file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #djaac-;h4htm or #djaac-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #djaac_/pg#djaac-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#djaa c_/djaac-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/flags(worl d!i#jj;hulmiala ,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$2 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 ,to facilitate ! use ( ! index1 page numb]s h be5 includ$ enclos$ by curly brackets 7example3 #e74 ,,! ,,flags ,,( ,,! ,,_w3 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,blazonry1 & ,associations4 ,f ! ,bann] ( ! ,crusad] to ! ,burgee ( ! ,ya*tsman2 ,flags ,national1 ,colonial1 ,p]sonal2 ! ,ensigns ( ,mighty ,empires2 ! ,symbols ( ,lo/ ,causes4 by ,f4 ,,edw>d ,,hulme1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,au?or ( ,famili> ,wild ,fl[]s1 ,hi/ory1 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,h]aldry1 ,bir? & ,developm5t ( ,ornam5t1 c41 c4 ,london3 ,fr$]ick ,w>ne ,co41 & ,new ,york ,all rights res]v$4 iii ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! necessity ( "s special ,sign to di/+ui% ,individuals1 ,tribes1 & ,nations--! ,/&>ds ( ,antiquity--,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,roman--! ,vexillum--! ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e--,invocation ( ,religion--! ,flags ( ! ,enemy--,e>ly ,flags ( ,religi\s ,"*--,flags ( ,sa9ts at ,fun]al ,obsequies--,company & ,guild ,flags ( ! ,m$ival ,p]iod--,political ,col\rs--,v>i\s k9ds ( ,flags--! ,bann]--,rolls ( ,arms--,roll ( ,k>lav]ok--,! ,flag call$ ! ,royal ,/&>d is really ! ,royal ,bann]--,ma9-sail ,bann]s--,trumpet ,bann]s--,ladies embroid]+ ,bann]s = ! ,cause--,knights' ,bann]et--,=m ( ,inve/iture--! ,/&>d--! ,p]cy ,badges & ,motto--,arctic ,sl$ge-flags--! ,rank gov]n+ ! size ( ! ,/&>d--,/&>ds at ,/ate ,fun]als--! ,p5non--,knights' ,p5nonci]s--! ,p5noncelle--,mr4 ,rolt z ,*ief ,m\rn]--,"l ,mayor's ,%[--! ,p5nant--! ,/ream]--,tudor ,badges--,liv]y ,col\rs--! ,guidon--,bunt+--,flag ,devis+ a ,bran* ( ,h]aldry--,col\rs *iefly us$ 9 ,flags--,flags be>+ ,inscriptions--,significance ( ! ,r$ ,flag--( ! ,yell[--( ! ,:ite--( ! ,black--,dipp+ ! ,flag--! ,sov]eignty ( ! ,sea--,"r ( ,salute insi/$ on--,political *anges r5d]+ ,flags obsolete #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d--! ,?ree ,lions ( ,engl&--! ,lion ,rampant ( ,scotl&--,scotti% s5sitiv5ess z to prec$5ce--! ,scotti% ,tressure--! ,h>p ( ,irel&--,e>ly ,iri% ,flags--,brian ,boru--! ,royal ,/&>ds f ,ri*>d ,i4 to ,victoria--,claim to ! ,fleurs-de-lys ( ,france--,qu>t]+ ,hanov]--! ,union ,flag--,/4 ,george = ,engl&--,w> ,cry--,obs]vance ( ,/4 ,george's ,day--! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george--,e>ly ,naval ,flags--! ,london ,tra9$ ,b&s--! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew--! ,blue ,blanket--,flags ( ! ,cov5ant]s--,relics ( ,/4 ,&rew--,union ( ,engl& & ,scotl&--! ,fir/ ,union ,flag--,importance ( accuracy 9 repres5tations ( x--! ,union ,jack--,flags ( ! ,commonweal? & ,protectorate--,union ( ,great ,brita9 & iv ,irel&--! ,cross ( ,/4 ,patrick--,lab\rs ( ,/4 ,patrick 9 ,irel&--,proclamation ( ,george ,,iii4 z to ,flags1 etc4--! ,second ,union ,flag--,h]aldic ,difficulties 9 its ,con/ruction--,sugge/ions by ,critics--,regulations z to ,=tress ,flags--! ,:ite ,ensign ( ! ,royal ,navy--,salut+ ! ,flag--! ,navy ! ,safegu>d ( ,brita9--! ,blue ,ensign--! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve--! ,r$ ,ensign ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e--,value ( ,flag-lore #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,army ,flags--! ,que5's ,col\r--! ,regim5tal ,col\r--! ,hon\rs & ,devices--! ,flag ( ! #bd? ,regim5t--,fac+s--,flag ( ! ,k+'s ,own ,bord]]s--,:at ! ,flag ,symbolises--,col\rs ( ! ,gu>ds--! ,assaye ,flag--,cavalry ,flags--,pres5tation ( ,col\rs--,*elsea ,college ,*apel--,flags ( ! ,buffs 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral--,flags ( ! ,scotti% ,regim5ts 9 ,/4 ,giles's ,ca!dral--,burn+ ( ,rebel ,flags by ! ,hangman--,special ,flags = v>i\s ,(ficial ,p]sonages--,special ,flags = diff]5t ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts--! ,"l ,high ,admiral--! ,mail ,flag--,:ite ,ensign ( ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron--,ya*t ,ensigns & ,burgees--,h\se or ,company ,flags--,h[ to express ,col\rs ) ,l9es--! ,allan ,tricolor--,port ,flags--! ,briti% ,empire--! ,colonial ,blue ,ensign & ,p5dant--! ,colonial ,def5ce ,act--,colonial ,m]cantile ,flag--,admiralty ,w>rant--,flag ( ! ,gov]nor ( a ,colony--! ,gre5 ,g>l&--! ,arms ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada--,badges ( ! v>i\s ,colonies--,daniel ,web/] on ! ,might ( ,engl&--,bacon on ! ,comm& ( ! ,ocean #fa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,flag ( ,columbus--,e>ly ,settlem5ts 9 ,nor? ,am]ica--! ,bir? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,e>ly ,revolution>y & ,/ate ,flags--! ,p9e-tree ,flag--! ,rattle-snake ,flag--! ,/>s & ,/ripes--,e>ly ,v>iations ( x--! ,arms ( ,wa%+ton--,entry ( ,new ,/ates into ! ,union--! ,eagle--! ,flag ( ! ,presid5t--,secession ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates--,/ate ,flags aga9--! ,/>s & ,b>s--! ,s\!rn ,cross--! ,bir? ( ! ,g]man ,empire--! ,influ5ce ( ,w> ,songs--,flags ( ! ,empire--,flags ( ! small] ,g]man ,/ates--! ,au/ro-,hung>y ,mon>*y--! ,flags ( ,russia--! ,crosses ( ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,george aga9--! ,flags ( ,france--,/4 ,m>t9--! ,oriflamme--! ,fleurs-de-lys--,_! ,orig9--! ,:ite ,cross--! ,:ite ,flag ( ! ,b\rbons--! ,tricolor--! ,r$ v ,flag--! ,flags ( ,spa9--( ,portugal--! ,consummation ( ,italian ,unity--! ,arms ( ,savoy--! ,flags ( ,italy--( ! ,temporal ,p[] ( ! ,papacy--! ,flag ( ,d5m>k--its ,cele/ial ,orig9--! ,flags ( ,norway & ,sw$5--( ,switz]l&--,cantonal ,col\rs--! ,g5eva ,conv5tion--! ,flags ( ,holl&--( ,belgium--( ,greece--! ,cresc5t ( ,turkey--! ,tughra--! ,flags ( ,r\mania1 ,s]via1 & ,bulg>ia--,flags ( ,mexico1 & ( ! ,/ates ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,am]ica--( ,japan--! ,ris+ ,sun--! ,*rysan!mum--! ,flags ( ,*9a1 ,siam & ,corea--( ,s>awak--( ! ,orange ,free ,/ate1 ,lib]ia1 ,congo ,/ate1 & ! ,transvaal ,republic #hf ,,*apt] ,v4 ,flags z a ,means ( ,signall+--,army ,signall+--! ,morse ,alphabet--,navy ,signall+--,fir/ ,attempts at ,sea ,signals--,old ,signal ,books 9 ,libr>y ( ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution--,engl& expects t e man w d 8 duty--,s9k+ ,signal ,codes on defeat--,pres5t ,sy/em ( ,signall+ 9 ,royal ,navy--,pilot ,signals--,wea!r ,signall+ by ,flags--! ,int]national ,signal ,code--,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 #aheg--,sev5ty-eight ,?\s& ,diff]5t ,signals possible--,:y no ,v[els us$--,lloyd's ,signal ,/ations #abg ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,to ,,text #ada ,,col\r$ ,,plates #adi #a ,,! ,,flags ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! necessity ( "s special ,sign to di/+ui% ,individuals1 ,tribes1 & ,nations--! ,/&>ds ( ,antiquity--,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 ,greek1 & ,roman--! ,vexillum--,! ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e--,invocation ( ,religion--! ,flags ( ! ,enemy--,e>ly ,flags ( ,religi\s ,"*--,flags ( ,sa9ts at ,fun]al ,obsequies--,company & ,guild ,flags ( ! ,m$ival ,p]iod--,political ,col\rs--,v>i\s k9ds ( ,flags--! ,bann]--,rolls ( ,arms--,roll ( ,k>lav]ok--,! ,flag call$ ! ,royal ,/&>d is really ! ,royal ,bann]--,ma9sail ,bann]s--,trumpet ,bann]s--,ladies embroid]+ ,bann]s = ! ,cause--,knights' ,bann]et--,=m ( ,inve/iture--! ,/&>d--! ,p]cy ,badges & ,motto--,arctic ,sl$ge-flags--! ,rank gov]n+ ! size ( ! ,/&>d--,/&>ds at ,/ate ,fun]als--! ,p5non--,knights-,p5nonci]s--! ,p5noncelle--,mr4 ,rolt z ,*ief ,m\rn]--,"l ,mayor's ,%[--! ,p5nant--! ,/ream]--,tudor ,badges--,liv]y ,col\rs--! ,guidon--,bunt+--,flag ,devis+ a ,bran* ( ,h]aldry--,col\rs *iefly us$ 9 ,flags--,flags be>+ ,inscriptions--,significance ( ! ,r$ ,flag--( ! ,yell[--( ! ,:ite--( ! ,black--,dipp+ ! ,flag--! ,sov]eignty ( ! ,sea--,"r ( ,salute insi/$ on--,political ,*anges r5d]+ ,flags obsolete4 ,s soon z man passes f ! l[e/ /age ( b>b>ism ! necessity = "s special sign1 di/+ui%+ man f man1 tribe f tribe1 nation f nation1 makes itself felt2 & ?is prime necessity once met1 ar\nd ! symbol *os5 _s-/irr+ memories quickly ga!r t ende> x1 & make x ! emblem ( ! p[] & dignity ( ^? by :om x is borne4 ,! pa9t$ semblance ( grizzly be>1 or beav]1 or rattlesnake on ! canvas walls ( ! tepi ( ! prairie ,brave1 ! special *equ]+ ( col\rs t compose ! t>tan#a ( ! ,highl& clansman1 are examples ( ?is2 & z we pass f individual or local tribe to mighty nations1 ! same influ5ce is /ill at "w1 & ! di/9ctive ,union ,flag ( ,brita91 ! tricolor ( ,france1 ! gold & sc>let b>s ( ! flag ( ,spa91 all alike appeal ) irresi/ible =ce to ! patriotism ( ^? born b5ea? _! folds1 & speak to !m ( ! glories & greatness ( ! hi/oric pa/1 ! duties ( ! pres5t1 & ! hopes ( ! future--inspir+ ^? :o gaze ^u _! pr\d blazonry ) ! det]m9ation to be no unwor?y sons ( _! fa!rs1 b to live1 & if ne$ be to die1 = ! de> home-l& ( :i* ^! are ! symbol4 #b ,! /&>ds us$ by ! nations ( antiquity diff]$ 9 nature f ! flags t 9 m$ival & mod]n days h tak5 _! place4 ,^! e>li] symbols 7 ord9>y devices wr\ght 9 metal1 & c>ri$ at ! head ( poles or spe>s4 ,?us ! ho/s ( ,egypt m>*$ to w> b5ea? ! %ad[ ( ! v>i\s sacr$ animals t typifi$ _! deities1 or ! fan-l arrangem5t ( fea!rs t symbolis$ ! maje/y ( ,ph>oah1 :ile ! ,assyrian /&>ds1 to be readily se5 repres5t$ on ! slabs f ! palaces ( ,khorsabad & ,kyonjik1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & else:]e1 7 circul> disks ( metal conta9+ v>i\s di/9ctive devices4 ,bo? ^! & ! ,egyptian /&>ds (t5 h 9 addition a small flag-l /ream] atta*$ to ! /aff imm$iately bel[ ! device4 ,! ,greeks 9 l mann] employ$ ! ,owl ( ,a!ne1 & su*-l religi\s & patriotic symbols ( ! protection ( ! deities1 ?\gh ,hom]1 x w be rememb]$1 makes ,agamemnon use a piece ( purple clo? z a rally+ po9t = 8 foll[]s4 ,! sculptures ( ,p]sepolis %[ u t ! ,p]sians adopt$ ! figure ( ! ,sun1 ! eagle1 & ! l4 ,9 ,rome a h& erect1 or ! figures ( ! horse1 wolf1 & o!r animals 7 us$1 b at a lat] p]iod ! eagle alone 0 employ$4 ,pl9y tells u t ,caius ,m>ius 9 8 second consul%ip orda9$ t ! ,roman legions %\ld only h ! ,eagle = _! /&>d4 ,= be=e t "t ! ,eagle m>*$ =emo/ ) f\r o!rs1 wolves1 m9at\rs1 horses1 & be>s--ea* "o 9 its prop] ord]4 ,n _m ye>s pa/ ! ,eagle alone began to be advanc$ 9 battle1 & ! re/ 7 left beh9d 9 ! camp4 ,b ,m>ius reject$ !m altoge!r1 & s9ce ?is x is obs]v$ t sc>cely is !re a camp ( a ,legion w9t]$ at any "t )\t hav+ a pair ( ,eagles4 ,! eagle1 we ne$ sc>cely /ay to po9t out1 obta9$ ?is pre-em95ce z be+ ! bird ( ,jove4 ,! ,vexillum1 or cavalry flag1 01 accord+ to ,livy1 a squ>e piece ( clo? fix$ to a cross b> at ! end ( a spe>2 ?is 0 (t5 ri*ly fr+$1 & 0 ei!r pla9 or bore c]ta9 devices ^u x1 & 0 /rictly & prop]ly a flag4 ,! ensigns :i* di/+ui%$ ! alli$ =ces f ! legions ( ! ,romans 7 also ( ?is "*4 ,examples ( ^! vexilla may be se5 on ! sculptur$ columns ( ,trajan & ,anton9us1 ! ar* ( ,titus1 & ^u v>i\s co9s & m$als ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! ,imp]ial ,/&>d or ,lab>um c>ri$ be=e ,con/ant9e & 8 successors resembl$ ! cavalry ,vexillum4#b ,x 0 ( purple silk1 ri*ly embroid]$ ) gold1 & ?\gh ord9>ily #c susp5d$ f a horizontal cross-b>1 0 occasionally display$ 9 accordance ) our mod]n usage by atta*m5t by "o ( its sides to ! /aff4 ,! ,roman /&>ds 7 gu>d$ ) religi\s v5]ation 9 ! temples ( ! metropolis & ( ! *ief cities ( ! ,empire1 & mod]n practice has foll[$ h]e9 ! anci5t prec$5t4 ,z 9 classic days ! protection ( ,jove 0 invok$1 s 9 lat] days ! bless+ ( ,jehovah1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s1 has be5 s\ght4 ,at ! pres5tation ( col\rs to a regim5t a solemn s]vice ( pray] & praise is held1 & :5 ^! col\rs return 9 hon\r1 %ot-r5t f victori\s conflict1 !y are rev]5tly plac$ 9 /ately abbey1 v5]able ca!dral1 or p>i% *ur*1 nev] m to issue f ! peace & re/ ( ! home ( ,god until by lapse ( ye>s !y crumble into indi/+ui%able du/4 ,! ,israelites c>ri$ ! sacr$ /&>d ( ! ,maccabees1 ) ! initial lett]s ( ! ,hebrew text1 ,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,o ,god1 among/ ! gods8 ,! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e caus$ ! sacr$ monogram ( ,*ri/ to be plac$ on ! ,lab>um1 & :5 ! armies ( ,*ri/5dom w5t =? to rescue ! ,holy ,l& f ! infidel !y receiv$ _! cross-embroid]$ /&>ds f ! foot ( ! alt>4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,ii4 s5t a consecrat$ :ite bann] to ,duke ,william previ\s to 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,h>old1 & we read 9 ! ,beehive ( ! ,romi% ,*ur*1 publi%$ 9 #aehj1 h[ ! ,spani>des *ri/51 conjure1 & hall[ _! ,ensignes1 nam+ "o ,b>b>a1 ano!r ,ka!r9e1 aft] ! names ( sa9ts ^: aid !y invok$ 9 ! /ress ( battle4 ,we may see ?is invocation aga9 v well 9 ,figs4 #adg1 #adh3 flags borne by ! coloni/s ( ,massa*usetts :5 !y array$ !mselves aga9/ ! m]c5>ies ( ,k+ ,george1 & appeal$ to ! ,god ( ,battles 9 behalf ( ! fre$om & ju/ice d5i$ by ^? :o bore rule ov] !m4 ,?is recognition ( ! ,k+ ( k+s has l$ also to ! captur$ bann]s ( ! enemy be+ solemnly susp5d$ 9 gratitude & ?anksgiv+ 9 ! h\se ( ,god4 ,?us ,spe$ tells u t on ! disp]sal & defeat ( ! ,armada1 ,que5 ,elizabe? comm&$ solemn ?anksgiv+ to be celebrat$ at ! ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,paul's1 9 h] *ief city ( ,london1 :i* accord+ly 0 done ^u ,sunday1 ! #h? ( ,septemb]1 :5 elev5 ( ! ,spani% ensigns 7 hung1 to ! great joy ( ! behold]s1 z psalmes ( praise = ,engl&'s deliv]ance f sore p]il4 ,v appropriately1 too1 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,royal ,college at ,*elsea1 ! home ( ! old soldi]s :o help$ to w9 !m1 hang ! flags tak5 at ,b>rosa1 ,m>t9ique1 ,bhurtpore1 ,s]+apatam1 ,salamanca1 ,wat]loo1 & _m ano!r h>d-f\ght /ruggle2 #d & ?us1 9 l mann]1 is ! tomb ( ,napoleon ,i41 9 ,p>is1 surr\nd$ by trophies ( captur$ flags4 ,on ,m>* #cj?1 #ahad1 ! ev5+ be=e ! entry ( ! ,allies into ,p>is1 ab\t #a1ejj flags--! victori\s trophies ( ,napoleon--7 burnt 9 ! ,c\rt ( ! ,eglise des ,invalides1 to prev5t _! fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,e>ly flags 7 almo/ purely ( a religi\s "*4#c ,! fir/ notice ( bann]s 9 ,engl& is 9 ,b$e's description ( ! int]view betwe5 ! hea!n ,k+ ,e!lb]t & ,augu/9e1 ! mission>y f ,rome1 :]e ! foll[]s ( ! latt] are describ$ z be>+ bann]s on :i* 7 display$ silv] crosses2 & we ne$ sc>cely pause to po9t out t 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 :]e ! ritual is emotional & s5su\s1 bann]s ( ?is type are /ill l>gely employ$ to add to ! pomp ( religi\s processions4 ,h]aldic & political devices ^u flags are ( lat] date1 & ev5 :5 ^! came freely into use _! pres5ce did n supplant ! ecclesia/ical symbols4 ,! national bann] ( ,engl& = c5turies--! ruddy cross ( h] patron ,sa9t ,george 7,fig4 #ia7--0 a religi\s "o1 &1 :atev] o!r bann]s 7 c>ri$1 ?is 0 ev] =emo/ 9 ! field4 ,! ,royal bann] ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& t we see 9 ,fig4 #dd1 9 its ri* blazonry ( ! lions ( ,engl& & ,scotl& & ! ,iri% h>p1 is a good example ( ! h]aldic flag1 :ile our ,union flag 7,fig4 #ij71 equally symbolizes ! ?ree nations ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b ?is "t by ! alli$ crosses ( ! ?ree patron sa9ts1 ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,patrick1 & x is !re=e a l9eal desc5dant & exempl> ( ! religi\s influ5ce t 0 once all-p[]ful4 ,! ecclesia/ical flags 7 (t5 purely pictorial 9 "*1 be+ actual repres5tations ( ! ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ! ,virg9 ,"m1 or ( div]s sa9ts4 ,at o!r times ! mona/]ies & o!r religi\s h\ses bore bann]s ( h]aldic "*2 z ! lead+ ecclesia/ics 7 bo? lords temporal & lords spiritual1 tak+ _! places 9 ! ranks ( fight+ m5 & lead+ on ! field ! body ( dep5dants & reta9]s t !y 7 requir$ to ma9ta9 9 aid ( ! national def5ce4 ,9 su* case #e ! di/+ui%+ bann] ( ! cont+5t con=m$ 9 "* to ! h]aldic cognisances ( ! o!r nobles 9 ! ho/4 ,fig4 #gg1 = in/ance1 0 ! bann] ( ,/4 ,alban's ,abbey4 ,9 a poem on ! capture ( ,r\5 by ! ,engli%1 9 ! ye> #adah1 writt5 by an eye-witness ( ! sc5es describ$1 we read h[ ! ,engli% comm&]-- ,to ! ,ca/elle fir/e he rode ,& sy!n ! citie all abrode1 ,l5g! & br$e he x mette ,& ri*e ban]es up he sette ,^u ! ,porte ,se9t ,hill>e ,a ,ban] ( ! ,trynyte2 ,& at ,porte ,kaux he sette ev5e ,a ,ban] ( ! ,qu5e ( ,hev52 ,& at ,porte ,m>tvile he upplyt ,( ,se9t ,george a ,ban] breight4 & n until ?is recognition ( ,div9e & sa9tly aid 0 made did ,he sette ^u ! ,ca/elle to /onde ,! armys ( ,fraunce & ,englond4 ,h5ry ,v41 at ,ag9c\rt1 9 l mann] display$ at 8 headqu>t]s on ! field n only 8 own arms1 b1 9 place ( special hon\r & prom95ce1 ! bann]s ( ! ,tr9ity1 ( ,/4 ,george1 & ( ,/4 ,edw>d4 ,^! bann]s ( religi\s significance 7 (t5 borne f ! mona/]ies to ! field ( battle1 :ile monks & prie/s 9 att5dance on !m invok$ ! aid ( ,heav5 dur+ ! /rife4 ,9 an old /atem5t ( acc\nts1 /ill exi/+1 we read t ,edw>d ,i4 made a paym5t ( #h;d4 a day to a prie/ ( ,bev]ley = c>ry+ ?r\gh\t "o ( 8 campaigns a bann] be>+ ! figure ( ,/4 ,john4 ,/4 ,wilfr$'s bann] f ,ripon1 toge!r ) ?is bann] ( ,/4 ,john f ,bev]ley1 7 br\ght on to ! field at ,nor?all]ton2 ! flag ( ,/4 ,d5is 0 c>ri$ 9 ! armies ( ,/4 ,l\is & ( ,philip le ,bel1 & ! bann] ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t ( ,durham 0 borr[$ by ! ,e>l ( ,surrey 9 8 exp$ition aga9/ ,scotl& 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,?is bann] _h ! valuable reputation ( secur+ victory to ^? :o f\ght "u x4 ,x 0 susp5d$ f a horizontal b> bel[ a spe> head1 & 0 a y>d or s 9 bread? & a little m ?an ?is 9 dep?2 ! bottom edge _h five deep ind5tations4 ,! bann] 0 ( r$ velvet sumptu\sly enri*$ ) gold embroid]y1 & 9 ! c5tre 0 a piece ( :ite velvet1 half a y>d squ>e1 hav+ a cross ( r$ velvet ^u x4 ,?is c5tral portion cov]$ & protect$ a relic ( ! sa9t4 ,! victory ( ,neville's ,cross1 ,octob] #ag?1 #acdf1 0 held to be l>gely #f due to ! pres5ce ( ?is sacr$ bann]1 & ! triumph at ,flodd5 0 also ascrib$ to x4 ,dur+ ! preval5ce ( ,roman ,ca?olicism 9 ,engl&1 we f9d t bann]s ( religi\s type ent]$ l>gely into ! fun]al obsequies ( p]sons ( di/9ction3 ?us at ! burial ( ,ar?ur1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! elde/ son ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 we f9d a bann] ( ! ,tr9ity1 ano!r ) ! cross & in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion depict$ ^u x2 ano!r ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & yet ano!r ) a repres5tation ( ,/4 ,george4 ,su* bann]s1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 7 ord9>ily f\r 9 numb]1 & c>ri$ imm$iately r\nd ! body at ! f\r corn]s ( ! bi]4 ,?us we read 9 ! di>y ( an old *ronicl]1 ,ma*yn1 :o liv$ 9 ! reigns ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,m>y1 & ,elizabe?1 t at ! burial ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,arundel1 ,octob] #bg?1 #aeeg1 cam iiij h]roldes 9 !r cotes ( armes1 & b>e iiij ban]s ( emages at ! iiij corn]s4 ,aga91 on ,aprell xxix1 #aeed1 0 b]$ my ,lady ,dudley 9 ,sa9t ,m>g>ett 9 ,we/m9/]1 ) iiij ban]s ( emages4 ,ano!r item deals ) ! fun]al ( ! ,du*ess ( ,nor?umb]l&1 & "h aga9 ! iiij ban]s ( ymages aga9 recur4 ,anyone hav+ ! old records1 *ur* inv5tories1 & ! l be=e !m1 w\ld f9d x easy en\gh1 z easy z ne$less1 to multiply illu/rations ( ?is fun]al use ( pictur$ bann]s4 ,^! emages or ymages ( old ,ma*yn are ( c\rse n images 9 ! s5se ( sculptur$ or c>v$ ?+s1 b are pa9t$ & embroid]$ repres5tations ( v>i\s sa9ts4 ,ma*yn1 z a greatly int]e/$ look]-on at all ! spectacles ( 8 day1 is mo/ ent]ta9+1 b 8 spell+1 accord+ to ! sev]] notions ( ! pres5t day1 is a little weak1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! foll[+ words t we h cull$ at r&om f 8 pages3--prossessyon1 gaffelyns1 fezyssy\n1 dysquyet1 neckclyg5s1 gorgyusle1 b]ehyng1 wypyd1 pel]e1 artel]e1 & dyssys ( spyssys4 ,! context ord9>ily makes ! mean+ cle>1 b z our read]s h n t advantage1 we give ! same words accord+ to mod]n or?ography--procession1 javel9s1 physician1 disquiet1 neglig5ce1 gorge\sly1 bury+1 :ipp$1 pillory1 artill]y1 di%es ( spices4 ,! v>i\s companies & guilds ( ! m$ival p]iod _h _! special flags t came out1 z d ^? ( _! successors ( ! pres5t day1 on ! v>i\s occasions ( civic pageantry2 & 9 _m cases1 z may be se5 9 ! illum9at$ ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & else:]e1 !y 7 c>ri$ to battle z ! insignia ( ! companies ( m5 provid$ at ! exp5se ( ^? corporations4 ,?us 9 "o example t has come "u our notice we see a bann] be>+ a *evron betwe5 hamm]1 tr[els1 & build]'s squ>e2 9 ano!r betwe5 an axe & two pairs ( compasses1 :ile a ?ird on its azure field be>s a pair ( gold5 #g %e>s4 ,9 ! repres5tation ( a battle betwe5 ,philip d',artevelde & ! ,flem+s aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 _m ( ! flags !re9 introduc$ be> ! mo/ extraord9>y devices1 boots & %oes1 dr9k+-vessels1 anvils1 & ! l1 t owe _! pres5ce !re to ! fact t v>i\s trade guilds s5t _! cont+5ts ( m5 to ! fight4 ,9 a ,fr5* "w on m$ival guilds we f9d ! c&le-mak]s ( ,bayeux m>*+ b5ea? a black bann] ) ?ree :ite c&les on x1 ! locksmi?s ( ,la ,ro*elle hav+ a sc>let flag ) f\r gold5 keys on x4 ,! lawy]s ( ,l\d\n _h a flag ) a l>ge eye on x 7a s+le eye to bus9ess be+1 we presume1 und]/ood71 :ile ^? ( ,laval _h a blue bann] ) ?ree gold5 m\?s !reon4 ,9 l mann] ! metal-work]s ( ,laval c>ri$ a black flag ) a silv] hamm] & files depict$ on x1 ^? ( ,niort _h a r$ flag ) a silv] cup & a =k & spoon 9 gold on ei!r side4 ,! metal-work]s ( ,ypres also c>ri$ a r$ flag1 & on ?is 0 repres5t$ a gold5 flagon & two buckles ( gold4 ,%\ld "s national /ress ?is ye> or next lead our ,city ,companies1 ! ,fi%mong]s1 ! ,c>p5t]s1 ! ,v9tn]s1 & o!rs to contribute cont+5ts to ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry1 & to s5d !m =? b5ea? ! bann]s ( ! guilds1 hi/ory w\ld b repeat itself4 ,9 matt]s political ! two great oppos+ p>ties h _! di/9ctive col\rs1 & ^! h ord9>ily be5 buff & blue1 ?\gh ! association ( buff ) ! ,lib]al p>ty & true blue ) ! ,cons]vatives has be5 by no means s entirely a matt] ( c\rse z p]sons :o h n look$ into ! matt] might be dispos$ to imag9e4 ,! local col\rs are (t5 ^? t 7 once ! liv]y col\rs ( ! pr9cipal family 9 ! di/rict1 & 7 assum$ by its adh]5ts = ! family's sake q indep5d5tly ( its political cre$4 ,! notion ( liv]y is n[ an unpleasant "o1 b 9 m$ival days ! col\rs ( ! great h\ses 7 worn by ! :ole c\ntry-side1 & ! we>+ c>ri$ ) x no sugge/ion ei!r ( toadyism or s]vitude4 ,z ?is influ5ce 0 h]$it>y & at "o "t all-p[]ful1 ! col\r ( ! ,ca/le1 or ,abbey1 or ,great ,h\se1 became /]eotyp$ 9 t di/rict z ! symbol ( ! p>ty ( :i* ^! pr9cely e/abli%m5ts 7 ! local c5tre & visible evid5ce1 & ! col\r /ill (t5 survives locally1 ?\gh ! political & social sy/em t orig9at$ x has pass$ away 9 ^! days ( democratic indep5d5ce4 ,x w\ld cle>ly be a great political ga9 if "o col\r 7 all ov] ,great ,brita9 ! def9ite emblem ( "o side1 z _m illit]ate vot]s are greatly influ5c$ by ! col\rs worn by ! c&idates = _! suffrages1 & h suffici5t s5se ( consi/5cy ( pr9ciple to vote always = ! flag t fir/ claim$ #h _! allegiance1 ?\gh x may v possibly be t if !y move to ano!r c\nty x is ! emblem ( a totally di/9ct p>ty1 & typifies op9ions to :i* ! vot] has always be5 oppos$4 ,at a late election a ,york%ire ,cons]vative1 :o _h acquir$ a vote = ,b\rnem\?1 0 told t he mu/ vote p9k1 b ?is he v /eadily refus$ to d4 ,he decl>$ t he w\ld nev] vote owt else b ?' old true blue1 s ! ,lib]al p>ty secur$ 8 vote2 & ?is sort ( ?+ at a ,g5]al ,election is go+ on all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! t[n ( ,roy/on1 = in/ance1 /&s p>tly 9 ,h]t=d%ire & p>tly 9 ,cambridge%ire1 & 9 ! =m] c\nty ! ,cons]vatives & 9 ! latt] ! ,lib]als are ! blue p>ty2 h5ce ! significance ( ! col\r 9 "o /reet ( ! little t[n is entirely diff]5t to t x be>s 9 ano!r4 ,at ,hor%am 9 ,sussex we h obs]v$ t ! ,cons]vative col\r is pale p9k1 :ile 9 ,ri*mond 9 ,surrey x is a deep orange4 ,! orange 0 adopt$ by ! ,:igs out ( complim5t to ,william ,,iii41 :o 0 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,9 ! old *ronicles & ballads ref]5ce is made to _m =ms ( flags n[ obsolete4 ,! t]m flag is a g5]ic "o1 & cov]s all ! specific k9ds4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,anglo-,saxon v]b fleogan1 to fly or float 9 ! w9d1 or f ! old ,g]man flack]n1 to flutt]4 ,ensign is an alt]native ^w =m$ on ! idea ( ! display ( insignia1 badges1 or devices1 & 0 =m]ly mu* us$ :]e we %\ld n[ employ ! ^w col\rs4 ,! company (fic]s 9 a regim5t :o 7 until late ye>s t]m$ ensigns 7 at a /ill e>li] p]iod m correctly t]m$ ensign-be>]s4 ,milton1 x w be recall$1 describes a ,bann]$ ho/ "u spread ensigns m>*+4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott greatly enl>ges our vocabul>y :5 he writes 9 ,m>mion ( :]e ,a ?\s& /ream]s flaunt$ fair1 ,v>i\s 9 %ape1 device1 & hue1 ,gre51 sangu9e1 purple1 r$1 & blue1 ,broad1 n>r[1 swall[-tail$1 & squ>e1 ,scroll1 p5non1 p5sil1 b&rol1 !re ,o'er ! pavilions flew1 :ile ,milton aga9 writes ( ,t5 ?\s& ?\s& ensigns high advanc$ ,/&>ds & gonfalons 'twixt van & re> ,/ream 9 ! air1 & = di/9ction s]ve ,( hi]>*ies1 ord]s1 & degrees4 ,we h se5 t ! pomp ( fun]al display l$ to ! use ( pictorial flags ( religi\s type1 & ) ^! 7 associat$ o!rs t dealt ) ! mundane rank & position ( ! #i deceas$4 ,?us we f9d ,edmonson1 9 8 book on ,h]aldry1 writ+ z foll[s3--,! armorial ensigns1 z fix$ by ! (fic]s ( arms1 & ?r\gh long & cont9u$ usage e/abli%$ z prop] to be c>ri$ 9 fun]al processions1 are p5nons1 guidons1 cornets1 /&>ds1 bann]s1 & bann]-rolls1 hav+ !reon depict$ ! arms1 qu>t]+s1 badges1 cre/s1 support]s1 & devices ( ! defunct3 toge!r ) all su* o!r trophies ( hon\r z 9 8 lifetime he 0 entitl$ to display1 c>ry1 or we> 9 ! field2 bann]s *>g$ ) ! armorial ensigns ( su* dignities1 titles1 (fices1 civil & milit>y1 z 7 possess$ or enjoy$ by ! defunct at ! "t ( 8 decease1 & bann]-rolls ( 8 own mat*es & l9eal desc5t bo? on ! pat]nal & mat]nal side4 ,9 case ! defunct 0 an ,ar*bi%op1 bann]-rolls ( ! arms & insignia ( ! sees to :i* he _h be5 elect$ & translat$1 & if he 0 a m]*ant or em95t trad] p5nons ( ! p>ticul> city1 corporation1 guild1 frat]nity1 craft1 or company :]e( he _h be5 a memb]4 ,h[ev] true ! beautiful /anza ( ,gray-- ,! boa/ ( h]aldry1 ! pomp ( p[]1 ,& all t beauty1 all t weal? ere gave1 ,await at la/ ! inevitable h\r1 ,! pa?s ( glory lead b to ! grave-- ! survivors ( ! deceas$ mo/ naturally & mo/ ju/ly bore to _! re/ ^? to :om hon\r 0 due ) ! full respect to :i* _! c>e] on e>? entitl$ !m4 ,! names be/[$ ^u ! diff]5t k9ds ( flags h v>i$ f "t to "t1 ! v>i\s au?orities ( m$ival & mod]n days n be+ q ( "o m9d sometimes1 s t :ile ! m sali5t =ms are easily id5tifiable1 "s little elem5t ( d\bt creeps 9 :5 we w\ld endeav\r to be/[ ) absolute precision a "n to a c]ta9 less common =m be=e u1 or a def9ite =m to a "n t we enc\nt] 9 "s old writ]4 ,:atev] loos5ess ( nom5clature1 h[ev]1 may be enc\nt]$ on ! fr+e ( our subject1 ! be/[al ( ! lead+ t]ms is suffici5tly def9ite1 & x is to ^! we n[ turn our att5tion1 reflect+ = our com=t t x is ( f> great] value to u to "k all ab\t a =m t is ( frequ5t recurr5ce1 & to :i* abundant ref]5ce is made1 ?an to be able to q satisfactorily decide :at special "n "s abnormal =m %\ld c>ry1 or :at special =m is meant by a "n t p]haps only occurs once or twice 9 ! :ole range ( lit]ature1 & ev5 t p]haps by "s poet or romance writ] :o has ?\ght m ( ! g5]al effect ( 8 description ?an ( ! te*nical accuracy ( ! t]ms 9 :i* he has clo!d x4 #aj ,! ,bann] fir/ engages our att5tion4 ,?is 0 ord9>ily1 9 ! e>li] days ( *ivalry1 a squ>e flag1 ?\gh 9 lat] examples x may be f\nd some:at great] 9 l5g? ?an 9 dep?1 & 9 "s e>ly examples x is consid]ably great] 9 dep? ?an 9 its degree ( projection outw>ds f ! lance4 ,9 ! te*nical language ( ! subject1 ! "p ( a flag ne>e/ ! pole is call$ ! hoi/1 & ! out] "p ! fly4 ,fig4 #cg is a good illu/ration ( ?is elongat$ =m4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! %ortness ( ! fly 9 su* cases 0 9 ord] t ! great] flutt]+ 9 ! w9d t su* a =m z ,fig4 #cj w\ld produce might be prev5t$1 z ?is con/ant tugg+ at ! lance-head w\ld be disagreeable to ! hold]1 :ile x might1 9 ! ru% ( ! *>ge1 prev5t t accuracy ( aim t "o w\ld desire to give "o's adv]s>y ! full b5efit ( at su* a crisis 9 8 c>e]4 ,pretty z ?is may be z a !ory1 !re is probably n mu* 9 x1 or ! =m 9 ^? w>like days ( *ivalry w\ld h be5 m g5]ally adopt$4 ,accord+ to an anci5t au?ority ! bann] ( an emp]or %\ld be six feet squ>e2 ( a k+1 five2 ( a pr9ce or duke1 f\r2 & ( an e>l1 m>quis1 visc\nt1 or b>on ?ree feet squ>e4 ,:5 we consid] t ! great function ( ! bann] 0 to be> ^u its surface ! coat-(-arms ( its own]1 & t ?is coat 0 emblazon$ ^u x & fill$ up its entire surface 9 j ! same way t we f9d ^! *>ges repres5t$ ^u 8 %ield1 x is evid5t t no =m t dep>t$ f> ei!r 9 l5g? or bread? f ! squ>e w\ld be suitable = _! display4 ,?\gh h]aldically x is all[able to compress or ext5d any =m f its normal proportions :5 ! exig5cies ( space dem& x1#d x is cle>ly bett] to escape ?is :5 possible4#e ,! arms depict$ 9 ,fig4 #cg are c]ta9ly n ! bett] = ! elongation to :i* !y h be5 subject$1 :ile p] contra ! be>+s on any ( ! bann]s 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 or #aa1 h _h no despite done !m1 ! squ>e =m be+ cle>ly well-adapt$ = _! due display4 ,! ,rolls ( ,arms prep>$ on v>i\s occasions by ! m$ival & lat] h]alds =m an admirable /oreh\se ( examples4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 reproduc$ 9 facsimile1 & are1 !re=e1 m or less readily accessible4 ,we h be=e u z we write ! roll ( ! arms ( ! ,sov]eign & ( ! #aa spiritual & temporal pe]s :o sat 9 ,p>liam5t 9 ! ye> #aeae1 & ano!r excell5t example t has be5 reproduc$ is ! roll ( ,k>lav]ok4 ,?is ,k>lav]ok 0 a =tress on ! nor? side ( ,solway ,fri?1 :i* x 0 necess>y = ,edw>d ,i4 to r$uce on 8 invasion ( ,scotl& 9 ! ye> #acjj1 & ?is inve/iture & all ! details ( ! siege are m9utely describ$ by a contempor>y writ]1 :o gives ! arms & names ( all ! nobles !re engag$4 ,z soon z ! ca/le fell into ,edw>d's h&s he caus$ 8 bann] & t ( ,/4 ,edmund 7,fig4 #ag71 & ,/4 ,edw>d 7,fig4 #ai71 to be display$ ^u its battlem5ts4 ,! roll is writt5 9 ,norman ,fr5*1 ( :i* ! foll[+ passage may be giv5 z an example3-- ,la ont me9te ri*e g>nem5t ,brode sur c5deaus et samis ,me9t beau p5on en lance mis ,me9t bani]e desploie4 ,t is to say1 !re 7--9 mod]n ,engli% word+--_m ri* devices embroid]$ on silk & sat91 _m a beautiful p5non fix$ on lance1 _m a bann] display$4 ,! writ] says3--,fir/1 ,i w tell y ( ! names & arms1 especially ( ! bann]s1 if y w li/5 h[4 ,( ^! num]\s bann]s we give "s few examples3 ,fig4 #a belongs to him :o ) a light he>t1 do+ good to all1 bore a yell[ bann] & p5non ) a black saltire engrail$1 & is call$ ,john ,botet\rte4 ,fig4 #b is ! bann] ( ,sire ,ralph de ,mon!rm]2 ,fig4 #c ! devices ( ,t\*es1 a knight ( good-fame2 :ile ,fig4 #d1 ! blue ) cresc5ts ( brilliant gold1 0 ! flag ( ,william de ,ridre4 ,sire ,john de ,hold]ton1 :o at all times appe>s well & promptly 9 arms1 bore ,no4 #f1 ! frett$ silv] on ! sc>let field2 :ile ,fig4 #e is ! cognisance ( ,hugh ,b>dolph1 a man ( good appe>ance1 ri*1 valiant1 & c\rte\s4 ,fig4 #g is ! well-kn[n lion ( ! ,p]cys1 & is "h ! bann] ( ,h5ri de ,p]cy2 we meet ) x aga9 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #h is ! bann] ( good ,hugh de ,c\rt5ay1 :ile ,fig4 #i is t ( ! valiant ,aym] de ,val5ce4 ,fig4 #aj be>s ! b>bels ( ,john de ,b>1 :ile ! la/ example we ne$ give 7,fig4 #aa7 is ! bann] ( ,sire ,william de ,gr&ison4 ,( :om gallant1 c\rte\s ,engli%m5 z !y 71 we c n[ b say t !y are du/1 _! swords are ru/1 & d5y !m n ! pi\s hope _! s\ls are ) ! sa9ts1 we tru/4 ,! well-kn[n flag 7,fig4 #dd71 t ev]yone recognises z ! ,royal ,/&>d1 is nev]!less misnam$1 z x %\ld und\bt$ly be call$ ! ,royal ,bann]1 s9ce x be>s ! arms ( ! ,sov]eign 9 precisely ! same way t any ( our prec$+ #ab examples be> ! arms ( ! knights ) :om !y 7 associat$4 ,a /&>d1 z we %all see pres5tly1 is an entirely diff]5t k9d ( flag2 nev]!less1 ! t]m ,royal ,/&>d is s firmly e/abli%$ t x is hopeless n[ to ?9k ( alt]+ x1 & z x w\ld be b p$antry to ignore x1 & sub/itute 9 its place1 :5ev] we h occasion to ref] to x1 its prop] title--! ,royal ,bann]--we mu/1 hav+ once made our prote/1 be cont5t to let ! matt] /&4 ,figs4 #bb1 #dc1 #dd1 #aid1 #bbf1 & #bde are all royal or imp]ial bann]s1 b popul> usage insi/s t we %all call !m royal or imp]ial /&>ds1 s1 h5ce=?1 rightly or wrongly1 ?r\gh our pages /&>ds !y mu/ be4 ,! bann]s ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t]1 ri*ly emblazon$ ) _! armorial be>+s1 are susp5d$ ov] _! /alls 9 ,/4 ,george's ,*apel1 ,w9dsor1 :ile ^? ( ! ,knights ( ! ,ba? are simil>ly display$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! :ole ( ! great ma9sail ( a m$ival %ip 0 (t5 emblazon$ ) arms1 & =m$ "o l>ge bann]4 ,?is usage may be v well se5 9 ! illum9ations1 seals1 etc41 ( t p]iod4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #abdg we f9d ,o?o1 ,c\nt ( ,gueldres1 repres5t$ z be>+ on 8 seal a squ>e bann] *>g$ ) 8 arms1 a lion rampant2 & 9 a w9d[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,our ,lady1 at ,*>tres1 is a figure ( ,simon de ,mont=t1 ,e>l ( ,leice/] f #abcf to #abfe4 ,he is depict$ z be>+ 9 8 "r h& a bann] ( r$ & :ite1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,ref]5ces 9 ! old writ]s to ! bann] are v num]\s4 ,?us 9 ! ,/ory ( ,!bes we read ( ! fell bea/es1 t 7 wr\ght & bete ^u _! bannres displai$ brode :5 m5 w5t =? to w>4 ,lydgate1 9 ! ,battle ( ,ag9c\rt1 writes3-- ,by myn ban] sleyn w y be ,or y w turne my backe or me yelde4 ,! same writ] decl>es t at ! siege ( ,h>fleur by ,h5ry ,v41 9 ,septemb]1 #adae1 ! k+-- ,mu/r$ 8 meyne faire be=e ! t[n1 ,& _m o!r lordes1 ,i d> w say1 ,) ban]s bryghte & _m p5\n4 ,! trumpet]s ( ! ,life ,gu>ds & ,horse ,gu>ds h ! ,royal ,bann] atta*$ to _! in/rum5ts1 a survival t recalls ! l9es ( ,*auc]3-- ,on e trump hang+ a brode bann]e ,( f9e t>t>ium1 full ri*ly bete4 #ac ,an int]e/+ ref]5ce is f\nd 9 a lett] ( ,que5 ,ka?>9e ( ,arragon to ,?omas ,wolsey1 dat$ ,ri*mond1 ,augu/ #ac?1 #aeac1 :ile ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 9 ,france4 ,speak+ ( w> ) ! ,scots1 h] ,maje/y says3 ,my h]t is v]ay good to x1 & ,i am horrible besy ) mak+ /&>ds1 bann]s1 & bagies4#f ,:ile ! m5 are buckl+ on _! arm\r = ! com+ /rife1 wives1 si/]s1 swee!>ts1 daught]s1 ) pr\d he>ts1 give _! aid1 & ) busy f+]s--despite ! te> t w sometimes blur ! vision ( ! gay embroid]y--swiftly & deftly lab\r ) lov+ c>e on ! devices t w n]ve ! w>riors to liv+ /eel 9 ! %ock ( battle4 ,! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 s zeal\sly busy 9 h] task ( love1 is b a type & exempl> ( ?\s&s ( h] sex be=e & s9ce4 ,! rav5 /&>d ( ! ,dani% invad]s ( ,nor?umbria 0 work$ by ! daught]s ( ,regn> ,lodbrok1 & 9 ! great rebellion 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl& _m a g5tlewoman suff]$ sorely 9 ! f\l & ,bloody ,assize = h] zeal\s %>e 9 provid+ ! insurg5ts ) ! /&>ds ar\nd :i* !y ralli$4 ,! ,cov5ant]s ( ,scotl&1 ! soldi]s ( ,g>ibaldi free+ ,italy f ! ,b\rbons1 ! levies ( ,kossu? 9 ,hung>y1 ! ,poles 9 ! deadly grip ( ,russia1 ! armies ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,volunte]s :o w\ld fa9 free ,greece f ! yoke ( ! ,turk1#g all f\ght to ! dea? b5ea? ! bann]s t fair sympa?is]s ) !m1 & ) _! cause1 plac$ 9 _! h&s4 ,:5 two great nations1 su* z ,france & ,g]many1 fall to bl[s1 ! :ole armam5t1 weapons1 flags1 & :atev] else may be necess>y1 is suppli$ f ! gov]nm5t /ores accord+ to regulation patt]n1 b 9 ! case ( insurg5ts aga9/ au?ority /ruggl+--rightly or wrongly--to be free1 ! weapons may be scy! blades or :atev] else comes fir/ to h&1 :ile ! /&>ds borne to ! field w be> ! mo/ extraord9>y devices ^u !m1 devices t appeal p[]fully at ! "t to ^? fight+ b5ea? _! folds1 b :i* give a %udd] to ! puri/ 9 h]aldic blazonry1 z = in/ance1 to quote b "o example1 ! rattle-snake flag ) its motto ,bew>e h[ y tread on me1 adopt$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican coloni/s 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ ! troops ( ,george ,,iii4 ,:5 a knight _h p]=m$ on ! field ( battle "s especially valiant or m]itori\s act1 x 0 op5 to ! ,sov]eign to #ad m>k 8 s5se ( x by mak+ him a knight-bann]et4 ,?us1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,john de ,copel& 0 made a bann]et = 8 s]vice 9 tak+ prison] ,david ,bruce1 ! ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 at ! battle ( ,durham2 ,colonel ,john ,smi?1 hav+ rescu$ ! royal bann] f ! ,p>liam5t>ians at ,edgehill1 0 9 l mann] made a knight-bann]et by ,*>les ,i4 ,! title does n seem to h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ! reign ( ,edw>d ,i41 & aft] ?is be/[al by ,*>les ,i4 we he> no m ( x till #agdc1 :5 ! title 0 conf]r$ ^u sev]al ,engli% (fic]s by ! k+1 ,george ,,ii41 ^u ! field ( ,dett+54 ,x 0 an ess5tial condition t ! rank %\ld be be/[$ by ! ,sov]eign on ! actual field ( battle & b5ea? ! royal bann]4 ,g5]al ,sir ,william ,ersk9e 0 giv5 ?is rank by ,george ,,iii4 on 8 return f ! ,cont95t 9 #agfd1 aft] ! battle ( ,emsdorff2 b z ! inve/iture took place b5ea? ! /&>d ( ! #ae? ,light ,dragoons & 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 x 0 deem$ hopelessly irregul>1 &1 ! royal w & action not)/&+1 8 rank 0 n g5]ally recognis$4 ,! c]emony ( inve/iture 0 9 ! e>li] days a v simple "o4 ,! flag ( ! ord9>y knight 0 ( ! =m kn[n z ! p5non--a small1 swall[-tail$ flag l t borne by our lanc] regim5ts1 ( :i* ,fig4 #cj is an illu/ration4 ,on be+ summon$ to ! royal pres5ce1 ! k+ took f him 8 lance1 & ei!r cut or tore away ! po9ts ( 8 flag1 until he _h r$uc$ x r\ghly to bann] =m1 & !n return$ x to him ) su* words ( comm5dation z ! occasion call$ =4 ,:at ! c]emony employ$ at s late a p]iod z ,dett+5 0 we h n be5 able to trace4 ,z ! (fic]s !re hon\r$ 7 lanceless & p5nonless1 x is evid5t t ! =mula :i* s]v$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 q inapplicable1 b x is equally evid5t t 9 ! ?rong+ duties & responsibilities ( ! field ( battle ! c]emony mu/ always h be5 a v %ort & simple "o4 ,! t]m ,/&>d is appropriately appli$ to any flag ( noble size t answ]s 9 ! ma9 to ! foll[+ conditions--t x %\ld always h ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george plac$ next to ! /aff1 t ! re/ ( ! flag %\ld be divid$ horizontally into two or m /ripes ( col\rs1 ^! be+ ! prevail+ col\rs 9 ! arms ( ! be>]s or _! liv]y col\rs1 ! edge ( ! /&>d ri*ly fr+$ or bord]$1 ! motto & badges ( ! own] introduc$1 ! l5g? consid]ably 9 excess ( ! bread?1 ! ends split & r\nd$ (f4 ,we f9d su* /&>ds 9 use *iefly dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?\gh "s *>act]i/ic examples ( bo? e>li] & lat] dates may be enc\nt]$4 ,figs4 #ad & #ae are v good typical illu/rations4 ,! #ae fir/ ( ^! 7,fig4 #ad7 is ! ,p]cy /&>d4 ,! blue lion1 ! cresc5t1 & ! fett]lock !re se5 are all badges ( ! family1 :ile ! silv] key betok5s matrimonial alliance ) ! ,poyn+s1#h ! bugle-horn ) ! ,bryans1#i & ! fal*ion ) ! family ( ,fitzpayne4 ,! anci5t badge ( ! ,p]cys 0 ! :ite lion /atant4 ,our read]s w d\btless be famili> ) ! l9es-- ,:o1 9 field or =ay slack1 ,saw ! blan* lion e'er give back8 b ,h5ry ,p]cy1 ! fif? e>l1 #adhi to #aegg1 turn$ x into a blue "o4 ,! silv] cresc5t is ! only badge ( ! family t has rema9$ 9 active & cont9u\s use1 & we f9d frequ5t ref]5ces to x 9 ! old ballads--s full ( int]e/+ h]aldic allusions--z1 = in/ance1 9 ,! ,ris+ ( ! ,nor?-- ,erle ,p]cy !re 8 ancy5t spr$1 ,! halfe-moon %9+ all soe faire1 & 9 ,claxton's ,lam5t-- ,n[ ! ,p]cy's cresc5t is set 9 blood4 ,! motto is ord9>ily a v important "p ( ! /&>d1 ?\gh x is occasionally miss+4 ,its less or great] l5g? or its possible repetition may cut up ! surface ( ! flag into a v>y+ numb] ( spaces4 ,! fir/ space aft] ! cross is always occupi$ by ! mo/ important badge1 & 9 a few cases ! spaces beyond are empty4 ,! motto ( ! ,p]cys is ( great hi/oric int]e/4 ,x is ref]r$ to by ,%akespe>e1 ,n[ ,esp]ance6 ,p]cy6 & set on1 & we f9d 9 ,drayton ! l9e1 ,z /ill ! p cri$1 ,a ,p]cy1 ,esp]ance6 ,9 ! ,mirror = ,magi/rates 7#aegd7 we read1 ,add !re=e ?is to ,esp]ance1 my ^w1 :o cause? blood%$ %all n 'scape ! sword4 ,x 0 orig9ally ! w>-cry ( ! ,p]cys1 b x has und]gone sev]al modifications1 & ^! ( a r curi\s & int]e/+ nature1 s9ce we see 9 ! sequ5ce a /eady advance f blatant egotism to an admission ( a high] p[] ev5 ?an t ( ,p]cy4 ,! w>-cry ( ! fir/ ,e>l 0 orig9ally1 ,p]cy6 ,p]cy6 b he lat] sub/itut$ = x1 ,esp]ance1 ,p]cy4 ,! second & ?ird ,e>ls took m]ely ,esp]ance1 ! f\r? took ,esp]ance1 ma com=t1 &1 #af lat] on1 ,esp]ance en ,dieu ma com=t1 & ! fif? & succe$+ ,e>ls took ! ,esp]ance en ,dieu4#aj ,fig4 #ae is ! /&>d ( ,sir ,?omas de ,swynn]ton4 ,! sw9e is an example ( ! punn+ allusion to ! be>]'s "n t is s (t5 se5 9 ! *>ges ( m$ival h]aldry4 ,figs4 #ad & #ae are typical /&>ds1 hav+ ! cross ( ,/4 ,george1 ! /rip+ ( col\rs1 ! oblique l9es ( motto1 ! elongat$ tap]+ =m1 & all ! o!r features t we h already quot$ z belong+ to ! ideal /&>d1 ?\gh "o or two ( ^! may at times be abs5t4 ,?us1 ?\gh exceptions are r>e1 a /&>d is n necess>ily p>ticol\r$ = example1 &1 z we h se51 ! motto 9 o!r examples may be miss+4 ,! ,h>leian ,,ms4 ,no4 #b1ceh lays d[n ! rule t e ,/&>d or guydhome is to hang 9 ! ,*iefe ! ,crosse ( ,/4 ,george1 to be slitte at ! ende1 & to conteyne ! cre/ or support]1 ) ! poesy1 worde1 & devise ( ! own]4 ,t ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 ! national badge1 mu/ always be pres5t & 9 ! mo/ hon\rable position is full ( significance1 z x means t :atev] else ( rank or family ! be>] might be1 he 0 fir/ & =emo/ an ,engli%man4 ,figs4 #ac & #af are int]e/+ mod]n examples ( ! ,/&>d4 ,!y are f a s]ies ( sl$ge-flags us$ dur+ ! ,arctic ,exp$ition ( #ahge-f1 ! devices ^u !m be+ ^? ( ! (fic]s 9 *>ge ( ea* deta*m5t4 ,:5 9 e>li] days a man rais$ a regim5t = national def5ce1 he n only comm&$ x1 b its flag (t5 bore 8 arms or device4 ,?us ! /&>d ( ! dragoons rais$ by ,h5ry1 ,"l ,c>dross1 9 #afhi 0 ( r$ silk1 on :i* 0 repres5t$ ! ,colonel's cre/1 a h& hold+ a dagg]1 & ! motto ,=titud9e1 :ile 9 ! upp] corn] next ! /aff 0 ! ?i/le ( ,scotl&1 surm\nt$ by ! cr[n4 ,our read]s %\ld n[ h no difficulty 9 sket*+ out = !mselves z an ex]cise ! foll[+3 ,! /&>d ( ,h5ry ,v41 :ite & blue1 a :ite antelope /&+ betwe5 f\r r$ roses2 ! motto ,dieu et mon droit1 & 9 ! int]spaces m r$ #ag roses4 ,! /&>d ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 :ite & gre51 a :ite h>t c\*ant betwe5 f\r gold5 suns1 ! motto ,dieu et mon droit1 9 ! next space two gold5 suns1 & 9 ! next1 f\r4 ,z fur!r ex]cises1 we may give ! /&>d ( ,sir ,john ,awdeley1 ( gold & sc>let1 hav+ a ,moor's head & ?ree :ite butt]flies1 ! motto ,je le ti5s1 !n two butt]flies1 !n f\r2 & ! /&>d ( ,frogmorton1 ( f\r /ripes ( r$ & :ite1 hav+ an elephant's head 9 black1 surr\nd$ by gold5 cresc5ts4 ,:ile no "o1 ei!r mon>* or noble1 c\ld h m ?an "o bann]1 s9ce ?is 0 compos$ ( 8 h]aldic arms1 a ?+ fix$ & un*angeable1 ! same individual might h two or ?ree /&>ds1 s9ce ^! 7 ma9ly made up ( badges t he c\ld multiply at discretion1 & a motto or poesy t he might *ange e day if he *ose4 ,h5ce1 = in/ance1 ! /&>ds ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 7 mo/ly gre5 & :ite1 s9ce ^! 7 ! ,tudor liv]y col\rs2 b 9 "o 0 a r$ firye dragon1 & 9 ano!r 0 pe9t$ a donne k[e1 :ile yet ano!r _h a silv] greyh\nd betwe5 r$ roses4 ,/[e & o!r au?orities tell u t ! two fir/ ( ^! 7 borne at ,boswor? ,field1 & t aft] 8 victory !re ov] ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ^! 7 borne by him 9 solemn /ate to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & !re deposit$ on 8 triumphal entry into ! metropolis4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /&>d & ! bann] is v cle>ly se5 9 ! description ( ! flags borne at ! fun]al obsequies ( ,que5 ,elizabe?--! great embroid]$ bann] ( ,engl& 7,fig4 #bb71 ! bann]s ( ,wales1 ,irel&1 ,*e/]1 & ,cornwall1 & ! /&>ds ( ! dragon1 greyh\nd1 & falcon4 ,9 l mann] ,/[e tells u t :5 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vii4 took ! field 9 #aeac1 he _h ) him ! /&>d ) ! r$ dragon & ! bann] ( ! arms ( ,engl&1 & ,ma*yn tells t at ! fun]al ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 fur/ ( all :5t a grett company ( *yld]yn 9 !r surples & cl>kes syngyng & !n ij h>olds1 & !n a /&>d ) a dragon1 & !n a grett nombur ( ye s]vants 9 blake1 & !n anod] /&>d ) a :yt greyh\nd4 ,lat] on 9 ! procession came ye grett ban] ( armes 9 brod]y & ) dyv]s od]e ban]s4 ,/&>ds v>i$ 9 size accord+ to ! rank ( ! p]son entitl$ to !m4 ,a ,,ms4 ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 gives ! foll[+ dim5sions3--,= t ( ! k+1 a l5g? ( eight y>ds2 = a duke1 sev52 = an e>l1 six2 a m>quis1 six & a half2 a visc\nt1 five & a half2 a b>on1 five2 a knight bann]et1 f\r & a half2 & = a knight1 f\r y>ds4 ,9 view ( ^! figures "o c easily realise ! d]ivation ( ! ^w /&>d--a ?+ t is meant to /&2 to be r fa/5$ 9 ! gr\nd z a rally+ po9t ?an c>ri$1 l a bann]1 ab\t ! field ( action4 #ah ,at ! fun]al ( ,nelson we f9d 8 bann] ( arms & /&>d borne 9 ! procession1 :ile ar\nd 8 c(f9 are ! bann]olls1 squ>e bann]-l flags be>+ ! v>i\s arms ( 8 family l9eage4 ,we see ^! latt] aga9 9 an old pr9t ( ! fun]al procession ( ,g5]al ,monk1 9 #afgj1 & 9 a /ill old] pr9t ( ! burial ( ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 f\r ( 8 ne> k9dr$ c>ry+ by ! c(f9 ^! indications ( 8 desc5t4 ,at ! fun]al ( ,que5 ,elizabe? we f9d six bann]olls ( alliances on ! pat]nal side & six on ! mat]nal4 ,! /&>d ( ,nelson be>s 8 motto1 ,palmam qui m]uit f]at1 b in/ead ( ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george x has ! union ( ! crosses ( ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,patrick1 s9ce 9 #ahjf1 ! ye> ( 8 fun]al1 ! ,engl& ( m$ival days _h exp&$ into ! ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,9 ! impos+ fun]al procession ( ! great ,duke ( ,well+ton we f9d aga9 among/ ! flags n only ! national flag1 regim5tal col\rs1 & o!r insignia1 b ! t5 bann]olls ( ! ,duke's p$igree & desc5t1 & 8 p]sonal bann] & /&>d4 ,ri*>d1 ,e>l ( ,salisbury1 9 ! ye> #adeh1 ord]$ t at 8 int]m5t !re be bann]s1 /&>ds1 & o!r acc\trem5ts1 accord+ z 0 usual = a p]son ( 8 degree & :at 0 !n held fitt+1 rema9s1 9 ! case ( ,/ate fun]als1 equally s at ! pres5t day4 ,! ,p5non is a small1 n>r[ flag1 =k$ or swall[-tail$ at its extremity4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ on ! lance4 ,our read]s w recall ! knight 9 ,m>mion1 :o ,on high 8 =ky p5non bore1 ,l swall['s tail 9 %ape & hue4 ,we read 9 ! ,roll ( ,k>lav]ok1 z e>ly z ! ye> #acjj1 ( ,_m a beautiful p5non fix$ to a lance1 ,& _m a bann] display$2 & ( ! knight 9 ,*auc]'s ,cant]bury ,tales1 we he> t ,by hys bann]e borne is hys p5non ,( golde full ri*e4 ,! p5non bore ! arms ( ! knight1 & !y 7 9 ! e>li] days ( *ivalry s emblazon$ ^u x z to appe> 9 _! prop] position n :5 ! lance 0 held erect b :5 held horizontally = ! *>ge4 ,! e>lie/ brass n[ extant1 t ( ,sir ,john ,daub]n\n1 at ,/oke d',ab]non ,*ur*1 9 ,surrey1 repres5ts ! knight z be>+ a lance ) p5non4 ,its date is #abgg1 & ! device is a gold5 *evron on a field ( azure4 ,9 #ai ?is example ! p5non1 in/ead ( be+ =k$1 comes to a s+le po9t4 ,! p5non 0 ! ensign ( ^? knights :o 7 n bann]ets1 & ! be>]s ( x 7 !re=e sometimes call$ p5nonci]s2 ! t]m is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w = a fea!r1 p5na1 f ! n>r[1 elongat$ =m4 ,! p5nons ( our lanc] regim5ts 7,fig4 #cj7 give "o a good idea ( ! =m1 size1 & g5]al effect ( ! anci5t knightly p5non1 ?\gh !y d n be> di/9ctive *>ges ^u !m1 & ?us fail 9 "o notable ess5tial to recall to our m9ds ! brilliant blazonry & v>iety ( device t mu/ h be5 s m>k$ & effective a feature :5 ! knights ( old took ! field4 ,9 a draw+ ( ! ye> #ahac1 ( ! ,royal ,horse ,artill]y1 we f9d ! m5 arm$ ) lances1 & ^! ) p5nons ( blue & :ite1 z we see 9 ,fig4 #ca4aa ,( ! ?irty-sev5 p5nons borne on lances by v>i\s knights repres5t$ 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 tw5ty-eight h triple po9ts1 :ile o!rs h two1 f\r1 or five4 ,! devices ^u ^! p5nons are v v>i\s & di/9ctive1 ?\gh ! date is be=e ! p]iod ( ! def9ite e/abli%m5t ( h]aldry4 ,examples ( ^! may be se5 9 ,figs4 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db4 ,! p5noncelle1 or p5cel1 is a dim9utive ( ! p5non1 small z t itself is4 ,su* flags 7 (t5 suppli$ 9 l>ge quantities at any special "t ( rejoic+ or ( m\rn+4 ,at ! burial 9 ! ye> #aeed ( ! nobull ,duke ( ,norffok1 we note among/ o!r items a dos5 ( ban]olles ( ys prog5e1 a /&>d1 a ban] ( damaske1 & xij dos5 p5selles4 ,at ! burial ( ,sir ,william ,gor+ we f9d !r 0 viij dos5 ( p5selles1 :ile at ! ,"l ,mayor's procession 9 #aeee we read t !re 7 ij goodly p5nes ,/ate b>ges deckt ) flages & /rem]s & a m p5selles4 ,?is m1 or ?\s&1 we c p]haps sc>cely take lit]ally1 ?