and generally 
not long-continued4 7#c7 ,that it is not
 improbable that this greatest of all   
revolutions in human affairs may be the 
same that has so impressed itself on the
 memory of the survivors as to form the 
basis of all the traditions and         
historical accounts of the ,deluge4     
,this being the state of the case1 it   
becomes expedient to review our ideas of
 the ancient ,hebrew records1 from which
 our early1 and perhaps crude1          
impressions of this event were derived1 
and to ascertain how much of our notions
 of the ,deluge of ,genesis may be      
fairly deduced from the record itself1  
and how much may be due to more or less 
correct interpretations1 or to our own  
fancy4 ,in connection with this we may  
also be able to obtain some guidance as 

to the value to be attached to the      
,hebrew document as a veritable and     
primitive record of the great           
catastrophe4  ,the key to the           
understanding of the early human history
 of ,genesis lies in the story of the   
fall of man1 and its sequel in the      
murder of ,abel by his brother ,cain1   
the beginning of that reign of violence 
which endures even to this day4 ,from   
this arose the first division of the    
human race into hostile clans or tribes1
 the races of ,cain and ,seth1 on which 
hinges the history1 characteristics and 
fate of antediluvian man2 and1 as we    
shall see in the sequel1 from this arose
 profound differences in religious      
beliefs1 which have tinged the theology 
and superstitions of all subsequent     
times4 ,of course1 in making this       
statement ,i refer to the history given 
in ,genesis1 without special reference  
to its intrinsic truth or credibility1  
but merely in relation to its           
interpretation in harmony with its own  

statements4  ,it is further evident that
 this tragic event must have occurred in
 that ,tigro-,euphratean region which   
was the ,biblical site of ,eden#dc and  
that while the ,sethite race presumably 
occupied the original home of ,adam1 and
 adhered to that form of religion which 
is expressed in the worship of ,jahveh1 
the coming ,redeemer and the expected   
',seed of the ,woman1' the other race   
spread itself more widely1 probably     
attained to a higher civilisation1 in so
 far as art is concerned1 in some of its
 divisions1 and sank to a deeper        
barbarism in others1 while it retained  
the original worship of ,god the        
,creator 7,elohim74 ,hence the ,sethite 
race is designated as the sons of ,adam 
7,beni ha ,adam71 the true and          
legitimate children of the first man1   
and the ,cainites as ,beni ,elohim1 or  
sons of ,god4#dd ,the mixture of these  
races produced the godless1             
heaven-defying ,nephelim1 the ,titans of
 the ,old ,testament1 whose wickedness  

brought on the diluvial catastrophe4    
,these half-breeds of the antediluvian  
time were in all probability the best   
developed1 physically and perhaps       
mentally1 of the men of their period2   
and but for the ,deluge they might have 
become masters of the world4  #dc       
,modern ,science in ,bible ,lands1 chap4
 iv4  #dd ,that this is the true meaning
 of the expressions in ,genesis vi4 ,i  
cannot doubt4 ,see discussion of the    
subject in the work cited in previous   
note4  ,this question of different races
 and religions before the ,flood is1    
however1 deserving of a little farther  
elucidation4 ,the names ,elohim and     
,jahveh are used conjointly throughout  
the ,book of ,genesis except in its     
first chapter1 and their mode of        
occurrence cannot be explained merely on
 the theory of two documents pieced     
together by an editor4 ,it has a deeper 
significance than this1 and one which   
indicates a radical diversity between   
,elohists and ,jahvists even in this    

early period4 ,in the earliest part of  
the human history1 as distinguished from
 the general record of creation1 the two
 names are united in the compound       
,jahveh-,elohim1 but immediately after  
the fall ,eve is represented as         
attributing to1 or identifying with1    
,jahveh alone the birth of her eldest   
son--',i have produced a man1 the       
,jahveh1' and which may mean that she   
supposed ,cain to be the promised       
manifestation of ,god as the ,redeemer4 
,accordingly ,cain and ,abel are        
represented as offering sacrifice to    
,jahveh1 and yet it is said in a verse  
which must be a part of the same        
document1 that it was not till the time 
of ,enos1 a grandson of ,adam1 that men 
began to invoke the name of ,jahveh4 ,it
 would seem also that this invocation of
 ,jahveh was peculiar to the ,sethites1 
and that the ,cainites were still       
worshippers of ,elohim1 the ,god of     
nature and creation1 a fact which       
perhaps has relation to the so-called   

physical religion of some ancient       
peoples4 ,hence their title of ,beni ha 
,elohim4 ,thus the division between the 
,cainite and ,sethite races early became
 accentuated by a sectarian distinction 
as well4 ,we may imagine that the       
,cainites1 worshipping ,god as ,creator1
 and ignoring that doctrine of a        
,redeemer which seemed confined to the  
rival race of ,seth1 were the deists of 
their time1 and held a position which   
might1 according to culture and         
circumstances1 degenerate into a        
polytheistic nature-worship1 or harden  
into an absolute materialism4 ,on the   
other hand1 the ,sethites1 recognised by
 the author of ,genesis as the orthodox 
descendants of ,adam1 and invoking      
,jahveh1 held to the promise of a coming
 ,saviour1 and to a deliverance from the
 effects of the ,fall to be achieved by 
,his means4  ,it is clear that1 from the
 point of view of the author of         
,genesis1 the chosen seed of ,seth      
should have maintained their separation 

from a wicked world4 ,their failure to  
do this involves them in the wrath of   
,jahveh and renders the destruction of  
mankind necessary1 and in this the whole
 ,godhead under its combined aspects of 
,elohim and ,jahveh takes a part4 ,a    
similar view has caused the ,chaldean   
narrator to invoke the aid of all the   
gods in his pantheon to effect the      
destruction of man4  ,these             
considerations farther throw light on   
the double character of the ,deluge     
narrative in ,genesis1 which has induced
 those ingenious scholars who occupy    
themselves with analysis or             
disintegration of the ,pentateuch to    
affirm two narratives1 one ,elohist and 
one ,jahvist4#de ,whatever value may    
attach to this hypothesis1 it is evident
 that if the history is thus made up of 
two documents it gains in value1 since  
this would imply that the editor had at 
his disposal two chronicles embodying   
the observations of two narrators1      
possibly of different sects1 if these   

differences were perpetuated in the     
postdiluvian world2 and farther1 that he
 is enabled to affirm that the          
catastrophe affected both the great     
races of men4 ,it farther would imply   
that these early documents were used by 
the writer to produce his combined      
narrative almost without change of      
diction1 so that they remain in their   
original form of the alleged testimony  
of eye-witnesses1 a peculiarity which   
attaches also to the ,chaldean version1 
as this purports to be in the form given
 by ,hasisadra1 the ,chaldean ,noah1    
himself4#df  #de ,see1 for a very clear 
statement of these views1 ,professor    
,green in ,hebraica1 ,january #ahhi1    
along with ,dr4 ,harper's rsum of the   
,pentateuchal criticism in the previous 
number4  #df ,translation of ,g4 ,smith 
and others4 ,with reference to the      
preservation of this and the ,hebrew    
narrative in writing1 we should bear in 
mind that writing was an art well known 
in ,chaldea and ,egypt immediately after

 the ,deluge1 or at least between #bjjj 
and #cjjj ,b4,c41 and that the ,chaldean
 narrator speaks of documents hidden by 
,noah at ,sippara before the ,deluge4   
,let us now inquire into the physical   
aspects of the ,deluge1 as they are said
 to have presented themselves to the    
ancient witness or witnesses to whom we 
owe the ,biblical account of the        
catastrophe1 and endeavour to ascertain 
if they have any agreement with the     
conditions of the great post-glacial    
,deluge of geology4 ,let it be observed 
here that we are dealing not with       
prehistoric events but with a written   
history1 supposed by some to have been  
compiled from two contemporary          
documents1 and corroborated by the      
testimony of the ancient ,chaldean      
tablets copied by the scribes of        
,assurbanipal1 apparently from different
 originals1 preserved in very ancient   
,chaldean temples4  ,the preparation of 
an ark or ship1 and the accommodation   
therein1 not only of ,noah and his      

family1 but of a certain number of      
animals1 is a feature in which most     
,deluge narratives agree4 ,this implies 
a considerable advance in the arts of   
construction and navigation1 but not    
more than we have a right to infer from 
the perfection of these arts in early   
postdiluvian times1 when it can scarcely
 be supposed that the new communities of
 men had fully regained the position of 
their ancestors before the destruction  
caused by the great ,flood4 ,lenormant1 
however1 remarks here3  ',the ,biblical 
narrative bears the stamp of an inland  
nation1 ignorant of things appertaining 
to navigation4 ,in ,genesis the name of 
the ark1 ,tbh1 signifies chest1 and not 
vessel2 and there is nothing said about 
launching the ark on the water2 no      
mention either of the sea1 or of        
navigation1 or any pilot4 ,in the       
,epopee of ,uruk1 on the other hand1    
everything indicates that it was        
composed among a maritime people2 each  
circumstance reflects the manners and   

customs of the dwellers on the shores of
 the ,persian ,gulf4 ,hasisadra goes on 
board a vessel1 distinctly alluded to by
 its appropriate appellation2 this ship 
is launched1 and makes a trial-trip to  
test it3 all its chinks are calked with 
bitumen1 and it is placed under the     
charge of a pilot4'  ,this remark1 which
 ,i find made by other commentators as  
well1 suggests1 it seems to me1 somewhat
 different conclusions4 ,the ,hebrews   
when settled1 either in ,egypt or in    
,canaan1 were near to the sea-coast1 and
 familiar with boats and with the ships 
of the ,phnicians4 ,if1 therefore1 they 
persisted in calling ,noah's ark a      
'chest1' it must have been from         
unwillingness to change an old history  
derived from their ,chaldean or         
,mesopotamian ancestors1 or because they
 continued to regard the ark as rather a
 great box than a ship properly so      
called4 ,on the other hand1 it is likely
 that the particulars in the ,chaldean  
account came from later manipulation of 

the narrative1 after commerce and       
navigation on the ,euphrates and        
,persian ,gulf had become familiar to   
the ,chaldeans4 ,thus in this as in     
other respects the ,hebrew narrative is 
the more primitive of the two1 and is   
consistent with the necessity of ,divine
 instructions to ,noah1 which1 if he had
 been familiar with navigation1 would   
not have been necessary4#dg  #dg ,see   
also the evidence of an inland position 
of the writers in the record of creation
 in ,genesis i41 as stated in my work   
cited in previous note4  ,as in the     
,chaldean version1 the ,biblical history
 begins with the specification of the   
ark4 ,on this 7,elohist7 portion it is  
only necessary to say that the          
dimensions of the ark are large and well
 adapted to stowage rather than to      
speed1 and that within it was           
strengthened by three decks and by a    
number of bulkheads1 or partitions1     
separating the rooms or berths into     
which it was divided4 ,without1 it was  

protected and rendered tight by coats of
 resinous or asphaltic varnish 7copher71
 and it was built of the lightest and   
most durable kind of wood 7gopher or    
cypress74 ,only two openings are        
mentioned1 a hatch or window above1 and 
a port or door in the side4 ,there is no
 mention of any masts1 rigging1 or other
 means of propulsion or steerage4 ,the  
,chaldean history differs in introducing
 a steersman1 thus implying the means of
 propulsion as in an actual ship4  ,noah
 is instructed1 in addition to his own  
family1 to provide for animals1 two of  
every kind2 but these very general terms
 are afterwards limited by the words    
uph1 bemah1 and remesh1 which define    
birds1 cattle1 and small quadrupeds as  
those specially intended4 ,noah's ark   
was not a menagerie1 but rather like a  
cattle-ship1 capable perhaps of         
accommodating as many animals as one of 
those steamers which now transfer to    
,england the animal produce of ,western 
fields and prairies4 ,the animals       

portrayed on the ancient monuments of   
,egypt and ,assyria1 however1 inform us 
that1 in early post-diluvial times1 and 
therefore probably also in the time of  
,noah1 a greater variety of animals were
 under the control of man than is the   
case in any one country at present4#dh  
,in the passage referring to the        
embarkation1 only the cattle and fowls  
are mentioned1 but seven pairs are to be
 taken of the clean species which could 
be used as food4#di ,the embarkation    
having been completed on the very day   
when the ,deluge commenced1 we have next
 the narrative of the ,flood itself4    
,here it is noteworthy that ,god        
7,elohim7 makes the arrangements1 and   
,jahveh shuts the voyagers in4  #dh     
,houghton1 ,natural ,history of the     
,ancients1 and ,transactions of the     
,society of ,biblical ,archology2 also  
representations of tame antelopes1 c41  
on ,egyptian monuments4  #di ,this has  
been considered a later addition2 but   
the practice of all primitive peoples   

has sanctioned the distinction of clean 
and unclean beasts1 which is merely     
defined in the ,mosaic law1 not         
instituted for the first time4  ,the    
first note that our witness enters in   
his 'log' relates to his impressions of 
the causes of the catastrophe1 which was
 not effected supernaturally1 but by    
natural causes4 ,these are the 'breaking
 up of the fountains of the great deep' 
and the 'opening of the windows of      
heaven4' ,these expressions must be     
interpreted in accordance with the use  
of similar terms in the account of      
creation in ,genesis i41 the more so    
that this statement is a portion        
regarded by the composite theory as     
,elohistic4 ,on this principle of       
interpretation1 the great deep is that  
universal ocean which prevailed before  
the elevation of the dry land1 and the  
breaking up of its fountains is the     
removal of that restriction placed upon 
it when its waters were gathered        
together into one place4 ,in other      

words1 the meaning is the invasion of   
the land by the ocean4 ,in like manner1 
the windows of heaven1 the cloudy       
reservoirs of the atmospheric expanse1  
or possibly waterspouts1 or even        
volcanic eruptions1 and not necessarily 
identical with the great rain extending 
for forty days1 as stated in the        
following clause4 ,the ,chaldean record 
adds the phenomena of thunder and       
tempest1 but omits the great deep2 an   
indication that it is an independent    
account1 and by a less informed or less 
intelligent narrator4 ,it is worthy of  
note that our narrator has no idea of   
any river inundation in the case4  ,at  
this stage we are brought into the      
presence of the question3 ,is the       
,deluge represented as a miraculous or a
 merely natural phenomenon8 ,yet1 from a
 scientific point of view1 this question
 has not the significance usually       
attributed to it4 ,true miracles are    
not1 and cannot be1 contraventions or   
violations of ,god's natural laws4 ,they

 are merely unusual operations of       
natural powers under their proper laws1 
but employed by the ,almighty for       
effecting spiritual ends4 ,thus1        
naturally1 they are under the laws of   
the material world1 but1 spiritually1   
they belong to a higher sphere4 ,in the 
present case1 according to the narrative
 in ,genesis1 the ,flood was physically 
as much a natural phenomenon as the     
earthquakes at ,ischia1 or the eruption 
of ,krakatoa4 ,it was a miraculous or   
spiritual intervention only in so far as
 it was related to the destruction of an
 ungodly race1 and as it was announced  
beforehand by a prophet4 ,had the       
approaching eruption of ,krakatoa been  
intended as a judgment on the wicked1   
and had it been revealed to anyone who  
had taken pains to warn his countrymen  
and then to provide for his own safety1 
this would have given to that eruption  
as much of a miraculous character as the
 ,bible attaches to the ,deluge4 ,in the
 ,new ,testament1 where we have more    

definite information as to miracles1    
they are usually called 'powers' and    
'signs1' less prominence being given to 
the mere wonder which is implied in the 
term 'miracle4' ,under the aspect of    
powers1 they imply that the ,creator can
 do many things beyond our power and    
comprehension1 just as in a lesser way a
 civilised man1 from his greater        
knowledge of natural laws and command   
over natural energies1 can do much that 
is incomprehensible to a savage2 and in 
this direction science teaches us that1 
given an omnipotent ,god1 the field of  
miracle is infinite4 ,as signs1 on the  
other hand1 such displays of power      
connect themselves with the moral and   
spiritual world1 and become teachers of 
higher truths and proofs of ,divine     
interference4 ,the true position of     
miracles as signs is remarkably brought 
out in that argument of ,christ1 in     
which ,he says1 ',if ye believe not ,my 
words1 believe ,me for the works' sake4'
 ,it is as if a civilised visitor to    

some barbarous land1 who had been       
describing to an incredulous audience   
the wonders of his own country1 were to 
exhibit to them a watch or a microscope1
 and then to appeal to them that these  
were things just as mysterious and      
incredible as those of which he had been
 speaking4  ,returning to the ,deluge1  
we may observe that such an invasion of 
the great deep is paralleled by many of 
which geology presents to us the        
evidence1 and that our knowledge of     
nature enables us to conceive of the    
possibility of greater miracles of      
physical change than any on record1 such
 as1 for instance1 the explosion of the 
earth itself into an infinity of        
particles1 the final extinction of the  
solar heat1 or the accession to this    
heat of such additional fierceness as to
 burn up the attendant planets4 ,all    
this might take place without any       
interference with ,god's laws1 but      
merely by correlations and adjustments  
of them1 as much within ,his power as   

