,illu/ration3 ,,head ,,( ,,royal ,,b5gal ,,tig]4 ,,m\nt$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,taxid]my ,,& ,,zoological ,,collect+ ,a ,,complete ,,h&book ,,= ,,! ,,amateur ,,taxid]mi/1 ,,collector1 ,,o/eologi/1 ,,museum-,,build]1 ,,sportsman1 ,,& ,,travell] ,,by ,,william4 ,t4 ,,hornaday ,= eight ye>s ,*ief ,taxid]mi/ ( ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum2 = sev5 ye>s ,zoological ,collector & ,taxid]mi/ = ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t2 late ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,national ,zoological ,p>k2 au?or ( ,two ,ye>s 9 ! ,jungle1 etc4 ,,) ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,insects ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holl&1 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,d4 ,*ancellor ,we/]n ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,pittsburg1 & ! ,iron ,city ,microscopical ,society2 ,life ,memb] ( ! ,ent4 ,soc4 ( ,france2 ,fell[ ( ! ,ent4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 etc4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,brad=d ,,hudson ,,& ,,o!r ,,arti/s #bd plates & #he ,text ,illu/rations ,,f\r? ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #ahid ,,copyright1 #ahia ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,tr[ ,,directory ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,bookb9d+ ,,company ,,new ,,york ,to ,g4 ,,br[n ,,goode1 ,,ll ,d4 ,,^: ,,lib]al ,,policy ,,has ,,done ,,s ,,mu* ,,= ,,! ,,advancem5t ,,( ,,am]ican ,,taxid]my ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,z ,,an ,,expression ,,( ,,appreciation ,,( ,,8 ,,valuable ,,public ,,s]vices ,,9 ,,! ,,organization1 ,,direction1 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,national ,,museum ,,& ,,also ,,( ,,s9c]e ,,p]sonal ,,reg>d ,,preface4 ,9 ^! heydays ( popul> zoology1 :5 eag] "y naturali/s are com+ to ! front 9 cr[ds1 & f9e new sci5tific museums are />t+ up on e h&1 !re is small ne$ to apologize = ! appe>ance ( a "w design$ expressly = ! naturali/ & museum-build]4 ,_h ju/ice be5 done1 "s "o w\ld h writt5 ?is book t5 ye>s ago4 ,! rapid & al>m+ de/ruction ( all =ms ( wild animal life :i* is n[ go+ on furi\sly ?r\gh\t ! entire _w1 r5d]s x imp]atively necess>y = ^? :o w\ld build up great zoological collections to be up & do+ be=e any m ( ! lead+ species are ext]m9at$4 ,x is already too late to collect wild specim5s ( ! ,am]ican bison1 ,cali=nian elephant seal1 ,we/ ,indian seal1 great auk1 & ,labrador duck4 ,v soon x w also be too late to collect walrus1 manatee1 fur seal1 prong-horn antelope1 elk1 moose1 m\nta9 %eep1 & m\nta9 goat4 ,all along ! ,atlantic coa/ & 9 ,florida ! ducks are be+ ext]m9at$ = ! metropolitan m>kets1 & ! gulls1 t]ns1 h]ons1 egrets1 ibises1 & spoonbills are be+ slaught]$ :olesale = ! equally blood?ir/y goddess ( ,fa%ion4 ,if ! naturali/ w\ld ga!r repres5tatives ( all ^! =ms = p]petual pres]vation1 & future /udy1 he mu/ set ab\t x at once4 ,?is "w is (f]$ z my contribution to ! sci5ce ( zoology & ! "w ( ! museum-build]4 ,x is entirely an affair ( ! he>t1 & my only desire 9 reg>d to x is t x may be ! means ( mat]ially increas+ ! _w's /ore ( well-select$ & well-pres]v$ examples ( ! beautiful & int]e/+ animal =ms t n[ inhabit ! e>? & its wat]s4 ,! sight ( a p>ticul>ly f9e animal1 ei!r alive or dead1 excites )9 me feel+s ( admiration t (t5 am\nt to g5u9e affection2 & ! /udy & pres]vation ( su* =ms has = sixte5 ye>s be5 my *ief delight4 ,9 ^! pages ,i h s\ght to give1 9 cle> language1 ! detail$ in=mation :i* ,i h f\nd deplorably lack+ 9 all manuals on ?is subject t ,i h ev] se51 save "o1 9 ,fr5*1 publi%$ _m ye>s ago1 & :i*1 :ile v tiresome to write out1 are precisely :at ! practical work] wants4 ,i hold a p]man5t grudge aga9/ ^? :o h writt5 be=e me on ! subjects "h treat$ (1 because ( :at !y did n write4 ,! av]age book on taxid]my conta9s f\r times too mu* padd+1 & n "o qu>t] en\gh practical in=mation4 ,if ?is be treason1 make ! mo/ ( x4 ,! /ud5ts ( entomology are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,holl& = 8 admirable *apt]s on ,insects1 & ,i leave !m to make _! own ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,my own v s9c]e ?anks are h]eby t5d]$ him = 8 valuable contribution to ?is "w1 !reby mak+ x complete4 ,i am also "u obligations to ,mr4 ,*>les ,brad=d ,hudson1 ! accompli%$ arti/1 ^: skill has done s mu* to expla9 & embelli% ! text4 ,! _s & int]e/ ) :i* he ent]$ into 8 %>e ( ! "w v mat]ially light5$ & enc\rag$ my own t>dy labors4 ,my ?anks are also due to my valu$ fri5d1 ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,a4 ,lucas1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,national ,museum1 & "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s1 = advice & assi/ance 9 ! prep>ation ( ! illu/rations relat+ to "w on skeletons4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h>vey ,br[n1 ,naturali/ ( ! ,u4,s4 ,eclipse ,exp$ition to ,africa1 k9dly wrote = me ne>ly all ( ! *apt] on ,m\nt+ ,dis>ticulat$ ,skeletons2 ,messrs4 ,william ,palm] & ,john ,w4 ,h5dley1 ( ! ,national ,museum1 also r5d]$ me valuable s]vices2 = all ( :i* ,i gladly record "h an expression ( my ?anks & appreciation4 ,hav+ already retir$ f taxid]my =ev]1 ?is is positively my la/ appe>ance 9 ?is field4 ,w4,t4,h4 ,,buffalo1 ,n4,y4 ,,cont5ts4 ,"p #a4 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,work]1 ,,& ,,! ,,"w ,,to ,,be ,,done1 #a-g ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,outfits1 ,,& ,,h9ts ,,on ,,hunt+1 #h-ai ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,select ,,& ,,/udy ,,fre% ,,specim5s1 #bj-bc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,sk9s ,,( ,,small ,,mammals1 #bd-cf ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,sk9s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,mammals1 #cg-de ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,collect+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,small ,,birds1 #df-eg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,collect+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,birds1 #eh-fc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,collect+ ,,reptiles1 #ff-gj ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,collect+ ,,fi%es1 #ga-gi ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,collect+ ,,m>9e ,,inv]tebrates1 #hj-hi ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,collect+ ,,birds' ,,eggs ,,& ,,ne/s1 #ij-ig ,"p #b4 ,,taxid]my4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,laboratory ,,& ,,its ,,appo9tm5ts1 #ii-aja ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,"w ,,9 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammals1 #ajb-ajg ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,application ,,9 ,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,high] ,,v]tebrates1 #ajh-aad ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,mammals1 #aae-abh ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,m\nt+ ,,l>ge ,,mammals3 ,,ord9>y ,,me?ods1 #abi-aci ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,l>ge ,,mammals3 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,manik9s1 #adj-adi ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,f9i%+ ,,m\nt$ ,,mammals1 #aej-aeg ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammal ,,heads ,,z ,,trophies ,,& ,,ornam5ts1 #aeh-agj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,facial ,,expression ,,& ,,m\? ,,model+1 #aga-agh ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,relax+ ,,dry ,,sk9s ,,( ,,birds1 #agi-ahb ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,birds1 #ahc-aij ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,l>ge ,,birds1 #aia-aig ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,clean+ ,,! ,,plumage ,,( ,,birds1 #aih-bja ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,reptiles1 #bjb-bjg ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,m\nt+ ,,fi%es1 #bjh-baf ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,lob/]s ,,& ,,crabs1 #bag-bai ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,ornam5tal ,,taxid]my1 #bai-bbh ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,gr\p+1 #bbi-bce ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,gr\p-,,mak+1 #bcf-bci ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,mammals1 #bdj-bdg ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,reptiles1 #bdh-bej ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,,museum ,,specim5s1 #bea-beg ,"p #c4 ,,mak+ ,,ca/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,application ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,m\lds ,,& ,,ca/s1 #bei-bfg ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,ca/s ,,( ,,mammals1 ,,fi%es1 ,,& ,,reptiles1 #bfh-bgj ,"p #d4 ,,o/eology4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,collect+ ,,skeletons1 #bga-bha ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,clean+ ,,l>ge ,,skeletons ,,by ,,mac]at+1 #bhb-bhd ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,skeletons1 #bhe-bie ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,m\nt+ ,a ,,l>ge ,,dis>ticulat$ ,,skeleton1 #bif-cjd ,"p #e4 ,,! ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,insects4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,insects1 #cje-cjh ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,eggs ,,& ,,l>v3 ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,re>+1 #cji-cai ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,collect+ ,,imagoes1 #cbj-cbg ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,prep>ation1 ,,c>e1 ,,& ,,display ,,( ,,insects1 #cbh-cch ,"p #f4 ,,g5]al ,,in=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,insect ,,pe/s1 ,,& ,,poison+1 #cci-cde ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,useful ,,in=mation1 #cdf-cej ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce1 #cea-cee ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,full-,,page ,,plates4 ,,fac+ ,i4 ,,head ,,( ,,royal ,,b5gal ,,tig]4 7,frontispiece47 ,,page ,,ii4 ,,two ,,pages ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,field ,,note-,,book 7,d\ble ,plate71 #bb ,,iii4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,mammal1 #ch ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,op5 ,,& ,,m\nt ,a ,,fi%1 #gf ,v4 ,,p>+ ,,d[n ,a ,,l>ge ,,mammal ,,sk91 #ajd ,,vi4 ,,int]ior ,,me*anism ,,( ,a ,,half-,,m\nt$ ,,wolf1 #acb ,,vii4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,b5gal ,,tig]3 ,,fir/ ,,/age1 #adb ,,viii4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,b5gal ,,tig]3 ,,complet$1 #adh ,,ix4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,male ,,am]ican ,,bison3 ,,half ,,f9i%$1 #aeb ,x4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,am]ican ,,bison3 ,,complet$1 #aef ,,xi4 ,,head ,,( ,,prong-,,horn ,,antelope1 #afh ,,xii4 ,,work%op ,,( ,a ,,bird ,,taxid]mi/1 #ahb ,,xiii4 ,,m\nt$ ,,bird1 ,,) ,,int]ior ,,/ructure ,,expos$1 #aib ,,xiv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,an ,,alligator3 ,,la/ ,,/age1 #bjf ,,xv4 ,,am]ican ,,lob/]1 #bag ,,xvi4 ,,specim5s ,,( ,,ornam5tal ,,taxid]my 7,d\ble ,plate71 #bbb ,,xvii4 ,a ,,fight ,,9 ,,! ,,tree-,,tops1 #bca ,,xviii4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,coyotes1 #bce ,,xix4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,am]ican ,,bison 7,d\ble ,plate71 #bdf ,,xx4 ,a ,,ligam5t>y ,,skeleton1 ,,m\nt$ ,,& ,,dry+1 #bhh ,,xxi4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,am]ican ,,bison1 #bih ,,fig4 #a4--;,,beat+ ,,! ,,bu%1 #cbj ,,xxii4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a ,,successful ,,/roke1 #cbj ,,fig4 #a4--;,,bottl+ ,a ,,skipp]1 #cbf ,,xxiii4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,japanese ,,port] ,,) ,,collect+ ,,boxes1 #cbf ,,text ,,illu/rations4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,knives ,,= ,a ,,collector ,,or ,,taxid]mi/1 #ae #b4 ,,squirrel ,,p>tly ,,sk9n$ #bg #c4 ,,sk9n+ ,a ,,squirrel',s ,,head1 #bh #d4 ,a ,,model ,,mammal ,,sk91 #cd #e4 ,,ano!r ,,=m ,,( ,,mammal ,,sk91 #ce #f4 ,,op5+ ,,cuts ,,on ,a ,,l>ge ,,mammal1 #dj #g4 ,,op5+ ,,cuts ,,at ,,back ,,( ,,prong-,,horn ,,antelope',s ,,head1 #da #h4 ,a ,,well-,,made ,,dry ,,de]-,,sk91 #dc #i4 ,,foot ,,( ,,an ,,orang-,,utan1 #dd #aj4 ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,ext]nal ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,bird1 #dg #aa4 ,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,sk9n+ ,a ,,bird1 #ej #ab4 ,,bird ,,sk91 ,,wrong ,,side ,,out1 #ea #ac4 ,,! ,,bird ,,sk9 ,,9 ,,position1 #ec #ad4 ,,! ,,sk9 ,,half ,,wrapp$1 #ed #ae4 ,,spread+ ,,! ,,tail1 #ee #af4 ,,! ,,sk9 ,,fully ,,wrapp$1 #ee #ag4 ,a ,,p]fect ,,bird ,,sk91 #ef #ah4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,%ape ,a ,,h]on ,,sk91 #fj #ai4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,op5 ,a ,,turtle1 #fi #bj4 ,,agassiz ,,tank1 ,,= ,,alcoholics1 #gc #ba4 ,,bird ,,ne/1 9 situ1 #ib #bb4 ,,wire ,,/&>d ,,= ,,ne/s1 #ic #bc4 ,,ne/ ,,on ,,wire ,,/&>d1 ,,) ,,labels1 #id ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,taxid]my4 #bd4 ,,sk9 ,,scrap]s1 ,,ab\t ,,"o-,,f\r? ,,actual ,,size1 #ajc #be4 ,,leg ,,mak+ ,,& ,,wir+1 #aag #bf ,,wir+ ,,toge!r1 #aai #bf;a4 ,,! ,,legs ,,wir$ ,,toge!r1 #aba #bg4 ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,specim51 #abd #bh4 ,,au?or',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,m\nt+ ,,bats ,,on ,,glass1 #abh #bi4 ,,artificial ,,skeleton ,,= ,,h& ,,( ,,an ,,orang-,,utan1 #aca #cj4 ,,fill]s ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds1 #acc #ca4 ,,an ,,iron ,,squ>e1 #acf #cb4 ,,leg ,,irons ,,( ,,an ,,am]ican ,,bison1 #add #cc4 ,,sk9n+ ,a ,,de]',s ,,e>1 #afa #cd4 ,,! ,,e> ,,half-,,sk9n$1 #afa #ce4 ,,sk9n+ ,,d[n ,,! ,,inside1 #afb #cf4 ,,! ,,c>tilage ,,out1 #afb #cg4 ,,int]nal ,,me*anism ,,( ,a ,,de]',s ,,head1 #afd #ch4 ,,complete ,,manik9 ,,= ,a ,,de]',s ,,head1 #afe #ci4 ,,model+ ,,tools ,,( ,,wood1 #agc #dj4 ,,model+ ,,tools ,,( ,,wood1 #agc #da4 ,,model+ ,,tools ,,( ,,wood1 #agc #db4 ,,/eel ,,model+ ,,tool1 #agd #dc4 ,,/eel ,,model+ ,,tool1 #agd #dd4 ,,/eel ,,model+ ,,tool1 #agd #de4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,tig]',s ,,tongue1 #age #df4 ,,end ,,view ,,( ,,tig]',s ,,tongue1 #age #dg4 ,,top ,,view ,,( ,,tig]',s ,,tongue1 #age #dh4 ,,wir+ ,a ,,bird',s ,,leg1 #ahd #di4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,artificial ,,body1 #ahe #ej4 ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,body ,,& ,,neck1 #ahe #ea4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,leg ,,wires ,,are ,,ins]t$ ,,& ,,cl9*$1 #ahf #eb4 ,,! ,,w9d+ ,,( ,,! ,,bird1 #ahi #ec4 ,,ca/ ,,( ,,! ,,neck ,,& ,,w9dpipe ,,( ,a ,,h]on1 #aie #ed4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,m\nt+ ,,alcoholic ,,reptiles1 #bjc #ee4 ,,m$allion ,,( ,,yell[ ,,pike1 #bac #ef4 ,,cross ,,section1 #bac #eg4 ,,wall ,,case ,,( ,,birds1 #bbc #eh4 ,,wood ,,duck1 #bcb ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,mak+ ,,ca/s4 #ei4 ,,beg9n+ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,piece ,,m\ld1 #bfj #fj4 ,,second ,,/ep ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,piece ,,m\ld1 #bfa #fa4 ,,la/ ,,/ep ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,piece ,,m\ld1 #bfb #fb4 ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,m\ld1 #bfb #fc4 ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,a ,,wa/e ,,m\ld1 #bfc #fd4 ,,second ,,/ep ,,9 ,,mak+ ,a ,,wa/e ,,m\ld1 #bfd #fe4 ,,*isel+ ,,(f ,,! ,,wa/e ,,m\ld1 #bfe ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,o/eology4 #ff4 ,,r\gh ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,small ,,animal1 #bgd #fg4 ,,r\gh ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,bird1 #bgg #fh4 ,,/eel ,,bone-,,scrap]s1 #bhf #fi4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,bat1 ,,z ,,exhibit$1 #bia #gj4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,bird1 ,,m\nt$ ,,& ,,dry+1 #bib #ga4 ,,wir+ ,a ,,skeleton ,,w+1 #bic #gb4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,turtle1 #bid #gc4 ,,! ,,sacrum ,,& ,,sp9al ,,rod1 #bih #gd4 ,,atta*m5t ,,( ,,ribs ,,to ,a ,,v]tebra1 #bih #ge4 ,,middle ,,jo9t ,,( ,,! ,,h9d ,,leg3 ,,side ,,view1 #cjj #gf4 ,,middle ,,jo9t ,,( ,,h9d ,,leg3 ,,re> ,,view1 #cja #gg4 ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,foot3 ,,side ,,view1 #cja #gh4 ,,bones ,,( ,,! ,,foot3 ,,re> ,,view1 #cja #gi4 ,,! ,,knee-,,jo9t1 #cjb #hj4 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,knee-,,jo9t1 #cjb #ha4 ,,front ,,view ,,( ,,elb[-,,jo9t1 #cjb ,,"p ,v4 ,,! ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,insects4 #hb4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,inflat+ ,,l>v1 #cad #hc4 ,,dry+ ,,ov51 #cae #hd4 ,,dry+ ,,ov5 ,,= ,,l>va ,,sk9 7,aft] ,riley71 #cae #he4 ,,wire ,,b5t ,,into ,,%ape ,,= ,,m\nt+ ,,l>va 7,aft] ,riley71 #caf #hf4 ,,bre$+ ,,cage 7,aft] ,riley71 #cag #hg4 ,,bre$+ ,,cage1 #cah #hh4 ,,net-,,frame 7,aft] ,riley71 #cbj #hi4 ,,net-,,head1 ,,= ,,removable ,,frame 7,aft] ,riley71 #cba #ij4 ,,fold+ ,,net 7,aft] ,riley71 #cba #ia4 ,,collect+ ,,j>1 #cbb #ib4 ,,p]=at$ ,,pap] ,,disc ,,= ,,j>1 #cbb #ic4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,p9*+ ,a ,,butt]fly1 #cbe #id4 ,,mann] ,,( ,,fold+ ,,pap] ,,envelope1 #cbh #ie4 ,,butt]fly ,,9 ,,envelope1 #cbh #if4 ,,d\ble ,,m\nt1 #ccj #ig4 ,,frame ,,= ,,m\nt+ ,,beetles1 #ccj #ih4 ,,sett+-,,bo>d1 #cca #ii4 ,,sett+-,,bo>d 7,aft] ,riley71 #cca #ajj4 ,,sett+-,,block1 #cca #aja4 ,,sett+-,,block1 ,,) ,,butt]fly1 #cca #ajb4 ,,sett+-,,ne$le1 #ccb #ajc4 ,,box ,,= ,,receiv+ ,,sett+-,,bo>ds1 #ccc #ajd4 ,,%+l+ ,,specim5s1 #ccd ,,taxid]my ,,& ,,zoological ,,collect+4 ,,"p ,i4--,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+4 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price ( a collection4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,work] ,,& ,,! ,,"w ,,to ,,be ,,done4 ,! ne$ ( ?or\ghly skill$ collectors is increas+ e h\r2 & "r "h let me say to ! "y naturali/ a?ir/ = travel & adv5ture1 ,!re is no o!r way 9 :i* y c s easily f9d a way to gratify y\r he>t's desire z by becom+ a skilful collector4 ,! mo/ important v]tebrate =ms are be+ rapidly swept (f ! face ( ! e>? by fire>ms1 traps1 & o!r eng9es ( de/ruction4 ,9 five ye>s' "t--p]haps 9 ?ree--!re w n be a wild buffalo left 9 ?is c\ntry outside ( protect$ limits4 ,!re are less ?an "o hundr$ ev5 n[--& yet h[ v few ( our museums h good specim5s ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ & conspicu\s native species4 ,! rhyt9a1 ! ,cali=nian elephant seal1 ! great auk1 & ! ,labrador duck h already be5 ext]m9at$4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,we/ ,indian seal 0 reg>d$ z :olly ext9ct1 b a small colony has lately be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,l4 ,w>d on a remote islet 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! walrus1 ! manatee1 ! moose1 m\nta9 goat1 antelope1 m\nta9 %eep1 ! sea ott]1 ! beav]1 elk1 & mule de] are all go+ fa/1 & by ! "t ! museum-build]s ( ! _w awake to ! necessity ( secur+ good specim5s ( all ^! x may be too late to f9d !m4 ,ev5 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :]e big game once exi/$ 9 c\ntless ?\s&s1 no?+ rema9s ( ! l>g] species save a few insignificant spr+boks1 & no game wor? m5tion+ c be f\nd ne>] ?an ! ,limpopo ,valley1 eight hundr$ miles nor? ( ! ,cape6 ,n[ is ! "t to collect4 ,a little lat] x w co/ a great deal m1 & ! collector w get a great deal less4 ,sportsm51 pot-hunt]s1 & bree*-load+ fire>ms are increas+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w mu* fa/] ?an ! game to be %ot1 & x is my firm belief t ! "t w come :5 ! majority ( ! v]tebrate species n[ inhabit+ ! e>? 9 a wild /ate w be ei!r totally ext]m9at$1 or exi/ only "u protection4 ,b d n laun* out z a collector until y "k h[ to collect4 ,! obs]vance ( ?is pr9ciple w\ld h sav$ ! useless slaught] ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( liv+ creatures1 & prev5t$ ! accumulation ( tons ^u tons ( useless rubbi% 9 ! zoological museums ( ! _w4 ,x co/s j z mu* to collect & c>e = sci5tific rubbi% z x w\ld to d ! same by an equal numb] ( sci5tific treasures4 ,betwe5 fool collectors on "o h&1 & in>ti/ic taxid]mi/s on ! o!r1 ! great majority ( ! _w's zoological museums h be5 fill$ ) objects t are any?+ b attractive2 & = ?is /ate ( affairs ! collectors are m to blame ?an ! taxid]mi/s4 ,bad "w 9 collect+ is1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 due to "o ( two causes--ignorance or laz9ess4 ,by "s curi\s process ( reason+1 _m really intellig5t m5 conclude t !y c g into ! field & collect successfully )\t hav+ le>n$ a s+le ?+ ab\t me?ods1 or ask$ a ^w ( advice f a compet5t in/ructor4 ,_m seem to ?9k t ! only ?+ requir$ is ma9 /r5g?1 & t ev5 t may be ex]t$ by proxy4 ,ev5 n[1 m5 :o h travell$ & writt5 books g to ,s\? ,am]ica & dry all _! sk9s 9 ! sun--aft] hav+ c>efully remov$ all ! leg bones--& _! small skeletons !y boil6 ,"s ( ! wor/ mammal sk9s ,i ev] saw 7 made by a pr(essor ( natural hi/ory1 :o actually manag$ to d ne>ly ev]y?+ z x %\ld n h be5 done4 ,& yet1 collect+ all k9ds ( animal specim5s1 9 all climates1 is p]fectly simple to any "o :o has en\gh ent]prise to in=m himself ( ! mo/ reliable me?ods1 & put !m 9 practice4 ,i w confess ,i feel v deeply on ?is po9t1 = ,i h toil$1 ne$lessly1 unnumb]$ h\rs1 & days too1 9 ov]com+1 z f> z possible1 ! inexcusable blund]s ( collectors4 ,i h se5 ?\s&s ( doll>s wa/$ 9 ?is way t c\ld h be5 sav$ by good "w 9 ! field4 ,x is easi] to m\nt two good sk9s )9 five p] c5t ( p]fection ?an to m\nt "o poor "o n ne>ly s well4 ,let me advise ! directors ( all sci5tific museums1 in/itutions ( le>n+1 & patrons ( natural hi/ory g5]ally1 :5 appeal$ to by an en?usia/ic collector = funds ) :i* to g abroad & collect an untold am\nt ( priceless specim5s1 9 e case )hold y\r aid until ! w\ld-be collector demon/rates conclusively t he has le>n$ h[ to collect4 ,if he has n wit en\gh & grit en\gh to acquire ability1 & !n prove prop]ty1 he is n fit to s5d any:]e1 save back to ! bosom ( 8 family4 ,^! are ! qualities :i* are requir$ to make a fir/-class collector3 ,he mu/ h a fair g5]al k ( zoology1 especially ! v]tebrates4 ,he mu/ be a good %ot1 a successful hunt]1 & capable ( great physical endurance4 ,!n he mu/ be a neat & skilful op]ator ) ! knife1 & consci5ti\s 9 ! details ( 8 "w1 d[n to ! smalle/ p>ticul>s1 = )\t ?is quality 8 specim5s w always be faulty & disappo9t+4 ,9 addition to all ^! requirem5ts he mu/ be a man ( tireless en]gy1 incapable ( go+ to b$ s long z !re are birds to be sk9n$1 & :o1 :5ev] a d\bt arises 9 8 m9d 9 reg>d to ! necessity ( m "w on a specim5 w always give ! specim5 ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,i /rongly advise e "o :o becomes a collector to le>n to sket* f nature4 ,no matt] :e!r y h any arti/ic ability or n1 if y are det]m9$ ab\t x1 y c le>n to make p5cil sket*es ( r>e specim5s 9 ! field1 & ( native h\ses1 co/umes1 weapons1 etc41 & rem>kable natural objects ( all k9ds1 :i*1 ev5 ?\gh crude & in>ti/ic 9 f9i%1 may be ( p]man5t value to ! sci5tific _w4 ,! cam]a & dry plate are ( great value1 b comm5d me to ! p5cil & sket*-book t /icke? clos] ?an a bro!r1 & t nev] fail y on acc\nt ( wea!r1 weight1 or accid5ts4 ,!re=e ,i say1 sket*2 sket* poorly if y _c sket* well1 b above all1 sket*4 ,! mom5t y make up y\r m9d to g on a collect+ trip1 ev5 if be only into ! next c\nty1 read ev]y?+ y c get hold ( :i* w tell y aught ab\t ! natural hi/ory ( ! c\ntry y are to visit4 ,ask :at has be5 writt51 se>* libr>y catalogues = titles ( books1 !n get all y c1 & read all y get4 ,only ! *url w refuse to l5d y a book y _c af=d to buy4 ,read all ab\t ! physical geography1 geology1 climate1 inhabitants1 fauna & flora1 = all ^! w h a direct be>+ on y\r "w4 ,if y are go+ to unexplor$ t]ritory1 ab\t :i* no?+ has be5 writt51 !n read up on ! adjac5t c\ntries1 = ev5 t w be v useful in=mation4 ,,guides ,,& ,,companions4--,no matt] :]e y g1 y w be oblig$ to h "o or m companions1 :o "k ! c\ntry1 to act z guides & g5]al assi/ants4 ,x may be t y c f9d a s+le p]son comb9+ ! necess>y qualities ( a guide & int]pret] ) ^? ( a boatman1 a team/]1 or port]4 ,! exp5se ( su* assi/ants mu/ be c\nt$ ^u f ! v fir/4 ,x may be /at$ z a g5]al rule t 9 ! tropics ! s]vices ( natives c be _h *eaply2 :ile ^? ( ,europeans are g5]ally de> 9 comp>ison ) :at !y d4 ,,clo?+ ,,& ,,food4--,^! subjects ,i propose to leave entirely alone4 ,!y make excell5t padd+ = a "w ( ?is k9d :5 !re is a lack ( really useful in=mation ) :i* to fill up2 b e man fe$s & clo!s himself accord+ to ! dictates ( 8 temp]am5t1 8 purse1 or 8 own sweet w4 ,:e!r 8 way is ! be/ or ! wor/1 he w /ill h food & clo!s m or less suitable to 8 ne$s1 & "t sp5t 9 advis+ him :at to we> & to eat is "t wa/$4 ,^! que/ions are g5]ally controll$ by ! locality & circum/ances4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,heal?4--,!re are c]ta9 hygi5ic pr9ciples :i* apply all ! _w ov]1 & s9ce _! obs]vance becomes 9 ! tropics a "q ( life & dea?1 ,i w record !m4 ,_! obs]vance has pres]v$ my heal? intact 9 un:olesome jungles 9 a way t ,i consid] no?+ %ort ( wond]ful4 ,nev] sleep on ! gr\nd 9 ! wet portions ( ! tropics :5 possible to avoid x1 b keep above ! poison\s miasmatic vapors t lie close to ! e>?4 ,boil wat] be=e dr9k+ x1 if x is ?\ght to be bad1 & avoid /agnant wat] at all times4 ,dr9k no spirits :atev] except :5 really sick or debilitat$1 nor w9e1 nor o!r alcoholic bev]ages4 ,avoid br&y1 :iskey1 & rum z y w\ld ! plague4 ,eat no unripe fruit1 & ) mod]ation ( ev5 ripe fruits1 except+ bananas1 :i* are h>mless & mo/ excell5t food4 ,avoid eat+ l>ge quantities ( meat1 b give ! pref]5ce to rice1 & f>9ace\s foods g5]ally4 ,we> light flannel %irts1 & at all haz>ds keep ! head & nape ( ! neck well %ield$ f ! sun4 ,pi? helmets are be/4 ,aft] gett+ wet1 d n sit d[n 9 ! hot sun ) y\r wet clo!s on1 b if y mu/ rema9 9 ! sun1 keep mov+4 ,by means ( rubb] clo?+1 or pon*os1 keep f gett+ wet :5ev] y c4 ,on com+ into camp ) wet g>m5ts1 d n sit d[n 9 !m to re/1 b *ange imm$iately to dry clo?+ & footge>4 ,! /rict obs]vance ( ?is rule w save _m an attack ( fev]4 ,,m$ic9es4--,e travell] or collector :o goes beyond ! ready rea* ( doctors 7& = t matt] also e family liv+ 9 ! c\ntry7 %\ld h a small box fill$ ) c]ta9 m$ic9es & simple appliances z a resort 9 all cases ( em]g5cy4 ,v (t5 a deal ( mis*ief c be prev5t$ by hav+ ! prop] rem$y at h& & ready = imm$iate application4 ,:o has n se5 great suff]+ endur$ = ! lack ( a simple rem$y co/+ only a few c5ts8 ,no matt] :]e ,i g 9 ! field1 or h[ mu* luggage ,i am imp$$ )1 ,i always c>ry ) me a small1 squ>e1 japann$ t9 box 7#aj in*es long1 #g in*es wide1 & #d in*es deep7 :i* conta9s ! foll[+3 #a roll silk c\rt-pla/] 7ab\t #a y>d74 #a bottle ,collis ,br[ne's *lorodyne4 #f curv$ surgeon's ne$les & silk ?read4 #a_/b ounce qu99e4 #d ounces spirits ( turp5t9e4 #a package ,epsom salts4 #d ounces t9cture ( arnica4 #a package s5na leaves4 #b ounces syrup ( ipecac4 #a package c>bonate ( soda4 #a ounce p>egoric4 #b-ounce bottle ( ,squibb's di>rhoea mixture4 #a ounce ammonia4 #a box ,bee*am's pills4 #b ounces ca/or oil4 #a small measur+ glass4 #a p9t lime-wat] & l9se$ oil4 #a piece ( small rubb] tube1 a foot long4 #a p9t be/ br&y4 #ab doses ( t>t> emetic4 ,! above makes a =midable %[+1 b ! :ole /ock co/s only ab\t ?ree doll>s & fifty c5ts1 & ! box1 ) lock & key1 ab\t "o doll> m4 ,i h lately add$ to ?is outfit a mo/ valuable & helpful little book1 entitl$ ,till ! ,doctor ,comes1 by ,george ,h4 ,hope 7,g4,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york71 :i* to any travell] or c\ntry dwell] is wor? twice its weight 9 gold4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 x co/s only fifty c5ts1 & no "o ne$ be )\t x4 ,:ile a travell] or hunt] %\ld nev] dr9k br&y or :iskey z a bev]age1 x is a mo/ excell5t ?+ to h 9 _m cases ( sickness or accid5t1 :5 a p[]ful /imulant is necess>y4 ,above all ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* g f>!/ t[>d pres]v+ ! life ( ! travell] aga9/ diseases & dea? by accid5t1 & :i* e naturali/ especially %\ld take ) him :]ev] he goes1 are habits ( /rict temp]ance4 ,9 ! tropics no?+ is s deadly z ! dr9k+ habit1 = x spe$ily paves ! way to v>i\s k9ds ( disease :i* are always *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( ! accurs$ climate4 ,if a temp]ate man falls ill or meets ) an accid5t1 8 sy/em responds s readily to rem$ies & mod]ate /imulants t 8 *ances = recov]y are a hundr$ p] c5t bett] ?an ^? ( ! man ^: con/itution has be5 und]m9$ by /rong dr9k4 ,!re are pl5ty ( m5 :o w say t 9 ! tropics a little liquor is necess>y1 a good ?+1 etc42 b let me tell y x is no su* ?+1 & if necess>y ,i c\ld pile up a m\nta9 ( evid5ce to prove x4 ,! records %[ mo/ conclusively t x is ! m5 :o totally ab/a9 f ! use ( spirits z a bev]age :o la/ longe/1 h ! lea/ sickness1 & d ! mo/ & be/ "w4 ,z a g5]al rule1 an en]getic br&y-dr9k] 9 ! jungle is n wor? 8 salt1 & z a companion 9 a s]i\s und]tak+1 is n ev5 to be reg>d$ z a possible c&idate4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,outfits1 ,,& ,,h9ts ,,on ,,hunt+4 ,9 mak+ up an outfit ) :i* to "w on specim5s 9 ! field1 away f civilization p]haps1 y mu/ fir/ decide def9itely ^u ! l9e ( "w y int5d to d1 = ^u ?is ! ext5t & "* ( y\r outfit mu/ dep5d4 ,! requirem5ts to be met are economy ( space1 weight1 & labor1 ) no necess>y article lack+4 ,! m]e item ( keep+ "o's tools 9 ord]1 & always accessible1 is mu* m important ?an x w\ld at fir/ seem to be4 ,!re mu/ be no confusion1 & n a s+le article mu/ get lo/4 ,good tools1 & pl5ty ( !m1 9 good work+ ord]1 g a great way t[>d ! production ( faultless specim5s1 hav+ ! highe/ possible value4 ,i ?9k ,i may say )\t boa/+ t on my ?ird collect+ trip abroad 7to ! ,ea/ ,indies7 my outfit came z ne> p]fection 9 size & arrangem5t z c ev] be rea*$ )\t f> great] exp5se ?an t entail$4 ,i 0 oblig$ to pack & unpack ! :ole ( x at lea/ fifty times1 b its arrangem5t 0 s sy/ematic & compact t ! complete pack+ up nev] requir$ m ?an fifte5 m9utes1 & ,i c\ld g to x 9 ! d>k & f9d any article desir$1 ev5 to a ne$le & ?read4 ,! :ole arrangem5t 0 v simple4 ,to />t )1 ! entire outfit ( fire>ms1 ammunition1 tools1 hunt+-ge>1 & a good /ock ( pres]vatives 0 conta9$ 9 an iron-b\nd black walnut *e/ ab\t ! size ( a c>p5t]'s tool-*e/4 ,to keep my load+ implem5ts & ammunition 9 ord]1 ,i _h an ammunition-box ( walnut1 #ad-a_/b in*es long1 #ab-a_/b wide1 & #d-a_/b deep1 outside measurem5ts1 divid$ inside into five comp>tm5ts1 :i* held & kept 9 ord] all ! app5dages belong+ to my ?ree guns1 & en\gh ammunition to la/ a mon? = ord9>y %oot+4 ,ano!r small box1 made ( a%1 "o-qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts1 conta9$ an assortm5t ( knives1 labels1 & small tools 7see li/ bel[71 & 0 9 e way multum 9 p>vo4 ,bo? ^! boxes _h _! places 9 ! *e/1 & my guns1 ea* 9 its own box-case1 7 provid$ = 9 ! same receptacle4 ,i h _h made = collectors go+ out f ! ,national ,museum ne>ly a doz5 tool-boxes 9 exact duplication ( ! orig9al m5tion$ above1 & ,i c confid5tly recomm5d bo? x & ! ammunition-box z s]v+ _! purposes mo/ satisfactorily4 ,s9ce my outfit = ! ,ea/ ,indies prov$ v satisfactory1 & ) "o or two additions is precisely :at ,i %\ld take 7 ,i to g aga9 on a simil> exp$ition1 ,i give bel[ a full li/ ( its cont5ts4 ,! additions ,i %\ld make w\ld be a ,w9*e/] #g-%ot repeat+ rifle1 calibre #de-ge1 ) ! necess>y ammunition1 a d\ble-b>rell$ bree*-load+ gun1 ,no4 #ab1 & possibly a wood5 tank #b feet #b feet #b feet1 ) a screw top1 = ! pres]vation ( mammal sk9s 9 a salt & alum ba?4 ,?is la/ addition is r5d]$ necess>y by ! fact t ,i h adopt$ a diff]5t me?od ( pres]v+ sk9s f t ,i _h foll[$ up to t "t4 ,in/ead ( dry+ all sk9s z ,i did !n1 ,i n[ pres]ve ! majority ( !m 9 a wet /ate1 & keep !m s1 except su* z are desir$ z sk9s = /udy1 & n = m\nt+4 ,! app>atus necess>y = collect+ insects w be describ$ 9 ! section devot$ to "w ( t class4 ,,outfit ,,= ,,g5]al ,,collect+1 ,v]tebrates & ,inv]tebrates1 bo? ,l>ge & ,small1 ,dry & 9 ,spirits1 & on a ,l>ge ,scale4 #a ,agassiz tank 7copp]71 9 wood5 box1 = alcoholics4 #a *e/ ( black walnut1 iron-b\nd1 to conta9 all ! articles enum]at$ bel[3 #a ,mayn>d rifle1 two b>rels1 calibre #dj1 #dj p\nds %ot1 assort$ sizes4 & #de-he4 #aj p\nds ,mayn>d bullets4 #a d\ble-b>rell$ bree*-load+ smoo?-bore #a1jjj ,b]dan prim]s4 gun1 ,no4 #aj1 9 case 7#cj74 #ab p\nds ,orange duck+ p[d]4 #a ,mayn>d %ot-gun1 ,no4 #af4 #cj p\nds ars5ical soap4 #a ,smi? ,wesson revolv]1 cal4 #cb4 #ae p\nds dry ars5ic4 #a c>tridge-belt & c>tridge-bag4 #a doz5 l>ge sk9n+ knives4 #a doz5 small sk9n+-knives4 #b pairs scissors4 #f scalpels4 #a bra9 hook4 #b claw hat*ets4 #a pair long =ceps4 #a saw4 #a pair %ort =ceps4 #a l>ge sk9 scrap]4 #a pair cutt+-pli]s4 #a geological hamm]4 #a pair flat pli]s4 #a bull's-eye lant]n4 #b sets skeleton scrap]s4 #a ,a ,no4 #a field-glass4 #a small sk9 scrap]4 #a compass4 #a flat file4 #b bru%es = ars5ical soap4 #b ?ree corn]$ files4 #a bl[-pipe & set ( egg-drills4 #a cold *isel4 #a hydromet] & te/-glass4 #b awls4 #a !rmomet]4 #a #d-;in* saw 7= turtles74 #b pairs hunt+-%oes4 #a tape measure4 #b rubb] blankets4 #a #b-;foot rule4 #a d\ble wooll5 blanket4 #a ivory ?imble4 #a ,a%anti hammock4 #a oil /one4 #c1jjj labels1 ?ree sizes4 #a spool ?read4 #a tool-box1 size #g #ac #c in*es1 to conta9 ! foll[+3 #b doz5 labels4 #d sk9n+-knives4 #c pap]s glov]'s ne$les4 ,) ?is outfit ,i collect$1 9 two ye>s1 m ?an #ae1jjj wor? ( salable sk9s1 r\gh skeletons & skulls ( mammals1 _m ( :i* 7 v l>ge2 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es1 especially ! l>ge & important species2 also fi%es & fi% sk9s 9 alcohol & br9e2 cru/aceans1 %ells1 />-fi%es1 corals1 & a few insects4 ,9 n a s+le case did ,i ev] fail to collect a desir$ specim5 ?r\gh lack ( implem5ts & pres]vatives ) :i* to c>e = x1 & only ?ree or f\r specim5s spoil$ on my h&s 9 c\rse ( pres]vation4 ,"o ( ^! 