\gh 9 ano!r in/ance we f9d ! cordes 7 hang$ ) innum]able p5celles4#ab ,! /atem5t ( ! co/ ( ! fun]al ( ,oliv] ,cromwell is int]e/+1 z we see !re9 ! div]s k9ds ( flags t grac$ ! c]emony4 ,! total co/ ( ! affair 0 ov] #bh1jjj1 & ! unhappy und]tak]1 a ,mr4 ,rolt1 0 paid v little1 if any1 ( 8 bill4 ,! items include six gret bann]s wr\ght on ri* taffaty 9 oil1 & gilt ) f9e gold1 at #f ea*4 ,five l>ge /&>ds1 simil>ly wr\ght1 at a co/ ( #aj ea*2 six doz5 #bj p5nons1 a y>d long1 at a sov]eign ea*2 =ty trumpet bann]s1 at =ty %ill+s apiece2 ?irty doz5 ( p5noncelles1 a foot long1 at tw5ty %ill+s a doz52 & tw5ty doz5 ditto at twelve %ill+s ! doz54 ,poor ,rolt6 ,9 ! accompte & reckonyng = ! ,"l ,mayor's ,%[ ( #afag we f9d payde to ,jacob ,*allon]1 pa9t]1 = a greate squ>e bann]1 ! ,pr9ce's ,armes1 ! somme ( sev5 p\nds4 ,we also f9d1 ,m to him = ! new payntyng & guyldyng ( t5 trumpet bann]s1 = payntyng & guyldyng ( two long p5nons ( ! ,"l ,maior's armes on callicoe1 & _m o!r items t we ne$ n set d[n1 ! total co/ ( ! flag dep>tm5t be+ #fg #aes4 #aj;d41 :ile = ! ,"l ,mayor's ,%[ ( ! ye> #afhe we f9d t ! *>ge = ?is item 0 ! h&some sum ( #adj4 ,! ,p5nant1 or p5dant1 is a long n>r[ flag ) po9t$ end1 & d]ives its "n f ! ,lat9 ^w signify+ to hang4 ,examples ( x may be se5 9 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #cf1 #ch1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 & #ajc1 & "s ( ! flags employ$ 9 %ip-signall+ are also ( p5nant =m4 ,x 0 9 ,tudor times call$ ! /ream]4 ,?\gh su* a flag may at times be f\nd press$ into ! s]vice ( city pageantry1 x is m especially adapt$ = use at sea1 s9ce ! l(ty ma/1 ! op5 space f> remov$ f telegraph-wires1 *imney-pots1 & su*-l h9drances to its free c\rse1 & ! crisp sea-breeze to boldly ext5d x to its full l5g?1 are all ess5tial to its due display4 ,:5 we once beg9 to ext5d 9 l5g?1 x is evid5t t almo/ any?+ is possible3 ! p5dant ( a mod]n man-(-w> is "s tw5ty y>ds long1 :ile its bread? is b>ely six in*es1 & x is evid5t t su* a flag z t w\ld sc>cely get a fair *ance 9 ! g5]al survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ,*eapside4 ,x is *>g$ at ! head ) ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #gd are ,tudor examples ( su* p5dants1 :ile ,fig4 #adj is a portion at lea/ ( ! p5dant fl[n by colonial vessels on w> s]vice1 :ile "u ! same necess>ily abbreviat$ conditions may be se5 9 ,fig4 #aea ! p5dant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 9 #aeg t ( ,*ili1 & 9 #agc t ( ,brazil4 ,9 m$ival days _m devices 7 introduc$1 ! /ream] be+ made ( suffici5t wid? to all[ ( _! display4 ,?us ,dugdale gives an acc\nt ( ! fitt+ up ( ! %ip 9 :i* ,beau*amp1 fif? ,e>l ( ,w>wick1 dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 w5t ov] to ,france4 ,! orig9al bill betwe5 ?is nobleman & ,william ,seburgh1 citiz5 & paynt\r ( ,london1 is /ill extant1 & we see f x t among/ o!r ?+s provid$ 0 ! grete /rem\r = ! %ippe xl y>des 9 l5g? & viij y>des 9 br$e4 ,^! noble dim5sions gave ample room = #ba display ( ! badge ( ! ,w>wicks1#ac s we f9d x at ! head adorn$ ) a grete b]e hold+ a ragg$ /affe1 & ! re/ ( its l5g? p[drid full ( raggid /aves1 ,a /ately %ip1 ,) all h] brav]y on1 & tackle trim1 ,sails fill$1 & /ream]s wav+4 ,ma*yn tells u 9 8 di>y = ,augu/ #crd1 #aeec1 h[ ,! ,que5 came rid+ to ,london1 & s on to ! ,t[]1 makyng h] entry at ,aldgate1 & a grett nombur ( /rem>s hang+ ab\t ! sayd gate1 & all ! /rett unto ,leyd5halle & unto ! ,t[] 7 layd ) graffel1 & all ! crafts ( ,london /ood ) _! ban>s & /rem>s hangyd ov] _! h$s4 ,9 ! picture by ,volpe 9 ! collection at ,hampton ,c\rt ( ! ,emb>kation ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 f ,dov] 9 ! ye> #aebj1 to meet ,francis ,i4 at ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold1 we f9d1 v naturally1 a great v>iety & display ( flags ( all k9ds4 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc are /ream]s !re9 depict$1 ! portcullis1 ,tudor rose1 & fleur-de-lys be+ devices ( ! ,engli% k+1 :ile ! p>ticul> gr\nd ^u :i* !y are display$ is 9 ea* case made up ( gre5 & :ite1 ! ,tudor liv]y col\rs4 ,we may see ^! aga9 9 ,fig4 #ga1 :]e ! national flag ( ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george has its :ite field b>r$ ) ! ,tudor gre54 ,9 ! ye> #aeed ev5 ! naval uni=m ( ,engl& 0 :ite & gre51 bo? = (fic]s & m>9]s1 & ! ,city tra9$ b&s _h :ite coats welt$ ) gre54 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ?\gh ( ! ,tudor race1 took sc>let & black z h] liv]y col\rs2 ! ,h\se ( ,plantaganet :ite & r$2 ( ,york1 murrey & blue2 ( ,lanca/]1 :ite & blue2 ( ,/u>t1 r$ & yell[4 ,! great nobles ea* also _h _! special liv]ies2 ?us 9 a gr& review ( troops on ,blackhea?1 on ,may #af?1 #aeeb1 we f9d t ! ,y]le ( ,pembroke & ys m5 ( armes _h cotes blake bord]$ ) :yt1 :ile ! reta9]s ( ! ,"l ,*amb]la9 7 9 r$ & :ite1 ^? ( ! ,e>l ( ,hunt+don 9 blue1 & s =?4 ,9 ! description ( "o ( ! ,city pageants 9 hon\r ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 we f9d among ! baggs 7i4e41 badges71 a r$e rose & a wyght 9 8 mydell1 golde fl\res de luces1 & portcullis also 9 golde1 ! wallys ( ! ,pavilion :]eon ^! 7 display$ be+ *ekkyrs ( :yte & gr5e4 ,! only o!r flag =m to :i* we ne$ make any v def9ite ref]5ce is ! ,guidon4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! #bb ,fr5* guide-homme1 b 9 ! lax spell+ ( m$ival days x und]goes _m p]v]sions1 su* z guydhome1 guydon1 gytton1 geton1 & su*-l m or less b>b>\s r5d]+s4 ,guidon is ! regulation "n n[ appli$ to ! small /&>ds borne by ! squadrons ( "s ( our cavalry regim5ts4 ,! ,que5's guidon is borne by ! fir/ squadron2 ?is is always ( crimson silk2 ! o!rs are ! col\r ( ! regim5tal fac+s4 ,! mod]n cavalry guidon is squ>e 9 =m1 & ri*ly embroid]$1 fr+$1 & tassell$4 ,a m$ival writ] on ! subject lays d[n ! law t a guydhome mu/ be two & a half y>des or ?ree y>des longe1 & !re9 %all be no armes putt1 b only ! man's cre/1 cognizance1 & device1 & f t1 f 8 /&>d or /ream] a man may flee2 b n f 8 bann] or p5non be>+e 8 armes4 ,! guidon is l>gely employ$ at ,/ate or c]emoni\s fun]al processions2 we see x borne1 = in/ance1 9 ! illu/rations ( ! fun]al ( ,monk 9 #afgj1 ( ,nelson 9 #ahjf1 ( ,well+ton 9 #aheb4 ,9 all ^! cases x is r\nd$ 9 =m1 z 9 ,fig4 #bh4 ,l ! /&>d1 ! guidon be>s motto & device1 b x is small]1 & has n ! elongat$ =m1 nor does x be> ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,9 div]s c\ntries & p]iods v div]se =ms may be enc\nt]$1 & to ^! v>i\s names h be5 assign$1 b x is ne$less to pursue _! inve/igation at any l5g?1 z 9 "s cases ! =ms are q obsolete2 9 o!r cases1 :ile its =m is kn[n to u its "n is lo/1 :ile 9 yet o!r in/ances we h v>i\s old names ( flags m5tion$ by ! *ronicl]s & poets to :i* we are unable n[ to assign any v def9ite notion ( _! =m4 ,9 "s cases1 aga91 ! =m we enc\nt] may be ( "s ecc5tric individuality t no man ev] saw be=e1 or ev] wants to see aga91 or1 z 9 ,fig4 #cc1 s slightly div]g5t f ord9>y type z to sc>cely ne$ a di/9ctive "n4 ,"o ( ! flags repres5t$ 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry is semi-circul>4 ,fig4 #cb defies classification1 unless we reg>d x z a p5non t1 by snipp+1 has travell$ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! way t[>ds be+ a bann]4 ,fig4 #ce1 sket*$ f a ,,ms4 ( ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is ( some:at curi\s & abnormal =m4 ,x is ( religi\s type1 & be>s ! ,agnus ,dei4 ,! orig9al is 9 a lett] ( ,philippe de ,mezires1 plead+ = peace & fri5d%ip betwe5 ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france & ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ( ,engl&4 ,flags are n[adays ord9>ily made ( bunt+1 a wooll5 fabric :i*1 f ! nature ( its texture & its great t\ghness & durability1 is p>ticul>ly fitt$ to /& we> & te>4 ,x comes f ! ,york%ire mills 9 pieces ( =ty y>ds 9 l5g?1 :ile ! wid? v>ies f f\r to ?irty-six in*es4 ,flags are #bc only pr9t$ :5 ( small size1 & :5 a suffici5t numb] w be requir$ to ju/ify ! exp5se ( cutt+ ! blocks4 ,silk is also us$1 b only = special purposes4 ,flag-devis+ is really a bran* ( h]aldry1 & %\ld be 9 accordance ) its laws1 bo? 9 ! =ms & ! col\rs introduc$4 ,yell[ 9 blazonry is ! equival5t ( gold1 & :ite ( silv]1 & x is "o ( ! requirem5ts ( h]aldry t col\r %\ld n be plac$ ^u col\r1 nor metal on metal4 ,h5ce ! r$ & blue 9 ! ,fr5* tricol\r 7,fig4 #aia7 are sep>at$ by :ite2 ! black & r$ ( ,belgium 7,fig4 #bcf7 by yell[4 ,su* un=tunate comb9ations z ! yell[1 blue1 r$1 ( ,v5ezuela 7,fig4 #agj72 ! yell[1 r$1 gre5 ( ,bolivia 7,fig4 #aga72 ! r$ & blue ( ,hayti 7,fig4 #agh72 ! :ite & yell[ ( ,guatemala 7,fig4 #afb71 are violations ( ! rule 9 c\ntries f> remov$ f ! influ5ce ( h]aldic law4 ,?is latt] in/ance is a peculi>ly int]e/+ "o2 x is ! flag ( ,guatemala 9 #ahea1 :ile 9 #aheh ?is 0 *ang$ to t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #afc4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! r$ & ! blue are 9 contact1 & ! :ite & ! yell[2 :ile 9 ! second ! same col\rs are introduc$1 b ) due reg>d to h]aldic law1 & c]ta9ly ) f> m pleas+ effect4 ,"o sees ! same ob$i5ce to ?is rule 9 ! special flags us$ = signall+1 :]e great cle>ness ( def9ition at consid]able di/ances is an ess5tial4 ,su* comb9ations z blue & black1 r$ & blue1 yell[ & :ite1 c>ry _! own condemnation ) !m1 z anyone may te/ by actual exp]im5t2 /ripes ( r$ & blue1 = in/ance1 at a little di/ance bl5d+ into purple1 :ile :ite & yell[ are too mu* alike 9 /r5g?1 & :5 ! yell[ has become a little fad$ & ! :ite a little d+y !y appe> almo/ id5tical4 ,we h ?is latt] comb9ation 9 ,fig4 #aih1 ! flag ( ! n[ vani%$ ,papal ,/ates4 ,x is a v uncommon juxtaposition1 & only occurs 9 ?is case f a special religi\s symbolism into :i* we ne$ n "h ent]4 ,! alt]nate r$ & gre5 /ripes 9 ,fig4 #fc are ano!r violation ( ! rule1 & h a v confus+ effect4#ad ,! col\rs ( by f> ! greate/ frequ5cy ( occurr5ce are r$1 :ite1 & blue2 yell[ also is n uncommon2 orange is only f\nd once1 9 ,fig4 #bdi1 :]e x has a special significance1 s9ce ?is is ! flag ( ! ,orange ,free ,/ate4 ,gre5 occurs sp>+ly4 ,italy 7,fig4 #aig7 is p]haps ! be/ kn[n example4 ,we also f9d x 9 ! ,brazilian flag 7,fig4 #afi71 ! ,mexican 7,fig4 #agb71 9 ! ,hung>ian tricolor 7,fig4 #bad71 & 9 ,figs4 #aii1 #bja1 #bji1 ! flags #bd ( small] ,g]man ,/ates1 b x is m especially associat$ ) ,mohamm$an ,/ates1 z 9 ,figs4 #eh1 #fc1 #fd1 #bce4 ,black is f\nd b seldom1 b z h]aldic requirem5ts necessitate t x %\ld be comb9$ ei!r ) :ite or yell[1 x is1 :5 se51 exceptionally brilliant & effective4 ,we see x1 = example1 9 ! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,spa91 7,fig4 #aid71 9 ,figs4 #bjg & #bjh1 flags ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 9 ,fig4 #bbf1 ! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ( ,russia1 & 9 ,fig4 #bcf1 ! brilliant tricolor ( ! ,belgians4#ae ,9 or?odox flags any?+ ( ! nature ( an inscription is v seldom se54 ,we f9d a ref]5ce to ord] & progress on ! ,brazilian flag 7,fig4 #afi71 :ile ! ,turki% ,imp]ial ,/&>d 7,fig4 #bch7 be>s on its sc>let folds ! monogram ( ! ,sultan2 b ^! exceptions are r>e4#af ,we h se5 t1 on ! contr>y1 on ! flags ( insurg5ts & malcont5ts ! inscription (t5 c\nts = mu*4 ,on ! alt]ation ( ! /yle 9 ! ye> #ageb ?is necess>y *ange 0 made ! subject ( mu* ignorant reproa* ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! day1 & 0 us$ z a weapon ( p>ty w>f>e4 ,an amus+ in/ance ( ?is feel+ occurs 9 ! fir/ plate ( ,hog>?'s election s]ies1 :]e a malcont5t1 or p]haps only a man anxi\s to e>n a %ill+1 c>ries a big flag inscrib$1 ,give u back our elev5 days4 ,! flags ( ! ,cov5ant]s (t5 bore mottoes or texts4 ,fig4 #cd is a curi\s example3 ! flag hoi/$ by ! crew ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,nig] :5 !y oppos$ ! mut9e]s 9 #agig at ,%e]ness4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum4 ,x is1 z we h se51 ord9>ily ! insubord9ate & rebelli\s :o break out into inscriptions ( m or less piety or pung5cy1 b we may conclude t ! loyal sailors fight+ "u ! royal flag adopt$ ?is device 9 addition z "o means ! m ( fight+ ! rebels ) _! own weapons4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> betwe5 ! ,royali/s & ,p>liam5t>ians1 we f9d a great use made ( flags inscrib$ ) mottoes4 ,?us1 on "o we see five h&s /ret*+ at a cr[n def5d$ by an arm$ h& issu+ f a cl\d1 & ! motto1 ,r$dite ,cs>i4 ,9 ano!r we see an angel ) a flam+ sword tread+ a dragon und]foot1 & ! motto1 ,quis ut ,deus1 :ile yet ano!r is inscrib$1 ,c\rage p\r la ,cause4 ,on a f\r? we f9d an erm9e1 & ! motto1 ,malo mori quam fo$>i--,x is bett] to die ?an #be to be sulli$1 9 allusion to ! old belief t ! erm9e w\ld die r ?an soil its fur4 ,h5ce x is ! emblem ( purity & /a9less hon\r4 ,! blood-r$ flag is ! symbol ( mut9y & ( revolution4 ,z a sign ( disaffection x 0 twice1 at ! end ( la/ c5tury1 display$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy4 ,a mut9y broke out at ,portsm\? 9 ,april1 #agig1 = an advance ( pay2 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$ to sanction ! increase ( exp5diture1 & all :o 7 conc]n$ 9 x receiv$ ! royal p>don1 b 9 ,june ( ! same ye>1 at ,%e]ness1 ! _s ( disaffection broke out afre%1 & on its suppression ! r+lead]s 7 execut$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t1 aggriev$ z ^! seam5 7 aga9/ ! au?orities1 :5 ! ,k+'s bir?day came r\nd1 on ,june #d?1 ?\gh ! mut9y 0 !n at its height1 ! r$ flags 7 l[]$1 ! vessels gaily dress$ 9 ! regulation bunt+1 & a royal salute 0 fir$4 ,hav+ ?us demon/rat$ _! real loyalty to _! sov]eign1 ! r$ flags 7 re-hoi/$1 & ! dispute ) ! ,admiralty resum$ 9 all its bitt]ness4 ,! :ite flag is ! symbol ( amity & ( good w2 ( truce amid/ /rife1 & ( surr5d] :5 ! cause is lo/4 ,! yell[ flag betok5s infecti\s illness1 & is display$ :5 !re is *ol]a1 yell[ fev]1 or su* l dang]\s malady on bo>d %ip1 & x is also hoi/$ on qu>ant9e /ations4 ,! black flag signifies m\rn+ & dea?2 "o ( its be/ kn[n uses 9 ^! lat] days is to s]ve z an indication aft] an execution t ! requirem5ts ( ! law h be5 duly c>ri$ out4 ,hon\r & respect are express$ by dipp+ ! flag4 ,at any p>ade ( troops be=e ! sov]eign ! regim5tal flags are l[]$ z !y pass ! salut+ po9t1 & at sea ! col\rs are dipp$ by haul+ !m sm>tly d[n f ! ma/-head & !n promptly replac+ !m4 ,!y mu/ n be suff]$ to rema9 at all /ation>y :5 l[]$1 z a flag fly+ half-ma/ high is a sign ( m\rn+ = dea?1 = defeat1 or = "s o!r national loss1 & x is sc>cely a m>k ( hon\r or respect to imply t ! arrival ( ! di/+ui%$ p]son is a cause ( grief or matt] = regret4 ,9 "t ( peace x is an insult to hoi/ ! flag ( "o fri5dly nation above ano!r1 s t ea* flag mu/ be fl[n f its own /aff4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! reign ( ,alfr$ ,engl& claim$ ! sov]eignty ( ! seas4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 is m id5tifi$ ) our e>ly naval glories ?an any o!r ,engli% k+2 he 0 /yl$ ,k+ ( ! ,seas1 a "n ( :i* he appe>s to h be5 v pr\d1 & 9 8 co9age ( gold nobles he repres5t$ himself ) %ield & sword1 & /&+ 9 a %ip full royally #bf app>ell$4 ,he f\ght on ! seas "u _m disadvantages ( numb]s & %ips3 9 "o in/ance until 8 %ip sank "u him1 & at all times z a gallant ,engli%man4 ,if any comm&] ( an ,engli% vessel met ! %ip ( a =eign]1 & ! latt] refus$ to salute ! ,engli% flag1 x 0 enact$ t su* %ip1 if tak51 0 ! lawful prize ( ! capta94 ,a v notable example ( ?is punctili\s insi/ance on ! respect to ! flag arose 9 ,may1 #aeed1 :5 a ,spani% fleet ( "o hundr$ & sixty sail1 escort+ ! ,k+ on 8 way to ,engl& to 8 m>riage ) ,que5 ,m>y1 fell 9 ) ! ,engli% fleet "u ! comm& ( ,"l ,h[>d1 ,"l ,high ,admiral4 ,philip w\ld h pass$ ! ,engli% fleet )\t pay+ ! cu/om>y hon\rs1 b ! signal 0 at once made by ,h[>d = 8 tw5ty-eight %ips to prep>e = action1 & a r\nd %ot cra%$ into ! side ( ! vessel ( ! ,spani% ,admiral4 ,! h9t 0 promptly tak51 & ! :ole ,spani% fleet /ruck _! col\rs z homage to ! ,engli% flag4 ,9 ! ye> #afce ! comb9$ fleets ( ,france & ,holl& det]m9$ to dispute ?is claim ( ,great ,brita91 b on ann\nc+ _! int5tion ( do+ s an ,engli% fleet 0 at once dispat*$1 :]eupon !y return$ to _! ports & decid$ t discretion 0 pref]able ev5 to val\r4 ,9 #afed1 on ! conclusion ( peace betwe5 ,engl& & ,holl&1 ! ,dut* cons5t$ to ackn[l$ge ! ,engli% supremacy ( ! seas1 ! article 9 ! treaty decl>+ t ! %ips ( ! ,dut*--z well %ips ( w> z o!rs--meet+ any ( ! %ips ( w> ( ! ,engli%1 9 ! ,briti% seas1 %all /rike _! flags & l[] _! topsails 9 su* mann] z ha? ev] be5 at any "t h]et(ore practis$4 ,aft] ano!r p]iod ( conflict x 0 aga9 =mally yield$ by ! ,dut* 9 #afgc4 ,political *anges are responsible = _m v>iations 9 flags1 & ! we> & te> ( ,"t soon r5d]s _m ( ! devices obsolete4 ,on turn+1 = in/ance1 to ,nories' ,m>itime ,flags ( all ,nations1 a little book publi%$ 9 #ahdh1 _m ( ! flags are at once se5 to be n[ out ( date4 ,! p>ticul> ye> 0 "o ( exceptional political agitation1 & ! au?or evid5tly felt t 8 "w 0 almo/ old-fa%ion$ ev5 on its issue4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations1 he says1 hav+ be5 complet$ prior to ! rec5t revolution>y movem5ts on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 x has be5 deem$ exp$i5t to issue ! plate 9 its pres5t /ate1 r ?an adopt ! v>i\s tri-col\r$ flags1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z p]man5tly e/abli%$ 9 ! pres5t unsettl$ /ate ( political affairs4 ,! ,russian ,am]ican ,company's flag1 ,fig4 #ei1 t ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 ( ! ,k+dom ( ,s>d9ia1 ! ,turki% ,imp]ial ,/&>d1 ,fig4 #fd1 & _m o!rs #bg t he gives1 are all n[ sup]s$$4 ,= ,v5ice he gives two flags1 t = w> & t = ! m]*ant s]vice4 ,9 ea* case ! flag is sc>let1 hav+ a broad b& ( blue1 :i* we may take to typify ! sea1 ne> its l[] edge4 ,f ?is rises 9 gold ! w+$ lion ( ,/4 ,m>k1 hav+ 9 ! w> ensign a sword 9 8 "r paw1 & 9 ! peaceful col\rs ( comm]ce a cross4 ,( ?irty-five flags ( all nations1 giv5 z a supplem5t to ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news 9 #aheh1 we note t elev5 are n[ obsolete3 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 = in/ance1 be+ n[ ext9ct1 ! ,ionian ,isl&s c$$ to ,greece1 ,tuscany & ,naples absorb$ into ,italy1 & s =?4 ,9 ,figs4 #eb & #ec we h examples ( e>ly ,spani% flags1 & 9 #ed & #ee ( ,portuguese1 ea* & all be+ tak5 f a v qua9t map ( ! ye> #aejb4 ,?is map may be said to be practically ! c\ntries ly+ r\nd ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 giv+ a good slice ( ,africa1 a portion ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 ! ,briti% ,isles1 mo/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 a little ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,we/ ,indies1#ag etc41 ! object ( ! map be+ to %[ ! division t ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 k9dly made betwe5 ^? fai?ful daught]s ( ! ,*ur*--,spa9 & ,portugal--( all ! unclaim$ portions ( ! _w4 ,figs4 #eb & #ec are types ( flags fly+ on v>i\s ,spani% possessions1 :ile ,figs4 #ed & #ee are plac$ at diff]5t po9ts on ! map :]e ,portugal held sway4 ,on "o place 9 ,africa we see t ,no4 #ed is surm\nt$ by a :ite flag be>+ ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 s we may conclude t--,pope ,alex&] not)/&+--,engl& captur$ x f ! ,portuguese4 ,at "o ,african t[n we see ! black m5 danc+ r\nd ! ,portuguese flag1 :ile a little way (f ?ree ( _! bre?r5 are hang+ on a gall[s1 %[+ t civilization _h set 9 ) consid]able sev]ity !re4 ,! next illu/ration on ?is plate 7,fig4 #ef7 is tak5 f a %eet ( flags publi%$ 9 #agce2 x repres5ts ! ,gu9y ,company's ,ensign1 a trad+ company1 l ! ,ea/ ,india1 ,fig4 #eg1 n[ no long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,fig4 #fb is ! flag ( ,savoy1 an anci5t sov]eignty t1 )9 ! memory ( _m ( our read]s1 has exp&$ into ! k+dom ( ,italy4 ,! break up ( ! ,napoleonic rgime 9 ,france1 ! cru%+ out ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! dismissal f ! ?rone ( ! ,emp]or ( ,brazil1 h all1 )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 l$ to ! sup]annuation & dise/abli%m5t ( a goodly numb] ( flags & _! f9al disappe>ance4 ,we propose n[ to deal ) ! flags ( ! v>i\s nationalities1 comm5c+1 naturally1 ) ^? ( our own c\ntry4 #bh ,we 7 told by a gov]nm5t (ficial t ! ,univ]sal ,code ( signals issu$ by ,engl& _h l$ to a good deal ( he>tburn+1 z x is prefac$ by a plate ( ! v>i\s national flags1 ! ,union ,flag ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& be+ plac$ fir/4 ,b until "s means c be devis$ by :i* ea* nationality c head ! li/1 "s sort ( prec$5ce seems inevitable4 ,at fir/ sight x seems z ?\gh susceptibilities might be sav$ by adopt+ an alphabetical arrangem5t1 b ?is is soon f\nd to be a mi/ake1 z x places su* p[]ful ,/ates z ,russia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly at ! bottom ( ! li/4 ,a writ]1 ,von ,ros5feld1 :o publi%$ a book on flags 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahec1 v naturally adopt$ ?is arrangem5t1 b ! calls ( patriotism w\ld n ev5 !n all[ him to be q consi/5t1 s9ce he places 8 mat]ial z foll[s3--,au/ria1 ,annam1 ,arg5t9e1 ,belgium1 ,bolivia1 & s =?1 :]e x is evid5t ,annam %\ld lead ! _w & ,au/ria be cont5t to come 9 ?ird4 ,ap>t f ! difficulty ( ask+ ,spa91 = in/ance1 to admit t ,bulg>ia 0 s mu* 9 front ( h]1 or to expect ,japan to all[ ,*9a s great a prec$5ce z ! alphabetical arrangem5t fav\rs1 a second ob/acle is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! names ( ^! v>i\s ,/ates z we ,engli%m5 "k !m are n 9 _m cases ^? by :i* !y "k !mselves or are kn[n by o!rs4 ,?us a ,fr5*man w\ld be q cont5t ) ! alphabetical arrangem5t t 9 ,engli% places 8 belov$ c\ntry be=e ,g]many1 b ! ,teuton w\ld at once claim prec$5ce1 decl>+ t ,deuts*l& mu/ come be=e la belle ,france1 & ! ,espagnol w\ld n see :y he %\ld be bani%$ to ! back r[ j because we *oose to call him a ,spani>d4 ,9 ! meantime1 p5d+ ! ,mill5ium1 ! flag t m ?an ?ree hundr$ millions ( p1 ! wide _w ov]1 look up to z ! symbol ( ju/ice & lib]ty1 w s]ve v well z a />t+ po9t1 & !n ! great ,daught] across ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 t sprung f ! ,old ,home1 %all claim a wor?y place next 9 our reg>d4 ,! ,cont95t ( ,europe mu/ cle>ly come next1 & su* ,am]ican nationalities z lie outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 toge!r ) ,asia & ,africa1 w br+ up ! re>4 99 99 99 99 99 #bi ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d--! ,?ree ,lions ( ,engl&--! ,lion ,rampant ( ,scotl&--,scotti% s5sitiv5ess z to prec$5ce--! ,scotti% ,tressure--! ,h>p ( ,irel&--,e>ly ,iri% ,flags--,brian ,boru--! ,royal ,/&>ds f ,ri*>d ,i4 to ,victoria--,claim to ! ,fleurs-de-,lys ( ,france--,qu>t]+ ,hanov]--! ,union ,flag--,/4 ,george = ,engl&--,w> ,cry--,obs]vance ( ,/4 ,george's ,day--! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george--,e>ly ,naval ,flags--! ,london ,tra9$ ,b&s--! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew--! ,blue ,blanket--,flags ( ! ,cov5ant]s--,relics ( ,/4 ,&rew--,union ( ,engl& & ,scotl&--! ,fir/ ,union ,flag--,importance ( accuracy 9 repres5tations ( x--! ,union ,jack--,flags ( ! ,commonweal? & ,protectorate--,union ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&--! ,cross ( ,/4 ,patrick--,lab\rs ( ,/4 ,patrick 9 ,irel&--,proclamation ( ,george ,,iii4 z to ,flags1 etc4--! ,second ,union ,flag--,h]aldic ,difficulties 9 its ,con/ruction--,sugge/ions by ,critics--,regulations z to ,=tress ,flags--! ,:ite ,ensign ( ! ,royal ,navy--,salut+ ! ,flag--! ,navy ! ,safegu>d ( ,brita9--! ,blue ,ensign--! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve--! ,r$ ,ensign ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e--,value ( ,flag-lore4 ,=emo/ among/ ! flags ( ! ,briti% ,empire ! ,royal ,/&>d takes its position z ! symbol ( ! tie t unites all into "o great ,/ate4 ,its gl[+ blazonry ( blue & sc>let & gold is br\ght be=e u 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,! ?ree gold5 lions on ! sc>let gr\nd are ! device ( ,engl&1 ! gold5 h>p on ! azure field is ! device ( ,irel&1 :ile ! ruddy lion rampant on ! field ( gold#ah /&s = ,scotl&4 ,x may p]haps appe> to "s ( our read]s t ! /&>d ( ! ,empire %\ld n be conf9$ to su* n>r[ limits2 t ! great ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ! ev]-gr[+ ,s\? ,africa1 might ju/ly claim a place4 ,prec$5t1 too1 might be urg$1 s9ce 9 previ\s reigns1 ,nassau1 ,hanov]1 & o!r ,/ates h f\nd a re/+-place 9 its folds1 & !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( a wid] repres5tation ( ! great] compon5t p>ts ( our _w-wide ,empire2 b two great practical difficulties arise3 ! fir/ is t ! gr& simplicity ( ! flag w\ld be lo/ if eight or t5 diff]5t devices 7 sub/itut$ = ! ?ree2 & secondly1 x w\ld v possibly give rise to a good deal ( jeal\sy & ill-feel+1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible to introduce all4 ,z x at pres5t /&s1 x repres5ts ! c5tral home ( ! ,empire1 ! little hi/oric se$-plot f :5ce all else has sprung1 & to :i* all turn _! eyes z ! #cj c5tre ( ! national life4 ,all equally agree to v5]ate ! de> "m l&1 b x is p]haps a little too mu* to expect t ! p ( ,jamaica or ,hong ,kong w\ld feel ! same v5]ation = ! beav] & maple-leaves ( ,canada1 ! gold5 ,sun ( ,india1 or ! ,s\!rn ,cross ( ,au/ralasia4 ,z x mu/ cle>ly be all or none1 x seems t only "o solution ( ! problem1 ! pres5t "o1 is possible4 ,9 ! same way ! ,union flag 7,fig4 #ij7 is lit]ally b ! symbol ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 b f> & away outside its prim>y significance1 x floats on e sea ! emblem ( t ,great] ,brita9 9 :i* all its sons h equal pride1 & :]e all %>e equal hon\r z bre?r5 ( "o family4 ,! e>lie/ ,royal ,/&>d bore b ! ?ree lions ( ,engl&1 & we %all see pres5tly t 9 diff]5t reigns v>i\s modifications ( its blazonry arose1 ei!r ! result ( conque/ or ( dyna/ic possessions4 ,?us ,figs4 #dc & #dd1 ?\gh !y be> a sup]ficial lik5ess1 tell a v diff]5t /ory2 ! fir/ ( ^!1 t ( ,george ,,iii41 lay+ claim 9 its f\r? qu>t]+ to lord%ip ov] ,hanov] & o!r ,g]man ,/ates1 & 9 its second qu>t] to ! entirely %ad[y & obsolete claim ov] ,france1 z typifi$ by ! gold5 fleurs-de-lys on ! field ( azure4 ,h[ ! ?ree lions ( ,engl& arose is by no means cle>4 ,two lions 7 assign$ z ! arms ( ,william ! ,conqu]or1 b !re is no real evid5ce t he bore !m4 ,h]aldry _h n !n become a def9ite sci5ce1 & :5 x did a cu/om sprang up ( assign+ to ^? :o liv$ & di$ be=e its bir? c]ta9 arms1 ! k9dly !ory be+ t su* p]sons1 _h !y be5 !n liv+1 w\ld und\bt$ly h borne arms1 & t x 0 h>d1 !re=e1 t ! m]e accid5t ( be+ born a hundr$ ye>s too soon %\ld deb> !m f possess+ su* recognition ( _! rank4 ,ev5 s late z ,h5ry ,,ii4 ! be>+ is /ill traditional1 & x is said t on 8 m>riage ) ,alianore1 elde/ daught] ( ,william1 ,duke ( ,aquita9e & ,gui5ne1 he incorporat$ ) 8 own two lions ! s+le lion t 7x is ass]t$7 0 ! device ( 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is !ory & surmise1 & we d n really f9d ourselves on ! solid gr\nd ( fact until we come to ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion4 ,^u 8 second ,great ,seal we h ! ?ree lions j z !y are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bb1 #dc1 #dd1 & z !y h be5 borne = c5turies by successive sov]eigns on _! arms1 /&>ds1 & co9age1 & z our read]s may see !m ?is day on ! ,royal ,/&>d & on mu* ( ! money !y may take out ( _! pockets4 ,! date ( ?is ,great ,seal ( ,k+ ,ri*>d is #aaie ,a4,d41 s we h1 at all ev5ts1 a p]iod ( ov] sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 waiv+ a break dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 9 :i* ! ?ree gold5 lions on _! sc>let field h typifi$ ! might ( ,engl&4 #ca ,! rampant lion )9 ! tressure1 ! device ( ,scotl&--se5 9 ! second qu>t] ( our ,royal ,/&>d1 ,fig4 #dd--;is fir/ se5 on ! ,great ,seal ( ,k+ ,alex&] ,,ii41 ab\t ,a4,d4 #abcj1 & ! same device1 )\t any modification ( col\r or =m#ai 0 borne by all ! ,sov]eigns ( ,scotl&1 & on ! accession ( ,james to ! ?rone ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 9 ! ye> #afjc1 ! ruddy lion ramp+ on ! field ( gold became an integral "p ( ! ,/&>d4 ,! ,scot* took consid]able umbrage at _! lion be+ plac$ 9 ! second place1 :ile ! lions ( ,engl& 7 plac$ fir/1 z !y ass]t$ t ,scotl& 0 a m anci5t k+dom ?an ,engl&1 & t 9 any case1 on ! dea? ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 ! ,scotti% mon>* virtually annex$ ! ,s\!rn ,k+dom to 8 own1 & k9dly und]took to get ! ,s\!rn]s out ( a dyna/ic difficulty by look+ aft] ! int]e/s ( ,engl& z well z rul+ ,scotl&4 ,?is feel+ ( jeal\sy 0 s bitt] & s pot5t t = _m ye>s aft] ! ,union1 on all seals peculi> to ,scotti% bus9ess & on ! flags display$ nor? ( ! ,twe$1 ! arms ( ,scotl& 7 plac$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t]4 ,x 0 also made a subject ( compla9t t 9 ! ,union ,flag ! cross ( ,/4 ,george is plac$ ov] t ( ,/4 ,&rew 7see ,figs4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib71 & t ! lion ( ,engl& act$ z ! dext] support ( ! royal %ield in/ead ( giv+ place to ! ,scotti% ,unicorn4 ,"o c only be ?ankful t ,iri% patriots h be5 too s5sible or too indiff]5t to insi/ ^u yet ano!r modification1 requir+ t :5soev] & :]esoev] ! ,royal ,/&>d be hoi/$ 9 ! ,em]ald ,isle ! ,iri% h>p %\ld be plac$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t]4 ,:ile x is cle>ly impossible to place ! device ( ea* nationality fir/1 x is v desirable &1 9 fact1 ess5tial1 t ! ,national ,arms & ! ,royal ,/&>d %\ld be id5tical 9 arrangem5t 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,! notion ( unity w\ld be v inadequately c>ri$ out if we _h a ,london v]sion = ,buck+ham ,palace1 an ,ed9burgh v]sion = ,holyrood1 & pres5tly f\nd ! ,isle ( ,sa9ts & gallant little ,wales insi/+ on two o!r v>iants1 & ! ,isle ( ,man 9 insurrection because x 0 n all[$ prec$5ce ( all f\r4 ,ev5 s lately z ! ye> #ahec1 on ! issue ( ! flor91 ! old jeal\sy blaz$ up aga94 ,a /atem5t 0 drawn up & pres5t$ to ,"l ,lyon1 ,k+ ( ,arms1 sett+ =? anew ! old grievances ( ! lions 9 ! ,/&>d & ! crosses 9 ! ,flag ( ! ,union1 & add+ t ! new two-%ill+ #cb piece1 call$ a flor91 :i* has lately be5 issu$1 be>s ^u ! rev]se f\r cr[n$ %ields1 ! fir/ or upp]mo/ be+ ! ?ree lions passant ( ,engl&2 ! second1 or "r h& prop]1 ! h>p ( ,irel&2 ! ?ird1 or left h& prop]1 ! lion rampant ( ,scotl&2 ! f\r?1 or l[]1 ! ?ree lions ( ,engl& repeat$4 ,y\r petition]s beg to direct y\r ,lord%ip's att5tion to ! position occupi$ by ! arms ( ,scotl& ^u ?is co91 :i* are plac$ 9 ! ?ird %ield in/ead ( ! second1 a pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! arms ( ,irel& ov] ^? ( ?is k+dom4 ,x is curi\s t ?is docum5t tacitly drops claim to ! fir/ place4 ,probably mo/ ( our read]s--,scot*1 ,iri%1 or ,engli%--feel b little s5se ( grievance 9 ! matt]1 & are q will+1 if ! co9 be an insult1 to pocket x4 ,! bord] surr\nd+ ! lion is h]aldically kn[n z ! tressure4 ,! date & ! cause ( its introduction are lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,! my?ical /ory is t x 0 add$ by ,a*aius1 ,k+ ( ,scotl&1 9 ! ye> #gib1 9 tok5 ( alliance ) ,*>lemagne1 b 9 all probability ^! pr9ces sc>cely knew ( ! exi/5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,scot* h (t5 be5 9 alliance1 & !re c be little d\bt b t ! fleurs-de-lys t adorn ! tressure po9t to "s su* e>ly association ( ! two peoples2 an anci5t writ]1 ,nisbet1 takes ! same view1 z he affirms t ! ,tressure fleurie encompasses ! lyon ( ,scotl& to %[ t he %\ld def5d ! ,fl[]-de-luses1 & ^! to cont9ue a def5ce to ! lyon4 ,! fir/ au!ntic illu/ration ( ! tressure 9 ! arms ( ,scotl& dates f ! ye> #abfj4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,,iii41 9 ! ye> #adga x 0 orda9t t 9 tyme to cum ?> suld be na d\ble tresor ab\t 8 armys1 b t he suld b] armys ( ! ly\n1 )\t ony mur4 ,if ?is ev] took effect x mu/ h be5 = a v %ort "t4 ,we h se5 no example ( x4 ,irel& jo9$ ,engl& & ,scotl& 9 political union on ,janu>y #a/1 #ahja1 b its device--! h>p--0 plac$ on ! /&>d c5turies be=e by "r ( conque/4 ,! fir/ kn[n sugge/ion = a real union on equal t]ms 0 made 9 ! ye> #afdb 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,g5]all ,junto1 or ! ,c\ncell ( ,union2 *os5 equally out ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel& = ! bett] compact+ ( ^! nations into "o mon>*y4 ,by ,h4 ,p4 ,?is ,h4 ,p4 0 "o ,h5ry ,p>k]4 ,fifty copies only ( ?is tract 7 issu$1 & ^? entirely = private circulation4 ,to p]suade to union & comm5d ! b5efit ( x--says ! au?or--w be unnecess>y4 ,divide et imp]a 7divide & rule7 is a fit say+ = "o :o aims at ! dissipation & p]dition ( 8 c\ntry4 ,hone/ c\nsellors h ev] giv5 contr>y advice4 ,engl& & ,irel& are insep>ably knit2 no sev]ance is possible #cc b su* z %all be viol5t & injuri\s4 ,irel& is an integral memb] ( ! ,k+dom ( ,engl&3 bo? k+doms are co9ve/$ & connex$1 n m undivid$ ?an ,wales or ,cornwall4 ,! conque/ ( ,irel& 0 ent]$ ^u 9 ! ye> #aagb1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,ii41 b 0 sc>cely complet$ until ! surr5d] ( ,lim]ick 9 #afia4 ,until #aedb x 0 /yl$ n ! ,k+dom b ! ,lord%ip ( ,irel&4 ,an e>ly /&>d ( ,irel& has ?ree gold5 cr[ns on a blue field1 & arrang$ ov] ea* o!r z we see ! ,engli% lions plac$2 & a commission appo9t$ 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv41 to enquire :at really 7 ! arms ( ,irel&1 report$ 9 fav\r ( ! ?ree cr[ns4 ,! e>ly ,iri% co9age be>s ^! ?ree cr[ns ^u x1 z on ! co9s ( ,h5ry ,v4 & 8 successors4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 sub/itut$ ! h>p on ! co9s1 b nei!r cr[ns nor h>ps nor any o!r device = ,irel& appe> 9 ! ,royal ,/&>d until ! ye> #afjc1 aft] :i* date ! h>p has rema9$ 9 cont9u\s use till ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! ,h>leian ,,ms41 ,no4 #cjd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 we f9d ! /atem5t t ! armes ( ,irl& is ,gules iij old h>pes gold1 /r+$ arg5t 7z 9 ,fig4 #hg71 & on ! silv] co9age = ,irel& ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ! %ield be>s ^! ?ree h>ps4 ,at h] fun]al ,irel& 0 repres5t$ by a blue flag hav+ a cr[n$ h>p ( gold ^u x1 & ,james ,i4 adopt$ ?is1 b )\t ! cr[n1 z a qu>t]+ 9 8 /&>d3 its fir/ appe>ance on ! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,engl&4 ,:y ,h5ry ,,viii4 sub/itut$ ! h>p = ! ?ree cr[ns is n really kn[n4 ,"s w\ld h u believe t ! k+ 0 appreh5sive t ! ?ree cr[ns might be tak5 z symbolis+ ! triple cr[n ( ! ,pope2 :ile o!rs sugge/ t ,h5ry1 be+ pres5t$ by ! ,pope ) ! suppos$ h>p ( ,brian ,boru1 0 induc$ to *ange ! arms ( ,irel& by plac+ on h] co9s ! repres5tation ( ?is relic ( h] mo/ celebrat$ native k+4 ,! ,e>l ( ,nor?ampton1 writ+ 9 ! reign ( ,james ,i41 sugge/s yet a ?ird explanation4 ,! be/ reason1 sai? he1 t ,i c obs]ve = ! be>+ !re( is1 x resembles t c\ntry 9 be+ su* an in/rum5t t x requires m co/ to keep x 9 tune ?an x is wor?4#bj #cd ,! ,royal ,/&>d %\ld only be hoi/$ :5 ! ,sov]eign or "s memb] ( ! royal family is actually )9 ! palace or ca/le1 or at ! salut+ po9t1 or on bo>d ! vessel :]e we see x fly+1 ?\gh ?is rule is by no means obs]v$ 9 practice4 ,! only exception really p]mitt$ to ?is is t on c]ta9 royal anniv]s>ies x is hoi/$ at "s few =tresses at home & abroad t are specifi$ 9 ! ,que5's ,regulations4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,engl& 01 we h se51 9 its e>lie/ =m a sc>let flag1 hav+ ?ree gold5 lions ^u x1 & x 0 s borne by ,ri*>d ,i41 ,john1 ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,edw>d ,i41 & ,edw>d ,,ii4 ,edw>d ,,iii4 also bore x = ! fir/ ?irte5 ye>s ( 8 reign1 s t ?is simple b beautiful flag 0 ! royal bann] = ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,edw>d ,,iii41 on 8 claim 9 ! ye> #acdj to be ,k+ ( ,france z well z ( ,engl&1 qu>t]$ ! gold5 fleurs-de-lys ( t k+dom ) ! lions ( ,engl&4#ba ,?is rema9$ ! ,royal ,/&>d ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( 8 long reign4 ,?r\gh\t ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 7#acgg to #acii7 ! royal bann] 0 divid$ 9 half by an upright l9e1 all on ! out] half be+ l t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 :ile ! half next ! /aff 0 ! gold5 cross & m>tlets on ! blue gr\nd1 assign$ to ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 8 patron sa9t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,on ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 to ! ?rone1 ! cross & m>tlets disappe>$1 & he rev]t$ to ! simple qu>t]+ ( ,france & ,engl&4 ,orig9ally ! fleurs-de-lys 7 scatt]$ freely ov] ! field1 seme or s[n1 z x is t]m$ h]aldically1 s t besides sev]al 9 ! c5tre t %[$ _! complete =m1 o!rs at ! m>g9 7 m or less imp]fect4 ,on turn+ to ,fig4 #ahh1 an e>ly ,fr5* flag1 we see ?is disposition ( !m v cle>ly4 ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france 9 ! ye> #acfe r$uc$ ! numb] to ?ree1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahd1 :]eupon ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,engl& foll[$ suit2 8 ,royal ,/&>d is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,?is rema9$ ! ,royal ,/&>d ?r\gh\t ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,v41 ,h5ry ,,vi41 ,edw>d ,,iv41 ,edw>d ,v41 ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,edw>d ,,vi41 ,m>y & ,elizabe?--a p]iod ( two hundr$ ye>s4 ,on ! accession ( ! ,h\se ( ,/u>t1 ! flag 0 re>rang$4 ,its fir/ & f\r? qu>t]s 7 !mselves qu>t]$ aga91 ^! small qu>t]+s be+ ! ,fr5* fleur-de-lys & ! ,engli% lions2 :ile ! second qu>t] 0 ! lion ( ,scotl&1 & ! ?ird ! ,iri% h>p2 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ei!r ( ^! latt] k+doms 9 ! ,royal ,/&>d4 ,?is =m rema9$ 9 use ?r\gh\t ! reigns ( ,james ,i41 ,*>les ,i41 ,*>les ,,ii41 & ,james ,,ii4 ,! la/ semblance ( dom9ion 9 ,france _h long #ce s9ce pass$ away1 b x w be se5 t alike on co9age1 arms1 & ,/&>d ! fiction 0 pres]v$1 & ,london]s may see at ,:itehall ! /atue /ill /&+ ( ,james ,,ii41 be>+ on its p$e/al ! inscription--,jacobus secundus ,dei ,gratia ,angli1 ,scoti1 ,franci et ,hib]ni ,rex4 ,dur+ ! ,protectorate1 bo? ! ,union ,flag & ! ,/&>d und]w5t sev]al modifications1 b ! =m t ! p]sonal ,/&>d ( ,cromwell f9ally assum$ may be se5 9 ,fig4 #hc1 :]e ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george = ,engl&1 ,/4 ,&rew = ,scotl&1 & ! h>p = ,irel&1 symbolise ! ?ree k+doms1 :ile ov] all1 on a %ield1 are plac$ ! p]sonal arms ( ! ,protector--a silv] lion rampant on a sable field4 ,william ,,iii41 on 8 l&+ 9 ,engl&1 display$ a /&>d :i* v>i$ 9 _m respects f ^? ( 8 royal pr$ecessors1 s9ce x conta9$ n only ! arms !mselves1 b ^! 7 repres5t$ z display$ on an escut*eon1 surm\nt$ by ! cr[n1 & support$ on ei!r side by ! lion & unicorn4 ,above all ?is 0 ! inscription ,= ! ,prote/ant ,religion & ! ,lib]ties ( ,engl&1#bb :ile b5ea? x 0 je ma9ti5dray4 ,! arms on ! %ield are too complex = adequate description )\t ! aid ( a diagram2 suffice x to say t 9 addition to ! insignia ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,france1 7 eight o!rs deal+ ) ! devices ( small] ,cont95tal possessions app]ta9+ to ! new mon>*4 ,:5 matt]s _h settl$ d[n & 8 ?rone 0 assur$1 ! aggressive inscription1 etc41 disappe>$1 & ! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,william & 8 ,consort ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,james1 rev]t$ to ! =m us$ by ! ,/u>t ,sov]eigns1 plus 9 ! c5tre a small escut*eon be>+ ! arms ( ,nassau1 ^! be+ a gold5 lion rampant1 surr\nd$ by gold5 billets1 ^u a %ield ( azure4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,que5 ,anne bore ! devices ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,france4 ,on ! accession ( ,george ,i4 ! arms ( ,hanov] 7 add$1 & f #agad to #ahja ! flag 0 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! flag ( ,anne 0 v simil> to ?is1 only in/ead ( ,hanov] 9 ! f\r? qu>t]1 ! arms ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 z we see !m 9 ! fir/ qu>t]1 7 simply repeat$ 9 ! f\r?4 ,! ,hanov]ian qu>t]1 ,fig4 #dc1 0 made up z foll[s3--,! two lions on ! r$ field are ! device ( ,brunswick2 ! blue lion rampant1 surr\nd$ by ! r$ he>ts1 is ! device ( ,lun5burg2 ! gallop+ :ite horse is = ,saxony2 & ov] all is ! gold5 cr[n ( ,*>lemagne z an indication ( ! claim set up ( be+ ! successor ( t pot5t ,sov]eign4 ,! horse #cf ( ,saxony is said to h be5 borne sable by ! e>ly k+s1 previ\s to ! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity ( ,witek9d1 ,a4,d4 #ghe4 ,v]/igan1 h[ev]1 tells u t ! ensign ( ,h5gi/ at ! "t ( ! invasion ( ,engl& by ! ,saxons 0 a leap+ :ite horse on a r$ gr\nd4 ,! :ite horse is /ill ! c\nty badge = ,k5t4 ,! flag1 z we see x 9 ,fig4 #dc1 0 t ( ,george ,i4 & ,george ,,ii41 & rema9$ 9 use until ! =ty-second ye> ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,on ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahja1 ! ,fleurs-de-lys ( ,france 7 at l5g? remov$1 & ! flag _h its f\r qu>t]s z foll[s3--,fir/ & f\r? ,engl&1 second ,scotl&1 & ?ird ,irel&2 ! arms ( ,hanov] be+ plac$ on a %ield 9 ! c5tre ( ! flag4 ,?is rema9$ ! ,royal ,/&>d dur+ ! re/ ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii41 & ?r\gh\t ! reigns ( ,george ,,iv4 & ,william ,,iv4 ,on ! accession ( ,victoria ! op]ation ( ! ,salique law sev]$ ! connexion ( ,hanov] ) ,engl&1 & ! pres5t ,royal ,/&>d is z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd1 be+ 9 its arrangem5t simil> to t ( ,george ,,iv4 & ,william ,,iv41 except t ! small c5tral %ield1 be>+ ! arms ( ,hanov]1 is n[ remov$4#bc ,we turn n[ to ! ,national ,flag4 ,z ! feudal con/itution ( ! fight+ =ce pass$ away1 ! use ( private bann]s disappe>$1 & m51 in/ead ( com+ to ! field z ! reta9]s ( "s great nobleman & fight+ "u 8 lead]%ip & b5ea? 8 flag1 7 weld$ into a national army "u ! direct comm& ( ! k+ & su* lead]s z he might appo9t4 ,! days :5 a great noble c\ld *ange ! =tunes ( ! day by )draw+ 8 vassals or transf]r+ himself & !m1 on ! eve ( ! fight1 to ! oppos+ p>ty1 7 ov]1 & m5 f\ght no long] 9 ! int]e/s ( ,w>wick or ( ,p]cy1 b 9 ! cause ( ,engl& & b5ea? ! bann] ( ,/4 ,george1 ! national ,patron ,sa9t4 ,?\1 among/ ^? sa9ts :om ?\ do/ see1 ,%all be a sa9t1 & ?9e own nation's fr5d ,& patron3 ?\ ,sa9t ,george %alt call$ bee1 ,sa9t ,george ( ,m]y ,engl&1 ! sign ( victoree4#bd #cg ,at ! siege ( ,antio*1 accord+ to ,rob]tus ,mona*us1 a ,b5$ict9e ( ,rheims :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! ye> #aabj1 & wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,crusade1 ,our ,s\ldi]s be+ we>i$ ) ! long cont9uance ( ! ,battaile1 & see+ t ! numb] ( enemies decreas$ n1 began to fa9t2 :5 sudd5ly an inf9ite numb] ( ,heav5ly ,s\ldi]s all 9 :ite desc5d$ f ! ,m\nta9s1 ! ,/&>d-be>] & lead]s ( !m be+ ,sa9t ,george1 ,sa9t ,maurice1 & ,sa9t ,demetrius1 :i* :5 ! ,bi%op ( ,le ,puy fir/ beheld he cry$ al\d unto 8 troopes1 ',!re are !y 7sai? he7 ! succ\rs :i* 9 ! "n ( ,god ,i promis$ to y4' ,! issue ( ! miracle 0 ?is1 t pres5tly ! enemies did turne _! backs & lo/ ! field3 ^! be+ sla9e1 #ajj1jjj horse1 beside foot innum]able1 & 9 _! tr5*es su* inf9ite /ore ( victuals & munition f\nd t s]v$ n only to refre% ! we>i$ ,*ri/ians1 b to conf\nd ! enemy4 ,?is great victory at ,antio* l$ to ! recov]y ( ,j]usalem4 ,at ! ,crusades ,engl&1 ,arragon1 & ,portugal all assum$ ,/4 ,george z _! patron sa9t4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ! w>-cry ( ! ,engli% 0 ! "n ( ?is patron sa9t4 ,! blyss$ & holy ,m>tyr ,saynt ,george is patron ( ?is realme ( ,engl&e1 & ! crye ( m5 ( w>re1 we read 9 ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 & read]s ( ,%akespe>e w readily recall illu/rations4 ,?us 9 ,k+ ,ri*>d ,,ii4 we read3-- ,s\nd drums & trumpets1 boldly & *e]fully1 ,god & ,/4 ,george6 ,ri*>d & victory4 or aga9 9 ,k+ ,h5ry ,v4 :]e ! k+ at ! siege ( ,h>fleur cries1 ,! game's afoot1 ,foll[ y\r _s1 & ^u ?is *>ge ,cry1 ,god = ,h>ry1 ,engl&1 & ,/4 ,george6 :ile 9 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi4 we f9d ! l9e1 ,!n /rike up1 drums--,god & ,/4 ,george = u6#be ,at ! battle ( ,poiti]s1 ,septemb] #ai?1 #acef1 ^u ! advance ( ! ,engli%1 ! ,con/able ( ,france ?rew himself1 ,l+>d tells u1 across _! pa? ) ! battle %\t1 ,m\ntjoy1 ,/4 ,d5is1 :i* 0 at once answ]$ by ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,george1 & 9 ! onru% ( ! ,engli% ! ,duke & ! great] "p ( 8 #ch foll[]s 7 swept away1 & 9 a few m9utes sla94 ,9 an int]e/+ old poem on ! siege ( ,r\5 9 #adah1 writt5 by an eye-witness1 we read t on ! surr5d] ( ! city1 ,:anne ! gate 0 op5yd !re ,& ?ay w]5 ready 9 to f>e1 ,trumpis blew !r bemys ( bras1 ,pipis & cl>ionys =soo! !r 04 ,& z !y entrid ?ay gaf a s*[te ,) !r voyce t 0 full /[te1 ,se9t ,george6 ,se9t ,george6 ?ay crid5 on height ,& seide1 ,welcome oure kynges righte6 ,we h be=e u1 z we write1 ,! /ory ( t mo/ bless$ ,sa9t & ,s\ldi] ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ,/4 ,george ( ,cappadocia1 z detail$ by ,pet] ,heylyn1 & publi%$ 9 #afcc1 & ! temptation to quote at l5g? f x is great1 z x is full ( mo/ int]e/+ matt]1 b into ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,george space =bids u to g at any l5g?4 ,! au?or ( ! ,sev5 ,*ampions ( ,*ri/5dom makes ,/4 ,george to be born ( ,engli% p>5tage at ,cov5try1 b = ?is !re is no au?ority :atev]1 & all o!r writ]s make ,cappadocia 8 bir?place4 ,! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,george is m obscure ?an t ( any "n ( equal em95ce 9 ! ,cal5d>4 ,accord+ to ! ,acta ,sanctorum he 0 ! son ( noble p>5ts1 became fam\s z a soldi]1 &1 embrac+ ,*ri/ianity1 0 tortur$ to dea? at ,nicom$ia 9 ! ye> #cjc4 ,! h]o won 8 well-e>n$ place1 ,amid ! ,sa9ts1 9 dea?'s dread h\r2 ,& /ill ! peasant seeks 8 grave1 ,&1 next to ,god1 rev]es 8 p[]4 ,9 _m a ,*ur* 8 =m is se51 ,) sword1 & %ield1 & helmet %e52 ,ye "k him by 8 %ield ( pride1 ,& by ! dragon at 8 side4 ,z ,patron ,sa9t1 ! dragon vanqui%] is /ill se5 on our cr[ns & sov]eigns1 & ref]5ce to su* a book z ,rud+'s hi/ory ( our co9age w %[ t x has = c5turies be5 a popul> device4 ,9 #abde1 on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ,fr$]ic ( ,au/ria in/itut$ an ord] ( knigh?ood & plac$ x "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! soldi]-sa9t1 & its :ite bann]1 be>+ ! ruddy cross1 float$ 9 battle alongside t ( ! ,empire4 ,9 l mann] on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 9 ! ye> #acej1 ,edw>d ,,iii4 ( ,engl& in/itut$ ! ord] ( ! ,g>t] ) great solemnity4 #ci ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ,april #bcrd1 has too long be5 suff]$ to pass almo/ unreg>d$4 ,! annual fe/ivals ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,patrick1 & ,/4 ,david are nev] ov]look$ by ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s nationalities1 & x seems di/9ctly a ?+ to be regrett$ t ! ,engli%man %\ld all[ ! "n day ( 8 ,patron ,sa9t to pass unnotic$4#bf ,:atev] conduces to ! recognition ( national life is valuable1 & any?+ t rem9ds ,engli%m5 ( _! common ties & common duties--& rem9ds !m1 too1 ( _! glori\s h]itage 9 ! pa/--%\ld sc>cely be all[$ to fall into disuse4 ,butl]1 9 8 ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs & ,m>tyrs1 tell u t at ! great ,national ,c\ncil1 held at ,ox=d 9 #abbb1 x 0 comm&$ t ! ,fea/ ( ,/4 ,george %\ld be kept4 ,9 ! ye> #adae1 by ! ,con/itutions ( ,ar*bi%op ,*i*ely1 ,/4 ,george's ,day 0 made "o ( ! great] fea/s & ord]$ to be obs]v$ ! same z ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,9 #aede a special collect1 epi/le1 & gospel 7 prep>$1 & at ! ,re=mation1 :5 _m ( ! ,sa9ts' ,days 7 swept away1 ?is 0 pres]v$ ) all hon\r1 & x 0 n till ! six? ye> ( ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 :5 ano!r revision 0 made1 t 9 ,! ,catalogue ( su* ,fe/ivals z are to be ,obs]v$ ,/4 ,george's day 0 omitt$4 ,! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george 0 worn z a badge1#bg ov] ! arm\r1 by e ,engli% soldi] 9 ! f\rte5? & subsequ5t c5turies1 ev5 if ! cu/om did n prevail at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ord9ances made = ! gov]nm5t ( ! army ) :i* ,ri*>d ,,ii4 invad$ ,scotl& 9 #achf1 is a good illu/ration ( ?is1 :]e9 x is ord]$ t ev]i man ( :at e/ate1 condicion1 or nation !i be (1 s t he be ( owre p>tie1 "h a signe ( ! armes ( ,sa9t ,george1 l>ge1 bo! be=e & behynde1 ^u p>ell t yf he be slayne or w\nd$ to de?1 he t ha? s doon to hym %all n be putte to de? = defaulte ( ! cross t he lacke?4 ,& t non enemy d b]e ! same tok5 or crosse ( ,sa9t ,george1 not)/&yng if he be prison]1 ^u payne ( de?4 ,x 0 ! flag ( battle1 & we see x repres5t$ 9 ! old pr9ts & illum9ations t deal ) milit>y op]ations bo? on l& & sea4 ,ord9>ily x is ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 pure & simple1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ia1 :ile at #dj o!r times1 z 9 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 x =ms a portion only ( ! flag4 ,! r$ cross on ! :ite field 0 ! flag "u :i* ! great seam5 ( ,elizabe?'s reign trad$1 explor$1 or f\ght2 ! flag t ,drake bore r\nd ! _w--t ,frobi%] unfold$ amid/ ! ,arctic solitudes--t gallant ,engli%m51 ! wide _w ov]1 bore at ! call ( duty & di$ b5ea?1 if ne$ be1 = ! hon\r ( ! old home l&2 & to ?is day ! flag ( ! ,engli% ,admiral is ! same simple & beautiful device1 & ! :ite ensign ( ! ,briti% ,navy1 ,fig4 #ie1 is simil>1 except t x be>s1 9 addition1 ! ,union2 :ile ! ,union flag itself1 ,fig4 #ij1 be>s conspicu\sly ! ruddy cross ( ! w>rior ,sa9t4 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #gd & #adj are all sea-p5nants be>+ ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is f a pa9t+ ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,tig]1 pa9t$ by ,van de ,velde1 :ile ,fig4 #bg is fly+ f "o ( ! %ips repres5t$ 9 ! picture by ,volpe ( ! emb>kation ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 f ,dov] on 8 way to ! ,field ( ! ,clo? ( ,gold4 ,fig4 #gd is f a picture ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,lion1 engag+ ! ,fr5* %ip ,elisabe!1 on ,july #i?1 #agde1 ! latt] be+ fitt$ out to escort ! ,"y ,pret5d] to ,scotl&4 ,?