file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #djaac-;h4htm or #djaac-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#djaac_/pg#djaac-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#dj aac_/djaac-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/flagsofwo rldthei#jj;hulmiala ,transcriber's note3 ,a few typographical errors have been corrected2 they are listed at the end of the text4 ,to facilitate the use of the index1 page numbers have been included enclosed by curly brackets 7example3 #e74 ,,the ,,flags ,,of ,,the ,,world3 ,their ,history1 ,blazonry1 and ,associations4 ,from the ,banner of the ,crusader to the ,burgee of the ,yachtsman2 ,flags ,national1 ,colonial1 ,personal2 the ,ensigns of ,mighty ,empires2 the ,symbols of ,lost ,causes4 by ,f4 ,,edward ,,hulme1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,author of ,familiar ,wild ,flowers1 ,history1 ,principles and ,practice of ,heraldry1 ,birth and ,development of ,ornament1 c41 c4 ,london3 ,frederick ,warne ,co41 and ,new ,york ,all rights reserved4 iii ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the necessity of some special ,sign to distinguish ,individuals1 ,tribes1 and ,nations--the ,standards of ,antiquity--,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,persian1 ,greek1 and ,roman--the ,vexillum--the ,labarum of ,constantine--,invocation of ,religion--the ,flags of the ,enemy--,early ,flags of ,religious ,character--,flags of ,saints at ,funeral ,obsequies--,company and ,guild ,flags of the ,medival ,period--,political ,colours--,various kinds of ,flags--the ,banner--,rolls of ,arms--,roll of ,karlaverok--,the ,flag called the ,royal ,standard is really the ,royal ,banner--,main-sail ,banners--,trumpet ,banners--,ladies embroidering ,banners for the ,cause--,knights' ,banneret--,form of ,investiture--the ,standard--the ,percy ,badges and ,motto--,arctic ,sledge-flags--the ,rank governing the size of the ,standard--,standards at ,state ,funerals--the ,pennon--,knights' ,pennonciers--the ,pennoncelle--,mr4 ,rolt as ,chief ,mourner--,lord ,mayor's ,show--the ,pennant--the ,streamer--,tudor ,badges--,livery ,colours--the ,guidon--,bunting--,flag ,devising a ,branch of ,heraldry--,colours chiefly used in ,flags--,flags bearing ,inscriptions--,significance of the ,red ,flag--of the ,yellow--of the ,white--of the ,black--,dipping the ,flag--the ,sovereignty of the ,sea--,right of ,salute insisted on--,political changes rendering ,flags obsolete #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,royal ,standard--the ,three ,lions of ,england--the ,lion ,rampant of ,scotland--,scottish sensitiveness as to precedence--the ,scottish ,tressure--the ,harp of ,ireland--,early ,irish ,flags--,brian ,boru--the ,royal ,standards from ,richard ,i4 to ,victoria--,claim to the ,fleurs-de-lys of ,france--,quartering ,hanover--the ,union ,flag--,st4 ,george for ,england--,war ,cry--,observance of ,st4 ,george's ,day--the ,cross of ,st4 ,george--,early ,naval ,flags--the ,london ,trained ,bands--the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew--the ,blue ,blanket--,flags of the ,covenanters--,relics of ,st4 ,andrew--,union of ,england and ,scotland--the ,first ,union ,flag--,importance of accuracy in representations of it--the ,union ,jack--,flags of the ,commonwealth and ,protectorate--,union of ,great ,britain and iv ,ireland--the ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick--,labours of ,st4 ,patrick in ,ireland--,proclamation of ,george ,,iii4 as to ,flags1 etc4--the ,second ,union ,flag--,heraldic ,difficulties in its ,construction--,suggestions by ,critics--,regulations as to ,fortress ,flags--the ,white ,ensign of the ,royal ,navy--,saluting the ,flag--the ,navy the ,safeguard of ,britain--the ,blue ,ensign--the ,royal ,naval ,reserve--the ,red ,ensign of the ,mercantile ,marine--,value of ,flag-lore #bi ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,army ,flags--the ,queen's ,colour--the ,regimental ,colour--the ,honours and ,devices--the ,flag of the #bdth ,regiment--,facings--,flag of the ,king's ,own ,borderers--,what the ,flag ,symbolises--,colours of the ,guards--the ,assaye ,flag--,cavalry ,flags--,presentation of ,colours--,chelsea ,college ,chapel--,flags of the ,buffs in ,canterbury ,cathedral--,flags of the ,scottish ,regiments in ,st4 ,giles's ,cathedral--,burning of ,rebel ,flags by the ,hangman--,special ,flags for various ,official ,personages--,special ,flags for different ,government ,departments--the ,lord ,high ,admiral--the ,mail ,flag--,white ,ensign of the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron--,yacht ,ensigns and ,burgees--,house or ,company ,flags--,how to express ,colours with ,lines--the ,allan ,tricolor--,port ,flags--the ,british ,empire--the ,colonial ,blue ,ensign and ,pendant--the ,colonial ,defence ,act--,colonial ,mercantile ,flag--,admiralty ,warrant--,flag of the ,governor of a ,colony--the ,green ,garland--the ,arms of the ,dominion of ,canada--,badges of the various ,colonies--,daniel ,webster on the ,might of ,england--,bacon on the ,command of the ,ocean #fa ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,the ,flag of ,columbus--,early ,settlements in ,north ,america--the ,birth of the ,united ,states--,early ,revolutionary and ,state ,flags--the ,pine-tree ,flag--the ,rattle-snake ,flag--the ,stars and ,stripes--,early ,variations of it--the ,arms of ,washington--,entry of ,new ,states into the ,union--the ,eagle--the ,flag of the ,president--,secession of the ,southern ,states--,state ,flags again--the ,stars and ,bars--the ,southern ,cross--the ,birth of the ,german ,empire--the ,influence of ,war ,songs--,flags of the ,empire--,flags of the smaller ,german ,states--the ,austro-,hungary ,monarchy--the ,flags of ,russia--the ,crosses of ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,george again--the ,flags of ,france--,st4 ,martin--the ,oriflamme--the ,fleurs-de-lys--,their ,origin--the ,white ,cross--the ,white ,flag of the ,bourbons--the ,tricolor--the ,red v ,flag--the ,flags of ,spain--of ,portugal--the ,consummation of ,italian ,unity--the ,arms of ,savoy--the ,flags of ,italy--of the ,temporal ,power of the ,papacy--the ,flag of ,denmark--its ,celestial ,origin--the ,flags of ,norway and ,sweden--of ,switzerland--,cantonal ,colours--the ,geneva ,convention--the ,flags of ,holland--of ,belgium--of ,greece--the ,crescent of ,turkey--the ,tughra--the ,flags of ,roumania1 ,servia1 and ,bulgaria--,flags of ,mexico1 and of the ,states of ,southern and ,central ,america--of ,japan--the ,rising ,sun--the ,chrysanthemum--the ,flags of ,china1 ,siam and ,corea--of ,sarawak--of the ,orange ,free ,state1 ,liberia1 ,congo ,state1 and the ,transvaal ,republic #hf ,,chapter ,v4 ,flags as a ,means of ,signalling--,army ,signalling--the ,morse ,alphabet--,navy ,signalling--,first ,attempts at ,sea ,signals--,old ,signal ,books in ,library of ,royal ,united ,service ,institution--,england expects that every man will do his duty--,sinking ,signal ,codes on defeat--,present ,system of ,signalling in ,royal ,navy--,pilot ,signals--,weather ,signalling by ,flags--the ,international ,signal ,code--,first ,published in #aheg--,seventy-eight ,thousand ,different ,signals possible--,why no ,vowels used--,lloyd's ,signal ,stations #abg ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,to ,,text #ada ,,coloured ,,plates #adi #a ,,the ,,flags ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the necessity of some special ,sign to distinguish ,individuals1 ,tribes1 and ,nations--the ,standards of ,antiquity--,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,persian1 ,greek1 and ,roman--the ,vexillum--,the ,labarum of ,constantine--,invocation of ,religion--the ,flags of the ,enemy--,early ,flags of ,religious ,character--,flags of ,saints at ,funeral ,obsequies--,company and ,guild ,flags of the ,medival ,period--,political ,colours--,various kinds of ,flags--the ,banner--,rolls of ,arms--,roll of ,karlaverok--,the ,flag called the ,royal ,standard is really the ,royal ,banner--,mainsail ,banners--,trumpet ,banners--,ladies embroidering ,banners for the ,cause--,knights' ,banneret--,form of ,investiture--the ,standard--the ,percy ,badges and ,motto--,arctic ,sledge-flags--the ,rank governing the size of the ,standard--,standards at ,state ,funerals--the ,pennon--,knights-,pennonciers--the ,pennoncelle--,mr4 ,rolt as ,chief ,mourner--,lord ,mayor's ,show--the ,pennant--the ,streamer--,tudor ,badges--,livery ,colours--the ,guidon--,bunting--,flag ,devising a ,branch of ,heraldry--,colours chiefly used in ,flags--,flags bearing ,inscriptions--,significance of the ,red ,flag--of the ,yellow--of the ,white--of the ,black--,dipping the ,flag--the ,sovereignty of the ,sea--,right of ,salute insisted on--,political ,changes rendering ,flags obsolete4 ,so soon as man passes from the lowest stage of barbarism the necessity for some special sign1 distinguishing man from man1 tribe from tribe1 nation from nation1 makes itself felt2 and this prime necessity once met1 around the symbol chosen spirit-stirring memories quickly gather that endear it1 and make it the emblem of the power and dignity of those by whom it is borne4 ,the painted semblance of grizzly bear1 or beaver1 or rattlesnake on the canvas walls of the tepi of the prairie ,brave1 the special chequering of colours that compose the tartan#a of the ,highland clansman1 are examples of this2 and as we pass from individual or local tribe to mighty nations1 the same influence is still at work1 and the distinctive ,union ,flag of ,britain1 the tricolor of ,france1 the gold and scarlet bars of the flag of ,spain1 all alike appeal with irresistible force to the patriotism of those born beneath their folds1 and speak to them of the glories and greatness of the historic past1 the duties of the present1 and the hopes of the future--inspiring those who gaze upon their proud blazonry with the determination to be no unworthy sons of their fathers1 but to live1 and if need be to die1 for the dear home-land of which these are the symbol4 #b ,the standards used by the nations of antiquity differed in nature from the flags that in medival and modern days have taken their place4 ,these earlier symbols were ordinary devices wrought in metal1 and carried at the head of poles or spears4 ,thus the hosts of ,egypt marched to war beneath the shadow of the various sacred animals that typified their deities1 or the fan-like arrangement of feathers that symbolised the majesty of ,pharoah1 while the ,assyrian standards1 to be readily seen represented on the slabs from the palaces of ,khorsabad and ,kyonjik1 in the ,british ,museum and elsewhere1 were circular disks of metal containing various distinctive devices4 ,both these and the ,egyptian standards often have in addition a small flag-like streamer attached to the staff immediately below the device4 ,the ,greeks in like manner employed the ,owl of ,athene1 and such-like religious and patriotic symbols of the protection of the deities1 though ,homer1 it will be remembered1 makes ,agamemnon use a piece of purple cloth as a rallying point for his followers4 ,the sculptures of ,persepolis show us that the ,persians adopted the figure of the ,sun1 the eagle1 and the like4 ,in ,rome a hand erect1 or the figures of the horse1 wolf1 and other animals were used1 but at a later period the eagle alone was employed4 ,pliny tells us that ,caius ,marius in his second consulship ordained that the ,roman legions should only have the ,eagle for their standard4 ,for before that time the ,eagle marched foremost with four others1 wolves1 minatours1 horses1 and bears--each one in its proper order4 ,not many years past the ,eagle alone began to be advanced in battle1 and the rest were left behind in the camp4 ,but ,marius rejected them altogether1 and since this it is observed that scarcely is there a camp of a ,legion wintered at any time without having a pair of ,eagles4 ,the eagle1 we need scarcely stay to point out1 obtained this pre-eminence as being the bird of ,jove4 ,the ,vexillum1 or cavalry flag1 was1 according to ,livy1 a square piece of cloth fixed to a cross bar at the end of a spear2 this was often richly fringed1 and was either plain or bore certain devices upon it1 and was strictly and properly a flag4 ,the ensigns which distinguished the allied forces from the legions of the ,romans were also of this character4 ,examples of these vexilla may be seen on the sculptured columns of ,trajan and ,antoninus1 the arch of ,titus1 and upon various coins and medals of ancient ,rome4 ,the ,imperial ,standard or ,labarum carried before ,constantine and his successors resembled the cavalry ,vexillum4#b ,it was of purple silk1 richly embroidered with gold1 and though ordinarily #c suspended from a horizontal cross-bar1 was occasionally displayed in accordance with our modern usage by attachment by one of its sides to the staff4 ,the ,roman standards were guarded with religious veneration in the temples of the metropolis and of the chief cities of the ,empire1 and modern practice has followed herein the ancient precedent4 ,as in classic days the protection of ,jove was invoked1 so in later days the blessing of ,jehovah1 the ,lord of ,hosts1 has been sought4 ,at the presentation of colours to a regiment a solemn service of prayer and praise is held1 and when these colours return in honour1 shot-rent from victorious conflict1 they are reverently placed in stately abbey1 venerable cathedral1 or parish church1 never more to issue from the peace and rest of the home of ,god until by lapse of years they crumble into indistinguishable dust4 ,the ,israelites carried the sacred standard of the ,maccabees1 with the initial letters of the ,hebrew text1 ,who is like unto ,thee1 ,o ,god1 amongst the gods8 ,the ,emperor ,constantine caused the sacred monogram of ,christ to be placed on the ,labarum1 and when the armies of ,christendom went forth to rescue the ,holy ,land from the infidel they received their cross-embroidered standards from the foot of the altar4 ,pope ,alexander ,,ii4 sent a consecrated white banner to ,duke ,william previous to his expedition against ,harold1 and we read in the ,beehive of the ,romish ,church1 published in #aehj1 how the ,spaniardes christen1 conjure1 and hallow their ,ensignes1 naming one ,barbara1 another ,katherine1 after the names of saints whose aid they invoked in the stress of battle4 ,we may see this invocation again very well in ,figs4 #adg1 #adh3 flags borne by the colonists of ,massachusetts when they arrayed themselves against the mercenaries of ,king ,george1 and appealed to the ,god of ,battles in behalf of the freedom and justice denied by those who bore rule over them4 ,this recognition of the ,king of kings has led also to the captured banners of the enemy being solemnly suspended in gratitude and thanksgiving in the house of ,god4 ,thus ,speed tells us that on the dispersal and defeat of the ,armada1 ,queen ,elizabeth commanded solemn thanksgiving to be celebrated at the ,cathedral ,church of ,st4 ,paul's1 in her chief city of ,london1 which accordingly was done upon ,sunday1 the #hth of ,september1 when eleven of the ,spanish ensigns were hung1 to the great joy of the beholders1 as psalmes of praise for ,england's deliverance from sore peril4 ,very appropriately1 too1 in the ,chapel of the ,royal ,college at ,chelsea1 the home of the old soldiers who helped to win them1 hang the flags taken at ,barrosa1 ,martinique1 ,bhurtpore1 ,seringapatam1 ,salamanca1 ,waterloo1 and many another hard-fought struggle2 #d and thus1 in like manner1 is the tomb of ,napoleon ,i41 in ,paris1 surrounded by trophies of captured flags4 ,on ,march #cjth1 #ahad1 the evening before the entry of the ,allies into ,paris1 about #a1ejj flags--the victorious trophies of ,napoleon--were burnt in the ,court of the ,eglise des ,invalides1 to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy4 ,early flags were almost purely of a religious character4#c ,the first notice of banners in ,england is in ,bede's description of the interview between the heathen ,king ,ethelbert and ,augustine1 the missionary from ,rome1 where the followers of the latter are described as bearing banners on which were displayed silver crosses2 and we need scarcely pause to point out that in ,roman ,catholic countries1 where the ritual is emotional and sensuous1 banners of this type are still largely employed to add to the pomp of religious processions4 ,heraldic and political devices upon flags are of later date1 and even when these came freely into use their presence did not supplant the ecclesiastical symbols4 ,the national banner of ,england for centuries--the ruddy cross of her patron ,saint ,george 7,fig4 #ia7--was a religious one1 and1 whatever other banners were carried1 this was ever foremost in the field4 ,the ,royal banner of ,great ,britain and ,ireland that we see in ,fig4 #dd1 in its rich blazonry of the lions of ,england and ,scotland and the ,irish harp1 is a good example of the heraldic flag1 while our ,union flag 7,fig4 #ij71 equally symbolizes the three nations of the ,united ,kingdom1 but this time by the allied crosses of the three patron saints1 ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,andrew1 and ,st4 ,patrick1 and it is therefore a lineal descendant and exemplar of the religious influence that was once all-powerful4 ,the ecclesiastical flags were often purely pictorial in character1 being actual representations of the ,persons of the ,trinity1 of the ,virgin ,mother1 or of divers saints4 ,at other times the monasteries and other religious houses bore banners of heraldic character2 as the leading ecclesiastics were both lords temporal and lords spiritual1 taking their places in the ranks of fighting men and leading on the field the body of dependants and retainers that they were required to maintain in aid of the national defence4 ,in such case #e the distinguishing banner of the contingent conformed in character to the heraldic cognisances of the other nobles in the host4 ,fig4 #gg1 for instance1 was the banner of ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey4 ,in a poem on the capture of ,rouen by the ,english1 in the year #adah1 written by an eye-witness of the scenes described1 we read how the ,english commander-- ,to the ,castelle firste he rode ,and sythen the citie all abrode1 ,lengthe and brede he it mette ,and riche baneres up he sette ,upon the ,porte ,seint ,hillare ,a ,baner of the ,trynyte2 ,and at ,porte ,kaux he sette evene ,a ,baner of the ,quene of ,heven2 ,and at ,porte ,martvile he upplyt ,of ,seint ,george a ,baner breight4 and not until this recognition of ,divine and saintly aid was made did ,he sette upon the ,castelle to stonde ,the armys of ,fraunce and ,englond4 ,henry ,v41 at ,agincourt1 in like manner displayed at his headquarters on the field not only his own arms1 but1 in place of special honour and prominence1 the banners of the ,trinity1 of ,st4 ,george1 and of ,st4 ,edward4 ,these banners of religious significance were often borne from the monasteries to the field of battle1 while monks and priests in attendance on them invoked the aid of ,heaven during the strife4 ,in an old statement of accounts1 still existing1 we read that ,edward ,i4 made a payment of #h;d4 a day to a priest of ,beverley for carrying throughout one of his campaigns a banner bearing the figure of ,st4 ,john4 ,st4 ,wilfred's banner from ,ripon1 together with this banner of ,st4 ,john from ,beverley1 were brought on to the field at ,northallerton2 the flag of ,st4 ,denis was carried in the armies of ,st4 ,louis and of ,philip le ,bel1 and the banner of ,st4 ,cuthbert of ,durham was borrowed by the ,earl of ,surrey in his expedition against ,scotland in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,this banner had the valuable reputation of securing victory to those who fought under it4 ,it was suspended from a horizontal bar below a spear head1 and was a yard or so in breadth and a little more than this in depth2 the bottom edge had five deep indentations4 ,the banner was of red velvet sumptuously enriched with gold embroidery1 and in the centre was a piece of white velvet1 half a yard square1 having a cross of red velvet upon it4 ,this central portion covered and protected a relic of the saint4 ,the victory of ,neville's ,cross1 ,october #agth1 #acdf1 was held to be largely #f due to the presence of this sacred banner1 and the triumph at ,flodden was also ascribed to it4 ,during the prevalence of ,roman ,catholicism in ,england1 we find that banners of religious type entered largely into the funeral obsequies of persons of distinction3 thus at the burial of ,arthur1 ,prince of ,wales1 the eldest son of ,henry ,,vii41 we find a banner of the ,trinity1 another with the cross and instruments of the ,passion depicted upon it2 another of the ,virgin ,mary1 and yet another with a representation of ,st4 ,george4 ,such banners1 as in the present instance1 were ordinarily four in number1 and carried immediately round the body at the four corners of the bier4 ,thus we read in the diary of an old chronicler1 ,machyn1 who lived in the reigns of ,edward ,,vi41 ,mary1 and ,elizabeth1 that at the burial of the ,countess of ,arundel1 ,october #bgth1 #aeeg1 cam iiij herroldes in ther cotes of armes1 and bare iiij baners of emages at the iiij corners4 ,again1 on ,aprell xxix1 #aeed1 was bered my ,lady ,dudley in ,saint ,margarett in ,westminster1 with iiij baners of emages4 ,another item deals with the funeral of the ,duchess of ,northumberland1 and here again the iiij baners of ymages again recur4 ,anyone having the old records1 church inventories1 and the like before them1 would find it easy enough1 as easy as needless1 to multiply illustrations of this funeral use of pictured banners4 ,these emages or ymages of old ,machyn are of course not images in the sense of sculptured or carved things1 but are painted and embroidered representations of various saints4 ,machyn1 as a greatly interested looker-on at all the spectacles of his day1 is most entertaining1 but his spelling1 according to the severer notions of the present day1 is a little weak1 as1 for instance1 in the following words that we have culled at random from his pages3--prossessyon1 gaffelyns1 fezyssyoun1 dysquyet1 neckclygens1 gorgyusle1 berehyng1 wypyd1 pelere1 artelere1 and dyssys of spyssys4 ,the context ordinarily makes the meaning clear1 but as our readers have not that advantage1 we give the same words according to modern orthography--procession1 javelins1 physician1 disquiet1 negligence1 gorgeously1 burying1 whipped1 pillory1 artillery1 dishes of spices4 ,the various companies and guilds of the medival period had their special flags that came out1 as do those of their successors of the present day1 on the various occasions of civic pageantry2 and in many cases1 as may be seen in the illuminated ,,mss4 in the ,british ,museum and elsewhere1 they were carried to battle as the insignia of the companies of men provided at the expense of those corporations4 ,thus in one example that has come under our notice we see a banner bearing a chevron between hammer1 trowels1 and builder's square2 in another between an axe and two pairs of compasses1 while a third on its azure field bears a pair of golden #g shears4 ,in the representation of a battle between ,philip d',artevelde and the ,flemings against the ,french1 many of the flags therein introduced bear the most extraordinary devices1 boots and shoes1 drinking-vessels1 anvils1 and the like1 that owe their presence there to the fact that various trade guilds sent their contingents of men to the fight4 ,in a ,french work on medival guilds we find the candle-makers of ,bayeux marching beneath a black banner with three white candles on it1 the locksmiths of ,la ,rochelle having a scarlet flag with four golden keys on it4 ,the lawyers of ,loudoun had a flag with a large eye on it 7a single eye to business being1 we presume1 understood71 while those of ,laval had a blue banner with three golden mouths thereon4 ,in like manner the metal-workers of ,laval carried a black flag with a silver hammer and files depicted on it1 those of ,niort had a red flag with a silver cup and a fork and spoon in gold on either side4 ,the metal-workers of ,ypres also carried a red flag1 and on this was represented a golden flagon and two buckles of gold4 ,should some national stress this year or next lead our ,city ,companies1 the ,fishmongers1 the ,carpenters1 the ,vintners1 and others to contribute contingents to the defence of the country1 and to send them forth beneath the banners of the guilds1 history would but repeat itself4 ,in matters political the two great opposing parties have their distinctive colours1 and these have ordinarily been buff and blue1 though the association of buff with the ,liberal party and true blue with the ,conservatives has been by no means so entirely a matter of course as persons who have not looked into the matter might be disposed to imagine4 ,the local colours are often those that were once the livery colours of the principal family in the district1 and were assumed by its adherents for the family's sake quite independently of its political creed4 ,the notion of livery is now an unpleasant one1 but in medival days the colours of the great houses were worn by the whole country-side1 and the wearing carried with it no suggestion either of toadyism or servitude4 ,as this influence was hereditary and at one time all-powerful1 the colour of the ,castle1 or ,abbey1 or ,great ,house1 became stereotyped in that district as the symbol of the party of which these princely establishments were the local centre and visible evidence1 and the colour still often survives locally1 though the political and social system that originated it has passed away in these days of democratic independence4 ,it would clearly be a great political gain if one colour were all over ,great ,britain the definite emblem of one side1 as many illiterate voters are greatly influenced by the colours worn by the candidates for their suffrages1 and have sufficient sense of consistency of principle to vote always for the flag that first claimed #h their allegiance1 though it may very possibly be that if they move to another county it is the emblem of a totally distinct party1 and typifies opinions to which the voter has always been opposed4 ,at a late election a ,yorkshire ,conservative1 who had acquired a vote for ,bournemouth1 was told that he must vote pink1 but this he very steadily refused to do4 ,he declared that he would never vote owt else but th' old true blue1 so the ,liberal party secured his vote2 and this sort of thing at a ,general ,election is going on all over the country4 ,the town of ,royston1 for instance1 stands partly in ,hertfordshire and partly in ,cambridgeshire1 and in the former county the ,conservatives and in the latter the ,liberals are the blue party2 hence the significance of the colour in one street of the little town is entirely different to that it bears in another4 ,at ,horsham in ,sussex we have observed that the ,conservative colour is pale pink1 while in ,richmond in ,surrey it is a deep orange4 ,the orange was adopted by the ,whigs out of compliment to ,william ,,iii41 who was ,prince of ,orange4 ,in the old chronicles and ballads reference is made to many forms of flags now obsolete4 ,the term flag is a generic one1 and covers all the specific kinds4 ,it is suggested that the word is derived from the ,anglo-,saxon verb fleogan1 to fly or float in the wind1 or from the old ,german flackern1 to flutter4 ,ensign is an alternative word formed on the idea of the display of insignia1 badges1 or devices1 and was formerly much used where we should now employ the word colours4 ,the company officers in a regiment who were until late years termed ensigns were at a still earlier period more correctly termed ensign-bearers4 ,milton1 it will be recalled1 describes a ,bannered host under spread ensigns marching4 ,sir ,walter ,scott greatly enlarges our vocabulary when he writes in ,marmion of where ,a thousand streamers flaunted fair1 ,various in shape1 device1 and hue1 ,green1 sanguine1 purple1 red1 and blue1 ,broad1 narrow1 swallow-tailed1 and square1 ,scroll1 pennon1 pensil1 bandrol1 there ,o'er the pavilions flew1 while ,milton again writes of ,ten thousand thousand ensigns high advanced ,standards and gonfalons 'twixt van and rear ,stream in the air1 and for distinction serve ,of hierarchies1 orders1 and degrees4 ,we have seen that the pomp of funeral display led to the use of pictorial flags of religious type1 and with these were associated others that dealt with the mundane rank and position of the #i deceased4 ,thus we find ,edmonson1 in his book on ,heraldry1 writing as follows3--,the armorial ensigns1 as fixed by the officers of arms1 and through long and continued usage established as proper to be carried in funeral processions1 are pennons1 guidons1 cornets1 standards1 banners1 and banner-rolls1 having thereon depicted the arms1 quarterings1 badges1 crests1 supporters1 and devices of the defunct3 together with all such other trophies of honour as in his lifetime he was entitled to display1 carry1 or wear in the field2 banners charged with the armorial ensigns of such dignities1 titles1 offices1 civil and military1 as were possessed or enjoyed by the defunct at the time of his decease1 and banner-rolls of his own matches and lineal descent both on the paternal and maternal side4 ,in case the defunct was an ,archbishop1 banner-rolls of the arms and insignia of the sees to which he had been elected and translated1 and if he was a merchant or eminent trader pennons of the particular city1 corporation1 guild1 fraternity1 craft1 or company whereof he had been a member4 ,however true the beautiful stanza of ,gray-- ,the boast of heraldry1 the pomp of power1 ,and all that beauty1 all that wealth ere gave1 ,await at last the inevitable hour1 ,the paths of glory lead but to the grave-- the survivors of the deceased most naturally and most justly bore to their rest those to whom honour was due with the full respect to which their career on earth entitled them4 ,the names bestowed upon the different kinds of flags have varied from time to time1 the various authorities of medival and modern days not being quite of one mind sometimes1 so that while the more salient forms are easily identifiable1 some little element of doubt creeps in when we would endeavour to bestow with absolute precision a name to a certain less common form before us1 or a definite form to a name that we encounter in some old writer4 ,whatever looseness of nomenclature1 however1 may be encountered on the fringe of our subject1 the bestowal of the leading terms is sufficiently definite1 and it is to these we now turn our attention1 reflecting for our comfort that it is of far greater value to us to know all about a form that is of frequent recurrence1 and to which abundant reference is made1 than to be able to quite satisfactorily decide what special name some abnormal form should carry1 or what special form is meant by a name that perhaps only occurs once or twice in the whole range of literature1 and even that perhaps by some poet or romance writer who has thought more of the general effect of his description than of the technical accuracy of the terms in which he has clothed it4 #aj ,the ,banner first engages our attention4 ,this was ordinarily1 in the earlier days of chivalry1 a square flag1 though in later examples it may be found somewhat greater in length than in depth1 and in some early examples it is considerably greater in depth than in its degree of projection outwards from the lance4 ,in the technical language of the subject1 the part of a flag nearest the pole is called the hoist1 and the outer part the fly4 ,fig4 #cg is a good illustration of this elongated form4 ,it has been suggested that the shortness of the fly in such cases was in order that the greater fluttering in the wind that such a form as ,fig4 #cj would produce might be prevented1 as this constant tugging at the lance-head would be disagreeable to the holder1 while it might1 in the rush of the charge1 prevent that accuracy of aim that one would desire to give one's adversary the full benefit of at such a crisis in his career4 ,pretty as this may be as a theory1 there is probably not much in it1 or the form in those warlike days of chivalry would have been more generally adopted4 ,according to an ancient authority the banner of an emperor should be six feet square2 of a king1 five2 of a prince or duke1 four2 and of an earl1 marquis1 viscount1 or baron three feet square4 ,when we consider that the great function of the banner was to bear upon its surface the coat-of-arms of its owner1 and that this coat was emblazoned upon it and filled up its entire surface in just the same way that we find these charges represented upon his shield1 it is evident that no form that departed far either in length or breadth from the square would be suitable for their display4 ,though heraldically it is allowable to compress or extend any form from its normal proportions when the exigencies of space demand it1#d it is clearly better to escape this when possible4#e ,the arms depicted in ,fig4 #cg are certainly not the better for the elongation to which they have been subjected1 while per contra the bearings on any of the banners in ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 or #aa1 have had no despite done them1 the square form being clearly well-adapted for their due display4 ,the ,rolls of ,arms prepared on various occasions by the medival and later heralds form an admirable storehouse of examples4 ,some of these have been reproduced in facsimile1 and are1 therefore1 more or less readily accessible4 ,we have before us as we write the roll of the arms of the ,sovereign and of the #aa spiritual and temporal peers who sat in ,parliament in the year #aeae1 and another excellent example that has been reproduced is the roll of ,karlaverok4 ,this ,karlaverok was a fortress on the north side of ,solway ,frith1 which it was necessary for ,edward ,i4 to reduce on his invasion of ,scotland in the year #acjj1 and this investiture and all the details of the siege are minutely described by a contemporary writer1 who gives the arms and names of all the nobles there engaged4 ,as soon as the castle fell into ,edward's hands he caused his banner and that of ,st4 ,edmund 7,fig4 #ag71 and ,st4 ,edward 7,fig4 #ai71 to be displayed upon its battlements4 ,the roll is written in ,norman ,french1 of which the following passage may be given as an example3-- ,la ont meinte riche garnement ,brode sur cendeaus et samis ,meint beau penon en lance mis ,meint baniere desploie4 ,that is to say1 there were--in modern ,english wording--many rich devices embroidered on silk and satin1 many a beautiful pennon fixed on lance1 many a banner displayed4 ,the writer says3--,first1 ,i will tell you of the names and arms1 especially of the banners1 if you will listen how4 ,of these numerous banners we give some few examples3 ,fig4 #a belongs to him who with a light heart1 doing good to all1 bore a yellow banner and pennon with a black saltire engrailed1 and is called ,john ,botetourte4 ,fig4 #b is the banner of ,sire ,ralph de ,monthermer2 ,fig4 #c the devices of ,touches1 a knight of good-fame2 while ,fig4 #d1 the blue with crescents of brilliant gold1 was the flag of ,william de ,ridre4 ,sire ,john de ,holderton1 who at all times appears well and promptly in arms1 bore ,no4 #f1 the fretted silver on the scarlet field2 while ,fig4 #e is the cognisance of ,hugh ,bardolph1 a man of good appearance1 rich1 valiant1 and courteous4 ,fig4 #g is the well-known lion of the ,percys1 and is here the banner of ,henri de ,percy2 we meet with it again in ,fig4 #ad4 ,fig4 #h is the banner of good ,hugh de ,courtenay1 while ,fig4 #i is that of the valiant ,aymer de ,valence4 ,fig4 #aj bears the barbels of ,john de ,bar1 while the last example we need give 7,fig4 #aa7 is the banner of ,sire ,william de ,grandison4 ,of whom gallant1 courteous ,englishmen as they were1 we can now but say that they are dust1 their swords are rust1 and deny them not the pious hope their souls are with the saints1 we trust4 ,the well-known flag 7,fig4 #dd71 that everyone recognises as the ,royal ,standard1 is nevertheless misnamed1 as it should undoubtedly be called the ,royal ,banner1 since it bears the arms of the ,sovereign in precisely the same way that any of our preceding #ab examples bear the arms of the knights with whom they were associated4 ,a standard1 as we shall see presently1 is an entirely different kind of flag2 nevertheless1 the term ,royal ,standard is so firmly established that it is hopeless now to think of altering it1 and as it would be but pedantry to ignore it1 and substitute in its place1 whenever we have occasion to refer to it1 its proper title--the ,royal ,banner--we must1 having once made our protest1 be content to let the matter stand4 ,figs4 #bb1 #dc1 #dd1 #aid1 #bbf1 and #bde are all royal or imperial banners1 but popular usage insists that we shall call them royal or imperial standards1 so1 henceforth1 rightly or wrongly1 through our pages standards they must be4 ,the banners of the ,knights of the ,garter1 richly emblazoned with their armorial bearings1 are suspended over their stalls in ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor1 while those of the ,knights of the ,bath are similarly displayed in the ,chapel of ,henry ,,vii4 in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the whole of the great mainsail of a medival ship was often emblazoned with arms1 and formed one large banner4 ,this usage may be very well seen in the illuminations1 seals1 etc41 of that period4 ,as early as the year #abdg we find ,otho1 ,count of ,gueldres1 represented as bearing on his seal a square banner charged with his arms1 a lion rampant2 and in a window in the ,cathedral of ,our ,lady1 at ,chartres1 is a figure of ,simon de ,montfort1 ,earl of ,leicester from #abcf to #abfe4 ,he is depicted as bearing in his right hand a banner of red and white1 as shown in ,fig4 #ah4 ,references in the old writers to the banner are very numerous4 ,thus in the ,story of ,thebes we read of the fell beastes1 that were wrought and bete upon their bannres displaied brode when men went forth to war4 ,lydgate1 in the ,battle of ,agincourt1 writes3-- ,by myn baner sleyn will y be ,or y will turne my backe or me yelde4 ,the same writer declares that at the siege of ,harfleur by ,henry ,v41 in ,september1 #adae1 the king-- ,mustred his meyne faire before the town1 ,and many other lordes1 ,i dar will say1 ,with baners bryghte and many penoun4 ,the trumpeters of the ,life ,guards and ,horse ,guards have the ,royal ,banner attached to their instruments1 a survival that recalls the lines of ,chaucer3-- ,on every trump hanging a brode bannere ,of fine tartarium1 full richly bete4 #ac ,an interesting reference is found in a letter of ,queen ,katharine of ,arragon to ,thomas ,wolsey1 dated ,richmond1 ,august #acth1 #aeac1 while ,king ,henry ,,viii4 was in ,france4 ,speaking of war with the ,scots1 her ,majesty says3 ,my hert is veray good to it1 and ,i am horrible besy with making standards1 banners1 and bagies4#f ,while the men are buckling on their armour for the coming strife1 wives1 sisters1 sweethearts1 daughters1 with proud hearts1 give their aid1 and with busy fingers--despite the tear that will sometimes blur the vision of the gay embroidery--swiftly and deftly labour with loving care on the devices that will nerve the warriors to living steel in the shock of battle4 ,the ,queen of ,england1 so zealously busy in her task of love1 is but a type and exemplar of thousands of her sex before and since4 ,the raven standard of the ,danish invaders of ,northumbria was worked by the daughters of ,regnar ,lodbrok1 and in the great rebellion in the ,west of ,england many a gentlewoman suffered sorely in the foul and ,bloody ,assize for her zealous share in providing the insurgents with the standards around which they rallied4 ,the ,covenanters of ,scotland1 the soldiers of ,garibaldi freeing ,italy from the ,bourbons1 the levies of ,kossuth in ,hungary1 the ,poles in the deadly grip of ,russia1 the armies of the ,confederate ,states in ,america1 the ,volunteers who would fain free ,greece from the yoke of the ,turk1#g all fought to the death beneath the banners that fair sympathisers with them1 and with their cause1 placed in their hands4 ,when two great nations1 such as ,france and ,germany1 fall to blows1 the whole armament1 weapons1 flags1 and whatever else may be necessary1 is supplied from the government stores according to regulation pattern1 but in the case of insurgents against authority struggling--rightly or wrongly--to be free1 the weapons may be scythe blades or whatever else comes first to hand1 while the standards borne to the field will bear the most extraordinary devices upon them1 devices that appeal powerfully at the time to those fighting beneath their folds1 but which give a shudder to the purist in heraldic blazonry1 as for instance1 to quote but one example1 the rattle-snake flag with its motto ,beware how you tread on me1 adopted by the ,north ,american colonists in their struggle against the troops of ,george ,,iii4 ,when a knight had performed on the field of battle some especially valiant or meritorious act1 it was open to the ,sovereign to #ad mark his sense of it by making him a knight-banneret4 ,thus1 in the reign of ,edward ,,iii41 ,john de ,copeland was made a banneret for his service in taking prisoner ,david ,bruce1 the ,king of ,scotland1 at the battle of ,durham2 ,colonel ,john ,smith1 having rescued the royal banner from the ,parliamentarians at ,edgehill1 was in like manner made a knight-banneret by ,charles ,i4 ,the title does not seem to have been in existence before the reign of ,edward ,i41 and after this bestowal by ,charles ,i4 we hear no more of it till #agdc1 when the title was conferred upon several ,english officers by the king1 ,george ,,ii41 upon the field of ,dettingen4 ,it was an essential condition that the rank should be bestowed by the ,sovereign on the actual field of battle and beneath the royal banner4 ,general ,sir ,william ,erskine was given this rank by ,george ,,iii4 on his return from the ,continent in #agfd1 after the battle of ,emsdorff2 but as the investiture took place beneath the standard of the #aeth ,light ,dragoons and in ,hyde ,park1 it was deemed hopelessly irregular1 and1 the royal will and action notwithstanding1 his rank was not generally recognised4 ,the ceremony of investiture was in the earlier days a very simple one4 ,the flag of the ordinary knight was of the form known as the pennon--a small1 swallow-tailed flag like that borne by our lancer regiments1 of which ,fig4 #cj is an illustration4 ,on being summoned to the royal presence1 the king took from him his lance1 and either cut or tore away the points of his flag1 until he had reduced it roughly to banner form1 and then returned it to him with such words of commendation as the occasion called for4 ,what the ceremony employed at so late a period as ,dettingen was we have not been able to trace4 ,as the officers there honoured were lanceless and pennonless1 it is evident that the formula which served in the ,middle ,ages was quite inapplicable1 but it is equally evident that in the thronging duties and responsibilities of the field of battle the ceremony must always have been a very short and simple one4 ,the term ,standard is appropriately applied to any flag of noble size that answers in the main to the following conditions--that it should always have the ,cross of ,st4 ,george placed next to the staff1 that the rest of the flag should be divided horizontally into two or more stripes of colours1 these being the prevailing colours in the arms of the bearers or their livery colours1 the edge of the standard richly fringed or bordered1 the motto and badges of the owner introduced1 the length considerably in excess of the breadth1 the ends split and rounded off4 ,we find such standards in use chiefly during the fifteenth century1 though some characteristic examples of both earlier and later dates may be encountered4 ,figs4 #ad and #ae are very good typical illustrations4 ,the #ae first of these 7,fig4 #ad7 is the ,percy standard4 ,the blue lion1 the crescent1 and the fetterlock there seen are all badges of the family1 while the silver key betokens matrimonial alliance with the ,poynings1#h the bugle-horn with the ,bryans1#i and the falchion with the family of ,fitzpayne4 ,the ancient badge of the ,percys was the white lion statant4 ,our readers will doubtless be familiar with the lines-- ,who1 in field or foray slack1 ,saw the blanch lion e'er give back8 but ,henry ,percy1 the fifth earl1 #adhi to #aegg1 turned it into a blue one4 ,the silver crescent is the only badge of the family that has remained in active and continuous use1 and we find frequent references to it in the old ballads--so full of interesting heraldic allusions--as1 for instance1 in ,the ,rising of the ,north-- ,erle ,percy there his ancyent spred1 ,the halfe-moon shining all soe faire1 and in ,claxton's ,lament-- ,now the ,percy's crescent is set in blood4 ,the motto is ordinarily a very important part of the standard1 though it is occasionally missing4 ,its less or greater length or its possible repetition may cut up the surface of the flag into a varying number of spaces4 ,the first space after the cross is always occupied by the most important badge1 and in a few cases the spaces beyond are empty4 ,the motto of the ,percys is of great historic interest4 ,it is referred to by ,shakespeare1 ,now ,esperance6 ,percy6 and set on1 and we find in ,drayton the line1 ,as still the people cried1 ,a ,percy1 ,esperance6 ,in the ,mirror for ,magistrates 7#aegd7 we read1 ,add therefore this to ,esperance1 my word1 who causeth bloodshed shall not 'scape the sword4 ,it was originally the war-cry of the ,percys1 but it has undergone several modifications1 and these of a rather curious and interesting nature1 since we see in the sequence a steady advance from blatant egotism to an admission of a higher power even than that of ,percy4 ,the war-cry of the first ,earl was originally1 ,percy6 ,percy6 but he later substituted for it1 ,esperance1 ,percy4 ,the second and third ,earls took merely ,esperance1 the fourth took ,esperance1 ma comfort1 and1 #af later on1 ,esperance en ,dieu ma comfort1 and the fifth and succeeding ,earls took the ,esperance en ,dieu4#aj ,fig4 #ae is the standard of ,sir ,thomas de ,swynnerton4 ,the swine is an example of the punning allusion to the bearer's name that is so often seen in the charges of medival heraldry4 ,figs4 #ad and #ae are typical standards1 having the cross of ,st4 ,george1 the striping of colours1 the oblique lines of motto1 the elongated tapering form1 and all the other features that we have already quoted as belonging to the ideal standard1 though one or two of these may at times be absent4 ,thus1 though exceptions are rare1 a standard is not necessarily particoloured for example1 and1 as we have seen1 the motto in other examples may be missing4 ,the ,harleian ,,ms4 ,no4 #b1ceh lays down the rule that every ,standard or guydhome is to hang in the ,chiefe the ,crosse of ,st4 ,george1 to be slitte at the ende1 and to conteyne the crest or supporter1 with the poesy1 worde1 and devise of the owner4 ,that the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 the national badge1 must always be present and in the most honourable position is full of significance1 as it means that whatever else of rank or family the bearer might be1 he was first and foremost an ,englishman4 ,figs4 #ac and #af are interesting modern examples of the ,standard4 ,they are from a series of sledge-flags used during the ,arctic ,expedition of #ahge-f1 the devices upon them being those of the officers in charge of each detachment4 ,when in earlier days a man raised a regiment for national defence1 he not only commanded it1 but its flag often bore his arms or device4 ,thus the standard of the dragoons raised by ,henry1 ,lord ,cardross1 in #afhi was of red silk1 on which was represented the ,colonel's crest1 a hand holding a dagger1 and the motto ,fortitudine1 while in the upper corner next the staff was the thistle of ,scotland1 surmounted by the crown4 ,our readers should now have no difficulty in sketching out for themselves as an exercise the following3 ,the standard of ,henry ,v41 white and blue1 a white antelope standing between four red roses2 the motto ,dieu et mon droit1 and in the interspaces more red #ag roses4 ,the standard of ,richard ,,ii41 white and green1 a white hart couchant between four golden suns1 the motto ,dieu et mon droit1 in the next space two golden suns1 and in the next1 four4 ,as further exercises1 we may give the standard of ,sir ,john ,awdeley1 of gold and scarlet1 having a ,moor's head and three white butterflies1 the motto ,je le tiens1 then two butterflies1 then four2 and the standard of ,frogmorton1 of four stripes of red and white1 having an elephant's head in black1 surrounded by golden crescents4 ,while no one1 either monarch or noble1 could have more than one banner1 since this was composed of his heraldic arms1 a thing fixed and unchangeable1 the same individual might have two or three standards1 since these were mainly made up of badges that he could multiply at discretion1 and a motto or poesy that he might change every day if he chose4 ,hence1 for instance1 the standards of ,henry ,,vii4 were mostly green and white1 since these were the ,tudor livery colours2 but in one was a red firye dragon1 and in another was peinted a donne kowe1 while yet another had a silver greyhound between red roses4 ,stowe and other authorities tell us that the two first of these were borne at ,bosworth ,field1 and that after his victory there over ,richard ,,iii4 these were borne by him in solemn state to ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 and there deposited on his triumphal entry into the metropolis4 ,the difference between the standard and the banner is very clearly seen in the description of the flags borne at the funeral obsequies of ,queen ,elizabeth--the great embroidered banner of ,england 7,fig4 #bb71 the banners of ,wales1 ,ireland1 ,chester1 and ,cornwall1 and the standards of the dragon1 greyhound1 and falcon4 ,in like manner ,stowe tells us that when ,king ,henry ,,vii4 took the field in #aeac1 he had with him the standard with the red dragon and the banner of the arms of ,england1 and ,machyn tells that at the funeral of ,edward ,,vi41 furst of all whent a grett company of chylderyn in ther surples and clarkes syngyng and then ij harolds1 and then a standard with a dragon1 and then a grett nombur of ye servants in blake1 and then anoder standard with a whyt greyhound4 ,later on in the procession came ye grett baner of armes in brodery and with dyvers odere baners4 ,standards varied in size according to the rank of the person entitled to them4 ,a ,,ms4 of the time of ,henry ,,vii4 gives the following dimensions3--,for that of the king1 a length of eight yards2 for a duke1 seven2 for an earl1 six2 a marquis1 six and a half2 a viscount1 five and a half2 a baron1 five2 a knight banneret1 four and a half2 and for a knight1 four yards4 ,in view of these figures one can easily realise the derivation of the word standard--a thing that is meant to stand2 to be rather fastened in the ground as a rallying point than carried1 like a banner1 about the field of action4 #ah ,at the funeral of ,nelson we find his banner of arms and standard borne in the procession1 while around his coffin are the bannerolls1 square banner-like flags bearing the various arms of his family lineage4 ,we see these latter again in an old print of the funeral procession of ,general ,monk1 in #afgj1 and in a still older print of the burial of ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 four of his near kindred carrying by the coffin these indications of his descent4 ,at the funeral of ,queen ,elizabeth we find six bannerolls of alliances on the paternal side and six on the maternal4 ,the standard of ,nelson bears his motto1 ,palmam qui meruit ferat1 but instead of the ,cross of ,st4 ,george it has the union of the crosses of ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,andrew1 and ,st4 ,patrick1 since in #ahjf1 the year of his funeral1 the ,england of medival days had expanded into the ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,in the imposing funeral procession of the great ,duke of ,wellington we find again amongst the flags not only the national flag1 regimental colours1 and other insignia1 but the ten bannerolls of the ,duke's pedigree and descent1 and his personal banner and standard4 ,richard1 ,earl of ,salisbury1 in the year #adeh1 ordered that at his interment there be banners1 standards1 and other accoutrements1 according as was usual for a person of his degree and what was then held fitting1 remains1 in the case of ,state funerals1 equally so at the present day4 ,the ,pennon is a small1 narrow flag1 forked or swallow-tailed at its extremity4 ,this was carried on the lance4 ,our readers will recall the knight in ,marmion1 who ,on high his forky pennon bore1 ,like swallow's tail in shape and hue4 ,we read in the ,roll of ,karlaverok1 as early as the year #acjj1 of ,many a beautiful pennon fixed to a lance1 ,and many a banner displayed2 and of the knight in ,chaucer's ,canterbury ,tales1 we hear that ,by hys bannere borne is hys pennon ,of golde full riche4 ,the pennon bore the arms of the knight1 and they were in the earlier days of chivalry so emblazoned upon it as to appear in their proper position not when the lance was held erect but when held horizontally for the charge4 ,the earliest brass now extant1 that of ,sir ,john ,daubernoun1 at ,stoke d',abernon ,church1 in ,surrey1 represents the knight as bearing a lance with pennon4 ,its date is #abgg1 and the device is a golden chevron on a field of azure4 ,in #ai this example the pennon1 instead of being forked1 comes to a single point4 ,the pennon was the ensign of those knights who were not bannerets1 and the bearers of it were therefore sometimes called pennonciers2 the term is derived from the ,latin word for a feather1 penna1 from the narrow1 elongated form4 ,the pennons of our lancer regiments 7,fig4 #cj7 give one a good idea of the form1 size1 and general effect of the ancient knightly pennon1 though they do not bear distinctive charges upon them1 and thus fail in one notable essential to recall to our minds the brilliant blazonry and variety of device that must have been so marked and effective a feature when the knights of old took the field4 ,in a drawing of the year #ahac1 of the ,royal ,horse ,artillery1 we find the men armed with lances1 and these with pennons of blue and white1 as we see in ,fig4 #ca4aa ,of the thirty-seven pennons borne on lances by various knights represented in the ,bayeux tapestry1 twenty-eight have triple points1 while others have two1 four1 or five4 ,the devices upon these pennons are very various and distinctive1 though the date is before the period of the definite establishment of heraldry4 ,examples of these may be seen in ,figs4 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db4 ,the pennoncelle1 or pencel1 is a diminutive of the pennon1 small as that itself is4 ,such flags were often supplied in large quantities at any special time of rejoicing or of mourning4 ,at the