0 an orang sk91 ! la/ "o ,i took1 :i* spoil$ because ,i _h to pack x up & travel ) x )\t giv+ x ev5 "o day's dry+2 & ! o!rs 7 sk9s :i* spoil$ :ile ,i 0 on my back ) jungle fev]4 ,! outfit li/$ above is ( su* a nature t = a trip across ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ev5 a mu* %ort] di/ance on foot or horseback1 away f riv]s & wagon-roads1 x w\ld be difficult to take ! :ole ( x4 ,b !n1 on "s exp$itions1 = example1 su* z are made ?r\gh ,d>ke/ ,africa1 ! travell]s are g5]ally glad to get ?r\gh ) _! lives1 to say no?+ ( m cumb]some luggage1 & v little collect+ is done4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 h[ev]1 x is advisable to take along a good outfit1 ev5 ?\gh !re are ?ree or f\r boxes ( x1 =1 except 9 su* j\rneys z ^? m5tion$ above1 !re w always be a way to get x along4 ,x w co/ a few doll>s = freight1 & "s tr\ble 9 managem5t2 b if y are a good collector1 & mean bus9ess1 y w n m9d t 9 ! lea/4 ,:]e !re's a w !re's locomotion2 & to collect well1 or ev5 at all1 "o mu/ h some?+ to collect )4 ,x is an exp5sive & exce$+ly labori\s bus9ess at be/1 s don't g expect+ to h y\r baggage *eck$ ?r\gh to de/9ation1 free ( *>ge4 ,b !re are a great _m ( my read]s :o1 :ile !y may nev] want to g (f into a h[l+ wild]ness1 might greatly enjoy collect+ on su* trips z !y d take4 ,!n1 aga91 !re are sportsm5 & travell]s :o w will+ly c>ry into good game di/ricts a book ( in/ructions1 & en\gh tools to enable !m successfully to remove & pres]ve ! sk9s ( valuable trophies ( ! *ase1 & o!r specim5s :i* %\ld be kept on acc\nt ( _! sci5tific value or _! beauty4 ,to meet ! requirem5ts ( bo? ! amateur & ! sportsman ,i recomm5d3 ,,! ,,travell]',s ,,h&y ,,outfit1 ,= a ,collector ( ,mammals1 ,heads1 ,trophies1 etc41 & also ,birds4 ,fire>ms1 z y please4 ,a tool-box ( #a_/d in* a%1 size #g #ac #c in*es1 conta9+ ! foll[+3 #b l>ge sk9n+-knives 7see ,fig4 #a74 #a tape measure4 #b c>tilage knives 7see ,fig4 #a74 #a bra9 hook4 #a pair scissors4 #a pair #i-;in* =ceps4 #a small oil-/one4 #a pair %ort =ceps4 #a spool ?read4 ,& if eggs are to be collect$1 !n mu/ #a package ne$les4 be add$3 #a package labels4 #a bl[-pipe4 #a #b-;foot rule4 #a set ( egg drills4 ,) ! addition ( #aj l>ge sk9n+ knives1 ?is 0 ! id5tical outfit ,i took ) me on two collect+ trips to ,montana1 dur+ :i* we sk9n$ & skeletoniz$ #bd buffaloes1 ab\t #bj antelope1 #aj de]1 #i coyotes1 & a goodly numb] ( birds & small mammals4 ,! po9ts 9 favor ( ?is outfit are its *eapness1 compactness1 portability1 & great g5]al utility4 ,x c be c>ri$ 9 a knapsack beh9d a saddle on an ov]l& j\rney1 & to an explor] x is useful 9 a hundr$ ways besides ^? = :i* x is specially int5d$4 ,,fire>ms4--,! gun "q is a good deal l ! wife "q--e man pref]s to *oose = himself1 & advice is *iefly sup]flu\s4 ,nev]!less1 to ^? :o h z yet no pref]5ces1 ,i w briefly /ate m9e1 & ! reasons = !m4 ,if ,i c\ld h b "o weapon1 ,i %\ld *oose ! ,mayn>d rifle1 calibre #dj1 ) extra long c>tridge1 & a ,no4 #ab %ot-b>rel fitt+ to ! same /ock1 & int]*angeable 9 less ?an fifte5 seconds ( "t4 ,! rifle is light & h&y2 x hits h>d1 & is z true z /eel ev] gets to be4 ,x w hit e "t precisely :]e y hold x4 ,its con/ruction is s simple x seldom breaks or gets out ( ord]1 ! brass %ells nev] we> out1 & :5 load$ are ab\t z imp]vi\s to wat] z m>9e torp$oes4 ,%\ld y g "u wat]--rifle1 c>tridges1 & all--y h only to bob up s]5ely1 & g on fir+ z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,by ! addition ( a %ot-b>rel1 at a v slight exp5se1 y h1 9 reality1 two good bree*-load+ weapons t w s]ve y well = g5]al purposes4 ,= ord9>y l>ge game ,i also pref] ! ,mayn>d rifle1 b ( a heavi] calibre ?an ! above4 ,calibre #de is ! be/ size1 tak+ ! ,u4,m4,c4 ,co4's ,bull>d c>tridges load$ ) #he gra9s ( p[d] & #bie gra9s ( lead4 ,^! ) ! ,mayn>d make a beautiful comb9ation4 ,x c>ries po9t-blank up to #agj y>ds1 if n ev5 #bjj2 ! ball has great accuracy & p5etration1 ) a v l[ trajectory1 & v little recoil4 ,a heavi] bullet means a he>ty kick & loss ( accuracy1 & "o ( #ejj gra9s ( lead means occasional blood at y\r end ( ! gun1 & a black & blue %\ld]4 ,= su* great bea/s z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus1 ! *oice mu/ lie betwe5 a d\ble #h-;bore rifle1 & ! ,no4 #h smoo?-bore4 ,= my "p1 ,i w\ld r hunt my elephants ) su* a gun z ,i us$ on !m 9 ,india1 a ,no4 #h smoo?-bore1 d\ble-b>rell$1 :i*1 ?\gh weigh+ less ?an #aj p\nds1 nev] kick$ s]i\sly1 ev5 ) en\gh p[d] 7#f dra*ms7 to s5d a z9c bullet ?r\gh an elephant's skull & bra91 & out on ! o!r side4 ,) su* a weapon !re w be no ne$ to run aft] an animal1 nor run away f x ei!r1 aft] y get "o fair %ot at x4#a ,= hunt+ l>ge birds & small mammals a ,no4 #aj %ot-gun is ! be/2 b if y are specially int]e/$ 9 birds & c>e little = mammals1 a ,no4 #ab bree*-load] ) top-snap action w be pref]able4 ,= my purposes1 h[ev]1 my ,no4 #aj d\ble ,w]n] & ,no4 #af ,mayn>d always work$ beautifully toge!r1 & ,i ?9k ^! two sizes af=d ! be/ comb9ation a collector c f9d4 ,be+ v /rongly built1 ,i (t5 load$ my ,no4 #aj ) a s+le ball1 & bagg$ _m a f9e ,indian bison 9 t way4 ,i always us$ heavy brass %ells ) all my %ot-guns1 = ! foll[+ reason3 ,i c\ld n sp>e room to c>ry pap] %ells1 ! ra9s ,i enc\nt]$ w\ld h spoil$ too _m ( !m1 & away f home !y 7 too exp5sive a luxury = me to af=d4 ,! brass %ells are exp5sive to />t )1 b !y la/ =ev]1 or until !y are lo/4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,hunt+4--,! duty ( a naturali/ to 8 specim5 beg9s :5 he levels 8 gun at x 9 ! field4 ,d n %oot a specim5 to pieces1 or mutilate x beyond recognition by its own "m4 ,/udy ! moral pr9ciples ( y\r guns1 f9d out exactly :at !y w d ) :at y put into !m1 & !n don't %oot y\r specim5s too mu*4 ,:at is a tig] wor? ) ! top ( 8 head bl[n (f1 or a de] ) a great hole torn 9 8 side by an explosive bullet8 ,?ree vital pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 hunt+ specim5s are ! foll[+3 ,see ev]y?+ ahead1 & all[ no?+ to see y4 ,%oot to kill1 b %oot s z to get y\r specim5 ) ! lea/ possible mutilation4 ,a squirrel %ot ) a rifle is usually unfit = a specim51 & a bird ) its legs %ot to pieces1 m&ibles %ot (f1 & half its tail fea!rs torn to pieces is ab\t ! same z no bird at all1 unless x happ5s to be a r>e "o4 ,9 us+ a rifle1 get z close to y\r game z y c 7unless x be a tig] or be>671 s z to be sure ( gett+ x4 ,) ! %ot-gun1 get z f> away z y d>e1 s z to get no m %ot into y\r bird ?an is necess>y to kill x4 ,x is a disgrace = a collector to %oot a bird to pieces & be oblig$ to ?r[ x away4 ,i app5d a %[+ ( :at ,i use 9 collect+1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,x is h>dly likely t any two collectors 9 ! _w agree on ^! po9ts1 !re=e ,i d n expect t ^! tables w suit ! old h&s4 ,i put !m =? z m]e sugge/ions to beg9n]s4 ,,recomm5dations ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,hunt+ ,,) ,,! ,,rifle4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,animals to kill4 ,weapon to use4,*>ge ( ,weight ( ,be/ p[d]4 bullet4 di/4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,elephant ,smoo?-bore1 #f drs4 ,sph]ical1#cj yds4 ,no4 #h4 pure z9c4 ,tig]1 be>1 elk1 de]1 %eep1 seals1 l>ge crocodiles ,mayn>d1 #de4 #he grs4 #bie grs4 #ge ,apes1 monkeys1 small rum9ants1 & small c>nivora ,mayn>d1 #dj4 #fj #bjj #ej ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,recomm5dations ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,hunt+ ,,) ,,! ,,%ot-,,gun4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,animals to kill4 ,weapon to use4 ,*>ge ( ,*>ge ( %ot4 p[d]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,de] ,no4 #aj4 #f drs4 #bj1 ,no4 #h buck%ot4 ,fox #aj4 #e #a-a_/b oz41 ,no4 #jj4 ,wood*uck #aj4 #c #a-a_/d #b4 ,squirrel #ab4 #c #a-a_/b #f4 ,*ipmunk #af4 #b #a #aj4 ,eagle ,duck ,p[d]4 ,eagle1 crane1 vulture #aj or #ab4 #e drs4 #a-a_/b ,d\ble #jj4 ,turkey buzz>d #aj or #ab4 #d #a-a_/d ,no4 #d4 ,cr[ #ab4 #c #a-a_/d #f4 ,quail #ab4 #c #a-a_/b #h4 ,rob9 #ab4 #b-a_/b drs4 #a #aj4 ,w>bl] #af4 #b-a_/b #a #ab4 ,humm+-bird #af1 or #b #a oz4 du/ %ot4 ,auxili>y1 #bb4b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,( c\rse x w\ld be easy to recomm5d a l>ge assortm5t ( diff]5t weapons = diff]5t purposes1 b :5 x comes to provid+ an outfit ( fire>ms1 ,i mu/ say ,i nev] c>$ to take c>e ( m ?an ?ree or f\r weapons1 & ,i d\bt if ! av]age amateur w feel dispos$ to ma9ta9 a small ars5al4 ,9 prep>+ ! above tables ,i h limit$ ! weapons to ^? ,i h actually us$4 ,= my use1 ! foll[+ con/itutes a model collector's outfit ( fire>ms = all purposes 9 all c\ntries4 ,x is *eap1 b fir/ class1 n cumb]some1 easily c>$ = 9 all climates1 & equal to e occasion t c arise3 #a ,no4 #h d\ble bree*-load+ smoo?-bore1 & #a ,auxili>y b>rel1 ,no4 #bb1 = v small birds 7price1 #ab74 #a ,calibre #de-he ,mayn>d rifle1 #a calibre #dj-fj rifle-b>rel1 & #a ,no4 #af %ot-b>rel1 all to fit int]*angeably on ! same /ock4 ,a small] rifle-b>rel might also be add$1 b x is n really necess>y4 #a ,calibre #de-ge #g-%ot ,w9*e/]4 #a ,no4 #ab bree*-load+ %ot-gun4 ,! ,w9*e/] is useful = rapid fir+ at %ort range1 b ! ,mayn>d is ! weapon to dep5d ^u = p]fect accuracy at all ranges4 ,,knives4--,= g5]al use ! be/ knife = ! collector or taxid]mi/ is a /eel-h&l$ c>tilage-knife1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,b4 ,x co/s sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,!re are two k9ds ( c>tilage-knives1 b ! "o %[n has ! be/-%ap$ blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,be/ ,knives = a ,collector or ,taxid]mi/ 7ab\t two-?irds actual size74 ,a1 ,russell's kill+-knife2 ,b1 ,c>tilage-knife4 ,= heavi] "w ! be/ knife ,i h ev] us$ or se5 is ! s-call$ kill+-knife1 ,no4 #jaeab1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,a1 made by ,john ,russell1 ,gre5 ,riv] ,works1 ,turn]'s ,falls1 ,mass41 ! retail price ( :i* is only sev5ty-five c5ts4 ,_h ,i design$ x myself1 especially = collectors' use1 ,i c\ld n h done bett]4 ,! %ape ( ! blade1 ! ?ickness ( x1 & ! %ape ( ! h&le are all p]fect4 ,if y _c procure "o ( ^! knives1 !n buy a good but*]-knife1 & gr9d ! blade d[n to ?is %ape4 ,a knife ) a /raight edge is n fit to use1 = _m reasons4 ,always keep a good co>se 7wat]7 :et/one = l>ge knives1 & a ,wi*ita oil-/one & oil = y\r f9] knives1 & ! f9al t\*es to y\r l>ge ones4 ,,seasons ,,= ,,collect+4--,mammals4--,9 ! temp]ate zone nev] take fur-be>+ or game animals be=e ,septemb] #a/1 or lat] ?an ,febru>y #a/1 if possible to avoid x4 ,on mo/ ( ^! mammals ! pelage is ! f9e/ dur+ ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,x is !n at its maximum l5g?1 v clean & well dress$1 & also at its brighte/ color4 ,! rum9ants beg9 to %$ 9 ,may 7! ,am]ican bison z e>ly z ,m>*71 & by ,july ! new hair ^u !m is only ab\t half an in* long1 b v f9e & sleek4 ,at t "t x does n h its natural color4 ,9 our c\ntry1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb] are ! mon?s p> excell5ce = ! tak+ ( mammals1 especially ! l>ge species1 = aft] ,decemb] #a/ ! /orms & sn[s ( w9t] r5d] _! haunts unt5able = ! hunt]1 unless he builds a cab9 9 ! woods & makes a w9t] ( x4 ,! haunts ( ! m\nta9 %eep & goat mu/ be ab&on$ by ,decemb] #a/1 at ! late/1 on acc\nt ( ! sn[4 ,! be/ "t to take families ( "y mammals is f ,may to ,augu/4 ,if tak5 e>li] !y are too "y1 & lat] !y h pass$ _! mo/ int]e/+ age4 ,! small] ! species are1 ! quick] ! "y mature1 & 9 collect+ all su*1 ! naturali/ mu/ be on ! ke5 look\t to take !m at ! precise "t !y rea* ! mo/ int]e/+ size & age4 ,birds4--,9 ! temp]ate zone ! be/ mon?s = bird collect+ are ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb]2 b s9ce ! /udy ( migration dep5ds ^u collections & obs]vations made all ! ye> r\nd1 !re is really no "t to beg9 collect+1 & no "t to cease4 ,at ! same "t ! amateur w soon discov] t1 aside f ! birds t are f\nd only 9 _! p>ticul> season1 ! greate/ numb] ( species to be obta9$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates come 9 ! mon?s m5tion$2 &1 ( c\rse1 9 ! cold half ( ! ye> !y are mo/ pl5tiful 9 ! ,s\?1 :i!r !y g to escape ! cold wea!r4 ,9 ! nor!rn regions bird-collect+ naturally beg9s ) ! spr+ migration f ! ,s\?1 & is mo/ active f t "t up to ! end ( ,june4 ,dur+ ,july & ,augu/ ! old birds are m\lt+1 & ! "y ones h immature plumage & /ub tails4 ,a rule :i* c be safely appli$1 to all tropical climates is t ! dry season is be/ = ei!r collect+1 sport1 or travel4 ,nev] collect 9 ! ra9y season if y c help x4 ,animal life is d\bly h>d to f9d1 specim5s are desp]ately difficult to pres]ve1 & field "w is v try+ on ! pati5ce & ! con/itution4 ,9 ! ,arctic regions1 hunt+ & collect+ mu/ be done 9 midsumm]1 or n at all4 ,:ile x is true t 9 ! torrid & temp]ate zones !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w to be done all ! ye> r\nd1 !re is always a p>ticul> season :i* may be reg>d$ z ! h>ve/-"t4 ,,collect+ ,,by ,,amateurs4--,!re is "o k9d ( collect+ :i* %\ld be disc\rag$ 9 e possible way1 & t is ! po/age-/amp /yle ( collect+ by boys :o h no real love = natural hi/ory4 ,boys 9 _! te5s (t5 make collections ( bird-sk9s1 eggs1 & ne/s 9 precisely ! same _s t prompts !m to ga!r co9s1 po/age /amps1 & autographs--to see :o c get ! mo/ k9ds4 ,?is vici\s prop5sity is apt to involve a v good boy 9 a useless & inexcusable w>f>e aga9/ ! fea!r$ tribes4 ,_m a "t ,i h be5 sadd5$ by ! sight ( draw] ^u draw]1 full to ov]fl[+1 ( poorly made sk9s ( our mo/ beautiful songbirds1--hundr$s ( !m 9 a s+le collection1 p]haps n wor? t5 c5ts apiece 9 any m>ket1--ea* sk9 m]ely record+ ! important fact t x 0 %ot on a c]ta9 day 9 a c]ta9 place4 ,!re is a way to prove :e!r a juv5ile collector has really a love = ! /udy ( birds4 ,let ! "o :o furni%es ! s9ews ( w>--p>5t1 gu>dian1 or eld] bro!r--dem& t he %all m\nt e good specim5 he kills1 & be able to tell all ab\t its habits1 food1 economic value1 etc4 ,?is w 9 any ev5t result 9 great good4 ,if ! collector is n really absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( bird-life1 ! labor su* a c\rse involves w soon det] him f indiscrim9ate slaught]2 & ev5 if he is de/9$ to become a di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! ,a4,o4,u41 x w be all ! bett] = him to be taught to place a high value on e bird1 liv+ or dead4 ,,%oot+ ,,birds ,,z ,a ,,pa/ime4--,i _c1 )\t be+ pr(ane1 f9d language /rong en\gh to adequately express my abhorr5ce ( ! damnable practice "s p>5ts h ( provid+ ?\ghtless boys ) %ot-guns & ammunition = ! slaught] ( birds & small mammals1 j = ! fun 767 ( ! ?+1 or to become pr(ici5t 9 ! use ( ! gun4 ,= ! kill+ ( birds = food1 or to m\nt = ! cab9et1 or to /udy intellig5tly1 !re is "s excuse2 b = ! slaught] ( birds z a boyi% pa/ime !re is no excuse :atev]1 & ei!r boys or p>5ts :o h su* a disreg>d = life z to make x possible %\ld be f9$ z heavily z c be done "u ! law4 ,fire>ms & _! us]s are multiply+ at su* a frightful rate t x seems highly probable ! "t w come :5 !re w be no m wild birds or quadrup$s left ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,x is a good ?+ = a boy to be taught to %oot1 & skill 9 ! use ( a rifle may fairly be reg>d$ z an accompli%m5t2 b ! tak+ ( life is n 9 ! lea/ necess>y to its acquirem5t4 ,if a boy wants to %oot = ! sake ( becom+ an exp]t ) ! gun1 give him a rifle & a t>get1 or a %ot-gun & clay pigeons1 t he may />t 9 ! "r direction4 ,d ?is1 & ! *ances are t5 to "o t he gets t5 times ! sport & tw5ty times ! b5efit out ( rivalry at ! t>get t he w\ld out ( roam+ ov] ! c\ntry & kill+ e bird he c discov]4 ,ev5 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,wa%+ton a song-bird c h>dly raise a note )\t attract+ a boy ) a gun4 ,,poison+ ,,& ,,trapp+ ,,mammals4--,inasmu* z !re are 9 pr9t a numb] ( good books t treat ?is subject exclusively1 ,i may be sp>$ ! labor ( tak+ x up "h4 ,! read] mu/ be assur$1 h[ev]1 t traps & /ry*n9e are v valuable allies 9 collect+1 & he :o ignores !m w lose mu*4 ,above all ?+s1 c>ry ) y pl5ty ( /ry*n9e1 use x indu/ri\sly1 & x w br+ y _m a f9e c>nivore y w\ld n get o!rwise4 ,poison a sk9n$ c>cass by cutt+ ga%es an in* deep 9 ! rump & o!r fle%y portions1 & putt+ /ry*n9e 9 !m4 ,also cut up *unks ( meat 9 little cubes1 put poison 9 ! c5tre ( ea*1 & scatt] !m ar\nd = ! b5efit ( ! wily wolf & fox1 ! fat & fe/ive badg]1 ! w>y gold5 eagle & rav51 & o!r meat-eat]s 9 g5]al4 ,on our hunt = buffaloes 9 ,montana1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h>vey ,br[n 0 our ,borgia1 & 8 indu/ry & /ry*n9e laid l[ "s ( ! f9e/ small specim5s we obta9$1 includ+ specim5s ( all ! species m5tion$ above4 ,aft] putt+ out poison1 se>* ! vic9ity ?or\ghly = two or ?ree days1 & ! *ances are y\r ef=ts w n be 9 va94 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam & 8 collectors h r$uc$ ! trapp+ ( ! v small mammalia to an exact sci5ce1 ! l ( :i* ,i v5ture to say has nev] be5 se5 be=e4 ,!y use ?ree k9ds ( traps--! ,lamb /eel-trap1 ,no4 #j2 ! ,cyclone1 & ! ,climax4 ,^! are all small1 all may be us$ ) bait1 or quickly modifi$ to s]ve z runway traps1 = arvicolas & ! l4 ,boil$ oatmeal mix$ ) corn meal is ! /&>d bait us$ = small rod5ts4 ,= %rews1 small c>nivora1 & omnivor\s rod5ts1 meat baits are us$1 su* z birds' heads1 inte/9es1 pieces ( sk91 & meat--9 fact any?+ fle%y4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,= fur!r p>ticul>s1 see ,two ,ye>s 9 ! ,jungle4 ,new ,york3 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons4 #b ,= ,no4 #bb use wood p[d] & a gun-cane4 ,x makes no noise1 does n fright5 ! little birds & mammals1 &1 if y are wick$ en\gh1 y c use x on ,sunday4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,select ,,& ,,/udy ,,fre% ,,specim5s4 ,,selection ,,( ,,specim5s4--,?is is ! gold5 rule 9 collect+3 ,pres]ve ! fir/ specim5 y collect ( e species y enc\nt]1 le/ y nev] get ano!r4 ,:5 y h obta9$ too _m ( a k9d1 x is an easy matt] to ?r[ "s away4 ,at all haz>ds1 try to obta9 "o really f9e adult male & female ( ea* species1 to s]ve z /&>ds ( comp>ison 9 y\r subsequ5t /udies4 ,rememb] t immature1 und]siz$ specim5s are n typical repres5tatives ( a species1 nor d !y add glory to a collection4 ,at ! same "t1 q "y specim5s1 say "o-fif? to "o-t5? adult size1 are always v int]e/+1 & %\ld be collect$ & pres]v$ :5ev] possible4 ,collect y\r mammals & birds dur+ ! season :5 _! pelage & plumage are at _! f9e/4 ,especially %\ld e specim5 t y propose to m\nt be /rictly fir/-class4 ,life is %ort & species _m1 & :5 y d g ?r\gh ) ! task ( m\nt+ a specim51 x %\ld be s f9e 9 e way t y w nev] ne$ to replace x = ! reason t x is too poor to keep4 ,( r>e species1 ! rule is to pres]ve e specim5 tak51 &1 ,i may add1 make z _m diff]5t k9ds ( prep>ations ( a r>e species z y "k h[ to prep>e4 ,= example1 ( ! gua*>o bird1 or cave-bird ( ,tr9idad 7,/eatornis c>ip5sis71 my fri5d ,jackson & ,i prep>$ sk9s1 skeletons1 & alcoholic specim5s1 & took a full assortm5t ( ne/s & eggs4 ,,measurem5ts4--,x is ( great importance to acquire a fix$ habit ( c>efully measur+ e specim5 y prep>e1 unless y are already 9 possession ( an abundance ( measur$ specim5s ( ! same k9d4 ,aft] gett+ into ! habit ( measur+1 x takes only a v few m9utes to d ! "w1 & ! value ( ! in=mation ?us obta9$ is sure to be equal to t5 times its co/4 ,record ! measurem5ts on ! label be>+ ! "n ( ! object1 & by all means adopt = ea* class ( objects a c]ta9 sy/em ( measurem5ts1 :i* %\ld always be foll[$4 ,"u _! respective head+s1 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s on collect+1 ,i w give directions = measur+ small mammals1 l>ge mammals1 & birds1 accord+ to ! sy/em ,i ?9k mo/ useful4 ,,ca/s4--,! great value ( ca/s z work+ models & records _c be ov]e/imat$ nor ignor$ )\t loss ( accuracy4 ,!y are especially valuable 9 pres]v+ records ( ! =ms ( mammals2 & ! me?ods ( mak+ !m--all v simple & easy--w be f\nd fully describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to ,mak+ ,ca/s 7,"p ,,iii474 ,,photographs4--,to ! taxid]mi/ & collector1 photographs ( dead animals are ( v little value unless x be a l>ge picture ( ! head ( a l>ge specim51 su* z a moose4 ,photographs ( live animals tak5 broadside on1 z ! sailors say1 are extremely valuable aids 9 m\nt+2 b ^! y get only 9 ! zoological g>d5s4 ,i nev] took a cam]a into ! field ) me1 & h always be5 glad ( x1 = x w\ld n h repaid ! tr\ble x w\ld h involv$4 ,no man :o has 8 h&s full ( %oot+1 pres]v+1 & pack+ specim5s c af=d to wa/e "t on a cam]a ) :i* to take dead animals1 because x is apt to fail to emphasize ! v po9ts y mo/ wi% to h record$4 ,i h _h en\gh dead animals photograph$ to feel sure on ?is po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! taxid]mi/ :o p]mits himself to be :olly unable to make simple sket*es1 ) a fair degree ( accuracy1 f animals 9 ! fle%1 is s]i\sly h&icapp$4 ,x is only ! heav5-born g5ius--z yet unborn1 ,i believe--:o c /udy animals & rememb] ev]y?+ he sees4 ,writt5 descriptions help out a great deal1 especially :5 p>ticul> emphasis is call$ =1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( sket*es1 photographs are ! next be/ ?+4 ,x is an excell5t ?+ to be able to photograph animals1 bo? liv+ & dead2 b ! tr\ble is1 "o _c always get ! game & ! cam]a toge!r4 ,a note-book & a p5cil "o c always c>ry1 & ev5 :5 y h ! cam]a1 ! =m] (t5 proves ! bett] ally ( ! two4 ,,outl9es4--,= ye>s x has be5 my con/ant practice to make outl9es ( dead animals1 on l>ge %eets ( pap]1 be=e sk9n+ !m4 ,my plan is to lay ! specim5 on its side on a %eet ( heavy manila pap]1 place ! legs & feet 9 an easy walk+ attitude1 p9 or nail !m fa/ 9 place1 !n m>k entirely ar\nd ! animal ) a long lead p5cil4 ,to get an exact diagram ( a r l>ge mammal1 ,i inv5t$ a wood5 squ>e1 c>ry+ a p5cil po9t at its out] angle1 ) :i* x 0 easy to get ! exact outl9e ( a l>ge animal1 or l>ge skull4 ,9 m\nt+ a specim51 su* an outl9e is ( great value z a *eck on errors 9 proportion t might easily be made 9 putt+ x toge!r4 ,,field ,,notes4--,!re are hundr$s ( specim5s on :i* y w n ne$ to take notes1 unless y h ! "t to /udy _! habits1 f9d out :at !y eat1 h[ !y live1 etc4 ,b ( r>e & int]e/+ objects y w want to record all ! in=mation y c ga!r reg>d+ _! life hi/ory4 ,to det]m9e :at !y fe$ ^u1 exam9e ! cont5ts ( _! /oma*s4 ,if !re is no "t to d t 9 ! field1 !n pres]ve ! /oma*s 9 alcohol1 c>efully labell$1 & exam9e ! cont5ts at y\r leisure4 ,le>n h[ to obs]ve1 & !n put d[n 9 black & :ite1 betwe5 sub/antial lea!r cov]s1 all t y d obs]ve1 & all t is told to y by ! natives ab\t species ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,d n =get to asc]ta9 & record ! native names ( y\r specim5s1 = aft] y get home y w be c]ta9 to wi% to "k !m4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta92 :5 y come to write ab\t y\r collection1 y w wi% y _h tak5 m notes 9 ! field4 ,:ile a specim5 is fre%1 take c>eful notes z to ! color ( all ! s(t p>ts t w lose _! color :5 ! sk9 is dry4 ,le>n to describe colors accurately1 &1 if possible 7?\gh ?is seems l ask+ a great deal671 try to describe colors s t aft]w>d1 :5 y\r notes get cold1 y y\rself w "k :at !y mean6 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,two ,,pages ,,f ,,an ,,old ,,field ,,note-,,book4--,a ,,taxid]mi/',s ,,notes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,9 describ+ ! colors ( s(t p>ts1 ,i w\ld advise y to pur*ase ! foll[+ ,w9dsor ,newton tube colors 7oil7 & use !m z /&>ds = ref]5ce3 ,ivory black1 ,v&yke br[n1 burnt umb]1 burnt si5na1 raw si5na1 ,naples yell[1 ,indian yell[1 *rome yell[1 ,indian r$1 v]milion1 purple lake1 cobalt blue1 & indigo4 ,,labell+4--,= sci5tific purposes1 a specim5 )\t a label is n q s good z no specim54 ,x takes up room1 & is useless4 ,! mo/ important record to make on a label is ! "n ( ! locality 9 :i* x 0 tak54 ,next 9 importance is ! date ( its capture4 ,y may leave (f ev]y?+ else if y really mu/1 = z to its "n ! specim5 c speak = itself4 ,b x is by all means desirable t ! label %\ld give ! "n1 locality1 date1 sex1 & "s measurem5ts4 ,i ne$ n m5tion "n ( ! collector1 = ! collector c always be tru/$ to look out = t )\t advice f anybody1 ev5 "u ! mo/ disc\rag+ circum/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,sk9s ,,( ,,small ,,mammals4 ,_m hundr$ beautiful & curi\s quadrup$s are %ot e ye> & all[$ to p]i% utt]ly = lack ( ! little k & skill :i* w\ld enable ! hunt] to remove & pres]ve _! sk9s4 ,! op]ation is simple & easy1 ! requirem5t 9 tools & mat]ials q insignificant1 & ! op]ator has only to ex]cise a little pati5t indu/ry to a*ieve good results4 ,!re are few circum/ances "u :i* a det]m9$ individual f9ds himself ?w>t$ 9 8 desire to remove & pres]ve ! sk9 ( a dead animal4 ,9 n9ete5 cases out ( tw5ty ! result h+es on 8 own disposition4 ,if he is lazy1 a ?\s& ?+s c h9d] 8 purpose2 if he is det]m9$1 no?+ c4 ,a %>p pocket-knife1 a little p[d]$ alum & ars5ic 9 equal p>ts1 or fail+ t1 common salt alone1 w d ! bus9ess 9 lieu ( a bett] outfit1 = any small mammal t ev] liv$4 ,i beg9 ) small mammals1 because x is squirrels1 rabbits1 cats1 wood*ucks1 weasels1 opossums1 raccoons1 & foxes t ! beg9n] w fall 9 ) long be=e he is call$ ^u to wre/le ) su* subjects z de]1 be>1 elk1 or buffalo4 ,^! g5]al directions apply to ! sk9n+ ( all t]re/rial quadrup$s up to ! size ( a sett] dog1 & ! pres]vation ( _! sk9s 9 a m\ntable condition4 ,,measurem5ts4--,! foll[+ are ! mo/ valuable measurem5ts to take ( a small mammal4 #a4 ,l5g?1 f end ( nose to root ( tail4 ,?is is to be tak5 ) ! head /ret*$ out /raight z f> z x w g4 ,measure f ! tip end ( ! nose to ! po9t :]e ! tail jo9s ! body4 ,9 my judgm5t x is always be/ 9 det]m9+ ?is latt] po9t to take ! angle made by ! tail 7und]nea?7 & ! rump :5 ! tail hangs or is b5t d[n at an angle ( =ty-five degrees to ! sp9al column4 ,?is po9t is always fix$ & con/ant1 & c be quickly & accurately det]m9$ by b5d+ ! tail d[n & /ick+ a p9 or awl at ! angle4 ,to measure an animal l a monkey on ! top ( ! tail is to attempt ! location ( a po9t :i* c r>ely be det]m9$ twice alike4 ,= ?is reason ,i h always tak5 ?is measurem5t 9 bo? l>ge & small mammals und]nea? ! tail4 #b4 ,l5g? ( tail1 f root to end ( v]tebr4 #c4 ,l5g? ( h9d foot4 ,b5d ! heel at a "r angle1 & measure f ! out] extremity ( ! angle to ! tip end ( ! longe/ toe1 includ+ ! nail4 #d4 ,height at %\ld]s1 if ! animal be n too small4 ,to take ?is1 lay ! animal on its "r side1 !n1 z ne>ly z y c1 place ! "r leg & foot 9 ! position !y w\ld assume if ! animal 7 /&+ erect 7! sole ( ! foot mu/ be p>allel to ! axis ( ! body71 & measure 9 a /raight l9e f ! bottom ( ! heel to ! top ( ! %\ld]s4 ,record1 also1 #e4 ,! color ( ! eyes1 & ! o!r s(t p>ts4 #f4 ,weight1 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,d n =get :at has be5 said 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ab\t outl9es & sket*es4 ,on "o corn] ( ! outl9e-%eet we record ! "n ( ! specim51 locality1 date1 sex1 measurem5ts1 color ( eyes1 lips1 feet1 etc4 ,x takes b a few mom5ts' "t1 & ! result is a complete & accurate record ( :at ! animal 0 9 ! fle%4 ,^! %eets are numb]$ & fil$ away1 ! sk9 is numb]$ & put 9 ! ba?1 & ev5 ?\gh x be n until five ye>s lat] t we are ready to m\nt x1 we c tell z accurately :at ! animal 0 l z if x _h be5 receiv$ only ! previ\s day4 ,if ! specim5 is a baboon1 = example1 ) sev]al colors on its face1 x 0 = ye>s my practice to make a r\gh sket* ( ! face & put ^u x ! v>i\s colors t belong !re1 9 oil-colors1 usually1 ?\gh sometimes ) wat]-colors4 ,x 0 also my cu/om to sp5d half an h\r or s 9 tak+ a m\ld1 & mak+ a quick ca/ 9 pla/] ,p>is ( ! face ( e monkey or baboon :i* came to me1 unless ,i already _h "o :i* w\ld answ] z a model to copy 9 f9i%+ ! face4 ,,sk9n+ ,,small ,,quadrup$s4--,lay ! animal flat ^u its back1 head to y\r "r4 ,hold y\r knife ) ! edge up1 & pu% ! po9t ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! ?roat1 precisely 9 ! middle ( ! neck4 ,n[ pu% ! po9t ( ! knife =w>d "u ! sk91 betwe5 x & ! fle%1 & divide ! sk9 9 a /raight1 clean cut along ! middle ( ! neck1 brea/1 & body1 q to ! base ( ! tail4 ,if ! animal has a l>ge1 fle%y tail1 l a dog or raccoon1 x mu/ be slit op5 along ! "u side 7)\t cutt+ ! hair7 = its entire l5g?1 except an in* or two at ! base4 ,if ! tail is small1 sl5d]1 or bony1 l t ( a squirrel or a rat1 x c usually be slipp$ out ( ! sk9 by pull+ ! bony "p betwe5 two /icks held close toge!r aga9/ ! sk9 ( ! tail4 ,! sole ( ea* foot mu/ be slit op51 l5g?wise1 f ! base ( ! middle toe /raight back to ! heel1 & 9 case ! foot is l>ge & fle%y1 l t ( a dog1 ! cut mu/ be cont9u$ on up ! leg1 p]haps "o-?ird ( ! way to ! knee1 to enable ! sk9 ( ! leg to be turn$ wrong side out ov] ! foot4 ,hav+ made all ! op5+ cuts1 beg9 at ! abdom51 cat* "o edge ( ! sk9 betwe5 ?umb & f+]1 & ) ! knife cut x neatly & cleanly f ! body1 leav+ z little fle% z possible adh]+ to ! sk94 ,9 us+ ! knife d n g at x 9 a da9tily f9ical way1 z if y 7 pick+ bird%ot out ( ! leg ( a de> fri5d2 =1 if y d1 x w take y =ev] to sk9 y\r fir/ specim51 & !re w be no "t left = ano!r4 ,le>n to "w briskly b c>efully1 & by & by y w be able to take (f a sk9 ) a degree ( neatness & rapidity t w a/oni% ! natives4 ,x is n a dissect+ t\* t is call$ = 9 tak+ (f a sk91 b a firm1 sweep+1 %av+ /roke in/ead1 appli$ to ! inside ( ! sk91 & n to ! c>cass4 ,?is applies to all sk9n+ op]ations on all v]tebrates except birds4 ,aft] />t+ at ! abdom51 we come v soon to :]e ! =eleg jo9s ! body at ! %\ld]1 & ! h9d leg at ! hip4 ,disjo9t ea* !re1 & cut ?r\gh ! muscles until ea* leg is sev]$ f ! body4 ,sk9 ea* leg by turn+ ! sk9 wrong side out ov] ! foot q d[n to ! toes4 ,t done1 cut ! fle% away f ! bones ( ! leg & foot1 neatly & ?or\ghly4 ,nev] leave ! foot ( an animal unsk9n$1 unless x happ5s to be a v small "o1 l a *ipmunk1 or small]1 & ! prop] way is to sk9 ! fle% out1 ev5 !n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a ,squirrel p>tly ,sk9n$1 %[+ ,process4 ,be c>eful to leave all ! bones ( ea* leg atta*$ to ea* o!r by _! ligam5ts at ! jo9ts 7see left h9d leg 9 ,fig4 #b71 & to ! sk9 itself at ! toes4 ,nev] ?r[ away ! leg bones1 unless ! sk9 y are pres]v+ is to be kept z a pelt or a rug4 ,deta* ! sk9 f ! back1 %\ld]s1 & neck1 & :5 y come to ! e>s1 cut !m (f close d[n to ! head4 ,turn ! sk9 wrong side out ov] ! head1 until y come to ! eyes4 ,n[ be c>eful or y w d mis*ief4 ,"w sl[ly ) ! knife1 keep+ close to ! edge ( ! bony orbit1 until y see1 ?r\gh a ?9 membrane "u y\r knife edge1 ! d>k portion ( ! eyeball--iris & pupil4 ,y may n[ cut fe>lessly ?r\gh ?is membrane & expose ! eye4 ,if y\r "w has be5 prop]ly done1 y h n cut ! eyelids any:]e4 ,if y are ev] 9 d\bt :5 op]at+ on ! eye1 ?ru/ ! tip ( "o f+] fairly into ! eye & aga9/ ! ball1 f )\t1 & cut aga9/ x4 ,?is is always an excell5t plan 9 sk9n+ l>ge mammals4 ,sk9 d[n to ! end ( ! nose1 cut ?r\gh ! c>tilage close to ! bone1 & cut on d[n to :]e ! upp] lip jo9s ! gum4 ,cut bo? lips away f ! skull1 close to ! bone1 all ! way ar\nd ! m\?4 ,! lips are ?ick & fle%y1 & mu/ be split op5 f ! inside & flatt5$ out s t ! fle% 9 !m c be p>$ (f4 ,d n mutilate ! lips by cutt+ !m away at ! edge ( ! hair1 b leave ! inside sk91 s t 9 m\nt+ y c fold x 9 7) a little clay replac+ ! fle%7 & ?us make a m\? anatomically correct4 ,d n %ave (f ! roots ( ! :isk]s1 or !y w fall out4 ,ga% ! fle% betwe5 !m 7!y are set 9 r[s71 b leave ! follicles !mselves unt\*$4 ,p>e away ! membrane :i* adh]es to ! inside ( ! eyelids1 & turn ! e> wrong side out at ! base1 9 ord] to cut away ! fle% ar\nd x4 ,if ! e>s h hair ^u !m1 !y mu/ be sk9n$ up f ! inside & turn$ wrong side out q to ! tip1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! outside sk91 :i* holds ! hair1 f ! c>tilage :i* supports ! e>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,sk9n+ a squirrel's head4 ,= a full description ( e> sk9n+1 see ano!r *apt]4 ,! great pr9ciple :i* is ! f\ndation ( all valuable field "w on mammal sk9s is ?is3 ,a sk9 mu/ be s tak5 (f1 clean$ ( fle%1 & pres]v$ t ! pres]vative p[d] or fluid c act directly ^u ! roots ( ! hair f ! inn] side ( ! sk91 & ov] e portion ( its surface4 ,nei!r alum1 nor salt1 nor alcohol 7unless x be ( great /r5g?7 c /rike ?r\gh a ?ick lay] ( fle% & p5etrate ?r\gh ! sk9 to ! epid]mis quickly en\gh to save x f decomposition4 ,! epid]mis ( mo/ animals is ( su* a close & oily nature t pres]vatives _c /rike ?r\gh x f )\t1 & !re=e :5 a sk9 is remov$ x mu/ be clean$ ( fle% & fat1 s t ! pres]vative liquid or dry p[d] c come imm$iately 9 contact ) ! cutis4 ,! sk9 is n[ (f4 ,if ! lips h be5 op5$ out1 ! e>s sk9n$ to ! tip 7if !y be hair$71 & ! feet well sk9n$ d[n1 we are ready to g on4 ,b fir/ we mu/ clean ! skull4 ,cut ! fle% all (f1 or ! mo/ ( x at lea/1 = x is n possible to get x all away at ! base2 cut out ! eyes & tongue1 & ) y\r bra9-hook1 or a piece ( wire hamm]$ flat at ! end & b5t up at a "r angle1 pati5tly draw out ! bra9 ?r\gh ! occipital op5+ at ! base ( ! skull4 ,by ?is "t1 p]haps1 ! sk9 w be bloody 9 places1 or possibly x 0 dirty to />t )4 ,n[ is ! "t to wa% x ?or\ghly 9 cle> wat]4 ,rememb] t a sk9 :i* has be5 dri$ ) blood ^u x is damag$ =ev]4 ,x /a9s ! hair1 & v (t5 =ms a h>d1 gummy mass :i* no?