\gh ! r$1 :ite1 & blue /ripes sugge/ ! ,fr5* tricolor1 _! employm5t 9 ! p5nant has1 ( c\rse1 no ref]5ce to ,france4 ,! ,lion _h at ! =ema/ ! pla9 r$ /ream] se5 at ,fig4 #be4 ,fig4 #adj is ! p5nant fl[n at ! pres5t day by all ,colonial arm$ vessels1 :ile ! p5nant ( ! ,royal ,navy is purely :ite1 ) ! exception ( ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,9 a picture by ,van de ,velde1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,que51 repres5t+ a sea fight on ,augu/ #aa?1 #afgc1 betwe5 ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,dut*1 we see "s ( ! vessels ) /ream]s simil> to ,fig4 #adj1 ?us ante-dat+ ! ,colonial flag by ov] two hundr$ ye>s4 ,z we h at ! pres5t "t ! :ite ensign1 ,fig4 #ie1 ! special flag ( ! ,royal ,navy2 ! blue ensign1 ,fig4 #if1 ! di/+ui%+ flag ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve2 & ! r$ ensign1 ,fig4 #ig1 ! flag ( ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice1 ea* ) ! ,union 9 ! upp] corn] next ! ma/1 s 9 e>li] days we f9d ! :ite flag1 ,fig4 #fe1 ! r$ flag1 ,fig4 #ff1 & ! blue1 ea* hav+ 9 ! upp] corn] ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,fig4 #fi becomes1 by ! addition ( ! blue1 a curi\s modification ( ,fig4 #ff4 ,x is f a sea piece ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 display$ at ! poop ( a vessel1 :ile ,fig4 #gi is ! ,jack on ! b[sprit4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago or s1 we may see t !re 0 a consid]able v>iety 9 ! flags borne by our m5-o'-w>4 ,su* gall]ies z ^? at ,hampton ,c\rt or ,gre5wi* af=d _m examples ( ?is 9 ! pictures !re display$4 ,9 a picture ( a battle (f ,dom9ica1 on ,april #ab?1 #aghb1 we f9d1 "o ( ! ,engli% #da %ips has two great squ>e flags on ! =ema/1 ! upp] "o be+ pla9 r$1 & ! l[] "o half blue & half :ite 9 horizontal /ripes1 :ile ! ma9 ma/ is surm\nt$ by ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 & bel[ x a tricolor ( r$1 :ite1 & blue 9 horizontal /ripes4 ,o!r %ips %[ equally curi\s v>iations1 ?\gh we ne$ n /op to detail !m1 except t 9 "o case bo? =e & miz5 ma/s are surm\nt$ by pla9 r$ flags4 ,9 a picture ( ,rodney's ,action (f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t1 on ,janu>y #af?1 #aghj1 we meet ) all ^! flags aga94 ,9 ! repres5tation ( an action betwe5 an ,engli% & ,fr5* fleet on ,may #crd1 #agdg1 (f ,cape ,f9i/]re1 we notice t ! ,engli% %ips h a blue ensign at ! poop1 & "o ( !m has a great pla9 blue flag at ! =ema/1 & a great pla9 r$ flag at ! ma9-ma/ head4 ,9 a picture ( ! tak+ ( ,portobello1 ,novemb] #ba/1 #agci1 we notice ! same ?+ aga94 ,^! pla9 surfaces ( blue or r$ are v curi\s4 ,x w naturally occur to ! read] t ^! are signal flags1 b anyone see+ ! pictures w\ld sc>cely cont9ue to hold t view1 z _! l>ge size precludes ! idea4 ,9 ! picture ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,tig] t we h already ref]r$ to1 ! flag ) five r$ /ripes t we h repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gj is at ! poop1 :ile f ! b[ is hoi/$ a flag ( f\r /ripes1 & f ! ?ree ma/heads are flags1 hav+ ?ree r$ /ripes4 ,^! /rip$ r$ & :ite flags may (t5 be se54 ,p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y gr\p+ ( flags may be se5 9 a picture ( a naval review 9 ! reign ( ,george ,i4 ,x 0 on exhibition at ! ,great ,naval ,exhibition at ,*elsea1 & is 9 private own]%ip4 ,all ! vessels are dress$ 9 imm5se flags1 & ^! are ( ! mo/ v>i$ description4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! are gov]nm5t bunt+1 n ! irresponsible vag>ies ( private ecc5tricity4 ,besides ! reasonable & or?odox flags1 su* z ^? repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #fe1 #ff1 & o!rs ( equal propriety1 we f9d "o /rip$ all ov] 9 r$1 :ite1 blue1 r$1 :ite1 blue1 9 six horizontal /ripes4 ,ano!r1 ) a yell[ cross on a :ite gr\nd2 a ?ird1 a :ite eagle on a blue field2 ano!r1 a r$ flag inscrib$--,= ! ,prote/ant ,religion & ! ,lib]ty ( ,engl&2 :ile ano!r is l ,fig4 #fe1 only in/ead ( hav+ a r$ cross on :ite1 x has a blue "o in/ead4 ,an altoge!r /range assortm5t4 ,figs4 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 & #gh are flags ( ! ,london ,tra9$ ,b&s ( ! ye> #afdc4 ,! diff]5t regim5ts 7 kn[n by ! col\r ( _! flags1 ?us ,fig4 #fg is ! flag ( ! blue regim5t1 ,fig4 #fh ( ! yell[1 ,fig4 #gb ( ! gre51 & ,fig4 #gh ( ! yell[ regim5t auxili>ies4 ,o!r flags 7 z foll[s3--:ite1 ) r$ loz5ges2 gre51 ) gold5 wavy rays2 orange1 ) :ite trefoils2 9 ea* case ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george be+ 9 ! canton4 #db ,9 a li/ be=e u ( ! ,ed9burgh ,tra9$ ,b&s = #afhe we f9d t ! diff]5t bodies are simil>ly di/+ui%$ by col\rs4#bh ,on ! union ( ! two cr[ns at ! accession ( ,james ,,vi4 ( ,scotl& & ,i4 ( ,engl& to ! ,engli% ?rone1 ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ,fig4 #ib1 0 comb9$ ) t ( ,/4 ,george4 ,! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew has be5 held 9 ! same high e/eem nor? ( ! ,twe$ t ! ,s\?rons h be/[$ on ! ensign ( ,/4 ,george4 ,x w be se5 t x is %ap$ l ! lett] ,x4 ,tradition ha? x t ! ,sa9t1 deem+ x f> too great an hon\r to be crucifi$ z 0 8 ,"l1 ga9$ f 8 p]secutors ! concession ( ?is v>iation4 ,x is leg5d>ily ass]t$ t ?is =m ( cross appe>$ 9 ! sky to ,a*aius1 ,k+ ( ! ,scots1 ! night be=e a great battle ) ,a!l/ane1 &1 be+ victori\s1 he w5t b>efoot to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,&rew1 & v[$ to adopt 8 cross z ! national device4 ,! sacr$ monogram t replac$ ! ,roman eagles "u ,con/ant9e1 ! cross on ! flag ( ,d5m>k1 ! visions ( ,joan ( ,arc1 & _m o!r su*like illu/rations1 readily occur to "o's m9d z indicative ( ! natural desire to see ! pot5t aid ( ,heav5 visibly manife/$ 9 ju/ification ( e>?ly ambitions1 or a cele/ial support & enc\ragem5t 9 "t ( national discomfiture4 ,figs4 #ge & #gf are examples ( ! ,scotti% r$ & blue ensigns4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is f a picture at ,hampton ,c\rt1 :]e a l>ge ,scotti% w>%ip is repres5t$ z hav+ a flag ( ?is "* at ! ma91 & small] b simil> col\rs at ! o!r ma/heads & on ! b[sprit4 ,! fam\s bann]1 ! hi/oric blue blanket1 borne by ! ,scots 9 ! ,crusades1 0 on its return deposit$ ov] ! alt> ( ,/4 ,eloi 9 ,/4 ,giles' ,*ur*1 ,ed9burgh1 & ! que5 ( ,james ,,ii41 we read1 pa9t$ on its field ( azure ! :ite ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ! cr[n1 & ! ?i/le4 ,/4 ,eloi 0 ! patron sa9t ( blacksmi?s1 & ?is craft 0 made ! gu>dian ( ! flag1 & x became ! symbol ( ! associat$ trades ( anci5t ,ed9burgh4 ,k+ ,james ,,vi41 :5 v5t+ 8 indignation aga9/ 8 too indep5d5t subjects1 exclaim$1 ,! craftsm5 ?9k we %\ld be cont5t$ ) _! "w1 & if 9 any?+ !y be controll$1 !n up goes ! blue blanket4 ,! craftsm5 7 z indep5d5t & difficult to manage z ! ,london ,tra9$ ,b&s (t5 prov$1 b ,k+ ,james ,,vi4 f\nd x exp$i5t to confirm !m 9 #dc all _! privileges1 & ord]$ t ! flag %\ld at all times be kn[n z ! ,/&>d ( ! ,crafts1 & lat] ,sov]eigns f\nd x impossible to take away ^! privileges :5 !y _h once be5 grant$4 ,?is flag 0 borne at ,flodd5 ,field4 ,beside ! cross1 cr[n1 & ?i/le x bore on a scroll on ! upp] "p ( ! flag ! inscription1 ,fe> ,god & honor ! k+ ) a long lyffe & prosp]\s reigne1 & on ! l[] portion ! words1 ,& we t is trades %all ev] pray to be fai?full = ! def5ce ( 8 ,sacr$ ,maje/ies' p]sone till dea!1 an inscription t sc>cely seems to h>monise ) ! turbul5t _s t sc&alis$ ?is sov]eign s greatly4 ,! flags borne by ! ,cov5ant]s 9 _! /ruggle = lib]ty v>i$ mu* 9 _! details1 b 9 ! great majority ( cases bore ^u !m ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew1 (t5 accompani$ by ! ?i/le1 & 9 mo/ cases by "s =m ( inscription4 ,sev]al ( ^! are /ill extant4 ,9 "o t 0 borne at ,bo?well ,brig1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ,ed9burgh1 ! f\r blue triangles 7see ,fig4 #ib = ^!7 are fill$ ) ! words1 ,= ,religion----,c\5ants----,k+----& ,k+domes4 ,! ,avondale flag 0 a :ite "o1 hav+ ! cross1 :ite on blue1 z 9 ,fig4 #ge1 9 ! corn]4 ,on ! field ( ! flag 0 ! inscription1 ,avondale = ,religion1 ,cov5ant1 & ,k+1#bi & b5ea? ?is a ?i/le work$ 9 ! national gre5 & crimson4 ,a v int]e/+ ,exhibition ( ,scotti% national memorials 0 held at ,glasg[ 9 #ahhh1 & _m ( ^! old ,cov5ant flags 7 !re display$4 ,at ! great ,h]aldic ,exhibition held 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahia1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s %[n 0 ! ,cav]s ,/&>d4 ,?is is ( sage gre5 silk1 twelve feet by ?ree4 ,x be>s ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew next ! /aff1 & div]s o!r devices are scatt]$ ov] ! re/ ( ! flag4 ,x is 9 excell5t pres]vation1 & its special int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t x is said to h be5 ! /&>d ( ,james1 second ,e>l ( ,d\glas & ,m>1 & borne by 8 son at ! battle ( ,ott]burn 9 ! ye> #achh4 ,if ?is be s x is "o ( ! olde/ flags 9 exi/5ce4 ,on ! signet-r+ ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots ! :ite ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew is n %[n on its usual blue gr\nd1 b on a gr\nd /rip$ blue & yell[1 ! royal col\rs2 9 ! same way t ! ,/4 ,george's ,cross is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ga1 n on a #dd :ite gr\nd1 b on a gr\nd /rip$ :ite & gre51 ! ,tudor col\rs4 ,:y ,/4 ,&rew 0 select$ to be ! ,patron ,sa9t ( ,scotl& has nev] be5 satisfactorily settl$4#cj ,"s un*>itable enquir] has haz>d$ ! explanation t x 0 because x 0 ?is ,apo/le :o discov]$ ! lad :o _h ! loaves & fi%es4 ,o!rs tell u t "o ,hungus1 a ,picti% pr9ce1 dreamt t ! ,sa9t 0 to be 8 *ampion 9 a fight j !n p5d+ ) ! m5 ( ,nor?umbria1 & t a cross--! symbol ( ! crucifixion ( ?is ,apo/le--appe>$ 9 ! sky1 ! cele/ial om5 /r5g!n+ ! he>ts & arms ( ! m5 ( ,hungus to su* effect t ! ,nor?umbrians 7 completely r\t$4 ,%\ld nei!r ( ^! explanations appe> suffici5tly explanatory1 we c (f] yet a ?ird4 ,on ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,&rew1 9 ! ye> #fi1 at ,patr1 9 ,a*aia1 8 rema9s 7 c>efully pres]v$ z relics1 b 9 ! ye> #cgj1 ,regulus1 "o ( ! ,greek monks :o _h !m 9 _! keep+1 0 w>n$ 9 a vision t ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e 0 propos+ to translate ^! rema9s to ,con/ant9ople1 & t he mu/ at once visit ! %r9e & remove !nce an arm bone1 ?ree f+]s ( ! "r h&1 & a too?1 & c>ry !m away ov] sea to ! we/4 ,regulus 0 mu* tr\bl$ at ! vision1 b ha/5$ to obey x1 s putt+ ! relics into a *e/ he set sail ) "s half-doz5 o!r ecclesia/ics1 to :om he confid$ ! cele/ial in/ructions t he _h receiv$4 ,aft] a /ormy voyage ! vessel 0 at la/ da%$ ^u a rock1 & ,regulus & 8 companions l&$ on an unkn[n %ore1 & f\nd !mselves 9 a d5se & gloomy =e/4 ,"h !y 7 pres5tly discov]$ by ! aborig9es1 ^: lead] li/5$ to _! /ory & gave !m l& on :i* to build a *ur* = ! glory ( ,god & ! en%r9+ ( ! relics4 ,?is inhospitable %ore prov$ to be t ( ,cal$onia1 /]n & wild1 & ! little =e/ *ur* & hamlet t sprang up ar\nd x 7 ! nucleus t !nce & to ! pres5t day h be5 kn[n z ,/4 ,&rews1 a ?riv+1 busy t[n 9 ,fife1 & = c5turies ! seat ( a bi%opric4 ,on ,july #e?1 #acah1 ,rob]t ! ,bruce repair$ hi!r & te/ifi$ 8 gratitude to ,god = ! victory v\*saf$ to ! ,scots at ,bannockburn by ! int]cession ( ,/4 ,&rew1 gu>dian ( ! realm1 :5 ?irty ?\s& ,scots defeat$ "o hundr$ ?\s& ,engli%m54 ,:at ,/4 ,george c\ld h be5 do+ to all[ ?is1 seems a v legitimate "q1 b we c sc>cely wond] t ! ,scots %\ld v gladly appo9t s pot5t a protector _! patron1 & look to him = succ\r 9 all _! national difficulties4 ,on ! bl5d+ ( ! two k+doms into "o "u ! #de sov]eignty ( ,k+ ,james1#ca x became necess>y to devise a new flag t %\ld typify ?is union & bl5d toge!r ! emblems ( ! puissant ,/4 ,george & ! no less hon\r$ ,/4 ,&rew1 & ! flag repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gc 0 ! result--! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,k+doms ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 h5ce=? to be kn[n z ,great ,brita94 ,! ,royal ,ord9ance#cb ran z foll[s3--,:]eas "s diff]5ce ha? aris5 betwe5 our subjects ( ,s\? & ,nor? ,brita91 travell+ by seas1 ab\t ! be>+ ( _! flags1--= ! avoid+ ( all su* cont5tions h]eaft] we h1 ) ! advice ( our ,c\ncil1 ord]$ t f h5ce=? all our subjects ( ?is isle & k+dom ( ,great] ,brita91 & ! memb]s !re(1 %all be> 9 _! ma9top ! ,r$ ,cross1 commonly call$ ,/4 ,george's ,cross1 & ! ,:ite ,cross1 commonly call$ ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross1 jo9$ toge!r1 accord+ to a =m made by our ,h]alds1 & s5t by u to our ,admiral to be publi%$ to our said subjects3 & 9 _! =e-top our subjects ( ,s\? ,brita9 %all we> ! ,r$ ,cross only1 z !y 7 wont1 & our subjects ( ,nor? ,brita9 9 _! =e-top ! ,:ite ,cross only1 z !y 7 accu/om$4 ,:]e=e we w & comm& all our subjects to be comp>able & ob$i5t to ?is our ord]1 & t f h5ce=? !y d n use or be> _! flags 9 any o!r sort1 z !y w answ] ! contr>y at _! p]il4 ,su* a proclamation 0 sorely ne$$1 z !re 0 mu* ill-w & jeal\sy betwe5 ! sailors & o!rs ( ! two nationalities1 & ! ,union flag itself1 :5 our h]alds produc$ x1 did n by any means please ! ,nor?1 & ! "r to c>ry 9 =e-top ! ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross pure & simple 0 a concession t fail$ to conciliate !m4 ,! great grievance 0 t1 z we see 9 ,fig4 #gc1 ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george 0 plac$ 9 front ( t ( ,/4 ,&rew1 & ! ,scotti% ,privy ,c\ncil1 9 a lett] dat$ ,ed9burgh1 ,augu/ #g?1 #afjf1 ?us p\r$ =? _! feel+s3--,mo/ sacr$ ,sov]ayne1 a greate nomb] ( ! mai/]is ( ! s*ippis ( ?is y\r ,maje/ies k+dome hes v]ie havelie compl5it to y\r ,maje/ies ,c\nsell1 t ! =me & patrone ( ! flagges ( s*ippis s5t d[n heir & comm& x to be ressavit & us$ be ! subjectis ( bo? k+domes is v]ie prejudiciall to ! fr$ome & dignitie ( ?is ,e/ate1 & wil gif occasi\n ( reprot*e to ?is nati\n quhairevir ! said flage sal happ9 to be worne beyond sea1 #df becaus1 z y\r ,sacr$ ,maje/ie may p]save1 ! ,scottis ,croce1 callit ,sanct&rois ,croce1 is twyse divydit1 & ! ,+li%e ,croce1 callit ,sanct ,george1 drawne ?r\gh ! ,scottis ,croce1 :i* is !reby obscurit1 & no tok5 nor m>k to be se5e ( ! ,scottis armes4 ,?is w breid "s heit & miscont5tm5t betwix y\r ,maje/ies subjectis1 & x is to be feirit t "s inconv5i5tis sall fall oute betwix ?ame1 = our seyf>+ m5 _c be inducit to resave t flage z x is set d[n4 ,!y h drawne two new drau*tis & patrones z mo/ indiff]5t = bo? k+domes1 :i*e !y pres5tid to ! ,c\nsell1 & crav$ our approbation ( ! same1 b we haif res]v$ t to y\r ,maje/ie's pr9celie det]m9ati\n1 z moir p>ticul>lie ! ,erll ( ,m>1 :o 0 pres5t1 & h]d _! complaynt1 & to :om we haif remittit ! disc\rse & delyv]ie ( t mat]1 w in=me y\r ,maje/ie & let y\r ,heynes see ! err\r ( ! fir/ patrone & ! indiff]5cie ( ! two newe drau*ties4 ,^! draughts are n to be f\nd1 nor does x appe> t any notice 0 tak5 ( ! compla9t4 ,! ,scotti% ,union flag1 z c>efully depict$ 9 a sc>ce little "w publi%$ 9 #agja1 & entitl$ ,! ,ensigns1 ,col\rs1 & ,flags ( ! ,%ips at ,sea1 belong+ to ! sev]al ,pr9ces & ,/ates 9 ! ,_w1 may be se5 9 ,fig4 #hh4 ,9 x w be not$ t ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew is plac$ 9 front ( t ( ,/4 ,george--anyone comp>+ ,figs4 #gc & #hh w readily see :]e9 !y diff]4 ,?\gh its appe>ance 9 a book ( sea-flags w\ld seem to imply t su* a flag _h be5 made1 we "k ( no o!r in/ance ( x4 ,fig4 #hd 0 also sugge/$ z a solution ( ! problem1 b "h we get false h]aldry1 ! blue 9 contact ) ! r$1 & 9 any case a r weak-look+ arrangem5t4 ,! pa9ful tru? is t :5 two p]sons ride ! same animal !y _c bo? be 9 front1 & no am\nt ( h]aldic +5uity w make two devices on a flag to be ( equal value4 ,! position next ! /aff is acc\nt$ m hon\rable ?an t remote f x1 & ! upp] portion ( ! flag is m hon\rable ?an ! l[]4#cc ,at fir/ sight x might appe> t matt]s are imp>tially dealt out 9 ,fig4 #ha1 b ! position next ! /aff is giv5 to ,/4 ,george1 & 9 ! qu>t]$ arrangem5t1 ,fig4 #he1 ! same holds true4 ,bo? ^! 7 sugge/ions made at ! "t ! difficulty 0 felt1 b bo? 7 disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,?is ,union ,flag is n v (t5 met )4 ,x occurrs on "o ( ! great seals ( ,*>les ,,ii41 & is se5 also z a ,jack on ! #dg b[sprits ( %ips 9 pa9t+s ( e>ly naval battles4 ,x may1 by good =tune1 be se5 also on ! two col\rs ( ! #hbnd regim5t t 9 ! ye> #aghc 7 susp5d$ 9 ,/4 ,giles'1 ,ed9burgh1 & a v good illu/ration ( x may be se5 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :]e1 9 a battle sc5e by ,copley1 repres5t+ ! dea? ( ,major ,peirson1 at ,/4 ,heli]1 ,j]sey1 on ,janu>y #f?1 #agha1 ?is ,union flag is conspicu\s 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,we h x aga9 9 ,fig #eg1 ! orig9al flag ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! second ,union ,flag1 made on ! admission ( ,irel&'s ,cross ( ,/4 ,patrick1 may be v well se5 on a comp>ison ( ,figs4 #eg & #fa4 ,we h x aga9 9 ,figs4 #adb & #adc1 flags ( ! revolt+ ,am]ican ,coloni/s be=e !y _h ?r[n (f all allegiance to ! ,old ,c\ntry4 ,a k ( ! hi/ory ( ! flag has n only int]e/1 b is ( "s little importance4 ,we rememb] see+ a picture ( ! sail+ ( ! ,mayfl[]1 9 :i*1 by a curi\s lack ( a little te*nical k1 ! flag depict$ 0 ! ,union ,flag ( to-day1 :i* did n come into exi/5ce until ! fir/ ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :]eas ! hi/oric ev5t repres5t$ 9 ! picture took place 9 ! ye> #afbj4 ,9 a fresco 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 repres5t+ ,*>les ,,ii4 l&+ 9 ,engl&1#cd ! arti/ has introduc$ a boat be>+ ! pres5t ,union ,flag4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases x is evid5t t x %\ld h be5 ! fir/ ,union--t ( ,engl& & ,scotl&--t ! flag %\ld h te/ifi$ to4 ,*>les ,i4 issu$ a proclamation on ,may #e?1 #afcd1 =bidd+ any b ! ,royal %ips to c>ry ! ,union flag2 all m]*antm51 accord+ to _! nationality1 be+ requir$ to %[ ei!r ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george or t ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,que5 ,anne1 on ,july #bh?1 #agjg1 requir$ t m]*ant vessels %\ld fly a r$ flag ) a ,union ,jack describ$ 9 a canton at ! upp] corn] !re(1 next ! /aff1 :ile ! ,union ,flag1 z be=e1 0 res]v$ = ! ,royal ,navy4 ,?is m]*ant flag1 if we cut out ! inscription !re %[n1 w\ld be simil> to ,fig4 #adb4 ,?is is int]e/+1 because1 aft] _m *anges1 s lately z ,octob] #ah?1 #ahfd1 x 0 ord]$ t ! r$ ensign once aga9 %\ld be ! di/+ui%+ flag ( ! comm]cial m>9e2 ! pres5t flag is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ig4 ,x is fur!r int]e/+ because ?is proclamation ( ,que5 ,anne's is ! fir/ "t t ! t]m ,union ,jack1 s f> z we are aw>e1 is (ficially us$4 ,te*nically1 our national bann] %\ld be call$ ! ,union ,flag1 ?\gh 9 ord9>y p>lance x is always call$ ! ,union ,jack4 #dh ,! latt] flag is a dim9utive ( ! =m]1 & ! t]m ought 9 /rictness to be conf9$ to ! small ,union ,flag fl[n f ! ,jack-/aff on ! b[sprit ( a %ip4 ,! ,union ,flag is1 besides ?is1 only us$ z ! special di/+ui%+ flag ( an ,admiral ( ! ,fleet1 :5 x is hoi/$ at ! ma9 top-gallant ma/-head1 & :5 ! ,sov]eign is on bo>d a vessel1 9 :i* case ! ,royal ,/&>d is fl[n at ! ma9 & ! ,union at ! miz54 ,) a :ite bord] r\nd x1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 x is ! signal = a pilot3 h5ce ?is is call$ ! ,pilot ,jack4 ,! sea flags n[ 9 use are ! :ite1 r$1 & blue ensigns1 ,figs4 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 to be h]eaft] describ$1 :ile ! ,union flag is devot$ especially to l& s]vice1 be+ hoi/$ on =tresses & gov]nm5t (fices1 & borne by ! troops4 ,:y ! flag %\ld be call$ ,jack at all has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy4 ,x is ord9>ily sugge/$ t ! d]ivation is f ,jacques1 ! ,fr5* ^w = ,james1 ! ,union ,jack spr++ into exi/5ce "u 8 auspices4 ,:y x %\ld be giv5 ?is ,fr5* "n does n seem v cle>1 except t _m ( ! t]ms us$ 9 blazonry are ,fr5* 9 _! orig94 ,x nev] seems to h be5 sugge/$ t1 grant+ ! ref]5ce to ,k+ ,james1 ! ,lat9 ,jacobus w\ld be a m appropriate explanation1 z ! ,lat9 names ( our k+s h = c5turies supplant$ ! e>li] ,norman-,fr5* on _! co9s1 seals1 & docum5ts4 ,sev]al o!r !ories h be5 broa*$1 ( v>y+ degrees ( improbability2 "o ( ^! d]iv+ x f ! ^w jaque#ce 7h5ce our mod]n jacket71 ! surcoat worn ov] ! arm\r 9 m$ival days4 ,?is1 we h se51 _h ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george always repres5t$ on x2 b !re is no pro( t ! jaque 0 ev] worn ) ! union ( ! two crosses ^u x1 s t ! d]ivation breaks d[n j at ! critical po9t4 ,! pres5t flag came into exi/5ce 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,george1 b no "o ev] dreams on ?is acc\nt1 or any o!r1 ( call+ x ! ,union ,george4 ,on ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i41 ! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl& 0 dissolv$1 & ! ,union ,flag1 ,fig4 #gc1 !re=e1 0 dise/abli%$1 & 0 only re/or$ 9 ! g5]al ,re/oration1 :5 ! ,commonweal? & ,protectorate _h run _! c\rse1 & ,*>les ,,ii4 asc5d$ ! ?rone ( 8 =efa!rs4 ,! e>lie/ ,commonweal? ,flag 0 a simple rev]sion to ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate1 held on ,febru>y #bbnd1 #afdh-di1 x 0 ord]$ t ! %ips at sea 9 s]vice ( ! ,/ate %all onely be>e ! r$ ,crosse #di 9 a :ite flag4 ,t ! engrav+s ^u ! ,/]ne ( ye %ips %all be ! ,armes ( ,engl& & ,irel& 9 two ,scut*eons1 z is us$ 9 ! ,seals1 & t a w>rant be issu$ to ye ,commission]s ( ye ,navy to see x put 9 execution ) all spe$4 ,! communication ?us ord]$ to be made to ! ,commission]s 0 9 =m a lett] f ! ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil z foll[s3--,to ye ,commission]s ( ye ,navy4--,g5tlem51--,!re ha? be5e a report made to ! ,c\ncell by ,sir ,h5ry ,mildmay ( y\r desire to be in=m$ :at is to be borne 9 ! flaggs ( ^? ,%ips t are 9 ! ,s]vice ( ! ,/ate1 & :at to be ^u ! ,/]ne 9 lieu ( ! ,armes =m]ly ?us engrav54 ,^u ! consid]ation ( ! ,c\ncell :]e(1 ! ,c\ncell h resolv$ t !y %all be>e ! ,r$ ,crosse only 9 a :ite flagg1 q ?r\gh ! flagg4 ,& t ^u ! ,/]ne ( ! ,%ipps !re %all be ! ,r$ ,crosse 9 "o ,escot*eon1 & ! ,h>pe 9 "o o!r1 be+ ! ,armes ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 bo? ,escot*eons joyn$ accord+ to ! patt]n h]e) s5t unto y4 ,& y are to take c>e t ^! ,flaggs may be provid$ ) all exp$ition = ! ,%ipps = ! ,summ] ,gu>d1 & t ^! engrave+s may also be alt]$ accord+ to ?is direction ) all possible exp$ition4--,sign$ 9 ye "n & by ord] ( ye ,c\ncell ( ,/ate appo9t$ by ,au?ority ( ,p>liam5t4--,ol4 ,cromwell1 ,d]by ,h\se1 ,febru>y #bcrd1 #afdh4 ,9 a ,c\ncil meet+ held on ,m>* #e?1 consid]ably )9 a mon? ( ! "o we h j ref]r$ to1 x is ord]$ t ! ,flagg t is to be borne by ! ,admiral1 ,vice-,admiral1 & ,r]e-,admiral be t n[ pres5t$1 viz41 ! ,armes ( ,engl& & ,irel& 9 two sev]all ,escot*eons 9 a ,r$ ,flagg1 )9 a comp>tm5t4#cf ,?is arrangem5t may be se5 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,a ,commonweal? flag t is /ill pres]v$ at ! docky>d1 ,*a?am1 diff]s slightly f ?is4 ,! gr\nd ( ! flag is r$1 b ! %ields are plac$ directly ^u x )\t any int]v5+ gold bord]1 & ar\nd !m is plac$ a l>ge wrea? ( palm & laurel 9 d>k gre5 col\r4 ,9 ! ye> #aghg an int]e/+ book call$ ! ,respublica 0 publi%$2 ! au?or1 ,sir ,john ,pre/wi*1 d]iv+ mu* ( 8 mat]ial f ,,mss4 left by an ance/or ( 8 :o liv$ dur+ ! ,int]regnum4 ,9 ?is ! read] may f9d full descriptions ( _m ( ! flags ( ! ,p>liam5t>ians4 ,"o ( ^! is mu* l ! ,*a?am example already ref]r$ to1 except t ! gr\nd ( ! flag is blue1 & t outside ! %ields1 b )9 ! wrea?1 is f\nd ! inscription--,floreat ,respublica4 #ej ,! flag ( ! ,commonweal? 0 borne to victory at ,dunb>1 ,worce/]1 & _m ano!r h>d-f\ght field1 & "u its folds ,blake1 ,monk1 & o!r gallant lead]s ga9$ glori\s victories ov] ! ,dut* & ,spani>ds1 & made ! ,engli% "n fe>$ 9 e sea4 ,( w9d's & wat]'s rage !y fe>ful be1 ,b mu* m fe>ful are y\r flags to see4 ,day1 t to ^? :o sail ^u ! deep1 ,m wi%'d = & m welcome is ?an sleep1 ,!y dread$ to behold1 le/ ! sun's light ,) ,engli% /ream]s %\ld salute _! sight4#cg ,x 0 n until ! ye> #afea t ,scotl& 0 br\ght "u ! sway ( ! ,commonweal?1 & ! ord9ance = its full union ) ,engl& & ,irel& 0 n promulgat$ until ,april #ab?1 #afed4 ,some:at lat] an ,ord] ( ,c\ncil recognis$ ! new necessities ( ! case1 & decre$ t ! ,/&>d = ! ,protectorate be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,engl& & ,scotl& are "h repres5t$ by _! respective crosses1 :ile ,irel&1 in/ead ( hav+ ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,patrick1 is repres5t$ by ! h>p4 ,9 ,fig4 #hj all ?ree crosses are introduc$1 b !re seems some:at too mu* :ite 9 ?is latt] flag = an altoge!r successful effect1 & ! blue ( ! ,iri% qu>t]1 balanc+ ! blue ( ! ,scotti%1 is m pleas+4 ,! ,union ,flag und]w5t yet ano!r modification1 & in/ead ( be+ l ,figs4 #hb or #hf1 ! ,union ,flag ( ,james ,i41 ,fig4 #gc1 0 rev]t$ to1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! flag 0 plac$ a gold5 h>p--! ,armes ( ,engl& & ,scotl& unit$1 accord+ to ! annci5t =m1 ) ! addicion ( ! h>pe4 ,on ! re/oration ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ?is h>p 0 remov$1 & ,irel& does n appe> aga9 9 ! ,union ,flag1 ,fig4 #gc1 until ,janu>y #a/1 #ahja4 ,a patt]n f>?+ ( ?is p]iod--pres]v$ 9 ! magnific5t numismatic collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--%[s on its rev]se a ?ree-ma/$ %ip3 at ! /]n is a l>ge flag divid$ v]tically1 l ,fig4 #hf1 into two comp>tm5ts1 ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george 9 "o & ! h>p 9 ! o!r2 ! ma9 & miz5 ma/s are %[n ) flags conta9+ ,/4 ,george's ,cross only1 z 9 ,fig4 #ia1 :ile ! =ema/ be>s a flag ) ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross ^u x1 a flag simil> to ,fig4 #ib4 ,= ne>ly fifty ye>s be=e its rise1 & = ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ! d[nfall ( ! ,protectorate1 t is to say f #afjb to #afdi & f #afei to #ahja1 ! ,union ,flag 0 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc1 b 9 #ahja ! ,legislative ,union ( ,irel& ) ,great ,brita9 0 effect$1 & a new ,union ,flag1 ! "o n[ 9 #ea use1 0 devis$4 ,?is may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ij1 ! noble/ flag t flies "u heav54 ,?\gh ! ,national ,flag is prim>ily j s mu* silk or bunt+1 its design & col\r+ are full ( mean+3 & ?\gh its prime co/ may be b a few %ill+s1 its value is priceless1 = ! national hon\r is enwrapp$ 9 its folds1 & ! hi/ory ( c5turies is figur$ 9 ! symbolism ( its devices4 ,x repres5ts to u all t patriotism means4 ,x is ! flag ( fre$om & ( ! greate/ empire t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,ov] ?ree hundr$ millions ( p--9 quiet ,engli% %ires1 amid ,canadian sn[s1 on ! torrid pla9s ( ,h9du/an1 amid/ ! busy en]gy ( ! great ,au/ralian gr\p ( colonies1 or ! tropical luxuriance ( our ,we/ ,indian possessions--are to-day enjoy+ lib]ty & peace b5ea? its %elt]4 ,c\ntless ?\s&s h freely giv5 _! lives to pres]ve its blazonry un/a9$ f di%on\r & defeat1 & x re/s ) u n[ to keep ! glori\s record z unsulli$ z ( old2 nev] to unfurl our ,union ,flag 9 ne$less /rife1 b1 :5 once giv5 to ! breeze1 to emulate ! de$s ( our =efa!rs1 & to inscribe on its folds fre% records ( duty nobly done4 ,h[ ! =m kn[n z ,/4 ,patrick's ,cross1 ,fig4 #ic1 became associat$ ) t wor?y is n by any means cle>4 ,x is n f\nd among/ ! emblems ( ,sa9ts1 & its use is 9 defiance ( all ecclesia/ical tradition & cu/om1 z ,/4 ,patrick nev] 9 ! m>tyrological s5se _h a cross at all1 = ?\gh he endur$ mu* p]secution he 0 n actually call$ ^u to lay d[n 8 life = ! ,fai?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 & ) mu* appe>ance ( probability1 t ! ,x-l =m ( cross1 bo? ( ! ,iri% & ( ! ,scot*1 is d]iv$ f ! sacr$ monogram on ! ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e1 :]e ! ,x is ! fir/ lett] ( ! ,greek ^w = ,*ri/4 ,?is symbolic mean+ ( ! =m might readily be adopt$ 9 ! e>ly ,iri% ,*ur*1 & !nce be c>ri$ by mission>ies to ,scotl&4 ,a life ( ,/4 ,patrick 0 writt5 by ,probus1 :o liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ano!r by ,jocel91 a ,ci/]cian monk ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & ?is latt] quotes freely f f\r o!r lives ( ! ,sa9t t 7 writt5 by 8 disciples4 ,/4 ,patrick 0 born 9 ,scotl&1 ne> :]e ,glasg[ n[ /&s4 ,! date ( 8 bir? 0 some:]e ne> ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 b z to ! ye> au?orities diff] widely--#cgb1 #dee1 #dfd1 & #dic be+ all giv5 by v>i\s biograph]s4#ch ,8 fa!r 0 ( good family1 &1 :ile ! future sa9t 0 /ill "u ! pat]nal ro(1 ,god manife/$ to him by div]s visions t he 0 #eb de/9$ = ! great "w ( ! conv]sion ( ,irel&1 at t "t plung$ 9 idolatry4 ,h5ce he resign$ 8 bir?right & social position1 & devot$ himself entirely to ! salvation ( ^! b>b>ians1 suff]+ at _! h&s & = _! sakes mu* p]secution4 ,he 0 orda9$ deacon & prie/1 & 0 ultimately made a bi%op4 ,he travell$ ov] ! :ole ( ,irel& f\nd+ mona/]ies & fill+ ! c\ntry ) *ur*es & s*ools ( piety & le>n+4 ,animat$ by a _s ( p]fect *>ity & humility1 he demon/rat$ n only ! fai? b ! _s ( 8 ,ma/]1 & ! result ( 8 =ty ye>s ( lab\r 0 to *ange ,irel& f a l& ( b>b>ism into a seat ( le>n+ & piety1 s t x receiv$ ! title ( ! ,isl& ( ,sa9ts1 & 0 = c5turies a l& ( m5tal & spiritual light4 ,on ! ,union ( ! ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 ) ,irel& 9 ! ye> #ahja1 ! foll[+ notice 0 issu$ by ,royal ,au?ority3--,proclamation1 ,george ,r4--,:]eas by ! ,fir/ ,article ( ! ,articles ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& x 0 decl>$3 ,t ! said ,k+doms ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& %\ld ^u ?is day1 be+ ! ,fir/ ,day ( ,janu>y1 9 ! ,ye> ( our ,"l ,"o ,?\s& ,eight ,hundr$ & ,"o1 = ev] aft] be unit$ into ,"o ,k+dom1 by ! "n ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&3 & t ! ,royal ,/yle & ,titles app]ta9+ to ! ,imp]ial ,cr[n ( ! said ,unit$ ,k+dom & its ,dep5d5cies1 & also ! ,ensigns ,armorial1 ,flags1 & ,bann]s !re(1 %\ld be su* z ,we1 by our ,royal ,proclamation "u ! ,great ,seal ( ! said ,unit$ ,k+dom %\ld appo9t3 ,we h ?\ght fit1 by & ) ! advice ( our ,privy ,c\ncil1 to appo9t & decl>e t our ,royal ,/yle & ,titles %all h5ce=? be accept$1 tak51 & us$ z ! same set =? 9 ,mann] & ,=m foll[+3 ,georgius ,t]tius1 ,dei ,gratia1 ,britann>ium ,rex1 ,fidei ,def5sor2 & 9 ! ,engli% ,tongue by ^! words3 ,george ! ,?ird1 by ! ,grace ( ,god ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& ,k+1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?2 & t ! ,arms or ,ensigns ,armorial ( ! said ,unit$ ,k+dom %all be ,qu>t]ly3 fir/ & f\r?1 ,engl&3 second1 ,scotl&3 ?ird1 ,irel&3 & x is ,our ,w & ,pleasure t !re %all be borne !reon on an escut*eon ( pret5ce1 ! ,arms ( ,our ,doma9s 9 ,g]many1 ensign$ ) ! ,electoral ,bonnet3#ci ,& t ! ,union ,flag %all be ,azure1 ! ,crosses ,saltire ( ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,patrick ,qu>t]ly1 p] ,saltire c\nt]*ang$ ,arg5t & ,gules3 ! latt] fimbriat$ ( ! second1 surm\nt$ by ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george ( ! ?ird1 fimbriat$ z ! ,saltire4 #ec ,! h]alds :o devis$ ! new flag ( ! ext5d$ ,union1 ,fig4 #ij1 h be5 subject$ to a v consid]able am\nt ( adv]se criticism1#dj b no "o has really be5 able to sugge/ a bett] plan ?an !irs4 ,x w be not$ 9 ! illu/ration & 9 e ,union flag t is made1 t ! r$ ,cross ( ,/4 ,patrick1 ,fig4 #ic1 is n 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite ,cross1 ,fig4 #ib1 ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,! sc>let ,cross ( ,/4 ,george is equally fr+$ on ei!r side by ! :ite bord] or fimbriation t repres5ts ! orig9al :ite field1 ,fig4 #ia1 on :i* x 0 plac$1 & on ! addition ( ! :ite cross or saltire ( ,/4 ,&rew on its field ( blue1 ,fig4 #ib1 x fitt$ 9 v happily4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ano!r ,x-l cross _h to be provid$ =1 on ! admission ( ,irel& to ! ,union1 a difficulty at once arose4 ,z ! ,iri% ,cross w\ld1 accord+ to all rule & fairness1 be ( ! same wid? on ! jo9t flag z t ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ! result ( plac+ ! second or r$ ,x ov] ! fir/ :ite "o w\ld be to entirely oblit]ate ! latt]4 ,ev5 !n ! ,iri% ,cross w\ld n be rightly r5d]$1 z x %\ld be on a :ite gr\nd1 & by ?is me?od x w\ld be on a blue "o1 :ile if we plac$ ! ,iri% ,cross on t ( ,/4 ,&rew1 b left a ?9 l9e ( :ite on ei!r side1 ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross w\ld /ill be oblit]at$1 z ! ?9 fimbriation ( :ite w\ld be ! j due ( ,/4 ,patrick1 & w\ld n /& = ,/4 ,&rew at all4 ,besides1 ,scotti% indignation w\ld n unju/ly be ar\s$ at ! idea t _! noble :ite cross %\ld become a m]e edg+ to ! symbol ( ,/4 ,patrick4 ,h5ce ! some:at awkw>d-look+ compromise t breaks ! cont9uity ( direction ( ! arms ( ! r$ cross ( ,irel& by its portions be+ ?r[n out ( ! c5tre ( ! :ite oblique b&s1 s t 9 ea* portion ! crosses ( ,irel& & ,scotl& are cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is compromise not)/&+1 no m effective or beautiful flag unfolds itself ! r\nd _w ov] ?an ! ,union flag ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! crosses might h be5 qu>t]$ z we see !m 9 ,fig4 #hj1 b x is cle>ly bett] to pres]ve ! idea ( ! unity & bl5d all ?ree crosses into "o composition4 ,no criticism or objection has ev] come f ,irel& z to ! ,union flag1 b ev5 s lately z #ahec ! ,scot* r5ew$ _! grievance aga9/ ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew be+ plac$ beh9d t ( ,/4 ,george1 & hav+ a r$ /ripe run ?r\gh ! arms !re(1 = :i* !re is no prec$5t 9 law or h]aldry4 ,if ev] an ,iri%man c>$ to hunt up a grievance1 surely "h is "o at la/--! cross ( 8 patron sa9t a r$ /ripe6 #ed ,:5 ! ,union flag is fl[n1 x %\ld always be z we h drawn x 9 ,fig4 #ij1 ) ! broad :ite /ripe ne>e/ to ! head ( ! flag/aff4 ,x w\ld be q possible1 our read]s w see1 on a little /udy ( ! matt]1 to turn x ) ! r$ /ripe upp]mo/2 b ?is1 z we h indicat$1 is incorrect2 &1 trivial z ! matt] may appe>1 !re is a "r & a wrong 9 x1 & ! po9t mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,_m sugge/ions at ! "t ( ! ,union 7 made by div]s writ]s 9 ! public pr9ts1 su* z ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 & ! l4 ,"o v]sion pres]v$ ! flag ( ! fir/ ,union1 ,fig4 #gc1 b plac$ 9 ! c5tre a l>ge gre5 circle hav+ )9 x ! gold5 h>p ( ! ,em]ald ,isle2 b ?is is objectionable1 z x br+s gre5 on r$1 :i* is h]aldically false1 & z ,irel& has a cross z well z ,engl& & ,scotl&1 x seems m reasonable to keep ! :ole arrangem5t 9 h>mony4 ,ano!r v]sion1 & by no means a bad "o1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hi1 :]e ea* cross is di/9ct f ! two o!rs4 ,?is appe>$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e = ,m>* #bj?1 #ahjc1 &1 l all ! o!r sugge/ions1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 suff]$ f ! fatal objection t x saw ! light :5 ! :ole matt] 0 already settl$ & any alt]ation sc>cely possible4 ,9 view ( ! *anges f ! simple ,cross ( ,/4 ,george to its union lat] on ) t ( ,/4 ,&rew1 & lat] on /ill ! union ( bo? ) t ( ,/4 ,patrick1 x is suffici5tly evid5t t ,campbell's /irr+ appeal to ! m>9]s ( ,engl& to def5d ! flag t = a ?\s& ye>s has brav$ ! battle & ! breeze1 h[ev] excell5t 9 _s1 does n fit 9 ) ! lit]al facts1 ?\gh we w\ld n will+ly *ange x = su* a v]sion z ,ye m>9]s ( ,engl&1 ,t gu>d our native seas3 ,^: flag has brav$ s9ce eighte5-"o1 ,! battle & ! breeze4 ,! ,que5's ,regulations are v precise z to ! hoi/+ ( ! flag at ! v>i\s home & =eign /ations & =tresses4 ,"s few ( ^! h ! ,royal ,/&>d = use on ,royal ,anniv]s>ies & ,/ate occasions only1 & ^! flags are issu$ 9 two sizes--ei!r tw5ty-f\r by twelve feet1 or twelve by six feet--accord+ to ! importance ( ! position2 ?us ,dov]1 ,plym\?1 & ! ,t[] ( ,london1 = example1 h ! l>g] size4 ,9 l mann] ! ,union ,flag is ( two sizes3 twelve by six feet1 or six by ?ree feet4 ,^! flags at ! v>i\s /ations are ei!r hoi/$ on anniv]s>ies only1 or on ,sundays 9 addition1 or else daily2 ?us ,dov]1 besides its ,/&>d1 has a ,union flag1 twelve by six1 = special occasions1 & ano!r1 six by ?ree1 #ee :i* is hoi/$ daily4 ,our =eign /ations1 ,b]muda1 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,cyprus1 ,gibralt>1 ,hong ,kong1 ,halifax1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 & s =?1 are all equally rigidly provid$ = 9 ,regulations4 ,!re is no option any:]e 9 ! matt]4 ,a p>ticul> =tress has to fly a p>ticul> flag ( a p>ticul> size on a p>ticul> day4 ,! :ite ensign1 ,fig4 #ie1 is ! di/+ui%+ flag ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,x is hoi/$ at ! peak ( all vessels 9 commission1 or 9 su* o!r conspicu\s position ( hon\r z _! rig or 7z 9 ! case ( "s ironclads7 abs5ce ( rig w p]mit4 ,x is a l>ge :ite flag1 hav+ ^u x ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 ! portion ( ! flag ne>e/ ! ma/-head be+ occupi$ by ! ,union4#da ,until #ahfd ! ,royal ,navy 0 divid$ into ! :ite1 ! blue1 & ! r$ squadrons1 di/+ui%$ by ! flags %[n 9 ,figs4 #ie1 #if1 & #ig1 b ?is arrangem5t1 ?\gh x _h la/$ = ov] two hundr$ ye>s1#db 0 f\nd to h _m inconv5i5ces4 ,x 0 v puzzl+ to =eign]s1 & x 0 necess>y t ea* vessel %\ld h ?ree sets ( col\rs1 s z to be able to hoi/ ! or?odox flag = ! squadron 9 :i*1 = ! "t be+1 x might be plac$4 ,x 0 also a difficulty t peaceful m]*antm5 7 c>ry+ a r$ ensign1 ,fig4 #ig1 exactly simil> to ! w> flag ( ! vessels ( ! r$ squadron4 ,x 0 inconv5i5t 9 action1 too2 h5ce1 ,nelson at ,trafalg> ord]$ ! :ole ( 8 fleet to hoi/ ! :ite ensign4 ,an ,ord] ( ,c\ncil1 dat$ ,octob] #ah?1 #ahfd1 put an end to ?is use ( diff]+ flags1 decl>+ t h5ce=? ! :ite ensign alone %\ld be ! flag ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,9 ! old days ! r$ 0 ! highe/1 ! :ite ! int]m$iate1 & ! blue ! ?ird 9 rank & dignity4 ,h] ,maje/y's %ips1 :5 at an*or 9 home ports & roads1 hoi/ _! col\rs at #h o'clock 9 ! morn+ f ,m>* #be? to ,septemb] #bj?1 & ! re/ ( ! ye> an h\r lat]2 & on =eign /ations1 at ei!r ( ^! h\rs z ! comm&+ (fic] %all direct2 & ei!r abroad or at home !y rema9 fly+ ?r\gh\t ! day until sunset4#dc ,:5 at sea1 on pass+1 meet+1 #ef jo9+ or p>t+ f any o!r ( ,h] ,maje/y's %ips or on fall+ 9 ) any o!r %ip ! flag is hoi/$1 & also :5 9 sight ( l&1 & especially :5 pass+ any =t1 batt]y1 ligh?\se1 or t[n4 ,:5 salutes are fir$ on ! occasion ( a =eign national fe/ival1 su* z ! bir?day ( ! sov]eign1 ! flag ( ! nation 9 "q is hoi/$ at ! ma9 dur+ ! salute & = su* fur!r "t z ! w> %ips ( su* nation are be-flagg$1 b if none are pres5t1 !n _! flag rema9s up till sunset4 ,%\ld a ,briti% w> vessel arrive at any =eign =tifi$ port1 ! flag ( ! =eign nation is hoi/$ at ! ma9 dur+ ! ex*ange ( salutes4 ,x is a rank (f5ce = any vessel to fly any ensign or p5dant simil> to ^? us$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy4 ,x w at once be bo>d$ by any (fic] ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,s]vice1 ! (f5d+ col\rs seiz$1 & ! vessel report$4 ,! p5alty = ! (f5ce is a v heavy "o4 ,! admiral has z a flag ! :ite flag ) ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george !reon1 ,fig4 #ia1 & ?is mu/ be display$ at ! ma9 top-gallant ma/-head1 s9ce bo? ! vice & re>-admirals are entitl$ to fly a simil> flag1 b ! =m] ( ^! displays 8 f ! =e1 & ! latt] f ! miz5 top-gallant ma/-head2 x be+ n ! flag alone b ! position ( x t is di/9ctive ( rank4 ,! commodore's broad p5dant is a v simil> flag1 b x tap]s slightly1 & is swall[-tail$4 ,! ,naval ,discipl9e ,act1 bett] kn[n z ,! ,articles ( ,w>1 comm5ces ) ! true & noble words--,x is on ! ,navy1 "u ! ,good ,provid5ce ( ,god1 t our ,weal?1 ,prosp]ity1 & ,peace dep5d1 & we may tru/ t ! glori\s traditions ( ?is great s]vice may be ma9ta9$ to ! full z effectually "u ! ,:ite ,ensign z 9 any =m] p]iod = ! def5ce ( ,?is royal ?rone ( k+s1 ?is scept]'d isle1 ,?is e>? ( maje/y1 ?is seat ( ,m>s1 ,?is o!r ,ed51 demi-p>adise2 ,?is =tress built by nature = h]self1 ,aga9/ infection1 & ! h& ( w>2 ,?is happy bre$ ( m51 ?is little _w2 ,?is preci\s /one set 9 ! silv] sea1 ,:i* s]ves x 9 ! (fice ( a wall1 ,or z a moat def5sive to a h\se1 ,aga9/ ! envy ( less happi] l&s2 ,?is bless$ plot1 ?is e>?1 ?is realm1 ?is ,engl&4 ,! blue ensign1 ,fig4 #if1 is ! flag ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve1 & may be fl[n by any m]*ant vessels t comply ) ! #eg ,admiralty conditions respect+ t s]vice4 ,su* vessels mu/ be comm&$ by (fic]s ( ! ,res]ve1 & at lea/ "o-?ird ( _! crew mu/ belong to x3 !y !n1 ! /ructural conditions be+ satisfactory1 receive a ,gov]nm5t subv5tion & an ,admiralty ,w>rant to fly ! blue ensign4 ,(fic]s comm&+ ,h] ,maje/y's %ips1 meet+ ) %ips c>ry+ ! blue ensign1 are au?oris$ to g on bo>d !m at any conv5i5t opportunity & see t ^! conditions are /rictly c>ri$ out1 provid$ t !y are ( sup]ior rank to ! (fic]s ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve4 ,! m5 ( ! ,res]ve receive an annual reta9] & drill pay4 ,! numb] ( m5 9 ! ,res]ve1 at ! "t we write ^! l9es1 is #aj1fjj 9 ! fir/ class & #aj1hjj 9 ! second4 ,! fir/ class ,res]ve is compos$ ( ! m5 on ! long voyage %ips1 ! second be+ ! fi%]m5 & coa/+ crews4 ,9 addition to ?is !re are "s #c1jjj eng9e]s & /ok]s1 & "s #a1ejj or s ( (fic]s1 all equally prep>$ to rally to ! p5nant & to take _! place 9 ! national def5ce4 ,?is utilisation ( ! fa/] vessels ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e z cruis]s 9 w> "t has s]i\sly engag$ ! att5tion ( ! ,admiralty4 ,! ,gov]nm5t gives an annual subsidy1 & !n claims ! "r to ! vessel at a fix$ *>ge 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,su* vessels w\ld be ( imm5se s]vice 9 "t ( w> 9 _m ways3 = sc\t+1 = transport+ troops1 & = engag+ su* ( ! enemy z %e felt fairly a mat* =4 ,:51 "s few ye>s ago1 x seem$ z ?\gh w> ) ,russia 0 imm95t1 ! ,massilia & ! ,rosetta ( ! ,p59sula & ,ori5tal ,company's fleet 7 put 9 commission by telegraph at ,sydney & ,hong ,kong respectively4 ,^! vessels 7 provid$ at once ) w>like /ores1 & 7 at gun practice (f ! ports ref]r$ to a few h\rs aft] ! receipt ( in/ructions1 & ready to g any:]e4 ,?is ,company1 dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>1 c>ri$ ov] sixty ?\s& m5 to ! sc5e ( op]ations1 & dur+ ! ,indian ,mut9y1 ! w> 9 ! ,s\dan1 & all o!r possible occasions1 has r5d]$ ! greate/ aid to ! ,/ate4 ,! ,teutonic & ! ,maje/ic1 ( ! ,:ite ,/> ,l9e1 ea* c>ry twelve ,arm/rong guns1 & c\ld ei!r ( !m l& two ?\s& infantry at ,halifax 9 five days1 or at ,bombay 9 f\rte5 days1 or at ,hong ,kong 9 tw5ty-"o2 & _m o!r arm$ cruis]s ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e1 t we ne$ n /ay to p>ticul>ise1 c\ld d z mu*1 & z effectively1 fly+ ! ,blue ,ensign z wor?ily z ^? we h nam$4 ,little ,engl&6 ,great 9 /ory6 ,"m ( immortal m56 ,great 9 c\rage6 ,great 9 glory6 ,de> to ,fre$om's tongue & p56 #eh ,if ! _w comb9e to brave !e1 ,engli% he>ts w d>e ! fight1 ,engli% h&s w gl[ to save !e1 ,/rong = ,engl& & ! "r6#dd ,! ,r$ ,ensign1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ig1 is ! special flag ( ! ord9>y m]*antman4 ,! ,r$ ,ensign--lays d[n ! ,m]*ant ,%ipp+ 7,col\rs7 ,act--usually worn by m]*ant %ips1 )\t any defacem5t or modification :atsoev]1 is h]eby decl>$ to be ! prop] national col\r ( all %ips & boats belong+ to any subject ( ,h] ,maje/y1 except 9 ! case ( ,h] ,maje/y's %ips or boats1 or 9 ! case ( any o!r %ip or boat = ! "t be+ all[$ to we> any o!r national col\rs1 9 pursuant ( a ,w>rant f ,h] ,maje/y or f ! ,admiralty4 ,?is ,act goes on to say t any %ip belong+ to any subject ( ! ,que5 %all1 on a signal be+ made to h] by "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's %ips1 or on ent]+ or leav+ any =eign port1 hoi/ ! r$ ensign1 & if ( fifty tons gross tonnage or upw>ds1 on ent]+ or leav+ any ,briti% port also1 or incur a p5alty n exce$+ "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,a m]*antman may also fly ! ,union ,jack f ! b[sprit1 b if s ! flag1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 mu/ h a broad :ite bord]4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( r$ ensign is se5 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,9 a picture at ,hampton ,c\rt1 repres5t+ ! emb>kation ( ,william ( ,orange = ,engl&1 9 ! ye> #afhh1 8 %ip is %[n z we>+ two flags1 "o a r$ "o ) ,/4 ,george's ,cross 9 ! canton1 z 9 ,fig4 #ff1 :ile ! o!r1 also r$1 has ! ,union ,flag 9 ! canton4 ,we get1 !re=e1 a regul> sequ5ce ( r$ ensigns3 t ) ,/4 ,george's ,cross alone 9 ! corn] next ! ma/head2 t ) ! ,union ( ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,&rew--?is picture at ,hampton ,c\rt be+ ! e>lie/ example kn[n ( its use2 &1 ?irdly1 t ( to-day ) ! crosses ( ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,patrick4 ,"s little degree ( flag-lore is valuable n only to ! soldi]1 ! seaman1 or ! travell]1 b to ev]yone4 ,= want ( ?is k1 ludicr\s & s]i\s mi/akes are (t5 made4 ,discuss+ ^! matt]s ) a man ( good g5]al k1 we f\nd t he _h a notion t !re 7 two k9ds ( ,union ,jack1 "o1 t _h mo/ r$ 9 x1 be+ ! ,army flag2 :ile ! o!r1 9 :i* blue prepond]at$1 0 ! flag ( ! ,navy6 ,outside a l>ge prov9cial !atre we saw a conspicu\s notice indicat+ t ! piece !n runn+ 0 entitl$ ,! ,old ,flag4 ,to emphasise ?is 0 a picture ( a squ>e ( ,briti% l9esm5 surr\nd$ by #ei ,zulus1 :ile 9 ! c5tre ( ! squ>e rose ! ,royal ,/&>d6 ,z a set-(f to ?is we saw1 n f> (f1 a public h\se call$ ! ,royal ,/&>d1 fly+ f its ro( ! :ite ,ensign6 ,a fri5d ( ours br\ght home = 8 son a really capital toy model ( an ironclad1 ) turrets1 ram1 fight+ tops1 etc41 & yet fly+ ! r$ ensign ( ! h>mless m]*antman6 ,at a *ur* we occasionally pass1 ! liv+ be+ 9 ! gift ( ! ,que51 ! ,royal ,/&>d is hoi/$ on su* ,*ur* fe/ivals z ,*ri/mas ,day1 :ile at o!r times1 = no app>5t reason1 ! :ite ,ensign is sub/itut$--! special flag ( ! ,w> ,navy4 ,anyone v5tur+ to po9t out to ! au?orities !re( t1 z ! old *ur* c\ld sc>cely take up its position z a unit 9 our fight+ fleet--hav+1 9 fact1 q ano!r mission 9 ! _w--! special flag ( ! ,royal ,navy 0 n ! mo/ appropriate1 w\ld probably d]ive f ! int]view ! impression t1 aft] all1 to ! *ur*w>d5s a flag 0 a flag1 & t x 0 q possible to make a m\nta9 out ( a molehill4 ,to "o :o kn[s any?+ ab\t x1 ! eruption ( silk bunt+1 & bas] fabrics innum]able t comes to ! =e on any occasion ( national rejoic+1 is a ?+ ( horror1 n m]ely 9 ! fe/al disfigurem5ts ( ! pat*work c\nt]pane or cotton pocke?&k]*ief type1 see+ t to "s p any col\r$ piece ( /uff t w bl[ out 9 ! w9d is a valid decoration1 b 9 ! pa9ful ignorance %[n 9 ! treatm5t ( recognis$ ensigns4 ,"s little "t ago1 = in/ance1 we f\nd ourselves 9 a t[n gaily beflagg$ & radiant 9 bunt+ on ! occasion ( a great popul> rejoic+4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d1 betok5+ ! pres5ce 9 ! h\se ( "s memb] ( ! ,royal ,family1 0 fly+ ) a pr(usion t made x impossible to believe t all ! p display+ x c\ld be ent]ta9+ su* di/+ui%$ gue/s4 ,z a set-(f1 o!rs 7 deck+ _! h\ses ) r$ flags1 ! symbols ( revolution & blood%$1 or ) yell[ ones1 leav+ u to inf] t su* h\ses 7 to be avoid$ z ne/s ( yell[ fev] or su*-l deadly infection4 ,! ,/>s & ,/ripes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 71 9 almo/ e case1 upside d[n1 z inde$ 7 _m o!rs2 a ?+ t1 except = ! ignorance t 0 its excuse1 might be consid]$ z an insult to ! v>i\s ,=eign ,p[]s1 :ile ! repeat$ rev]sal ( ! r$ ensign impli$ a signal ( di/ress4 ,! good folks really meant no h>m to anybody1 & !y 7 q happy to believe1 z !y /roll$ 9 _! ?\s&s up ! lead+ /reets ( ! t[n1 t _! decorations 7 a great success4 ,at ! same "t1 a little m k w\ld h done !m no h>m4 ,z x is an insult to hoi/ "o national flag bel[ ano!r1 x is a rigid law t 9 all (ficial decorations national flags may n be s plac$1 b #fj en?usia/ic & irresponsible burgesses1 9 ! dep? ( _! ignorance1 ignore all su* consid]ations ( int]national c\rtesy1 & 9 ! l5g? ( a %ort /reet commit suffici5t indiscretion to give umbrage to all mank9d4 ,x may be said t ,happ9ess too swiftly flies1 ,?\ght w\ld de/roy _! ,p>adise-- t he t increase? k increase? sorr[1 t ,f ignorance our com=t fl[s1 ,! only wret*$ are ! wise-- b despite all ?is philosophy1 t :]e ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise1 no "o is ! worse = kn[+ some?+ ab\t ! matt] ) :i* he is deal+2 & if prov]bial philosophy is to c\nt = any?+ 9 ! matt]1 a n inappropriate moral may be quot$ z to ! ru%+ 9 ( fools :]e _! bett]s feel a judici\s mode/y4 ,! confid5ce ( k is bett] ?an ! confid5ce ( ignorance1 & w\ld c]ta9ly1 9 /reet flagg+1 produce a m satisfactory result4 ,we h 9 ,plate ,,vi4 "s few examples ( ^! vag>ies f sket*es t we made at ! "t4 ,fig4 #de1 if x _h n got ! ,union 9 ! canton1 w\ld ne>ly be ! ,dani% flag1 ,fig4 #bbe1 b ! addition ( ! canton makes x %e] fooli%ness4 ,fig4 #df is a good example ( ! notion t any?+ w d if x be only bright en\gh3 x is a m]e piece ( pat*work1 n by any means ! only "o 9 evid5ce4 ,figs4 #dg & #ej expla9 !mselves2 x is evid5t t 9 "o case ! decorator />t$ ) a :ite ensign & 9 ! o!r ) a blue "o1 & !n1 feel+ t !y 7 a little small & insignificant look+1 tack$ on a goodly am\nt ( r$ mat]ial to br+ !m up to _! notion ( :at w\ld be suffici5tly conspicu\s 9 size4 ,fig4 #dh is v qua9t3 !re is a notion ( ! :ite ensign hov]+ ab\t x1 b ! ,royal ,/&>d employ$ z a canton 9 "o qu>t] is outside all ! proprieties1 & 9 any case all ! arm ( ! cross t "o w\ld expect to see bel[ ! canton is absorb$ by x4 ,! addition ( ! two r$ tails to ! ,royal ,/&>d 9 ,fig4 #di is n by any means legitimate1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #ea ! ,royal ,/&>d is made ! canton ( a r$ ensign1 &1 z if ?is 7 n bad en\gh 9 itself1 ! :ole ?+ is fl[n upside d[n4 ,_m ( ! s-call$ flags _h no semblance to any?