burial in the year #aeed of the nobull ,duke of ,norffok1 we note amongst other items a dosen of banerolles of ys progene1 a standard1 a baner of damaske1 and xij dosen penselles4 ,at the burial of ,sir ,william ,goring we find ther was viij dosen of penselles1 while at the ,lord ,mayor's procession in #aeee we read that there were ij goodly pennes ,state barges deckt with flages and stremers and a m penselles4 ,this m1 or thousand1 we can perhaps scarcely take literally1 though in another instance we find the cordes were hanged with innumerable pencelles4#ab ,the statement of the cost of the funeral of ,oliver ,cromwell is interesting1 as we see therein the divers kinds of flags that graced the ceremony4 ,the total cost of the affair was over #bh1jjj1 and the unhappy undertaker1 a ,mr4 ,rolt1 was paid very little1 if any1 of his bill4 ,the items include six gret banners wrought on rich taffaty in oil1 and gilt with fine gold1 at #f each4 ,five large standards1 similarly wrought1 at a cost of #aj each2 six dozen #bj pennons1 a yard long1 at a sovereign each2 forty trumpet banners1 at forty shillings apiece2 thirty dozen of pennoncelles1 a foot long1 at twenty shillings a dozen2 and twenty dozen ditto at twelve shillings the dozen4 ,poor ,rolt6 ,in the accompte and reckonyng for the ,lord ,mayor's ,show of #afag we find payde to ,jacob ,challoner1 painter1 for a greate square banner1 the ,prince's ,armes1 the somme of seven pounds4 ,we also find1 ,more to him for the new payntyng and guyldyng of ten trumpet banners1 for payntyng and guyldyng of two long pennons of the ,lord ,maior's armes on callicoe1 and many other items that we need not set down1 the total cost of the flag department being #fg #aes4 #aj;d41 while for the ,lord ,mayor's ,show of the year #afhe we find that the charge for this item was the handsome sum of #adj4 ,the ,pennant1 or pendant1 is a long narrow flag with pointed end1 and derives its name from the ,latin word signifying to hang4 ,examples of it may be seen in ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #cf1 #ch1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 and #ajc1 and some of the flags employed in ship-signalling are also of pennant form4 ,it was in ,tudor times called the streamer4 ,though such a flag may at times be found pressed into the service of city pageantry1 it is more especially adapted for use at sea1 since the lofty mast1 the open space far removed from telegraph-wires1 chimney-pots1 and such-like hindrances to its free course1 and the crisp sea-breeze to boldly extend it to its full length1 are all essential to its due display4 ,when we once begin to extend in length1 it is evident that almost anything is possible3 the pendant of a modern man-of-war is some twenty yards long1 while its breadth is barely six inches1 and it is evident that such a flag as that would scarcely get a fair chance in the general survival of the fittest in ,cheapside4 ,it is charged at the head with the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #gd are ,tudor examples of such pendants1 while ,fig4 #adj is a portion at least of the pendant flown by colonial vessels on war service1 while under the same necessarily abbreviated conditions may be seen in ,fig4 #aea the pendant of the ,united ,states ,navy1 in #aeg that of ,chili1 and in #agc that of ,brazil4 ,in medival days many devices were introduced1 the streamer being made of sufficient width to allow of their display4 ,thus ,dugdale gives an account of the fitting up of the ship in which ,beauchamp1 fifth ,earl of ,warwick1 during the reign of ,henry ,,vi41 went over to ,france4 ,the original bill between this nobleman and ,william ,seburgh1 citizen and payntour of ,london1 is still extant1 and we see from it that amongst other things provided was the grete stremour for the shippe xl yardes in length and viij yardes in brede4 ,these noble dimensions gave ample room for #ba display of the badge of the ,warwicks1#ac so we find it at the head adorned with a grete bere holding a ragged staffe1 and the rest of its length powdrid full of raggid staves1 ,a stately ship1 ,with all her bravery on1 and tackle trim1 ,sails filled1 and streamers waving4 ,machyn tells us in his diary for ,august #crd1 #aeec1 how ,the ,queen came riding to ,london1 and so on to the ,tower1 makyng her entry at ,aldgate1 and a grett nombur of stremars hanging about the sayd gate1 and all the strett unto ,leydenhalle and unto the ,tower were layd with graffel1 and all the crafts of ,london stood with their banars and stremars hangyd over their heds4 ,in the picture by ,volpe in the collection at ,hampton ,court of the ,embarkation of ,henry ,,viii4 from ,dover in the year #aebj1 to meet ,francis ,i4 at the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold1 we find1 very naturally1 a great variety and display of flags of all kinds4 ,figs4 #bj1 #ba1 #bc are streamers therein depicted1 the portcullis1 ,tudor rose1 and fleur-de-lys being devices of the ,english king1 while the particular ground upon which they are displayed is in each case made up of green and white1 the ,tudor livery colours4 ,we may see these again in ,fig4 #ga1 where the national flag of the ,cross of ,st4 ,george has its white field barred with the ,tudor green4 ,in the year #aeed even the naval uniform of ,england was white and green1 both for officers and mariners1 and the ,city trained bands had white coats welted with green4 ,queen ,elizabeth1 though of the ,tudor race1 took scarlet and black as her livery colours2 the ,house of ,plantaganet white and red2 of ,york1 murrey and blue2 of ,lancaster1 white and blue2 of ,stuart1 red and yellow4 ,the great nobles each also had their special liveries2 thus in a grand review of troops on ,blackheath1 on ,may #afth1 #aeeb1 we find that the ,yerle of ,pembroke and ys men of armes had cotes blake bordered with whyt1 while the retainers of the ,lord ,chamberlain were in red and white1 those of the ,earl of ,huntingdon in blue1 and so forth4 ,in the description of one of the ,city pageants in honour of ,henry ,,vii4 we find among the baggs 7i4e41 badges71 a rede rose and a wyght in his mydell1 golde floures de luces1 and portcullis also in golde1 the wallys of the ,pavilion whereon these were displayed being chekkyrs of whyte and grene4 ,the only other flag form to which we need make any very definite reference is the ,guidon4 ,the word is derived from the #bb ,french guide-homme1 but in the lax spelling of medival days it undergoes many perversions1 such as guydhome1 guydon1 gytton1 geton1 and such-like more or less barbarous renderings4 ,guidon is the regulation name now applied to the small standards borne by the squadrons of some of our cavalry regiments4 ,the ,queen's guidon is borne by the first squadron2 this is always of crimson silk2 the others are the colour of the regimental facings4 ,the modern cavalry guidon is square in form1 and richly embroidered1 fringed1 and tasselled4 ,a medival writer on the subject lays down the law that a guydhome must be two and a half yardes or three yardes longe1 and therein shall be no armes putt1 but only the man's crest1 cognizance1 and device1 and from that1 from his standard or streamer a man may flee2 but not from his banner or pennon bearinge his armes4 ,the guidon is largely employed at ,state or ceremonious funeral processions2 we see it borne1 for instance1 in the illustrations of the funeral of ,monk in #afgj1 of ,nelson in #ahjf1 of ,wellington in #aheb4 ,in all these cases it is rounded in form1 as in ,fig4 #bh4 ,like the standard1 the guidon bears motto and device1 but it is smaller1 and has not the elongated form1 nor does it bear the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,in divers countries and periods very diverse forms may be encountered1 and to these various names have been assigned1 but it is needless to pursue their investigation at any length1 as in some cases the forms are quite obsolete2 in other cases1 while its form is known to us its name is lost1 while in yet other instances we have various old names of flags mentioned by the chroniclers and poets to which we are unable now to assign any very definite notion of their form4 ,in some cases1 again1 the form we encounter may be of some eccentric individuality that no man ever saw before1 or ever wants to see again1 or1 as in ,fig4 #cc1 so slightly divergent from ordinary type as to scarcely need a distinctive name4 ,one of the flags represented in the ,bayeux tapestry is semi-circular4 ,fig4 #cb defies classification1 unless we regard it as a pennon that1 by snipping1 has travelled three-quarters of the way towards being a banner4 ,fig4 #ce1 sketched from a ,,ms4 of the early part of the fourteenth century1 in the ,british ,museum1 is of somewhat curious and abnormal form4 ,it is of religious type1 and bears the ,agnus ,dei4 ,the original is in a letter of ,philippe de ,mezires1 pleading for peace and friendship between ,charles ,,vi4 of ,france and ,richard ,,ii4 of ,england4 ,flags are nowadays ordinarily made of bunting1 a woollen fabric which1 from the nature of its texture and its great toughness and durability1 is particularly fitted to stand wear and tear4 ,it comes from the ,yorkshire mills in pieces of forty yards in length1 while the width varies from four to thirty-six inches4 ,flags are #bc only printed when of small size1 and when a sufficient number will be required to justify the expense of cutting the blocks4 ,silk is also used1 but only for special purposes4 ,flag-devising is really a branch of heraldry1 and should be in accordance with its laws1 both in the forms and the colours introduced4 ,yellow in blazonry is the equivalent of gold1 and white of silver1 and it is one of the requirements of heraldry that colour should not be placed upon colour1 nor metal on metal4 ,hence the red and blue in the ,french tricolour 7,fig4 #aia7 are separated by white2 the black and red of ,belgium 7,fig4 #bcf7 by yellow4 ,such unfortunate combinations as the yellow1 blue1 red1 of ,venezuela 7,fig4 #agj72 the yellow1 red1 green of ,bolivia 7,fig4 #aga72 the red and blue of ,hayti 7,fig4 #agh72 the white and yellow of ,guatemala 7,fig4 #afb71 are violations of the rule in countries far removed from the influence of heraldic law4 ,this latter instance is a peculiarly interesting one2 it is the flag of ,guatemala in #ahea1 while in #aheh this was changed to that represented in ,fig4 #afc4 ,in the first case the red and the blue are in contact1 and the white and the yellow2 while in the second the same colours are introduced1 but with due regard to heraldic law1 and certainly with far more pleasing effect4 ,one sees the same obedience to this rule in the special flags used for signalling1 where great clearness of definition at considerable distances is an essential4 ,such combinations as blue and black1 red and blue1 yellow and white1 carry their own condemnation with them1 as anyone may test by actual experiment2 stripes of red and blue1 for instance1 at a little distance blending into purple1 while white and yellow are too much alike in strength1 and when the yellow has become a little faded and the white a little dingy they appear almost identical4 ,we have this latter combination in ,fig4 #aih1 the flag of the now vanished ,papal ,states4 ,it is a very uncommon juxtaposition1 and only occurs in this case from a special religious symbolism into which we need not here enter4 ,the alternate red and green stripes in ,fig4 #fc are another violation of the rule1 and have a very confusing effect4#ad ,the colours of by far the greatest frequency of occurrence are red1 white1 and blue2 yellow also is not uncommon2 orange is only found once1 in ,fig4 #bdi1 where it has a special significance1 since this is the flag of the ,orange ,free ,state4 ,green occurs sparingly4 ,italy 7,fig4 #aig7 is perhaps the best known example4 ,we also find it in the ,brazilian flag 7,fig4 #afi71 the ,mexican 7,fig4 #agb71 in the ,hungarian tricolor 7,fig4 #bad71 and in ,figs4 #aii1 #bja1 #bji1 the flags #bd of smaller ,german ,states1 but it is more especially associated with ,mohammedan ,states1 as in ,figs4 #eh1 #fc1 #fd1 #bce4 ,black is found but seldom1 but as heraldic requirements necessitate that it should be combined either with white or yellow1 it is1 when seen1 exceptionally brilliant and effective4 ,we see it1 for example1 in the ,royal ,standard of ,spain1 7,fig4 #aid71 in ,figs4 #bjg and #bjh1 flags of the ,german ,empire1 in ,fig4 #bbf1 the ,imperial ,standard of ,russia1 and in ,fig4 #bcf1 the brilliant tricolor of the ,belgians4#ae ,in orthodox flags anything of the nature of an inscription is very seldom seen4 ,we find a reference to order and progress on the ,brazilian flag 7,fig4 #afi71 while the ,turkish ,imperial ,standard 7,fig4 #bch7 bears on its scarlet folds the monogram of the ,sultan2 but these exceptions are rare4#af ,we have seen that1 on the contrary1 on the flags of insurgents and malcontents the inscription often counts for much4 ,on the alteration of the style in the year #ageb this necessary change was made the subject of much ignorant reproach of the government of the day1 and was used as a weapon of party warfare4 ,an amusing instance of this feeling occurs in the first plate of ,hogarth's election series1 where a malcontent1 or perhaps only a man anxious to earn a shilling1 carries a big flag inscribed1 ,give us back our eleven days4 ,the flags of the ,covenanters often bore mottoes or texts4 ,fig4 #cd is a curious example3 the flag hoisted by the crew of ,h4,m4,s4 ,niger when they opposed the mutineers in #agig at ,sheerness4 ,it is preserved in the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum4 ,it is1 as we have seen1 ordinarily the insubordinate and rebellious who break out into inscriptions of more or less piety or pungency1 but we may conclude that the loyal sailors fighting under the royal flag adopted this device in addition as one means the more of fighting the rebels with their own weapons4 ,during the ,civil ,war between the ,royalists and ,parliamentarians1 we find a great use made of flags inscribed with mottoes4 ,thus1 on one we see five hands stretching at a crown defended by an armed hand issuing from a cloud1 and the motto1 ,reddite ,csari4 ,in another we see an angel with a flaming sword treading a dragon underfoot1 and the motto1 ,quis ut ,deus1 while yet another is inscribed1 ,courage pour la ,cause4 ,on a fourth we find an ermine1 and the motto1 ,malo mori quam foedari--,it is better to die than #be to be sullied1 in allusion to the old belief that the ermine would die rather than soil its fur4 ,hence it is the emblem of purity and stainless honour4 ,the blood-red flag is the symbol of mutiny and of revolution4 ,as a sign of disaffection it was twice1 at the end of last century1 displayed in the ,royal ,navy4 ,a mutiny broke out at ,portsmouth in ,april1 #agig1 for an advance of pay2 an ,act of ,parliament was passed to sanction the increase of expenditure1 and all who were concerned in it received the royal pardon1 but in ,june of the same year1 at ,sheerness1 the spirit of disaffection broke out afresh1 and on its suppression the ringleaders were executed4 ,it is characteristic that1 aggrieved as these seamen were against the authorities1 when the ,king's birthday came round1 on ,june #dth1 though the mutiny was then at its height1 the red flags were lowered1 the vessels gaily dressed in the regulation bunting1 and a royal salute was fired4 ,having thus demonstrated their real loyalty to their sovereign1 the red flags were re-hoisted1 and the dispute with the ,admiralty resumed in all its bitterness4 ,the white flag is the symbol of amity and of good will2 of truce amidst strife1 and of surrender when the cause is lost4 ,the yellow flag betokens infectious illness1 and is displayed when there is cholera1 yellow fever1 or such like dangerous malady on board ship1 and it is also hoisted on quarantine stations4 ,the black flag signifies mourning and death2 one of its best known uses in these later days is to serve as an indication after an execution that the requirements of the law have been duly carried out4 ,honour and respect are expressed by dipping the flag4 ,at any parade of troops before the sovereign the regimental flags are lowered as they pass the saluting point1 and at sea the colours are dipped by hauling them smartly down from the mast-head and then promptly replacing them4 ,they must not be suffered to remain at all stationary when lowered1 as a flag flying half-mast high is a sign of mourning for death1 for defeat1 or for some other national loss1 and it is scarcely a mark of honour or respect to imply that the arrival of the distinguished person is a cause of grief or matter for regret4 ,in time of peace it is an insult to hoist the flag of one friendly nation above another1 so that each flag must be flown from its own staff4 ,even as early as the reign of ,alfred ,england claimed the sovereignty of the seas4 ,edward ,,iii4 is more identified with our early naval glories than any other ,english king2 he was styled ,king of the ,seas1 a name of which he appears to have been very proud1 and in his coinage of gold nobles he represented himself with shield and sword1 and standing in a ship full royally #bf apparelled4 ,he fought on the seas under many disadvantages of numbers and ships3 in one instance until his ship sank under him1 and at all times as a gallant ,englishman4 ,if any commander of an ,english vessel met the ship of a foreigner1 and the latter refused to salute the ,english flag1 it was enacted that such ship1 if taken1 was the lawful prize of the captain4 ,a very notable example of this punctilious insistance on the respect to the flag arose in ,may1 #aeed1 when a ,spanish fleet of one hundred and sixty sail1 escorting the ,king on his way to ,england to his marriage with ,queen ,mary1 fell in with the ,english fleet under the command of ,lord ,howard1 ,lord ,high ,admiral4 ,philip would have passed the ,english fleet without paying the customary honours1 but the signal was at once made by ,howard for his twenty-eight ships to prepare for action1 and a round shot crashed into the side of the vessel of the ,spanish ,admiral4 ,the hint was promptly taken1 and the whole ,spanish fleet struck their colours as homage to the ,english flag4 ,in the year #afce the combined fleets of ,france and ,holland determined to dispute this claim of ,great ,britain1 but on announcing their intention of doing so an ,english fleet was at once dispatched1 whereupon they returned to their ports and decided that discretion was preferable even to valour4 ,in #afed1 on the conclusion of peace between ,england and ,holland1 the ,dutch consented to acknowledge the ,english supremacy of the seas1 the article in the treaty declaring that the ships of the ,dutch--as well ships of war as others--meeting any of the ships of war of the ,english1 in the ,british seas1 shall strike their flags and lower their topsails in such manner as hath ever been at any time heretofore practised4 ,after another period of conflict it was again formally yielded by the ,dutch in #afgc4 ,political changes are responsible for many variations in flags1 and the wear and tear of ,time soon renders many of the devices obsolete4 ,on turning1 for instance1 to ,nories' ,maritime ,flags of all ,nations1 a little book published in #ahdh1 many of the flags are at once seen to be now out of date4 ,the particular year was one of exceptional political agitation1 and the author evidently felt that his work was almost old-fashioned even on its issue4 ,the accompanying illustrations1 he says1 having been completed prior to the recent revolutionary movements on the ,continent of ,europe1 it has been deemed expedient to issue the plate in its present state1 rather than adopt the various tri-coloured flags1 which cannot be regarded as permanently established in the present unsettled state of political affairs4 ,the ,russian ,american ,company's flag1 ,fig4 #ei1 that of the ,states of the ,church1 of the ,kingdom of ,sardinia1 the ,turkish ,imperial ,standard1 ,fig4 #fd1 and many others #bg that he gives1 are all now superseded4 ,for ,venice he gives two flags1 that for war and that for the merchant service4 ,in each case the flag is scarlet1 having a broad band of blue1 which we may take to typify the sea1 near its lower edge4 ,from this rises in gold the winged lion of ,st4 ,mark1 having in the war ensign a sword in his right paw1 and in the peaceful colours of commerce a cross4 ,of thirty-five flags of all nations1 given as a supplement to the ,illustrated ,london ,news in #aheh1 we note that eleven are now obsolete3 the ,east ,india ,company1 for instance1 being now extinct1 the ,ionian ,islands ceded to ,greece1 ,tuscany and ,naples absorbed into ,italy1 and so forth4 ,in ,figs4 #eb and #ec we have examples of early ,spanish flags1 and in #ed and #ee of ,portuguese1 each and all being taken from a very quaint map of the year #aejb4 ,this map may be said to be practically the countries lying round the ,atlantic ,ocean1 giving a good slice of ,africa1 a portion of the ,mediterranean basin1 the ,british ,isles1 most of ,south ,america1 a little of ,north ,america1 the ,west ,indies1#ag etc41 the object of the map being to show the division that ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 kindly made between those faithful daughters of the ,church--,spain and ,portugal--of all the unclaimed portions of the world4 ,figs4 #eb and #ec are types of flags flying on various ,spanish possessions1 while ,figs4 #ed and #ee are placed at different points on the map where ,portugal held sway4 ,on one place in ,africa we see that ,no4 #ed is surmounted by a white flag bearing the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 so we may conclude that--,pope ,alexander notwithstanding--,england captured it from the ,portuguese4 ,at one ,african town we see the black men dancing round the ,portuguese flag1 while a little way off three of their brethren are hanging on a gallows1 showing that civilization had set in with considerable severity there4 ,the next illustration on this plate 7,fig4 #ef7 is taken from a sheet of flags published in #agce2 it represents the ,guiny ,company's ,ensign1 a trading company1 like the ,east ,india1 ,fig4 #eg1 now no longer in existence4 ,fig4 #fb is the flag of ,savoy1 an ancient sovereignty that1 within the memory of many of our readers1 has expanded into the kingdom of ,italy4 ,the break up of the ,napoleonic rgime in ,france1 the crushing out of the ,confederate ,states in ,north ,america1 the dismissal from the throne of the ,emperor of ,brazil1 have all1 within comparatively recent years1 led to the superannuation and disestablishment of a goodly number of flags and their final disappearance4 ,we propose now to deal with the flags of the various nationalities1 commencing1 naturally1 with those of our own country4 #bh ,we were told by a government official that the ,universal ,code of signals issued by ,england had led to a good deal of heartburning1 as it is prefaced by a plate of the various national flags1 the ,union ,flag of ,great ,britain and ,ireland being placed first4 ,but until some means can be devised by which each nationality can head the list1 some sort of precedence seems inevitable4 ,at first sight it seems as though susceptibilities might be saved by adopting an alphabetical arrangement1 but this is soon found to be a mistake1 as it places such powerful ,states as ,russia and the ,united ,states nearly at the bottom of the list4 ,a writer1 ,von ,rosenfeld1 who published a book on flags in ,vienna in #ahec1 very naturally adopted this arrangement1 but the calls of patriotism would not even then allow him to be quite consistent1 since he places his material as follows3--,austria1 ,annam1 ,argentine1 ,belgium1 ,bolivia1 and so forth1 where it is evident ,annam should lead the world and ,austria be content to come in third4 ,apart from the difficulty of asking ,spain1 for instance1 to admit that ,bulgaria was so much in front of her1 or to expect ,japan to allow ,china so great a precedence as the alphabetical arrangement favours1 a second obstacle is found in the fact that the names of these various ,states as we ,englishmen know them are not in many cases those by which they know themselves or are known by others4 ,thus a ,frenchman would be quite content with the alphabetical arrangement that in ,english places his beloved country before ,germany1 but the ,teuton would at once claim precedence1 declaring that ,deutschland must come before la belle ,france1 and the ,espagnol would not see why he should be banished to the back row just because we choose to call him a ,spaniard4 ,in the meantime1 pending the ,millenium1 the flag that more than three hundred millions of people1 the wide world over1 look up to as the symbol of justice and liberty1 will serve very well as a starting point1 and then the great ,daughter across the ,western ,ocean1 that sprung from the ,old ,home1 shall claim a worthy place next in our regard4 ,the ,continent of ,europe must clearly come next1 and such ,american nationalities as lie outside the ,united ,states1 together with ,asia and ,africa1 will bring up the rear4 99 99 99 99 99 #bi ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,royal ,standard--the ,three ,lions of ,england--the ,lion ,rampant of ,scotland--,scottish sensitiveness as to precedence--the ,scottish ,tressure--the ,harp of ,ireland--,early ,irish ,flags--,brian ,boru--the ,royal ,standards from ,richard ,i4 to ,victoria--,claim to the ,fleurs-de-,lys of ,france--,quartering ,hanover--the ,union ,flag--,st4 ,george for ,england--,war ,cry--,observance of ,st4 ,george's ,day--the ,cross of ,st4 ,george--,early ,naval ,flags--the ,london ,trained ,bands--the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew--the ,blue ,blanket--,flags of the ,covenanters--,relics of ,st4 ,andrew--,union of ,england and ,scotland--the ,first ,union ,flag--,importance of accuracy in representations of it--the ,union ,jack--,flags of the ,commonwealth and ,protectorate--,union of ,great ,britain and ,ireland--the ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick--,labours of ,st4 ,patrick in ,ireland--,proclamation of ,george ,,iii4 as to ,flags1 etc4--the ,second ,union ,flag--,heraldic ,difficulties in its ,construction--,suggestions by ,critics--,regulations as to ,fortress ,flags--the ,white ,ensign of the ,royal ,navy--,saluting the ,flag--the ,navy the ,safeguard of ,britain--the ,blue ,ensign--the ,royal ,naval ,reserve--the ,red ,ensign of the ,mercantile ,marine--,value of ,flag-lore4 ,foremost amongst the flags of the ,british ,empire the ,royal ,standard takes its position as the symbol of the tie that unites all into one great ,state4 ,its glowing blazonry of blue and scarlet and gold is brought before us in ,fig4 #dd4 ,the three golden lions on the scarlet ground are the device of ,england1 the golden harp on the azure field is the device of ,ireland1 while the ruddy lion rampant on the field of gold#ah stands for ,scotland4 ,it may perhaps appear to some of our readers that the standard of the ,empire should not be confined to such narrow limits2 that the great ,dominion of ,canada1 ,india1 ,australia1 the ever-growing ,south ,africa1 might justly claim a place4 ,precedent1 too1 might be urged1 since in previous reigns1 ,nassau1 ,hanover1 and other ,states have found a resting-place in its folds1 and there is much to be said in favour of a wider representation of the greater component parts of our world-wide ,empire2 but two great practical difficulties arise3 the first is that the grand simplicity of the flag would be lost if eight or ten different devices were substituted for the three2 and secondly1 it would very possibly give rise to a good deal of jealousy and ill-feeling1 since it would be impossible to introduce all4 ,as it at present stands1 it represents the central home of the ,empire1 the little historic seed-plot from whence all else has sprung1 and to which all turn their eyes as the #cj centre of the national life4 ,all equally agree to venerate the dear mother land1 but it is perhaps a little too much to expect that the people of ,jamaica or ,hong ,kong would feel the same veneration for the beaver and maple-leaves of ,canada1 the golden ,sun of ,india1 or the ,southern ,cross of ,australasia4 ,as it must clearly be all or none1 it seems that only one solution of the problem1 the present one1 is possible4 ,in the same way the ,union flag 7,fig4 #ij7 is literally but the symbol of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 but far and away outside its primary significance1 it floats on every sea the emblem of that ,greater ,britain in which all its sons have equal pride1 and where all share equal honour as brethren of one family4 ,the earliest ,royal ,standard bore but the three lions of ,england1 and we shall see presently that in different reigns various modifications of its blazonry arose1 either the result of conquest or of dynastic possessions4 ,thus ,figs4 #dc and #dd1 though they bear a superficial likeness1 tell a very different story2 the first of these1 that of ,george ,,iii41 laying claim in its fourth quartering to lordship over ,hanover and other ,german ,states1 and in its second quarter to the entirely shadowy and obsolete claim over ,france1 as typified by the golden fleurs-de-lys on the field of azure4 ,how the three lions of ,england arose is by no means clear4 ,two lions were assigned as the arms of ,william the ,conqueror1 but there is no real evidence that he bore them4 ,heraldry had not then become a definite science1 and when it did a custom sprang up of assigning to those who lived and died before its birth certain arms1 the kindly theory being that such persons1 had they been then living1 would undoubtedly have borne arms1 and that it was hard1 therefore1 that the mere accident of being born a hundred years too soon should debar them from possessing such recognition of their rank4 ,even so late as ,henry ,,ii4 the bearing is still traditional1 and it is said that on his marriage with ,alianore1 eldest daughter of ,william1 ,duke of ,aquitaine and ,guienne1 he incorporated with his own two lions the single lion that 7it is asserted7 was the device of his father-in-law4 ,all this1 however1 is theory and surmise1 and we do not really find ourselves on the solid ground of fact until we come to the reign of ,richard ,coeur-de-,lion4 ,upon his second ,great ,seal we have the three lions just as they are represented in ,figs4 #bb1 #dc1 #dd1 and as they have been borne for centuries by successive sovereigns on their arms1 standards1 and coinage1 and as our readers may see them this day on the ,royal ,standard and on much of the money they may take out of their pockets4 ,the date of this ,great ,seal of ,king ,richard is #aaie ,a4,d41 so we have1 at all events1 a period of over seven hundred years1 waiving a break during the ,commonwealth1 in which the three golden lions on their scarlet field have typified the might of ,england4 #ca ,the rampant lion within the tressure1 the device of ,scotland--seen in the second quarter of our ,royal ,standard1 ,fig4 #dd--;is first seen on the ,great ,seal of ,king ,alexander ,,ii41 about ,a4,d4 #abcj1 and the same device1 without any modification of colour or form#ai was borne by all the ,sovereigns of ,scotland1 and on the accession of ,james to the throne of the ,united ,kingdom1 in the year #afjc1 the ruddy lion ramping on the field of gold became an integral part of the ,standard4 ,the ,scotch took considerable umbrage at their lion being placed in the second place1 while the lions of ,england were placed first1 as they asserted that ,scotland was a more ancient kingdom than ,england1 and that in any case1 on the death of ,queen ,elizabeth of ,england1 the ,scottish monarch virtually annexed the ,southern ,kingdom to his own1 and kindly undertook to get the ,southerners out of a dynastic difficulty by looking after the interests of ,england as well as ruling ,scotland4 ,this feeling of jealousy was so bitter and so potent that for many years after the ,union1 on all seals peculiar to ,scottish business and on the flags displayed north of the ,tweed1 the arms of ,scotland were placed in the first quarter4 ,it was also made a subject of complaint that in the ,union ,flag the cross of ,st4 ,george is placed over that of ,st4 ,andrew 7see ,figs4 #ij1 #ia1 #ib71 and that the lion of ,england acted as the dexter support of the royal shield instead of giving place to the ,scottish ,unicorn4 ,one can only be thankful that ,irish patriots have been too sensible or too indifferent to insist upon yet another modification1 requiring that whensoever and wheresoever the ,royal ,standard be hoisted in the ,emerald ,isle the ,irish harp should be placed in the first quarter4 ,while it is clearly impossible to place the device of each nationality first1 it is very desirable and1 in fact1 essential1 that the ,national ,arms and the ,royal ,standard should be identical in arrangement in all parts of the kingdom4 ,the notion of unity would be very inadequately carried out if we had a ,london version for ,buckingham ,palace1 an ,edinburgh version for ,holyrood1 and presently found the ,isle of ,saints and gallant little ,wales insisting on two other variants1 and the ,isle of ,man in insurrection because it was not allowed precedence of all four4 ,even so lately as the year #ahec1 on the issue of the florin1 the old jealousy blazed up again4 ,a statement was drawn up and presented to ,lord ,lyon1 ,king of ,arms1 setting forth anew the old grievances of the lions in the ,standard and the crosses in the ,flag of the ,union1 and adding that the new two-shilling #cb piece1 called a florin1 which has lately been issued1 bears upon the reverse four crowned shields1 the first or uppermost being the three lions passant of ,england2 the second1 or right hand proper1 the harp of ,ireland2 the third1 or left hand proper1 the lion rampant of ,scotland2 the fourth1 or lower1 the three lions of ,england repeated4 ,your petitioners beg to direct your ,lordship's attention to the position occupied by the arms of ,scotland upon this coin1 which are placed in the third shield instead of the second1 a preference being given to the arms of ,ireland over those of this kingdom4 ,it is curious that this document tacitly drops claim to the first place4 ,probably most of our readers--,scotch1 ,irish1 or ,english--feel but little sense of grievance in the matter1 and are quite willing1 if the coin be an insult1 to pocket it4 ,the border surrounding the lion is heraldically known as the tressure4 ,the date and the cause of its introduction are lost in antiquity4 ,the mythical story is that it was added by ,achaius1 ,king of ,scotland1 in the year #gib1 in token of alliance with ,charlemagne1 but in all probability these princes scarcely knew of the existence of each other4 ,the ,french and the ,scotch have often been in alliance1 and there can be little doubt but that the fleurs-de-lys that adorn the tressure point to some such early association of the two peoples2 an ancient writer1 ,nisbet1 takes the same view1 as he affirms that the ,tressure fleurie encompasses the lyon of ,scotland to show that he should defend the ,flower-de-luses1 and these to continue a defence to the lyon4 ,the first authentic illustration of the tressure in the arms of ,scotland dates from the year #abfj4 ,in the reign of ,james ,,iii41 in the year #adga it was ordaint that in tyme to cum thar suld be na double tresor about his armys1 but that he suld ber armys of the lyoun1 without ony mur4 ,if this ever took effect it must have been for a very short time4 ,we have seen no example of it4 ,ireland joined ,england and ,scotland in political union on ,january #ast1 #ahja1 but its device--the harp--was placed on the standard centuries before by right of conquest4 ,the first known suggestion for a real union on equal terms was made in the year #afdb in a pamphlet entitled ,the ,generall ,junto1 or the ,councell of ,union2 chosen equally out of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland for the better compacting of these nations into one monarchy4 ,by ,h4 ,p4 ,this ,h4 ,p4 was one ,henry ,parker4 ,fifty copies only of this tract were issued1 and those entirely for private circulation4 ,to persuade to union and commend the benefit of it--says the author--will be unnecessary4 ,divide et impera 7divide and rule7 is a fit saying for one who aims at the dissipation and perdition of his country4 ,honest counsellors have ever given contrary advice4 ,england and ,ireland are inseparably knit2 no severance is possible #cc but such as shall be violent and injurious4 ,ireland is an integral member of the ,kingdom of ,england3 both kingdoms are coinvested and connexed1 not more undivided than ,wales or ,cornwall4 ,the conquest of ,ireland was entered upon in the year #aagb1 in the reign of ,henry ,,ii41 but was scarcely completed until the surrender of ,limerick in #afia4 ,until #aedb it was styled not the ,kingdom but the ,lordship of ,ireland4 ,an early standard of ,ireland has three golden crowns on a blue field1 and arranged over each other as we see the ,english lions placed2 and a commission appointed in the reign of ,edward ,,iv41 to enquire what really were the arms of ,ireland1 reported in favour of the three crowns4 ,the early ,irish coinage bears these three crowns upon it1 as on the coins of ,henry ,v4 and his successors4 ,henry ,,viii4 substituted the harp on the coins1 but neither crowns nor harps nor any other device for ,ireland appear in the ,royal ,standard until the year #afjc1 after which date the harp has remained in continuous use till the present day4 ,in the ,harleian ,,ms41 ,no4 #cjd in the ,british ,museum1 we find the statement that the armes of ,irland is ,gules iij old harpes gold1 stringed argent 7as in ,fig4 #hg71 and on the silver coinage for ,ireland of ,queen ,elizabeth the shield bears these three harps4 ,at her funeral ,ireland was represented by a blue flag having a crowned harp of gold upon it1 and ,james ,i4 adopted this1 but without the crown1 as a quartering in his standard3 its first appearance on the ,royal ,standard of ,england4 ,why ,henry ,,viii4 substituted the harp for the three crowns is not really known4 ,some would have us believe that the king was apprehensive that the three crowns might be taken as symbolising the triple crown of the ,pope2 while others suggest that ,henry1 being presented by the ,pope with the supposed harp of ,brian ,boru1 was induced to change the arms of ,ireland by placing on her coins the representation of this relic of her most celebrated native king4 ,the ,earl of ,northampton1 writing in the reign of ,james ,i41 suggests yet a third explanation4 ,the best reason1 saith he1 that ,i can observe for the bearing thereof is1 it resembles that country in being such an instrument that it requires more cost to keep it in tune than it is worth4#bj #cd ,the ,royal ,standard should only be hoisted when the ,sovereign or some member of the royal family is actually within the palace or castle1 or at the saluting point1 or on board the vessel where we see it flying1 though this rule is by no means observed in practice4 ,the only exception really permitted to this is that on certain royal anniversaries it is hoisted at some few fortresses at home and abroad that are specified in the ,queen's ,regulations4 ,the ,royal ,standard of ,england was1 we have seen1 in its earliest form a scarlet flag1 having three golden lions upon it1 and it was so borne by ,richard ,i41 ,john1 ,henry ,,iii41 ,edward ,i41 and ,edward ,,ii4 ,edward ,,iii4 also bore it for the first thirteen years of his reign1 so that this simple but beautiful flag was the royal banner for over one hundred and fifty years4 ,edward ,,iii41 on his claim in the year #acdj to be ,king of ,france as well as of ,england1 quartered the golden fleurs-de-lys of that kingdom with the lions of ,england4#ba ,this remained the ,royal ,standard throughout the rest of his long reign4 ,throughout the reign of ,richard ,,ii4 7#acgg to #acii7 the royal banner was divided in half by an upright line1 all on the outer half being like that of ,edward ,,iii41 while the half next the staff was the golden cross and martlets on the blue ground1 assigned to ,edward the ,confessor1 his patron saint1 as shown in ,fig4 #ai4 ,on the accession of ,henry ,,iv4 to the throne1 the cross and martlets disappeared1 and he reverted to the simple quartering of ,france and ,england4 ,originally the fleurs-de-lys were scattered freely over the field1 seme or sown1 as it is termed heraldically1 so that besides several in the centre that showed their complete form1 others at the margin were more or less imperfect4 ,on turning to ,fig4 #ahh1 an early ,french flag1 we see this disposition of them very clearly4 ,charles ,v4 of ,france in the year #acfe reduced the number to three1 as in ,fig4 #ahd1 whereupon ,henry ,,iv4 of ,england followed suit2 his ,royal ,standard is shown in ,fig4 #bb4 ,this remained the ,royal ,standard throughout the reigns of ,henry ,v41 ,henry ,,vi41 ,edward ,,iv41 ,edward ,v41 ,richard ,,iii41 ,henry ,,vii41 ,henry ,,viii41 ,edward ,,vi41 ,mary and ,elizabeth--a period of two hundred years4 ,on the accession of the ,house of ,stuart1 the flag was rearranged4 ,its first and fourth quarters were themselves quartered again1 these small quarterings being the ,french fleur-de-lys and the ,english lions2 while the second quarter was the lion of ,scotland1 and the third the ,irish harp2 the first appearance of either of these latter kingdoms in the ,royal ,standard4 ,this form remained in use throughout the reigns of ,james ,i41 ,charles ,i41 ,charles ,,ii41 and ,james ,,ii4 ,the last semblance of dominion in ,france had long #ce since passed away1 but it will be seen that alike on coinage1 arms1 and ,standard the fiction was preserved1 and ,londoners may see at ,whitehall the statue still standing of ,james ,,ii41 bearing on its pedestal the inscription--,jacobus secundus ,dei ,gratia ,angli1 ,scoti1 ,franci et ,hiberni ,rex4 ,during the ,protectorate1 both the ,union ,flag and the ,standard underwent several modifications1 but the form that the personal ,standard of ,cromwell finally assumed may be seen in ,fig4 #hc1 where the ,cross of ,st4 ,george for ,england1 ,st4 ,andrew for ,scotland1 and the harp for ,ireland1 symbolise the three kingdoms1 while over all1 on a shield1 are placed the personal arms of the ,protector--a silver lion rampant on a sable field4 ,william ,,iii41 on his landing in ,england1 displayed a standard which varied in many respects from those of his royal predecessors1 since it contained not only the arms themselves1 but these were represented as displayed on an escutcheon1 surmounted by the crown1 and supported on either side by the lion and unicorn4 ,above all this was the inscription ,for the ,protestant ,religion and the ,liberties of ,england1#bb while beneath it was je maintiendray4 ,the arms on the shield are too complex for adequate description without the aid of a diagram2 suffice it to say that in addition to the insignia of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,france1 were eight others dealing with the devices of smaller ,continental possessions appertaining to the new monarch4 ,when matters had settled down and his throne was assured1 the aggressive inscription1 etc41 disappeared1 and the ,royal ,standard of ,william and his ,consort ,mary1 the daughter of ,king ,james1 reverted to the form used by the ,stuart ,sovereigns1 plus in the centre a small escutcheon bearing the arms of ,nassau1 these being a golden lion rampant1 surrounded by golden billets1 upon a shield of azure4 ,the ,royal ,standard of ,queen ,anne bore the devices of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,france4 ,on the accession of ,george ,i4 the arms of ,hanover were added1 and from #agad to #ahja the flag was as shown in ,fig4 #dc4 ,the flag of ,anne was very similar to this1 only instead of ,hanover in the fourth quarter1 the arms of ,england and ,scotland1 as we see them in the first quarter1 were simply repeated in the fourth4 ,the ,hanoverian quarter1 ,fig4 #dc1 was made up as follows3--,the two lions on the red field are the device of ,brunswick2 the blue lion rampant1 surrounded by the red hearts1 is the device of ,lunenburg2 the galloping white horse is for ,saxony2 and over all is the golden crown of ,charlemagne as an indication of the claim set up of being the successor of that potent ,sovereign4 ,the horse #cf of ,saxony is said to have been borne sable by the early kings1 previous to the conversion to ,christianity of ,witekind1 ,a4,d4 #ghe4 ,verstigan1 however1 tells us that the ensign of ,hengist at the time of the invasion of ,england by the ,saxons was a leaping white horse on a red ground4 ,the white horse is still the county badge for ,kent4 ,the flag1 as we see it in ,fig4 #dc1 was that of ,george ,i4 and ,george ,,ii41 and remained in use until the forty-second year of the reign of ,george ,,iii4 ,on ,january #bnd1 #ahja1 the ,fleurs-de-lys of ,france were at length removed1 and the flag had its four quarters as follows3--,first and fourth ,england1 second ,scotland1 and third ,ireland2 the arms of ,hanover being placed on a shield in the centre of the flag4 ,this remained the ,royal ,standard during the rest of the reign of ,george ,,iii41 and throughout the reigns of ,george ,,iv4 and ,william ,,iv4 ,on the accession of ,victoria the operation of the ,salique law severed the connexion of ,hanover with ,england1 and the present ,royal ,standard is as shown in ,fig4 #dd1 being in its arrangement similar to that of ,george ,,iv4 and ,william ,,iv41 except that the small central shield1 bearing the arms of ,hanover1 is now removed4#bc ,we turn now to the ,national ,flag4 ,as the feudal constitution of the fighting force passed away1 the use of private banners disappeared1 and men1 instead of coming to the field as the retainers of some great nobleman and fighting under his leadership and beneath his flag1 were welded into a national army under the direct command of the king and such leaders as he might appoint4 ,the days when a great noble could change the fortunes of the day by withdrawing his vassals or transferring himself and them1 on the eve of the fight1 to the opposing party1 were over1 and men fought no longer in the interests of ,warwick or of ,percy1 but in the cause of ,england and beneath the banner of ,st4 ,george1 the national ,patron ,saint4 ,thou1 amongst those saints whom thou dost see1 ,shall be a saint1 and thine own nation's frend ,and patron3 thou ,saint ,george shalt called bee1 ,saint ,george of ,mery ,england1 the sign of victoree4#bd #cg ,at the siege of ,antioch1 according to ,robertus ,monachus1 a ,benedictine of ,rheims who flourished about the year #aabj1 and wrote a history of the ,crusade1 ,our ,souldiers being wearied with the long continuance of the ,battaile1 and seeing that the number of enemies decreased not1 began to faint2 when suddenly an infinite number of ,heavenly ,souldiers all in white descended from the ,mountains1 the ,standard-bearer and leaders of them being ,saint ,george1 ,saint ,maurice1 and ,saint ,demetrius1 which when the ,bishop of ,le ,puy first beheld he cryed aloud unto his troopes1 ',there are they 7saith he7 the succours which in the name of ,god ,i promised to you4' ,the issue of the miracle was this1 that presently the enemies did turne their backs and lost the field3 these being slaine1 #ajj1jjj horse1 beside foot innumerable1 and in their trenches such infinite store of victuals and munition found that served not only to refresh the wearied ,christians1 but to confound the enemy4 ,this great victory at ,antioch led to the recovery of ,jerusalem4 ,at the ,crusades ,england1 ,arragon1 and ,portugal all assumed ,st4 ,george as their patron saint4 ,throughout the ,middle ,ages the war-cry of the ,english was the name of this patron saint4 ,the blyssed and holy ,martyr ,saynt ,george is patron of this realme of ,englande1 and the crye of men of warre1 we read in the ,golden ,legend1 and readers of ,shakespeare will readily recall illustrations4 ,thus in ,king ,richard ,,ii4 we read3-- ,sound drums and trumpets1 boldly and cheerfully1 ,god and ,st4 ,george6 ,richard and victory4 or again in ,king ,henry ,v4 where the king at the siege of ,harfleur cries1 ,the game's afoot1 ,follow your spirit1 and upon this charge ,cry1 ,god for ,harry1 ,england1 and ,st4 ,george6 while in ,king ,henry ,,vi4 we find the line1 ,then strike up1 drums--,god and ,st4 ,george for us6#be ,at the battle of ,poitiers1 ,september #aith1 #acef1 upon the advance of the ,english1 the ,constable of ,france threw himself1 ,lingard tells us1 across their path with the battle shout1 ,mountjoy1 ,st4 ,denis1 which was at once answered by ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,george1 and in the onrush of the ,english the ,duke and the greater part of his #ch followers were swept away1 and in a few minutes slain4 ,in an interesting old poem on the siege of ,rouen in #adah1 written by an eye-witness1 we read that on the surrender of the city1 ,whanne the gate was openyd there ,and thay weren ready in to fare1 ,trumpis blew ther bemys of bras1 ,pipis and clarionys forsoothe ther was4 ,and as they entrid thay gaf a schowte ,with ther voyce that was full stowte1 ,seint ,george6 ,seint ,george6 thay criden on height ,and seide1 ,welcome oure kynges righte6 ,we have before us1 as we write1 ,the story of that most blessed ,saint and ,souldier of ,christ ,jesus1 ,st4 ,george of ,cappadocia1 as detailed by ,peter ,heylyn1 and published in #afcc1 and the temptation to quote at length from it is great1 as it is full of most interesting matter1 but into the history of ,st4 ,george space forbids us to go at any length4 ,the author of the ,seven ,champions of ,christendom makes ,st4 ,george to be born of ,english parentage at ,coventry1 but for this there is no authority whatever1 and all other writers make ,cappadocia his birthplace4 ,the history of ,st4 ,george is more obscure than that of any name of equal eminence in the ,calendar4 ,according to the ,acta ,sanctorum he was the son of noble parents1 became famous as a soldier1 and1 embracing ,christianity1 was tortured to death at ,nicomedia in the year #cjc4 ,the hero won his well-earned place1 ,amid the ,saints1 in death's dread hour2 ,and still the peasant seeks his grave1 ,and1 next to ,god1 reveres his power4 ,in many a ,church his form is seen1 ,with sword1 and shield1 and helmet sheen2 ,ye know him by his shield of pride1 ,and by the dragon at his side4 ,as ,patron ,saint1 the dragon vanquisher is still seen on our crowns and sovereigns1 and reference to such a book as ,ruding's history of our coinage will show that it has for centuries been a popular device4 ,in #abde1 on ,st4 ,george's ,day1 ,frederic of ,austria instituted an order of knighthood and placed it under the guardianship of the soldier-saint1 and its white banner1 bearing the ruddy cross1 floated in battle alongside that of the ,empire4 ,in like manner on ,st4 ,george's ,day1 in the year #acej1 ,edward ,,iii4 of ,england instituted the order of the ,garter with great solemnity4 #ci ,st4 ,george's ,day1 ,april #bcrd1 has too long been suffered to pass almost unregarded4 ,the annual festivals of ,st4 ,andrew1 ,st4 ,patrick1 and ,st4 ,david are never overlooked by the members of the various nationalities1 and it seems distinctly a thing to be regretted that the ,englishman should allow the name day of his ,patron ,saint to pass unnoticed4#bf ,whatever conduces to the recognition of national life is valuable1 and anything that reminds ,englishmen of their common ties and common duties--and reminds them1 too1 of their glorious heritage in the past--should scarcely be allowed to fall into disuse4 ,butler1 in his ,lives of the ,fathers and ,martyrs1 tell us that at the great ,national ,council1 held at ,oxford in #abbb1 it was commanded that the ,feast of ,st4 ,george should be kept4 ,in the year #adae1 by the ,constitutions of ,archbishop ,chichely1 ,st4 ,george's ,day was made one of the greater feasts and ordered to be observed the same as ,christmas ,day4 ,in #aede a special collect1 epistle1 and gospel were prepared1 and at the ,reformation1 when many of the ,saints' ,days were swept away1 this was preserved with all honour1 and it was not till the sixth year of the reign of ,edward ,,vi41 when another revision was made1 that in ,the ,catalogue of such ,festivals as are to be ,observed ,st4 ,george's day was omitted4 ,the ,cross of ,st4 ,george was worn as a badge1#bg over the armour1 by every ,english soldier in the fourteenth and subsequent centuries1 even if the custom did not prevail at a much earlier period4 ,the following extract from the ordinances made for the government of the army with which ,richard ,,ii4 invaded ,scotland in #achf1 is a good illustration of this1 wherein it is ordered that everi man of what estate1 condicion1 or nation thei be of1 so that he be of owre partie1 here a signe of the armes of ,saint ,george1 large1 bothe before and behynde1 upon parell that yf he be slayne or wounded to deth1 he that hath so doon to hym shall not be putte to deth for defaulte of the cross that he lacketh4 ,and that non enemy do bere the same token or crosse of ,saint ,george1 notwithstandyng if he be prisoner1 upon payne of deth4 ,it was the flag of battle1 and we see it represented in the old prints and illuminations that deal with military operations both on land and sea4 ,ordinarily it is the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 pure and simple1 as shown in ,fig4 #ia1 while at #dj other times1 as in ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 it forms a portion only of the flag4 ,the red cross on the white field was the flag under which the great seamen of ,elizabeth's reign traded1 explored1 or fought2 the flag that ,drake bore round the world--that ,frobisher unfolded amidst the ,arctic solitudes--that gallant ,englishmen1 the wide world over1 bore at the call of duty and died beneath1 if need be1 for the honour of the old home land2 and to this day the flag of the ,english ,admiral is the same simple and beautiful device1 and the white ensign of the ,british ,navy1 ,fig4 #ie1 is similar1 except that it bears1 in addition1 the ,union2 while the ,union flag itself1 ,fig4 #ij1 bears conspicuously the ruddy cross of the warrior ,saint4 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #gd and #adj are all sea-pennants bearing the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,the first of these is from a painting of ,h4,m4,s4 ,tiger1 painted by ,van de ,velde1 while ,fig4 #bg is flying from one of the ships represented in the picture by ,volpe of the embarkation of ,henry ,,viii4 from ,dover on his way to the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold4 ,fig4 #gd is from a picture of ,h4,m4,s4 ,lion1 engaging the ,french ship ,elisabethe1 on ,july #ith1 #agde1 the latter being fitted out to escort the ,young ,pretender to ,scotland4 ,though the red1 white1 and blue stripes suggest the ,french tricolor1 their employment in the pennant has1 of course1 no reference to ,france4 ,the ,lion had at the foremast the plain red streamer seen at ,fig4 #be4 ,fig4 #adj is the pennant flown at the present day by all ,colonial armed vessels1 while the pennant of the ,royal ,navy is purely white1 with the exception of