+ w dissolve4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,sk94--,! next /ep dep5ds ^u :at y propose to d ) ! sk91 or x may dep5d ^u ! conditions "u :i* y are collect+4 #a4 ,if y are 9 y\r laboratory prep>+ sk9s to m\nt1 pres]ve !m all 7except q "y specim5s & c]ta9 o!rs7 9 a s(t1 or wet /ate1 9 a salt-&-alum ba?4 #b4 ,if y are 9 ! field 7especially ! tropics71 mak+ a l>ge collection ( mammal sk9s = m\nt+1 by all means d ! same if possible4 #c4 ,if ! sk9s are = purposes ( /udy z sk9s1 dur+ :i* frequ5t h&l+ & exam9ation is absolutely necess>y1 make !m up z dry sk9s4 #d4 ,if y lack facilities = pres]v+ !m wet1 !n make dry sk9s ( !m4 #e4 ,if ! necessities ( travel & transportation make x necess>y to r$uce ! weight to ! l[e/ possible limit1 & to divide x up = c>riage ov]l&1 make up all sk9s dry1 bo? little & big4 #f4 ,if y h only "o or two sk9s to pres]ve1 x w be less tr\ble to y to make !m up dry at once4 ,"h are ! two me?ods3 ,a4 ,,! ,,salt-,,&-,,alum ,,ba?4--,?is is ! f9e/ solution ev] discov]$ = ! pres]vation ( ! sk9s ( quadrup$s t are de/9$ to be m\nt$4 ,x is inexp5sive1 simple1 & easy to make2 its action is p]fect2 its /r5g? c be regulat$ to suit any k9d ( a sk92 x nev] gets /ale2 & if prop]ly h&l$ w pres]ve a sk9 = a hundr$ ye>s 9 ! same pliable & ela/ic condition z :5 x leaves ! animal's back4 ,9 only two or ?ree in/ances h ,i ev] kn[n x to *ange ! color ( ! hair 9 ! lea/4 ,e taxid]mi/ kn[s t x is f> easi] to m\nt a fre% specim5 9 f9e /yle ?an an old1 dry sk9 :i* has lo/ all its ela/icity4 ,! "w on a s(t sk9 7i4e41 "o :i* has nev] be5 dri$7 c be done m easily1 m quickly1 & va/ly bett]4 ,) a dry sk9 y c make only :at x w let y2 b ) a wet sk9 y c make j z f9e a m\nt z y\r skill is capable ( produc+4 ,& ) ! latt] x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! sk9 came (f ! animal la/ week or t5 ye>s ago1 except 9 ! case ( v "y animals4 ,( ^! ! ba? s(t5s ! leg bones4 ,= ye>s x has be5 my cu/om to pres]ve all sk9s t ,i expect to m\nt 7except ! "y ( ! small] species7 9 ?is salt-&-alum ba?1 & x is almo/ sup]flu\s to add t ,i /rongly advise all o!rs to d ! same4 ,9 _m ways x is a great economy to d s4 ,directions = ,mak+ ,x4--,= e gallon ( wat] put 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( alum 7"o p9t7 & a p\nd & ?ree-qu>t]s ( salt 7ab\t "o qu>t71 & heat ! liquid to ! boil+-po9t1 /irr+ occasionally1 s t ! salt & alum w dissolve4 ,!n p\r x into a wood51 e>!n1 or glass vessel1 or a tank l9$ ) lead 7= z9c or galvaniz$ iron w n answ]71 & :5 x is cool1 or ev5 milk w>m1 x is ready = use4 ,te/ x ) y\r salomet] 7:i* y c procure = fifty c5ts ( ,bahmann ,hoehn1 #ba ,p>k ,place1 ,new ,york71 & see t x /&s at #ae4 ,?is is ! normal /r5g?4 ,if /rong] ?an t1 e4g41 #af or #ag1 ! sk9 w be h>d5$ too mu*4 ,x c g z l[ z #ac ) safety1 b t is ! limit4 ,at #ab sk9s are liable to lose _! hair4 ,directions = ,use4--,if ! hair is tight on ! sk9 ev]y:]e1 simply imm]se x 9 ! ba?1 leg bones & all1 giv+ x pl5ty ( room at fir/4 ,move x up & d[n1 & leave x z mu* spread out & free f folds z possible4 ,rememb] t ! fluid mu/ act ^u ! inside ( ! sk91 = ! epid]mis is (t5 almo/ imp]vi\s to x4 ,if y all[ ! sk9 to lie ^u itself 9 ?ick folds1 /uck toge!r on ! inside1 ^? spots are liable to lose _! hair 9 a mo/ unacc\ntable & aggravat+ way4 ,if ! sk9 is small & ?91 ! ba? soon does its "w2 b if x is a l>ge sk91 move x up & d[n1 & all ab\t1 e day = ! fir/ two or ?ree days4 ,by ! end ( t "t its pres]vation w be complete4 ,half-spoil$ ,specim5s4--,v (t5 a subject w be br\ght to y 9 ! fle%1 sev]al days old1 gre5 on ! abdom51 & ! hair />t+ to slip (f betwe5 ! h9d legs4 ,if ! hair pulls out readily on v>i\s p>ts ( ! body & limbs1 x is a gone case2 b if x />ts only a little on ! l[] "p ( ! abdom51 & is firm ev]y:]e else1 put "s ba?1 ) a little extra alum 9 x1 on ! fire to get w>m1 snat* t sk9 (f 9 a hurry1 & )\t /opp+ = any fancy t\*es :isk x into ! w>m ba?4 ,! ba? %\ld n be s hot t y _c be> y\r h& 9 x4 ,x w act l magic4 ,!n y c gradually f9i% y\r "w on ! sk91 s z to keep x safe f h>m4 ,v (t5 quick "w1 & a w>m ba? ) pl5ty ( alum 9 x1 w save a sk9 9 f9e1 m\ntable %ape1 :5 no?+ else w4 ,! alum acts z a p[]ful a/r+5t1 draw+ toge!r ! fibres ( ! epid]mis ar\nd ! root ( ea* individual hair1 & likewise b9d+ toge!r ! cutis & epid]mis4 ,cleanl9ess4--,y w obs]ve t z fre% sk9s are put into a ba? x gradually loses its /r5g?1 & x is also liable to become1 9 "t1 s dirty ) blood & grease t x mu/ be ?r[n away4 ,keep sk9s t are greasy 7be>1 seal1 etc47 c>efully by !mselves1 & nev] put ! sk9 ( a de]1 cat1 or any animal ) a f9e coat 9 a greasy or dirty ba?4 ,if a ba? is clean1 b ( too l[ /r5g?1 make "s extra /rong ba?1 say #bj1 & add to x & br+ x up to #ae4 ,keep all y\r ba? receptacles tightly clos$1 or ! liquid w evaporate v rapidly4 ,te/+ ! ,ba?4--,if y h no salomet]1 & are n ov]p>ticul>1 y c te/ y\r ba? by ta/+ x2 b unless ! ba? is new & unt\*$1 ,i pref] ! little salomet]4 ,by ta/+ ! ba? :5 fir/ made 9 ! proportions giv5 above1 & rememb]+ ! degree ( its a/r+5cy ^u ! tongue1 y c make t a /&>d = comp>ison--if x suits y\r ta/e6 ,skulls & ,leg ,bones4--,! leg bones ( all small & m$ium siz$ mammals1 ev5 up to ! de]1 c j z well g into ! ba?1 aft] !y h be5 ?or\ghly clean$ ( all fle% & t5dons4 ,! skulls1 h[ev]1 _h bett] n g into ! solution4 ,clean !m c>efully1 ano9t !m all ov] ) ?9 ars5ical soap1 put a tag on ea* to %[ to :at sk9 x belongs1 & let x dry4 ,don't lay x aside )\t poison+1 or x w be sw>m+ ) d]me/es be=e y "k x4 ,z be=e /at$1 a sk9 mu/ h room :ile x is cur+1 b :5 t has be5 ?or\ghly accompli%$1 :i* ) ! l>ge/ sk9s nev] takes m ?an f\r or five days1 !y c be pack$ toge!r l s>d9es s long z ! ba? is /rong en\gh4 ,b4 ,,mak+ ,,dry ,,sk9s4--,poison+ & ,pres]v+4--,:5 ! sk9 has be5 remov$ & clean$1 ! next /ep is to sew up f ! inside any holes t may h be5 made 9 ! sk9 by bullets or knives4 ,!n make up a mixture ( two-?irds p[d]$ alum & "o-?ird ars5ic1 & rub z mu* ( x ^u ! inside ( ! sk9 z w /ick !re4 ,! alum is to pres]ve ! sk91 ! ars5ic to poison x aga9/ ! attacks ( insects4 ,apply ?is mixture ?or\ghly1 especially 9 ! feet1 e>s1 head1 & tail1 = ^! are ! po9ts ! d]me/es attack fir/4 ,ano!r ,me?od1 & "o :i* ,i almo/ inv>iably foll[ :5 ,i am compell$ to make dry sk9s1 is to ano9t ! sk9 ) /rong ars5ical soap1#c--! f9e/ poison = sk9s yet discov]$1--!n rub on ! sk91 z soon z ! soap has be5 fully absorb$1 a mixture ( f9e salt & p[d]$ alum1 9 equal proportions4 ,?\gh ! ars5ical soap may be ?\ght mussy at fir/1 x %\ld n be us$ ?9 & wat]y1 b z a ?9 pa/e1 l ?ick cream4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are--7#a71 t ! sk9 is m ?or\ghly poison$1 especially ext]nally1 on ! hairless portions2 7#b71 ! sk9 dries )\t becom+ s h>d & brittle & inela/ic2 & 7#c71 x c be s(t5$ & m\nt$ mu* m easily & successfully ?an sk9s prep>$ by ! fir/ me?od4 ,= sk9s :i* are to be m\nt$1 ! advantages ( ?is me?od are v obvi\s4 ,! ,simple/ ,me?od4--,if y h nei!r ars5ic nor ars5ical soap1 & yet wi% to save a sk9 s x c be s5t to a taxid]mi/ 9 good condition1 prep>e x ) f9e salt alone4 ,use ! salt lib]ally1 & if ! wea!r is w>m1 leave ! sk9 turn$ wrong side out & roll x up 9 a quantity ( x4 ,if y use x sp>+ly1 ! sk9 w absorb x all 9 a day or two1 lit]ally cry = m1 & fail+ to get x w sweat & spoil4 ,x is simply a "q ( en\gh salt4 ,ev5 :5 collect+ 9 ! field1 ,i ne>ly always cure small sk9s ) salt only1 s t !y w /ay q s(t & fre% until !y get to ! laboratory1 & !n g into ! ba? )\t ev] hav+ be5 dri$4 ,rats4--,sk9s pres]v$ ) salt only mu/ be c>efully gu>d$ f ! attacks ( mice1 rats1 cats1 dogs1 & o!r v]m9 t g ab\t seek+ :at !y may dev\r4 ,,mak+ ,,up ,a ,,dry ,,sk94--,! ,legs4--,hav+ appli$ ! pres]vatives1 if y propose to make up y\r specim5 z a dry sk91 wrap a little t[1 oakum1 cotton1 or cotton clo? ar\nd ! bones ( ea* leg1 to p>tly replace ! fle%1 & keep ! sk9 away f ! bone1 s t bo? c dry quickly4 ,if y h no o!r mat]ial1 pap] w d4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e transportation 0 difficult1 ,i us$ to c>ry ) me bundles ( co>se br[n pap] su* z ! groc]s use1 & us$ x = wrapp+ ! leg bones ( monkeys1 foxes1 & ! l4 ,b = ! small rod5ts1 "o mu/ h ei!r t[1 oakum1 cotton1 or clo?1 ! pref]5ce be+ 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld ! sk9 be left to dry d[n ^u ! bone4 ,! prop] fill+ out ( ! legs is desirable 9 ord] t !y may h a neat1 %apely1 & natural appe>ance1 s t ! hair w lie naturally1 & c be /udi$ to advantage4 ,if ?is "p ( ! process is neglect$1 ! sk9 ( ! leg %rivels up1 dries d[n ^u ! bone1 & looks l a mummy4 ,9 ! tropics ! moi/ure 9 a leg bone is suffici5t to cause ! decay ( ! sk9 :i* surr\nds x unless !y are sep>at$ by "s k9d ( wrapp+4 ,to avoid ?is1 "s tropical1 collectors all[ _! sk9s to dry wrong side out1 a mo/ lazy & vici\s habit1 ! results ( :i* are 9 mo/ cases totally wor?less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,a ,model ,mammal ,sk94 ,hav+ wrapp$ ! leg bones en\gh fairly to replace ! fle%1 turn back ! sk9 ( ! leg until x comes "r side out aga91 adju/ ! sk9 neatly1 & make ! memb] z %apely & natural z y please4 ,! ,skull4--,!re are two ways ( dispos+ ( ! skull4 ,! univ]sal cu/om has be5 to replace x 9 ! head1 ) a little fill+ 9 ! *eeks & orbits1 ! lips neatly adju/$ on ! tee?1 & ! eyelids also 9 _! place1 half op54 ,?is makes ! be/ look+ sk91 & unless y wi% to /udy ! skull1 is ! be/ me?od to foll[4 ,= sk9s t are specially design$ = /udy1 ! plan lately adopt$ by ! curator ( mammals ( ! ,national ,museum is an excell5t "o4 ,x is to remove ! skull entirely f ! head1 & 9 case ( all mammals small] ?an a coyote1 put x 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 ) ! fill+1 9 ! l9e ( ! seam along ! belly1 s t by cutt+ a few /it*es 9 ! dry specim5 x may be readily tak5 out at any "t4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are obvi\s4 ,! ,tail4--,! tail mu/ be dispos$ ( accord+ to its "*4 ,if x is long & sl5d]1 take a small wire1 wrap x ) t[ or cotton clo?1 s t ! sk9 _c t\* ! iron at any po9t1 ins]t x 9 ! tail & sew x up ) a few long /it*es4 ,if y h n ! means :]e) to d ?is1 :ittle a sl5d] /ick to a po9t1 & ins]t x 9 ! tail f )9 two in*es ( ! body out to ! tip4 ,if ! tail is l>ge1 & has be5 split op5 = its entire l5g?1 x c be left flat4 ,fill+4--,beg9 at ! head & fill out ! head1 neck1 & body to ab\t ! natural size ( ! animal :5 alive1 b no l>g]4 ,bett] leave x too small ?an fill x too full1 & /ret* ! sk9 out ( proportion4 ,) ne$le & ?read sew up ! sk9 to give x a neat appe>ance1 beg9n+ at ! ?roat4 ,comb & bru% ! hair s t x w lie naturally1 & %[ its texture & colors to ! be/ advantage4 ,take a /it* also 9 ! c5tre ( ! lips to hold !m toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,ano!r ,=m ( ,mammal ,sk94 ,%ap+4--,! ends to be s\ght 9 lay+ out a sk9 to dry are1 to h x take up a limit$ am\nt ( space 9 a draw]1 to h all breakable po9ts protect$1 & at ! same "t to h all p>ts ( ! specim5 accessible = exam9ation4 ,! %ape ( a dry sk91 !re=e1 mu/ dep5d ^u its "*4 ,! h&some/ collection ( small mammal sk9s t ,i h ev] se5 is t ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam1 ,*ief ( ! ,bureau ( ,economic ,orni?ology & ,mammalogy1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,al?\gh x is purely a private collection1 x conta9s at ?is date #e1gej sk9s4 ,dr4 ,m]riam's me?od ( %ap+ a sk9 is c]ta9ly1 s f> z looks are conc]n$1 ! be/ yet devis$4 ,fig4 #d1 on ! opposite page1 %[s x p]fectly4 ,! tail is wir$1 & ext5ds /raight out beh9d1 ly+ betwe5 ! h9d legs1 :i* also ext5d directly backw>d4 ,! =elegs are drawn =w>d j f> en\gh ap>t to all[ ! head to lie betwe5 !m4 ,! sk9 is well %ap$1 & lies flat ^u ! belly1 ) all ! memb]s re/+ d[n ^u ! bottom ( ! draw]4 ,) specim5s hav+ long tails ?is arrangem5t is op5 to "o objection4 ,9 ! r\gh-&-tumble exp]i5ces t collections made 9 ! field almo/ inevitably g ?r\gh be=e !y rea* safe an*orage 9 ! museum1 a long tail /ick+ /raight out = its full l5g? is v liable to suff] damage 9 v>i\s ways1 especially at ! tip4 ,= ?is reason ,i always b5d ! tail d[n & lay x along on ! belly1 ) a /it* or two to hold x !re1 safe f h>m 7,fig4 #e74 ,& ) su* animals z monkeys1 slo?s1 cats1 etc41 hav+ long & sl5d] =elegs1 ,i always place ^? memb]s close alongside ! body1 in/ead ( ext5d+ !m _! full l5g? t[>d ! front4 ,,/eel ,,combs4--,= dress+ ! hair ( an animal x pays to h a furri]'s f9e /eel comb1 & a co>s] comb ( ,g]man silv]1 su* z c be obta9$ at sev5ty-five & fifty c5ts ea*1 respectively1 ( ,j4 ,ruszits1 ,no4 #gc ,m]c] ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,! same furri] also furni%es a v l>ge /eel robe-comb 7l an infant g>d5 rake71 :i* is v useful on l>ge mammals hav+ long1 matt$ hair1 su* z buffaloes1 camels1 llamas1 & ! l4 ,,footnote3 #c ,see recipe 9 ,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,sk9s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,mammals4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 sk9n+ a l>ge mammal are1 9 g5]al1 precisely ! same z ^? :i* gov]n ! same process 9 small mammals1 & :i* h be5 record$ 9 detail 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,hav+ done my be/ to af=d ! /ud5t a cle> & full und]/&+ ( ^? pr9ciples1 x is almo/ unnecess>y to say any?+ ab\t l>ge mammals4 ,a ke5-witt$ work] c\ld sk9 any mammal & pres]ve ! sk9 by ! light ( ! directions already giv51 ) su* v>iations z common-s5se w\ld dictate4 ,b1 9 ord] to aid ! /ud5t to ! fulle/ ext5t1 we w endeavor to /ate ! exceptions & v>iations ( me?od :i* are necess>y 9 dispos+ ( l>ge subjects4 ,,measurem5ts4--,up to ?is h\r !re has be5 a total lack ( sy/em & uni=mity among naturali/s & hunt]s 9 tak+ measurem5ts ( l>ge quadrup$s4 ,i h 9 sev]al important cases f\nd x utt]ly impossible to int]pret ! mean+ ( measurem5ts tak5 by o!r collectors--& x is v likely !y h exp]i5c$ ! same difficulty 9 und]/&+ m9e4 ,9 ! hope ( secur+ uni=mity h]eaft] 9 obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 ,i v5ture to propose ! foll[+ sy/em1 :i* w apply to all t]re/rial mammals l>g] ?an ! fox1 except ! l>ge quadrumana4 ,if ! me?od "h propos$ is rigidly adh]$ to1 x w produce a uni=mity 9 results t w c]ta9ly increase ! value ( specim5s collect$ h]eaft]4 ,! measurem5ts are li/$ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance1 & are fully indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,plate ,,iii474 ,/raight l9es indicate /raight measurem5ts betwe5 two po9ts1 n foll[+ curves2 & curv$ l9es indicate circumf]5ce measurem5ts4 ,record all measurem5ts 9 feet & in*es1 & fractions ( an in*4 ,if y w\ld h y\r records und]/ood by ! few r ?an by ! _m1 !n b[ to ! dictates ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man naturali/s1 :o1 z a rule1 c>e n a brass f>?+ = ,am]ican sci5ce or zoological nom5clature1 & employ ! metric sy/em4 ,! *ances are z tw5ty to "o t no "o outside ( ! ,engli% language w ev] c>e a cont95tal ab\t y\r measurem5ts1 & = ?is reason ,unit$ ,/ates measurem5ts ought to be good en\gh = u4 ,!re is no m reason :y #abj1jjj1jjj ,engli%-speak+ p %\ld adopt ! metric sy/em = a few ,europeans :o might c>e = _! measurem5ts1 ?an t we %\ld write all our zoological books & pap]s 9 ,fr5* or ,g]man4 ,if y wi% to make y\r records available to ! p :o w c>e = !m1 make !m 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates language4 #a4 ,l5g? ( head & body to root ( tail 7,plate ,,iii41 ,a-,a74--,9 tak+ ?is measurem5t1 lay ! animal ^u its side1 /ret* ! head /raight =w>d z f> z x w g1 & hold a /ick p]p5dicul> aga9/ ! tip ( ! nose4 ,erect ano!r p]p5dicul> rod "u ! tail1 close to :]e x jo9s ! body1 at ! angle =m$ by ! l9es ,a & ,h1 !n measure betwe5 ^! two p]p5dicul>s4 #b4 ,height at ! %\ld]s 7,b-,b74--,?is is a difficult measurem5t to take1 because x is subject to ! managem5t ( ! op]ator4 ,plant a p]p5dicul> rod close aga9/ ! %\ld]s at ! highe/ po9t4 ,!n hold ! =eleg p]fectly /raight1 at a "r angle to ! axis ( ! body1 & b5d up ! foot into ! position x w\ld assume if ! animal 7 /&+ ^u x4 ,9 %ort1 place ! =eleg & foot exactly z !y w\ld be 7 ! animal alive & /&+1 ) its weight re/+ ^u x1 & measure f ! bottom ( ! heel 9 a /raight l9e to ! p]p5dicul> at ! %\ld]s4 #c4 ,gir? beh9d =eleg4--,9 tak+ ?is1 always measure at ! po9t :]e ! gir? ( a saddle t\*es ! horse1 & draw ! tape-l9e taut ^u ! sk94 ,if ! hair is ?ick & long1 "p x4 #d4 ,circumf]5ce ( ! neck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,mammal4 7,,pol> ,,be> ,,on ,,ice-,,floe4 ,,m\nt$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or47 #e4 ,dep? ( flank 7,e-,e74--,to a taxid]mi/1 ?is is (t5 a v important guide 9 ! con/ruction ( a manik94 ,!re is always a ?9 fold ( sk9 at ! po9t :]e ! sk9 ( ! h9d leg passes to ! side ( a l>ge animal1 z indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e 9 ! figure1 at ! l[] end ( ! l9e ,e-,e4 ,erect a p]p5dicul> at ! upp] end ( ! l9e ,e1 & measure betwe5 ! two po9ts4 #f4 ,circumf]5ce ( =e>m 7,f-,f74--,to be tak5 at ! po9t :]e ! =e>m has ! greate/ circumf]5ce4 #g4 ,f head ( hum]us to head ( femur4--,?is is always ( extreme value 9 build+ a manik94 ,z ! animal lies ^u its side1 hold ! =eleg ! same z :5 y measur$ ! height at ! %\ld]s4 ,!n feel = ! two high po9ts ,g-,g1 :]e ! sk9 re/s on ! out] extremity ( ! arm & ?igh bones 7n ! pelvis71 at %\ld] & hip1 & measure betwe5 ! two po9ts4 #h4 ,l5g? ( tail 7,h-,h74--,hold ! tail d[n at an angle ( =ty-five degrees ) ! axis ( ! body1 or ! l9e ,a-,a1 & measure f ! angle ,a-,h to ! end ( ! v]tebr ( ! tail4 ,if y measure to ! end ( ! hair1 let ?is be a supplem5t>y measurem5t4 ,^! are ! measurem5ts :i* %\ld always be tak5 on a l>ge animal4 ,( c\rse1 ( c]ta9 subjects1 !re are _m o!r measurem5ts t y w want1 b y\r own ne$s w tell y :at !y are4 ,,weight4--,x is v desirable to asc]ta9 ! weight ( an animal :5ev] possible4 ,a ?\s& times1 at lea/1 h ,i be5 ask$ ! weight ( my big tig] 7#die p\nds71 & t numb] ( times h ,i be5 glad t 9 spite ( jungle fev]1 ,i p]sev]$ ) my #ej-p\nd scales1 & weigh$ ! animal piecemeal1 aft] he _h be5 sk9n$ & cut up4 ,) a p>ticul>ly f9e animal x is well wor? ! tr\ble x co/s4 ,,sk9n+ ,a ,,l>ge ,,mammal4--,rip ! sk9 op5 by a clean1 /raight cut f ! ?roat along ! neck1 brea/1 middle ( ! belly1 & on to ! root ( ! tail4 ,we are n[ oblig$ to slit ! legs op5 along _! entire l5g?1 s t ! cuts w be z mu* out ( sight z possible :5 ! animal is m\nt$4 ,9 mak+ ^! op5+ cuts1 always ins]t ! po9t ( ! knife "u ! sk91 edge upp]mo/1 to avoid cutt+ ! hair4 ,to rip op5 a leg1 seize ! foot 9 y\r left h&1 br+ ! leg aga9/ y\r own knee to hold x t5se & firm1 !n ins]t ! po9t ( y\r knife into ! middle ( ! foot at ! back1 & cut /raight up ! back ( ! leg until y come to ! knee on ! =eleg1 & hock-jo9t on ! o!r4 ,at ^! po9ts gradually *ange ! direction ( ! cut & run x on up ! inside s t x w f9ally come to ! body-cut at a po9t exactly betwe5 ! legs1 & z mu* z possible out ( sight4 ,! l9es 9 ! accompany+ figure 7#f7 %[ h[ ! cuts 9 ! legs %\ld be made4 ,9 sk9n+ ! head ( an animal hav+ antl]s or horns1 x is necess>y to make an op5+ at ! back ( ! neck %ap$ l a ,y4 ,make ! cuts z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 on opposite page2 cut completely ar\nd ea* horn at its base1 & sk9 ! head by work+ d[nw>d ov] ! =ehead & *eeks4 ,! skull is !n tak5 out ?r\gh ?is ,y4#d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,op5+ ,cuts on a ,l>ge ,mammal4 ,?or\ghness4--,! pr9ciples to be obs]v$ 9 sk9n+ ! body are precisely ! same z ^? giv5 = small mammals4 ,rememb] t x is easi] to take ! sk9 (f clean & free f fle% z y cut x f ! animal1 & c /ret* x tight ) y\r left h& 9 ord] to %ave ! fle% (f clean1 ?an x w be to clean ! sk9 aft] x is (f4 ,an excess ( fle% left on ! sk9 means unnecess>y weight1 a wa/e ( pres]vatives1 & long] "t 9 cur+ ! sk94 ,a clean1 ?9 sk9 is m easily & quickly cur$ & c>ri$ ?an "o badly tak5 (f4 ,my habit is to clean a sk9 s ?or\ghly 9 tak+ x (f t no p>+ d[n is necess>y be=e cur+ x--unless1 inde$1 x be ! sk9 ( an elephant or o!r pa*yd]m4 ,:5 ,i once pres]v$ ! sk9 ( a l>ge1 old elephant 9 an ,indian jungle1 ,i kept t5 native *uckl]s at "w ^u x = ?ree days1 ?9n+ x d[n to a portable degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,op5+ ,cuts at ,back ( ,prong-horn ,antelope's ,head4 ,! ,legs4--,if ! specim5 is ( m$ium size1 e4g41 n l>g] ?an a de]1 disjo9t ! legs at %\ld] & hip1 & leave all ! leg bones atta*$ to ! sk91 j z ) small mammals2 b1 ( c\rse1 cutt+ (f ! fle% & t5dons c>efully4 ,if ! animal is l>g] ?an a de]1 ! sk9 w\ld be too heavy & cumb]some to h&le if all ! leg bones 7 left atta*$ to x4 ,!re=e1 ) y\r elk1 moose1 buffalo1 etc41 cut (f ! =eleg at ! knee 7s call$71 & ! h9d leg at ! hock-jo9t1 leav+ ! calcaneum1 or heel-bone1 atta*$ to ! canon bone1 & ?us rema9+ ) ! sk94 ,! bones f ! two upp] jo9ts ( ! legs are to be clean$ ( fle%1 ti$ 9 a bundle1 & s5t ) ! sk9--unless ! collector happ5s to be travell+ by pack tra9 9 m\nta9\s c\ntry1 f> afield4 ,9 su* a case we c =give him = ?r[+ away ! l>ge bones ( ! legs if he w only br+ 9 ! sk91 skull1 & l[] leg bones all "r4 ,! po9t is1 9 m\nt+ a sk9 we mu/ h leg bones--if n ! real ones1 !n !y mu/ be c\nt]feits c>v$ out ( wood1 to give %ape to ! legs1 p>ticul>ly at ! jo9ts4 ,& he :o tries x once w f9d x is a two or ?ree days' job to c>ve a l>ge set ( leg bones1 ev5 ) patt]ns by :i* to "w1 to say no?+ ( hav+ to evolve models f "o's inn] consci\sness4 ,!re=e1 ,i say1 save ! leg bones4 ,bew>e ( ,blood4--,by all means keep ! hair f gett+ bloody1 b if y _c possibly keep x clean1 keep x z clean z y c4 ,rememb] t blood mu/ be wa%$ out on ! spot1 no matt] h[ sc>ce wat] is1 nor :e!r ! m]cury /& at #aaj above z]o1 or #aj bel[4 ,if a w\nd ble$s pr(usely1 ?r[ pl5ty ( dry dirt or s& on ! hair t has become bloody1 to absorb ! blood4 ,! dirt c be knock$ out ) a /ick1 & x w take ! blood ) x4 ,if ! :ite hair ( ! prong-horn antelope once gets soak$ ) blood1 x is impossible to remove all traces ( x4 ,! s(t1 tubul> hairs get fill$ ) blood :]ev] !re is a break1 & en\gh ( x w always rema9 to m>k ! cata/rophe4 ,9 ! ,bad ,l&s ( ,montana ,i once wa%$ ?ree long & bitt]ly cold h\rs on a f9e antelope sk9 t _h la9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ) blood ^u x1 b _h to give up beat51 at la/1 & ?r[ ! sk9 away4 ,%ap+4--,s9ce ^! directions w be us$ *iefly 9 prep>+ ! sk9s ( de]1 antelope1 & k9dr$ rum9ants1 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #h7 is giv5 to %[ h[ su* sk9s %\ld be made up :5 !y are to be pres]v$ dry1 ei!r = /udy or = m\nt+4 ,x is be/ to def] fold+ up a sk9 until x is p>tially dry & has begun to /iff5 a little4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,a ,well-made ,dry ,de] ,sk94 ,,special ,,& ,,exceptional ,,directions4--,apes & ,monkeys4--,if y are 9 ! jungle1 ! *ances are t y w h no pla/] ,p>is ) :i* to make ca/s1 9 :i* case y mu/ make ! sket*+-p5cil & tape-measure d d\ble duty4 ,) su* a wond]ful & *>act]i/ic =m z a gorilla1 *impanzee1 or orang-utan1 y _c /udy x too mu*1 unless y /udy x until ! sk9 spoils4 ,above all ?+s1 /udy e feature ( ! face1 & also its expression1 s t y c make a copy ( x two ye>s aft]w>d :i* %all be bo? ma!matically & arti/ically correct4 ,if y h pla/] ,p>is1 fail n to take a m\ld ( ! face1 & also ( "o h& & foot1 s t lat] y c make ca/s4 ,! same advice applies to ! great baboons ) _! fe>ful & wond]ful faces & is*ial callosities1 "s ( !m gott5 up ) all ! colors ( ! ra9b[1 & f> m brilliancy4 ,rememb] t :5 ! sk9 dries all ^? colors totally disappe>1 & ! sk9 turns to ! color ( p>*m5t4 ,!re=e1 out ) y\r box ( colors at once1 & make a color-sket* ( ! face4 ,if y h skill b no colors1 or colors ) no skill1 !n out ) y\r ,ridgway's ,nom5clature ( ,colors1 make a l>ge diagram or sket* ( ! head1 & m>k ! names ( ! respective colors ^u x4 ,:5ev] ! sk9 ( any animal has any noticeable color1 record ! fact 9 z def9ite t]ms z possible4 ,all ! great an?ropoid apes %\ld h ! op5+-cut = ! body made along ! middle ( ! back1 up to ! back ( ! head1 in/ead ( along ! abdom5 & brea/1 :i* are g5]ally b ?9ly hair$1 & on ! ?roat are q nak$4 ,by do+ ?is1 ! sew$-up seam comes at ! back ( ! m\nt$ specim51 9 ! hair1 & out ( sight4 ,) adult specim5s ( ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & orang ! skeleton is q z valuable z ! sk91 !re=e e bone mu/ come =? & be c>efully pres]v$4 ,sk9n+ ! f+]s is a t$i\s task1 & "o :i* requires "s skill1 especially :5 x comes to work+ ! end (f s t ! nail is left 9 its place 9 ! sk91 & )\t mutilation4 ,b :5 ! value ( a sk9 & skeleton runs up into hundr$s ( doll>s1 y c well af=d to sp5d a :ole h\r 9 sk9n+ a h&1 if y _c d x 9 less "t4 ,! op5+ cuts = ! h& & foot ( any ape or monkey are to be made z %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 ! accompany+ sket* ( ! foot ( an orang-utan 7,fig4 #i74 ,?is is necess>y ev5 9 sk9n+ small quadrumanes :i* are to reta9 _! leg bones1 because ! sk9 ( ea* f+] mu/ be sep>at$ f ! bone s t ! pres]vative p[d] or liquid c get at ! inside ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,foot ( ,orang-,utan1 %[+ ,op5+ ,cuts4 ,! ,eyes & ,nose4--,be exce$+ly c>eful 9 sk9n+ ! face4 ,! eyes are deeply sunk5 9 _! sockets1 & if y are n v c>eful y\r knife w make an ugly ga% at ! corn] ( ! eye be=e y "k x4 ,a f+] held 9 betwe5 ! lids aga9/ ! eyeball w be a safe guide4 ,( c\rse1 y w cut ! lips away at ! gum1 & split !m op5 aft]w>d f ! inside to remove ! fle%4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! proboscis ( ! baboon & ! long-nos$ monkey ( ,borneo mu/ be sk9n$ out q to ! tip :ile ! specim5 is fre%1 or x w dry up horribly4 ,! ,e>4--,! e> ( a quadrumane1 especially t ( a *impanzee1 because ( its great size1 is a v mis]able "p to pres]ve1 unless y h a salt-&-alum ba? at h&4 ,if ! c>tilage is entirely sk9n$ out--itself a difficult ?+ to d--x w aft]w>d be almo/ a practical impossibility to give ! e> its prop] %ape4 ,!re=e ! c>tilage mu/ rema94 ,! sk9 c be loos5$ f ! c>tilage at ! back ( ! e>1 h[ev]1 :i* is a great ga94 ,d ?is1 & ins]t a good quantity ( p[d]$ alum4 ,!n pa9t ! :ole e> ov] on bo? sides ) ars5ical soap1 & put on all ! p[d]$ alum t w /ick--unless ! sk9 is to g 9 ! ba?4 ,9 t case treat ea* e> to a little /rong alum wat] = an h\r or s4 ,,footnote3 #d ,= detail$ in/ructions 9 sk9n+ l>ge heads1 see ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,collect+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,small ,,birds4 ,! lives ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( wild birds h be5 sacrific$ to no purpose by p]sons claim+ to be orni?ological collectors1 & yet :o _h n ! k1 skill1 or indu/ry to make up good bird sk9s4 ,!re are n[ 9 ?is c\ntry num]\s l>ge collections ( bird sk9s t are a sight to behold4 ,! ability to make up f9e1 clean1 %apely1 well-pres]v$ sk9s1 & make !m rapidly also1 is a prime requisite 9 anyone :o aspires to be s5t (f to int]e/+ =eign p>ts to %oot1 collect1 & see ! _w--at ! exp5se ( someone else4 ,an aspir+ "y fri5d ( ! writ]1 ^: s\l ye>n$ to travel & collect1 miss$ a f9e opportunity to make a v int]e/+ voyage on ! ,albatross1 = ! sole reason t ) all 8 ye>n+ he c\ld n make good bird sk9s1--& x s]v$ him "r = 8 lack ( ent]prise4 ,let me tell y t1 :ile tw5ty ye>s ago any sort ( a bird sk9 0 acceptable to a museum1 n[ su* specim5s mu/ be fir/ class 9 ord] to be well receiv$4 ,f9e sk9s are ! rule n[ ) curators & pr(essional orni?ologi/s1 & poor ones ! exception4 ,al?\gh ! "w itself is simple en\gh1 x is no *ild's play to p]=m x successfully4 ,x is be/ = ! beg9n] to le>n fir/ h[ to sk9 small birds1 & make up _! sk9s1 & :5 he has ma/]$ ^! details he is prep>$ to und]take ! prep>ation ( l>ge specim5s1 & le>n h[ to ov]come ! exceptional difficulties !y pres5t4 ,to ?is end ! pres5t *apt] w be devot$ to sett+ =? ! lead+ pr9ciples involv$1 :i* are mo/ easily le>n$ f small specim5s4 ,we w fir/ und]take ! "w ( sk9n+ a small bird--a rob91 ?ru%1 or blackbird1 :i*ev] y happ5 to h4 ,if 9 sk9n+1 sk9-mak+1 & m\nt+ y ma/] ! rob91 = example1 :i* is ! highe/ type ( a bird1 y w be well prep>$ = ! great majority ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! fea!r$ tribe4 ,%oot y\r specim5 ) z f9e %ot z possible1 & n too mu* ev5 ( t1 9 ord] to avoid %oot+ its m&ibles1 feet1 legs1 & fea!rs to pieces4 ,z soon z x is dead1 plug ! ?roat1 no/rils1 & all w\nds t ble$1 ) bits ( cotton1 to keep ! blood & o!r liquids f ooz+ out ^u ! fea!rs1 & putt+ y to m s]i\s tr\ble4 ,c>ry ! specim5 home 9 any c>eful way y *oose1 s z to avoid rumpl+ or soil+ ! plumage4 ,by all means let y\r fir/ practice be ^u clean birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,names ( ! ,ext]nal ,p>ts ( a ,bird4#e #a1 ,cr[n2 #b1 =ehead2 #c1 no/rils 7or c]e72 #d1 upp] m&ible2 #e1 l[] m&ible2 #f1 ?roat2 #g1 neck2 #h1 spuri\s quills2 #i1 occiput2 #aj1 e>2 #aa1 nape2 #ab1 brea/2 #ac1 middle cov]ts2 #ad1 l>ge cov]ts2 #ae1 belly2 #af1 tibia2 #ag1 t>sus2 #ah1 inn] toe2 #ai1 middle toe2 #bj1 out] toe2 #ba1 ?umb2 #bb1 "u-tail cov]ts2 #bc1 tail2 #bd1 prim>ies2 #be1 second>ies2 #bf1 t]ti>ies4 ,a bird %\ld lie an h\r or two aft] be+ %ot1 9 ord] t ! blood may coagulate4 ,w>m specim5s ble$ v badly 9 sk9n+4 ,we are n[ 9 our workroom1 ) ! gun /&+ quietly 9 its corn]1 & a rob9 ly+ on ! table be=e u4 ,look at x4 ,/udy its =m & /ructure1 & rememb] :at y see4 ,notice h[ smoo?ly ! fea!rs lie--h[ nicely !y fall ov] ! angle ( ! w+ at ! %\ld]--h[ completely ! ?igh is buri$ 9 ! fea!rs ( ! brea/ & side1 & also :]e ! legs em]ge f ! body fea!rs4 ,notice h[ %ort ! neck is1 h[ ! eye does n bulge out ( ! head1 & note ! fact t ! brea/ & belly look full1 r\nd1 & com=table1 in/ead ( pres5t+ t gha/ly1 drawn-up1 evisc]at$ appe>ance s (t5 se5 9 ! amateur's m\nt$ specim5s4 ,note ! color ( ! eye1 ! bill1 ! c]e1 t>si1 claws1 & all o!r p>ts t w require pa9t+ :5 ! specim5 is m\nt$1 if x ev] %\ld be4 ,n[ take ! foll[+3 ,,measurem5ts4--,x w\ld be high treason = me to recomm5d any o!r sy/em ( bird measurem5t ?an t direct$ by ,dr4 ,c\es 9 8 incomp>able ,key to ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds1 & x is h]eby set =?3 #a4 ,l5g?4--,di/ance betwe5 ! tip ( ! bill & ! end ( ! longe/ fea!r ( ! tail4 #b4 ,ext5t ( w+s4--,?is means ! di/ance betwe5 ! tips ( ! out/ret*$ w+s z ! bird lies flat ^u its back4 #c4 ,l5g? ( w+4--,di/ance f ! angle =m$ at ! 7c>pus7 b5d ( ! w+ to ! end ( ! l>ge/ prim>y4 ,9 birds ) a convex w+1 d n lay ! tape-l9e ov] ! curve1 b "u ! w+1 9 a /raight l9e4 #d4 ,l5g? ( ! tail4--,di/ance f ! roots ( ! tail fea!rs to ! end ( ! longe/ "o4 ,feel = ! pope's nose2 9 ei!r a fre% or dri$ specim5 !re is m or less ( a palpable lump into :i* ! tail fea!rs /ick4 ,guess z ne> z y c to ! middle ( ?is lump2 place ! end ( ! rul] opposite ! po9t1 & see :]e ! tip ( ! longe/ tail fea!r comes4 #e4 ,l5g? ( bill4--,dr4 ,c\es takes ! *ord ( ! culm51 :i* is det]m9$ ?us3 ,place "o foot ( ! divid]s on ! culm5 j :]e ! fea!rs end2 no matt] :e!r ! culm5 runs up on ! =ehead1 or ! frontal fea!rs run out on ! culm51 & no matt] :e!r ! culm5 is /raight or curv$4 ,) me ! l5g? ( ! bill is ! %orte/ di/ance f ! po9t indicat$ to ! tip ( ! upp] m&ible4 #f4 ,l5g? ( t>sus4--,di/ance betwe5 ! jo9t ( ! t>sus ) ! leg above1 & t ) ! fir/ phalanx ( ! middle toe bel[4 ,measure x always ) ! divid]s1 & 9 front ( ! leg4 #g4 ,l5g? ( toes4--,di/ance 9 a /raight l9e along ! upp] surface ( a toe is f ! po9t la/ indicat$ to ! root ( ! claw on top4 ,l5g? ( toe is to be tak5 )\t ! claw1 unless o!rwise specifi$4 #h4 ,l5g? ( ! claws4--,di/ance 9 a /raight l9e f ! po9t la/ indicat$ to ! tip ( ! claw4 #i4 ,l5g? ( head4--,set "o foot ( ! divid]s ov] ! base ( ! culm51 & all[ ! o!r to slip j snugly d[n ov] ! ar* ( ! occiput4 ,= sk9n+ a small bird1 ! only in/rum5t imp]atively necess>y is a good-siz$ scalpel or a %>p p5knife4 ,y c use a pair ( small scissors n[ & !n1 if y h !m1 to v good advantage1 9 sev]+ legs & w+s & clipp+ (f t5dons4 ,h ready a di% ( corn meal to absorb any blood t is likely to soil ! fea!rs4 ,n[ pu% a wad ( cotton up ! v5t1 & we are ready to remove ! sk94 ,no1 !re is "o ?+ m4 ,! w+s lie close to ! body1 & w be cont9ually 9 our way unless we break !m s t !y w fall back & leave u a cle> field4 ,x is ! hum]us t mu/ be snapp$ 9 two1 z close to ! body z possible4 ,^? ( small birds are easily brok5 ) ! ?umb & f+]1 b 9 a l>ge bird !y mu/ be treat$ to a %>p bl[ ) a heavy /ick1 or a hamm]4 ,lay ! bird ^u its back1 ) its head t[>d y\r left h&2 "p ! fea!rs 9 a /raight l9e1 & divide ! sk9 f ! c5tre ( ! brea/ /raight d[n to ! end ( ! brea/bone1 & on until ! v5t is rea*$4 ,cut ?r\gh ! sk9 only1 = if y g too deep & cut ?r\gh ! wall ( ! abdom5 y w h ! inte/9es & v>i\s o!r tr\bles ^u y\r h&s4 ,sk9 d[n ea* side ( ! bird until y come to ! knee-jo9t1 :i* lies close to ! body1 & well )9 ! sk94 ,sev] ea* leg completely at ! knee1 leav+ ! ?igh atta*$ to ! body1 turn ! sk9 ( ! leg wrong side out ov] ! fle%y "p1 q d[n to ! jo9t1 & !n cut away e p>ticle ( fle% f ! bone ( ! leg4 ,sev] ! tail f ! body close to ! ends ( ! tail fea!rs1 )\t cutt+ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,n[ take ! body betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! left h&1 hold+ x at ! hips1 & ) ! o!r h& sep>ate ! sk9 f ! back4 ,f ?is po9t we proce$ to turn ! sk9 wrong side out ov] ! %\ld]s & head4 ,:5 ! w+s are rea*$1 cut !m (f :]e !y are brok51 & turn ! sk9 d[n ov] ! neck4 ,avoid cutt+ ?r\gh ! crop4 ,if blood fl[s at any "t1 absorb x all ) ! corn meal or pla/] ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,sk9n+ a ,bird4 ,almo/ be=e y "k x y h sk9n$ y\r bird d[n to ! head1 = x hangs head d[nw>d dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! op]ation1 susp5d$ on a small wire hook ?ru/ ?r\gh ! pelvis1 s t y c "w ) bo? h&s4 ,x is a trifle m difficult to turn ! sk9 ov] ! head4 ,pu% x up f ! back ( ! head ) ! ?umb-nail1 work+ x pati5tly1 at all po9ts1 & /ret*+ ! sk9 gradually until x w pass ov] ! wide/ "p ( ! skull4 ,pres5tly ! crisis is pa/1 ! sk9 slips d[n )\t tr\ble1 & we see by ! way x is held at a c]ta9 po9t on ea* side ( ! head t we h come to ! e>s4 ,cut ?r\gh ! sk9 close up to ! head1 & a little f>!r on we rea* ! eyes4 ,n[ be c>eful4 ,cut v sl[ly at ! eye1 & close to ! head1 until y c see ?r\gh ! ?9 membrane & def9e ! exact position ( ! eyeball4 ,n[ cut ?r\gh ! membrane1 b d n cut ! eyelid on any acc\nt4 ,a little f>!r & we come to ! base ( ! bill1 :]e ! sk9 & our sk9n+ /ops4 ,cut ?r\gh ! back ( ! skull s z to sev] ! head completely f ! neck1 & lay b>e ! base ( ! bra94 ,remove ! bra9 f ! skull2 cut ! eyes out ( _! sockets2 cut out ! tongue & remove all fle% f ! skull4 ,sk9 ea* w+ d[n to ! fir/ jo9t1 or ! elb[1 & /op ! wrong-side-out process !re4 ,! ends ( ! second>ies mu/ n be sep>at$ f ! bone ( ! =e>m1 or ! ulna4 ,x is possible to clean out ! fle% f ! =e>m & also f ! arm bone 7hum]us7 )\t deta*+ ! ends ( ! second>ies1 z y w readily see4 ,cut away any fle% :i* has be5 left at ! root ( ! tail1 b d n cut ! ends ( ! tail fea!