the turning on or stopping of a machine 
is in the power of a human engineer4    
,further1 such acts of ,divine power may
 be related to moral and spiritual      
things1 just as easily as any outward   
action resulting from our own will may  
be determined by moral considerations4  
,the time is past when any rational     
objection can be made on the part of    
science to the so-called miracles of the
 ,bible4  ,to return to the passengers  
in the ark4 ,this must have been built  
on high ground1 or the progress of the  
,deluge must have been slow1 for forty  
days elapsed before the waters reached  
the ship and floated it4 ,it is not     
unlikely that the ark was built on      
rising ground1 for here supplies of     
timber would be nearer4 ,it has puzzled 
some simple antiquarians to find dug-out
 canoes of prehistoric date on the tops 
of hills2 but they did not reflect that 
the maker of a canoe would construct his
 vessel where the suitable wood could be
 found1 since it would be much easier to

 carry the finished canoe to the shore  
than to drag thither the solid log out  
of which it was to be fashioned4 ,so    
,noah would naturally build his ark     
where the wood he required could be     
procured most easily4 ,the ,chaldean    
narrator seems to have overlooked this  
simple consideration1 for he mentions a 
launching and trial-trip of the ship1 a 
sure mark that he is a later authority  
than the writer in ,genesis4  ,the      
inmates of the ark now felt that it was 
moving on the waters1 a new and dread   
sensation which must have deeply        
impressed their minds1 and they soon    
became aware that the ark not merely    
floated1 but 'went1' or made progress in
 some definite direction4 ,remark the   
simple yet significant notes--',the ark 
was lift up from the earth1' and 'the   
ark went upon the face of the waters4'  
,the direction of driftage is not       
stated1 but it is a fair inference1 from
 the probable place of departure in     
,chaldea and that of final grounding of 

the ark1 that it was northward or       
inland1 which would indicate that the   
chief supply of water was from the      
,indian ,ocean1 and that it was flowing 
inward toward the great sunken plain of 
interior ,asia1 which1 however1 the ark 
did not reach1 but grounded in the hilly
 region known to the ,hebrews as        
,ararat1 to the ,chaldeans as ,nisr4 ,a 
curious statement is made here          
7,elohist7 as to the depth of the water 
being fifteen cubits4 ,even in a flat   
country so small a depth would not cover
 the rising grounds2 but this is        
obviously not the meaning of the        
narrator1 but something much more       
sensible and practical4 ,it is not      
unlikely that the measure stated was the
 water-draught of the loaded ark1 and   
that as the voyagers felt it rise and   
fall on the waves1 they may have        
experienced some anxiety lest it should 
strike and go to pieces4 ,it was no     
small part of the providential          
arrangement in their case that in the   

track of the ark everything was         
submerged more than fifteen cubits      
before they reached it4 ,hence this     
note1 which is at the same time one of  
the criteria of the simple veracity of  
the history4 ,the only other remark in  
this part of the narrative relates to   
the entire submergence of the whole     
country within sight1 and the consequent
 destruction of animal life2 and here   
the enumeration covers all land animals1
 and the terms used are thus more       
general than those applied to the       
animals preserved in the ark4 ,the      
,deluge culminated1 in so far as our    
narrator observed1 in one hundred and   
fifty days4  ,his next experience is of 
a gale of wind1 accompanied or followed 
by cessation of the rain and of the     
inflow of the oceanic waters4#ej ,the   
waters then decreased1 not regularly1   
but by an intermittent process1 'going  
and returning'2 but whether this was a  
tidal phenomenon or of the nature of    
earthquake waves we have no information4

 ,at length the ark grounded1 apparently
 on high ground or in thick weather1 for
 no land was visible2 but at length1    
after two months1 neighbouring hill-tops
 were seen4  #ej ,genesis viii4 #a1 #b3 
',and ,elohim made a wind to pass over  
the earth1 and the waters abated1' c4   
,the incident of sending out birds to   
test the recession of the waters        
deserves notice1 because of its         
apparently trivial nature1 because it   
appears with variations in the ,chaldean
 account1 and because it has been       
treated in a remarkably unscientific    
manner by some critics4 ,it indicates   
the uncertainty which would arise in the
 mind of the patriarch because of the   
fluctuating decrease of the waters1 and 
possibly also a misty condition of the  
air preventing a distinct view of       
distant objects4 ,the birds selected for
 the purpose were singularly            
appropriate4 ,the raven is by habit a   
wanderer1 and remarkable for power of   
flight and clearness of distant vision4 

,so long1 therefore1 as it made the ark 
its headquarters1 'going and            
returning'#ea from its search for food1 
it might be inferred that no habitable  
land was accessible4 ,the dove1 sent out
 immediately after the raven1#eb is of a
 different habit4 ,it could not act as a
 scavenger of the waters and go and     
return1 but could leave only if it found
 land covered with vegetation4 ,as a    
domesticated bird also1 it would        
naturally come back to be taken into the
 ark4 ,hence it was sent forth at       
intervals of seven days1 returning with 
an olive leaf when it found tree tops   
above the water1 and remaining away when
 it found food and shelter4 ,the        
,chaldean account adds a third bird1 the
 swallow--a perfectly useless addition1 
since this bird1 if taken into the ark  
at all1 would from its habits of life be
 incapable of affording any information4
 ,this addition is a mark of            
interpolation in the ,chaldean version1 
and proceeded perhaps from the sacred   

character attached by popular           
superstition to the swallow1 or from the
 familiar habits of the bird suggesting 
to some later editor its                
appropriateness4 ,singularly enough1 the
 usually judicious ,schrader1 probably  
from deficient knowledge of the habits  
of birds1 fails to appreciate all this1 
and after a long discussion prefers the 
,babylonian legend for reasons of a most
 unscientific character1 actually       
condemning the perfectly natural and    
clear ,biblical story as artificial and 
due to a recent emendation4 ,he says3   
',when the story passed over to the     
,hebrews1 the name of the swallow has   
disappeared1' and 'it is only from the  
,babylonian narrative that the selection
 of the different birds becomes clear4' 
,this little disquisition of ,schrader  
is1 indeed1 one of the most amusing     
instances of that inversion of sound    
criticism which results when            
unscientific commentators tamper with   
the plain statements of truthful and    

observant witnesses4  #ea ,margin of    
,authorised ,version2 less fully1 'to   
and fro' in the text4  #eb ,there is no 
reason to suppose1 as some have done1 a 
hiatus here in the narrative4  ,the     
uncertainty indicated by the mission of 
the birds seems to have continued from  
the first day of the tenth to the first 
day of the first month1 when ,noah at   
length ventured to remove the covering  
of the ark and inspect the condition of 
the surrounding country1 now abandoned  
by the waters1 but not thoroughly dried 
for some time longer4 ,still1 so timid  
was the patriarch that he did not dare  
without a special command to leave his  
place of safety4 ,i am aware that if the
 two alleged documents are arbitrarily  
separated it is possible to see here    
some apparent contradiction in dates2   
but this is not necessary if we leave   
them in their original relation4#ec  #ec
 ,see ,green1 ,hebraica1 l4 c4  ,it will
 be observed that a narrative such as   
that summarised above bears unmistakably

 stamped upon it the characteristics of 
the testimony of an eye-witness4 ,by    
whomsoever reduced to writing and       
finally edited1 it must1 if genuine1    
have come down nearly in its present    
form from the time of the catastrophe   
which it relates4 ,it follows that the  
narrator leaves no place for the current
 questions as to the universality of the
 ,deluge4 ,it was universal so far as   
his experience extended1 but that is    
all4 ,he is not responsible for what    
occurred beyond the limits of his       
observation and beyond the fact that    
man1 so far as known to him1 perished4  
,if1 therefore1 as some have held1#ed   
,balaam in his prophecy refers to       
,cainite populations as extant in his   
time1 or if ,moses declines to trace to 
any of the postdiluvian patriarchs the  
,rephaim1 ,emim1 ,zuzim and other       
prehistoric peoples of ,palestine1 we   
may infer1 without any contradiction of 
our narrative1 that there were surviving
 antediluvians other than the ,noachid1 

whatever improbability may attach to    
this on other grounds1 and more         
especially from the now ascertained     
extension of the post-glacial           
submergence over nearly all parts of the
 northern hemisphere4  #ed ,motais1     
,dluge ,biblique4  ,let it also be      
noticed that beyond the prophetic       
intimation to ,noah1 and the one        
expression1 ,jahveh 'shut him in1' which
 may refer merely to providential care1 
there is1 as already remarked1 nothing  
miraculous1 in the popular sense of that
 term2 and that mythical elements1 such 
as those introduced into the ,babylonian
 narrative1 are altogether absent4 ,the 
story relates to plain matters of fact1 
which1 if they happened at all1 any one 
might observe1 and for the proof of     
which any ordinary testimony would be   
sufficient4 ,it may be profitable1      
however1 to revert here to the probable 
relation of this narrative to the       
geological facts already adverted to1   
and also its bearing on the mythical and

 polytheistic additions which we find in
 the ,deluge stories of heathen nations4
  ,regarding the ,biblical ,deluge as a 
record of a submergence of a vast region
 of ,eur-,asia and ,northern ,africa1 at
 least1 while no similar catastrophe has
 been recorded subsequently1 it is      
unquestionable that submergences equally
 important have occurred again and again
 in the geological history of our       
continents1 and have been equally       
destructive of animal life4 ,it is true 
that most of these are believed to have 
been of more slow and gradual character 
than that recorded in ,genesis1 but in  
the case of many of them this is a very 
uncertain inference from the analogy of 
modern changes2 and it is certain that  
the post-glacial submergence1 which     
closed the era of palocosmic man and his
 companion animals1 must have been one  
of the most transient on record4 ,on the
 other hand1 we need not limit the      
entire duration of the ,noachic         
submergence to the single year whose    

record has been preserved to us4 ,local 
subsidence may have been in progress    
throughout the later antediluvian age1  
and the experience of the narrator in   
,genesis may have related only to its   
culmination in the central district of  
human residence4 ,finally1 if man was   
really a witness of this last great     
continental submergence1 we cannot be   
too thankful that there were so         
intelligent witnesses to preserve the   
record of the event for our information4
  ,it is needless1 then1 to enter into  
further details1 though these are       
sufficient to fill volumes if desired1  
in proof of the remarkable convergence  
of history and geological discovery on  
the great ,flood1 which now constitutes 
one of the most remarkable illustrations
 of the points of contact of science    
proceeding on its own methods of        
investigation and ,divine revelation1   
preserving the records of ancient events
 otherwise lost or buried under         
accretions of myth and fancy4 ,i have   

already endeavoured to show that the    
earliest race of palocosmic men1 that of
 ,canstadt1 very fairly corresponds with
 what may have been the characteristics 
of the ruder tribes of ,cainites1 and   
that if we regard the ,truchre skull as 
representing the ,sethite people1 we may
 suppose the ,cro-magnon race to        
represent the giants1 or ,nephelim1 who 
sprung from the union of the two pure   
types4 ,i have also referred to the     
possibility that the ,truchre race1 so  
little known to us as yet1 may have been
 a prot-,iberian people1 possessing even
 before the ,flood domestic animals1    
agriculture1 and some of the arts of    
life1 corresponding to what we find in  
the earliest postdiluvian nations4 ,this
 is1 indeed1 implied in the fact that   
the postdiluvian nations present        
themselves to us at once with a somewhat
 advanced condition of the arts1        
especially in ,chaldea and in ,egypt4   
,such possibilities may serve to suggest
 to speculative archologists that they  

cannot safely assume that all           
antediluvian or palolithic tribes were  
barbarous or semi-brutal1 or that there 
was a continuous development of humanity
 without any diluvial catastrophe4 ,it  
is also somewhat rash to carry back the 
chronology of ,egyptians and            
,babylonians to times when1 as we know  
on physical evidence1 the ,valley of the
 ,nile was an arm of the sea1 and the   
plain of the ,euphrates an extension of 
the ,persian ,gulf4 ,it is fortunate for
 the ,bible that such assumptions are   
not required by its history4            
,,chapter ,x  ,,special ,,questions     
,,respecting ,,the ,,deluge   ,in       
studying the literature relating to the 
,deluge1 we are constantly met by       
questions as to its so-called           
'universality4' ,was it a local or      
universal ,deluge and if universal in   
what sense so8 ,this is a point in which
 neglect or ignorance of the necessary  
physical conditions has led to the      
strangest misconceptions4  ,it is       

obvious that there are four senses in   
which a catastrophe like the ,deluge of 
,noah may be affirmed or denied to have 
been universal4  #a4 ,it may have been  
universal in the sense of being a deep  
stratum of water covering the whole     
globe1 both land and sea4 ,such         
universality could not have been in the 
mind of the writer1 and probably has    
been claimed knowingly by no writer in  
modern times4 ,halley in the last       
century understood the conditions of    
such universality1 though he seems to   
have supposed that the impact of a comet
 might supply the necessary water4 ,owen
 has directed attention to the fact that
 such a deluge might be as fatal to the 
inhabitants of the waters as to those of
 the land4 ,in any case1 such           
universality would demand an enormous   
supply of water from some               
extra-terrestrial source4  #b4 ,the     
,deluge may have been universal in the  
sense of being a submersion of the whole
 of the land1 either by subsidence or by

 elevation of the ocean bed4 ,such a    
state of things may have existed in     
primitive geological ages before our    
continents were elevated1 but we have no
 scientific evidence of its recurrence  
at any later time1 though large portions
 of the continents have been again and  
again submerged4 ,the writers of        
,genesis i4 and of ,psalm civ4 seem to  
have known of no such total submergence 
since the elevation of the first dry    
land1 and nothing of this kind is       
expressed or certainly implied in the   
,deluge story4  #c4 ,the ,deluge may    
have been universal in so far as man1   
its chief object1 and certain animals   
useful or necessary to him1 are         
concerned4 ,this kind of universality   
would seem to have been before the mind 
of the writer when he says that ',noah  
only1 and they who were with him in the 
ark1 remained alive4'#ee  #ee ,genesis  
vii4 #bc4  #d4 ,the ,deluge may have    
been universal in so far as the area and
 observation and information of the     

narrator extended4 ,the story is        
evidently told in the form of a         
narrative derived from eye-witnesses1   
and this form seems even to have been   
chosen or retained purposely to avoid   
any question of universality of the     
first and second kinds referred to      
above4 ,the same form of narrative is   
preserved in the ,chaldean legend4 ,this
 fact is not affected by the doctrine   
held by some of the schools of          
disintegrators1 that the narrative is   
divisible into two documents1           
respectively ',jahvistic' and           
',elohistic4' ,i have elsewhere#ef shown
 that there is a very different reason  
for the use of these two names of ,god4 
,but if there were two original         
witnesses whose statements were put     
together by an editor1 this surely does 
not invalidate their testimony or       
deprive them of the right to have it    
understood as they intended4  #ef       
,modern ,science in ,bible ,lands1 chap4
 iv4  ,it is thus evident that the whole

 question of 'universality' is little   
more than a mere useless logomachy1     
having no direct relation to the facts  
or to the credibility of the narrative4 
,there are also in connection with this 
question of universality certain        
scientific and historical facts already 
referred to which we may again summarise
 here1 and which are essential to the   
understanding of the question4 ,nothing 
is more certainly known in geology than 
that at the close of the later tertiary 
or pleistocene age the continents of the
 northern hemisphere stood higher and   
spread their borders more widely than at
 present4 ,in this period also they were
 tenanted by a very grand and varied    
mammalian fauna1 and it is in this      
continental age of the later pleistocene
 or early modern time that we find the  
first unequivocal evidence of man as    
existing on various parts of the        
continents4 ,at the close of this period
 occurred changes1 whether sudden or    
gradual we do not know1 though they     

could not have occupied a very long     
time1 which led to the extinction of the
 earliest races of men and many         
contemporaneous animals4 ,that these    
changes were in part1 at least1 of the  
nature of submergence we learn from the 
fact that our present continents are    
more sunken or less elevated out of the 
water1 and also from the deposit of     
superficial gravels and other detritus  
more recent than the pleistocene over   
their surfaces4 ,we are thus shut up by 
geological facts to the belief in a     
,deluge geologically modern and         
practically universal4  ,one other      
objection to the ,deluge narrative      
perhaps deserves a word of comment--that
 urged against the statement of the     
gradual disappearance of the waters4    
,the extraordinary difficulty is raised 
respecting this1 that the water must    
have rushed seaward in a furious        
torrent4 ,the objection is based        
apparently on the idea that the         
foundation for the original narrative   

was a river inundation in the           
,mesopotamian plain4 ,this cannot be    
admitted2 but if it were1 the objection 
would not apply4 ,river inundations1    
whether of the ,nile or ,euphrates1     
subside inch by inch1 not after the     
manner of mountain torrents4 ,thus this 
objection is another instance of        
difficulties gratuitously imported into 
the history4  ,in point of fact the     
narrator represents the ,deluge as      
prevailing for a whole year1 which would
 be impossible in the case of a river   
inundation4 ,he attributes it in part1  
at least1 to the 'great deep'--that is1 
the ocean2 and he represents the ark as 
drifting inland or toward the north4    
,such conditions can be satisfied only  
by the supposition of a subsidence of   
the land similar in kind1 at least1 to  
the great post-glacial flood of geology4
 ,partial subsidences of this kind1     
local but very extreme1 have occurred   
even in later times1 as1 for instance1  
in the ,runn of ,cutch1 the delta of the