+1 "s 7 /range & abnormal tricolors2 o!rs1 *equ]s3 "o1 we rememb]1 0 deep crimson1 ) a broad bord]+ r\nd ?ree ( its edges ( light blue4 ,:atev] opportunity ( go+ wrong seem$ to be at all feasible appe>$ to be eag]ly seiz$ by "s well-mean+ burgess1 s t ! result 0 a p]fect museum ( examples ( h[ n to d x1 & !re=e ( imm5se int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 #fa ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,army ,flags--! ,que5's ,col\r--! ,regim5tal ,col\r--! ,hon\rs & ,devices--! ,flag ( ! #bd? ,regim5t--,fac+s--,flag ( ! ,k+'s ,own ,bord]]s--,:at ! ,flag ,symbolises--,col\rs ( ! ,gu>ds--! ,assaye ,flag--,cavalry ,flags--,pres5tation ( ,col\rs--,*elsea ,college ,*apel--,flags ( ! ,buffs 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral--,flags ( ! ,scotti% ,regim5ts 9 ,/4 ,giles's ,ca!dral--,burn+ ( ,rebel ,flags by ! ,hangman--,special ,flags = v>i\s ,(ficial ,p]sonages--,special ,flags = diff]5t ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts--,! ,"l ,high ,admiral--,! ,mail ,flag--,:ite ,ensign ( ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron--,ya*t ,ensigns & ,burgees--,h\se or ,company ,flags--,h[ to express ,col\rs ) ,l9es--! ,allan ,tricolor--,port ,flags--! ,briti% ,empire--! ,colonial ,blue ,ensign & ,p5dant--! ,colonial ,def5ce ,act--,colonial ,m]cantile ,flag--,admiralty ,w>rant--,flag ( ! ,gov]nor ( a ,colony--! ,gre5 ,g>l&--! ,arms ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada--,badges ( ! v>i\s ,colonies--,daniel ,web/] on ! ,might ( ,engl&--,bacon on ! ,comm& ( ! ,ocean4 ,hav+ n[ dealt ) ! ,union ,flag & ! ,r$ & ,blue ,ensigns1 we proce$ to see h[ ^! are modifi$ by ! addition ( v>i\s devices ^u !m4 ,! flags ( ! army claim ! fir/ place 9 our reg>d4 ,ea* infantry regim5t has two col\rs1 "o be+ call$ ! ,que5's ,col\r1 & ! o!r ! ,regim5tal ,col\r4 ,on turn+ to ,b>ret's ,!orike & ,practike ( ,mod]n ,w>res1 a book publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aeih1 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3--,we ,engli%m5 d call !m ( late col\rs1 by reason ( ! v>iety ( col\rs !y be made (1 :]eby !y be ! bett] not$ & kn[n4 ,?is we may d\btless accept z a suffici5t explanation ( ! ^w1 & ! passage is int]e/+1 too1 z approximately fix+ a date = ! introduction ( ! t]m1 & %[+ t x has be5 9 use = at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,que5's ,col\r 9 e regim5t ( ! l9e is ! flag ( ! ,union1 ,fig4 #ij1 be>+ 9 its c5tre ! ,imp]ial cr[n & ! numb] ( ! regim5t b5ea? x 9 ,roman figures work$ 9 gold1 & its t]ritorial designation4 ,! regim5tal ,col\r is ( ! col\r ( ! fac+s ( ! regim5t1 except :5 ^! are :ite1 9 :i* case ! body ( ! flag is n pla9 :ite all ov]1 b be>s ^u x ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,:atev] ! col\r1 x be>s 9 its upp] corn] ! ,union1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! flag ! cr[n & title ( #fb ! regim5t1 & ar\nd x :atev] devices1 or badges1 or o!r di/9ctions h be5 specially conf]r$ ^u x1 toge!r ) ! names ( ! actions 9 :i* ! regim5t has tak5 "p1 ! records ( its gallant s]vice 9 _m a h>d-f\ght /ruggle 9 ! ,p59sula1 on ! sultry pla9s ( ,india1 b5ea? ! burn+ sun ( ,africa1 or :]ev] else ! call ( hon\r & ( duty has add$ to its laurels4 ,?us ! regim5tal flag ( ! #a/ regim5t ( ! l9e be>s ! pr\d record--,/4 ,lucia1 ,egmont-op-,zee1 ,egypt1 ,corunna1 ,busaco1 ,salamanca1 ,vittoria1 ,/4 ,seba/ian1 ,nive1 ,p59sula1 ,niag>a1 ,wat]loo1 ,nagpore1 ,maheidpore1 ,ava1 ,alma1 ,ink]mann1 ,seba/opol1 & sev]al o!r records ( /ruggles 9 :i* !y bore gallant %>e2 & _m ano!r regim5t c\ld %[ z f9e a record ( s]vice4 ,9 ,fig4 #id we h a repres5tation ( ! regim5tal col\r ( ! #bd? ,regim5t4 ,z ! fac+s ( ?is di/+ui%$ corps are gre51#de ! body ( ! flag is ( t col\r4 ,b5ea? its t]ritorial designation w be se5 its special badge1 ! ,sph9x1 be/[$ ^u x = di/+ui%$ s]vice 9 ,egypt1 & ar\nd are gr\p$ ! names ( fam\s victories :i* x contribut$ to w94 ,! #bd? ,regim5t1 n[ 9 ! t]ritorial arrangem5t 9 vogue kn[n z ! #bnd ,w>wick%ire1 0 fir/ =m$ 9 ! ye> #afhi4 ,9 #aggf x emb>k$ = ,canada & greatly di/+ui%$ itself 9 ! ,am]ican /ruggle4 ,9 #ahja we f9d x 9 ,egypt1 :]e by its gallantry x won ! "r to be> ! ,sph9x4#df ,f #ahje to #ahaj x 0 fight+ its way along at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & !n w5t on to ,india4 ,9 #ahbi we f9d x s5t (f to ,canada aga9 to suppress rebellion1 & x did n return to ,engl& till #ahda4 ,9 #ahdf we see x 9 ! ?ick ( ! ,punjaub /ruggle1 tak+ its "p "r well 9 ! brilliant engagem5ts ( ,*illianwallah & ,gooj]at1 & 9 #aheg x is 9 ! ?ick ( ! sangu9>y ,mut9y 9 ,india2 &1 aft] fifte5 ye>s 9 ,india1 l&s 9 #ahfa 9 ,engl& once m4 ,9 #ahgd we f9d x aga9 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & 9 #ahgg-gh engag$ 9 ! ,kaffir w>1 & 9 all times & 9 all places tak+ a gallant %>e 9 uphold+ ! national cause4 ,9 #ahjd a second battalion 0 add$ to ! regim5t4 ,?is only exi/$ t5 ye>s1 b 9 t "t x e>n$ by its di/+ui%$ #fc brav]y ! names ( ! ,p59sula battles = ! flag1#dg & at ! conclusion ( ! /ruggle x 0 s weak 9 numb]s t x 0 disembodi$4 ,9 #aheh a new second battalion 0 =m$1 & did good s]vice 9 ,burmah1 ,s\? ,africa1 etc4 ,bo? battalions 7 9 ,zulul& 9 #ahgi1 & ) ! exception ( "o hundr$ m5 detail$ = special duty1 ! regim5t1 save n9e m51 0 wip$ out ( exi/5ce 9 ! fatal field ( ,is&hlwana4 ,lieut5ants ,melville & ,coghill tore ! col\rs f _! /affs & wrapp$ !m ar\nd _! bodies1 & aft] ! fight 0 ov] & ! enemy _h retir$ !y 7 recov]$4 ,on ! arrival ( ! col\rs 9 ,engl& !y 7 tak5 by ,royal ,comm& to ,osborne1 :]e ! ,que5 fa/5$ to ea* a wrea? ( immortelles1 & be/[$ on ! two dead h]oes ! ,victoria ,cross z ! highe/ ackn[l$gm5t !n possible to h] ( h] deep appreciation ( ! sacrifice t ^! "y gallant (fic]s _h made = h]1 = ,engl&1 & = ! hon\r ( ! flag4 ,! col\rs1 !re=e1 t we h repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #id1 9 all _! broad blazon ( gallant s]vice1 ev5 9 ! h\r ( defeat nev] fell into ! h&s ( ! enemy1 to be hung 9 triumph 9 "s ,zulu kraal1 b 7 br\ght back 9 hon\r & pr\d rejoic+1 s9ce defeat s valiantly met 0 no disgrace1 & ! hon\r ( ! flag & ( ! gallant #bd? 0 )\t /a94 ,z "o m illu/ration ( regim5tal col\rs we may in/ance ^? ( ! #be? ,regim5t1 ! ,k+'s ,own ,bord]]s4 ,"h ! gr\ndwork ( ! flag is blue1 )1 ( c\rse1 ! ,union 9 ! upp] corn] next ! /aff4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! flag is a repres5tation ( ,ed9burgh ,ca/le1 & )9 a b& ! words1 ,k+'s ,own ,bord]]s4 ,outside ?is we h a wrea? ( rose1 %amrock1 & ?i/le1 surm\nt$ by ! cr[n4 ,bel[ ?is is a sph9x = s]vice 9 ,egypt1 & bel[ ?is aga9 ! ^w ,m>t9ique4 ,on ei!r side is inscrib$ ,m9d5 & ,egmont op ,zee1 & above all1 ,afghani/an4 ,9 ! upp] out] angle ( ! flag is ! lion on ! cr[n & ! motto ,9 v]itate religionis confido1 & 9 ! l[] out] angle ! :ite horse ( ,hanov] & ! motto ,nec asp]a t]r5t4#dh ,?is 0 orig9ally kn[n z ! ,ed9burgh ,regim5t1 z x 0 rais$ 9 f\r h\rs 9 #afhi to def5d t city2 b ,george ,,iii41 = "s reason m or less #fd satisfactory to himself1 *ang$ ! "n to ! "o x has ev] s9ce borne--! ,k+'s ,own ,bord]]s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahaa ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 on behalf ( ! ,k+1 issu$ an ord] to regulate ! col\rs ( ! ,army1 &1 among/ o!r ?+s1 sanction$ ! cu/om t _h sprung up ( inscrib+ ! names ( victories on ! flags4 ,! cu/om ( inscrib+ ^! hon\rs1 ! names ( ! actions f\ght1 did n beg9 till ! battle ( ,m9d51 s t ! victories ( ,m>lbor\gh & all o!r glori\s a*ievem5ts prior to ! ye> #agei w\ld h gone unrecord$2 b 9 ,july1 #ahha1 sanction 0 giv5 = ! ,gr5adi]s & ! #a/1 #crd1 #h?1 #aj?1 #ae?1 #af?1 #ah?1 #ba/1 #bcrd1 #bd?1 #bf?1 & #bg? ,regim5ts ( ! ,l9e to add ,bl5heim & ,ramilies to _! col\rs4 ,oud5>de1 ,malplaquet1 & ,dett+5#di 7 also add$ to ! col\rs ( ^? regim5ts t 7 !re engag$4 ,by ! ,que5's ,regulations ^! col\rs are requir$ to be ( silk1 & to be ?ree feet n9e in*es 9 l5g? & ?ree feet 9 bread?2 ! cords & tassels are to be ( mix$ crimson & gold2 ! /aff is to be eight feet sev5 in*es long1 & surm\nt$ by a gold5 cr[n on :i* /&s a lion4 ,!y are to be c>ri$ on p>ade by ! two junior lieut5ants1 & gu>d$ by two s]geants & two privates4 ,^! =m :at is call$ ! col\r p>ty4 ,! di/+ui%+ badge ( ! col\r-s]geant consi/s ( cross$ col\rs1 embroid]$ on ! sleeve above ! *evrons ( 8 rank4 ,x has tak5 some?+ l a ?\s& ye>s ( "t to build up ! ,briti% ,empire1 :ile ! lavi% outlay ( toil & =e?\ght ( /atesm51 ! ceaseless sp5d+ ( blood & treasure1 ! brilliant /rategy by l& & sea ( a long l9e ( di/+ui%$ comm&]s h all contribut$ to its bir? & pr\d ma9t5ance2 & ( all ?is devotion 9 ! pa/ & ! det]m9ation to uphold x 9 ! future1 ! flag is ! liv+ concrete symbol4 ,x is ! flag b5ea? ^: folds ,nelson & ,well+ton & c\ntless h]oes m 7 c>ri$ to _! re/2 x wav$ 9 triumph on ! ,heights ( ,abraham1 & its hon\r 0 safe ) ,elliot at ,gibralt>2 x 0 unfurl$ on _m a battlefield 9 ! ,p59sula1 & n]v$ ! arms ( ^? :o scal$ ! heights ( ! ,alma & /ood unconqu]able 9 ! /ubborn fight ( ,ink]man2 & x wav$ triumphant 9 ! breeze at ,seba/opol4 ,! sight ( x 0 /r5g?1 com=t1 & hope 9 ! d>k days ( ,luckn[ & ,cawnpore4 ,x float$1 a symbol ( duty1 ov] ! h]oes ( ! burn+ ,birk5head1 & to ,ross1 ,p>ry1 ,frankl9 & ,mc,clure1 9 ! icy wa/es ( ! f> ,nor? x 0 an inc5tive to r5ew$ #fe ef=t & a symbol ( home4 ,x 0 ! flag ( ,speke & ,liv+/one 9 savage ,africa1 ( ,burke & ,wills 9 _! explorations 9 ,au/ralia2 & = ! hon\r ( ,engl& t x symbolises m5 h ?\ght no sacrifice too great4 ,! ,que5's ,col\r is a pl$ge ( loyalty to ! ,sov]eign1 an emblem ( ! unity ( all1 :ile ! second col\r deals ) ! hon\r t specially app]ta9s to ea* regim5t--a subject ( legitimate pride 9 ! pa/ & an inc5tive to prove n unwor?y 9 ! future ( ^? :o ga9$ x su* di/9ction4 ,= "s recondite reason ! ,gu>ds rev]se ! arrangem5t t holds 9 ! ,l9e regim5ts1 z ) !m ! ,que5's ,col\r is crimson & be>s ! regim5tal devices & hon\rs1 :ile ! ,union ,flag is ! ,regim5tal ,col\r4 ,william ,,iv41 9 #ahcb1 gave ! ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds a special flag ( crimson silk1 be>+ 9 its c5tre ! royal cyph] ,w4,r41 int]lac$ 9 gold1 & hav+ gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! f\r corn]s ! rose1 ?i/le1 & %amrock4 ,! ,gov]nor-,g5]al 9 ,india issu$ 9 ! ye> #ahjc a g5]al ord] t all ! regim5ts engag$ 9 ,well+ton's greate/ ,indian victory--,assaye--%\ld be entitl$ to ! special di/9ction ( a ?ird flag1 & ! ,royal au?ority confirm$ ! hon\r4 ,?is flag1 borne by ! #gd? ,highl&]s1 ! #gh? or ,ross-%ire ,buffs1 & o!r di/+ui%$ regim5ts1 0 ( :ite silk1 hav+ 9 its c5tre an elephant1 b5ea? ?is ! regim5tal numb]1 & ar\nd x a wrea?4 ,on blue b&s above & bel[ 7 inscrib$ 9 gold ! words ,assaye & ,s]+apatam4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcj ! g5]al use on p>ade ( ^! flags 0 discont9u$ by ord]1 & !y 7 res]v$ = v special occasions4 ,! numb] ( col\rs borne by ! diff]5t regim5ts 0 =m]ly v irregul>3 sometimes x 0 "o to a company1 sometimes only "o to a :ole regim5t1 n[ x is two to ea* battalion4 ,dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury sev]al regim5ts c>ri$ ?ree col\rs1 & ! #e?1 or ,nor?umb]l& ,fusili]s1 cont9u$ to d s until #ahcc4 ,by an un=tunate accid5t ^! 7 !n all burnt1 & :5 ! "q ( grant+ new col\rs came =w>d1 ! "r to c>ry ! ?ird 0 object$ to1 & ! claim _h to be surr5d]$4 ,k+ ,*>les's ,royal ,regim5t ( ,foot ,gu>ds lo/ elev5 out ( ?irte5 col\rs at ,edgehill4 ,! ,/&>ds c>ri$ by ! ,life ,gu>ds1 ,horse ,gu>ds1 & ,dragoon ,gu>ds are ( crimson silk1 ?irty in*es by tw5ty-sev52 & ! guidons ( ! dragoon regim5ts are =ty-"o in*es by tw5ty-sev51 are slit 9 ! fly & h ! out] corn]s r\nd$ (f4 ,! tassels & cords are ( crimson silk & gold1 & ea* flag be>s ! ,royal or o!r title ( ! regim5t 9 lett]s ( gold 9 a circle1 & b5ea? x ! numb] ( ! regim5t1 all be+ surm\nt$ by ! cr[n1 surr\nd$ by a #ff wrea? ( rose1 %amrock1 & ?i/le1 & ! hon\rs4 ,:]e a regim5t has a p>ticul> badge1 su* device w be plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 & ! t]ritorial & num]ical position plac$ outside2 ?us ! ,scots ,greys 7! #bnd ,royal ,dragoons7 be> z _! badge ! ,imp]ial ,eagle ( ,france1 because at ,wat]loo ?is di/+ui%$ regim5t captur$ ! eagle ( ! ,fr5* #de? ,regim5t1 on :i* 7 inscrib$ ! words ,j5a1 ,au/]litz1 ,wagram1 ,eylau1 & ,fri$l&4#ej ,! #crd ,dragoons h z _! badge ! :ite horse ( ,hanov]1 &1 z record ( good s]vice1 ,salamanca1 ,vittoria1 ,t\l\se1 ,p59sula1 ,cabool1 ,moodkee1 ,sobraon1 ,f]oze%ah1 ,punjaub1 ,*illianwallah1 ,gooj]at4 ,! ,lanc]s & ,huss>s1 l ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 ! ,royal ,artill]y1 & ! ,rifle ,brigade1 h no col\rs1 & !re=e be> _! badges1 devices1 etc41 on _! appo9tm5ts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 ord]$ ! #ag? ,light ,dragoons 7n[ ! #ag? ,lanc]s7 to we> ! device ( ! skull & cross-bones1 & b5ea? x ! words or glory on ! front ( _! caps & on ! left brea/4 ,?is device ! ,dea? or ,glory ,boys /ill reta91 l ! fam\s ,pom]anian ,horse & ! ,black ,brunswick]s1 cont95tal corps f :om ! ,anglo-,hanov]ian mon>* d\btless d]iv$ ! idea4#ea ,! pres5tation ( col\rs to a regim5t is always an impos+ c]emony1 z ) pray] ( consecration1 m>tial music1 & /irr+ address !y are deliv]$ into its cu/ody1 b ! be/[al ( ! old col\rs 9 "s hon\r$ place ( safe keep+ is yet m impressive4 ,9 ! "o case !re are ! hopes & dang]s ( ! future1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! hopes h all be5 abundantly realis$1 ! dang]s triumphantly pass$1 z ! tatt]$ col\rs--/orm toss$1 torn by %ot & %ell--are borne 9 hon\r to _! la/ re/+ place1 :]e1 /rife = ev] ov]1 !y re/ 9 peace 9 ! ,sanctu>y ( ,god1 a memorial to all m51 until _! la/ %r$s fall to decay1 ( duty nobly & fully done4 ,visitors to ,cant]bury ,ca!dral w sc>cely fail to h notic$ ! flags !re9 susp5d$4 ,! col\rs ( ! #a/ ,battalion ( ! ,buffs 7! ,ea/ ,k5t ,regim5t7 !re f9d fitt+ re/+ place1 & ! la/ ( ^! 7 add$ s lately z ,octob]1 #ahib4eb ,on _! entrance1 ) impos+ milit>y c]emony1 into ! #fg ,ca!dral1 !y 7 met by ! cl]gy & *oir1 & a hymn ( ?anksgiv+ = victory & ( safe return f w> 0 sung1 comm5c+-- ,grateful1 we br+ f l&s af>1 ,torn1 %att]$1 b un/a9$1 ,bann]s t ,?y s]vant bless$ ,ere ! /]n conflict came2 ,"l1 let _! fragm5ts ev] re/ ,:]e dwells ,?y ,holy "n4 ,aft] a %ort s]vice ( pray] & praise ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury address$ ! great congregation4 ,x might be ask$1 he said1 :y !y1 :o 7 ! ,m9i/]s ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 %\ld take su* int]e/ 9 ^! milit>y proce$+s4 ,x 0 because !y recognis$ 9 !m ! greate/ =ce = peace t !re 0 9 our l&1 = x 0 ?r\gh !m t ?is c\ntry ( ours _h n be5 trampl$ = c5turies "u ! feet ( any =eign foe1 x 0 ?r\gh !m t ! ,pax ,britannica prevail$1 & t ev]y:]e :]e ! ,briti% ,flag 0 pres5t x c>ri$ ) x peace1 & tranquillity1 & ju/ice4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! help ( ! army t ! peaceful p ( ?is c\ntry c\ld c>ry on _! avocations & s]ve ,god & d ,8 "w 9 peace2 & !re=e ! cl]gy gratefully ackn[l$g$ _! s]vices1 & hop$ & pray$ t ev]y:]e ! col\rs ( ea* regim5t might /ill be n only un/a9$1 b cov]$ ) laurels 9 /ruggl+ = "r & = ju/ice4 ,colonel ,hobson !n address$ ! va/ audi5ce1 rem9d+ ! y\ng] soldi]s pres5t t ! regim5t to :i* !y _h ! hon\r to belong 0 =m$ m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 & 01 !re=e1 ! olde/ 9 ! ,army4 ,x _h won hon\r & r5[n 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & ! col\rs :i* !y 7 t day appropriately lay+ to re/ 9 ! ,w>riors' ,*apel ( ,cant]bury ,ca!dral repres5t$ z glori\s a record z t ( any regim5t 9 ! ,briti% ,army4 ,! e>lie/ exi/5ce ( ! regim5t dat$ f ! movem5t set on foot 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to assi/ ! cause ( civil & religi\s lib]ty 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! dragon1 :i* is on ! col\rs1 0 ! cre/ ( ! ,city ( ,london1 f ^: ,tra9$ ,b&s ! regim5t 0 =m$ 9 #aegb2 & ! regim5tal m>*1 s famili> to !m all1 0 giv5 !m by ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,aft] enum]at+ "s few ( ! s]vices t ! regim5t _h r5d]$1 he conclud$ by say+3--,! few words ,i h /ill to say ,i want y "y soldi]s especially to li/5 to & to take to he>t4 ,! col\rs ( a regim5t are symbolical ( :at ought to be ! wat*word ( an army--duty2 ! ,que5's ,col\rs--duty to #fh y\r ,sov]eign & to y\r c\ntry2 ! ,regim5tal ,col\rs--duty t[>ds ! regim5t4 ,9 ^! days ! mat]ial side ( ! pr(ession ( arms is mu* insi/$ ^u1 b ,i tell y t an army )\t some?+ high] ?an t1 h[ev] well c>$ = 9 o!r respects1 is a bad army1 & t :5 ?\ghtfulness & c>e = ! good "n ( a regim5t is sacrific$ = selfi%1 individual advancem5t1 ! regim5t1 z a :ole1 w suff]4 ,! _s :i* animat$ ! regim5ts ( ! ,briti% ,army--:o plac$ ^? names1 ( :i* we are s pr\d to-day1 on ^? col\rs--01 duty fir/1 self aft]w>ds2 & x w be a bad day = ! ,briti% ,army if t _s is ev] all[$ to dep>t f x4 ,!re 0 no position 9 ! army1 h[ev] humble1 9 :i* m5 c\ld n su/a9 ! cr$it & hon\r ( _! regim5t & ?us contribute to _! c\ntry's welf>e4 ,! ,dean !reupon solemnly accept$ ! c>e ( ! col\rs & pron\nc$ ! ,b5$iction1 & ! :ole audi5ce !n jo9$ he>t & voice1 ) ?rill+ effect1 9 s++ ! ,national ,an!m4 ,x seems s natural to write ( ,engl& & ( ,engli%m51 s /ilt$ to put ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 t "o may possibly =get t1 compreh5sive z we int5d ! t]ms to be1 we may1 p]haps1 w\nd ! susceptibilities ( our fell[ subjects & bro!r ,britons across ! ,twe$4 ,let u !n turn to a companion picture1 & see h[1 ) equal hon\r & devotion1 ! flags ( our gallant ,highl&]s are borne to _! re/4 ,a movem5t 01 "s "t ago1 set on foot to ga!r 9 ! old flags f ! v>i\s ,scotti% regim5ts & to place !m all 9 ! ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?is 0 effect$1 & ! p]spective effect ( ^!1 z !y l9e ! nave on ei!r side1 is v f9e4 ,! olde/ col\rs !re are ^? ( ! #hbnd1 ! ,duke ( ,hamilton's regim5t1 pres5t$ 9 ! ye> #aghb1 & /ill 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,:5 on ,novemb] #ad?1 #ahhc1 ! old col\rs borne by ! v>i\s ,scotti% regim5ts 7 deposit$ 9 ,/4 ,giles' ,ca!dral1 !y 7 escort$ 9 all hon\r & milit>y pomp f ! ,ca/le2 & says "o :o 0 !re3 ,:5 ! col\rs came 9 sight1 ! multitude rais$ a %\t & *e]$1 b ! impulse 0 b mom5t>y1 = at sight ( ! array ( %att]$ rags ! noise ( ! tumult di$ away1 & a half-suppress$ s\nd 0 he>d z ?r\gh ! he>ts ( ! p !re fla%$ a ?rill ( m+l$ pride & pa94 ,^? :o saw x w nev] =get ! sc5e4 ,9 ! c5tre ! tatt]$ silk ( ! ,col\rs1 & on ! fr+e & 9 ! backgr\nd a wond]-/rick5 cr[d1 z pa/ uncov]$ heads1 pa/ dimm$ eyes & quiv]+ lips1 ! old flags 7 c>ri$4 ,:5 ! flags _h be5 receiv$ ) s]vice ( pray] & #fi praise1 ! mean+ ( x all 0 summ$ up 9 burn+ words ( love1 devotion1 & pride4 ,we h ga!r$ to-day1 said ! speak]1 = a noble purpose--to receive ) all hon\r into ?is national *ur* ^! flags1 :i* h be5 borne by our soldi]s ?r\gh _m a h>d fight & 9 _m a di/ant l&4 ',9 ! "n ( ! ,"l1' said ! inspir$ ,psalmi/ long ago1 'we w set up our bann]s4' ,9 ! _s 9 :i* he spoke1 ^! bann]s 7 fir/ unfurl$2 & 9 t great ,"n !y 7 bless$ by ,god's m9i/]s ere !y 7 committ$ to ^? :o 7 to c>ry !m1 z a te/imony t1 z a nation1 we believe 9 ,god1 & desire t ,he %\ld guide our de/9ies alike 9 w> & 9 peace2 & n[1 aft] ! lapse ( ye>s1 !y are br\ght back to re/ 9 ,god's h\se z a te/imony to ! same tru?1 t we ackn[l$ge ,him z ! supreme s\rce ( all our national success & greatness4 ',?9e1 ,o ,"l1 is ! greatness & ! p[]1 & ! victory1 & ! maje/y6 ,bo? ri*es & hon\r come ( ,!e1 & 9 ,?9e h& x is to make great & to give /r5g? unto all4' ,x is 9 ?is _s t we place ^! emblems 9 ,scotl&'s great hi/oric *ur*4 ,! associations t ga!r ar\nd ^! fad$ bann]s are ( ! t5d]e/ & mo/ t\*+ k9d4 ,!y are su* z cause ! he>t to swell & ! te> to come to ! eye4 ,few1 ,i feel sure1 9 ?is va/ assemblage h n felt 9 "s degree _! p[]4 ,!re are soldi]s "h :om !y c>ry back to old days1 & to comrades ) :om !y /ood %\ld] to %\ld] 9 _m a p]il\s h\r4 ,! old flag has = ! ,briti% soldi] a mean+ s deep & p[]ful t x is impossible to put x into words4 ,x is b a piece ( silk1 (t5 fad$ & tatt]$1 & r5t ) %ot3 b x is a symbol1 & symbols are among/ ! mo/ sacr$ ?+s on e>?4 ,x means = ! soldi] 8 ,que5 & 8 c\ntry1 & all ! hon\r1 loyalty1 tru?1 & h]oism !y dem& ( him4 ,!re=e x is t m5 w foll[ _! col\rs d[n into ! dreadful pit1 & w\ld be will+ to die twice = !m r ?an let !m be tak5 by an enemy2 & 9 ! h\r ( defeat1 l ! h]oes ( ,is&l:ana1 w fall pi]c$ ?r\gh ) w\nds1 b ) ^! preci\s symbols1 /ill unt>ni%$1 wrapp$ ar\nd !m4 ,& ?\gh to ! peaceful citiz5 ^! emblems c nev] mean all !y /& = to ^? :o h s]v$ "u !m1 ev5 to him1 z !y hang "h1 !y may speak ( ?+s t x is good = him to rememb]4 ,!y may well tell him ( ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 & ! wond]ful way by :i* ,god has l$ h]1 & ( ! brave m5 ,he has rais$ up to fight = h]4 ,nor c we help specially rememb]+ t ^! are ! col\rs ( our ,scotti% regim5ts4 ,scotl& is a poor c\ntry comp>$ to ! great neighb\r ) :om x is happily unit$1 b x possesses a di/9ct national life #gj ( its own :i* all true ,scot*m5 w\ld n will+ly let die4 ,we are pr\d ( our ,scot* regim5ts4 ,we feel t !y1 ( ! :ole army1 belong especially to ourselves2 & !y too1 z !y h swept on to battle ) ! cry1 ',scotl& = ev]6' feel1 we believe1 t !y belong specially to u4 ,provid5ce1 said ,napoleon sne]+ly1 is g5]ally on ! side ( ! /ronge/ battalions4 ,be x s2 b w anyone d5y t ! "* ( ! soldi] has mu* to d ) ! /r5g? ( ! battalion !y =m8 ,& 0 x n ! "* ( our soldi]s--a "* fo/]$ by ! traditions ( _! native l&1 fo/]$ /ill m1 p]haps1 by ! religi\s tea*+ ( _! native *ur* & p>i% s*ool--t made !m /rong on _m a memorable day1 & nev] m ?an on t memorable day at ,wat]loo1 :5 ! great comm&] ,i h nam$ g5]\sly exclaim$1 z he saw 8 own ranks yield+ be=e ! onslaught1 ',les braves ,ecossais6' ,may ! sight ( ^! bann]s inspire e soldi] :o looks on !m1 :e!r ,l[l& or ,highl&1 to e*o ! desire to h& d[n ! "n !y be> )\t a blemi%6 ,& %\ld ! day ev] come :5 we z a p are tempt$ to succumb to slo? & luxury1 fir/ to und]value1 & f9ally to give up1 national p[] & privileges :i* are an h]itage f ,god1 & h be5 de>ly pur*as$ by ^? :o w5t be=e u--may ^! emblems1 & ! /irr+ memories t cl+ to !m1 help u 9 "s degree to wake up ! la/ drop ( blood left 9 our he>ts1 & n]ve u to be> ourselves l ! *ildr5 ( our sires4 ',we h he>d ) our e>s1 ,o ,god1 & our fa!rs h told u1 :at ,?\ did/ 9 _! days 9 ! times ( old4 ,= !y got n ! l& 9 possession by _! own sword1 nei!r did _! own arm save !m1 b ,?y "r h& & ,?9e arm1 & ! light ( ,?y c\nt5ance1 because ,?\ had/ a fav\r unto !m4 ,?r\gh ,!e w we pu% d[n our enemies2 ?r\gh ,?y "n w we tread !m "u t rise up aga9/ u4' ,?is impressive & impos+ c]emony clos$ ) ! magnific5t ,hallelujah ,*orus ( ,h&el1 & ! f9al ,b5$iction4 ,t col\rs d n always p]i% 9 hon\r may be se5 by ! foll[+ extract f ! ,scots' ,magaz9e ( ,june1 #agdf1 :]e ! citiz5s ( ,ed9burgh assi/$ at a v diff]5t function to ! "o we h j describ$4 ,f\rte5 rebel col\rs1 says ! anci5t newsman1 tak5 at ,cullod51 7 br\ght into ,ed9burgh on ! #ca/ ,may1 & lodg$ 9 ! ca/le4 ,on ,w$nesday1 ! #d? ( ,june1 at noon1 !y 7 br\ght d[n to ! ,cross1 ! ,pret5d]'s own /&>d c>ri$ by ! hangman1 & ! re/ by *imney sweep]s4 ,! %]iffs1 accompani$ by ! h]alds1 pursuivants1 trumpet]s1 city con/ables1 etc41 & escort$ by ! city gu>d1 walk$ to ! ,cross1 :]e a proclamation 0 #ga made t ! col\rs belong+ to ! rebels 7 ord]$ by ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l& to be burnt by ! h&s ( ! common hangman4 ,! ,pret5d]'s /&>d 0 !n put on a fire t _h be5 prep>$1 & aft]w>ds all ! re/ "o by "o--a h]ald always proclaim+ to :om ea* belong$1 ! trumpets s\nd+1 & ! populace1 ( :i* !re 0 a great numb] assembl$1 huzza+4 ,v>i\s gov]nm5t (ficials h _! special flags4 ,! flag ( ! ,union hav+ be5 e/abli%$ by ,que5's ,regulations = ! naval s]vice1 z ! di/+ui%+ flag to be borne by ! admiral ( ! fleet1 great inconv5i5ce arose f ! use ( ! same flag :5 milit>y au?orities1 diplomatic & consul> ag5ts 7 emb>k+ 9 boats or o!r vessels2 s x became necess>y to make "s modification 9 ! flag4 ,x is !re=e n[ ord]$ t a g5]al or o!r (fic] comm&+ a milit>y /ation %all h1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,union1 a blue %ield be>+ ! ,royal initials1 surm\nt$ by a cr[n & surr\nd$ by a g>l&2 ^? 9 ! diplomatic s]vice %all h1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,union1 a :ite %ield be>+ ! ,royal ,arms1 & surr\nd$ by a g>l&2 :ile consuls-g5]al1 consuls1 or consul> ag5ts h ! ,blue ,ensign z _! di/+ui%+ flag1 & 9 ! c5tre !re( ! ,royal ,arms4 ,! flag ( ! ,"l-,lieut5ant ( ,irel& is ! ,union1 & 9 its c5tre1 z we may see 9 ,fig4 #ajf1 a blue %ield be>+ ! gold5 h>p4 ,diff]5t ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts h _! special flags also4 ,?us ! ,transport ,s]vice has ! blue ensign ) a gold5 an*or1 plac$ horizontally1 9 ! fly1 :ile ! ,victuall+ ,dep>tm5t has ! blue ensign aga91 b ?is "t z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ih1 ) two cross$ an*ors4 ,on ! blue ensign ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade is f\nd 9 ! fly a :ite circle1 & )9 ?is a %ip 9 full sail 7see ,fig4 #aje74 ,! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t flag1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 be>s a %ield ) cannons & cannon balls ^u x1 :ile vessels & boats employ$ on subm>9e m9+ s]vice are au?oriz$ to c>ry ! blue ensign )--z its special badge--a h& issu+ f a mural cr[n1 & grasp+ a ?und]bolt4 ,! ,telegraph bran* ( ! ,po/-,(fice has a v /rik+ device3 a repres5tation ( ,fa!r ,"t ) 8 h\r glass sma%$ by lightn+4 ,! r$ ensign is employ$ by ! ,cu/om ,h\se & ! ,excise1 9 ! fir/ case hav+1 z we see 9 ,fig4 #ajg1 a gold5 cr[n 9 ! fly1 &1 9 ! second1 a cr[n & />4 ,! flag ( ! ,admiralty is a v /rik+ "o 7,fig4 #ii74 ,?is association ( ! an*or ) ! ,admiralty is a v natural "o2 we see x n only 9 our ,engli% flag1 b 9 ^? ( ,france1 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 etc4 ,our ,admiralty flag is hoi/$ on any %ip :5 ! ,commission]s #gb ( ! ,admiralty are on bo>d1#ec & x is also hoi/$ at ! =e top-gallant ma/ ( e %ip on :i* ! ,que5 may be on bo>d4 ,vessels c>ry+ ,h] ,maje/y's mail fly on ! =e-ma/ a :ite burgee1 hav+ 9 its c5tre a cr[n1 & on "o side ( x ! ^w ,royal & on ! o!r ,mail2 ! words ,royal ,mail & ! cr[n be+ 9 r$ on ! :ite field ( ! flag4 ,! ,:ite ,ensign1 ,fig4 #ie1 ! special flag ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,navy1 is1 by v exceptional privilege1 all[$ to be fl[n by ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron4 ,?is di/9ction 0 conf]r$ on t ,club 9 ! ye> #ahbi1 ! ,club itself be+ e/abli%$ 9 #ahab4ed ,9 ! old days1 :5 ! ,royal ,navy us$ ! r$1 :ite1 & blue ensigns1 ! r$ ensign 0 ( ! highe/ dignity2 & x 0 ?is f #ahba to #ahbi t ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron flew1 b1 z ! r$ ensign 0 also us$ by m]*ant vessels1 !y adopt$ 9 #ahbi ! :ite ensign z be+ m di/9ctive4 ,9 #ahdb ! ,admiralty drew up a ,m9ute t no w>rant %\ld be issu$ to any o!r ya*t club to fly ! :ite ensign1 & t ^? privileg$ ,clubs t already _h x mu/ h5ce=? =ego x4 ,copies ( ! m9ute 7 accord+ly s5t to ! ,royal ,we/]n ( ,engl&1 ,royal ,?ames1 ,royal ,s\!rn1 & "s two or ?ree o!r clubs1 b1 by "s ov]sight1 ! ,royal ,we/]n ( ,irel& 0 ov]look$1 & t ,club cont9u$ to use ! :ite ensign until ! mi/ake 0 discov]$ by ! ,admiralty 9 ! ye> #aheg4 ,s9ce t date ! ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron1 :i* has always be5 "u ! special patronage ( ,royalty1 has be5 alone 9 its use4 ,its value is purely s5tim5tal2 x c>ries no sub/antial privilege4 ,a r m>k$ case arose1 9 fact1 to ! contr>y 9 #ahhc1 :5 ,"l ,annesley's ya*t1 ! ,seabird1 0 deta9$ by ! ,turki% au?orities at ! ,d>danelles 9 consequ5ce ( h] be>+ ! :ite ensign4 ,no =eign man-(-w> is all[$ to pass ! ,d>danelles )\t special p]mission2 & ! :ite #gc ensign ( ! ,royal ,navy br\ght h] )9 t category4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 all ya*t own]s 7 w>n$ t %\ld !y wi% to pass ! ,d>danelles "u ! :ite or blue ensign1 ! latt] be+ also ! flag ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve1 !y mu/ fir/ obta9 an ,imp]ial ,irad1 o!rwise !y 7 recomm5d$ to display ! r$ ensign4 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,spa91 ,d5m>k1 ,italy1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,france h ea*1 9 l mann]1 giv5 to ! lead+ club ( ! c\ntry ! privilege ( fly+ ! naval flag4 ,9 ,am]ica & ,russia a special ensign has be5 accord$ to all ya*t clubs1 & all take equal rank4 ,"s ye>s ago ! ,royal ,cork ,ya*t ,club wi%$ to adopt a gre5 ensign1 b ! ,admiralty refus$ to sanction a new col\r4 ,! ,blue ,ensign is conf]r$ on c]ta9 ,ya*t ,clubs by special ,admiralty w>rant4 ,! ,royal ,ea/]n1 ,royal ,b>r[1 ,royal ,clyde1 ,royal ,highl&1 ,royal ,nor!rn1 ,royal ,we/]n ( ,engl&1 ,royal ,c9que ,ports1 ,royal ,alb]t1 ,royal ,dorset1 etc41 fly ! ,blue ,ensign pure & simple2 o!rs h a di/+ui%+ badge on ! fly1 ?us ! ,royal ,iri% has a gold5 h>p & cr[n1 ! ,royal ,ul/] a :ite %ield ) ! r$ h&1 ! ,royal ,cornwall ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,fea!rs1 ! ,royal ,h>wi* a gold5 rampant lion1 & s =?4 ,! clubs fly+ ! ,r$ ,ensign *ange x slightly f t fl[n by ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice2 ?us ! ,royal ,/4 ,george1 ,royal ,victoria1 & ,royal ,portsm\? h a gold5 cr[n 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,union canton1 :ile ! ,royal ,york%ire has a :ite rose & gold cr[n on ! fly1 & ! ,royal ,d>t a gold5 d>t & cr[n4 ,ea* club has also its di/+ui%+ burgee1 & ord9>ily ( ! same col\r z its ensign2 ?us1 ?\gh ! ,royal ,clyde & ! ,royal ,highl& bo? fly ! pla9 blue ensign1 ! ,royal ,clyde burgee has on x ! yell[ %ield & r$ lion rampant1 :ile ! ,royal ,highl& has ! :ite cross ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,fig4 #ajj is ! burgee ( ! ,ranelagh ,club1 ,fig4 #aja ( ! ,y>e1 ,fig4 #ajb ( ! ,royal ,?ames1 ,fig4 #ajc ( ! ,dubl9 ,bay ,club4 ,besides ^! club ensigns & burgees1 ea* ya*t be>s its own]'s individual device1 t is suppos$ to di/+ui% x f all o!rs1 ?\gh "o f9ds1 9 look+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( su* flags1 t "s ( ! simpl] devices are borne by m ?an "o ya*t4 ,e ya*t club has its special burgee1 :i* is fl[n by ea* ya*t 9 ! club at h] truck1 b :5 ! vessel is rac+ ! individual flag takes its place4 ,_m ( ^! flags1 ?\gh simple 9 "*1 are v effective & /rik+4 ,! l[] flags on ,plate ,,xii4 are good typical examples4 ,fig4 #aba is ! ya*t flag ( ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales--! flag ( ! well-kn[n ,britannia2 & ,figs4 #abb & #abc are ^? respectively ( ! equally-fam$ ,ailsa & ,valkyrie4 #gd ,m]*ant vessels are p]mitt$ to adopt any ,h\se or ,company flag on condition t x does n resemble any national flag4 ,its great use is t x %\ld be cle>ly di/9ctive2 & _m ( ! flags employ$ are ( /rict h]aldic propriety1 & v attractive1 :ile o!rs are ab\t z unsatisfactory & bald z !y well c\ld be4 ,x w\ld cle>ly be a pa9ful & invidi\s ?+ to pick out any ( ^! latt]1 s we c only sugge/ t any ( our read]s :o h an opportunity ( visit+ busy ports1 su* z ,london1 ,s\?ampton1 ,bri/ol1 ,liv]pool1 %\ld collect _! own awful examples & pa9t !m 9 ! m>g9 ( ?is page4 ,we may po9t out1 by ! way1 t anyone sket*+ flags w\ld be greatly assi/$ by kn[+ ! symbols = ! v>i\s col\rs1 z x may well be t anyone might h only a p5cil 9 8 pocket :5 desir+ to make su* a memor&um4 ,:ite is express$ by simply leav+ ! pap] pla91 yell[ by dott+ ! surface ov]1 r$ by a s]ies ( upright l9es1 blue by horizontal l9es1 gre5 by slop+ l9es1 & black by a s]ies ( upright l9es cross$ by o!rs at "r angles to !m4 ,^! are ! col\rs us$ 9 books on h]aldry1 & !y are v easily rememb]$4 ,on "s ( our co9s ! col\rs ( ! arms 9 ! %ield are ?us express$1 & on h]aldic book-plates & ! l !y may be also se5--:]ev]1 9 fact1 col\r has to be express$ or notifi$ )\t ! actual use ( x4 ,our read]s w f9d t if !y w sket* out 9 black & :ite "s few ( our examples !y w soon ga9 a useful facility t may /& !m 9 good /ead :5ev] = ?is or any o!r purpose !y want to make a col\r memor&um1 & h only a p5cil or p5 & ink to make x )4 ,9 ! upp] portion ( ,plate ,,xii4 we h sev]al illu/rations ( ,company flags4 ,fig4 #aji is ! well-kn[n ensign ( ,gre5's ,blackwall ,l9e1 :ile ,fig4 #aaj is t ( ! ,cun>d4 ,! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal flag 7,fig4 #aaa7 is divid$ by l9es f corn] to corn] into f\r triangles1 ! upp] "o :ite1 ! l[] yell[1 ! hoi/ blue1 & ! fly r$4 ,?is division into triangles is a r fav\rite "o2 we see x aga9 9 ,fig4 #aab1 ! ,flag ( ! ,au/ralasian ,/eam ,navigation ,company4 ,9 ! flag ( ! ,dem]>a & ,b]bice ,/eam%ip ,company ! upp] & l[] portions are :ite1 & ! two side portions r$2 9 ! flag ( ! vessels belong+ to ,galbrai?1 ,pembroke & ,co41 ! upp] is r$1 ! l[] blue1 & ! two sides :ite4 ,9 ano!r company1 t ( ,wes5craft ( ,newca/le1 ! col\rs are ! same z ! ,p4 & ,o4 flag1 ?\gh diff]5tly plac$1 ! blue be+ at ! top1 ! r$ at ! bottom1 ! yell[ at ! hoi/1 & ! :ite at ! fly4 ,fig4 #aac is ! flag ( ! fleet ( ,devitt & ,moore1 an ,au/ralian ,l9e4 ,fig4 #aad betok5s ! vessels ( ! #ge ,canadian ,pacific ,company1 & ,fig4 #aae ! %ips ( ! ,ca/le ,l9e to ,s\? ,africa4 ,fig4 #aaf is ! ,company flag ( ! ,union ,/eam%ip ,company1 ( ,s\?ampton1 :ile ,fig4 #aag is ! device ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,new ,york ,/eam%ip ,company4 ,our rema9+ illu/rations are2 ,fig4 #aah1 ! flag adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,h\ld5 ,bro!rs2 ,fig4 #aai1 t ( ! popul> ,:ite ,/> ,l9e2 & ,fig4 #abj1 t ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,%ipp+ ,company4 ,! well-kn[n ,allan ,l9e has z its h\se flag ! ?ree upright /rips ( blue1 :ite1 & r$ t we see 9 ! ,fr5* tricolor1 ,fig4 #aia1 plus a pla9 r$ burgee t is always hoi/$ imm$iately above x4 ,! ,allan is ! l>ge/ private %ip-own+ company 9 ! _w2 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> !re are "s two hundr$ arrivals & dep>tures ( _! vessels at or f ,glasg[1 & "s fifty ?\s& p are c>ri$ annually to or f ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! ,crimean ,w> _m ( ! /eam]s ( ?is l9e 7 *>t]$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t = ! transport ( _! troops1 & x is 9 memory ( ?is t ! vessels ( ! ,allan fleet adopt ! tricolor z _! h\se flag4 ,t we h by no means exhau/$ ?is portion ( our subject is pat5t f ! fact t 9 a book be=e u t is specially devot$ to ^! h\se flags sev5 hundr$ & eighty-two examples are giv51 :]e9 we f9d n only /ripes1 crosses1 & su*-l simple arrangem5ts1 b cresc5ts1 />s1 an*ors1 lions1 /ags1 ?i/les1 ca/les1 bells1 keys1 cr[ns1 trid5ts1 & _m o!r =ms4 ,9 e>li] days m]*ant %ips flew r ! flag ( _! port ?an ( _! nation1 s t a vessel 0 kn[n to be ( ,plym\?1 ,m>seilles1 ,dantzic1 or ,brem5 by ! col\rs display$4 ,?us ! flag ( ,m>seilles 0 blue ) a :ite cross ^u x2 ,texel1 a flag divid$ horizontally into two equal /rips1 ! upp] be+ gre5 & ! l[] black2 ,rott]dam 0 indicat$ by a flag hav+ six horizontal gre5 /ripes ^u x1 ! int]spaces be+ :ite2 ,*]b\rg1 blue1 :ite1 blue1 :ite1 horizontally arrang$2 ,riga1 a yell[ cross on a blue gr\nd4 ,! ,briti% ,empire--! ,great] ,brita9 across ! seas1 "s eighty times l>g] 9 area ?an ! home isl&s ( its bir?--mu/ n[ engage our att5tion4 ,its mat]ial greatness is amaz+1 f> exce$+ t ( any o!r empire ! _w has ev] se51 & its moral greatness is equal to its mat]ial4 ,:]ev] ! flag ( ,brita9 flies1 !re is settl$ law1 prop]ty is protect$1 religion is free2 x is no m]e symbol ( viol5ce or rap9e1 or ev5 ( conque/4 ,x is :at x is because x repres5ts ev]y:]e peace1 & civilization1 & comm]ce4 ,protect$ by ! ,pax ,britannica dwell f\r hundr$ millions out ( e race "u heav51 ! #gf ,"m ( ,nations ext5d+ to ,jew1 ,p>see1 ,arab1 ,*9ese1 ,blackfoot1 ,maori1 ! lib]ties t 7 won at ,runnymead & 9 _m ano!r /]n fight = life & fre$om4 ,9 e s*ool-room 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hangs ! flag ( _! ,union1 ! ,/>s & ,/ripes2 & devotion to all t x symbolises is an ess5tial "p ( ! tea*+4 ,we 9 turn might well 9 our sy/ems ( education give a l>g] space to ! hi/ory1 laws1 & lit]ature ( our great ,empire1 tak+ a m compreh5sive view ?an is n[ ord9>ily ! case1 /udy+ ! gr[? ( ! mighty ,/ates t h sprung into exi/5ce ?r\gh ,briti% en]gy1 & atta*+ at lea/ z mu* importance to ! lives ( ! m5 :o h built up ?is goodly h]itage z to ! cul9>y %ortcom+s ( ,alfr$ or ! s*emes ( ,p]k9 ,w>beck4 ,z reg>ds ! value ( our ,colonies to ! ,empire1 ! foll[+ extract f a spee* made by ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales at ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute may v aptly be quot$3-- ,we reg>d ! ,colonies z integral p>ts ( ! ,empire1 & our w>me/ sympa?ies are ) our bre?r5 beyond ! seas1 :o are no less de> to u ?an if !y dwelt 9 ,surrey or ,k5t4 ,mutual int]e/s1 z well z ties ( affection1 unite u z "o p1 & s long z we hold toge!r we are unassailable f )\t4 ,f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 ! ,colonies & ,india are among ! be/ cu/om]s = home manufactur]s1 x be+ comput$ t no less ?an "o-?ird ( ! total exports are absorb$ by !m4 ,!y (f] happy & prosp]\s homes to ?\s&s :o are unable to ga9 a livelihood )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ^! isl&s1 ow+ to ! pressure ( ov]-population & consequ5t ov]-competition4 ,9 transplant+ !mselves to our own ,colonies1 in/ead ( to =eign l&s1 !y reta9 _! privileges z citiz5s ( ?is great ,empire1 & live "u ! same flag z subjects ( ! same ,sov]eign4 ,z ,pr(essor ,seeley rem>ks 9 8 v int]e/+ "w1 ',! ,expansion ( ,engl&1' ',engli%m5 9 all p>ts ( ! _w rememb] t !y are ( "o blood & "o religion2 t !y h "o hi/ory1 & "o language & lit]ature4' ,we are1 9 fact1 a va/ ,engli% nation1 & we %\ld take great c>e n to all[ ! emigrants :o h gone =? f among u to imag9e t !y h 9 ! slighte/ degree ceas$ to belong to ! same community z ourselves4 ,our /atesm5 & ?9k]s h nev] fail$ to recognise ! bro!rhood ( ,great] ,brita94 ,( ?is fact x w\ld be easy en\gh to reproduce illu/rations by ! score4 ,we ne$1 h[ev]1 "h b ref] to ! s5tim5ts ( ! ,e>l ( ,roseb]y on ! expansion ( ! ,empire1 :]e we f9d him decl>+-- #gg ,s9ce #ahfh ! ,empire has be5 gr[+ by leaps & b\nds4 ,t is1 p]haps1 n a process :i* ev]ybody witnesses ) unmix$ satisfaction4 ,x is n always view$ ) unmix$ satisfaction 9 circles outside ^! isl&s4 ,!re are two s*ools :o view ) "s appreh5sion ! gr[? ( our ,empire4 ,! fir/ is compos$ ( ^? nations :o1 com+ some:at late into ! field1 f9d t ,great ,brita9 has "s ( ! be/ plots already m>k$ out4 ,to ^? nations ,i w say t !y mu/ rememb] t our ,colonies 7 tak5--to use a well-kn[n expression--at prairie value1 & t we h made !m :at !y are4 ,we may claim t :atev] l&s o!r nations may h t\*$ & reject$1 & we h cultivat$ & improv$1 are fairly p>ts ( our ,empire1 :i* we may claim to possess by an indisputable title4 ,b !re is ano!r gr\nd on :i* ! ext5sion ( our ,empire is greatly attack$1 & ! attack comes f a qu>t] ne>] home4 ,x is said t our ,empire is already l>ge en\gh1 & does n ne$ ext5sion4 ,t w\ld be true en\gh if ! _w 7 ela/ic1 b1 un=tunately1 x is n ela/ic1 & we are engag$ at ! pres5t mom5t1 9 ! language ( m9+1 9 'pegg+ out claims = ! future4' ,we h to consid] n :at we want n[1 b :at we %all want 9 ! future4 ,we h to consid] :at c\ntries mu/ be develop$1 ei!r by ourselves or "s o!r nation1 & we h to rememb] t x is "p ( our responsibility & h]itage to take c>e t ! _w1 z f> z x c be m\ld$ by u1 %all receive an ',engli%-speak+' complexion1 & n t ( ano!r nation4 ,we h to look =w>d beyond ! *att] ( plat=ms1 & ! passions ( p>ty1 to ! future ( ! race ( :i* we are at pres5t ! tru/ees1 & we %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 grossly fail 9 ! task t has be5 laid ^u u did we %r9k f responsibilities1 & decl9e to take our %>e 9 a p>tition ( ! _w :i* we h n =c$ on1 b :i* has be5 =c$ ^u u4 ,/ati/ics ( area ( squ>e miles1 population1 & s =?1 c be readily f\nd by ^? :o c>e to seek = !m1 & we ne$ give !m no place "h2 b let u at lea/ try & realise j by b>e enum]ation some?+ ( :at ?is ,great] ,brita9 is4 ,9 ,europe x includes1 besides ! home isl&s1 ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 ,cyprus4 ,9 ,asia--! great ,indian ,empire1 ,ceylon1 ,ad51 ,hong-,kong1 ,nor? ,borneo1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 ,p]im1 ,socotra1 ,labuan4 ,9 ,am]ica--! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,tr9idad1 ,guiana1 ,honduras1 ,jamaica1 ! ,bahamas1 ,b]mudas1 ,b>badoes1 ,falkl& ,isles1 ! ,leew>d & ,w9dw>d ,isles4 ,9 ,au/ralasia--,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 ,que5sl&1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,fiji1 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 ,africa--! ,cape ,colony1 ,basutol&1 ,be*uanal&1 ,zulul&1 ,natal1 #gh ,gold ,coa/1 ,lagos1 ,si]ra ,leone1 ,gambia1 ,mauritius1 ,sey*elles1 ,asc5sion1 ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,our li/ is by no means a complete "o4 ,newf\ndl& 0 ! e>lie/ ,briti% colony1 ! settlem5t be+ made ab\t ! ye> #aejj4 ,_m ( our colonies h be5 ?us creat$ by peaceful settlem5t1 :ile o!rs h fall5 to u 9 victori\s fights ) ,france1 ,holl&1 ,spa91 & o!r ,p[]s1 or h be5 c$$ by treaty4 ,! flags ( our colonies are ^? ( ! ,empire1 )1 9 "s cases1 special modifications4 ,9 all our colonies1 = in/ance1 ! ,royal ,/&>d1 z we see x 9 ,engl&1 is display$ on ! =tresses on ! anniv]s>ies ( ! bir? & coronation ( ! ,sov]eign4 ,! ,blue ,ensign is ! flag borne by any vessel ma9ta9$ by any colony "u ! clauses ( ! ,colonial ,def5ce ,act1 #bh ,vic41 ,cap4 #ad4 ,! ,que5's ,regulations /ate t ,any vessel provid$ & us$1 "u ! ?ird section ( ! said ,act1 %all we> ! ,blue ,ensign1 ) ! seal or badge ( ! ,colony 9 ! fly !re(1 & a blue p5dant4 ,all vessels belong+ to1 or p]man5tly 9 ! s]vice (1 ! ,colony1 b n commission$ z vessels ( w> "u ! ,act ref]r$ to1 %all we> a simil> blue ensign1 b n ! p5dant4 ,9 ,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 & #ace we h ! ,gov]nm5t ,ensigns ( f\r ( our great ,colonies--,cape ,colony1 ,que5sl&1 ,canada1 & ,victoria--:ile 9 ,fig4 #adj we h ! blue p5dant4 ,?is ,colonial ,def5ce ,act ( #ahfe is s important 9 its be>+s on ! possibilities ( ,naval def5ce t x seems well to quote f x "s ( its provisions4 ,its object is to enable ! sev]al ,colonial possessions ( ,h] ,maje/y to make bett] provision = ,naval def5ce1 &1 to t end1 to provide & man vessels ( w>2 & also to raise a volunte] =ce to =m "p ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve1 to be available = ! g5]al def5ce ( ! ,colony 9 case ( ne$4 ,?is ,act decl>es t 9 any ,colony x %all be lawful = ! prop] ,legislative ,au?ority1 ) ! ,approval ( ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil1 f ,"t to ,"t to make ,provision = effect+ at ! ,exp5se ( ! ,colony all or any ( ! ,purposes foll[+3 ,= provid+1 ma9ta9+1 & us+ a ,vessel or ,vessels ( ,w>1 subject to su* ,conditions & = su* ,purposes z ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil f ,"t to ,"t approves4 ,= rais+ & ma9ta9+ ,seam5 & o!rs ent]$ on ! ,t]ms ( be+ b\nd to s]ve z ord]$ 9 any su* ,vessel4 #gi ,= rais+ & ma9ta9+ a ,body ( ,volunte]s ent]$ on ! ,t]ms ( be+ b\nd to g5]al ,s]vice 9 ! ,royal ,navy 9 ,em]g5cy1 &1 if 9 any ,case ! prop] ,legislative ,au?ority s directs1 on ! fur!r ,t]ms ( be+ b\nd to s]ve z ord]$ 9 any su* ,vessel z a=esaid3 ,= appo9t+ ,commission$1 ,w>rant1 & o!r ,(fic]s to tra9 & comm& or s]ve z ,(fic]s ) any su* ,m5 a%ore or afloat1 on su* ,t]ms & subject to su* ,regulations z ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil f ,"t to ,"t approves3 ,= obta9+ f ! ,admiralty ! ,s]vices ( ,commission$1 ,w>rant1 & o!r ,(fic]s & ( ,m5 ( ! ,royal ,navy = ! la/-m5tion$ ,purposes3 ,= en=c+ good ,ord] & ,discipl9e among ! ,m5 & ,(fic]s a=esaid :ile a%ore or afloat )9 ! ,limits ( ! ,colony3 ,= mak+ ! ,m5 & ,(fic]s a=esaid1 :ile a%ore or afloat )9 ! ,limits ( ! ,colony or else:]e1 subject to all ,enactm5ts & ,regulations = ! ,"t be+ 9 =ce = ! ,discipl9e ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,volunte]s rais$ z a=esaid 9 any ,colony %all =m ,"p ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve1 9 addition to ! ,volunte]s :o may be rais$ "u ! ,act ( #ahei1 b1 except z 9 ?is ,act expressly provid$1 %all be subject exclusively to ! ,provisions made z a=esaid by ! prop] ,legislative ,au?ority ( ! ,colony4 ,x %all be lawful = ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil f ,"t to ,"t z ,occasion requires1 & on su* ,conditions z seem fit1 to au?orize ! ,admiralty to issue to any ,(fic] ( ! ,royal ,navy volunte]+ = ! ,purpose a ,special ,commission = ,s]vice 9 accordance ) ! ,provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,x %all be lawful = ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil f ,"t to ,"t z ,occasion requires1 & on su* ,conditions z seem fit1 to au?orize ! ,admiralty to accept any ,(f] = ! ,"t be+ made or to be made by ! ,gov]nm5t ( a ,colony1 to place at ,h] ,maje/y's ,disposal any ,vessel ( ,w> provid$ by t ,gov]nm5t & ! ,m5 & ,(fic]s f ,"t to ,"t s]v+ !re92 & :ile any ,vessel accept$ by ! ,admiralty "u su* ,au?ority is at ! ,disposal ( ,h] ,maje/y1 su* ,vessel %all be deem$ to all ,int5ts a ,vessel ( ,w> ( ! ,royal ,navy1 & #hj ! ,m5 & ,(fic]s f ,"t to ,"t s]v+ 9 su* ,vessels %all be deem$ to all ,int5ts ,m5 & ,(fic]s ( ! ,royal ,navy1 & %all accord+ly be subject to all ,enactm5ts & ,regulations = ! ,"t be+ 9 =ce = ! ,discipl9e ( ! ,royal ,navy4 ,x %all be lawful = ,h] ,maje/y 9 ,c\ncil f ,"t to ,"t z ,occasion requires1 & on su* ,conditions z seem fit1 to au?orize ! ,admiralty to accept any ,(f] = ! ,"t be+ made or to be made by ! ,gov]nm5t ( a ,colony1 to place at ,h] ,maje/y's ,disposal = g5]al ,s]vice 9 ! ,royal ,navy ! :ole or any ,"p ( ! ,body ( ,volunte]s ) all or any ( ! ,(fic]s rais$ & appo9t$ by t ,gov]nm5t 9 accordance ) ! ,provisions ( ?is ,act2 & :5 any su* ,(f] is accept$ su* ( ! ,provisions ( ! ,act ( #ahei z relate to ,m5 ( ! ,royal ,naval ,res]ve rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom :5 9 actual ,s]vice %all ext5d & apply to ! ,volunte]s ^: ,s]vices are s accept$4 ,z ! ,act w9ds up by say+ t no?+ 9 ?is ,act %all take away or abridge any p[] ve/$ 9 or ex]ciseable by ! ,legislature or ,gov]nm5t ( any ,colony1 x is evid5t t ! :ole arrangem5t is a purely volunt>y "o4 ,! vessels ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e regi/]$ z belong+ to any ( ! ,colonies1 fly ! r$ ensign )\t any di/+ui%+ badge1 s t a ,victorian or ,canadian m]*antman com+ up ! ,?ames or ,m]sey w\ld probably fly a flag 9 all respects simil> 7,fig4 #ig7 to t ( a m]*ant vessel own$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no objection to colonial m]*ant vessels c>ry+ di/9ctive flags ) ! badge ( ! ,colony !reon1 9 addition to ! r$ ensign1 provid$ t ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty give _! w>rant ( au?orization4 ,! r$ ensign diff]5c$ may be se5 9 ,fig4 #abi1 ! m]*ant flag ( ,canada1#ee & 9 ,fig4 #acd t ( ,victoria1 ! device on ?is latt] be>+ ! five />s1 repres5t+ ! con/ellation ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross--a simple1 appropriate1 & beautiful device4 #ha ,gov]nors ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,dom9ions 9 =eign p>ts1 & gov]nors ( all ranks & d5om9ations adm9i/]+ ! gov]nm5ts ( ,briti% ,colonies & ,dep5d5cies %all--z set =? 9 ,que5's ,regulations--fly ! ,union ,jack ) ! arms or badge ( ! ,colony emblazon$ 9 ! c5tre !re(4 ,figs4 #aci & #ada are illu/rations1 ! fir/ be+ ! special flag ( ! ,vic]oy ( ,india1 & ! second t ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,canada has 9 ! c5tre ( 8 flag ! arms ( ! ,dom9ion1 :ile ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nors ( ,quebec1 ,ont>io1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,manitoba1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & ,pr9ce ,edw>d's ,isl& h 9 ! c5tre ( _! flags ! arms ( _! prov9ce alone4 ,^! arms 9 ea* case are plac$ on a %ield )9 a :ite circle1 & surr\nd$ by a wrea?4 ,! ,admiralty requirem5ts are t ! ,colonial badge on ! gov]nor's flag %\ld be plac$ )9 a gre5 g>l&1 & ?is is und]/ood to be ( laurel2 b 9 #ahgj ,canada receiv$ ! ,imp]ial sanction to sub/itute ! leaves ( ! maple4#ef ,?\gh ! prov9ces t toge!r make ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada are sev5 9 numb]1 ! ,canadian %ield only %[s ! arms ( f\r--,ont>io1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,new ,brunswick--an arrangem5t t c be sc>cely palatable to ! o!r ?ree4 ,! ,que5's ,w>rant1 publi%$ 9 ! ,canadian ,gazette ( ,novemb] #be?1 #ahfi1 is z foll[s3-- ,,victoria1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,que51 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 c4 ,to ,our ,"r ,tru/y & well-belov$ ,c\ncillor1 ,edw>d ,george ,fitzalan ,h[>d 7commonly call$ ,"l ,edw>d ,george ,fitzalan ,h[>d71 ,deputy to ,our ,"r ,tru/y & ,"r entirely belov$ c\s91 ,h5ry ,duke ( ,norfolk1 ,e>l ,m>%al & ,our ,h]$it>y ,m>%al ( ,engl&--greet+3-- ,,:]eas1 by virtue (1 & "u ! au?ority ( an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 pass$ 9 ! ,tw5ty-n9? ye> ( ,our ,reign1 entitl$ ',an ,act = ! ,union ( ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,new ,brunswick1 & ! ,gov]nm5t !re(1 we 7 emp[]$ to decl>e aft] a c]ta9 day !re9 appo9t$1 t ! said ,prov9ces ( ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick %\ld #hb =m "o ,dom9ion "u ! "n ( ,canada4 ,& x 0 provid$ t on & aft] ! day s appo9t$1 ,canada %\ld be divid$ into f\r ,prov9ces1 nam$1 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick2 t ! "p ( ! !n ,prov9ce ( ,canada1 :i* =m]ly con/itut$ ! ,prov9ce ( ,upp] ,canada1 %\ld con/itute ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io2 & ! "p :i* =m]ly con/itut$ ! ,prov9ce ( ,l[] ,canada1 %\ld con/itute ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec2 & t ! ,prov9ces ( ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick %\ld h ! same limits z at ! pass+ ( ! said ,act4 ,& :]eas we did by ,our ,royal ,proclamation1 be>+ date ! ,tw5ty-second day ( ,may la/1 decl>e1 orda91 & comm& t1 on & aft] ! fir/ day ( ,july1 #ahfg1 ! said ,prov9ces %\ld =m & be "o ,dom9ion "u ! "n ( ,canada accord+ly4 ,& =asmu* z x is ,our ,royal w & pleasure t1 = ! great] hon\r & di/9ction ( ! said ,prov9ces1 c]ta9 ,armorial ,ensigns %\ld be assign$ to !m1 ,,"k ,,ye1 !re=e1 t ,we1 ( our ,pr9cely ,grace & special fav\r1 h grant$ & assign$1 & by ^! pres5ts d grant & assign ! ,armorial ,ensigns foll[+1 t is to say3-- ,,= ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,ont>io3 ,v]t1 a sprig ( ?ree ,leaves ( ,maple slipp$1 or1 on a *ief ,arg5t ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george4 ,,= ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,quebec3 ,or1 on a ,fess ,gules betwe5 two ,fleurs de ,lis 9 *ief ,azure1 & a ,sprig ( ?ree ,leaves ( ,maple slipp$ v]t 9 base1 a ,lion passant gu>dant or4 ,,= ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,nova ,,scotia3 ,or1 on a ,fess ,wavy ,azure betwe5 ?ree ,?i/les prop]1 a ,salmon ,naiant ,arg5t4 ,,= ,,! ,,prov9ce ,,( ,,new ,,brunswick3 ,or1 on waves a ,lymphad1 or ,anci5t ,galley1 ) o>s 9 action1 prop]1 on a *ief ,gules a ,lion passant gu>dant or1 z ! same are sev]ally depict$ 9 ! m>g9 h]e(1 to be borne = ! said respective ,prov9ces on ,seals1 ,%ields1 ,bann]s1 ,flags1 or o!rwise accord+ to ! ,laws ( ,arms4 ,& ,we are fur!r pleas$ to decl>e t ! said ,unit$ ,prov9ces ( ,canada1 be+ "o ,dom9ion "u ! "n ( #hc ,canada1 %all1 ^u all occasions t may be requir$1 use a common ,seal1 to be call$ ! ',great ,seal ( ,canada1' :i* said seal %all be compos$ ( ! ,arms ( ! said ,f\r ,prov9ces qu>t]ly1 all :i* armorial be>+s are set =? 