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,! ,sk9 ,wrong ,side ,out1 & ,ready to be ,poison$4 ,! next ?+ is to poison ! sk94 ,d ?is ) a mixture ( p[d]$ ars5ic & alum1 9 equal p>ts4 ,"s ( our mo/ ext5sive collectors use no alum1 simply pure ars5ic 9 lib]al quantity2 b ,i consid] t ! use ( alum also is always desirable1 & "u c]ta9 conditions x is extremely s4 ,"s collectors use ars5ical soap exclusively1 ev5 on small birds1 & on l>ge birds ,i1 too1 h us$ x q ext5sively1 supplem5t$ by an imm$iate spr9kl+ ( p[d]$ alum1 to d ! cur+ ( ! sk94 ,= g5u9e ?or\ghness 9 poison+ & pres]v+1 ,i w back ars5ical soap & alum aga9/ all o!r sub/ances ! _w c produce2 b 9 treat+ small birds t are to be made up z dry sk9s1 ,i pref] & recomm5d p[d]$ ars5ic & alum1 z /at$ above4 ,:atev] poison y decide to use1 apply x ?or\ghly to e "p ( ! sk91 ! skull1 w+s1 legs1 & tail4 ,n[ put a ball ( cotton 9 ea* eye-socket to fill up ! cavity1 & y are ready to rev]se ! sk9 & br+ x "r side out once m4 ,x is usually "s tr\ble to get ! sk9 back ov] ! skull1 & t ,i accompli% 9 ?is wise3 ,let ! sk9 re/ on ! edge ( ! table1 place bo? ( y\r ?umbs on ! back ( ! skull1 & ) all y\r f+]s & f+]-nails1 rea* =w>d & beg9 to cr[d ! sk9 ( ! head back :]e x belongs4 ,at ! same "t1 y mu/ pu% on ! skull ) y\r ?umbs1 z if try+ to pu% x into ! neck1 & 9 a v %ort "t1 by a comb9ation ( coax+ & cr[d+1 ! sk9 made passes ! critical po9t on ! skull1 &1 pre/o6 ! :ole sk9 is "r side out once m4 ,n[ take x by ! bill & give x a g5tle %ak+ to /ir up ! fea!rs s t !y w fall back naturally4 ,pluck outw>d ! cotton 9 ! orbit into ! op5+ ( ! eye1 to imitate ! r\nd fulness ( ! eyeball4 ,! w+ bones ( v small birds ne$ n be wrapp$ ) cotton1 b ! leg bones %\ld be1 always4 ,n[ take a bun* ( cotton batt+ ( ! "r size1 & roll x betwe5 ! palms until x atta9s ! prop] size to fill ! neck1 & is a trifle long] ?an ! entire body & neck4 ,fold ov] "o end ( ?is1 take x betwe5 ! po9ts ( y\r =ceps1 ins]t x ?r\gh ! neck1 & into ! cavity ( ! skull4 ,tuck up ! o!r end at ! tail1 & give ! cotton body its "r l5g?4 ,!n 9 ! middle ( ! sk91 pull ! cotton roll ap>t sidewise1 spread x out & lay on x a ball ( cotton to =m ! body4 ,next1 take hold ( ! brok5 hum]us ) ! =ceps1 & pull x inw>d until ! jo9t ( ! w+ appe>s1 & ! two hum]i lie p>allel & close to ea* o!r4 ,?is draws ! w+s into place4 ,be sure to put en\gh cotton 9 ! body ( a sk92 = a little plumpness & rotundity is desirable 9 a small sk94 ,avoid mak+ cyl9drical bird sk9s2 avoid ! ,ea/ ,indian native habit ( cr[d+ ! brea/ ( a bird cle> up into its neck1 & also avoid /ret*+ a sk94 ,we h n[ to f9i% ! head by ins]t+ a little bun* ( cotton 9 ! ?roat1 until t "p is prop]ly fill$1 & pluck+ out or cutt+ (f ! surplus4 ,! m&ibles mu/ be held toge!r by a ?read or a p9 until !y h dri$ 9 position4 ,next adju/ ! w+s1 legs1 & tail4 ,! tail %\ld be slightly spread1 & !re are two ways ( do+ ?is4 ,"o is to rev]se ! natural ov]lapp+ ( ! tail fea!rs1 :i* is ! quicke/ way1 & q satisfactory4 ,! o!r is to lay ! sk9 on a bo>d1 put a p9 ?r\gh ea* corn] ( ! pope's nose1 spread ! tail1 & ?ru/ ! p9s into ! bo>d until ! sk9 is dry4 ,f9ally1 tie on y\r label1 :i* %\ld be z small z possible to conta9 ! necess>y data--locality1 date1 sex1 numb]1 collector's "n1 measurem5ts1 & rem>ks4 ,"s collectors label only ) numb]s1 correspond+ ) record$ data 9 a note-book2 b x is a bad plan4 ,note-books (t5 get lo/1 & !n su* specim5s lose half _! value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,! ,bird ,sk9 9 ,position4 ,,wrapp+ ,,up ,a ,,sk94--,!re are v>i\s ways ( lay+ out bird sk9s4 ,! be/ is to wrap ea* sk9 9 a v ?9 %eet ( cotton batt+ or wadd+1 :i* draws ) ! s(tness ( d[n1 & yet1 :5 p9*$ or twi/$ at ! ends1 x holds e fea!r 9 place4 ,! bird sk9s prep>$ by ,mr4 ,william ,palm]1 "o ( ! ,national ,museum taxid]mi/s1 are f9e examples ( h[ sk9s %\ld be made4 ,mr4 ,palm]'s me?od ( %ap+ & wrapp+ up a small sk9 is z foll[s1 & ! accompany+ figures are f specim5s prep>$ by him3 ,take ! sk9 up betwe5 ! left ?umb & =ef+]1 at ! %\ld]s1 & p9* x toge!r1 :ile ) ! small =ceps y adju/ ! scapul>s ov] ! po9t ( ! w+s4 ,cross ! feet1 lay ! sk9 brea/ d[nw>d on a ?9 %eet ( cotton batt+ ( ! prop] dim5sions1 & arrange ! fea!rs ( ! back1 ! w+s1 etc4 7,fig4 #ac74 ,!n lift ! out] edge ( ! %eet ( cotton1 br+ x =w>d ov] ! sk9 t[>d ! op]ator1 s t x w cov] ! back 7,fig4 #ad74 ,next1 lift ! inn] edge ( ! cotton %eet1 draw x ) g5tle pressure to make ! sk9 ( ! "r size1 & lap x well ov] ! o!r4 ,! two edges ( ! cotton %eet w /ick toge!r v well by simply ov]lapp+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,! ,sk9 ,half ,wrapp$4 ,! head c be adju/$ by pull+ on ! cotton at t end1 & p9*+ ! end toge!r beyond ! head4 ,! bill mu/ be set at ! prop] angle1 & held by cat*+ ! po9t 9 ! cotton4 ,d n let ! bill po9t /raight out1 = x w /ret* ! sk9 ( ! ?roat too mu*2 nei!r %\ld x po9t up at a "r angle to ! body1 = ! tip w be cat*+ 9 ev]y?+ t comes ne> x4 ,! be/ way ) mo/ %ort-bill$ birds is to let ! bill po9t at an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees to ! axis ( ! body4 ,beaks t are v long require special arrangem5t1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #ag & #ah4 ,n[ lift ! wrapp$-up sk91 lay x ) ! tail t[>d y1 brea/ upp]mo/1 & ) bo? h&s te> ! cotton op5 9 a /raight l9e up to ! base ( ! tail 7,fig4 #ae74 ,y c n[ spread ! tail by ov]lapp+ ! fea!rs1 or leave x clos$ if y pref]4 ,see t y\r label is on1 adju/ ! toes & legs c>efully1 !n fold ov] ! edges ( ! cotton & ov]lap !m1 & ! sk9 is done 7,fig4 #af74 ,always spread ! toes ( all swimm+-birds4 ,ano!r plan is to dispose ( ea* sk9 9 a little cyl9d] ( pap]1 made to fit1 ( c\rse4 ,?is is ! be/ plan :5 y are f> f ! conv5i5ces ( home1 & 9 a hurry4 ,! effect ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is to produce a cyl9drical sk91 :i* is n a prize %ape4 ,/ill ano!r way is to make a small cornucopia ( /iff pap]1 & slip ! sk9 into x1 head fir/1 aft] :i* ! l>ge end is clos$ by b5d+ 9 ! edges4 ,! old-fa%ion$1 corrugat$ dry+-bo>d is an excell5t res\rce :5 y are 9 a great hurry ) a numb] ( specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,spread+ ! ,tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,! ,sk9 fully ,wrapp$4 ,! illu/ration on p4 #ef 7,fig4 #ag71 f "o ( ,mr4 ,palm]'s specim5s1 %[s ! %ape a small sk9 %\ld h to be consid]$ p]fect4 ,fre%ly made bird sk9s %\ld nev] be subject$ to cr[d+ or pressure1 nor %\ld old sk9s ei!r1 = t matt]4 ,if y g f> afield1 & expect to collect hundr$s ( sk9s1 y %\ld g provid$ ) a light & /rong *e/1 ei!r made to op5 at "o side & conta9 a s]ies ( %all[ draw]s to receive sk9s1 or else1 :i* is ! next be/ ?+1 & v easily made1 a box conta9+ a s]ies ( %all[ tills ( v>y+ dep?1 /&+ "o ^u ano!r f bottom to top4 ,ea* draw] or till %\ld be made j deep en\gh to hold sk9s ( a c]ta9 size1 b no m1 or else 9 travell+ ! sk9s w tumble ab\t4 ,rememb] x is useless to try to make l>ge collections ( good sk9s 9 ! field unless y c take c>e ( y\r f9i%$ specim5s4 ,?is is = specim5s fre%ly prep>$ & n yet dry4 ,aft] sk9s become ?or\ghly dry1 !y c be pack$ 9 bulk1 9 a *e/ or trunk1 by putt+ ! l>ge/ at ! bottom1 & fill+ ! cavities ) ! small sk9s :i* _c /& s mu* pressure4 ,bird sk9s %\ld always be pack$ 9 cotton :5 !y are to be %ipp$1 giv+ to ea* a s(t1 com=table re/+-place1 & ! box mu/ be fill$ full1 s t !re w be no toss+ ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,a ,p]fect ,bird ,sk94 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,sex ,,9 ,,birds4--,to a collector :o is work+ "u difficulties ?is (t5 seems l ! v la/ /raw ^u a camel's back2 b x mu/ be att5d$ to 9 e case :]e9 ! sex ( ! bird is n cle>ly & unmi/akably indicat$ by ! plumage4 ,if y c1 get an exp]i5c$ orni?ologi/ to %[ y h[ to det]m9e ! sex 9 difficult subjects 7e4g41 "y birds1 or birds midway betwe5 two bre$+ seasons74 ,b !re are ways 9 :i* we c help ourselves4 ,if y beg9 ) birds dur+ or ne> ! bre$+ season1 y w h pla9 sail+ long en\gh to become famili> ) ! subject4 ,9 birds ! organs ( g5]ation lie close up to ! lumb> v]tebr1 ne> ! kidneys1 9 ! region call$ ! small ( ! back4 ,! be/ way to rea* ?is region = exam9ation is to make a cut cle> across ! wall ( ! abdom51 break ! back ov] at ! la/ pair ( ribs1 & ! inte/9es w at once fall d[n1 expos+ ! lumb> region4 ,y w !n see ! kidneys--two l>ge1 d>k-br[n masses situat$ 9 ! concavity ( ! sacrum--& on _! surface1 at ! upp] end1 lie ! reproductive organs4 ,! te/icles ( ! male are two dull1 :iti%1 ellipsoidal1 or ne>ly r\nd bodies1 ( ! same size1 ly+ close toge!r4 ,! sign = ?is sex is ! a/ronomical sign = ! planet ,m>s ,male4 ,! ov>y ( ! female is1 except dur+ ! bre$+ season1 ! mo/ difficult to di/+ui%4 ,look fir/ = a little bun* ( m9ute r\nd globules1 ( v>y+ sizes & grayi% :ite color4 ,9 ! bre$+ season ! eggs are easily f\nd4 ,fail+ 9 t1 y mu/ look = ! ov>y itself1 :i*1 :5 f\nd1 w be recogniz$ z a little1 irregul>1 flatti% bun* ( a light gray color4 ,if y se>* ) a magnify+-glass1 y may be able to detect x by its peculi> granulat$ appe>ance4 ,! sign = ! female is ! sign = ! planet ,v5us ,female4 ,,footnote3 #e ,f ,/eele's ,popul> ,zoology1 by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,book ,company4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,collect+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,l>ge ,,birds4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,sk9n+ ,,l>ge ,,birds4--,9 sk9n+ a l>ge bird y mu/ h room accord+ to y\r /r5g? & ! size ( y\r subject4 ,y w ne$ ! usual mat]ials 9 quantity1 pl5ty ( table space1 & a /\t hook dep5d+ f ! ceil+ at ! end ( a /\t cord1 to hang y\r half-sk9n$ victim ^u at a c]ta9 /age ( ! proce$+s4 ,) b few exceptions1 ! process 9 sk9n+ a l>ge bird is1 f />t to f9i%1 precisely simil> 9 pr9ciple to t = a small "o1 :i* has already be5 describ$4 ,:5 y get ! body ab\t half sk9n$1 & are well />t$ up ! back1 ?ru/ y\r hang+ hook into ! top ( ! pelvis1 & susp5d ! bird 9 mid-air1 s t y c "w ) bo? h&s4 ,be c>eful1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole op]ation t y d n all[ ! weight ( ! body ( ! sk9 to /ret* ! sk9 ( ! neck4 ,if ! head is small en\gh t ! sk9 ( ! neck w pass ov] x1 sk9 "r ov] x to ! base ( ! beak itself1 & proce$ 9 e respect z ) small birds4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sk9 ( ! neck w n g ov] ! head1 !n sk9 ! neck z f> t[>d ! head z y possibly c 7usually 9 su* cases y c g no f>!r ?an ! l[] end ( ! axis or second c]vical v]tebra71 & !n cut x (f4 ,! next /ep is to sk9 ! head4 ,turn ! sk9 "r side out1 make a clean1 /raight cut f ! top ( ! head /raight d[n ! back ( ! neck = a suffici5t di/ance to all[ ! rema9+ c]vical v]tebr to be drawn up ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,x is n[ a v simple matt] to sk9 ! head & clean ! skull4 ,! w+ ( a l>ge bird conta9s1 betwe5 ! elb[ & ! s-call$ %\ld]-jo9t 7c>pus71 q a quantity ( fle% ly+ und]nea? & betwe5 ! radius & ulna4 ,:atev] y d ) ! w+1 nev] cut ! ends ( ! second>ies loose f ! ulna4 ,9 spac+ & adju/+ ^? second>ies nature has done some?+ :i*1 to save y\r life1 y _c d z well1 & if y m$dle ) h] "w "s "o w be sorry4 ,slit op5 ! sk9 all along ! "u side ( ?is long jo9t ( ! w+1 cut out all ! fle% f ar\nd ! radius & ulna1 & poison ! int]ior ?or\ghly4 ,put 9 a little fill+ ( t[ or cotton1 & sew up ! op5+4 ,ev5 9 small birds1 except ! smalle/ ones1 x is an excell5t plan to slit op5 ! w+ on ! "u side & put "s dry poison on ! fle%1 )\t /opp+ to sew up ! cut4 ,clean out ! fle% & ! oil sac f ! root ( ! tail1 & poison t "p s ?or\ghly t any insect :o ev] d>es to ?9k once ( h>bor+ !re w in/antly drop dead4 ,a bird l a l>ge h]on1 ) long legs1 or an eagle ) v ?ick legs1 %\ld always h ! t5dons remov$ f ! legs 9 ord] to facilitate cur+1 & = ! mutual b5efit ( bo? specim5 & taxid]mi/ :51 a little lat]1 ! two meet 9 ! laboratory & engage 9 a h&-to-h& /ruggle = supremacy4 ,to accompli% ?is1 cut a slit l5g?wise 9 ! ball ( ! foot :]e its re/s ^u ! gr\nd4 ,cut (f ! t5dons :]e !y bran* & atta* to ! toes1 seize ! end ( ea* l>ge t5don ) y\r pli]s & pull x =cibly out ( ! leg4 ,y c d ?is ) a fre% bird 9 ab\t five m9utes1 :]eas 9 a dry sk9 t has be5 relax$ x w take y mu* long]4 ,?is removes a f9e subject = decomposition1 & also leaves ! space necess>y = ! leg wire :5 ! specim5 is m\nt$4 ,aft] hav+ remov$ ! t5don ,i always give ! legs a coat ( r ?9 ars5ical soap1 bo? to cure !m & protect !m f insects4 ,ano!r excell5t plan is to lay all su* long legs 9 a pan ( salt-&-alum ba? solution = a few h\rs to ?or\ghly cure !m4 ,if !re is a lay] ( fat adh]+ to ! sk91 x mu/ be scrap$ (f & absorb$ ) corn meal1 & scrap$ aga9 until x is all (f4 ,a lay] ( fat spoils a sk9 m quickly & m effectually ?an any novice c be expect$ to believe until he sees = himself1 9 "s ( 8 f9e/ ducks & brants1 j h[ x is done4 ,if a sk9 is wor? sav+ at all1 x is wor? pres]v+ prop]ly4 ,grease left on a sk9 burns x4 ,9 mak+ up a sk9 hav+ a long1 sl5d] neck l t ( swan1 goose1 h]on1 or crane1 x is an excell5t plan 7:5 possible7 to take a /\t wire1 z long z ! entire neck & body1 wrap a little t[ or cotton rags ar\nd x to p>tly =m a false neck1 & ins]t x 9 ! sk94 ,?is w (t5 save a neck f be+ completely brok5 9 two4 ,fill ! body ( ! sk9 ) excelsior1 t[1 cotton1 or crumpl$ pap]1 :i*1 9 di/ant jungles1 f> f civilization1 is an excell5t ?+4 ,9 case ( ne$1 y may fill ) dry leaves1 dead grass1 9 fact almo/ any?+ except wool1 hair1 or o!r animal products4 ,d n fill ! body out to m ?an two-?irds its natural size1 unless y h abundant /orage-room1 & transportation facilities4 ,if fill$ out full size1 l>ge bird sk9s fill up boxes & draw]s wond]fully fa/1 & g5]ally x is be/ to flatt5 su* sk9s a little4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,h[ to ,%ape a ,h]on ,sk94 ,l>ge bird sk9s %\ld always be sewn up4 ,! head mu/ be prop]ly fill$ out1 & if cut op5 at ! back1 t also %\ld h a few /it*es1 b n too _m1 = obvi\s reasons4 ,9 lay+ out a l>ge sk91 if ! neck be long1 b5d x ar\nd to "o side z ! specim5 lies be=e y on its back1 & lay x on ! side ( ! body along ! edge ( ! w+4 ,if ! legs are long1 !y1 too1 mu/ be b5t up s t ! feet lie ^u ! body4 ,! accompany+ figure1 f a specim5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,william ,palm]1 %[s j h[ a great blue h]on %\ld be done4 ,! w+s mu/ be c>efully plac$1 ! plumage dress$ & nicely adju/$1 & ! f9i%$ sk9 p9n$ up 9 a wide /rip ( ?9 cotton-clo?1 or any?+ else y please1 to keep x 9 p]fect %ape until x dries4 ,( c\rse1 a l>ge sk9 requires pl5ty ( air :ile x is dry+1 & sev]al days' "t besides4 ,if su* specim5s are pack$ & %ipp$ be=e !y are dry1 m\ld & de/ruction w be _! portion1 & ! collector w d well to flee f ! wra? to come4 ,9 %ipp+ bird sk9s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies & simil> climates1 x is cu/om>y to sold] !m up1 air tight1 9 t9-l9$ boxes4 ,dr4 ,w4,j4 ,holl& advises me1 h[ev]1 t dry wood5 boxes are good en\gh if !y are tight1 & are fir/ pa9t$ ov] on ! inside ) melt$ cry/als ( c>bolic acid4 ,,special ,,& ,,exceptional ,,cases4--,hav+ fully consid]$ ! v>i\s pr9ciples involv$ 9 mak+ ord9>y bird sk9s1 x is n[ necess>y to note ! exceptional cases1 & /ate h[ ea* is to be dispos$ (4 ,x is my desire to equip ! beg9n]1 z f> z possible1 aga9/ e em]g5cy t is likely to arise 9 orni?ological collect+4 ,= conv5i5ce we w take a few ( ! avian ord]s1 9 _! natural sequ5ce1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/4 ,,! ,,/ru?iones3 ,o/ri*es1 ,emus1 & ,cass[>ies4--,^! great birds are prime favorites ) ! %[m51 & _m a f9e specim5 (t5 falls mo/ unexpect$ly into ! h&s ( an a/oni%$ local taxid]mi/1 to ! ultimate enri*m5t ( "s museum4 ,happy is he to :om falls a beautiful1 glossy1 br[n-black cass[>y1 ) head & neck ( ri* purple1 & r$ & yell[1 & :at-n--truly a wond]ful bird1 & n too l>ge4 ,a full gr[n ,african o/ri* is an avian colossus1 & 8 enorm\s size makes him q a s]i\s matt]4 ,) ^! great birds x is be/ to op5 ! sk9 ( ea* leg f ! l[] end ( ! tibia all ! way d[n to ! foot1 9 ord] to entirely remove ! t5dons4 ,deta* ! sk9 f ! bone all ! way r\nd1 & cure x ) ars5ical soap & a little alum4 ,! leg %\ld be cut op5 on ! inside1 well back1 :]e ! seam w be mo/ out ( sight4 ,aft] hav+ remov$ a sk91 y w ne$ to keep x s(t1 sometimes = sev]al days1 p]haps until y c make a suitable manik91 if x is a l>ge o/ri*4 ,cure ! sk9 ) ars5ical soap & salt 7protect+ ! fea!rs c>efully mean:ile71 & keep x wrapp$ up & away f ! air until y are ready to put x on ! manik9 = ! la/ "t2 !n treat x ) dry alum to make x dry & h>d5 prop]ly4 ,,ord] ,,sph5isci3 ,! ,p5gu9s4--,! p5gu9 ( ! ,ant>ctic seas is ! k+ ( fat birds1 b su* magnific5t mon/]s z ^? br\ght home by ! ,*all5g]1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 are wor? a long trip to secure4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,pe>cy1 :o collect$ & pres]v$ ! specim5s1 assur$ me t x requir$ two m5 to c>ry "o1 & t ! removal ( ! grease f ! sk9s 0 a dreadful task4 ,( ! l>ge/ specim5s1 ! huge legs & feet 7 cut (f at ! l[] end ( ! tibi1 & pres]v$ 9 alcohol until !y c\ld be sk9n$ & clean$4 ,s9ce x is probable t only a v few ( my read]s w ev] visit ! ra9y1 foggy1 /orm-beat5 & ,god-=sak5 l& ( ! p5gu91 ,i w leave ! "q ( grease removal to ! p>agraph relat+ to ! ,lamelliro/res4 ,,longip5nes3 ,! ,gulls1 ,albatrosses1 etc4--,! gulls1 t]ns1 & petrels are s beautiful 9 flight t !y are (t5 m\nt$ ) ! w+s fully spread1 9 fly+ attitudes4 ,:5 a bird is to be m\nt$ ?us1 ! l>ge w+-bones mu/ n be brok51 b simply disjo9t$ & cut loose f ! body at ! %\ld]s4 ,:5 x is possible to d s1 an albatross %\ld be m\nt$ ) w+s1 outspread1 to reveal to ! /ud5t _! enorm\s l5g?1 & ! disproportionate %ortness ( ! prim>ies & second>ies4 ,if all ! albatrosses 9 a museum collection are m\nt$ ) clos$ w+s1 z !y ne>ly always are1 ! av]age obs]v] ga9s n ! fa9te/ conception ( ! =m & size ( ! bird 9 motion--its normal condition4 ,,/eganopodes3 ,! ,pelicans4--,! great :ite pelican is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory & ev5 agreeable birds to m\nt t c\ld possibly fall into ! h&s ( an able-bodi$ taxid]mi/4 ,if ,i ev] adopt a %ield & an assortm5t ( devices ) :i* to cov] x1 "o ( ! latt] %all be a figure ( a huge :ite pelican rampant2 = x 0 a bird ( t species t gave me a />t 9 taxid]my4 ,x happ5$ 9 ?is wise3 ,! ye> be=e ,i p5etrat$ ! walls ( my ,alma ,mat]1 its v5]able presid5t s\ght to f9d among ! /ud5ts an 7alleg$7 taxid]mi/1 or at lea/ ! promise ( "o4 ,he publicly (f]$ ! pr9cely sum ( #aj to anyone :o c\ld come =w>d & m\nt a bird dec5tly4 ,! gauntlet ?us recklessly ?r[n d[n no "o c\ld pick up t ye>1 & by ! ye> foll[+1 :5 ,i appe>$ ^u ! sc5e1 x _h gr[n cold4 ,l ano!r ,lo*9v>1 ,i came late = t (f]4 ,i _h se5 "o bird sk9n$ & m\nt$1 & ,i knew ,i c\ld d "o l x4 ,t 0 an old1 ru/y1 second-h& cr[4 ,i petition$ to h a *ance to /uff birds1 b x fell on deaf e>s4 ,i ev5 w5t s f> z to m\nt a squirrel1 to %[ :at ,i c\ld d1 & al?\gh x 0 a v fair specim5 = t b5ight$ p]iod1 x fail$ to w94 ,b "o day "s good g5ius s5t a dead bird to ! presid5t1 = ! museum1 & ) x heav5 s5t my opportunity4 ,pr(essor ,bessey s5t = me & said1 ,n[1 "y man1 we are go+ to see h[ mu* y "k ab\t /uff+ birds4 ,we've got a specim5 = y to try y\r h& on1 & if y succe$ 9 m\nt+ x dec5tly1 y may possibly get an opportunity to "w 9 ! museum4 ,i repli$1 ,%[ me ! victim4 ,he took me to 8 room1 & !re1 spread out ^u ! c>pet1 lay an enorm\s :ite pelican4 ,8 body 0 l a great d[ny pill[1 8 bill 0 z long z a f5ce-rail1 ) a great horny knot atop ( x1 & 8 huge yell[ p\* w\ld h held a :ole s*ool ( mack]el1 tea*]s & all4 ,& :at w+s6 ,!y 7 full-gr[n angel's size1 & z :ite & spotless z ,gabriel's own4 ,x seem$ l sacrilege to t\* !m4 ,& su* feet6 ,en\gh ( !m w\ld h cov]$ ! college campus4 ,i _h nev] be=e se5 su* a bird1 ev5 9 my dreams4 ,he really 0 l>g] ?an ! maximum measurem5ts giv5 by ,audubon = t species4 ,pr(essor ,bessey in=m$ me t 8 "n 0 ,pelicanus ery?rorhyn*os4 ,x 0 n q s long z 8 bill1 nor s r\gh1 b x 0 pretty ne>ly4 ,) a pocket-knife1 an old misfit pair ( pli]s1 & a smoo?1 flat piece ( /eel t _h once be5 a file1 ,i sk9n$ & m\nt$ t bird1 9 ! highe/ /yle ( ! art1 z ! taxid]mic bus9ess c>d always ha? x4 ,i h also fa9t recollections ( a great wad ( oakum made into a body1 a ?imbleful ( ars5ic1 & a pair ( eyes--m]ely ?is & no?+ m4 ,z ,i hope to live1 ,i believe ,i c\ld fe$ a live pelican z mu* ars5ic z ,i put ^u t great sk9 )\t ev5 giv+ him ! /oma*-a*e2 b ! bugs seem$ to "k t 0 my fir/ ef=t1 & !y h nev] t\*$ him4 ,i m\nt$ him z ! ,iri%man play$ ! fiddle at ,donnybrook fair1 nei!r by note nor by e>1 b1 be jab]s1 by ma9 /r5g?1 & pos$ & %ap$ him by ,audubon's sup]b plate4 ,he 0 pron\nc$ an unqualifi$ success4 ,i %ap$ 8 future1 & he %ap$ m9e at ! same "t4 ,:5 ,i saw him aga91 sev5 ye>s lat]1 he 0 e bit z good z new1 & ,i 0 a/oni%$ to f9d h[ really good he 04 ,he 0 ! fir/ bird ,i ev] sk9n$ or m\nt$1 & a lucky bird he 0 = me4 ,_h he be5 a dirty1 greasy1 old swan1 ?9k :at a scrape ,i %\ld h be5 96 ,,lamelliro/res3 ,! ,ducks1 ,geese1 ,swans 7& ,flam+oes74--,!re are b two po9ts to be spok5 ( "u ?is head4 ,! fir/ is t all ! birds ( ?is ord] mu/ h _! heads sk9n$ ?r\gh a slit at ! back ( ! head4 ,! o!r is 9 reg>d to clean+4 ,all ducks1 geese1 & swans are v fat1 ev5 :5 !y are poore/4 ,7 !y o!rwise1 !y c\ld n live on ! wat] z !y d4 ,ne>ly ! :ole body is envelop$ 9 a firm1 t5aci\s lay] ( fat1 into :i* ! ends ( ! body fea!rs run & take root1 & b9d ! sk9 itself d[n s firmly t x really becomes a "p ( ! fatty lay]4 ,to remove ! sk91 y mu/ h a ke5 knife1 & by h>d labor slice ?r\gh ! fat z y g4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 x is sl[ & t$i\s "w4 ,:5 y beg91 & all ! way z y proce$1 use pl5ty ( pla/] ,p>is or cornmeal to absorb ! free oil1 & keep x (f ! fea!rs4 ,aft] ! sk9 is (f ! body1 & be=e y turn x "r side out1 scrape ! inside to get ! oil (f1 absorb x ) y\r absorb5t mat]ial1 & scrape x aga9 & aga9 until ! grease is practically all (f1 & y h only ! sk9 rema9+4 ,?is takes "w4 ,!re is no royal road to mak+ good duck sk9s4 ,if y ?9k y c get along all "r by ov]:elm+ ! grease on ! sk9 ) ars5ic & alum1 & v5ture to leave x half clean$1 y w pay ! p5alty lat]1 & x w s]ve y "r4 ,y _c cure grease ) pres]vatives4 ,y may fill a fat duck sk9 half full ( ars5ic1 & yet ! oil w ooze out ?r\gh ! sk9 on ! o!r side1 turn+ ! fea!rs a dirty yell[ color4 ,! d]me/es c eat e fea!r1 & also ! sk9 itself1 f ! outside1 )\t gett+ a morsel ( ! ars5ic4 ,! fat simply acts z an imp]vi\s wall betwe5 ! poison & ! sk94 ,clean a duck sk9 ?or\ghly or else ?r[ x away4 ,x us$ to be a common ?+ to see duck sk9s ) ! brea/ fea!rs a solid mass ( na/y yell[ grease f ! oil t _h run out f ! op5+ cut1 b su* specim5s are becom+ r>e n[4 ,if ! fea!rs get soil$ ) grease1 blood & dirt1 wa% ! plumage ) clean turp5t9e & a s(t too?-bru%1 apply an abundance ( pla/] ,p>is1 rub x into ! fea!rs1 & imm$iately beat x out ) a supple swit*1 or piece ( /iff wire ( prop] size4 ,if y h n ^! mat]ials1 wa% ! fea!rs ) w>m wat] & a little soap1 & dry z be/ y c1 accord+ to :at y h4 ,manipulate ! fea!rs :ile !y are dry+ & !y w come out s(t & fluffy z 9 life2 b if left to dry )\t ?is1 !y w rema9 9 a b$raggl$1 soak$1 & /r+y condition4 ,?is subject w be fully consid]$ 9 a sep>ate *apt] 7,,xxv474 ,9 mak+ up ! sk9 ( a duck or goose1 a piece ( wire mu/ be put into ! neck1 ) ! t[ or o!r fill+ wrapp$ ar\nd x1 or fail+ t1 ! neck fill+ mu/ be wrapp$ ar\nd a small /ick1 ! upp] end ( :i* is to be ?ru/ =cibly into ! skull4 ,! head is l>ge & heavy1 & ! neck is v small1 s small t ! sk9 w break 9 two if !re is n a wire or /ick run ?r\gh ! body & neck into ! head to support ! latt] :5 ! sk9 is be+ h&l$4 ,! feet ( all web-foot$ birds %\ld be spread :ile dry+4 ,,alectorides3 ,! ,cranes & ,h]odiones4--,!re is b little to add 9 reg>d to birds ( ei!r ( ^! ord]s4 ,! cranes require a slit 9 ! sk9 at ! back ( ! head1 b ! h]ons d n4 ,! necks ( ! latt] are v (t5 fill$ too full 9 mak+ up a sk91 & ! neck fill+ is (t5 made r\nd1 :]eas x %\ld always be flat1 l ! actual neck ( ! h]on or bitt]n4 ,x is n necess>y to remove ! t5dons f ! legs ( ! small h]ons1 ibises1 etc41 b ! legs %\ld always be b5t up & ! feet dispos$ ( on ! body4 ,! feet & legs ( all ! above mu/ be treat$ to a coat ( ?9 ars5ical soap1 = ! b5efit ( insect pe/s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,collect+ ,,reptiles4 ,,ophidi3 ,s]p5ts4--,all ! small & m$ium-siz$ s]p5ts %\ld be pres]v$ entire 9 good1 clean1 n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol1 dilut$ ) "o-half its own bulk ( wat]4 ,if ! spirits is n z /rong z n9ety-five p] c5t41 !n dilute ) "o-?ird wat] in/ead ( "o-half4 ,!re %\ld be f two to f\r incisions made along ! m$ian l9e ( ! belly1 ea* "o a few in*es 9 l5g?1 to make op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! spirits c rea* ! abdom9al region4 ,give ! specim5 pl5ty ( room until x is ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) ! alcohol4 ,l>ge s]p5ts mu/ be measur$ c>efully1 slit op5 und]nea? 9 a /raight l9e f ! v5t up to )9 six or eight in*es ( ! head1 & completely sk9n$4 ,a dry snake sk9 is ab\t z good z none at all = m\nt+4 ,i h se5 _m1 b nev] yet knew ( "o be+ m\nt$ well4 ,by all means pres]ve all snake sk9s 9 spirits1 z describ$ above1 or 9 ! salt-&-alum ba?4 ,by mak+ a head ( cork x is q easy to take bo? ! complete sk9 & skeleton ( a l>ge s]p5t4 ,if ! head is to be m\nt$ ) ! m\? op51 an extra skull mu/ be procur$4 ,,lac]tilia3 ,! ,liz>ds4--,z ) s]p5ts1 ! small ones %\ld be op5$ und]nea? & pres]v$ entire 9 spirits1 :ile ! l>ge ones1 if alcohol is sc>ce1 may be sk9n$ 9 ! field1 & ! sk9s only put into ! _s-tank = pres]vation4 ,9 putt+ up specim5s entire1 ! abdom9al op5+ mu/ be l>ge en\gh fully to insure ! entrance ( ! liquid into ! abdom9al cavity1 or o!rwise ! decay ( ! inte/9es may cause ! epid]mis to slip f ! outside4 ,,crocodilia3 ,! ,crocodiles & ,alligators4--,a ^w 9 reg>d to %oot+ saurians4 ,g prep>$ to hunt & kill :atev] specim5s y require1 = ! *ances are y w n get any save :at are br\ght to bag ) y\r own tru/y 7or ru/y7 rifle4 ,to kill a crocodile1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,f9d :]e he is 9 ! habit ( com+ out on ! bank = 8 daily sun-ba?2 !n1 at precisely ! "r "t1 ,come :]e my love lies dream+4 ,sneak up z close to him z y c1 get a position s t y c attack him broadside on1 & po/ a c\ple ( natives close by1 prim$ be=eh& ) in/ructions to ru% =w>d & grab ! scaly mon/] by ! tail z soon z y fire4 ,e/imate ! di/ance c>efully1 wipe ! p]spiration out ( y\r eyes1 aim at ! neck-bone1 or ! v]tebral column any:]e 9 front ( ! %\ld]s1 & let drive4 ,if ! reptile's body lies /ill & 8 jaws fly wide op51 run = him l a qu>t] horse1 = y h hit 8 sp9e1 & he is y\r meat if y only get to him 9 "t to lay hold ( 8 tail4 ,take y\r rifle along1 = y might ne$ x aga91 p>ticul>ly if ! crocodile is m ?an t5 feet long4 ,if he requires a c\p de grce1 give him ano!r bullet 9 "o ( 8 c]vical v]tebrae1 & ! subsequ5t proce$+s w int]e/ him no m4 ,x is q a task to sk9 a t5-foot saurian prop]ly1 & to pres]ve ! sk9 s successfully t none ( ! scales w slip (f :5 ! "t comes = ! sk9 to be s(t5$ & /uff$4 ,my me?od1 :i* ,i h practis$ successfully ) ! sk9s ( elev5 species ( crocodiles & alligators1 is z foll[s3 ,= ! sake ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & ! taxid]mi/ 9 p>ticul>1 measure ! crocodile c>efully & record ! dim5sions4 ,divide ! sk9 along ! "u side1 foll[+ ! m$ian l9e f ! ?roat to ! tip ( ! tail1 9 "o long1 /raight cut4 ,beg9n+ at ! end ( ea* middle toe1 divide ! sk9 along ! bottom ( ! foot & ! "u side ( ! leg1 up to ! po9t :]e ! leg jo9s ! body1 b no f>!r4 ,!n beg9 at ! edges ( ! fir/ cut1 & sk9 z f> d[n ! sides ( ! body z possible4 ,:5 ! legs are rea*$1 deta* !m f ! body at hip & %\ld] )\t cutt+ ! sk91 & cont9ue on r\nd ! body until ! backbone is rea*$ & ! sk9 entirely deta*$4 ,sev] ! head f ! neck at ! fir/ c]vical v]tebra )\t cutt+ ! sk94 ,sk9 out ! tongue & remove ! fle% f ! palatal ap]tures & v>i\s cavities ( ! head4 ,sk9 ea* leg by turn+ ! sk9 wrong side out until ! toes are rea*$4 ,leave all ! bones ( ea* leg atta*$ to ea* o!r & to ! sk9 itself at ! toes1 b cut away ! fle% c>efully1 ! same z 9 skeletoniz+4 ,remove f ! sk9 z mu* z possible ( ! fle% :i* w be f\nd adh]+ to x4 ,:5 ! sk9 is ?or\ghly clean1 imm]se x 9 a /rong ba? ( salt & wat]1 & all[ x to rema9 tw5ty-f\r to ?irty h\rs4 ,!n take x out1 rub ! inside & ! leg bones ?or\ghly ) /rong ars5ical soap1 aft] :i* apply p[d]$ alum lib]ally ov] ! inn] surface1 s t n a s+le spot is miss$4 ,!n hang ! sk9 up by ! head 7no dang] ( /ret*+ 9 ?is case71 & all[ x to dry 9 ! w9d & %ade4 ,:5 almo/ h>d & /iff1 take x d[n & fold x up z c>efully z if x 7 a ,sunday coat1 s t x c be pack$ 9 a box ( ord9>y dim5sions4 ,( c\rse small crocodiles1 & ! sk9s ( l>g] ones n exce$+ six feet 9 l5g?1 c be/ be pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 z already describ$ = liz>ds4 ,full in/ructions = r\gh+ out skeletons w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,i w only add to ?is p>agraph ! sugge/ion t ( all ! objects t a collector c ga!r1 no?+ s well repays 9 e way ! "t & labor sp5t ^u !m z a few l>ge1 well-made1 & suffici5tly hide\s sk9s ( crocodilians4 ,!y are at once big1 ugly1 awe-inspir+1 & m>ketable4 ,! g5]al public is v fond ( horrible animals f f>-di/ant c\ntries1 & ,i always gave x crocodiles galore4 ,,*elonia3 ,turtles4--,g :]e y w 9 ! w>m regions ( ! e>?1 y are almo/ c]ta9 to f9d repres5tatives ( ?is ord]4 ,9 ! tropics ! species are v num]\s1 highly int]e/+1 & (t5 ( comm]cial value4 ,_m a "t y\r own hung] w be appeas$ by a t5d] /eak ( gre5 turtle or logg]head1 or a t]rap9 /ew1 or a s(t-%ell fri$ 9 batt]1 or a peck ( t]rap9 eggs dug out ( ! s&1 fre% & o!rwise4 ,! r>e & hide\s mata-mata ( ,s\? ,am]ica w make y a good meal1 & aft]w>d br+ y 9 #be 9 h>d ca%4 ,! hawksbill1 ) ! valuable tortoise %ell ^u 8 back1 is a ?+ ( beauty & a joy =ev]1 price1 #ae4 ,:]ev] y g collect+ 9 ! tropics or sub-tropics1 turtles are y\r lawful prey4 ,h[ to ,kill a ,turtle4--,mr4 ,lucas says ! be/ way is to d x ) *lor(orm1 by ty+ a saturat$ clo? ov] ! victim's head1 & keep+ x !re until dea? ensues4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ m]ciful way1 b someh[ ,i nev] _h ! *lor(orm to sp>e4 ,my plan 0 to d ! kill+ 9 a %ort1 %>p1 & decisive onslaught ) ! knife4 ,) a small1 %>p saw 7a dissect+ saw ) an adju/able back1 = ! small specim5s71 saw ?r\gh ! bridge :i* unites ! %ell ( ! back 7c>apax7 ) t ( ! "u surface 7pla/ron7 at ,b1 ,b 7,fig4 #ai72 !n1 ) ! quicke/ ( "w1 divide ! sk9 ar\nd ! pla/ron1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a2 ) half a doz5 quick /rokes ( ! knife deta* ! pla/ron f ! fle% ( ! body1 & lift x up until ! int]ior ( ! body is expos$4 ,except = ! saw+ ?r\gh ! %ell1 ! re/ is b ! "w ( a mom5t4 ,n[ pi]ce ! he>t in/antly1 & cut ! neck 9 two1 :i* ends all pa9 at once4 ,! only m]it ( ?is me?od ( kill+ is t ! victim is dispos$ ( & put beyond ! p[] ( pa9 9 ab\t ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,v (t5 x is bett] to make an incision on ! dott$ l9e %[n imm$iately beh9d ! =eleg1 & ?r\gh ?is pi]ce ! he>t & lungs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,h[ to ,op5 a ,turtle4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ! figure %[ all ! op5+ cuts t are necess>y4 ,! sk9 is left atta*$ to ! front ( ! pla/ron = app>5t reasons1 b ! pla/ron is turn$ up & ov] ! head to completely expose ! int]ior4 ,9 ! case ( a sea-turtle1 :i* has ! front limbs develop$ z broad1 flat flipp]s in/ead ( feet1 ! op5+ cut mu/ ext5d on up ! leg1 q out to ! extremity ( ! flipp]4 ,! animal's legs1 tail1 & neck are n[ sk9n$ precisely z ^? ( a mammal w\ld be1 ) ! exception t ea* ( ^! memb]s is deta*$ f ! body & pull$ inw>d 9 ord] to turn ! sk9 wrong side out4 ,( c\rse all fle% is to be remov$ f ! animal1 precisely z ) a mammal1 & unless ! skeleton is to be pres]v$1 ! %\ld] girdles & pelvis may be cut out ) ! fle% & ?r[n away4 ,hav+ remov$ all fle% f ! entire subject1 wa% x clean1 & if x is n to be pres]v$ 9 alcohol apply ars5ical soap & alum to ! sk91 putt+ "s ( ! latt] on ! outside z well z inside1 & make up ! sk9 o!rwise z direct$ = dry sk9s ( ord9>y mammals4 ,! neck1 legs1 & tail %\ld h ! "r quantity ( fill+ to prev5t _! %r9k+ & %rivell+ up to ! po9t ( unsightl9ess4 ,rememb] t ! specim5 may rema9 z y pres]ve x1 & be /udi$ = ye>s z a dry sk94 ,! box turtles are s con/ruct$ t :5 !y desire to retire f ! _w no?