 ,mississippi1 and the delta of the     
,nile2 and if the objectors are         
determined to make the ,deluge of ,noah 
very local and more recent than the     
post-glacial flood1 it would be more    
rational to refer to subsidences like   
those just mentioned1 and of which they 
will find examples in ,lyell's          
,principles and other geological books4 
,it is1 however1 decidedly more probable
 that ,noah's ,flood is identical with  
that which destroyed the men of the     
mammoth age1 the palocosmic or          
'palolithic' men2#eg and in that case   
the recession of the waters would       
probably be gradual1 but intermittent1  
'going and returning1' as our ancient   
narrator has it2 but there need not have
 been any violent dbcle4  #eg ,modern   
,science in ,bible ,lands1 chaps4 iii4  
and iv4  ,it is also to be noted that a 
submergence of the land and consequent  
deluge may be cataclysmic or tranquil1  
according to local circumstances1 and   
that it may have been locally sudden1   

while for the whole world it was gradual
 and of longer duration4 ,such          
differences must belong to all great    
submergences1 which may in one place    
produce great disturbance and very      
coarse deposits1 in another may be quiet
 and deposit the finest silt4 ,even the 
flood of a river or the action of a tide
 admits of variations of this kind4 ,in 
narrow channels the great tides of the  
,bay of ,fundy rush as torrents2 in wide
 bays they creep in imperceptibly4  ,the
 traditions and ,biblical history of the
 ,deluge not only furnish important     
material for connecting the geological  
ages with the period of human history1  
and for enabling us to realise the fact 
that early man was a witness of some of 
the later physical and vital            
vicissitudes that have passed over the  
earth1 but may be correlated with other 
ancient traditions which seem at first  
sight to have no immediate relation to  
it4  ,as an example1 ,i may refer to the
 well-known ,egyptian fable of          

,atlantis1 which may be a reminiscence  
of early man in the second continental  
period1 and which we may1 perhaps1 even 
connect with the ,mexican tradition of  
civilisation reaching ,america from the 
,east4#eh  #eh ,it is1 perhaps1 only an 
accident that ,atl is the ,mexican word 
for water4  ,plato has handed down to us
 a circumstantial tradition1 derived    
from ,egypt1 of a great ,atlantic       
continent west of ,europe1 once thickly 
peopled1 and the seat of an empire that 
was dominant over the ,mediterranean    
regions4 ,this continent1 or island1 was
 called ,atlantis1 and it had been      
submerged with all its people in        
prehistoric times4 ,this tradition may  
have reference to certain geological    
facts of the early modern period already
 referred to4 ,if the ,egyptian         
tradition really extended back to the   
antediluvian period1 we can readily     
understand their belief in the continent
 of ,atlantis4 ,we have already         
ascertained the great extension in that 

period of the land of ,western ,europe1 
and there may have been outlying insular
 tracts in the ,atlantic now quite      
unknown to us4 ,these lands may well    
have sustained nations of the gigantic  
,cro-magnon race1 'men of renown1' who1 
when their westward progress was stayed 
by the ocean1 and they were checked in  
the north by the increasing cold1 may   
have turned their arms against the      
dwellers on the ,mediterranean coasts1  
perhaps in the age immediately preceding
 the ,deluge4 ,we know little as yet of 
the history of those ,horshesu1 or      
children of ,horus1 who are said to have
 preceded the historic period in ,egypt4
 ,there must have been ,egyptian        
literature about these people1 and      
should this be recovered we shall       
probably learn more of ,atlantis4 ,in   
the meantime we may1 at least1 bring the
 tradition of that perished continent   
into harmony with geology and history4  
,i may add that we need not consider the
 above view as at variance with that of 

those archologists who1 like the late   
,sir ,d4 ,wilson1#ei suppose the        
tradition of ,atlantis to have been     
founded on vague intimations of the     
existence of ,america1 since any such   
intimations which reached the civilised 
nations of ,southern ,europe or ,africa 
would naturally be considered as an     
indication that some part of the lost   
,atlantis still continued to exist4  #ei
 ,the ,lost ,atlantis1 #ahib4  ,in still
 another direction does the deluge story
 connect itself with physical           
probabilities4 ,if we examine the       
,atlantic map representing the soundings
 of the ,challenger expedition1 we shall
 find evidence not only of that         
extension of land in temperate ,western 
,europe which may have originated the   
story of ,atlantis1 but other           
dispositions of land1 especially in the 
extreme north and south1 which may have 
influenced antediluvian climate4 ,we    
have reason to believe that in the      
second continental period1 that of      

palocosmic man1 ,baffin's ,bay may have 
been greatly narrowed and ,behring's    
,straits entirely closed1 while large   
tracts of land existed around ,iceland  
and west of ,norway4 ,there would thus  
be almost continuous land connection    
around the north pole1 permitting easy  
extension of man and of hardy animals4  
,there would also be much less access of
 ice to the ,north ,atlantic4  ,at the  
same time in another region there was   
probably a land connection from ,florida
 to ,south ,america by the ,bahamas1 and
 the equatorial current may have been   
more powerfully deflected northward than
 now4 ,the effect would be to produce   
around the ,north ,atlantic1 and        
especially on the eastern side1 a golden
 age of genial climate1 fitted to early 
man1 but destined as time went on and   
geographical changes proceeded1         
preparatory to the great diluvial       
subsidence1 to fade away into the cool  
and damp climate of the later           
post-glacial or antediluvian period4    

,this again would lead to migrations1   
wars1 and fierce struggles for existence
 among the human populations--a time of 
anarchy and violence preceding the final
 catastrophe4  ,much collateral evidence
 in substantiation of these             
probabilities can be collected from the 
distribution of marine life#fj and the  
changes of level1 even on the ,american 
coast4 ,they conjure up before us       
strange visions of the prehistoric past1
 and of the vicissitudes of which man   
himself has been witness1 and of which1 
whether through memory and tradition or 
the revelation of ,god1 he has continued
 to retain some written records which1  
long dim and uncertain1 are now         
beginning to be put into relation with  
physical facts ascertained by modern    
scientific observation4  #fj ,see ,the  
,ice ,age in ,canada1 by the author4    
,montreal3 #ahic4  ,we have already seen
 how the ,deluge story and the fate of  
the antediluvians have interwoven       
themselves with the myths and           

superstitions of the ,old ,world4 ,the  
six great gods of the ,egyptian pantheon
 represent the creative days1 and the   
',sons of ,horus' the antediluvians4 ,so
 we have the ten patriarchs or kings of 
the old ,chaldeans corresponding to     
those of ,genesis1 and the              
heaven-defying ,titans of the old       
mythologies representing the giants     
before the ,flood4 ,perhaps1 however1 no
 illustration of this is more patent or 
more touching than that well-known one  
of ,ishtar1 the ,astarte of the         
,syrians1 the ,artemis of the ,greeks1  
and who has been identified with the    
chief female divinity of many other     
ancient nations1 even with that ,diana  
whom 'all ,asia and the inhabited world 
worshippeth4'  ,the ,chaldean deluge    
tablets for the first time introduce her
 to us as an antediluvian goddess1 and  
inform us that she is the deified mother
 of men1 the same with the ,biblical    
,isha1 or ,eve4 ,in the crisis of the   
,deluge we are told1 ',ishtar spoke like

 a little child1 the great goddess      
pronounced her discourse4 ,behold how   
mankind has returned to clay4 ,i am the 
mother who brought forth men1 and like  
the fishes they fill the sea4 ,the gods 
because of the angels of the abyss are  
weeping with me4' ,ishtar is thus the   
mother of men1 herself deified and gone 
into the heavens1 but even there        
mourning over her hapless children4 ,she
 may be a star-goddess1 or the moon may 
be her emblem2 but for all that she     
appears in this old legend as a deified 
human mother1 with a mother's heart     
yearning over the progeny that had      
sprung from her womb1 and had been      
nourished in her breast4 ,it was this1  
more than her crescent or starry diadem1
 that commended her worship to her      
children4 ,her representative in        
,genesis1 the first mother1 ,isha1 or   
,eve1 is no goddess1 but a woman4 ,yet  
is she the emblem of life and the mother
 of a promised ,redeemer of humanity1   
who is to undo the results of sin and to

 restore the ,paradise of ,god bruising 
the head of the great serpent who1 in   
the ,chaldean as in the ,hebrew story1  
represents the power of evil4 ,ishtar   
has been represented as the bride of the
 god ,tammuz1 the ,adonis#fa of the     
,greeks1 and whose worship was one of   
the idolatries that led the women of    
,israel astray1 'weeping for            
,tammuz'2#fb but it now appears that1   
according to the oldest doctrine1 she is
 his mother1#fc and he was a 'keeper of 
sheep1' dwelling in ,eden1 or ,idinu1   
and murdered by his brother ,adar1 who  
is also a god1 and more especially the  
god of war4 ,in short1 the story of     
,ishtar1 ,tammuz1 and ,adar1 the parent 
of so many myths1 is merely the familiar
 one of ,cain and ,abel4 ,hence the     
belief that the murder of ,tammuz was   
connected with the ,deluge1 and hence   
the annual lamentation of the women for 
,tammuz when the spring inundations     
swelled and reddened the waters of the  
streams--a rite possibly even           

antediluvian1 and commemorative of the  
mourning of the first mother for her    
slain son1 to rescue whom it was fabled 
that she even descended into ,hades4    
#fa ,from the ,semitic title ',adonai1' 
my ,lord4  #fb ,ezekiel viii4 #ad4  #fc 
,sayce1 ,hibbert ,lectures4  ,oppert    
regards the legend of ,tammuz and       
,ishtar as a solar myth1 and supposes   
that the story of ,cain and ,abel was   
based on it4 ,but a family history of   
crime and sorrow is a much more real and
 probable thing as a basis for tradition
 than a solar myth1 and naturalists at  
least will be disposed to invert the    
theory1 and to believe that the simple  
,bible story was the foundation of all  
the varied cults and superstitions that 
clustered round ,ishtar and ,tammuz1 as 
well as personages like ,osiris and     
,isis1 who seem to have been later      
avatars1 or revivals of the same tale4  
,it would be easy to show that the      
deluge story has intimate connections   
with other ancient myths and            

superstitions1 as well as with the      
results of modern archology and geology4
 ,but were this all1 our inquiry1       
however interesting and curious1 would  
have little practical value4 ,it has two
 important bearings on the present time4
 ,christianity bases itself1 its founder
 ,himself being witness1 on the early   
chapters of ,genesis1 as history and    
prophecy1 and the treatment which these 
ancient and inspired records have met   
with in modern times at the hands of    
destructive criticism is doing its worst
 in aid of the anti-99,christian        
tendencies of our time4 ,to remove the  
doubts that have been cast on these old 
records is therefore a clear gain to the
 highest interests of humanity1 and if  
theology and philology are unable to    
secure this benefit1 natural science may
 well step forward to lend its aid4     
,another connection with present        
interests depends on the fact that1     
while superstitions akin to that which  
deified the mother of the promised seed1

 and introduced the world-wide cults of 
,astarte and ,aphrodite1 still reign    
over great masses of men1 absolute      
materialism and desperate struggle for  
existence among men and nations are     
growing and extending themselves as     
never before since the antediluvian     
times1 and are provoking a like signal  
and direful vengeance4 ,in the midst of 
all this1 ,christians look forward to   
the second coming of ,jesus ,christ to  
destroy the powers of evil and to       
inaugurate a better time2 and it was ,he
 who said1 ',as it came to pass in the  
days of ,noah1 even so shall it be in   
the days of the ,son of ,man4' ,let us  
remember the old story of the flood of  
,noah lest those days come on us        
unawares4     ,,chapter ,,xi  ,,the     
,,prehistoric ,,and ,,historic ,,in     
,,the ,,east   ,the term prehistoric was
 first used by my friend ,sir ,daniel   
,wilson in his ,prehistoric ,annals of  
,scotland4 ,it was intended to express  
'the whole period disclosed to us by    

archological evidence as distinguished  
from what is known by written records4' 
,as ,wilson himself reminds us1 the term
 has no definite chronological          
significance1 since historic records1   
properly so-called1 extend back in      
different places to very different      
times4 ,with reference1 for example1 to 
the ,chaldean and ,hebrew peoples1 if we
 take their written records as history1 
this extends back to the ,deluge at     
least4 ,written history in ,egypt       
reaches to at least #cjjj years ,b4,c41 
while in ,britain it extends no farther 
than to the landing of ,julius ,csar1   
and in ,america to the first voyage of  
,columbus4 ,in ,palestine we possess    
written records back to the time of     
,abraham1 but these relate mainly to the
 ,hebrew people4 ,of the populations    
which preceded the ,abrahamic           
immigration1 those ',canaanites who were
 already in the land1' we have little   
history before the ,exodus1 except the  
remarkable letters recently unearthed at

 ,tel-el-,amarna1 in ,egypt4 ,in ,egypt 
we have very early records of the       
dwellers on the ,nile1 but of the       
,arabian and ,african peoples1 whom they
 called ,pun and ,kesh1 and the ,asiatic
 peoples1 whom they knew as ,cheta and  
,hyksos1 we have till lately known      
little more than their names and the    
representations of them on ,egyptian    
monuments4 ,in both countries there may 
be unsounded depths of unwritten history
 before the first ,egyptian dynasty1 and
 before the ,abrahamic clan crossed the 
,jordan4  ,what1 then1 in ,egypt and    
,palestine may be regarded as           
prehistoric8 ,i would answer--7#a7 ,the 
geographical and other conditions of    
these countries immediately before the  
advent of man4 7#b7 ,the evidence which 
they afford of the existence1 habits1   
and history of man in periods altogether
 antecedent to any written history1     
except such notes as we have in the     
,bible and elsewhere as to the so-called
 antediluvian world4 7#c7 ,the facts    

gleaned by archological evidence as to  
tribes known to us by no records of     
their own1 but only by occasional       
notices in the history or monuments of  
other peoples4 ,in ,egypt and ,palestine
 such peoples as the ,hyksos1 the       
,anakim1 the ,amalekites1 the ,hittites1
 and ,amorites are of this kind1 though 
contemporary with historic peoples4     
,prehistoric annals may thus1 in these  
countries1 embrace a wide scope1 and may
 introduce us to unexpected facts and   
questions respecting primitive humanity4
 ,i propose in the present chapter to   
direct attention to some points which   
may be regarded as definitely           
ascertained in so far as archological   
evidence can give any certainty1 though 
,i cannot pretend1 in so limited a      
space1 to enter into details as to their
 evidence4  ,before proceeding1 ,i may  
refer by way of illustration to another 
instance brought into very prominent    
relief by the publication of            
,schuchardt's work on ,schliemann's     

excavations4 ,we all know how shadowy   
and unreal to our youthful minds were   
the ,homeric stories of the heroic age  
of ,greece1 and our faith and certainty 
were not increased when we read in the  
works of learned ,german critics that   
the ,homeric poems were composite       
productions of an age much later than   
that to which they were supposed to     
belong1 and that their events were      
rather myths than history4 ,how         
completely has all this been changed by 
the discoveries of ,schliemann and his  
followers6 ,now we can stand on the very
 threshold over which ,priam and ,hector
 walked4 ,we can see the jewels that may
 have adorned ,helen or ,andromache4 ,we
 can see double-handled cups like that  
of old ,nestor1 and can recognise the   
inlaid work of the shield of ,achilles1 
and can walk in the halls of ,agamemnon4
 ,thus the old ,homeric heroes become   
real men1 as those of our time1 and we  
can understand their political and      
commercial relations with other old     

peoples before quite as shadowy4 ,recent
 discoveries in ,egypt take us still    
farther back4 ,we now find that the     
',hanebu1' who invaded ,egypt in the    
days of the ,hebrew patriarchs1 were    
prehistoric ,greeks1 already civilised1 
and probably possessing letters ages    
before the date of the ,trojan ,war4 ,so
 it is with the ,bible history1 when we 
see the contemporary pictures of the    
,egyptian slaves toiling at their       
bricks1 or when we stand in the presence
 of the mummy of ,rameses ,,ii4 and know
 that we look on the face of the        
,pharaoh who enslaved the ,hebrews1 and 
from whose presence ,moses fled4  ,such 
discoveries give reality to history1 and
 similar discoveries are daily carrying 
us back to old events1 and to nations of
 whom there was no history whatever1 and
 are making them like our daily friends 
and companions4 ,a notable case is that 
of the children of ,heth1 known to us   
only incidentally by a few members of   
the nation who came in contact with the 