the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,in a picture by ,van de ,velde1 the property of the ,queen1 representing a sea fight on ,august #aath1 #afgc1 between the ,english1 ,french1 and ,dutch1 we see some of the vessels with streamers similar to ,fig4 #adj1 thus ante-dating the ,colonial flag by over two hundred years4 ,as we have at the present time the white ensign1 ,fig4 #ie1 the special flag of the ,royal ,navy2 the blue ensign1 ,fig4 #if1 the distinguishing flag of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve2 and the red ensign1 ,fig4 #ig1 the flag of the ,merchant ,service1 each with the ,union in the upper corner next the mast1 so in earlier days we find the white flag1 ,fig4 #fe1 the red flag1 ,fig4 #ff1 and the blue1 each having in the upper corner the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,fig4 #fi becomes1 by the addition of the blue1 a curious modification of ,fig4 #ff4 ,it is from a sea piece of the sixteenth century4 ,it was displayed at the poop of a vessel1 while ,fig4 #gi is the ,jack on the bowsprit4 ,a hundred years ago or so1 we may see that there was a considerable variety in the flags borne by our men-o'-war4 ,such galleries as those at ,hampton ,court or ,greenwich afford many examples of this in the pictures there displayed4 ,in a picture of a battle off ,dominica1 on ,april #abth1 #aghb1 we find1 one of the ,english #da ships has two great square flags on the foremast1 the upper one being plain red1 and the lower one half blue and half white in horizontal stripes1 while the main mast is surmounted by the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 and below it a tricolor of red1 white1 and blue in horizontal stripes4 ,other ships show equally curious variations1 though we need not stop to detail them1 except that in one case both fore and mizen masts are surmounted by plain red flags4 ,in a picture of ,rodney's ,action off ,cape ,st4 ,vincent1 on ,january #afth1 #aghj1 we meet with all these flags again4 ,in the representation of an action between an ,english and ,french fleet on ,may #crd1 #agdg1 off ,cape ,finisterre1 we notice that the ,english ships have a blue ensign at the poop1 and one of them has a great plain blue flag at the foremast1 and a great plain red flag at the main-mast head4 ,in a picture of the taking of ,portobello1 ,november #bast1 #agci1 we notice the same thing again4 ,these plain surfaces of blue or red are very curious4 ,it will naturally occur to the reader that these are signal flags1 but anyone seeing the pictures would scarcely continue to hold that view1 as their large size precludes the idea4 ,in the picture of ,h4,m4,s4 ,tiger that we have already referred to1 the flag with five red stripes that we have represented in ,fig4 #gj is at the poop1 while from the bow is hoisted a flag of four stripes1 and from the three mastheads are flags1 having three red stripes4 ,these striped red and white flags may often be seen4 ,perhaps the most extraordinary grouping of flags may be seen in a picture of a naval review in the reign of ,george ,i4 ,it was on exhibition at the ,great ,naval ,exhibition at ,chelsea1 and is in private ownership4 ,all the vessels are dressed in immense flags1 and these are of the most varied description4 ,it must be borne in mind that these are government bunting1 not the irresponsible vagaries of private eccentricity4 ,besides the reasonable and orthodox flags1 such as those represented in ,figs4 #fe1 #ff1 and others of equal propriety1 we find one striped all over in red1 white1 blue1 red1 white1 blue1 in six horizontal stripes4 ,another1 with a yellow cross on a white ground2 a third1 a white eagle on a blue field2 another1 a red flag inscribed--,for the ,protestant ,religion and the ,liberty of ,england2 while another is like ,fig4 #fe1 only instead of having a red cross on white1 it has a blue one instead4 ,an altogether strange assortment4 ,figs4 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 and #gh are flags of the ,london ,trained ,bands of the year #afdc4 ,the different regiments were known by the colour of their flags1 thus ,fig4 #fg is the flag of the blue regiment1 ,fig4 #fh of the yellow1 ,fig4 #gb of the green1 and ,fig4 #gh of the yellow regiment auxiliaries4 ,other flags were as follows3--white1 with red lozenges2 green1 with golden wavy rays2 orange1 with white trefoils2 in each case the ,cross of ,st4 ,george being in the canton4 #db ,in a list before us of the ,edinburgh ,trained ,bands for #afhe we find that the different bodies are similarly distinguished by colours4#bh ,on the union of the two crowns at the accession of ,james ,,vi4 of ,scotland and ,i4 of ,england to the ,english throne1 the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew1 ,fig4 #ib1 was combined with that of ,st4 ,george4 ,the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew has been held in the same high esteem north of the ,tweed that the ,southrons have bestowed on the ensign of ,st4 ,george4 ,it will be seen that it is shaped like the letter ,x4 ,tradition hath it that the ,saint1 deeming it far too great an honour to be crucified as was his ,lord1 gained from his persecutors the concession of this variation4 ,it is legendarily asserted that this form of cross appeared in the sky to ,achaius1 ,king of the ,scots1 the night before a great battle with ,athelstane1 and1 being victorious1 he went barefoot to the church of ,st4 ,andrew1 and vowed to adopt his cross as the national device4 ,the sacred monogram that replaced the ,roman eagles under ,constantine1 the cross on the flag of ,denmark1 the visions of ,joan of ,arc1 and many other suchlike illustrations1 readily occur to one's mind as indicative of the natural desire to see the potent aid of ,heaven visibly manifested in justification of earthly ambitions1 or a celestial support and encouragement in time of national discomfiture4 ,figs4 #ge and #gf are examples of the ,scottish red and blue ensigns4 ,the first of these is from a picture at ,hampton ,court1 where a large ,scottish warship is represented as having a flag of this character at the main1 and smaller but similar colours at the other mastheads and on the bowsprit4 ,the famous banner1 the historic blue blanket1 borne by the ,scots in the ,crusades1 was on its return deposited over the altar of ,st4 ,eloi in ,st4 ,giles' ,church1 ,edinburgh1 and the queen of ,james ,,ii41 we read1 painted on its field of azure the white ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew1 the crown1 and the thistle4 ,st4 ,eloi was the patron saint of blacksmiths1 and this craft was made the guardian of the flag1 and it became the symbol of the associated trades of ancient ,edinburgh4 ,king ,james ,,vi41 when venting his indignation against his too independent subjects1 exclaimed1 ,the craftsmen think we should be contented with their work1 and if in anything they be controlled1 then up goes the blue blanket4 ,the craftsmen were as independent and difficult to manage as the ,london ,trained ,bands often proved1 but ,king ,james ,,vi4 found it expedient to confirm them in #dc all their privileges1 and ordered that the flag should at all times be known as the ,standard of the ,crafts1 and later ,sovereigns found it impossible to take away these privileges when they had once been granted4 ,this flag was borne at ,flodden ,field4 ,beside the cross1 crown1 and thistle it bore on a scroll on the upper part of the flag the inscription1 ,fear ,god and honor the king with a long lyffe and prosperous reigne1 and on the lower portion the words1 ,and we that is trades shall ever pray to be faithfull for the defence of his ,sacred ,majesties' persone till deathe1 an inscription that scarcely seems to harmonise with the turbulent spirit that scandalised this sovereign so greatly4 ,the flags borne by the ,covenanters in their struggle for liberty varied much in their details1 but in the great majority of cases bore upon them the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew1 often accompanied by the thistle1 and in most cases by some form of inscription4 ,several of these are still extant4 ,in one that was borne at ,bothwell ,brig1 and now preserved in the ,museum of the ,society of ,antiquaries1 ,edinburgh1 the four blue triangles 7see ,fig4 #ib for these7 are filled with the words1 ,for ,religion----,couenants----,king----and ,kingdomes4 ,the ,avondale flag was a white one1 having the cross1 white on blue1 as in ,fig4 #ge1 in the corner4 ,on the field of the flag was the inscription1 ,avondale for ,religion1 ,covenant1 and ,king1#bi and beneath this a thistle worked in the national green and crimson4 ,a very interesting ,exhibition of ,scottish national memorials was held at ,glasgow in #ahhh1 and many of these old ,covenant flags were there displayed4 ,at the great ,heraldic ,exhibition held in ,edinburgh in #ahia1 one of the most interesting things shown was the ,cavers ,standard4 ,this is of sage green silk1 twelve feet by three4 ,it bears the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew next the staff1 and divers other devices are scattered over the rest of the flag4 ,it is in excellent preservation1 and its special interest lies in the fact that it is said to have been the standard of ,james1 second ,earl of ,douglas and ,mar1 and borne by his son at the battle of ,otterburn in the year #achh4 ,if this be so it is one of the oldest flags in existence4 ,on the signet-ring of ,mary ,queen of ,scots the white ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew is not shown on its usual blue ground1 but on a ground striped blue and yellow1 the royal colours2 in the same way that the ,st4 ,george's ,cross is shown in ,fig4 #ga1 not on a #dd white ground1 but on a ground striped white and green1 the ,tudor colours4 ,why ,st4 ,andrew was selected to be the ,patron ,saint of ,scotland has never been satisfactorily settled4#cj ,some uncharitable enquirer has hazarded the explanation that it was because it was this ,apostle who discovered the lad who had the loaves and fishes4 ,others tell us that one ,hungus1 a ,pictish prince1 dreamt that the ,saint was to be his champion in a fight just then pending with the men of ,northumbria1 and that a cross--the symbol of the crucifixion of this ,apostle--appeared in the sky1 the celestial omen strengthening the hearts and arms of the men of ,hungus to such effect that the ,northumbrians were completely routed4 ,should neither of these explanations appear sufficiently explanatory1 we can offer yet a third4 ,on the martyrdom of ,st4 ,andrew1 in the year #fi1 at ,patr1 in ,achaia1 his remains were carefully preserved as relics1 but in the year #cgj1 ,regulus1 one of the ,greek monks who had them in their keeping1 was warned in a vision that the ,emperor ,constantine was proposing to translate these remains to ,constantinople1 and that he must at once visit the shrine and remove thence an arm bone1 three fingers of the right hand1 and a tooth1 and carry them away over sea to the west4 ,regulus was much troubled at the vision1 but hastened to obey it1 so putting the relics into a chest he set sail with some half-dozen other ecclesiastics1 to whom he confided the celestial instructions that he had received4 ,after a stormy voyage the vessel was at last dashed upon a rock1 and ,regulus and his companions landed on an unknown shore1 and found themselves in a dense and gloomy forest4 ,here they were presently discovered by the aborigines1 whose leader listened to their story and gave them land on which to build a church for the glory of ,god and the enshrining of the relics4 ,this inhospitable shore proved to be that of ,caledonia1 stern and wild1 and the little forest church and hamlet that sprang up around it were the nucleus that thence and to the present day have been known as ,st4 ,andrews1 a thriving1 busy town in ,fife1 and for centuries the seat of a bishopric4 ,on ,july #eth1 #acah1 ,robert the ,bruce repaired hither and testified his gratitude to ,god for the victory vouchsafed to the ,scots at ,bannockburn by the intercession of ,st4 ,andrew1 guardian of the realm1 when thirty thousand ,scots defeated one hundred thousand ,englishmen4 ,what ,st4 ,george could have been doing to allow this1 seems a very legitimate question1 but we can scarcely wonder that the ,scots should very gladly appoint so potent a protector their patron1 and look to him for succour in all their national difficulties4 ,on the blending of the two kingdoms into one under the #de sovereignty of ,king ,james1#ca it became necessary to devise a new flag that should typify this union and blend together the emblems of the puissant ,st4 ,george and the no less honoured ,st4 ,andrew1 and the flag represented in ,fig4 #gc was the result--the flag of the ,united ,kingdoms of ,england and ,scotland1 henceforth to be known as ,great ,britain4 ,the ,royal ,ordinance#cb ran as follows3--,whereas some difference hath arisen between our subjects of ,south and ,north ,britain1 travelling by seas1 about the bearing of their flags1--for the avoiding of all such contentions hereafter we have1 with the advice of our ,council1 ordered that from henceforth all our subjects of this isle and kingdom of ,greater ,britain1 and the members thereof1 shall bear in their maintop the ,red ,cross1 commonly called ,st4 ,george's ,cross1 and the ,white ,cross1 commonly called ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross1 joined together1 according to a form made by our ,heralds1 and sent by us to our ,admiral to be published to our said subjects3 and in their fore-top our subjects of ,south ,britain shall wear the ,red ,cross only1 as they were wont1 and our subjects of ,north ,britain in their fore-top the ,white ,cross only1 as they were accustomed4 ,wherefore we will and command all our subjects to be comparable and obedient to this our order1 and that from henceforth they do not use or bear their flags in any other sort1 as they will answer the contrary at their peril4 ,such a proclamation was sorely needed1 as there was much ill-will and jealousy between the sailors and others of the two nationalities1 and the ,union flag itself1 when our heralds produced it1 did not by any means please the ,north1 and the right to carry in fore-top the ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross pure and simple was a concession that failed to conciliate them4 ,the great grievance was that1 as we see in ,fig4 #gc1 the ,cross of ,st4 ,george was placed in front of that of ,st4 ,andrew1 and the ,scottish ,privy ,council1 in a letter dated ,edinburgh1 ,august #gth1 #afjf1 thus poured forth their feelings3--,most sacred ,soverayne1 a greate nomber of the maisteris of the schippis of this your ,majesties kingdome hes verie havelie complenit to your ,majesties ,counsell1 that the forme and patrone of the flagges of schippis sent down heir and command it to be ressavit and used be the subjectis of both kingdomes is verie prejudiciall to the fredome and dignitie of this ,estate1 and wil gif occasioun of reprotche to this natioun quhairevir the said flage sal happin to be worne beyond sea1 #df becaus1 as your ,sacred ,majestie may persave1 the ,scottis ,croce1 callit ,sanctandrois ,croce1 is twyse divydit1 and the ,inglishe ,croce1 callit ,sanct ,george1 drawne through the ,scottis ,croce1 which is thereby obscurit1 and no token nor mark to be seene of the ,scottis armes4 ,this will breid some heit and miscontentment betwix your ,majesties subjectis1 and it is to be feirit that some inconvenientis sall fall oute betwix thame1 for our seyfaring men cannot be inducit to resave that flage as it is set down4 ,they have drawne two new drauchtis and patrones as most indifferent for both kingdomes1 whiche they presentid to the ,counsell1 and craved our approbation of the same1 but we haif reserved that to your ,majestie's princelie determinatioun1 as moir particularlie the ,erll of ,mar1 who was present1 and herd their complaynt1 and to whom we haif remittit the discourse and delyverie of that mater1 will informe your ,majestie and let your ,heynes see the errour of the first patrone and the indifferencie of the two newe drauchties4 ,these draughts are not to be found1 nor does it appear that any notice was taken of the complaint4 ,the ,scottish ,union flag1 as carefully depicted in a scarce little work published in #agja1 and entitled ,the ,ensigns1 ,colours1 and ,flags of the ,ships at ,sea1 belonging to the several ,princes and ,states in the ,world1 may be seen in ,fig4 #hh4 ,in it will be noted that the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew is placed in front of that of ,st4 ,george--anyone comparing ,figs4 #gc and #hh will readily see wherein they differ4 ,though its appearance in a book of sea-flags would seem to imply that such a flag had been made1 we know of no other instance of it4 ,fig4 #hd was also suggested as a solution of the problem1 but here we get false heraldry1 the blue in contact with the red1 and in any case a rather weak-looking arrangement4 ,the painful truth is that when two persons ride the same animal they cannot both be in front1 and no amount of heraldic ingenuity will make two devices on a flag to be of equal value4 ,the position next the staff is accounted more honourable than that remote from it1 and the upper portion of the flag is more honourable than the lower4#cc ,at first sight it might appear that matters are impartially dealt out in ,fig4 #ha1 but the position next the staff is given to ,st4 ,george1 and in the quartered arrangement1 ,fig4 #he1 the same holds true4 ,both these were suggestions made at the time the difficulty was felt1 but both were discarded in favour of the arrangement shown in ,fig4 #gc4 ,this ,union ,flag is not very often met with4 ,it occurrs on one of the great seals of ,charles ,,ii41 and is seen also as a ,jack on the #dg bowsprits of ships in paintings of early naval battles4 ,it may1 by good fortune1 be seen also on the two colours of the #hbnd regiment that in the year #aghc were suspended in ,st4 ,giles'1 ,edinburgh1 and a very good illustration of it may be seen in the ,national ,gallery1 where1 in a battle scene by ,copley1 representing the death of ,major ,peirson1 at ,st4 ,helier1 ,jersey1 on ,january #fth1 #agha1 this ,union flag is conspicuous in the centre of the picture4 ,we have it again in ,fig #eg1 the original flag of the ,east ,india ,company2 the difference between this and the second ,union ,flag1 made on the admission of ,ireland's ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick1 may be very well seen on a comparison of ,figs4 #eg and #fa4 ,we have it again in ,figs4 #adb and #adc1 flags of the revolting ,american ,colonists before they had thrown off all allegiance to the ,old ,country4 ,a knowledge of the history of the flag has not only interest1 but is of some little importance4 ,we remember seeing a picture of the sailing of the ,mayflower1 in which1 by a curious lack of a little technical knowledge1 the flag depicted was the ,union ,flag of to-day1 which did not come into existence until the first year of the present century1 whereas the historic event represented in the picture took place in the year #afbj4 ,in a fresco in the ,house of ,lords1 representing ,charles ,,ii4 landing in ,england1#cd the artist has introduced a boat bearing the present ,union ,flag4 ,in each of these cases it is evident that it should have been the first ,union--that of ,england and ,scotland--that the flag should have testified to4 ,charles ,i4 issued a proclamation on ,may #eth1 #afcd1 forbidding any but the ,royal ships to carry the ,union flag2 all merchantmen1 according to their nationality1 being required to show either the ,cross of ,st4 ,george or that of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,queen ,anne1 on ,july #bhth1 #agjg1 required that merchant vessels should fly a red flag with a ,union ,jack described in a canton at the upper corner thereof1 next the staff1 while the ,union ,flag1 as before1 was reserved for the ,royal ,navy4 ,this merchant flag1 if we cut out the inscription there shown1 would be similar to ,fig4 #adb4 ,this is interesting1 because1 after many changes1 so lately as ,october #ahth1 #ahfd1 it was ordered that the red ensign once again should be the distinguishing flag of the commercial marine2 the present flag is given in ,fig4 #ig4 ,it is further interesting because this proclamation of ,queen ,anne's is the first time that the term ,union ,jack1 so far as we are aware1 is officially used4 ,technically1 our national banner should be called the ,union ,flag1 though in ordinary parlance it is always called the ,union ,jack4 #dh ,the latter flag is a diminutive of the former1 and the term ought in strictness to be confined to the small ,union ,flag flown from the ,jack-staff on the bowsprit of a ship4 ,the ,union ,flag is1 besides this1 only used as the special distinguishing flag of an ,admiral of the ,fleet1 when it is hoisted at the main top-gallant mast-head1 and when the ,sovereign is on board a vessel1 in which case the ,royal ,standard is flown at the main and the ,union at the mizen4 ,with a white border round it1 as in ,fig4 #ajd1 it is the signal for a pilot3 hence this is called the ,pilot ,jack4 ,the sea flags now in use are the white1 red1 and blue ensigns1 ,figs4 #ie1 #if1 #ig1 to be hereafter described1 while the ,union flag is devoted especially to land service1 being hoisted on fortresses and government offices1 and borne by the troops4 ,why the flag should be called ,jack at all has been the subject of much controversy4 ,it is ordinarily suggested that the derivation is from ,jacques1 the ,french word for ,james1 the ,union ,jack springing into existence under his auspices4 ,why it should be given this ,french name does not seem very clear1 except that many of the terms used in blazonry are ,french in their origin4 ,it never seems to have been suggested that1 granting the reference to ,king ,james1 the ,latin ,jacobus would be a more appropriate explanation1 as the ,latin names of our kings have for centuries supplanted the earlier ,norman-,french on their coins1 seals1 and documents4 ,several other theories have been broached1 of varying degrees of improbability2 one of these deriving it from the word jaque#ce 7hence our modern jacket71 the surcoat worn over the armour in medival days4 ,this1 we have seen1 had the ,cross of ,st4 ,george always represented on it2 but there is no proof that the jaque was ever worn with the union of the two crosses upon it1 so that the derivation breaks down just at the critical point4 ,the present flag came into existence in the reign of ,king ,george1 but no one ever dreams on this account1 or any other1 of calling it the ,union ,george4 ,on the death of ,charles ,i41 the partnership between ,england and ,scotland was dissolved1 and the ,union ,flag1 ,fig4 #gc1 therefore1 was disestablished1 and was only restored in the general ,restoration1 when the ,commonwealth and ,protectorate had run their course1 and ,charles ,,ii4 ascended the throne of his forefathers4 ,the earliest ,commonwealth ,flag was a simple reversion to the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 ,fig4 #ia4 ,at a meeting of the ,council of ,state1 held on ,february #bbnd1 #afdh-di1 it was ordered that the ships at sea in service of the ,state shall onely beare the red ,crosse #di in a white flag4 ,that the engravings upon the ,sterne of ye ships shall be the ,armes of ,england and ,ireland in two ,scutcheons1 as is used in the ,seals1 and that a warrant be issued to ye ,commissioners of ye ,navy to see it put in execution with all speed4 ,the communication thus ordered to be made to the ,commissioners was in form a letter from the ,president of the ,council as follows3--,to ye ,commissioners of ye ,navy4--,gentlemen1--,there hath beene a report made to the ,councell by ,sir ,henry ,mildmay of your desire to be informed what is to be borne in the flaggs of those ,ships that are in the ,service of the ,state1 and what to be upon the ,sterne in lieu of the ,armes formerly thus engraven4 ,upon the consideration of the ,councell whereof1 the ,councell have resolved that they shall beare the ,red ,crosse only in a white flagg1 quite through the flagg4 ,and that upon the ,sterne of the ,shipps there shall be the ,red ,crosse in one ,escotcheon1 and the ,harpe in one other1 being the ,armes of ,england and ,ireland1 both ,escotcheons joyned according to the pattern herewith sent unto you4 ,and you are to take care that these ,flaggs may be provided with all expedition for the ,shipps for the ,summer ,guard1 and that these engraveings may also be altered according to this direction with all possible expedition4--,signed in ye name and by order of ye ,councell of ,state appointed by ,authority of ,parliament4--,ol4 ,cromwell1 ,derby ,house1 ,february #bcrd1 #afdh4 ,in a ,council meeting held on ,march #eth1 considerably within a month of the one we have just referred to1 it is ordered that the ,flagg that is to be borne by the ,admiral1 ,vice-,admiral1 and ,rere-,admiral be that now presented1 viz41 the ,armes of ,england and ,ireland in two severall ,escotcheons in a ,red ,flagg1 within a compartment4#cf ,this arrangement may be seen in ,fig4 #hb4 ,a ,commonwealth flag that is still preserved at the dockyard1 ,chatham1 differs slightly from this4 ,the ground of the flag is red1 but the shields are placed directly upon it without any intervening gold border1 and around them is placed a large wreath of palm and laurel in dark green colour4 ,in the year #aghg an interesting book called the ,respublica was published2 the author1 ,sir ,john ,prestwich1 deriving much of his material from ,,mss4 left by an ancestor of his who lived during the ,interregnum4 ,in this the reader may find full descriptions of many of the flags of the ,parliamentarians4 ,one of these is much like the ,chatham example already referred to1 except that the ground of the flag is blue1 and that outside the shields1 but within the wreath1 is found the inscription--,floreat ,respublica4 #ej ,the flag of the ,commonwealth was borne to victory at ,dunbar1 ,worcester1 and many another hard-fought field1 and under its folds ,blake1 ,monk1 and other gallant leaders gained glorious victories over the ,dutch and ,spaniards1 and made the ,english name feared in every sea4 ,of wind's and water's rage they fearful be1 ,but much more fearful are your flags to see4 ,day1 that to those who sail upon the deep1 ,more wish'd for and more welcome is than sleep1 ,they dreaded to behold1 lest the sun's light ,with ,english streamers should salute their sight4#cg ,it was not until the year #afea that ,scotland was brought under the sway of the ,commonwealth1 and the ordinance for its full union with ,england and ,ireland was not promulgated until ,april #abth1 #afed4 ,somewhat later an ,order of ,council recognised the new necessities of the case1 and decreed that the ,standard for the ,protectorate be as shown in ,fig4 #hc4 ,england and ,scotland are here represented by their respective crosses1 while ,ireland1 instead of having the ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick1 is represented by the harp4 ,in ,fig4 #hj all three crosses are introduced1 but there seems somewhat too much white in this latter flag for an altogether successful effect1 and the blue of the ,irish quarter1 balancing the blue of the ,scottish1 is more pleasing4 ,the ,union ,flag underwent yet another modification1 and instead of being like ,figs4 #hb or #hf1 the ,union ,flag of ,james ,i41 ,fig4 #gc1 was reverted to1 and in the centre of the flag was placed a golden harp--the ,armes of ,england and ,scotland united1 according to the anncient form1 with the addicion of the harpe4 ,on the restoration of ,charles ,,ii4 this harp was removed1 and ,ireland does not appear again in the ,union ,flag1 ,fig4 #gc1 until ,january #ast1 #ahja4 ,a pattern farthing of this period--preserved in the magnificent numismatic collection in the ,british ,museum--shows on its reverse a three-masted ship3 at the stern is a large flag divided vertically1 like ,fig4 #hf1 into two compartments1 the ,cross of ,st4 ,george in one and the harp in the other2 the main and mizen masts are shown with flags containing ,st4 ,george's ,cross only1 as in ,fig4 #ia1 while the foremast bears a flag with ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross upon it1 a flag similar to ,fig4 #ib4 ,for nearly fifty years before its rise1 and for nearly one hundred and fifty years after the downfall of the ,protectorate1 that is to say from #afjb to #afdi and from #afei to #ahja1 the ,union ,flag was as shown in ,fig4 #gc1 but in #ahja the ,legislative ,union of ,ireland with ,great ,britain was effected1 and a new ,union ,flag1 the one now in #ea use1 was devised4 ,this may be seen in ,fig4 #ij1 the noblest flag that flies under heaven4 ,though the ,national ,flag is primarily just so much silk or bunting1 its design and colouring are full of meaning3 and though its prime cost may be but a few shillings1 its value is priceless1 for the national honour is enwrapped in its folds1 and the history of centuries is figured in the symbolism of its devices4 ,it represents to us all that patriotism means4 ,it is the flag of freedom and of the greatest empire that the world has ever known4 ,over three hundred millions of people--in quiet ,english shires1 amid ,canadian snows1 on the torrid plains of ,hindustan1 amidst the busy energy of the great ,australian group of colonies1 or the tropical luxuriance of our ,west ,indian possessions--are to-day enjoying liberty and peace beneath its shelter4 ,countless thousands have freely given their lives to preserve its blazonry unstained from dishonour and defeat1 and it rests with us now to keep the glorious record as unsullied as of old2 never to unfurl our ,union ,flag in needless strife1 but1 when once given to the breeze1 to emulate the deeds of our forefathers1 and to inscribe on its folds fresh records of duty nobly done4 ,how the form known as ,st4 ,patrick's ,cross1 ,fig4 #ic1 became associated with that worthy is not by any means clear4 ,it is not found amongst the emblems of ,saints1 and its use is in defiance of all ecclesiastical tradition and custom1 as ,st4 ,patrick never in the martyrological sense had a cross at all1 for though he endured much persecution he was not actually called upon to lay down his life for the ,faith4 ,it has been suggested1 and with much appearance of probability1 that the ,x-like form of cross1 both of the ,irish and of the ,scotch1 is derived from the sacred monogram on the ,labarum of ,constantine1 where the ,x is the first letter of the ,greek word for ,christ4 ,this symbolic meaning of the form might readily be adopted in the early ,irish ,church1 and thence be carried by missionaries to ,scotland4 ,a life of ,st4 ,patrick was written by ,probus1 who lived in the seventh century1 and another by ,jocelin1 a ,cistercian monk of the twelfth century1 and this latter quotes freely from four other lives of the ,saint that were written by his disciples4 ,st4 ,patrick was born in ,scotland1 near where ,glasgow now stands4 ,the date of his birth was somewhere near the close of the fourth century1 but as to the year authorities differ widely--#cgb1 #dee1 #dfd1 and #dic being all given by various biographers4#ch ,his father was of good family1 and1 while the future saint was still under the paternal roof1 ,god manifested to him by divers visions that he was #eb destined for the great work of the conversion of ,ireland1 at that time plunged in idolatry4 ,hence he resigned his birthright and social position1 and devoted himself entirely to the salvation of these barbarians1 suffering at their hands and for their sakes much persecution4 ,he was ordained deacon and priest1 and was ultimately made a bishop4 ,he travelled over the whole of ,ireland founding monasteries and filling the country with churches and schools of piety and learning4 ,animated by a spirit of perfect charity and humility1 he demonstrated not only the faith but the spirit of his ,master1 and the result of his forty years of labour was to change ,ireland from a land of barbarism into a seat of learning and piety1 so that it received the title of the ,island of ,saints1 and was for centuries a land of mental and spiritual light4 ,on the ,union of the ,kingdom of ,great ,britain with ,ireland in the year #ahja1 the following notice was issued by ,royal ,authority3--,proclamation1 ,george ,r4--,whereas by the ,first ,article of the ,articles of ,great ,britain and ,ireland it was declared3 ,that the said ,kingdoms of ,great ,britain and ,ireland should upon this day1 being the ,first ,day of ,january1 in the ,year of our ,lord ,one ,thousand ,eight ,hundred and ,one1 for ever after be united into ,one ,kingdom1 by the name of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland3 and that the ,royal ,style and ,titles appertaining to the ,imperial ,crown of the said ,united ,kingdom and its ,dependencies1 and also the ,ensigns ,armorial1 ,flags1 and ,banners thereof1 should be such as ,we1 by our ,royal ,proclamation under the ,great ,seal of the said ,united ,kingdom should appoint3 ,we have thought fit1 by and with the advice of our ,privy ,council1 to appoint and declare that our ,royal ,style and ,titles shall henceforth be accepted1 taken1 and used as the same set forth in ,manner and ,form following3 ,georgius ,tertius1 ,dei ,gratia1 ,britannarium ,rex1 ,fidei ,defensor2 and in the ,english ,tongue by these words3 ,george the ,third1 by the ,grace of ,god of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland ,king1 ,defender of the ,faith2 and that the ,arms or ,ensigns ,armorial of the said ,united ,kingdom shall be ,quarterly3 first and fourth1 ,england3 second1 ,scotland3 third1 ,ireland3 and it is ,our ,will and ,pleasure that there shall be borne thereon on an escutcheon of pretence1 the ,arms of ,our ,domains in ,germany1 ensigned with the ,electoral ,bonnet3#ci ,and that the ,union ,flag shall be ,azure1 the ,crosses ,saltire of ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,patrick ,quarterly1 per ,saltire counterchanged ,argent and ,gules3 the latter fimbriated of the second1 surmounted by the ,cross of ,st4 ,george of the third1 fimbriated as the ,saltire4 #ec ,the heralds who devised the new flag of the extended ,union1 ,fig4 #ij1 have been subjected to a very considerable amount of adverse criticism1#dj but no one has really been able to suggest a better plan than theirs4 ,it will be noted in the illustration and in every ,union flag that is made1 that the red ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,fig4 #ic1 is not in the centre of the white ,cross1 ,fig4 #ib1 of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,the scarlet ,cross of ,st4 ,george is equally fringed on either side by the white border or fimbriation that represents the original white field1 ,fig4 #ia1 on which it was placed1 and on the addition of the white cross or saltire of ,st4 ,andrew on its field of blue1 ,fig4 #ib1 it fitted in very happily4 ,when1 however1 another ,x-like cross had to be provided for1 on the admission of ,ireland to the ,union1 a difficulty at once arose4 ,as the ,irish ,cross would1 according to all rule and fairness1 be of the same width on the joint flag as that of ,st4 ,andrew1 the result of placing the second or red ,x over the first white one would be to entirely obliterate the latter4 ,even then the ,irish ,cross would not be rightly rendered1 as it should be on a white ground1 and by this method it would be on a blue one1 while if we placed the ,irish ,cross on that of ,st4 ,andrew1 but left a thin line of white on either side1 ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross would still be obliterated1 as the thin fimbriation of white would be the just due of ,st4 ,patrick1 and would not stand for ,st4 ,andrew at all4 ,besides1 ,scottish indignation would not unjustly be aroused at the idea that their noble white cross should become a mere edging to the symbol of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,hence the somewhat awkward-looking compromise that breaks the continuity of direction of the arms of the red cross of ,ireland by its portions being thrown out of the centre of the white oblique bands1 so that in each portion the crosses of ,ireland and ,scotland are clearly distinguished from each other4 ,this compromise notwithstanding1 no more effective or beautiful flag unfolds itself the round world over than the ,union flag of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,the crosses might have been quartered as we see them in ,fig4 #hj1 but it is clearly better to preserve the idea of the unity and blend all three crosses into one composition4 ,no criticism or objection has ever come from ,ireland as to the ,union flag1 but even so lately as #ahec the ,scotch renewed their grievance against the ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew being placed behind that of ,st4 ,george1 and having a red stripe run through the arms thereof1 for which there is no precedent in law or heraldry4 ,if ever an ,irishman cared to hunt up a grievance1 surely here is one at last--the cross of his patron saint a red stripe6 #ed ,when the ,union flag is flown1 it should always be as we have drawn it in ,fig4 #ij1 with the broad white stripe nearest to the head of the flagstaff4 ,it would be quite possible1 our readers will see1 on a little study of the matter1 to turn it with the red stripe uppermost2 but this1 as we have indicated1 is incorrect2 and1 trivial as the matter may appear1 there is a right and a wrong in it1 and the point must not be overlooked4 ,many suggestions at the time of the ,union were made by divers writers in the public prints1 such as the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 and the like4 ,one version preserved the flag of the first ,union1 ,fig4 #gc1 but placed in the centre a large green circle having within it the golden harp of the ,emerald ,isle2 but this is objectionable1 as it brings green on red1 which is heraldically false1 and as ,ireland has a cross as well as ,england and ,scotland1 it seems more reasonable to keep the whole arrangement in harmony4 ,another version1 and by no means a bad one1 is shown in ,fig4 #hi1 where each cross is distinct from the two others4 ,this appeared in the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,march #bjth1 #ahjc1 and1 like all the other suggestions1 good1 bad1 and indifferent1 suffered from the fatal objection that it saw the light when the whole matter was already settled and any alteration scarcely possible4 ,in view of the changes from the simple ,cross of ,st4 ,george to its union later on with that of ,st4 ,andrew1 and later on still the union of both with that of ,st4 ,patrick1 it is sufficiently evident that ,campbell's stirring appeal to the mariners of ,england to defend the flag that for a thousand years has braved the battle and the breeze1 however excellent in spirit1 does not fit in with the literal facts1 though we would not willingly change it for such a version as ,ye mariners of ,england1 ,that guard our native seas3 ,whose flag has braved since eighteen-one1 ,the battle and the breeze4 ,the ,queen's ,regulations are very precise as to the hoisting of the flag at the various home and foreign stations and fortresses4 ,some few of these have the ,royal ,standard for use on ,royal ,anniversaries and ,state occasions only1 and these flags are issued in two sizes--either twenty-four by twelve feet1 or twelve by six feet--according to the importance of the position2 thus ,dover1 ,plymouth1 and the ,tower of ,london1 for example1 have the larger size4 ,in like manner the ,union ,flag is of two sizes3 twelve by six feet1 or six by three feet4 ,these flags at the various stations are either hoisted on anniversaries only1 or on ,sundays in addition1 or else daily2 thus ,dover1 besides its ,standard1 has a ,union flag1 twelve by six1 for special occasions1 and another1 six by three1 #ee which is hoisted daily4 ,our foreign stations1 ,bermuda1 ,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,cyprus1 ,gibraltar1 ,hong ,kong1 ,halifax1 ,st4 ,helena1 and so forth1 are all equally rigidly provided for in ,regulations4 ,there is no option anywhere in the matter4 ,a particular fortress has to fly a particular flag of a particular size on a particular day4 ,the white ensign1 ,fig4 #ie1 is the distinguishing flag of the ,royal ,navy4 ,it is hoisted at the peak of all vessels in commission1 or in such other conspicuous position of honour as their rig or 7as in the case of some ironclads7 absence of rig will permit4 ,it is a large white flag1 having upon it the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 the portion of the flag nearest the mast-head being occupied by the ,union4#da ,until #ahfd the ,royal ,navy was divided into the white1 the blue1 and the red squadrons1 distinguished by the flags shown in ,figs4 #ie1 #if1 and #ig1 but this arrangement1 though it had lasted for over two hundred years1#db was found to have many inconveniences4 ,it was very puzzling to foreigners1 and it was necessary that each vessel should have three sets of colours1 so as to be able to hoist the orthodox flag for the squadron in which1 for the time being1 it might be placed4 ,it was also a difficulty that peaceful merchantmen were carrying a red ensign1 ,fig4 #ig1 exactly similar to the war flag of the vessels of the red squadron4 ,it was inconvenient in action1 too2 hence1 ,nelson at ,trafalgar ordered the whole of his fleet to hoist the white ensign4 ,an ,order of ,council1 dated ,october #ahth1 #ahfd1 put an end to this use of differing flags1 declaring that henceforth the white ensign alone should be the flag of the ,royal ,navy4 ,in the old days the red was the highest1 the white the intermediate1 and the blue the third in rank and dignity4 ,her ,majesty's ships1 when at anchor in home ports and roads1 hoist their colours at #h o'clock in the morning from ,march #beth to ,september #bjth1 and the rest of the year an hour later2 and on foreign stations1 at either of these hours as the commanding officer shall direct2 and either abroad or at home they remain flying throughout the day until sunset4#dc ,when at sea1 on passing1 meeting1 #ef joining or parting from any other of ,her ,majesty's ships or on falling in with any other ship the flag is hoisted1 and also when in sight of land1 and especially when passing any fort1 battery1 lighthouse1 or town4 ,when salutes are fired on the occasion of a foreign national festival1 such as the birthday of the sovereign1 the flag of the nation in question is hoisted at the main during the salute and for such further time as the war ships of such nation are be-flagged1 but if none are present1 then their flag remains up till sunset4 ,should a ,british war vessel arrive at any foreign fortified port1 the flag of the foreign nation is hoisted at the main during the exchange of salutes4 ,it is a rank offence for any vessel to fly any ensign or pendant similar to those used in the ,royal ,navy4 ,it will at once be boarded by any officer of ,her ,majesty's ,service1 the offending colours seized1 and the vessel reported4 ,the penalty for the offence is a very heavy one4 ,the admiral has as a flag the white flag with the ,cross of ,st4 ,george thereon1 ,fig4 #ia1 and this must be displayed at the main top-gallant mast-head1 since both the vice and rear-admirals are entitled to fly a similar flag1 but the former of these displays his from the fore1 and the latter from the mizen top-gallant mast-head2 it being not the flag alone but the position of it that is distinctive of rank4 ,the commodore's broad pendant is a very similar flag1 but it tapers slightly1 and is swallow-tailed4 ,the ,naval ,discipline ,act1 better known as ,the ,articles of ,war1 commences with the true and noble words--,it is on the ,navy1 under the ,good ,providence of ,god1 that our ,wealth1 ,prosperity1 and ,peace depend1 and we may trust that the glorious traditions of this great service may be maintained to the full as effectually under the ,white ,ensign as in any former period for the defence of ,this royal throne of kings1 this scepter'd isle1 ,this earth of majesty1 this seat of ,mars1 ,this other ,eden1 demi-paradise2 ,this fortress built by nature for herself1 ,against infection1 and the hand of war2 ,this happy breed of men1 this little world2 ,this precious stone set in the silver sea1 ,which serves it in the office of a wall1 ,or as a moat defensive to a house1 ,against the envy of less happier lands2 ,this blessed plot1 this earth1 this realm1 this ,england4 ,the blue ensign1 ,fig4 #if1 is the flag of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve1 and may be flown by any merchant vessels that comply with the #eg ,admiralty conditions respecting that service4 ,such vessels must be commanded by officers of the ,reserve1 and at least one-third of their crew must belong to it3 they then1 the structural conditions being satisfactory1 receive a ,government subvention and an ,admiralty ,warrant to fly the blue ensign4 ,officers commanding ,her ,majesty's ships1 meeting with ships carrying the blue ensign1 are authorised to go on board them at any convenient opportunity and see that these conditions are strictly carried out1 provided that they are of superior rank to the officers of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve4 ,the men of the ,reserve receive an annual retainer and drill pay4 ,the number of men in the ,reserve1 at the time we write these lines1 is #aj1fjj in the first class and #aj1hjj in the second4 ,the first class ,reserve is composed of the men on the long voyage ships1 the second being the fishermen and coasting crews4 ,in addition to this there are some #c1jjj engineers and stokers1 and some #a1ejj or so of officers1 all equally prepared to rally to the pennant and to take their place in the national defence4 ,this utilisation of the faster vessels of the ,mercantile ,marine as cruisers in war time has seriously engaged the attention of the ,admiralty4 ,the ,government gives an annual subsidy1 and then claims the right to the vessel at a fixed charge in case of emergency4 ,such vessels would be of immense service in time of war in many ways3 for scouting1 for transporting troops1 and for engaging such of the enemy as she felt fairly a match for4 ,when1 some few years ago1 it seemed as though war with ,russia was imminent1 the ,massilia and the ,rosetta of the ,peninsula and ,oriental ,company's fleet were put in commission by telegraph at ,sydney and ,hong ,kong respectively4 ,these vessels were provided at once with warlike stores1 and were at gun practice off the ports referred to a few hours after the receipt of instructions1 and ready to go anywhere4 ,this ,company1 during the ,crimean ,war1 carried over sixty thousand men to the scene of operations1 and during the ,indian ,mutiny1 the war in the ,soudan1 and all other possible occasions1 has rendered the greatest aid to the ,state4 ,the ,teutonic and the ,majestic1 of the ,white ,star ,line1 each carry twelve ,armstrong guns1 and could either of them land two thousand infantry at ,halifax in five days1 or at ,bombay in fourteen days1 or at ,hong ,kong in twenty-one2 and many other armed cruisers of the ,mercantile ,marine1 that we need not stay to particularise1 could do as much1 and as effectively1 flying the ,blue ,ensign as worthily as those we have named4 ,little ,england6 ,great in story6 ,mother of immortal men6 ,great in courage6 ,great in glory6 ,dear to ,freedom's tongue and pen6 #eh ,if the world combine to brave thee1 ,english hearts will dare the fight1 ,english hands will glow to save thee1 ,strong for ,england and the right6#dd ,the ,red ,ensign1 represented in ,fig4 #ig1 is the special flag of the ordinary merchantman4 ,the ,red ,ensign--lays down the ,merchant ,shipping 7,colours7 ,act--usually worn by merchant ships1 without any defacement or modification whatsoever1 is hereby declared to be the proper national colour of all ships and boats belonging to any subject of ,her ,majesty1 except in the case of ,her ,majesty's ships or boats1 or in the case of any other ship or boat for the time being allowed to wear any other national colours1 in pursuant of a ,warrant from ,her ,majesty or from the ,admiralty4 ,this ,act goes on to say that any ship belonging to any subject of the ,queen shall1 on a signal being made to her by one of ,her ,majesty's ships1 or on entering or leaving any foreign port1 hoist the red ensign1 and if of fifty tons gross tonnage or upwards1 on entering or leaving any ,british port also1 or incur a penalty not exceeding one hundred pounds4 ,a merchantman may also fly the ,union ,jack from the bowsprit1 but if so the flag1 as in ,fig4 #ajd1 must have a broad white border4 ,the earliest form of red ensign is seen in ,fig4 #ff4 ,in a picture at ,hampton ,court1 representing the embarkation of ,william of ,orange for ,england1 in the year #afhh1 his ship is shown as wearing two flags1 one a red one with ,st4 ,george's ,cross in the canton1 as in ,fig4 #ff1 while the other1 also red1 has the ,union ,flag in the canton4 ,we get1 therefore1 a regular sequence of red ensigns3 that with ,st4 ,george's ,cross alone in the corner next the masthead2 that with the ,union of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,andrew--this picture at ,hampton ,court being the earliest example known of its use2 and1 thirdly1 that of to-day with the crosses of ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,andrew1 and ,st4 ,patrick4 ,some little degree of flag-lore is valuable not only to the soldier1 the seaman1 or the traveller1 but to everyone4 ,for want of this knowledge1 ludicrous and serious mistakes are often made4 ,discussing these matters with a man of good general knowledge1 we found that he had a notion that there were two kinds of ,union ,jack1 one1 that had most red in it1 being the ,army flag2 while the other1 in which blue preponderated1 was the flag of the ,navy6 ,outside a large provincial theatre we saw a conspicuous notice indicating that the piece then running was entitled ,the ,old ,flag4 ,to emphasise this was a picture of a square of ,british linesmen surrounded by #ei ,zulus1 while in the centre of the square rose the ,royal ,standard6 ,as a set-off to this we saw1 not far off1 a public house called the ,royal ,standard1 flying from its roof the white ,ensign6 ,a friend of ours brought home for his son a really capital toy model of an ironclad1 with turrets1 ram1 fighting tops1 etc41 and yet flying the red ensign of the harmless merchantman6 ,at a church we occasionally pass1 the living being in the gift of the ,queen1 the ,royal ,standard is hoisted on such ,church festivals as ,christmas ,day1 while at other times1 for no apparent reason1 the white ,ensign is substituted--the special flag of the ,war ,navy4 ,anyone venturing to point out to the authorities thereof that1 as the old church could scarcely take up its position as a unit in our fighting fleet--having1 in fact1 quite another mission in the world--the special flag of the ,royal ,navy was not the most appropriate1 would probably derive from the interview the impression that1 after all1 to the churchwardens a flag was a flag1 and that it was quite possible to make a mountain out of a molehill4 ,to one who knows anything about it1 the eruption of silk bunting1 and baser fabrics innumerable that comes to the fore on any occasion of national rejoicing1 is a thing of horror1 not merely in the festal disfigurements of the patchwork counterpane or cotton pockethandkerchief type1 seeing that to some people any coloured piece of stuff that will blow out in the wind is a valid decoration1 but in the painful ignorance shown in the treatment of recognised ensigns4 ,some little time ago1 for instance1 we found ourselves in a town gaily beflagged and radiant in bunting on the occasion of a great popular rejoicing4 ,the ,royal ,standard1 betokening the presence in the house of some member of the ,royal ,family1 was flying with a profusion that made it impossible to believe that all the people displaying it could be entertaining such distinguished guests4 ,as a set-off1 others were decking their houses with red flags1 the symbols of revolution and bloodshed1 or with yellow ones1 leaving us to infer that such houses were to be avoided as nests of yellow fever or such-like deadly infection4 ,the ,stars and ,stripes of the ,united ,states were1 in almost every case1 upside down1 as indeed were many others2 a thing that1 except for the ignorance that was its excuse1 might be considered as an insult to the various ,foreign ,powers1 while the repeated reversal of the red ensign implied a signal of distress4 ,the good folks really meant no harm to anybody1 and they were quite happy to believe1 as they strolled in their thousands up the leading streets of the town1 that their decorations were a great success4 ,at the same time1 a little more knowledge would have done them no harm4 ,as it is an insult to hoist one national flag below another1 it is a rigid law that in all official decorations national flags may not be so placed1 but #fj enthusiastic and irresponsible burgesses1 in the depth of their ignorance1 ignore all such considerations of international courtesy1 and in the length of a short street commit sufficient indiscretion to give umbrage to all mankind4 ,it may be said that ,happiness too swiftly flies1 ,thought would destroy their ,paradise-- that he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow1 that ,from ignorance our comfort flows1 ,the only wretched are the wise-- but despite all this philosophy1 that where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise1 no one is the worse for knowing something about the matter with which he is dealing2 and if proverbial philosophy is to count for anything in the matter1 a not inappropriate moral may be quoted as to the rushing in of fools where their betters feel a judicious modesty4 ,the confidence of knowledge is better than the confidence of ignorance1 and would certainly1 in street flagging1 produce a more satisfactory result4 ,we have in ,plate ,,vi4 some few examples of these vagaries from sketches that we made at the time4 ,fig4 #de1 if it had not got the ,union in the canton1 would nearly be the ,danish flag1 ,fig4 #bbe1 but the addition of the canton makes it sheer foolishness4 ,fig4 #df is a good example of the notion that anything will do if it be only bright enough3 it is a mere piece of patchwork1 not by any means the only one in evidence4 ,figs4 #dg and #ej explain themselves2 it is evident that in one case the decorator started with a white ensign and in the other with a blue one1 and then1 feeling that they were a little small and insignificant looking1 tacked on a goodly amount of red material to bring them up to their notion of what would be sufficiently conspicuous in size4 ,fig4 #dh is very quaint3 there is a notion of the white ensign hovering about it1 but the ,royal ,standard employed as a canton in one quarter is outside all the proprieties1 and in any case all the arm of the cross that one would expect to see below the canton is absorbed by it4 ,the addition of the two red tails to the ,royal ,standard in ,fig4 #di is not by any means legitimate1 while in ,fig4 #ea the ,royal ,standard is made the canton of a red ensign1 and1 as if this were not bad enough in itself1 the whole thing is flown upside down4 ,many of the so-called flags had no semblance to anything1 some were strange