+ :atev] save ! h>d %ell rema9s expos$4 ,!y _c be op5$ up z describ$ above4 ,x is necess>y to meet _! wants by simply saw+ a big rectangul> section out ( ! pla/ron1 leav+ only a rim rema9+1 & ?r\gh ! hole ?us made ! animal c be sk9n$1 & also /uff$ :5 ! "t comes4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,collect+ ,,fi%es4 ,z to ! me?ods ( procur+ y\r fi%1 ,i h v little to say4 ,9 all my collect+ ,i h nev] yet se5 ! "t :5 x did n pay f> bett] to buy fi% specim5s ( pr(essional fi%]m5 ?an to turn fi%]man myself4 ,) an ent]pris+ set ( fi%]m51 mu* may be done by (f]+ to pur*ase ! /range & curi\s species t are (t5 unfit = food1 & are usually ?r[n away4 ,be fir/ 9 ! fi%-m>ket :5 ! day's cat* is be+ l&$2 be on h& p]si/5tly1 9 season & out ( season1 & by s do+ y w h ! fir/ *ance to buy ! h&some %>ks1 rays1 rh9obati1 etc41 be=e !y are ru?lessly cut up & sold piecemeal4 ,mask y\r en?usiasm2 le>n to dissemble1 & !n y w n ne$ to pay m ?an ! rul+ m>ket prices1 ev5 = ! specim5s :i* are ( ! highe/ sci5tific value4 ,9 ,ceylon ,i once b\ght a rem>kable %>k-ray = ?ree %ill+s1 :i* ,i sold aga91 almo/ imm$iately1 = #ge2 b x almo/ co/ me a fit ( apoplexy to control my feel+s :ile ! b>ga9 0 be+ made4 ,i want$ to give ?ree *e]s = ,rhamphobatis ancylo/omus6 ,,field ,,notes ,,on ,,fi%es4--,colors4--,9 collect+ & pres]v+ fi%es1 happy is he :o c sket* ) a p5cil1 & ?rice happy is he to :om ! gods h giv5 ! ability to pa9t 9 wat]-colors4 ,if y are bless$ ) ?is ability1 ! correct & imp]ative ?+ to d 9 collect+ is to make a good outl9e sket* ( ea* species1 & color x c>efully f a p]fectly fre% specim54 ,!n1 :5 ! glori\s colors ( ! liv+ fi% vani% l magic 9 ! alcohol1 or 9 ! air1 z ! case may be1 !re is y\r p]man5t & indisputable record1 a ?+ ( great value to sci5ce until a bett] "o is produc$4 ,at ! ,national ,museum x has = ye>s be5 ! policy ( ,dr4 ,goode to h an accurate wat]-color draw+ made by ,mr4 ,s*9dl] ( e species ( fi%1 cetacean1 & reptile receiv$4 ,! result is a s]ies ( exhibition ca/s 9 :i* e detail ( color is reproduc$ ) admirable accuracy & life lik5ess4 ,9 pres]v+ y\r fre% specim5s rememb] t1 no matt] :at y may d1 ! colors w fade1 & ! m delicate t9ts w disappe> entirely4 ,labels4--,= alcoholics ! be/ ?+ to use is a small bit ( pure %eet t91 or else %eet lead1 ) a numb] /amp$ ^u x4 ,! next be/ ?+ is a p>*m5t tag hav+ ! necess>y data writt5 ^u x ) a lead p5cil1 :i* is mu* m p]man5t 9 alcohol ?an any ink4 ,sci5tific ,facts4--,( ! _m facts ! novice %\ld try to asc]ta9 reg>d+ ea* species1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,all ! local names2 degree ( abundance2 "t :5 mo/ abundant2 :e!r x is a p]man5t resid5t or is migratory2 if migratory1 ! facts relat+ !reto2 its habits2 ! dep? & "* ( bottom pref]r$2 food2 :at fi%es prey ^u !m2 value z food or = o!r purposes4 ,me?ods ( ,pres]vation4--,9 ! field1 fi%es may be collect$ & pres]v$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways1 accord+ to circum/ances1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,pres]v$ entire 9 spirits4 #b4 ,z sk9s1 pres]v$ 9 spirits4 #c4 ,z sk9s pres]v$ 9 br9e4 #d4 ,z r\gh skeletons1 ei!r pres]v$ dry or 9 spirits4 ,= ! purposes ( sci5tific /udy & close inve/igation1 ! mo/ valuable fi% specim5s are ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ entire 9 alcohol1 or "s equally effici5t pres]vative solution4 ,good alcoholic specim5s rank next 9 sci5tific value to fi%es fre% f _! native elem5t4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ! collector's res\rces are limit$1 & x is necess>y = him to pres]ve only ! sk9s ( ! l>ge & bulky specim5s4 ,tanks = ,alcoholics4--,= ye>s pa/ ! ,national ,museum & ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission h us$ squ>e1 box-l tanks1 made ( copp] & l9$ ) t91 ea* tank hav+ a l>ge r\nd hole 9 its top1 z l>ge z ! wid? ( ! top w all[1 & :i* is clos$ tightly by means ( a screw cov]4 ,^! are kn[n z ,agassiz tanks1 = ! reason t ! design orig9at$ ) ,pr(essor ,l\is ,agassiz4 ,!y are light1 n v co/ly1 easily manag$1 & are ab\t z ne>ly p]fect = _! purpose z any?+ c be 9 ?is _w4 ,!y are made ( ?ree sizes1 to hold f\r1 eight1 or sixte5 gallons4 ,to protect !m dur+ %ipm5t a /rong p9e *e/ is us$1 :i* is provid$ ) wr\ght-iron h&les1 h+$ cov]1 hasp1 & padlock4 ,! *e/s are made to conta9 "o sixte5-gallon tank1 two ( eight gallons1 & ei!r ?ree or f\r f\r-gallon tanks4 ,! tanks us$ by ! ,national ,museum are made by ,w4,s4 ,b>k]1 ,sev5? & ,d ,/reets1 ,s4,w41 ,wa%+ton1 at ! foll[+ prices1 exclusive ( ! *e/s2 sixte5-gallon tank1 #af4ej2 eight-gallon1 #aj2 f\r-gallon1 #d4be2 p9e *e/s1 complete1 #c ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,agassiz ,tank1 = ,alcoholics4 ,if ,agassiz tanks are n obta9able1 ! next be/ & ! *eape/ c\rse is to h "s l>ge r\nd cans made ( galvaniz$ iron1 ) tops t c be sold]$ on :5 ! "t comes to %ip specim5s4 ,wood5 kegs are n ( mu* use 9 collect+1 b bo? kegs & b>rels are good en\gh to use 9 transport+ collections4 ,_m a "t ,i h help$ myself out ( a difficulty afield by fall+ back ^u ! immortal ,am]ican k]os5e c1 hold+ five squ>e gallons1 & :i* goes to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,glass ,j>s4--,9 ! field ,i h nev] f\nd any o!r sort ( a glass j> half z useful & safe z a common ,mason fruit j>1 v>y+ 9 size f p9t to half-gallon4 ,!y are inf9itely sup]ior to glass-/opp]$ j>s1 & f> less liable to be brok54 ,,pres]v+ ,,fi%es ,,entire ,,9 ,,spirits4--,hav+ tak5 all ! notes on a fre% specim5 t y desire1 ! next ?+ is to wa% x ?or\ghly4 ,b be=e wa%+ ! fi%1 says ,dr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,bean1 look x ov] = ext]nal p>asites2 exam9e ! gills & ! inside ( ! m\? c>efully1 z ^! are favorite situations4 ,^! p>asites (t5 furni% a clue to ! migration ( ! fi%2 remove !m if !y c be tak5 (f entire2 if n1 let !m rema91 & call att5tion to _! pres5ce 9 y\r %ipp+ notes4 ,pres]ve ! p>asites 9 vials or bottles1 & provide !m ) labels1 /at+ f :at fi% !y came1 & 9 :at situation !y 7 f\nd4 ,_m fi%es :5 tak5 f ! wat] h ! entire body & gills cov]$ ) a coat ( p]si/5t mucus t c be remov$ only by det]m9$ ef=t4 ,if y h any alum at h&1 y c 9 a mom5t make up a p9t or qu>t ( alum wat]1 :i* w cut ! mucus in/antly1 & cle> x (f4 ,use a /iff bru%--a l>ge too?-bru% is ! be/ ?+--9 clean+ (f ?is mucus1 & d n =get to cleanse ! gills ?or\ghly4 ,op5 ! abdom9al region ( e fi% by mak+ a g5]\s cut f ! v5t /raight =w>d t[>d ! v5tral f9s4 ,usually ! l5g? ( ! op5+ %\ld be equal to ab\t "o-fif? ( ! entire l5g? ( ! fi%4 ,if ! fi% be a l>ge "o1 x has always be5 my practice to op5 ! fle%y int]ior /ill f>!r by work+ ?r\gh ?is cut1 & deta*+ ! sk9 f ! fle% z f> up ea* side z possible4 ,?is gives ! spirits imm$iate access to ! entire mass ( fle%1 & ! result is v spe$y & p]fect pres]vation )\t any *ange :atev] 9 ! =m or weight ( ! specim54 ,dr4 ,bean always directs t ! visc]a be pres]v$1 to assi/ 9 id5tification1 ev5 ?\gh x becomes necess>y to remove !m f l>ge fi%es & pres]ve !m 9 sep>ate j>s4 ,:5 !re is no p>ticul> reason = _! pres]vation1 x is a great advantage to remove !m & ?r[ !m away4 ,!y are--unless ( sci5tific value--an abom9able nuisance1 & d m to spoil good alcohol ?an all ! re/ ( ! fi%4 ,fi%es t h begun to decompose1 & h become (f5sive1 yet are too valuable to ?r[ away1 may be dis9fect$ by wa%+ !m inside & out ) a mod]ately weak solution ( pure c>bolic acid & wat]1 or ) a solution made by dissolv+ a tablespoonful ( *loride ( soda 9 a p9t ( wat]4 ,= ye>s a v common =mula = pres]vative alcohol has be5 n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol dilut$ ) "o-?ird ( its bulk ( wat]1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?ree p>ts ( alcohol & "o ( wat]4 ,if !re is any fault to be f\nd ) ?is solution1 x is t x is /rong] ?an is really necess>y4 ,i h pres]v$ b>rels ( alcoholic specim5s 9 a solution compos$ ( two p>ts ( pro( spirits & "o "p wat]1 & h nev] lo/ a specim5 except ?r\gh leakage4 ,?is solution is /rong en\gh to /& consid]able det]ioration )\t ! loss ( its cont5ts4 ,i h nev] attempt$ to collect quantities ( alcoholics )\t an alcoholomet] 9 con/ant use4 ,?is little in/rum5t co/s b a trifle1 & af=ds ! only reliable means = te/+ ! /r5g? ( alcohol4 ,its use enables ! collector to ex]cise economy 9 ! use ( 8 spirits1 & get ! maximum b5efit f x4 ,!re=e ,i say1 buy an alcoholomet] at all haz>ds1 & c>ry x & a suitable te/-glass ) y\r outfit4 ,te/ ! spirits on y\r specim5s frequ5tly1 & y w !n run no risks ( loss4 ,keep a receptacle to use z a receiv+ & cur+ tank1 into :i* all fre% specim5s are plac$1 ) abundant room = ea* to und]go ! cur+ process4 ,e animal conta9s 9 its body a heavy p]c5tage ( wat]1 :i* mu/ be1 9 great measure1 replac$ by ! spirits be=e ! fle% c be pres]v$ f decay4 ,into ! fir/ ba? a great quantity ( blood & abdom9al fluids w be soak$ out f ! specim51 & x is b\nd to lose /r5g? rapidly1 & also become f\l4 ,z long z x rema9s clean en\gh to use1 keep up its /r5g? by ! addition ( pure spirits1 & 9 x imm]se all specim5s until !y are ?or\ghly cur$4 ,give !m pl5ty ( room at fir/1 & keep !m f settl+ d[n to ! bottom by putt+ !re a bun* ( excelsior1 t[1 or clo?4 ,:ile ! spirits 9 a c may be /rong en\gh on top to pres]ve a specim51 at ! bottom1 :]e ! animal impurities settle1 x may be s weak t any?+ ly+ 9 x w\ld soon spoil4 ,(t5 ! tail ( a fi% :i* hangs upright 9 a j> w spoil :ile ! rema9d] w be pres]v$4 ,aft] specim5s h rema9$ 9 ! receiv+-tank = f two to f\r days1 accord+ to size1 put !m 9 ano!r receptacle 9 clean1 fre% spirits1 /ill all[+ !m pl5ty ( room4 ,f9ally1 :5 ready to pack up & make a %ipm5t home1 wrap ea* fi% sep>ately 9 a piece ( ?91 :ite cotton clo?1 j l>ge en\gh to cov] x well1 dip x 9 clean spirits1 & )\t any ty+ or p9n+ ( ! clo?s1 lay ! fi%es 9 y\r b>rel l s>d9es 9 a box1 z closely z !y w lie )\t be+ squeez$4 ,fill ! receptacle full ( fi%es1 head x up1 & !n p\r into x all ! clean spirits x w hold4 ,9 ord] to proce$ ) ! second & ?ird me?ods ( pres]v+ fi% specim5s1 x n[ becomes necess>y to describe a process4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,sk9 ,a ,,fi%4--,( c\rse1 no "o aspir+ to become a collector ( fi%es w rema9 9 ignorance ( ! names ( ! diff]5t f9s4 ,&1 m ?an t1 be=e he c prep>e ev5 ! r\gh skeleton ( a fi% he mu/ "k :at its bony /ructure is l4 ,on ! :ole1 !re is a good deal to be le>n$ ab\t me?ods 9 collect+ fi%es1 & z a beg9n+ we mu/ le>n h[ to sk9 a scale fi%4 ,! me?ods ) c>tilag9\s fi%es w be consid]$ lat]4 ,! pr9ciples ) all scale fi%es are precisely ! same1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! great] am\nt ( cold /eel & en]gy requir$ = su* great1 hulk+ brutes z ! jewfi%1 & ! magnific5t t>pon4 ,= conv5i5ce we w take a specim5 ab\t a foot 9 l5g?2 = example1 a /rip$ bass1 a pike1 or a r$ snapp]4 ,z is ! case ) quadrup$s1 ! left side ( a m\nt$ fi% is always expect$ to be ! %[ side4 ,lay ! specim5 ^u its left side1 />t at ! v5t ) a /\t pair ( %>p-po9t$ scissors1 & divide ! sk9 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e along ! m$ian l9e ( ! belly t[>d ! head1 /opp+ ! cut :5 y approa* close to ! n>r[1 tongue-l po9t :i* t]m9ates betwe5 ! l[] angles ( ! gill op5+s4 ,n[ rev]se ! fi%1 beg9 aga9 at ! v5t1 & divide ! sk9 ) a clean cut ?r\gh ! scales1 9 a l9e p>allel ) ! base ( ! anal f91 & ab\t half an in* f :]e ! scales meet ! f9 rays4 ,?is is really a cut along ! side ( ! fi%1 z l[ d[n z possible1 made necess>y by reason ( ! anal f94 ,cont9ue ?is cut /raight back to ! tail1 z %[n 9 ! dott$ l9e g-h 9 ,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,cut ,,op5 ,,& ,,m\nt ,a ,,fi%4 ,y w f9d t ! v5tral f9s are jo9$ toge!r 9 ! fle% by a /rong bony ar*1 call$ ! pubis1 & ?is mu/ be divid$ ?r\gh ! middle s z to entirely sep>ate ! f9s4 ,! anal f9-rays mu/ n[ be cut loose f ! int]ior rays 7call$ int]hmal sp9es71 :i* are really _! bony f\ndation4 ,! v5tral f9s mu/ also be cut loose f ! pubic bones at ! po9t :]e !y are articulat$4 ,n[ take ! cut edge ( ! fi% sk9 betwe5 ! left ?umb & =ef+]1 & ) ! c>tilage-knife c>efully cut ! sk9 free f ! fle%4 ,be c>eful n to di/urb ! :ite lay] ( color pigm5t :i* is spread l a silv] l9+ ( feeble t9-foil ov] ! inside ( ! sk94 ,?is is :at gives ! fi% its silv]y color1 & if sk9n$ (f or scrap$ away ! sk9 w look l colorless p>*m5t4 ,:atev] y d1 d n di/urb t color l9+4 ,proce$ ) ! sk9n+ until ! sk9 has be5 deta*$ f ! entire upp] side ( ! fi%4 ,?is br+s y to :]e ! dorsal & caudal f9s are ins]t$4#f ,n[ turn ! fi% ov]1 & proce$ z be=e1 z f> z y c g4 ,y pres5tly rea* ! caudal f91 :i* mu/ be cut loose f ! end ( ! v]tebral column z f> back 9 ! sk9 z possible4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! sk9 & ! fle%y body /ill hang toge!r by ! atta*m5t ( ! rays ( ! dorsal f9 to ! int]hmal sp9es4 ,cut ^! ap>t ) ! scissors1 f back to front1 close up to ! sk91 :i* br+s y to :]e ! v]tebral column jo9s ! skull4 ,y w make v %ort "w ( t1 :i* frees ! fle%y body f ! skull4 ,n[ scrape away ! surplus fle% f ! inside ( ! sk91 wa% x ?or\ghly1 remove ! gills 7if !y are n to be /udi$71 & lay ! sk9 flat ^u its side 9 y\r tank ( alcohol4 ,by ?us pres]v+ ! sk9s ( fi%es1 in/ead ( :ole specim5s1 a great numb] ( really l>ge specim5s c be pres]v$ 9 a small quantity ( alcohol1 = at ! la/ !y c be pack$ toge!r1 heads & tails1 precisely l s>d9es4 ,,sk9n+ ,,c>tilag9\s ,,fi%es4--,%>ks1 ,rays1 etc4--,! sk9n+ ( a %>k or saw-fi% calls = no special in/ructions 9 addition to ! =ego+1 except t ! long1 n>r[1 po9t$ tail requires to be slit op5 along ! "r side ( its upp] lobe = a consid]able di/ance4 ,rememb] ! pr9ciple t :]ev] !re is fle%1 a way mu/ be made s t x c be remov$1 or at lea/ rea*$ f ! inside by ! pres]vative4 ,( ! skull1 no?+ is to be left atta*$ to ! sk9 except ! jaws4 ,! skeleton is :olly ( c>tilage in/ead ( bone1 & is easily cut ?r\gh4 ,! extremely flat1 circul>-bodi$ ray1 also ) a c>tilag9\s skeleton1 mu/ be op5$ on ! und]side by two cross cuts at "r angles to ea* o!r1 "o ext5d+ f m\? to tail1 & ! o!r f side to side4 ,! f9 rays are v long /ems ( c>tilage1 set s closely toge!r z to =m a solid %eet ( c>tilage ext5d+ f ! ?oracic skeleton out to ! extremities ( ! f9s1 :i* tap] out to no?+4 ,! ?oracic skeleton gives %ape to ! body ( ! ray1 p>ticul>ly ! back1 & x mu/ be left 9 place1 ) ! sk9 ( ! back atta*$ to x4 ,cut ?r\gh ! f9 rays :]e !y jo9 ! body1 & ?is w enable y to sk9 d[n ea* side ( ! fi% until y get s ne> ! out] edge !re is no long] any fle%4 ,/op at t po9t1 cut ! fle% away f ! f9 rays1 & cut away z mu* ( ! f9 rays !mselves z y please4 ,cle> out all ! fle% & pres]ve ! sk9 9 a v /rong solution ( salt & wat] 7:at is kn[n to *emi/s z a saturat$ solution71 or 9 alcohol if y h x to sp>e4 ,,prep>+ ,,r\gh ,,skeletons4--,9 ab\t sev5 cases out ( t51 x is a f> easi] & m simple matt] to r\gh out1 clean1 & m\nt ! complete skeleton ( a fi% ?an ! un9itiat$ w\ld naturally suppose4 ,a few fi%es1 su* z ! %ad1 h m bones ?an ! law all[s1 & ! prep>ation ( a complete skeleton ?us becomes a practical impossibility4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 mo/ fi%es are m reasonable 9 ! matt] ( bones1 & to ^! we direct our ef=ts4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 /udy ! bony /ructure ( a typical scale fi%1 le>n :at its pr9cipal p>ts are1 & h[ !y are articulat$4 ,le>n h[ ! ribs lie1 & h[ a r[ ( sl5d]1 riblike bones call$ app5dices1 or epipleural sp9es1 are atta*$ to ! true ribs1 & at _! out] extremities t\* ! inside ( ! sk9 along ! lat]al l9e ( ! fi%4 ,if y w take a good-siz$ p]* z y\r fir/ subject1 y w n be tr\bl$ ) any o/eological extras1 & ! process w be z foll[s3 ,lay ! p]* ^u its side1 & ) a %>p scalpel cut away ! sk9 f ! :ole ( ! expos$ side4 ,remove all ! visc]a4 ,by c>eful exam9ation1 asc]ta9 ! exact location ( ! ribs1 & p>ticul>ly ! r[ ( epipleural sp9es atta*$ at ! upp] ends ( ! =m]4 ,) a broad1 flat bone-scrap]1 or y\r knife-blade if y h no?+ bett]1 beg9 at ! lat]al l9e ( ! fi%1 & "w t[>d ! top ( ! back1 tak+ ! fle% away 9 *unks z y g4 ,9 a v %ort "t ! v]tebr & ! int]hmal sp9es are expos$1 & ) a n>r[] bone-scrap] ! fle% is easily remov$ f !m4 ,n[ turn ! fi% ar\nd1 & ) great c>e cut & scrape ! fle% away f ! ribs & ! epipleural sp9es4 ,d n on any acc\nt deta* ! latt] f ! =m]1 b at ?is /age leave !m atta*$ to ea* o!r by a ?9 /rip ( fle% = _! bett] protection4 ,d n sep>ate ! v5tral f9s by cutt+ ?r\gh ! pubic ar*1 b ) y\r small1 curve-end$ bone-scrap] remove ! fle% f ! angul> recesses ( ^! bones1 & leave ! ant]ior end ( ! pubic ar* atta*$ to ! coracoid4 ,next1 pick out ! fle% f ar\nd ! base ( ! pectoral f91 remove ! eye f its socket1 & :atev] fle% ! skull conta9s4 ,?us does ! bony /ructure ( "o entire side /& reveal$4 ,! gills are ( c\rse to rema9 9 place1 z ! skeleton w\ld n be complete )\t !m4 ,!re is b "o ?+ m to add4 ,9 treat+ ! o!r side ( ! fi% 9 a precisely simil> mann]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to n di/urb ! atta*m5t ( ! int]neural & int]hmal sp9es :i* jo9 ! dorsal & anal f9 rays to ! processes ( ! v]tebral column4 ,hav+ ?us d5ud$ ! fi% ( its fle%1 lay ! skeleton 9 a pan ( wat]1 & ) a mod]ately s(t too?-bru%1 or nailbru%1 bru% x c>efully to wa% away all blood & mucus4 ,if ! bones are full ( blood 7:i* is v r>ely ! case71 ! skeleton mu/ be soak$ 9 cle> wat] = an h\r or two1 or long] if necess>y1 to soak out ! blood1 s t x w n dry 9 ! bones & p]man5tly disfigure !m4 ,r\gh skeletons ( fi%es may be pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 b = _m reasons x is mu* ! be/ to dry !m4 ,poison !m ) dry ars5ic2 d n put ^u !m ei!r salt1 ars5ical soap1 or alum1 hang ea* "o up by ! head1 & see t x dries 9 good %ape4 ,! pectoral f9s %\ld lie well d[n ^u ! ribs = mutual protection4 ,,footnote3 #f ,"s op]ators op5 a fi% 9 a /raight l9e along ! middle ( "o side1 b ,i h nev] be5 able to see any reason = ?is pref]5ce4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,collect+ ,,m>9e ,,inv]tebrates4 ,,sponges4--,a live sponge is simply a va/ colony ( protozoan animals1 ea* memb] ( :i* lives an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 b all are at ! same "t mutually dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r4 ,! sponge ( comm]ce1 & ! clean$ sponge ( ! museum collection is1 l a bran* ( coral1 m]ely ! skeleton ( ! liv+ aggregation4 ,a live sponge is a d>k color$1 heavy1 t\gh gelat9\s mass1 cold & clammy to h&le1 quickly (f5sive if left 9 ! op5 air1 & utt]ly useless until clean$1 or rid ( its mass ( animal matt]4 ,! skeleton ( a sponge may be horny1 l t ( ! useful sponges ( comm]ce2 silici\s1 l ! m>vell\sly beautiful framework ( ! fam\s glass sponge ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7,euplectella72 or calc>e\s1 l ! curi\s little ,grantia1 :i* looks l a m9iature b\quet-hold]1 ) a frill ( sp9es ar\nd its op5 end4 ,ow+ to ! extreme sc>city ( sponge collections1 v few p]sons "k h[ great a v>iety ( =ms1 & :at really rem>kable =ms1 exi/ no f>!r f home ?an ! wat]s t wa% ! coa/ ( our own belov$ ,florida4 ,i once _h ! pleasure ( collect+ no few] ?an sixte5 di/9ct species on ! bea* betwe5 ,biscayne ,bay & ,new ,riv] ,inlet1 "s ( !m ( rem>kable =m1 & all ( !m nicely clean$ = me by old ,ocean4 ,( c\rse1 ,i se>*$ = sponges1 & f\nd _m a f9e specim5 buri$ almo/ out ( sight 9 ! s&1--b :at glori\s fun x 01 to be sure6 ,!re ,i obta9$ ! l>ge1 co>se basket sponge 7,hirv9a campana71 a holl[1 inv]t$ cone1 (t5 capable ( hold+ a pailful ( wat]2 ! rem>kable f+] sponge 7,tuba vag9alis71 :i* =ms clu/]s ( upright1 holl[ cyl9d]s2 a l>ge cyl9drical sponge ( a ri* br[n color1 & beautiful wiry texture1 call$ ,v]ongia fi/ul>is2 & sponges t 7 l trees1 l int]lock$ de] antl]s1 & :at n4 ,pr(essor ,h4,a4 ,w>d's la/ catalogue ( inv]tebrates enum]at$ =ty-?ree species ( sponges t 7 on h& :5 ! li/ w5t to press4 ,( ^!1 ! l>ge/ specim5 0 a huge ,neptune's cup 7,pat]ion neptuni71 f\r feet 9 height1 & %ap$ l a gigantic goblet1 :i* came f ! neighborhood ( ,s+apore4 ,!re=e1 ,i say1 :5 on ! sea%ore1 be on ! look\t = sponges4 ,if y c f9d !m on ! bea* ready clean$ & dri$ = y1 s mu* ! bett]2 b if y get !m alive1 ! s(t animal matt] mu/ be mac]at$ & wa%$ away1 j z y w\ld mac]ate ! fle% f a l>ge skeleton4 ,soak !m 9 fre% wat] = a %ort "t to mac]ate ! s(t matt]1 !n wa% x out 9 salt wat]1 & keep ?is up until ! sponge is at la/ clean4 ,,corals4--,! blea*$ :ite coral clu/] ( ! cab9et is1 l ! sponge1 only ! skeleton ( its =m] self4 ,:5 x 0 =cibly torn f its foo?old at ! bottom ( ! sea x 0 cov]$ ) liv+ coral polyps1 :i* gave x ! color :i* is peculi>ly its own4 ,"s species1 notably ,madrepores1 :5 fir/ tak5 f ! wat] look l color$ glass4 ,! ma9 bran*es are ( a yell[i%-br[n t9t1 %ad+ t[>d ! tips to ! mo/ delicate & beautiful blui% purple4 ,!re is no way to pres]ve ^! colors1 because !y are due entirely to ! pres5ce ( ! liv+ polyps4 ,:5 ^? delicate organisms die1 z die !y mu/1 ! color vani%es1 & if n clean$ & blea*$1 ! coral assumes a dead1 smoky br[n appe>ance1 sugge/ive ( du/ & dirt4 ,!re=e x is be/ to clean & blea* y\r corals at once4 ,?is requires a little "t1 b ! process is s simple a *ild c use x4 ,small specim5s c be clean$ quickly by wa%+ !m 9 dilute muriatic acid1 & aft]w>d 9 cle> wat] to keep ! acid f go+ too f>1 & !n plac+ !m out 9 ! sun to blea*4 ,l>ge specim5s _c always be treat$ 9 ?is way1 & ! be/ plan = :olesale op]ations is to place ! coral on ! gr\nd1 9 a sunny situation1 & da% wat] ^u x daily until ! s(t animal matt] has be5 wa%$ away1 & ! w9d & sun comb9$ h blea*$ ! specim5s to sn[y :it5ess4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 ! natives :o live )9 rea* ( coral groves are 9 ! habit ( ga!r+ x 9 quantity1 clean+ x v successfully1 & (f]+ x = sale at prices t defy competition on ! "p ( any sci5tific collector ^: "t is wor? m ?an fifty c5ts a day4 ,! be/ ?+ ! collector c d is to get acqua9t$ ) ! native fi%]m5 & boatm51 treat !m well & pay fairly1 & !n1 if !re is any?+ 9 ! sea t 8 collector%ip wants1 x w soon be =?com+4 ,?us1 in/ead ( ! gr[? ( ! collection dep5d+ ^u "o or two m51 !re w be f t5 to tw5ty local exp]ts directly int]e/$ 9 x4 ,i once came to a complete deadlock ) my int]pret] & ?ree boatm5 on ! translation ( ! ^w coral4 ,!y 7 ,s+halese & ,tamils1 & coral 0 worse ?an ,sanskrit to !m4 ,f9ally1 z a la/ despair+ ef=t1 ,i took a p5cil & began to make a sket* ( a madrepore4 ,! cr[d wat*$ its progress 9 brea?less sil5ce until v soon "o appreciative auditor %\t$ triumphantly1 ,koki kalli6 ,! cr[d joyfully e*o$ x1 ! my/]y 0 solv$1 & 9 five m9utes m we 7 afloat & on our way to seek ,! treasures ( ! sea1 ,9 ! my/ic groves ( coral ,:]e h] _s w&]s free4 ,! pack+ & %ipp+ ( bran*+ corals is a s]i\s matt]4 ,i h tri$ e way ,i c\ld ?9k (1 & h se5 o!rs d ! same1 & am firmly conv9c$ t no matt] h[ ! l>ge bran*+ clu/]s are pack$1 !y are b\nd to get some:at brok5 anyway6 ,( c\rse1 if y c>e to travel ) !m & see to _! h&l+ at e transf]1 t is ano!r ?+1 b :o c d t8 ,! tr\ble is t ! individual bran*es are s v heavy = ! diamet] ( ! /ems next ! base1 a sudd5 j> causes !m to snap 9 two by _! own weight4 ,b !n corals are v beautiful1 v int]e/+1 & no matt] ?\gh !y are tr\blesome1 we mu/ h !m4 ,9 pack+ bra9 coral1 & o!r compact =ms )\t bran*es1 ! pr9cipal ?+ is to wrap !m 9 suffici5t s(t mat]ials t _! surfaces _c get rubb$1 = t w\ld ru9 !m4 ,d n pack a l>ge *unk ( bra9 coral )\t putt+ a p>tition across ! box to hold x firmly 9 its own place1 no matt] h[ ! box is turn$4 ,9 ,ceylon ,i once took ! tr\ble to divide a l>ge box into twelve sep>ate comp>tm5ts = ! reception ( t numb] ( coral specim5s4 ,9 pack+ bran*+ coral1 a good quantity ( s(t1 ela/ic1 fibr\s mat]ial l coir1 cotton1 t[1 oakum1 or some?+ simil>1 is necess>y4 ,f fir/ to la/1 take :atev] precautions are necess>y to keep y\r corals f gett+ fill$ ) dirt & litt]4 ,ea* clu/] mu/ lie on a ?ick pad ( y\r fibr\s mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to get d[nw>d pressure ^u x1 to hold x 9 place )\t break+ ! bran*es1 take "s s(t pap] or cotton clo?1 roll up a long1 cyl9drical pad ( cotton or some?+ else1 & ?ru/ x f> d[n into ! l>ge/ op5+ betwe5 ! bran*es1 ) "o end project+ above ! top ( ! clu/] to receive & transmit pressure f above4 ,?is pr9ciple1 if prop]ly c>ri$ out1 w enable ! collector to s firmly fix ev5 ! mo/ fragile clu/] t x is fitt$ to )/& pretty r\gh treatm5t 9 transit )\t s]i\s damage4 ,,/>-,,fi%es4--,:5 />-fi%es are fir/ tak5 f ! wat] _! arms are pliant1 b aft] a ba? 9 alcohol !y become p]fectly rigid4 ,if left to !mselves :5 fir/ put into spirits1 ! small] & m spid]-l species w almo/ tie _! arms into d\ble b[-knots1 & insi/ on keep+ !m s =ev] aft]4 ,s9ce ! way to cure a />-fi% is to soak x 9 alcohol = f six to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 accord+ to size1 & !n dry x flat & 9 good %ape1 x becomes necess>y to p9 ! small ones firmly 9 %ape ^u ?9 bo>ds be=e imm]s+ !m1 & !n !y w /ay put4 ,see to x t :ile 9 ! spirits all y\r />-fi%es1 l>ge & small1 cure 9 prop] %ape1 flat1 & ) ea* arm flat & ext5d$ 9 ! "r direction4 ,aft] removal f ! spirits1 p9 out all ^? n already fa/5$ ^u bo>ds1 & !n let !m dry4 ,i h nev] f\nd x necess>y to poison ! spirits1 = ! reason t d]me/es & o!r insects seem to respect a dri$ />-fi% = 8 own sake4 ,,e*9i4--,9 all tropic seas ! collector is liable to f9d e*9od]ms1 sea-ur*9s1 sea-eggs1 or sea-porcup9es4 ,^! creatures are usually sph]ical 9 %ape1 ) ! m\? und]nea?1 & ! int]nal /ructure ( ! animal is cov]$ ) a /\t1 calc>e\s %ell ( uni=m ?ickness1 :i* is set all ov] on ! outside ) a mass ( protect+ sp9es1 usually f9e & v %>p-po9t$1 b sometimes ?ick & blunt4 ,9 life ! sp9es are movable1 & by means ( !m ! creature walks1 or cl+s to its native rocks mo/ t5aci\sly4 ,! be/ "t to seek e*9i is at l[ tide1 & ! be/ places are ^? :]e ! %ore l9e is compos$ ( r\gh rocks1 scoop$ out "h & !re into %all[ pools4 ,take ) y a l>ge basket1 a l>ge screw-driv]1 if y h "o1 or fail+ t1 a knife ) a long1 /\t blade4 ,we> old clo!s1 unless y c af=d to spoil new ones4 ,:5 ! tide is l[ y c wade ar\nd 9 ! n[ peaceful pools1 & f9d ! e*9i 9 ! %elt]$ crevices1 cl++ to ! bottom1 or ! p]p5dicul> sides ( ! rocks1 b always "u wat]4 ,to dislodge !m1 ! knife-po9t or ! edge ( ! screw-driv] mu/ be neatly & skilfully work$ "u ! victim f> en\gh to enable y1 ) ! ex]tion ( "s =ce & a /eady pull1 to pry him loose f ! rock1 :]eupon he becomes y\r lawful prey4 ,next comes ! clean+ process4 ,) a small knife1 deta* ! sk9 ( ! m\? p>ts f ! edge ( ! r\nd hole und]nea?1 9 ! middle ( :i* ! m\? is situat$1 & remove all fluid & fle%y matt] f ! int]ior ( ! %ell4 ,t done1 wa% x out ?or\ghly4 ,! bony jaws1 or ,ari/otle's lant]n1 may also be drawn out ?r\gh ! hole & ?r[n away--unless y happ5 to be collect+ = someone :o is /udy+ ! anatomy ( e*9i1 9 :i* case he mu/ speak = himself4 ,hav+ clean$ y\r sea-ur*91 put x 9 clean alcohol 7same /r5g? z = fi%es7 & let x soak = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is w prev5t ! sp9es f g5tly dropp+ (f1 l leaves 9 autumn1 :5 y proce$ to dry ! specim54 ,aft] soak+ 9 spirits1 put ! specim5s out 9 a %ady place to dry4 ,x is a curi\s fact t all ! e*9i ( ,ceylon & ,malayana lose _! sp9es unless soak$ 9 spirits be=e dry+1 :]eas ^? ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,we/ ,indies c be dri$ )\t soak+1 & ! sp9es w n fall (f4 ,,%ells4 ,liv+ & ,dead ,specim5s4--,! fir/ ?+ t ! amateur ne$s to le>n ab\t a %ell is t x may be liv+ or dead4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 :at is te*nically call$ a dead %ell is wor?less 9 a cab9et4 ,a live %ell is "o :i* has be5 collect$ ) a liv+ mollusc 9 x1 & !n duly clean$1 pres]v+ all its beautiful colors4 ,a dead %ell is "o 9 :i* ! occupant di$ a natural dea?1 has la9 & blea*$ 9 ! sun%9e until its colors are entirely gone1 & its =m also ru9$ by ! wea!r4 ,!re=e ,i say1 leave dead %ells alone1 unless x be t y are mak+ an exhau/ive collection ( ! species 9 a giv5 locality1 :5 a dead %ell :i* is id5tifiable is z good a record z a liv+ "o4 ,:]e a %ell is actually devoid ( color1 a dead %ell is z good z a liv+ "o1 provid$ x is collect$ be=e its edges or its angles h be5 r\nd$ by exposure to ! sun & ra94 ,_m a liv+ %ell has an epid]mis1 ! same z an animal1 :ile a dead %ell has none4 ,:5 %ells are obta9able1 :o c resi/ ! impulse to ga!r !m8 ,! man1 woman1 or *ild :o is pro( aga9/ ! s$uctive p[]s ( ! beautiful & _m-color$ %ells ( ! sea%ore is fit = treason1 /ratagems1 & spoils4 ,next to ! pleasure ( collect+ %ells "o's self is t ( witness+ ! ke5 delight ( *ildr5 & ladies 9 ga!r+ ^! beautiful treasures ( ! sea4 ,if y h nev] yet _h an opportunity to /roll along ! smoo? s&s ( an ocean bea* at l[ tide1 & ga!r y\r basketful ( beautiful %ells1 curi\s sponges1 bits ( coral & corall9e1 :ile y\r s\l is soo!d by ! rhy?mic music ( ! surf1 !n ,i pity y4 ,y h inde$ yet some?+ left to live =4 ,hook] has divid$ ! %ell-be>+ mollusca into ?ree great gr\ps--l&1 fre%-wat]1 & m>9e--& ! %ell collector w d well to /udy ea* "o sep>ately4 ,l& ,%ells4--,^! are mo/ abundant 9 ! tropics1 less s 9 ! subtropical regions1 & are r>e else:]e4 ,!y are seldom f\nd :]e moi/ure is n abundant4 ,9 ! tropics !y are to be collect$ all ! ye> r\nd1 b 9 ! temp]ate zone x is be/ to collect !m 9 ! autumn1 :5 !y are fully gr[n4 ,x is impossible1 )\t devot+ too mu* space to ?is subject1 to give m ?an a g5]al idea ( ! situations 9 :i* l& %ells are f\nd4 ,"s species are to be look$ = on trees & bu%es2 o!rs on rocks & /one walls2 o!rs aga9 on ! gr\nd1 & o!rs aga9 on ! blades or 9 ! roots ( grass4 ,9 ! tropics x is p>ticul>ly desirable to wat* = ! beautiful l& snails1 :i* are almo/ /rictly arboreal 9 _! habits4 ,!y are to be f\nd on ! trunks & leaves ( palms1 ! banana1 myrtle1 orange1 & scores ( o!r trees & %rubs4 ,fre%-,wat] ,%ells :i* inhabit cle> & %all[ wat] are easily ga!r$ ) a /\t h&-net4 ,:]e ! wat] is murky1 or s deep t ! bottom _c be se51 x is necess>y to h an in/rum5t l an iron-too!d rake1 ) ! tee? set closely toge!r1 to be us$ z a sort ( clam-dr$ge1 rak+ ! bottom & ga!r+ up ! mussels4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! amateur collector w d\btless be surpris$ at ! numb] ( species ( ,unio :i* w repay ! labors ( a dilig5t collector4 ,m>9e ,%ells4--,if y w\ld h "o ( ! jollie/ picnics 9 ! _w1 don a suit ( old clo!s1 equip y\rself ) a /\t basket1 a screw-driv] ) a long h&le1 & a case-knife ) a ?9 blade1 ,hang up ?y lute & hie !e to ! sea4 ,g be=e ! tide is at its l[e/ ebb1 & se>* 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l>ge/ b[ld]s1 "u l$ges ( rock1 "u loose /ones1 9 %all[ pools1 9 bun*es ( sea-we$1 9 fact ev]y:]e along ! %ore4 ,9 ^! v>i\s places y w f9d c[ries1 orm]s 7,haliotis71 *itons1 limpets1 & m o!rs ?an ,i c\ld "n 9 an h\r4 ,:5 wad+ 9 %all[ wat] x is well to look out = ! pe/if]\s /+-ray1 & n /ep on "o unaw>es1 le/ y f9d its caudal sp9e driv5 ?r\gh y\r foot l a poison$ arr[4 ,b1 =tunately1 !y seldom tr\ble ! collector4 ,) ! limpets1 *itons1 & o!r small %ell-fi%1 y mu/ "w ! po9t ( y\r case-knife "u !m1 & ) x gradually deta* !m f ! rock4 ,:]e su* prey is pl5tiful1 ! collect+ ( x is gr& fun1 ,i assure y4 ,!re are _m bivalves :i* burr[ or bury 9 ! mud or s&1 :i* mu/ be dug out ) a /ick or tr[el1 :ile o!r species1 /ill m ent]pris+1 bore into wood5 piles1 & ev5 into rocks6 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 c be collect$ only ) ! aid ( a hat*et1 or *isel1 or /one-hamm]1 z ! case may be4 ,if y are on ! ,florida coa/ y w d well to se>* ov] ! coral reefs & ! mud flats at l[ tide4 ,on ! latt] y w f9d con*-%ells1 p9nas1 & num]\s o!r species4 ,i once made a v successful se>* = p9nas by wad+ ar\nd b>efoot$ on a s&y flat on :i* ! rec$+ tide _h left ! wat] b little ov] a foot 9 dep?4 ,^! %ells 7 always f\nd /&+ up 9 ! s&1 at bay1 ) _! %>p edge up4 ,by go+ b>efoot$ z ,i did1 y f9d ! %ells by /epp+ on !m & cutt+ y\r feet1 :i* is to be accompli%$1 h[ev]1 )\t hurt+ ! ?9 edge ( ! %ell4 ,a cut foot w heal up1 b a brok5 %ell nev] w4 ,,clean+ ,,%ells4#g--;,9 ga!r+ %ells1 p>ticul>ly ! m>9e species1 _m ( !m w be f\nd cov]$ ) a ?ick1 lea!ry1 & p]si/5t epid]mis1 & _m o!rs w be s buri$ "u r\gh1 limy accretions t _! own fa!rs w\ld sc>cely recognize !m4 ,h[ev] beautiful su* %ells may be :5 clean$1 x is no *ild's play to clean !m & get !m ready = ! cab9et4 ,to anyone will+ to le>n1 ! processes are really v simple2 & :at manual labor "u ! sun c\ld be m int]e/+ to a lov] ( natural hi/ory8 ,remov+ ! ,animal4--,) a l>ge %ell1 su* z a con*1 ! fir/ /ep is to remove ! liv+ animal4 ,9 "s cases ,i h accompli%$ ?is by hook+ a fi%-hook into ! head ( ! animal & hang+ x up s t ! weight ( ! %ell con/antly pull+ d[n on ! animal w\ld cause x to gradually relax & draw out4 ,an excell5t plan is to place ! %ell = a few days 9 fre% wat] & mac]ate ! animal suffici5tly t x may be drawn out4 ,=tunately ! great majority ( molluscs are v small1 & x is possible to prep>e !m = ! cab9et )\t ! necessity ( remov+ ! animal4 ,mr4 ,greegor's plan is to soak ! %ell 9 alcohol = a few days1 to completely pres]ve ! animal1 & !n dry x ?or\ghly to expel all ! wat] f x4 ,:5 t is done1 ! f9al /ep is to p\r into ! %ell1 ?r\gh a rubb] tube1 a little ?ick v>ni%1 or hot beeswax mix$ ) a little vasel9e to make x fl[ readily1 & ?us cov] ! dri$-up rema9s ( ! animal ) an imp]vi\s coat+ :i* does away ) all odors :i* might o!rwise arise f x4 ,?is "p ( ! process1 be x und]/ood1 is to be att5d$ to aft] ! clean+ & poli%+ has be5 done4 ,remov+ ! ,epid]mis4--,! epid]mis is s t\gh & horny1 & /icks s tightly to ! %ell t tools _c remove x successfully & x mu/ be done *emically4 ,make a /rong solution ( *loride ( lime & wat]1 by putt+ into a j> "o-f\r? its bulk ( *loride ( lime1 two-f\r?s wat]1 & leav+ ! rema9+ f\r? "p ( ! space = ! fro? t w rise4 ,soak %ells 9 ?is pa/y solution = a %ort "t1 & x w eat ! epid]mis (f4 ,remov+ ,limy ,accretions4--,! bulk ( all ^! ?ick1 irregul> coat+s mu/ be remov$ ) /eel tools--file1 scrap]1 knife1 s&-pap]1 or hamm]--to suit ea* individual case4 ,! tool t ,mr4 ,greegor mo/ relies ^u is a small & v light hamm]1 made especially = him1 :i* is %ap$ some:at l a squ>e-head$ tack-hamm]1 ) ! po9t$ end drawn out to a blunt cutt+ edge1 l ! edge ( a cold *isel4 ,) ?is cutt+ edge a skilful h& c peck ! lime or coral incru/ations (f a %ell v neatly1 & )\t injury to ! surface ( ! specim54 ,acid w n remove ! ?ick1 limy deposits1 & !y mu/ be clean$ (f by me*anical means4 ,aft] ! bulk ( ! limy deposits h be5 remov$ by means ( tools1 ! %ell usually has a dull1 lu/reless appe>ance1 & appe>s to require some?