early ,hebrews4 ,suddenly we found that 
these people were the great and         
formidable ,kheta1 or ,khatti1 who      
contended on equal terms with the       
,egyptians and ,assyrians for the empire
 of ,western ,asia2 and when we began to
 look for their remains1 there appeared1
 one after another1 stone monuments1    
seals1 and engraved objects1 recording  
their form and their greatness1 till the
 tables have quite been turned1 and     
there is danger that we may attach too  
much importance to their agency in times
 of which we have scarcely any written  
history4 ,thus1 just as the quarry and  
the mine reveal to us the fossil remains
 of animals and plants great in their   
time1 but long since passed away1 so do 
the spade and pick of the excavator     
constantly turn up for us the bones and 
the works of a fossil and prehistoric   
humanity4  ,egypt may be said to have no
 prehistoric period1 and our task with  
it will be limited to showing that its  
written history scarcely goes back as   

far as many ,egyptologists suppose and  
confidently affirm1 and that beyond this
 it has as yet afforded nothing4 ,egypt1
 in short1 old though it seems1 is      
really a new country4 ,when its priests1
 according to ,plato1 taunted ,solon    
with the newness of the ,greeks and     
referred to the old western empire of   
,atlantis1 they were probably trading on
 traditions of antediluvian times1 which
 had no more relation to the actual     
history of the ,egyptian people than to 
that of the ,greeks4  ,the limestones   
and sandstones which bound the ,nile    
valley1 sometimes rising in precipitous 
cliffs from the bank of the stream1     
sometimes receding for many miles beyond
 the edge of the green alluvial plain1  
are rocks formed in cretaceous and early
 tertiary times under the sea1 when all 
,northern ,africa and ,western ,asia    
were beneath the ocean4 ,when raised    
from the sea-bed to form land1 they were
 variously bent and fractured1 and the  
,nile valley occupies a rift or fault1  

which1 lying between the hard ridges of 
the ,arabian hills on the east and the  
more gentle elevations of the ,nubian   
desert on the west1 afforded an outlet  
for the waters of interior ,africa and  
for the great floods which in the rainy 
season pour down from the mountains of  
,abyssinia4  ,this outlet has been      
available and has been in process of    
erosion by running water from a period  
long anterior to the advent of man1 and 
with this early pre-human history       
belonging to the miocene and pliocene   
periods of geology we have no need to   
meddle1 except to state that it was     
closed by a great subsidence1 that of   
the pleistocene or glacial period1 when 
the land of ,north ,africa and ,western 
,asia was depressed several hundred     
feet1 when ,africa was separated from   
,asia1 when the ,nile valley was an arm 
of the sea1 and when sea-shells were    
deposited on the rising grounds of      
,lower ,egypt at a height of two hundred
 feet or more4#fd ,such raised beaches  

are found not only in the ,nile valley  
but on the shores of the ,red ,sea1 and1
 as we shall see1 along the coast of    
,palestine2 but1 so far as known1 no    
remains of man have been found in       
connection with them4 ,this great       
depression must1 however1 geologically  
speaking1 have been not much earlier    
than the advent of man1 since in many   
parts of the world we find human remains
 in deposits of the next succeeding era4
  #fd ,hull1 ,geology of ,palestine and 
adjacent ,districts1 ,palestine         
,exploration ,fund4 ,dawson1 ,modern    
,science in ,bible ,lands1 p4 #caa and  
,appendix4 ,references will be found in 
these works to the labours of ,fraas1   
,schweinfurth1 and others4  ,this next  
period1 that known to geologists as the 
post-glacial or early modern1 was       
characterised by an entire change of    
physical conditions4 ,the continents of 
the northern hemisphere were higher and 
wider than now4 ,the details of this we 
have already considered1 and have seen  

that at this time the ,mediterranean was
 divided into two basins1 and a broad   
fringe of low land1 now submerged1 lay  
around its eastern end4 ,this was the   
age of those early palolithic or        
palocosmic men whose remains are found  
in the caverns and gravels of ,europe   
and ,asia4 ,what was the condition of   
,egypt at this time8 ,the ,nile must    
have been flowing in its valley2 but    
there was probably a waterfall or       
cataract at ,silsilis in ,upper ,egypt1 
and rapids lower down1 and the alluvial 
plain was much less extensive than now  
and forest-clad1 while the river seems  
to have been unable to reach the        
,mediterranean and to have turned       
abruptly eastward1 discharging into a   
lake where the ,isthmus of ,suez now is1
 and probably running thence into the   
,red ,sea1 so that at this time the     
waters of the ,nile approached very near
 to those of the ,jordan1 a fact which  
accounts for that similarity of their   
modern fauna which has been remarked by 

so many naturalists4 ,i have myself     
collected in the deposits of this old   
lake1 near ,ismailia1 fresh-water shells
 of kinds now living in the ,upper      
,nile4 ,if at this time men visited the 
,nile valley1 they must have been only a
 few bold hunters in search of game1 and
 having their permanent homes on the    
,mediterranean plains now submerged4    
,if they left any remains we should find
 these in caverns or rock shelters1 or  
in the old gravels belonging to this    
period which here and there project     
through the alluvial plain4 ,at one of  
these places1 ,jebel ,assart1 near      
,thebes1 ,general ,pitt-,rivers has     
satisfied himself of the occurrence of  
flint chips which may have been of human
 workmanship2#fe but after a day's      
collecting at the spot1 ,i failed to    
convince myself that the numerous flint 
flakes in the gravel were other than    
accidental fragments4 ,if they really   
are flint knives they are older than the
 period we are now considering1 and must

 be much older than the first dynasty of
 the ,egyptian historic kings4#ff ,these
 gravels were indeed1 in early ,egyptian
 times1 so consolidated that tombs were 
excavated in them4 ,independently of    
this case1 ,i know of no trustworthy    
evidence of the residence of the        
earliest men in ,egypt4 ,yet we know    
that at this time rude hunting tribes   
had spread themselves over ,western     
,asia1 and over ,europe as far as the   
,atlantic1 and were slaying the mammoth1
 the hairy rhinoceros1 the wild horse1  
and other animals now extinct4 ,they    
were the so-called 'palolithic' or      
historically antediluvian men1          
belonging1 like the animals they hunted1
 to extinct races1 quite dissimilar     
physically from the historical          
,egyptians4 ,and yet in a recent review 
of the late ,miss ,edwards's charming   
work1 ,pharaohs1 ,fellahs1 and          
,explorers1 she was taken to task by an 
eminent ,egyptologist for statements    
similar to the above4 ,on the evidence  

of two additional finds of flint        
implements on the surface1 he affirms   
the existence of man in ,egypt at a time
 when 'the ,arabian deserts were covered
 with verdure and intersected by        
numerous streams1' that is1 geologically
 speaking1 in the early pleistocene or  
pliocene period1 or even in the miocene6
  #fe ,journal of ,archological         
,society1 #ahha4 ,haynes's ,journal of  
the ,american ,academy of ,sciences4    
#ff ,dawson1 ,egypt and ,syria1 p4 #adi4
  ,singularly enough1 therefore1 ,egypt 
is to the prehistoric annalist not an   
old country--less old indeed than       
,france and ,england1 in both of which  
we find evidence of the residence of the
 palolithic cave men of the mammoth age4
 ,thus1 when we go beyond local history 
into the prehistoric past1 our judgment 
as to the relative age of countries may 
be strangely reversed4  ,it is true that
 in ,egypt1 as in most other countries1 
flint flakes1 or other worked flints1   
are common on the surface and in the    

superficial soil2 but there is no good  
evidence that they did not belong to    
historic times4 ,a vivid light has been 
thrown on this point by ,petrie's       
discovery1 in dbris attributed to the   
age of the twelfth dynasty1 or          
approximately that of the ,hebrew       
patriarchs1 of a wooden sickle of the   
ordinary shape1 but armed with flint    
fakes serrated at their edges1#fg though
 the handle is beautifully curved in    
such a manner as to give a better and   
more convenient hold than with those now
 in use4 ,this primitive implement      
presents to us the ,egyptian farmer of  
that age reaping his fields of wheat and
 barley with implements similar to those
 of the palocosmic men4 ,no doubt1 at   
the same time1 he used a harrow armed   
with rude flints1 and may have used     
flint flakes for cutting wood or for    
pointing his arrows4 ,yet he was a      
member of a civilised and               
highly-organised nation1 which could    
execute great works of canalisation and 

embankment1 and could construct tombs   
and temples that have not since been    
surpassed4 ,can we doubt that the common
 people in ,palestine and other         
neighbouring countries were equally in  
the flint age1 or be surprised that1    
somewhat later1 ,joshua used flint      
knives to circumcise the ,israelites8#fh
 ,how remarkable are these links of     
connection between early ,eastern       
civilisation and the stone age6 and they
 relate to mere flakes1 such as if found
 separately might be styled             
'palolithic4'  #fg ,kahun and ,garob1   
,egyptian ,exploration ,fund            
publications4  #fh ,joshua v4 #b1       
marginal reading4  ,in accordance with  
all this1 when we examine the tenants of
 the oldest ,egyptian tombs1 who are    
known to us by their sculptured statues 
and their carved and painted portraits1 
we find them to be the same with the    
,egyptians of historic times1 and not   
very dissimilar from the modern ,copts1 
and we also find that their arts and    

civilisation were not very unlike those 
of comparatively late date4  ,there are1
 however1 some points in which the early
 condition of even historic ,egypt was  
different from the present or from      
anything recorded in written history4   
,i have elsewhere endeavoured1 with the 
aid of my friend ,dr4 ,schweinfurth1 to 
restore the appearance of the ,nile     
valley when first visited by man in the 
post-diluvial period4 ,it was then      
probably densely wooded with forests    
similar to those in the modern ,soudan1 
and must have swarmed with animal life  
in the air1 on the land1 and in the     
water1 including many formidable and    
dangerous beasts4 ,on the other hand1 to
 a people derived from the ,euphratean  
plains and accustomed to irrigation1 it 
must have seemed a very garden of the   
,lord in its fertility and resources4   
,there is good reason to credit the     
,egyptian traditions that the first     
colonists crossed over from ,southern   
,arabia by the ,red ,sea from that land 

of ,pun to which the ,egyptians         
attributed their theology1 and settled  
in the neighbourhood of ,abydos1 and    
that they made their way thence to the  
northward1 at a time when the delta was 
yet a mere swamp1#fi and when they had  
slowly to extend their cultivation in   
,lower ,egypt by dikes and canals4 ,if  
we ask when the first immigrants        
arrived1 we are met by the most         
extravagantly varied estimates1 derived 
mainly from attempts to deduce a        
chronology from the dynastic lists of   
,egyptian kings4 ,that these are very   
uncertain1 and in part duplicated1 is   
now generally understood1 but still     
there is a tendency to ask for a time   
far exceeding that for which we have any
 good warrant in authentic history      
elsewhere4 ,herodotus estimated the time
 necessary for the deposition of the mud
 of the delta at #bj1jjj years2 but if  
we assume that this deposit has been    
formed since the land approximately     
attained to its present level1 allowing 

for some subsidence in the delta in     
consequence of the weight of sediment1  
and estimating the average rate of      
deposition at one fifteenth of an inch  
per annum1 which is as low an amount as 
can probably be assumed1 we shall have  
numbers ranging from #e1cjj to about    
#g1jjj years for the lapse of time since
 the delta was a bay of the             
,mediterranean4  #fi ,herodotus1 ,book  
,,ii4 chap4 #ae4  ,it is true that the  
recent borings in the delta1 under the  
officers of the ,british ,engineers1    
have shown a great depth in some places 
without reaching the original bottom of 
the old bay4 ,some geologists have      
accordingly inferred from this a much   
greater age for the deposit than that   
above stated1#gj and in this they are in
 one respect justified2 but they have to
 bear in mind that only the upper part  
of the material belongs to the modern   
period4 ,a vast thickness is due to the 
pleistocene and pliocene ages1 when the 
,nile was cutting out its valley and    

depositing the excavated material in the
 sea at its mouth4 ,a careful           
examination of the borings proves by    
their composition that this is actually 
the case4#ga ,geologists who have been  
guided by these facts in their estimates
 of time have been taunted as affirming 
that a great diluvial catastrophe       
occurred while quiet government and     
civilised life were going on in ,egypt4 
,the evidence for this early date of    
,egyptian colonisation of the ,nile     
valley is1 as everyone knows1 doubtful1 
and it might be retorted that           
archologists represent the ,egyptian    
government as dating from a period when 
the ,nile valley was an inland district1
 and when the centres of human          
population must have been1 principally  
at least1 on lands now submerged4  #gj  
,judd1 ,report to ,royal ,society1      
#ahhe4  #ga ,modern ,science in ,bible  
,lands1 where evidence of similar dates 
in other countries is stated4  ,as an   
example of the fanciful way in which    

this subject is sometimes treated1 ,i   
may cite the fabulous antiquity         
attributed to the great sphinx of       
,gizeh4 ,we are told that it is the most
 ancient monument in ,egypt1 antedating 
the pyramids1 and belonging to the time 
of the mystic ',horshesu1' or people of 
,horus1 of ,egyptian tradition4 ,in one 
sense this is true1 since the sphinx is 
merely an undisturbed mass of the eocene
 limestone of the plateau4 ,but its form
 must have been given to it after the   
surrounding limestone was quarried away 
by the builders of the pyramids1 and    
consequently long after the founding of 
,memphis by the first ,egyptian king    
,mena4 ,the sphinx is1 in short1 a block
 of stone left by the quarrymen1 and    
probably shaped by them as an           
appropriate monument to the workmen who 
died while the neighbouring pyramids    
were being built4 ,a similar monument1  
of immensely greater antiquity from a   
geological point of view1 exists near   
,montreal1 in a huge boulder of         

,laurentian gneiss1 placed on a pedestal
 by the workmen employed on the         
,victoria ,bridge1 in memory of         
immigrants who died of ship fever in the
 years when the bridge was being built4 
,it follows from all this that the      
monumental history of ,egypt1 extending 
to about #cjjj years ,b4,c41 gives us   
the whole story of the country1 unless  
some chance memorial of a population    
belonging to the post-glacial age should
 in future be found4 ,there are1        
however1 things in ,egypt which         
illustrate prehistoric times in other   
countries1 and some of these have lately
 thrown a new and strange light on the  
early history of ,palestine1 and        
especially on the ,bible history4  ,one 
of the kings of the eighteenth dynasty1 
whose historical position was probably  
between the time of ,joseph and that of 
,moses1 ,amunoph ,,iii41 is believed to 
have married an ,asiatic wife1 and under
 her influence1 he and his successor1   
,amunoph ,,iv41 or ,khu en-,aten1 seem  

to have swerved from the old polytheism 
of ,egypt1 and introduced a new worship1
 that of ,aten1 a god visibly           
represented by the disk of the sun1 and1
 therefore1 in some sense identical with
 ,ra1 the chief god of ,egypt2 but there
 was something in this new worship      
offensive to the priests of ,ra4        
,perhaps it was regarded as a ,semitic  
or ,asiatic innovation1 or led to the   
introduction of unpopular ,semitic      
priests and officers4 ,amunoph ,,iv4    
consequently abandoned the royal        
residence at ,thebes1 and established a 
new capital at a place now called       
,tel-el-,amarna1 almost at the boundary 
of ,upper and ,lower ,egypt1 and from   
this place he ruled not only ,egypt but 
a vast region in ,western ,asia1 which  
had been subjected to the ,egyptian     
government in the reign of the third    
,amunoph4 ,from these subject districts1
 extending from the frontiers of ,egypt 
to ,asia ,minor on the north1 and to the
 ,euphrates on the east1 came great     

numbers of despatches to the ,pharaoh1  
and these were written not on papyrus or
 skin1 but on tablets of clay hardened  
by baking1 and the writing was not that 
of ,egypt1 but the arrow-head script of 
,chaldea1 which seems at this time to   
have been the current writing throughout
 ,western ,asia4#gb  #gb ,it is         
possible1 however1 that it may really   
have been a language of diplomacy       
merely1 and may have been used by the   
,semitic agents of ,amunoph as a cipher 
to communicate with the ,egyptian court1
 and which could not be read by         
messengers or enemies acquainted only   
with ,hittite or ,egyptian hieroglyphics
 or with the ,phnician characters4 ,for 
a similar case see #b ,kings xviii4 #bf4
  ,the scribes of the ,egyptian king    
read these documents1 answered them as  
directed by their master1 docketed them1
 and laid them up for reference2 and1   
strange to say1 a few years ago1 ,arabs1
 digging in the old mounds1 brought them
 to light1 and we have before us1       

translated into ,english1 a great number
 of letters1 written from cities of     
,palestine and its vicinity about a     
hundred years before the ,exodus1 and   
giving us word-pictures of the politics 
and conflicts of the ,canaanites and    
,hittites and other peoples1 long before
 ,joshua came in contact with them4     
,among other things in this             
correspondence1 we find remarkable      
confirmation of the sacred and political
 influence of ,jerusalem1 which the     
,bible presents to us in the widely     
separated stories of ,melchisedec1 king 
of ,salem1 in the time of ,abraham1 and 
of the suzerainty of ,adonizedec1 king  
of ,jerusalem1 in the time of ,joshua4  
,at the time in question1 ,jerusalem was
 ruled by a king or chief1 subject to   
,egypt1 but1 as in the times of ,abraham
 and ,joshua1 exercising some headship  
over neighbouring cities4 ,he complains 
of certain hostile peoples called       
chabiri1 a name supposed by ,zimmel#gc  
to be equivalent to ,ibrim or ,hebrews1 

which to some may seem strange1 as the  
,israelites were1 according to the      
generally received chronology1 at this  
time in ,egypt4 ,we must bear in mind1  
however1 that according to the ,bible   
the ,israelites were not the only       
'children of ,eber4' ,the ,edomites1    
,moabites1 ,ammonites1 ,ishmaelites1 and
 ,midianites were equally entitled to   
this name2 and we know1 from the second 
chapter of ,deuteronomy1 that these were
 warlike and intrusive peoples1 who had1
 before the ,exodus1 dispossessed       
several native tribes1 so that we do not
 wonder at the fact that a king of      
,jerusalem might have been suffering    
from their attacks long before the      
,exodus4#gd ,it may be noted            
incidentally here1 that this wide       
application of the term ,hebrew accords 
with the use of the name ,aperiu for    
,semitic peoples other than ,israelites 
in ,egypt4  #gc ,inaugural ,lecture1    
,halle1 #ahia4 ,possibly these people   
were merely 'confederate' ,hittites and 