9 ?is ,our ,royal ,w>rant4 ,?is latt] po9t is a some:at important "o1 z ow+ to ! semi-(ficial endorsem5t giv5 9 _m colonial publications1 x appe>s to be a popul> misconception t z _m diff]5t arms z possible are to be cr[d$ 94 ,9 "o example be=e u five are repres5t$1 ! additional "o be+ ,manitoba4 ,9 a h&book on ! hi/ory1 production1 & natural res\rces ( ,canada1 prep>$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture = ! ,colonial ,exhibition1 held 9 ,london 9 #ahhf1 ! arms ( ! sev5 prov9ces are giv5 sep>ately1 gr\p$ ar\nd a c5tral %ield t includes !m all4 ,! :ole arrangem5t is /yl$ ,arms ( ! ,dom9ion & ( ! ,prov9ces ( ,canada4 ,:5 ! ,que5's ,w>rant 0 issu$ 9 #ahfi1 ,ont>io1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,new ,brunswick 7 ! only memb]s ( ! ,conf$]ation4 ,manitoba ent]$ x 9 #ahgj1 ,briti% ,columbia 9 #ahga1 & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& 9 #ahgc4 ,! ,royal ,canadian ,ya*t ,club1 ! ,royal ,nova ,scotia ,ya*t ,squadron1 & ! ,royal ,hamilton ,ya*t ,club h ! privilege ( fly+ ! blue ensign4 ,canada1 unlike ,au/ralia1 supplies no cont+5t t[>ds ! ,imp]ial ,navy1 b %e has sp5t on public works ov] =ty million p\nds /]l+4 ,by h] great trans-cont95tal railway a valuable alt]native r\te to ! ,ea/ is furni%$2 %e provides grav+ docks at ,quebec1 ,halifax1 & ,victoria2 tra9s an annual cont+5t ( =ty ?\s& volunte]s1 supports a milit>y college at ,k+/on1 ( ^: cadets betwe5 eighty & n9ety are n[ (fic]s 9 ! ,briti% ,army2 & 9 _m o!r ways contributes to ! well-be+ ( ! ,empire1 t ,great] ,brita91 :i* has be5 n unaptly t]m$ a ,_w-,v5ice1 ) ! sea = /reets4 ,! badges ( ! v>i\s ,colonies ( ! ,empire1 z %[n 9 ! (ficial flag-book ( ! ,admiralty1 are v div]se 9 appe>ance2 "s pleas+ & o!rs less *>m+1 p]haps1 ?an fanta/ic4 ,x is ne$less to p>ticul>ise !m all4 ,"s1 l ^? ( ,mauritius1 ,jamaica1 & ( ,cape ,colony 7,fig4 #abg7 are h]aldic 9 "*1 :ile o!rs--z ,b>badoes1 :]e ,britannia rides ! waves 9 a *>iot drawn by sea-horses1 or ,s\? ,au/ralia1 :]e ,britannia l&s on a rocky %ore on :i* a black man is seat$--are symbolical4 ,que5sl& has ! simple & pleas+ device we see 9 ,fig4 #abh1 ! ,maltese ,cross1 hav+ a cr[n at its c5tre4 ,newf\ndl& has a cr[n on a :ite disc & ! #hd ,lat9is$ "n ,t]ra ,nova b5ea?1 & ,fiji 7,fig4 #acg7 adopts a l simple device1 ! cr[n & ! ^w ,fiji1 :ile ,new ,gu9ea does n get ev5 s f> z ?is1 b has ! cr[n1 & b5ea? x ! lett]s ,n4 ,g4 ,! gnu appe>s z ! device ( ,natal2 ! black swan 7,fig4 #ada7 z ! emblem ( ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,an elephant & palm-tree on a yell[ gr\nd /& = ,we/ ,africa1 & an elephant & temple = ,ceylon4 ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,fig4 #acb71 on a yell[ disc has a r$ lion1 & ,tasmania 7,fig4 #acc71 on a :ite gr\nd has ! same1 ?\gh x w be not$ t ! action ( ! two royal bea/s is n q ! same4 ,! ,/raits ,settlem5ts h ! curi\s device se5 9 ,fig4 #aca4 ,new ,zeal& 7,fig4 #acf7 has a cross ( />s on a blue field4 ,victoria we h already se5 9 ,figs4 #acd & #ace1 :ile ,new ,s\? ,wales has ^u ! :ite field ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre "o ( ! lions ( ,engl&1 & on ea* arm a />--an arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa has ! cr[n1 & b5ea? x ! gold5 sun %oot+ =? its rays1 "o ( ! simple/1 mo/ appropriate1 & mo/ pleas+ ( all ! ,colonial devices2 :5 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,gov]nor's flag x is ^u a :ite disc1 & ! sun has eight pr9cipal rays4 ,:5 = use on ! r$ or blue ensigns1 ! sun has twelve pr9cipal rays1 & bo? gold5 sun & cr[n are plac$ directly ^u ! field ( ! flag4 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,tr9idad1 ,b]muda1 ,briti% ,guiana1 ,leew>d ,isles1 ,labuan1 ,bahamas1 & ,hong ,kong all h devices 9 :i* %ips are a lead+ feature--9 ! ,b]muda device associat$ ) ! great float+ dock1 9 ! ,hong ,kong ) junks1 & 9 ! o!r cases v>i\sly diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r1 s t all are q di/9ct 9 "*4 ,9 ! device ( ! ,leew>d ,isles1 design$ by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,p9e1 a l>ge p9e-apple is gr[+ 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ?ree small] ones away to ! "r4 ,x is jocul>ly assum$ t ! c5tre "o 0 ,sir ,b5jam9 himself1 & ! ?ree subord9ate ones 8 family4 ,) ,great ,brita9 ! comm& ( ! ocean is all-important4 ,by our sea-p[] our great ,empire has be5 built up1 & by x alone c x endure4 ,a p[] to :i* ,rome 9 ! height ( h] glory is n to be comp>$--a p[] :i* has dott$ ov] ! surface ( ! :ole globe h] possessions & milit>y po/s1 ^: morn+ drum-beat1 foll[+ ! sun1 & keep+ company ) ! h\rs1 circles ! e>? ) "o cont9u\s & unbrok5 /ra9 ( ! m>tial airs ( ,engl&4 ,s spoke ,daniel ,web/] 9 #ahcd1 & our ev]-gr[+ responsibilities h greatly increas$ s9ce ! m ?an sixty ye>s :5 ^? words 7 utt]$4 ,let u 9 conclusion turn to ! ,true ,greatness ( ,k+doms & ,e/ates1 writt5 by ,bacon1 a great & patriotic ,engli%man1 :]e we may read ! w>n+ words3-- #he ,we see ! great effects ( battles by sea2 ! ,battle ( ,actium decid$ ! empire ( ! _w2 ! ,battle ( ,lepanto arre/$ ! greatness ( ! ,turk4 ,!re be _m examples :]e sea-fights h be5 f9al to ! w>2 b ?is is :5 pr9ces or ,/ates h set up _! re/ ^u ! battles2 b ?is mu* is c]ta91 t he :o comm&s ! sea is at great lib]ty1 & may take z mu* & z little ( ! w> z he w1 :]eas ^? t be /ronge/ by l& are _m times1 nev]!less1 9 great /raits4 ,surely at ?is day1 ) u ( ,europe1 ! vantage ( /r5g? at sea 7:i* is "o ( ! d[ries ( ?is k+dom ( ,great ,brita97 is great2 bo? because mo/ ( ! k+doms ( ,europe are n m]ely inl&1 b girt ) ! sea mo/ "p ( _! compass1 & because ! weal? ( bo? ,indies seems1 9 great "p1 b an accessory to ! comm& ( ! seas4 ,we are ! sons ( ! m5 :o won u ?is goodly h]itage1 & x behoves u 9 turn to h& x on to our desc5dants 9 undim9i%$ dignity1 a _w-wide doma9 b5ea? ! glori\s ,union ,flag t b9ds all 9 "o great bro!rhood4 99 99 99 99 99 #hf ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,flag ( ,columbus--,e>ly ,settlem5ts 9 ,nor? ,am]ica--! ,bir? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,e>ly ,revolution>y & ,/ate ,flags--! ,p9e-tree ,flag--! ,rattle-snake ,flag--! ,/>s & ,/ripes--,e>ly ,v>iations ( x--! ,arms ( ,wa%+ton--,entry ( ,new ,/ates into ! ,union--! ,eagle--! ,flag ( ! ,presid5t--,secession ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates--,/ate ,flags aga9--! ,/>s & ,b>s--! ,s\!rn ,cross--! ,bir? ( ! ,g]man ,empire--! ,influ5ce ( ,w> ,songs--,flags ( ! ,empire--,flags ( ! small] ,g]man ,/ates--! ,au/ro-,hung>y ,mon>*y--,! ,flags ( ,russia--,! ,crosses ( ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,george aga9--! ,flags ( ,france--,/4 ,m>t9--,! ,oriflamme--! ,fleurs-de-lys--,_! ,orig9--! ,:ite ,cross--! ,:ite ,flag ( ! ,b\rbons--! ,tricolor--! ,r$ ,flag--! ,flags ( ,spa9--( ,portugal--! ,consummation ( ,italian ,unity--! ,arms ( ,savoy--! ,flags ( ,italy--( ! ,temporal ,p[] ( ! ,papacy--! ,flag ( ,d5m>k--its ,cele/ial ,orig9--! ,flags ( ,norway & ,sw$5--( ,switz]l&--,cantonal ,col\rs--! ,g5eva ,conv5tion--! ,flags ( ,holl&--( ,belgium--( ,greece--! ,cresc5t ( ,turkey--! ,tughra--! ,flags ( ,r\mania1 ,s]via1 & ,bulg>ia--,flags ( ,mexico & ( ! ,/ates ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,am]ica--( ,japan--! ,ris+ ,sun--! ,*rysan!mum--! ,flags ( ,*9a1 ,siam1 & ,corea--( ,s>awak--( ! ,orange ,free ,/ate1 ,lib]ia1 ,congo ,/ate1 & ! ,transvaal ,republic4 ,! well-kn[n ,ensign 7,fig4 #adf7 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is ! outcome ( _m *anges2 ! la/ ( a long s]ies ( ,national1 ,/ate1 & local devices4 ,! fir/ flag plant$ on ,am]ican gr\nd 0 borne ?i!r by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 9 ! ye> #adig1 & bore on its folds ! arms ( ,leon & ,ca/ile1 a flag divid$ into f\r & hav+ ^u x1 ea* twice repeat$1 ! lion ( ,leon & ! ,ca/le ( ,ca/ile3 ! fir/ r$ on :ite1 ! second :ite on r$4 ,^! arms =m a portion ( ! pres5t ,spani% ,/&>d1 & may be se5 9 ! upp] /aff corn] 9 ,fig4 #aid4 ,9 ?is same ye>--#adig--,newf\ndl& 0 discov]$1 b ! fir/ ,engli% settlem5t on ! ma9l& 0 n made until ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh took possession ( a tract ( c\ntry 9 #aehd1 nam+ x ,virg9ia1 aft] ,elizabe?1 ! ,virg9-,que5 he s]v$1 & hoi/+ ! ,/&>d ( ,h] ,maje/y1 be>+ 9 its ri* blazonry 7,fig4 #bb7 ! ruddy lions ( ,engl& qu>t]$ ) ! gold5 lilies ( ,france4 ,! ,dut* e/abli%$ !mselves1 9 ! ye> #afad1 9 :at is n[ ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york2 ! ,fr5*1 hav+ already f\nd$ a colony 9 ,canada 9 #aecd1 took possession ( ,l\isiana1 s call$ aft] _! ,k+ ,l\is1 9 #agah1 :ile ,florida1 at fir/ ,fr5*1 became ,spani%1 & 9 #agfc 0 c$$ to ,engl&4 #hg ,?ree %ips1 be>+ ! e>lie/ ,pilgrim ,fa!rs f ,engl& to ,am]ica1 _h already sail$ f ,engl& 9 ! ye> #afjf1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by ! hi/oric ,mayfl[] & ! ,plym\? ,rock1 9 #afbj4 ,:ile ^! exiles = consci5ce sake e/abli%$ = !mselves a new ,engl& 9 ! we/1 a colony ( ,scot*m5 9 ! ye> #afbb took possession ( a tract ( l& :i* !y nam$ ,nova ,scotia4 ,m>yl&1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,c>ol9a1 ,p5nsylvania1 & o!r colonies 7 successively =m$ by p>ties ( ,engli%m5--! f9al outcome ( peaceful settlem5t1 or ! arbitram5t ( ! sword1 be+ t ! great] "p ( ! ea/]n seabo>d1 & ! c\ntry beyond x1 came "u ! sway ( ! ,engli% ,cr[n1 until injudici\s taxation & ill-advis$ repression l$ at l5g? to op5 discont5t & disloyalty1 & f9ally to revolution & ! bir? ( ! great ,republic ( ! ,we/4 ,s long z ! ,coloni/s ow$ allegiance to ! ,briti% cr[n1 "o w\ld naturally h tak5 = grant$ t !y w\ld h be5 f\nd b5ea? ! national flag1 b ?is 0 n altoge!r ! case4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,new ,engl& ! ,puritans /rongly object$ to ! r$ cross on ! flag3 n f any disloyalty to ! old c\ntry1 b f a consci5ti\s objection to ! use ( a symbol :i* !y deem$ idolatr\s4 ,by ! ye> #agjj1 ?\gh ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george 0 /ill ! lead+ device1 ! diff]5t colonies began to employ special devices to di/+ui% _! vessels f ^? ( ,engl& & ( ea* o!r4#eg ,?is1 ?\gh x indicat$ a c]ta9 jeal\sy & indep5d5ce among/ ! colonies !mselves1 0 no pro( ( any desire = sep>ation f ! old c\ntry1 & ev5 :51 lat] on1 ! dispute betwe5 ,k+ & ,coloni/s became acute1 we f9d !m p>t+ f ! old flag ) great reluctance4 ,fig4 #adb is a v good illu/ration ( ?is2 its date is #agge4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,revolution ea* section adopt$ a flag ( its own1 & x 0 only lat] on1 :5 ! desirability ( union & uni=mity became evid5t1 t ! necessity = "o common flag 0 felt4 ,?us1 ! p ( ,massa*usetts rang$ !mselves b5ea? bann]s be>+ p9e trees2 ! m5 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a w5t 9 = rattle-snakes2 ! ,new ,york]s adopt$ a :ite flag ) a black beav] !reon2 ! ,rhode ,isl&]s _h a :ite flag ) a blue an*or ^u x2 &1 9 l mann]1 ea* cont+5t adopt$ its special device4 ,9 ,fig4 #add1 "o ( ! flags ( ! insurg5ts at ,bunk]'s ,hill1 #hh ,june #ag?1 #agge1 we see t ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george is /ill pres]v$1 & x might well fly 9 company ) ,fig4 #fg1 a flag ( ! ,london ,tra9$ ,b&s1 except t 9 ! corn] we see ! p9e tree4 ,9 ,fig4 #ade ! ,engli% emblem has dropp$ out & ! p9e tree has become mu* m conspicu\s1 & 9 ,figs4 #adg & #adh all sugge/ion ( ,/4 ,george or ( ! r$ or blue ,ensigns has disappe>$4 ,?is arboreal device 0 n by any means a new "o to ! m5 ( ,massa*usetts4 ,we f9d a m9t e/abli%$ at ,bo/on z e>ly z #afea1 busily engag$ 9 co9+ ! silv] captur$ f ! ,spani>ds by ! ,buccane]s4 ,on "o side 0 ! date & value ( ! co91 &1 on ! rev]se1 a tree 9 ! c5tre & ,9 ,massa*usetts ar\nd x4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ! "t !re 0 no k+ to res5t ?is encroa*m5t on ! royal pr]ogative1 & no notice 0 tak5 ( x by ! ,p>liam5t or by ,cromwell4 ,!re 0 a tacit all[ance ( x aft]w>ds1 ev5 by ,*>les ,,ii41 = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t on 8 enquiry into ! matt] he 0 told by "s c\rti] t ! device 0 int5d$ = ! ,royal ,oak1 & ! "q 0 all[$ to drop4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a adopt$ ! rattle-snake flag at ! sugge/ion ( "o ,gadsd51 a delegate to ! ,g5]al ,congress ( ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,conv5tion 9 #aggf4 ,on a yell[ gr\nd 0 plac$ a rattlesnake1 hav+ ?irte5 rattles2 ! reptile 0 coil$ ready to /rike1 & b5ea? 0 ! w>n+ motto1 ,don't tread on me4 ,! numb] ?irte5 _h ref]5ce to ! ?irte5 revolt$ ,/ates1 z x 0 orig9ally propos$ t ?is flag %\ld be ! navy flag = all ! ,/ates4 ,z an accessory to a portrait ( ,commodore ,hopk9s1 ,comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,am]ican fleet1 we see a flag ( ?irte5 alt]nate r$ & :ite /ripes4 ,x has no canton1 b undulat+ diagonally across ! /ripes is a rattlesnake4 ,! idea 0 n altoge!r a new "o1 z we f9d ! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 9 comm5t+ tw5ty-five ye>s previ\sly on ! iniquity ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 s5d+ its convicts to ,am]ica1 sugge/+ z a set (f t a c>go ( rattlesnakes %\ld be di/ribut$ 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 ,spr+ ,g>d5s1 & o!r places ( pleasure4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( any great /ruggle by a revolt+ p !re is (t5 a great v>iety ( device1 & x is only aft] a :ile t su* a multiplicity is f\nd to be a dang]4 ,h5ce we f9d t prior to ! yell[ rattlesnake flag1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h1 ) equal en?usiasm1 adopt$ ! blue flag ) ! cresc5t moon t we h figur$ 9 ,no4 #aeh4eh #hi ,9 ! ye> #agge a committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! "q ( a s+le flag = ! ?irte5 ,/ates4 ,?is ensign1 ?\gh x w5t f> t[>ds m\ld+ ^! diff]5t sections into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 a curi\s illu/ration ( t reluctance t we h already ref]r$ to1 to sev] !mselves f9ally f ! ,old ,c\ntry1 z ! ,committee recomm5d$ ! ret5tion ( ! ,union 9 ! upp] corn] next ! /aff1 b sub/itut$ = ! broad r$ field ( ! re/ ( ! flag ?irte5 horizontally dispos$ /ripes1 alt]nately r$ & :ite1 ! emblems ( ! union into "o ( ! ?irte5 colonies 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ oppression4 ,we h ?is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,x 0 also ! flag ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,on ! f9al decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :5 ! sev]ance f ! ,old ,c\ntry 0 irrevocable1 & ! coloni/s became a nation1 ! "q ( a national flag 0 "o ( ! po9ts await+ solution2 b x 0 n till ab\t a ye> aft]w>ds t a decision 0 come to4 ,! vessels commission$ by ,wa%+ton flew ! flag we h figur$ 9 ,no4 #adg2 ?is 0 approv$ 9 ,april1 #aggf1 & rema9$ 9 use "s little "t1 z did also ! "o repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #adi4 ,sometimes we f9d ! cross & p9e-tree remov$ & ! :ole flag no?+ b ! r$ & :ite /ripes4 ,?is flag compos$ ( /ripes alone 0 n peculi> to ! ,am]ican navy1 z a flag ( simil> design 0 = a long "t a well-kn[n signal 9 ! ,briti% fleet1 be+ t us$ = ! r$ division to =m up into l9e ( battle4 ,anyone look+ ov] a collection ( ! common pott]y made f ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago up to comp>atively rec5t times w f9d t /irr+ contempor>y ev5ts are v freely introduc$--sea-fights1 portraits ( lead+ /atesm51 g5]als1 & s =?4 ,^! are (t5 c>icatures1 z1 = example1 ! hundr$s t may be se5 9 our v>i\s museums & private collections d]isive ( ,boney1 :ile o!rs are z hi/orically correct z ! pott]'s k & skill c\ld compass4 ,anyone visit+ ! ,corporation ,museum at ,brighton w f9d a jug be>+ ! head ( ,zebulon ,m4 ,pike1 an ,am]ican g5]al2 trophies ( flags are gr\p$ ar\nd ?is1 b ! only flag ) any device ^u x is a pla9 /rip$ "o4 ,ano!r t be>s ! head ( ,commodore ,decatur1 ,u4,s4,n41 has bel[ x a cannon1 on ! left a trophy ( flags & weapons1 & on ! "r a %ip2 & a v simil> jug may be se5 9 hon\r ( ,commodore ,p>ry4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! flags 9 ! trophies & on ! %ips are simply /rip$4 ,on ,augu/ #ad?1 #aggg1 ,congress resolv$ t ! flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be ?irte5 /ripes1 alt]nately r$ & :ite1 & t ! ,union be ?irte5 />s1 :ite 9 a blue field1 repres5t+ #ij a new con/ellation4#ei ,?is 0 ! bir? ( ! national flag1 ! />s & /ripes1 & x w\ld appe> at fir/ sight to be a f9al settlem5t ( ! device1 ?\gh 9 practice ! result did n "w out at all uni=mly1 ! numb] ( /ripes be+ unequal4 ,if we comm5ce at ! top ) a :ite "o1 we %all h sev5 :ite & six r$1 :]eas if we beg9 ) a r$ /ripe we %all get sev5 r$ & six :ite4 ,ea* ( ^! r5d]+s 0 = "s ye>s 9 use1 until x 0 au?oritatively laid d[n t ! latt] 0 ! arrangem5t to be adopt$4 ,x seems a m9or po9t1 b any ( our read]s :o w re-draw ,fig4 #adf & transpose ! col\rs ( ! /ripes1 s t ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! flag are :ite in/ead ( r$1 w be surpris$ to note h[ s app>5tly trivial a *ange w affect ! appe>ance ( ! flag4#fj ,9 l mann] ! />s 7 sometimes made ) six po9ts1 & at o!rs ) five4 ,ev5 s late z #aggi1 we f9d su* a /rik+ v>iation z a flag be>+ />s ) eight po9ts1 & its /ripes alt]nately r$1 blue1 & :ite4 ,! co9s issu$ dur+ ! presid5cy ( ,wa%+ton _h five-po9t$ />s on !m1 b lat] on !y _h six po9ts4 ,nobody seems n[ to "k :y ?is *ange 0 made4 ,z no?+ 0 said 9 ?is resolution ( ,congress z to ! arrangem5t ( ! />s on ! blue field1 a fur!r op5+ = v>iety ( treatm5t 0 f\nd4 ,9 "s ( ! e>ly flags !y 7 arrang$ to repres5t ! lett]s ,u4,s41 9 o!rs !y 7 all plac$ 9 a circle1 9 o!rs aga9 !y 7 disp]s$ irregul>ly1 s z ! bett] to sugge/ a con/ellation2 & x 0 f9ally ord]$ t !y %\ld be plac$ 9 p>allel horizontal r[s1 z we n[ see !m4 ,?\gh ! />s did n appe> 9 ! ,am]ican flag until #aggg1 we f9d 9 a poem 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,spy ( ,m>* #aj?1 #aggd1 on ! outbreak ( ! rebellion1 ! l9es-- ,! ,am]ican ensign n[ sp>kles a /> ,:i* %all %ortly flame wide ?r\gh ! skies4 #ia ,?is poetic & prophetic flight is ! e>lie/ sugge/ion ( ! />s 9 ! national flag ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has be5 held t ! ,am]ican ,eagle & ! />s & /ripes ( ! national flag 7 sugge/$ by ! cre/ & arms ( ! ,wa%+ton family4 ,?is /atem5t has be5 (t5 made2 h5ce we f9d an ,am]ican patriot writ+3--,x is n a little curi\s t ! poor1 worn-out rag ( feudalism1 z _m w\ld c\nt x1 %\ld h exp&$ into ! bright & ample bann] t n[ waves on e sea4 ,b t x %\ld be s seems by no means an e/abli%$ fact4 ,no ref]5ce is made to x 9 ,wa%+ton's correspond5ce1 or 9 t ( any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! arms ( ! ,wa%+ton family are a :ite %ield hav+ two horizontal r$ b>s1 & above ^! a r[ ( ?ree r$ />s2 & ?is c]ta9ly be>s "s little resemblance to ! ,am]ican flag1 b h[ mu* is m]e co9cid5ce1 & h[ mu* is adaptation x is impossible to say4 ,^! arms may be se5 on a brass 9 ,solgrave ,*ur*1 ,hunt+don%ire1 on ! tomb ( ,laur5ce ,wa%+ton1 ! la/ l9eal ance/or :o 0 buri$ 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 twice ,mayor ( ,nor?ampton1 9 #aecc & 9 #aedf1 & ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 8 great-great-gr&son4 ,he 0 a man ( consid]able influ5ce1 & on ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies ,h5ry gave him ! ,priory ( ,/4 ,&rews1 ,nor?ampton4 ,9 ! tr\bl\s times t succe$$1 8 son ,john w5t to ,am]ica1 & liv$ = "s tw5ty ye>s on ! banks ( ! ,potomac4 ,ano!r !ory t has be5 advanc$ is t ! blue qu>t] 0 tak5 f ! blue bann] ( ! ,scot* ,cov5ant]s1 & 0 !re=e significant ( ! ,solemn ,league & ,cov5ant ( ! ,unit$ ,colonies aga9/ oppression1 :ile ! /ripes 7 a bl5d+ ( ! r$ col\rs us$ 9 ! army ) ! :ite flags us$ 9 ! navy4 ,we give ! !ory = :at x is wor?1 :i* we v5ture to say is n v mu*2 b z x 0 advanc$ by an ,am]ican writ]1 we give x place4 ,%\ld our read]s c>e to consid] yet ano!r !ory1 !y may le>n t ! g5esis ( ! />-spangl$ bann] 0 v mu* less prosaic4 ,prose has x t a ,committee ( ,c\ncil1 accompani$ by ,g5]al ,wa%+ton1 call$ on ,mrs4 ,ross1 an uphol/ress ( ,ar* ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 & engag$ h] to make a flag f a r\gh sket* t !y br\ght ) !m1 t %e 9 turn sugge/$ "o or two practical modifications1 & t at h] wi% ,wa%+ton re-drew x !re & !n1 t %e at once set to "w on x1 & 9 a few h\rs ! fir/ />-spangl$ flag 0 float+ 9 ! breeze2 b ! poet ignores ! s]vices ( ,mrs4 ,ross altoge!r1 & decl>es t #ib ,:5 ,fre$om f h] m\nta9 height ,unfurl$ h] /&>d to ! air1 ,%e tore ! azure robe ( ,night ,& set ! />s ( glory !re4 ,%e m+l$ ) its gorge\s dyes ,! milky baldric ( ! skies1 ,& /rip$ its pure cele/ial :ite ,) /reak+s ( ! morn+ light3 ,!n f 8 mansion 9 ! sun ,%e call$ h] eagle-be>] d[n ,& gave into 8 mighty h& ,! symbol ( h] *os5 l&4 ,?is view 0 express$ by ano!r great ,am]ican 9 ! words3--,z at ! e>ly dawn ! />s %9e =? ev5 :ile x gr[s light1 & !n1 z ! sun advances1 t light breaks out into banks & /ream+ l9es ( col\r1 ! gl[+ r$ & int5se light /riv+ toge!r & ribb+ ! horizon ) b>s effulg5t1 s on ! ,am]ican flag />s & beams ( light %9e out toge!r4 ,:]e ?is flag comes1 & m5 behold x1 !y see 9 its sacr$ emblazon+ no ramp+ lions1 & no fi]ce eagle1 no embattl$ ca/les1 or insignia ( imp]ial au?ority3 !y see ! symbols ( light3 x is ! bann] ( dawn2 x means ,lib]ty6 ,we h cle>ly n[ got a long way f ! e/abli%m5t 9 ,ar* ,/reet4 ,?is flag1 :i*1 aft] su* gl[+ passages z ! =ego+1 we %\ld almo/ expect to f9d too sacr$ a ?+ = *ange or criticism1 has und]gone "s few modifications 9 its details1 ?\gh ! orig9al broad idea has rema9$ unt\*$4 ,z ! fir/ conception 0 t ea* ( ! orig9al ?irte5 ,/ates 0 repres5t$ 9 ! national flag by a /> & a /ripe1 o!r ,/ates1 z !y came into ! ,union1 naturally expect$ ! same consid]ation3 h5ce on ! admission ( ,v]mont 9 #agia1 & ,k5tucky 9 #agib1 an ,act 0 pass$ :i* increas$ ! numb] ( />s & /ripes f ?irte5 to fifte54 ,lat] on came ,t5nessee1 ,ohio1 ,l\isiana1 & s =?1 & ! flag 0 pres5tly made to consi/ ( tw5ty />s & /ripes1 b x 0 f\nd to be s objectionable to be ?us cont9ually alt]+ x t x 0 settl$ 9 ! ye> #ahah to g back to ! orig9al ?irte5 /ripes1 b to add a /> = ea* new ,/ate4 ,h5ce ! /ripes %[ always ! orig9al numb] ( ! ,/ates at ! bir? ( ! nation1 :ile ! />s %[ ! pres5t numb] 9 ! ,union4 ,x is int]e/+ to trace ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry1 ,ill9ois be+ enroll$ 9 ! ,union 9 #ahah1 ,alabama 9 #ahai1 ,ma9e 9 #ahbj1 ,miss\ri 9 #ahba1 ,arkansas 9 #ahcf1 ,mi*igan 9 #ahcg1 & s on2 b suffice x n[ to say t by #ahia ! orig9al ?irte5 _h #ic gr[n to =ty-f\r1 & x 0 ann\nc$ t on & aft] ! #d? ( ,july ( t ye> ! national flag %\ld be> ?is latt] numb] ( />s4 ,z !re are /ill sev]al t]ritories await+ promotion to ! rank ( ,/ates1 ! con/ellation is ev5 yet incomplete4 ,a song = our bann]6 ,! wat*word recall ,:i* gave ! ,republic h] /ation2 ,unit$ we /&1 divid$ we fall1 ,x made1 & pres]ves u1 a nation6 ,! union ( lakes1 ! union ( l&s1 ,! union ( ,/ates none c sev]2 ,! union ( he>ts1 ! union ( h&s1 ,& ! flag ( our ,union = ev]4 ,! mo/ /rik+ modification ( ! flag is se5 9 ! ,rev5ue ,s]vice4 ,we h /ill ! silv] />s on ! azure field & ! /ripes ( alt]nate r$ & :ite1 b 9 ?is special case ! /ripes1 in/ead ( be+ dispos$ horizontally1 are plac$ v]tically1 a slight en\gh diff]5ce app>5tly1 b "o :i* makes a /rik+ alt]ation 9 ! appe>ance ( ! flag4 ,! p5dant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aea2 ! />s 9 x1 x w be se51 are r$uc$ to ! orig9al ?irte51 :ile ! n>r[ness ( ! flag p]mits b two ( ! /ripes4 ,! ,am]ican ,jack is simply ! blue & :ite portion ( ! ,national flag1 ,fig4 #adf1 made into a sep>ate flag4 ,! ,commodore's broad p5dant is a swall[-tail$ blue flag1 ) "o :ite /> 9 ! c5tre4 ,! ,admiral's flag1 hoi/$ at ! ma91 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc2 ! ,vice-,admiral's flag1 hoi/$ at ! =e1 has ?ree :ite />s on ! blue field2 & ! ,re>-,admiral's flag1 hoi/$ at miz51 has two arrang$ v]tically ov] ea* o!r4 ,:ile 9 "s nationalities ! flag ( ! w> navy diff]s f t ( ! m]cantile m>9e--z 9 ! case ( ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 & ,spa9--9 o!rs ! same flag is us$4 ,?is is s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,france1 etc4 ,! ,*ief ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r he be call$ ,emp]or1 ,k+1 ,presid5t1 or ,sultan1 has 8 own flag--8 p]sonal ,/&>d--& ?is special & p]sonal flag1 9 ! case ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has on its blue field an eagle1 be>+ on its brea/ a %ield ) ! />s & /ripes1 & b5ea? x ! national motto1 ,e pluribus unum4 ,z x has be5 sugge/$ t ! employm5t ( ! eagle z a symbol ( ! ,/ate 0 d]iv$ f ! cre/ ( ,wa%+ton1 x may n be inopportune to /ate t ! cre/ 9 "q 0 n an eagle at all1 b a rav54 ,! idea ( ! eagle1 toge!r ) ! ^w ,s5ate1 & _m su* simil> #id ?+s1 no d\bt arose f _! use 9 anci5t ,rome1 & af=d$ an illu/ration ! m ( ! pseudo-classicalism t 0 rag+ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france & else:]e4 ,! eagle appe>s on _m ( ! e>ly flags ( ,am]ica4 ,fig4 #aej is a curi\s example ( its use4 ,9 an old engrav+ we see a figure ( ,lib]ty def5d$ by ,wa%+ton1 & above !m ?is flag4 ,9 ano!r old pr9t be=e u we see ,wa%+ton lean+ on a cannon1 & beh9d him a flag be>+ ! />s & /ripes1 plus an eagle1 t ) out/ret*$ w+s fills up mu* ( ! field1 hav+ 9 8 beak a label ) ! ,e pluribus unum ^u x1 ) "o foot grasp+ ! ?und]bolts ( ,w>1 & ! o!r ! olive-bran* ( ,peace4 ,bo? ^! eagle-be>+ flags1 x w be se51 are associat$ ) ! ,presid5t2 b 9 _m ( ^! e>ly examples !re seems no necess>y connection4 ,?us 9 "o in/ance we see a busy %ip-build+ sc5e1 & :ile ! %ip 9 ! =egr\nd has at /]n ! />s & /ripes1 at ! b[sprit x be>s a ,jack t is id5tical ) ! blue & :ite portion ( ,fig4 #aej4 ,9 a ,presid5tial ,/&>d propos$ 9 #ahah ! flag is qu>t]$4 ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] are tw5ty :ite />s on a blue field2 9 ! second qu>t] is ! eagle & ?und]bolt2 9 ! ?ird a sitt+ figure emblematic ( ,lib]ty2 9 ! f\r?1 sev5 r$ horizontal /ripes alt]nat+ ) six :ite ones4 ,we f\nd ! flag figur$ 9 an old ,am]ican book1 b are unable to say :e!r su* a flag 0 ev] actually made1 proposition & adoption n be+ altoge!r ! same ?+4 ,hi/ory repeat$ itself on ! secession f ! ,union1 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,florida1 ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 ,l\isiana1 ,virg9ia1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 & ,t5nessee4 ,!re 0 ! same desire at fir/ = individuality 9 ! diff]5t flags adopt$ by ! sec$+ ,/ates1 ! same unwill+ness to break :olly away f ! old flag1 t we h se5 z features 9 ! fir/ revolt4 ,l\isiana adopt$ ! flag %[n 9 ,fig4 #aef2 ?is 0 emblematic ( ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! ,/ate1 ,l\isiana hav+ be5 settl$ by ,l\is ,quatorze 9 #agah1 c$$ to ,spa9 at ! peace ( #agfc1 re/or$ to ,france 9 #ahjb1 sold by ,france to ,am]ica 9 #ahjc1 & admitt$ z a ,/ate ( ! ,union 9 #ahab4 ,! ,spani% ,flag1 ,fig4 #aib1 is r$ & yell[1 h5ce ! gold5 /> on ! ruddy field1 :ile ! /ripes ( r$1 :ite & blue are ! col\rs f\nd 9 ! flags ( ,france & ,am]ica4 ,on ! election ( ,presid5t ,l9coln 9 ,novemb]1 #ahfj1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 by vote ( ,conv5tion1 proclaim$ h] resumption ( indep5d5ce z a ,sov]eign ,/ate1 & on ! #ag? ( ! mon? ! new ,/ate ,flag1 hav+ a gre5 ,palmetto palm 9 ! c5tre ( a #ie field ( :ite1 0 hoi/$ 9 ,*>le/on amid/ ! r++ ( bells1 a salute ( "o hundr$ guns1 & e possible sign ( public rejoic+4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfa1 ! flag %[n 9 ,fig4 #aee 0 sub/itut$1 ! old cresc5t moon ( ! fir/ rebellion1 #agge1 reappe>+1 b 9 ! ,*>le/on ,m]cury1 ( ,janu>y #bi?1 #ahfa1 we read t ! ,legislature la/ night aga9 alt]$ ! design ( ! ,/ate ,flag4 ,x n[ consi/s ( a blue field ) a :ite ,palmetto palm tree 9 ! middle4 ,! :ite cresc5t 9 ! upp] flag/aff corn] rema9s z be=e1 b ! horns po9t+ upw>ds4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z f9al4 ,?is flag is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei4 ,fig4 #afj is ! flag ( ,texas--! lone /> ,/ate4 ,hurrah = ! ,lone ,/>6 ,up1 up to ! ma/ ,) ! hon\r$ old bunt+1 ,& nail x !re fa/4 ,! %ip is 9 dang]1 ,& ,texans w fight ',nea? ! flag ( ! ,lone ,/> ,= ,god & _! "r4 ,:5 x became necess>y1 z x almo/ imm$iately did1 to adopt "o flag z ! common ,ensign ( all ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 a special committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! matt]1 & to /udy ! num]\s designs submitt$ to !m4 ,on pres5t+ _! report ! ,*airman said--,a flag %\ld be simple1 readily made1 & capable ( be+ made up 9 bunt+2 x %\ld be diff]5t f ! flag ( any o!r c\ntry1 place1 or p3 x %\ld be significant3 x %\ld be readily di/+ui%able at a di/ance3 ! col\rs %\ld be well contra/$ & durable3 & la/ly1 & n ! lea/ important po9t1 x %\ld be effective & h&some4 ,! ,committee humbly ?9k t ! flag :i* !y submit comb9es ^! requirem5ts4 ,x is v easy to make2 x is entirely diff]5t f any o!r national flag4 ,! ?ree col\rs ( :i* x is compos$--r$1 :ite1 & blue--are ! true ,republican ,col\rs2 !y are emblematic ( ! ?ree great virtues--val\r1 purity1 & tru?4 ,naval m5 assure u t x c be recognis$ at a great di/ance4 ,! col\rs contra/ admirably1 & are la/+4 ,9 effect & appe>ance x mu/ speak = itself4 ,! flag1 ?us highly & ju/ly comm5d$1 0 fir/ hoi/$ on ,m>* #d?1 #ahfa1 at ,montgom]y4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aeb1 & 0 quickly kn[n z ! ,/>s & ,b>s4#fa ,ev5 ! ,new ,york ,h]ald admitt$ t ! design ( ?is flag is /rik+1 & x has #if ! m]it ( orig9ality z well z ( durability4 ,! circle ( :ite />s 0 int5d$ to correspond 9 numb] ) ! ,/ates 9 ! ,conf$]acy1 b no great att5tion seems to h be5 paid to ?is4 ,! flag may be se5 engrav$ on ! pap] money ( ! diff]5t ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & on o!r ,gov]nm5t pap]s4 ,9 "o example be=e u ! />s are sev5 9 numb]1 & 9 ano!r n9e are %[n1 ! numb] ( sec$+ ,/ates be+ elev54 ,:ile ! ,/>s & ,b>s1 ,fig4 #aeb1 0 q a diff]5t flag f ,fig4 #adf1 ! ,/>s & ,/ripes1 x 0 f\nd t1 nev]!less1 9 ! /ress ( battle confusion arose2 s ! battle flag1 ,fig4 #aec1 kn[n z ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 became l>gely adopt$1 ?\gh its use 0 nev] actually legalis$4 ,"h1 aga91 we f9d t ?\gh elev5 %\ld be ! prop] numb] ( ! />s1 !y are 9 our illu/ration ?irte51 :ile 9 "o example we h f\nd sev5te54 ,x w\ld be f\nd 9 practice v difficult to make a pleas+ arrangem5t ( elev5 />s2 giv5 a c5tral "o1 & two on ei!r side ( x 9 ! arms ( ! cross1 & we get n9e z a result1 ) ?ree on ei!r side x w total to ?irte51 & ) f\r x mu/ take sev5te54 ,9 a few in/ances x may be se5 )\t ! r$ portions--a :ite flag ) ! blue cross & :ite />s4 ,"o great objection to ! ,s\!rn ,cross 0 t x 0 n adapt$ = sea s]vice1 s9ce be+ alike 9 :atev] way x 0 look$ at1 x c\ld n be rev]s$ 9 case ( di/ress4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty1 at a ,congress 9 ,ri*mond 9 #ahfc ! =m se5 9 ,fig4 #aed 0 adopt$--a pla9 :ite flag hav+ ! ,s\!rn ,cross z its ,union2 b ?is1 9 turn1 0 object$ to z be+ too mu* l a flag ( truce1 s to meet ?is1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 x 0 ord]$ t ! space betwe5 ! ,union & ! out] edge ( ! flag %\ld be divid$ v]tically 9 half1 & t ! out] half %\ld be r$3 an alt]ation t may h be5 necess>y1 b :i* greatly spoil$ ! appe>ance ( :at 01 be=e ?is1 a h&some & /rik+ flag4 ,z ! /ruggle came to an end 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ! ,/>s & ,b>s & ! ,s\!rn ,cross p]i%$ 9 ! g5]al d[nfall ( ! ,s\!rn cause--! victories ( ,fr$]icksburg1 ,*ancellorsville1 ,%5&oah ,valley1 ,*attanooga1 & _m ano!r h>d-f\ght field1 & ! brilliant /rategy ( ,lee1 ,beaureg>d1 ,long/reet1 ,jackson1 ,e>ly1 ,hood1 & _m ano!r gallant comm&]1 be+ all 9 va9 aga9/ ! unlimit$ res\rces ( ! ,nor?4 ,ov] six hundr$ & fifty ?\s& human lives1 ov] sev5 hundr$ millions ( p\nds /]l+1 7 sp5t 9 :at an ,am]ican writ] delicately calls ! late unpleasantness4 ,! ,am]icans1 jeal\s ( ! hon\r ( _! flag1 h sometimes1 to our insul> notions1 a r odd way ( %[+ x4 ,"s #ig ( our read]s w rememb] h[ an ,am]ican1 "s "t ago1 und]took to c>ry ! flag ( 8 c\ntry ?r\gh ,engl&4 ,:atev] visions he or 8 compatriots may h _h ( 8 def5d+ x gallantly aga9/ ho/ile attack 7 soon prov$ to be baseless4 ,engli%m51 cela va sans dire1 h no ho/ility to ! ,am]icans1 & ! populace--urban1 suburban1 & rural--ev]y:]e ent]$ into ! hum\r ( ! ?+1 & *e]$ ! gallant s]geant & 8 bunt+ :]ev] he appe>$4 ,all ! risk & t]ror ( ! exploit melt$ away 9 g5]al acclamation & he>ty welcome4 ,an ,engli%man told u t 9 desc5d+ a m\nta9 9 ,norway he met an ,am]ican c>ry+ some?+ roll$ up2 he unfold$ x1 & display$ ! ,/>s & ,/ripes1 & said t he _h br\ght x to plant on ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,:y he %\ld d s is by no means app>5t3 b /ill1 z x pleas$ him & hurt no "o else1 x w\ld be *urli%1 inde$1 to demur to s innoc5t a pa/ime4 ,our fri5d c\rte\sly rais$ 8 hat to ! symbol ( ! great daught] nation ov] ! ocean1 :]eupon ! ,am]ican he>tily reciprocat$1 say+1 ,?anks1 /rang]2 & "h's to ! ,union ,jack4#fb ,:5 ! ,fr5* decl>$ w> aga9/ ,prussia1 on ,july #af?1 #ahgj1 !y 7 entirely unprep>$ = ! en?usiasm & unity ) :i* ! v>i\s ,g]man ,/ates ralli$ toge!r aga9/ ! common oppon5t4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! ,s\!rn & ,ca?olic ,/ates w\ld1 at lea/1 be neutral1 if !y did n side ) ,france aga9/ a ,p[] t1 dur+ previ\s conflict ) ,au/ria1 _h laid heavy h& on ^? t _h !n tak5 sides aga9/ h]4 ,b ?is1 aft] all1 _h be5 b a qu>rel among/ !mselves2 & ! attempt ( ,france to violate ,g]man soil 0 at once ! signal = ,g]mans to /& %\ld] to %\ld] 9 "o bro!rhood aga9/ ! common foe4 ,! sep>ate int]e/s & grievances ( ,bav>ians1 ,saxons1 ,hessians1 ,bad5]s1 ,brunswick]s1 ,wurtemburg]s1 ,hanov]ians1 7 at once put aside1 & unit$ ,g]many1 9 solid phalanx1 rose 9 irresi/ible might4 ,9 ! great hi/oric ,palace ( ,v]sailles1 9 ! hall d$icat$ to all ! glories ( ,france1 ! ,conf$]ate ,pr9ces ( ,g]many1 head$ by ! ,k+ ( ,bav>ia1 #ih conf]r$ on ! ,k+ ( ,prussia ! title ( ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 be/[+ on him ! duty ( repres5t+ all ! ,g]man ,/ates 9 int]national que/ions1 & appo9t+ him & 8 successors ! ,comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,g]man =ces4 ,?us1 on ,janu>y #ag?1 #ahga1 amid ! acclamation ( ! alli$ ,sov]eigns & ! deep bass ( ! cannon 9 ! tr5*es surr\nd+ ! beleagur$ capital ( ! common enemy1 ! pr9ciple ( ,g]man unity receiv$ its seal & consummation4 ,! ,w> ,ensign ( ! ,empire is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,! col\rs ( ,prussia1 black & :ite1 & ! ,prussian ,eagle ent] l>gely into x1 & p]haps x may at fir/ sight appe> t ^! symbols ( ! ,prussian ,/ate are ev5 a little too conspicu\s1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is to ! ,sov]eign ( ?is ,/ate ! head%ip ( all is giv51 & t ! vital int]e/s ( ,prussia 9 ! matt] may be fur!r illu/rat$ by ! fact t :ile %e has a population1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ( ?irty millions1 ,bav>ia has b five1 & ,saxony ?ree1 :ile ! ,wurtemburg]s & ,bad5]s betwe5 !m make up ab\t ano!r ?ree millions1 & no o!r ,/ate 9 ! ,empire comes at all ne> ^! figures4 ,prussia has ov] #acj1jjj squ>e miles ( t]ritory to fight =1 :ile ,bav>ia has b #bi1bib1 & ! next l>ge/1 ,wurtemburg1 has only an area ( #g1eca2 9 e way1 political1 comm]cial1 or :at n1 ! int]e/s ( ,prussia are ov]:elm+ly pr$om9ant4 ,! flag ( ,we/ ,prussia is ! black1 :ite1 black1 %ewn 9 ,fig4 #baa1 :ile ! ,ea/ ,prussian flag is made up ( b two horizontal /rips1 ! upp] black & ! l[] :ite4 ,h5ce ! well-kn[n w> song1 ,i* b9 e9 ,preuss51#fc comm5ces1 ,i am a ,prussian6 ,"k ye n my bann]8 ,be=e me floats my flag ( black & :ite6 ,my fa!rs di$ = fre$om1 'twas _! mann]1 ,s say ^? col\rs float+ 9 y\r sight4 #ii ,! black1 :ite1 & r$ canton 9 ! /aff-head corn] ( ! flag is also made into an indep5d5t flag1 z at ,fig4 #bjh1 & us$ z a ,jack 9 ! ,imp]ial ,navy1 :ile ?is same flag1 ,fig4 #bjh1 m9us ! cross1 is ! flag ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e4 ,on ! #be? ( ,octob]1 #ahfg1 on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]acy1 at ! conclusion ( ! ,au/ro-,prussian campaign1 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia sanction$ a proposal = a flag common to all4 ,we f9d 9 ?is decree t ! conf$]ate flag h5ce=? solely to be> ! qualification ( ! national flag1 & z su* to be exclusively on bo>d ! m]*antm5 ( ! ,conf$]acy1 %all be compos$ ( ?ree equilat]al /ripes horizontally arrang$3 ! col\r ( ! top "o be+ black1 ! middle /ripe :ite1 & t ( ! bottom /ripe r$4 ,on ! inclusion ( ! ,s\? ,g]man ,/ates on ! =mation ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 ! latt] /ill m pot5t & augu/ body reta9$ ! ,conf$]acy ,flag = its m]cantile m>9e4 ,up to ! ye> #ahfg no ,g]man national flag _h ev] fl[n on ! ocean1 z ! v>i\s ,/ates & free cities _h _! special col\rs ( m]ely local value4 ,! responsible ,m9i/] ( ! ,cr[n1 9 a spee* deliv]$ 9 ! ,diet 9 #ahfg1 /at$ to ! memb]s t ! comb9ation ( col\rs 0 emblematic ( a junction ( ! black-:ite ,prussian flag ) ! r$-:ite ensign ( ! ,hanseatic ,league4 ,?is league ( ! sea-ports ( ,g]many 0 organis$ 9 #aafd = _! mutual def5ce & = ! int]*ange ( comm]cial advantages4 ,z its /r5g? & reputation increas$1 _m o!r cities s\ght to be admitt$1 b int]national jeal\sies dis9tegrat$ ! ,league1 & by ! ye> #afcj x 0 r$uc$ f sixty-six cities to ?ree--,lubeck1 ,hamburg1 & ,brem54 ,^! ?ree ,hanse t[ns /ill reta9 special privileges4 ,! r$ & ! :ite 9 ! ,g]man flag repres5ts ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( ! nation1 :ile ! black & :ite symbolises ! /rong arm ( ! ,/ate prep>$ to protect & fo/] x4 ,! flags ( ^! ?ree cities /ill reta9 ! old col\rs1 ,lubeck be+ half :ite & half r$1 ,brem5 r$ & :ite /ripes1 & ,hamburg a :ite ca/le on a r$ field4 ,! arms ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns are qu>t]ly arrang$4 ,! fir/ & f\r? qu>t]s are !mselves qu>t]$1 black & :ite = ,zoll]n1 :ile ! second & ?ird qu>t]s are azure ) a gold5 /ag = ,sigm>+54 ,fri$ri* ,,vi41 ! fir/ ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns1 ! ,burggraf ( ,nrnb]g1 became ,fri$ri* ,i41 ,elector ( ,br&5burg1 9 #adag4 ,!re 7 twelve 9 all1 ( ^! ,hoh5zoll]n ,electors1 & ,fri$ri* ,,iii41 ! la/ ( ^!1 became 9 #agja ! fir/ ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,all ! succe$+ ,sov]eigns h be5 ( ! same h\se1 s t ! black & #ajj :ite 9 ! flag ( to-day is ! black & :ite t = ov] five hundr$ ye>s has be5 emblazon$ 9 ! arms ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns4 ,! cross on ! flag 7,figs4 #bjg & #bjh7--! iron cross s highly priz$ z ! rew>d ( f9e s]vice--is ! cross ( ! ,teutonic ,ord]1 & dates f ! close ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,teutonic ,ord]1 9 its connexion ) ,prussia1 is dealt ) v fully 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,c>lyle's ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ( ,g]many has ! iron cross1 black ) :ite bord]1 on a yell[ field1 9 ! c5tre ( all be+ a %ield be>+ ! arms ( ,prussia1 surm\nt$ by a cr[n & surr\nd$ by ! coll> ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,black ,eagle4 ,! yell[ gr\ndwork ( ! flag is diap]$ ov] 9 ea* qu>t] ) ?ree black eagles & a cr[n4 ,! arms ( ! cross /ret* out to ! f\r edges ( ! flag4 ,! ,admiral's flag 9 ! ,imp]ial ,g]man ,navy is squ>e1 & consi/s ( ! black cross on a :ite gr\nd--! cross1 z 9 ! /&>d1 ext5d+ to ! edges ( ! flag4 ,! ,vice-,admiral's flag is simil>1 b has 9 ! upp] /aff-space a black ball 9 addition1 :ile ! ,re>-,admiral has ! same flag aga91 b ) ! addition ( a black ball 9 ea* ( ! qu>t]s ne>e/ ! ma/4 ,! ,*ief ( ! ,admiralty has a :ite flag aga9 ) ! cross 9 ! c5tre1 b 9 ?is case !re is a consid]able m>g9 ( :ite all r\nd1 & f\r r$ an*ors are plac$ s t !y ext5d 9 a slop+ direction f ! corn]s ( ! flag t[>ds ! inn] angles ( ! cross4 ,we get ! *>act]i/ic black & :ite aga9 9 ! burgee ( ! ,imp]ial ,ya*t ,club1 :i* is ?us qu>t]$1 an upright l9e meet+ a horizontal "o 9 ! c5tre ( ! burgee1 & ?us giv+ a fir/ & f\r? black qu>t] & a second & ?ird :ite "o4 ,! signal = a pilot aga9 is a :ite flag ) a broad bord] ( black2 if our read]s w take a m\rn+ envelope ) a good deep m>g9 ( black to x1 !y w see ! effect exactly4 ,g]man vessels engag$ 9 trade on ! ,ea/ ,african coa/ fly ! black1 :ite1 r$1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite /ripe is a blue an*or plac$ erect1 :ile ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nor 9 ,ea/ ,africa sub/itutes = ! an*or ! black eagle4 ,! ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa ,company's flag is :ite cut into qu>t]s by a n>r[ & p>allel-edg$ cross & a r$ canton ) five :ite />s on x 9 ! qu>t] ne>e/ ! ma/head4 ,:ile we f9d among/ ! m9or ,/ates ( ,g]many ,old5burg1 ,fig4 #bjd1 ) a cross-be>+ flag1 ! great] numb] are made up ( /ripes dispos$ horizontally1 & ei!r two or ?ree 9 numb]4 ,?us ,fig4 #aii is ! :ite-gre5 ( ,saxony1 ,fig4 #bjj #aja ! black-r$-yell[ ( ,waldeck1 ,fig4 #bjb ! blue-:ite ( ,pom]ania1 ,fig4 #bjc ! black-r$ ( ,wurtemburg1 ,fig4 #bje ! r$-yell[-blue ( ,meckl5burg-,/relitz1 ,fig4 #bjf ! blue-yell[ ( ,brunswick1 ,fig4 #bji ! gre5-:ite ( ,saxe-,coburg ,go?a1 ,fig4 #baj ! blue-r$-:ite ( ,s*omb]g ,lippe1 ,fig4 #bab ! r$-:ite ( ,hesse4 ,o!rs t we h n figur$ are ! r$-yell[ ( ,bad51 ! :ite-blue ( ,bav>ia1 ! yell[-:ite ( ,hanov]1 ! yell[-r$ ( ,elsass1 ! r$-yell[ ( ,lo?r+54#fd ,to ^!1 o!rs might be add$3 ,sleswig-,hol/e91 ,br&5burg1 ,pos51 ,silesia1 etc41 all agree+ 9 ! same g5]al "*4 ,! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian mon>*y is yell[1 & has 9 its c5tre ! black d\ble-head$ eagle & a bord]+ all r\nd compos$ ( equal-sid$ triangles turn+ alt]nately _! apices inw>ds & outw>ds2 ! fir/ ( ^! are alt]nately yell[ & :ite1 ! second alt]nately sc>let & black4 ,on ! display$ w+s ( ! eagle are ! arms ( ! elev5 prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,! w>-ensign ( ! mon>*y 9 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bac2 x is compos$ ( ?ree equal horizontal b&s ( r$1 :ite1 r$1 & be>s 9 its c5tre b5ea? ! ,imp]ial cr[n a %ield simil>ly divid$4 ,?is flag orig9at$ 9 #aghf1 :5 ! ,emp]or ,joseph ,,ii4 decre$ its introduction4 ,?is %ield 0 ! h]aldic device ( ! anci5t ,dukes ( ,au/ria1 & is kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ye> #aaia1 z ,duke ,leopold ,held5?um bore ^! arms at t date dur+ ! ,crusades4 ,! ,oe/]rei*-,ung>is*e ,mon>*ie1 to give x its (ficial title1 is "u ! comm& ( "o ,sov]eign1 :o is bo? ,emp]or ( ,au/ria & ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 b ea* ( ^! great ,/ates has its own ,p>liam5t1 ,m9i/ry1 & ,adm9i/ration4 ,au/ria _h long held ! ,hung>ians 9 mo/ unwill+ subjection1 & ! disa/r\s outcome = ,au/ria ( ! w> ) ,prussia made x absolutely ess5tial to make peace ) ,hung>y1 ! ,magy>s see+ 9 ! humiliation ( ,au/ria ! opportunity t !y _h long be5 await+ ( becom+ once aga9 an indep5d5t ,/ate4 ,a compromise 0 effect$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfg1 by :i* ! ,hung>ians 7 will+ to rema9 "u ! rule ( ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 b only on condition t he submitt$ to be cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 & t 9 ! dual mon>*y ?us #ajb creat$ !y %\ld h absolutely ! same rights & fre$om z ! ,au/rians4 ,! ,au/rian flag1 z we h se51 is r$-:ite-r$1 :ile ! ,hung>ian is r$-:ite-gre51 & a commission be+ appo9t$ to consid] h[ ^! two flags c\ld be bl5d$ into "o1 introduc$ on ,m>* #f?1 #ahfi1 z ! result ( its delib]ations1 ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian national flag t we h repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bad4 ,! ,au/rian prov9ces h *iefly bi- or tri-color flags1 ! /ripes be+ arrang$ horizontally4 ,?us ,bohemia is r$-:ite2 ,tyrol is :ite-r$2 ,dalmatia is blue-yell[2 ,galicia is blue-r$2 ,croatia is r$-:ite-blue2 ,i/ria yell[-r$-blue4 ,we are s us$ 9 ,engl& to ! idea t *e]+ is a spontane\s product t x seems /range to f9d t ! (ficial welcome by ! ,au/rian fleet to _! ,emp]or is a salute ( tw5ty-"o guns1 foll[$ by fifte5 hurrahs4 ,ea* rank has its special limit ( hon\r2 ?us a m9i/] ( ,/ate or field-m>%al is salut$ by n9ete5 guns & elev5 hurrahs2 a g5]al by ?irte5 & sev51 :ile a commodore drops to elev5 & ?ree2 ambassadors1 ar*bi%ops1 consuls1 all h _! def9ite %>e ( gunp[d] & su* specifi$ am\nt ( %\t+ z is held to be befitt+ to _! position4 ,! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ( ! ,cz> ( all ! ,russias is ! brilliant yell[ & black flag repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,! introduction ( ! black two-head$ eagle dates back f ! ye> #adgb1 :5 ,ivan ! ,great m>ri$ ,sophia1 a niece ( ,con/ant9e ,palolagus1 & !nce assum$ ! arms ( ! ,greek ,empire4 ,on ! brea/ ( ! eagle is an escut*eon be>+ on its r$ field 9 silv] ! figure ( ,/4 ,george slay+ ! dragon1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by ! coll> ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,on ! display$ w+s ( ! eagle are o!r %ields1 too small = repres5tation 9 our figure1 be>+ ! arms ( ,ki[1 a silv] angel on an azure field2 ( ,novgorod1 two black be>s on a gold5 %ield2 ( ,vold]mirz1 a gold5 lion rampant on a r$ %ield2 ( ,kasan1 a black wyv]n on a silv] gr\nd1 & s =?4 ,! flag ( ! ,cz>9a is simil>1 except t x has a broad blue bord]+ to x4 ,a new ,/&>d is made = ea* ,cz>4 ,x 0 orig9ally borne be=e him 9 battle1 b ?is cu/om has fall5 into disuse1 & x is n[ deposit$ ) ! re/ ( ! regalia4 ,on ! heavy gold brocade is embroid]$ ! black eagle1 & ar\nd ?is ! arms ( ! prov9ces ( ! ,empire4 ,f ! eagle t surm\nts ! /aff are p5dant ! blue ribbons ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,&rew1 embroid]$ 9 gold1 ) ! dates ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,russian ,/ate 9 #hfb1 ! baptism by ,/4 ,vladimir 9 #ihf1 ! union ( all ,russian possessions "u ! sceptre ( ,john ,,iii4 9 #adig1 & ! #ajc proclamation ( ! ,empire by ,pet] ! ,great4 ,its d$ication is a great religi\s function1 & its sacr$ "* & its appeal to a l(ty patriotism duly en=c$4 ,?us we f9d ! ,imp]ial ,*apla9 address+ ! pres5t ,cz> be=e ! consecration ( ! /&>d z foll[s3-- ,div9e ,provid5ce has resolv$1 by ! "r ( succession to ! ,?rone1 to entru/ to !e1 z ,supreme ,head & ,autocrat ( ! ,peoples ( ! ,empire ( all ! ,russias1 ?is ,sacr$ ,bann]1 an emblem ( its unity & p[]4 ,we pray ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r = ! union ( all ?y subjects 9 loyalty & devotion to _! ,?rone & ,c\ntry1 & 9 ! unselfi% fulfilm5t ( _! patriotic duties4 ,may ?is ,bann] inspire ?y enemies ) dread1 may x be a sign to !e ( ,div9e ,assi/ance1 & 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ( ! ,or?odox ,fai?1 ( ,"r & ( ,ju/ice2 may x help !e1 9 spite ( all ob/acles1 to lead ?y p to prosp]ity1 greatness1 & glory4 ,aft] ! ,b5$iction1 holy wat] 0 spr9kl$ ^u ! /&>d1 & ! ,cz>1 z ! embodim5t ( ! ,nation1 0 aga9 address$3-- ,! ,almighty has be5 pleas$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! law ( inh]itance1 to en?rone y z ! ,sov]eign ,rul] ( all ! peoples ( ! ,russian nation2 ?is sacr$ ,/&>d is a tok5 ( unity & p[]4 ,we pray x may unite all ?y subjects 9 unque/ion+ loyalty to ! ,?rone & ,c\ntry1 & 9 unselfi% fulfilm5t ( ea* duty ( a subject4 ,may x be to !e a sign1 t]rible to ! foes ( ,russia1 ( ! help giv5 by ! ,"l ,god to ! glory ( ,8 ,holy ,"n1 t1 ?r\gh ,or?odox ,fai?1 not)/&+ all limitations1 ?y p may be l$ to prosp]ity1 greatness1 & glory2 s %all all nations "k t ,god is on our side4 ,! ,russians v5]ate ,/4 ,&rew z _! patron ,sa9t1 believ+ t x 0 he :o c>ri$ ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity into _! mid/4 ,orig5 ass]ts t he prea*$ 9 ,scy?ia4 ,pet] ! ,great in/itut$ "u 8 "n & protection1 9 ! ye> #afih1 ! fir/ & mo/ noble ord] ( ,knigh?ood ( ! ,russian ,empire z a rew>d = ! val\r ( 8 (fic]s 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,ottomans4 ,! badge is ! ,x-l cross ( ,/4 ,&rew display$ ^u ! ,imp]ial ,eagle & p5dant f a broad blue ribbon4 ,we h already se5 t ,/4 ,&rew is ! ,patron ,sa9t ( ,scotl& also1 b 9 ,scotl& ! cross1 ,fig4 #ib1 is :ite ^u a field ( blue1 :ile 9 ,russia1 ,fig4 #bag1 x is blue ^u a field ( :ite4 ,?is flag1 ,fig4 #bag1 is ! w> ensign1 ! flag ( ! ,imp]ial ,navy4 ,! cre$ ( ! ,russian ,*ur* extols ! wor%ip ( ,sa9ts1 & among/ ! num]\s subjects ( v5]ation ,/4 ,george takes #ajd rank next to ,/4 ,&rew himself4 ,h5ce we see 8 pres5tm5t on ! ,/&>d ( ! ,cz>1 & h5ce ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 9 #agfb1 in/itut$ an ord] ( knigh?ood 9 8 hon\r4 ,! badge is a cross ( gold1 hav+ 9 its c5tre a m$allion ) a figure ( ! sa9t slay+ ! dragon2 ! ribbon be+ yell[ & black4 ,/4 ,george1 we ne$ sc>cely rem9d our read]s1 is ! great w>rior-,sa9t ( ,engl& too1 b :ile we place 8 sc>let cross1 ,fig4 #ia1 on ! field ( :ite1 ! ,russians rev]se ! arrangem5t & place 8 :ite cross on sc>let4#fe ,fig4 #bae is ! ,russian ,union ,jack t comb9es ! crosses ( ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,george4 ,fig4 #gc is ! ,briti% ,union ,jack t deals ) precisely ! same comb9ation4 ,! flag ( ! ,russian m]*ant s]vice is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bah4 ,?is 0 orig9ally in/ead ( be+ :ite1 blue1 r$1 a flag ( blue1 :ite1 r$4 ,pet] ! ,great borr[$ ?is f ! ,dut*1 among/ :om he le>nt %ip-build+4 ,! ,dut* flag1 ,fig4 #bcg1 x w be se5 is a tricolor ( r$1 :ite1 blue4 ,pet] simply turn$ ?is upside d[n1 & aft]w>ds1 = great] di/9ction1 *>g$ ! c5tral :ite space ) a small blue ,/4 ,&rew's ,cross1 z we see 9 ,fig4 #bai1 :i* repres5ts ?is e>ly =m ( flag4 ,lat] on1 = /ill great] cle>ness ( di/9ction1 ! blue & ! :ite /rips *ang$ places1 & s we get ! mod]n ,russian m]cantile flag1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bah4 ,x 0 evid5tly undesirable t ! flag ( ! great ,empire ( ,russia %\ld be ! same z t ( a rev]s$ ,dut* ensign--a signal ( di/ress & disa/]4 ,bas$ ^u ^! two simple =ms1 ! gov]nm5t ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ,fig4 #bag1 & ! comm]cial tricolor1 ,fig4 #bah1 we get a great v>iety ( (ficial flags4 ,?us ,fig4 #bbj is a v happy bl5d+ ( ! two =ms 9 ! flag ( a ,consul-,g5]al1 s9ce he is an (ficial ( ! ,/ate1 & at ! same "t 8 duties deal l>gely ) comm]cial int]e/s2 & mu* ! same gr\nd may be tak5 z reg>ds ! bl5d+ ( ! two flags 9 ,fig4 #bba1 ! flag ( a ,russian ,*>g d',affaires4 ,fig4 #bbc is ! ensign ( a ,russian transport2 if ( ! second division ! field ( ! flag is blue1 & if ( ! ?ird x is r$1 9 ea* ( ^! cases ! cross$ an*ors be+ :ite4 ,! ,russian signal = a pilot is ! ,jack %[n 9 ,fig4 #bae1 b ) a broad :ite bord] to x4 #aje ,a ,russian ,ambassador or ,m9i/] ,pl5ipot5ti>y flies ! flag %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,9 ! ,imp]ial ,navy we f9d a consid]able v>iety ( flag types4 ,:ile ! full ,admiral flies ! ,imp]ial ,naval ,flag1 ,fig4 #bag1 t ( ! ,vice-,admiral has along its bottom edge a horizontal /rip ( blue1 & t ( ! ,re>-,admiral 9 ! same position a /rip ( r$4 ,! flag ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e is ! (ficial flag1 ,fig4 #bag1 except t in/ead ( ! f\r pla9 :ite spaces !re se5 ^! triangles hold ea* ( !m a gold5 an*or1 ! fluke end outw>ds4 ,!re are _m o!r modifications t we ne$ n "h p>ticul>ise4 ,fig4 #baf is ! (ficial flag ( ,pol&2 ! device 9 ! canton 9 ! upp] corn]1 ! :ite eagle on ! sc>let field1 is ! anci5t ,poli% flag1 :5 ,pol& 0 yet a nation4 ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* flag is lo/ 9 obscurity1 & x is n always easy to trace ! v>i\s modifications t x has und]gone4 ,at ! e>lie/ date ( :i* we h record we f9d ! k+s ( ! ,franks m>%all+ _! =ces "u ! pla9 blue flag kn[n z ! ,*ape de ,/4 ,m>t94 ,lat] on ! r$ flag ( ,/4 ,d5is1 kn[n z ! oriflamme1 came into use1 & 0 held 9 great popul> e/eem1 until by ! t5? c5tury we f9d x accept$ z ! national flag1 ?