and abnormal tricolors2 others1 chequers3 one1 we remember1 was deep crimson1 with a broad bordering round three of its edges of light blue4 ,whatever opportunity of going wrong seemed to be at all feasible appeared to be eagerly seized by some well-meaning burgess1 so that the result was a perfect museum of examples of how not to do it1 and therefore of immense interest4 99 99 99 99 99 #fa ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,army ,flags--the ,queen's ,colour--the ,regimental ,colour--the ,honours and ,devices--the ,flag of the #bdth ,regiment--,facings--,flag of the ,king's ,own ,borderers--,what the ,flag ,symbolises--,colours of the ,guards--the ,assaye ,flag--,cavalry ,flags--,presentation of ,colours--,chelsea ,college ,chapel--,flags of the ,buffs in ,canterbury ,cathedral--,flags of the ,scottish ,regiments in ,st4 ,giles's ,cathedral--,burning of ,rebel ,flags by the ,hangman--,special ,flags for various ,official ,personages--,special ,flags for different ,government ,departments--,the ,lord ,high ,admiral--,the ,mail ,flag--,white ,ensign of the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron--,yacht ,ensigns and ,burgees--,house or ,company ,flags--,how to express ,colours with ,lines--the ,allan ,tricolor--,port ,flags--the ,british ,empire--the ,colonial ,blue ,ensign and ,pendant--the ,colonial ,defence ,act--,colonial ,mercantile ,flag--,admiralty ,warrant--,flag of the ,governor of a ,colony--the ,green ,garland--the ,arms of the ,dominion of ,canada--,badges of the various ,colonies--,daniel ,webster on the ,might of ,england--,bacon on the ,command of the ,ocean4 ,having now dealt with the ,union ,flag and the ,red and ,blue ,ensigns1 we proceed to see how these are modified by the addition of various devices upon them4 ,the flags of the army claim the first place in our regard4 ,each infantry regiment has two colours1 one being called the ,queen's ,colour1 and the other the ,regimental ,colour4 ,on turning to ,barret's ,theorike and ,practike of ,modern ,warres1 a book published in the year #aeih1 we find the following passage3--,we ,englishmen do call them of late colours1 by reason of the variety of colours they be made of1 whereby they be the better noted and known4 ,this we may doubtless accept as a sufficient explanation of the word1 and the passage is interesting1 too1 as approximately fixing a date for the introduction of the term1 and showing that it has been in use for at least three hundred years4 ,the ,queen's ,colour in every regiment of the line is the flag of the ,union1 ,fig4 #ij1 bearing in its centre the ,imperial crown and the number of the regiment beneath it in ,roman figures worked in gold1 and its territorial designation4 ,the regimental ,colour is of the colour of the facings of the regiment1 except when these are white1 in which case the body of the flag is not plain white all over1 but bears upon it the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,whatever the colour1 it bears in its upper corner the ,union1 and in the centre of the flag the crown and title of #fb the regiment1 and around it whatever devices1 or badges1 or other distinctions have been specially conferred upon it1 together with the names of the actions in which the regiment has taken part1 the records of its gallant service in many a hard-fought struggle in the ,peninsula1 on the sultry plains of ,india1 beneath the burning sun of ,africa1 or wherever else the call of honour and of duty has added to its laurels4 ,thus the regimental flag of the #ast regiment of the line bears the proud record--,st4 ,lucia1 ,egmont-op-,zee1 ,egypt1 ,corunna1 ,busaco1 ,salamanca1 ,vittoria1 ,st4 ,sebastian1 ,nive1 ,peninsula1 ,niagara1 ,waterloo1 ,nagpore1 ,maheidpore1 ,ava1 ,alma1 ,inkermann1 ,sebastopol1 and several other records of struggles in which they bore gallant share2 and many another regiment could show as fine a record of service4 ,in ,fig4 #id we have a representation of the regimental colour of the #bdth ,regiment4 ,as the facings of this distinguished corps are green1#de the body of the flag is of that colour4 ,beneath its territorial designation will be seen its special badge1 the ,sphinx1 bestowed upon it for distinguished service in ,egypt1 and around are grouped the names of famous victories which it contributed to win4 ,the #bdth ,regiment1 now in the territorial arrangement in vogue known as the #bnd ,warwickshire1 was first formed in the year #afhi4 ,in #aggf it embarked for ,canada and greatly distinguished itself in the ,american struggle4 ,in #ahja we find it in ,egypt1 where by its gallantry it won the right to bear the ,sphinx4#df ,from #ahje to #ahaj it was fighting its way along at the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and then went on to ,india4 ,in #ahbi we find it sent off to ,canada again to suppress rebellion1 and it did not return to ,england till #ahda4 ,in #ahdf we see it in the thick of the ,punjaub struggle1 taking its part right well in the brilliant engagements of ,chillianwallah and ,goojerat1 and in #aheg it is in the thick of the sanguinary ,mutiny in ,india2 and1 after fifteen years in ,india1 lands in #ahfa in ,england once more4 ,in #ahgd we find it again at the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and in #ahgg-gh engaged in the ,kaffir war1 and in all times and in all places taking a gallant share in upholding the national cause4 ,in #ahjd a second battalion was added to the regiment4 ,this only existed ten years1 but in that time it earned by its distinguished #fc bravery the names of the ,peninsula battles for the flag1#dg and at the conclusion of the struggle it was so weak in numbers that it was disembodied4 ,in #aheh a new second battalion was formed1 and did good service in ,burmah1 ,south ,africa1 etc4 ,both battalions were in ,zululand in #ahgi1 and with the exception of one hundred men detailed for special duty1 the regiment1 save nine men1 was wiped out of existence in the fatal field of ,isandhlwana4 ,lieutenants ,melville and ,coghill tore the colours from their staffs and wrapped them around their bodies1 and after the fight was over and the enemy had retired they were recovered4 ,on the arrival of the colours in ,england they were taken by ,royal ,command to ,osborne1 where the ,queen fastened to each a wreath of immortelles1 and bestowed on the two dead heroes the ,victoria ,cross as the highest acknowledgment then possible to her of her deep appreciation of the sacrifice that these young gallant officers had made for her1 for ,england1 and for the honour of the flag4 ,the colours1 therefore1 that we have represented in ,fig4 #id1 in all their broad blazon of gallant service1 even in the hour of defeat never fell into the hands of the enemy1 to be hung in triumph in some ,zulu kraal1 but were brought back in honour and proud rejoicing1 since defeat so valiantly met was no disgrace1 and the honour of the flag and of the gallant #bdth was without stain4 ,as one more illustration of regimental colours we may instance those of the #beth ,regiment1 the ,king's ,own ,borderers4 ,here the groundwork of the flag is blue1 with1 of course1 the ,union in the upper corner next the staff4 ,in the centre of the flag is a representation of ,edinburgh ,castle1 and within a band the words1 ,king's ,own ,borderers4 ,outside this we have a wreath of rose1 shamrock1 and thistle1 surmounted by the crown4 ,below this is a sphinx for service in ,egypt1 and below this again the word ,martinique4 ,on either side is inscribed ,minden and ,egmont op ,zee1 and above all1 ,afghanistan4 ,in the upper outer angle of the flag is the lion on the crown and the motto ,in veritate religionis confido1 and in the lower outer angle the white horse of ,hanover and the motto ,nec aspera terrent4#dh ,this was originally known as the ,edinburgh ,regiment1 as it was raised in four hours in #afhi to defend that city2 but ,george ,,iii41 for some reason more or less #fd satisfactory to himself1 changed the name to the one it has ever since borne--the ,king's ,own ,borderers4 ,in the year #ahaa the ,prince ,regent1 on behalf of the ,king1 issued an order to regulate the colours of the ,army1 and1 amongst other things1 sanctioned the custom that had sprung up of inscribing the names of victories on the flags4 ,the custom of inscribing these honours1 the names of the actions fought1 did not begin till the battle of ,minden1 so that the victories of ,marlborough and all other glorious achievements prior to the year #agei would have gone unrecorded2 but in ,july1 #ahha1 sanction was given for the ,grenadiers and the #ast1 #crd1 #hth1 #ajth1 #aeth1 #afth1 #ahth1 #bast1 #bcrd1 #bdth1 #bfth1 and #bgth ,regiments of the ,line to add ,blenheim and ,ramilies to their colours4 ,oudenarde1 ,malplaquet1 and ,dettingen#di were also added to the colours of those regiments that were there engaged4 ,by the ,queen's ,regulations these colours are required to be of silk1 and to be three feet nine inches in length and three feet in breadth2 the cords and tassels are to be of mixed crimson and gold2 the staff is to be eight feet seven inches long1 and surmounted by a golden crown on which stands a lion4 ,they are to be carried on parade by the two junior lieutenants1 and guarded by two sergeants and two privates4 ,these form what is called the colour party4 ,the distinguishing badge of the colour-sergeant consists of crossed colours1 embroidered on the sleeve above the chevrons of his rank4 ,it has taken something like a thousand years of time to build up the ,british ,empire1 while the lavish outlay of toil and forethought of statesmen1 the ceaseless spending of blood and treasure1 the brilliant strategy by land and sea of a long line of distinguished commanders have all contributed to its birth and proud maintenance2 and of all this devotion in the past and the determination to uphold it in the future1 the flag is the living concrete symbol4 ,it is the flag beneath whose folds ,nelson and ,wellington and countless heroes more were carried to their rest2 it waved in triumph on the ,heights of ,abraham1 and its honour was safe with ,elliot at ,gibraltar2 it was unfurled on many a battlefield in the ,peninsula1 and nerved the arms of those who scaled the heights of the ,alma and stood unconquerable in the stubborn fight of ,inkerman2 and it waved triumphant in the breeze at ,sebastopol4 ,the sight of it was strength1 comfort1 and hope in the dark days of ,lucknow and ,cawnpore4 ,it floated1 a symbol of duty1 over the heroes of the burning ,birkenhead1 and to ,ross1 ,parry1 ,franklin and ,mc,clure1 in the icy wastes of the far ,north it was an incentive to renewed #fe effort and a symbol of home4 ,it was the flag of ,speke and ,livingstone in savage ,africa1 of ,burke and ,wills in their explorations in ,australia2 and for the honour of ,england that it symbolises men have thought no sacrifice too great4 ,the ,queen's ,colour is a pledge of loyalty to the ,sovereign1 an emblem of the unity of all1 while the second colour deals with the honour that specially appertains to each regiment--a subject of legitimate pride in the past and an incentive to prove not unworthy in the future of those who gained it such distinction4 ,for some recondite reason the ,guards reverse the arrangement that holds in the ,line regiments1 as with them the ,queen's ,colour is crimson and bears the regimental devices and honours1 while the ,union ,flag is the ,regimental ,colour4 ,william ,,iv41 in #ahcb1 gave the ,grenadier ,guards a special flag of crimson silk1 bearing in its centre the royal cypher ,w4,r41 interlaced in gold1 and having grouped together in the four corners the rose1 thistle1 and shamrock4 ,the ,governor-,general in ,india issued in the year #ahjc a general order that all the regiments engaged in ,wellington's greatest ,indian victory--,assaye--should be entitled to the special distinction of a third flag1 and the ,royal authority confirmed the honour4 ,this flag1 borne by the #gdth ,highlanders1 the #ghth or ,ross-shire ,buffs1 and other distinguished regiments1 was of white silk1 having in its centre an elephant1 beneath this the regimental number1 and around it a wreath4 ,on blue bands above and below were inscribed in gold the words ,assaye and ,seringapatam4 ,in the year #ahcj the general use on parade of these flags was discontinued by order1 and they were reserved for very special occasions4 ,the number of colours borne by the different regiments was formerly very irregular3 sometimes it was one to a company1 sometimes only one to a whole regiment1 now it is two to each battalion4 ,during the eighteenth century several regiments carried three colours1 and the #eth1 or ,northumberland ,fusiliers1 continued to do so until #ahcc4 ,by an unfortunate accident these were then all burnt1 and when the question of granting new colours came forward1 the right to carry the third was objected to1 and the claim had to be surrendered4 ,king ,charles's ,royal ,regiment of ,foot ,guards lost eleven out of thirteen colours at ,edgehill4 ,the ,standards carried by the ,life ,guards1 ,horse ,guards1 and ,dragoon ,guards are of crimson silk1 thirty inches by twenty-seven2 and the guidons of the dragoon regiments are forty-one inches by twenty-seven1 are slit in the fly and have the outer corners rounded off4 ,the tassels and cords are of crimson silk and gold1 and each flag bears the ,royal or other title of the regiment in letters of gold in a circle1 and beneath it the number of the regiment1 all being surmounted by the crown1 surrounded by a #ff wreath of rose1 shamrock1 and thistle1 and the honours4 ,where a regiment has a particular badge1 such device will be placed in the centre1 and the territorial and numerical position placed outside2 thus the ,scots ,greys 7the #bnd ,royal ,dragoons7 bear as their badge the ,imperial ,eagle of ,france1 because at ,waterloo this distinguished regiment captured the eagle of the ,french #deth ,regiment1 on which were inscribed the words ,jena1 ,austerlitz1 ,wagram1 ,eylau1 and ,friedland4#ej ,the #crd ,dragoons have as their badge the white horse of ,hanover1 and1 as record of good service1 ,salamanca1 ,vittoria1 ,toulouse1 ,peninsula1 ,cabool1 ,moodkee1 ,sobraon1 ,ferozeshah1 ,punjaub1 ,chillianwallah1 ,goojerat4 ,the ,lancers and ,hussars1 like the ,royal ,engineers1 the ,royal ,artillery1 and the ,rifle ,brigade1 have no colours1 and therefore bear their badges1 devices1 etc41 on their appointments4 ,thus1 for instance1 ,king ,george ,,ii4 ordered the #agth ,light ,dragoons 7now the #agth ,lancers7 to wear the device of the skull and cross-bones1 and beneath it the words or glory on the front of their caps and on the left breast4 ,this device the ,death or ,glory ,boys still retain1 like the famous ,pomeranian ,horse and the ,black ,brunswickers1 continental corps from whom the ,anglo-,hanoverian monarch doubtless derived the idea4#ea ,the presentation of colours to a regiment is always an imposing ceremony1 as with prayer of consecration1 martial music1 and stirring address they are delivered into its custody1 but the bestowal of the old colours in some honoured place of safe keeping is yet more impressive4 ,in the one case there are the hopes and dangers of the future1 while in the other the hopes have all been abundantly realised1 the dangers triumphantly passed1 as the tattered colours--storm tossed1 torn by shot and shell--are borne in honour to their last resting place1 where1 strife for ever over1 they rest in peace in the ,sanctuary of ,god1 a memorial to all men1 until their last shreds fall to decay1 of duty nobly and fully done4 ,visitors to ,canterbury ,cathedral will scarcely fail to have noticed the flags therein suspended4 ,the colours of the #ast ,battalion of the ,buffs 7the ,east ,kent ,regiment7 there find fitting resting place1 and the last of these were added so lately as ,october1 #ahib4eb ,on their entrance1 with imposing military ceremony1 into the #fg ,cathedral1 they were met by the clergy and choir1 and a hymn of thanksgiving for victory and of safe return from war was sung1 commencing-- ,grateful1 we bring from lands afar1 ,torn1 shattered1 but unstained1 ,banners that ,thy servant blessed ,ere the stern conflict came2 ,lord1 let their fragments ever rest ,where dwells ,thy ,holy name4 ,after a short service of prayer and praise the ,dean of ,canterbury addressed the great congregation4 ,it might be asked1 he said1 why they1 who were the ,ministers of the ,prince of ,peace1 should take such interest in these military proceedings4 ,it was because they recognised in them the greatest force for peace that there was in our land1 for it was through them that this country of ours had not been trampled for centuries under the feet of any foreign foe1 it was through them that the ,pax ,britannica prevailed1 and that everywhere where the ,british ,flag was present it carried with it peace1 and tranquillity1 and justice4 ,it was through the help of the army that the peaceful people of this country could carry on their avocations and serve ,god and do ,his work in peace2 and therefore the clergy gratefully acknowledged their services1 and hoped and prayed that everywhere the colours of each regiment might still be not only unstained1 but covered with laurels in struggling for right and for justice4 ,colonel ,hobson then addressed the vast audience1 reminding the younger soldiers present that the regiment to which they had the honour to belong was formed more than three hundred years ago1 and was1 therefore1 the oldest in the ,army4 ,it had won honour and renown in every part of the world1 and the colours which they were that day appropriately laying to rest in the ,warriors' ,chapel of ,canterbury ,cathedral represented as glorious a record as that of any regiment in the ,british ,army4 ,the earliest existence of the regiment dated from the movement set on foot in this country in the latter half of the sixteenth century1 to assist the cause of civil and religious liberty in the ,netherlands4 ,the dragon1 which is on the colours1 was the crest of the ,city of ,london1 from whose ,trained ,bands the regiment was formed in #aegb2 and the regimental march1 so familiar to them all1 was given them by ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,after enumerating some few of the services that the regiment had rendered1 he concluded by saying3--,the few words ,i have still to say ,i want you young soldiers especially to listen to and to take to heart4 ,the colours of a regiment are symbolical of what ought to be the watchword of an army--duty2 the ,queen's ,colours--duty to #fh your ,sovereign and to your country2 the ,regimental ,colours--duty towards the regiment4 ,in these days the material side of the profession of arms is much insisted upon1 but ,i tell you that an army without something higher than that1 however well cared for in other respects1 is a bad army1 and that when thoughtfulness and care for the good name of a regiment is sacrificed for selfish1 individual advancement1 the regiment1 as a whole1 will suffer4 ,the spirit which animated the regiments of the ,british ,army--who placed those names1 of which we are so proud to-day1 on those colours--was1 duty first1 self afterwards2 and it will be a bad day for the ,british ,army if that spirit is ever allowed to depart from it4 ,there was no position in the army1 however humble1 in which men could not sustain the credit and honour of their regiment and thus contribute to their country's welfare4 ,the ,dean thereupon solemnly accepted the care of the colours and pronounced the ,benediction1 and the whole audience then joined heart and voice1 with thrilling effect1 in singing the ,national ,anthem4 ,it seems so natural to write of ,england and of ,englishmen1 so stilted to put ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 that one may possibly forget that1 comprehensive as we intend the terms to be1 we may1 perhaps1 wound the susceptibilities of our fellow subjects and brother ,britons across the ,tweed4 ,let us then turn to a companion picture1 and see how1 with equal honour and devotion1 the flags of our gallant ,highlanders are borne to their rest4 ,a movement was1 some time ago1 set on foot to gather in the old flags from the various ,scottish regiments and to place them all in the ,cathedral ,church of ,edinburgh4 ,this was effected1 and the perspective effect of these1 as they line the nave on either side1 is very fine4 ,the oldest colours there are those of the #hbnd1 the ,duke of ,hamilton's regiment1 presented in the year #aghb1 and still in excellent preservation4 ,when on ,november #adth1 #ahhc1 the old colours borne by the various ,scottish regiments were deposited in ,st4 ,giles' ,cathedral1 they were escorted in all honour and military pomp from the ,castle2 and says one who was there3 ,when the colours came in sight1 the multitude raised a shout and cheered1 but the impulse was but momentary1 for at sight of the array of shattered rags the noise of the tumult died away1 and a half-suppressed sound was heard as through the hearts of the people there flashed a thrill of mingled pride and pain4 ,those who saw it will never forget the scene4 ,in the centre the tattered silk of the ,colours1 and on the fringe and in the background a wonder-stricken crowd1 as past uncovered heads1 past dimmed eyes and quivering lips1 the old flags were carried4 ,when the flags had been received with service of prayer and #fi praise1 the meaning of it all was summed up in burning words of love1 devotion1 and pride4 ,we have gathered to-day1 said the speaker1 for a noble purpose--to receive with all honour into this national church these flags1 which have been borne by our soldiers through many a hard fight and in many a distant land4 ',in the name of the ,lord1' said the inspired ,psalmist long ago1 'we will set up our banners4' ,in the spirit in which he spoke1 these banners were first unfurled2 and in that great ,name they were blessed by ,god's ministers ere they were committed to those who were to carry them1 as a testimony that1 as a nation1 we believe in ,god1 and desire that ,he should guide our destinies alike in war and in peace2 and now1 after the lapse of years1 they are brought back to rest in ,god's house as a testimony to the same truth1 that we acknowledge ,him as the supreme source of all our national success and greatness4 ',thine1 ,o ,lord1 is the greatness and the power1 and the victory1 and the majesty6 ,both riches and honour come of ,thee1 and in ,thine hand it is to make great and to give strength unto all4' ,it is in this spirit that we place these emblems in ,scotland's great historic church4 ,the associations that gather around these faded banners are of the tenderest and most touching kind4 ,they are such as cause the heart to swell and the tear to come to the eye4 ,few1 ,i feel sure1 in this vast assemblage have not felt in some degree their power4 ,there are soldiers here whom they carry back to old days1 and to comrades with whom they stood shoulder to shoulder in many a perilous hour4 ,the old flag has for the ,british soldier a meaning so deep and powerful that it is impossible to put it into words4 ,it is but a piece of silk1 often faded and tattered1 and rent with shot3 but it is a symbol1 and symbols are amongst the most sacred things on earth4 ,it means for the soldier his ,queen and his country1 and all the honour1 loyalty1 truth1 and heroism they demand of him4 ,therefore it is that men will follow their colours down into the dreadful pit1 and would be willing to die twice for them rather than let them be taken by an enemy2 and in the hour of defeat1 like the heroes of ,isandlwhana1 will fall pierced through with wounds1 but with these precious symbols1 still untarnished1 wrapped around them4 ,and though to the peaceful citizen these emblems can never mean all they stand for to those who have served under them1 even to him1 as they hang here1 they may speak of things that it is good for him to remember4 ,they may well tell him of the history of his country1 and the wonderful way by which ,god has led her1 and of the brave men ,he has raised up to fight for her4 ,nor can we help specially remembering that these are the colours of our ,scottish regiments4 ,scotland is a poor country compared to the great neighbour with whom it is happily united1 but it possesses a distinct national life #gj of its own which all true ,scotchmen would not willingly let die4 ,we are proud of our ,scotch regiments4 ,we feel that they1 of the whole army1 belong especially to ourselves2 and they too1 as they have swept on to battle with the cry1 ',scotland for ever6' feel1 we believe1 that they belong specially to us4 ,providence1 said ,napoleon sneeringly1 is generally on the side of the strongest battalions4 ,be it so2 but will anyone deny that the character of the soldier has much to do with the strength of the battalion they form8 ,and was it not the character of our soldiers--a character fostered by the traditions of their native land1 fostered still more1 perhaps1 by the religious teaching of their native church and parish school--that made them strong on many a memorable day1 and never more than on that memorable day at ,waterloo1 when the great commander ,i have named generously exclaimed1 as he saw his own ranks yielding before the onslaught1 ',les braves ,ecossais6' ,may the sight of these banners inspire every soldier who looks on them1 whether ,lowland or ,highland1 to echo the desire to hand down the name they bear without a blemish6 ,and should the day ever come when we as a people are tempted to succumb to sloth and luxury1 first to undervalue1 and finally to give up1 national power and privileges which are an heritage from ,god1 and have been dearly purchased by those who went before us--may these emblems1 and the stirring memories that cling to them1 help us in some degree to wake up the last drop of blood left in our hearts1 and nerve us to bear ourselves like the children of our sires4 ',we have heard with our ears1 ,o ,god1 and our fathers have told us1 what ,thou didst in their days in the times of old4 ,for they got not the land in possession by their own sword1 neither did their own arm save them1 but ,thy right hand and ,thine arm1 and the light of ,thy countenance1 because ,thou hadst a favour unto them4 ,through ,thee will we push down our enemies2 through ,thy name will we tread them under that rise up against us4' ,this impressive and imposing ceremony closed with the magnificent ,hallelujah ,chorus of ,handel1 and the final ,benediction4 ,that colours do not always perish in honour may be seen by the following extract from the ,scots' ,magazine of ,june1 #agdf1 where the citizens of ,edinburgh assisted at a very different function to the one we have just described4 ,fourteen rebel colours1 says the ancient newsman1 taken at ,culloden1 were brought into ,edinburgh on the #cast ,may1 and lodged in the castle4 ,on ,wednesday1 the #dth of ,june1 at noon1 they were brought down to the ,cross1 the ,pretender's own standard carried by the hangman1 and the rest by chimney sweepers4 ,the sheriffs1 accompanied by the heralds1 pursuivants1 trumpeters1 city constables1 etc41 and escorted by the city guard1 walked to the ,cross1 where a proclamation was #ga made that the colours belonging to the rebels were ordered by the ,duke of ,cumberland to be burnt by the hands of the common hangman4 ,the ,pretender's standard was then put on a fire that had been prepared1 and afterwards all the rest one by one--a herald always proclaiming to whom each belonged1 the trumpets sounding1 and the populace1 of which there was a great number assembled1 huzzaing4 ,various government officials have their special flags4 ,the flag of the ,union having been established by ,queen's ,regulations for the naval service1 as the distinguishing flag to be borne by the admiral of the fleet1 great inconvenience arose from the use of the same flag when military authorities1 diplomatic and consular agents were embarking in boats or other vessels2 so it became necessary to make some modification in the flag4 ,it is therefore now ordered that a general or other officer commanding a military station shall have1 in the centre of the ,union1 a blue shield bearing the ,royal initials1 surmounted by a crown and surrounded by a garland2 those in the diplomatic service shall have1 in the centre of the ,union1 a white shield bearing the ,royal ,arms1 and surrounded by a garland2 while consuls-general1 consuls1 or consular agents have the ,blue ,ensign as their distinguishing flag1 and in the centre thereof the ,royal ,arms4 ,the flag of the ,lord-,lieutenant of ,ireland is the ,union1 and in its centre1 as we may see in ,fig4 #ajf1 a blue shield bearing the golden harp4 ,different ,government ,departments have their special flags also4 ,thus the ,transport ,service has the blue ensign with a golden anchor1 placed horizontally1 in the fly1 while the ,victualling ,department has the blue ensign again1 but this time as shown in ,fig4 #ih1 with two crossed anchors4 ,on the blue ensign of the ,board of ,trade is found in the fly a white circle1 and within this a ship in full sail 7see ,fig4 #aje74 ,the ,ordnance ,department flag1 represented in ,fig4 #ajh1 bears a shield with cannons and cannon balls upon it1 while vessels and boats employed on submarine mining service are authorized to carry the blue ensign with--as its special badge--a hand issuing from a mural crown1 and grasping a thunderbolt4 ,the ,telegraph branch of the ,post-,office has a very striking device3 a representation of ,father ,time with his hour glass smashed by lightning4 ,the red ensign is employed by the ,custom ,house and the ,excise1 in the first case having1 as we see in ,fig4 #ajg1 a golden crown in the fly1 and1 in the second1 a crown and star4 ,the flag of the ,admiralty is a very striking one 7,fig4 #ii74 ,this association of the anchor with the ,admiralty is a very natural one2 we see it not only in our ,english flag1 but in those of ,france1 ,italy1 ,germany1 ,russia1 etc4 ,our ,admiralty flag is hoisted on any ship when the ,commissioners #gb of the ,admiralty are on board1#ec and it is also hoisted at the fore top-gallant mast of every ship on which the ,queen may be on board4 ,vessels carrying ,her ,majesty's mail fly on the fore-mast a white burgee1 having in its centre a crown1 and on one side of it the word ,royal and on the other ,mail2 the words ,royal ,mail and the crown being in red on the white field of the flag4 ,the ,white ,ensign1 ,fig4 #ie1 the special flag of ,her ,majesty's ,navy1 is1 by very exceptional privilege1 allowed to be flown by the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron4 ,this distinction was conferred on that ,club in the year #ahbi1 the ,club itself being established in #ahab4ed ,in the old days1 when the ,royal ,navy used the red1 white1 and blue ensigns1 the red ensign was of the highest dignity2 and it was this from #ahba to #ahbi that the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron flew1 but1 as the red ensign was also used by merchant vessels1 they adopted in #ahbi the white ensign as being more distinctive4 ,in #ahdb the ,admiralty drew up a ,minute that no warrant should be issued to any other yacht club to fly the white ensign1 and that those privileged ,clubs that already had it must henceforth forego it4 ,copies of the minute were accordingly sent to the ,royal ,western of ,england1 ,royal ,thames1 ,royal ,southern1 and some two or three other clubs1 but1 by some oversight1 the ,royal ,western of ,ireland was overlooked1 and that ,club continued to use the white ensign until the mistake was discovered by the ,admiralty in the year #aheg4 ,since that date the ,royal ,yacht ,squadron1 which has always been under the special patronage of ,royalty1 has been alone in its use4 ,its value is purely sentimental2 it carries no substantial privilege4 ,a rather marked case arose1 in fact1 to the contrary in #ahhc1 when ,lord ,annesley's yacht1 the ,seabird1 was detained by the ,turkish authorities at the ,dardanelles in consequence of her bearing the white ensign4 ,no foreign man-of-war is allowed to pass the ,dardanelles without special permission2 and the white #gc ensign of the ,royal ,navy brought her within that category4 ,on account of this1 all yacht owners were warned that should they wish to pass the ,dardanelles under the white or blue ensign1 the latter being also the flag of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve1 they must first obtain an ,imperial ,irad1 otherwise they were recommended to display the red ensign4 ,austria-,hungary1 ,spain1 ,denmark1 ,italy1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 and ,france have each1 in like manner1 given to the leading club of the country the privilege of flying the naval flag4 ,in ,america and ,russia a special ensign has been accorded to all yacht clubs1 and all take equal rank4 ,some years ago the ,royal ,cork ,yacht ,club wished to adopt a green ensign1 but the ,admiralty refused to sanction a new colour4 ,the ,blue ,ensign is conferred on certain ,yacht ,clubs by special ,admiralty warrant4 ,the ,royal ,eastern1 ,royal ,barrow1 ,royal ,clyde1 ,royal ,highland1 ,royal ,northern1 ,royal ,western of ,england1 ,royal ,cinque ,ports1 ,royal ,albert1 ,royal ,dorset1 etc41 fly the ,blue ,ensign pure and simple2 others have a distinguishing badge on the fly1 thus the ,royal ,irish has a golden harp and crown1 the ,royal ,ulster a white shield with the red hand1 the ,royal ,cornwall the ,prince of ,wales' ,feathers1 the ,royal ,harwich a golden rampant lion1 and so forth4 ,the clubs flying the ,red ,ensign change it slightly from that flown by the ,merchant ,service2 thus the ,royal ,st4 ,george1 ,royal ,victoria1 and ,royal ,portsmouth have a golden crown in the centre of the ,union canton1 while the ,royal ,yorkshire has a white rose and gold crown on the fly1 and the ,royal ,dart a golden dart and crown4 ,each club has also its distinguishing burgee1 and ordinarily of the same colour as its ensign2 thus1 though the ,royal ,clyde and the ,royal ,highland both fly the plain blue ensign1 the ,royal ,clyde burgee has on it the yellow shield and red lion rampant1 while the ,royal ,highland has the white cross of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,fig4 #ajj is the burgee of the ,ranelagh ,club1 ,fig4 #aja of the ,yare1 ,fig4 #ajb of the ,royal ,thames1 ,fig4 #ajc of the ,dublin ,bay ,club4 ,besides these club ensigns and burgees1 each yacht bears its owner's individual device1 that is supposed to distinguish it from all others1 though one finds1 in looking through a series of such flags1 that some of the simpler devices are borne by more than one yacht4 ,every yacht club has its special burgee1 which is flown by each yacht in the club at her truck1 but when the vessel is racing the individual flag takes its place4 ,many of these flags1 though simple in character1 are very effective and striking4 ,the lower flags on ,plate ,,xii4 are good typical examples4 ,fig4 #aba is the yacht flag of ,his ,royal ,highness the ,prince of ,wales--the flag of the well-known ,britannia2 and ,figs4 #abb and #abc are those respectively of the equally-famed ,ailsa and ,valkyrie4 #gd ,merchant vessels are permitted to adopt any ,house or ,company flag on condition that it does not resemble any national flag4 ,its great use is that it should be clearly distinctive2 and many of the flags employed are of strict heraldic propriety1 and very attractive1 while others are about as unsatisfactory and bald as they well could be4 ,it would clearly be a painful and invidious thing to pick out any of these latter1 so we can only suggest that any of our readers who have an opportunity of visiting busy ports1 such as ,london1 ,southampton1 ,bristol1 ,liverpool1 should collect their own awful examples and paint them in the margin of this page4 ,we may point out1 by the way1 that anyone sketching flags would be greatly assisted by knowing the symbols for the various colours1 as it may well be that anyone might have only a pencil in his pocket when desiring to make such a memorandum4 ,white is expressed by simply leaving the paper plain1 yellow by dotting the surface over1 red by a series of upright lines1 blue by horizontal lines1 green by sloping lines1 and black by a series of upright lines crossed by others at right angles to them4 ,these are the colours used in books on heraldry1 and they are very easily remembered4 ,on some of our coins the colours of the arms in the shield are thus expressed1 and on heraldic book-plates and the like they may be also seen--wherever1 in fact1 colour has to be expressed or notified without the actual use of it4 ,our readers will find that if they will sketch out in black and white some few of our examples they will soon gain a useful facility that may stand them in good stead whenever for this or any other purpose they want to make a colour memorandum1 and have only a pencil or pen and ink to make it with4 ,in the upper portion of ,plate ,,xii4 we have several illustrations of ,company flags4 ,fig4 #aji is the well-known ensign of ,green's ,blackwall ,line1 while ,fig4 #aaj is that of the ,cunard4 ,the ,peninsular and ,oriental flag 7,fig4 #aaa7 is divided by lines from corner to corner into four triangles1 the upper one white1 the lower yellow1 the hoist blue1 and the fly red4 ,this division into triangles is a rather favourite one2 we see it again in ,fig4 #aab1 the ,flag of the ,australasian ,steam ,navigation ,company4 ,in the flag of the ,demerara and ,berbice ,steamship ,company the upper and lower portions are white1 and the two side portions red2 in the flag of the vessels belonging to ,galbraith1 ,pembroke and ,co41 the upper is red1 the lower blue1 and the two sides white4 ,in another company1 that of ,wesencraft of ,newcastle1 the colours are the same as the ,p4 and ,o4 flag1 though differently placed1 the blue being at the top1 the red at the bottom1 the yellow at the hoist1 and the white at the fly4 ,fig4 #aac is the flag of the fleet of ,devitt and ,moore1 an ,australian ,line4 ,fig4 #aad betokens the vessels of the #ge ,canadian ,pacific ,company1 and ,fig4 #aae the ships of the ,castle ,line to ,south ,africa4 ,fig4 #aaf is the ,company flag of the ,union ,steamship ,company1 of ,southampton1 while ,fig4 #aag is the device of the ,mediterranean and ,new ,york ,steamship ,company4 ,our remaining illustrations are2 ,fig4 #aah1 the flag adopted by ,messrs4 ,houlden ,brothers2 ,fig4 #aai1 that of the popular ,white ,star ,line2 and ,fig4 #abj1 that of the ,new ,zealand ,shipping ,company4 ,the well-known ,allan ,line has as its house flag the three upright strips of blue1 white1 and red that we see in the ,french tricolor1 ,fig4 #aia1 plus a plain red burgee that is always hoisted immediately above it4 ,the ,allan is the largest private ship-owning company in the world2 in the course of the year there are some two hundred arrivals and departures of their vessels at or from ,glasgow1 and some fifty thousand people are carried annually to or from ,america4 ,during the ,crimean ,war many of the steamers of this line were chartered by the ,french ,government for the transport of their troops1 and it is in memory of this that the vessels of the ,allan fleet adopt the tricolor as their house flag4 ,that we have by no means exhausted this portion of our subject is patent from the fact that in a book before us that is specially devoted to these house flags seven hundred and eighty-two examples are given1 wherein we find not only stripes1 crosses1 and such-like simple arrangements1 but crescents1 stars1 anchors1 lions1 stags1 thistles1 castles1 bells1 keys1 crowns1 tridents1 and many other forms4 ,in earlier days merchant ships flew rather the flag of their port than of their nation1 so that a vessel was known to be of ,plymouth1 ,marseilles1 ,dantzic1 or ,bremen by the colours displayed4 ,thus the flag of ,marseilles was blue with a white cross upon it2 ,texel1 a flag divided horizontally into two equal strips1 the upper being green and the lower black2 ,rotterdam was indicated by a flag having six horizontal green stripes upon it1 the interspaces being white2 ,cherbourg1 blue1 white1 blue1 white1 horizontally arranged2 ,riga1 a yellow cross on a blue ground4 ,the ,british ,empire--the ,greater ,britain across the seas1 some eighty times larger in area than the home islands of its birth--must now engage our attention4 ,its material greatness is amazing1 far exceeding that of any other empire the world has ever seen1 and its moral greatness is equal to its material4 ,wherever the flag of ,britain flies1 there is settled law1 property is protected1 religion is free2 it is no mere symbol of violence or rapine1 or even of conquest4 ,it is what it is because it represents everywhere peace1 and civilization1 and commerce4 ,protected by the ,pax ,britannica dwell four hundred millions out of every race under heaven1 the #gf ,mother of ,nations extending to ,jew1 ,parsee1 ,arab1 ,chinese1 ,blackfoot1 ,maori1 the liberties that were won at ,runnymead and in many another stern fight for life and freedom4 ,in every school-room in the ,united ,states hangs the flag of their ,union1 the ,stars and ,stripes2 and devotion to all that it symbolises is an essential part of the teaching4 ,we in turn might well in our systems of education give a larger space to the history1 laws1 and literature of our great ,empire1 taking a more comprehensive view than is now ordinarily the case1 studying the growth of the mighty ,states that have sprung into existence through ,british energy1 and attaching at least as much importance to the lives of the men who have built up this goodly heritage as to the culinary shortcomings of ,alfred or the schemes of ,perkin ,warbeck4 ,as regards the value of our ,colonies to the ,empire1 the following extract from a speech made by the ,prince of ,wales at the ,royal ,colonial ,institute may very aptly be quoted3-- ,we regard the ,colonies as integral parts of the ,empire1 and our warmest sympathies are with our brethren beyond the seas1 who are no less dear to us than if they dwelt in ,surrey or ,kent4 ,mutual interests1 as well as ties of affection1 unite us as one people1 and so long as we hold together we are unassailable from without4 ,from a commercial point of view1 the ,colonies and ,india are among the best customers for home manufacturers1 it being computed that no less than one-third of the total exports are absorbed by them4 ,they offer happy and prosperous homes to thousands who are unable to gain a livelihood within the narrow limits of these islands1 owing to the pressure of over-population and consequent over-competition4 ,in transplanting themselves to our own ,colonies1 instead of to foreign lands1 they retain their privileges as citizens of this great ,empire1 and live under the same flag as subjects of the same ,sovereign4 ,as ,professor ,seeley remarks in his very interesting work1 ',the ,expansion of ,england1' ',englishmen in all parts of the world remember that they are of one blood and one religion2 that they have one history1 and one language and literature4' ,we are1 in fact1 a vast ,english nation1 and we should take great care not to allow the emigrants who have gone forth from among us to imagine that they have in the slightest degree ceased to belong to the same community as ourselves4 ,our statesmen and thinkers have never failed to recognise the brotherhood of ,greater ,britain4 ,of this fact it would be easy enough to reproduce illustrations by the score4 ,we need1 however1 here but refer to the sentiments of the ,earl of ,rosebery on the expansion of the ,empire1 where we find him declaring-- #gg ,since #ahfh the ,empire has been growing by leaps and bounds4 ,that is1 perhaps1 not a process which everybody witnesses with unmixed satisfaction4 ,it is not always viewed with unmixed satisfaction in circles outside these islands4 ,there are two schools who view with some apprehension the growth of our ,empire4 ,the first is composed of those nations who1 coming somewhat late into the field1 find that ,great ,britain has some of the best plots already marked out4 ,to those nations ,i will say that they must remember that our ,colonies were taken--to use a well-known expression--at prairie value1 and that we have made them what they are4 ,we may claim that whatever lands other nations may have touched and rejected1 and we have cultivated and improved1 are fairly parts of our ,empire1 which we may claim to possess by an indisputable title4 ,but there is another ground on which the extension of our ,empire is greatly attacked1 and the attack comes from a quarter nearer home4 ,it is said that our ,empire is already large enough1 and does not need extension4 ,that would be true enough if the world were elastic1 but1 unfortunately1 it is not elastic1 and we are engaged at the present moment1 in the language of mining1 in 'pegging out claims for the future4' ,we have to consider not what we want now1 but what we shall want in the future4 ,we have to consider what countries must be developed1 either by ourselves or some other nation1 and we have to remember that it is part of our responsibility and heritage to take care that the world1 as far as it can be moulded by us1 shall receive an ',english-speaking' complexion1 and not that of another nation4 ,we have to look forward beyond the chatter of platforms1 and the passions of party1 to the future of the race of which we are at present the trustees1 and we should1 in my opinion1 grossly fail in the task that has been laid upon us did we shrink from responsibilities1 and decline to take our share in a partition of the world which we have not forced on1 but which has been forced upon us4 ,statistics of area of square miles1 population1 and so forth1 can be readily found by those who care to seek for them1 and we need give them no place here2 but let us at least try and realise just by bare enumeration something of what this ,greater ,britain is4 ,in ,europe it includes1 besides the home islands1 ,gibraltar1 ,malta1 ,cyprus4 ,in ,asia--the great ,indian ,empire1 ,ceylon1 ,aden1 ,hong-,kong1 ,north ,borneo1 the ,straits ,settlements1 ,perim1 ,socotra1 ,labuan4 ,in ,america--the ,dominion of ,canada1 ,newfoundland1 ,trinidad1 ,guiana1 ,honduras1 ,jamaica1 the ,bahamas1 ,bermudas1 ,barbadoes1 ,falkland ,isles1 the ,leeward and ,windward ,isles4 ,in ,australasia--,new ,south ,wales1 ,victoria1 ,western ,australia1 ,tasmania1 ,queensland1 ,new ,zealand1 ,fiji1 ,new ,guinea4 ,in ,africa--the ,cape ,colony1 ,basutoland1 ,bechuanaland1 ,zululand1 ,natal1 #gh ,gold ,coast1 ,lagos1 ,sierra ,leone1 ,gambia1 ,mauritius1 ,seychelles1 ,ascension1 ,st4 ,helena4 ,our list is by no means a complete one4 ,newfoundland was the earliest ,british colony1 the settlement being made about the year #aejj4 ,many of our colonies have been thus created by peaceful settlement1 while others have fallen to us in victorious fights with ,france1 ,holland1 ,spain1 and other ,powers1 or have been ceded by treaty4 ,the flags of our colonies are those of the ,empire1 with1 in some cases1 special modifications4 ,in all our colonies1 for instance1 the ,royal ,standard1 as we see it in ,england1 is displayed on the fortresses on the anniversaries of the birth and coronation of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,blue ,ensign is the flag borne by any vessel maintained by any colony under the clauses of the ,colonial ,defence ,act1 #bh ,vic41 ,cap4 #ad4 ,the ,queen's ,regulations state that ,any vessel provided and used1 under the third section of the said ,act1 shall wear the ,blue ,ensign1 with the seal or badge of the ,colony in the fly thereof1 and a blue pendant4 ,all vessels belonging to1 or permanently in the service of1 the ,colony1 but not commissioned as vessels of war under the ,act referred to1 shall wear a similar blue ensign1 but not the pendant4 ,in ,figs4 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 and #ace we have the ,government ,ensigns of four of our great ,colonies--,cape ,colony1 ,queensland1 ,canada1 and ,victoria--while in ,fig4 #adj we have the blue pendant4 ,this ,colonial ,defence ,act of #ahfe is so important in its bearings on the possibilities of ,naval defence that it seems well to quote from it some of its provisions4 ,its object is to enable the several ,colonial possessions of ,her ,majesty to make better provision for ,naval defence1 and1 to that end1 to provide and man vessels of war2 and also to raise a volunteer force to form part of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve1 to be available for the general defence of the ,colony in case of need4 ,this ,act declares that in any ,colony it shall be lawful for the proper ,legislative ,authority1 with the ,approval of ,her ,majesty in ,council1 from ,time to ,time to make ,provision for effecting at the ,expense of the ,colony all or any of the ,purposes following3 ,for providing1 maintaining1 and using a ,vessel or ,vessels of ,war1 subject to such ,conditions and for such ,purposes as ,her ,majesty in ,council from ,time to ,time approves4 ,for raising and maintaining ,seamen and others entered on the ,terms of being bound to serve as ordered in any such ,vessel4 #gi ,for raising and maintaining a ,body of ,volunteers entered on the ,terms of being bound to general ,service in the ,royal ,navy in ,emergency1 and1 if in any ,case the proper ,legislative ,authority so directs1 on the further ,terms of being bound to serve as ordered in any such ,vessel as aforesaid3 ,for appointing ,commissioned1 ,warrant1 and other ,officers to train and command or serve as ,officers with any such ,men ashore or afloat1 on such ,terms and subject to such ,regulations as ,her ,majesty in ,council from ,time to ,time approves3 ,for obtaining from the ,admiralty the ,services of ,commissioned1 ,warrant1 and other ,officers and of ,men of the ,royal ,navy for the last-mentioned ,purposes3 ,for enforcing good ,order and ,discipline among the ,men and ,officers aforesaid while ashore or afloat within the ,limits of the ,colony3 ,for making the ,men and ,officers aforesaid1 while ashore or afloat within the ,limits of the ,colony or elsewhere1 subject to all ,enactments and ,regulations for the ,time being in force for the ,discipline of the ,royal ,navy4 ,volunteers raised as aforesaid in any ,colony shall form ,part of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve1 in addition to the ,volunteers who may be raised under the ,act of #ahei1 but1 except as in this ,act expressly provided1 shall be subject exclusively to the ,provisions made as aforesaid by the proper ,legislative ,authority of the ,colony4 ,it shall be lawful for ,her ,majesty in ,council from ,time to ,time as ,occasion requires1 and on such ,conditions as seem fit1 to authorize the ,admiralty to issue to any ,officer of the ,royal ,navy volunteering for the ,purpose a ,special ,commission for ,service in accordance with the ,provisions of this ,act4 ,it shall be lawful for ,her ,majesty in ,council from ,time to ,time as ,occasion requires1 and on such ,conditions as seem fit1 to authorize the ,admiralty to accept any ,offer for the ,time being made or to be made by the ,government of a ,colony1 to place at ,her ,majesty's ,disposal any ,vessel of ,war provided by that ,government and the ,men and ,officers from ,time to ,time serving therein2 and while any ,vessel accepted by the ,admiralty under such ,authority is at the ,disposal of ,her ,majesty1 such ,vessel shall be deemed to all ,intents a ,vessel of ,war of the ,royal ,navy1 and #hj the ,men and ,officers from ,time to ,time serving in such ,vessels shall be deemed to all ,intents ,men and ,officers of the ,royal ,navy1 and shall accordingly be subject to all ,enactments and ,regulations for the ,time being in force for the ,discipline of the ,royal ,navy4 ,it shall be lawful for ,her ,majesty in ,council from ,time to ,time as ,occasion requires1 and on such ,conditions as seem fit1 to authorize the ,admiralty to accept any ,offer for the ,time being made or to be made by the ,government of a ,colony1 to place at ,her ,majesty's ,disposal for general ,service in the ,royal ,navy the whole or any ,part of the ,body of ,volunteers with all or any of the ,officers raised and appointed by that ,government in accordance with the ,provisions of this ,act2 and when any such ,offer is accepted such of the ,provisions of the ,act of #ahei as relate to ,men of the ,royal ,naval ,reserve raised in the ,united ,kingdom when in actual ,service shall extend and apply to the ,volunteers whose ,services are so accepted4 ,as the ,act winds up by saying that nothing in this ,act shall take away or abridge any power vested in or exerciseable by the ,legislature or ,government of any ,colony1 it is evident that the whole arrangement is a purely voluntary one4 ,the vessels of the ,mercantile ,marine registered as belonging to any of the ,colonies1 fly the red ensign without any distinguishing badge1 so that a ,victorian or ,canadian merchantman coming up the ,thames or ,mersey would probably fly a flag in all respects similar 7,fig4 #ig7 to that of a merchant vessel owned in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,there is1 however1 no objection to colonial merchant vessels carrying distinctive flags with the badge of the ,colony thereon1 in addition to the red ensign1 provided that the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty give their warrant of authorization4 ,the red ensign differenced may be seen in ,fig4 #abi1 the merchant flag of ,canada1#ee and in ,fig4 #acd that of ,victoria1 the device on this latter bearing the five stars1 representing the constellation of the ,southern ,cross--a simple1 appropriate1 and beautiful device4 #ha ,governors of ,her ,majesty's ,dominions in foreign parts1 and governors of all ranks and denominations administering the governments of ,british ,colonies and ,dependencies shall--as set forth in ,queen's ,regulations--fly the ,union ,jack with the arms or badge of the ,colony emblazoned in the centre thereof4 ,figs4 #aci and #ada are illustrations1 the first being the special flag of the ,viceroy of ,india1 and the second that of the ,governor of ,western ,australia4 ,the ,governor-,general of ,canada has in the centre of his flag the arms of the ,dominion1 while the ,lieutenant-,governors of ,quebec1 ,ontario1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,manitoba1 ,british ,columbia1 and ,prince ,edward's ,island have in the centre of their flags the arms of their province alone4 ,these arms in each case are placed on a shield within a white circle1 and surrounded by a wreath4 ,the ,admiralty requirements are that the ,colonial badge on the governor's flag should be placed within a green garland1 and this is understood to be of laurel2 but in #ahgj ,canada received the ,imperial sanction to substitute the leaves of the maple4#ef ,though the provinces that together make the ,dominion of ,canada are seven in number1 the ,canadian shield only shows the arms of four--,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 and ,new ,brunswick--an arrangement that can be scarcely palatable to the other three4 ,the ,queen's ,warrant1 published in the ,canadian ,gazette of ,november #beth1 #ahfi1 is as follows3-- ,,victoria1 by the ,grace of ,god1 of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 ,queen1 ,defender of the ,faith1 c4 ,to ,our ,right ,trusty and well-beloved ,councillor1 ,edward ,george ,fitzalan ,howard 7commonly called ,lord ,edward ,george ,fitzalan ,howard71 ,deputy to ,our ,right ,trusty and ,right entirely beloved cousin1 ,henry ,duke of ,norfolk1 ,earl ,marshal and ,our ,hereditary ,marshal of ,england--greeting3-- ,,whereas1 by virtue of1 and under the authority of an ,act of ,parliament1 passed in the ,twenty-ninth year of ,our ,reign1 entitled ',an ,act for the ,union of ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia1 and ,new ,brunswick1 and the ,government thereof1 we were empowered to declare after a certain day therein appointed1 that the said ,provinces of ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia and ,new ,brunswick should #hb form one ,dominion under the name of ,canada4 ,and it was provided that on and after the day so appointed1 ,canada should be divided into four ,provinces1 named1 ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia and ,new ,brunswick2 that the part of the then ,province of ,canada1 which formerly constituted the ,province of ,upper ,canada1 should constitute the ,province of ,ontario2 and the part which formerly constituted the ,province of ,lower ,canada1 should constitute the ,province of ,quebec2 and that the ,provinces of ,nova ,scotia and ,new ,brunswick should have the same limits as at the passing of the said ,act4 ,and whereas we did by ,our ,royal ,proclamation1 bearing date the ,twenty-second day of ,may last1 declare1 ordain1 and command that1 on and after the first day of ,july1 #ahfg1 the said ,provinces should form and be one ,dominion under the name of ,canada accordingly4 ,and forasmuch as it is ,our ,royal will and pleasure that1 for the greater honour and distinction of the said ,provinces1 certain ,armorial ,ensigns should be assigned to them1 ,,know ,,ye1 therefore1 that ,we1 of our ,princely ,grace and special favour1 have granted and assigned1 and by these presents do grant and assign the ,armorial ,ensigns following1 that is to say3-- ,,for ,,the ,,province ,,of ,,ontario3 ,vert1 a sprig of three ,leaves of ,maple slipped1 or1 on a chief ,argent the ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,,for ,,the ,,province ,,of ,,quebec3 ,or1 on a ,fess ,gules between two ,fleurs de ,lis in chief ,azure1 and a ,sprig of three ,leaves of ,maple slipped vert in base1 a ,lion passant guardant or4 ,,for ,,the ,,province ,,of ,,nova ,,scotia3 ,or1 on a ,fess ,wavy ,azure between three ,thistles proper1 a ,salmon ,naiant ,argent4 ,,for ,,the ,,province ,,of ,,new ,,brunswick3 ,or1 on waves a ,lymphad1 or ,ancient ,galley1 with oars in action1 proper1 on a chief ,gules a ,lion passant guardant or1 as the same are severally depicted in the margin hereof1 to be borne for the said respective ,provinces on ,seals1 ,shields1 ,banners1 ,flags1 or otherwise according to the ,laws of ,arms4 ,and ,we are further pleased to declare that the said ,united ,provinces of ,canada1 being one ,dominion under the name of #hc ,canada1 shall1 upon all occasions that may be required1 use a common ,seal1 to be called the ',great ,seal of ,canada1' which said seal shall be composed of the ,arms of the said ,four ,provinces quarterly1 all which armorial bearings are set forth in this ,our ,royal ,warrant4 ,this latter point is a somewhat important one1 as owing to the semi-official endorsement given in many colonial publications1 it appears to be a popular misconception that as many different arms as possible are to be crowded in4 ,in one example before us five are represented1 the additional one being ,manitoba4 ,in a handbook on the history1 production1 and natural resources of ,canada1 prepared by the ,minister of ,agriculture for the ,colonial ,exhibition1 held in ,london in #ahhf1 the arms of the seven provinces are given separately1 grouped around a central shield that includes them all4 ,the whole arrangement is styled ,arms of the ,dominion and of the ,provinces of ,canada4 ,when the ,queen's ,warrant was issued in #ahfi1 ,ontario1 ,quebec1 ,nova ,scotia1 and ,new ,brunswick were the only members of the ,confederation4 ,manitoba entered it in #ahgj1 ,british ,columbia in #ahga1 and ,prince ,edward ,island in #ahgc4 ,the ,royal ,canadian ,yacht ,club1 the ,royal ,nova ,scotia ,yacht ,squadron1 and the ,royal ,hamilton ,yacht ,club have the privilege of flying the blue ensign4 ,canada1 unlike ,australia1 supplies no contingent towards the ,imperial ,navy1 but she has spent on public works over forty million pounds sterling4 ,by her great trans-continental railway a valuable alternative route to the ,east is furnished2 she provides graving docks at ,quebec1 ,halifax1 and ,victoria2 trains an annual contingent of forty thousand volunteers1 supports a military college at ,kingston1 of whose cadets between eighty and ninety are now officers in the ,british ,army2 and in many other ways contributes to the well-being of the ,empire1 that ,greater ,britain1 which has been not unaptly termed a ,world-,venice1 with the sea for streets4 ,the badges of the various ,colonies of the ,empire1 as shown in the official flag-book of the ,admiralty1 are very diverse in appearance2 some pleasing and others less charming1 perhaps1 than fantastic4 ,it is needless to particularise them all4 ,some1 like those of ,mauritius1 ,jamaica1 and of ,cape ,colony 7,fig4 #abg7 are heraldic in character1 while others--as ,barbadoes1 where ,britannia rides the waves in a chariot drawn by sea-horses1 or ,south ,australia1 where ,britannia lands on a rocky shore on which a black man is seated--are symbolical4 ,queensland has the simple and pleasing device we see in ,fig4 #abh1 the ,maltese ,cross1 having a crown at its centre4 ,newfoundland has a crown on a white disc and the #hd ,latinised name ,terra ,nova beneath1 and ,fiji 7,fig4 #acg7 adopts a like simple device1 the crown and the word ,fiji1 while ,new ,guinea does not get even so far as this1 but has the crown1 and beneath it the letters ,n4 ,g4 ,the gnu appears as the device of ,natal2 the black swan 7,fig4 #ada7 as the emblem of ,west ,australia4 ,an elephant and palm-tree on a yellow ground stand for ,west ,africa1 and an elephant and temple for ,ceylon4 ,british ,north ,borneo 7,fig4 #acb71 on a yellow disc has a red lion1 and ,tasmania 7,fig4 #acc71 on a white ground has the same1 though it will be noted that the action of the two royal beasts is not quite the same4 ,the ,straits ,settlements have the curious device seen in ,fig4 #aca4 ,new ,zealand 7,fig4 #acf7 has a cross of stars on a blue field4 ,victoria we have already seen in ,figs4 #acd and #ace1 while ,new ,south ,wales has upon the white field the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 having in the centre one of the lions of ,england1 and on each arm a star--an arrangement shown in ,fig4 #ach4 ,british ,east ,africa has the crown1 and beneath it the golden sun shooting forth its rays1 one of the simplest1 most appropriate1 and most pleasing of all the ,colonial devices2 when placed in the centre of the ,governor's flag it is upon a white disc1 and the sun has eight principal rays4 ,when for use on the red or blue ensigns1 the sun has twelve principal rays1 and both golden sun and crown are placed directly upon the field of the flag4 ,st4 ,helena1 ,trinidad1 ,bermuda1 ,british ,guiana1 ,leeward ,isles1 ,labuan1 ,bahamas1 and ,hong ,kong all have devices in which ships are a leading feature--in the ,bermuda device associated with the great floating dock1 in the ,hong ,kong with junks1 and in the other cases variously differentiated from each other1 so that all are quite distinct in character4 ,in the device of the ,leeward ,isles1 designed by ,sir ,benjamin ,pine1 a large pine-apple is growing in the foreground1 and three smaller ones away to the right4 ,it is jocularly assumed that the centre one was ,sir ,benjamin himself1 and the three subordinate ones his family4 ,with ,great ,britain the command of the ocean is all-important4 ,by our sea-power our great ,empire has been built up1 and by it alone can it endure4 ,a power to which ,rome in the height of her glory is not to be compared--a power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe her possessions and military posts1 whose morning drum-beat1 following the sun1 and keeping company with the hours1 circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of ,england4 ,so spoke ,daniel ,webster in #ahcd1 and our ever-growing responsibilities have greatly increased since the more than sixty years when those words were uttered4 ,let us in conclusion turn to the ,true ,greatness of ,kingdoms and ,estates1 written by ,bacon1 a great and patriotic ,englishman1 where we may read the warning words3-- #he ,we see the great effects of battles by sea2 the ,battle of ,actium decided the empire of the world2 the ,battle of ,lepanto arrested the greatness of the ,turk4 ,there be many examples where sea-fights have been final to the war2 but this is when princes or ,states have set up their rest upon the battles2 but this much is certain1 that he who commands the sea is at great liberty1 and may take as much and as little of the war as he will1 whereas those that be strongest by land are many times1 nevertheless1 in great straits4 ,surely at this day1 with us of ,europe1 the vantage of strength at sea 7which is one of the dowries of this kingdom of ,great ,britain7 is great2 both because most of the kingdoms of ,europe are not merely inland1 but girt with the sea most part of their compass1 and because the wealth of both ,indies seems1 in great part1 but an accessory to the command of the seas4 ,we are the sons of the men who won us this goodly heritage1 and it behoves us in turn to hand it on to our descendants in undiminished dignity1 a world-wide domain beneath the glorious ,union ,flag that binds all in one great brotherhood4 99 99 99 99 99 #hf ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,the ,flag of ,columbus--,early ,settlements in ,north ,america--the ,birth of the ,united ,states--,early ,revolutionary and ,state ,flags--the ,pine-tree ,flag--the ,rattle-snake ,flag--the ,stars and ,stripes--,early ,variations of it--the ,arms of ,washington--,entry of ,new ,states into the ,union--the ,eagle--the ,flag of the ,president--,secession of the ,southern ,states--,state ,flags again--the ,stars and ,bars--the ,southern ,cross--the ,birth of the ,german ,empire--the ,influence of ,war ,songs--,flags of the ,empire--,flags of the smaller ,german ,states--the ,austro-,hungary ,monarchy--,the ,flags of ,russia--,the ,crosses of ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,george again--the ,flags of ,france--,st4 ,martin--,the ,oriflamme--the ,fleurs-de-lys--,their ,origin--the ,white ,cross--the ,white ,flag of the ,bourbons--the ,tricolor--the ,red ,flag--the ,flags of ,spain--of ,portugal--the ,consummation of ,italian ,unity--the ,arms of ,savoy--the ,flags of ,italy--of the ,temporal ,power of the ,papacy--the ,flag of ,denmark--its ,celestial ,origin--the ,flags of ,norway and ,sweden--of ,switzerland--,cantonal ,colours--the ,geneva ,convention--the ,flags of ,holland--of ,belgium--of ,greece--the ,crescent of ,turkey--the ,tughra--the ,flags of ,roumania1 ,servia1 and ,bulgaria--,flags of ,mexico and of the ,states of ,southern and ,central ,america--of ,japan--the ,rising ,sun--the ,chrysanthemum--the ,flags of ,china1 ,siam1 and ,corea--of ,sarawak--of the ,orange ,free ,state1 ,liberia1 ,congo ,state1 and the ,transvaal ,republic4 ,the well-known ,ensign 7,fig4 #adf7 of the ,united ,states of ,america is the outcome of many changes2 the last of a long series of ,national1 ,state1 and local devices4 ,the first flag planted on ,american ground was borne thither by ,christopher ,columbus1 in the year #adig1 and bore on its folds the arms of ,leon and ,castile1 a flag divided into four and having upon it1 each twice repeated1 the lion of ,leon and the ,castle of ,castile3 the first red on white1 the second white on red4 ,these arms form a portion of the present ,spanish ,standard1 and may be seen in the upper staff corner in ,fig4 #aid4 ,in this same year--#adig--,newfoundland was discovered1 but the first ,english settlement on the mainland was not made until ,sir ,walter ,raleigh took possession of a tract of country in #aehd1 naming it ,virginia1 after ,elizabeth1 the ,virgin-,queen he served1 and hoisting the ,standard of ,her ,majesty1 bearing in its rich blazonry 7,fig4 #bb7 the ruddy lions of ,england quartered with the golden lilies of ,france4 ,the ,dutch established themselves1 in the year #afad1 in what is now the ,state of ,new ,york2 the ,french1 having already founded a colony in ,canada in #aecd1 took possession of ,louisiana1 so called after their ,king ,louis1 in #agah1 while ,florida1 at first ,french1 became ,spanish1 and in #agfc was ceded to ,england4 #hg ,three ships1 bearing the earliest ,pilgrim ,fathers from ,england to ,america1 had already sailed from ,england in the year #afjf1 and these were followed by the historic ,mayflower and the ,plymouth ,rock1 in #afbj4 ,while these exiles for conscience sake established for themselves a new ,england in the west1 a colony of ,scotchmen in the year #afbb took possession of a tract of land which they named ,nova ,scotia4 ,maryland1 ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,jersey1 ,carolina1 ,pennsylvania1 and other colonies were successively formed by parties of ,englishmen--the final outcome of peaceful settlement1 or the arbitrament of the sword1 being that the greater part of the eastern seaboard1 and the country beyond it1 came under the sway of the ,english ,crown1 until injudicious taxation and ill-advised repression led at length to open discontent and disloyalty1 and finally to revolution and the birth of the great ,republic of the ,west4 ,so long as the ,colonists owed allegiance to the ,british crown1 one would naturally have taken for granted that they would have been found beneath the national flag1 but this was not altogether the case4 ,in the early days of ,new ,england the ,puritans strongly objected to the red cross on the flag3 not from any disloyalty to the old country1 but from a conscientious objection to the use of a symbol which they deemed idolatrous4 ,by the year #agjj1 though the ,cross of ,st4 ,george was still the leading device1 the different colonies began to employ special devices to distinguish their vessels from those of ,england and of each other4#eg ,this1 though it indicated a certain jealousy and independence amongst the colonies themselves1 was no proof of any desire for separation from the old country1 and even when1 later on1 the dispute between ,king and ,colonists became acute1 we find them parting from the old flag with great reluctance4 ,fig4 #adb is a very good illustration of this2 its date is #agge4 ,in the early stages of the ,revolution each section adopted a flag of its own1 and it was only later on1 when the desirability of union and uniformity became evident1 that the necessity for one common flag was felt4 ,thus1 the people of ,massachusetts ranged themselves beneath banners bearing pine trees2 the men of ,south ,carolina went in for rattle-snakes2 the ,new ,yorkers adopted a white flag with a black beaver thereon2 the ,rhode ,islanders had a white flag with a blue anchor upon it2 and1 in like manner1 each contingent adopted its special device4 ,in ,fig4 #add1 one of the flags of the insurgents at ,bunker's ,hill1 #hh ,june #agth1 #agge1 we see that the ,cross of ,st4 ,george is still preserved1 and it might well fly in company with ,fig4 #fg1 a flag of the ,london ,trained ,bands1 except that in the corner we see the pine tree4 ,in ,fig4 #ade the ,english emblem has dropped out and the pine tree has become much more conspicuous1 and in ,figs4 #adg and #adh all suggestion of ,st4 ,george or of the red or blue ,ensigns has disappeared4 ,this arboreal device was not by any means a new one to the men of ,massachusetts4 ,we find a mint established at ,boston as early as #afea1 busily engaged in coining the silver captured from the ,spaniards by the ,buccaneers4 ,on one side was the date and value of the coin1 and1 on the reverse1 a tree in the centre and ,in ,massachusetts around it4 ,it must be remembered that at the time there was no king to resent this encroachment on the royal prerogative1 and no notice was taken of it by the ,parliament or by ,cromwell4 ,there was a tacit allowance of it afterwards1 even by ,charles ,,ii41 for more than twenty years4 ,it will be remembered that on his enquiry into the matter he was told by some courtier that the device was intended for the ,royal ,oak1 and the question was allowed to drop4 ,south ,carolina adopted the rattle-snake flag at the suggestion of one ,gadsden1 a delegate to the ,general ,congress of the ,south ,carolina ,convention in #aggf4 ,on a yellow ground was placed a rattlesnake1 having thirteen rattles2 the reptile was coiled ready to strike1 and beneath was the warning motto1 ,don't tread on me4 ,the number thirteen had reference to the thirteen revolted ,states1 as it was originally proposed that this flag should be the navy flag for all the ,states4 ,as an accessory to a portrait of ,commodore ,hopkins1 ,commander-in-chief of the ,american fleet1 we see a flag of thirteen alternate red and white stripes4 ,it has no canton1 but undulating diagonally across the stripes is a rattlesnake4 ,the idea was not altogether a new one1 as we find the ,pennsylvania ,gazette1 in commenting twenty-five years previously on the iniquity of the ,british ,government in sending its convicts to ,america1 suggesting as a set off that a cargo of rattlesnakes should be distributed in ,st4 ,james's ,park1 ,spring ,gardens1 and other places of pleasure4 ,at the commencement of any great struggle by a revolting people there is often a great variety of device1 and it is only after a while that such a multiplicity is found to be a danger4 ,hence we find that prior to the yellow rattlesnake flag1 ,south ,carolina had1 with equal enthusiasm1 adopted the blue flag with the crescent moon that we have figured in ,no4 #aeh4eh #hi ,in the year #agge a committee was appointed to consider the question of a single flag for the thirteen ,states4 ,this ensign1 though it went far towards moulding these different sections into the ,united ,states1 was a curious illustration of that reluctance that we have already referred to1 to sever themselves finally from the ,old ,country1 as the ,committee recommended the retention of the ,union in the upper corner next the staff1 but substituted for the broad red field of the rest of the flag thirteen horizontally disposed stripes1 alternately red and white1 the emblems of the union into one of the thirteen colonies in their struggle against oppression4 ,we have this represented in ,fig4 #eg4 ,it was also the flag of the ,east ,india ,company4 ,on the final declaration of ,independence1 when the severance from the ,old ,country was irrevocable1 and the colonists became a nation1 the question of a national flag was one of the points awaiting solution2 but it was not till about a year afterwards that a decision was come to4 ,the vessels commissioned by ,washington flew the flag we have figured in ,no4 #adg2 this was approved in ,april1 #aggf1 and remained in use some little time1 as did also the one represented in ,fig4 #adi4 ,sometimes we find the cross and pine-tree removed and the whole flag nothing but the red and white stripes4 ,this flag composed of stripes alone was not peculiar to the ,american navy1 as a flag of similar design was for a long time a well-known signal in the ,british fleet1 being that used for the red division to form up into line of battle4 ,anyone looking over a collection of the common pottery made from about a hundred and fifty years ago up to comparatively recent times will find that stirring contemporary events are very freely introduced--sea-fights1 portraits of leading statesmen1 generals1 and so forth4 ,these are often caricatures1 as1 for example1 the hundreds that may be seen in our various museums and private collections derisive of ,boney1 while others are as historically correct as the potter's knowledge and skill could compass4 ,anyone visiting the ,corporation ,museum at ,brighton will find a jug bearing the head of ,zebulon ,m4 ,pike1 an ,american general2 trophies of flags are grouped around this1 but the only flag with any device upon it is a plain striped one4 ,another that bears the head of ,commodore ,decatur1 ,u4,s4,n41 has below it a cannon1 on the left a trophy of flags and weapons1 and on the right a ship2 and a very similar jug may be seen in honour of ,commodore ,parry4 ,in each of these cases the flags in the trophies and on the ships are simply striped4 ,on ,august #adth1 #aggg1 ,congress resolved that the flag of the ,united ,states be thirteen stripes1 alternately red and white1 and that the ,union be thirteen stars1 white in a blue field1 representing #ij a new constellation4#ei ,this was the birth of the national flag1 the stars and stripes1 and it would appear at first sight to be a final settlement of the device1 though in practice the result did not work out at all uniformly1 the number of stripes being unequal4 ,if we commence at the top with a white one1 we shall have seven white and six red1 whereas if we begin with a red stripe we shall get seven red and six white4 ,each of these renderings was for some years in use1 until it was authoritatively laid down that the latter was the arrangement to be adopted4 ,it seems a minor point1 but any of our readers who will re-draw ,fig4 #adf and transpose the colours of the stripes1 so that the upper and lower edges of the flag are white instead of red1 will be surprised to note how so apparently trivial a change will affect the appearance of the flag4#fj ,in like manner the stars were sometimes made with six points1 and at others with five4 ,even so late as #aggi1 we find such a striking variation as a flag bearing stars with eight points1 and its stripes alternately red1 blue1 and white4 ,the coins issued during the presidency of ,washington had five-pointed stars on them1 but later on they had six points4 ,nobody seems now to know why this change was made4 ,as nothing was said in this resolution of ,congress as to the arrangement of the stars on the blue field1 a further opening for variety of treatment was found4 ,in some of the early flags they were arranged to represent the letters ,u4,s41 in others they were all placed in a circle1 in others again they were dispersed irregularly1 so as the better to suggest a constellation2 and it was finally ordered that they should be placed in parallel horizontal rows1 as we now see them4 ,though the stars did not appear in the ,american flag until #aggg1 we find in a poem in the ,massachusetts ,spy of ,march #ajth1 #aggd1 on the outbreak of the rebellion1 the lines-- ,the ,american ensign now sparkles a star ,which shall shortly flame wide through the skies4 #ia ,this poetic and prophetic flight is the earliest suggestion of the stars in the national flag of the ,united ,states4 ,it has been held that the ,american ,eagle and the stars and stripes of the national flag were suggested by the crest and arms of the ,washington family4 ,this statement has been often made2 hence we find an ,american patriot writing3--,it is not a little curious that the poor1 worn-out rag of feudalism1 as many would count it1 should have expanded into the bright and ample banner that now waves on every sea4 ,but that it should be so seems by no means an established fact4 ,no reference is made to it in ,washington's correspondence1 or in that of any of his contemporaries4 ,the arms of the ,washington family are a white shield having two horizontal red bars1 and above these a row of three red stars2 and this certainly bears some little resemblance to the ,american flag1 but how much is mere coincidence1 and how much is adaptation it is impossible to say4 ,these arms may be seen on a brass in ,solgrave ,church1 ,huntingdonshire1 on the tomb of ,laurence ,washington1 the last lineal ancestor who was buried in ,england4 ,he was twice ,mayor of ,northampton1 in #aecc and in #aedf1 and the first ,president of the ,united ,states was his great-great-grandson4 ,he was a man of considerable influence1 and on the dissolution of the monasteries ,henry gave him the ,priory of ,st4 ,andrews1 ,northampton4 ,in the troublous times that succeeded1 his son ,john went to ,america1 and lived for some twenty years on the banks of the ,potomac4 ,another theory that has been advanced is that the blue quarter was taken from the blue banner of the ,scotch ,covenanters1 and was therefore significant of the ,solemn ,league and ,covenant of the ,united ,colonies against oppression1 while the stripes were a blending of the red colours used in the army with the white flags used in the navy4 ,we give the theory for what it is worth1 which we venture to say is not very much2 but as it was advanced by an ,american writer1 we give it place4 ,should our readers care to consider yet another theory1 they may learn that the genesis of the star-spangled banner was very much less prosaic4 ,prose has it that a ,committee of ,council1 accompanied by ,general ,washington1 called on ,mrs4 ,ross1 an upholstress of ,arch ,street1 ,philadelphia1 and engaged her to make a flag from a rough sketch that they brought with them1 that she in turn suggested one or two practical modifications1 and that at her wish ,washington re-drew it there and then1 that she at once set to work on it1 and in a few hours the first star-spangled flag was floating in the breeze2 but the poet ignores the services of ,mrs4 ,ross altogether1 and declares that #ib ,when ,freedom from her mountain height ,unfurled her standard to the air1 ,she tore the azure robe of ,night ,and set the stars of glory there4 ,she mingled with its gorgeous dyes ,the milky baldric of the skies1 ,and striped its pure celestial white ,with streakings of the morning light3 ,then from his mansion in the sun ,she called her eagle-bearer down ,and gave into his mighty hand ,the symbol of her chosen land4 ,this view was expressed by another great ,american in the words3--,as at the early dawn the stars shine forth even while it grows light1 and then1 as the sun advances1 that light breaks out into banks and streaming lines of colour1 the glowing red and intense light striving together and ribbing the horizon with bars effulgent1 so on the ,american flag stars and beams of light shine out together4 ,where this flag comes1 and men behold it1 they see in its sacred emblazoning no ramping lions1 and no fierce eagle1 no embattled castles1 or insignia of imperial authority3 they see the symbols of light3 it is the banner of dawn2 it means ,liberty6 ,we have clearly now got a long way from the establishment in ,arch ,street4 ,this flag1 which1 after such glowing passages as the foregoing1 we should almost expect to find too sacred a thing for change or criticism1 has undergone some few modifications in its details1 though the original broad idea has remained untouched4 ,as the first conception was that each of the original thirteen ,states was represented in the national flag by a star and a stripe1 other ,states1 as they came into the ,union1 naturally expected the same consideration3 hence on the admission of ,vermont in #agia1 and ,kentucky in #agib1 an ,act was passed which increased the number of stars and stripes from thirteen to fifteen4 ,later on came ,tennessee1 ,ohio1 ,louisiana1 and so forth1 and the flag was presently made to consist of twenty stars and stripes1 but it was found to be so objectionable to be thus continually altering it that it was settled in the year #ahah to go back to the original thirteen stripes1 but to add a star for each new ,state4 ,hence the stripes show always the original number of the ,states at the birth of the nation1 while the stars show the present number in the ,union4 ,it is interesting to trace the growth of the country1 ,illinois being enrolled in the ,union in #ahah1 ,alabama in #ahai1 ,maine in #ahbj1 ,missouri in #ahba1 ,arkansas in #ahcf1 ,michigan in #ahcg1 and so on2 but suffice it now to say that by #ahia the original thirteen had #ic grown to forty-four1 and it was announced that on and after the #dth of ,july of that year the national flag should bear this latter number of stars4 ,as there are still several territories awaiting promotion to the rank of ,states1 the constellation is even yet incomplete4 ,a song for our banner6 ,the watchword recall ,which gave the ,republic her station2 ,united we stand1 divided we fall1 ,it made1 and preserves us1 a nation6 ,the union of lakes1 the union of lands1 ,the union of ,states none can sever2 ,the union of hearts1 the union of hands1 ,and the flag of our ,union for ever4 ,the most striking modification of the flag is seen in the ,revenue ,service4 ,we have still the silver stars on the azure field and the stripes of alternate red and white1 but in this special case the stripes1 instead of being disposed horizontally1 are placed vertically1 a slight enough difference apparently1 but one which makes a striking alteration in the appearance of the flag4 ,the pendant of the ,united ,states ,navy is shown in ,fig4 #aea2 the stars in it1 it will be seen1 are reduced to the original thirteen1 while the narrowness of the flag permits but two of the stripes4 ,the ,american ,jack is simply the blue and white portion of the ,national flag1 ,fig4 #adf1 made into a separate flag4 ,the ,commodore's broad pendant is a swallow-tailed blue flag1 with one white star in the centre4 ,the ,admiral's flag1 hoisted at the main1 is shown in ,fig4 #adc2 the ,vice-,admiral's flag1 hoisted at the fore1 has three white stars on the blue field2 and the ,rear-,admiral's flag1 hoisted at mizen1 has two arranged vertically over each other4 ,while in some nationalities the flag of the war navy differs from that of the mercantile marine--as in the case of ,great ,britain1 ,germany1 and ,spain--in others the same flag is used4 ,this is so in the ,united ,states1 ,france1 etc4 ,the ,chief of the ,state1 whether he be called ,emperor1 ,king1 ,president1 or ,sultan1 has his own flag--his personal ,standard--and this special and personal flag1 in the case of the ,president of the ,united ,states1 has on its blue field an eagle1 bearing on its breast a shield with the stars and stripes1 and beneath it the national motto1 ,e pluribus unum4 ,as it has been suggested that the employment of the eagle as a symbol of the ,state was derived from the crest of ,washington1 it may not be inopportune to state that the crest in question was not an eagle at all1 but a raven4 ,the idea of the eagle1 together with the word ,senate1 and many such similar #id things1 no doubt arose from their use in ancient ,rome1 and afforded an illustration the more of the pseudo-classicalism that was raging in the eighteenth century in ,france and elsewhere4 ,the eagle appears on many of the early flags of ,america4 ,fig4 #aej is a curious example of its use4 ,in an old engraving we see a figure of ,liberty defended by ,washington1 and above them this flag4 ,in another old print before us we see ,washington leaning on a cannon1 and behind him a flag bearing the stars and stripes1 plus an eagle1 that with outstretched wings fills up much of the field1 having in his beak a label with the ,e pluribus unum upon it1 with one foot grasping the thunderbolts of ,war1 and the other the olive-branch of ,peace4 ,both these eagle-bearing flags1 it will be seen1 are associated with the ,president2 but in many of these early examples there seems no necessary connection4 ,thus in one instance we see a busy ship-building scene1 and while the ship in the foreground has at stern the stars and stripes1 at the bowsprit it bears a ,jack that is identical with the blue and white portion of ,fig4 #aej4 ,in a ,presidential ,standard proposed in #ahah the flag is quartered4 ,in the first quarter are twenty white stars on a blue field2 in the second quarter is the eagle and thunderbolt2 in the third a sitting figure emblematic of ,liberty2 in the fourth1 seven red horizontal stripes alternating with six white ones4 ,we found the flag figured in an old ,american book1 but are unable to say whether such a flag was ever actually made1 proposition and adoption not being altogether the same thing4 ,history repeated itself on the secession from the ,union1 in the year #ahfj1 of ,north and ,south ,carolina1 ,florida1 ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1 ,louisiana1 ,virginia1 ,texas1 ,arkansas1 and ,tennessee4 ,there was the same desire at first for individuality in the different flags adopted by the seceding ,states1 the same unwillingness to break wholly away from the old flag1 that we have seen as features in the first revolt4 ,louisiana adopted the flag shown in ,fig4 #aef2 this was emblematic of the origin and history of the ,state1 ,louisiana having been settled by ,louis ,quatorze in #agah1 ceded to ,spain at the peace of #agfc1 restored to ,france in #ahjb1 sold by ,france to ,america in #ahjc1 and admitted as a ,state of the ,union in #ahab4 ,the ,spanish ,flag1 ,fig4 #aib1 is red and yellow1 hence the golden star on the ruddy field1 while the stripes of red1 white and blue are the colours found in the flags of ,france and ,america4 ,on the election of ,president ,lincoln in ,november1 #ahfj1 ,south ,carolina1 by vote of ,convention1 proclaimed her resumption of independence as a ,sovereign ,state1 and on the #agth of the month the new ,state ,flag1 having a green ,palmetto palm in the centre of a #ie field of white1 was hoisted in ,charleston amidst the ringing of bells1 a salute of one hundred guns1 and every possible sign of public rejoicing4 ,in ,january1 #ahfa1 the flag shown in ,fig4 #aee was substituted1 the old crescent moon of the first rebellion1 #agge1 reappearing1 but in the ,charleston ,mercury1 of ,january #bith1 #ahfa1 we read that the ,legislature last night again altered the design of the ,state ,flag4 ,it now consists of a blue field with a white ,palmetto palm tree in the middle4 ,the white crescent in the upper flagstaff corner remains as before1 but the horns pointing upwards4 ,this may be regarded as final4 ,this flag is shown in ,fig4 #aei4 ,fig4 #afj is the flag of ,texas--the lone star ,state4 ,hurrah for the ,lone ,star6 ,up1 up to the mast ,with the honoured old bunting1 ,and nail it there fast4 ,the ship is in danger1 ,and ,texans will fight ',neath the flag of the ,lone ,star ,for ,god and their right4 ,when it became necessary1 as it almost immediately did1 to adopt one flag as the common ,ensign of all the ,confederate ,states1 a special committee was appointed to consider the matter1 and to study the numerous designs submitted to them4 ,on presenting their report the ,chairman said--,a flag should be simple1 readily made1 and capable of being made up in bunting2 it should be different from the flag of any other country1 place1 or people3 it should be significant3 it should be readily distinguishable at a distance3 the colours should be well contrasted and durable3 and lastly1 and not the least important point1 it should be effective and handsome4 ,the ,committee humbly think that the flag which they submit combines these requirements4 ,it is very easy to make2 it is entirely different from any other national flag4 ,the three colours of which it is composed--red1 white1 and blue--are the true ,republican ,colours2 they are emblematic of the three great virtues--valour1 purity1 and truth4 ,naval men assure us that it can be recognised at a great distance4 ,the colours contrast admirably1 and are lasting4 ,in effect and appearance it must speak for itself4 ,the flag1 thus highly and justly commended1 was first hoisted on ,march #dth1 #ahfa1 at ,montgomery4 ,it is represented in ,fig4 #aeb1 and was quickly known as the ,stars and ,bars4#fa ,even the ,new ,york ,herald admitted that the design of this flag is striking1 and it has #if the merit of originality as well as of durability4 ,the circle of white stars was intended to correspond in number with the ,states in the ,confederacy1 but no great attention seems to have been paid to this4 ,the flag may be seen engraved on the paper money of the different ,southern ,states1 and on other ,government papers4 ,in one example before us the stars are seven in number1 and in another nine are shown1 the number of seceding ,states being eleven4 ,while the ,stars and ,bars1 ,fig4 #aeb1 was quite a different flag from ,fig4 #adf1 the ,stars and ,stripes1 it was found that1 nevertheless1 in the stress of battle confusion arose2 so the battle flag1 ,fig4 #aec1 known as the ,southern ,cross1 became largely adopted1 though its use was never actually legalised4 ,here1 again1 we find that though eleven should be the proper number of the stars1 they are in our illustration thirteen1 while in one example we have found seventeen4 ,it would be found in practice very difficult to make a pleasing arrangement of eleven stars2 given a central one1 and two on either side of it in the arms of the cross1 and we get nine as a result1 with three on either side it will total to thirteen1 and with four it must take seventeen4 ,in a few instances it may be seen without the red portions--a white flag with the blue cross and white stars4 ,one great objection to the ,southern ,cross was that it was not adapted for sea service1 since being alike in whatever way it was looked at1 it could not be reversed in case of distress4 ,to obviate this difficulty1 at a ,congress in ,richmond in #ahfc the form seen in ,fig4 #aed was adopted--a plain white flag having the ,southern ,cross as its ,union2 but this1 in turn1 was objected to as being too much like a flag of truce1 so to meet this1 in the following year1 it was ordered that the space between the ,union and the outer edge of the flag should be divided vertically in half1 and that the outer half should be red3 an alteration that may have been necessary1 but which greatly spoiled the appearance of what was1 before this1 a handsome and striking flag4 ,as the struggle came to an end in the following year1 the ,stars and ,bars and the ,southern ,cross perished in the general downfall of the ,southern cause--the victories of ,fredericksburg1 ,chancellorsville1 ,shenandoah ,valley1 ,chattanooga1 and many another hard-fought field1 and the brilliant strategy of ,lee1 ,beauregard1 ,longstreet1 ,jackson1 ,early1 ,hood1 and many another gallant commander1 being all in vain against the unlimited resources of the ,north4 ,over six hundred and fifty thousand human lives1 over seven hundred millions of pounds sterling1 were spent in what an ,american writer delicately calls the late unpleasantness4 ,the ,americans1 jealous of the honour of their flag1 have sometimes1 to our insular notions1 a rather odd way of showing it4 ,some #ig of our readers will remember how an ,american1 some time ago1 undertook to carry the flag of his country through ,england4 ,whatever visions he or his compatriots may have had of his defending it gallantly against hostile attack were soon proved to be baseless4 ,englishmen1 cela va sans dire1 have no hostility to the ,americans1 and the populace--urban1 suburban1 and rural--everywhere entered into the humour of the thing1 and cheered the gallant sergeant and his bunting wherever he appeared4 ,all the risk and terror of the exploit melted away in general acclamation and hearty welcome4 ,an ,englishman told us that in descending a mountain in ,norway he met an ,american carrying something rolled up2 he unfolded it1 and displayed the ,stars and ,stripes1 and said that he had brought it to plant on the summit of the mountain4 ,why he should do so is by no means apparent3 but still1 as it pleased him and hurt no one else1 it would be churlish1 indeed1 to demur to so innocent a pastime4 ,our friend courteously raised his hat to the symbol of the great daughter nation over the ocean1 whereupon the ,american heartily reciprocated1 saying1 ,thanks1 stranger2 and here's to the ,union ,jack4#fb ,when the ,french declared war against ,prussia1 on ,july #afth1 #ahgj1 they were entirely unprepared for the enthusiasm and unity with which the various ,german ,states rallied together against the common opponent4 ,it was thought that the ,southern and ,catholic ,states would1 at least1 be neutral1 if they did not side with ,france against a ,power that1 during previous conflict with ,austria1 had laid heavy hand on those that had then taken sides against her4 ,but this1 after all1 had been but a quarrel amongst themselves2 and the attempt of ,france to violate ,german soil was at once the signal for ,germans to stand shoulder to shoulder in one brotherhood against the common foe4 ,the separate interests and grievances of ,bavarians1 ,saxons1 ,hessians1 ,badeners1 ,brunswickers1 ,wurtemburgers1 ,hanoverians1 were at once put aside1 and united ,germany1 in solid phalanx1 rose in irresistible might4 ,in the great historic ,palace of ,versailles1 in the hall dedicated to all the glories of ,france1 the ,confederate ,princes of ,germany1 headed by the ,king of ,bavaria1 #ih conferred on the ,king of ,prussia the title of ,emperor of ,germany1 bestowing on him the duty of representing all the ,german ,states in international questions1 and appointing him and his successors the ,commander-in-chief of the ,german forces4 ,thus1 on ,january #agth1 #ahga1 amid the acclamation of the allied ,sovereigns and the deep bass of the cannon in the trenches surrounding the beleagured capital of the common enemy1 the principle of ,german unity received its seal and consummation4 ,the ,war ,ensign of the ,empire is represented in ,fig4 #bjg4 ,the colours of ,prussia1 black and white1 and the ,prussian ,eagle enter largely into it1 and perhaps it may at first sight appear that these symbols of the ,prussian ,state are even a little too conspicuous1 but it must be borne in mind that it is to the ,sovereign of this ,state the headship of all is given1 and that the vital interests of ,prussia in the matter may be further illustrated by the fact that while she has a population1 in round numbers1 of thirty millions1 ,bavaria has but five1 and ,saxony three1 while the ,wurtemburgers and ,badeners between them make up about another three millions1 and no other ,state in the ,empire comes at all near these figures4 ,prussia has over #acj1jjj square miles of territory to fight for1 while ,bavaria has but #bi1bib1 and the next largest1 ,wurtemburg1 has only an area of #g1eca2 in every way1 political1 commercial1 or what not1 the interests of ,prussia are overwhelmingly predominant4 ,the flag of ,west ,prussia is the black1 white1 black1 shewn in ,fig4 #baa1 while the ,east ,prussian flag is made up of but two horizontal strips1 the upper black and the lower white4 ,hence the well-known war song1 ,ich bin ein ,preussen1#fc commences1 ,i am a ,prussian6 ,know ye not my banner8 ,before me floats my flag of black and white6 ,my fathers died for freedom1 'twas their manner1 ,so say those colours floating in your sight4 #ii ,the black1 white1 and red canton in the staff-head corner of the flag is also made into an independent flag1 as at ,fig4 #bjh1 and used as a ,jack in the ,imperial ,navy1 while this same flag1 ,fig4 #bjh1 minus the cross1 is the flag of the ,mercantile ,marine4 ,on the #beth of ,october1 #ahfg1 on the establishment of the ,north ,german ,confederacy1 at the conclusion of the ,austro-,prussian campaign1 the ,king of ,prussia sanctioned a proposal for a flag common to all4 ,we find in this decree that the confederate flag henceforth solely to bear the qualification of the national flag1 and as such to be exclusively on board the merchantmen of the ,confederacy1 shall be composed of three equilateral stripes horizontally arranged3 the colour of the top one being black1 the middle stripe white1 and that of the bottom stripe red4 ,on the inclusion of the ,south ,german ,states on the formation of the ,german ,empire1 the latter still more potent and august body retained the ,confederacy ,flag for its mercantile marine4 ,up to the year #ahfg no ,german national flag had ever flown on the ocean1 as the various ,states and free cities had their special colours of merely local value4 ,the responsible ,minister of the ,crown1 in a speech delivered in the ,diet in #ahfg1 stated to the members that the combination of colours was emblematic of a junction of the black-white ,prussian flag with the red-white ensign of the ,hanseatic ,league4 ,this league of the sea-ports of ,germany was organised in #aafd for their mutual defence and for the interchange of commercial advantages4 ,as its strength and reputation increased1 many other cities sought to be admitted1 but international jealousies disintegrated the ,league1 and by the year #afcj it was reduced from sixty-six cities to three--,lubeck1 ,hamburg1 and ,bremen4 ,these three ,hanse towns still retain special privileges4 ,the red and the white in the ,german flag represents the commercial prosperity of the nation1 while the black and white symbolises the strong arm of the ,state prepared to protect and foster it4 ,the flags of these three cities still retain the old colours1 ,lubeck being half white and half red1 ,bremen red and white stripes1 and ,hamburg a white castle on a red field4 ,the arms of the ,hohenzollerns are quarterly arranged4 ,the first and fourth quarters are themselves quartered1 black and white for ,zollern1 while the second and third quarters are azure with a golden stag for ,sigmaringen4 ,friedrich ,,vi41 the first of the ,hohenzollerns1 the ,burggraf of ,nrnberg1 became ,friedrich ,i41 ,elector of ,brandenburg1 in #adag4 ,there were twelve in all1 of these ,hohenzollern ,electors1 and ,friedrich ,,iii41 the last of these1 became in #agja the first ,king of ,prussia4 ,all the succeeding ,sovereigns have been of the same house1 so that the black and #ajj white in the flag of to-day is the black and white that for over five hundred years has been emblazoned in the arms of the ,hohenzollerns4 ,the cross on the flag 7,figs4 #bjg and #bjh7--the iron cross so highly prized as the reward of fine service--is the cross of the ,teutonic ,order1 and dates from the close of the #abth century4 ,the history of the ,teutonic ,order1 in its connexion with ,prussia1 is dealt with very fully in the first volume of ,carlyle's ,frederick the ,great4 ,the ,imperial ,standard of ,germany has the iron cross1 black with white border1 on a yellow field1 in the centre of all being a shield bearing the arms of ,prussia1 surmounted by a crown and surrounded by the collar of the ,order of the ,black ,eagle4 ,the yellow groundwork of the flag is diapered over in each quarter with three black eagles and a crown4 ,the arms of the cross stretch out to the four edges of the flag4 ,the ,admiral's flag in the ,imperial ,german ,navy is square1 and consists of the black cross on a white ground--the cross1 as in the standard1 extending to the edges of the flag4 ,the ,vice-,admiral's flag is similar1 but has in the upper staff-space a black ball in addition1 while the ,rear-,admiral has the same flag again1 but with the addition of a black ball in each of the quarters nearest the mast4 ,the ,chief of the ,admiralty has a white flag again with the cross in the centre1 but in this case there is a considerable margin of white all round1 and four red anchors are placed so that they extend in a sloping direction from the corners of the flag towards the inner angles of the cross4 ,we get the characteristic black and white again in the burgee of the ,imperial ,yacht ,club1 which is thus quartered1 an upright line meeting a horizontal one in the centre of the burgee1 and thus giving a first and fourth black quarter and a second and third white one4 ,the signal for a pilot again is a white flag with a broad border of black2 if our readers will take a mourning envelope with a good deep margin of black to it1 they will see the effect exactly4 ,german vessels engaged in trade on the ,east ,african coast fly the black1 white1 red1 but in the centre of the white stripe is a blue anchor placed erect1 while the ,imperial ,governor in ,east ,africa substitutes for the anchor the black eagle4 ,the ,german ,east ,africa ,company's flag is white cut into quarters by a narrow and parallel-edged cross and a red canton with five white stars on it in the quarter nearest the masthead4 ,while we find amongst the minor ,states of ,germany ,oldenburg1 ,fig4 #bjd1 with a cross-bearing flag1 the greater number are made up of stripes disposed horizontally1 and either two or three in number4 ,thus ,fig4 #aii is the white-green of ,saxony1 ,fig4 #bjj #aja the black-red-yellow of ,waldeck1 ,fig4 #bjb the blue-white of ,pomerania1 ,fig4 #bjc the black-red of ,wurtemburg1 ,fig4 #bje the red-yellow-blue of ,mecklenburg-,strelitz1 ,fig4 #bjf the blue-yellow of ,brunswick1 ,fig4 #bji the green-white of ,saxe-,coburg ,gotha1 ,fig4 #baj the blue-red-white of ,schomberg ,lippe1 ,fig4 #bab the red-white of ,hesse4 ,others that we have not figured are the red-yellow of ,baden1 the white-blue of ,bavaria1 the yellow-white of ,hanover1 the yellow-red of ,elsass1 the red-yellow of ,lothringen4#fd ,to these1 others might be added3 ,sleswig-,holstein1 ,brandenburg1 ,posen1 ,silesia1 etc41 all agreeing in the same general character4 ,the ,imperial ,standard of the ,austro-,hungarian monarchy is yellow1 and has in its centre the black double-headed eagle and a bordering all round composed of equal-sided triangles turning alternately their apices inwards and outwards2 the first of these are alternately yellow and white1 the second alternately scarlet and black4 ,on the displayed wings of the eagle are the arms of the eleven provinces of the empire4 ,the war-ensign of the monarchy in represented in ,fig4 #bac2 it is composed of three equal horizontal bands of red1 white1 red1 and bears in its centre beneath the ,imperial crown a shield similarly divided4 ,this flag originated in #aghf1 when the ,emperor ,joseph ,,ii4 decreed its introduction4 ,this shield was the heraldic device of the ancient ,dukes of ,austria1 and is known to have been in existence in the year #aaia1 as ,duke ,leopold ,heldenthum bore these arms at that date during the ,crusades4 ,the ,oesterreich-,ungarische ,monarchie1 to give it its official title1 is under the command of one ,sovereign1 who is both ,emperor of ,austria and ,king of ,hungary1 but each of these great ,states has its own ,parliament1 ,ministry1 and ,administration4 ,austria had long held the ,hungarians in most unwilling subjection1 and the disastrous outcome for ,austria of the war with ,prussia made it absolutely essential to make peace with ,hungary1 the ,magyars seeing in the humiliation of ,austria the opportunity that they had long been awaiting of becoming once again an independent ,state4 ,a compromise was effected in ,february1 #ahfg1 by which the ,hungarians were willing to remain under the rule of the ,emperor of ,austria1 but only on condition that he submitted to be crowned ,king of ,hungary1 and that in the dual monarchy thus #ajb created they should have absolutely the same rights and freedom as the ,austrians4 ,the ,austrian flag1 as we have seen1 is red-white-red1 while the ,hungarian is red-white-green1 and a commission being appointed to consider how these two flags could be blended into one1 introduced on ,march #fth1 #ahfi1 as the result of its deliberations1 the ,austro-,hungarian national flag that we have represented in ,fig4 #bad4 ,the ,austrian provinces have chiefly bi- or tri-color flags1 the stripes being arranged horizontally4 ,thus ,bohemia is red-white2 ,tyrol is white-red2 ,dalmatia is blue-yellow2 ,galicia is blue-red2 ,croatia is red-white-blue2 ,istria yellow-red-blue4 ,we are so used in ,england to the idea that cheering is a spontaneous product that it seems strange to find that the official welcome by the ,austrian fleet to their ,emperor is a salute of twenty-one guns1 followed by fifteen hurrahs4 ,each rank has its special limit of honour2 thus a minister of ,state or field-marshal is saluted by nineteen guns and eleven hurrahs2 a general by thirteen and seven1 while a commodore drops to eleven and three2 ambassadors1 archbishops1 consuls1 all have their definite share of gunpowder and such specified amount of shouting as is held to be befitting to their position4 ,the ,imperial ,standard of the ,czar of all the ,russias is the brilliant yellow and black flag represented in ,fig4 #bbf4 ,the introduction of the black two-headed eagle dates back from the year #adgb1 when ,ivan the ,great married ,sophia1 a niece of ,constantine ,palolagus1 and thence assumed the arms of the ,greek ,empire4 ,on the breast of the eagle is an escutcheon bearing on its red field in silver the figure of ,st4 ,george slaying the dragon1 the whole being surrounded by the collar of the ,order of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,on the displayed wings of the eagle are other shields1 too small for representation in our figure1 bearing the arms of ,kiow1 a silver angel on an azure field2 of ,novgorod1 two black bears on a golden shield2 of ,voldermirz1 a golden lion rampant on a red shield2 of ,kasan1 a black wyvern on a silver ground1 and so forth4 ,the flag of the ,czarina is similar1 except that it has a broad blue bordering to it4 ,a new ,standard is made for each ,czar4 ,it was originally borne before him in battle1 but this custom has fallen into disuse1 and it is now deposited with the rest of the regalia4 ,on the heavy gold brocade is embroidered the black eagle1 and around this the arms of the provinces of the ,empire4 ,from the eagle that surmounts the staff are pendant the blue ribbons of the ,order of ,st4 ,andrew1 embroidered in gold1 with the dates of the foundation of the ,russian ,state in #hfb1 the baptism by ,st4 ,vladimir in #ihf1 the union of all ,russian possessions under the sceptre of ,john ,,iii4 in #adig1 and the #ajc proclamation of the ,empire by ,peter the ,great4 ,its dedication is a great religious function1 and its sacred character and its appeal to a lofty patriotism duly enforced4 ,thus we find the ,imperial ,chaplain addressing the present ,czar before the consecration of the standard as follows3-- ,divine ,providence has resolved1 by the right of succession to the ,throne1 to entrust to thee1 as ,supreme ,head and ,autocrat of the ,peoples of the ,empire of all the ,russias1 this ,sacred ,banner1 an emblem of its unity and power4 ,we pray the ,heavenly ,father for the union of all thy subjects in loyalty and devotion to their ,throne and ,country1 and in the unselfish fulfilment of their patriotic duties4 ,may this ,banner inspire thy enemies with dread1 may it be a sign to thee of ,divine ,assistance1 and in the name of ,god1 of the ,orthodox ,faith1 of ,right and of ,justice2 may it help thee1 in spite of all obstacles1 to lead thy people to prosperity1 greatness1 and glory4 ,after the ,benediction1 holy water was sprinkled upon the standard1 and the ,czar1 as the embodiment of the ,nation1 was again addressed3-- ,the ,almighty has been pleased1 in the course of the law of inheritance1 to enthrone you as the ,sovereign ,ruler of all the peoples of the ,russian nation2 this sacred ,standard is a token of unity and power4 ,we pray it may unite all thy subjects in unquestioning loyalty to the ,throne and ,country1 and in unselfish fulfilment of each duty of a subject4 ,may it be to thee a sign1 terrible to the foes of ,russia1 of the help given by the ,lord ,god to the glory of ,his ,holy ,name1 that1 through ,orthodox ,faith1 notwithstanding all limitations1 