,amorites 7,sayce1 ,records cf the      
,past74  #gd ,i cannot agree with       
,conder that the ,exodus took place as  
early as the time of ,amunoph ,,iii4    
,the evidence we have from ,egyptian    
sources plainly indicates one of the    
immediate successors of ,rameses ,,ii4  
as the ,pharaoh of the ,exodus4  ,we    
have here also a note on an obscure     
passage in the life of ,moses1 namely1  
his apparent want of acquaintance with  
the name ,jehovah until revealed to him 
at ,horeb4#ge ,now1 as reported in      
,exodus1 ,moses in that interview       
addressed ,god as ',adon1' which is     
supposed to be the ,hebrew equivalent of
 ',aten1' the meaning being ,lord4 ,this
 is a curious incidental agreement with 
the prevalence of the ,aten worship in  
,egypt1 and shows that this name may    
have been currently used by the         
,israelites1 whose ,god ,moses himself  
calls ,adon1 till commanded to use the  
name ,jehovah4  #ge ,exodus iii4 #af et 
seqq4 ,this passage has been often      

misunderstood1 but it certainly shows   
that the name ,jehovah had become nearly
 obsolete among the ,hebrews in ,egypt1 
and that the name usually given to ,god 
was ,adon or ,aten4  ,a second point of 
contact of ,egypt and ,palestine is in  
the painting and sculptures of hostile  
and conquered nations in ,egyptian      
temples and tombs4 ,these were evidently
 intended to be portraits1 and an       
admirable series of them has been       
published by ,mr4 ,petrie under a       
commission from the ,british            
,association for the ,advancement of    
,science4 ,by means of these excellent  
photographs1 now before me1 we can see  
for ourselves the physiognomy and form  
of head of the ,amorite1 ,philistine1   
,hittite1 and many other peoples        
previously known to us only by name and 
a few historical facts2 and thus with   
their correspondence1 as preserved in   
the ,tel-el-,amarna tablets1 and their  
pictures as given by ,petrie1 we have   
them before us much as we have the      

speeches and portraits of our           
contemporaries in the illustrated       
newspapers1 and can venture to express  
some opinion as to their ethnic         
affinities and appearance1 and can judge
 more accurately as to the familiar     
statements of the ,bible respecting     
them4#gf ,lastly1 ,maspero and ,tomkins 
have1 with the aid of the names fixed by
 the survey of ,western ,palestine1     
revised the lists given by ,thothmes    
,,iii41 in the temple of ,karnak1 of the
 places which this ,egyptian ,alexander 
had conquered2 and they have thus       
verified the ,hebrew geography of the   
,books of ,joshua and ,judges4  #gf     
,sayce1 ,races of the ,old ,testament1  
,religious ,tract ,society4  ,another   
unexpected acquisition is the solution  
of the mystery which has enshrouded that
 mysterious people known as ,hyksos or  
shepherd kings1 who invaded ,egypt about
 the time of the ,hebrew patriarchs1    
and1 after keeping the ,egyptians in    
subjection for centuries1 were finally  

expelled by the predecessors of the     
,amunoph already referred to4 ,they     
constitute a great feature in early     
,egyptian history1 but disappear        
mysteriously1 leaving no trace but a few
 sculptured heads1 ,turanian in aspect  
and markedly contrasting with those of  
the native ,egyptians4 ,it now appears  
that a people of ,northern ,syria and   
,mesopotamia1 known to the ,egyptians at
 a later time as ,mitanni1 and who were 
neighbours of and associated with the   
,northern ,hittites1 have the features  
of the ,hyksos4 ,it also seems from a   
letter in the ,tel-el-,amarna tablets   
that they spoke a non-,semitic or       
,turanian language akin to that of the  
,hittites4 ,thus we have traced the     
shepherd kings to their origin1 and1    
curiously enough1 ,cushanrish-athaim1   
who oppressed the ,israelites in the    
days of ,othniel1 seems to represent a  
later inroad of the same people4  ,such 
'restitutions of decayed intelligence'  
now meet us on every hand as the results

 of modern exploration1 and are enabling
 us to bridge over the gaps which have  
separated the geological ages from the  
prehistoric and historic human periods  
in those ancient countries where        
civilisation seems to have originated4  
,,chapter ,,xii  ,,the ,,neanthropic    
,,dispersion ,,and ,,allied ,,topics    
,the remarkable record of the early     
distribution of the sons of ,noah       
7',toledoth' of the sons of ,noah7 in   
,genesis x4 may be regarded1 relatively 
to most of the nations it refers to1 as 
a scrap of prehistoric lore of the most 
intensely interesting character4 ,from  
the old ',phaleg' of ,bochart to the    
recent commentaries of ,delitzsch and   
other ,german scholars1 it has received 
a host of more or less conjectural      
explanations2 and while all agree in    
extolling its value and importance as a 
',beginning of ,history1' nothing can be
 more various than the views taken of   
it4 ,only in the light of the recent    
discoveries and researches already      

referred to can we arrive at a clear    
conception of its import2 but with these
 and some common sense we may hope to be
 more fortunate than the older          
interpreters4 ,it is necessary1 however1
 to explain here that1 for want of a    
little scientific precision1 many modern
 archologists still fail in their       
interpretations4 ,they tell us that the 
,toledoth are not properly              
'ethnological1' but rather              
'ethnographical1' and that we are to    
regard the document as referring1 not to
 the genealogical affiliations of       
nations1 but to their accidental        
geographical positions at the time of   
the record4  ,now this is precisely what
 the writer1 with a sure scientific     
instinct1 carefully guards against1 and 
explicitly informs us he did not intend4
 ,he tells us that he gives the         
'generations of the sons of ,noah' and  
their descendants1 and at the ends of   
the three lists relating to these sons1 
he is careful to say that he has given  

them 'in their lands1 each according to 
his language1 after their families1 in  
their nations1' or the formula is       
slightly varied into 'after their       
families1 after their tongues1 in their 
lands1 in their nations4' ,lastly1 in   
the conclusion of the whole table he    
reiterates1 ',these are the families of 
the sons of ,noah1 according to their   
generations1 after their nations4' ,all 
these statements1 let it be observed1   
are acknowledged to be parts of one     
7,elohistic7 document4 ,it is clear1    
therefore1 that the writer intends us to
 understand that the determining        
elements of his classification are      
neither physical characters nor         
accidents of geographical distribution1 
but descent and original language--two  
primary and scientific grounds of       
classification1 and which common sense  
requires us to adhere to in interpreting
 the document1 whose value will depend  
on the certainty with which the writer  
could ascertain facts as to these       

criteria3 criteria which are1 of course1
 less open to the observation of later  
inquirers1 who may find difficulty in   
ascertaining either descent or original 
language1 and in default of these may be
 obliged to resort to other grounds of  
classification4  ,illustration3 ,,map   
,,showing ,,lines ,,of ,,postdiluvian   
,,migrations ,,from ,,shinar1 ,,as ,,in 
,,genesis ,x4  ,among modern            
archologists it has been a fruitful     
source of controversy whether we should 
classify men according to their skulls  
or to their tongues2 in other words1    
whether physical characters or          
linguistic should be dominant in our    
classifications4 ,neither ground is     
absolutely certain4 ,we may find long   
and short skulls in the same            
grave-mound1 and there are intermediate 
forms which defy certain arrangement4   
,in like manner history assures us that 
people of one race have often adopted   
the language of another4 ,true science  
warns us that we may err unless we give 

a fair valuation to every available     
character4 ,the ethnologist of ,genesis 
considers both physical and linguistic  
characters1 but bases his arrangement   
mainly on the sure ground of descent    
along with original language4  ,it may  
be said1 however1 that if taken in the  
sense obviously intended by the writer1 
the list will not correspond with the   
facts4 ,a few data have1 however1 to be 
taken into the account in order to give 
this early writer fair play4  #a4 ,the  
record has nothing to do with           
antediluvian peoples or with survivors  
of the ,deluge other than the sons of   
,noah1 if there were any such4          
,therefore1 those ethnologists who are  
sceptical as to the historical ,deluge1 
and who postulate an uninterrupted      
advance of man through long ages of     
semi-bestial brutality1 have nothing in 
common with our narrator1 and cannot    
possibly understand his statements4  #b4
 ,the document does not profess to be a 
series of ethnological inferences from  

the present or ancient characters of    
different nations1 but an actual        
historical statement of the known       
migrations of men from a common centre  
in ,shinar1 the ,sumir of the           
,chaldeans4  #c4 ,it relates only to the
 primary distribution of men from their 
alleged centre over certain districts of
 ,western ,asia1 ,eastern ,europe1 and  
,northern ,africa1 and does not profess 
to know anything of their subsequent    
migrations or history4  #d4 ,it is thus 
not responsible for those later1 even if
 very ancient1 changes which displaced  
one race by another1 or obliged one race
 to move on by the pressure of another1 
nor for any changes of language or      
mixtures of races which may have        
occurred in these movements4  #e4 ,it   
affirms nothing as to the physical      
characters of the races referred to1    
except as they may be inferred from     
heredity1 but it implies some           
resemblance in language between the     
derivatives of the same stock1 and this1

 be it observed1 notwithstanding the    
added narrative of the confusion of     
tongues at ,babel1#gg which the narrator
 does not regard as interfering with the
 fact of languages originally forming a 
few branches proceeding from a common   
stock4  #gg ,held by some to belong to  
another 7,jahvistic7 document1 but      
certainly incorporated by the early     
editor4  #f4 ,if we ask what our        
narrator supposed to be the original or 
,noachic tongue1 we might infer from his
 three lines of descent1 and from the   
locality of the dispersion and the      
episode of ,nimrod's prehistoric        
kingdom1 that the primitive language of 
,chaldea would be the original stem2 and
 this we now know from authentic written
 records to have been an agglutinate    
language of the type usually known as   
,turanian1 and more closely allied to   
the ,tartar and ,chinese tongues than to
 other kinds of speech4 ,it would follow
 that what we now call ,semitic and     
,aryan or ,japhetic forms of speech     

must1 in the view of our ancient        
authority1 date from the sequel of the  
great 'confusion of tongues4'  ,these   
points being premised1 we can clear away
 the fogs which have been gathered      
around this little luminous spot in the 
early history of the world1 and can     
trace at least the principal ethnic     
lines of radiation from it4 ,though the 
writer gives us three main branches of  
affiliation of the children of ,noah1 he
 really refers to six principal lines of
 migration1 three of them belonging to  
that multifarious progeny of ,ham1 in   
which he seems to include both the      
,turanian and ,negroid types of our     
ordinary classifications1 as well as    
some of the brown and yellow races4     
,one of the lines of affiliation of ,ham
 leads eastward and is not traced2 but  
if the ,cushite people1 who are said to 
have gone to the land which in earlier  
antediluvian times was that of 'gold and
 bedolach and shoham stone1' that is1   
along the fertile valley of ,susiana1   

were those primitive people1 preceding  
the ,elamites of history1 who are said  
to have spoken an agglutinate           
language1#gh then we have at least one  
stage of this migration4 ,a second line 
leads west to the eastern coast of the  
,mediterranean1 to ,egypt and to ,north 
,africa4 ,a third passes south-westward 
through ,southern ,arabia and across the
 ,red ,sea into interior ,africa4 ,to   
the sons of ,japhet are ascribed two    
lines of migration1 one through ,asia   
,minor and the northern coasts of the   
,mediterranean2 another north-west1     
around the ,black ,sea4 ,the ,semites   
would seem to have been a less wandering
 people at the first1 but subsequently  
to have encroached on and mingled with  
the ,hamites1 and especially on that    
western line of migration leading to the
 ,mediterranean4 ,all this can be       
gathered from undisputed national names 
in the several lines of migration above 
sketched1 without touching on the more  
obscure and doubtful names or referring 

to tribes which remained near the       
original centre4 ,we must1 however1     
inquire a little more particularly into 
the movements bearing on ,palestine and 
,egypt4  #gh ,sayce 7,hibbert ,lectures7
 and ,bagster's ,records of the ,past4  
,inscriptions of ,cyrus published in the
 last volume of the latter appear to set
 at rest the vexed questions relating to
 early ,elam4 ,it would seem that in the
 earliest times ,cushites and ,semitic  
,elamites contended for the fertile     
plains and the mountains east of the    
,tigris1 and were finally subjugated by 
,japhetic ,medes and ,persians4 ,thus   
this region first formed a part of the  
,cushite ,nimrodic empire 7,genesis ii4 
#aa1 x4 #h72 it then became the seat of 
a conquering ,elamite power 7,genesis   
xiv4 #a to #d72 and was finally a       
central part of the ,medo-,persian      
empire4 ,all this agrees with the ,bible
 and the inscriptions1 as well as in the
 main with ,herodotus4  ,so far as the  
writer in ,genesis is informed1 he does 

not seem to be aware of any sons of     
,japhet having colonised ,palestine or  
,egypt4 ,it was only in the later reflux
 of population that the sons of ,javan  
gained a foothold in these regions4     
,they were both colonised primarily by  
,hamites and subsequently intruded on by
 ,semites4  ,here a little prehistoric  
interlude noted by the writer1 or by an 
author whom he quotes1 gives a valuable 
clue not often attended to4 ,the oldest 
son of ,ham1 ,cush1 begat ,nimrod1 the  
mighty hunter and prehistoric conqueror1
 who organised the first empire in that 
,euphratean plain which subsequently    
became the nucleus of the ,babylonian   
and ,assyrian power4 ,the site of his   
kingdom cannot be doubted1 for cities   
well known in historic times1 ,babel1   
,erech1 ,accad1 and ,calneh1 were       
included in it1 as well as probably     
,nineveh4 ,the first point which ,i wish
 to make in this connection is that we  
cannot suppose this to have been a      
,semitic empire4 ,its nucleus must have 

been composed of ,nimrod's tribal       
connections1 who were ,hamites and      
presumably ,cushites4 ,he is1 indeed1   
said to have gone into or invaded the   
land of ,ashur1 and if by this is meant 
the ,semitic ,ashur1 he must have been  
hostile to these people1 as indeed the  
,chaldeans were in later times4 ,the    
next point to be noted is that the      
,nimrodic empire must have originated at
 a time when the ,cushites were still   
strong on the ,lower ,euphrates1 and    
before that great movement of these     
people which carried them across ,arabia
 to the ,upper ,nile1 and ultimately    
caused the name ,cush or ,kesh to be    
almost exclusively applied to the       
,ethiopians of ,africa4 ,now is this    
history1 or mere legend8  ,illustration3
 ,,head ,,illustrating ,,the ,,most     
,,ancient ,,type ,,of ,,cushite         
,,turanian1 ,,from ,,tel-,,loh 7after de
 ,sarzec74 ,the cap is perhaps an       
imitation of the antediluvian           
shell-caps1 like that of the 'man of    