\gh ! blue flag /ill held its gr\nd z a recognis$ flag4 ,we may1 9 fact1 assume t z ! ,russians plac$ !mselves b5ea? ! protection bo? ( ,/4 ,george & also ( ,/4 ,&rew1 s ! ,fr5* felt t a d\ble claim on sa9tly assi/ance w\ld be by no means amiss4 ,! ,*ape de ,/4 ,m>t9 0 orig9ally 9 ! keep+ ( ! monks ( ! ,abbey ( ,m>m\ti]s1 & popul> belief held x to be a portion ( ! actual blue cloak t ! leg5d affirms ! ,sa9t divid$ ) ! begg> suppliant4 ,! ,c\nts ( ,anj\ claim$ ! "r to take ?is blue flag to battle ) !m4 ,we f9d x borne by ,clovis 9 ! ye> #ejg aga9/ ,al>ic1 & aga9 by ,*>lemagne at ! battle ( ,n>bonne2 & "t aft] "t x l$ ! ho/s ( ,france to victory4 ,:5 ! k+s ( ,france transf]r$ ! seat ( gov]nm5t to ,p>is1 ! great local ,sa9t1 ,/4 ,d5is1 0 held 9 high hon\r1 & ! sc>let flag ( ! ,abbey ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is gradually ou/$ ! blue flag ( ,/4 ,m>t91 & ,/4 ,d5is became ! w>-cry ( ,france4#ff ,fig4 #agi is a repres5tation ( ! oriflamme f "s anci5t /a9$ glass1 b ! au?orities diff] some:at2 ?us ! ,*ronique de ,fl&re describes x z hav+ ?ree po9ts & tassels ( gre5 #ajf silk atta*$ !reto1 :ile an ,engli% au?ority says1 ,! cele/ial auriflamb1 s by ! ,fr5* admir$1 0 b ( "o col\r1 a squ>e r$de bann]4 ,du ,cange gives no h9t ( its %ape1 b affirms t x 0 simple1 sans portraiture d'autre affaire4 ,all !re=e t seems q def9ite is t x 0 a pla9 sc>let flag4 ,! la/ "t t ! sacr$ ensign 0 borne to battle 0 at ,ag9c\rt on ,octob] #be?1 #adae1 :5 x c]ta9ly fail$ to ju/ify ! confid5ce ( its vot>ies4 ,! precise date :5 ! gold5 fleurs-de-lys 7 add$ to ! blue flag is op5 to d\bt1 b we f9d ! =m at a v e>ly date1 & f ! fir/ recognition ( h]aldic coats ( arms ?is blazon 0 ! accept$ cognizance ( ! k+s ( ,france4 ,we see ?is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,orig9ally ! fleurs-de-lys 7 p[d]$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ahh1 ov] ! :ole surface1 b 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v41 ,a4,d4 #acfe1 ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to ?ree4#fg ,! mean+ ( ! fleur-de-lys has giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy2 "s w tell u t x is a lily fl[] or an iris1 :ile o!rs affirm t x is a lance-head4 ,"s au?orities see 9 x an arbitr>y floral =m assum$ by ,k+ ,l\is1#fh & !re=e ! fleur-de-,l\is2 :ile o!rs are s h>d put to x t !y tell u ( a riv] ,lys 9 ,fl&]s t 0 s notable = its pr(usion ( yell[ iris t ! fl[] became kn[n z ! fleur-de-,lys4 ,! anci5t *ronicles gravely record t !y 7 lilies br\ght f ,p>adise by an angel to ,k+ ,clovis 9 ! ye> #dif1 on ! eve ( a great battle f\ght ne> ,cologne4 ,clovis made a v[ t if he 7 victori\s he w\ld embrace ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! angel visitant & ! cele/ial gift 7 a pro( t 8 pray]s 7 he>d & 8 v[ accept$4 ,z ! belief t ,france 0 9 an especial degree "u ,div9e protection 0 a v flatt]+ "o1 ! lilies 7 held = c5turies 9 great fav\r2 & ! fleur-de-lys did n f9ally disappe> f ! flag ( ,france until ! d[nfall ( ,l\is ,philippe 9 ! ye> #ahdh1 a date )9 ! recollection1 d\btless1 ( "s ( our read]s4 ,f9ality1 inde$1 may n ev5 yet h be5 rea*$ 9 ! matt]4 ,z ! bees ( ,napoleon ,i4 reappe>$ 9 ! arms ( ,napoleon ,,iii41 s ! fleur-de-lys may yet aga9 appe> on ! ensigns ( ,france4 ,by virtue ( a ,napoleonic decree 9 #aheb aga9/ facti\s or treasonable emblems1 x 0 =bidd5 to introduce ! fleur-de-lys 9 jewell]y1 tape/ry1 or any o!r decorative way1 le/ its introduction might p]il ! position ( a #ajg sov]eign :o rose to p[] by lavi% brib]y1 & ! free outp\r+ ( blood4 ,napoleon ! ,fir/1 & at lea/ by contra/ ! ,great1 :5 at ,au* enquir$ ! reason :y _m ( ! w9d[s ( ! ca!dral 7 p>tially conceal$ by pap]1 & he 0 in=m$ t x 0 because x 0 fe>$ t he w\ld be (f5d$ at ! sight ( c]ta9 anci5t emblems !re repres5t$4 ,:at6 he exclaim$1 ! fleurs-de-lys8 ,uncov] !m ?is mom5t4 ,dur+ eight c5turies !y guid$ ! ,fr5* to glory1 z my eagles d n[1 & !y mu/ always be de> to ,france & held 9 rev]5ce by h] true *ildr54 ,! :ite cross frequ5tly appe>s on ! e>ly ,fr5* flags4 ,fig4 #ahh1 ! flag ( ! ,fr5* ,gu>ds 9 ! ye> #aefc1 is a good example ( ?is4 ,we f9d ,favyn1 9 a book publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #afbj1 ,le ,?tre d'honneur et de ,*eval]ie1 writ+3 ,le gr& e/5d>d de sat9 bleu cele/e en ri*e brod]ie de fleurs de lys d'or a une gr&e croix ple9 de sat9 blanc1 qui e/ la croix de ,france4 ,figs4 #ahj & #aha are tak5 f a ,,ms4 execut$ 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xii41 ,a4,d4 #adih1 illu/rat+ a battle sc5e2 ^! two flags are plac$ by ! side ( ! fleur-de-lys flag1 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xi41 9 #adgi1 organis$ ! national infantry we f9d him giv+ !m z ! national ensign a sc>let flag ) :ite cross on x2 & "s two hundr$ ye>s lat] we f9d ! v>i\s prov9cial levies b5ea? flags ( v>i\s designs & col\rs1 b all agree+ 9 hav+ ! :ite cross z ! lead+ feature4 ,fig4 #ahb1 = example1 is t ( ! ,soissonois4 ,desj>d9s1 9 8 excell5t book on ! ,fr5* flag1#fi gives a great _m illu/rations ( ^!4 ,9 ! ,muse d',artill]ie 9 ,p>is we f9d a v valuable collection ( m>tial equipm5ts f ! "t ( ,*>lemagne1 & among/ ^! a f9e s]ies 7orig9al :]e possible1 or1 fail+ ?is copies7 ( ! flags ( ,france f ! ye> #abej4 ,! ,hugu5ot p>ty 9 ,france adopt$ ! :ite flag1 & :5 ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii41 #aegd to #aehi1 himself a ,prote/ant1 came to ! ?rone1 ! :ite flag became ! royal ensign1 & 0 fully adopt$ 9 ! next reign1 t ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 ! fir/ k+ ( ! h\se ( ,b\rbon1 z ! national flag4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! flag prior to ! ,great ,revolution1 is some:at confus$1 & 9 ! ye> #affi1 :i* we may consid] ab\t ! middle ( ! ,b\rbon or :ite flag p]iod1#gj we f9d ! ord] giv5 by ! #ajh ,m9i/] ( ! ,m>9e t ! ensigns are to be blue1 p[d]$ ) yell[ fleurs-de-lys1 ) a l>ge :ite cross 9 ! middle4 ,m]*ant %ips 7 to we> ! same flag z ! %ips ( w> except t 9 ! canton corn] 0 to be plac$ ! device ( _! prov9ce or t[n4 ,be=e ! end ( ! ye> a new ord] 0 issu$ to ! effect t ! ensigns at ! /]n are to be 9 all cases :ite1 :ile ! m]*ants 7 to fly ! :ite flag ) ! device ( ! port 9 ! corn]4 ,! :ite flag 0 sometimes pla91 z 9 ,fig4 #ahc1 & at o!r times provid$ ) yell[ fleurs-de-lys4 ,on ! re/oration ( ! ,b\rbons 9 #ahad1 aft] ! ,republic1 ,consulate1 & ,empire1 ! :ite flag 0 aga9 ! flag ( ! nation1 & rema9$ s until #ahcj1 its la/ appe>ance 9 ,france1 unless or until ! h\se ( ,b\rbon aga9 arises to ! ?rone1 :5 ! re/oration ( ! drapeau blanc w\ld probably foll[4 ,! :ite flag has !re=e be5 ! national ensign ( ,france = ov] two hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 a book 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 we f\nd ! flag repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ahe figur$ z ! ,fr5* ,/&>d1 ) ,fig4 #ahg app>5tly z an alt]native1 :ile ! ,national flag ( ,france is repres5t$ z ! tricolor ) bord]+ %[n 9 ,fig4 #ahi1 & ! ,admiral's flag is giv5 z pure :ite4 ,! book is entitl$ ,a ,display ( ,naval ,flags ( all ,nations4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,liv]pool2 no date is giv51 b we c arrive approximately at ?is1 z ! ,briti% ,/&>d is repres5t$ z includ+ ! arms ( ,hanov]2 ?is limits its publication to betwe5 ! ye>s #agad & #ahcg4 ,! well-kn[n tricolor ( ,france1 ,fig4 #aia1 dates f ! era ( ! ,revolution & came into exi/5ce 9 #aghi4 ,x has1 ) ! exception ( ! %ort ,b\rbon ,re/oration1 be5 ! flag ( ,france = ov] a c5tury1 & x rema9s s to ?is day1 ?\gh x und]w5t "s few modifications ere x settl$ d[n to ! pres5t =m4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 on ,octob] #bd? #agij1 x 0 decre$ t ! col\r next ! /aff 0 to be r$1 ! c5tral /rip :ite & ! out] blue1 b on ,febru>y #ae?1 #agid1 x 0 ord]$ t ! flag prescrib$ by ! ,national ,assembly be aboli%$4 ,! national flag %all be =m$ ( ! ?ree national col\rs 9 equal b&s plac$ v]tically1 ! hoi/ be+ blue1 ! c5tre :ite1 & ! fly r$4 ,on ! ,revolution ( #ahdh1 ! provisional gov]nm5t ord]$ on ,m>* #e? t ! col\rs 7 to run ?us--blue1 r$1 :ite1 b ! opposition to ?is 0 s /rong t only two days lat] ! ord] 0 cancell$4 ,9 #agij ! tricolor 0 made ! ,jack1 & ! ensign 0 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aij4 ,?is ensign 0 to be common to bo? ! m5-(-w> & ! flags ( ! m]*ant navy1 b ! arrangem5t 0 n ( long cont9uance4 ,! _s ( *ange t 0 felt 9 e dep>tm5t affect$ ! flags #aji likewise1 & "s little "t elaps$ be=e ! matt] 0 satisfactorily settl$4 ,! arms ( ,p>is are a :ite galley on a r$ gr\nd1 & above ?is are ?ree gold5 fleurs-de-lys on a blue b& or /rip4 ,on ,july #ad?1 #aghi1 x 0 det]m9$ t a civic gu>d ( =ty ?\s& m5 %\ld be rais$1 & t its col\rs %\ld be ^? ( ! city1 ! gules & azure ( ! gr\ndwork ( ! escut*eon1 to :i*1 on ! proposal ( ,lafayette1 ! :ite ( ! royal drapeau blanc 0 add$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ & second ,empire ! ,imp]ial ,/&>d 0 /ill ! tricolor1 b x bore 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite /rip ! eagle2 & all ?ree /rips 7 ri*ly diap]$ ov] ) ! gold5 bees ( ! ,napoleons4 ,! national flag 0 ! tricolor pure & simple1 bo? = ! ,imp]ial & ! ,comm]cial ,navy4 ,z ! flags ( ! army 7 borne on /affs surm\nt$ by a gold5 eagle1 ! t]m eagle 0 (t5 appli$ to ^! col\rs4#ga ,on ! outbreak ( ! second ,republic 9 #ahdh1 ! p imm$iately on its proclamation dem&$ ! adoption ( ! ill-om5$ r$ flag4 ,lam>t9e1 ! lead+ memb] ( ! provisional ,gov]nm5t1 clos$ an impassion$ address ) ! words3 ,citiz5s1 ,i w reject ev5 to dea? ?is bann] ( blood1 & y %\ld repudiate x /ill m ?an myself1 = ?is r$ flag y (f] u has only made ! circuit ( ! ,*amps de ,m>s ba!d 9 ! blood ( ! p1 :ile ! tricolor has made ! circuit ( ! _w1 ) ! "n1 ! glory1 & ! lib]ty ( y\r c\ntry4 ,l\is ,blanc & o!r memb]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t 7 9 fav\r ( ! r$ flag1 & at la/ a compromise 0 effect$ & ! tricolor 0 accept$ ) ! addition ( a l>ge r$ rosette4 ,l\is ,blanc1 n unreasonably1 z a ,republican1 po9t$ out t ,lafayette _h 9 #aghi associat$ ! :ite ( ! ,b\rbon flag ) ! r$ & blue ( ! arms ( ! ,city1 & t ! tricolor flag 0 !re=e ! result ( a compromise betwe5 ! k+ & ! p1 b t 9 #ahdh ! k+ hav+ abdicat$1 & mon>*y done away )1 !re 0 no reason :y any sugge/ion ( ! k+ly p[] %\ld cont9ue4 ,d\btless ! suppression ( ! flag ( ! b>ricades1 ! symbol ( civil /rife1 #aaj ( an>*y & blood%$1 & ! reta9+ ( ! tricolor 0 ! wis] & m patriotic c\rse1 ?\gh x requir$ no mean am\nt ( c\rage & /rong p]sonal influ5ce to effect ! *ange4 ,! ,imp]ial ,eagle1 s long a symbol ( victory1 has n[ 9 ^! ,republican days#gb disappe>$ f ! national col\rs4 ,! flag ( ! ,fr5* army is n[ surm\nt$ by a wrea? ( laurel trav]s$ by a gold5 d>t ) ! lett]s ,r4,f4 & ! regim5tal numb]1 :ile on "o face ( ! flag itself is1 9 ! middle1 ! inscription ,republique ,franaise1 ,honneur et ,patrie1 ea* corn] be+ occupi$ by a gold5 wrea? enclos+ ! numb] ( ! regim5t4 ,! "n ( ! regim5t & its hon\rs occupy ! o!r side4 ,! p5dant ( ! ,fr5* man-(-w> is simply1 ,fig4 #ahf1 ! tricolor elongat$4 ,! ,admiral flies a swall[-tail$ tricolor1 :ile ! ,re>-,admiral & ! ,vice-,admiral h flags ( ! ord9>y %ape1 l ,fig4 #aia1 except t ! =m] (fic] has two :ite />s on ! blue /rip ne> ! top ( x1 & ! latt] ?ree4 ,m>itime prefects h ! ?ree :ite />s on ! blue plus two cross$ an*ors 9 blue 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite /rip4 ,! ,gov]nor ( a ,fr5* colony has su* a special & di/9ctive flag z ,fig4 #if w\ld be if1 in/ead ( ! ,union canton on ! blue1 we plac$ 9 simil> place ! tricolor4 ,!re are naturally a great _m o!r (ficial flags1 b ! requirem5ts ( our space =bid our go+ into any fur!r description ( !m4 ,! w> & m]cantile flags ( ,spa9 h und]gone _m *anges1 & _! e>ly hi/ory is v difficult to unravel2 b on ,may #bh?1 #aghe1 ! flags 7 adopt$ t h cont9u$ 9 use ev] s9ce4 ,fig4 #aib is ! flag ( ! ,spani% ,navy2 x consi/s1 z w be se51 ( ?ree /ripes--a c5tral yell[ "o1 & a r$ "o1 some:at n>r[]1 above & bel[4 ,! orig9al proportion 0 t ! yell[ %\ld be equal 9 wid? to ! two r$ ones comb9$4 ,?is c5tral /ripe is *>g$1 ne> ! hoi/1 ) an escut*eon conta9+ ! arms ( ,ca/ile & ,leon1 & surm\nt$ by ! royal cr[n4 ,! m]cantile flag1 ,fig4 #aic1 is also r$ & yell[4 ,! yell[ /ripe 9 ! c5tre is )\t ! escut*eon1 & 9 wid? x %\ld be equal to "o-?ird ( ! entire dep? ( ! flag1 ! rema9+ ?irds above & bel[ x be+ divid$ into two equal /rips1 ! "o r$ & ! o!r yell[4 ,?is simple /rip+ ( ! two col\rs 0 d\btless #aaa sugge/$ by ! arms ( ,arragon1 ! v]tical r$ & yell[ b>s#gc ( :i* may be se5 also 9 ! ,spani% ,royal ,/&>d1 ,fig4 #aid4 ,spa91 l ,italy1 has gr[n into "o mon>*y by ! aggregation ( m9or ,/ates4 ,9 ! ye> #ajca we h ! ,union ( ,nav>re & ,ca/ile2 9 #ajcg we f9d ,leon & ,a/urias jo9+ ?is same gr[+ k+dom1 & 9 ! ye> #adgd ,f]d9& ,,ii4 ( ,arragon m>ri$ ,isabella ( ,ca/ile1 & ?us unit$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian "p ( ,spa9 into "o mon>*y4 ,9 #adib ?is same pr9ce add$ to 8 dom9ions ,moori% ,spa9 by ! conque/ ( ,granada4 ,leg5d ha? x t 9 ! ye> #hgc ! ,c>lov+ian ,pr9ce ,*>les ! ,bold hon\r$ ,ge(frey1 ,c\nt ( ,b>celona1 by dipp+ 8 f\r f+]s 9 ! blood f ! ,c\nt's w\nds aft] a battle 9 :i* !y 7 alli$1 & draw+ !m d[n ! ,c\nt's gold5 %ield1 & t ^! ruddy b>s 7 !n & !re incorporat$ 9 ! blazon4 ,b>celona 0 %ortly aft]w>ds m]g$ into ! k+dom ( ,arragon1 & its arms 7 adopt$ z ^? ( t k+dom4 ,its f\r upright /rips ( r$1 ! m>ks ( ! royal f+]s1 are j beyond ! upp] %ield 9 ,fig4 #aid4 ,! p5dant ( ! ,spani% ,navy be>s at its broad end a gold5 space 9 :i* ! arms & cr[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #aib1 are plac$2 ! re/ ( ! /ream] is a broad /rip ( yell[1 bord]$1 z 9 ,fig4 #aib1 by two slightly n>r[] /rips ( r$4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,spa91 ,fig4 #aid1 is ( v elaborate "*1 & _m ( its be>+s are z inappropriate to ! hi/oric facts ( ! pres5t day z ! ret5tion 9 ! arms ( ,great ,brita9 ( ! ,fr5* fleurs-de-lys c5turies aft] all claim to its sov]eignty _h be5 lo/4 ,9 ! upp] left h& "p ( ! flag we f9d qu>t]$ ! lion ( ,leon & ! ca/le ( ,ca/ile4#gd ,at ! po9t we h m>k$ ,c are ! arms ( ,arragon4 ,d is ! device ( ,sicily4 ,! r$ & :ite /ripes at ,e are ! arms ( ,au/ria2 we h already enc\nt]$ ^! 9 ,fig4 #bac4 ,! flag ( anci5t ,burgundy1 oblique /ripes ( yell[ & blue )9 a r$ bord]1 is plac$ at ,f4 ,! black lion on ! gold5 gr\nd at ,g is ! h]aldic be>+ ( ,fl&]s1 :ile ! r$ eagle ,h is ! device ( ,antw]p4 ,at ,i we h ! #aab gold5 lion ( ,brabant1 & above x at ,j ! fleurs-de-lys & *equ]s ( anci5t ,burgundy4 ,! upp] small %ield conta9s ! arms ( ,portugal1 & ! l[] conta9s ! fleurs-de-lys ( ,france4#ge ,! ,portuguese 7 an indep5d5t nation until ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 ov]ran ! c\ntry1 & annex$ x 9 ! ye> #aehj to 8 own dom9ions1 b 9 ! ye> #afdj !y ?rew (f ! ,spani% yoke1 :i* _h gr[n intol]able1 & rais$ ,john1 ,duke ( ,braganza1 to ! ?rone4 ,! regal p[] has ev] s9ce rema9$ 9 ?is family4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d be>s on its sc>let field ! arms ( ,portugal1 surm\nt$ by ! regal cr[n4 ,^! arms 7 orig9ally only ! :ite %ield ) ! five small] escut*eons t we see 9 ! c5tre ( ! pres5t blazon4 ,w\ld ! scale ( our illu/ration 7,fig4 #aie7 p]mit x1 ea* ( ^! small escut*eons %\ld be> ^u its surface five :ite circul> spots4 ,portugal 0 invad$ by ! ,moors 9 ! ye> #gac1 & ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry 0 held by !m = ov] ?ree c5turies4 ,9 ! ye> #aaci ,alphonso ,i4 defeat$ an alliance ( five great ,moori% pr9ces at ! ,battle ( ,ourique1 & ! five escut*eons 9 ! %ield repres5ts ! five-fold victory1 :ile ! five circles plac$ on ea* escut*eon symbolise ! five w\nds ( ! ,savi\r 9 ^: /r5g? he defeat$ ! infidels4 ,! sc>let bord] ) its ca/les 0 add$ by ,alphonso ,,iii41 aft] 8 m>riage 9 #abeb ) ! daught] ( ,alphonso ! ,wise1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 ! arms ( :i* prov9ce1 z we h already se5 9 discuss+ ! ,spani% ,/&>d1 are a gold5 ca/le on a r$ field4 ,9 an ,engli% poem1 writt5 by an eye-witness ( ! ,siege ( ,r\5 9 ! ye> #adah1 we f9d an int]e/+ ref]5ce to ! arms ( ,portugal1 :]e we read ( ,! ,kyngis h]&is & pursiuantis1 ,9 cotis ( armys arryauntis4 ,! ,engli%e a be/e1 ! ,fr5s%e a fl\re ,( ,portyugale bo! ca/elle & t\re1 ,& o!r cotis ( div]sitie ,z lordis b]5 9 !r degre4#gf ,! ,portuguese ensign = h] vessels ( w> & also = ! m]*ant s]vice be>s ! %ield & cr[n1 b in/ead ( ! #aac sc>let field we f9d ! gr\ndwork ( ! flag half blue1 & half :ite1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aif4 ,! *oice ( ^! special col\rs1 no d\bt1 arose f ! arms on ! orig9al %ield1 ! five blue escut*eons on ! :ite gr\nd4 ,! ,portuguese ,jack has ! national arms & royal cr[n 9 ! c5tre ( a :ite field1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by ! broad bord] ( blue4 ,italy1 = c5turies a geographical expression1 is n[ "o & indivisible4 ,)9 ! recollection ( _m ( our read]s ! p59sula 0 compos$ ( ! ,k+dom ( ! two ,sicilies1 ! ,pontifical ,/ates1 ! ,gr& ,du*y ( ,tuscany1 ! ,du*ies ( ,p>ma & ,mod5a4 ,!re 0 also 9 ! nor? ! ,k+dom ( ,s>d9ia1 :ile ,lomb>dy & ,v5etia 7 9 ! grip ( ,au/ria4 ,x is some:at beside our pres5t purpose to g into ! wond]ful /ory ( h[ ,victor ,emmanuel ( ,savoy1 aid$ by ,cav\r1 ,g>ibaldi1 & _m ano!r noble patriot1 by diplomacy1 by lives freely laid d[n on ! ,t*]naya1 on ! fields ( ,mag5ta & ,solf]9o1 by ! disa/] at ,s$an1 by bold audacity at "o "t1 by pati5t wait+ at ano!r1 0 f9ally in/all$ 9 ,rome1 ! ,capital ( ,unit$ ,italy1 z k+ ( a great & free nation ( ov] ?irty millions ( p4 ,suffice x n[ to say t ?is ,k+dom ( ,italy1 z we n[ "k x1 did n a*ieve until ! ye> #ahgj ?is full unity "u "o flag t _h be5 = c5turies ! dream ( patriots :o freely %$ _! blood on ! battlefield or ! scaffold1 or p]i%$ 9 ! dungeons ( ,papal ,rome1 or ,naples1 or ,au/ria = ?is ideal4 ,on ! d[nfall 9 #ahfa ( ! ,b\rbon ,gov]nm5t 9 ! ,k+dom ( ! two ,sicilies be=e ! onslaught ( ! ,volunte]s ( ,g>ibaldi1 ! fir/ ,national ,p>liam5t met 9 ,tur91 & proclaim$ ,victor ,emmanuel ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,! title 0 at once ackn[l$g$ by ,great ,brita91 &1 lat] on1 by ! o!r ,p[]s1 & ! capital ( ! ris+ ,/ate 0 transf]r$ to ,flor5ce4 ,! ,papal ,/ates 7 /ill "u ! protection ( ,france1 ! elde/ ,son ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! "y ,k+dom1 unable to wre/ ,rome f ! ,fr5*1 _h to wait ) su* pati5ce z x c\ld comm& = ! consummation ( its hopes4 ,! long-look$-= day at la/ arriv$1 :5 amid/ ! trem5d\s defeats inflict$ 9 #ahgj by ,g]many on ,france1 ! ,fr5* g>rison 9 ,rome 0 )drawn1 & ! ,italians1 aft] a %ort1 %>p conflict ) ! ,papal troops1 ent]$ into possession ( ! ,et]nal ,city1 & at once made x ! ,capital ( a ,/ate at la/ free ?r\gh\t its l5g? & bread?--no long] a geographical expression1 b a pot5t factor to be reckon$ ) & fully recognis$4 ,napoleon ,i4 =m$ ,italy into "o k+dom 9 ! ye> #ahje1 b x 0 rul$ by himself & ! ,vic]oy1 ,eug5e ,beauh>nois1 he appo9t$2 & on 8 ov]?r[ ?is1 l ! v>i\s o!r political #aad arrangem5ts he devis$1 came to n\ght4 ,! flag he be/[$ 0 a tricolor ( gre51 :ite1 & r$1 8 idea be+ t1 :ile giv+ ! new ,k+dom a flag ( its own1 x %\ld indicate by its ne> resemblance to t ( ,france ! s\rce to :i* x ow$ its exi/5ce4 ,9 #ahdh1 ! great revolution>y p]iod1 ?is flag1 :i* _h pass$ out ( exi/5ce on ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon1 0 reassum$ by ! ,nationali/s ( ! ,p59sula1 & accept$ by ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia z ! ensign ( 8 own k+dom1 & *>g$ by him ) ! arms ( ,savoy4 ,?is tricolor1 s *>g$ 7see ,fig4 #aig7 0 ! flag to :i* ! eyes ( all ,italian patriots turn$1 & x is to-day ! flag ( all ,italy4 ,! flag we h repres5t$ is ! ensign ( ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice2 ! flag ( ! arm$ =ces milit>y & naval1 is simil>1 save t ! %ield 9 ! c5tre is surm\nt$ by ! ,royal ,cr[n4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d1 ! p]sonal flag ( ! ,k+1 has ! arms ( ,savoy 9 ! c5tre1 on a :ite gr\nd1 ! :ole hav+ a broad bord]+ ( blue4 ,?is %ield ( ,savoy1 ! :ite cross on ! r$ field1 0 ! device ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem1 an ord] semi-religi\s1 semi-milit>y1 t ow$ its orig9 to ! ,crusades4 ,9 ! ye> #acaj ! ,knights captur$ ,rhodes f ! ,s>ac5s1 b be+ h>d press$ by ! infidels1 ,duke ,amadeus ,,iv41 ( ,savoy1 came to ! rescue1 & ! ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,ord] conf]r$ ^u him ! cross t has ev] s9ce be5 borne 9 ! arms ( ,savoy4 ,! ,jack or b[sprit flag ( ! ,italian man-(-w>1 ,fig4 #bcd1 is simply ?is %ield ( ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john squ>$ into suitable flag-l =m4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e has ! tricolor1 b on ! gre5 portion is plac$ erect a gold5 an*or4 ,! vessels c>ry+ ! ,royal ,mail fly a burgee ( gre51 :ite1 r$1 hav+ a l>ge :ite ,p on ! gre52 & !re are _m o!r (ficial flags1 ! insignia ( v>i\s au?orities or diff]5t dep>tm5ts1 b lack ( space =bids our dwell+ at great] l5g? ^u !m4 ,! w> flag ( ! defunct temporal p[] ( ! ,pope 0 :ite1 & 9 its c5tre /ood figures ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,paul1 & above !m ! cross keys & ti>a4 ,fig4 #aih 0 ! flag ( ! m]*ant %ips own$ by ! subjects ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! comb9ation ( yell[ & :ite is v curi\s4 ,9 ! bann] borne by ,godfrey1 ! ,crusad] ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 ! only t9ctures introduc$ 7 ! two metals1 gold & silv]1 five gold5 crosses be+ plac$ ^u a silv] field4 ,?is 0 done ( delib]ate int5tion t x might be unlike all o!r devices1 z x is 9 all o!r cases deem$ false h]aldry to place metal on metal4 ,! !ory t ^! metals 7 select$ because ( ! ref]5ce 9 ! ,psalms to ! ,holy ,city1 may also be a v possible "o--,?\gh ye h li5 among/ ! pots1 yet %all ye #aae be z ! w+s ( a dove cov]$ ) silv]1 & h] fea!rs ) yell[ gold4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! yell[ & :ite ( ! arms ( ,j]usalem 0 adopt$ by ! ,papal ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,dani% flag is ! olde/ n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #abai1 ,k+ ,waldem> ( ,d5m>k 9 a critical mom5t 9 8 /ormy c>e]1 saw1 or ?\ght he saw1 or said he saw1 a cross 9 ! sky4 ,he 0 !n lead+ 8 troops to battle aga9/ ! ,livonian pagans1 & he gladly welcom$ ?is answ] to 8 pray]s = ,div9e succ\r1 ?is assurance ( cele/ial aid4 ,?is sign f ,heav5 he =?) adopt$ z ! flag ( 8 c\ntry1 & call$ x ! ,dannebrog1 i4e41 ! /r5g? ( ,d5m>k4 ,z a def9ite *ronological fact1 ap>t f all leg5d1 ?is flag dates f ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 also an ,ord] ( ,dannebrog in/itut$ 9 #abai1 9 fur!r commemoration & hon\r ( ! miracle2 & ! "n is a v popul> "o 9 ! ,dani% ,royal ,navy1 "o man-(-w> aft] ano!r succe$+ to ! appellation4 ,"o ( ^! ,dannebrogs 0 bl[n up by ! fire ( ,nelson's fleet 9 #ahja4 ,! ,dani% ,man-(-,w> ,ensign is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d1 l ! ,ensign1 is swall[-tail$1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! cross is plac$ a :ite squ>e1 indicat$ 9 our illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bbd1 by dots4 ,?is c5tral1 squ>e space conta9s ! ,royal ,arms1 surr\nd$ by ! ,coll>s ( ! ,ord]s ( ! ,elephant & ( ! ,dannebrog4 ,! m]*ant flag1 ,fig4 #bbe1 is rectangul>4 ,9 ! ye> #acig1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 & ,d5m>k all =m$ "o k+dom "u ! rule ( ! latt]1 b 9 #adad ! ,sw$es wag$ ) m or less success an ardu\s /ruggle = lib]ty1 & _! indep5d5ce 0 def9itely ackn[l$g$ 9 ! ye> #aebc4 ,! flag ( ,sw$5 is ! yell[ cross on ! blue gr\nd %[n 9 ,fig4 #bca4 ,! blue & yell[ are ! col\rs ( ! ,sw$i% arms1#gg & !y 7 !n d\btless *os5 = ! flag z ! col\rs ( fre$om & indep5d5ce4 ,norway _h no sep>ate political exi/5ce until ! ye> #ahad1 b 9 t ye> ! ,norwegians sec$$ f ,d5m>k1 & decl>$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,_! fir/ flag 0 /ill a r$ flag ) a :ite cross on x1 & ! arms ( ,norway 9 ! upp] corn] next ! flag/aff1 b ?is be+ f\nd to too closely resemble ! ,dani% flag1 !y sub/itut$ = x ! device se5 9 ,fig4 #bcj1 :i* x w be not$ is /ill ! ,dani% flag1 plus ! blue cross on ! :ite "o4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ,norway is entirely di/9ct f ,sw$51 & x reta9s its own laws1 b 9 #ahad ! two ,k+doms 7 unit$ "u "o ,sov]eign4 ,z a sign ( ! union !re is c>ri$ 9 ! upp] squ>e1 next to ! flag/aff 9 ! flags ( bo? c\ntries1 a union device1 a comb9ation ( ! ,sw$i% #aaf & ,norwegian ,national col\rs4 ,aft] consid]able dispute1 ! ,union ,jack %[n 9 ,fig4 #bbi 0 accept$ z ! symbol ( ! political relation%ip ( ! two nations4 ,x is a v neat arrangem5t1 = if we look at ! upp] & l[] portions we see ! flag 7,fig4 #bcj7 ( ,norway1 if we /udy ! two lat]al portions we f9d !y are ! flag 7,fig4 #bca7 ( ,sw$54 ,bo? ! ,sw$i% & ,norwegian w> flags are swall[-tail$1 & h ! out] limb ( ! cross project+2 we may see ?is v cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #bbh1 :]e ! ma9 body ( ! flag is ,norwegian4 ,! m]*ant flag is ) ea* nationality rectangul>2 9 ,fig4 #bbg we h ! flag ( a ,sw$i% m]*ant vessel4 ,bo? 9 ! ,norwegian & ,sw$i% flags1 z we may note 9 ,figs4 #bbg & #bbh1 x w be notic$ t ! ,union device is conspicu\sly pres5t4 ,! ,norwegian man-(-w> flag1 ,fig4 #bbh1 w\ld be t ( a ,norwegian m]*ant if we cut (f ! po9ts 9 ! fly2 ! ,sw$i% m]*ant flag1 ,fig4 #bbg1 w\ld be t ( a ,sw$i% man-(-w> if in/ead ( ! /raight end we made x swall[-tail$4 ,z ,sov]eign ( ,sw$51 ! ,k+ places 8 arms 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge yell[ cross2 z ,sov]eign ( ,norway1 9 ! c5tre ( ! l>ge blue cross2 h5ce we get ! ,sw$i% & ,norwegian ,royal ,/&>ds1 ! "o = use 9 ! "o c\ntry1 & ! o!r = s]vice 9 ! o!r1 ! ,union device be+ pres5t 9 ! upp] corn] 9 ea* case1 & ! out] portion ( ! flags swall[-tail$4 ,! ,/&>d is1 9 fact1 ! w> flag plus ! royal arms4 ,! ,po/ ,s]vice has 9 ! c5tre ( ! flag a :ite squ>e1 ) a gold5 horn & cr[n 9 x2 ! ,cu/oms flag has a simil> :ite squ>e at ! junction ( ! arms ( ! cross1 & 9 its c5tre is plac$ a cr[n$ ,t4 ,fig4 #bcb1 on ! same %eet z ! flags ( ,norway & ,sw$51 is ! simple & beautiful flag ( ,switz]l&4 ,l ! crosses ( ,/4 ,george1 ,/4 ,&rew1 ,/4 ,patrick1 or t on ! flag ( ,d5m>k1 its device has a religi\s significance4 ,gauti] tells u t3--,la premire fois qu'il en e/ fait m5tion dans l'hi/oire crite e/ dans la ,*ronique du ,be>nois ,ju/+]4 ,il dit1 aprs avoir fait l'numration des =ces des ,suisses quittant ,b]ne p\r m>*] contre l'arme des nobles coaliss en #acci--';,et t\s tai5t m>qus au signe de la ,sa9te ,croix1 une croix blan*e dans un cusson r\ge1 p> la raison que l'affran*issem5t de la nation tait p\r eux une cause aussi sacre que la dlivrance des lieux sa9ts4' ,its tw5ty-two cantons are unit$ by a ,con/itution1 "u "o ,presid5t & "o flag1 b ea* canton has its own cantonal col\rs4 ,?us ,basel is half black & half :ite2 ,/4 ,gall51 gre5 & :ite2 ,g5eva1 r$ & yell[2 ,a>gau1 black & blue2 ,gl>us1 r$1 black1 & :ite2 ,uri1 yell[ & black2 ,b]ne1 black & r$2 ,frib\rg1 black & :ite2 ,luc]ne1 blue & :ite2 #aag ,tess91 r$ & blue2 & s =?4 ,9 ea* case ! /ripes ( col\r are dispos$ horizontally1 & ! "o we h ea* "t m5tion$ fir/ is ! upp] col\r4 ,)9 ! walls ( ! ,city ( ,g5eva 0 held1 9 #ahfc1 an ,int]national ,conf]5ce1 to consid] h[ f> ! horrors ( w> c\ld be mitigat$ by aid to ! sick & w\nd$4 ,?is ,conf]5ce propos$ t 9 "t ( w> ! neutrality %\ld be fully admitt$ ( field & /ation>y hospitals1 & also recognis$ 9 ! mo/ complete mann] by ! bellig]5t ,p[]s 9 ! case ( all (ficials employ$ 9 sanit>y "w1 volunte] nurses1 ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry :o %all assi/ ! w\nd$1 & ! w\nd$ !mselves--t an id5tical di/9ctive sign %\ld be adopt$ = ! m$ical corps ( all armies1 & t an id5tical flag %\ld be us$ = all hospitals & ambulances1 & = all h\ses conta9+ w\nd$ m54 ,! di/9ctive m>k ( all su* refuges is a :ite flag ) a r$ cross on x--! flag ( ,switz]l& rev]s$ 9 col\r+--& all m$ical /ores1 c>riages1 & ! l1 be> ! same device ^u !m2 :ile ! doctors1 nurses1 & assi/ants1 h a :ite armlet ) ! r$ cross ^u x1 ! sacr$ badge t proclaims _! mission ( m]cy4 ,9 def]5ce to ! religi\s feel+s ( ,turkey a r$ cresc5t may be sub/itut$ = ! cross 9 campaigns :]e t c\ntry is "o ( ! bellig]5ts4 ,^! valuable proposals 7 confirm$ by a treaty 9 ,augu/1 #ahfd1 sign$ by ! repres5tatives ( twelve ,p[]s1 & kn[n z ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion4 ,s9ce !n all ! civilis$ ,p[]s 9 ! _w1 ) ! exception ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h giv5 9 _! adhesion to x4 ,9 #ahfg an ,int]national ,conf]5ce 0 held at ,p>is = /ill fur!r develop+ & c>ry+ out 9 a practical mann] ! pr9ciples ( ! ,g5eva ,conf]5ce1 & ano!r at ,b]l9 9 #ahfi = ! same object4 ,"o notable feature ( ^! two ,conf]5ces 0 ! ext5sion ( ! pr9ciples accept$ = l& conflict to naval w>f>e4 ,holl&1 z an ,indep5d5t ,/ate1 came into exi/5ce 9 ! ye> #aegi4 ,f #abii we f9d ! c\ntry "u ! rule ( ! ,c\rts ( ,ha9ault1 & 9 #adcf x came into ! h&s ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 :o 9 turn 7 subjugat$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! tyranny & religi\s p]secution to :i* ! ,ne!rl&]s 7 expos$ by ! ,spani>ds l$ to num]\s revolts1 :i* at la/ develop$ into a ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 "u ,william1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange4 ,! ,holl&]s adopt$ z _! flag ! col\rs ( ! ,h\se ( ,orange--orange1 :ite1 & blue4 ,at fir/ !re 0 great latitude ( treatm5t1 ! numb] ( ! b>s ( ea* col\r & _! ord] be+ v v>iable1 b 9 #aeii x 0 def9itely fix$ t ! flag ( ! ,ne!rl&s 0 to be orange1 :ite1 blue1 9 ?ree horizontal /ripes ( equal wid?4 ,h[ ! orange became #aah *ang$ to r$ is v d\btful2 ,f\rni]1 writ+ 9 #afdc1 we see ref]s to ! ,dut* flag z a tricolor ( r$1 :ite1 blue4 ,fig4 #bcg repres5ts ! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,holl&2 ! army & navy & comm]cial flags are simil>1 except t ! ,royal ,arms are n introduc$4 ,dur+ ! g5]al eff]vesc5ce caus$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! naval flag ( ,holl& _h 9 ! upp] /aff-corn] a :ite canton1 *>g$ ) a figure ( ,lib]ty1 b ! innovation 0 n at all popul>1 z ! sailors pref]r$ ! old tricolor "u :i* ! great victories ( ,reut] & ,van ,tromp 7 ga9$1 & 9 #ahjf x 0 deem$ exp$i5t to rev]t to x4 ,! brilliant sc>let1 yell[1 & black tricolor repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bcf is ! flag ( ,belgium4 ,! ,/&>d has1 9 addition1 ! ,royal ,arms plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! yell[ /rip4 ,! black1 yell[1 & r$1 are ! col\rs ( ! ,du*y ( ,brabant1 & ^! 7 adopt$ z ! national flag 9 #ahca4 ,f #adgg onw>ds we f9d ,belgium "u ,au/rian dom9ation1 & 9 #aeff x fell into ! h&s ( ,spa94 ,9 #agie1 & = "s ye>s foll[+1 x 0 held by ,france1 & 9 #ahad 0 h&$ ov] to ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 b 9 #ahcj ! ,belgians rose aga9/ ! ,holl&]s1 & be=e ! end ( ! ye> _! indep5d5ce 0 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,great ,p[]s1 & ,leopold ( ,coburg1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 became fir/ ,k+ ( ,belgium4 ,)9 a mon? ( 8 accession to ! ?rone1 ! ,dut* recomm5c$ ! /ruggle1 & x 0 only 9 #ahci t a f9al treaty ( peace 0 sign$ 9 ,london betwe5 ,belgium & ,holl&1 & its claims to indep5d5ce frankly recognis$ by ! ,dut*4 ,greece1 orig9ally invad$ by ! ,turks 9 ! ye> #acej1 rema9$ = ne>ly five hundr$ ye>s "u _! oppressive yoke1 ris+ f "t to "t aga9/ _! ma/]s1 only to expose _! c\ntry1 on ! failure ( _! attempts1 to ! great] tyranny & ! mo/ dreadful excesses4 ,ov] t5 ?\s& ,greeks 7 slaught]$ 9 ,cyprus 9 #ahba1 :ile ! bomb>dm5t ( ,scio 9 #ahbb1 & ! horrible massacre on its capture1 /& out 9 lurid col\rs z "o ( ! mo/ atroci\s de$s ! _w has ev] kn[n3 ov] =ty ?\s& m51 wom51 & *ildr5 fell by ! sword4 ,sev5 ?\s& :o _h fl$ to ! m\nta9s 7 induc$ to surr5d] by a promise ( amne/y1 & ^!1 too1 7 murd]$4 ,! t[ns & villages 7 fir$1 & ! un=tunate inhabitants1 hemm$ 9 by ! ,turks1 p]i%$ 9 ! flames or fell b5ea? ! swords ( _! rel5tless foes if !y attempt$ to escape4 ,small wond]1 !n1 t ! he>t ( ,europe 0 /irr$1 & t ,"l ,byron & ?\s&s m took up ! cause ( ,greek indep5d5ce1 by contributions ( arms & money1 by fi]y d5unciation1 & ) /rong "r h&4 ,missolonghi1 ,nav>9o1 #aai & _m ano!r sc5e ( /ruggle we _c "h dwell ^u1 suffice x to say t at la/ ! victory 0 won & ,greece em]g$1 aft] a trem5d\s /ruggle1 f ! bondage ( ! ,turks1 & took its place 9 ,europe z a free & indep5d5t nation1 ! ,porte ackn[l$g+ ! inexorable logic ( ! fait accompli on ,april #be?1 #ahcj4 ,aft] a %ort ,presid5cy "u "o ( ! ,greek nobles1 ,o?o ( ,bav>ia 0 elect$ ,k+ ( ,greece 9 #ahcc1 & ! new ,k+dom 0 fairly laun*$4 ,! ,greeks adopt$ ! blue & :ite1 ! col\rs ( ,bav>ia1 z a delicate complim5t to ! ,pr9ce :o accept$ _! invitation to asc5d ! ?rone ( ,greece4 ,! m]*ant flag ( ,greece is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,x w be se5 t x consi/s ( n9e /ripes1 alt]nately blue & :ite1 ! canton be+ blue1 ) a :ite cross 9 x4 ,! navy flag is simil>1 except t 9 addition !re is plac$ a gold5 cr[n 9 ! c5tre ( ! cross4 ,! ,royal ,/&>d is blue ) a :ite cross2 ! arms ( ! cross are n1 z 9 ,fig4 #bcc1 ( equal l5g?1 b ! "o next ! /aff is %ort]1 z 9 ! ,dani% flag1 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,9 ! op5 space at ! cross+ ( ! arms is plac$ ! ,royal ,arms4 ,! ,turki% ,empire has und]gone _m *anges & vicissitudes1 & has 9 ^! latt] days %runk consid]ably4 ,european ,turkey n[ consi/s ( ab\t sev5ty ?\s& squ>e miles1 :ile ,turkey 9 ,asia1 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pale/9e1 ,arm5ia1 etc41 is ov] sev5 hundr$ ?\s&4#gh ,! cresc5t moon & />1 ,figs4 #bci & #bdj1 7 adopt$ by ! ,turks z _! device on ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ,mahomet ,,ii41 9 #adec4 ,!y 7 orig9ally ! symbol ( ,diana1 ! ,patroness ( ,byzantium1 & 7 adopt$ by ! ,ottomans z a badge ( triumph4 ,prior to t ev5t1 ! cresc5t 0 a v common *>ge 9 ! armorial be>+s ( ,engli% ,knights1 b x fell into consid]able disuse :5 x became ! special device ( ! ,moham$ans1 ?\gh ev5 s late z ! ye> #adfd we f9d ,r51 ,duke ( ,anj\1 f\nd+ an ,ord] ( ,knigh?ood hav+ z its badge ! cresc5t moon1 encircl$ by a motto signify+ praise by increas+4 ,?\gh ! cresc5t 01 z we h se51 orig9ally a ,pagan symbol1 x rema9$ ?r\gh\t ! rise & developm5t ( ! ,greek ,*ur* ! special m>k ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ev5 n[ 9 ,mosc[ & o!r ,russian cities ! #abj cresc5t & ! cross may be se5 comb9$ on ! *ur*es1 ! object be+ to indicate ! ,byzant9e orig9 ( ! ,russian ,*ur*4 ,! cresc5t may be se5 on ! co9s & m$als ( ,augu/us1 ,trajan1 & o!r ,emp]ors4 ,! orig9 ( ! symbol 0 z foll[s3 ,philip1 ! fa!r ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 meet+ ) _m un=ese5 difficulties 9 c>ry+ on ! siege ( ! city1 set ! soldi]s to "w "o d>k night to und]m9e ! walls1 b ! cresc5t moon appe>+ ! design 0 discov]$ & ! s*eme misc>ri$2 & 9 ackn[l$gm5t ! ,byzant9es erect$ a /atue to ,diana1 & made ! cresc5t moon--! attribute ( ! ,goddess--! symbol ( _! city4 ,! ,w> ,flag ( ,turkey is ! cresc5t & /> on ! sc>let field1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bci4 ,! flag ( ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice seems less def9itely fix$4 ,9 ! ,(ficial ,flag ,book#gi ( ! ,engli% ,admiralty1 ,fig4 #bci is giv5 z bo? ! man-(-w> flag & ! m]*ant flag = ,turkey1 ,egypt1 & ,tripoli1 :ile 9 an excell5t book on ! subject1 publi%$ at ,vi5na 9 #ahhc1 ,fig4 #bce is giv5 z ! flag ( ! comm]cial m>9e2 & we h also se5 a pla9 r$ flag ) a /> 9 ! upp] corn] ( ! hoi/1 & ano!r divid$ into ?ree horizontal b&s1 ! upp] & l[] be+ r$1 & ! c5tral "o gre54 ,! ,milit>y & ,naval ,s]vice ( ,tunis has ! flag repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bdj1 :ile ! ,tunisian comm]cial flag is simply r$1 )\t device ( any k9d4 ,9 a map be>+ ! date #aejb ! ,turki% ,dom9ions are m>k$ by a sc>let flag hav+ ?ree po9ts & be>+ ?ree black cresc5ts1 :ile 9 a %eet ( flags ) ! comp>atively mod]n date ( #agce1 ,turk is repres5t$ by a blue flag ) ?ree cresc5ts 9 :ite ^u x4 ,! p]sonal flag ( ! ,sultan1 correspond+ to our ,royal ,/&>d1 is sc>let1 & be>s 9 its c5tre ! device ( ! reign+ sov]eign3 h5ce x und]goes a *ange at ea* accession to ! ?rone4 ,?is device1 kn[n z ! ,tughra1 is plac$ on ! co9age1 po/al /amps1 etc41 z well z on ! ,royal ,flag1 & consi/s ( ! "n ( ! ,sultan1 ! title ,khan1 & ! epi!t ,el muzaff> daima1 signify+ ! ev]-victori\s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,tughra is curi\s3 ,:5 ,sultan ,murad ,i4 ent]$ into a treaty ( peace ) ! ,ragusans1 he 0 n suffici5tly s*ol>ly to be able to affix #aba 8 signature to ! docum5t1 s he wett$ 8 op5 h& ) ink & press$ x on ! pap]1 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird f+]s mak+ sme>s 9 fairly close proximity1 :ile ! ?umb & f\r? f+] 7 ap>t on ei!r side4 ,)9 ! m>k ?us made1 ! ,ottoman ,scribes wrote ! "n ( ,murad1 8 title1 & ! epi!t t bore te/imony to 8 ev]-victori\s c>e]4 ,! ,tughra rema9s ! symbol ( ?is1 ! ?ree upright =ms be+ ! ?ree f+]s ( ,murad1 ! r\nd$ l9e to ! left ! ?umb1 & ! l9e to ! "r ! little f+]2 ^! lead+ =ms d n v>y1 b ! small] *>act]s *ange ) ! *ange ( sov]eign4 ,?is ,murad1 sometimes call$ ,amura?1 asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 ! ye> #acfb4hj ,! p]sonal flag ( ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt is gre51 & has 9 its c5tre ! cresc5t & ?ree :ite />s4 ,by ! ,treaty ( ,b]l91 ,july #ahgh1 ! prov9ces ( ,moldavia & ,walla*ia1 =m]ly a portion ( ! ,turki% ,empire1 & ! t]ritory ( ! ,dobruds*a1 7 recognis$ z an indep5d5t ,/ate1 & 7 =m$ into ! k+dom ( ,r\mania some:at lat]1 ! sov]eign :o _h previ\sly held ! rank ( pr9ce be+ cr[n$ k+ 9 ,m>*1 #ahha4 ,! flag ( ,r\mania is ! brilliant blue1 yell[ & r$ tricolor %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,! flag ( ,s]via1 ano!r small k+dom ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdc2 ! royal /&>d is simil>1 except t ! arms are plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! blue /ripe4 ,x w be se5 t ! flag ( ,s]via is t ( ,russia1 ,fig4 #bah1 rev]s$4 ,by ! ,b]l9 ,treaty ( #ahgh1 ,s]via receiv$ a l>ge increase ( t]ritory1 & 0 creat$ an indep5d5t ,/ate1 its pr9cely rul] be+ cr[n$ k+ 9 ,m>*1 #ahhb4 ,! ,/ate ( ,bulg>ia is ano!r ( ! creations ( ! ,b]l9 ,treaty4 ,x is gov]n$ by a pr9ce :o is nom9ally "u ! suz]a9ty ( ,turkey4 ,its w> flag is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bda2 ! m]cantile flag has no leon9e canton1 b is simply a tricolor ( :ite1 gre51 & r$4 ,hav+ already dealt ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we propose n[ to turn our att5tion to ! o!r ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! simple & effective ensign ( ,*ili is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #afa4 ,?is flag is us$ bo? by ! ,*ilian m5-(-w> & by ! vessels ( ! m]cantile m>9e4 ,fig4 #aeg is s mu* ( ! p5dant ( a man-(-w> z ! limits ( our page w p]mit4 ,! ,*ilian ,jack is ! blue canton & :ite /> ( ,fig4 #afa1 treat$ z a di/9ct #abb flag1 & ! flags ( ! v>i\s naval ranks are also blue ) a v>y+ numb] ( :ite />s4 ,fig4 #afd is ! m]*ant flag ( ,new ,granada2 ! ,gov]nm5t ensign has 9 addition ! %ield ( arms 9 ! c5tre ( ! blue /ripe4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! col\rs 9 ?is tricolor are ! same z ^? ( ,r\mania1 ,fig4 #bdb1 only diff]5tly dispos$4 ,new ,granada is compos$ ( n9e small ,/ates1 & 9 #ahfc ^! b\nd !mselves into a clos] conf$]ation1 & *ang$ _! collective "n f ,new ,granada to t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,colombia1 & adopt$ a tricolor ( yell[1 blue1 & r$1 only dispos$ horizontally in/ead ( z 9 ,fig4 #afd1 v]tically4 ,?is s\nds id5tical ) ! flag ( ,v5ezuela1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,colombian flag is plac$ a diff]5t device1 & ! yell[ /ripe takes up half ! space1 ! o!r two be+ only half its wid?4 ,fig4 #afe is ! flag ( ,uruguay1 a ,/ate t 0 =m]ly a prov9ce ( ,brazil1 b decl>$ its indep5d5ce 9 ! ye> #ahbe4 ,! next flag on our plate1 ,fig4 #aff1 is ! w> ensign ( ,guatemala3 ! %ield 9 ! c5tre be>s a scroll ) ! words ,lib]tad #ae de ,setiembre1 #ahba1 surm\nt$ by a p>rot1 surr\nd$ by a wrea?1 & hav+ beh9d x cross$ rifles & swords4 ,! m]*ant flag is ! pla9 blue1 :ite1 blue1 )\t ! %ield4 ,9 ! ye> #aebe ! c\ntry 0 conqu]$ by ,don ,p$ro de ,alv>ado1 "o ( ! companions ( ,cortes1 & x rema9$ subject to ,spa9 until #ahba1 :5 x ga9$ its indep5d5ce1 ! ,lib]tad ( ! scroll4 ,x !n w5t 9 vigor\sly = sev]al ye>s ( civil w>1 & ! outcome ( ?is 0 t ! c\ntry kn[n "u ,spani% rule z ,guatemala1 a c\ntry embrac+ all ,c5tral ,am]ica1 split up 9 #ahci into five ,republics1 all absolutely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 viz41 ,guatemala1 ,san ,salvador1 ,honduras1 ,nic>agua1 & ,co/a ,rica4 ,! next flag1 ,fig4 #afg1 is ! ensign ( ,co/a ,rica3 ! "o repres5t$ is t ( ! ,m]*ant ,s]vice4 ,! w> ensign diff]s f x 9 hav+ 9 ! c5tre ! arms ( ! ,/ate1 surr\nd$ on ei!r side by a trophy ( ?ree flags1 & b5ea? all a wrea?4 ,fig4 #afh1 ! flag ( ,p>aguay1 is v sugge/ive ( ! col\rs ( ,holl&1 ?\gh ! device 9 ! c5tre s]ves to diff]5tiate x4 ,p>aguay is ! only ,/ate 9 ,am]ica t has no sea-bo>d1 & !re=e no ,m]cantile ,m>9e4 ,brazil1 discov]$ by ! ,portuguese 9 #aejj1 rema9$ 9 _! possession until a revolution>y /ruggle 9 ! ye> #ahba end$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,brazilians1 :5 an ,empire 0 %ortly aft]w>ds e/abli%$4 ,comp>$ to ! o!r ,/ates ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 x has pass$ ?r\gh long p]iods ( re/ & prosp]ity1 b ( late ye>s its political position has be5 "o ( consid]able unc]ta9ty1 ! ,emp]or hav+ be5 dismiss$ & ! rival #abc ambitions = ! ,presid5t%ip lead+ to civil w>4 ,^! political *anges h necess>ily produc$ modifications 9 ! flag4 ,! pres5t flag1 ,fig4 #afi1 is n altoge!r unlike t ( ! late ,empire1 ?\gh 9 ?is latt] case ! yell[ diamond on ! gre5 gr\nd held a %ield & ,imp]ial cr[n1 flank$ by sprays ( c(fee & tobacco4 ,9 ! pres5t flag ?is yell[ diamond has a blue sph]e spott$ ov] ) />s & a :ite b& runn+ across x1 t be>s 9 blue lett]s ! leg5d ,ordem e progresso4#ha ,fig4 #agc is ! upp] portion ( ! man-(-w> p5dant1 a blue gr\nd ) :ite />s4 ,fig4 #afi is ! ensign1 bo? ( ! ,w> & ,m]*ant ,navy ( ,brazil4 ,! yell[1 blue1 & r$ tricolor1 ,fig4 #agj1 is ! m]*ant ensign ( ,v5ezuela2 ! w> flag has ! same /ripes1 & 9 addition ! %ield ( ! arms ( ! ,/ate is plac$ on ! yell[ b& at ! /aff corn]4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds arriv$ (f ! coa/ 9 ! ye> #adii1 !y f\nd on l&+ t "s ( ! native ,indians 7 liv+ 9 huts built on piles1 h5ce !y call$ ! c\ntry ,v5ezuela1 or little ,v5ice4 ,bolivia1 =m]ly compris$ 9 ! ,spani% ,vice-,royalty ( ,colombia1 d]ives its pres5t "n f ,simon ,boliv>1 ! lead] ( ! revolution t ga9$ x its fre$om4 ,its comm]cial flag is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aga2 ! w> flag only diff]s 9 hav+ ! arms ( ! ,/ate plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! r$ /rip4 ,! famili> gre51 :ite1 r$ ( ,italy is repeat$ 9 ! flag ( ,mexico1 b in/ead ( ! cross ( ,savoy1 we h ! eagle & s]p5t4 ,! ,mexican m]*ant ensign is ! pla9 tricolor ( gre51 :ite1 r$1 ! c5tral device we see 9 ,fig4 #agb m>k+ x z ! w> flag4 ,mexico 0 discov]$ 9 #aeah1 & conqu]$1 ) infam\s cruelties1 by ,cortes4 ,aft] a l5g!n$ revolution>y /ruggle1 ! yoke ( ,spa9 0 f9ally ?r[n (f 9 #ahbi1 & ! indep5d5ce ( ,mexico 0 recognis$ by all ! great ,european ,p[]s4 ,p]u 0 discov]$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 #aeac1 & 0 soon aft]w>ds1 "u ! comm& ( ,piz>ro1 add$ to ! dom9ions ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa94 ,p]u rema9$ 9 subjection to ! ,spani>ds 7:o murd]$ ! ,incas & all _! desc5dants1 & committ$ ! mo/ frightful cruelties7 until #ahbf1 :5 ! indep5d5ce ( ! c\ntry1 aft] a prolong$ /ruggle1 0 completely a*iev$4 ,! ,p]uvian w> ensign is giv5 9 ,fig4 #agd1 ! m]*ant flag be+ ! pla9 r$1 :ite1 r$4 ,san ,salvador1 ! smalle/ ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican ,republics1 #abd e/abli%$ itself 9 #ahci1 on ! break-up ( ! ,spani% ,/ate ( ,guatemala4 ,its flag is %[n 9 ,fig4 #age4 ,! c\ntry n[ held by ! ,arg5t9e ,republic 0 discov]$ 9 #aeag1 & settl$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 #aeec4 ,! w> ensign is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #agf2 ! m]*ant ensign has ! ?ree /ripes1 b ! gold5 sun is miss+4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ecuador has ,fig4 #agg z its w> flag1 ! m]*ant ensign be+ )\t ! r+ ( :ite />s4 ,! la/ flag on ! %eet 7,fig4 #agh7 is ! m]*ant flag ( ,haiti2 ! ,gov]nm5t flag has ! blue & r$ r$uc$ to a broad bord]1 ! c5tral portion ( ! flag be+ :ite4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is :ite portion /&s a palm tree1 & bel[ x a trophy ( arms & flags1 flank$ on ei!r side by a cannon4 ,! flag ( ! ,cuban national =ces 9 conflict ) ,spa9 has at ! hoi/ a triangul> portion ( blue1 "o side ( ?is triangle be+ ! dep? ( ! flag itself1 & on ?is blue field is a :ite1 five-po9t$ />4 ,! re/ ( ! flag is made up ( ! foll[+ horizontal & equal /ripes--r$1 :ite1 r$1 :ite1 r$4 ,japan--kn[n to ! ,japanese z ,niphon1 d]iv$ f ,nitsu1 ,sun1 & ,phon1 ! ris+--! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun1#hb has adopt$ ?is ris+ sun z its emblem4 ,japan claims to possess a writt5 hi/ory ( ov] #b1ejj ye>s1 b ! fairly au!ntic portion beg9s ) ! ye> #ffj ,b4,c41 :5 ! pres5t h]$it>y succession ( rul]s comm5c$4 ,engli% m]*ants visit$ ,japan 9 #afab1 & ! ,portuguese almo/ a c5tury be=e4 ,by #aehg ! conv]ts ( ! ,portuguese ,jesuit ,missions numb]$ "s six hundr$ ?