thy people may be led to prosperity1 greatness1 and glory2 so shall all nations know that ,god is on our side4 ,the ,russians venerate ,st4 ,andrew as their patron ,saint1 believing that it was he who carried the doctrines of ,christianity into their midst4 ,origen asserts that he preached in ,scythia4 ,peter the ,great instituted under his name and protection1 in the year #afih1 the first and most noble order of ,knighthood of the ,russian ,empire as a reward for the valour of his officers in the war against the ,ottomans4 ,the badge is the ,x-like cross of ,st4 ,andrew displayed upon the ,imperial ,eagle and pendant from a broad blue ribbon4 ,we have already seen that ,st4 ,andrew is the ,patron ,saint of ,scotland also1 but in ,scotland the cross1 ,fig4 #ib1 is white upon a field of blue1 while in ,russia1 ,fig4 #bag1 it is blue upon a field of white4 ,this flag1 ,fig4 #bag1 is the war ensign1 the flag of the ,imperial ,navy4 ,the creed of the ,russian ,church extols the worship of ,saints1 and amongst the numerous subjects of veneration ,st4 ,george takes #ajd rank next to ,st4 ,andrew himself4 ,hence we see his presentment on the ,standard of the ,czar1 and hence ,catherine ,,ii41 in #agfb1 instituted an order of knighthood in his honour4 ,the badge is a cross of gold1 having in its centre a medallion with a figure of the saint slaying the dragon2 the ribbon being yellow and black4 ,st4 ,george1 we need scarcely remind our readers1 is the great warrior-,saint of ,england too1 but while we place his scarlet cross1 ,fig4 #ia1 on the field of white1 the ,russians reverse the arrangement and place his white cross on scarlet4#fe ,fig4 #bae is the ,russian ,union ,jack that combines the crosses of ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,george4 ,fig4 #gc is the ,british ,union ,jack that deals with precisely the same combination4 ,the flag of the ,russian merchant service is represented in ,fig4 #bah4 ,this was originally instead of being white1 blue1 red1 a flag of blue1 white1 red4 ,peter the ,great borrowed this from the ,dutch1 amongst whom he learnt ship-building4 ,the ,dutch flag1 ,fig4 #bcg1 it will be seen is a tricolor of red1 white1 blue4 ,peter simply turned this upside down1 and afterwards1 for greater distinction1 charged the central white space with a small blue ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross1 as we see in ,fig4 #bai1 which represents this early form of flag4 ,later on1 for still greater clearness of distinction1 the blue and the white strips changed places1 and so we get the modern ,russian mercantile flag1 as shown in ,fig4 #bah4 ,it was evidently undesirable that the flag of the great ,empire of ,russia should be the same as that of a reversed ,dutch ensign--a signal of distress and disaster4 ,based upon these two simple forms1 the government ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew1 ,fig4 #bag1 and the commercial tricolor1 ,fig4 #bah1 we get a great variety of official flags4 ,thus ,fig4 #bbj is a very happy blending of the two forms in the flag of a ,consul-,general1 since he is an official of the ,state1 and at the same time his duties deal largely with commercial interests2 and much the same ground may be taken as regards the blending of the two flags in ,fig4 #bba1 the flag of a ,russian ,charg d',affaires4 ,fig4 #bbc is the ensign of a ,russian transport2 if of the second division the field of the flag is blue1 and if of the third it is red1 in each of these cases the crossed anchors being white4 ,the ,russian signal for a pilot is the ,jack shown in ,fig4 #bae1 but with a broad white border to it4 #aje ,a ,russian ,ambassador or ,minister ,plenipotentiary flies the flag shown in ,fig4 #bbb4 ,in the ,imperial ,navy we find a considerable variety of flag types4 ,while the full ,admiral flies the ,imperial ,naval ,flag1 ,fig4 #bag1 that of the ,vice-,admiral has along its bottom edge a horizontal strip of blue1 and that of the ,rear-,admiral in the same position a strip of red4 ,the flag of the ,minister of ,marine is the official flag1 ,fig4 #bag1 except that instead of the four plain white spaces there seen these triangles hold each of them a golden anchor1 the fluke end outwards4 ,there are many other modifications that we need not here particularise4 ,fig4 #baf is the official flag of ,poland2 the device in the canton in the upper corner1 the white eagle on the scarlet field1 is the ancient ,polish flag1 when ,poland was yet a nation4 ,the early history of the ,french flag is lost in obscurity1 and it is not always easy to trace the various modifications that it has undergone4 ,at the earliest date of which we have record we find the kings of the ,franks marshalling their forces under the plain blue flag known as the ,chape de ,st4 ,martin4 ,later on the red flag of ,st4 ,denis1 known as the oriflamme1 came into use1 and was held in great popular esteem1 until by the tenth century we find it accepted as the national flag1 though the blue flag still held its ground as a recognised flag4 ,we may1 in fact1 assume that as the ,russians placed themselves beneath the protection both of ,st4 ,george and also of ,st4 ,andrew1 so the ,french felt that a double claim on saintly assistance would be by no means amiss4 ,the ,chape de ,st4 ,martin was originally in the keeping of the monks of the ,abbey of ,marmoutiers1 and popular belief held it to be a portion of the actual blue cloak that the legend affirms the ,saint divided with the beggar suppliant4 ,the ,counts of ,anjou claimed the right to take this blue flag to battle with them4 ,we find it borne by ,clovis in the year #ejg against ,alaric1 and again by ,charlemagne at the battle of ,narbonne2 and time after time it led the hosts of ,france to victory4 ,when the kings of ,france transferred the seat of government to ,paris1 the great local ,saint1 ,st4 ,denis1 was held in high honour1 and the scarlet flag of the ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,denis gradually ousted the blue flag of ,st4 ,martin1 and ,st4 ,denis became the war-cry of ,france4#ff ,fig4 #agi is a representation of the oriflamme from some ancient stained glass1 but the authorities differ somewhat2 thus the ,chronique de ,flandre describes it as having three points and tassels of green #ajf silk attached thereto1 while an ,english authority says1 ,the celestial auriflamb1 so by the ,french admired1 was but of one colour1 a square redde banner4 ,du ,cange gives no hint of its shape1 but affirms that it was simple1 sans portraiture d'autre affaire4 ,all therefore that seems quite definite is that it was a plain scarlet flag4 ,the last time that the sacred ensign was borne to battle was at ,agincourt on ,october #beth1 #adae1 when it certainly failed to justify the confidence of its votaries4 ,the precise date when the golden fleurs-de-lys were added to the blue flag is open to doubt1 but we find the form at a very early date1 and from the first recognition of heraldic coats of arms this blazon was the accepted cognizance of the kings of ,france4 ,we see this represented in ,fig4 #ahd4 ,originally the fleurs-de-lys were powdered1 as in ,fig4 #ahh1 over the whole surface1 but in the reign of ,charles ,v41 ,a4,d4 #acfe1 the number was reduced to three4#fg ,the meaning of the fleur-de-lys has given rise to much controversy2 some will tell us that it is a lily flower or an iris1 while others affirm that it is a lance-head4 ,some authorities see in it an arbitrary floral form assumed by ,king ,louis1#fh and therefore the fleur-de-,louis2 while others are so hard put to it that they tell us of a river ,lys in ,flanders that was so notable for its profusion of yellow iris that the flower became known as the fleur-de-,lys4 ,the ancient chronicles gravely record that they were lilies brought from ,paradise by an angel to ,king ,clovis in the year #dif1 on the eve of a great battle fought near ,cologne4 ,clovis made a vow that if he were victorious he would embrace the ,christian faith1 and the angel visitant and the celestial gift were a proof that his prayers were heard and his vow accepted4 ,as the belief that ,france was in an especial degree under ,divine protection was a very flattering one1 the lilies were held for centuries in great favour2 and the fleur-de-lys did not finally disappear from the flag of ,france until the downfall of ,louis ,philippe in the year #ahdh1 a date within the recollection1 doubtless1 of some of our readers4 ,finality1 indeed1 may not even yet have been reached in the matter4 ,as the bees of ,napoleon ,i4 reappeared in the arms of ,napoleon ,,iii41 so the fleur-de-lys may yet again appear on the ensigns of ,france4 ,by virtue of a ,napoleonic decree in #aheb against factious or treasonable emblems1 it was forbidden to introduce the fleur-de-lys in jewellery1 tapestry1 or any other decorative way1 lest its introduction might peril the position of a #ajg sovereign who rose to power by lavish bribery1 and the free outpouring of blood4 ,napoleon the ,first1 and at least by contrast the ,great1 when at ,auch enquired the reason why many of the windows of the cathedral were partially concealed by paper1 and he was informed that it was because it was feared that he would be offended at the sight of certain ancient emblems there represented4 ,what6 he exclaimed1 the fleurs-de-lys8 ,uncover them this moment4 ,during eight centuries they guided the ,french to glory1 as my eagles do now1 and they must always be dear to ,france and held in reverence by her true children4 ,the white cross frequently appears on the early ,french flags4 ,fig4 #ahh1 the flag of the ,french ,guards in the year #aefc1 is a good example of this4 ,we find ,favyn1 in a book published in ,paris in #afbj1 ,le ,thtre d'honneur et de ,chevalerie1 writing3 ,le grand estendard de satin bleu celeste en riche broderie de fleurs de lys d'or a une grande croix plein de satin blanc1 qui est la croix de ,france4 ,figs4 #ahj and #aha are taken from a ,,ms4 executed in the time of ,louis ,,xii41 ,a4,d4 #adih1 illustrating a battle scene2 these two flags are placed by the side of the fleur-de-lys flag1 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,when ,louis ,,xi41 in #adgi1 organised the national infantry we find him giving them as the national ensign a scarlet flag with white cross on it2 and some two hundred years later we find the various provincial levies beneath flags of various designs and colours1 but all agreeing in having the white cross as the leading feature4 ,fig4 #ahb1 for example1 is that of the ,soissonois4 ,desjardins1 in his excellent book on the ,french flag1#fi gives a great many illustrations of these4 ,in the ,muse d',artillerie in ,paris we find a very valuable collection of martial equipments from the time of ,charlemagne1 and amongst these a fine series 7original where possible1 or1 failing this copies7 of the flags of ,france from the year #abej4 ,the ,huguenot party in ,france adopted the white flag1 and when ,king ,henry ,,iii41 #aegd to #aehi1 himself a ,protestant1 came to the throne1 the white flag became the royal ensign1 and was fully adopted in the next reign1 that of ,henry ,,iv41 the first king of the house of ,bourbon1 as the national flag4 ,the whole history of the flag prior to the ,great ,revolution1 is somewhat confused1 and in the year #affi1 which we may consider about the middle of the ,bourbon or white flag period1#gj we find the order given by the #ajh ,minister of the ,marine that the ensigns are to be blue1 powdered with yellow fleurs-de-lys1 with a large white cross in the middle4 ,merchant ships were to wear the same flag as the ships of war except that in the canton corner was to be placed the device of their province or town4 ,before the end of the year a new order was issued to the effect that the ensigns at the stern are to be in all cases white1 while the merchants were to fly the white flag with the device of the port in the corner4 ,the white flag was sometimes plain1 as in ,fig4 #ahc1 and at other times provided with yellow fleurs-de-lys4 ,on the restoration of the ,bourbons in #ahad1 after the ,republic1 ,consulate1 and ,empire1 the white flag was again the flag of the nation1 and remained so until #ahcj1 its last appearance in ,france1 unless or until the house of ,bourbon again arises to the throne1 when the restoration of the drapeau blanc would probably follow4 ,the white flag has therefore been the national ensign of ,france for over two hundred years4 ,in a book in the library of the ,science and ,art ,department1 ,south ,kensington1 we found the flag represented in ,fig4 #ahe figured as the ,french ,standard1 with ,fig4 #ahg apparently as an alternative1 while the ,national flag of ,france is represented as the tricolor with bordering shown in ,fig4 #ahi1 and the ,admiral's flag is given as pure white4 ,the book is entitled ,a ,display of ,naval ,flags of all ,nations4 ,it was published in ,liverpool2 no date is given1 but we can arrive approximately at this1 as the ,british ,standard is represented as including the arms of ,hanover2 this limits its publication to between the years #agad and #ahcg4 ,the well-known tricolor of ,france1 ,fig4 #aia1 dates from the era of the ,revolution and came into existence in #aghi4 ,it has1 with the exception of the short ,bourbon ,restoration1 been the flag of ,france for over a century1 and it remains so to this day1 though it underwent some few modifications ere it settled down to the present form4 ,thus1 for instance1 on ,october #bdth #agij1 it was decreed that the colour next the staff was to be red1 the central strip white and the outer blue1 but on ,february #aeth1 #agid1 it was ordered that the flag prescribed by the ,national ,assembly be abolished4 ,the national flag shall be formed of the three national colours in equal bands placed vertically1 the hoist being blue1 the centre white1 and the fly red4 ,on the ,revolution of #ahdh1 the provisional government ordered on ,march #eth that the colours were to run thus--blue1 red1 white1 but the opposition to this was so strong that only two days later the order was cancelled4 ,in #agij the tricolor was made the ,jack1 and the ensign was as shown in ,fig4 #aij4 ,this ensign was to be common to both the men-of-war and the flags of the merchant navy1 but the arrangement was not of long continuance4 ,the spirit of change that was felt in every department affected the flags #aji likewise1 and some little time elapsed before the matter was satisfactorily settled4 ,the arms of ,paris are a white galley on a red ground1 and above this are three golden fleurs-de-lys on a blue band or strip4 ,on ,july #adth1 #aghi1 it was determined that a civic guard of forty thousand men should be raised1 and that its colours should be those of the city1 the gules and azure of the groundwork of the escutcheon1 to which1 on the proposal of ,lafayette1 the white of the royal drapeau blanc was added4 ,during the first and second ,empire the ,imperial ,standard was still the tricolor1 but it bore in the centre of the white strip the eagle2 and all three strips were richly diapered over with the golden bees of the ,napoleons4 ,the national flag was the tricolor pure and simple1 both for the ,imperial and the ,commercial ,navy4 ,as the flags of the army were borne on staffs surmounted by a golden eagle1 the term eagle was often applied to these colours4#ga ,on the outbreak of the second ,republic in #ahdh1 the people immediately on its proclamation demanded the adoption of the ill-omened red flag4 ,lamartine1 the leading member of the provisional ,government1 closed an impassioned address with the words3 ,citizens1 ,i will reject even to death this banner of blood1 and you should repudiate it still more than myself1 for this red flag you offer us has only made the circuit of the ,champs de ,mars bathed in the blood of the people1 while the tricolor has made the circuit of the world1 with the name1 the glory1 and the liberty of your country4 ,louis ,blanc and other members of the ,government were in favour of the red flag1 and at last a compromise was effected and the tricolor was accepted with the addition of a large red rosette4 ,louis ,blanc1 not unreasonably1 as a ,republican1 pointed out that ,lafayette had in #aghi associated the white of the ,bourbon flag with the red and blue of the arms of the ,city1 and that the tricolor flag was therefore the result of a compromise between the king and the people1 but that in #ahdh the king having abdicated1 and monarchy done away with1 there was no reason why any suggestion of the kingly power should continue4 ,doubtless the suppression of the flag of the barricades1 the symbol of civil strife1 #aaj of anarchy and bloodshed1 and the retaining of the tricolor was the wiser and more patriotic course1 though it required no mean amount of courage and strong personal influence to effect the change4 ,the ,imperial ,eagle1 so long a symbol of victory1 has now in these ,republican days#gb disappeared from the national colours4 ,the flag of the ,french army is now surmounted by a wreath of laurel traversed by a golden dart with the letters ,r4,f4 and the regimental number1 while on one face of the flag itself is1 in the middle1 the inscription ,republique ,franaise1 ,honneur et ,patrie1 each corner being occupied by a golden wreath enclosing the number of the regiment4 ,the name of the regiment and its honours occupy the other side4 ,the pendant of the ,french man-of-war is simply1 ,fig4 #ahf1 the tricolor elongated4 ,the ,admiral flies a swallow-tailed tricolor1 while the ,rear-,admiral and the ,vice-,admiral have flags of the ordinary shape1 like ,fig4 #aia1 except that the former officer has two white stars on the blue strip near the top of it1 and the latter three4 ,maritime prefects have the three white stars on the blue plus two crossed anchors in blue in the centre of the white strip4 ,the ,governor of a ,french colony has such a special and distinctive flag as ,fig4 #if would be if1 instead of the ,union canton on the blue1 we placed in similar place the tricolor4 ,there are naturally a great many other official flags1 but the requirements of our space forbid our going into any further description of them4 ,the war and mercantile flags of ,spain have undergone many changes1 and their early history is very difficult to unravel2 but on ,may #bhth1 #aghe1 the flags were adopted that have continued in use ever since4 ,fig4 #aib is the flag of the ,spanish ,navy2 it consists1 as will be seen1 of three stripes--a central yellow one1 and a red one1 somewhat narrower1 above and below4 ,the original proportion was that the yellow should be equal in width to the two red ones combined4 ,this central stripe is charged1 near the hoist1 with an escutcheon containing the arms of ,castile and ,leon1 and surmounted by the royal crown4 ,the mercantile flag1 ,fig4 #aic1 is also red and yellow4 ,the yellow stripe in the centre is without the escutcheon1 and in width it should be equal to one-third of the entire depth of the flag1 the remaining thirds above and below it being divided into two equal strips1 the one red and the other yellow4 ,this simple striping of the two colours was doubtless #aaa suggested by the arms of ,arragon1 the vertical red and yellow bars#gc of which may be seen also in the ,spanish ,royal ,standard1 ,fig4 #aid4 ,spain1 like ,italy1 has grown into one monarchy by the aggregation of minor ,states4 ,in the year #ajca we have the ,union of ,navarre and ,castile2 in #ajcg we find ,leon and ,asturias joining this same growing kingdom1 and in the year #adgd ,ferdinand ,,ii4 of ,arragon married ,isabella of ,castile1 and thus united nearly the whole of the ,christian part of ,spain into one monarchy4 ,in #adib this same prince added to his dominions ,moorish ,spain by the conquest of ,granada4 ,legend hath it that in the year #hgc the ,carlovingian ,prince ,charles the ,bold honoured ,geoffrey1 ,count of ,barcelona1 by dipping his four fingers in the blood from the ,count's wounds after a battle in which they were allied1 and drawing them down the ,count's golden shield1 and that these ruddy bars were then and there incorporated in the blazon4 ,barcelona was shortly afterwards merged into the kingdom of ,arragon1 and its arms were adopted as those of that kingdom4 ,its four upright strips of red1 the marks of the royal fingers1 are just beyond the upper shield in ,fig4 #aid4 ,the pendant of the ,spanish ,navy bears at its broad end a golden space in which the arms and crown1 as in ,fig4 #aib1 are placed2 the rest of the streamer is a broad strip of yellow1 bordered1 as in ,fig4 #aib1 by two slightly narrower strips of red4 ,the ,royal ,standard of ,spain1 ,fig4 #aid1 is of very elaborate character1 and many of its bearings are as inappropriate to the historic facts of the present day as the retention in the arms of ,great ,britain of the ,french fleurs-de-lys centuries after all claim to its sovereignty had been lost4 ,in the upper left hand part of the flag we find quartered the lion of ,leon and the castle of ,castile4#gd ,at the point we have marked ,c are the arms of ,arragon4 ,d is the device of ,sicily4 ,the red and white stripes at ,e are the arms of ,austria2 we have already encountered these in ,fig4 #bac4 ,the flag of ancient ,burgundy1 oblique stripes of yellow and blue within a red border1 is placed at ,f4 ,the black lion on the golden ground at ,g is the heraldic bearing of ,flanders1 while the red eagle ,h is the device of ,antwerp4 ,at ,i we have the #aab golden lion of ,brabant1 and above it at ,j the fleurs-de-lys and chequers of ancient ,burgundy4 ,the upper small shield contains the arms of ,portugal1 and the lower contains the fleurs-de-lys of ,france4#ge ,the ,portuguese were an independent nation until ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain overran the country1 and annexed it in the year #aehj to his own dominions1 but in the year #afdj they threw off the ,spanish yoke1 which had grown intolerable1 and raised ,john1 ,duke of ,braganza1 to the throne4 ,the regal power has ever since remained in this family4 ,the ,royal ,standard bears on its scarlet field the arms of ,portugal1 surmounted by the regal crown4 ,these arms were originally only the white shield with the five smaller escutcheons that we see in the centre of the present blazon4 ,would the scale of our illustration 7,fig4 #aie7 permit it1 each of these small escutcheons should bear upon its surface five white circular spots4 ,portugal was invaded by the ,moors in the year #gac1 and the greater part of the country was held by them for over three centuries4 ,in the year #aaci ,alphonso ,i4 defeated an alliance of five great ,moorish princes at the ,battle of ,ourique1 and the five escutcheons in the shield represents the five-fold victory1 while the five circles placed on each escutcheon symbolise the five wounds of the ,saviour in whose strength he defeated the infidels4 ,the scarlet border with its castles was added by ,alphonso ,,iii41 after his marriage in #abeb with the daughter of ,alphonso the ,wise1 ,king of ,castile1 the arms of which province1 as we have already seen in discussing the ,spanish ,standard1 are a golden castle on a red field4 ,in an ,english poem1 written by an eye-witness of the ,siege of ,rouen in the year #adah1 we find an interesting reference to the arms of ,portugal1 where we read of ,the ,kyngis herandis and pursiuantis1 ,in cotis of armys arryauntis4 ,the ,englishe a beste1 the ,frensshe a floure ,of ,portyugale bothe castelle and toure1 ,and other cotis of diversitie ,as lordis beren in ther degre4#gf ,the ,portuguese ensign for her vessels of war and also for the merchant service bears the shield and crown1 but instead of the #aac scarlet field we find the groundwork of the flag half blue1 and half white1 as shown in ,fig4 #aif4 ,the choice of these special colours1 no doubt1 arose from the arms on the original shield1 the five blue escutcheons on the white ground4 ,the ,portuguese ,jack has the national arms and royal crown in the centre of a white field1 the whole being surrounded by the broad border of blue4 ,italy1 for centuries a geographical expression1 is now one and indivisible4 ,within the recollection of many of our readers the peninsula was composed of the ,kingdom of the two ,sicilies1 the ,pontifical ,states1 the ,grand ,duchy of ,tuscany1 the ,duchies of ,parma and ,modena4 ,there was also in the north the ,kingdom of ,sardinia1 while ,lombardy and ,venetia were in the grip of ,austria4 ,it is somewhat beside our present purpose to go into the wonderful story of how ,victor ,emmanuel of ,savoy1 aided by ,cavour1 ,garibaldi1 and many another noble patriot1 by diplomacy1 by lives freely laid down on the ,tchernaya1 on the fields of ,magenta and ,solferino1 by the disaster at ,sedan1 by bold audacity at one time1 by patient waiting at another1 was finally installed in ,rome1 the ,capital of ,united ,italy1 as king of a great and free nation of over thirty millions of people4 ,suffice it now to say that this ,kingdom of ,italy1 as we now know it1 did not achieve until the year #ahgj this full unity under one flag that had been for centuries the dream of patriots who freely shed their blood on the battlefield or the scaffold1 or perished in the dungeons of ,papal ,rome1 or ,naples1 or ,austria for this ideal4 ,on the downfall in #ahfa of the ,bourbon ,government in the ,kingdom of the two ,sicilies before the onslaught of the ,volunteers of ,garibaldi1 the first ,national ,parliament met in ,turin1 and proclaimed ,victor ,emmanuel ,king of ,italy4 ,the title was at once acknowledged by ,great ,britain1 and1 later on1 by the other ,powers1 and the capital of the rising ,state was transferred to ,florence4 ,the ,papal ,states were still under the protection of ,france1 the eldest ,son of the ,church2 and the young ,kingdom1 unable to wrest ,rome from the ,french1 had to wait with such patience as it could command for the consummation of its hopes4 ,the long-looked-for day at last arrived1 when amidst the tremendous defeats inflicted in #ahgj by ,germany on ,france1 the ,french garrison in ,rome was withdrawn1 and the ,italians1 after a short1 sharp conflict with the ,papal troops1 entered into possession of the ,eternal ,city1 and at once made it the ,capital of a ,state at last free throughout its length and breadth--no longer a geographical expression1 but a potent factor to be reckoned with and fully recognised4 ,napoleon ,i4 formed ,italy into one kingdom in the year #ahje1 but it was ruled by himself and the ,viceroy1 ,eugene ,beauharnois1 he appointed2 and on his overthrow this1 like the various other political #aad arrangements he devised1 came to nought4 ,the flag he bestowed was a tricolor of green1 white1 and red1 his idea being that1 while giving the new ,kingdom a flag of its own1 it should indicate by its near resemblance to that of ,france the source to which it owed its existence4 ,in #ahdh1 the great revolutionary period1 this flag1 which had passed out of existence on the downfall of ,napoleon1 was reassumed by the ,nationalists of the ,peninsula1 and accepted by the ,king of ,sardinia as the ensign of his own kingdom1 and charged by him with the arms of ,savoy4 ,this tricolor1 so charged 7see ,fig4 #aig7 was the flag to which the eyes of all ,italian patriots turned1 and it is to-day the flag of all ,italy4 ,the flag we have represented is the ensign of the ,merchant ,service2 the flag of the armed forces military and naval1 is similar1 save that the shield in the centre is surmounted by the ,royal ,crown4 ,the ,royal ,standard1 the personal flag of the ,king1 has the arms of ,savoy in the centre1 on a white ground1 the whole having a broad bordering of blue4 ,this shield of ,savoy1 the white cross on the red field1 was the device of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 an order semi-religious1 semi-military1 that owed its origin to the ,crusades4 ,in the year #acaj the ,knights captured ,rhodes from the ,saracens1 but being hard pressed by the infidels1 ,duke ,amadeus ,,iv41 of ,savoy1 came to the rescue1 and the ,grand ,master of the ,order conferred upon him the cross that has ever since been borne in the arms of ,savoy4 ,the ,jack or bowsprit flag of the ,italian man-of-war1 ,fig4 #bcd1 is simply this shield of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john squared into suitable flag-like form4 ,the ,minister of ,marine has the tricolor1 but on the green portion is placed erect a golden anchor4 ,the vessels carrying the ,royal ,mail fly a burgee of green1 white1 red1 having a large white ,p on the green2 and there are many other official flags1 the insignia of various authorities or different departments1 but lack of space forbids our dwelling at greater length upon them4 ,the war flag of the defunct temporal power of the ,pope was white1 and in its centre stood figures of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 and above them the cross keys and tiara4 ,fig4 #aih was the flag of the merchant ships owned by the subjects of the ,states of the ,church4 ,the combination of yellow and white is very curious4 ,in the banner borne by ,godfrey1 the ,crusader ,king of ,jerusalem1 the only tinctures introduced were the two metals1 gold and silver1 five golden crosses being placed upon a silver field4 ,this was done of deliberate intention that it might be unlike all other devices1 as it is in all other cases deemed false heraldry to place metal on metal4 ,the theory that these metals were selected because of the reference in the ,psalms to the ,holy ,city1 may also be a very possible one--,though ye have lien amongst the pots1 yet shall ye #aae be as the wings of a dove covered with silver1 and her feathers with yellow gold4 ,however this may be1 the yellow and white of the arms of ,jerusalem was adopted by the ,papal ,government4 ,the ,danish flag is the oldest now in existence4 ,in the year #abai1 ,king ,waldemar of ,denmark in a critical moment in his stormy career1 saw1 or thought he saw1 or said he saw1 a cross in the sky4 ,he was then leading his troops to battle against the ,livonian pagans1 and he gladly welcomed this answer to his prayers for ,divine succour1 this assurance of celestial aid4 ,this sign from ,heaven he forthwith adopted as the flag of his country1 and called it the ,dannebrog1 i4e41 the strength of ,denmark4 ,as a definite chronological fact1 apart from all legend1 this flag dates from the thirteenth century4 ,there was also an ,order of ,dannebrog instituted in #abai1 in further commemoration and honour of the miracle2 and the name is a very popular one in the ,danish ,royal ,navy1 one man-of-war after another succeeding to the appellation4 ,one of these ,dannebrogs was blown up by the fire of ,nelson's fleet in #ahja4 ,the ,danish ,man-of-,war ,ensign is shown in ,fig4 #bbd4 ,the ,royal ,standard1 like the ,ensign1 is swallow-tailed1 but in the centre of the cross is placed a white square1 indicated in our illustration1 ,fig4 #bbd1 by dots4 ,this central1 square space contains the ,royal ,arms1 surrounded by the ,collars of the ,orders of the ,elephant and of the ,dannebrog4 ,the merchant flag1 ,fig4 #bbe1 is rectangular4 ,in the year #acig1 ,norway1 ,sweden1 and ,denmark all formed one kingdom under the rule of the latter1 but in #adad the ,swedes waged with more or less success an arduous struggle for liberty1 and their independence was definitely acknowledged in the year #aebc4 ,the flag of ,sweden is the yellow cross on the blue ground shown in ,fig4 #bca4 ,the blue and yellow are the colours of the ,swedish arms1#gg and they were then doubtless chosen for the flag as the colours of freedom and independence4 ,norway had no separate political existence until the year #ahad1 but in that year the ,norwegians seceded from ,denmark1 and declared their independence4 ,their first flag was still a red flag with a white cross on it1 and the arms of ,norway in the upper corner next the flagstaff1 but this being found to too closely resemble the ,danish flag1 they substituted for it the device seen in ,fig4 #bcj1 which it will be noted is still the ,danish flag1 plus the blue cross on the white one4 ,the administration of ,norway is entirely distinct from ,sweden1 and it retains its own laws1 but in #ahad the two ,kingdoms were united under one ,sovereign4 ,as a sign of the union there is carried in the upper square1 next to the flagstaff in the flags of both countries1 a union device1 a combination of the ,swedish #aaf and ,norwegian ,national colours4 ,after considerable dispute1 the ,union ,jack shown in ,fig4 #bbi was accepted as the symbol of the political relationship of the two nations4 ,it is a very neat arrangement1 for if we look at the upper and lower portions we see the flag 7,fig4 #bcj7 of ,norway1 if we study the two lateral portions we find they are the flag 7,fig4 #bca7 of ,sweden4 ,both the ,swedish and ,norwegian war flags are swallow-tailed1 and have the outer limb of the cross projecting2 we may see this very clearly in ,fig4 #bbh1 where the main body of the flag is ,norwegian4 ,the merchant flag is with each nationality rectangular2 in ,fig4 #bbg we have the flag of a ,swedish merchant vessel4 ,both in the ,norwegian and ,swedish flags1 as we may note in ,figs4 #bbg and #bbh1 it will be noticed that the ,union device is conspicuously present4 ,the ,norwegian man-of-war flag1 ,fig4 #bbh1 would be that of a ,norwegian merchant if we cut off the points in the fly2 the ,swedish merchant flag1 ,fig4 #bbg1 would be that of a ,swedish man-of-war if instead of the straight end we made it swallow-tailed4 ,as ,sovereign of ,sweden1 the ,king places his arms in the centre of the large yellow cross2 as ,sovereign of ,norway1 in the centre of the large blue cross2 hence we get the ,swedish and ,norwegian ,royal ,standards1 the one for use in the one country1 and the other for service in the other1 the ,union device being present in the upper corner in each case1 and the outer portion of the flags swallow-tailed4 ,the ,standard is1 in fact1 the war flag plus the royal arms4 ,the ,post ,service has in the centre of the flag a white square1 with a golden horn and crown in it2 the ,customs flag has a similar white square at the junction of the arms of the cross1 and in its centre is placed a crowned ,t4 ,fig4 #bcb1 on the same sheet as the flags of ,norway and ,sweden1 is the simple and beautiful flag of ,switzerland4 ,like the crosses of ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,andrew1 ,st4 ,patrick1 or that on the flag of ,denmark1 its device has a religious significance4 ,gautier tells us that3--,la premire fois qu'il en est fait mention dans l'histoire crite est dans la ,chronique du ,bearnois ,justinger4 ,il dit1 aprs avoir fait l'numration des forces des ,suisses quittant ,berne pour marcher contre l'arme des nobles coaliss en #acci--';,et tous taient marqus au signe de la ,sainte ,croix1 une croix blanche dans un cusson rouge1 par la raison que l'affranchissement de la nation tait pour eux une cause aussi sacre que la dlivrance des lieux saints4' ,its twenty-two cantons are united by a ,constitution1 under one ,president and one flag1 but each canton has its own cantonal colours4 ,thus ,basel is half black and half white2 ,st4 ,gallen1 green and white2 ,geneva1 red and yellow2 ,aargau1 black and blue2 ,glarus1 red1 black1 and white2 ,uri1 yellow and black2 ,berne1 black and red2 ,fribourg1 black and white2 ,lucerne1 blue and white2 #aag ,tessin1 red and blue2 and so forth4 ,in each case the stripes of colour are disposed horizontally1 and the one we have each time mentioned first is the upper colour4 ,within the walls of the ,city of ,geneva was held1 in #ahfc1 an ,international ,conference1 to consider how far the horrors of war could be mitigated by aid to the sick and wounded4 ,this ,conference proposed that in time of war the neutrality should be fully admitted of field and stationary hospitals1 and also recognised in the most complete manner by the belligerent ,powers in the case of all officials employed in sanitary work1 volunteer nurses1 the inhabitants of the country who shall assist the wounded1 and the wounded themselves--that an identical distinctive sign should be adopted for the medical corps of all armies1 and that an identical flag should be used for all hospitals and ambulances1 and for all houses containing wounded men4 ,the distinctive mark of all such refuges is a white flag with a red cross on it--the flag of ,switzerland reversed in colouring--and all medical stores1 carriages1 and the like1 bear the same device upon them2 while the doctors1 nurses1 and assistants1 have a white armlet with the red cross upon it1 the sacred badge that proclaims their mission of mercy4 ,in deference to the religious feelings of ,turkey a red crescent may be substituted for the cross in campaigns where that country is one of the belligerents4 ,these valuable proposals were confirmed by a treaty in ,august1 #ahfd1 signed by the representatives of twelve ,powers1 and known as the ,geneva ,convention4 ,since then all the civilised ,powers in the world1 with the exception of the ,united ,states1 have given in their adhesion to it4 ,in #ahfg an ,international ,conference was held at ,paris for still further developing and carrying out in a practical manner the principles of the ,geneva ,conference1 and another at ,berlin in #ahfi for the same object4 ,one notable feature of these two ,conferences was the extension of the principles accepted for land conflict to naval warfare4 ,holland1 as an ,independent ,state1 came into existence in the year #aegi4 ,from #abii we find the country under the rule of the ,courts of ,hainault1 and in #adcf it came into the hands of the ,dukes of ,burgundy1 who in turn were subjugated by the ,spaniards4 ,the tyranny and religious persecution to which the ,netherlanders were exposed by the ,spaniards led to numerous revolts1 which at last developed into a ,war of ,independence1 under ,william1 ,prince of ,orange4 ,the ,hollanders adopted as their flag the colours of the ,house of ,orange--orange1 white1 and blue4 ,at first there was great latitude of treatment1 the number of the bars of each colour and their order being very variable1 but in #aeii it was definitely fixed that the flag of the ,netherlands was to be orange1 white1 blue1 in three horizontal stripes of equal width4 ,how the orange became #aah changed to red is very doubtful2 ,fournier1 writing in #afdc1 we see refers to the ,dutch flag as a tricolor of red1 white1 blue4 ,fig4 #bcg represents the ,royal ,standard of ,holland2 the army and navy and commercial flags are similar1 except that the ,royal ,arms are not introduced4 ,during the general effervescence caused by the ,french ,revolution1 the naval flag of ,holland had in the upper staff-corner a white canton1 charged with a figure of ,liberty1 but the innovation was not at all popular1 as the sailors preferred the old tricolor under which the great victories of ,reuter and ,van ,tromp were gained1 and in #ahjf it was deemed expedient to revert to it4 ,the brilliant scarlet1 yellow1 and black tricolor represented in ,fig4 #bcf is the flag of ,belgium4 ,the ,standard has1 in addition1 the ,royal ,arms placed in the centre of the yellow strip4 ,the black1 yellow1 and red1 are the colours of the ,duchy of ,brabant1 and these were adopted as the national flag in #ahca4 ,from #adgg onwards we find ,belgium under ,austrian domination1 and in #aeff it fell into the hands of ,spain4 ,in #agie1 and for some years following1 it was held by ,france1 and in #ahad was handed over to the ,prince of ,orange1 but in #ahcj the ,belgians rose against the ,hollanders1 and before the end of the year their independence was acknowledged by the ,great ,powers1 and ,leopold of ,coburg1 in the following year1 became first ,king of ,belgium4 ,within a month of his accession to the throne1 the ,dutch recommenced the struggle1 and it was only in #ahci that a final treaty of peace was signed in ,london between ,belgium and ,holland1 and its claims to independence frankly recognised by the ,dutch4 ,greece1 originally invaded by the ,turks in the year #acej1 remained for nearly five hundred years under their oppressive yoke1 rising from time to time against their masters1 only to expose their country1 on the failure of their attempts1 to the greater tyranny and the most dreadful excesses4 ,over ten thousand ,greeks were slaughtered in ,cyprus in #ahba1 while the bombardment of ,scio in #ahbb1 and the horrible massacre on its capture1 stand out in lurid colours as one of the most atrocious deeds the world has ever known3 over forty thousand men1 women1 and children fell by the sword4 ,seven thousand who had fled to the mountains were induced to surrender by a promise of amnesty1 and these1 too1 were murdered4 ,the towns and villages were fired1 and the unfortunate inhabitants1 hemmed in by the ,turks1 perished in the flames or fell beneath the swords of their relentless foes if they attempted to escape4 ,small wonder1 then1 that the heart of ,europe was stirred1 and that ,lord ,byron and thousands more took up the cause of ,greek independence1 by contributions of arms and money1 by fiery denunciation1 and with strong right hand4 ,missolonghi1 ,navarino1 #aai and many another scene of struggle we cannot here dwell upon1 suffice it to say that at last the victory was won and ,greece emerged1 after a tremendous struggle1 from the bondage of the ,turks1 and took its place in ,europe as a free and independent nation1 the ,porte acknowledging the inexorable logic of the fait accompli on ,april #beth1 #ahcj4 ,after a short ,presidency under one of the ,greek nobles1 ,otho of ,bavaria was elected ,king of ,greece in #ahcc1 and the new ,kingdom was fairly launched4 ,the ,greeks adopted the blue and white1 the colours of ,bavaria1 as a delicate compliment to the ,prince who accepted their invitation to ascend the throne of ,greece4 ,the merchant flag of ,greece is shown in ,fig4 #bcc4 ,it will be seen that it consists of nine stripes1 alternately blue and white1 the canton being blue1 with a white cross in it4 ,the navy flag is similar1 except that in addition there is placed a golden crown in the centre of the cross4 ,the ,royal ,standard is blue with a white cross2 the arms of the cross are not1 as in ,fig4 #bcc1 of equal length1 but the one next the staff is shorter1 as in the ,danish flag1 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,in the open space at the crossing of the arms is placed the ,royal ,arms4 ,the ,turkish ,empire has undergone many changes and vicissitudes1 and has in these latter days shrunk considerably4 ,european ,turkey now consists of about seventy thousand square miles1 while ,turkey in ,asia1 ,syria1 ,asia ,minor1 ,palestine1 ,armenia1 etc41 is over seven hundred thousand4#gh ,the crescent moon and star1 ,figs4 #bci and #bdj1 were adopted by the ,turks as their device on the capture of ,constantinople by ,mahomet ,,ii41 in #adec4 ,they were originally the symbol of ,diana1 the ,patroness of ,byzantium1 and were adopted by the ,ottomans as a badge of triumph4 ,prior to that event1 the crescent was a very common charge in the armorial bearings of ,english ,knights1 but it fell into considerable disuse when it became the special device of the ,mohamedans1 though even so late as the year #adfd we find ,ren1 ,duke of ,anjou1 founding an ,order of ,knighthood having as its badge the crescent moon1 encircled by a motto signifying praise by increasing4 ,though the crescent was1 as we have seen1 originally a ,pagan symbol1 it remained throughout the rise and development of the ,greek ,church the special mark of ,constantinople1 and even now in ,moscow and other ,russian cities the #abj crescent and the cross may be seen combined on the churches1 the object being to indicate the ,byzantine origin of the ,russian ,church4 ,the crescent may be seen on the coins and medals of ,augustus1 ,trajan1 and other ,emperors4 ,the origin of the symbol was as follows3 ,philip1 the father of ,alexander the ,great1 meeting with many unforeseen difficulties in carrying on the siege of the city1 set the soldiers to work one dark night to undermine the walls1 but the crescent moon appearing the design was discovered and the scheme miscarried2 and in acknowledgment the ,byzantines erected a statue to ,diana1 and made the crescent moon--the attribute of the ,goddess--the symbol of their city4 ,the ,war ,flag of ,turkey is the crescent and star on the scarlet field1 as shown in ,fig4 #bci4 ,the flag of the ,merchant ,service seems less definitely fixed4 ,in the ,official ,flag ,book#gi of the ,english ,admiralty1 ,fig4 #bci is given as both the man-of-war flag and the merchant flag for ,turkey1 ,egypt1 and ,tripoli1 while in an excellent book on the subject1 published at ,vienna in #ahhc1 ,fig4 #bce is given as the flag of the commercial marine2 and we have also seen a plain red flag with a star in the upper corner of the hoist1 and another divided into three horizontal bands1 the upper and lower being red1 and the central one green4 ,the ,military and ,naval ,service of ,tunis has the flag represented in ,fig4 #bdj1 while the ,tunisian commercial flag is simply red1 without device of any kind4 ,in a map bearing the date #aejb the ,turkish ,dominions are marked by a scarlet flag having three points and bearing three black crescents1 while in a sheet of flags with the comparatively modern date of #agce1 ,turk is represented by a blue flag with three crescents in white upon it4 ,the personal flag of the ,sultan1 corresponding to our ,royal ,standard1 is scarlet1 and bears in its centre the device of the reigning sovereign3 hence it undergoes a change at each accession to the throne4 ,this device1 known as the ,tughra1 is placed on the coinage1 postal stamps1 etc41 as well as on the ,royal ,flag1 and consists of the name of the ,sultan1 the title ,khan1 and the epithet ,el muzaffar daima1 signifying the ever-victorious4 ,the history of the ,tughra is curious3 ,when ,sultan ,murad ,i4 entered into a treaty of peace with the ,ragusans1 he was not sufficiently scholarly to be able to affix #aba his signature to the document1 so he wetted his open hand with ink and pressed it on the paper1 the first1 second1 and third fingers making smears in fairly close proximity1 while the thumb and fourth finger were apart on either side4 ,within the mark thus made1 the ,ottoman ,scribes wrote the name of ,murad1 his title1 and the epithet that bore testimony to his ever-victorious career4 ,the ,tughra remains the symbol of this1 the three upright forms being the three fingers of ,murad1 the rounded line to the left the thumb1 and the line to the right the little finger2 these leading forms do not vary1 but the smaller characters change with the change of sovereign4 ,this ,murad1 sometimes called ,amurath1 ascended the throne in the year #acfb4hj ,the personal flag of the ,khedive of ,egypt is green1 and has in its centre the crescent and three white stars4 ,by the ,treaty of ,berlin1 ,july #ahgh1 the provinces of ,moldavia and ,wallachia1 formerly a portion of the ,turkish ,empire1 and the territory of the ,dobrudscha1 were recognised as an independent ,state1 and were formed into the kingdom of ,roumania somewhat later1 the sovereign who had previously held the rank of prince being crowned king in ,march1 #ahha4 ,the flag of ,roumania is the brilliant blue1 yellow and red tricolor shown in ,fig4 #bdb4 ,the flag of ,servia1 another small kingdom of ,eastern ,europe1 is shown in ,fig4 #bdc2 the royal standard is similar1 except that the arms are placed in the centre of the blue stripe4 ,it will be seen that the flag of ,servia is that of ,russia1 ,fig4 #bah1 reversed4 ,by the ,berlin ,treaty of #ahgh1 ,servia received a large increase of territory1 and was created an independent ,state1 its princely ruler being crowned king in ,march1 #ahhb4 ,the ,state of ,bulgaria is another of the creations of the ,berlin ,treaty4 ,it is governed by a prince who is nominally under the suzerainty of ,turkey4 ,its war flag is shown in ,fig4 #bda2 the mercantile flag has no leonine canton1 but is simply a tricolor of white1 green1 and red4 ,having already dealt with the ,united ,states1 we propose now to turn our attention to the other ,governments of the ,new ,world4 ,the simple and effective ensign of ,chili is represented in ,fig4 #afa4 ,this flag is used both by the ,chilian men-of-war and by the vessels of the mercantile marine4 ,fig4 #aeg is so much of the pendant of a man-of-war as the limits of our page will permit4 ,the ,chilian ,jack is the blue canton and white star of ,fig4 #afa1 treated as a distinct #abb flag1 and the flags of the various naval ranks are also blue with a varying number of white stars4 ,fig4 #afd is the merchant flag of ,new ,granada2 the ,government ensign has in addition the shield of arms in the centre of the blue stripe4 ,it will be observed that the colours in this tricolor are the same as those of ,roumania1 ,fig4 #bdb1 only differently disposed4 ,new ,granada is composed of nine small ,states1 and in #ahfc these bound themselves into a closer confederation1 and changed their collective name from ,new ,granada to that of the ,united ,states of ,colombia1 and adopted a tricolor of yellow1 blue1 and red1 only disposed horizontally instead of as in ,fig4 #afd1 vertically4 ,this sounds identical with the flag of ,venezuela1 but in the centre of the ,colombian flag is placed a different device1 and the yellow stripe takes up half the space1 the other two being only half its width4 ,fig4 #afe is the flag of ,uruguay1 a ,state that was formerly a province of ,brazil1 but declared its independence in the year #ahbe4 ,the next flag on our plate1 ,fig4 #aff1 is the war ensign of ,guatemala3 the shield in the centre bears a scroll with the words ,libertad #ae de ,setiembre1 #ahba1 surmounted by a parrot1 surrounded by a wreath1 and having behind it crossed rifles and swords4 ,the merchant flag is the plain blue1 white1 blue1 without the shield4 ,in the year #aebe the country was conquered by ,don ,pedro de ,alvarado1 one of the companions of ,cortes1 and it remained subject to ,spain until #ahba1 when it gained its independence1 the ,libertad of the scroll4 ,it then went in vigorously for several years of civil war1 and the outcome of this was that the country known under ,spanish rule as ,guatemala1 a country embracing all ,central ,america1 split up in #ahci into five ,republics1 all absolutely independent of each other1 viz41 ,guatemala1 ,san ,salvador1 ,honduras1 ,nicaragua1 and ,costa ,rica4 ,the next flag1 ,fig4 #afg1 is the ensign of ,costa ,rica3 the one represented is that of the ,merchant ,service4 ,the war ensign differs from it in having in the centre the arms of the ,state1 surrounded on either side by a trophy of three flags1 and beneath all a wreath4 ,fig4 #afh1 the flag of ,paraguay1 is very suggestive of the colours of ,holland1 though the device in the centre serves to differentiate it4 ,paraguay is the only ,state in ,america that has no sea-board1 and therefore no ,mercantile ,marine4 ,brazil1 discovered by the ,portuguese in #aejj1 remained in their possession until a revolutionary struggle in the year #ahba ended in favour of the ,brazilians1 when an ,empire was shortly afterwards established4 ,compared to the other ,states of ,south ,america1 it has passed through long periods of rest and prosperity1 but of late years its political position has been one of considerable uncertainty1 the ,emperor having been dismissed and the rival #abc ambitions for the ,presidentship leading to civil war4 ,these political changes have necessarily produced modifications in the flag4 ,the present flag1 ,fig4 #afi1 is not altogether unlike that of the late ,empire1 though in this latter case the yellow diamond on the green ground held a shield and ,imperial crown1 flanked by sprays of coffee and tobacco4 ,in the present flag this yellow diamond has a blue sphere spotted over with stars and a white band running across it1 that bears in blue letters the legend ,ordem e progresso4#ha ,fig4 #agc is the upper portion of the man-of-war pendant1 a blue ground with white stars4 ,fig4 #afi is the ensign1 both of the ,war and ,merchant ,navy of ,brazil4 ,the yellow1 blue1 and red tricolor1 ,fig4 #agj1 is the merchant ensign of ,venezuela2 the war flag has the same stripes1 and in addition the shield of the arms of the ,state is placed on the yellow band at the staff corner4 ,when the ,spaniards arrived off the coast in the year #adii1 they found on landing that some of the native ,indians were living in huts built on piles1 hence they called the country ,venezuela1 or little ,venice4 ,bolivia1 formerly comprised in the ,spanish ,vice-,royalty of ,colombia1 derives its present name from ,simon ,bolivar1 the leader of the revolution that gained it its freedom4 ,its commercial flag is shown in ,fig4 #aga2 the war flag only differs in having the arms of the ,state placed in the centre of the red strip4 ,the familiar green1 white1 red of ,italy is repeated in the flag of ,mexico1 but instead of the cross of ,savoy1 we have the eagle and serpent4 ,the ,mexican merchant ensign is the plain tricolor of green1 white1 red1 the central device we see in ,fig4 #agb marking it as the war flag4 ,mexico was discovered in #aeah1 and conquered1 with infamous cruelties1 by ,cortes4 ,after a lengthened revolutionary struggle1 the yoke of ,spain was finally thrown off in #ahbi1 and the independence of ,mexico was recognised by all the great ,european ,powers4 ,peru was discovered by the ,spaniards in #aeac1 and was soon afterwards1 under the command of ,pizarro1 added to the dominions of the ,king of ,spain4 ,peru remained in subjection to the ,spaniards 7who murdered the ,incas and all their descendants1 and committed the most frightful cruelties7 until #ahbf1 when the independence of the country1 after a prolonged struggle1 was completely achieved4 ,the ,peruvian war ensign is given in ,fig4 #agd1 the merchant flag being the plain red1 white1 red4 ,san ,salvador1 the smallest of the ,central ,american ,republics1 #abd established itself in #ahci1 on the break-up of the ,spanish ,state of ,guatemala4 ,its flag is shown in ,fig4 #age4 ,the country now held by the ,argentine ,republic was discovered in #aeag1 and settled by the ,spaniards in #aeec4 ,the war ensign is represented in ,fig4 #agf2 the merchant ensign has the three stripes1 but the golden sun is missing4 ,the ,government of ,ecuador has ,fig4 #agg as its war flag1 the merchant ensign being without the ring of white stars4 ,the last flag on the sheet 7,fig4 #agh7 is the merchant flag of ,haiti2 the ,government flag has the blue and red reduced to a broad border1 the central portion of the flag being white4 ,in the centre of this white portion stands a palm tree1 and below it a trophy of arms and flags1 flanked on either side by a cannon4 ,the flag of the ,cuban national forces in conflict with ,spain has at the hoist a triangular portion of blue1 one side of this triangle being the depth of the flag itself1 and on this blue field is a white1 five-pointed star4 ,the rest of the flag is made up of the following horizontal and equal stripes--red1 white1 red1 white1 red4 ,japan--known to the ,japanese as ,niphon1 derived from ,nitsu1 ,sun1 and ,phon1 the rising--the ,land of the ,rising ,sun1#hb has adopted this rising sun as its emblem4 ,japan claims to possess a written history of over #b1ejj years1 but the fairly authentic portion begins with the year #ffj ,b4,c41 when the present hereditary succession of