+ t w remove ! rema9+ p>ticles ( lime1 imp>t to x a p]man5t gloss1 & br+ out its beautiful colors4 ,=tunately !re is a way to d ?is to p]fection1 :i* consi/s 9 dipp+ ! %ell 9 a weak solution ( muriatic acid & wat]1 boil+ hot4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is solution mu/ v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! specim54 ,= ?ick & /rong %ells1 :i* by _! solid "* y are assur$ _c be damag$ by a maximum ( acid1 put #c p>ts ( muriatic acid 9 #aj p>ts wat]4 ,= ?9 & delicate specim5s1 use #a "p acid to #aj ( wat]1 v>y+ ! am\nt ( acid f #a "p to #c1 z y\r exp]i5ce w soon tea* y is mo/ desirable4 ,put ?is solution 9 a porcela9 kettle1 br+ x to a boil1 & !n ) a pair ( wood5 tongs or =ceps dip ea* %ell into x & hold x !re = a second or m1 z may be necess>y4 ,on remov+ x1 wa% x 9 cle> wat] & dry x1 & if its appe>ance is n satisfactory dip x aga94 ,= v delicate %ells1 hav+ a ?9 surface color1 su* z ! ,cypreas & ,olivias1 or su* %ells z h v delicate sculpture1 ! weak] solution is be/4 ,:5 x is desir$ to cut m on "o "p ( a %ell ?an ano!r1 ! acid may be appli$ ) a bru%1 f9i%+ ) a quick dip4 ,nev] all[ any ( ! acid solution to rema9 on ! %ell1 or x w eat into x & dull ! lu/re4 ,= f9e "w1 dry ea* specim5 ) a t[el4 ,%ells :i* h on _! ext]ior a great deal ( horny or organic matt]1 su* z ,haliotis1 ,o/rea1 ,l+ula1 & a few o!rs1 "w badly 9 acid1 & require to be bru%$ con/antly :ile cutt+1 to remove ! organic matt]1 = ! reason t ! acid acts only on ! lime ( ! %ell4 ,*loride ( lime & muriatic acid are bo? v volatile1 & :5 n 9 use %\ld be kept 9 tightly clos$ vessels4 ,,footnote3 #g ,= ! be/ "p ( ! in=mation giv5 "u ?is head+ ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,i4 ,greegor1 ! well-kn[n deal] 9 sea-%ells & ,florida curios1 at #fa ,laura ,/reet1 ,jacksonville1 ,fla41 :o is an ackn[l$g$ exp]t 9 ! treatm5t ( %ells1 n only 9 clean+1 b 9 cutt+ sections1 poli%+1 etc4 ,i obta9$ ! facts f him :ile he occupi$ a v high position 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution--9 ! nor? t[]1 at lea/ fifty feet f ! gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,collect+ ,,birds' ,,eggs ,,& ,,ne/s4 ,,id5tification4--,positive & unmi/akable id5tification ( ! build] & occupant ( a ne/ is q z imp]ative on ! collector z ! ga!r+ ( ! ne/ & eggs !mselves4 ,!re mu/ be no guess-"w on ?is po9t1 = eggs )\t a p$igree are (t5 valueless4 ,if an oological exp]t is )9 rea*--"o :o c tell to a c]ta9ty ! species ( d\btful eggs1 or if ! eggs !mselves are s *>act]i/ic & unique 9 _! %ape1 size1 & m>k+s z to r5d] _! c]ta9 id5tification an easy matt]1 !n is x safe to take home a f9d )\t f9d+ ! own]4 ,x is only ! fl$gl+ oologi/ :o ne$s to be told t 9 all cases ( d\bt reg>d+ ! id5tity 7i4e41 ! exact species7 ( a ne/-build]1 ! only prop] c\rse is to collect ! bird z well z ! ne/ & eggs4 ,?is may (t5 involve long wat*+1 b x relieves ! result f all unc]ta9ty4 ,no collector %\ld ?9k ( go+ afield 9 que/ ( ne/s & eggs )\t tak+ 8 gun along4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! only way 9 :i* ,i c\ld get possession ( ! wond]ful p5sile ne/ ( ! cre/$ cacique 0 by cutt+ (f ! limb to :i* x hung1 ) a rifle bullet4 ,9 all timb]$ regions ! collector mu/ h a pair ( good climb+-irons1 su* z telegraph l9em5 use1 to enable him to climb ) ease ! ne/-be>+ trees t w\ld o!rwise defy him4 ,x 0 be=e ! days ( climb+-irons t aspir+ ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh wrote = ! fair eyes ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,fa9 w\ld ,i climb1 b t ,i fe> to fall1 to :i* 8 augu/ mi/ress promptly respond$ ) a piece ( wisdom :i* e "y oologi/ w d well to pa/e 9 8 hat3 ,if ?y m9d fail !e1 d n climb at all6 ,v good & s]viceable climb+-irons c be obta9$ ( ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,web/]1 #dji ,wa%+ton ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 = #c4ej p] pair4 ,mr4 ,web/] also keeps1 at 8 v complete naturali/'s supply depot1 ne>ly e requisite t an oologi/ or taxid]mi/ requires1 except "o ?+ t is indisp5sable 9 hunt+ & l(ty tree-climb+1--n]ve4 ,e collector or taxid]mi/ %\ld s5d ,mr4 ,web/] t5 c5ts = a copy ( 8 illu/rat$ catalogue1 :i* ( itself is probably ! f9e/ ( its k9d ev] issu$1 & 9 :i* all naturali/'s & oologi/'s supplies are pictur$1 describ$1 & pric$4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal articles ne$$ to make up a prop] outfit = an egg collector1 & ,mr4 ,web/]'s prices !reon3 ,collect+-box1 #ge c5ts4 ,pa/ebo>d trays1 = eggs1 ,egg drills1 six sizes1 #ae c5ts to #a4ej4 p] doz51 #ab c5ts4 ,calip]s1 = use 9 measur+1 #fj c5ts4 ,pocket-case 7lea!r71 complete1 ) drills1 ,embryo hooks1 #be c5ts4 bl[]1 hooks1 scissors1 & =ceps1 ,embryo scissors1 #be c5ts to #a4ej4 #e4jj4 ,egg measures1 #ge c5ts to #a4jj4 ,climb+-irons1 p] pair1 #c4ej4 ,,collect+ ,,ne/s4--,our boys pay too mu* att5tion to collect+ eggs1 & n half en\gh to ne/s4 ,to ! av]age obs]v] :o takes an int]e/ 9 p]us+ ! pages ( ,nature's /ory-book1 a f9e collection ( bird's ne/s is a joy =ev]4 ,x is ev] ready to unfold *apt] aft] *apt] ( bird lore1 tales ( wond]ful intellig5ce & div9e +5uity 9 adapt+ means to ends1 & /ories galore ( difficulties surm\nt$ by ! cunn+e/ little ar*itects 9 ! _w4 ,notice1 if y please1 ! bewild]+ v>iety ( mat]ials employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! bird-dwell+s1 great & small4 ,:y1 ev5 ! human ar*itects ( our own "t are completely surpass$ by ! ,baltimore oriole1 ! m>% wr51 & ! humm+-bird4 ,!re is food = ?\ght & cause = admiration 9 a really good collection ( bird's ne/s4 ,to me !re is mu* m ( int]e/ 9 any ne/ ?an 9 ! eggs x conta9s4 ,! latt] is a pla9 & simple product ( nature1 to :i* ! bird is m]ely an int]e/$ p>ty to circum/ances beyond its own control4 ,! =m] is an exhibit ( ! in/9ct1 intellig5ce1 reason+ p[]s1 indu/ry1 & me*anical & arti/ic skill ( a liv+ creature ( a high ord]4 ,! ne/ is :at ! bird makes x1 & x (t5 tells q a /ory4 ,boys1 let u give eggs & sk9s a re/1 & make a f9e collection ( ne/s1 9 situ1 z ! rockologi/s say4 ,we c d ?is aft] ! ne/l+s h fl[n1 if y l1 )\t /eal+ any eggs or %$d+ any innoc5t blood4 ,aft] ! "y h tumbl$ out1 ! ne/ is a back numb]1 & becomes y\r lawful prey4 ,take x1 & enjoy x1 )\t remorse ov] blood t y hav5't %$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,bird ,ne/1 9 situ4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & valuable ne/s are ^? t are collect$ 9 situ1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! p>ticul> crot*1 or bun* ( grass1 or bu% 9 :i* ! bird plac$ x4 ,any?+ t w %[ j :]e a ne/ 0 plac$ by its build] adds imm5sely to its int]e/1 & increases its sci5tific value4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration ( su* a ne/ 9 ,capta9 ,b5dire's collection 7,fig4 #ba71 may be tak5 z an example ( h[ ne/s ( a c]ta9 class c be collect$ & display$4 ,! section ( ! sapl+ 0 sawn squ>ely (f a few in*es bel[ ! ne/1 & screw$ 7f bel[7 ^u a highly poli%$ eboniz$ p$e/al4 ,9 draw+ ?is specim5 ! label 0 remov$ 9 ord] t no portion ( ! pr9cipal object %\ld be conceal$1 b ,capta9 ,b5dire's sy/em ( labell+ is fully %[n 9 ano!r figure4 ,! possibilities 9 collect+ & display+ ne/s 9 situ are almo/ endless4 ,inde$1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 ?is is a new & v attractive field = ! collector1 = al?\gh ,i h visit$ a great _m l>ge museums1 & 9 bo? ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w h se5 _m orni?ological collections1 ,i h nev] yet se5 a collection ( birds' ne/s :i* repres5t$ a ti! ( ! possibilities 9 t direction4 ,e oologi/ %\ld h 9 8 libr>y a copy ( ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,wood's *>m+ book1 ,homes )\t ,h&s1 :i* portrays _m ( ! wond]s ( bird ar*itecture4 ,9 collect+ ne/s "o mu/ g prep>$ to saw (f bran*es1 to cut sections ( grassy e>?1 to ga!r up big tufts ( grass1 & transport all ^! to "s safe de/9ation4 ,v (t5 x w be necess>y to protect a ne/ by fill+ its cavity ) "s s(t mat]ial1 & !n ) f9e ?read or wire to wrap x securely to ! limb on :i* x is plac$4 ,or aga91 x may be necess>y to remove a ne/ tempor>ily f its re/+ place1 wrap x ?or\ghly1 & transport x sep>ately to ! museum1 to be put 9 its place lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,wire ,/&>d = ,ne/s4 ,mo/ nak$ ne/s1 i4e41 ^? t h be5 pluck$ f _! re/+-place1 require to be wrapp$ to keep !m f gradually fall+ to pieces4 ,?is may be done ) f9e ?read ( ! same color z ! outside mat]ials ( ! ne/1 or1 :at ,capta9 ,b5dire uses & recomm5ds z be+ bett]1 ! f9e/ k9d ( wire :i*1 9 l>ge cities1 c be b\ght1 neatly made up on spools1 at five to t5 c5ts a spool4 ,! wire or ?read is w\nd on q z "o w\ld w9d ?read on a ball1 except t ! wire mu/ nev] be all[$ to cross ! cavity ( ! ne/1 :i* w\ld at once make x conspicu\s4 ,put on only en\gh w9d+ to hold ! ne/ well toge!r1 & di/ribute x s t ! wire w n be notic$ :5 ! ne/ is plac$ on exhibition4 ,= ! display ( nak$ ne/s1 ,capta9 ,b5dire uses a v simple b +5i\s little /&>d made ( f\r wires twi/$ toge!r s z to =m an upright /em1 a horizontal plat=m ( ! "r size1 ) f\r p]p5dicul> /&>ds to receive & hold ! ne/4 ,^! /&>ds are easily b5t to con=m to ! %ape ( ! ne/1 & if ! upp] ends project above ! ne/ !y are snipp$ (f ) a pair ( cutt+ pli]s4 ,! illu/ration on page #ic 7,fig4 #bb7 %[s ! exact "* ( ! wire /&>d1 & ,fig4 #bc %[s x 9 use1 support+ a nak$ ne/4 ,capta9 ,b5dire's me?od ( labell+ 8 ne/s is also %[n 9 full4 ,x is to be not$ t ! locality ( ! specim5 exhibit$1 & ! "n ( ! collector1 appe>s 9 full ^u ! label--two features :i* %\ld nev] be omitt$ on a specim5 t is ( suffici5t value to occupy a place 9 a museum4 ,nev]!less1 by less c>eful curators bo? ^! /atem5ts are frequ5tly omitt$ f labels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,ne/ on ,wire ,/&>d1 ) ,labels4 ,,collect+ ,,eggs4--,9 connection ) a collection ( ne/s1 ea* ne/ hold+ its own lawful & orig9al cont5ts1 a good collection ( birds' eggs possesses mu* int]e/ & beauty4 ,9 collect+ & pres]v+ eggs1 ! mo/ difficult feature ( all is to remove ! embryos successfully4 ,9 ! days :5 ,i dilig5tly collect$ eggs 9 _m l&s1 x seem$ to me t out ( e doz5 eggs ,i ga!r$1 ab\t ?irte5 conta9$ f "o to two embryos ea*6 ,b !re are ways 9 :i* ?is difficulty c be successfully ov]come4 ,! full set ( eggs laid by a bird = "o brood is call$ a clut*1 & 9 collect+ x is ( sci5tific importance t :ole sets %\ld be collect$ & always kept sep>ate1 & ! numb] ( eggs 9 ea* set tak5 %\ld be record$4 ,eggs are always bl[n ?r\gh a small1 r\nd hole 9 ! middle ( "o side1 pref]ably 9 ea* in/ance on ! poore/ side ( ! egg1 if x has "o4 ,( c\rse1 ! small] ! egg1 ! small] ! drill mu/ be1 & ! great] ! c>e 9 h&l+4 ,x is (t5 a good plan to pi]ce ! %ell ) a ne$le 9 ord] to furni% ! drill a po9t ( attack4 ,if an egg is crack$1 or happ5s to be ( su* value t x mu/ be sav$ at all haz>ds1 re9=ce x by pa/+ n>r[ /rips ( goldbeat]'s sk9 or c\rt-pla/] across ! l9e ( fracture4 ,hav+ drill$ ! hole1 ins]t ! end ( a small wire1 hav+ a small portion ( ! end b5t at a "r angle1 & if ! embryo has n begun to develop1 or happ5s to be q small & s(t1 twirl ! wire rapidly betwe5 y\r ?umb & f+]1 to ?or\ghly break up ! cont5ts ( ! egg4 ,hav+ accompli%$ ?is1 ins]t ! tip ( y\r bl[-pipe 7! be/ 9 ! _w consi/s ( a tube ( glass b5t at a "r angle & t]m9at+ 9 a f9e po9t1 ) ! l>ge end set 9 ! end ( a rubb] bulb1 :i* saves ! m\? & lungs all tr\ble7 & ) g5tle & gradual pressure bl[ 9 air4 ,hold ! egg ) ! hole d[nw>d1 ( c\rse1 s t ! cont5ts w run out freely4 ,g sl[ly & c>efully1 ev5 coax+ly1 = too great pressure w bur/ any ord9>y egg 9 two p>ts v neatly4 ,if ! embryo is small & dispos$ to be accommodat+1 help x out by ins]t+ ! po9t ( y\r smalle/ scissors1 snipp+ x to pieces1 & !n draw+ out ! p>ts1 "o by "o1 ) y\r smalle/ =ceps4 ,hav+ empti$ ! egg ( its cont5ts1 introduce "s cle> wat] by way ( ! bl[-pipe1 wa% out ! inside ?or\ghly1 & 9 case ! egg is 9 a clean1 heal?y condition1 x c n[ be laid away on cotton or cornmeal1 ) ! hole d[nw>d1 to dra9 & get dry4 ,obs]ve ?is po9t1 h[ev]4 ,! ?91 membran\s l9+ ( an egg1 :i* ! po9t ( ! drill pi]ces b _c cut away1 (t5 closes toge!r inside ! hole s closely z to reta91 = "s "t1 :atev] wat] might *ance to rema94 ,= ?is reason x 0 my cu/om to cut away ?is membrane ar\nd ! edges ( ! hole4 ,capta9 ,b5dire rem>ks t eggs t h be5 ?or\ghly clean$ w reta9 _! orig9al color mu* bett]1 & insects or mice are n s apt to tr\ble !m4 ,,remov+ ,,l>ge ,,embryos4--,x (t5 happ5s t eggs are tak5 q ne> ! hat*+ po9t1 conta9+ embryos s lu/y 9 size1 & s v fill9' t _! successful ejectm5t seems impossible4 ,nil desp]&um4 ,! way out ( ! difficulty is ?r\gh a v small hole4 ,on ?is po9t ,i appeal$ to ! highe/ au?ority1 ,capta9 ,b5dire1 & he k9dly gave me1 9 g5]al sub/ance1 ! foll[+ directions3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 make up y\r m9d to g sl[1 & take pl5ty ( "t4 ,if ! egg is valuable & ! embryo is l>ge1 re9=ce ! egg all ov] ) /rips ( goldbeat]'s sk9 or c\rt-pla/]4 ,hav+ drill$ a fairly l>ge hole1 !n ins]t ! head ( a ne$le 9 a small /ick = a h&le1 & ) ! po9t pi]ce ! embryo 9 tw5ty or ?irty places4 ,! egg sac1 :i* is always pres5t1 %\ld be tak5 out1 if possible ) ! =ceps1 to give room = wat]4 ,hav+ cle>$ out ! egg z f> z possible1 fill x up ) wat] to assi/ 9 ! decomposition ( ! embryo4 ,cov] ! bottom ( a box ) a lay] ( cornmeal or sawdu/2 lay ! egg on ?is1 ) ! hole upw>d 7/ill full ( wat]71 cov] ! box1 & place x "u a /ove or 9 any o!r place w>m en\gh to ha/5 ! process ( decomposition4 ,"w at ! egg a little ab\t e alt]nate day1 b )\t hurry+ matt]s1 & keep ?is process 9 op]ation until ! embryo s(t5s1 falls to pieces1 & is ready to be drawn out piecemeal4 ,9 remov+ a l>ge embryo1 try to get hold ( ! tip ( ! m&ible ) ! small =ceps1 s t x c be drawn out1 po9t =emo/1 )\t splitt+ ! %ell4 ,eggs t emit an (f5sive odor aft] !y h be5 bl[n ne$ to be r9s$ out ) c>bolic acid & wat]1 or "s equally good dis9fectant4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t eggs mu/ be clean on ! outside be=e !y are fit = ! cab9et4 ,usually soap & w>m wat] is suffici5t to remove dirt & /a9s1 b occasionally a p>ticul>ly h>d case calls = ! addition ( a little wa%+ soda 9 ! wat]4 ,! la/ wa%+1 h[ev]1 %\ld always be 9 cle> wat]4 ,inasmu* z a label _c be atta*$ to an egg1 ! data necess>y to give ! egg a respectable position 9 ! oological _w mu/ be writt5 on ! "u side ( ! egg itself1 ei!r 9 lead p5cil or ,india ink1 :i* is capable ( be+ eras$1 at w4 ,! foll[+ are ! data t %\ld be record$ on e egg collect$ & kept3 #a4 ,"n ( species1 or numb] 9 ,a4,o4,u4 *eck li/1 if ,nor? ,am]ican4 #b4 ,collector's numb]1 :i* belongs to e egg ( a giv5 set1 & ref]s to 8 catalogue & field notes4 #c4 ,numb] ( eggs 9 ! set1 or clut*4 #d4 ,date 9 full4 ,9 pack+ eggs = %ipm5t1 a great _m small boxes ( wood or t9 are absolutely ess5tial1 & 9 ^! ! eggs mu/ be c>efully pack$ 9 cotton1 ea* "o sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! _w by a lay] ( cotton4 ,x is an excell5t plan to wrap e l>ge egg sep>ately 9 cotton1 z oranges are wrapp$ 9 pap]s4 ,capta9 ,b5dire recomm5ds ! mak+ ( divisions1 "o = ea* egg1 ) /rips ( pa/ebo>d1 l ! crates 9 :i* egg produc]s pack eggs = %ipm5t to m>ket4 ,?is gives ea* egg a comp>tm5t by itself1 ) a bit ( s(t cotton clo? at top & bottom4 ,if produce deal]s c af=d to take su* c>e ( eggs wor? only ?irty c5ts p] doz51 surely oologi/s c d ! same :5 !y are )9 ! pale ( civilization1 & c get ! mat]ials4 ,at ! ,national ,museum ! duplicate eggs are /or$ 9 small1 rectangul>1 %all[ pa/ebo>d trays1 or half boxes1 ea* ( :i* has its bottom cov]$ v neatly & exactly ) a section ( cotton wadd+1 :i* gives a s(t1 spr+y cu%ion = ! eggs to lie on )\t ! undesirable fluffy loos5ess ( ord9>y cotton batt+4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,taxid]my4 ,keep+ ev]la/+ly at x br+s success4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,laboratory ,,& ,,its ,,appo9tm5ts4 ,x w\ld be impossible = me to dwell too /rongly ^u ! importance1 nay1 ev5 ! vital necessity to ! taxid]mi/1 ( a commodi\s & suitable workroom1 & a good supply ( prop] tools & mat]ials4 ,anyone sett+ up a /ore ( any k9d meets ! exp5ditures = fixtures & furniture z a matt] ( c\rse2 b ! av]age taxid]mi/ w\ld consid] x a kill+ ?+ to inve/ f #ajj to #bjj 9 good tools & mat]ials4 ,fir/-class tools1 & a good assortm5t ( !m1 are indisp5sable allies 9 ! production ( ! f9e/ k9d ( "w 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,9 taxid]my let u h no mak+ ( bricks )\t /raw4 ,z well might an arti/ attempt to pa9t a gr& picture ) a sa% tool z a taxid]mi/ attempt to m\nt f9e specim5s ) a dull knife1 an old file1 & a pair ( ru/y pli]s4 ,let u suppose we are fitt+ up a taxid]mic laboratory 9 :i* to m\nt all k9ds ( v]tebrate animals1 great & small4 ,to beg9 )1 we mu/ h a good room1 if possible #ae ,x #be feet1 or ev5 l>g]1 ) good light1 a high ceil+1 & an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,!re mu/ be some:]e a /or]oom = bulky mat]ials1 & a dry+-room = fre%ly m\nt$ specim5s4 ,!re mu/ be provid$ some:]e1 = ! wet mammal sk9s1 a big1 box-l tank l9$ ) %eet lead1 = v l>ge objects1 & "s alcohol b>rels = small] ones4 ,^! mu/ be provid$ ) tight cov]s1 or ! salt-&-alum ba? w evaporate ) great rapidity4 ,aft] ! above1 our laboratory w require ! foll[+ ,,furniture ,,& ,,fixtures4--,a heavy "w-table1 #h feet long1 #d feet wide1 & #b feet #f in*es high2 top #a-a_/b in* ?ick4 ,a tool case & *e/ ( draw]s4 ,a /ove1 a *opp+-block1 a heavy b5* vise4 ,a gr9d/one1 a blacksmi?'s anvil1 & portable =ge4 ,a wat]-tight plat=m on ca/ors1 on :i* to /& l>ge mammals t are wet & dripp+4 ,,tools4 #b kill+-knives4 #a ma*9i/'s hamm]4 #b c>tilage-knives4 #a hat*et1 to l5d4 #a pair %e>s1 & #a pair f9e scissors4 #a %>p hat*et1 to use4 #a draw-%ave1 adju/able h&les4 #a cold *isel4 #b sk9-scrap]s1 ( sizes4 #a set /one-cutt]'s *isels4 #c g\ges1 ( sizes4 #a pun*4 #c *isels1 ( sizes4 #a tap wr5*4 #a screw-driv]4 #a pair calip]s4 #a #b-;foot rule4 #a set ( hack saws1 = iron & brass4 #a tape-measure1 #ab feet4 #a set iron fill]s1 ( sizes4 #a ?read-cutt]1 = iron4 #a set wood5 fill]s1 ( sizes4 #a ?read-cutt]1 = brass4 #a set modell+ tools4 #c pair pli]s1 ( sizes4 #a set ( files4 #c pair cutt+ nipp]s4 #a set ( pa9t bru%es4 #d pair =ceps1 ( sizes4 #a set ( bru%es = hair & tee?4 #a h& vise4 #a gluepot4 #a h& drill4 #a set ( awls4 #b monkey wr5*es1 ( sizes4 #a set ( glov]'s ne$les1 #c sizes4 #a rat*et brace1 ) bits & drills4 ,be/ l95 sew+ tw9e1 or #d gimlet bits1 ( sizes4 gill+ ?read1 ( two or ?ree sizes4 #a h&-saw4 #a iron ?imble4 #a key-hole saw4 #a _s-lamp1 or gas-/ove4 #a claw hamm]4 ,pails1 kettles1 cups1 b[ls1 etc4 #a tack hamm]4 #ab spools ( ,b>b\r's l95 ?read4 ,,mat]ials4--,excelsior2 hemp t[ ( two qualities1 co>se & f9e1 bo? ( long fibre2 flax t[1 su* z uphol/]]s use2 cotton batt+2 oat /raw2 pott]'s clay2 good glue2 pla/] ,p>is2 ars5ical soap2 spirits ( turp5t9e2 b5z9e2 salt by ! b>rel2 gr\nd alum by ! hundr$weight2 p9e & hemlock lumb]1 "o to two in*es ?ick2 #bd p9e scantl+2 an assortm5t ( anneal$ wire2 rods ( ,norway iron1 f #c_/af in* to #a in*2 nails1 tacks1 wr\ght-iron /aples1 screws1 nuts1 bolts1 wrapp+ tw9e2 rosettes = iron /&>ds2 wa%]s1 all sizes2 alcohol1 %ellac1 :ite h>d oil f9i% 7v>ni%72 muriatic acid1 %eet wax1 sp]m oil2 glass eyes1 all sizes1 k9ds & colors2 unlimit$ pluck1 pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance4 ,if ! work] int5ds to m\nt only birds & small mammals1 he w ne$ b a v small portion ( ! tools & mat]ials enum]at$ above4 ,b fie6 ,:]e is ! taxid]mi/ wor?y ( ! "n :o w admit t 8 res\rces are limit$1 or t he is n able & ready to set up any animal t may be br\ght to him1 no matt] h[ big or h[ bad x is4 ,p]i% ! ?\ght t he is n able to cope ) dog1 de]1 or ev5 elephant4 ,we n[ />t on ! supposition t y h acquir$ all ! tools & mat]ials y are likely to ne$1 & t our subsequ5t "w is n go+ to halt or hang fire on acc\nt ( ! lack ( ?is or t article4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,"w ,,9 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammals4 ,,relax+ ,,dry ,,sk9s4--,ne>ly all mammal sk9s t g f "o c\ntry to ano!r are s5t 9 a dry /ate1 & x is a r>e exception to obta9 a =eign sk9 9 any o!r condition4 ,x !re=e behooves ! mammal taxid]mi/ to become a ?or\gh exp]t 9 s(t5+ dry sk9s ( all k9ds & sizes1 & br++ !m into m\ntable condition4 ,to relax a dry sk91 rip x op51 remove ! fill+ mat]ial1 & imm]se x 9 a weak b clean salt-&-alum ba? 7see ,*apt] ,,iv47 until x becomes s(t1 be ! "t requir$ ?ree days or ?ree weeks4 ,if y are 9 a great hurry1 soak ! sk9 at fir/ = a brief p]iod 9 cle> wat]1 & if x is milk-w>m1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,sometimes a sk9 is s old & h>d & refractory t ! ba? ( salt & alum seems to make no impression ^u x1 9 :i* case try cle> wat]4 ,9 a few h\rs x w yield & collapse1 & !n x mu/ be put into ! ba?1 or ! wat] w soon mac]ate x1 & cause ! hair to slip (f4 ,y c leave ! sk9 9 ! salt-&-alum ba? z long z y *oose )\t endang]+ x 9 any way4 ,! inside ( e dry sk9 usually has ov] x a h>d1 inela/ic coat+ :i*1 :5 once gott5 rid ( by %av+ or scrap+1 leaves ! sk9 und]nea? measurably s(t & ela/ic1 accord+ to its k9d4 ,if ! sk9 is a small "o1 or no l>g] ?an t ( a wolf1 ! be/ way to get x 9 work+ ord] is to lay x flat ^u ! table1 & g at x vigor\sly ) ! sk9-scrap] 7see ,fig4 #bd74 ,9 ?is !re mu/ be no half-way measures1 no mode/y1 no %irk+4 ,be> on h>d1 dig away at ! same spot ) all y\r en]gy1 fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n crosswise1 !n diagonally4 ,scrape z if y 7 scrap+ on a wag]1 & pres5tly ! sk9 w become s ?9n$ d[n x w become q s(t1 & ev5 ela/ic4 ,?is is h>d "w1 x />ts ! p]spiration & keeps x go+1 b x w conqu] ! h>de/ sk9 t ev] 0 made4 ,to make a sk9 suffici5tly ela/ic to m\nt1 x mu/ be turn$ wrong-side out & scrap$ all ov] ?or\ghly ) a sk9-scrap]1 f nose to tip ( tail1 & phalanges4 ,small sk9s yield f> m readily & k9dly ?an ! l>g] ones4 ,! sk9s t are h>de/1 hornie/1 & mo/ refractory are ^? ( ! capyb>a1 all ( ! ,suid 7hogs71 & tropical de]4 ,i h m\nt$ sk9s ( ^! t :5 fir/ s(t5$ 7 precisely l horn1--& at be/ ) su* subjects ! result+ specim5s are only passable4 ,sometimes :5 ! scrap] c make no impression1 x becomes necess>y to labori\sly p>e d[n ! inside ( an entire sk9 ) ! knife be=e scrap+ x4 ,?is is t$i\s1 b effective1 = a %>p knife leaves no room = argum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,sk9-,scrap]s1 ab\t "o-f\r? actual size4 ,all sk9s l>g] ?an a gray wolf1 :e!r !y be fre% or dry1 ne$ to be /ret*$ on a beam1 & p>$ d[n ) a %>p draw-%ave t has adju/able h&les4 ,?is useful in/rum5t c be b\ght at any l>ge h>dw>e /ore = #a4be4 ,keep x ?or\ghly %>p4 ,! beam %\ld be ab\t sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 & six by ?ree in*es 9 size1 & laid flat4 ,"o end ( x is to be bolt$ firmly d[n to y\r b5* by two movable iron bolts1 & ! half :i* projects beyond ! edge ( ! table mu/ h bo? ( its upp] edges r\nd$ (f s t x w repres5t half a cyl9d] ) ! convexity upp]mo/4 ,! table itself mu/ be fa/5$ securely 9 place4 ,?r[ ! sk9 ov] ! r\nd$ end ( ?is beam1 drive a /\t scrat*-awl ?r\gh x1 j beyond ! rea* ( y\r arms1 /ret* & flatt5 ! sk9 ^u ! beam1 & ) ! draw-%ave c>efully %ave d[n ! entire sk9 until x is ?9 en\gh4 ,be v c>eful at fir/1 until y\r h&s acquire skill1 or y w cut ?r\gh ! sk91 :i*1 9 ! case ( an animal l a hair seal means an unsightly1 p]man5t defect4 ,d n be afraid ( p>+ a sk9 too ?9 s long z y /op at ! roots ( ! hair4 ,( c\rse y c n p>e d[n ! sk9 ( ! head & feet ) ! draw-%ave1 & ^! mu/ be treat$ ) ! knife & scrap]4 ,! sk9 ( ! head ( e mammal mu/ be p>$ d[n & scrap$ p>ticul>ly ?9 all ov]1 especially ! eyelids1 lips1 & no/rils1 s t :5 ^! p>ts are back$ up ) clay y c model !m into exquisitely f9e =m & expression4 ,if y slight ! sk9 ( ! head1 good-by to all expression2 y w m]ely be able to /uff x1 & t is all4 ,if its features look co>se1 unc\?1 & wood51 x w probably be because ! ?ickness & inela/icity ( ! sk9 defies y\r art4 ,( c\rse ! jo9ts ( ! feet mu/ be got into work+ ord]4 ,! leg bones & skull require to be ?or\ghly scrap$ & clean$1 & ! sk9 itself work$ up z ne>ly z possible to ! condition ( a fre% subject4 ,,c>v+ ,,wood5 ,,skulls ,,& ,,leg ,,bones4--,x is absolutely ess5tial t e mammal to be m\nt$ %\ld h a skull1 & all save ! smalle/ %\ld h leg bones also4 ,if ! skull & leg bones t belong 9 a sk9 are miss+1 ,i inv>iably c>ve o!rs ( ! same size out ( s(t p9e to replace ! lo/ memb]s4 ,^! bones are imp]atively necess>y to give %ape & l5g? to ! v>i\s jo9ts & angles ( ! limbs1 to %ape ! head1 to give a f\ndation = ! atta*m5t ( wires1 & to build ^u g5]ally4 ,v (t5 ! skull ( an animal is ( su* value to sci5ce t x mu/ be kept out ( ! sk9 at all haz>ds1 & exhibit$ sep>ately4 ,!n x mu/ be duplicat$ 9 wood4 ,e mammal taxid]mi/ mu/ le>n h[ to c>ve wood5 bones1 & ! quick] he becomes exp]t at x1 ! bett]4 ,v few tools are requir$1 & ^! are z foll[s3 ,a small hat*et1 a pair ( #h-;in* calip]s1 a pair ( #h-;in* divid]s1 g\ges ( ?ree sizes1 #a_/d1 #a_/b1 & #c_/d in*2 *isels ( ab\t f\r sizes betwe5 #c_/h & #a in*1 a draw-%ave1 a spoke-%ave1 a good %>p pocket-knife1 & ! usual supply ( bor+ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,p>+ ,,d[n ,a ,,l>ge ,,mammal ,,sk94 ,to c>ve a wood5 skull1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,if y h n ! g5u9e skull to use z a patt]n1 y mu/ procure "o f an animal ( ! same species1 & asc]ta9 its size 9 comp>ison ) :at ! wood5 skull mu/ be1 e4g41 :e!r x be l>g] or small]4 ,!n procure a piece ( s(t p9e timb]1 free f knots1 & ?ick en\gh to turn out a skull ( ! prop] size4 ,if ?is c n be f\nd 9 "o piece1 glue toge!r sev]al pieces ( p9e until !y =m a block ( ! prop] size4 ,on ! top ( ?is block place y\r g5u9e skull1 & trace its outl9e on ! wood1 mak+ y\r outl9e l>g] or small]1 z x may ne$ to be1 & bilat]ally symmetrical4 ,n[ take y\r hat*et & hew ! two sides ( ! block d[n exactly to ?is outl9e4 ,?is repres5ts ! gr\nd plan ( ! skull4 ,to get ! side elevation1 sket* out on ! side ( ?is block a side-view outl9e ( ! skull1 & !n hew d[n to t4 ,) y\r divid]s1 locate exactly ! inn] edge ( ! orbits1 & !n m>k out ) a p5cil ! entire circle ( ea* orbit4 ,) a g\ge c>ve out ! holl[s neatly1 & !n ) y\r flat *isels attack ! cranium1 r\nd (f its angles1 & s "w ov] ! entire skull4 ,measure frequ5tly ) ! calip]s to see t ! dim5sions are correct4 ,!re is no ne$ to g into any ( ! details ( ! back "p1 or basi-occipital portion ( ! skull1 nor ) any o!r details except ^? t lie on ! surface4 ,x is important to %ape ! orbits1 zygomatic ar*1 ! frontal bones1 ! muzzle & l[] jaw1 q accurately1 = ^! bones be> sc>cely any fle%4 ,9 mak+ skulls = apes & monkeys ! greate/ c>e is necess>y to produce ! facial angle1 orbits1 & muzzle1 s %>ply *>act]i/ic ( ! v>i\s families4 ,:5 a wood5 skull is us$1 ! m\? %\ld always be clos$1 unless x is v necess>y to h x op54 ,:ile x is possible to take m\lds f a real skull1 & ca/ a full set ( tee? 9 pla/] or lead1 or to set real tee?1 or pa9t$ wood5 imitations1 into a wood5 skull1 ! result is g5]ally unsatisfactory to a critical eye4 ,:5 tee? are ca/ & pa9t$1 ! pa9t always *anges color ) age1 caus+ ! tee? to look made up4 ,if y c n h a real skull ) g5u9e tee? 9 x1 = :atev] mammal y are m\nt+1 no "o has any "r to require t x be m\nt$ ) op5 m\?1 unless ! head is to g on a rug in/ead ( a sci5tific specim54 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ precautions 9 mak+ a skull3 #a4 ,be sure t x has ! prop] facial angle4 #b4 ,be sure t x is 9 no way too l>ge4 ,bett] h x too small ?an too l>ge4 #c4 ,be sure t !re are no %>p corn]s ^u x any:]e1 le/ !y come out next to ! sk9 9 m\nt+1 & cause tr\ble4 ,:5 a skull is f9i%$1 bore a hole 7or two 9 "s cases7 ?r\gh x f ! occiput to ! c5tre ( ! nose or m\?1 = ! passage ( ! neck irons or wires t are to support ! head4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 c>v+ skulls apply equally to c>v+ leg bones1 except 9 ?is "w !re is mu* to be done ) ! draw-%ave & spoke-%ave4 ,( c\rse !y require to be wir$ toge!r at ! jo9ts1 ) two wires at ea* jo9t1 s t ! space betwe5 !m may be *annell$ out ) a g\ge to receive ! leg iron4 ,,sew+ ,,up ,,holes ,,9 ,,sk9s4--,aft] ?or\ghly clean+ a sk91 take a glov]'s ?ree-corn]$ ne$le ( ! prop] size1 & a wax$ ?read f a ball ( /rong l95 ?read1 or gill+ tw9e1 & sew up all ! holes t are to be f\nd 9 ! sk94 ,x requires "s little +5uity sometimes to "k j h[ to trim ! edges ( a hole s t x c be sew$ up )\t puck]+ ! sk91 b a little exp]im5t+ w soon reveal ! way4 ,if y h to sew up a cut :i* has no hair to cov] x1 sew tightly ) a curve-po9t$ ne$le1 />t+ ! /it*es on ! inside well back f ! edge1 & sew+ only ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! way ?r\gh ! sk94 ,draw ! edges tightly toge!r4 ,:5 ! sew+ is f9i%$1 place a flat b> ( iron or wood und]nea? ! seam1 & hamm] x ) a hamm] all ! way along4 ,?is w flatt5 ! ridge =m$ by ! sew+1 & w r5d] ! seam almo/ invisible4 ,9 ord] to d f9e "w1 a taxid]mi/ mu/ be q exp]t 9 ! use ( ! ne$le & ?read4 ,9 sew+ up sk9s !re are two po9ts to be aim$ at1 viz43 #a4 ,to sew /rongly4 #b4 ,to sew s neatly t ! seam w be z ne>ly invisible z possible4 ,= g5]al "w "o mu/ also h common r\nd ne$les1 & ,no4 #cj ?read = v f9e sew+1 z1 = in/ance1 torn eye corn]s or lips1 & holes 9 ! face :]e ! sk9 is v ?9 & !re is little hair1 or none at all2 ?ree-corn]$ glov]'s ne$les1 ,nos4 #jj1 #a1 #b1 #c2 & ?ree sizes ( /rong l95 sew+ tw9e4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( y\r "w acquire ! habit ( be+ p>ticul> ab\t ! size ( ! ne$le & ?read y use ^u a sk91 & nev] let !m be l>g] ?an necess>y4 ,:5 special /r5g? is ne$$1 d\ble ! ?read & wax x ) beeswax to prev5t its rott+4 ,always sew ) ! ball /it*1 e4g41 f ! inside ( ! sk9 to ! outside1 e /it*4 ,x is (t5 conv5i5t to use a curv$ ne$le1 & ?is c be made by heat+ a glov]'s ne$le to a r$ heat 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp & curv+ x :ile hot4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,long ,,ne$les4--,9 mak+ manik9s1 & also = o!r purposes1 x is necess>y to h a set ( ne$les v>y+ 9 l5g? f six to eighte5 in*es1 or ev5 long]4 ,y c buy ne$les up to t5 in*es 9 l5g? f anyone :o keeps uphol/]]s' supplies1 b ! long] ones y mu/ make = y\rself4 ,to d ?is1 take a piece ( ,no4 #ab or #ac /eel wire & gr9d "o end to a po9t4 ,= ! eye1 heat ! o!r end r$ hot1 flatt5 x ) ! hamm]1 !n heat x aga91 lay x on a b> ( lead1 & ) a brad-awl & hamm] pun* an eye 9 x :ile hot4 ,,neck ,,irons ,,9 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammals4--,nev] all[ a neck iron to come ?r\gh ! top ( ! skull1 ?r\gh ! =ehead1 or ?r\gh ! face any:]e4 ,! neck iron1 :i* mu/ support ! entire weight ( ! head & neck1 %\ld pass ?r\gh ! back ( ! skull & into ! nasal cavity4 ,let ! iron ext5d "s in*es beyond ! end ( ! nose until ! neck is made1 & ! head plac$ 9 position1 = n until !n c y tell :at l5g? ! neck iron %\ld be4 ,:5 ! head is well-nigh f9i%$1 take a small hack-saw & saw (f ! neck iron close up to ! nasal cavity1 s f> f ! end ( ! nose t by no possible *ance c ! animal %r9k s mu* 9 dry+ t ! end ( ! iron w protrude ?r\gh "o ( ! no/rils & into view4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,application ,,9 ,,m\nt+ ,,! ,,high] ,,v]tebrates4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4--,we may assume t anyone :o is ambiti\s to excel 9 taxid]mic "w desires to d s by ! high "* ( 8 productions1 & ! recomm5dation !y sil5tly give him4 ,i am well conv9c$ t any "o :o takes ! tr\ble to read ?is book w welcome ! foll[+ pr9ciples t apply v g5]ally 9 m\nt+ ! high] v]tebrates1 & are1 at all ev5ts1 int5d$ to increase ! av]age ( g5]al excell5ce & p]man5cy 9 m\nt$ specim5s4 ,a place 9 ! front rank ( taxid]mi/s is n to be easily won4 ,x c only be accompli%$ by ! /udi\s me?ods ( ! sculptor1 ! exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( ! field naturali/1 & a comb9ation ( ^! ) te*nical & me*anical skill 9 ! laboratory4 ,! pa9t] pa9ts b "o side ( 8 animal1 & he is n hamp]$ by bulk or measurem5ts4 ,! sculptor bli!ly builds up 8 clay model1 ) nei!r sk91 bones1 nor hair to vex 8 s\l4 ,! taxid]mi/ mu/ n only equal ! =m ( ! sculptor's clay model1 b he mu/ also make x to fit a c]ta9 sk9 ) exactitude4 ,! ideal taxid]mi/ mu/ be a comb9ation ( modell] & anatomi/1 naturali/1 c>p5t]1 blacksmi?1 & pa9t]4 ,he mu/ h ! eye ( an arti/1 ! back ( a hod-c>ri]1 ! t\* ( a wood-*opp] "o day1 & ( an engrav] ! next4 ,) increas$ skill on ! "p ( ! work]s has come increas$ appreciation on ! "p ( museum (ficials1 & high] sal>ies4 ,let me say to aspir+ beg9n]s1 !re is pl5ty ( room at ! top1 & money & glory to sp>e = ^? :o get !re4 ,b !re is no royal road to =tune 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,success means ye>s ( e>ne/ "w & /udy4 ,) ! und]/&+1 !re=e1 t we are aim+ at p]fection1 & t a little k is a dang]\s ?