,mentorie4'  ,the answer of archology is
 not doubtful4 ,we have in the earliest 
monuments of ,chaldea evidence that     
there was a pre-,semitic population1 to 
whom1 indeed1 it is believed that the   
,semites who invaded the country owed   
much of their civilisation4 ,a recent   
writer has said that 'outside of the    
,bible we know nothing of ,nimrod1' but 
others see a trace of him in the        
legendary hero of ,chaldean tradition1  
,gisdubar or ,gingamos1 while others    
think that1 as ,na-marod1 he may be the 
original of ,merodach1 the tutelary god 
of ,babylon4 ,independently of this1    
there was certainly an early ,chaldean  
and ',turanian' empire1 which must have 
had some founder1 whatever his name1 and
 which was not ,semitic or ,aryan1 and  
therefore what an early writer would    
call ,hamitic4 ,further1 our author     
traces from this region the great       
,cushite line of migration1 which       
includes such well-known names as ,seba1
 ,sabta1 ,sheba and ,dedan1 into ,arabia

 on the way to ,africa4 ,here the       
,egyptian monuments take up the tale1   
and inform us of a ,south ,arabian and  
,east ,african people1 the people of    
,pun or ,punt1 represented as like to   
themselves and to the ,kesh or          
,ethiopians1 and who thus correspond to 
the ,arabian ,cushites of ,genesis4 ,in 
accordance with this the ,abyssinian of 
to-day is scarcely distinguishable from 
the old ,punites as represented on the  
,egyptian monuments4#gi  #gi ,the recent
 discoveries of ,glaser with reference  
to the early civilisation of ,southern  
,arabia also bear on this point4  ,thus 
the primitive ,cushite kingdom and one  
of the great lines of ,cushite migration
 are established by ancient monuments4  
,let it be further observed that1 as    
represented in ,egypt1 these primitive  
,ethiopians were not black1 but of a    
reddish or brownish colour1 like the    
,egyptians themselves1 and that their   
migration explains the resemblance of   
the customs and religion of early ,egypt

 to those of ,babylonia1 and the        
ascription by the ,egyptians of the     
origin of their gods to the land of     
,pun4  ,the remaining sons of ,ham1     
,mizraim1 ,put and ,canaan1 are not     
mentioned in connection with the old    
,nimrodic kingdom1 and seem to have     
moved westward at a very early period4  
,they were already 'in the land1' and   
apparently constituted a considerable   
citizen population before the migration 
of ,abraham4  ,mizraim represents the   
twin populations of the delta and ,lower
 ,egypt1 and the ,tel-el-,amarna tablets
 inform us that long before the time of 
,moses ,mitzor was the ordinary name of 
,egypt1 while we know that its early    
population was closely allied in        
features and language to the ,cushites4 
,canaan#hj heads a central line of      
migration1 and ,sidon and ,cheth are    
said to have been his leading sons4 ,the
 first represents the ,phnician maritime
 power of ,northern ,syria1 the second  
that great nation known to the          

,egyptians as ,kheta and to the         
,assyrians as ,khatti1 whose territory  
extended from ,carchemish on the        
,euphrates through the plain of         
,coele-,syria to ,hebron in ,southern   
,palestine1 and not improbably into the 
delta4 ,they were a people whose        
language was allied to that of ,cushite 
,chaldea1#ha whose features were of a   
coarser type than those of their more   
southern confrres1 and who1 according to
 the ,egyptian annals1 were closely     
allied with the ,amorites1 ,jebusites1  
and other people identified with ,canaan
 in the ,old ,testament4 ,the ,cheta1 at
 one time known only as the sons of     
,heth in the ,old ,testament1 may be    
said in our time to have experienced a  
sudden resurrection1 and now bulk so    
largely in the minds of archologists    
that their importance is in danger of   
being exaggerated4  #hj ,canaan with our
 old historian is the name of a man1 but
 it came to designate first the 'low    
country' or coast region of ,western    

,palestine1 and then the whole of       
,palestine4  #ha ,conder and others call
 it ,turanian4  ,a significant note is  
added3 ',afterwards were the families of
 the ,canaanites scattered abroad4' ,how
 could this be8 ,their line of migration
 and settlement led directly to the     
great sea1 and was hemmed in by that of 
the ,japhetites on the north and of the 
,cushites on the south2 but they made   
the sea their highway1 and soon there   
was no coast from end to end of the     
,mediterranean1 and far along the       
,european and ,african shores of the    
,atlantic1 that was not familiar with   
the ,phnician ,canaanite4 ,but it may be
 said these ,phnicians were a ,semitic  
people4 ,they certainly spoke a ,semitic
 language allied to the ,hebrew1 but    
what right have we to attribute ,semitic
 languages solely to the descendants of 
the ,biblical ,shem8 ,even if these     
languages originated with them they may 
have spread to other peoples1 as we know
 they replaced the old ,turanian speech 

of ,babylonia1 just as the ,arabic has  
extinguished other languages in ,egypt  
itself4 ,in whatever way the ,phnicians 
acquired a ,semitic tongue1 in physical 
character they were not ,semitic1 but   
closely allied to the ,hittites1 the    
,philistines1 and the people of ,mitzor1
 or ,egypt4 ,the ,egyptian sculptures   
prove this1 and the celebrated ,capuan  
bust of ,hannibal reminds us of the     
features of the old ,hyksos kings of    
,egypt1 who were no doubt of ,hamite or 
,turanian stock4  ,finally1 what        
relation does the record in ,genesis x4 
bear to the prehistoric peoples of the  
neanthropic age8 ,these must have been  
in the main the advanced colonists and  
straggling adventurers of the leading   
lines of migration4 ,we find such people
 recorded in the ,pentateuch1 and also  
in the caverns and shelters of ,phnicia1
 as preceding the ,canaanites in ,syria2
 and such nomads and hunters must have  
streamed out into ,europe and ,africa in
 advance of the more settled and slowly 

advancing agricultural peoples4 ,at     
first they must have been few1 rude1 and
 users of stone implements only1 living 
chiefly by hunting and fishing2 but some
 of them may have taken with them       
domestic animals and seeds of grains1   
and so have established here and there  
civilised communities4 ,in later times1 
new colonists and commerce introduced   
among them bronze and iron and more     
advanced arts4 ,thus these early        
neanthropic peoples belonged to one or  
other of the great lines of migration   
indicated in our old record2 though by  
virtue of physical changes and dialectic
 differences induced by isolation and   
new conditions of life1 and which in    
such circumstances would arise with a   
rapidity unexampled in later times1 as  
well as the want of historical annals1  
it has in many cases become difficult or
 impossible precisely to trace their    
affinities4 ,even in ,palestine1 at the 
time of the ,exodus1 peoples of this    
kind 7,horites1 ,avvites1 c47#hb were   

known1 whose affinities had been lost2  
and it is not necessary to suppose that 
these were remnants of antediluvians1   
since what we know in modern times of   
the wanderers on the outskirts of great 
migrations sufficiently accounts for    
their existence4  ,this is1 ,i think1 a 
fair summary of the testimony of the    
writer of ,genesis x41 as compared with 
the general evidence of history and     
archology4 ,but we have something       
further to learn from what may be called
 the fossil remains of prehistoric      
peoples as embodied in the ,egyptian    
monuments1 which are conversant with all
 the nations around the eastern end of  
the ,mediterranean4  ,the ,egyptians    
divided the nations known to them into  
four groups1 of which they have given us
 several representations in tombs and   
public buildings4 ,one of these         
consisted of their own race4 ,the other 
three were as follows3 7#a7 ,southern   
peoples mostly of dark complexions1     
ranging from light brown to black4      

,these included the ,cushites1 ,punites1
 and negroes4 7#b7 ,western peoples     
mostly of fair complexions inhabiting   
the islands and northern coasts of the  
,mediterranean1 the ',hanebu' or chiefs 
of the north or of the isles1 with some 
populations of ,north ,africa1 the      
so-called white ,lybians and ,maxyans4  
7#c7 ,northern or north-eastern peoples1
 or those of ,syria and the neighbouring
 parts of ,western ,asia1 ,amorites1    
,hittites1 ,edomites1 ,arabs1 c41       
usually represented as of yellowish     
complexion4  #hb ,deuteronomy ii4  ,the 
first of these divisions evidently      
corresponds with the line of ,cushite   
migration of ,genesis1 extending from   
,shinar through ,southern ,arabia1      
,nubia1 and ,ethiopia1 and of which the 
negroes are apparently degraded members 
pushed in advance of the others1 while  
the populations of ,pun and ,kesh1 the  
southern ,arabians and their relatives  
in ,africa1 closely resemble1 as figured
 in the monuments1 the ,egyptians       

themselves4  ,the second group of the   
,egyptian classification represents     
those so-called ,aryan peoples of       
,europe and its islands1 and parts of   
,northern ,africa1 of whom the ,greeks  
are a typical race1 and who in ,genesis 
are said to have possessed the ',isles  
of the ,gentiles'2 though in the wave of
 migration from the east they were in   
many places preceded by non-,aryan      
races1 ,pelasgians1 ,iberians1 c41      
possibly wandering ,hamitic tribes1     
while they were also invaded by that    
scattering abroad of the ,phnician      
,canaanites referred to in ,genesis4    
,they are represented in the monuments  
as people with ,european features1 fair 
complexions1 and sometimes fair hair and
 blue eyes4  ,the third group is the    
most varied of the whole1 because its   
seat in ,syria was a meeting-place of   
many tribes4 ,its most ancient members1 
the ,phnicians and allied nations1 were1
 according to the monuments1 men        
resembling the ,egyptian and ,cushite   

type1 and these1 no doubt1 were those   
pre-,semitic and prehistoric nations of 
,canaan referred to in the remarkable   
notes regarding the ,emim1 ,zuzim1 c41  
in the second chapter of ,deuteronomy1  
which may be regarded as a foot-note to 
the ,toledoth of ,genesis x4 ,these     
aborigines were invaded by men of       
different types4 ,first1 we find in the 
monuments that the ,amorites of the     
,palestine hills were a fair people with
 somewhat ,european features1 like some 
of the present populations of the       
,lebanon4 ,when returning over the      
,lebanon in #ahhd we met a large company
 of men with camels and donkeys carrying
 merchandise4 ,they were                
fair-complexioned and with brown hair1  
and from their features ,i might have   
supposed they were ,scottish            
,highlanders4 ,i was told they were     
,druses1 and they were evidently much   
like1 as are indeed many of the modern  
fellaheen of the ,palestine hills1 the  
,amar as they are pictured in ,egypt4   

,these white peoples1 though reckoned in
 the ,bible as ,hamites1 may have had a 
mixture of ,aryan blood4 ,it is to be   
noted here that the ,amorite chiefs1    
,aner1 ,eshcol1 and ,mamre1 named as    
confederate with ,abraham1 have         
non-,semitic names4  ,a later inroad was
 that of the ,hittites1 evidently a     
people having affinity with the         
,philistines and ,egyptians1 but whose  
chiefs and nobles seem to have been of  
,tartar blood1 like the modern ,turks4  
,the names of their kings seem also to  
have been non-,semitic4 ,later1 the     
great westward migration of ,semitic    
peoples1 to which that of ,abraham      
himself belongs1 not only introduced the
 ,israelites but many nations of        
,semitic or mixed blood1 the ,moabites1 
,ammonites1 ,edomites1 ,ishmaelites1 c41
 whom we find figuring in the ,egyptian 
monuments as yellow or brownish people  
with a ,jewish style of features1 and   
all of whom1 as mentioned above1 would  
be known to the ,egyptians and          

,canaanites as ',hebrews4'#hc  #hc ,this
 is independent of the question whether 
we regard the name ,eber as that of an  
ancestor1 or merely of men from beyond  
the ,euphrates4  ,thus the monuments    
confirm the ,jewish record1 and the     
confusion which some ethnologists have  
introduced into the matter arises from  
their applying in an arbitrary manner   
the special tests of physical and       
philological characteristics1 and       
neglecting to distinguish the primary   
migrations of men from subsequent       
intrusions4  ,another singular point of 
agreement is that1 just as in ,egypt we 
find men civilised from the first1 so we
 find elsewhere4 ,in ,egypt writing and 
literature date from before the time of 
,abraham4 ,in like manner we have no    
monumental evidence of any time when the
 ,accadian people of ,babylonia were    
destitute of writing and science1 and we
 now find that there were learned       
scribes in all the cities of ,canaan1   
and that the ,phnicians and ,southern   

,arabians knew their alphabet ages      
before ,moses1 while even the ,greeks   
seem to have known alphabetic writing   
long before the ,mosaic age4#hd ,these  
men1 in short1 were descendants of the  
survivors of the ,noachian ,deluge1 and 
therefore civilised from the first2 and 
though we have no certain evidence of   
letters before the ,flood1 except the   
statement of the author of the          
,babylonian deluge tablets1 that ,noah  
hid written archives at ,sippara before 
going into the ark1 yet it is quite     
certain that men who could build ,noah's
 ship are not unworthy ancestors of the 
,phnician seamen1 who probably launched 
their barks on the ,mediterranean before
 the death of ,noah himself4 ,thus1     
whatever value we may attach to the     
record in ,genesis1 we cannot refuse to 
admit that it is thoroughly consistent  
with itself and with the testimony of   
the oldest monuments of ,asia and       
,africa1 as it is also with the evidence
 of the geological changes of the       

pleistocene and early modern epoch4  #hd
 ,petrie1 ,illahun1 ,kahun and ,garob1  
#ahia4  ,in like manner the ,egyptian   
inscriptions of the conquests of        
,thothmes ,,iii4 give us a pre-,mosaic  
record of ,palestinian geography        
corresponding with that of the ,hebrew  
conquest1 and the pictures of sieges    
coincide with the excavations of ,petrie
 at ,lachish in restoring those         
,canaanite towns1 'walled up to heaven1'
 which excited the fear of the          
,israelites4 ,neither can we scoff at   
the illiteracy of men who were carrying 
on diplomatic correspondence in written 
despatches before ,genesis itself was   
compiled4 ,nor can we doubt the military
 prowess of these people1 their chariot 
forces1 their sculptured idols and      
images1 their wealth of gold and silver1
 their agricultural and artistic skill4 
,all these are amply proved by the      
monuments of the ,egyptians and the     
,hittites4#he  #he ,bliss1 in the       
,quarterly ,statement of the ,palestine 

,exploration ,fund for ,april #ahib1    
figures many interesting objects1 found 
in the lower or ,amorite stratum of the 
mound of ,tell-el-,hesy 7,lachish74 ,we 
have here a bronze battle-axe and heads 
of javelins that may have been used     
against the soldiers of ,joshua1 and    
axes and pottery of equally early date1 
along with multitudes of flint flakes1  
arrow heads1 c41 used at this early     
time4 ,it is to be hoped that the       
further exploration of this site may    
yield yet more interesting results4     
,palestine thus presents a prehistoric  
past parallel with the earlier years of 
,egypt4 ,it has1 however1 a still       
earlier period1 for in ,palestine1 as   
stated in a previous chapter1 we have   
evidence of the existence of man long   
before the dispersion of the sons of    
,noah4 ,to appreciate this evidence1 we 
must go back1 as in the case of ,egypt1 
to the pre-human period4 ,all along the 
coast of ,palestine1 from ,jaffa to the 
northern limit of old ,phnicia1 the     

geological traveller sees evidence of a 
recent submergence1 in the occurrence of
 sandstone1 gravel1 and limestone with  
shells and other marine remains of      
species still living in the             
,mediterranean4 ,these are the relics of
 that pleistocene submergence already   
referred to1 in which the ,nile valley  
was an arm of the sea and ,africa was an
 island4 ,no evidence has been found of 
the residence of man in ,palestine in   
this period1 when1 as the sea washed the
 very bases of the hills1 and the plains
 were under water1 it was certainly not 
very well suited to his abode4 ,the     
climate was also probably more severe   
than at present1 and the glaciers of    
,lebanon must have extended nearly to   
the sea4 ,this was the time of the      
so-called glacial period in ,western    
,europe4  ,this1 however1 was succeeded 
by that post-glacial period in which1 as
 already explained1 the area of the     
,mediterranean was much smaller than at 
present1 and the land encroached far    

upon the bed of the sea4 ,this1 the     
second continental period1 is that in   
which man makes his first undoubted     
appearance in ,europe1 and we have      
evidence of the same kind in ,syria1 to 
which ,i have already directed attention
 in the description of the caverns of   
the ,lebanon1 in ,chapter ,,iv4  ,that  
the occupancy of these caves is very    
ancient is proved by the fact that the  
old ,egyptian conquerors1 who cut a road
 for themselves over these precipices   
before the ,exodus1 seem to have found  
them in the same state as at present1   
while farther south ancient ,syrian     
tombs are excavated in similar bone     
breccias4 ,but there is better evidence 
than this4 ,the bones and teeth in these
 caves belong not to the animals which  
have inhabited the ,lebanon in historic 
times1 but to creatures like the hairy  
rhinoceros and the bison1 now extinct1  
which could not have lived in this      
region since the comparatively modern   
period in which the ,mediterranean      

resumed its dominion over that great    
plain between ,phnicia and ,cyprus4     
,this we know had been submerged long   
before the first migrations of the      
,hamites into ,phnicia1 even before the 
entrance of those comparatively rude    
tribes which seem to have inhabited the 
country before the ,phnician            
colonisation4#hf ,unfortunately no      
burials of these early men have yet been
 found1 and perhaps the ,lebanon caves  
were only their summer sojourns on      
hunting expeditions4 ,they were1        
however1 probably of the same stock with
 the races 7the ,cro-magnon and         
,canstadt7 of the so-called mammoth age 
in ,western ,europe1 who have left      
similar remains4 ,thus we can carry man 
in the ,lebanon back to that absolutely 
prehistoric age which preceded the      
,noachian ,deluge and the dispersion of 
the ,noachid4#hg  #hf ,some of these    
tribes also lived in caves1 as that of  
,ant ,elias1 but the animals they       
consumed are those now living in the    