rulers commenced4 ,english merchants visited ,japan in #afab1 and the ,portuguese almost a century before4 ,by #aehg the converts of the ,portuguese ,jesuit ,missions numbered some six hundred thousand4 ,at this time some ,spanish ,franciscans appeared on the scene1 and political and religious discord soon followed4 ,the ,japanese ruler took alarm at the ,papal claim to universal sovereignty1 and the ,buddhist ,priesthood and the ,english and ,dutch ,protestant traders fanned the flame of suspicion and jealousy4 ,this was done so effectually that the ,japanese ,government banished all foreigners1 and closed the country against them4 ,this state of things lasted for over two centuries1 and it was only in the year #ahec that ,japan was re-opened to the outside world4 ,the flag of ,japan1 the rising sun1 is represented in ,fig4 #bdd4 ,the red ball without the rays is used as a ,jack1 in which case it is placed in the centre of the white field4 ,fig4 #bde is the ,standard of the ,emperor4 ,the chrysanthemum is the emblem of ,japan1 and its golden flower1 somewhat conventionally rendered it must be admitted1 is the form we see introduced in ,fig4 #bde4hc ,figs4 #bdf and #bdh are the transport flag and the guard flag respectively of the ,japanese war marine4 #abe ,the ,imperial ,standard of ,china is yellow with a blue dragon4 ,the official flag book of the ,admiralty gives the flag of a ,chinese ,admiral as made up of the following horizontal stripes3 yellow1 white1 black1 green1 red1 a blue dragon on a white ground being the canton in the staff-head corner4 ,the merchant ensign is shown in ,fig4 #bdg4 ,amongst the ,chinese flags captured in #ahda1 and preserved in the ,royal ,united ,service ,institution1 is one with a blue centre with an inscription in white upon it1 and with a broad notched border of white2 another has its centre of a pale blue and a darker blue dragon upon it1 the whole being surrounded by a broad and deeply-notched border of red4 ,the flag of ,siam is scarlet with a white elephant thereon4 ,before ,xacca1 the founder of the nation1 was born his mother dreamt that she brought forth a white elephant1 and the ,brahmins affirm that ,xacca1 after a metempsychosis of eighty thousand changes1 concluded his very varied experiences as this white elephant1 and thence was received into the company of the ,celestial ,deities4 ,on this account the white elephant is held a sacred beast1 and the ,siamese rejoice to place themselves beneath so potent a protector4 ,the flag of ,korea bears the tiger4 ,in the thickly-wooded glens of the interior1 the royal tiger is found in formidable numbers4 ,the flag of ,sarawak1 a territory of some forty thousand square miles1 on the north-west of ,borneo1 is shown in ,fig4 #beb4 ,the ,government was obtained in #ahdb from the ,sultan of ,borneo by an ,englishman1 ,sir ,james ,brooke1 and it is still ruled by one of the family1 a nephew of the first ,rajah4 ,in ,africa1 the only flags that we need particularize are those of the ,orange ,free ,state1 ,liberia1 the ,congo ,state1 and the ,south ,african ,republic4 ,the ,orange ,free ,state was founded by ,dutch emigrants from the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,it was proclaimed ,british territory in #ahdh1 but by a ,convention entered into in #ahed1 the inhabitants were declared to be to all intents and purposes1 a free and independent people1 and their ,government to be treated thenceforth as a free and independent ,government4 ,the flag1 ,fig4 #bdi1 is the only one that has orange in it1 clearly in allusion to the name of the ,state1 while the canton of red1 white1 and blue1 equally shows the pride of the people in their ,dutch origin4 ,the flag of the ,independent ,negro ,republic of ,liberia1 is shown in ,fig4 #bej4 ,the population largely consists of freed slaves1 emigrants from ,america and their descendants1 plus the aborigines4 ,the flag1 it will be seen1 even to the thirteen stripes1 is largely based on that of the ,united ,states1 though one would have thought that that would have been about the last thing they would have selected4 #abf ,the ,congo ,free ,state in ,central ,africa was established in #ahhe by the ,king of the ,belgians2 its flag is the golden star on the blue ground that we see in ,fig4 #bea1 a device at once simple1 expressive and pleasing4 ,in #ahdj1 a number of ,dutch ,boers1 dissatisfied with the ,government of ,cape ,colony1 established themselves in ,natal1 where their treatment of the natives was so unjustifiable that a general rising was imminent1 and the ,british ,government was compelled to interfere1 and itself take charge of the district4 ,this the ,boers resented1 so they crossed the ,vaal and established themselves afresh in the wilderness4 ,in #ahed1 the ,british ,government recognised the ,transvaal or ,south ,african ,republic1 and in #ahha a fresh ,convention was agreed to by which the ,boers were confirmed in full possession of the land1 subject to the recognition of the ,british suzerainty4 ,the flag of the ,transvaal ,government is shown in ,fig4 #bec4 ,now have we journeyed the whole world over and found in every land the emblems of nationality and patriotism4 ,unfamiliar as many of these may appear to us1 they each represent a symbol endeared to thousands or hundreds of thousands of hearts1 and thus are they full of warm human interest4 ,for these various strips of gaily-coloured bunting1 men have given without hesitation their lives1 have poured out blood and treasure without stint or count of cost1 and wherever they encounter them the wide world over1 the wanderers forget for a while the alien shore or waste of ocean as their thoughts turn to the dear homeland4 99 99 99 99 99 #abg ,,chapter ,v4 ,flags as a ,means of ,signalling--,army ,signalling--the ,morse ,alphabet--,navy ,signalling--,first ,attempts at ,sea ,signals--,old ,signal ,books in ,library of ,royal ,united ,service ,institution--,england expects that every man will do his duty--,sinking ,signal ,codes on defeat--,present ,system of ,signalling in ,royal ,navy--,pilot ,signals--,weather ,signalling by ,flags--the ,international ,signal ,code--,first ,published in #aheg--,seventy-eight ,thousand different ,signals possible--,why no ,vowels used--,lloyd's ,signal ,stations4 ,we propose in this1 our final chapter1 to deal with the use of flags as a means of signalling2 a branch of the subject by no means wanting either in interest or in practical value4 ,the flags used for army signalling are only two in number if we consider their design1 though1 as each of these is made in two sizes1 the actual outfit consists of four flags4 ,the large size is three feet square1 and the smaller is two feet square2 the larger sizes are clearly more visible1 but on the other hand the smaller save weight and consequently labour2 and with good manipulation and clear weather their messages can be followed by observers1 with ordinary service telescopes1 up to a distance of twelve miles or so4 ,the poles are respectively five feet six inches long and three feet six inches1 and the flags themselves are either white with a blue horizontal stripe across the centre1 or wholly blue4 ,only one flag is used at a time1 the first being used when the background is dark and the second when light1 so as to ensure under all circumstances the greatest visibility4 ,the person sending the signals should hold the flag pointing upwards to the left1 and with the pole making an angle of about #be1 with an imaginary vertical line passing down the centre of his body4 ,the signals are based upon the dot and dash system of ,morse4 ,the dot or short stroke is made by waving the flag from the normal position to the corresponding point on the right hand1 while for the dash or long stroke the flag is waved till the head of the pole nearly touches the ground4 ,the ,morse alphabet is so constructed that the letters of most frequent occurrence are represented by the shortest symbols1 and no letter requires more than four of these for its expression1 while figures are all represented by five signs4 #abh ,the letters of the alphabet are thus represented3-- ,a - ,a 77 -- ,b - ,c -- ,d - ,e ,f - ,g -- ,h ,i ,j --- ,k -- ,l - ,m -- ,n - ,o --- ,o 7oe7 --- ,p -- ,q --- ,r - ,s ,t - ,u - ,u 7ue7 -- ,v - ,w -- ,x -- ,y --- ,z -- ,ch ---- ,the following code is adopted to represent figures3-- #a ---- #b --- #c -- #d - #e #f - #g -- #h --- #i ---- #j ----- ,a space about equal in length to the dash is left between each letter1 and a time interval of about three times the duration between each word4 ,this alphabet1 once learned1 it is evident can be utilized in many ways4 ,steamers1 by means of short and long whistles1 can spell out messages to each other2 seamen1 across a harbour1 can communicate by waving their arms2 prisoners by opening and shutting their hands4 ,it is also utilised in the light-flashes of the heliograph1 in telegraphy again1 and in various other directions4 ,classes are held at the ,school of ,army ,signalling at ,aldershot1 and from thence the knowledge permeates the ,army and the ,auxiliary ,forces4#hd ,the requirements are steadiness1 intelligence1 quickness of eye-sight and of action1 and the power to spell correctly2 and it takes a man from fifteen to twenty days1 at five hours drill a day1 to learn the alphabet and the proper manipulation of the flags4 ,the standard of efficiency is ten words a minute with the large flag or sixteen with the small4 ,if our readers will take the trouble to count the letters in the first sixteen words in this present sentence they #abi will find that they are sixty-nine in number1 and they will further find1 if they take the additional trouble to translate these letters into ,morse1 that it will take #aje dots and #fj dashes to do it4 ,our readers will probably then go on to conclude that as it takes one hundred and sixty-five motions of the flag1 plus sixty-eight intervals between the letters to signal these sixteen words1 a speed of ten words a minute is a very creditable performance either for the sender to work off or for the receiver to read4 ,besides the ordinary spelling out of the words1 various arbitrary signs are used1 thus a continued succession of dots is used to call attention to the fact that a message is going to be sent1 and a series of dashes ------ means that it is finished4 ,g means go on1 ,r is a request to move more to the right and ,l to shift a little to the left2 ,b means use the blue flag1 and ,w use the white flag1 ,k4,q is say when you are ready1 ,f4,i means that figures are coming1 and ,f4,f indicates that the figures are finished4 ,those who have to receive the message may see that the background behind the transmitter is not quite satisfactory for the due observation of the flags1 and they may then flash back ,h or ,o1 meaning either higher up or lower down1 as the case may be1 and in case of any misunderstanding1 they will signal ,i4,m4,i1 which means please repeat1 and as soon as all is clear1 they will signal ,r4,t1 meaning all right4 ,as our man-of-war's-men are also instructed in this system of signalling1 communication can be established during an expedition between the ships and the troops on shore4 ,the signal for communication is a white pendant with two black ,x4,x on it4 ,should this special flag not be forthcoming1 the ,x4,x ---- 7see code of letters7 is flashed at night or waved by the flag by day1 and as soon as the preparative dots have been acknowledged1 the message is dispatched4 ,when the message is of a general character1 nothing more need be done1 but when it is intended for a particular vessel1 the communication is preceded by the special sign apportioned to that vessel4 ,though the ,morse system has its place1 as we have seen1 in the drill of our blue-jackets1 it does not altogether meet naval requirements4 ,a man waving flags on board ship would be a scarcely conspicuous enough object1 and intermediate vessels in a squadron would block out all view of him from those farthest off1 hence naval communications are ordinarily made by means of flags exhibited from the mast head or other clearly visible position4 ,instead of one flag being used1 our men-of-war have over forty1 and these are all conspicuously distinct from each other4 ,the messages are not spelt out1 as in land operations1 but the flags are used in various combinations1 and the meaning of the signal is found by reference to a #acj code-book4 ,these flags1 it is arithmetically evident1 can be transposed and grouped in some thousands of different ways1 and the code-book contains questions and answers to meet the very varied requirements of naval service1 and the special signal hoist for each4 ,the first real attempt at sea-signalling was made during the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 when a series of signs of the most arbitrary character was devised1 consisting for the most part of flags hoisted in various parts of the ship1 and altering their significance as their locality was changed4 ,the system was a very cumbrous one1 and in #aghj ,kempenfeldt1 the ,commander of the ill-fated ,royal ,george1 improved to some extent upon it1 but even then the result was not very brilliant4 ,lord ,howe1 in #agib1 could only make a total of one hundred and eighty-three signals4 ,as yet1 however1 it had never struck anybody how much simplicity and advantage would be gained by employing numbered or lettered flags1 and then using them in the thousands of combinations that such a system rendered possible4 ,it is stated by various authorities--and even authorities have a way of copying from each other--that flags were numbered for the first time about the year #agii1 but in the ,library of the ,royal ,united ,service ,institution may be seen ,an ,essay on ,signals1 by an ,officer of the ,british ,navy1 bearing the date #aghh4he ,the flags were numbered #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 and #j1 and they are represented in our illustrations by ,figs4 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bia1 #bib1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie1 and #bif4 ,it will be seen that they are all of a very clear and distinct character4 ,when such a number as #ddd was required1 it would appear to be necessary to have three flags like ,fig4 #bij--the ,no4 #d of the series--but to avoid this multiplication of identical flags1 a red triangular flag called a decimal1 a white triangular called a centenary1 and a blue triangular called a millenary1 were used1 and these were placed as required before the unit to be repeated4 ,by this plan #ddd would be expressed by the yellow flag1 the ,no4 #d1 having below it the red and white pennants4 ,sometimes these flags really meant numbers1 and then the required number was hoisted1 plus a yellow swallow-tailed flag4 ,thus in answer to ,how many guns does she carry8 if the response should be fifty1 the five and the nought flags1 ,figs4 #bij and #bif1 plus the swallowtail or cornet1 as it is technically called1 would be hoisted1 while the same five-nought signal1 without the cornet1 would signify whole fleet change course four points to starboard4 ,if we want to find the ,english equivalent of some ,german word1 we turn to the ,german-,english half of our dictionary1 but if we #aca required the ,german equivalent of our ,english word1 we should refer to the ,english-,german part of the book1 and signal codes are in like manner divided into flag-message and message-flag4 ,by the system we are at present discussing1 we should find by referring to the flag-message half of our book1 that the three flags #g1 #c1 #f1 meant1 recall cruisers1 while #h1 #c1 #f1 signified sprung a leak4 ,on the other hand1 if we wished ourselves to send such an order we should turn to the message-flag half of our code book1 and under the heading of ,cruisers1 find all the references that could concern the management of such vessels until we presently found ,cruisers1 recall--#g1 #c1 #f1 and then at once proceed to hoist those particular flags4 ,only fourteen flags1 the ten numerals1 the three pennants1 and the cornet1 suffice for sending many hundreds of messages1 but the anonymous author adds1 exclusive of this arrangement1 ,i would propose to have the most current signals in battle made with one flag only1 and these should be used on the day of battle only4 ,a similarity between these and the flags used as the numerical signals ought as much as possible to be avoided4 ,figs4 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhe1 and #bhf1 are illustrations of some of these4 ,the striking design of the rising sun signifies engage the enemy4 ,fig4 #bhj is an order for close action4 ,fig4 #bha is an instruction to invert the line of battle by tacking1 while ,fig4 #bhb is a direction to force the enemy's line4 ,it is needless to particularise them all1 suffice it to say that each and all are of stirring significance4 ,many minds were at work on the urgent problem of an adequate system of sea-signalling1 and numerous plans1 therefore1 were suggested4 ,it does not appear that the one we have just referred to as an example of these endeavours to solve the difficulty was ever adopted4 ,the official ,signal ,book for the ,ships of ,war1 compiled by the ,admiralty in #agii1 and afterwards amplified in #ahjc by ,admiral ,sir ,hope ,popham1 is of immense interest1 as it was introduced into the ,navy for the first time in the fleet of ,nelson1 and it was therefore the code of ,trafalgar4 ,in the copy preserved in the ,library of the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum is written1 this is a copy of the signal book by means of which the battle of ,trafalgar was fought4 ,all signals are by numbers4 ,in the book in question1 those given have been pasted over others1 but some of those underneath are still visible3 thus the flag that once represented one here stands for five1 and the flag that heretofore was three is now seven4 ,if the ,admiral--an instruction in the book says--should have reason to believe that the enemy has got possession of these signals1 he will make the signal for changing the figures of the flags4 ,the figure1 which by the new arrangement each flag is to represent1 is to be immediately entered in every ship's signal-book1 and it is #acb evident that one of these transpositions has been made here4 ,the ten flags of the code are represented in ,figs4 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgg1 and #bgh4 ,it is very difficult to say really how the flags were arranged for the world-famed ,england expects that every man will do his duty1 as the numerical significance of the ten flags was so often changed during the exigencies of war4 ,the book we have referred to makes ,fig4 #bgj stand for #a1 ,fig4 #bgh for #b1 ,fig4 #bge for #c1 ,fig4 #bgc for #d1 ,fig4 #bfi for #e1 etc42 and while it declares that it was by this code ,trafalgar was fought1 we have no evidence as to who wrote this statement4 ,it may have been the authoritative statement of some one at the time in full possession of the facts1 or a mere surmise added a dozen years afterwards by some irresponsible scribbler4 ,on turning to the ,naval ,history of ,james1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #cd1 we read there is not1 that we are aware of1 a single publication which gives this message precisely as it was delivered4 ,the following is a minute of the several flags1 as noted down on board more than one ship in the fleet4 ,he then proceeds to give them1 and the arrangement that he follows is that of our illustration1 his #a being ,fig4 #bfi2 #b1 ,fig4 #bgj2 #c1 ,fig4 #bga2 #d1 ,fig4 #bgb2 #e1 ,fig4 #bgc2 #f1 ,fig4 #bgd2 #g1 ,fig4 #bge2 #h1 ,fig4 #bgf2 #i1 ,fig4 #bgg2 and #j ,fig4 #bgh4 ,if he may be accepted as a reliable authority1 ,england was expressed by the flags #b1 #e1 and #c2 expects1 by #b1 #f1 and #i2 that1 by flags #h1 #f1 and #c2 every1 by flags #b1 #f1 and #a2 man1 by #d1 #g1 and #a2 will1 by #i1 #e1 and #h2 do1 by #b1 #b and #j2 and his1 by #c1 #g1 #j1 those being the code numbers assigned to those words in the vocabulary4 ,this necessitated eight distinct hoists1 one group of flags for each word1 but singularly enough the code contained no signal for duty1 so that it was necessary to spell this out letter by letter1 making four hoists more1 flag #d being for d2 #b and #a for u2 #a and #i for t2 and #b and #e for y4 ,as given in one or two ,french historical works the signal is equally short and expressive3 ,l',angleterre compte que chacun fera son devoir4 ,the story of ,nelson's signal is best told in the words of the ,victory's ,signal ,lieutenant1 ,pasco1 the officer who received ,nelson's orders to make it4 ,his ,lordship1 ,lieutenant ,pasco says1 came to me on the poop1 and1 after ordering certain signals to be made1 about a quarter to noon1 said1 ',mr4 ,pasco1 ,i want to say to the fleet ,england confides that every man will do his duty4' ,he added1 ',you must be quick1#hf for ,i have one more to add1 which is for close action4'#hg ,i replied1 ',if your ,lordship will permit me to substitute expects for confides the signal will soon be #acc completed1 because the word expects is in the vocabulary1 and confides must be spelt4'#hh ,his ,lordship replied in haste1 and with seeming satisfaction1 ',that will do1 ,pasco1 make it directly4' ,as the last hoist was hauled down1 ,nelson turned to ,captain ,blackwood1 who was standing by him1 and said1 ',now ,i can do no more4 ,we must trust to the ,great ,disposer of all events1 and the justice of our cause2 ,i thank ,god for this great opportunity of doing my duty4' ,and ,great ,britain that day did not call upon her sons in vain1 nor was the appeal to the ,god of ,battles unheard1 though the rejoicing of victory was turned into mourning at the loss of him who had so nobly done his duty in the nation's service4 ,in the ,royal ,navy of the present day1 a special code1 requiring forty-five different flags1 is employed4 ,figs4 #bed to #bfg inclusive1 are examples of some of these4#hi ,this code1 we need scarcely say1 is of a confidential nature1 and is not published anywhere for all the world to study4 ,the ,commercial code of ,international signals being now recognised by the principal maritime ,states of the world1 is1 by ,queen's regulations1 made use of by our men-of-war when communicating with foreign war-ships1 or with merchant vessels whether ,british or foreign4 ,the signal codes of the ,royal ,navy1 when not actually in use1 are kept in perforated metal cylinders1 so that in case of capture of the vessel they may at once be thrown overboard4 ,in the ,library of the ,royal ,united ,service ,institution may be seen the ,signal book of the ,u4,s4 frigate ,chesapeake1 with bullets attached to it for the purpose of sinking it4 ,in the confusion incidental to the capture of the vessel by ,h4,m4,s4 ,shannon1#ij it fell into the hands of the ,britisher4 ,besides these regulation signals of the ,american ,navy1 a second set1 supplied to privateers1 was also captured1 marked ,strictly confidential4 ,the commanders of private armed vessels are to keep this paper connected with a piece of lead or other weight1 and to throw the whole overboard before they shall strike their flag1 that they may be sunk4 ,this also1 instead of going to the bottom of the ,atlantic1 may be seen within half a mile of ,charing ,cross4 ,landsmen have a notion1 remembering possibly that ,nelson went into action with the signal for close action flying1 that when a signal is made it is to be instantly obeyed1 but the present system of signalling is on somewhat different lines4 ,the hoisting of a signal on the flag ship is preparative4 ,the ships leading the other columns repeat the signal1 hoisting their colours three-quarters of #acd the way up the mast4 ,the other ships each hoist their answering pennants to show that they have seen and understood the order4 ,then when the repeating ships notice that all the other vessels have answered1 they hoist the signal right up as an intimation to the ,admiral that this is the case4 ,then it is that on the ,admiral's ship the signal is hauled down1 thus giving the executive order for its purport to be obeyed1 so that the signal is cautionary of what is coming1 and the manoeuvre is only executed when to the eye no instructions at all are to be seen4 ,the answering pennant has vertical stripes--red1 white1 red1 white1 red4 ,fig4 #bfh is the flag used by any vessel that wishes to communicate with a coastguard station1 or hoisted when one coastguard station wants to send a message to another4 ,thus when ,beachy ,head has any notification to make to the neighbouring post away down at ,burling ,gap1 the first thing to be done is to hoist at the masthead ,fig4 #bfh4 ,when the men on duty at ,burling ,gap see this they hoist the answering pennant1 meaning all right1 talk away1 and then the arms of the ,beachy ,head semaphore work vigorously1 or the gay signal flags flutter in the breeze and send their message across the downs4 ,war vessels signal to each other at night by means of the ,morse system of short and long flashes1#ia and all the large steamship lines have night signals peculiar to themselves1 thus the night signal of the ,orient ,line is red and blue lights burnt alternately4 ,any vessel seeing this1 knows that they are dealing with this special ,line and similarly report themselves1 and after this due introduction proceed to dot and dash to their heart's content4 ,the last two rows of flags on plate ,,xxiii4 are signals for pilots4 ,these are either the two flags standing for ,p4 and ,t4 in the ,international ,signal ,code1 a system we have yet to deal with1 or it may be a single flag1 the special pilot flag of each nation4 ,fig4 #big is the pilot flag of the ,argentine ,republic2 ,fig4 #bih1 that of ,brazil2 ,fig4 #bii1 that of ,ecuador4 ,fig4 #cjj is the pilot flag of ,greece2 #cja1 that of ,japan2 and #cjd1 that of ,spain4 ,france1 ,mexico and ,chili all adopt a flag like ,fig4 #bgh1 a white flag with broad blue border1 while ,great ,britain1 ,fig4 #ajd1 ,germany1 ,fig4 #cjb1 ,belgium1 ,fig4 #cjc1 ,denmark1 ,fig4 #cje1 ,holland1 ,fig4 #cjf1 ,sweden1 ,austria-,hungary1 ,italy1 all fly the national flag of the country with a broad white border to it4 ,russia takes the ,jack1 ,fig4 #bae1 for the same purpose1 and places this #ace white band around it1 while the ,united ,states of ,america takes the star-bestrewn azure canton from the national flag1 ,fig4 #adf1 and similarly surrounds it with the broad band of white4 ,penalties are recoverable1 as they clearly should be1 if any ship uses or displays signals which may be mistaken for either pilot calls or signals of distress4 ,the ,united ,states uses flags for its weather signals at the various meteorological stations4 ,a violent storm is prognosticated by a red flag with a black centre4 ,a red pennant signifies storm approaching station1 while a yellow pennant signifies call at station for special information4 ,a plain white flag betokens fine weather and a plain blue one rain or snow1 and there are various combinations of other flags that indicate direction1 intensity1 velocity and so forth4 ,it is evident that this employment of flags could be made a very valuable one4 ,another instance of its use with which we are acquainted1 is at the ,london office in ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard of the ,draper's ,record1 one of the largest in circulation of any trade paper in the world4 ,the citizen of ,london may see displayed from its roof by private enterprise the whole of the forecasts issued by the ,meteorological ,office1 viz41 the #aa a4m41 the #c4cj p4m41 and the #h4cj p4m4 for the ,south of ,england1 which officially includes ,st4 ,paul's ,churchyard4 ,a white flag is hoisted for clear weather1 a blue one for rain1 while local showers are prognosticated by a flag half blue and half white4 ,changeable weather is indicated by a flag like ,fig4 #bfg1 and a coming fog by a yellow flag with black ball in its centre1 like ,fig4 #beh4 ,snow is foretold by a flag like ,fig4 #bgh1 and squally weather by a swallow-tailed flag1 having its upper half black1 and the lower white4 ,a plain red triangular flag is used to indicate temperature2 when this is hoisted above other flags1 it indicates rising temperature2 when placed below1 falling temperature2 and when omitted we are to conclude that things are stationary4 ,thus the red flag1 then below it the white one1 and then the blue hoisted together1 would mean that we might expect warmer weather1 at first fair1 but succeeded by rain1 while the blue flag above the red would indicate that wet weather was before us1 and a fall of temperature4 ,at the #ahid meeting of the ,national ,rifle ,association at ,bisley a system of this kind was inaugurated1 in order to give those in camp an idea of the weather that might be expected for the ensuing twelve hours1 the hoisting of a blue flag indicating fine weather or moderate wind1 a red one foretelling stormy weather or strong wind2 green1 pointing to unsettled weather or gusty wind1 and a yellow flag indicating thunder or rain storms4 ,for shooting purposes a knowledge of the strength of the wind is very valuable4 #acf ,the development of a code of flag signals seems to have exercised a great fascination on many minds1 and the result has been that until the general adoption of the ,international code things had got into a somewhat chaotic state4 ,some systems had many excellent points in them1 while others broke down under the strain of practical use4 ,in some cases1 too1 the claims of patriotism influenced the choice1 it being difficult for an ,englishman or an ,american to believe that the scheme of a ,frenchman or ,german could possibly be better than the home-grown article4 ,the systems best known in this country are the ,admiralty codes of #ahjh1 #ahaf1 and #ahbf1 ,lynn's in #ahah1 ,squire's in #ahbj1 ,raper's in #ahbh1 ,philipps' in #ahcf1 ,eardley ,wilmot's in #ahea1 the code of ,rogers1 the ,american1 in #ahed1 the ,french code of ,reynolds in #ahee1 and the system devised by ,marryat in #ahef1 all being superseded by that of the ,board of ,trade4 ,the ,international code of signals was prepared and first published in ,april1 #aheg1 in accordance with the views and recommendations of a ,committee appointed by the ,lords of the ,privy ,council4 ,three members1 ,admiral ,beechey1 ,captain ,robert ,fitzroy1 and ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,brown1 the ,registrar-,general of ,seamen1 were named by the ,board of ,trade2 one member1 ,admiral ,bethune1 by the ,admiralty2 an elder brother1 ,captain ,bax1 was appointed as a member by the ,trinity ,house2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,hammett and ,captain ,halstead were the members named by ,lloyds2 while the ,liverpool ,shipowners' ,association1 and the ,general ,shipowners' ,society1 each1 by the nomination of a member1 had a voice in the discussion4 ,after a deliberation of more than a year1 the examination of the thirteen then existing codes and due attention to any practical suggestion made to them1 a mature and valuable scheme was promulgated4 ,eighteen flags in all1 viz41 one burgee1 four pennants1 and thirteen square flags1 were employed1 and these represented the consonants of the alphabet4 ,these are depicted in the three upper rows on plate ,,xxiv4 ,figs4 #cjg to #cbd1 the letter it stands for in the code being placed by each flag4 ,these flags are combined in various ways1 either in twos1 threes1 or fours1 and are always read downwards1 thus ,fig4 #cbe must be read ,b4,d4,t4,f2 if we read it the reverse way1 as ,f4,t4,d4,b1 it would have an entirely different significance4 ,of the two-flag signals we have three varieties4 ,should the burgee1 ,fig4 #cjg1 be uppermost it constitutes what is termed an attention signal2 thus the hoisting of ,b4,d signifies1 ,what ship is that8 ,if the upper flag be a pennant ,c4,d4,f4 or ,g it is a compass signal2 thus ,g4,f means west-north-west-half-west4 ,if a square flag be uppermost it is an urgency signal2 thus1 ,n4,c signifies am in distress1 or ,n4,j am driving1 no more anchors to let go4 #acg ,signals made with three flags are not classified according to the upper flag2 they relate to subjects of general inquiry or communication of news4 ,in the lower portion of ,plate ,,xxiv4 we have given five examples of these4 ,fig4 #ccj1 flags ,b4,p4,q1 asks ,do you wish to be reported8 while the hoisting of ,p4,d4,s1 see ,fig4 #ccb1 replies1 ,report me to ,lloyds' ,agent4 ,fig4 #ccc1 ,h4,v4,f1 asks1 ,do you want assistance8 while ,fig4 #ccd1 ,g4,b4,h1 enquires1 ,has any accident happened8 ,fig4 #cca1 made up of flags ,v4,k4,c1 gives the reassuring answer to both enquiries--,all safe4 ,as weather signals1 we find barometer rising indicated by ,g4,f4,w2 barometer falling by ,g4,h4,b2 and barometer standing1 by ,g4,h4,c4 ,fine weather is prognosticated by the group ,h4,m4,s2 a breeze off sea is foretold in the combination ,h4,s4,v2 and a breeze off land by ,h4,s4,w4 ,signals composed of four flags are divided into different sections again1 according to the form of the uppermost flag employed4 ,if this upper flag be either of the pennants ,c4,d or ,f1 it indicates that the signal is what is called vocabulary4 ,if the upper be the burgee--the letter ,b of the code--it is a geographical signal2 thus1 any vessel beating up channel and seeing ,fig4 #cbe1 made up of ,b4,d4,t4,f1 hoisted from a lighthouse1 would1 even if uncertain before1 know their position1 as this signal is the one specially assigned to the ,eddystone4 ,fig4 #cbf1 the letters ,b4,d4,p4,q1 signifies that the vessel flying it hails from the port of ,london1 while ,b4,f4,q4,t4 is ,edinburgh1 and so on4 ,all names of ships are expressed by four letters1 thus ,n4,v4,b4,q is the code signal 7,fig4 #cbg7 of the steamship ,germanic2 ,m4,n4,d4,l 7,fig4 #cbh7 that of the ,hesperus2 and ,fig4 #cbi1 made up of ,g4,r4,c4,t1 is the special grouping assigned to ,h4,m4,s4 ,devastation4 ,all these names are recorded in the ,shipping ,list1 so that two vessels passing each other in mid-ocean are able at once to determine each others' names if within sighting distance of the flags run up4 ,should we see a stately liner coming to port1 flying ,m4,t4,l4,q1 we recognise that it is the ,australia of the great ,peninsula and ,oriental ,line1 but if she runs up ,l4,h4,t4,b then she is the ,orient ,company's boat ,orotava4 ,some names occur frequently1 thus other ,australias1 belonging to various owners1 are distinguished by the code signals ,r4,l4,h4,v1 ,j4,t4,g4,k1 ,m4,p4,f4,c1 ,m4,q4,n4,g1 ,m4,t4,w4,d1 ,w4,f4,t4,n1 etc41 etc4 ,figs4 #cee1 #cef1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cei are all code signals of various ,australias4 ,while the ,peninsular and ,oriental ,company has also a ,victoria1 ,k4,m4,q4,f41 they have no monopoly of the name4 ,there are numerous other boats of that popular designation1 but even when vessels have the same name no two vessels ever have the same code letters assigned to them4 ,other ,victorias1 for example1 are differentiated1 as ,w4,q4,m4,n41 ,l4,s4,h4,r1 ,k4,p4,g4,q1 ,m4,k4,c4,h1 ,m4,s4,p4,b1 ,m4,q4,c4,j1 ,l4,d4,f4,h1 ,t4,r4,b4,n1 ,k4,j4,h4,p1 ,t4,d4,r4,f1 etc41 etc4 ,figs4 #cej1 #cea1 #ceb1 #cec1 #ach #ced are all ,victorias2 and ,figs4 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfd are the flag-signals of various ,britannias4 ,our readers will see at once how distinctive they are4 ,figs4 #cce to #cdi inclusive are the special flags of well-known steamships of the ,peninsular and ,oriental1 the ,orient ,line1 and the ,compagnie ,gnrale ,transatlantique4 ,should the vessel be a yacht1 it is the ,aline if she shows the flags ,p4,w4,n4,d2 the ,star of the ,sea if her signal is ,t4,n4,b4,h2 but if it is the ,meteor we shall be aware of the fact from her hoisting the four flags ,l4,c4,t4,p4 ,the flag signal of the ,valkyrie is ,l4,f4,m4,g4 ,applications for the allotment of a code-signal1 for the purpose of making ships' names known at sea1 should be made1 if of the ,united ,kingdom1 to the ,registrar ,general of ,shipping1 ,custom ,house1 and1 if belonging to a ,colony1 to the ,registrar at the port to which the vessel belongs4 ,if a ship to which this ,international ,code ,signal has been alloted is reported wrecked1 lost1 or sold to a foreigner1 and her register is in consequence cancelled1 the signal letters allotted to her are also cancelled1 so that if the ship is afterwards recovered or re-purchased from foreigners1 either in her original or some other name1 new signal letters will be necessary1 and the owner must make application anew for another allotment1 as the signal letters the vessel originally bore may have been in the interval re-allotted4 ,the flags to be hoisted at one time never exceed four1 and it is an interesting arithmetical fact1 that1 with these eighteen flags1 never using more than four at a time1 over seventy-eight thousand different combinations can be made4 ,with these flags1 only using two at a time1 #cjf different arrangements can be made1 while by using three at a time we get #d1hif possibilities1 and by using four at a time1 we can make #gc1ddj changes2 a total in all of #gh1fdb variations made from these simple elements4 ,marryat's code1 prior to the introduction of the ,international1 being the one most in use1 twelve out of its sixteen flags were1 to save expense1 incorporated in the new code4 ,their significance was1 however1 entirely changed4 ,marryat's flags1 too1 were numerals1 while the ,international code1 as we have seen1 has its flags named after the letters of the alphabet4 ,proposals are in the air to add eight new flags to the code1 the ,x1 ,y1 and ,z1 and the five vowels1 since it is held that even the great number of combinations now possible may in time not suffice4 ,the reason for the absence of the vowels is a somewhat curious one4 ,directly vowels are introduced we begin to spell words1 and it was found that amongst the thousands of combinations possible1 would be presently included all the profane1 obscene1 and otherwise objectionable four-letter words of the whole world4 ,to hoist ,d4,b4,m4,n could offend no one's susceptibilities1 but to #aci run up the signal ,d4,a4,m4,n in response to an enquiry is quite another matter1 and it must be remembered that as this code is used by all civilised nations1 a word that is merely meaningless in one country might be most offensive in another4 ,an ,english ,captain might hoist as a necessary signal ,j4,a4,l4,p4 or ,f4,l4,u4,m4 and see no possible objection to it1 but jalp or flum might to the people of some other nationality carry a most atrocious significance4 ,it is a practical necessity that all connected with the sea should understand the use of the ,international code1 therefore1 the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty require that all ,royal ,naval ,reserve men who act as ,masters or ,mates of ships should be instructed in its working1 and the ,board of ,trade makes like requirements from all candidates for ,masters' or ,mates' ,certificates4 ,its ,international character is a most valuable feature1 as by its use two captains1 say a ,dane and a ,greek1 or a ,russian and a ,spaniard1 who1 on the quay1 could not comprehend a word of each other's language1 can at sea1 by this common flag-language1 come to a perfectly clear understanding of each other's need1 or impart any information required4 ,it is the only code used at the signal stations around our coasts4 ,lloyds' have thirty-three of these signal stations at ,dover1 ,beachy ,head1 ,lundy ,island1 ,dungeness1 ,flamborough ,head1 ,st4 ,catherine's ,point1 ,north ,foreland1 and other conspicuous points on our line of ocean traffic1 and abroad again at ,aden1 ,ascension1 ,gibraltar1 ,bermuda1 ,honolulu1 ,suez1 ,perim1 ,malta1 ,teneriffe1 and elsewhere1 and here too1 the ,international is the only code recognised4 ,this ,lloyds1 that we may see daily referred to in the newspapers1 is a ,corporation that1 amongst other marine business1 distributes shipping intelligence4 ,a ,mr4 ,edward ,lloyd1 in the seventeenth century1 kept a coffee house in ,tower ,street1 which in time from the daily gathering there of merchants1 captains1 and others interested in marine affairs1 became a centre for shipping and underwriting news and business4 ,in the year #afib it was moved to ,lombard ,street1 and in #aggd the coffee supplying part of the business was abandoned and rooms were taken in the ,royal ,exchange4 ,during the wars with ,napoleon1 the ,government was often indebted to the ,committee of ,lloyds' for the earliest information of important events all over the world4 ,lloyds' has its agents in every port1 and by its complete organisation and the potent aid of the telegraph1 the shipping business of the world is brought day by day before us4 ,vessels spoken far out on the ocean are reported by the vessel that spoke them immediately on its arrival at any port4 ,thus a sailing-vessel journeying from ,london to ,vancouver may be five months or more before it touches land1 #adj but during that time it is sighted by other vessels from time to time1 and these report having seen it1 and that all was well on board4 ,so the mother knows that her son1 who is parted from her by thousands of miles of ocean1 has got thus far in health and safety2 and the owners of the vessel learn that their venture has so far surmounted the perils of ,cape ,horn and the other dangers of the deep4 ,the good ship is drawing nearer at each report to the end of her long voyage1 and on arrival at last off ,vancouver1 as the land is sighted1 the signal flags run up once more to the masthead1 the news of her coming is flashed across continent and ocean1 and the ,london newspaper of the next morning contains the brief notification that far exceeds to anxious hearts all else of interest its broad pages may contain4 ,familiarity1 though it may not necessarily breed contempt1 dulls the sense of the wonder of it all1 and yet how marvellous it is6 ,we have before us the ,standard1 that came into our hands about seven o'clock this morning1 and we find from it that yesterday the ,glenshiel had arrived at ,hong ,kong1 that the ,arab1 from ,cape ,town1 had just put in at ,lisbon1 that the ,sardinian1 from ,quebec1 had reached ,moville1 that the ,circassian was safely at ,new ,york1 that the ,orizaba1 speeding on to ,sydney1 had at #b a4m4 passed the desolate shores of arid ,perim1 that the ,danube1 from ,southampton1 had at #f a4m4 entered the harbour of ,rio ,janeiro4 ,of this1 and much else of the same tenor1 may we read in a space of a quarter-column or so of the paper as we sit at breakfast and see pass before us a panorama of world-wide interest and extent2 and to accomplish this result1 the flags we have figured have been a potent factor4 ,though we have covered much ground1 it must have been patent to all readers who have thus far companioned us that much detail was necessarily omitted1 unless our book had to grow to the dimensions of an encyclopdia4 ,it would probably1 for instance1 take some fifty figures or so to give all the distinctive flags of the various government departments1 official ranks1 etc41 of a single ,great ,power4 ,we trust nevertheless that while our labours have been by no means exhaustive1 they have been instrumental in showing that there is much of interest in flag-lore1 and that an increased knowledge and appreciation of our subject may be one result of our pleasant labours1 and prove full justification for our work4 99 99 99 99 99 #ada ,,index4 ,a4 ,aargau1 flag of #aaf ,acta ,sanctorum1 the #ch ,admiral's flag1 ,r4,n4 #ef ,admiralty1 flag of the #ga1 #gb ,agincourt1 battle of #ajf ,agincourt1 flags at #e ,agnus ,dei1 as device on flag #bb ,ailsa1 flag of the yacht #gc ,allan ,line1 flag of the #ge ,allotment of code signals #ach ,ambulance flag #aag ,ancient ,irish harp #cc ,anchor as badge #fc1 #ga1 #hg1 #ajj1 #aad ,andrew1 cross of ,st4 #d1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #aaf ,andrew1 ,st41 of ,scotland #cg1 #db1 #dd ,andrew1 ,st41 of ,russia #ajc1 #ajd ,andrew1 ,st41 order of #ajb ,anne1 ,standard of ,queen #ce ,annunciation on flag #d ,answering pennant #acd ,antelope as a device #af ,antiquity1 standards of #b ,antwerp1 device of city of #aaa ,anvil as device on flag #g ,argentine ,republic1 flag of #abd ,armada1 defeat of the #c ,arms of ,canada #ha1 #hb ,arms of ,washington #ia ,army1 flags of the #fa ,army signalling #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,arragon1 arms of #aaa ,articles of ,war #ef ,assaye1 special flag for #fe ,assyrian standards #b ,athene1 owl of #b ,australian ,steam ,navigation ,company's house flag #gd ,austro-,hungarian flags #aja1 #ajb ,avondale flag #dc ,awdeley1 standard of ,sir ,john #ag ,b4 ,bacon on sea-power #hd1 #he ,baden1 flag of #aja ,badge #i1 #ac1 #ae1 #ba1 #fb1 #ff1 #fg1 #hc1 #hd1 #aag ,bahamas1 ,badge of the #hd ,balmoral tartan #a ,banner1 its nature #aj ,banneroll1 kind of flag #ah ,bannockburn1 battle of #dd ,barbadoes1 badge of #hc ,barcelona1 arms of #aaa ,bar1 banner of ,sir ,john de #aa ,bardolph1 banner of ,sir ,hugh #aa ,basel1 flag of city of #aaf ,bavaria1 flag of #aja1 #aai ,bayeux tapestry1 flags represented in #ai1 #bb ,bear as a device #a1 #b ,beau-seant of ,knights ,templars #bd ,beaver as a device #a1 #cj ,bede on flags #d ,beehive of the ,romish ,church #c ,bees of the ,napoleons #ajf1 #aji ,belgium1 flags of #bc1 #aah ,bermuda1 badge of #hd ,berne1 flag of #aaf ,beverley1 flag of #e ,birkenhead1 burning of the #fd ,black and white flag of ,prussia #ih ,black as a flag colour #g1 #bd1 #be ,black ,swan1 device of the #hd ,blackwall line of shipping #gd ,black ,watch1 the #fb ,blenheim1 battle of #fd1 #ff ,blue blanket of ,edinburgh #db ,blue ensign #dj1 #ef1 #gc1 #gh1 #hc ,board of ,trade1 flag of the #ga ,bohemia1 flag of #ajb ,bolivia1 flag of #bc1 #abc ,bombardment of ,scio #aah ,boots and shoes on a flag #g ,bordered ,jack #dh1 #eh ,botetourte1 banner of ,sir ,john #aa ,bourbon kings1 the #ajg #adb ,brabant1 lion of #aab ,brass of ,sir ,john ,daubernoun #ah ,brazil1 flag of #bc1 #bd1 #abc ,brazil1 pendant of #bj ,bremen1 flag of port of #ii ,britannia1 flag of the yacht #gc ,british ,east ,africa1 device of1 #hd ,british ,guiana1 badge of #hd ,british ,north ,borneo1 badge of #hd ,broad pendant #ef ,brunswick1 arms of #ce ,brunswick1 flag of #aja ,buckles as device on flag #g ,bugle-horn as a device #ae ,builder's square on flag #f ,bulgaria1 flag of #aba ,bunker's ,hill1 battle of #hg ,bunting as material for flags #bb ,burgee1 variety of flag #ai1 #gc ,burgundy1 flag of #aaa1 #aab ,burning of rebel colours #gj ,butler's ,lives of the ,fathers #ci ,butterflies as a flag device #ag ,c4 ,campbell on the national flag #ed ,canada1 ,dominion of #aj ,canada1 flags of ,dominion of #hj ,canadian ,pacific steamship line #ge ,candlemakers' flag1 the #g ,canterbury ,cathedral1 flags in #ff ,cantonal colours #aaf ,cape of ,st4 ,martin #aje ,cape ,st4 ,vincent1 action off #da ,castle ,line1 house flag of the #ge ,castle on flag as a device #aaa1 #aab ,cavalry standards #fe ,cavers standard1 the #dc ,ceylon1 device of the ,colony of #hd ,chapel of ,royal ,college1 ,chelsea1 flags in #c1 #ff ,chaucer1 quotation from #ab1 #ah ,cheering to order #ajb ,cherbourg1 flag of port of #ge ,chili1 flag of #aba ,chili1 pendant of #bj ,chinese flags #abe ,chrysanthemum flag of ,japan #abd ,coastguard flag #acd ,codes for flag-signalling #acf ,coffee plant on flag #abc ,coins1 devices on #b1 #hh1 #ij1 #abj ,colombia1 flag of ,united ,states of #abb ,colonial ,defence ,act #gh1 #gi1 #hj ,colonial flags #bj1 #dj1 #gh ,colonies1 value of #gf1 #gg ,colour party #fd ,colours1 ,queen's #fa1 #fe1 #fg ,colours1 regimental #fa1 #fe1 #fg ,colours used in flags #bc ,columbus1 flag flown by #hf1 #aaa ,commodore's broad pendant #ef ,commonwealth flags #dh ,company or house flags #gd1 #ge ,compasses as a device #f ,compass signals #acf ,confederate ,states of ,america #bg1 #id1 #ie ,congo ,free ,state1 flag of #abf ,conquest of ,ireland #cc ,consecrated banner #c1 #ajc ,constantine1 ,labarum of #b1 #c1 #ea ,consular flag #ga ,consul-,general1 ,russian1 flag of #ajd ,cornet1 variety of flag #ai1 #acj ,costa ,rica1 flag of #abb ,courtenay1 banner of ,sir ,hugh de #aa ,covenanter flags #bd1 #dc1 #ia ,crescent as device #aa1 #ae1 #hh1 #ie1 #aai1 #abj ,croatia1 flag of #ajb ,cromwell1 arms of #ce ,cromwell1 funeral of #ai ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew #d1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #aaf ,cross of ,st4 ,george #d1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1 #hd1 #hg1 #aaf ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick #d1 #ea1 #ec1 #aaf ,crown of ,charlemagne #ce ,crowns of ,ireland #cc ,cuba1 flag of #abd ,culloden1 battle of #gj ,cunard ,line1 house flag of #gd ,customs ,department1 flag of #ga ,czarina1 standard of the #ajb ,czar1 standard of the #ajb1 #ajc ,d4 ,dalmatia1 flag of #ajb ,dannebrog1 the #aae ,demerara and ,berbice ,steamship ,company #gd ,denis1 ,st41 flag of #e #adc ,denmark1 flags of #aae ,derivation of word flag #h ,desjardins on ,french flag #ajg ,devitt and ,moore house flag #gd ,diana1 crescent of #aai ,diplomatic ,service1 flag of #ga ,dipping the flag #be ,dragon as a device #ag1 #abe ,drayton1 quotation from #ae ,durham1 ,st4 ,cuthbert of #e ,e4 ,eagle as a device #da1 #ia1 #ic1 #id1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj ,early ,spanish flags #bg ,east ,africa ,company1 ,german #ajj ,east ,india ,company1 flag of #dg1 #hi ,east ,kent ,regiment1 flags of #ff ,east ,prussia1 flag of #ih ,ecclesiastical flags often pictorial #d ,ecuador1 flag of #abd ,eddystone ,light flag signal #acg ,edinburgh ,cathedral1 flags in #fh ,edinburgh ,trained ,bands #db ,edmonson on flag usage #i ,edward the ,confessor1 arms of #cd ,edward ,,iii41 ,king of the ,seas #be ,edward ,,vi41 funeral of #ag ,egypt1 ancient1 standards of #b ,egyptian flags1 modern #abj1 #aba ,electoral bonnet #eb ,elephant as a device #fe1 #hd1 #abe ,elephant1 order of the #aae ,elizabeth1 funeral of ,queen #ag ,elizabeth1 thanksgiving service #c ,elsass1 flag of #aja ,emperor of ,germany #ih ,ensign #h ,ermine as a flag device #bd ,errors in flag-making #eh1 #ei1 #fj ,excise1 flag of the #ga ,eye as a device on flag #g ,f4 ,facings of the regiment #fb ,falcon as a device #ag ,favyn ,le ,thtre d'honneur #d1 #ajg ,fiji1 badge of colony #hd ,files represented on trade flag #g ,flag-book of the ,admiralty #abj ,flag-lore valuable #eh ,flagons on trade flag #g ,flag-signalling #abg1 et seq4 ,flanders1 badge of #aaa ,flashing messages at night #acd ,fleur-de-lys #ba1 #cd1 #cf1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab ,flodden1 battle of #f ,florida1 settlement of #hf ,florin1 arms on the #cb ,fly of a flag1 the #aj ,fork and spoon on a flag #g ,four-flag signals #acg ,france1 flags of #a1 #ba1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj ,franco-,german ,war of #ahgj #ig ,fribourg1 flag of #aaf ,frogmorton1 standard of #ag ,funeral obsequies1 flags at #f1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb ,g4 ,garter1 order of the #ch ,gautier on the ,swiss flag #aaf ,geneva ,convention #aag ,geneva1 flag of #aaf ,geographical signals #acg ,george1 ,st41 cross of #d1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1 #hd1 #hg1 #aaf ,george1 ,st41 of ,england #cf1 #cg1 #aaf ,george1 ,st41 of ,russia #ajb1 #ajc ,german ,unity #ig1 #ih ,germany1 flags of #ii1 #ajj ,globe on flag #fc1 #hg ,gnu as a flag device #hd ,golden ,legend1 the #cg ,gonfalon1 kind of flag #h ,government1 departments1 flags of #ga ,governor-,general of ,canada1 flag of #ha ,governors of ,colonies1 flags of #ha1 #hd ,grandison1 banner of ,sir ,william de #aa ,gray1 quotation from #i ,greater ,britain #gg ,great ,seal of ,canada #hc ,great ,seal of ,richard ,i4 #cj ,greece1 flag of #aai ,green and white of the ,tudors #ba ,green as a flag colour #bc1 #dc1 #aac1 #abc ,greyhound as a device #ag #add ,growth of the ,italian ,state #aac ,guards1 flags of the #fe ,guatemala1 flag of #bc1 #abb ,guidon1 form of flag #ba ,guild flags #f1 #g ,guinea ,company's flag #bg ,h4 ,half-mast high1 flags at #be ,hamburg1 flag of city of #ii ,hammer represented on flag #f1 #g ,hand as a device #b ,hanover1 arms of #bi1 #ce1 #eb ,hanover1 flag of #aja ,hanseatic ,league1 flag of #ii ,harfleur1 siege of #ab ,harleian ,,ms4 on flags #af1 #ba ,harp of ,ireland #d1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #di1 #ed ,hayti1 flag of #bc1 #abd ,heavenly succour #cg1 #db1 #dd1 #ajf1 #aae ,henry ,v41 standard of #af ,henry ,,vii41 flags in chapel of #ab ,heraldic ,exhibition1 ,edinburgh #dc ,heraldic requirements in flag devising #bc1 #ed ,hesse1 flag of #aja ,highland tartans #a ,history and principles of ,heraldry #aj ,hohenzollerns1 arms of the #ii ,hoisting one flag over another #be ,hoist of the flag1 the #aj ,holderton1 banner of ,sir ,john de #aa ,holland1 flags of #aag1 #aah ,hong ,kong1 badge of colony of #hd ,horse as a device #b ,horsham1 political colours at #h ,house flags #bd1 #gd1 #ge ,house of ,orange1 flag of #aag ,hungary1 flag of #bc1 #ajb ,i4 ,idolatrous emblem #hg ,illiterate voters1 mistakes of #g1 #h ,imperial ,eagle #ff1 #aja1 #ajb ,inscriptions on flags #c1 #d1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #bd1 #ce1 #da1 #dc1 #di1 #ff1 #hh1 #ij1 #ic1 #abb1 #abc ,international signal code #acc1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach ,investiture of knight-banneret #ad ,invocation of saints #c ,ireland joined to ,great ,britain #cb ,iron cross of ,germany #ajj ,isandlwana1 battle of #fc1 #fi ,istria1 flag of #ajb ,italy1 flags of #bc1 #aac1 #aad ,j4 ,james ,,ii41 statue of #ce ,japan1 flags of #abd ,jerusalem1 arms of city of #aad1 #aae ,jewish standards #c ,joan of ,arc1 standard of #d ,jove1 ,eagle of #b ,k4 ,karlaverok1 siege of #aa1 #ah ,kasan1 arms of province of #ajb ,katharine of ,arragon flag-making #ac ,kempenfeldt's signal code #acj ,key as a device on flag #ae ,khorsabad1 slabs from #b ,kingdom of ,hungary #aja ,king's ,own ,borderers #fc ,kiow1 arms of province of #ajb ,knights-banneret #ad ,knights of the ,bath1 banners of #ab ,knights of the ,garter1 banners of #ab ,knights ,templars1 banner of the #bd ,kbel1 book on costume and flags #aja ,korea1 flag of kingdom of #abe ,l4 ,labarum of ,constantine #b1 #c1 #ea ,labuan1 badge of colony of #hd ,la ,haye's book on flags #hg ,lamartine on the red flag #aji ,lancer pennon #ad1 #ai ,landing of ,charles ,,ii4 #dg ,land of the rising sun #abd ,laurel wreath on flag #di1 #ha ,lawyers1 flag of the #g ,leeward ,isles1 badge of the #hd ,leon and ,castile1 arms of #hf1 #aaj1 #aaa ,liberia1 flag of #abe ,liberty1 figure of #id1 #aah ,lion of ,scotland #d1 #bi1 #ca1 #cd ,lions of ,england #d1 #bi1 #cj1 #cd #ade ,livery colours #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #ba ,livy on ,vexillum #b ,lloyd's signal stations #aci ,locksmiths1 flag of the #g ,london1 port of1 flag signal #acg ,london ,trained ,bands #da1 #fg ,lone ,star ,state1 flag of the #ie ,lord ,cardross1 flag of #af ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,england #gb1 #hj ,lord-,lieutenant of ,ireland1 flag of #ga ,lord ,mayor's ,show1 flags at #ai1 #bj ,loss of colours at ,edgehill #fe ,lothringen1 flag of #aja ,louisiana1 flag of ,state of #id ,louisiana1 settlement of #hf ,lozenges as a device on flag #da ,lubeck1 flag of city of #ii ,lucerne1 flag of #aaf ,lunenburg1 arms of #ce ,lydgate1 the duty of chivalry #ab ,m4 ,maccabees1 standard of the #c ,machyn1 diary of #f1 #ag1 #ba1 #ci1 #aaa ,mackay1 extract from #eg1 #eh ,mail service flag #gb ,mainsail emblazoned as banner #ab ,malplaquet1 battle of #fd ,man-of-war pendant #bj1 #gh1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aba1 #abi1 #ace ,maple-leaf of ,canada #cj1 #ha ,marmion1 quotation from #h1 #ah ,martin1 description of ,western ,islands #a ,marseillaise1 the #ih ,marseilles1 flag of port of #ge ,martlets on flag #cd ,massachusetts1 flag of #c1 #hg ,mayflower1 sailing of the #hg ,mecklenburg-,strelitz1 flag of #aja ,medival spelling #f1 #bb ,mediterranean and ,new ,york ,company #ge ,merchant flag1 red ensign #dj1 #dg1 #eh1 #gc1 #hj ,merchant ,shipping 7,colours7 ,act #eh ,metal-workers1 flag of the #g ,meteorological signals #ace ,mexico1 flag of #bc1 #abc ,milton1 quotation from #h ,minotaur as a device #b ,minden1 battle of #fd ,mirror for ,magistrates1 quotation from #ae ,mohammedan flags often green #bd ,monasteries1 flags of #e ,monk1 funeral of ,general #ah1 #bb ,monogram1 sacred1 on flag #c1 #db1 #ea ,monthermer1 banner of ,sir ,ralph #aa ,morse alphabet for signalling #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,mottoes on flags #c1 #d1 #ac1 #ae1 #af1 #bd1 #ce1 #da1 #dc1 #di1 #ff1 #hh1 #ij1 #ic1 #abb1 #abc ,mutiny in the ,royal ,navy #be ,n4 ,napoleon1 flags at tomb of #d ,nassau1 arms of #bi1 #ce ,natal1 device of colony of #hd ,naval ,discipline ,act #ef ,naval ,exhibition at ,chelsea #da ,navy signalling #abi1 et seq4 ,nelson1 funeral of #ah1 #bb ,neville's ,cross1 battle of #e ,new ,brunswick1 arms of province of #hb ,newfoundland1 badge of colony of #hc ,new ,granada1 flag of #abb ,new ,guinea1 badge of colony of #hd ,new ,south ,wales1 badge of colony of #hd ,new ,zealand1 badge of #hd ,new ,zealand ,shipping ,company #bd1 #ge ,night signalling at sea #acd ,nisbet on the tressure #cb ,norie's ,flags of ,all ,nations #bf ,northallerton1 sacred flags at #e ,north ,german ,confederacy #ii ,norway1 flag of #aae ,nova ,scotia1 arms of province of #hb ,nova ,scotia1 settlement of #hg ,novgorod1 arms of province of #ajb ,o4 ,obsolete flags #h1 #bb1 #bf ,ontario1 arms of province of #hb ,orange flag #h ,orange ,free ,state1 flag of #bc1 #abe ,order of ,black ,eagle #ajj #adf ,ordnance ,department flag #ga ,orient ,steam ,navigation ,company #bd1 #acd ,oriflamme #aje ,oudenarde1 battle of #fd ,owl of ,athene #b ,p4 ,palmetto palm on flag #id1 #ie ,pamiot ,azof1 flag of the #ajd ,papal ,states1 flag of the #bc1 #aad1 #aae ,paraguay1 flag of #abb ,paris1 arms of city of #aji ,passion symbols on flag #f ,patrick1 ,st41 life of #ea1 #eb ,pendant or pennant1 #bj1 #dj1 #gh1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aba1 #abi1 #ace ,peninsular and ,oriental ,company1 flag of #gd ,pennoncelle or pencel #ai ,pennon1 nature of the #ad1 #ah1 #ai ,pepys1 extract from diary of #ee ,percy1 banner of ,sir ,henri de #aa ,percy lion #aa1 #ae ,percy motto #ae1 #af ,percy standard #ae ,persepolis1 sculptures of #b ,peruvian flag #abc ,pictorial flags #d ,pilgrim ,fathers1 the #hg ,pilot flag #dh1 #ajj1 #ajd1 #acd ,pine-apple as a device #hd ,pine-tree flag #hg1 #hh1 #hi ,plantagenet livery colours #ba ,pliny on ,roman standards #b ,poland1 flag of #aje ,political colours #g ,political devices on flags #d ,pomerania1 flag of #aja ,popham's signal code #aca ,portcullis as a device #ba ,portobello1 capture of #da ,ports1 flags of #ge ,portugal1 flags of #aab1 #aac ,pottery1 representation of flags on #hi ,precedence a difficulty #bh ,presentation of colours #c1 #ff ,president1 ,u4,s4,a41 flag of #ic1 #id ,printed flags #bc ,protectorate flag1 the #ej ,prussian eagle #ih ,q4 ,quarantine flag1 the #be1 #ei ,quebec1 arms of province of #hb ,queen's colour #fa1 #fe ,queensland1 badge of colony of #hc ,queen's ,regulations #ed1 #ee1 #fd1 #ga1 #gh1 #ha ,r4 ,ramilies1 battle of #fd ,rattlesnake flag #a1 #ac1 #hg1 #hh ,raven of the ,danes #ac ,rebel colors burnt #gj ,red ensign #dj1 #dg1 #eh1 #gc1 #hj ,red flag of revolution #be1 #ei1 #aji ,relics of saints worked into flag #e ,religious character of early flags #d1 #e1 #bb ,religious service #c1 #ajc ,revenue flag1 ,u4,s4,a4 #ic ,rey on the ,french flag #ajg ,rhode ,island1 flag of #hg ,richard ,,ii41 standard of #ag ,ridre1 standard of ,sir ,william de #aa ,riga1 flag of port of #ge ,ripon1 ,st4 ,wilfrid's banner at #e ,rolls of arms #aj ,rome1 standards of ancient #b1 #db ,roses as a flag device #af1 #ba ,rotterdam1 flag of port of #ge ,rouen1 capture of #e1 #ch1 #aab ,roumania1 flag of #aba ,royal ,colonial ,institute #gf ,royal ,horse ,artillery of #ahac #ai ,royal ,marines #fc ,royal ,naval ,reserve #dj1 #ef1 #eg1 #gc1 #gi1 #aci ,royal ,navy1 flag code of the #acc ,royal ,oak on coins #hh ,royal ,standard #aa1 #bi1 #cd1 #dh1 #ed1 #ei1 #gh ,royal ,united ,service ,museum #bd1 #abe1 #acj1 #aca ,royal ,yacht ,squadron1 flag of the #gb ,royston1 political colours at #h ,russia1 flags of #bd1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,russian ,american ,company's flag #bf ,s4 ,sacred monogram on flag #c ,salique law1 operation of #cf ,salmon as a flag device #hb ,saluting the flag #bf1 #ee1 #ef #adg ,san ,salvador1 flag of #abd ,sarawak1 flag of #abe ,sardinia1 flag of #bf ,savoy1 flag of #bg1 #aac1 #abc ,saxe-,coburg ,gotha1 flag of #aja ,saxony1 arms of #ce ,saxony1 flag of #ajj ,schomburg-,lippe1 flag of #aja ,school of ,army ,signalling #abh ,scotland for ever #gj ,scots ,greys #ff ,scottish grievance as to arms #ca1 #de1 #df1 #ec ,scottish variation of ,union flag #df ,scott1 quotation from #h1 #bi ,servia1 flag of #aba ,seven ,champions of ,christendom1 #ch ,seventeenth ,lancers #ff ,shakespeare1 quotation from #ae1 #cg ,shannon and ,chesapeake duel #ij ,shears as a device on trade flag #g ,siam1 flag of kingdom of #abe ,signal-book of ,chesapeake #acc ,signalling by flags #bj1 #bc1 #abg1 et seq4 ,simon de ,montfort1 banner of1 #ab ,skull and cross-bones device #ff ,sledge flags of ,arctic expedition #af ,south ,australia1 badge of #hc ,south ,carolina1 flag of #hg1 #hh1 #id ,southern ,cross #cj1 #hj1 #if ,sovereignty of the seas #be1 #bf ,spain1 flags of #a1 #bd1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab ,spelling1 medival liberty of #f1 #bb ,spenser1 quotation from #cf ,sphinx as a badge #fb1 #fc ,spoon and fork on trade flag #g ,standard1 nature of the #ad ,st4 ,andrew1 cross of #d1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #ec1 #aaf ,stars and bars1 ,c4,s4,a4 #ie1 #if ,stars and stripes1 ,u4,s4,a4 #ei ,st4 ,denis1 flag of #aje ,stewart on tartans #a ,st4 ,gallen1 flag of #aaf ,st4 ,george1 cross of #d1 #aj1 #ad1 #af1 #ce1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #dh1 #ec1 #hd1 #hg1 #aaf ,st4 ,helena1 badge of colony of #hd ,storm signals by flags #ace ,story of ,thebes1 quotation from #ab ,st4 ,patrick1 cross of #d1 #ea1 #ec1 #aaf ,straits ,settlement1 device of #hd ,streamer1 variety of flag #bj1 #ba ,strictly confidential signals #acc ,stuart1 livery colours of house of #ba ,sun as a device #b1 #ag ,swallow-tail flag #ad1 #ah1 #ic1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #acj ,swan1 black1 of ,western ,australia #hd ,sweden1 flag of #aae ,switzerland1 flag of #aaf ,swynnerton1 standard of ,sir ,thomas de #af ,sydney1 ,sir ,philip1 funeral of #ah ,sidney1 ,sir ,philip1 on war #ai ,symbols to express colours #gd ,t4 ,tartans1 ,scottish #a ,tasmania1 device of colony of #hd ,telegraph ,department1 flag of #ga ,tessin1 flag of ,canton #aag ,teutonic1 armament of the #eg ,teutonic order1 cross of the #ajj ,texas1 flag of the ,state of #ie ,texel1 flag of the port of #ge ,the late unpleasantness #if ,theorike and ,practike of ,modern ,warres #fa ,third ,dragoons #ff ,thistle as a flag device #db1 #hb ,three-flag signals #acg ,tiger of ,korea #abe ,titus1 the arch of #b ,tobacco plant on flag #abc ,torpedo practice flag #acc ,trafalgar1 ,nelson's famous signal #acb1 #acc ,trajan's column1 standards on #b ,transport service1 flag of the #ga1 #ajd ,transvaal1 flag of the #abf ,trefoils as a device #da ,tressure of ,scotland1 the #ca1 #cb ,tricolor of ,france #dj1 #ajh ,trinidad1 badge of colony of #hd ,trinity1 banner of the #e1 #f ,trowel on guild flag #f ,trumpet banners #ab1 #bj ,tudor flags #ag ,tughra device1 the #abj1 #aba #adh ,tunisian flags #abj ,turkey1 flags of #bd1 #aai1 #abj ,twenty-fourth regiment #fb ,tyrol1 flag of the #ajb ,u4 ,union between ,england and ,scotland #de ,union between ,great ,britain and ,ireland #ej1 #eb ,union flag #a1 #d1 #de1 #dg1 #ej1 #ed1 #fa ,union flag of ,sweden and ,norway1 #aaf ,union ,jack #dg1 #dh ,union ,steamship ,company's flag #ge ,united ,italy #aac ,united ,states of ,america1 flag of #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia ,universal code for signalling #bh ,urgency flag signals #acf ,uri1 flag of ,canton of #aaf ,uruguay1 flag of #abb ,utilisation of liners as cruisers #eg ,v4 ,valence1 banner of ,sir ,aymer de #aa ,valkyrie1 flag of the yacht #gc ,variation in size a sign of rank #ag ,venezuela1 flag of #bc1 #abb1 #abc ,venice1 obsolete flags of #bg ,versailles1 palace of #ig ,vessels spoken at sea #aci1 #adj ,viceroy of ,india1 flag of #fe1 #ha ,victoria ,cross #fc ,victoria1 flag of colony of #hj ,victualling ,department1 flag of #ga ,virginia1 settlement of #hf ,virgin ,mary on flag #f ,vocabulary signals #acg ,voldermirz1 arms of #ajb ,vowel flags objectionable #ach1 #aci ,w4 ,waldeck1 flag of #aja ,war cries #cg ,war songs #ie1 #ih ,warriors' ,chapel at ,canterbury #ff1 #fg ,washington1 arms of #ia1 #ic ,watch upon the ,rhine #ih ,waterloo1 battle of #gj ,weather signals #ace1 #acg ,wellington1 funeral of ,duke of #ah1 #bb ,west ,africa1 device of #hd ,western ,australia1 device of #hd ,western ,australia1 governor's flag #ha ,west ,prussia1 flag of #ih ,white cross of ,france #ajg ,white elephant of ,siam #abe ,white ensign #dj1 #ee1 #ei1 #gb ,white horse of ,hanover #fc1 #ff ,white horse of ,kent #cf ,white ,star ,line1 house flag of #eg1 #ge ,why called ,jack #dh ,william ,,iii41 standard of #ce ,wreath on flag #fc1 #ff1 #ha ,wolf as a device #b ,wurtemburg1 flag of #aja ,y4 ,yacht flags #ajj1 #ach ,yellow flag1 its significance #bd1 #ei ,york1 livery colours of house of #ba 99 99 99 99 99 #adi ,,coloured ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 #a ,banner of ,sir ,john ,botetourte4 #b ,banner of ,sir ,ralph de ,monthermer4 #c ,banner of ,sir ,hugh ,touches4 #d ,banner of ,sir ,william de ,ridre4 #e ,banner of ,sir ,hugh ,bardolph4 #f ,banner of ,sir ,john de ,holderton4 #g ,banner of ,sir ,henri de ,percy4 #h ,banner of ,sir ,hugh de ,courtenay4 #i ,banner of ,sir ,aymer de ,valence4 #aj ,banner of ,sir ,john de ,bar4 #aa ,banner of ,sir ,william de ,grandison4 ,,plate ,,ii4 #ab ,percy ,flag1 ,crescent ,badge4 #ac ,arctic ,sledge-flag1 ,expedition of #ahge-gf4 #ad ,the ,percy ,standard4 #ae ,standard of ,sir ,thomas de ,swynnerton4 #af ,arctic ,sledge-flag1 ,expedition of #ahge-gf4 #ag ,banner of ,st4 ,edmund4 #ah ,banner of ,simon de ,montfort4 #ai ,banner of ,st4 ,edward4 ,,plate ,,iii4 #bj ,streamer1 ,tudor ,fleur-de-,lys ,badge1 #aebj4 #ba ,streamer1 ,tudor ,portcullis ,badge1 #aebj4 #bb ,standard of ,henry ,,viii4 #bc ,streamer1 ,tudor ,rose ,badge1 #aebj4 #bd ,streamer1 ,tudor ,red ,dragon ,badge1 #aebj4 #be ,pendant of ,h4,m4,s4 ,lion4 #bf ,pendant of ,h4,m4,s4 ,tiger4 #bg ,pendant of ,warship of #aebj4 ,,plate ,,iv4 #bh ,guidon form of ,flag4 #bi ,abnormal form of ,pennon4 #cj ,lancer ,pennon of present day4 #ca ,pennon1 ,royal ,horse ,artillery1 #ahac4 #cb ,flag from ,early ,german ,book4 #cc ,modification of ,pennon form4 #cd ,flag of ,h4,m4,s4 ,niger1 #agig4 #ce ,ecclesiastical ,flag1 ,,ms4 ,british ,museum4 #cf ,burgee1 the ,ducal ,shipping ,line4 #cg ,early form of ,banner1 ,,ms4 ,british ,museum4 #ch ,burgee1 ,mc,iver's ,shipping ,line4 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db ,examples from ,bayeux ,tapestry4 #d illus4 ,,plate ,v4 #dc ,the ,royal ,standard of ,king ,george ,,iii4 #dd ,the ,royal ,standard of ,queen ,victoria4 ,,plate ,,vi4 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea ,illustrations of perverted ingenuity and crass ignorance1 taken from street decorations on occasions of general rejoicing4 ,,plate ,,vii4 #eb1 #ec ,flags from early ,spanish ,map in ,british ,museum1 #aejb4 #ed1 #ee ,early ,portuguese ,flags1 ,british ,museum4 #ef ,the ,guinea ,company4 #eg ,east ,india ,company4 #eh ,early form of ,algerian ,flag4 #ei ,russian-,american ,company4 #fj ,early ,english ,war ,flag4 #fa ,heligoland ,flag during ,british ,possession4 #fb ,the ,flag of ,savoy4 #fc ,flag of the ,grand ,seigneur4 #fd ,turkish ,flag4 ,,plate ,,viii4 #aej #fe ,ship ,flag1 ,reign of ,george ,i4 #ff ,early form of ,red ,ensign4 #fg ,london ,train ,bands3 ,the ,blue ,regiment1 #afdc4 #fh ,london ,train ,bands3 ,the ,yellow ,regiment1 #afdc4 #fi ,flag of ,warship1 #afth ,century4 #gj ,flag of ,h4,m4,s4 ,tiger4 #ga ,st4 ,george1 and ,tudor ,livery ,colours4 #gb ,london ,train ,bands3 ,the ,green ,regiment1 #afdc4 #gc ,flag of ,union of ,england and ,scotland4 #gd ,pendant of ,h4,m4,s4 ,lion1 #agde4 #ge ,scottish ,blue ,ensign4 #gf ,scottish ,red ,ensign4 #gg ,banner of ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey4 #gh ,jack of ,warship of the #afth ,century4 #gi ,suggested forms for ,union ,flag1 #ahja4 ,,plate ,,ix4 #hj ,early ,union ,flag1 ,england and ,scotland4 #ha ,commonwealth ,flag1 ,england and ,scotland4 #hb ,commonwealth ,flag1 ,england and ,ireland4 #hc ,standard of ,cromwell4 #hd ,scotch suggestion for ,union ,flag1 #ahja4 #he ,flag of ,commonwealth4 #hf ,commonwealth ,flag of ,england and ,ireland4 #hg ,early ,form of ,irish ,flag1 ,,ms4 in ,british ,museum4 #hh1 #hi ,suggested ,forms for second ,union ,jack4 ,,plate ,x4 #ij ,union ,flag of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 #ia ,cross of ,st4 ,george of ,england4 #ib ,cross of ,st4 ,andrew of ,scotland4 #ic ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick of ,ireland4 #id ,regimental ,colours3 #bdth of the ,line1 the #bnd ,warwickshire ,regiment4 ,,plate ,,xi4 #ie ,the ,white ,ensign1 ,man-of-,war4 #if ,the ,blue ,ensign1 ,naval ,reserve4 #ig ,the ,red ,ensign1 ,merchant ,service4 #ih ,victualling ,service4 #ii ,admiralty ,flag4 #ajj ,ranelagh ,yacht ,club4 #aja ,yare ,yacht ,club4 #ajb ,royal ,thames ,yacht ,club4 #ajc ,dublin ,bay ,yacht ,club4 #ajd ,pilot ,jack4 #aje ,board of ,trade ,flag4 #ajf ,flag of ,lord-,lieutenant of ,ireland4 #ajg ,customs ,house ,flag4 #ajh ,ordnance ,flag4 ,,plate ,,xii4 #aji ,green's ,blackwall ,line4 #aaj ,cunard ,line1 ,liverpool4 #aaa ,peninsular and ,oriental ,company4 #aab ,australasian ,naval ,company4 #aac ,devitt ,moore1 ,london4 #aad ,canadian ,pacific ,company4 #aae ,donald ,currie ,co41 ,london4 #aaf ,union ,steamship ,company1 ,southampton4 #aag ,mediterranean and ,new ,york ,shipping ,company4 #aah ,houlder ,brothers ,company1 ,london4 #aai ,white ,star ,line1 ,liverpool4 #abj ,new ,zealand ,shipping ,company4 #aba ,britannia1 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,prince of ,wales4 #abb ,ailsa1 ,a4 ,b4 ,walker1 ,esq4 #abc ,valkyrie1 ,the ,earl of ,dunraven4 #abd ,hester1 ,major ,w4 ,h4 ,gretton4 #abe ,dream1 ,w4 ,h4 ,jones1 ,esq4 #abf ,carina1 ,admiral ,montague4 ,,plate ,,xiii4 #abg ,cape ,colony1 ,government4 #abh ,queensland1 ,government4 #abi ,canada1 ,commercial4 #acj ,canada1 ,government4 #aca ,badge of ,straits ,settlements4 #acb ,badge of ,british ,north ,borneo4 #acc ,badge of ,tasmania4 #acd ,victoria1 ,commercial4 #ace ,victoria1 ,government4 #acf ,badge of ,new ,zealand4 #aea #acg ,badge of ,fiji4 #ach ,badge of ,new ,south ,wales4 #aci ,flag of ,viceroy of ,india4 #adj ,portion of ,pendant1 ,government ,colonial vessels4 #ada ,governors' ,flag1 ,west ,australia4 ,,plate ,,xiv4 #adb ,american ,insurgent ,flag1 #agge4 #adc ,admiral's ,flag1 ,u4,s4 ,navy4 #add ,flag used at ,bunker's ,hill4 #ade ,american ,pine-tree ,flag4 #adf ,the ,stars and ,stripes of the ,united ,states4 #adg ,new ,england ,navy ,flag1 #aggf4 #adh ,massachusetts ,flag1 #agge4 #adi ,pine-tree and ,stripes4 #aej ,early ,american ,flag4 #aea ,portion of ,pendant1 ,u4,s4,navy4 ,,plate ,,xv4 #aeb ,confederate ,states of ,america4 #aec ,confederate1 the ,southern ,cross4 #aed ,southern ,cross1 modified4 #aee ,south ,carolina ,state ,flag1 #ahfa4 #aef ,louisiana ,state ,flag4 #aeg ,chili1 portion of ,pendant4 #aeh ,south ,carolina1 #agge4 #aei ,south ,carolina ,state ,flag1 #ahfa4 #afj ,texas ,state ,flag4 #afa ,chili1 ,commercial4 #afb ,guatemala1 ,flag of #ahea4 #afc ,guatemala1 ,flag of #aheh4 ,,plate ,,xvi4 #afd ,colombia 7formerly ,new ,granada71 ,commercial4 #afe ,uruguay1 ,general ,service4 #aff ,guatemala1 ,government4 #afg ,costa ,rica1 ,commercial4 #afh ,paraguay1 ,government4 #afi ,brazil1 ,general ,service4 #agj ,venezuela1 ,commercial4 #aga ,bolivia1 ,commercial4 #agb ,mexico1 ,government4 #agc ,portion of ,pendant1 ,brazil4 #agd ,peru1 ,government4 #age ,san ,salvador1 ,general ,service4 #agf ,argentine1 ,government4 #agg ,ecuador1 ,government4 #agh ,hayti1 ,commercial4 ,,plate ,,xvii4 #agi ,oriflamme4 #ahj1 #aha ,early ,french forms of ,flag4 #ahb ,soissonois ,flag4 #ahc ,bourbon ,flag4 #ahd ,standard of ,charles ,,vi4 #ahe ,standard1 ,french4 #ahf ,man-of-,war ,pendant4 #ahg ,standard1 ,french4 #ahh ,flag of ,french ,guards1 #aefc4 #ahi ,flag of ,republic1 ,france4 #aij ,tricolor of #agij4 #aia ,modern ,french ,tricolor4 ,,plate ,,xviii4 #aib ,spain1 ,war4 #aic ,spain1 ,commercial4 #aid ,royal ,standard of ,spain4 #aie ,portugal1 ,royal ,standard4 #aif ,portugal1 ,general ,service4 #aig ,italy1 ,commercial4 #aih ,papal ,merchant 7obsolete74 ,,plate ,,xix4 #aii ,saxony4 #bjj ,waldeck4 #bja ,saxe ,weimar4 #bjb ,pomerania4 #bjc ,wurtemburg4 #bjd ,oldenburg4 #bje ,mecklenburg ,strelitz4 #bjf ,brunswick4 #bjg ,german ,empire1 ,war ,ensign4 #bjh ,german ,empire1 ,jack4 #bji ,saxe-,coburg-,gotha4 #baj ,schomberg ,lippe4 #baa ,west ,prussia4 #bab ,hesse4 #bac ,austria1 ,government4 #bad ,austro-,hungarian1 ,commercial4 #bae ,russian ,jack4 #baf ,poland4 ,,plate ,,xx4 #bag ,russian ,man-of-,war4 #bah ,russia1 ,commercial4 #bai ,early ,form of ,russian ,ensign4 #bbj ,russia1 ,consul ,general4 #bba ,russia1 ,charg d',affaires4 #bbb ,russia1 ,ambassador or ,minister4 #bbc ,russia1 ,transport ,service4 #bbd ,danish ,man-of-,war4 #bbe ,danish1 ,commercial4 #aeb #bbf ,russian ,imperial ,standard4 #bbg ,swedish1 ,commercial4 #bbh ,norwegian ,man-of-,war4 #bbi ,union ,flag of ,sweden and ,norway4 #bcj ,flag of ,norway4 #bca ,flag of ,sweden4 #bcb ,switzerland4 ,,plate ,,xxi4 #bcc ,greece1 ,commercial ,flag4 #bcd ,italian ,jack4 #bce ,turkey1 ,commercial4 #bcf ,belgium1 ,commercial4 #bcg ,holland1 ,royal ,standard4 #bch ,turkey1 ,standard4 #bci ,turkey1 ,government4 #bdj ,tunis1 ,government4 ,,plate ,,xxii4 #bda ,bulgaria4 #bdb ,roumania4 #bdc ,servia4 #bdd ,japanese ,ensign4 #bde ,japanese ,imperial ,standard4 #bdf ,japanese ,transport ,flag4 #bdg ,chinese ,merchant ,flag4 #bdh ,japanese ,guard ,flag4 #bdi ,orange ,free ,state4 #bej ,liberia4 #bea ,congo ,state4 #beb ,rajah of ,sarawak4 #bec ,south ,african ,republic4 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 #bed to #bfg ,fourteen ,flags from the ,signal ,code of the ,royal ,navy4 #bfh ,special ,flag of the ,coast ,guard4 #bfi to #bgh ,code of ,sir ,hope ,popham1 used by ,nelson at ,trafalgar1 c4 #aj illus4 #bgi to #bhf ,special ,battle ,signals1 code suggested in #aghh4 #h illus4 #bhg to #bif ,numerical ,code4 ,signal ,code of #aghh4 #aj illus4 #big to #cjf ,pilot ,signals of various ,nationalities4 #aj illus4 ,,plate ,,xxiv4 #cjg to #cbd ,the ,flags of the ,international ,code4 #ah illus4 #cbe ,the ,signal-hoist for the ,eddystone ,lighthouse1 ,b4,d4,t4,f4 #cbf ,code-signal for the ,port of ,london1 ,b4,d4,p4,q4 #cbg ,code-signal of ,,ss4 ,germanic1 ,n4,v4,b4,q4 #cbh ,code-signal of the ,hesperus1 ,m4,n4,d4,l4 #cbi ,code-signal of ,h4,m4,s4 ,devastation1 ,g4,r4,c4,t4 #ccj ,do you wish to be reported8 ,b4,p4,q4 #cca ,all safe6 ,v4,k4,c4 #ccb ,report me to ,lloyd's ,agent4 ,p4,d4,s4 #ccc ,do you want assistance8 ,h4,v4,f4 #ccd ,has any accident happened8 ,b4,g4,h4 ,,plate ,,xxv4 #cce to #cci ,signal ,flags of ,,ss4 ,australia1 ,arcadia1 ,massilia1 ,victoria1 ,bengal4 7,are all ,vessels in the ,p4 ,o47 #cdj to #cdd ,signal ,flags of ,,ss4 ,oroya1 ,orient1 ,ophir1 ,orotava1 ,ormuz4 7,are all ,vessels of the ,orient ,line47 #cde to #cdi ,signal ,flags of ,,ss4 ,la ,touraine1 ,lafayette1 ,ville-de-,tanger1 ,amerique1 ,saint-,germain4 7,are all ,vessels of the ,compagnie ,generale ,transatlantique47 ,,plate ,,xxvi4 #cej to #ced ,flag-signals of some of the numerous ,victorias on the ,shipping ,list4 #cee to #cei ,flag-signals of some of the numerous ,australias on the ,shipping ,list4 #cfj to #cfd ,flag-signals of some of the numerous ,britannias on the ,shipping ,list4 ,the ,botolph ,printing ,works1 ,crosskey ,square1 ,little ,britain1 ,e4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,every ,isle differs from each other in their ,fancy of making ,plads1 as to the ,stripes in ,breadth and ,colours4 ,this ,humour is as different through the main ,land of the ,highlands in so far that they who have seen those ,places are able at the first ,view of a man's ,plad to guess the ,place of his ,residence4--,martin's ,description of the ,western ,islands1 #agjc4 ,see also ,old and ,rare ,scottish ,tartans1 by ,donald ,stewart1 all illustrated by actual pieces woven in silk to a reduced scale4 ,the latest tartan1 that of ,balmoral1 was devised by ,prince ,albert in the year #ahdh4 #b ,in medival days the pastoral staff or crook of the bishop often had a small scarf attached to it4 ,this was known as the vexillum1 and was supposed to be derived from the ,labarum1 or standard of the first ,christian emperor1 ,constantine the ,great4 #c ,in ,favyn's book1 ,le ,thtre d'honneur et de ,chevalerie1 published in ,paris some two hundred and fifty years ago1 we read of ,le grand estendard de satin bleu celeste double en riche broderie de fleurs de lys d'or de ,chypre une grande croix plein de satin blanc1 qui est la croix de ,france4 ,le grand estendard ,saint ,michel ange gardien de la ,france1 de satin bleu celeste de riche broderie d'or de ,chypre1 sem d'estoiles d'or4 ,le grand estendard de l'ordre du benoist ,saint-,esprit1 faict de double satin verd une columbe d'argent1 rayonn d'or de riche broderie1 le rest sem de flammes d'or4 ,joan of ,arc had a white standard powdered over with gold fleurs-de-lys1 and in the centre a figure of ,christ sitting on a rainbow1 and holding a globe4 ,on either side an angel in the posture of adoration1 and1 underneath1 the words ,jhesu1 ,maria4 ,on another she had the ,annunciation1 and the words ,ave ,maria4 ,these were painted at ,tours par ,james ,power1 ,ecossais1 ,peintre du ,roi4 #d ,thus the ,cross of ,st4 ,george would be normally represented as in ,fig4 #ia1 but we find it much elongated in ,figs4 #ab and #ad1 much widened out in ,figs #bg and #ef1 and yet more so on the shield of the arms of the ,dominion of ,canada in ,fig4 #abi4 #e ,we do not pause to explain the meaning of any heraldic terms that we are obliged to employ4 ,such terms may be readily found in any technical book on blazonry1 and we have ourselves1 in ,the ,history1 ,principles and ,practice of ,heraldry1 gone very thoroughly into the meaning and use of the various forms that enter into the blazonry of shield or banner1 and do not1 therefore1 repeat these matters here4 #f i4e41 badges4 #g ,lord ,gordon has arrived at ,nauplia4 ,he has brought the ,greeks a number of ensigns1 embroidered by ,scotch ladies1 and sent by them4--,salisbury and ,winchester ,journal1 ,december #bgth1 #ahbd4 #h ,this crowned key may be seen as early as #acei on the seal of ,sir ,michael de ,poynings4 #i ,the bugle horn appears as the crest of ,sir ,william de ,bryan on his brass1 #acge4 #aj ,in an old pedigree of the family is inscribed the lines3-- ,esperance en ,dieu1 ,trust in hym1 he is most true4 ,en ,dieu ,esperance1 ,in hym put thyne affiaunce4 ,esperance in the worlde8 ,nay1 ,the worlde variethe every day4 ,esperance in riches8 ,nay1 not so2 ,riches slidethe1 and some will go4 ,esperance in exaltacion of honour8 ,nay1 it widderethe away1 lyke a flowre4 ,esperance en ,dieu1 in hym is all1 ,which is above ,fortune's fall4 #aa ,the modern flag1 known as the burgee1 largely used in flag signalling1 is like a shortened pennon4 ,it is sometimes also called a cornet4 #ab ,now the often changing fortune beganne also to channge the law of the battels4 ,for at the first1 though it were terrible1 yet ,terror was deckt and broachie with rich furniture1 guilt swords1 shining armours1 pleasant pensils1 that the eye with delight had scarce time to be afraide2 but now all defiled with dust1 blood1 broken armour1 mangled bodies1 tooke away the maske1 and set forth ,horror in his own horrible manner4--,,sir ,,philip ,,sydney4 #ac ,a streamer shall stand in the toppe of a shippe1 or in the forecastle1 and therein be putt no armes1 but a man's conceit or device1 and may be of the lengthe of twenty1 forty1 or sixty yards4--,harleian ,,ms41 ,no4 #b1ceh1 dealing with the ,syze of ,banners1 ,standardes1 ,pennons1 ,guydhomes1 ,pencels1 and ,streamers4 #ad ,while thus severe in our judgment on misguided foreigners it is only just to point out that ,england itself is responsible for a combination as horrible as any in the green1 red1 white1 of the special flag that she bestowed on ,heligoland1 while it was yet a ,british possession4 ,it may be seen in ,fig4 #fa4 #ae ,the famous banner of the ,knights ,templars1 called the ,beau-seant1 had its upper half black and lower white4 ,the black symbolised the terror it should be to the foe1 and the white amity and goodwill to friends4 #af ,the house-flags of the various shipping companies make a great use of letters3 thus the flag of the ,orient ,steam ,navigation ,company is white and divided into four portions by a blue cross4 ,in these four portions are placed in red the letters ,o4,s4,n4,c4 ,in ,fig4 #abj we have the flag of the ,new ,zealand ,shipping ,company1 where the ,n4,z4,s4 ,co4 are equally conspicuous4 ,any reference to a good list of house-flags1 such as that published by ,griffin1 would reveal scores of illustrations of this feature4 #ag ,the map is freely embellished with illustrations4 ,in ,south ,america1 for instance four immense crimson parrots about fill up ,brazil1 while in ,africa the parrots are green4 ,many of these figured details are very quaint4 #ah ,the dazzling field1 ,where in proud ,scotland's royal shield1 ,the ruddy lion ramped in gold4--,scott4 #ai ,with only one exception the ,sovereigns of ,scotland never quartered the arms of any other kingdom with their own4 ,the only exception was when ,mary ,stuart claimed the arms of ,england and placed them upon her standard1 and thus gave irreparable provocation to ,queen ,elizabeth4 #bj ,brian ,boru1 who was killed in battle with the ,danes1 did much to civilise ,ireland2 and1 amongst other things1 introduced the harp4 ,the ancient ,irish harp at ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 was long claimed as the identical instrument of ,boru1 but it has been proved by the ornament upon it that it cannot be later than the fourteenth century4 ,the most primitive representation of the harp in ,ireland is in a rude sculpture in a church near ,kilkeny4 ,this is known to date from the ninth century4 ,though the harp has ever shone in the poetry of the ,irish people1 they have but little claim to it4 ,it has been by no means such a national instrument with the ,irish as with the ,welsh4 ,it is one of the most ancient of instruments1 figuring in the mural paintings of ,egypt centuries before the ,christian era4 #ba ,as may be seen beautifully enamelled on his tomb in ,westminster ,abbey4 #bb ,another flag was a plain scarlet one1 having this inscription3 ,for the ,protestant ,religion and the ,liberty of ,england in white upon it4 #bc ,the following summary may be taken as correct in its broad facts3--,from about #aaie to #acdj1 the ,standard had the lions of ,england alone on it4 ,from #acdj to #acgg1 ,england and ,france together4 #acgg to #acii1 ,england1 ,france1 and the arms of ,edward the ,confessor4 #acii to #afjc1 ,england and ,france4 #afjc to #afdi1 ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland and ,ireland4 #afdi to #afei1 ,interregnum3 a period of change and uncertainty1 when divers changes in the ,standard were made that are scarcely worth detailing4 #afei to #afhh1 ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 #afhh to #agja1 ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,nassau4 #agja to #agad1 ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 #agad to #ahja1 ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,hanover4 #ahja to #ahcg1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 and ,hanover4 ,from #ahcg1 ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 #bd ,spenser4 #be ,in the same way1 we find the ,scottish clansmen rushing to the fray to the cry of ,st4 ,andrew and our ,right4 ,in the ballad of ,otterbourne we read that the ,scots ,uppon ,sent ,andrewe loude they crye1 ,and thrysse they showte on hyght4 #bf ,one interesting exception to this is that1 on ,st4 ,george's ,day1 the #eth regiment 7,northumberland ,fusiliers7 holds full-dress parade1 all wearing the rose1 the national emblem1 in their headgear1 and the officers on their sword-knots also4 ,the colours1 too1 are festooned with roses4 #bg ,the x day of ,january hevy news came to ,london that the ,french had won ,cales 7,calais71 the whyche was the hevest tydyngs to ,england that ever was herd of4 ,the xj day of ,january the ,cete of ,london took up a thousand men1 and mad them whytt cotes and red crosses1 and every ward of ,london found men4 ,the xxj day of ,january came a new commandement to my ,lord ,mayre that he shuld make men redy in harnes with whyt cotes weltyd with green1 and red crosses1 by the xxiij day of the same moneythe to be at ,leydenhalle to go forward4 ,the xviij day of ,may there was sent to the shyppes men in whyt cotes and red crosses1 and gones1 to the ,queen's shyppes4--,,machyn',s ,,diary4 #bh ,thus we have the white1 the blue1 the white and orange1 the green and red1 the purple1 the blue and white1 the orange and green1 the red and yellow1 the red and blue1 the red and white1 and divers others4 ,the orange company always took the lead4 ,these companies were for a long time in abeyance1 and were superseded in #agih by the formation of the ,royal ,edinburgh ,volunteers1 but each year the ,magistrates and ,council still appoint one of their number to be captain of the orange colours4 ,his duty is to take charge of the old colours and preserve them as an interesting relic of a bygone institution4 #bi ,it is remarkable that none of the flags extant bear the motto which the ,parliament on ,july #eth1 #afej1 ordered to be upoun haill culloris and standardis1 i4e41 ,for ,covenant1 ,religion1 ,king1 and ,kingdom4 ,it is characteristic that each body claimed independence even in this matter4 ,thus the ,fenwick flag bore ,phinegh for ,god1 ,country1 and ,covenanted work of ,reformations4 ,another flag has1 ,for ,reformation in ,church and ,state1 according to the ,word of ,god and our ,covenant1 while yet another bears the inscription1 ,for ,christ and ,his truths1 no quarters to ye active enemies of ye ,covenant4 #cj ,st4 ,andrew's day is ,november #cjth4 #ca ,the question of the ,union between ,england and ,scotland was often mooted4 ,in the year #abia ,edward ,i41 being victorious in the north1 declared the two countries united1 but this did not last long4 ,in #acfc ,edward ,,iii4 opened negotiations for a union of the two crowns if ,king ,david of ,scotland died without issue4 ,in the reign of ,edward ,,vi4 the matter was again to the fore1 but it was left to ,queen ,elizabeth to take the decisive step4 #cb ,april #abth1 #afje4 #cc ,thus in the ,royal ,standard of ,spain1 ,fig4 #aid1 the arms of ,leon and ,castile being ,in the upper corner next the staff take precedence of honour over ,arragon and all the other ,states therein introduced4 #cd ,in a picture in the collection at ,hampton ,court1 representing the embarkation of ,charles ,,ii4 from ,holland1 the ship has a large red flag charged with the ,stuart arms in the centre1 but so soon as his position in ,england was assured he reverted to the royal standard of his ,stuart predecessors and to the original form of the union flag1 a form that during the ,protectorate was widely departed from4 #ce ,jaque1 espece de petite casaque militaire qu'on portait au moyen age sur les armes et sur la cuirasse4--,,bouillet1 ,dict4 ,universel4 #cf ,a contemporary representation of this ,long ,parliament flag may be seen on the medals bestowed on the victorious naval commanders1 where the principal ship in the sea-fight represented on the reverse of the medal flies this flag at her masthead4 #cg ,andrew ,marvell on the victory of ,blake at ,santa ,cruz4 #ch ,as the year of his birth is scarcely known within a century or so1 it is too much to expect the month or the day1 but the day that is assigned to ,st4 ,patrick in the calendar is ,march #agth4 #ci ,in the year #ahaf1 in consequence of the ,electorate of ,hanover being raised to the rank of a ,kingdom1 the ,hanoverian ,royal ,crown was substituted for the ,electoral headgear in the royal arms on the shield and standard4 #dj ,a writer in the ,retrospective ,review in the year #ahdg1 thus relieves his feelings3--,the banner of ,st4 ,george1 argent1 and cross gules is still borne as part of the ,english flag1 though1 from the disgraceful manner in which it has been amalgamated with the ,crosses of ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,patrick1 it has not only lost all its purity1 but presents a melancholy example of the ignorance of heraldry and total want of patriotism and taste which must have characterised those to whom we unfortunately owe its arrangement4 #da ,all ,her ,majesty's ,ships of ,war in ,commission shall bear a white ensign with the ,red ,st4 ,george ,cross1 and the ,union in the upper ,canton1 and when it shall be thought proper to do so1 they may display the ,union ,jack at the bowsprit end4--,queen's ,regulations4 #db ,we read1 for instance1 in the ,diary of ,pepys that in the expedition of the ,duke of ,buckingham1 in the year #afbg1 against the ,isle de ,rh that the ,duke divided his fleet into squadrons4 ,himself1 ye ,admirall1 and ,general in chiefe1 went in ye ,triumphe1 bearing the ,standard of ,england in ye maine topp1 and ,admirall particular of the bloody colours4 ,the ,earl of ,lindsay was ,vice-,admirall to the ,fleete in the ,rainbowe1 bearing the ,king's usual colours in his foretopp1 and a blew flag in his maine topp1 and was admirall of the blew colours4 ,the ,lord ,harvey was ,rear ,admirall in ye ,repulse1 bearing the ,king's usual colours in his mizen1 and a white flag in the main topp1 and was ,admirall of ye squadron of white colours4 #dc ,on the hoisting of the ,ensign all work stops1 and all ranks muster on deck1 standing with hand raised to the cap in salute1 while the ship's band plays the opening bars of the ,national ,anthem4 #dd ,charles ,mackay4 #de ,other regiments with green facings are the #eth1 #aath1 #aith1 #cfth1 #cith1 #dfth1 #dith1 #gcrd1 etc4 ,regiments with blue facings are the #ast1 #dth1 #fth1 #gth1 #acth1 #ahth1 #bast1 #bcrd1 #beth1 etc41 while buff is found in the #bnd1 #crd1 #adth1 #bbnd1 #bgth1 #cast1 #djth1 etc4 ,amongst the regiments with yellow facings are the #ith1 #ajth1 #abth1 #aeth1 #afth1 #bjth1 #bfth1 #bhth1 #bith1 #cjth1 #cdth1 #cgth1 #chth1 etc4 ,white is met with in the #agth1 #cbnd1 #dast1 #dcrd1 #dgth1 #eith1 #feth4 ,red is not so common1 since the colour is that of the tunic ordinarily1 but we see it in the #ccrd1 #dhth1 and #gfth4 ,black is also less commonly used1 but we find it in the facings of the #ehth1 #fdth1 #gjth1 and #hith ,regiments4 #df ,the ,black ,watch1 the gallant #dbnd1 and other regiments also bear the ,sphinx for their services in ,egypt in #ahja1 where ,napoleon received his first serious check from ,british troops4 #dg ,when a regiment consists of two battalions the distinctions won by each are common to both1 and are1 quite justly1 the property of the whole regiment4 #dh ,in like manner we find the ,royal ,marines bearing on their colours an anchor1 first granted to the corps as a badge in the year #agge4 ,the lion and crown was added to this in #agie4 ,in #ahjb1 in honour of the gallant share taken by the ,marines in the capture of ,bellisle1 a laurel wreath was added to the other badges of honour1 and in #ahbg the motto ,per ,mare per ,terram and a globe1 surmounted by the word ,gibraltar1 was also placed on their colours1 as a testimony to the services of the ,marines all over the world1 and notably at the taking of ,gibraltar4 #di ,blenheim1 ,august #bnd1 #agjd2 ,ramilies1 ,may #bcrd1 #agjf2 ,oudenarde1 ,june #cjth1 #agjh2 ,malplaquet1 ,september #aath1 #agji2 ,dettingen1 ,june #afth1 #agdc2 ,minden1 ,august #ast1 #agei4 #ej ,this1 with many other interesting trophies of war1 may be seen in the ,chapel of ,chelsea ,college4 ,the ,blenheim ,colours are now nearly all consumed away with age3 of one but the staff remains1 and many others are now as tender as tinder4 ,french1 ,russian1 ,american1 ,chinese1 and many other flags of former foes may there be seen quietly fading away1 as the old national animosities have likewise done4 #ea ,amongst the various devices seen on the flags of the ,parliamentarians1 was one of a skull surrounded by a laurel crown1 accompanied by the words ,mors vel ,victoria4 #eb ,there are the colours of other regiments as well4 ,those that we specially refer to above will be found in what is known as the ,warriors' ,chapel4 ,we deal with these especially1 because1 as being the flags of the territorial regiment1 they find1 with particular appropriateness1 their resting place in ,canterbury ,cathedral4 #ec ,there is now no ,lord ,high ,admiral of ,great ,britain2 his functions are analogous to those of the ,commander-in-,chief of the ,army2 the last ,lord ,high ,admiral was ,william ,,iv41 who received this appointment when ,prince of ,wales4 ,the office is now said to be in commission--its functions are performed by the ,lords ,commissioners of the ,admiralty1 a board uniting the dual control which is exercised over the land ,forces by the ,war ,office and the ,horse ,guards4 ,commissions of ,naval ,officers are not signed by the ,queen1 they are headed ,by the ,commissioners for executing the office of ,lord ,high ,admiral of the ,united ,kingdom1 etc42 and they are signed by two of the ,lords4 #ed ,we find the ,royal ,yacht ,club1 in #ahae1 and the ,royal ,thames ,yacht ,club1 in #ahce1 flying what would be a white ensign if it had but the great ,cross of ,st4 ,george upon it2 an entirely white flag having the ,union in the corner next the staff4 ,one may get a fair notion of its effect by looking at ,fig4 #aed1 but imagining the ,union in the place of the device there seen4 ,the ,royal ,yacht ,club burgee at this period was plain white1 without any device whatever4 ,the burgee of the other ,club we have named has undergone many changes4 ,in #ahbc it is scarlet1 with the letters ,t4,y4,c4 in white2 in #ahca the prefix ,royal has been gained1 and the flag1 still red1 has the crown and the ,r4,t4,y4,c4 in white upon it2 while in #ahcd we still find the crown and the same letters1 but now1 not white on red1 but red on white4 #ee ,,by ,,the ,,commissioners for executing the office of ,lord ,high ,admiral of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 c4 ,,whereas1 we deem it expedient that ,canadian registered vessels shall be permitted to wear the ,red ,ensign of ,her ,majesty's ,fleet1 with the ,canadian ,coat of ,arms in the ,fly thereof4 ,we do therefore1 by virtue of the power and authority vested in us1 hereby warrant and authorize the ,red ,ensign of ,her ,majesty's ,fleet1 with the ,canadian ,coat of ,arms in the ,fly1 to be used on board vessels registered in the ,dominion4 ,given under our hands and the seal of the ,office of ,admiralty1 this second day of ,february1 #ahib4 #ef ,the ,maple is to ,canada what the ,rose is to ,england1 or the ,shamrock to ,ireland4 ,hence1 we find it on the coinage1 etc4 ,in the ,canadian ,militia ,list before us we find it on the accoutrements of many of the regiments1 enwreathing the motto or device2 sometimes alone1 and often in association with the rose1 thistle1 and shamrock4 #eg ,thus in a ,french book on flags 7,la ,haye's71 published in #agcg1 we see a pavillon de ,nouvelle ,angleterre en ,amerique4 ,this is a blue flag1 having on a white canton the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 and in the first quarter of this canton a globe1 in allusion to ,america1 the new world4 #eh ,in ,september1 #agge1 ,moultrie1 the heroic defender of the fort which still bears his name1 devised this the first flag of the ,state of ,south ,carolina1 the uniform of the ,south ,carolina men being blue1 and some of the regiments having a silver crescent in their caps2 but why they had the silver crescent as a badge no record seems to inform us4 #ei ,it may be somewhat of an assistance to our readers if we give a few chronological details3 ,the obnoxious duty on tea and other articles imposed by the ,british ,parliament1 ,june1 #agfg4 ,tea thrown overboard in ,boston harbour by the discontented populace1 ,november1 #aggc4 ,the ,boston ,port ,bill1 by which that port was to be shut up until compensation made to the ,east ,india ,company for the tea destroyed1 passed ,march1 #aggd4 ,general ,congress of the colonists at ,philadelphia1 ,september1 #aggd4 ,revolution1 first blood shed at ,lexington1 ,april1 #agge4 ,washington appointed ,commander-in-,chief of the ,american ,armies1 ,june1 #agge4 ,thirteen colonies declare themselves independent1 ,july #dth1 #aggf4 ,independence of ,colonies recognised by ,france in ,march1 #aggh1 by ,holland in ,april1 #aghb1 and by ,great ,britain in ,september1 #aghc4 ,john ,adams received as ambassador from ,america by ,george ,,iii4 in ,june1 #aghe1 and first ambassador sent from ,great ,britain to the ,united ,states1 in #agia4 #fj ,in an old print before us of the fight between the ,shannon and the ,chesapeake1 we see that the latter hoists three ,american flags1 all having the top and bottom stripes white1 and at the foremast a white flag inscribed with the enigmatical motto1 ,free ,trade and ,sailors' rights4 #fa ,forty flags with their silver stars1 ,forty flags with their crimson bars4 ,,whittier1 ,barbara ,frietchie4 #fb ,at a banquet at the ,mansion ,house1 when many leading ,englishmen and eminent ,colonists gathered together to celebrate ,st4 ,george's ,day1 the ,american ,ambassador1 an honoured guest1 said that he was very conscious that he was there at a gathering of the clans4 ,there was a tradition that the mischievous boy was generally the favourite of the household4 ,his mother might confess it openly1 his father secretly1 but the rest of the family said nothing about it4 ,now there was a mischievous boy who broke away from home something more than a century ago1 but let them not suppose that because he left the home he or his descendants ever came back without a strong feeling that it is the home4 ,he went on to say that he never met a body of representative ,englishmen1 ,british men1 speaking the same language that he did1 without a sense of grave joy and pleasure3 the sense that they were his brethren in a great cause1 and that he joined with them1 he and his people1 in sustaining the best hopes and aspirations of the world's civilization4 ,blood is thicker than water1 and all right-minded ,englishmen will read his kindly words with pleasure1 and give them heartiest reciprocation4 #fc ,to the ,germans1 in their campaign against ,france1 this and the ,watch upon the ,rhine were worth many battalions as a spur and stimulus to heroic deeds4 ,during the ,american ,war both ,federals and ,confederates owed much to the influence of stirring patriotic songs4 ,there can be no doubt that the songs of ,dibdin contributed not a little to our own naval victories1 and every cause that is worth fighting for evokes like stirring strains4 ,perhaps one of the most marked illustrations of this is the birth of that grand war-song known as the ,marseillaise4 ,rouget de l',isle1 its author1 was a captain of ,french ,engineers stationed in ,strassbourg on the opening of the campaign against ,austria and ,prussia in #agib4 ,on the eve of the day that the contingent from that city was going to join the main army of the ,rhine1 a question arose as to what air should be played at their departure4 ,several were suggested and rejected1 and ,rouget de l',isle left the meeting and retired to his own quarters1 and before the gathering broke up had written both words and music of ,le ,chant de l',armee du ,rhin4 ,on returning to the meeting1 still in consultation on the various details of the morrow1 he sang his composition1 and it was at once welcomed with delight4 ,it flew like wildfire throughout ,france1 and1 owing to the ,marseillaise troops singing it on entering ,paris1 it derived the name by which it has ever since been known4 ,its stirring words and the grand roll of the music aroused the enthusiasm of the country1 and at once made it the battle-song of ,france1 to be at times proscribed1 but never forgotten4 #fd ,the book on ,german costume by ,kbel1 printed at ,frankfort-on-the-,main in #aede1 should be referred to1 if possible1 by the reader4 ,it is1 unfortunately1 a very rare book4 ,the first edition of this splendid volume contains #add large illustrations of standard-bearers2 the figures are admirably drawn and very varied in attitude1 while the flags they carry are replete with interest1 many of course being now quite obsolete1 while others there represented have come down to us through the three centuries intact4 #fe ,the ,pamiot ,azof1 one of the most powerful ironclads of the ,russian ,navy1 flies at her mast-head the ,cross of ,st4 ,george 7white on red71 in memory of the gallant service at ,navarino in #aebg of her predecessor of that name4 ,the ,czar ,nicholas decreed that all future ,pamiot ,azofs in the navy should bear this distinguishing mark of honour4 ,peter the ,great built the first ,pamiot ,azof as a memorial of the great siege of ,azof1 and the name has been handed down ever since4 ,the influence of that piece of scarlet and white bunting will doubtless be such that no ,pamiot ,azof will ever fall short of the highest expectations that this exceptional honour would suggest4 #ff ,clisson1 assura sa ,majest du gain de la bataille1 le roi lui rpondit3 ',connestable1 ,dieu le veeulte1 nous irons donc avant au nom de ,dieu et de ,sainct ,denis4'--,vulson de la ,colombire4 #fg ,in a miniature of ,charles ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #hfi1 in a book of prayers1 the royal sceptre terminates in a fleur-de-lys4 ,the crown of ,hugh ,capet1 ,a4,d4 #ieg1 in ,st4 ,denis1 is formed of fleur-de-lys1 as is that of his successor1 ,robert le ,sage1 ,a4,d4 #iif1 ,henry ,i41 #ajca1 and many others4 ,to make the matter more complicated1 we find on the crown of ,uffa1 first king of the ,east ,angles1 ,a4 ,d4 #ege1 true fleurs-de-lys4 #fh ,one old writer asserts that ,louis ,,vii41 on setting out in the year #aacg for the ,crusade chose the purple iris flower as his emblem4 #fi ,recherches sur les ,drapeaux ,franais1 ,oriflamme1 bannire de ,france1 ,marques nationales1 ,couleurs du roi1 drapeaux de l'arme1 pavilions de la ,marine4--,,gustave ,,desjardins1 ,paris1 #ahgd4 ,another good book to see is the ,histoire du drapeau de la ,monarchie ,franaise1 by ,m4 ,rey4 #gj ,it may be helpful here to append for reference the chronology of the earlier sovereigns of the ,house of ,bourbon3--,henry ,,iv41 the ,great1 ascended the throne in #aehi2 ,louis ,,xiii41 the ,just1 #afaj2 ,louis ,,xiv41 the ,great1 #afdc2 ,louis ,,xv41 the ,well-beloved1 #agae2 ,louis ,,xvi41 #aggd1 guillotined in ,january1 #agic4 #ga ,thus1 at a grand military fte1 on ,may #ajth1 #aheb1 in the ,champ de ,mars1 on restoring this symbol1 we find the ,emperor addressing the troops3--,the ,roman eagle1 adopted by the ,emperor ,napoleon at the commencement of this century1 was a brilliant symbol of the grandeur of ,france4 ,it disappeared amongst our calamities4 ,it ought to return when ,france1 raised up again1 should no more repudiate her high position4 ,soldiers6 ,take again the eagles which have so often led our fathers to glory4 ,in #ahee1 in addressing a detachment of the ,imperial ,guard prior to its departure for the ,crimea1 he exclaimed1 ,the ,imperial ,guard1 the heroic representative of military glory and honour1 is here before me4 ,receive then these eagles1 which will lead you on to glory4 ,soon will you have planted them on the walls of ,sebastopol6 #gb ,first ,republic1 #agib to #agii4 ,the ,consulate1 #agii to #ahjd4 ,the first ,empire1 #ahjd to #ahad4 ,the ,restoration1 ,bourbon and ,orleanist1 #ahad to #ahdh1 the second ,republic1 #ahdh to #ahec1 the second ,empire1 #ahec to #ahgj1 the third ,republic from #ahgj4 #gc ,the diary of ,henry ,machyn1 ,citizen and ,merchant ,tayler of ,london1 from which we have already quoted1 tells us how the writer saw the ,kyng's grace and dyvers ,spaneards1 the said ,king being ,philip of ,spain1 riding through the city attired in red and yellow1 the colours of ,spain4 ,in the cavalcade1 ,machyn tells us1 were men with thrumpets in the same colors1 and drumes made of ketylles1 and baners in the same colors4 #gd ,this quarter of the flag1 the arms of ,leon and ,castile1 was the entire flag of the time of ,columbus4 ,isabella gave the great explorer a personal flag1 a white swallow-tailed ensign having in its centre a green cross and the letters ,f4,y4 ,the quartered arms of ,leon and ,castile are sculptured upon the monument in ,westminster ,abbey of ,alianore1 the daughter of ,ferdinand ,,iii41 ,king of ,leon and ,castile1 and the wife of ,edward ,i4 of ,england4 ,the date of the tomb is #abij4 #ge ,the following chronological items may prove of assistance4 ,crown of ,navarre passes to ,france1 #abgf4 ,ferdinand of ,arragon re-conquers ,navarre1 #aeab4 ,accession of ,house of ,austria to throne of ,spain1 #aeaf4 ,spain annexed ,netherlands1 #aeef1 and1 shortly after ,philip ,,ii41 husband of our ,queen ,mary1 annexed ,burgundy4 ,portugal united to ,spain1 #aehj4 ,portugal lost1 #afdj4 ,philip ,v4 invades ,naples1 #agad4 ,charles ,,iii41 ,king of the ,two ,sicilies1 succeeds to ,spanish crown1 #agei4 #gf ,the various heralds and pursuivants in their tabards blazoned with the lions of ,england1 the fleurs-de-lys of ,france1 or the castles of ,portugal4 #gg ,az4 three crosses in pale or4 #gh ,the ,turks1 originally an ,asiatic people1 overran the provinces of the ,eastern1 or ,greek ,empire1 about the year #acjj1 but did not capture ,constantinople until #adec4 ,thirty years afterwards they obtained a footing in ,italy1 and in #aeaf ,egypt was added to the ,empire4 ,the invading hosts spread terror throughout ,europe1 and in #aebi and in #afhc we find them besieging ,vienna4 ,rhodes was captured from the ,knights of ,st4 ,john1 ,greece subdued1 ,cyprus taken from the ,venetians3 but later on the tide of war turned against them1 and frequent hostilities with ,england1 ,france1 and ,russia led to the gradual weakening of the ,turkish power4 #gi ,there is such a general impression that officials are so very much bound up in highly-starched red tape that we gladly take this opportunity of acknowledging the extreme consideration with which all our enquiries have been met4 ,the libraries of the ,admiralty1 the ,royal ,united ,service ,museum1 the ,guildhall1 ,south ,kensington1 etc41 have been placed unreservedly at our service4 ,the authorities of the ,board of ,trade1 of ,lloyds1 of the ,royal ,chelsea ,hospital1 of the ,royal ,naval ,exhibition1 the ,agents-,general of the ,colonies1 have all most willingly given every possible information1 and we have received from all to whom we have applied for information the greatest readiness to afford it1 and the most courteous responses4 #hj ,the position of ,sultan1 though one of great dignity1 has its serious drawbacks4 ,this all-conquering ,murad was1 after all1 assassinated2 his son and successor1 ,bajuzet1 died in prison4 ,isa ,belis the next holder of the throne1 ,solyman who succeeded him1 and ,musa1 who succeeded ,solyman1 were all in turn murdered by their brothers or other relatives4 #ha ,order and progress4 ,not a very happily chosen motto1 since1 as a ,brazilian said to us1 such a sentiment might equally be placed on the flags of all civilized nations1 order and progress not being features to take any special credit for1 but to be entirely taken for granted1 and as a matter of course4 #hb ,our ,english name1 ,japan1 for this land of the ,far ,east1 is a corruption of the ,chinese name for it1 ,zipangn1 a word of the same meaning1 ,land of the ,rising ,sun4 #hc ,there are four ,orders of ,distinction in ,japan2 the first is the ,order of the ,chrysanthemum1 and the second that of the ,rising ,sun4 #hd ,each spring and summer our ,volunteers have long-distance practices4 ,from the account of one of these now before us1 we see that the line extended from ,reculvers on the north coast of ,kent1 to ,aldershot1 a distance of over one hundred miles1 messages from one point to the other being rapidly and accurately transmitted by signalling parties on the various eminences1 such as ,beacon ,hill1 ,gravelly ,hill1 ,box ,hill1 and ,st4 ,martha's ,hill1 between the two extremities of the line4 #he ,one may see here1 too1 the signal book of ,james1 ,duke of ,york1 dating about #affe1 by means of which most of our sea-fights with the ,dutch were conducted1 and also the code introduced by ,kempenfeldt4 #hf ,the ,victory at this time was somewhat less than a mile and a half from the enemy's line4 #hg ,the signal for close action was flags #a and #f4 ,all flag signals are always read from above downwards2 #f and #a would mean something entirely different to #a and #f4 #hh ,expects1 it will be seen1 is expressed by one hoist of flags1 while confides would have necessitated the pulling up and hauling down of eight distinct sets4 #hi ,special hoists are also used for special purposes1 thus the display of the yellow flag1 with a black ball on it1 is an intimation that torpedo practice is going on4 #ij ,june #ast1 #ahac4 #ia ,this system was introduced by ,captain ,columb in #ahfb4 ,on one occasion1 during heavy weather1 from a steamer fifteen miles off shore he sent a message through a station on the ,isle of ,wight across to ,portsmouth1 and received his answer back in thirteen minutes6 ,this was altogether too good to be gainsaid or shelved1 and the system was speedily adopted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,the following corrections were made to the printed original3 ,table of ,contents1 ,chapter ,v3--,england expects printed as ,englands expects in original4 ,page #e3--;,in a priest of ,beverley for carrying3 carrying printed as carring in original4 ,page #aj3--;,in we find these charges represented3 charges printed as changes in original4 ,page #abf3--;,in their thoughts turn to the dear homeland3 turn printed as turns in original4 ,page #acf3--;,in thirteen then existing codes3 thirteen printed as thirteeen in original4 ,page #ach3--;,in ,our readers will see3 ,our printed as ,ours in original4