\s&4 ,at ?is "t "s ,spani% ,franciscans appe>$ on ! sc5e1 & political & religi\s discord soon foll[$4 ,! ,japanese rul] took al>m at ! ,papal claim to univ]sal sov]eignty1 & ! ,buddhi/ ,prie/hood & ! ,engli% & ,dut* ,prote/ant trad]s fann$ ! flame ( suspicion & jeal\sy4 ,?is 0 done s effectually t ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t bani%$ all =eign]s1 & clos$ ! c\ntry aga9/ !m4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/$ = ov] two c5turies1 & x 0 only 9 ! ye> #ahec t ,japan 0 re-op5$ to ! outside _w4 ,! flag ( ,japan1 ! ris+ sun1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,! r$ ball )\t ! rays is us$ z a ,jack1 9 :i* case x is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ite field4 ,fig4 #bde is ! ,/&>d ( ! ,emp]or4 ,! *rysan!mum is ! emblem ( ,japan1 & its gold5 fl[]1 some:at conv5tionally r5d]$ x mu/ be admitt$1 is ! =m we see introduc$ 9 ,fig4 #bde4hc ,figs4 #bdf & #bdh are ! transport flag & ! gu>d flag respectively ( ! ,japanese w> m>9e4 #abe ,! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ( ,*9a is yell[ ) a blue dragon4 ,! (ficial flag book ( ! ,admiralty gives ! flag ( a ,*9ese ,admiral z made up ( ! foll[+ horizontal /ripes3 yell[1 :ite1 black1 gre51 r$1 a blue dragon on a :ite gr\nd be+ ! canton 9 ! /aff-head corn]4 ,! m]*ant ensign is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,among/ ! ,*9ese flags captur$ 9 #ahda1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution1 is "o ) a blue c5tre ) an inscription 9 :ite ^u x1 & ) a broad not*$ bord] ( :ite2 ano!r has its c5tre ( a pale blue & a d>k] blue dragon ^u x1 ! :ole be+ surr\nd$ by a broad & deeply-not*$ bord] ( r$4 ,! flag ( ,siam is sc>let ) a :ite elephant !reon4 ,be=e ,xacca1 ! f\nd] ( ! nation1 0 born 8 "m dreamt t %e br\ght =? a :ite elephant1 & ! ,brahm9s affirm t ,xacca1 aft] a metempsy*osis ( eighty ?\s& *anges1 conclud$ 8 v v>i$ exp]i5ces z ?is :ite elephant1 & !nce 0 receiv$ into ! company ( ! ,cele/ial ,deities4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! :ite elephant is held a sacr$ bea/1 & ! ,siamese rejoice to place !mselves b5ea? s pot5t a protector4 ,! flag ( ,korea be>s ! tig]4 ,9 ! ?ickly-wood$ gl5s ( ! int]ior1 ! royal tig] is f\nd 9 =midable numb]s4 ,! flag ( ,s>awak1 a t]ritory ( "s =ty ?\s& squ>e miles1 on ! nor?-we/ ( ,borneo1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #beb4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 obta9$ 9 #ahdb f ! ,sultan ( ,borneo by an ,engli%man1 ,sir ,james ,brooke1 & x is /ill rul$ by "o ( ! family1 a nephew ( ! fir/ ,rajah4 ,9 ,africa1 ! only flags t we ne$ p>ticul>ize are ^? ( ! ,orange ,free ,/ate1 ,lib]ia1 ! ,congo ,/ate1 & ! ,s\? ,african ,republic4 ,! ,orange ,free ,/ate 0 f\nd$ by ,dut* emigrants f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x 0 proclaim$ ,briti% t]ritory 9 #ahdh1 b by a ,conv5tion ent]$ into 9 #ahed1 ! inhabitants 7 decl>$ to be to all int5ts & purposes1 a free & indep5d5t p1 & _! ,gov]nm5t to be treat$ !nce=? z a free & indep5d5t ,gov]nm5t4 ,! flag1 ,fig4 #bdi1 is ! only "o t has orange 9 x1 cle>ly 9 allusion to ! "n ( ! ,/ate1 :ile ! canton ( r$1 :ite1 & blue1 equally %[s ! pride ( ! p 9 _! ,dut* orig94 ,! flag ( ! ,indep5d5t ,negro ,republic ( ,lib]ia1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bej4 ,! population l>gely consi/s ( fre$ slaves1 emigrants f ,am]ica & _! desc5dants1 plus ! aborig9es4 ,! flag1 x w be se51 ev5 to ! ?irte5 /ripes1 is l>gely bas$ on t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh "o w\ld h ?\ght t t w\ld h be5 ab\t ! la/ ?+ !y w\ld h select$4 #abf ,! ,congo ,free ,/ate 9 ,c5tral ,africa 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhe by ! ,k+ ( ! ,belgians2 its flag is ! gold5 /> on ! blue gr\nd t we see 9 ,fig4 #bea1 a device at once simple1 expressive & pleas+4 ,9 #ahdj1 a numb] ( ,dut* ,bo]s1 dissatisfi$ ) ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,cape ,colony1 e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,natal1 :]e _! treatm5t ( ! natives 0 s unju/ifiable t a g5]al ris+ 0 imm95t1 & ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 0 compell$ to int]f]e1 & itself take *>ge ( ! di/rict4 ,?is ! ,bo]s res5t$1 s !y cross$ ! ,vaal & e/abli%$ !mselves afre% 9 ! wild]ness4 ,9 #ahed1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t recognis$ ! ,transvaal or ,s\? ,african ,republic1 & 9 #ahha a fre% ,conv5tion 0 agre$ to by :i* ! ,bo]s 7 confirm$ 9 full possession ( ! l&1 subject to ! recognition ( ! ,briti% suz]a9ty4 ,! flag ( ! ,transvaal ,gov]nm5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bec4 ,n[ h we j\rney$ ! :ole _w ov] & f\nd 9 e l& ! emblems ( nationality & patriotism4 ,unfamili> z _m ( ^! may appe> to u1 !y ea* repres5t a symbol ende>$ to ?\s&s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( he>ts1 & ?us are !y full ( w>m human int]e/4 ,= ^! v>i\s /rips ( gaily-col\r$ bunt+1 m5 h giv5 )\t hesitation _! lives1 h p\r$ out blood & treasure )\t /9t or c\nt ( co/1 & :]ev] !y enc\nt] !m ! wide _w ov]1 ! w&]]s =get = a :ile ! ali5 %ore or wa/e ( ocean z _! ?\ghts turn to ! de> homel&4 99 99 99 99 99 #abg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,flags z a ,means ( ,signall+--,army ,signall+--! ,morse ,alphabet--,navy ,signall+--,fir/ ,attempts at ,sea ,signals--,old ,signal ,books 9 ,libr>y ( ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution--,engl& expects t e man w d 8 duty--,s9k+ ,signal ,codes on defeat--,pres5t ,sy/em ( ,signall+ 9 ,royal ,navy--,pilot ,signals--,wea!r ,signall+ by ,flags--! ,int]national ,signal ,code--,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 #aheg--,sev5ty-eight ,?\s& diff]5t ,signals possible--,:y no ,v[els us$--,lloyd's ,signal ,/ations4 ,we propose 9 ?is1 our f9al *apt]1 to deal ) ! use ( flags z a means ( signall+2 a bran* ( ! subject by no means want+ ei!r 9 int]e/ or 9 practical value4 ,! flags us$ = army signall+ are only two 9 numb] if we consid] _! design1 ?\gh1 z ea* ( ^! is made 9 two sizes1 ! actual outfit consi/s ( f\r flags4 ,! l>ge size is ?ree feet squ>e1 & ! small] is two feet squ>e2 ! l>g] sizes are cle>ly m visible1 b on ! o!r h& ! small] save weight & consequ5tly lab\r2 & ) good manipulation & cle> wea!r _! messages c be foll[$ by obs]v]s1 ) ord9>y s]vice telescopes1 up to a di/ance ( twelve miles or s4 ,! poles are respectively five feet six in*es long & ?ree feet six in*es1 & ! flags !mselves are ei!r :ite ) a blue horizontal /ripe across ! c5tre1 or :olly blue4 ,only "o flag is us$ at a "t1 ! fir/ be+ us$ :5 ! backgr\nd is d>k & ! second :5 light1 s z to ensure "u all circum/ances ! greate/ visibility4 ,! p]son s5d+ ! signals %\ld hold ! flag po9t+ upw>ds to ! left1 & ) ! pole mak+ an angle ( ab\t #be1 ) an imag9>y v]tical l9e pass+ d[n ! c5tre ( 8 body4 ,! signals are bas$ ^u ! dot & da% sy/em ( ,morse4 ,! dot or %ort /roke is made by wav+ ! flag f ! normal position to ! correspond+ po9t on ! "r h&1 :ile = ! da% or long /roke ! flag is wav$ till ! head ( ! pole ne>ly t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,! ,morse alphabet is s con/ruct$ t ! lett]s ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce are repres5t$ by ! %orte/ symbols1 & no lett] requires m ?an f\r ( ^! = its expression1 :ile figures are all repres5t$ by five signs4 #abh ,! lett]s ( ! alphabet are ?us repres5t$3-- ,a - ,a 77 -- ,b - ,c -- ,d - ,e ,f - ,g -- ,h ,i ,j --- ,k -- ,l - ,m -- ,n - ,o --- ,o 7oe7 --- ,p -- ,q --- ,r - ,s ,t - ,u - ,u 7ue7 -- ,v - ,w -- ,x -- ,y --- ,z -- ,* ---- ,! foll[+ code is adopt$ to repres5t figures3-- #a ---- #b --- #c -- #d - #e #f - #g -- #h --- #i ---- #j ----- ,a space ab\t equal 9 l5g? to ! da% is left betwe5 ea* lett]1 & a "t int]val ( ab\t ?ree times ! duration betwe5 ea* ^w4 ,?is alphabet1 once le>n$1 x is evid5t c be utiliz$ 9 _m ways4 ,/eam]s1 by means ( %ort & long :i/les1 c spell out messages to ea* o!r2 seam51 across a h>b\r1 c communicate by wav+ _! arms2 prison]s by op5+ & %utt+ _! h&s4 ,x is also utilis$ 9 ! light-fla%es ( ! heliograph1 9 telegraphy aga91 & 9 v>i\s o!r directions4 ,classes are held at ! ,s*ool ( ,army ,signall+ at ,ald]%ot1 & f !nce ! k p]meates ! ,army & ! ,auxili>y ,=ces4#hd ,! requirem5ts are /ead9ess1 intellig5ce1 quickness ( eye-sight & ( action1 & ! p[] to spell correctly2 & x takes a man f fifte5 to tw5ty days1 at five h\rs drill a day1 to le>n ! alphabet & ! prop] manipulation ( ! flags4 ,! /&>d ( effici5cy is t5 words a m9ute ) ! l>ge flag or sixte5 ) ! small4 ,if our read]s w take ! tr\ble to c\nt ! lett]s 9 ! fir/ sixte5 words 9 ?is pres5t s5t5ce !y #abi w f9d t !y are sixty-n9e 9 numb]1 & !y w fur!r f9d1 if !y take ! additional tr\ble to translate ^! lett]s into ,morse1 t x w take #aje dots & #fj da%es to d x4 ,our read]s w probably !n g on to conclude t z x takes "o hundr$ & sixty-five motions ( ! flag1 plus sixty-eight int]vals betwe5 ! lett]s to signal ^! sixte5 words1 a spe$ ( t5 words a m9ute is a v cr$itable p]=mance ei!r = ! s5d] to "w (f or = ! receiv] to read4 ,besides ! ord9>y spell+ out ( ! words1 v>i\s arbitr>y signs are us$1 ?us a cont9u$ succession ( dots is us$ to call att5tion to ! fact t a message is go+ to be s5t1 & a s]ies ( da%es ------ means t x is f9i%$4 ,g means g on1 ,r is a reque/ to move m to ! "r & ,l to %ift a little to ! left2 ,b means use ! blue flag1 & ,w use ! :ite flag1 ,k4,q is say :5 y are ready1 ,f4,i means t figures are com+1 & ,f4,f indicates t ! figures are f9i%$4 ,^? :o h to receive ! message may see t ! backgr\nd beh9d ! transmitt] is n q satisfactory = ! due obs]vation ( ! flags1 & !y may !n fla% back ,h or ,o1 mean+ ei!r high] up or l[] d[n1 z ! case may be1 & 9 case ( any misund]/&+1 !y w signal ,i4,m4,i1 :i* means please repeat1 & z soon z all is cle>1 !y w signal ,r4,t1 mean+ all "r4 ,z our man-(-w>'s-m5 are also in/ruct$ 9 ?is sy/em ( signall+1 communication c be e/abli%$ dur+ an exp$ition betwe5 ! %ips & ! troops on %ore4 ,! signal = communication is a :ite p5dant ) two black ,x4,x on x4 ,%\ld ?is special flag n be =?com+1 ! ,x4,x ---- 7see code ( lett]s7 is fla%$ at night or wav$ by ! flag by day1 & z soon z ! prep>ative dots h be5 ackn[l$g$1 ! message is dispat*$4 ,:5 ! message is ( a g5]al "*1 no?+ m ne$ be done1 b :5 x is int5d$ = a p>ticul> vessel1 ! communication is prec$$ by ! special sign apportion$ to t vessel4 ,?\gh ! ,morse sy/em has its place1 z we h se51 9 ! drill ( our blue-jackets1 x does n altoge!r meet naval requirem5ts4 ,a man wav+ flags on bo>d %ip w\ld be a sc>cely conspicu\s en\gh object1 & int]m$iate vessels 9 a squadron w\ld block out all view ( him f ^? f>!/ (f1 h5ce naval communications are ord9>ily made by means ( flags exhibit$ f ! ma/ head or o!r cle>ly visible position4 ,in/ead ( "o flag be+ us$1 our m5-(-w> h ov] =ty1 & ^! are all conspicu\sly di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,! messages are n spelt out1 z 9 l& op]ations1 b ! flags are us$ 9 v>i\s comb9ations1 & ! mean+ ( ! signal is f\nd by ref]5ce to a #acj code-book4 ,^! flags1 x is ari?metically evid5t1 c be transpos$ & gr\p$ 9 "s ?\s&s ( diff]5t ways1 & ! code-book conta9s que/ions & answ]s to meet ! v v>i$ requirem5ts ( naval s]vice1 & ! special signal hoi/ = ea*4 ,! fir/ real attempt at sea-signall+ 0 made dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 :5 a s]ies ( signs ( ! mo/ arbitr>y "* 0 devis$1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p ( flags hoi/$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! %ip1 & alt]+ _! significance z _! locality 0 *ang$4 ,! sy/em 0 a v cumbr\s "o1 & 9 #aghj ,kemp5feldt1 ! ,comm&] ( ! ill-fat$ ,royal ,george1 improv$ to "s ext5t ^u x1 b ev5 !n ! result 0 n v brilliant4 ,"l ,h[e1 9 #agib1 c\ld only make a total ( "o hundr$ & eighty-?ree signals4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 x _h nev] /ruck anybody h[ mu* simplicity & advantage w\ld be ga9$ by employ+ numb]$ or lett]$ flags1 & !n us+ !m 9 ! ?\s&s ( comb9ations t su* a sy/em r5d]$ possible4 ,x is /at$ by v>i\s au?orities--& ev5 au?orities h a way ( copy+ f ea* o!r--t flags 7 numb]$ = ! fir/ "t ab\t ! ye> #agii1 b 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution may be se5 ,an ,essay on ,signals1 by an ,(fic] ( ! ,briti% ,navy1 be>+ ! date #aghh4he ,! flags 7 numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 & #j1 & !y are repres5t$ 9 our illu/rations by ,figs4 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 & #bif4 ,x w be se5 t !y are all ( a v cle> & di/9ct "*4 ,:5 su* a numb] z #ddd 0 requir$1 x w\ld appe> to be necess>y to h ?ree flags l ,fig4 #bij--! ,no4 #d ( ! s]ies--b to avoid ?is multiplication ( id5tical flags1 a r$ triangul> flag call$ a decimal1 a :ite triangul> call$ a c5t5>y1 & a blue triangul> call$ a mill5>y1 7 us$1 & ^! 7 plac$ z requir$ be=e ! unit to be repeat$4 ,by ?is plan #ddd w\ld be express$ by ! yell[ flag1 ! ,no4 #d1 hav+ bel[ x ! r$ & :ite p5nants4 ,sometimes ^! flags really meant numb]s1 & !n ! requir$ numb] 0 hoi/$1 plus a yell[ swall[-tail$ flag4 ,?us 9 answ] to ,h[ _m guns does %e c>ry8 if ! response %\ld be fifty1 ! five & ! n\ght flags1 ,figs4 #bij & #bif1 plus ! swall[tail or cornet1 z x is te*nically call$1 w\ld be hoi/$1 :ile ! same five-n\ght signal1 )\t ! cornet1 w\ld signify :ole fleet *ange c\rse f\r po9ts to />bo>d4 ,if we want to f9d ! ,engli% equival5t ( "s ,g]man ^w1 we turn to ! ,g]man-,engli% half ( our diction>y1 b if we #aca requir$ ! ,g]man equival5t ( our ,engli% ^w1 we %\ld ref] to ! ,engli%-,g]man "p ( ! book1 & signal codes are 9 l mann] divid$ into flag-message & message-flag4 ,by ! sy/em we are at pres5t discuss+1 we %\ld f9d by ref]r+ to ! flag-message half ( our book1 t ! ?ree flags #g1 #c1 #f1 meant1 recall cruis]s1 :ile #h1 #c1 #f1 signifi$ sprung a leak4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we wi%$ ourselves to s5d su* an ord] we %\ld turn to ! message-flag half ( our code book1 & "u ! head+ ( ,cruis]s1 f9d all ! ref]5ces t c\ld conc]n ! managem5t ( su* vessels until we pres5tly f\nd ,cruis]s1 recall--#g1 #c1 #f1 & !n at once proce$ to hoi/ ^? p>ticul> flags4 ,only f\rte5 flags1 ! t5 num]als1 ! ?ree p5nants1 & ! cornet1 suffice = s5d+ _m hundr$s ( messages1 b ! anonym\s au?or adds1 exclusive ( ?is arrangem5t1 ,i w\ld propose to h ! mo/ curr5t signals 9 battle made ) "o flag only1 & ^! %\ld be us$ on ! day ( battle only4 ,a simil>ity betwe5 ^! & ! flags us$ z ! num]ical signals ought z mu* z possible to be avoid$4 ,figs4 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhe1 & #bhf1 are illu/rations ( "s ( ^!4 ,! /rik+ design ( ! ris+ sun signifies engage ! enemy4 ,fig4 #bhj is an ord] = close action4 ,fig4 #bha is an in/ruction to inv]t ! l9e ( battle by tack+1 :ile ,fig4 #bhb is a direction to =ce ! enemy's l9e4 ,x is ne$less to p>ticul>ise !m all1 suffice x to say t ea* & all are ( /irr+ significance4 ,_m m9ds 7 at "w on ! urg5t problem ( an adequate sy/em ( sea-signall+1 & num]\s plans1 !re=e1 7 sugge/$4 ,x does n appe> t ! "o we h j ref]r$ to z an example ( ^! endeav\rs to solve ! difficulty 0 ev] adopt$4 ,! (ficial ,signal ,book = ! ,%ips ( ,w>1 compil$ by ! ,admiralty 9 #agii1 & aft]w>ds amplifi$ 9 #ahjc by ,admiral ,sir ,hope ,popham1 is ( imm5se int]e/1 z x 0 introduc$ into ! ,navy = ! fir/ "t 9 ! fleet ( ,nelson1 & x 0 !re=e ! code ( ,trafalg>4 ,9 ! copy pres]v$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum is writt51 ?is is a copy ( ! signal book by means ( :i* ! battle ( ,trafalg> 0 f\ght4 ,all signals are by numb]s4 ,9 ! book 9 "q1 ^? giv5 h be5 pa/$ ov] o!rs1 b "s ( ^? und]nea? are /ill visible3 ?us ! flag t once repres5t$ "o "h /&s = five1 & ! flag t h]et(ore 0 ?ree is n[ sev54 ,if ! ,admiral--an in/ruction 9 ! book says--%\ld h reason to believe t ! enemy has got possession ( ^! signals1 he w make ! signal = *ang+ ! figures ( ! flags4 ,! figure1 :i* by ! new arrangem5t ea* flag is to repres5t1 is to be imm$iately ent]$ 9 e %ip's signal-book1 & x is #acb evid5t t "o ( ^! transpositions has be5 made "h4 ,! t5 flags ( ! code are repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 & #bgh4 ,x is v difficult to say really h[ ! flags 7 arrang$ = ! _w-fam$ ,engl& expects t e man w d 8 duty1 z ! num]ical significance ( ! t5 flags 0 s (t5 *ang$ dur+ ! exig5cies ( w>4 ,! book we h ref]r$ to makes ,fig4 #bgj /& = #a1 ,fig4 #bgh = #b1 ,fig4 #bge = #c1 ,fig4 #bgc = #d1 ,fig4 #bfi = #e1 etc42 & :ile x decl>es t x 0 by ?is code ,trafalg> 0 f\ght1 we h no evid5ce z to :o wrote ?is /atem5t4 ,x may h be5 ! au?oritative /atem5t ( "s "o at ! "t 9 full possession ( ! facts1 or a m]e surmise add$ a doz5 ye>s aft]w>ds by "s irresponsible scribbl]4 ,on turn+ to ! ,naval ,hi/ory ( ,james1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cd1 we read !re is n1 t we are aw>e (1 a s+le publication :i* gives ?is message precisely z x 0 deliv]$4 ,! foll[+ is a m9ute ( ! sev]al flags1 z not$ d[n on bo>d m ?an "o %ip 9 ! fleet4 ,he !n proce$s to give !m1 & ! arrangem5t t he foll[s is t ( our illu/ration1 8 #a be+ ,fig4 #bfi2 #b1 ,fig4 #bgj2 #c1 ,fig4 #bga2 #d1 ,fig4 #bgb2 #e1 ,fig4 #bgc2 #f1 ,fig4 #bgd2 #g1 ,fig4 #bge2 #h1 ,fig4 #bgf2 #i1 ,fig4 #bgg2 & #j ,fig4 #bgh4 ,if he may be accept$ z a reliable au?ority1 ,engl& 0 express$ by ! flags #b1 #e1 & #c2 expects1 by #b1 #f1 & #i2 t1 by flags #h1 #f1 & #c2 e1 by flags #b1 #f1 & #a2 man1 by #d1 #g1 & #a2 w1 by #i1 #e1 & #h2 d1 by #b1 #b & #j2 & 81 by #c1 #g1 #j1 ^? be+ ! code numb]s assign$ to ^? words 9 ! vocabul>y4 ,?is necessitat$ eight di/9ct hoi/s1 "o gr\p ( flags = ea* ^w1 b s+ul>ly en\gh ! code conta9$ no signal = duty1 s t x 0 necess>y to spell ?is out lett] by lett]1 mak+ f\r hoi/s m1 flag #d be+ = d2 #b & #a = u2 #a & #i = t2 & #b & #e = y4 ,z giv5 9 "o or two ,fr5* hi/orical works ! signal is equally %ort & expressive3 ,l',anglet]re compte que *acun f]a son devoir4 ,! /ory ( ,nelson's signal is be/ told 9 ! words ( ! ,victory's ,signal ,lieut5ant1 ,pasco1 ! (fic] :o receiv$ ,nelson's ord]s to make x4 ,8 ,lord%ip1 ,lieut5ant ,pasco says1 came to me on ! poop1 &1 aft] ord]+ c]ta9 signals to be made1 ab\t a qu>t] to noon1 said1 ',mr4 ,pasco1 ,i want to say to ! fleet ,engl& confides t e man w d 8 duty4' ,he add$1 ',y mu/ be quick1#hf = ,i h "o m to add1 :i* is = close action4'#hg ,i repli$1 ',if y\r ,lord%ip w p]mit me to sub/itute expects = confides ! signal w soon be #acc complet$1 because ! ^w expects is 9 ! vocabul>y1 & confides mu/ be spelt4'#hh ,8 ,lord%ip repli$ 9 ha/e1 & ) seem+ satisfaction1 ',t w d1 ,pasco1 make x directly4' ,z ! la/ hoi/ 0 haul$ d[n1 ,nelson turn$ to ,capta9 ,blackwood1 :o 0 /&+ by him1 & said1 ',n[ ,i c d no m4 ,we mu/ tru/ to ! ,great ,dispos] ( all ev5ts1 & ! ju/ice ( our cause2 ,i ?ank ,god = ?is great opportunity ( do+ my duty4' ,& ,great ,brita9 t day did n call ^u h] sons 9 va91 nor 0 ! appeal to ! ,god ( ,battles unhe>d1 ?\gh ! rejoic+ ( victory 0 turn$ into m\rn+ at ! loss ( him :o _h s nobly done 8 duty 9 ! nation's s]vice4 ,9 ! ,royal ,navy ( ! pres5t day1 a special code1 requir+ =ty-five diff]5t flags1 is employ$4 ,figs4 #bed to #bfg inclusive1 are examples ( "s ( ^!4#hi ,?is code1 we ne$ sc>cely say1 is ( a confid5tial nature1 & is n publi%$ any:]e = all ! _w to /udy4 ,! ,comm]cial code ( ,int]national signals be+ n[ recognis$ by ! pr9cipal m>itime ,/ates ( ! _w1 is1 by ,que5's regulations1 made use ( by our m5-(-w> :5 communicat+ ) =eign w>-%ips1 or ) m]*ant vessels :e!r ,briti% or =eign4 ,! signal codes ( ! ,royal ,navy1 :5 n actually 9 use1 are kept 9 p]=at$ metal cyl9d]s1 s t 9 case ( capture ( ! vessel !y may at once be ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution may be se5 ! ,signal book ( ! ,u4,s4 frigate ,*esapeake1 ) bullets atta*$ to x = ! purpose ( s9k+ x4 ,9 ! confusion incid5tal to ! capture ( ! vessel by ,h4,m4,s4 ,%annon1#ij x fell into ! h&s ( ! ,briti%]4 ,besides ^! regulation signals ( ! ,am]ican ,navy1 a second set1 suppli$ to private]s1 0 also captur$1 m>k$ ,/rictly confid5tial4 ,! comm&]s ( private arm$ vessels are to keep ?is pap] connect$ ) a piece ( lead or o!r weight1 & to ?r[ ! :ole ov]bo>d be=e !y %all /rike _! flag1 t !y may be sunk4 ,?is also1 in/ead ( go+ to ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 may be se5 )9 half a mile ( ,*>+ ,cross4 ,l&sm5 h a notion1 rememb]+ possibly t ,nelson w5t into action ) ! signal = close action fly+1 t :5 a signal is made x is to be in/antly obey$1 b ! pres5t sy/em ( signall+ is on some:at diff]5t l9es4 ,! hoi/+ ( a signal on ! flag %ip is prep>ative4 ,! %ips lead+ ! o!r columns repeat ! signal1 hoi/+ _! col\rs ?ree-qu>t]s ( #acd ! way up ! ma/4 ,! o!r %ips ea* hoi/ _! answ]+ p5nants to %[ t !y h se5 & und]/ood ! ord]4 ,!n :5 ! repeat+ %ips notice t all ! o!r vessels h answ]$1 !y hoi/ ! signal "r up z an intimation to ! ,admiral t ?is is ! case4 ,!n x is t on ! ,admiral's %ip ! signal is haul$ d[n1 ?us giv+ ! executive ord] = its purport to be obey$1 s t ! signal is caution>y ( :at is com+1 & ! manoeuvre is only execut$ :5 to ! eye no in/ructions at all are to be se54 ,! answ]+ p5nant has v]tical /ripes--r$1 :ite1 r$1 :ite1 r$4 ,fig4 #bfh is ! flag us$ by any vessel t wi%es to communicate ) a coa/gu>d /ation1 or hoi/$ :5 "o coa/gu>d /ation wants to s5d a message to ano!r4 ,?us :5 ,bea*y ,head has any notification to make to ! neighb\r+ po/ away d[n at ,burl+ ,gap1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to hoi/ at ! ma/head ,fig4 #bfh4 ,:5 ! m5 on duty at ,burl+ ,gap see ?is !y hoi/ ! answ]+ p5nant1 mean+ all "r1 talk away1 & !n ! arms ( ! ,bea*y ,head semaphore "w vigor\sly1 or ! gay signal flags flutt] 9 ! breeze & s5d _! message across ! d[ns4 ,w> vessels signal to ea* o!r at night by means ( ! ,morse sy/em ( %ort & long fla%es1#ia & all ! l>ge /eam%ip l9es h night signals peculi> to !mselves1 ?us ! night signal ( ! ,ori5t ,l9e is r$ & blue lights burnt alt]nately4 ,any vessel see+ ?is1 kn[s t !y are deal+ ) ?is special ,l9e & simil>ly report !mselves1 & aft] ?is due introduction proce$ to dot & da% to _! he>t's cont5t4 ,! la/ two r[s ( flags on plate ,,xxiii4 are signals = pilots4 ,^! are ei!r ! two flags /&+ = ,p4 & ,t4 9 ! ,int]national ,signal ,code1 a sy/em we h yet to deal )1 or x may be a s+le flag1 ! special pilot flag ( ea* nation4 ,fig4 #big is ! pilot flag ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic2 ,fig4 #bih1 t ( ,brazil2 ,fig4 #bii1 t ( ,ecuador4 ,fig4 #cjj is ! pilot flag ( ,greece2 #cja1 t ( ,japan2 & #cjd1 t ( ,spa94 ,france1 ,mexico & ,*ili all adopt a flag l ,fig4 #bgh1 a :ite flag ) broad blue bord]1 :ile ,great ,brita91 ,fig4 #ajd1 ,g]many1 ,fig4 #cjb1 ,belgium1 ,fig4 #cjc1 ,d5m>k1 ,fig4 #cje1 ,holl&1 ,fig4 #cjf1 ,sw$51 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,italy1 all fly ! national flag ( ! c\ntry ) a broad :ite bord] to x4 ,russia takes ! ,jack1 ,fig4 #bae1 = ! same purpose1 & places ?is #ace :ite b& ar\nd x1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica takes ! />-be/rewn azure canton f ! national flag1 ,fig4 #adf1 & simil>ly surr\nds x ) ! broad b& ( :ite4 ,p5alties are recov]able1 z !y cle>ly %\ld be1 if any %ip uses or displays signals :i* may be mi/ak5 = ei!r pilot calls or signals ( di/ress4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates uses flags = its wea!r signals at ! v>i\s meteorological /ations4 ,a viol5t /orm is progno/icat$ by a r$ flag ) a black c5tre4 ,a r$ p5nant signifies /orm approa*+ /ation1 :ile a yell[ p5nant signifies call at /ation = special in=mation4 ,a pla9 :ite flag betok5s f9e wea!r & a pla9 blue "o ra9 or sn[1 & !re are v>i\s comb9ations ( o!r flags t indicate direction1 int5sity1 velocity & s =?4 ,x is evid5t t ?is employm5t ( flags c\ld be made a v valuable "o4 ,ano!r in/ance ( its use ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 is at ! ,london (fice 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d ( ! ,drap]'s ,record1 "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 circulation ( any trade pap] 9 ! _w4 ,! citiz5 ( ,london may see display$ f its ro( by private ent]prise ! :ole ( ! =eca/s issu$ by ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 viz41 ! #aa a4m41 ! #c4cj p4m41 & ! #h4cj p4m4 = ! ,s\? ( ,engl&1 :i* (ficially includes ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d4 ,a :ite flag is hoi/$ = cle> wea!r1 a blue "o = ra91 :ile local %[]s are progno/icat$ by a flag half blue & half :ite4 ,*angeable wea!r is indicat$ by a flag l ,fig4 #bfg1 & a com+ fog by a yell[ flag ) black ball 9 its c5tre1 l ,fig4 #beh4 ,sn[ is =etold by a flag l ,fig4 #bgh1 & squally wea!r by a swall[-tail$ flag1 hav+ its upp] half black1 & ! l[] :ite4 ,a pla9 r$ triangul> flag is us$ to indicate temp]ature2 :5 ?is is hoi/$ above o!r flags1 x indicates ris+ temp]ature2 :5 plac$ bel[1 fall+ temp]ature2 & :5 omitt$ we are to conclude t ?+s are /ation>y4 ,?us ! r$ flag1 !n bel[ x ! :ite "o1 & !n ! blue hoi/$ toge!r1 w\ld mean t we might expect w>m] wea!r1 at fir/ fair1 b succe$$ by ra91 :ile ! blue flag above ! r$ w\ld indicate t wet wea!r 0 be=e u1 & a fall ( temp]ature4 ,at ! #ahid meet+ ( ! ,national ,rifle ,association at ,bisley a sy/em ( ?is k9d 0 inaugurat$1 9 ord] to give ^? 9 camp an idea ( ! wea!r t might be expect$ = ! ensu+ twelve h\rs1 ! hoi/+ ( a blue flag indicat+ f9e wea!r or mod]ate w9d1 a r$ "o =etell+ /ormy wea!r or /rong w9d2 gre51 po9t+ to unsettl$ wea!r or gu/y w9d1 & a yell[ flag indicat+ ?und] or ra9 /orms4 ,= %oot+ purposes a k ( ! /r5g? ( ! w9d is v valuable4 #acf ,! developm5t ( a code ( flag signals seems to h ex]cis$ a great fasc9ation on _m m9ds1 & ! result has be5 t until ! g5]al adoption ( ! ,int]national code ?+s _h got into a some:at *aotic /ate4 ,"s sy/ems _h _m excell5t po9ts 9 !m1 :ile o!rs broke d[n "u ! /ra9 ( practical use4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 ! claims ( patriotism influ5c$ ! *oice1 x be+ difficult = an ,engli%man or an ,am]ican to believe t ! s*eme ( a ,fr5*man or ,g]man c\ld possibly be bett] ?an ! home-gr[n article4 ,! sy/ems be/ kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry are ! ,admiralty codes ( #ahjh1 #ahaf1 & #ahbf1 ,lynn's 9 #ahah1 ,squire's 9 #ahbj1 ,rap]'s 9 #ahbh1 ,philipps' 9 #ahcf1 ,e>dley ,wilmot's 9 #ahea1 ! code ( ,rog]s1 ! ,am]ican1 9 #ahed1 ! ,fr5* code ( ,reynolds 9 #ahee1 & ! sy/em devis$ by ,m>ryat 9 #ahef1 all be+ sup]s$$ by t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,! ,int]national code ( signals 0 prep>$ & fir/ publi%$ 9 ,april1 #aheg1 9 accordance ) ! views & recomm5dations ( a ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,lords ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil4 ,?ree memb]s1 ,admiral ,bee*ey1 ,capta9 ,rob]t ,fitzroy1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,br[n1 ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,seam51 7 nam$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade2 "o memb]1 ,admiral ,be?une1 by ! ,admiralty2 an eld] bro!r1 ,capta9 ,bax1 0 appo9t$ z a memb] by ! ,tr9ity ,h\se2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hammett & ,capta9 ,hal/ead 7 ! memb]s nam$ by ,lloyds2 :ile ! ,liv]pool ,%ip[n]s' ,association1 & ! ,g5]al ,%ip[n]s' ,society1 ea*1 by ! nom9ation ( a memb]1 _h a voice 9 ! discussion4 ,aft] a delib]ation ( m ?an a ye>1 ! exam9ation ( ! ?irte5 !n exi/+ codes & due att5tion to any practical sugge/ion made to !m1 a mature & valuable s*eme 0 promulgat$4 ,eighte5 flags 9 all1 viz41 "o burgee1 f\r p5nants1 & ?irte5 squ>e flags1 7 employ$1 & ^! repres5t$ ! consonants ( ! alphabet4 ,^! are depict$ 9 ! ?ree upp] r[s on plate ,,xxiv4 ,figs4 #cjg to #cbd1 ! lett] x /&s = 9 ! code be+ plac$ by ea* flag4 ,^! flags are comb9$ 9 v>i\s ways1 ei!r 9 twos1 ?rees1 or f\rs1 & are always read d[nw>ds1 ?us ,fig4 #cbe mu/ be read ,b4,d4,t4,f2 if we read x ! rev]se way1 z ,f4,t4,d4,b1 x w\ld h an entirely diff]5t significance4 ,( ! two-flag signals we h ?ree v>ieties4 ,%\ld ! burgee1 ,fig4 #cjg1 be upp]mo/ x con/itutes :at is t]m$ an att5tion signal2 ?us ! hoi/+ ( ,b4,d signifies1 ,:at %ip is t8 ,if ! upp] flag be a p5nant ,c4,d4,f4 or ,g x is a compass signal2 ?us ,g4,f means we/-nor?-we/-half-we/4 ,if a squ>e flag be upp]mo/ x is an urg5cy signal2 ?us1 ,n4,c signifies am 9 di/ress1 or ,n4,j am driv+1 no m an*ors to let g4 #acg ,signals made ) ?ree flags are n classifi$ accord+ to ! upp] flag2 !y relate to subjects ( g5]al inquiry or communication ( news4 ,9 ! l[] portion ( ,plate ,,xxiv4 we h giv5 five examples ( ^!4 ,fig4 #ccj1 flags ,b4,p4,q1 asks ,d y wi% to be report$8 :ile ! hoi/+ ( ,p4,d4,s1 see ,fig4 #ccb1 replies1 ,report me to ,lloyds' ,ag5t4 ,fig4 #ccc1 ,h4,v4,f1 asks1 ,d y want assi/ance8 :ile ,fig4 #ccd1 ,g4,b4,h1 enquires1 ,has any accid5t happ5$8 ,fig4 #cca1 made up ( flags ,v4,k4,c1 gives ! reassur+ answ] to bo? enquiries--,all safe4 ,z wea!r signals1 we f9d b>omet] ris+ indicat$ by ,g4,f4,w2 b>omet] fall+ by ,g4,h4,b2 & b>omet] /&+1 by ,g4,h4,c4 ,f9e wea!r is progno/icat$ by ! gr\p ,h4,m4,s2 a breeze (f sea is =etold 9 ! comb9ation ,h4,s4,v2 & a breeze (f l& by ,h4,s4,w4 ,signals compos$ ( f\r flags are divid$ into diff]5t sections aga91 accord+ to ! =m ( ! upp]mo/ flag employ$4 ,if ?is upp] flag be ei!r ( ! p5nants ,c4,d or ,f1 x indicates t ! signal is :at is call$ vocabul>y4 ,if ! upp] be ! burgee--! lett] ,b ( ! code--x is a geographical signal2 ?us1 any vessel beat+ up *annel & see+ ,fig4 #cbe1 made up ( ,b4,d4,t4,f1 hoi/$ f a ligh?\se1 w\ld1 ev5 if unc]ta9 be=e1 "k _! position1 z ?is signal is ! "o specially assign$ to ! ,eddy/one4 ,fig4 #cbf1 ! lett]s ,b4,d4,p4,q1 signifies t ! vessel fly+ x hails f ! port ( ,london1 :ile ,b4,f4,q4,t4 is ,ed9burgh1 & s on4 ,all names ( %ips are express$ by f\r lett]s1 ?us ,n4,v4,b4,q is ! code signal 7,fig4 #cbg7 ( ! /eam%ip ,g]manic2 ,m4,n4,d4,l 7,fig4 #cbh7 t ( ! ,hesp]us2 & ,fig4 #cbi1 made up ( ,g4,r4,c4,t1 is ! special gr\p+ assign$ to ,h4,m4,s4 ,deva/ation4 ,all ^! names are record$ 9 ! ,%ipp+ ,li/1 s t two vessels pass+ ea* o!r 9 mid-ocean are able at once to det]m9e ea* o!rs' names if )9 sight+ di/ance ( ! flags run up4 ,%\ld we see a /ately l9] com+ to port1 fly+ ,m4,t4,l4,q1 we recognise t x is ! ,au/ralia ( ! great ,p59sula & ,ori5tal ,l9e1 b if %e runs up ,l4,h4,t4,b !n %e is ! ,ori5t ,company's boat ,orotava4 ,"s names occur frequ5tly1 ?us o!r ,au/ralias1 belong+ to v>i\s own]s1 are di/+ui%$ by ! code signals ,r4,l4,h4,v1 ,j4,t4,g4,k1 ,m4,p4,f4,c1 ,m4,q4,n4,g1 ,m4,t4,w4,d1 ,w4,f4,t4,n1 etc41 etc4 ,figs4 #cee1 #cef1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei are all code signals ( v>i\s ,au/ralias4 ,:ile ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company has also a ,victoria1 ,k4,m4,q4,f41 !y h no monopoly ( ! "n4 ,!re are num]\s o!r boats ( t popul> designation1 b ev5 :5 vessels h ! same "n no two vessels ev] h ! same code lett]s assign$ to !m4 ,o!r ,victorias1 = example1 are diff]5tiat$1 z ,w4,q4,m4,n41 ,l4,s4,h4,r1 ,k4,p4,g4,q1 ,m4,k4,c4,h1 ,m4,s4,p4,b1 ,m4,q4,c4,j1 ,l4,d4,f4,h1 ,t4,r4,b4,n1 ,k4,j4,h4,p1 ,t4,d4,r4,f1 etc41 etc4 ,figs4 #cej1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ach #ced are all ,victorias2 & ,figs4 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfd are ! flag-signals ( v>i\s ,britannias4 ,our read]s w see at once h[ di/9ctive !y are4 ,figs4 #cce to #cdi inclusive are ! special flags ( well-kn[n /eam%ips ( ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal1 ! ,ori5t ,l9e1 & ! ,compagnie ,gnrale ,transatlantique4 ,%\ld ! vessel be a ya*t1 x is ! ,al9e if %e %[s ! flags ,p4,w4,n4,d2 ! ,/> ( ! ,sea if h] signal is ,t4,n4,b4,h2 b if x is ! ,meteor we %all be aw>e ( ! fact f h] hoi/+ ! f\r flags ,l4,c4,t4,p4 ,! flag signal ( ! ,valkyrie is ,l4,f4,m4,g4 ,applications = ! allotm5t ( a code-signal1 = ! purpose ( mak+ %ips' names kn[n at sea1 %\ld be made1 if ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 to ! ,regi/r> ,g5]al ( ,%ipp+1 ,cu/om ,h\se1 &1 if belong+ to a ,colony1 to ! ,regi/r> at ! port to :i* ! vessel belongs4 ,if a %ip to :i* ?is ,int]national ,code ,signal has be5 allot$ is report$ wreck$1 lo/1 or sold to a =eign]1 & h] regi/] is 9 consequ5ce cancell$1 ! signal lett]s allott$ to h] are also cancell$1 s t if ! %ip is aft]w>ds recov]$ or re-pur*as$ f =eign]s1 ei!r 9 h] orig9al or "s o!r "n1 new signal lett]s w be necess>y1 & ! own] mu/ make application anew = ano!r allotm5t1 z ! signal lett]s ! vessel orig9ally bore may h be5 9 ! int]val re-allott$4 ,! flags to be hoi/$ at "o "t nev] exce$ f\r1 & x is an int]e/+ ari?metical fact1 t1 ) ^! eighte5 flags1 nev] us+ m ?an f\r at a "t1 ov] sev5ty-eight ?\s& diff]5t comb9ations c be made4 ,) ^! flags1 only us+ two at a "t1 #cjf diff]5t arrangem5ts c be made1 :ile by us+ ?ree at a "t we get #d1hif possibilities1 & by us+ f\r at a "t1 we c make #gc1ddj *anges2 a total 9 all ( #gh1fdb v>iations made f ^! simple elem5ts4 ,m>ryat's code1 prior to ! introduction ( ! ,int]national1 be+ ! "o mo/ 9 use1 twelve out ( its sixte5 flags 71 to save exp5se1 incorporat$ 9 ! new code4 ,_! significance 01 h[ev]1 entirely *ang$4 ,m>ryat's flags1 too1 7 num]als1 :ile ! ,int]national code1 z we h se51 has its flags nam$ aft] ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,proposals are 9 ! air to add eight new flags to ! code1 ! ,x1 ,y1 & ,z1 & ! five v[els1 s9ce x is held t ev5 ! great numb] ( comb9ations n[ possible may 9 "t n suffice4 ,! reason = ! abs5ce ( ! v[els is a some:at curi\s "o4 ,directly v[els are introduc$ we beg9 to spell words1 & x 0 f\nd t among/ ! ?\s&s ( comb9ations possible1 w\ld be pres5tly includ$ all ! pr(ane1 obsc5e1 & o!rwise objectionable f\r-lett] words ( ! :ole _w4 ,to hoi/ ,d4,b4,m4,n c\ld (f5d no "o's susceptibilities1 b to #aci run up ! signal ,d4,a4,m4,n 9 response to an enquiry is q ano!r matt]1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t z ?is code is us$ by all civilis$ nations1 a ^w t is m]ely mean+less 9 "o c\ntry might be mo/ (f5sive 9 ano!r4 ,an ,engli% ,capta9 might hoi/ z a necess>y signal ,j4,a4,l4,p4 or ,f4,l4,u4,m4 & see no possible objection to x1 b jalp or flum might to ! p ( "s o!r nationality c>ry a mo/ atroci\s significance4 ,x is a practical necessity t all connect$ ) ! sea %\ld und]/& ! use ( ! ,int]national code1 !re=e1 ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty require t all ,royal ,naval ,res]ve m5 :o act z ,ma/]s or ,mates ( %ips %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 its work+1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,trade makes l requirem5ts f all c&idates = ,ma/]s' or ,mates' ,c]tificates4 ,its ,int]national "* is a mo/ valuable feature1 z by its use two capta9s1 say a ,dane & a ,greek1 or a ,russian & a ,spani>d1 :o1 on ! quay1 c\ld n compreh5d a ^w ( ea* o!r's language1 c at sea1 by ?is common flag-language1 come to a p]fectly cle> und]/&+ ( ea* o!r's ne$1 or imp>t any in=mation requir$4 ,x is ! only code us$ at ! signal /ations ar\nd our coa/s4 ,lloyds' h ?irty-?ree ( ^! signal /ations at ,dov]1 ,bea*y ,head1 ,lundy ,isl&1 ,dung5ess1 ,flambor\gh ,head1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,po9t1 ,nor? ,=el&1 & o!r conspicu\s po9ts on our l9e ( ocean traffic1 & abroad aga9 at ,ad51 ,asc5sion1 ,gibralt>1 ,b]muda1 ,honolulu1 ,suez1 ,p]im1 ,malta1 ,t5]iffe1 & else:]e1 & "h too1 ! ,int]national is ! only code recognis$4 ,?is ,lloyds1 t we may see daily ref]r$ to 9 ! newspap]s1 is a ,corporation t1 among/ o!r m>9e bus9ess1 di/ributes %ipp+ intellig5ce4 ,a ,mr4 ,edw>d ,lloyd1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 kept a c(fee h\se 9 ,t[] ,/reet1 :i* 9 "t f ! daily ga!r+ !re ( m]*ants1 capta9s1 & o!rs int]e/$ 9 m>9e affairs1 became a c5tre = %ipp+ & und]writ+ news & bus9ess4 ,9 ! ye> #afib x 0 mov$ to ,lomb>d ,/reet1 & 9 #aggd ! c(fee supply+ "p ( ! bus9ess 0 ab&on$ & rooms 7 tak5 9 ! ,royal ,ex*ange4 ,dur+ ! w>s ) ,napoleon1 ! ,gov]nm5t 0 (t5 indebt$ to ! ,committee ( ,lloyds' = ! e>lie/ in=mation ( important ev5ts all ov] ! _w4 ,lloyds' has its ag5ts 9 e port1 & by its complete organisation & ! pot5t aid ( ! telegraph1 ! %ipp+ bus9ess ( ! _w is br\ght day by day be=e u4 ,vessels spok5 f> out on ! ocean are report$ by ! vessel t spoke !m imm$iately on its arrival at any port4 ,?us a sail+-vessel j\rney+ f ,london to ,vanc\v] may be five mon?s or m be=e x t\*es l&1 #adj b dur+ t "t x is sight$ by o!r vessels f "t to "t1 & ^! report hav+ se5 x1 & t all 0 well on bo>d4 ,s ! "m kn[s t h] son1 :o is p>t$ f h] by ?\s&s ( miles ( ocean1 has got ?us f> 9 heal? & safety2 & ! own]s ( ! vessel le>n t _! v5ture has s f> surm\nt$ ! p]ils ( ,cape ,horn & ! o!r dang]s ( ! deep4 ,! good %ip is draw+ ne>] at ea* report to ! end ( h] long voyage1 & on arrival at la/ (f ,vanc\v]1 z ! l& is sight$1 ! signal flags run up once m to ! ma/head1 ! news ( h] com+ is fla%$ across cont95t & ocean1 & ! ,london newspap] ( ! next morn+ conta9s ! brief notification t f> exce$s to anxi\s he>ts all else ( int]e/ its broad pages may conta94 ,famili>ity1 ?\gh x may n necess>ily bre$ contempt1 dulls ! s5se ( ! wond] ( x all1 & yet h[ m>vell\s x is6 ,we h be=e u ! ,/&>d1 t came into our h&s ab\t sev5 o'clock ?is morn+1 & we f9d f x t ye/]day ! ,gl5%iel _h arriv$ at ,hong ,kong1 t ! ,arab1 f ,cape ,t[n1 _h j put 9 at ,lisbon1 t ! ,s>d9ian1 f ,quebec1 _h rea*$ ,moville1 t ! ,circassian 0 safely at ,new ,york1 t ! ,orizaba1 spe$+ on to ,sydney1 _h at #b a4m4 pass$ ! desolate %ores ( arid ,p]im1 t ! ,danube1 f ,s\?ampton1 _h at #f a4m4 ent]$ ! h>b\r ( ,rio ,janeiro4 ,( ?is1 & mu* else ( ! same t5or1 may we read 9 a space ( a qu>t]-column or s ( ! pap] z we sit at breakfa/ & see pass be=e u a panorama ( _w-wide int]e/ & ext5t2 & to accompli% ?is result1 ! flags we h figur$ h be5 a pot5t factor4 ,?\gh we h cov]$ mu* gr\nd1 x mu/ h be5 pat5t to all read]s :o h ?us f> companion$ u t mu* detail 0 necess>ily omitt$1 unless our book _h to gr[ to ! dim5sions ( an encyclopdia4 ,x w\ld probably1 = in/ance1 take "s fifty figures or s to give all ! di/9ctive flags ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts1 (ficial ranks1 etc41 ( a s+le ,great ,p[]4 ,we tru/ nev]!less t :ile our lab\rs h be5 by no means exhau/ive1 !y h be5 in/rum5tal 9 %[+ t !re is mu* ( int]e/ 9 flag-lore1 & t an increas$ k & appreciation ( our subject may be "o result ( our pleasant lab\rs1 & prove full ju/ification = our "w4 99 99 99 99 99 #ada ,,index4 ,a4 ,a>gau1 flag ( #aaf ,acta ,sanctorum1 ! #ch ,admiral's flag1 ,r4,n4 #ef ,admiralty1 flag ( ! #ga1 #gb ,ag9c\rt1 battle ( #ajf ,ag9c\rt1 flags at #e ,agnus ,dei1 z device on flag #bb ,ailsa1 flag ( ! ya*t #gc ,allan ,l9e1 flag ( ! #ge ,allotm5t ( code signals #ach ,ambulance flag #aag ,anci5t ,iri% h>p #cc ,an*or z badge #fc1 #ga1 #hg1 #ajj1 #aad ,&rew1 cross ( ,/4 #d1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #aaf ,&rew1 ,/41 ( ,scotl& #cg1 #db1 #dd ,&rew1 ,/41 ( ,russia #ajc1 #ajd ,&rew1 ,/41 ord] ( #ajb ,anne1 ,/&>d ( ,que5 #ce ,annunciation on flag #d ,answ]+ p5nant #acd ,antelope z a device #af ,antiquity1 /&>ds ( #b ,antw]p1 device ( city ( #aaa ,anvil z device on flag #g ,arg5t9e ,republic1 flag ( #abd ,armada1 defeat ( ! #c ,arms ( ,canada #ha1 #hb ,arms ( ,wa%+ton #ia ,army1 flags ( ! #fa ,army signall+ #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,arragon1 arms ( #aaa ,articles ( ,w> #ef ,assaye1 special flag = #fe ,assyrian /&>ds #b ,a!ne1 owl ( #b ,au/ralian ,/eam ,navigation ,company's h\se flag #gd ,au/ro-,hung>ian flags #aja1 #ajb ,avondale flag #dc ,awdeley1 /&>d ( ,sir ,john #ag ,b4 ,bacon on sea-p[] #hd1 #he ,bad51 flag ( #aja ,badge #i1 #ac1 #ae1 #ba1 #fb1 #ff1 #fg1 #hc1 #hd1 #aag ,bahamas1 ,badge ( ! #hd ,balmoral t>tan #a ,bann]1 its nature #aj ,bann]oll1 k9d ( flag #ah ,bannockburn1 battle ( #dd ,b>badoes1 badge ( #hc ,b>celona1 arms ( #aaa ,b>1 bann] ( ,sir ,john de #aa ,b>dolph1 bann] ( ,sir ,hugh #aa ,basel1 flag ( city ( #aaf ,bav>ia1 flag ( #aja1 #aai ,bayeux tape/ry1 flags repres5t$ 9 #ai1 #bb ,be> z a device #a1 #b ,beau-seant ( ,knights ,templ>s #bd ,beav] z a device #a1 #cj ,b$e on flags #d ,beehive ( ! ,romi% ,*ur* #c ,bees ( ! ,napoleons #ajf1 #aji ,belgium1 flags ( #bc1 #aah ,b]muda1 badge ( #hd ,b]ne1 flag ( #aaf ,bev]ley1 flag ( #e ,birk5head1 burn+ ( ! #fd ,black & :ite flag ( ,prussia #ih ,black z a flag col\r #g1 #bd1 #be ,black ,swan1 device ( ! #hd ,blackwall l9e ( %ipp+ #gd ,black ,wat*1 ! #fb ,bl5heim1 battle ( #fd1 #ff ,blue blanket ( ,ed9burgh #db ,blue ensign #dj1 #ef1 #gc1 #gh1 #hc ,bo>d ( ,trade1 flag ( ! #ga ,bohemia1 flag ( #ajb ,bolivia1 flag ( #bc1 #abc ,bomb>dm5t ( ,scio #aah ,boots & %oes on a flag #g ,bord]$ ,jack #dh1 #eh ,botet\rte1 bann] ( ,sir ,john #aa ,b\rbon k+s1 ! #ajg #adb ,brabant1 lion ( #aab ,brass ( ,sir ,john ,daub]n\n #ah ,brazil1 flag ( #bc1 #bd1 #abc ,brazil1 p5dant ( #bj ,brem51 flag ( port ( #ii ,britannia1 flag ( ! ya*t #gc ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 device (1 #hd ,briti% ,guiana1 badge ( #hd ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo1 badge ( #hd ,broad p5dant #ef ,brunswick1 arms ( #ce ,brunswick1 flag ( #aja ,buckles z device on flag #g ,bugle-horn z a device #ae ,build]'s squ>e on flag #f ,bulg>ia1 flag ( #aba ,bunk]'s ,hill1 battle ( #hg ,bunt+ z mat]ial = flags #bb ,burgee1 v>iety ( flag #ai1 #gc ,burgundy1 flag ( #aaa1 #aab ,burn+ ( rebel col\rs #gj ,butl]'s ,lives ( ! ,fa!rs #ci ,butt]flies z a flag device #ag ,c4 ,campbell on ! national flag #ed ,canada1 ,dom9ion ( #aj ,canada1 flags ( ,dom9ion ( #hj ,canadian ,pacific /eam%ip l9e #ge ,c&lemak]s' flag1 ! #g ,cant]bury ,ca!dral1 flags 9 #ff ,cantonal col\rs #aaf ,cape ( ,/4 ,m>t9 #aje ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t1 action (f #da ,ca/le ,l9e1 h\se flag ( ! #ge ,ca/le on flag z a device #aaa1 #aab ,cavalry /&>ds #fe ,cav]s /&>d1 ! #dc ,ceylon1 device ( ! ,colony ( #hd ,*apel ( ,royal ,college1 ,*elsea1 flags 9 #c1 #ff ,*auc]1 quotation f #ab1 #ah ,*e]+ to ord] #ajb ,*]b\rg1 flag ( port ( #ge ,*ili1 flag ( #aba ,*ili1 p5dant ( #bj ,*9ese flags #abe ,*rysan!mum flag ( ,japan #abd ,coa/gu>d flag #acd ,codes = flag-signall+ #acf ,c(fee plant on flag #abc ,co9s1 devices on #b1 #hh1 #ij1 #abj ,colombia1 flag ( ,unit$ ,/ates ( #abb ,colonial ,def5ce ,act #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,colonial flags #bj1 #dj1 #gh ,colonies1 value ( #gf1 #gg ,col\r p>ty #fd ,col\rs1 ,que5's #fa1 #fe1 #fg ,col\rs1 regim5tal #fa1 #fe1 #fg ,col\rs us$ 9 flags #bc ,columbus1 flag fl[n by #hf1 #aaa ,commodore's broad p5dant #ef ,commonweal? flags #dh ,company or h\se flags #gd1 #ge ,compasses z a device #f ,compass signals #acf ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica #bg1 #id1 #ie ,congo ,free ,/ate1 flag ( #abf ,conque/ ( ,irel& #cc ,consecrat$ bann] #c1 #ajc ,con/ant9e1 ,lab>um ( #b1 #c1 #ea ,consul> flag #ga ,consul-,g5]al1 ,russian1 flag ( #ajd ,cornet1 v>iety ( flag #ai1 #acj ,co/a ,rica1 flag ( #abb ,c\rt5ay1 bann] ( ,sir ,hugh de #aa ,cov5ant] flags #bd1 #dc1 #ia ,cresc5t z device #aa1 #ae1 #hh1 #ie1 #aai1 #abj ,croatia1 flag ( #ajb ,cromwell1 arms ( #ce ,cromwell1 fun]al ( #ai ,cross ( ,/4 ,&rew #d1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #aaf ,cross ( ,/4 ,george #d1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1 #hd1 #hg1 #aaf ,cross ( ,/4 ,patrick #d1 #ea1 #ec1 #aaf ,cr[n ( ,*>lemagne #ce ,cr[ns ( ,irel& #cc ,cuba1 flag ( #abd ,cullod51 battle ( #gj ,cun>d ,l9e1 h\se flag ( #gd ,cu/oms ,dep>tm5t1 flag ( #ga ,cz>9a1 /&>d ( ! #ajb ,cz>1 /&>d ( ! #ajb1 #ajc ,d4 ,dalmatia1 flag ( #ajb ,dannebrog1 ! #aae ,dem]>a & ,b]bice ,/eam%ip ,company #gd ,d5is1 ,/41 flag ( #e #adc ,d5m>k1 flags ( #aae ,d]ivation ( ^w flag #h ,desj>d9s on ,fr5* flag #ajg ,devitt & ,moore h\se flag #gd ,diana1 cresc5t ( #aai ,diplomatic ,s]vice1 flag ( #ga ,dipp+ ! flag #be ,dragon z a device #ag1 #abe ,drayton1 quotation f #ae ,durham1 ,/4 ,cu?b]t ( #e ,e4 ,eagle z a device #da1 #ia1 #ic1 #id1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj ,e>ly ,spani% flags #bg ,ea/ ,africa ,company1 ,g]man #ajj ,ea/ ,india ,company1 flag ( #dg1 #hi ,ea/ ,k5t ,regim5t1 flags ( #ff ,ea/ ,prussia1 flag ( #ih ,ecclesia/ical flags (t5 pictorial #d ,ecuador1 flag ( #abd ,eddy/one ,light flag signal #acg ,ed9burgh ,ca!dral1 flags 9 #fh ,ed9burgh ,tra9$ ,b&s #db ,edmonson on flag usage #i ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 arms ( #cd ,edw>d ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ! ,seas #be ,edw>d ,,vi41 fun]al ( #ag ,egypt1 anci5t1 /&>ds ( #b ,egyptian flags1 mod]n #abj1 #aba ,electoral bonnet #eb ,elephant z a device #fe1 #hd1 #abe ,elephant1 ord] ( ! #aae ,elizabe?1 fun]al ( ,que5 #ag ,elizabe?1 ?anksgiv+ s]vice #c ,elsass1 flag ( #aja ,emp]or ( ,g]many #ih ,ensign #h ,erm9e z a flag device #bd ,errors 9 flag-mak+ #eh1 #ei1 #fj ,excise1 flag ( ! #ga ,eye z a device on flag #g ,f4 ,fac+s ( ! regim5t #fb ,falcon z a device #ag ,favyn ,le ,?tre d'honneur #d1 #ajg ,fiji1 badge ( colony #hd ,files repres5t$ on trade flag #g ,flag-book ( ! ,admiralty #abj ,flag-lore valuable #eh ,flagons on trade flag #g ,flag-signall+ #abg1 et seq4 ,fl&]s1 badge ( #aaa ,fla%+ messages at night #acd ,fleur-de-lys #ba1 #cd1 #cf1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab ,flodd51 battle ( #f ,florida1 settlem5t ( #hf ,flor91 arms on ! #cb ,fly ( a flag1 ! #aj ,=k & spoon on a flag #g ,f\r-flag signals #acg ,france1 flags ( #a1 #ba1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj ,franco-,g]man ,w> ( #ahgj #ig ,frib\rg1 flag ( #aaf ,frogmorton1 /&>d ( #ag ,fun]al obsequies1 flags at #f1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb ,g4 ,g>t]1 ord] ( ! #ch ,gauti] on ! ,swiss flag #aaf ,g5eva ,conv5tion #aag ,g5eva1 flag ( #aaf ,geographical signals #acg ,george1 ,/41 cross ( #d1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1 #hd1 #hg1 #aaf ,george1 ,/41 ( ,engl& #cf1 #cg1 #aaf ,george1 ,/41 ( ,russia #ajb1 #ajc ,g]man ,unity #ig1 #ih ,g]many1 flags ( #ii1 #ajj ,globe on flag #fc1 #hg ,gnu z a flag device #hd ,gold5 ,leg5d1 ! #cg ,gonfalon1 k9d ( flag #h ,gov]nm5t1 dep>tm5ts1 flags ( #ga ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,canada1 flag ( #ha ,gov]nors ( ,colonies1 flags ( #ha1 #hd ,gr&ison1 bann] ( ,sir ,william de #aa ,gray1 quotation f #i ,great] ,brita9 #gg ,great ,seal ( ,canada #hc ,great ,seal ( ,ri*>d ,i4 #cj ,greece1 flag ( #aai ,gre5 & :ite ( ! ,tudors #ba ,gre5 z a flag col\r #bc1 #dc1 #aac1 #abc ,greyh\nd z a device #ag #add ,gr[? ( ! ,italian ,/ate #aac ,gu>ds1 flags ( ! #fe ,guatemala1 flag ( #bc1 #abb ,guidon1 =m ( flag #ba ,guild flags #f1 #g ,gu9ea ,company's flag #bg ,h4 ,half-ma/ high1 flags at #be ,hamburg1 flag ( city ( #ii ,hamm] repres5t$ on flag #f1 #g ,h& z a device #b ,hanov]1 arms ( #bi1 #ce1 #eb ,hanov]1 flag ( #aja ,hanseatic ,league1 flag ( #ii ,h>fleur1 siege ( #ab ,h>leian ,,ms4 on flags #af1 #ba ,h>p ( ,irel& #d1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #di1 #ed ,hayti1 flag ( #bc1 #abd ,heav5ly succ\r #cg1 #db1 #dd1 #ajf1 #aae ,h5ry ,v41 /&>d ( #af ,h5ry ,,vii41 flags 9 *apel ( #ab ,h]aldic ,exhibition1 ,ed9burgh #dc ,h]aldic requirem5ts 9 flag devis+ #bc1 #ed ,hesse1 flag ( #aja ,highl& t>tans #a ,hi/ory & pr9ciples ( ,h]aldry #aj ,hoh5zoll]ns1 arms ( ! #ii ,hoi/+ "o flag ov] ano!r #be ,hoi/ ( ! flag1 ! #aj ,hold]ton1 bann] ( ,sir ,john de #aa ,holl&1 flags ( #aag1 #aah ,hong ,kong1 badge ( colony ( #hd ,horse z a device #b ,hor%am1 political col\rs at #h ,h\se flags #bd1 #gd1 #ge ,h\se ( ,orange1 flag ( #aag ,hung>y1 flag ( #bc1 #ajb ,i4 ,idolatr\s emblem #hg ,illit]ate vot]s1 mi/akes ( #g1 #h ,imp]ial ,eagle #ff1 #aja1 #ajb ,inscriptions on flags #c1 #d1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #bd1 #ce1 #da1 #dc1 #di1 #ff1 #hh1 #ij1 #ic1 #abb1 #abc ,int]national signal code #acc1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach ,inve/iture ( knight-bann]et #ad ,invocation ( sa9ts #c ,irel& jo9$ to ,great ,brita9 #cb ,iron cross ( ,g]many #ajj ,is&lwana1 battle ( #fc1 #fi ,i/ria1 flag ( #ajb ,italy1 flags ( #bc1 #aac1 #aad ,j4 ,james ,,ii41 /atue ( #ce ,japan1 flags ( #abd ,j]usalem1 arms ( city ( #aad1 #aae ,jewi% /&>ds #c ,joan ( ,arc1 /&>d ( #d ,jove1 ,eagle ( #b ,k4 ,k>lav]ok1 siege ( #aa1 #ah ,kasan1 arms ( prov9ce ( #ajb ,ka?