,lebanon4  #hg ,dawson1 ,trans4 ,vict4  
,institute1 ,may #ahhd2 also ,modern    
,science in ,bible ,lands4  ,if in      
imagination we suppose ourselves to     
visit the caves of the ,nahr-el-,kelb   
pass1 when they were inhabited by these 
early men1 we should find them to be    
tall muscular people1 clothed in skins1 
armed with flint-tipped javelins and    
flint hatchets1 and cooking the animals 
caught in the chase in the mouths of    
their caves4 ,they were probably        
examples of the ruder and less civilised
 members of that powerful and energetic 
antediluvian population which had       
apparently perfected so many arts1 and  
the remains of whose more advanced      
communities are now buried in the silt  
of the sea bottom4 ,if we looked out    
westward on what is now the             
,mediterranean1 we should see a wide    
wooded or grassy plain as far as eye    
could reach1 and perhaps might discern  
vast herds of elephant1 rhinoceros1 and 
bison wandering over these plains in    

their annual migrations4 ,possibly on   
the far margin of the land we might see 
the smoke of antediluvian towns long ago
 deeply submerged in the sea4  ,the     
great diluvial catastrophe which closed 
this period1 and finally introduced the 
present geographical conditions1 we have
 seen good reason to identify with the  
historical ,deluge1 and the old peoples 
of the age of the mammoth and rhinoceros
 were antediluvians1 and must have      
perished from the earth before the      
earliest migration of the ,beni ,noah4  
,putting together the results referred  
to in the preceding pages1 we may       
restore the prehistoric ages of the     
,eastern ,mediterranean under the       
following statements3  #a4 ,in the      
period immediately preceding human      
occupancy1 the land of ,palestine1      
,egypt1 and ,arabia participated in the 
great pleistocene depression1           
accompanied by a rigorous climate4  #b4 
,the next stage was one of continental  
elevation1 in which the borders of the  

,mediterranean were dry land1 and vast  
plains in this basin1 and even in the   
,western ,atlantic1 were open to human  
migration4 ,in this age palocosmic men  
took up their abode all over ,western   
,asia1 ,europe1 and ,northern ,africa1  
and probably occupied broad lands since 
submerged4 ,at this period the region   
was inhabited by the mammoth1           
rhinoceros1 bison1 and other large      
animals now altogether or locally       
extinct4  #c4 ,the earlier part of this 
post-glacial or antediluvian period was 
one of mild climatal conditions1        
followed by a slight return of the      
conditions of the previous glacial age4 
#d4 ,the period was terminated by a     
great submergence1 accompanied with vast
 destruction of animal and human life2  
and of comparatively short duration1    
corresponding to the historical ,deluge4
  #e4 ,from this depression the more    
limited continents of the modern period 
were elevated1 and man again overspread 
them from his primitive seats in the    

,euphratean region1 as recorded in the  
tenth chapter of ,genesis4  #f4 ,in this
 early migration the ,biblical ,hamites1
 forming one of the groups of men       
vaguely known as ,turanian1 first spread
 themselves over ,palestine and ,egypt1 
and founded the early ,phnician1        
,canaanite1 ,mizraimite1 and ,cushite   
tribes and nations4  #g4 ,in early      
historic times ,semitic peoples1        
,hebrews and others from the east1 and  
,mongoloid peoples from the north1      
migrated into ,palestine and dominated  
and mixed with the primitive tribes1    
finally penetrating into ,egypt and     
establishing there the dominion known as
 that of the ,hyksos4 ,the historical   
,moabites1 ,ammonites1 ,ishmaelites1 and
 ,hittites were peoples of this         
character1 having a substratum of       
,hamite blood with aristocracies of     
,semitic or ,tartar origin4  ,it will be
 observed that while archological       
evidence tends to illustrate and        
corroborate that wonderful collection of

 early historical documents contained in
 the ,book of ,genesis1 and to prove    
their great antiquity1 on the other hand
 these documents prove to be the most   
precious sources of information as to   
the antediluvian age1 the great ,flood1 
the earliest dispersion of men1 the old 
,nimrodic empire1 the connections of    
,asiatic and ,african civilisation1 and 
other matters connected with the origins
 of the oldest nations1 respecting which
 we have little other written history4  
,we thus learn that1 relatively to      
,bible history1 there is no prehistoric 
age1 since it carries us back beyond the
 ,deluge to the origin of man1 so that  
we might properly restrict this term in 
its narrower signification to those     
parts of the world not covered by this  
primitive history4 ,it is true that a   
tide of criticism hostile to the        
integrity of ,genesis has been rising   
for some years2 but it seems to beat    
vainly against a solid rock1 and the ebb
 has now evidently set in4 ,the battle  

of historical and linguistic criticism  
may indeed rage for a time over the     
history and date of the ,mosaic law1 but
 in so far as ,genesis is concerned it  
has been practically decided by         
scientific exploration4  ,since writing 
the preceding pages ,i have met with a  
remarkable paper by ,mr4 ,horatio ,hale 
in the ,transactions of the ,royal      
,society of ,canada4#hh ,it is one which
 should commend itself to the study of  
every ,biblical scholar and archologist2
 but is contained in a periodical which 
perhaps meets the eyes of few of them4  
,in this paper he maintains the         
importance of language as a ground of   
anthropological classification1 and then
 uses his wide knowledge of the         
languages of ,american aborigines1 and  
other rude races1 to show that the      
grammatical complexity and logical      
perfection of these languages implies a 
high intellectual capacity in their     
original framers1 and that where such   
complex and perfect languages are spoken

 by very rude tribes like the           
,australian aborigines1 they originated 
with cultivated and intellectual        
peoples--in the case of the ,australian1
 with the civilised primitive           
,dravidians of ,india4 ,he thus shows   
that languages1 like alphabets1 have    
undergone a process of degradation1 so  
that those of modern times are less     
perfect exponents of thought than those 
which preceded them1 and that primitive 
man in his earliest state must have been
 endowed with as high intellectual      
powers as any of his descendants4  #hh  
,vol4 ,,ix4 ,sec4 ,,ii4 #ahia4  ,on     
similar grounds he shows that it is not 
in the outlying barbarous races that we 
are to look for truly primitive man1    
since here we have merely degraded      
types1 and that the primitive centres of
 man and language must have been in the 
old historic lands of ,western ,asia and
 ,northern ,africa4 ,on this view the   
time necessary for the development of   
the arts of civilisation and of         

extensive colonisation would not be     
great4 ',in five centuries a single     
human pair planted in a fertile oasis   
might have given origin to a people of  
five hundred thousand souls1 numerous   
enough to have sent out emigrations to  
the nearest inviting lands4' ,the same  
lapse of time would have sufficed to    
develop agriculture1 to domesticate     
animals1 and to make some progress in   
architectural and other arts of life4   
,he quotes the remarkable passage of    
,reclus#hi as to the agency of woman in 
the inventions of early art1 and shows  
that this accords with more modern      
experience among the less civilised     
nations4 ,it is obvious that all this   
tends to bring scientific anthropology  
into the closest relation with the old  
,biblical history1 though ,hale1 in     
deference1 perhaps1 to modern           
prejudices1 does not refer to this4  #hi
 ,primitive ,folk 7,contemporary        
,science ,series71 p4 #eh4  ,in the     
passage quoted by ,hale1 ,reclus says3  

',it is to woman that mankind owes all  
that has made us men4' ,following this  
hint of the ingenious ,french writer1 we
 may imagine the first man and woman    
inhabiting some fertile region1 rich in 
fruits and other natural products1 and  
subsisting at first on the uncultivated 
bounty of nature4 ,with the birth of    
their first child1 perhaps before1 would
 come the need of shelter either in some
 dry cavern or booth of poles and leaves
 or bark1 carpeted perhaps with moss or 
boughs of pine4 ,this would be the first
 'home1' with the woman for its         
housekeeper4 ,we may imagine the man    
bringing to it the lamb or kid whose dam
 he had killed1 and the woman1 with     
motherly instinct1 pitying the little   
orphan and training it to be a domestic 
pet1 the first of tamed animals4 ,she1  
too1 would store grain1 seeds and       
berries for domestic use1 and some of   
these germinating would produce patches 
of grain1 or shrubs1 or fruit trees     
around the hut4 ,noticing these and     

protecting them1 she would be the first 
gardener and orchardist4 ,the woman and 
her children might add to the cultivated
 plants or domesticated quadrupeds and  
birds2 and the man would be induced1 in 
the intervals of hunting and fishing1 to
 guard1 protect1 and fence them4  ,when 
the boys grew up1 to one of them might  
be assigned the care of the sheep and   
goats1 to the other the culture of the  
little farm1 while they might aid their 
father in erecting a better and more    
artistic habitation1 the first attempt  
at architecture1 and in introducing     
artificial irrigation to render their   
field more fertile4 ,is not this little 
romance of ,m4 ,elie ,reclus perfectly  
in harmony with the old familiar story  
in ,genesis1 and also with the most     
recent results of modern science8       
,,chapter ,,xiii  ,,summary ,,of        
,,results   ,it may be well1 in         
conclusion1 to sum up the general truths
 we have arrived at in relation to the  
place of man in the great and           

long-continued drama of the earth's     
geological history4  #a4 ,we have found 
no link of derivation connecting man    
with the lower animals which preceded   
him4 ,he appears before us as a new     
departure in creation1 without any      
direct relation to the instinctive life 
of the lower animals4 ,the earliest men 
are no less men than their descendants1 
and up to the extent of their means1    
inventors1 innovators1 and introducers  
of new modes of life1 just as much as   
they4 ,we have not even been able as yet
 to trace man back to the harmless      
golden age4 ,as we find him in the caves
 and gravels he is already a fallen man1
 out of harmony with his environment and
 the foe of his fellow creatures1       
contriving against them instruments of  
destruction more fatal than those       
furnished by nature to the carnivorous  
wild beasts4 ,yet we would fain believe 
in an ,edenic age of innocence2 and     
physiological probability1 as well as   
the old story in ,genesis1 demands that 

we should suppose a primitive condition 
in which man1 careless and happy1 should
 subsist on the spontaneous bounty of   
nature in some favoured 'garden of the  
,lord4'       ,scheme of possible       
,correlation of the ,geological and     
,historical      ,records as to ,early  
,man1 as the ,facts appear in the       
present ,stage      of ,investigation1  
,may #ahid4                             
,semitic              ,truchre or       
,prot-,iberian ,race                    
,turanian                               
,aryan   ,primitive      ,man           
,mixed ,races1 ,cro-magnon1 c4          
,submergence              ,canstadt     
,race                                   
,sethites                               
,shem                                   
,ham   ,adam       ,mixed ,races1       
,nephelim1 c4       ,noah   ,japhet     
,cainites                               
,deluge  #b4 ,if we inquire as to the   
nature of the interval which separates  
man from the lower animals1 we find that

 it exists with reference both to his   
rational and physical nature4 ,with     
respect to the first we may affirm in   
man the existence of a lower 7psychical7
 intelligence1 similar to that of the   
inferior animals1 and of a spiritual    
nature allying him with higher          
intelligences1 and with ,god ,himself4  
,rightly considered1 this places the    
doctrine of creation in a very firm     
position4 ,those who deny it must adopt 
one of two alternatives4 ,either they   
must refuse to admit the evidence in man
 of any nature higher than that of      
brutes--a conclusion which common sense1
 as well as mental science1 must always 
refuse to admit--or they must attempt to
 bridge over the 'chasm1' as it has been
 called1 which separates the instinctive
 nature of the animal from the rational 
and moral nature of man--an effort      
confessedly futile4  #c4 ,as to the body
 of man1 the case is different1 but     
still perfectly in harmony with the idea
 of his higher nature4 ,man1 as to his  

body1 is confessedly an animal1 of the  
earth earthy4 ,he is also a member of   
the province vertebrata1 and the class  
mammalia2 but in that class he          
constitutes not only a distinct species 
and genus1 but even a distinct family1  
or order4 ,in other words1 he is the    
sole species of his genus1 and of his   
family1 or order4 ,he is thus separated1
 by a great gap1 from all the animals   
nearest to him2 and even if we admit the
 doctrine1 as yet unproved1 of the      
derivation of one species from another  
in the case of the lower animals1 we are
 unable to supply the 'missing links'   
which would be required to connect man  
with any group of inferior animals4     
,this physical distinctness has also a  
special significance1 inasmuch as it    
depends on certain negative             
peculiarities such as the absence of    
clothing1 of natural weapons of attack  
and defence1 as well as on the positive 
properties of the erect posture1 the    
hands adapted to various kinds of       

manipulation1 and the special sensory   
gifts4 ,thus viewed in relation to his  
environment1 his wants as well as his   
possessions in regard to structures and 
powers1 would be fatal to any creature  
not possessed of his intelligence1 and  
we cannot conceive how such privations  
or such gifts could spontaneously arise 
in nature4  #d4 ,no fact of science is  
more certainly established than the     
recency of man in geological time4 ,not 
only do we find no trace of his remains 
in the older geological formations1 but 
we find no remains even of the animals  
nearest to him2 and the conditions of   
the world in those periods seem to unfit
 it for the residence of man4 ,if1      
following the usual geological system1  
we divide the whole history of the earth
 into four great periods1 extending from
 the oldest rocks known to us1 the      
eozoic1 or archan1 up to the modern1 we 
find remains of man1 or his works1 only 
in the latest of the four1 and in the   
later part of this4 ,in point of fact1  

there is no indisputable proof of the   
presence of man until we reach the early
 modern period4 ,this is1 no doubt1 what
 was to have been expected on the       
supposition of the orderly development  
of the chain of animal life in the long 
geologic eons2 but it is not by any     
means the only hypothesis that was      
possible when1 for example1 the ,book of
 ,genesis was written4 ,a more fanciful 
cosmologist might at that time have     
given precedence to man1 and might have 
supposed that the other animals were    
produced later1 and for his benefit1 or 
his injury4 ,this is the view of the    
sacred writer himself with respect to   
the local group of animals intended to  
be in immediate association with the    
first man4 ,restricted in this way1 the 
statement of a group of animals created 
with man in his earliest abode is not   
contradictory to the order in ,genesis  
first1 nor scientifically improbable4   
,we have seen that in any case the      
deductions from geology are in harmony  

with the earliest revelations made to   
the human mind on the subject1 and in   
accordance with all the later facts of  
actual history4  #e4 ,the absolute date 
of the first appearance of man cannot   
perhaps be fixed within a few years or  
centuries1 either by human chronology or
 by the science of the earth4 ,it would 
seem1 however1 that the ,bible history1 
as well as such hints as we can gather  
from the history of other nations1      
limits us to two or three thousand years
 before the ,deluge of ,noah1 while some
 estimates of the antiquity of man1     
based on physical changes or ancient    
history1 or on philology1 greatly exceed
 this limit4 ,if the earliest men were  
those of the river gravels and caves1   
men of the 'mammoth age1' or of the     
'palolithic' or palocosmic period1 we   
can form some definite ideas as to their
 possible antiquity4 ,they colonised the
 continents immediately after the       
elevation of the land from the great    
subsidence which closed the pleistocene 

or glacial period1 in what has been     
called the 'continental' period of the  
post-glacial age1 because the new lands 
then raised out of the sea exceeded in  
extent those which we have now4 ,we     
have1 as stated in a previous chapter1  
some measures of the date of this great 
continental elevation1 and know that its
 distance from our time must fall within
 about eight thousand years4 ,many      
indications1 both in ,europe and        
,america1 lead to the belief that it is 
physically impossible that man could    
have colonised the northern hemisphere  
at an earlier date than this            
geologically recent continental period4 
#f4 ,there is but one species of man1   
though many races and varieties2 and    
these races or varieties seem to have   
developed themselves at a very early    
time and have shown a remarkable fixity 
in their later history4 ,there is reason
 to believe1 however1 from various      
physiological facts1 that this is a very
 general law of varietal forms1 which   

are observed to appear rapidly or       
suddenly1 and then in favourable        
circumstances to be propagated          
continuously4 ,it would seem also to    
apply to the introduction of forms      
regarded as species1 since it is not    
unusual to find a genus at or near its  
origin represented by its maximum number
 of specific forms4  #g4 ,the precise   
locality of the origin of man can be    
defined on probable grounds as in a     
temperate region1 supplied with the     
vegetable productions most useful to him
 in a natural state1 and free from      
destructive animal rivals4 ,we can      
scarcely suppose that this locality can 
have been in any of those parts of the  
world in which man finds the greatest   
difficulty in subsisting1 or becomes    
most degraded1 though this paradoxical  
view has been held by some archologists4
 ,it must rather have been in some      
fertile and salubrious region of the    
northern hemisphere2 and probability as 
well as tradition points to those       

regions in ,south-,western ,asia which  
have not only been the earliest         
historical abodes of man1 but are also  
the centres of the animals and plants   
most useful to him4 ,it is interesting  
to note here that ,hckel1 on purely     
physical grounds1 decides against       
,europe1 ,africa1 ,australia1 and       
,america1 and concludes that 'most      
circumstances indicate ,southern ,asia4'
  #h4 ,it is to be observed1 however1   
that the diluvial interlude gives a     
double origin of man2 but the historical
 accounts of the neocosmic dispersion1  
as we have already seen1 refer us in    
this case also to the same regions of   
,south-,western ,asia4 ,the traditions  
which ascribe human origin to a         
',mountain of the ,north' refer to the  
second dispersion1 and coincide with the
 ,ararat of ,genesis and the ',mountain 
of the ,north' on which the ship of     
,hasisadra was supposed by the          
,chaldeans to have grounded4  #i4 ,we   
are now in a position to correlate the  

historical ,deluge with the great       
geographical changes which closed the   
palanthropic age4 ,this1 when regarded  
as an established fact1 furnishes the   
solution of many of the most disputed   
questions of anthropology4 ,the misuse  
of the ,deluge in the early history of  
geology1 in employing it to account for 
changes that took place long before the 
advent of man1 certainly should not     
cause us to neglect its legitimate uses1
 when these arise in the progress of    
investigation4 ,it is evident that if   
this correlation be accepted as         
probable1 it must modify many views now 
held as to the antiquity of man4 ,in    
that case1 the modern rubble spread over
 plateaus and in river valleys1 far     
above the reach of the present floods1  
may be accounted for1 not by the        
ordinary action of the existing streams1
 but by the abnormal action of currents 
of water diluvial in their character4   
,further1 since the historical ,deluge  
cannot have been of very long duration1 

the physical changes separating the     
deposits containing the remains of      
palocosmic men from those of later date 
would1 in like manner1 be accounted for1
 not by slow processes of subsidence1   
elevation1 and erosion1 but by causes of
 a more abrupt and cataclysmic          
character4  ,finally1 it has been the   
tendency of modern geological and       
archological discovery to attach more   
and more value and importance to the    
ancient records of the human race1 and  
especially to those precious documents  
which have been preserved to our time in
 the ,book of ,genesis4  ,we have merely
 glanced cursorily at a few of the      
salient points of the relation of the   
primitive history of man in ,genesis to 
modern scientific discovery4 ,many other
 details might have been adduced as     
tending to show similar coincidences of 
these two distinct lines of evidence4   
,enough has1 however1 been said to      
indicate the remarkable manner in which 
the history in ,genesis has anticipated 

modern discovery1 and to show that this 
ancient book is in every way            
trustworthy1 and as remote as possible  
from the myths and legends of ancient   
heathenism1 while it shows the          
historical origin of beliefs which in   
more or less corrupted forms lie at the 
foundations of the oldest religions of  
the ,gentiles1 and find their true      
significance in that of the ,hebrews4   
,to the ,christian the record in        
,genesis has a still higher value1 as   
constituting those historical           
groundworks of the plan of salvation to 
which our ,lord ,himself so often       
referred1 and on which ,he founded so   
much of ,his teaching4     ,,index      
,a    ,adam1 description of1 #fd        
,adon1 the name1 #ahj   ,akkadian       
kingdom1 foundation of1 #ajh            
,alphabets1 early1 #ajh   ,amunoph      
,,iii41 #agg   ,amunoph ,,iv41 #agg     
,anakim1 the1 #fe   ,animals1 remains   
of1 #bc1 #cj1 #ch1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #dh1  
#ej1 #gd1 #if1 #ih   ,antediluvians1    

identification of1 #abe   ,anthropic    
age1 definition of1 #ag2     events of1 
#ci   ,anthropology1 #af   ,archan age1 
the1 #ai   ,ark1 the1 description of1   
#ace   ,arrow-headed characters1 use of1
 #ajh   ,artemis1 #afj   ,aten1 worship 
of1 #agg   ,atlantis1 fable of1 #aef    
,auriferous gravel1 finds in1 #cd    ,b 
,bears1 cave1 #df   ,beni ,elohim1 #acb 
,beni ha ,adam1 #acb   ,bones1 human1   
gnawed1 #dg   ,boule1 on deposits at    
,schweizersbild1 #hg   ,britain1 early  
inhabitants of1 #ajc   ,broca1 on       
skulls1 #fa   ,burials1 discoveries of1 
#ef    ,c    ,cain1 the race of1 #aca   
,canaan1 migration of1 #aic   ,canstadt 
race1 the1 #ea1 #hj2     age of1 #gj2   
condition of1 #ge2     interments of1   
#gg2     skulls of1 #ha   ,carthaillac  
on palanthropic age1 #gj2     on the    
mortuary customs of1 #gg   ,carving1    
specimens of1 #di   ,castelnedolo1      
skeleton at1 #bi   ,cave dwellers1 #dh2 
their food1 #di   ,caverns1 various1 #db
   ,celt1 the1 description of1 #ajd     

,cenozoic age1 the1 #bj2     changes of1
 #bd2     events of1 #ci2     relations 
of1 #hd   ,chaldean version of the      
,deluge1 #acg2     creation tablets1    
#ajg2     ,genesis quoted1 #aac         
,cheth1 children of1 #afg   ,chipped    
,stone age1 the1 #fi   ,chronometers1   
geological1 #hi   ,civilisation1 early  
postdiluvian1 #aah   ,clichy skull1 the1
 #fj   ,climate of the pliocene1 #be2   
of the eocene1 #bg2     changes of1 #ce1
 #cf2     of the post-glacial age1 #cf2 
of the palanthropic age1 #ch1 #dj1 #aga 
,creation1 the1 order of1 in ,genesis1  
#ajf1 #aab1 #aad2     ,chaldean account 
of1 #aab   ,cresswell caves1 description
 of1 #ie   ,cro-magnon cave1 the1 #ea   
,cro-magnon race1 the1 #ea2             
skeletons of1 #ec2     skulls of1 #fa1  
#ha2     age of1 #gj2     condition of1 
#ge2     appearance of1 #gf2     belief 
of1 #gf2     interments of1 #gg         
,curse1 the1 #abj   ,cushite kingdom1   
foundation of1 #ajh   ,cushite          
migration1 the1 #aib    ,d    ,dawkins  

on palolithic and neolithic periods1 #ic
   ,days of creation1 the1 #ad1 #ah     
,delta1 the1 age of1 #agd   ,deluge1    
the1 accounts of1 #ajg2     story of1   
#aba2     ,lenormant on1 #abc2          
conclusions as to1 #abf2     prevalence 
of story of1 #abg2     physical aspects 
of1 #ace2     ,chaldean version of1     
#acf2     history of1 #acg2     was it  
miraculous8 #adj2     was it universal8 
#adg1 #aea   ,diana1 #afj   ,dispersion 
of man1 the1 #ajh   ,druses1 the1 #aih  
,dupont on cave of ,goyet1 #df2     on  
primitive man1 #gc2     on plain        
dwellers1 #gd2     on ,frontal caves1   
#ih    ,e    ,earth1 the stages of its  
history1 #ae1 #ah2     age of1 #ah      
,eber1 children of1 #agi   ,eden1 site  
of1 #aad   ,edwards1 ,miss1 criticism   
of1 #aga   ,egypt1 history of1 #afh2    
first colonists of1 #agd   ,elephant in 
,europe1 the1 #ch   ,elevation of land  
in post-glacial age1 #cf   ,elohim1 use 
of the name1 #aab   ,embalming1 early   
practice of1 #gh   ,engis skull1 the1   

#fj   ,eocene age1 the1 #bc2     changes
 of1 #bd   ,eozoic age1 the1 #ai        
,euphrates1 the1 #aad   ,eve1 story of1 
#afj   ,evolution of man1 the1 #bb2     
vagaries of1 #aah   ,exodus1 the1       
,pharaoh of1 #agi    ,f    ,fall of man1
 the1 #aaf   ,fauna of palanthropic age1
 changes of1 #hf   ,flints1 worked1 #bh 
,food of cave dwellers1 #di   ,furfooz  
caves1 description of1 #ih    ,g        
,generations of ,noah1 the1 #ahd        
,genesis1 order of creation in1 #ajf    
,geologist1 the1 method of1 #ab         
,giants1 a race of1 #fc   ,gibraltar    
skull1 the1 #fj   ,glacial age1 the1 #be
   ,globe1 incandescent1 picture of1 #ah
   ,goyet1 cave of1 description of1 #df 
,greenwell on men of ,britain1 #ajc     
,grenelle1 skull of1 #fj2     deposit   
at1 #id    ,h    ,hale on importance of 
language1 #bjf   ,hamites1 migrations   
of1 #ahh   ,hasisadra1 the ,chaldean    
,noah1 #aah   ,hebrew annals1 truth of1 
#ajf   ,heth1 #afg   ,higher criticism1 
,sayce on1 #aji   ,historian1 the1      

method of1 #ab   ,hittites1 the1 inroad 
of1 #aih   ,holmes on worked flints1 #ca
   ,homeric heroes1 reality of1 #aff    
,horus1 sons of1 #aei   ,hyksos1 the1   
#aha    ,i    ,idinu1 or ,eden1 #aad    
,ightham1 worked flints of1 #ca         
,interments1 discoveries of1 #ef2       
mode of1 #gg   ,isha1 story of1 #afj    
,ivory1 ornaments of1 #eh2     engraving
 on1 #gd    ,j    ,jahveh1 #acc         
,japhet1 migrations of1 #ahi1 #aij      
,jebel ,assart1 flint chips at1 #aga    
,jehovah ,elohim1 use of the name1 #aab1
 #acb   ,jerusalem1 ancient state of1   
#agi    ,k    ,karun1 a river of ,eden1 
#aad1 #aaf   ,kerkhat1 the1 #aad        
,kheta1 or ,khatti1 #afg   ,kneeling    
posture in interments1 #gg    ,l        
,laugerie ,basse1 cave at1 #ea2         
skeleton at1 #eh   ,lebanon caves1 human
 remains in1 #dc1 #de2     visit to1    
#bjb   ,lenormant on the ,deluge1 #abc2 
on the ,ark1 #acf   ,lion1 the cave1 #df
   ,lyell1 on ,falls of ,niagara1 #abd  
,m    ,mammals in palanthropic age1     

species of1 #cg   ,mammoth age1 cave of1
 #ej   ,mammoth1 the1 in ,europe1 #ch2  
extinction of1 #gd   ,man1 date of his  
appearance1 #ba1 #bac2     his earliest 
remains still human1 #bb2               
antecedents of1 #bc2     his remains    
overlaid1 #ce2     in ,europe1 #ce2     
in palanthropic age1 #dj2     how       
distinguished1 #da2     his remains at  
,nahr-el-,kelb1 #de2     at ,goyet1 #df2
     gnawed bones of1 #dg2     a cave   
dweller1 #dh2     his ornaments1 #dh1   
#eh2     carving of1 #di2     food of1  
#di2     his physical characters1 #ea2  
his remains at ,cro-magnon1 #ea2        
skeleton of1 at ,mentone1 #eh2          
varieties in skull of1 #fj2     gigantic
 size of1 #fb2     a feebler race1 #fc2 
conditions of1 #ga2     ,dupont on      
primitive1 #gc2     unprogressive       
character of men of mammoth age1 #ge2   
beliefs of1 #gf2     mortuary customs of
 palanthropic1 #gg2     change of1 from 
palocosmic to neocosmic1 #ia2           
neolithic1 #aja2     of ,britain1 #ajc2 

in ,eden1 #aae2     condition of        
palanthropic1 #aaf2     recency of1     
#bac2     locality of his origin1 #baf  
,meeting-place of geology and history1  
#ac   ,mentone skeleton1 the1 #eh       
,mesozoic age1 the1 #ai   ,metals1 the  
knowledge of1 #aah   ,miocene age1 the1 
#bc2     changes of1 #bd2     monkeys   
of1 #bg   ,mitanni1 #aha   ,mizraim1    
#aic   ,monkeys1 miocene1 #bg           
,mortillet on the stone age1 #fi        
,moses3 his knowledge of ,divine name1  
#ahj   ,mourlon on pleistocene remains1 
#cj   ,musical instruments1 invention   
of1 #aah    ,n    ,nahr-el-,kelb1       
caverns of1 #dd2     people of1 #bjc    
,neanderthal skull1 the1 #fj            
,neanthropic age1 definition of1 #ag2   
events of1 #ci2     men of1 #ie         
,nebula1 picture of1 #ah   ,necklace1 a 
shell1 #dh   ,neocosmic age1 appearance 
of1 men of1 #ia1 #ajb   ,neolithic age1 
men of1 #aja   ,niagara1 ,lyell's use   
of1 #abd   ,nile valley1 limestones of1 
#afh1 #bja2     appearance of1 #agd     

,nimrod1 kingdom of1 #aij   ,noah1 story
 of1 #aba   ,nuesch on deposits at      
,schweizersbild1 #hg    ,o    ,old man  
of ,cro-magnon1 #ec2     supposed       
history of1 #fe   ,ornaments1 remains   
of1 #dh1 #eh    ,p    ,palolithic       
implements1 discoveries of1 #ca         
,palozoic age1 the1 #ai   ,palanthropic 
age1 definition of1 #ag2     number of  
species of mammals in1 #cg2     climate 
of1 #ch2     land of1 #dj2     caves of1
 #df2     animals of1 #ej2     man of1  
#ea2     conditions of1 #fi2            
divisions of1 #gj2     tragic end of1   
#he2     changes in fauna of1 #hj2      
subsidence of1 #hh   ,palestine1 people 
of1 #aig2     history of1 #bja          
,paviland skull1 the1 #fj   ,petrie3 his
 photographic portraits1 #ahj   ,pharaoh
 of the ,exodus1 the1 #agi   ,phnicians1
 the1 #aic   ,pictet on number of       
species in palanthropic age1 #cg        
,pinches on ,chaldean ,genesis1 #aac    
,plain dwellers1 #ea2     conditions of1
 #gd   ,pleistocene age1 definition of1 

#ag2     history of1 #bc2     human     
remains of1 #cj2     events of1 #ci     
,pliocene age1 #bc2     changes of1 #bd2
     human remains of1 #bi2     events  
of1 #ci   ,polished ,stone age1 the1    
#fi2     men of1 #aja   ,post-glacial   
age1 #bf2     elevation of1 #cf         
,punites1 #aic    ,q    ,quaternary     
period1 the1 #bj   ,quatrefages on      
,castelnedolo skeleton1 #bi2     on     
,truchre skull1 #hd    ,r    ,ra1       
worship of1 #agg   ,recency of man1 #bac
   ,reclus1 romance of1 #bjh   ,reindeer
 age1 the1 #ch1 #ej   ,rhinoceros in    
,europe1 the1 #ch   ,rivire on ,mentone 
skeleton1 #eh1 #fb    ,s    ,sayce on   
the higher criticism1 #aji   ,scale of  
earth's history1 a1 #bb   ,schliemann1  
discoveries of1 #aff   ,schweizersbild1 
deposits at1 #hg   ,semites1 migrations1
 #ahi   ,seth1 the race of1 #aca        
,shell ornaments1 remains of1 #dh1 #eh  
,sickle1 wooden1 #agb   ,silures1 the1  
#ajc   ,skeleton of ,castelnedolo1 #bi2 
,mentone1 #eh2     of ,laugerie ,basse1 

#eh   ,skull from ,val d',arno1 #bi2    
of ,cro-magnon1 #ec1 #hb2     of        
,clichy1 ,grenelle1 ,gibraltar1         
,paviland1 ,neanderthal1 ,engis1 #fj2   
of ,canstadt1 #ha2     of ,truchre1 #hc 
,species1 number of palanthropic1 #cg   
,sphinx1 the1 history of1 #agf   ,spy1  
interments at1 #ef   ,stone ages1 the1  
#fi   ,submergence1 records of1 #adh    
,subsidence of palanthropic age1 #hh2   
date of1 #ij    ,t    ,tammuz1 story of1
 #afa   ,taylor on early men of         
,britain1 #ajc   ,teeth1 human1         
condition of1 #fc   ,tel-el-,amarna     
tablets1 #afe1 #agg   ,tigris1 the1 #aad
   ,trenton1 flints of1 #cb   ,tristram 
on cave shelters1 #dd    ,v    ,vezre1  
rock shelters of1 #ea    ,w    ,whistle1
 bone1 #aaf   ,woman of ,cro-magnon1 #ee
   ,woolly rhinoceros in ,europe1 the1  
#ch    ,z    ,zittel on number of       
species of mammals1 #cg           99    
99      99      99      99              
,transcriber's note3  ,all obvious      
typographical errors were corrected4    

,minor changes were made to standardize 
the text to match the most prevalent    
form used4  ,to make it easier to locate
 the ,index entries1 a line with each   
alpha group's first letter was added4