>9e ( ,arragon flag-mak+ #ac ,kemp5feldt's signal code #acj ,key z a device on flag #ae ,khorsabad1 slabs f #b ,k+dom ( ,hung>y #aja ,k+'s ,own ,bord]]s #fc ,ki[1 arms ( prov9ce ( #ajb ,knights-bann]et #ad ,knights ( ! ,ba?1 bann]s ( #ab ,knights ( ! ,g>t]1 bann]s ( #ab ,knights ,templ>s1 bann] ( ! #bd ,kbel1 book on co/ume & flags #aja ,korea1 flag ( k+dom ( #abe ,l4 ,lab>um ( ,con/ant9e #b1 #c1 #ea ,labuan1 badge ( colony ( #hd ,la ,haye's book on flags #hg ,lam>t9e on ! r$ flag #aji ,lanc] p5non #ad1 #ai ,l&+ ( ,*>les ,,ii4 #dg ,l& ( ! ris+ sun #abd ,laurel wrea? on flag #di1 #ha ,lawy]s1 flag ( ! #g ,leew>d ,isles1 badge ( ! #hd ,leon & ,ca/ile1 arms ( #hf1 #aaj1 #aaa ,lib]ia1 flag ( #abe ,lib]ty1 figure ( #id1 #aah ,lion ( ,scotl& #d1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd ,lions ( ,engl& #d1 #bi1 #cj1 #cd #ade ,liv]y col\rs #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #ba ,livy on ,vexillum #b ,lloyd's signal /ations #aci ,locksmi?s1 flag ( ! #g ,london1 port (1 flag signal #acg ,london ,tra9$ ,b&s #da1 #fg ,lone ,/> ,/ate1 flag ( ! #ie ,"l ,c>dross1 flag ( #af ,"l ,high ,admiral ( ,engl& #gb1 #hj ,"l-,lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 flag ( #ga ,"l ,mayor's ,%[1 flags at #ai1 #bj ,loss ( col\rs at ,edgehill #fe ,lo?r+51 flag ( #aja ,l\isiana1 flag ( ,/ate ( #id ,l\isiana1 settlem5t ( #hf ,loz5ges z a device on flag #da ,lubeck1 flag ( city ( #ii ,luc]ne1 flag ( #aaf ,lun5burg1 arms ( #ce ,lydgate1 ! duty ( *ivalry #ab ,m4 ,maccabees1 /&>d ( ! #c ,ma*yn1 di>y ( #f1 #ag1 #ba1 #ci1 #aaa ,mackay1 extract f #eg1 #eh ,mail s]vice flag #gb ,ma9sail emblazon$ z bann] #ab ,malplaquet1 battle ( #fd ,man-(-w> p5dant #bj1 #gh1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aba1 #abi1 #ace ,maple-leaf ( ,canada #cj1 #ha ,m>mion1 quotation f #h1 #ah ,m>t91 description ( ,we/]n ,isl&s #a ,m>seillaise1 ! #ih ,m>seilles1 flag ( port ( #ge ,m>tlets on flag #cd ,massa*usetts1 flag ( #c1 #hg ,mayfl[]1 sail+ ( ! #hg ,meckl5burg-,/relitz1 flag ( #aja ,m$ival spell+ #f1 #bb ,m$it]ranean & ,new ,york ,company #ge ,m]*ant flag1 r$ ensign #dj1 #dg1 #eh1 #gc1 #hj ,m]*ant ,%ipp+ 7,col\rs7 ,act #eh ,metal-work]s1 flag ( ! #g ,meteorological signals #ace ,mexico1 flag ( #bc1 #abc ,milton1 quotation f #h ,m9otaur z a device #b ,m9d51 battle ( #fd ,mirror = ,magi/rates1 quotation f #ae ,mohamm$an flags (t5 gre5 #bd ,mona/]ies1 flags ( #e ,monk1 fun]al ( ,g5]al #ah1 #bb ,monogram1 sacr$1 on flag #c1 #db1 #ea ,mon!rm]1 bann] ( ,sir ,ralph #aa ,morse alphabet = signall+ #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,mottoes on flags #c1 #d1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #bd1 #ce1 #da1 #dc1 #di1 #ff1 #hh1 #ij1 #ic1 #abb1 #abc ,mut9y 9 ! ,royal ,navy #be ,n4 ,napoleon1 flags at tomb ( #d ,nassau1 arms ( #bi1 #ce ,natal1 device ( colony ( #hd ,naval ,discipl9e ,act #ef ,naval ,exhibition at ,*elsea #da ,navy signall+ #abi1 et seq4 ,nelson1 fun]al ( #ah1 #bb ,neville's ,cross1 battle ( #e ,new ,brunswick1 arms ( prov9ce ( #hb ,newf\ndl&1 badge ( colony ( #hc ,new ,granada1 flag ( #abb ,new ,gu9ea1 badge ( colony ( #hd ,new ,s\? ,wales1 badge ( colony ( #hd ,new ,zeal&1 badge ( #hd ,new ,zeal& ,%ipp+ ,company #bd1 #ge ,night signall+ at sea #acd ,nisbet on ! tressure #cb ,norie's ,flags ( ,all ,nations #bf ,nor?all]ton1 sacr$ flags at #e ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]acy #ii ,norway1 flag ( #aae ,nova ,scotia1 arms ( prov9ce ( #hb ,nova ,scotia1 settlem5t ( #hg ,novgorod1 arms ( prov9ce ( #ajb ,o4 ,obsolete flags #h1 #bb1 #bf ,ont>io1 arms ( prov9ce ( #hb ,orange flag #h ,orange ,free ,/ate1 flag ( #bc1 #abe ,ord] ( ,black ,eagle #ajj #adf ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t flag #ga ,ori5t ,/eam ,navigation ,company #bd1 #acd ,oriflamme #aje ,oud5>de1 battle ( #fd ,owl ( ,a!ne #b ,p4 ,palmetto palm on flag #id1 #ie ,pamiot ,az(1 flag ( ! #ajd ,papal ,/ates1 flag ( ! #bc1 #aad1 #aae ,p>aguay1 flag ( #abb ,p>is1 arms ( city ( #aji ,passion symbols on flag #f ,patrick1 ,/41 life ( #ea1 #eb ,p5dant or p5nant1 #bj1 #dj1 #gh1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aba1 #abi1 #ace ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company1 flag ( #gd ,p5noncelle or p5cel #ai ,p5non1 nature ( ! #ad1 #ah1 #ai ,pepys1 extract f di>y ( #ee ,p]cy1 bann] ( ,sir ,h5ri de #aa ,p]cy lion #aa1 #ae ,p]cy motto #ae1 #af ,p]cy /&>d #ae ,p]sepolis1 sculptures ( #b ,p]uvian flag #abc ,pictorial flags #d ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 ! #hg ,pilot flag #dh1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #acd ,p9e-apple z a device #hd ,p9e-tree flag #hg1 #hh1 #hi ,plantag5et liv]y col\rs #ba ,pl9y on ,roman /&>ds #b ,pol&1 flag ( #aje ,political col\rs #g ,political devices on flags #d ,pom]ania1 flag ( #aja ,popham's signal code #aca ,portcullis z a device #ba ,portobello1 capture ( #da ,ports1 flags ( #ge ,portugal1 flags ( #aab1 #aac ,pott]y1 repres5tation ( flags on #hi ,prec$5ce a difficulty #bh ,pres5tation ( col\rs #c1 #ff ,presid5t1 ,u4,s4,a41 flag ( #ic1 #id ,pr9t$ flags #bc ,protectorate flag1 ! #ej ,prussian eagle #ih ,q4 ,qu>ant9e flag1 ! #be1 #ei ,quebec1 arms ( prov9ce ( #hb ,que5's col\r #fa1 #fe ,que5sl&1 badge ( colony ( #hc ,que5's ,regulations #ed1 #ee1 #fd1 #ga1 #gh1 #ha ,r4 ,ramilies1 battle ( #fd ,rattlesnake flag #a1 #ac1 #hg1 #hh ,rav5 ( ! ,danes #ac ,rebel colors burnt #gj ,r$ ensign #dj1 #dg1 #eh1 #gc1 #hj ,r$ flag ( revolution #be1 #ei1 #aji ,relics ( sa9ts work$ into flag #e ,religi\s "* ( e>ly flags #d1 #e1 #bb ,religi\s s]vice #c1 #ajc ,rev5ue flag1 ,u4,s4,a4 #ic ,rey on ! ,fr5* flag #ajg ,rhode ,isl&1 flag ( #hg ,ri*>d ,,ii41 /&>d ( #ag ,ridre1 /&>d ( ,sir ,william de #aa ,riga1 flag ( port ( #ge ,ripon1 ,/4 ,wilfrid's bann] at #e ,rolls ( arms #aj ,rome1 /&>ds ( anci5t #b1 #db ,roses z a flag device #af1 #ba ,rott]dam1 flag ( port ( #ge ,r\51 capture ( #e1 #ch1 #aab ,r\mania1 flag ( #aba ,royal ,colonial ,in/itute #gf ,royal ,horse ,artill]y ( #ahac #ai ,royal ,m>9es #fc ,royal ,naval ,res]ve #dj1 #ef1 #eg1 #gc1 #gi1 #aci ,royal ,navy1 flag code ( ! #acc ,royal ,oak on co9s #hh ,royal ,/&>d #aa1 #bi1 #cd1 #dh1 #ed1 #ei1 #gh ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum #bd1 #abe1 #acj1 #aca ,royal ,ya*t ,squadron1 flag ( ! #gb ,roy/on1 political col\rs at #h ,russia1 flags ( #bd1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,russian ,am]ican ,company's flag #bf ,s4 ,sacr$ monogram on flag #c ,salique law1 op]ation ( #cf ,salmon z a flag device #hb ,salut+ ! flag #bf1 #ee1 #ef #adg ,san ,salvador1 flag ( #abd ,s>awak1 flag ( #abe ,s>d9ia1 flag ( #bf ,savoy1 flag ( #bg1 #aac1 #abc ,saxe-,coburg ,go?a1 flag ( #aja ,saxony1 arms ( #ce ,saxony1 flag ( #ajj ,s*omburg-,lippe1 flag ( #aja ,s*ool ( ,army ,signall+ #abh ,scotl& = ev] #gj ,scots ,greys #ff ,scotti% grievance z to arms #ca1 #de1 #df1 #ec ,scotti% v>iation ( ,union flag #df ,scott1 quotation f #h1 #bi ,s]via1 flag ( #aba ,sev5 ,*ampions ( ,*ri/5dom1 #ch ,sev5te5? ,lanc]s #ff ,%akespe>e1 quotation f #ae1 #cg ,%annon & ,*esapeake duel #ij ,%e>s z a device on trade flag #g ,siam1 flag ( k+dom ( #abe ,signal-book ( ,*esapeake #acc ,signall+ by flags #bj1 #bc1 #abg1 et seq4 ,simon de ,mont=t1 bann] (1 #ab ,skull & cross-bones device #ff ,sl$ge flags ( ,arctic exp$ition #af ,s\? ,au/ralia1 badge ( #hc ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 flag ( #hg1 #hh1 #id ,s\!rn ,cross #cj1 #hj1 #if ,sov]eignty ( ! seas #be1 #bf ,spa91 flags ( #a1 #bd1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab ,spell+1 m$ival lib]ty ( #f1 #bb ,sp5s]1 quotation f #cf ,sph9x z a badge #fb1 #fc ,spoon & =k on trade flag #g ,/&>d1 nature ( ! #ad ,/4 ,&rew1 cross ( #d1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #aaf ,/>s & b>s1 ,c4,s4,a4 #ie1 #if ,/>s & /ripes1 ,u4,s4,a4 #ei ,/4 ,d5is1 flag ( #aje ,/ew>t on t>tans #a ,/4 ,gall51 flag ( #aaf ,/4 ,george1 cross ( #d1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1 #hd1 #hg1 #aaf ,/4 ,hel5a1 badge ( colony ( #hd ,/orm signals by flags #ace ,/ory ( ,!bes1 quotation f #ab ,/4 ,patrick1 cross ( #d1 #ea1 #ec1 #aaf ,/raits ,settlem5t1 device ( #hd ,/ream]1 v>iety ( flag #bj1 #ba ,/rictly confid5tial signals #acc ,/u>t1 liv]y col\rs ( h\se ( #ba ,sun z a device #b1 #ag ,swall[-tail flag #ad1 #ah1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #acj ,swan1 black1 ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia #hd ,sw$51 flag ( #aae ,switz]l&1 flag ( #aaf ,swynn]ton1 /&>d ( ,sir ,?omas de #af ,sydney1 ,sir ,philip1 fun]al ( #ah ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 on w> #ai ,symbols to express col\rs #gd ,t4 ,t>tans1 ,scotti% #a ,tasmania1 device ( colony ( #hd ,telegraph ,dep>tm5t1 flag ( #ga ,tess91 flag ( ,canton #aag ,teutonic1 armam5t ( ! #eg ,teutonic ord]1 cross ( ! #ajj ,texas1 flag ( ! ,/ate ( #ie ,texel1 flag ( ! port ( #ge ,! late unpleasantness #if ,!orike & ,practike ( ,mod]n ,w>res #fa ,?ird ,dragoons #ff ,?i/le z a flag device #db1 #hb ,?ree-flag signals #acg ,tig] ( ,korea #abe ,titus1 ! ar* ( #b ,tobacco plant on flag #abc ,torp$o practice flag #acc ,trafalg>1 ,nelson's fam\s signal #acb1 #acc ,trajan's column1 /&>ds on #b ,transport s]vice1 flag ( ! #ga1 #ajd ,transvaal1 flag ( ! #abf ,trefoils z a device #da ,tressure ( ,scotl&1 ! #ca1 #cb ,tricolor ( ,france #dj1 #ajh ,tr9idad1 badge ( colony ( #hd ,tr9ity1 bann] ( ! #e1 #f ,tr[el on guild flag #f ,trumpet bann]s #ab1 #bj ,tudor flags #ag ,tughra device1 ! #abj1 #aba #adh ,tunisian flags #abj ,turkey1 flags ( #bd1 #aai1 #abj ,tw5ty-f\r? regim5t #fb ,tyrol1 flag ( ! #ajb ,u4 ,union betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl& #de ,union betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& #ej1 #eb ,union flag #a1 #d1 #de1 #dg1 #ej1 #ed1 #fa ,union flag ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 #aaf ,union ,jack #dg1 #dh ,union ,/eam%ip ,company's flag #ge ,unit$ ,italy #aac ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 flag ( #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia ,univ]sal code = signall+ #bh ,urg5cy flag signals #acf ,uri1 flag ( ,canton ( #aaf ,uruguay1 flag ( #abb ,utilisation ( l9]s z cruis]s #eg ,v4 ,val5ce1 bann] ( ,sir ,aym] de #aa ,valkyrie1 flag ( ! ya*t #gc ,v>iation 9 size a sign ( rank #ag ,v5ezuela1 flag ( #bc1 #abb1 #abc ,v5ice1 obsolete flags ( #bg ,v]sailles1 palace ( #ig ,vessels spok5 at sea #aci1 #adj ,vic]oy ( ,india1 flag ( #fe1 #ha ,victoria ,cross #fc ,victoria1 flag ( colony ( #hj ,victuall+ ,dep>tm5t1 flag ( #ga ,virg9ia1 settlem5t ( #hf ,virg9 ,m>y on flag #f ,vocabul>y signals #acg ,vold]mirz1 arms ( #ajb ,v[el flags objectionable #ach1 #aci ,w4 ,waldeck1 flag ( #aja ,w> cries #cg ,w> songs #ie1 #ih ,w>riors' ,*apel at ,cant]bury #ff1 #fg ,wa%+ton1 arms ( #ia1 #ic ,wat* ^u ! ,rh9e #ih ,wat]loo1 battle ( #gj ,wea!r signals #ace1 #acg ,well+ton1 fun]al ( ,duke ( #ah1 #bb ,we/ ,africa1 device ( #hd ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 device ( #hd ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 gov]nor's flag #ha ,we/ ,prussia1 flag ( #ih ,:ite cross ( ,france #ajg ,:ite elephant ( ,siam #abe ,:ite ensign #dj1 #ee1 #ei1 #gb ,:ite horse ( ,hanov] #fc1 #ff ,:ite horse ( ,k5t #cf ,:ite ,/> ,l9e1 h\se flag ( #eg1 #ge ,:y call$ ,jack #dh ,william ,,iii41 /&>d ( #ce ,wrea? on flag #fc1 #ff1 #ha ,wolf z a device #b ,wurtemburg1 flag ( #aja ,y4 ,ya*t flags #ajj1 #ach ,yell[ flag1 its significance #bd1 #ei ,york1 liv]y col\rs ( h\se ( #ba 99 99 99 99 99 #adi ,,col\r$ ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 #a ,bann] ( ,sir ,john ,botet\rte4 #b ,bann] ( ,sir ,ralph de ,mon!rm]4 #c ,bann] ( ,sir ,hugh ,t\*es4 #d ,bann] ( ,sir ,william de ,ridre4 #e ,bann] ( ,sir ,hugh ,b>dolph4 #f ,bann] ( ,sir ,john de ,hold]ton4 #g ,bann] ( ,sir ,h5ri de ,p]cy4 #h ,bann] ( ,sir ,hugh de ,c\rt5ay4 #i ,bann] ( ,sir ,aym] de ,val5ce4 #aj ,bann] ( ,sir ,john de ,b>4 #aa ,bann] ( ,sir ,william de ,gr&ison4 ,,plate ,,ii4 #ab ,p]cy ,flag1 ,cresc5t ,badge4 #ac ,arctic ,sl$ge-flag1 ,exp$ition ( #ahge-gf4 #ad ,! ,p]cy ,/&>d4 #ae ,/&>d ( ,sir ,?omas de ,swynn]ton4 #af ,arctic ,sl$ge-flag1 ,exp$ition ( #ahge-gf4 #ag ,bann] ( ,/4 ,edmund4 #ah ,bann] ( ,simon de ,mont=t4 #ai ,bann] ( ,/4 ,edw>d4 ,,plate ,,iii4 #bj ,/ream]1 ,tudor ,fleur-de-,lys ,badge1 #aebj4 #ba ,/ream]1 ,tudor ,portcullis ,badge1 #aebj4 #bb ,/&>d ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 #bc ,/ream]1 ,tudor ,rose ,badge1 #aebj4 #bd ,/ream]1 ,tudor ,r$ ,dragon ,badge1 #aebj4 #be ,p5dant ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,lion4 #bf ,p5dant ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,tig]4 #bg ,p5dant ( ,w>%ip ( #aebj4 ,,plate ,,iv4 #bh ,guidon =m ( ,flag4 #bi ,abnormal =m ( ,p5non4 #cj ,lanc] ,p5non ( pres5t day4 #ca ,p5non1 ,royal ,horse ,artill]y1 #ahac4 #cb ,flag f ,e>ly ,g]man ,book4 #cc ,modification ( ,p5non =m4 #cd ,flag ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,nig]1 #agig4 #ce ,ecclesia/ical ,flag1 ,,ms4 ,briti% ,museum4 #cf ,burgee1 ! ,ducal ,%ipp+ ,l9e4 #cg ,e>ly =m ( ,bann]1 ,,ms4 ,briti% ,museum4 #ch ,burgee1 ,mc,iver's ,%ipp+ ,l9e4 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db ,examples f ,bayeux ,tape/ry4 #d illus4 ,,plate ,v4 #dc ,! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 #dd ,! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,,plate ,,vi4 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea ,illu/rations ( p]v]t$ +5uity & crass ignorance1 tak5 f /reet decorations on occasions ( g5]al rejoic+4 ,,plate ,,vii4 #eb1 #ec ,flags f e>ly ,spani% ,map 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #aejb4 #ed1 #ee ,e>ly ,portuguese ,flags1 ,briti% ,museum4 #ef ,! ,gu9ea ,company4 #eg ,ea/ ,india ,company4 #eh ,e>ly =m ( ,alg]ian ,flag4 #ei ,russian-,am]ican ,company4 #fj ,e>ly ,engli% ,w> ,flag4 #fa ,heligol& ,flag dur+ ,briti% ,possession4 #fb ,! ,flag ( ,savoy4 #fc ,flag ( ! ,gr& ,seigneur4 #fd ,turki% ,flag4 ,,plate ,,viii4 #aej #fe ,%ip ,flag1 ,reign ( ,george ,i4 #ff ,e>ly =m ( ,r$ ,ensign4 #fg ,london ,tra9 ,b&s3 ,! ,blue ,regim5t1 #afdc4 #fh ,london ,tra9 ,b&s3 ,! ,yell[ ,regim5t1 #afdc4 #fi ,flag ( ,w>%ip1 #af? 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,borneo4 #acc ,badge ( ,tasmania4 #acd ,victoria1 ,comm]cial4 #ace ,victoria1 ,gov]nm5t4 #acf ,badge ( ,new ,zeal&4 #aea #acg ,badge ( ,fiji4 #ach ,badge ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 #aci ,flag ( ,vic]oy ( ,india4 #adj ,portion ( ,p5dant1 ,gov]nm5t ,colonial vessels4 #ada ,gov]nors' ,flag1 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 #adb ,am]ican ,insurg5t ,flag1 #agge4 #adc ,admiral's ,flag1 ,u4,s4 ,navy4 #add ,flag us$ at ,bunk]'s ,hill4 #ade ,am]ican ,p9e-tree ,flag4 #adf ,! ,/>s & ,/ripes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #adg ,new ,engl& ,navy ,flag1 #aggf4 #adh ,massa*usetts ,flag1 #agge4 #adi ,p9e-tree & ,/ripes4 #aej ,e>ly ,am]ican ,flag4 #aea ,portion ( ,p5dant1 ,u4,s4,navy4 ,,plate ,,xv4 #aeb ,conf$]ate ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #aec ,conf$]ate1 ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 #aed ,s\!rn ,cross1 modifi$4 #aee ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,flag1 #ahfa4 #aef ,l\isiana ,/ate ,flag4 #aeg ,*ili1 portion ( ,p5dant4 #aeh ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #agge4 #aei ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,/ate ,flag1 #ahfa4 #afj ,texas ,/ate ,flag4 #afa ,*ili1 ,comm]cial4 #afb ,guatemala1 ,flag ( #ahea4 #afc ,guatemala1 ,flag ( #aheh4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 #afd ,colombia 7=m]ly ,new ,granada71 ,comm]cial4 #afe ,uruguay1 ,g5]al ,s]vice4 #aff ,guatemala1 ,gov]nm5t4 #afg ,co/a ,rica1 ,comm]cial4 #afh ,p>aguay1 ,gov]nm5t4 #afi ,brazil1 ,g5]al ,s]vice4 #agj ,v5ezuela1 ,comm]cial4 #aga ,bolivia1 ,comm]cial4 #agb ,mexico1 ,gov]nm5t4 #agc ,portion ( ,p5dant1 ,brazil4 #agd ,p]u1 ,gov]nm5t4 #age ,san ,salvador1 ,g5]al ,s]vice4 #agf ,arg5t9e1 ,gov]nm5t4 #agg ,ecuador1 ,gov]nm5t4 #agh ,hayti1 ,comm]cial4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 #agi ,oriflamme4 #ahj1 #aha ,e>ly ,fr5* =ms ( ,flag4 #ahb ,soissonois ,flag4 #ahc ,b\rbon ,flag4 #ahd ,/&>d ( ,*>les ,,vi4 #ahe ,/&>d1 ,fr5*4 #ahf ,man-(-,w> ,p5dant4 #ahg ,/&>d1 ,fr5*4 #ahh ,flag ( ,fr5* ,gu>ds1 #aefc4 #ahi ,flag ( ,republic1 ,france4 #aij ,tricolor ( #agij4 #aia ,mod]n ,fr5* ,tricolor4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 #aib ,spa91 ,w>4 #aic ,spa91 ,comm]cial4 #aid ,royal ,/&>d ( ,spa94 #aie ,portugal1 ,royal ,/&>d4 #aif ,portugal1 ,g5]al ,s]vice4 #aig ,italy1 ,comm]cial4 #aih ,papal ,m]*ant 7obsolete74 ,,plate ,,xix4 #aii ,saxony4 #bjj ,waldeck4 #bja ,saxe ,weim>4 #bjb ,pom]ania4 #bjc ,wurtemburg4 #bjd ,old5burg4 #bje ,meckl5burg ,/relitz4 #bjf ,brunswick4 #bjg ,g]man ,empire1 ,w> ,ensign4 #bjh ,g]man ,empire1 ,jack4 #bji ,saxe-,coburg-,go?a4 #baj ,s*omb]g ,lippe4 #baa ,we/ ,prussia4 #bab ,hesse4 #bac ,au/ria1 ,gov]nm5t4 #bad ,au/ro-,hung>ian1 ,comm]cial4 #bae ,russian ,jack4 #baf ,pol&4 ,,plate ,,xx4 #bag ,russian ,man-(-,w>4 #bah ,russia1 ,comm]cial4 #bai ,e>ly ,=m ( ,russian ,ensign4 #bbj ,russia1 ,consul ,g5]al4 #bba ,russia1 ,*>g d',affaires4 #bbb ,russia1 ,ambassador or ,m9i/]4 #bbc ,russia1 ,transport ,s]vice4 #bbd ,dani% ,man-(-,w>4 #bbe ,dani%1 ,comm]cial4 #aeb #bbf ,russian ,imp]ial ,/&>d4 #bbg ,sw$i%1 ,comm]cial4 #bbh ,norwegian ,man-(-,w>4 #bbi ,union ,flag ( ,sw$5 & ,norway4 #bcj ,flag ( ,norway4 #bca ,flag ( ,sw$54 #bcb ,switz]l&4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 #bcc ,greece1 ,comm]cial ,flag4 #bcd ,italian ,jack4 #bce ,turkey1 ,comm]cial4 #bcf ,belgium1 ,comm]cial4 #bcg ,holl&1 ,royal ,/&>d4 #bch ,turkey1 ,/&>d4 #bci ,turkey1 ,gov]nm5t4 #bdj ,tunis1 ,gov]nm5t4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 #bda ,bulg>ia4 #bdb ,r\mania4 #bdc ,s]via4 #bdd ,japanese ,ensign4 #bde ,japanese ,imp]ial ,/&>d4 #bdf ,japanese ,transport ,flag4 #bdg ,*9ese ,m]*ant ,flag4 #bdh ,japanese ,gu>d ,flag4 #bdi ,orange ,free ,/ate4 #bej ,lib]ia4 #bea ,congo ,/ate4 #beb ,rajah ( ,s>awak4 #bec ,s\? ,african ,republic4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 #bed to #bfg ,f\rte5 ,flags f ! ,signal ,code ( ! ,royal ,navy4 #bfh ,special ,flag ( ! ,coa/ ,gu>d4 #bfi to #bgh ,code ( ,sir ,hope ,popham1 us$ by ,nelson at ,trafalg>1 c4 #aj illus4 #bgi to #bhf ,special ,battle ,signals1 code sugge/$ 9 #aghh4 #h illus4 #bhg to #bif ,num]ical ,code4 ,signal ,code ( #aghh4 #aj illus4 #big to #cjf ,pilot ,signals ( v>i\s ,nationalities4 #aj illus4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 #cjg to #cbd ,! ,flags ( ! ,int]national ,code4 #ah illus4 #cbe ,! ,signal-hoi/ = ! ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 ,b4,d4,t4,f4 #cbf ,code-signal = ! ,port ( ,london1 ,b4,d4,p4,q4 #cbg ,code-signal ( ,,ss4 ,g]manic1 ,n4,v4,b4,q4 #cbh ,code-signal ( ! ,hesp]us1 ,m4,n4,d4,l4 #cbi ,code-signal ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,deva/ation1 ,g4,r4,c4,t4 #ccj ,d y wi% to be report$8 ,b4,p4,q4 #cca ,all safe6 ,v4,k4,c4 #ccb ,report me to ,lloyd's ,ag5t4 ,p4,d4,s4 #ccc ,d y want assi/ance8 ,h4,v4,f4 #ccd ,has any accid5t happ5$8 ,b4,g4,h4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 #cce to #cci ,signal ,flags ( ,,ss4 ,au/ralia1 ,arcadia1 ,massilia1 ,victoria1 ,b5gal4 7,are all ,vessels 9 ! ,p4 ,o47 #cdj to #cdd ,signal ,flags ( ,,ss4 ,oroya1 ,ori5t1 ,ophir1 ,orotava1 ,ormuz4 7,are all ,vessels ( ! ,ori5t ,l9e47 #cde to #cdi ,signal ,flags ( ,,ss4 ,la ,t\ra9e1 ,lafayette1 ,ville-de-,tang]1 ,am]ique1 ,sa9t-,g]ma94 7,are all ,vessels ( ! ,compagnie ,g5]ale ,transatlantique47 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 #cej to #ced ,flag-signals ( "s ( ! num]\s ,victorias on ! ,%ipp+ ,li/4 #cee to #cei ,flag-signals ( "s ( ! num]\s ,au/ralias on ! ,%ipp+ ,li/4 #cfj to #cfd ,flag-signals ( "s ( ! num]\s ,britannias on ! ,%ipp+ ,li/4 ,! ,botolph ,pr9t+ ,works1 ,crosskey ,squ>e1 ,little ,brita91 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,e ,isle diff]s f ea* o!r 9 _! ,fancy ( mak+ ,plads1 z to ! ,/ripes 9 ,bread? & ,col\rs4 ,?is ,hum\r is z diff]5t ?r\gh ! ma9 ,l& ( ! ,highl&s 9 s f> t !y :o h se5 ^? ,places are able at ! fir/ ,view ( a man's ,plad to guess ! ,place ( 8 ,resid5ce4--,m>t9's ,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 #agjc4 ,see also ,old & ,r>e ,scotti% ,t>tans1 by ,donald ,/ew>t1 all illu/rat$ by actual pieces wov5 9 silk to a r$uc$ scale4 ,! late/ t>tan1 t ( ,balmoral1 0 devis$ by ,pr9ce ,alb]t 9 ! ye> #ahdh4 #b ,9 m$ival days ! pa/oral /aff or crook ( ! bi%op (t5 _h a small sc>f atta*$ to x4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! vexillum1 & 0 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,lab>um1 or /&>d ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or1 ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 #c ,9 ,favyn's book1 ,le ,?tre d'honneur et de ,*eval]ie1 publi%$ 9 ,p>is "s two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 we read ( ,le gr& e/5d>d de sat9 bleu cele/e d\ble en ri*e brod]ie de fleurs de lys d'or de ,*ypre une gr&e croix ple9 de sat9 blanc1 qui e/ la croix de ,france4 ,le gr& e/5d>d ,sa9t ,mi*el ange g>di5 de la ,france1 de sat9 bleu cele/e de ri*e brod]ie d'or de ,*ypre1 sem d'e/oiles d'or4 ,le gr& e/5d>d de l'ordre du b5oi/ ,sa9t-,esprit1 faict de d\ble sat9 v]d une columbe d'arg5t1 rayonn d'or de ri*e brod]ie1 le re/ sem de flammes d'or4 ,joan ( ,arc _h a :ite /&>d p[d]$ ov] ) gold fleurs-de-lys1 & 9 ! c5tre a figure ( ,*ri/ sitt+ on a ra9b[1 & hold+ a globe4 ,on ei!r side an angel 9 ! po/ure ( adoration1 &1 und]nea?1 ! words ,jhesu1 ,m>ia4 ,on ano!r %e _h ! ,annunciation1 & ! words ,ave ,m>ia4 ,^! 7 pa9t$ at ,t\rs p> ,james ,p[]1 ,ecossais1 ,pe9tre du ,roi4 #d ,?us ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george w\ld be normally repres5t$ z 9 ,fig4 #ia1 b we f9d x mu* elongat$ 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ad1 mu* wid5$ out 9 ,figs #bg & #ef1 & yet m s on ! %ield ( ! arms ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada 9 ,fig4 #abi4 #e ,we d n pause to expla9 ! mean+ ( any h]aldic t]ms t we are oblig$ to employ4 ,su* t]ms may be readily f\nd 9 any te*nical book on blazonry1 & we h ourselves1 9 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,h]aldry1 gone v ?or\ghly into ! mean+ & use ( ! v>i\s =ms t ent] into ! blazonry ( %ield or bann]1 & d n1 !re=e1 repeat ^! matt]s "h4 #f i4e41 badges4 #g ,"l ,gordon has arriv$ at ,nauplia4 ,he has br\ght ! ,greeks a numb] ( ensigns1 embroid]$ by ,scot* ladies1 & s5t by !m4--,salisbury & ,w9*e/] ,j\rnal1 ,decemb] #bg?1 #ahbd4 #h ,?is cr[n$ key may be se5 z e>ly z #acei on ! seal ( ,sir ,mi*ael de ,poyn+s4 #i ,! bugle horn appe>s z ! cre/ ( ,sir ,william de ,bryan on 8 brass1 #acge4 #aj ,9 an old p$igree ( ! family is inscrib$ ! l9es3-- ,esp]ance en ,dieu1 ,tru/ 9 hym1 he is mo/ true4 ,en ,dieu ,esp]ance1 ,9 hym put ?yne affiaunce4 ,esp]ance 9 ! worlde8 ,nay1 ,! worlde v>ie! e day4 ,esp]ance 9 ri*es8 ,nay1 n s2 ,ri*es slide!1 & "s w g4 ,esp]ance 9 exaltacion ( hon\r8 ,nay1 x widd]e! away1 lyke a fl[re4 ,esp]ance en ,dieu1 9 hym is all1 ,:i* is above ,=tune's fall4 #aa ,! mod]n flag1 kn[n z ! burgee1 l>gely us$ 9 flag signall+1 is l a %ort5$ p5non4 ,x is sometimes also call$ a cornet4 #ab ,n[ ! (t5 *ang+ =tune beganne also to *annge ! law ( ! battels4 ,= at ! fir/1 ?\gh x 7 t]rible1 yet ,t]ror 0 deckt & broa*ie ) ri* furniture1 guilt swords1 %9+ arm\rs1 pleasant p5sils1 t ! eye ) delight _h sc>ce "t to be afraide2 b n[ all defil$ ) du/1 blood1 brok5 arm\r1 mangl$ bodies1 tooke away ! maske1 & set =? ,horror 9 8 own horrible mann]4--,,sir ,,philip ,,sydney4 #ac ,a /ream] %all /& 9 ! toppe ( a %ippe1 or 9 ! =eca/le1 & !re9 be putt no armes1 b a man's conceit or device1 & may be ( ! l5g! ( tw5ty1 =ty1 or sixty y>ds4--,h>leian ,,ms41 ,no4 #b1ceh1 deal+ ) ! ,syze ( ,bann]s1 ,/&>des1 ,p5nons1 ,guydhomes1 ,p5cels1 & ,/ream]s4 #ad ,:ile ?us sev]e 9 our judgm5t on misguid$ =eign]s x is only j to po9t out t ,engl& itself is responsible = a comb9ation z horrible z any 9 ! gre51 r$1 :ite1 ( ! special flag t %e be/[$ on ,heligol&1 :ile x 0 yet a ,briti% possession4 ,x may be se5 9 ,fig4 #fa4 #ae ,! fam\s bann] ( ! ,knights ,templ>s1 call$ ! ,beau-seant1 _h its upp] half black & l[] :ite4 ,! black symbolis$ ! t]ror x %\ld be to ! foe1 & ! :ite amity & goodwill to fri5ds4 #af ,! h\se-flags ( ! v>i\s %ipp+ companies make a great use ( lett]s3 ?us ! flag ( ! ,ori5t ,/eam ,navigation ,company is :ite & divid$ into f\r portions by a blue cross4 ,9 ^! f\r portions are plac$ 9 r$ ! lett]s ,o4,s4,n4,c4 ,9 ,fig4 #abj we h ! flag ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,%ipp+ ,company1 :]e ! ,n4,z4,s4 ,co4 are equally conspicu\s4 ,any ref]5ce to a good li/ ( h\se-flags1 su* z t publi%$ by ,griff91 w\ld reveal scores ( illu/rations ( ?is feature4 #ag ,! map is freely embelli%$ ) illu/rations4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 = in/ance f\r imm5se crimson p>rots ab\t fill up ,brazil1 :ile 9 ,africa ! p>rots are gre54 ,_m ( ^! figur$ details are v qua9t4 #ah ,! dazzl+ field1 ,:]e 9 pr\d ,scotl&'s royal %ield1 ,! ruddy lion ramp$ 9 gold4--,scott4 #ai ,) only "o exception ! ,sov]eigns ( ,scotl& nev] qu>t]$ ! arms ( any o!r k+dom ) _! own4 ,! only exception 0 :5 ,m>y ,/u>t claim$ ! arms ( ,engl& & plac$ !m ^u h] /&>d1 & ?us gave irrep>able provocation to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 #bj ,brian ,boru1 :o 0 kill$ 9 battle ) ! ,danes1 did mu* to civilise ,irel&2 &1 among/ o!r ?+s1 introduc$ ! h>p4 ,! anci5t ,iri% h>p at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 0 long claim$ z ! id5tical in/rum5t ( ,boru1 b x has be5 prov$ by ! ornam5t ^u x t x _c be lat] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! mo/ primitive repres5tation ( ! h>p 9 ,irel& is 9 a rude sculpture 9 a *ur* ne> ,kilk5y4 ,?is is kn[n to date f ! n9? c5tury4 ,?\gh ! h>p has ev] %one 9 ! poetry ( ! ,iri% p1 !y h b little claim to x4 ,x has be5 by no means su* a national in/rum5t ) ! ,iri% z ) ! ,wel%4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( in/rum5ts1 figur+ 9 ! mural pa9t+s ( ,egypt c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 #ba ,z may be se5 beautifully enamell$ on 8 tomb 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 #bb ,ano!r flag 0 a pla9 sc>let "o1 hav+ ?is inscription3 ,= ! ,prote/ant ,religion & ! ,lib]ty ( ,engl& 9 :ite ^u x4 #bc ,! foll[+ summ>y may be tak5 z correct 9 its broad facts3--,f ab\t #aaie to #acdj1 ! ,/&>d _h ! lions ( ,engl& alone on x4 ,f #acdj to #acgg1 ,engl& & ,france toge!r4 #acgg to #acii1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! arms ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 #acii to #afjc1 ,engl& & ,france4 #afjc to #afdi1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,scotl& & ,irel&4 #afdi to #afei1 ,int]regnum3 a p]iod ( *ange & unc]ta9ty1 :5 div]s *anges 9 ! ,/&>d 7 made t are sc>cely wor? detail+4 #afei to #afhh1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 #afhh to #agja1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,nassau4 #agja to #agad1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 #agad to #ahja1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,hanov]4 #ahja to #ahcg1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,hanov]4 ,f #ahcg1 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 #bd ,sp5s]4 #be ,9 ! same way1 we f9d ! ,scotti% clansm5 ru%+ to ! fray to ! cry ( ,/4 ,&rew & our ,"r4 ,9 ! ballad ( ,ott]b\rne we read t ! ,scots ,uppon ,s5t ,&rewe l\de !y crye1 ,& ?rysse !y %[te on hyght4 #bf ,"o int]e/+ exception to ?is is t1 on ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ! #e? regim5t 7,nor?umb]l& ,fusili]s7 holds full-dress p>ade1 all we>+ ! rose1 ! national emblem1 9 _! headge>1 & ! (fic]s on _! sword-knots also4 ,! col\rs1 too1 are fe/oon$ ) roses4 #bg ,! x day ( ,janu>y hevy news came to ,london t ! ,fr5* _h won ,cales 7,calais71 ! :y*e 0 ! heve/ tydyngs to ,engl& t ev] 0 h]d (4 ,! xj day ( ,janu>y ! ,cete ( ,london took up a ?\s& m51 & mad !m :ytt cotes & r$ crosses1 & e w>d ( ,london f\nd m54 ,! xxj day ( ,janu>y came a new comm&em5t to my ,"l ,mayre t he %uld make m5 r$y 9 h>nes ) :yt cotes weltyd ) gre51 & r$ crosses1 by ! xxiij day ( ! same money! to be at ,leyd5halle to g =w>d4 ,! xviij day ( ,may !re 0 s5t to ! %yppes m5 9 :yt cotes & r$ crosses1 & gones1 to ! ,que5's %yppes4--,,ma*yn',s ,,di>y4 #bh ,?us we h ! :ite1 ! blue1 ! :ite & orange1 ! gre5 & r$1 ! purple1 ! blue & :ite1 ! orange & gre51 ! r$ & yell[1 ! r$ & blue1 ! r$ & :ite1 & div]s o!rs4 ,! orange company always took ! lead4 ,^! companies 7 = a long "t 9 abeyance1 & 7 sup]s$$ 9 #agih by ! =mation ( ! ,royal ,ed9burgh ,volunte]s1 b ea* ye> ! ,magi/rates & ,c\ncil /ill appo9t "o ( _! numb] to be capta9 ( ! orange col\rs4 ,8 duty is to take *>ge ( ! old col\rs & pres]ve !m z an int]e/+ relic ( a bygone in/itution4 #bi ,x is rem>kable t none ( ! flags extant be> ! motto :i* ! ,p>liam5t on ,july #e?1 #afej1 ord]$ to be up\n haill culloris & /&>dis1 i4e41 ,= ,cov5ant1 ,religion1 ,k+1 & ,k+dom4 ,x is *>act]i/ic t ea* body claim$ indep5d5ce ev5 9 ?is matt]4 ,?us ! ,f5wick flag bore ,ph9egh = ,god1 ,c\ntry1 & ,cov5ant$ "w ( ,re=mations4 ,ano!r flag has1 ,= ,re=mation 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 accord+ to ! ,^w ( ,god & our ,cov5ant1 :ile yet ano!r be>s ! inscription1 ,= ,*ri/ & ,8 tru?s1 no qu>t]s to ye active enemies ( ye ,cov5ant4 #cj ,/4 ,&rew's day is ,novemb] #cj?4 #ca ,! "q ( ! ,union betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl& 0 (t5 moot$4 ,9 ! ye> #abia ,edw>d ,i41 be+ victori\s 9 ! nor?1 decl>$ ! two c\ntries unit$1 b ?is did n la/ long4 ,9 #acfc ,edw>d ,,iii4 op5$ negotiations = a union ( ! two cr[ns if ,k+ ,david ( ,scotl& di$ )\t issue4 ,9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ! matt] 0 aga9 to ! =e1 b x 0 left to ,que5 ,elizabe? to take ! decisive /ep4 #cb ,april #ab?1 #afje4 #cc ,?us 9 ! ,royal ,/&>d ( ,spa91 ,fig4 #aid1 ! arms ( ,leon & ,ca/ile be+ ,9 ! upp] corn] next ! /aff take prec$5ce ( hon\r ov] ,arragon & all ! o!r ,/ates !re9 introduc$4 #cd ,9 a picture 9 ! collection at ,hampton ,c\rt1 repres5t+ ! emb>kation ( ,*>les ,,ii4 f ,holl&1 ! %ip has a l>ge r$ flag *>g$ ) ! ,/u>t arms 9 ! c5tre1 b s soon z 8 position 9 ,engl& 0 assur$ he rev]t$ to ! royal /&>d ( 8 ,/u>t pr$ecessors & to ! orig9al =m ( ! union flag1 a =m t dur+ ! ,protectorate 0 widely dep>t$ f4 #ce ,jaque1 espece de petite casaque militaire qu'on portait au moy5 age sur les armes et sur la cuirasse4--,,b\illet1 ,dict4 ,univ]sel4 #cf ,a contempor>y repres5tation ( ?is ,long ,p>liam5t flag may be se5 on ! m$als be/[$ on ! victori\s naval comm&]s1 :]e ! pr9cipal %ip 9 ! sea-fight repres5t$ on ! rev]se ( ! m$al flies ?is flag at h] ma/head4 #cg ,&rew ,m>vell on ! victory ( ,blake at ,santa ,cruz4 #ch ,z ! ye> ( 8 bir? is sc>cely kn[n )9 a c5tury or s1 x is too mu* to expect ! mon? or ! day1 b ! day t is assign$ to ,/4 ,patrick 9 ! cal5d> is ,m>* #ag?4 #ci ,9 ! ye> #ahaf1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,electorate ( ,hanov] be+ rais$ to ! rank ( a ,k+dom1 ! ,hanov]ian ,royal ,cr[n 0 sub/itut$ = ! ,electoral headge> 9 ! royal arms on ! %ield & /&>d4 #dj ,a writ] 9 ! ,retrospective ,review 9 ! ye> #ahdg1 ?us relieves 8 feel+s3--,! bann] ( ,/4 ,george1 arg5t1 & cross gules is /ill borne z "p ( ! ,engli% flag1 ?\gh1 f ! disgraceful mann] 9 :i* x has be5 amalgamat$ ) ! ,crosses ( ,/4 ,&rew & ,/4 ,patrick1 x has n only lo/ all its purity1 b pres5ts a melan*oly example ( ! ignorance ( h]aldry & total want ( patriotism & ta/e :i* mu/ h *>act]is$ ^? to :om we un=tunately owe its arrangem5t4 #da ,all ,h] ,maje/y's ,%ips ( ,w> 9 ,commission %all be> a :ite ensign ) ! ,r$ ,/4 ,george ,cross1 & ! ,union 9 ! upp] ,canton1 & :5 x %all be ?\ght prop] to d s1 !y may display ! ,union ,jack at ! b[sprit end4--,que5's ,regulations4 #db ,we read1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,di>y ( ,pepys t 9 ! exp$ition ( ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham1 9 ! ye> #afbg1 aga9/ ! ,isle de ,rh t ! ,duke divid$ 8 fleet into squadrons4 ,himself1 ye ,admirall1 & ,g5]al 9 *iefe1 w5t 9 ye ,triumphe1 be>+ ! ,/&>d ( ,engl& 9 ye ma9e topp1 & ,admirall p>ticul> ( ! bloody col\rs4 ,! ,e>l ( ,l9dsay 0 ,vice-,admirall to ! ,fleete 9 ! ,ra9b[e1 be>+ ! ,k+'s usual col\rs 9 8 =etopp1 & a blew flag 9 8 ma9e topp1 & 0 admirall ( ! blew col\rs4 ,! ,"l ,h>vey 0 ,re> ,admirall 9 ye ,repulse1 be>+ ! ,k+'s usual col\rs 9 8 miz51 & a :ite flag 9 ! ma9 topp1 & 0 ,admirall ( ye squadron ( :ite col\rs4 #dc ,on ! hoi/+ ( ! ,ensign all "w /ops1 & all ranks mu/] on deck1 /&+ ) h& rais$ to ! cap 9 salute1 :ile ! %ip's b& plays ! op5+ b>s ( ! ,national ,an!m4 #dd ,*>les ,mackay4 #de ,o!r regim5ts ) gre5 fac+s are ! #e?1 #aa?1 #ai?1 #cf?1 #ci?1 #df?1 #di?1 #gcrd1 etc4 ,regim5ts ) blue fac+s are ! #a/1 #d?1 #f?1 #g?1 #ac?1 #ah?1 #ba/1 #bcrd1 #be?1 etc41 :ile buff is f\nd 9 ! #bnd1 #crd1 #ad?1 #bbnd1 #bg?1 #ca/1 #dj?1 etc4 ,among/ ! regim5ts ) yell[ fac+s are ! #i?1 #aj?1 #ab?1 #ae?1 #af?1 #bj?1 #bf?1 #bh?1 #bi?1 #cj?1 #cd?1 #cg?1 #ch?1 etc4 ,:ite is met ) 9 ! #ag?1 #cbnd1 #da/1 #dcrd1 #dg?1 #ei?1 #fe?4 ,r$ is n s common1 s9ce ! col\r is t ( ! tunic ord9>ily1 b we see x 9 ! #ccrd1 #dh?1 & #gf?4 ,black is also less commonly us$1 b we f9d x 9 ! fac+s ( ! #eh?1 #fd?1 #gj?1 & #hi? ,regim5ts4 #df ,! ,black ,wat*1 ! gallant #dbnd1 & o!r regim5ts also be> ! ,sph9x = _! s]vices 9 ,egypt 9 #ahja1 :]e ,napoleon receiv$ 8 fir/ s]i\s *eck f ,briti% troops4 #dg ,:5 a regim5t consi/s ( two battalions ! di/9ctions won by ea* are common to bo?1 & are1 q ju/ly1 ! prop]ty ( ! :ole regim5t4 #dh ,9 l mann] we f9d ! ,royal ,m>9es be>+ on _! col\rs an an*or1 fir/ grant$ to ! corps z a badge 9 ! ye> #agge4 ,! lion & cr[n 0 add$ to ?is 9 #agie4 ,9 #ahjb1 9 hon\r ( ! gallant %>e tak5 by ! ,m>9es 9 ! capture ( ,bellisle1 a laurel wrea? 0 add$ to ! o!r badges ( hon\r1 & 9 #ahbg ! motto ,p] ,m>e p] ,t]ram & a globe1 surm\nt$ by ! ^w ,gibralt>1 0 also plac$ on _! col\rs1 z a te/imony to ! s]vices ( ! ,m>9es all ov] ! _w1 & notably at ! tak+ ( ,gibralt>4 #di ,bl5heim1 ,augu/ #bnd1 #agjd2 ,ramilies1 ,may #bcrd1 #agjf2 ,oud5>de1 ,june #cj?1 #agjh2 ,malplaquet1 ,septemb] #aa?1 #agji2 ,dett+51 ,june #af?1 #agdc2 ,m9d51 ,augu/ #a/1 #agei4 #ej ,?is1 ) _m o!r int]e/+ trophies ( w>1 may be se5 9 ! ,*apel ( ,*elsea ,college4 ,! ,bl5heim ,col\rs are n[ ne>ly all consum$ away ) age3 ( "o b ! /aff rema9s1 & _m o!rs are n[ z t5d] z t9d]4 ,fr5*1 ,russian1 ,am]ican1 ,*9ese1 & _m o!r flags ( =m] foes may !re be se5 quietly fad+ away1 z ! old national animosities h likewise done4 #ea ,among/ ! v>i\s devices se5 on ! flags ( ! ,p>liam5t>ians1 0 "o ( a skull surr\nd$ by a laurel cr[n1 accompani$ by ! words ,mors vel ,victoria4 #eb ,!re are ! col\rs ( o!r regim5ts z well4 ,^? t we specially ref] to above w be f\nd 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,w>riors' ,*apel4 ,we deal ) ^! especially1 because1 z be+ ! flags ( ! t]ritorial regim5t1 !y f9d1 ) p>ticul> appropriat5ess1 _! re/+ place 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 #ec ,!re is n[ no ,"l ,high ,admiral ( ,great ,brita92 8 functions are analog\s to ^? ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,army2 ! la/ ,"l ,high ,admiral 0 ,william ,,iv41 :o receiv$ ?is appo9tm5t :5 ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! (fice is n[ said to be 9 commission--its functions are p]=m$ by ! ,lords ,commission]s ( ! ,admiralty1 a bo>d unit+ ! dual control :i* is ex]cis$ ov] ! l& ,=ces by ! ,w> ,(fice & ! ,horse ,gu>ds4 ,commissions ( ,naval ,(fic]s are n sign$ by ! ,que51 !y are head$ ,by ! ,commission]s = execut+ ! (fice ( ,"l ,high ,admiral ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 etc42 & !y are sign$ by two ( ! ,lords4 #ed ,we f9d ! ,royal ,ya*t ,club1 9 #ahae1 & ! ,royal ,?ames ,ya*t ,club1 9 #ahce1 fly+ :at w\ld be a :ite ensign if x _h b ! great ,cross ( ,/4 ,george ^u x2 an entirely :ite flag hav+ ! ,union 9 ! corn] next ! /aff4 ,"o may get a fair notion ( its effect by look+ at ,fig4 #aed1 b imag9+ ! ,union 9 ! place ( ! device !re se54 ,! ,royal ,ya*t ,club burgee at ?is p]iod 0 pla9 :ite1 )\t any device :atev]4 ,! burgee ( ! o!r ,club we h nam$ has und]gone _m *anges4 ,9 #ahbc x is sc>let1 ) ! lett]s ,t4,y4,c4 9 :ite2 9 #ahca ! prefix ,royal has be5 ga9$1 & ! flag1 /ill r$1 has ! cr[n & ! ,r4,t4,y4,c4 9 :ite ^u x2 :ile 9 #ahcd we /ill f9d ! cr[n & ! same lett]s1 b n[1 n :ite on r$1 b r$ on :ite4 #ee ,,by ,,! ,,commission]s = execut+ ! (fice ( ,"l ,high ,admiral ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 c4 ,,:]eas1 we deem x exp$i5t t ,canadian regi/]$ vessels %all be p]mitt$ to we> ! ,r$ ,ensign ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,fleet1 ) ! ,canadian ,coat ( ,arms 9 ! ,fly !re(4 ,we d !re=e1 by virtue ( ! p[] & au?ority ve/$ 9 u1 h]eby w>rant & au?orize ! ,r$ ,ensign ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,fleet1 ) ! ,canadian ,coat ( ,arms 9 ! ,fly1 to be us$ on bo>d vessels regi/]$ 9 ! ,dom9ion4 ,giv5 "u our h&s & ! seal ( ! ,(fice ( ,admiralty1 ?is second day ( ,febru>y1 #ahib4 #ef ,! ,maple is to ,canada :at ! ,rose is to ,engl&1 or ! ,%amrock to ,irel&4 ,h5ce1 we f9d x on ! co9age1 etc4 ,9 ! ,canadian ,militia ,li/ be=e u we f9d x on ! acc\trem5ts ( _m ( ! regim5ts1 enwrea?+ ! motto or device2 sometimes alone1 & (t5 9 association ) ! rose1 ?i/le1 & %amrock4 #eg ,?us 9 a ,fr5* book on flags 7,la ,haye's71 publi%$ 9 #agcg1 we see a pavillon de ,n\velle ,anglet]re en ,am]ique4 ,?is is a blue flag1 hav+ on a :ite canton ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george1 & 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ?is canton a globe1 9 allusion to ,am]ica1 ! new _w4 #eh ,9 ,septemb]1 #agge1 ,m\ltrie1 ! h]oic def5d] ( ! =t :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 devis$ ?is ! fir/ flag ( ! ,/ate ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ! uni=m ( ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a m5 be+ blue1 & "s ( ! regim5ts hav+ a silv] cresc5t 9 _! caps2 b :y !y _h ! silv] cresc5t z a badge no record seems to in=m u4 #ei ,x may be some:at ( an assi/ance to our read]s if we give a few *ronological details3 ,! obnoxi\s duty on tea & o!r articles impos$ by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 ,june1 #agfg4 ,tea ?r[n ov]bo>d 9 ,bo/on h>b\r by ! discont5t$ populace1 ,novemb]1 #aggc4 ,! ,bo/on ,port ,bill1 by :i* t port 0 to be %ut up until comp5sation made to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company = ! tea de/roy$1 pass$ ,m>*1 #aggd4 ,g5]al ,congress ( ! coloni/s at ,philadelphia1 ,septemb]1 #aggd4 ,revolution1 fir/ blood %$ at ,lex+ton1 ,april1 #agge4 ,wa%+ton appo9t$ ,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! ,am]ican ,armies1 ,june1 #agge4 ,?irte5 colonies decl>e !mselves indep5d5t1 ,july #d?1 #aggf4 ,indep5d5ce ( ,colonies recognis$ by ,france 9 ,m>*1 #aggh1 by ,holl& 9 ,april1 #aghb1 & by ,great ,brita9 9 ,septemb]1 #aghc4 ,john ,adams receiv$ z ambassador f ,am]ica by ,george ,,iii4 9 ,june1 #aghe1 & fir/ ambassador s5t f ,great ,brita9 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #agia4 #fj ,9 an old pr9t be=e u ( ! fight betwe5 ! ,%annon & ! ,*esapeake1 we see t ! latt] hoi/s ?ree ,am]ican flags1 all hav+ ! top & bottom /ripes :ite1 & at ! =ema/ a :ite flag inscrib$ ) ! enigmatical motto1 ,free ,trade & ,sailors' rights4 #fa ,=ty flags ) _! silv] />s1 ,=ty flags ) _! crimson b>s4 ,,:itti]1 ,b>b>a ,friet*ie4 #fb ,at a banquet at ! ,mansion ,h\se1 :5 _m lead+ ,engli%m5 & em95t ,coloni/s ga!r$ toge!r to celebrate ,/4 ,george's ,day1 ! ,am]ican ,ambassador1 an hon\r$ gue/1 said t he 0 v consci\s t he 0 !re at a ga!r+ ( ! clans4 ,!re 0 a tradition t ! mis*iev\s boy 0 g5]ally ! fav\rite ( ! h\sehold4 ,8 "m might confess x op5ly1 8 fa!r secretly1 b ! re/ ( ! family said no?+ ab\t x4 ,n[ !re 0 a mis*iev\s boy :o broke away f home some?+ m ?an a c5tury ago1 b let !m n suppose t because he left ! home he or 8 desc5dants ev] came back )\t a /rong feel+ t x is ! home4 ,he w5t on to say t he nev] met a body ( repres5tative ,engli%m51 ,briti% m51 speak+ ! same language t he did1 )\t a s5se ( grave joy & pleasure3 ! s5se t !y 7 8 bre?r5 9 a great cause1 & t he jo9$ ) !m1 he & 8 p1 9 su/a9+ ! be/ hopes & aspirations ( ! _w's civilization4 ,blood is ?ick] ?an wat]1 & all "r-m9d$ ,engli%m5 w read 8 k9dly words ) pleasure1 & give !m he>tie/ reciprocation4 #fc ,to ! ,g]mans1 9 _! campaign aga9/ ,france1 ?is & ! ,wat* ^u ! ,rh9e 7 wor? _m battalions z a spur & /imulus to h]oic de$s4 ,dur+ ! ,am]ican ,w> bo? ,f$]als & ,conf$]ates ow$ mu* to ! influ5ce ( /irr+ patriotic songs4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! songs ( ,dibd9 contribut$ n a little to our own naval victories1 & e cause t is wor? fight+ = evokes l /irr+ /ra9s4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ illu/rations ( ?is is ! bir? ( t gr& w>-song kn[n z ! ,m>seillaise4 ,r\get de l',isle1 its au?or1 0 a capta9 ( ,fr5* ,eng9e]s /ation$ 9 ,/rassb\rg on ! op5+ ( ! campaign aga9/ ,au/ria & ,prussia 9 #agib4 ,on ! eve ( ! day t ! cont+5t f t city 0 go+ to jo9 ! ma9 army ( ! ,rh9e1 a "q arose z to :at air %\ld be play$ at _! dep>ture4 ,sev]al 7 sugge/$ & reject$1 & ,r\get de l',isle left ! meet+ & retir$ to 8 own qu>t]s1 & be=e ! ga!r+ broke up _h writt5 bo? words & music ( ,le ,*ant de l',armee du ,rh94 ,on return+ to ! meet+1 /ill 9 consultation on ! v>i\s details ( ! morr[1 he sang 8 composition1 & x 0 at once welcom$ ) delight4 ,x flew l wildfire ?r\gh\t ,france1 &1 ow+ to ! ,m>seillaise troops s++ x on ent]+ ,p>is1 x d]iv$ ! "n by :i* x has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n4 ,its /irr+ words & ! gr& roll ( ! music ar\s$ ! en?usiasm ( ! c\ntry1 & at once made x ! battle-song ( ,france1 to be at times proscrib$1 b nev] =gott54 #fd ,! book on ,g]man co/ume by ,kbel1 pr9t$ at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9 9 #aede1 %\ld be ref]r$ to1 if possible1 by ! read]4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 a v r>e book4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is spl5did volume conta9s #add l>ge illu/rations ( /&>d-be>]s2 ! figures are admirably drawn & v v>i$ 9 attitude1 :ile ! flags !y c>ry are replete ) int]e/1 _m ( c\rse be+ n[ q obsolete1 :ile o!rs !re repres5t$ h come d[n to u ?r\gh ! ?ree c5turies intact4 #fe ,! ,pamiot ,az(1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ironclads ( ! ,russian ,navy1 flies at h] ma/-head ! ,cross ( ,/4 ,george 7:ite on r$71 9 memory ( ! gallant s]vice at ,nav>9o 9 #aebg ( h] pr$ecessor ( t "n4 ,! ,cz> ,ni*olas decre$ t all future ,pamiot ,az(s 9 ! navy %\ld be> ?is di/+ui%+ m>k ( hon\r4 ,pet] ! ,great built ! fir/ ,pamiot ,az( z a memorial ( ! great siege ( ,az(1 & ! "n has be5 h&$ d[n ev] s9ce4 ,! influ5ce ( t piece ( sc>let & :ite bunt+ w d\btless be su* t no ,pamiot ,az( w ev] fall %ort ( ! highe/ expectations t ?is exceptional hon\r w\ld sugge/4 #ff ,clisson1 assura sa ,maje/ du ga9 de la bataille1 le roi lui rpondit3 ',conne/able1 ,dieu le veeulte1 n\s irons donc avant au nom de ,dieu et de ,sa9ct ,d5is4'--,vulson de la ,colombire4 #fg ,9 a m9iature ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #hfi1 9 a book ( pray]s1 ! royal sceptre t]m9ates 9 a fleur-de-lys4 ,! cr[n ( ,hugh ,capet1 ,a4,d4 #ieg1 9 ,/4 ,d5is1 is =m$ ( fleur-de-lys1 z is t ( 8 successor1 ,rob]t le ,sage1 ,a4,d4 #iif1 ,h5ry ,i41 #ajca1 & _m o!rs4 ,to make ! matt] m complicat$1 we f9d on ! cr[n ( ,uffa1 fir/ k+ ( ! ,ea/ ,angles1 ,a4 ,d4 #ege1 true fleurs-de-lys4 #fh ,"o old writ] ass]ts t ,l\is ,,vii41 on sett+ out 9 ! ye> #aacg = ! ,crusade *ose ! purple iris fl[] z 8 emblem4 #fi ,re*]*es sur les ,drapeaux ,franais1 ,oriflamme1 bannire de ,france1 ,m>ques nationales1 ,c\leurs du roi1 drapeaux de l'arme1 pavilions de la ,m>9e4--,,gu/ave ,,desj>d9s1 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,ano!r good book to see is ! ,hi/oire du drapeau de la ,mon>*ie ,franaise1 by ,m4 ,rey4 #gj ,x may be helpful "h to app5d = ref]5ce ! *ronology ( ! e>li] sov]eigns ( ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon3--,h5ry ,,iv41 ! ,great1 asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #aehi2 ,l\is ,,xiii41 ! ,j1 #afaj2 ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! ,great1 #afdc2 ,l\is ,,xv41 ! ,well-belov$1 #agae2 ,l\is ,,xvi41 #aggd1 guillot9$ 9 ,janu>y1 #agic4 #ga ,?us1 at a gr& milit>y fte1 on ,may #aj?1 #aheb1 9 ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 on re/or+ ?is symbol1 we f9d ! ,emp]or address+ ! troops3--,! ,roman eagle1 adopt$ by ! ,emp]or ,napoleon at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury1 0 a brilliant symbol ( ! gr&eur ( ,france4 ,x disappe>$ among/ our calamities4 ,x ought to return :5 ,france1 rais$ up aga91 %\ld no m repudiate h] high position4 ,soldi]s6 ,take aga9 ! eagles :i* h s (t5 l$ our fa!rs to glory4 ,9 #ahee1 9 address+ a deta*m5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,gu>d prior to its dep>ture = ! ,crimea1 he exclaim$1 ,! ,imp]ial ,gu>d1 ! h]oic repres5tative ( milit>y glory & hon\r1 is "h be=e me4 ,receive !n ^! eagles1 :i* w lead y on to glory4 ,soon w y h plant$ !m on ! walls ( ,seba/opol6 #gb ,fir/ ,republic1 #agib to #agii4 ,! ,consulate1 #agii to #ahjd4 ,! fir/ ,empire1 #ahjd to #ahad4 ,! ,re/oration1 ,b\rbon & ,orleani/1 #ahad to #ahdh1 ! second ,republic1 #ahdh to #ahec1 ! second ,empire1 #ahec to #ahgj1 ! ?ird ,republic f #ahgj4 #gc ,! di>y ( ,h5ry ,ma*yn1 ,citiz5 & ,m]*ant ,tayl] ( ,london1 f :i* we h already quot$1 tells u h[ ! writ] saw ! ,kyng's grace & dyv]s ,spane>ds1 ! said ,k+ be+ ,philip ( ,spa91 rid+ ?r\gh ! city attir$ 9 r$ & yell[1 ! col\rs ( ,spa94 ,9 ! cavalcade1 ,ma*yn tells u1 7 m5 ) ?rumpets 9 ! same colors1 & drumes made ( ketylles1 & ban]s 9 ! same colors4 #gd ,?is qu>t] ( ! flag1 ! arms ( ,leon & ,ca/ile1 0 ! entire flag ( ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,isabella gave ! great explor] a p]sonal flag1 a :ite swall[-tail$ ensign hav+ 9 its c5tre a gre5 cross & ! lett]s ,f4,y4 ,! qu>t]$ arms ( ,leon & ,ca/ile are sculptur$ ^u ! monum5t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey ( ,alianore1 ! daught] ( ,f]d9& ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,leon & ,ca/ile1 & ! wife ( ,edw>d ,i4 ( ,engl&4 ,! date ( ! tomb is #abij4 #ge ,! foll[+ *ronological items may prove ( assi/ance4 ,cr[n ( ,nav>re passes to ,france1 #abgf4 ,f]d9& ( ,arragon re-conqu]s ,nav>re1 #aeab4 ,accession ( ,h\se ( ,au/ria to ?rone ( ,spa91 #aeaf4 ,spa9 annex$ ,ne!rl&s1 #aeef1 &1 %ortly aft] ,philip ,,ii41 husb& ( our ,que5 ,m>y1 annex$ ,burgundy4 ,portugal unit$ to ,spa91 #aehj4 ,portugal lo/1 #afdj4 ,philip ,v4 invades ,naples1 #agad4 ,*>les ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ! ,two ,sicilies1 succe$s to ,spani% cr[n1 #agei4 #gf ,! v>i\s h]alds & pursuivants 9 _! tab>ds blazon$ ) ! lions ( ,engl&1 ! fleurs-de-lys ( ,france1 or ! ca/les ( ,portugal4 #gg ,az4 ?ree crosses 9 pale or4 #gh ,! ,turks1 orig9ally an ,asiatic p1 ov]ran ! prov9ces ( ! ,ea/]n1 or ,greek ,empire1 ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 b did n capture ,con/ant9ople until #adec4 ,?irty ye>s aft]w>ds !y obta9$ a foot+ 9 ,italy1 & 9 #aeaf ,egypt 0 add$ to ! ,empire4 ,! invad+ ho/s spread t]ror ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & 9 #aebi & 9 #afhc we f9d !m besieg+ ,vi5na4 ,rhodes 0 captur$ f ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 ,greece subdu$1 ,cyprus tak5 f ! ,v5etians3 b lat] on ! tide ( w> turn$ aga9/ !m1 & frequ5t ho/ilities ) ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia l$ to ! gradual weak5+ ( ! ,turki% p[]4 #gi ,!re is su* a g5]al impression t (ficials are s v mu* b\nd up 9 highly-/>*$ r$ tape t we gladly take ?is opportunity ( ackn[l$g+ ! extreme consid]ation ) :i* all our enquiries h be5 met4 ,! libr>ies ( ! ,admiralty1 ! ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,museum1 ! ,guildhall1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 etc41 h be5 plac$ unres]v$ly at our s]vice4 ,! au?orities ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 ( ,lloyds1 ( ! ,royal ,*elsea ,hospital1 ( ! ,royal ,naval ,exhibition1 ! ,ag5ts-,g5]al ( ! ,colonies1 h all mo/ will+ly giv5 e possible in=mation1 & we h receiv$ f all to :om we h appli$ = in=mation ! greate/ read9ess to af=d x1 & ! mo/ c\rte\s responses4 #hj ,! position ( ,sultan1 ?\gh "o ( great dignity1 has its s]i\s drawbacks4 ,?is all-conqu]+ ,murad 01 aft] all1 assass9at$2 8 son & successor1 ,bajuzet1 di$ 9 prison4 ,isa ,belis ! next hold] ( ! ?rone1 ,solyman :o succe$$ him1 & ,musa1 :o succe$$ ,solyman1 7 all 9 turn murd]$ by _! bro!rs or o!r relatives4 #ha ,ord] & progress4 ,n a v happily *os5 motto1 s9ce1 z a ,brazilian said to u1 su* a s5tim5t might equally be plac$ on ! flags ( all civiliz$ nations1 ord] & progress n be+ features to take any special cr$it =1 b to be entirely tak5 = grant$1 & z a matt] ( c\rse4 #hb ,our ,engli% "n1 ,japan1 = ?is l& ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 is a corruption ( ! ,*9ese "n = x1 ,zipangn1 a ^w ( ! same mean+1 ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4 #hc ,!re are f\r ,ord]s ( ,di/9ction 9 ,japan2 ! fir/ is ! ,ord] ( ! ,*rysan!mum1 & ! second t ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4 #hd ,ea* spr+ & summ] our ,volunte]s h long-di/ance practices4 ,f ! acc\nt ( "o ( ^! n[ be=e u1 we see t ! l9e ext5d$ f ,reculv]s on ! nor? coa/ ( ,k5t1 to ,ald]%ot1 a di/ance ( ov] "o hundr$ miles1 messages f "o po9t to ! o!r be+ rapidly & accurately transmitt$ by signall+ p>ties on ! v>i\s em95ces1 su* z ,beacon ,hill1 ,gravelly ,hill1 ,box ,hill1 & ,/4 ,m>?a's ,hill1 betwe5 ! two extremities ( ! l9e4 #he ,"o may see "h1 too1 ! signal book ( ,james1 ,duke ( ,york1 dat+ ab\t #affe1 by means ( :i* mo/ ( our sea-fights ) ! ,dut* 7 conduct$1 & also ! code introduc$ by ,kemp5feldt4 #hf ,! ,victory at ?is "t 0 some:at less ?an a mile & a half f ! enemy's l9e4 #hg ,! signal = close action 0 flags #a & #f4 ,all flag signals are always read f above d[nw>ds2 #f & #a w\ld mean some?+ entirely diff]5t to #a & #f4 #hh ,expects1 x w be se51 is express$ by "o hoi/ ( flags1 :ile confides w\ld h necessitat$ ! pull+ up & haul+ d[n ( eight di/9ct sets4 #hi ,special hoi/s are also us$ = special purposes1 ?us ! display ( ! yell[ flag1 ) a black ball on x1 is an intimation t torp$o practice is go+ on4 #ij ,june #a/1 #ahac4 #ia ,?is sy/em 0 introduc$ by ,capta9 ,columb 9 #ahfb4 ,on "o occasion1 dur+ heavy wea!r1 f a /eam] fifte5 miles (f %ore he s5t a message ?r\gh a /ation on ! ,isle ( ,wight across to ,portsm\?1 & receiv$ 8 answ] back 9 ?irte5 m9utes6 ,?is 0 altoge!r too good to be ga9said or %elv$1 & ! sy/em 0 spe$ily adopt$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! foll[+ corrections 7 made to ! pr9t$ orig9al3 ,table ( ,cont5ts1 ,*apt] ,v3--,engl& expects pr9t$ z ,engl&s expects 9 orig9al4 ,page #e3--;,9 a prie/ ( ,bev]ley = c>ry+3 c>ry+ pr9t$ z c>r+ 9 orig9al4 ,page #aj3--;,9 we f9d ^! *>ges repres5t$3 *>ges pr9t$ z *anges 9 orig9al4 ,page #abf3--;,9 _! ?\ghts turn to ! de> homel&3 turn pr9t$ z turns 9 orig9al4 ,page #acf3--;,9 ?irte5 !n exi/+ codes3 ?irte5 pr9t$ z ?irtee5 9 orig9al4 ,page #ach3--;,9 ,our read]s w see3 ,our pr9t$ z ,ours 9 orig9al4