+1 we w endeavor to call att5tion to a few pr9ciples :i* und]lie all good "w 9 taxid]my4 ,at ! same "t ,i w try to po9t out a few ( ! mo/ common faults g5]ally obs]vable 9 m\nt$ specim5s4 ,,p]man5cy4--,?is is ! f\ndation on :i* e specim5 mu/ be built 9 ord] to be fir/ class4 ,a pres]v$ & m\nt$ animal t has n en\gh solidity & /ability to /& ! te/ ( "t is unwor?y ( a place 9 any museum or private resid5ce1 = its exi/5ce is sure to t]m9ate spe$ily 9 disappo9tm5t1 disgu/1 & loss4 ,dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s ! ,national ,museum & ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory h ?r[n away & o!rwise gott5 rid ( en\gh /uff$ specim5s to /ock a small museum1 & all because ( poor & un/able taxid]mic "w only tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,a taxid]mi/ :o kn[s 8 bus9ess c m\nt a specim5 to la/ t5 ye>s or t5 hundr$1 j z he *ooses4 ,if y1 l a c]ta9 taxid]mi/ ,i once knew1 believe 9 quantity n quality1 !n y1 l him1 c use small & weak support+ irons 7!y "w s mu* easi] ?an heavy ones671 half clean y\r sk9s & skulls1 ram a sk9 full ( excelsior1 /raw1 pap]1 & rubbi% f y\r dirt-box1 sew x up ) long /it*es & *eap tw9e1 cram its eyes & no/rils ) na/y putty1 & ins]t ! *eape/ eyes obta9able4 ,!n1 :ile ! specim5 may look passably well dur+ its fir/ six mon?s1 by ! end ( two ye>s its sides w be a succession ( hills & holl[s1 its seams w be ripp$ & gap+ wide op51 its nose w be %rivell$ up & %apeless1 its e>s w look l dry autumn leaves2 x w lean ov] helplessly to "o side1 & w also h settl$ d[n ^u its feet until !y are %apeless de=mities4 ,?is is no fancy picture1 = x fairly repres5ts ! condition ( _m a buffalo1 de]1 & moose t ,i h be5 call$ ^u to ei!r dism\nt1 rem\nt1 or de/roy4 ,a di%one/ taxid]mi/ may slight ! int]ior "w ( a specim5 & h x escape detection = six mon?s1 or ev5 a ye>1 b "t soon tells ! /ory4 ,di%one/ or c>eless "w1 l murd]1 w out4 ,9 a bird1 x expresses itself 9 a look ( r\ghness1 & a g5]al fall+ away f grace at all po9ts4 ,to secure p]fect /ability & p]man5ce 9 a m\nt$ specim51 obs]ve consci5ti\sly ! foll[+ pr9ciples 9 its con/ruction3 #a4 ,p>e e sk9 d[n ?91 s t its %r9k+ p[] w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?is w prev5t its seams f op5+4 #b4 ,poison ) ! utmo/ ?or\ghness1 s t ev5 ?\gh ! specim5 %\ld *ance to /& unprotect$ = ye>s :]e insect pe/s are ?icke/1 !y c f9d no?+ to fe$ ^u 9 its hair or fea!rs4 #c4 ,use heavy support+ irons or wires1 z heavy z ! specim5 w accommodate )\t sacrific+ ! =m & position ( legs & feet4 ,! fault ( us+ ! lighte/ possible supports is entirely too common1 & is s ?or\ghly repreh5sible 9 a taxid]mi/ t x becomes a vice4 #d4 ,make ! me*anical /ructure ( e specim5 7e4g41 ! fa/5+ toge!r ( ! body1 limbs1 head1 neck1 & tail71 s firm t ! rigidity ( all is complete4 ,x is !n1 & only !n1 9 y\r p[] to place any memb] ( ! body 9 a desirable attitude & h x rema9 fix$4 #e4 ,e portion ( ! sk9 %\ld re/ ^u a firm1 smoo? surface ( clay1 excelsior1 /raw1 or t[1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,if !re are lumps "u ! sk91 !y w appe> soon aft] x is dry1 & de/roy its smoo?ness4 ,if !re are holl[s1 ! result w be ! same4 #f4 ,! l>g] ! specim5 ! ?ick] is ! sk91 & consequ5tly ! h>d] & m unyield+ %\ld be ! mat]ial x re/s ^u4 ,d n make a manik9 ) hoop iron & burlap1 & a little loose fill+ betwe5 t & ! sk91 = specim5s s m\nt$ ne>ly always come to grief4 ,if y /uff a sk9 ) /raw1 excelsior1 or t[1 pack ! fill+ 9 a solid mass1 = ) ! lapse ( "t all su* mat]ials are b\nd to %r9k1 no matt] h[ h>d y make !m at fir/4 ,! %r9kage ( /raw is (t5 rem>kable & highly disa/r\s4 ,,attitude4--,on ?is subject no fix$ rules c be (f]$4 ,to "o fact1 h[ev]1 :i* %\ld always be borne 9 m9d by ! prep>ator1 ,i mu/ call special att5tion1 & t is z foll[s3 ,animals ( all k9ds1 ev5 9 a /ate ( nature1 & entirely ( _! own volition1 (t5 assume attitudes t are highly ungraceful1 unpleas+ to ! eye1 & any?+ b fairly repres5tative ( ! creature's =m & habits4 ,?is be+ ! case1 d n make ! mi/ake ( conclud+ t because y h se5 a p>ticul> animal assume a p>ticul> attitude1 x is natural1 & !re=e y c d no bett] ?an to reproduce t attitude 9 ! specim5 y are m\nt+4 ,no1 a ?\s& times no4 ,?is mi/ake w lead to ! reproduction ( _m an ugly attitude1 ev5 ?\gh l life itself4 ,e animal is capable ( assum+ scores ( diff]5t attitudes1 & f all ^! y %\ld *oose ! "o :i* is mo/ /rik+ly *>act]i/ic ( ! subject1 mo/ truly repres5tative1 & :i* does ! animal ! same sort ( ju/ice t y seek at ! h&s ( ! arti/ :5 y g to h y\r own picture tak54 ,on su* occasions y d n l\nge ungracefully1 nor /& /oop-%\ld]$1 nor look li/less2 y /& erect1 at y\r full height1 & look y\r v be/4 ,make y\r animal d ! same4 ,= y\r own picture y d n assume a viol5t & tragic attitude1 nor any?+ /ra9$4 ,y /& or sit at ease1 quietly b int5tly reg>d+ some?+ 9 p>ticul>2 or y\r attitude may ) equal propriety repres5t a mom5t ( re/ 9 ! c\rse ( "s quiet action4 ,pose y\r m\nt$ specim5s accord+ to ! same pr9ciples1 & ! results w be mo/ satisfactory to all4 ,! *oice ( an attitude dep5ds :olly ^u y\r arti/ic in/9cts1 ^u y\r eye1 s to speak4 ,*oose t "o :i* is mo/ graceful or gr&1 & is at ! same "t truly *>act]i/ic ( ! subject4 ,to my m9d1 ! attitude tak5 by an animal :5 />tl$ by visible or suspect$ dang]1 is ! "o p> excell5ce 9 :i* x appe>s at its be/ :5 m\nt$4 ,"u su* conditions ! animal always /&s fully erect1 head al(t1 & ) e s5se ke5ly on ! al]t4 ,! next be/ attitude is t :i* repres5ts an animal quietly walk+ or climb+1 accord+ to its habits & modes ( progression4 ,! subject ( gr\ps & gr\p+ w be consid]$ 9 full lat] on 9 ?is "w4 ,,proportions4--,on ?is po9t a s+le obs]vation w be suffici5t4 ,! taxid]mi/ (t5 receives1 f ! zoological g>d5s & m5ag]ies1 specim5s t are v ?9 9 fle%4 ,9 m\nt+ an animal1 d n let y\r k ( anatomy run away ) y\r judgm5t1 art1 & ev5 nature itself1 by produc+ a tig]1 pan!r1 zebra1 or buffalo ) all its ribs %[+1 & its scapula1 pelvis1 & v]tebral column all /&+ out 9 bold relief4 ,unless ! individuals ( a giv5 species are always scrawny1 ,i pray y1 = ! sake ( tru? & ju/ice1 d n make y\r solit>y repres5tative ( t species look l a c&idate = special honors at a bone-y>d4 ,let me assure y1 on ! honor ( a hunt]1 t animals 9 a /ate ( nature are ne>ly always well f$ & plump-look+1 & %[ v few bones4 ,x is easy to make ribs on a clay-cov]$ manik91 b d n d x on a wild animal1 unless y delib]ately int5d to produce a />vel+4 ,accord+ to its nature1 make e animal look well-f$ & 9 good condition1 b n fat4 ,x seldom happ5s t a wild animal 9 a /ate ( nature gr[s really fat1 b x is /ill m seldom t "o looks "u-f$ & poor4 ,if fatness is a special *>act]i/ic ( a species1 !n fat let x be1 b scrawny nev]4 ,above all ?+s1 avoid 9 y\r birds & quadrup$s ! half-fill$ body :i* makes ! subject look z if x _h be5 evisc]at$4 ,! abdom5 is always convex1 n concave4 ,,! ,,uses ,,( ,,clay ,,z ,a ,,fill+ ,,mat]ial4--,! value ( clay 9 ! m\nt+ ( mammals1 reptiles1 & fi%es c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,previ\s to #ahhj its use among ! taxid]mi/s ( my acqua9tance 0 unkn[n1 & :5 its value 0 discov]$ & put to g5]al use by ! writ]1 9 ! ye> m5tion$1 _m ( my rivals pr$ict$ all mann] ( evil f x4 ,!y decl>$ x w\ld de/roy sk9s1 g to du/ )9 !m1 become s(t mud 9 damp wea!r1 crack1 etc4 ,i p]si/$ 9 its use1 disprov+ all evil progno/ications1 & n[ its g5]al use really m>ks a new era 9 ,am]ican taxid]my4 ,by means ( ?is common & *eap mat]ial x is n only possible b easy to m\nt a horse1 a seal1 a hairless dog1 a turtle1 snake1 fi%1 or any o!r animal1 ) absolute accuracy 9 e detail ( =m & size4 ,n only is ?is true1 b1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 !re is no o!r mat]ial ?an clay ) :i* ^! results c be accompli%$4 ,= cov]+ manik9s1 coat+ ! skulls ( l>ge animals1 & = fill+ 9 ! nose1 m\?1 eyes1 & e>s1 x is ev]y?+ t c\ld be desir$4 ,) x a /ret*$ sk91 ,a _w too wide = 8 %runk %ank1 c be work$ toge!r on ! clay-cov]$ manik91 & r$uc$ 9 size until x fits )\t ! slighte/ visible wr9kle1 or any cutt+ out su* z us$ to be necess>y by ! old me?ods4 ,to prep>e clay = use1 take ! clean1 work$ *unks ( s(t pott]'s clay 7:i* co/s ab\t two c5ts p] p\nd1 & %\ld be q free f s& & grit71 put ! "r quantity 9 a pail1 & p\r a little wat] ^u x4 ,) ! h&s knead x until ! wat] is tak5 up1 & x becomes z s(t z d\gh4 ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be q /icky1 & 9 ?is /ate is altoge!r too s(t to use except to cov] a l>ge manik91 9 :i* case x mu/ be s(t en\gh to spread easily ) ! h&4 ,= ord9>y use1 h[ev]1 *op up f9ely1 ) ! hat*et1 "s clean hemp t[ ( long fibre1 & mix x ?or\ghly ) ! clay1 :i* c be done only ) ! h&4 ,?is makes ! clay m /iff1 ab\t l s(t putty1 & ( ! prop] consi/5cy = fill+ into feet1 *eeks1 eyes1 m\?1 nose1 etc4 ,if ! clay is too s(t1 y w h difficulty 9 mak+ x reta9 ! prop] =m "u ! sk94 ,if x is too /iff1 x balls up1 & y c n "w x along "u ! sk9 f "o "p to ano!r4 ,:5 y le>n to make x ( j ! "r consi/5cy x works to p]fection1 no matt] :]e y put x1 & w =ev] reta9 ! =m y\r f+]s give x by pressure f )\t4 ,else:]e w be giv5 m detail$ advice 9 reg>d to ! v>i\s uses ( clay4 ,,color+4--,! "t 0 :5 ,am]ican curators held x sacrilege to pa9t ! s(t p>ts ( birds1 & ! hairless portions ( c]ta9 mammals4 ,= my "p1 ,i h always f\ght t idea unconditionally1 9 season & out ( season1 & ,i am glad to say t )9 ! la/ eight ye>s x has be5 utt]ly ab&on$4 ,cle>ly1 x is bett] to reproduce ! colors ( s(t p>ts z accurately z "o c1 r ?an let !m rema9 9 a colorless1 dry1 & mummifi$ condition1 hide\s to ! eye & mean+less to ! und]/&+4 ,by all means let u color ev]y?+ t has color 9 life1 ?\gh ! heav5s fall4 ,asc]ta9 9 "s way :at ! color %\ld be 7?is c (t5 be done by ref]5ce to books ) color$ plates71 !n pa9t accord+ly4 ,pa9t ) turp5t9e & oil1 r ?an ) oil alone1 :i* leaves an unnatural gloss4 ,y c tone d[n any oil color1 h[ev]1 by /ippl+ x ) a /ipple bru% dipp$ 9 a pan ( dry color1 or pla/] ,p>is4 ,! taxid]mi/ :o c pa9t ! expos$ p>ts ( 8 specim5s accurately & arti/ically has a v p[]ful advantage ov] all ^? :o c n4 ,?is subject w also receive special att5tion else:]e4 ,,g5]al ,,f9i%4--,9 all "w on specim5s1 cultivate a delicate & arti/ic t\*1 & !n leave its impress ^u ev]y?+ y d4 ,d n leave a specim5 look+ z if a coal heav] _h f9i%$ x4 ,"w at x1 & keep on work+ at x until x is p]fect2 & !n g back to x ! next day1 & "w at x "s m6 ,!re is no inf]no too deep or too hot = a slov5ly1 slatt]nly taxid]mi/4 ,! fault ) su* work]s usually lies n s mu* 9 _! lack ( skill z 9 _! lack ( pati5ce & ! dogg$ /ick-to-itiv5ess t conqu]s all difficulties1 no matt] :e!r !y come s+ly1 9 platoons1 or by divisions4 ,delicacy is j z ess5tial 9 ! production ( good "w z orig9ality & /r5g?4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,mammals4 ,9 attempt+ to give ! beg9n] a fair />t 9 ! g5]al "w ( m\nt+ small mammals ( all sorts1 f mice up to small foxes1 ,i w describe 9 detail ! entire process ( m\nt+ a typical specim51 :i* 9 ?is in/ance w be a squirrel4 ,?is w embody all ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$1 & aft] hav+ laid ?is f\ndation we w proce$ to consid] exceptional cases1 & describe ! mann] 9 :i* !y mu/ be met4 ,! exceptional cases are bats1 rabbits1 "y animals ( ! small] species1 & a few o!rs4 ,we w assume t ! subject be=e u is ei!r a dry sk9 :i* has be5 fully relax$1 scrap$1 & r5d]$ p]fectly pliable & ela/ic1 or else a fre% sk91 i4e41 "o :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 our antiseptic solution 7! salt-&-alum ba?7 or possibly 9 alcohol1 & has !re=e nev] be5 dri$4 ,= ! sake ( ! beg9n]'s c\rage1 :i* %\ld nev] be tak5 out ( him at ! v fir/ onset by putt+ him on a dry sk9 ( d\btful quality1 we w take ! sk9 ( a f9e1 old1 gray squirrel 7,sciurus c>ol95sis7 :i* lies 9 ! ba? wait+ to be immortaliz$--or some?+ else4 ,x may easily happ5 t = good & suffici5t reasons ! beg9n] has no salt-&-alum ba?1 & c n prep>e "o4 ,9 t ev5t ! sk9 c be m\nt$ imm$iately aft] x is tak5 (f ! animal1 only x is necess>y to apply to x aft] ! ars5ical soap1 z direct$ h]eaft]1 a copi\s quantity ( p[d]$ alum4 ,if y h no ars5ical soap1 !n z y proce$ ) ! m\nt+ moi/5 ! inside ( ! sk9 ) wat]1 & rub on p[d]$ alum & ars5ic1 mix$ 9 equal p>ts1 & be sure t ! sk9 is ev]y:]e coat$ ) x ev5tually4 ,?is leaves ! fur dry & clean1 & w save y ! tr\ble ( dry+ & dress+ x4 ,on tak+ our squirrel sk9 f ! ba? to m\nt x we f9d its texture is firm1 & x is some:at %runk5 9 size1 s t :5 x is fill$ out x w n /ret* all out ( proportion4 ,if ei!r 9 ha/e or c>elessness y h left a lay] ( fle% ^u ! sk91 p>e x (f until ! inside ( ! sk9 is q clean4 ,if any holes h be5 cut by bullets or knives1 sew !n up f ! inside ) a /rong l95 ?read & a ,no4 #c glov]'s ne$le--?ree-corn]$4 ,n[ = ! wires4 ,measure ! leg bones f ! sole ( ! foot to ! end ( ! ?igh-bone1 add ?ree in*es = :at ! wire mu/ project beyond ! sole ( ! foot1 five in*es m at ! o!r end1 & cut a ,no4 #ae anneal$ iron wire#h ( ! l5g? ?us obta9$1 = ea* h9d leg4 ,! l5g? ( ! wires = ! =elegs is obta9$ 9 ! same way4 ,?us = our squirrel1 ! wires = ! h9d legs mu/ be f\rte5 in*es long1 & = ! =elegs twelve4 ,cut ano!r ,no4 #ae wire twice ! l5g? f ! back ( ! head to ! root ( ! tail1 & ?is w be ! body wire eighte5 in*es long4 ,! tail wire mu/ be small]1 ,no4 #ag1 long en\gh to rea* f ! tip ( ! tail to ! c5tre ( ! body--sev5te5 in*es4 ,/raight5 all ^! wires c>efully1 lay !m toge!r on ! table1 & rememb] ! purpose ( ea*4 ,if !y are ru/y1 rub !m ) s& pap]4 ,file "o end ( ! tail wire to a tap]+ po9t1 = ! tip ( our squirrel's tail is v sl5d]4 ,we are n[ ready to make "o ( ! legs1 & w beg9 ) "o ( ! h9d legs4 ,take "o ( ! two longe/ wires1 pass "o end ( x ?r\gh ! slit 9 ! sk9 at ! bottom ( ! foot1 let x project ?ree in*es beyond ! sole ( ! foot1 & up into ! sk9 ( ! leg4 ,n[ b5d ! wire until x fits closely along ! "u side ( ! leg bones z se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,tie x firmly ) l95 ?read to ! bones ( ! foot1 to ! tibia & ! femur1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,leg-mak+ & ,wir+4 ,n[ take f9e1 clean t[1 ( good long fibre1 &1 beg9n+ at ! foot1 proce$ to wrap x ar\nd ! leg bones1 smoo?ly & ev5ly1 to replace ! muscles :i* h be5 cut away4 ,! l[] "p ( ! leg is flat on ! inside & r\nd on ! outside1 almo/ b>e ( fle% at ! ankle4 ,rememb] always t ! fle% on ! calf ( ! leg1 & ! =e>m1 lies beh9d ! bones1 swell+ out t[>d ! back & ! inside ( ! limb1 & 9 front ! sk9 lies ^u ! bone itself4 ,obs]ve ?is1 & build up ! muscles accord+ly4 ,! ?igh is broad & mu* flatt5$1 r\nd$ on ! outside only1 z y mu/ h notic$ :5 y sk9n$ x & cut (f ! fle%1 & ! knee-pan is prom95t4 ,to make ! leg ?is %ape1 fir/ w9d "s t[ ar\nd ! ?igh bone1 !n make up a little roll ( t[ a little l>g] ?an y\r =ef+]1 place x along ! "u side ( ! ?igh & w9d x fa/ !re ) t[4 ,by a judici\s cont9uation ( ?is process1 y c make ! ?igh ( ! prop] wid? & flatness bo? above & bel[ ! bone4 ,at no po9t is a squirrel's ?igh m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick1 & ! calf1 ! arm1 & ! =e>m are ev5 less4 ,by ref]5ce to ! trac+ made ( ! animal 9 ! fle%1 y w be able to tell ! wid? ( ! legs at all po9ts & correct y\r "w all ! way along4 ,9 all ?9-hair$ animals ! t5don ( ! heel mu/ be made by drill+ a hole ?r\gh ! end ( ! heel-bone1 pass+ a small wire ?r\gh = half its l5g?1 !n twi/+ ! wire toge!r half-way up to ! knee4 ,w9d a little f9e t[ ar\nd ?is wire1 gradually increas+ ! quantity f ! heel upw>d until ! false t5don is complete1 & ! upp] end is w\nd 9 ) ! t[ :i* =ms ! l[] "p ( ! ?igh4 ,9 small mammals :i* h long1 ?ick hair1 z our squirrel = example1 x is n necess>y to make ! t5don1 z x does n %[4 ,rememb] !re is no fle% on ! upp] "p ( ! foot-bones1 b consid]able und]nea?4 ,x is n be/ to make ! legs extremely h>d1 or !y w be difficult to b5d1 b at ! same "t ! t[ mu/ n be put on 9 a loose1 slov5ly mann]4 ,avoid mak+ ! legs too l>ge2 ! opposite extreme is ! less] evil ( ! two4 ,:5 ! leg is f9i%$1 ano9t ! sk9 ( t leg ) ars5ical soap1 rub ei!r a little wet clay or ?ick soap ov] ! t[ leg s t x w slip into ! sk9 easily1 !n turn ! sk9 up ov] x & adju/ x f ! foot up4 ,if ! leg does n fit1 turn ! sk9 back & alt] its %ape until x does fit p]fectly4 ,?is done satisfactorily1 ins]t a little clay or f9ely *opp$ t[ 9 ! bottom ( ! foot1 b5d ! wire s t x leaves ! foot at a "r angle1 sew up ! cut1 & y are ready to proce$ 9 l mann] ) ! ?ree rema9+ legs4 ,be sure to make bo? legs ( ea* pair precisely alike if y wi% to h a heal?y-look+ animal :5 f9i%$4 ,hav+ made all ! legs1 ! next ?+ is ! tail4 ,take "s ( y\r f9e/ t[ 9 y\r "r h&1 ! tail wire 9 y\r left1 beg9 at ! po9t$ end1 & by turn+ ! wire con/antly f left to "r1 let x w9d up ! t[ :i* runs betwe5 y\r "r ?umb & f+]4 ,make ! tail ( a regul> tap]1 p]fectly smoo?1 & n too l>ge4 ,try x 9 ! sk9 occasionally to insure accuracy4 ,if ! fir/ "o is a failure1 disc>d x & make ano!r4 ,:5 at la/ y h :at is requir$1 ano9t ! inside ( ! tail sk9 ) ars5ical soap1 slip ! false tail into its place1 & if ! tail has be5 slit op51 sew x up neatly all ! way along1 comm5c+ at ! tip4 ,n[ pun* a small hole 9 ! back ( ! skull a little above ! occipital op5+1 pass ! end ( ! body wire ?r\gh x1 =ce ! end ?r\gh into ! nasal cavity & on out at ! end ( ! nose4 ,let ! end ( ! wire also pass ?r\gh "o ( ! no/rils ( ! sk9 = ab\t two in*es4 ,n[ put "s s(t clay on ! sides ( ! skull & jaw to replace ! muscles :i* h be5 cut away1 & fill ! orbits ) ! same mat]ial4 ,ano9t ! sk9 ( ! head & neck ) ! ars5ical soap1 turn x back ov] ! skull1 & :5 ! skull is once m 9 its prop] position 9 ! sk91 :i* c be/ be det]m9$ by notic+ :e!r ! eye op5+ comes ov] ! c5tre ( ! orbit1 drive a tack ov] ea* eye ?r\gh ! sk9 & into ! bone4 ,ano!r tack at ! top ( ! head w also d good s]vice 9 hold+ ! skull 9 its place :ile ! gr& /ruggle ) ! body is go+ on1 = ! head is ! la/ ?+ f9i%$4 ,life is too %ort & space too valuable to all[ me to expla9 fully :y all ^! ?+s mu/ be done1 b if y neglect any ( ^! simple directions y w v soon f9d out :y !y 7 giv54 ,! legs & tail are wir$ & made1 ! skull is 9 its place1 ) "o end ( ! body wire pass+ ?r\gh x1 & we are n[ ready to wire all ! p>ts ( ! animal toge!r4 ,! sk9 lies on ! clean table be=e u1 "r side out1 ) ! legs 9 ! same position z :5 we drew ! outl9e4 ,b5d ! inn] ends ( ! =eleg wires back f ! head ( ! hum]us at an obtuse angle1 & let !m cross ea* o!r l ! limbs ( an ,x1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ figure4 ,at ! po9t :]e !y cross ea* o!r1 turn a little r+ 9 ! body wire1 six in*es f ! end1 j l>ge en\gh = ! two wires to pass ?r\gh easily4 ,= ?is purpose y w f9d a pair ( r\nd-nos$ pli]s conv5i5t4 ,pass ! end ( ea* =eleg wire ?r\gh ! r+1 & let !m cross aga91 ) ! wire ( ! left leg und]nea? ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,wir+ ,toge!r4 ,n[ ref] to y\r outl9e1 measure ! di/ance betwe5 ! extremities ( ! toes1 & x w tell y exactly h[ to adju/ ! leg wires s z to get ! "r di/ance betwe5 ! two ends ( ! hum]i1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! %\ld]s4 ,! wire betwe5 ! head ( ! hum]us & ! r+ repres5ts ! scapula1 &1 if rightly measur$1 w enable u lat] on to pose ! =elegs ) ease & success4 ,n[1 ) ! r\nd-nos$ pli]s 9 ! left h&1 grasp ! ?ree wires firmly at ! r+1 lay hold ( ! two leg wires ) ! flat-nos$ pli]s & give two complete turns to ! "r1 twi/+ ! wires toge!r z tightly z possible4 ,b5d up ! body wire to "o ( ! leg wires1 &1 leav+ out ! o!r1 give ^! two a c\ple ( turns4 ,take ! o!r leg wire & body wire & give !m a twi/4 ,if ! legs are n[ solidly toge!r1 x is en\gh1 b if !y are n1 ?is twi/+ process mu/ be cont9u$ until !y are p]fectly firm4 ,no loos5ess1 if y please4 ,?is done1 /raight5 out ! body wire once m1 arrange ! sk9 z be=e1 accord+ to y\r outl9es1 & y w soon see t ! r+ = ! h9d legs mu/ be turn$ ab\t five in*es bel[ ! fir/ "o4 ,! ends ( ! h9d-leg wires are b5t slightly =w>d 7t[>d ! head7 f ! ends ( ! femora1 & also cross ea* o!r 9 ! r+4 ,aft] gett+ ! h9d legs ! "r di/ance ap>t1 give ! wires two turns z be=e1 !n b5d ! free end ( ! body wire /raight up & ov] until x po9ts t[>d ! head4 ,proce$ ) x precisely z ) ! o!r leg wires until ! h9d legs are immovably fix$ on x4 ,n[ give ! free ends ( ! wires ea* a turn ar\nd ! middle ( ! body wire & ?us fa/5 all toge!r1 =m+ a backbone ( twi/$ iron wire4 ,! end ( ! tail wire mu/ pass "u ! h9d-leg wires 7z ! sk9 lies on its back71 & aft] giv+ a turn or two ar\nd ! wire backbone1 tie x fa/ ) /rong tw9e4 ,! tail mu/ be z firmly fix$ ^u ! body wire z ?\gh x 0 sold]$ !re4 ,?is done1 wrap a goodly quantity ( t[ tightly & smoo?ly ar\nd ! wire backbone1 s t ! num]\s ends ( wire1 & ! irregul>ities 9 ! mass ( twi/$ wire1 w n cause tr\ble :5 we come to fill ! body4 ,n[ t y no long] ne$ to put y\r h&s inside ! sk91 ano9t x mo/ ?or\ghly ) ! soap1 f ! back ( ! head to ! base ( ! tail4 ,:ile ! sk9 is absorb+ ! soap1 take a hat*et & *op up f9ely a quantity ( co>se t[4 ,) y\r longe/ =ceps1 cov] ! inside ( ! sk9 ) a lay] ( cut t[1 plac+ x betwe5 ! wires & ! sk94 ,x is highly important to h a good ?ick cu%ion ( x next to ! sk9 at ! %\ld]s1 hips1 & along ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf;a4--,! ,legs ,wir$ ,toge!r4 ,?is is ! "t to give ! animal ! attitude x is to h :5 f9i%$4 ,all ! memb]s are n[ completely "u control1 & we c give ! animal any pose we wi%4 ,b5d up ea* leg at a "r angle to its pres5t position1 mak+ ! b5d abruptly at ! head ( ea* femur1 & ?us leave betwe5 !m ! same di/ance t sep>at$ !m :5 !y jo9$ ! pelvis 9 life4 ,likewise b5d up ! =eleg1 by mak+ ne>ly a "r angle 9 ! leg wire at ! head ( ea* hum]us1 & leave ! prop] space betwe5 ! %\ld]s4 ,) ! play t is giv5 to ! =elegs1 by means ( ! di/ance left betwe5 ! %\ld] po9t & ! r+1 we are able to adju/ ! =elegs ) ! greate/ fre$om1 to move ea* %\ld] ei!r up or d[n1 & increase or less5 ! di/ance betwe5 !m at w4 ,! mo/ p]t & *>act]i/ic attitude ( a squirrel is sitt+ up on its haun*es1 ei!r on ! al]t1 eat+ some?+ held 9 its paws1 or1 p]haps1 wa%+ its face ) its paws4 ,?is attitude is r difficult to get1 b x is well wor? try+ =4 ,b5d ea* h9d leg at ! knee until ! ?igh t\*es ! calf & re/s ^u x4 ,b5d ! ankle-jo9t until ! foot makes an acute angle ) ! calf4 ,make a v decid$ curve 9 ! backbone1 s z to ?r[ ! body well =w>d betwe5 ! knees1 :i* mu/ come ne>ly opposite ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,pu% ! h9d legs up into ! body s t ! squirrel c sit ^u 8 tail4 ,! elb[s drop d[n until !y almo/ t\* ! knees1 :i* is p>tly accompli%$ by curv+ ! back4 ,j bel[ ! %\ld]s ! backbone mu/ be curv$1 to ?r[ ! head & %\ld]s up1 & hold !m well erect4 ,give ! head ! pose y wi% x to h1 slightly turn$ to "o side1 let u say4 ,! next /ep1 a v important "o1 is fill+ ! body4 ,if y d n d x intellig5tly1 y\r squirrel w ne$ to f9d a grave 9 ! a% b>rel4 ,! me*anical "p ( ?is fill+ process is exce$+ly simple1 & ev]y?+1 or ne>ly ev]y?+1 dep5ds ^u h[ mu* y "k ( ! anatomy ( ! animal be=e y4 ,?is is a private matt] betwe5 y\rself & nature4 ,y\r h& w ne>ly always be able to keep up ) y\r eye if y give x a fair *ance4 ,) y\r long =ceps1 :i* "w l a dextr\s ?umb & f+] eight in*es long1 pick up ! *opp$ t[1 & little by little ins]t x 9 ! sk9 :]e x is ne$$4 ,fir/ fill out above ! backbone until y get ! desir$ outl9e1 9 pr(ile1 ( ! back & %\ld]s f tail to head4 ,!n fill out ! %\ld]s & =m !m prop]ly4 ,fill 9 ! neck1 fir/ ar\nd ! base ( ! skull1 & sew up ! neck sk9 f ! end ( ! cut d[nw>d = ab\t two in*es1 & )\t cutt+ (f y\r ?read ins]t m *opp$ t[ 9 ! neck & %\ld]s1 pack+ x firmly1 if y h ! proportions "r4 ,d n all[ ! t[ to roll up into wads & make ! sk9 full ( hills & holl[s on ! outside4 ,! pressure ( ! t[ on all po9ts ( ! sk9 %\ld be ! same1 & ! fill+ mu/ be pack$ firmly & ev5ly1 s t ! f9i%$ animal w keep its %ape t5aci\sly 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & n collapse at a firm t\*4 ,"o secret ( success 9 fill+ ! body lies 9 gradually & equally fill+ out ! entire body to fair proportions be=e f9i%+ any "o "p4 ,give ! animal its exact attitude1 !n proce$4 ,if !re is an app>5t lack ( sk9 at any p>ticul> po9t1 attack t fir/1 & fill x out4 ,y w soon f9d h[ easy x is to draw sk9 f "o "p ( ! body to ano!r by judici\s fill+4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! neck & %\ld]s1 leave t "p & g to ! haun*es4 ,fill ar\nd ! base ( ! tail1 ! hips1 ! upp] "p ( ! ?ighs1 & ! abdom54 ,be c>eful to make bo? sides alike4 ,comm5ce at ! root ( ! tail & sew up ! op5+ = ab\t two in*es1 )\t cat*+ ! hair 9 y\r /it*es1 aft] :i* y may bore two small holes 9 a p9e bo>d1 ! prop] di/ance ap>t1 pass ! two h9d leg wires ?r\gh1 & set ! little animal up4 ,?is is only a trial trip1 & if y f9d ! feet are n ! prop] di/ance ap>t 7or ! squirrel does n walk prop]ly1 if y h put him 9 a walk+ attitude71 or does n sit prop]ly1 take him (f ! bo>d & rem$y ! defects4 ,:5 y h correct$ 8 attitude1 proce$ ) ! fill+1 sew+ up f bo? bel[ & above1 until ! body is prop]ly %ap$1 fill$ full ( t[1 & ! op5+ entirely sewn up4 ,n[ comb ! t[ out ( ! damp fur1 &1 if x is dirty1 wa% x ) wa%+ soda1 soap & wat] until x is ?or\ghly clean4 ,place ! animal ^u its bo>d p$e/al1 & correct ! attitude ) ! utmo/ c>e be=e y b5d ! wires up und]nea? ! bo>d & cl9* !m fa/4 ,if ! specim5 is ev5 a mod]ate success ?us f>1 we w g on ) x4 ,if ! animal y are m\nt+ is a tree-climb]1 & y wi% to m\nt x ^u a tree limb1 select "o = ! purpose1 &1 accord+ to y\r desire to h x ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 slant+1 or horizontal1 saw x (f at ! l[] end1 plant x firmly ^u a r\gh bo>d p$e/al1 & fa/5 x by putt+ two long1 /\t screws ?r\gh ! bo>d & up into ! base ( ! bran*4 ,put y\r specim5 ^u ! bran* z ne>ly 9 position z possible1 m>k ! places :]e ! holes %\ld be bor$1 & bore !m ) a bit ( ! prop] size4 ,y c !n run ! ends ( ! leg wires ?r\gh1 draw ! feet d[n closely1 & cl9* ! wires on ! opposite side4 ,z soon z ! little animal is firmly fix$ on 8 tempor>y p$e/al1 or 8 bran*1 :i* mu/ be p]man5t1 we are ready to give ! f9al t\*es to ! body4 ,we w1 ) ?umb & f+]1 press 9 ! %\ld]s if !y are too high or wide1 flatt5 ! body by pressure if x is too r\nd on ! sides1 & emphasize ! undulat+ outl9e ( ! sides also by pressure4 ,if !re is a holl[ spot :]e ! surface %\ld be smoo?1 ?ru/ a %>p awl ?r\gh ! sk91 cat* "s t[ on ! po9t ( ! awl1 &1 ) a %>p lift+ motion1 pull ! fibre up until x fills out ! holl[4 ,if !re is a lump ( t[ "u ! sk91 mak+ an unsightly hump1 ?ru/ ! po9t ( ! awl ?r\gh into x1 & spread x out und]nea? until ! sk9 lies flat4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to "w all ov] ! body ( an animal ) ! awl 9 ?is way4 ,we h n[ to f9i% ! head4 ,) ! cutt+ pli]s1 cut (f ! end ( ! body wire close up to ! skull1 s t ! end w be hidd54 ,adju/ ! sk9 s t x fits naturally & easily on ! skull & ar\nd ! m\?1 & see t ! eyes come ov] ! c5tre ( ! orbits4 ,if ! clay :i* 0 put ^u ! skull does n fill out ! jaws & sides ( ! head q naturally1 pu% 9 a little *opp$ t[ until ! prop] =m is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,! ,f9i%$ ,specim54 ,avoid gett+ "o jaw full] ?an ! o!r2 x is only boys & m5 :o *ew tobacco :o h *eeks t are n bilat]ally symmetrical4 ,avoid gett+ "o eye too f> back1 =w>d1 up or d[n1 b mat* ! "o t is correctly plac$4 ,fill 9 ! end ( ! nose1 ! lips1 & ! *9 ) clay1 fold ! lips naturally & press !m into place4 ,if ! sk9 ar\nd ! m\? is n unnaturally drawn back1 ! lips w /ay 9 place1 & dry !re )\t any fa/5+4 ,if ! sk9 is drawn too f> back1 ! lips mu/ be p9n$ 9 place until !y dry4 ,! advantage 9 us+ clay = fill+ out ! head is t x enables y to press ! sk9 d[n ^u x & m\ld all ! p>ts into _! natural %ape & size1 )\t giv+ to ! head t unnatural1 puff$ out1 /uff$ appe>ance1 :i* is almo/ unavoidable :5 t[ only is us$4 ,introduce clay at ! eye op5+ until ! addition ( ! glass eye inside w make ! organ suffici5tly prom95t4 ,ins]t ! glass eye edgewise ?r\gh ! op5+1 turn x 9 position & emb$ x 9 ! clay4 ,) a l>ge ne$le1 or y\r awl1 adju/ ! eyelids ^u ! glass1 & if ! eye is n "r1 "w x into its prop] position4 ,adju/ bo? eyes alike1 &1 above all1 see to x t !y bo? look at ! same po9t1 be t po9t real or imag9>y4 ,! same am\nt ( iris mu/ %[ 9 ea* eye1 & ! position ( ! pupils mu/ correspond exactly4 ,d n make !m unusually />+1 z ?\gh ab\t to bur/ f _! sockets4 ,x is ! eye m ?an any o!r "o feature t gives any animal1 liv+ or /uff$1 its expression1 & ?is is due entirely to ! arrangem5t ( ! lid & br[4 ,! eyeball has1 9 itself1 no m p[] ( v>i$ expression ?an a glass m>ble2 !re=e ! facial expression ( a m\nt$ animal is :olly "u ! control ( ! taxid]mi/1 provid$ he takes ! tr\ble to procure good glass eyes ( ! "r size & quality4 ,unless ! e>s ( y\r specim5 are v small & insignificant1 x w be necess>y to cut two pieces ( ?9 c>d-bo>d ! %ape ( ea* e>1 b l>g]1 & aft] gett+ ! e> 9 position1 p9 x betwe5 !m1 s t x w be held 9 a natural position & good %ape until x dries4 ,d n ?ru/ ! p9s ?r\gh ! e>1 b ?r\gh ! c>d-bo>d ar\nd ! edge4 ,! la/ ?+ is to arrange ! toes & feet naturally1 & p9 ea* toe 9 place until x dries4 ,s9ce our squirrel is to be hold+ a nut1 we w cut (f ! =eleg wires1 all b half an in*1 & br+ ! paws close toge!r at ! prop] elevation4 ,we mu/ n[ drill two small holes 9 opposite sides ( a hickory nut1 =ce ! wires into !m until ! nut re/s nicely 9 ! paws1 & !re let x rema94 ,if necess>y1 we w tie ! toes 9 position ar\nd ! nut until !y are dry4 ,x is a common fault ) beg9n]s 9 taxid]my to slight ! toes ( _! specim5s1 bo? birds & mammals1 &1 z a result1 all su* specim5s h a slov5ly1 tramp-l appe>ance4 ,nature alone c tell y h[ to pose ! tail to repres5t ! /ate ( ! animal's feel+s4 ,try to look at y\r "w ) ! eye ( an arti/1 analyze x1 & catalogue its faults1 s t y w be sure to avoid !m 9 ! next specim54 ,if ! hair ne$s no m wa%+1 comb x out c>efully at ! la/ mom5t1 & set y\r specim5 on a %elf to dry1 out ( ! du/ if possible1 & out ( ! sun%9e1 & wat* x :ile x is dry+ to see t ! head & feet dry 9 good %ape4 ,at ! end ( two weeks1 or p]haps ?ree1 ! little mammal w be dry & h>d1 & ready = ! la/ t\*es4 ,pull out all ! p9s :i* h be5 hold+ ! toes1 e>s1 lips1 or eye corn]s 9 place1 & if !y leave any holes1 fill !m up ) putty4 ,i h n told y h[ to /uff a head ) ! m\? op51 & model ! s(t p>ts 9 papi]-ma* & wax1 because y w h>dly want to try any?+ s difficult at pres5t1 & x involves processes :i* _c be describ$ )9 ! limits ( ?is *apt]4 ,:5 y\r mammal is q dry1 dress ! fur ) a f9e comb & bru%1 & beat x ) a small piece ( :alebone or a little swit*1 to make x /& out f ! sk91 full & fluffy1 z 9 life4 ,?is end mu/ be accompli%$1 no matt] h[ long x takes4 ,procure "s tube colors1 oil & turp5t9e1 equal p>ts1 & a small sable bru%1 ) :i* to t9t ! eyelids & ! end ( ! nose _! natural color4 ,put a little v>ni% & turp5t9e1 equal p>ts ( ea*1 on ! toe-nails1 &1 9 %ort1 d ev]y?+ y c t w give ! specim5 ! look ( a liv+ animal4 ,if x looks /uff$1 put x 9 ! d>ke/ corn] ( y\r cab9et1 & try ano!r4 ,! glass eyes mu/ be clean$ ) great c>e1 & poli%$ ) a s(t cotton rag until !y gli/54 ,at ! la/ mom5t *ange ! r\gh bo>d p$e/al = a p]man5t "o1 ei!r ( black walnut1 poli%$1 or a%1 plan$ & s&-pap]$ v smoo?1 & cov]$ ) two coats ( %ellac4 ,if y h p]*$ y\r squirrel on ! top ( a small /ump1 saw$ (f squ>e at ! bottom1 or ^u a l>ge bran*1 ) a section ( ! trunk s]v+ z a base1 ( c\rse no artificial base is necess>y4 ,artificial bran*es = m\nt$ birds are bad en\gh1 b = mammals !y are altoge!r too bad1 & %\ld nev] be us$4 ,9 conclusion1 d n expect t y\r fir/ mammal is go+ to be an ov]p[]+ success4 ,d n take a cat = y\r fir/ subject1 = a cat is ! mo/ difficult ( all small quadrup$s to m\nt successfully4 ,a t\gh old squirrel is ! be/ ?+ = y to wre/le ) until y h le>n$ ! me?od ?or\ghly4 ,,exceptional ,,cases4--,!re are c]ta9 classes ( small mammals ^: sk9s %\ld n be put ?r\gh ! salt & alum ba?1 if possible to avoid x1 = sev]al reasons4 ,^! are ! "y ( ! small] mammalia1 especially su* z rabbits1 squirrels1 & o!r famili> =ms4 ,x is by f> ! be/ plan to m\nt all su* sk9s z soon z !y are tak5 (f1 )\t wett+ ! hair1 & us+ dry ars5ic & alum1 equal p>ts1 to pres]ve & poison !m4 ,! bones ( "y animals become q s(t 9 ! ba?1 & ! hair is difficult to dress to look l life4 ,! fur ( a rabbit is ! meane/ fur 9 ! _w to comb out & dress to look fluffy & immaculate aft] x has once be5 wet ) salt-&-alum wat]4 ,m\nt !m )\t wett+ :5 y c1 only poison !m well aga9/ mo?s4 ,alcohol is f> pref]able to ! ba? = ! sk9s ( su* species z ! above1 &1 z our ,engli% c\s9s w\ld say1 is n half bad4 ,,m\nt+ ,,bats4--,hav+ tri$ all kn[n me?ods ( m\nt+ & display+ ^! pe/if]\s little subjects1 ,i f9ally evolv$ an arrangem5t :i* ,i n[ conceit$ly believe is ! only satisfactory solution ( ! difficulties !y pres5t4 ,my plan is to m\nt ! bat )\t any wires1 save 9 ! legs ( ! l>g] species1 & :5 f9i%$ lay x on its back on a smoo? bo>d1 spread ! w+s1 put pieces ( pa/ebo>d ov] ! membrane until all is cov]$1 & p9 !m d[n4 ,( c\rse ! w+s mu/ be 9 p]fect position4 ,:5 ! specim5 is dry1 apply "s royal glue ( ! be/ quality to ! back ( ea* w+1 & /ick 8 bat%ip p]man5tly on a /rip ( ?ick plate glass1 :i* has be5 prep>$ previ\sly by be+ cut to ! prop] size1 & gr\nd on ! edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,au?or's ,me?od ( ,m\nt+ ,bats on ,glass4 ,! accompany+ cut 7,fig4 #bh7 0 drawn f a specim5 z exhibit$1 omitt+ ! label4 ,! advantages ( ?is arrangem5t are z foll[s3 ,x %[s ! specim5 p]fectly on bo? sides2 ! w+s d n w>p & %rivel up2 x is possible to repair breaks 9 ! w+ membrane1 & ! mo/ delicate specim5 is well protect$4 ,! /rip ( glass /&s on edge 9 a deep groove :i* has be5 cut to fit x tightly 9 ! top ( a flat1 n>r[ p$e/al hav+ ! usual m\ld$ edge4 ,,footnote3 #h ,if y c n procure anneal$ wire1 take h>d iron wire1 heat x to r$ness1 & z soon z x rea*es t /ate remove x f ! fire & all[ x to cool sl[ly4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,m\nt+ ,,l>ge ,,mammals4--,,ord9>y ,,me?ods4 ,,section #a4 ,,long-,,hair$ ,,mammals ,,( ,,m$ium ,,size4--,examples3 ,wolves1 c]ta9 dogs1 l>ge apes1 baboons & monkeys2 ! small] be>s1 hair seals1 all long-hair$ quadrup$s f ! size ( ! fox to ! ,newf\ndl& dog2 also1 all old dry sk9s ( mammals betwe5 ! two sizes m5tion$4 ,:ile x w be advis$ 9 ,section ,,iii4 ( ?is subject to m\nt %ort-hair$ sk9s ( ! above sizes ^u clay-cov]$ manik9s1 x is v (t5 an impossibility to pursue ?is c\rse ) a dry sk91 no matt] :at its pelage may be l4 ,dry sk9s m ?an "o ye> old are usually s %runk51 h>d1 & inela/ic1 t 9 circumf]5ce !y are "o or two sizes small] ?an life1 & x is v (t5 impossible to /ret* !m suffici5tly to make !m fit ov] a manik9 ( ! "r size4 ,! only way 9 :i* en\gh p[] c be br\ght to be> ^u !m to =ce !m to /ret* to _! prop] size 9 neck & body1 is to fill !m ) /raw1 & ram x s h>d t ! sk9 is =c$ to /ret*4 ,ev5 if y fill a %runk5 body s full t x w /ret* no m1 if y keep x ?or\ghly moi/1 or ev5 wet1 9 wet clo?s1 & return to ! *>ge next day ) m /raw & muscle1 y w f9d t ! sk9 yields a good deal m1 & p]haps rea*es ! "r size )\t fur!r prote/4 ,v (t5 ?is is ! only treatm5t t w save an old1 dry sk9 f becom+ a total loss4 ,9 all su* cases fill out ! wor/ %runk5 p>ts fir/1 to make sure ( conqu]+ !m1 & leave ! less difficult portions to ! la/4 ,! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ! me?od describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] = m\nt+ small mammals1 & t = ! subjects includ$ 9 ?is section are simply ^!3 7#a47 ,! l>g] animals require leg wires or irons t are too l>ge to be b5t at w & twi/$ toge!r4 7#b47 ,:]e rods are us$1 a ?read mu/ be cut on ! l[] end ( ea* to receive a nut "u ! p$e/al1 because leg rods c n be fa/5$ 9 any o!r way4 7#c47 ,a /\t wood5 b> mu/ be us$ 9 ! body = ! leg1 head1 & tail wires1 or irons1 to run ?r\gh1 & ^u :i* all ^! c be /apl$ d[n firmly4 7#d47 ,= v>i\s reasons1 x is be/ t all ^! animals %\ld be fill$ ) /raw by ! old process ( /uff+4 ,to m\nt a specim5 belong+ 9 ?is section1 proce$ precisely z direct$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ) wir+ & mak+ ea* leg1 except :]e ! specim5 is s l>ge t x requires rods = ! legs in/ead ( wires4 ,x is only ! l>g] & heavi] animals ( ?is section1 viz41 ! wolves1 l>ge dogs1 l>ge kang>oos1 an?ropoid apes1 & ! l1 t require rods in/ead ( wires4 ,= y\r foxes1 baboons1 & small kang>oos1 y c use wires ( ! l>ge sizes1 ( ab\t ! same proportionate l5g? z = y\r squirrel4 ,9 gett+ out ! rods = ! legs ( y\r l>ge specim5s1 use ,norway iron1 because x is t\ghe/1 & proce$ z foll[s3 ,decide ^u ! attitude ( y\r specim51 !n lay ! bones ( ea* leg 9 its int5d$ position on ! table1 take a /raight wire ( l>ge size 7,no4 #i7 & b5d x to fit ! back ( ! leg bones1 precisely :]e y wi% y\r rod to g4 ,leave an end ab\t two & "o-half in*es long1 project+ /raight d[nw>d f ! c5tre ( ! foot1 to g ?r\gh ! p$e/al & receive a nut und]nea?4 ,cut a ?read on ?is l[] end1 & fit a hexagonal nut4 ,= ! h9d legs1 let ! upp] end ( ea* rod project beyond ! upp] end ( ! femur = a di/ance equal to ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( t bone4 ,! irons to support ! head %\ld be two 9 numb]1 & %\ld be long en\gh to rea* f ! end ( ! nose to ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,! tail iron w be regulat$ by circum/ances4 ,,! ,,h& ,,( ,,an ,,an?ropoid ,,ape4--,x ne>ly always happ5s t e sk9 ( a l>ge gorilla1 *impanzee1 or orang utan is totally de/itute ( bones4 ,n[ ! h& ( su* an animal is a v important feature4 ,d n attempt to make x ) wires & t[ alone1 = if y d1 ! f+]s w be semicircles1 resembl+ ! half ( an ov]-br[n d\ghnut4 ,ea* jo9t mu/ %[ an angle1 & ea* f+] be flat on ! inside4 ,! accompany+ cut 7,fig4 #bi7 %[s h[ to make ! h& ( an an?ropoid ape s t x %all be z natural z life4 ,! wood5 bones give ! prop] angles at ! jo9ts1 & ! t[-wrapp$ wire und]nea? gives ! f+] its prop] bread?4 ,:5 all is ready1 cov] ea* f+] manik9 ) clay1 make ! palm holl[ & flat1 & let ! end ( ! iron rod come out 9 ! c5tre ( ! palm4 ,?is me?od gives a h& t is beyond criticism4 ,= h& & foot /udies ( apes & monkeys1 see ,! ,/&>d ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 v41 page #eab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,artificial ,skeleton = ,h& ( an ,orang ,utan4 ,! foll[+ animals1 :5 ( adult size1 require leg supports ( ! foll[+ sizes3 ,l>ge foxes1 ,no4 #h wire2 olive baboon1 ,no4 #e or #f2 small kang>oo1 ,no4 #d to #f2 wolv]9e1 ,no4 #f2 coyote1 #a_/d in* rod2 sett] dog1 #a_/d in*2 pecc>y1 #a_/d in*2 great ant-eat]1 #a_/d in*2 gray wolf1 #e_/af in*2 giant kang>oo1 #c_/h in* = h9d legs2 h>p seal1 #c_/h in*4 ,hav+ made ! legs complete1 lay ! sk9 ^u its back1 ) ! legs spread out1 make ! irons or wires cross ea* o!r z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,plate ,,vi471 & !n hew out a piece ( t\gh wood ( ! g5]al %ape & proportion z t %[n 9 ! cut4 ,let ?is be z small z practicable to avoid splitt+ :5 ! irons are /apl$ d[n ^u x4 ,r\nd (f ! corn]s & ! ends1 s t y c easily "w all ar\nd ?is wood5 backbone1 :5 fill+ ! animal4 ,n[ lay ?is piece ( wood 9 ! sk91 ^u ! cross$ leg irons1 m>k ! po9ts at :i* ! irons ne$ to pass ?r\gh x1 & bore holes accord+ly1 slant+ ea* hole ?r\gh ! /ick1 = good reasons4 ,! next /ep is to pass ! irons ?r\gh ^! holes 7by b5d+ !m a little1 & /raight5+ !m aft]w>d7 & :5 all are ?r\gh1 adju/ ! legs s t !re is pl5ty ( loose sk9 9 ! body1 bo? 9 l5g? & bread?4 ,rememb] t ! /ick is to be 9 ! c5tre ( ! body1 n ! top4 ,:5 ! adju/m5t is complete1 b5d ! end ( ea* iron %>ply d[n ^u ! /ick1 & /aple x d[n ) ! utmo/ firmness4 ,next pass "o ( y\r neck irons ?r\gh ! skull f back to front1 bor+ a hole at ! back = ! purpose1 s z to make ! end ( ! iron pass out at ! nasal cavity4 ,replace ! miss+ fle% ( ! skull ) t[ or excelsior1 b\nd d[n ) ?read1 cov] all ) clay1 poison ! inside ( ! head & neck sk9 ) ars5ical soap1 ins]t ! skull 9 ! head1 & fa/5 ! l[] end ( ea* neck iron firmly ^u ! c5tre /ick4 ,! tail mu/ n[ be made1 b x is wise to fa/5 ! tail iron s t x c be made to slip out or 91 until x is kn[n precisely h[ long x %all be1 & !n ! end may be fa/5$ securely ) /aples4 ,n[ b5d up ! legs into position1 & give ! animal its attitude4 ,procure y\r p$e/al1 or limb ( a tree1 & place ! animal 9 attitude ^u x2 m>k :]e ! iron supports are to pass ?r\gh1 bore ! necess>y holes1 & see if ! animal w /& j z y wi% x to4 ,if n1 "w at its legs1 & bore new holes until x does2 !n take x (f1 poison ! inside ( ! sk9 lib]ally ) /rong ars5ical soap1 & proce$ to /uff x ) /raw1 or *opp$ t[1 or excelsior if y pref] t1 b ,i nev] d4 ,= my own use ,i pref] s(t /raw1 *opp$ f9e4 ,fill ! neck fir/1 us+ y\r wood5 fill]1 !n ! body4 ,if ! body ?reat5s to be too small1 fill t fir/4 ,be=e go+ f>1 fill out ! h9d-qu>t]s prop]ly4 ,"w on ! body all ov] at ! same "t1 & d n f9i% "o-half ( ! animal be=e y h t\*$ ! o!r half1 = ?is c\rse w\ld get y into endless tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,int]ior ,,me*anism ,,( ,a ,,half-,,m\nt$ ,,wolf4 ,hav+ fill$ ! body full1 & %ap$ x ! be/ y c1 & sewn x up at all po9ts save two1--a hole betwe5 ! =elegs & "o "u ! tail1--n[ put x 9 f9al position on its p$e/al1 & fa/5 x !re4 ,hav+ done ?is & survey$ ! sc5e1 y w obs]ve t ! =m ( ! animal is v faulty1 & ! sk9 n ne>ly full en\gh4 ,some?+ m mu/ be done4 ,unless ! specim5 is a seal1 or some?+ else ) %ort1 close hair1 "p ! hair c>efully & make a long1 p]p5dicul> slit 9 ! sk9 beh9d ea* =eleg & 9 ea* flank1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,,iii41 ,i-,i1 & ,k-,k4 ,?r\gh ^! op5+s y c introduce y\r metal fill+ tools1 & also fill+ mat]ials ad libitum1 & give ! int]ior a complete ov]haul+4 ,y c easily pu% y\r iron fill] ?r\gh ! /raw1 & raise ! l9e ( ! back1 %\ld]s1 or h9d-qu>t]s1 & l[] ! l9e ( ! brea/ & abdom5 until bo? are "r4 ,!n1 fill ) m /raw1 or t[1 if y l n[4 ,?r\gh ^! holes y comm& ! entire body ( ! animal at e po9t1 & n[ y mu/ "w out y\r own salvation4 ,:5 all is f9i%$ & ! body is q full & solid1 sew up ! op5+s c>efully1 & unite ! hair ov] !m s t !y w be hidd54 ,if y are c>eless 9 fill+1 & pull out a lot ( hair ar\nd ea* ( ! op5+s1 s mu* ! worse = y4 ,= full in/ructions 9 reg>d to "w on heads1 see a special *apt]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,fill]s ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds1 ,"o-six? ,actual ,size4 a1 ,fill] ( h>d wood1 #c ft4 long 7ano!r %\ld be #b ft4 long72 b1 fill] ( /eel1 #e_/af in* x #c ft4 = long rea*es 9 l>ge mammals2 c1 fill] ( iron1 #c_/h in* x #b-a_/b ft41 = heavy "w 7ano!r %\ld be #ah 94 long72 d1 fill] ( brass1 or galvaniz$ iron wire1 ,no4 #e1 = light "w 7ano!r %\ld be /ill small]1 = v f9e "w74 ,cutt+ out ,pieces ( ,sk94--,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t 9 m\nt+ an old sk9 x w be f\nd to h be5 unduly /ret*$ 9 dry+1 & 9 spite ( "o's be/ ef=ts !re w be too mu* sk9 9 a flank1 or beh9d a %\ld]1 or t ! body itself w be entirely too l>ge4 ,9 su* cases1 :5 ! animal is clo!d ) hair :i* c be made to hide ! seams1 x is necess>y & p]missible to cut a long slit 9 ! sk9 :]e ! loos5ess occurs1 & cut out a /rip s t :5 ! edges are br\ght toge!r ! wr9kle no long] exi/s4 ,usually su* cuts are made 9 ! %ape ( a triangle runn+ out to a v f9e po9t1 s t :5 ! incision is sewn up ! entire adjac5t surface w be q smoo?4 ,:5 a taxid]mi/ has a fre% sk91 or "o :i* has be5 b rec5tly prep>$ dry1 x is v seldom t any sk9-cutt+ is necess>y4 ,) a good ela/ic sk9 !re are ways ( work+ away f any "p a sup]abundance ( sk91 or =c+ ! sk9 on p>ts adjac5t to ! wr9kles to contract suffici5tly to cause _! disappe>ance4 ,on close-hair$ animals1 wr9kles mu/ be work$ away1 :i* c 9 a majority ( cases be accompli%$ by h>d1 p]sev]+ "w ) ! fill]4 ,) long-hair$ animals :i* h no /ripes or spots1 & on :i* ! hair c be made to hide all seams1 x is be/ to cut out triangul> /rips ( sk94 ,9 ! latt] case x saves mu* "t & h>d labor4 ,x c]ta9ly gives a bett] specim51 & if su* tricks leave no visible trace ^u ! animal1 :]e is ! h>m8 ,i c>e n if a sk9 be slit 9 tw5ty places s long z ! cuts are tightly sewn up1 & are invisible to ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,bird sk9s mu/ nev] be cut 9 ?is way1 = to ! orni?ologi/ :o dilig5tly /udies e specim51 ! pres5ce ( e fea!r & e b>e spot naturally belong+ to ! bird is ( importance4 ,d n =get ?is caution1 unless y wi% to call d[n ^u y\r head ! j wra? ( ! orni?ologi/4 ,nei!r is x possible to d any sk9-cutt+ ^u reptiles1 = !re is no natural cov]+ to hide seams1 & to cut out any scales is to mutilate a specim54 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,long-,,hair$ ,,mammals ,,( ,,l>ge ,,size1 ,,= ,,:i* ,,! ,,manik9 ,,is ,,unnecess>y4--,examples3 ,musk ox1 be>s 7except l>ge pol>s & grizzlies71 yak1 ,bactrian camel 9 w9t] coat1 llamas & _! allies2 also old1 dry %9s g5]ally1 :i* require =cible /ret*+4 ,:ile ! manik9 process is ! "o p> excell5ce = ! great majority ( l>ge quadrup$s1 x is also1 until y get p]fectly famili> ) x1 ! longe/4 ,!re are v>i\s l>ge animals ^: long1 ?ick1 & matt$ hair s completely hides ! surface ( ! we>] t a %ort] me?od ( m\nt+ c be foll[$ ) v satisfactory results4 ,?is is simply /uff+ ) /raw 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 detail 9 ! previ\s section1 ) b "o exception--! mann] ( atta*+ ! leg irons to ! c5tral beam ( ! body4 ,! leg irons are cut & fitt$ to ! leg bones precisely z %[n 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,b ! legs are made ) ! sk9 atta*$ at ! foot1 ! sk9 is drawn ov]1 fitt$ & sewn up1 & ea* leg is completely f9i%$ :ile ! sk9 lies 9 a heap ^u ! table4 ,= a l>ge animal ?is takes "s "t1 & z fa/ z ! legs are f9i%$ ea* mu/ be c>efully wrapp$ up 9 ice blankets t h be5 wet 9 salt-&-alum wat]1 & kept s(t until all are done4 ,oil ! ?reads on ! rods1 to keep !m f ru/+4 ,! next /ep is to procure ! c5tre bo>d1 :i* %\ld be ab\t "o-?ird z wide1 f top to bottom z ! dep? ( ! animal's body4 ,9 ! illu/ration %[+ ! manik9 ( a tig] 7,plate ,,vii47 ! body bo>d is wid] ?an is desirable = ! same animal 7 ! body to be fill$ ) /raw4 ,if ! bo>d is too wide1 x is impossible to get ar\nd x ) ! fill]s1 & "w ?r\gh ! specim5 f "o side to ! o!r4 ,to put ! memb]s ( ! body toge!r1 lay ! sk9 ^u ! floor on its back1 9 ! same g5]al %ape z %[n 9 ,plate ,,vi4 ,put ! body bo>d 9 place & m>k ! po9ts :]e ! ends ( ! leg irons /rike x4 ,n[ = ! iron squ>es4 ,! old & antiquat$ way to fa/5 leg irons to a c5tre bo>d consi/$ 9 leav+ a long end project+1 b5d+ x l ! lett] ,u1 & /apl+ x to ! bo>d4 ,t 0 always a poor way1 & 9 ! light ( a p]fect arrangem5t x n[ seems poor] ?an ev]4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,john ,m>t5s came ov] f ,hamburg to "w z a mammal taxid]mi/ 9 ,pr(essor ,h4,a4 ,w>d's great ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t1 at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 ! mo/ valuable luggage he br\ght ) him 0 ! idea ( ! iron squ>e = atta*+ leg irons to a c5tre bo>d4 ,= t p>ticul> purpose x w\ld be h>d to devise a m p]fect arrangem5t1 & ,i %all be at "s pa9s to describe x4 ,x requires f\r irons to fa/5 ! legs to ! c5tre bo>d1 "o = ea* leg1 & to make a set = an animal ! size ( a l>ge m\nta9 %eep ram1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,procure f\r pieces ( flat b> iron1 #a_/d ( an in* ?ick1 #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b in* wide1 & #i in*es long4 ,at a po9t #c-a_/b in*es f "o end1 b5d ea* iron at a p]fect "r angle1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c only be done by heat+ x4 ,n[ heat ! %ort arm r$ hot1 clamp ! end ( x 9 a vise1 & make a twi/ ( exactly a qu>t] ( a turn 9 ! %ort arm1 z close up to ! angle z y c4 ,?is w make ! end ( ! %ort arm /& out 9 a horizontal plane aga9/ ! side ( ! body bo>d4 ,at ! end ( ! %ort arm1 ) its c5tre exactly #c in*es f ! inn] face ( ! long arm1 drill or pun* a hole ( ! "r size to receive ! ?read$ end ( ! leg iron1 b no l>g]4 7,= our ,ovis montana ram x %\ld be half an in* 9 diamet]47 ,file (f ! %>p corn]s ( ?is end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,an ,iron ,squ>e4 ,at a po9t ab\t #a-a_/d in* f ! inn] angle ( ! squ>e1 & 9 ! long arm1 drill a hole ab\t #g_/af or #a_/b an in* 9 diamet]1 = a /\t bolt to pass ?r\gh4 ,betwe5 t & ! end ( ! long arm1 drill 7or pun*7 two screw-holes1 & c\nt]s9k !m4 ,t is all !re is to ! mak+ ( ! squ>e1 & ! accompany+ cut 7,fig4 #ca7 accurately repres5ts x4 ,ea* pair ( squ>es is put on ) a s+le squ>e-head$ bolt1 ! l5g? ( :i* v>ies accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! body bo>d4 ,= our m\nta9 ram1 ! bolts %\ld be #c_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ab\t #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,x is useless & unnecess>y = me to attempt to describe ! diff]5t sizes ( squ>es necess>y = animals ( v>i\s sizes1 = circum/ances mu/ be ! in/ructor 9 t4 ,i w rem>k1 h[ev]1 t = a l>ge bison or moose1 :]e ! f9i%$ specim5 w weigh p]haps #fjj or #gjj p\nds1 & ! /ra9 on ! irons is v consid]able1 ,i h f\nd x necess>y to make squ>es ( flat iron #c_/h or #g_/af ( an in* ?ick by #a-c_/d in* wide4 ,caution4--,d n make1 ! %ort1 or out] arm1 too long4 ,if too long1 & ! hole once drill$1 y w h>dly be able to make x %ort]2 b if too %ort1 x c easily be made long] by putt+ a piece ( bo>d betwe5 ! long arm ( ! squ>e & ! body bo>d4 ,! l5g? ( ! out] arm ( ! squ>es = ! h9d legs is gaug$ by ! wid? ( ! pelvis4 ,! measurem5t to be tak5 is ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! two femora :5 bo? are 9 _! natural positions 9 ! skeleton1 & ) ?is di/ance once asc]ta9$ x is easy to d$uct ! ?ickness ( ! c5tre bo>d1 & calculate h[ long ea* out] arm %all be4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! heads ( ! two hum]i is practically ! same z ! di/ance betwe5 ! femora4 ,9 mak+ ! h9d leg1 ! iron %\ld be no long] at ! upp] end ?an ! end ( ! femur1 & once ?is is det]m9$ ! upp] end ( ! femur mu/ be cut (f ) a saw1 to give room = ! squ>es & two nuts4 ,! end ( ! iron = ! front leg may project ?ree in*es or s above ! head ( ! hum]us1 & be b5t slightly backw>d2 to po9t upw>d 9 ! same direction z ! scapula4 ,rememb] t at fir/ ! squ>es ( ! two pairs are set on exactly opposite ea* o!r1 by means ( ! s+le bolt = ea* pair4 ,ins]t ! upp] end ( ea* leg iron1 screw ! upp] nut d[n firmly1 !n lift ! half-made animal & /& x on its legs4 ,be+ free to move1 ! legs are v %aky1 & y proce$ at once to put !m 9 position4 ,y n[ adju/ ! legs accord+ to y\r orig9al design1 bore holes 9 ! r\gh p$e/al = ! l[] ends ( ! rods to pass ?r\gh1 & %ift & *ange ! diff]5t memb]s1 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 until y are satisfi$ t ! leg's are 9 precisely ! "r attitudes4 ,if ! leg t is /epp+ out 9 front is too %ort1 run up ! two nuts at ! squ>e1 & ?us make ! leg an in* or two long]4 ,^? t are too long are easily %ort5$ by %ift+ _! nuts l[] d[n4 ,y h su* absolute control ov] ! legs t y c %ift & *ange !m j z mu* z y please1 & t v easily4 ,if ! :ole animal is c\pl$ too %ort or too long1 x is b five m9utes' "w to take out a bolt1 bore ano!r hole1 & %ift ! =elegs f>!r =w>d or back4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is p]fectly to y\r lik+1 tight5 up e nut to its v tighte/1 & ins]t screws ?r\gh ! screw-holes t h be5 provid$ 9 ! long arm ( ea* squ>e4 ,ea* leg is n[ a fixture4 ,! great beauty ( ?is me?od1 :i* appe>s to its greate/ p]fection 9 ! con/ruction ( a manik91 lies 9 ! fact t y h1 f fir/ to la/1 ! mo/ p]fect control ov] ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! entire animal4 ,:5 y discov] z y proce$ t some?+ is wrong1 x is an easy matt] to *ange x1 provid$ ! sk9 has n be5 put on ! manik94 ,9 putt+ toge!r an animal ) ! legs 9 ! sk91 y are necess>ily tr\bl$ some:at by ! sk9 ( ! body1 :i* h9d]s ! turn+ ( y\r wr5*1 etc42 b all su* difficulties exi/ only to be ov]come4 ,put ! neck irons ?r\gh ! skull1 & fa/5 ! inn] end ( ea* to ! body bo>d1 z %[n 9 ! tig] manik91 or 9 any o!r solid way y pref]4 ,z to ! tail1 ditto1 & :5 ! attitude is p]fect1 & all p>ts fa/5$ toge!r1 !n1 & n until !n1 ano9t ! inside ( ! sk9 ) ars5ical soap1 all t x w hold1 & give x "t to be absorb$4 ,put ! head 9 position by b5d+ ! neck irons1 place ! feet 9 position1 & tight5 ! nuts "u ! p$e/al4 ,n[ turn ! animal upside d[n1 put a rope "u ea* end ( ! p$e/al1 & hang ! :ole affair up to ! ceil+1 or to a beam1 by means ( ! ropes1 s t x w sw+ cle> ( ! floor4 ,next sew up ! sk9 ( ! abdom5 & brea/1 & proce$ to fill ! neck1 %\ld]s1 & h9d-qu>t]s ) s(t /raw4 ,oat /raw is ! be/1 if y c get x4 ,if y c procure no s(t /raw1 !n h a boy take y\r :eat /raw1 bun* by bun*1 & ) a mallet p\nd x ^u a block to cru% x & make x s(t4 ,9 fill+ ! animal1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to fill x out at all po9ts1 loosely at fir/1 to get ! g5]al proportions4 ,! sk9 %\ld n t\* y\r iron squ>es or ! body bo>d at any po9t1 = if x does1 some?+ is wrong4 ,at fir/ y w "w ) y\r l>ge wood5 fill]s1 b z ! /raw gets pack$1 & ! wood5 tool w n g ?r\gh x1 take y\r iron fill]s4 ,no matt] h[ h>d /raw may be pack$1 ) a burr[+1 twi/+ motion y c =ce t w$ge-po9t$ in/rum5t ?r\gh ! /raw s z to rea* any po9t t ne$s m fill+ out4 ,be c>eful ab\t ! l9e ( ! back1 & keep x exactly 9 place1 along ! c5tre ( ! body1 & always at ! highe/ po9t4 ,d n let ! back l9e ( a fel9e animal1 especially a tig] or a leop>d1 get d[n ^u "o side1 z w be sure to happ5 if y are n wat*ful4 ,:5 ! outl9e ( ! back is fix$1 !n fill out ! brea/ & abdom51 & get ! l[] l9e ( ! body j z x %\ld be4 ,z y proce$ ) all ?is1 keep sew+ up ! sk9 f "t to "t until only two holes rema91 "o at ! brea/ & "o betwe5 ! h9d legs well back4 ,n[ take ! animal d[n1 /& x ^u ! floor1 cut slits 9 ! sides1 z direct$ 9 ! previ\s section1 & ?r\gh !m f9i% ! fill+ & %ap+ ( ! body4 ,all ?is takes "w1 h>d "w1 intellig5t "w1 & a great deal ( x4 ,make ! body h>d & firm1 & z smoo? on ! outside z ,nature does4 ,to secure smoo?ness1 & to l[] ! unnatural knobs t are sure to appe>1 beat ! animal f "t to "t ) a flat club4 ,:5 all is done1 fill 9 ! la/ bit ( /raw at ! v>i\s holes1 sew !m up /rongly b neatly ) /\t l95 tw9e1 or gill+ ?read1 well wax$1 & dress ! fur4 ,?is w be treat$ else:]e 9 a sep>ate section1 z also w ! treatm5t ( ! head4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,l>ge ,,mammals3 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,manik9s4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,%ort-,,hair$ ,,or ,,hairless ,,mammals1 ,,& ,,o!rs ,,( ,,great ,,size4--,examples3 ,lion1 tig]1 zebra1 horse1 giraffe1 bison & buffalo1 camel1 all de] & antelopes2 elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 tapir1 etc4 ,( ! num]\s processes describ$ 9 ?is "w !re are two :i* ,i mu/ m5tion z be+ di/9ctively & p>ticul>ly my own4 ,"o is ! g5]al use ( clay z a fill+ mat]ial1 & ! o!r is ! evolution & developm5t ( ! clay-cov]$ manik91 on ! pr9ciples n[ to be describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,already ?is me?od ( m\nt+ quadrup$s has be5 q g5]ally adopt$ by ! new s*ool ( ,am]ican taxid]mi/s1 & ,i ?9k x is de/9$ to fill our museums ) m p]fect m\nt$ mammals ?an ! re/ ( ! _w c %[4 ,i h always will+ly taught ! advantages ( ! clay-cov]$ manik91 & ! v>i\s processes involv$ 9 its con/ruction1 to e ent]pris+ taxid]mi/ :o desir$ to le>n x1 & x 0 my int5tion to h publi%$ a full description ( x ye>s ago4 ,n[ x comes z a sort ( f>ewell p]=mance1 & positively ! la/ appe>ance4 ,among taxid]mi/s1 ! t]m manik9 is appli$ to ! made up figure ( an animal ov] :i* a sk9 is to be adju/$1 & made to c\nt]feit ! actual =m & size ( a liv+ animal4 ,:ile x is well adapt$ to ! successful treatm5t ( mammals1 reptiles1 & fi%es 9 g5]al1 x is impossible to employ x 9 m\nt+ bird sk9s unless !y are v badly torn1 & require to be put toge!r a piece at a "t1 or else are ( ! v l>ge/ size4 ,! wor/ torn & mutilat$ bird sk9 c be put toge!r on a manik9 ) p]fect success1 provid$ ! sk9 is all pres5t4 ,speak+ f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i mu/ say t my clay-cov]$ manik9 process seems to possess important & undisput$ advantages ov] all o!r me?ods ,i h ev] se5 employ$ or describ$ = ! m\nt+ ( n only ! mo/ difficult mammalian subjects1 b also reptiles ( _m k9ds1 & fi%es4 ,by x ! mo/ p]fect results atta9able by ! taxid]mic art are n only possible1 b may be a*iev$ )\t ev5 a risk ( failure save ?r\gh lack ( anatomical k4 ,ne>ly all ! me*anical difficulties :i* beset ! o!r me?ods are elim9at$1 & ! result becomes *iefly a "q ( k & arti/ic s5se4 ,by ?is me?od1 ,i h successfully m\nt$ su* mammals z ! foll[+3 ,elephant1#i ,am]ican bison1 pol> be>1 zebra1 tig]1 puma1 elephant seal1 hairless ,mexican dog1 etc4 ,! la/-nam$ specim5 0 9 competition aga9/ ! elephant 9 a competitive exhibition1 & ,i le>n$ aft]w>d f ! judges t x came ne> wre/+ ! gr& prize f its lordly competitor4 ,?is fact is m5tion$ to %[ t ! process 0 equally successful 9 ! treatm5t ( a ?ick-hid$ elephant & a small dog ) a sk9 z ?9 z writ+-pap]1 & utt]ly de/itute ( hair4 ,a pla/] ca/ ( ! unsk9n$ body ( ! dog 0 exhibit$ ) ! m\nt$ specim51 to enable ! obs]v] to judge ( ! success ( ! process4 ,! un*all5g$ sup]iority ( ! clay-cov]$ manik9 process is due to ! foll[+ reasons3 #a4 ,! absolute control ! op]ator is able to ex]cise ov] ! =m ( 8 subject f fir/ to la/1 )\t prejudice to ! safety ( ! sk9 to be m\nt$4 #b4 ,! possibility ( work+ out anatomical details :i* x is useless to attempt by o!r me?ods4 #c4 ,! absolute p]man5cy ( ! =m produc$4 #d4 ,! ability ( ! op]ator to place 8 subjects 9 attitudes s difficult t by ord9>y me?ods !y w\ld be unatta9able4 #e4 ,! mo/ p]fect pres]vation ( ! sk9 & its cov]+ f damage by excessive h&l+1 beat+1 & wett+4 #f4 ,! absolute p]fection ( =m & attitude :i* is atta9able by ?is me?od only4 ,until y h fully le>n$ ! pr9ciples ( manik9-mak+1 d n attempt to m\nt by ?is process a sk9 t has come to y ) no measurem5ts nor leg bones4 ,*oose = y\r fir/ attempt a good-siz$ dog or %eep1 or "s quadrup$ ( simil> size :i* y h 9 ! fle%1 & f :i* y c take a full s]ies ( outl9es1 measurem5ts1 ca/s1 etc4 ,i c probably tea* y z well z any liv+ man h[ to proce$ :5 y h no measurem5ts :atev]1 & w give y a few h9ts pres5tly2 b n[ ,i say1 y mu/ h y\r fir/ subject 9 ! fle%4 ,x is !n )9 y\r p[] to secure to y\rself all possible advantages 9 :at y are ab\t to d4 ,x is desirable to take ! usual measurem5ts be=e ! sk9 is remov$1 b by all means make ano!r s]ies ( ! sk9n$ body & limbs4 ,9 sk9n+1 disjo9t ! leg bones at ! c>pal jo9t1#aj :i* leaves only ! bones ( ! foot atta*$ to ! sk94 ,:5 ! sk9 is put on = ! la/ "t1 ?is jo9t mu/ be re-articulat$ ) two wires4 ,:5 ! sk9 is out ( ! way1 y c take ! l5g? ( ! body f ! back "p ( ! ?igh to ! po9t ( ! %\ld]2 ! di/ance betwe5 elb[ & knee1 f ! elb[ to ! top ( ! %\ld]2 ! circumf]5ce & diamet] ( ! body1 neck1 & limbs1 at v>i\s po9ts2 ! dep? ( ! body1 etc4 ,y c also measure f ! highe/ po9t ( ! head ( ! femur to a simil> po9t on ! hum]us1 & :5 ! h9d legs h be5 cut (f1 y c easily det]m9e ! prop] l5g? = y\r iron squ>es by measur+ betwe5 ! two hip sockets 7os inom9ata74 ,obs]ve1 n[1 if y nev] did be=e1 t ! front edges ( ! tibia & ! ulna h no fle% :atev] ^u !m1 nor has ! angle ( ! elb[1 ! knee-cap1 nor ! front ( ! metac>pal bones4 ,save ! bones ( ea* leg complete1 & )\t any f>!r disjo9t+2 b1 ( c\rse1 ! fle% mu/ be c>efully trimm$ & scrap$ away4 ,save ! skull1 ( c\rse1 & x w be a great help if y w ha/ily r\gh out ! bones ( ! entire body & save !m = ref]5ce until ! manik9 is complete4 ,! pelvis & ! ?orax w help y greatly by & by4 ,we w n[ assume t we are ready to proce$ ) ! manik91 :i* we w foll[ out by successive /eps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,tig]4--,,fir/ ,,/age4 #a4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to cut a deep groove 9 ! bones ( ! heel1 close alongside ! base ( ! calcaneum1 also 9 ! bones ( ! foot at ! jo9ts1 & 9 ! head ( ! hum]us f ! back1 s t ! iron c fit 9 snugly1 & n create a great1 awkw>d1 r\nd$ hump at ea* ( ^? jo9ts4 ,9 a ho($ animal1 ! c5tre ( ! ho( mu/ be cut out s t ! iron c pass ?r\gh x q out ( sight :]e x ent]s ! p$e/al4 ,! l[] jo9ts ( ! =eleg mu/ be *annell$ out 9 ! same way4 ,/udy ! %ape ( ea* jo9t & y w !n see precisely :at is ne$$4 ,9 cutt+ out ^! grooves1 ,i use a saw = c]ta9 bones1 & g\ges & /one-mason's *isels = o!rs1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,rememb] t betwe5 ! t5don ( ,a*illes & ! l[] end ( ! tibia !re is always a deep holl[1 :]e ! sk9 ( ! two sides actually comes toge!r4 ,keep y\r leg iron out ( t holl[ at all haz>ds1--& ?is c be done only by s9k+ ! iron into ! tibia4 #b4 ,if y h an outl9e ( ! animal's body1 lay x ^u ! floor1 & draw a /raight l9e to repres5t ! top ( y\r p$e/al4 ,if y h no sket*es1 !n y mu/ draw an outl9e 9 *alk ^u ! floor1 *oos+ a c]ta9 crack z ! l9e ( ! p$e/al4 ,n[ lay d[n ! skeleton ( ea* leg 9 its own place1 9 ! position ! leg is to h 9 ! f9i%$ animal4 ,measure ! height ( ! miss+ bones ( ! foot1 & leave a space accord+ly above ! top ( y\r assum$ p$e/al4 ,x is highly important ^! leg bones %\ld ea* h ! "r attitude4 #c4 ,take f\r /raight ,no4 #f wires1 & ) ! fir/ leg laid out c>efully 9 position1 b5d ! wire to fit ! back ( ! leg bones v exactly1 cut x (f ! "r l5g?1 & s make an exact patt]n = ! leg rod4 ,rememb] to all[ = its go+ ?r\gh a good ?ick p$e/al1 & hav+ ab\t two in*es to sp>e und]nea? = a nut & wa%]4 ,! rod = ! =eleg may project above ! upp] end ( ! hum]us "o-?ird to "o-half ! l5g? ( t bone1 b ! rod = ! h9d leg mu/ n be ! lea/ bit long] ?an ! upp] end ( ! femur4 ,rememb] also to bury ! iron well 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[e/ jo9t ( ! leg & ! foot1 s t x w n be se5 :5 ! animal is f9i%$4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! b5ds t are necess>y 9 ! leg irons ( a rum9ant1 ,i h tak5 ! tr\ble to photograph & reproduce h]e) 7,fig4 #cb7 ! id5tical leg irons :i* n[ support ! huge bull buffalo 9 ! ,national ,museum gr\p1 ! manik9 ( :i* is also %[n 9 ?is *apt]4 ,be=e b5d+1 ! irons = ! =elegs 7 ea* #d feet #a_/b in* 9 l5g?1 & ^? = ! h9d legs 7 #d feet #f-a_/b in*es2 diamet]1 #e_/h in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,leg ,irons ( an ,am]ican ,bison4 #d4 ,hav+ made y\r f\r patt]ns exact 9 l5g? & b5d1 cut f\r leg irons to mat*1 f r\nd rods ( ,norway iron1 or be/ ,am]ican1 if ,norway _c be procur$4 ,i c give y no fix$ rule by :i* to det]m9e ! size t leg irons %\ld be1 b ,i c at lea/ m5tion ! sizes ,i use 9 c]ta9 animals3 ,adult moose1 male or female1 & giraffe1 #c_/d in*4 ,bull bison1 c[ bison1 horse1 #e_/h in*4 ,male c>ib\1 black-tail de]1 & l>ge m\nta9 %eep1 #a_/b in*4 ,male ,virg9ia de]1 antelope1 tig]1 #g_/af in*4 ,all ^! sizes1 except ! two l>ge/1 c be b5t cold 9 a /rong vise4 #e4 ,hav+ b5t ! irons to mat* ! patt]ns1 & to fit ! bones also1 cut a long ?read on ea* end ( ea* rod1 & fit two l>ge hexagonal nuts on ea* end s t !y turn readily1 b n loosely4 #f4 ,) s(t b /rong tw9e1 or anneal$ wire1 b9d ea* leg iron firmly to ! leg bones f top to bottom4 ,y may n[ take a saw & cut (f ! upp] ?ird ( ! femur4 #g4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! =ego+ "w1 y h _h a blacksmi? at "w mak+ y\r f\r iron squ>es 7see previ\s *apt]7 accord+ to a hoop-iron patt]n furni%$ by y1 & n[ !y are ready to use 9 atta*+ ! leg irons4 #h4 ,n[ comes ! "q ( a c5tre bo>d = ! body4 ,if ! animal is a dog1 a small de] or antelope1 a tig]1 or any?+ s small t y c rea* ar\nd its body ) y\r arms1 make ! body bo>d z n>r[ z y please1 or z wide z ! entire dep? ( ! animal's body1 if y *oose4 ,i ?9k x bett] to make x simil> 9 proportions to t %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,plate ,,vii47 ( ! fir/ /age ( a tig] manik91 9 ord] t ) a long ne$le "o c sew ?r\gh ! body f side to side4 ,x is well1 = ! same reason1 to cut a hole 9 ! bo>d1 z %[n1 at a po9t opposite ! iliac region4 ,i m\nt$ ?is tig] ) a decid$ curve 9 ! middle ( 8 body1 :i* oblig$ me to cut ! c5tre bo>d 9 two1 & unite ! two p>ts aga9 at an angle by means ( two b5t pieces ( iron screw$ on ei!r side4 ,9 mo/ animals1 h[ev]1 ?is is unnecess>y4 ,! c5tre bo>d ne$ n be ov] #g_/h ( an in* 9 ?ickness 9 any save v l>ge animals1 :5 x is be/ to h x #a-a_/b in*1 or ne>ly t4 ,x is be/ to use dry :ite p9e1 because x is light & works easily4 #i4 ,lay ! body bo>d on y\r *alk outl9e1 lay ! iron legs 9 position1 put ! squ>es d[n & m>k ! place :]e ! bolt = ea* pair %\ld pass ?r\gh4 ,bore ! holes1 bolt on ! squ>es q firmly 7b leave ! screws out z yet71 !n ins]t ! leg rods1 & tight5 ! nuts4 ,set ! legs on z ne>ly "r z possible :ile ! skeleton =m lies on ! floor1 !n /& x up1 put x on a r\gh p$e/al1 & see h[ x looks4 ,n[ comes ! crucial te/ ( y\r k & arti/ic s5se4 ,a numb] ( ?+s are wrong1 & ! %aky skeleton ( ! manik9 don't look "r4 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,is "o ( ! front legs b5t =w>d at ! c>pal jo9t8 ,!n /raight5 x4 ,is ! animal c\pl$ too %ort8 ,!n move "o pair ( legs a trifle on ! c5tre bo>d1 to increase ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,d n ! legs walk naturally8 ,!n make !m4 ,are ! =elegs1 & h9d legs also1 too close toge!r8 ,!n y\r squ>es are too %ort1 & !y mu/ be l5g!n$ by plac+ a bit ( bo>d "u ea* "o1 z se5 "u ! h9d-leg squ>e ( ! tig] manik94 ,y w probably ne$ to %ift ! feet on ! p$e/al also1 by bor+ new holes4 ,y c make any leg long] or %ort]1 make ! /ride %ort] or long]1 &1 9 fact1 make any *ange t y\r eye1 or y\r picture or ca/ tells y is necess>y4 ,! vital necessity is t y\r eye mu/ be s tra9$ & educat$ t x detects a fault in/antly1 no matt] h[ slight1 & sees :at is requir$ to rem$y x4 ,! eye ( a successful taxid]mi/ mu/ be educat$ j z ?or\ghly z ! h& ( a piani/4 ,= a l>ge animal1 x is1 = me1 sev]al h\rs' "w to atta* ! legs to ! body bo>d1 & make ! *anges necess>y to br+ ev]y?+ into p]fect position4 ,! la/ ?+ is to take ! clean$ sk9 out ( ! ba?1 ?r[ x ov] ! skeleton manik91 & see h[ x fits4 ,if1 :5 x is adju/$1 ! feet d n t\* ! p$e/al1 y "k t ! manik9 is too high1 & y mu/ ei!r cut d[n ! top ( ! c5tre bo>d ) a draw-%ave1 or else l[] x by atta*+ ! squ>es ne>] ! top4 ,9 ?is trial ! feet %\ld /& loosely ^u ! floor4 ,hav+ got ev]y?+ f9ally adju/$1 put ! screws 9 ! squ>es1 tight5 up all nuts1 & put a wa%] "u ea* nut t /rikes ! p$e/al1 bo? above & bel[1 & make all secure4 ,!re mu/ be no loos5ess1 or ! manik9 w lean ov] imm$iately4 ,! c5tre bo>d %\ld /& exactly p]p5dicul>4 ,te/ x ) a plumb-l9e1 & see if x does s4 ,is ! manik9 n[ s secure t y c sit ^u x )\t rack+ x8 ,if n1 x %\ld be4 ,to te/ ! manik9 = my big buffalo1 %[n 9 ?is *apt]1 ,i climb$ ^u x1 & /ood ) my full weight1 fir/ on ! out] end ( "o iron squ>e1 !n on ano!r1 & to te/ ! /r5g? ( ! neck irons ,i put a l>ge anvil on ! top ( ! skull )\t mak+ ! slighte/ p]man5t impression on ! irons4 #aj4 ,x is unnecess>y to speak fur!r ( ! irons = ! head & tail1 & _! atta*m5t4 ,see figures4 #aa4 ,next comes ! mak+ ( ! legs4 ,! l[] jo9ts1 :]e !re is sc>cely any fle%1 _h be/ be made ( clean1 long-fibre t[4 ,:]e ! ?ick muscles lie1 bun* up "s t[1 put x :]e ! muscle 01 & b9d on ) ?read or tw9e4 ,cont9ue ?is process until ?is muscle has be5 built up to its prop] size1 & wrapp$ at all po9ts until x is smoo?1 firm1 & prop]ly %ap$4 ,high] up1 :]e ! muscles are ?ick] & lie 9 l>g] masses1 use excelsior 9 precisely ! same way4 ,little by little1 b ) mu* excelsior & tw9e1 ! muscles are gradually built up4 ,leave ! bones b>e at ! po9ts :]e nature does4 ,! h9d leg mu/ h its t5don ( ,a*illes be=e x c be f9i%$4 ,to make ?is1 drill a hole ?r\gh ! end ( ! calcaneum1 or heel bone2 pass a long wire ?r\gh = half its l5g?1 twi/ ! two halves tightly toge!r until !y w rea* half-way up ! ?igh1 !n wrap t[ ar\nd ! twi/$ wire f ! heel bone up1 mak+ ! t5don l>g] z y proce$4 ,pres5tly y are ready to m]ge x into ! fle% ( ! leg s t its upp] end disappe>s4 ,to give =m to a leg1 & br+ out ! prom95t muscles1 take a v long ne$le & a v long piece ( tw9e1 & sew ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! leg on c]ta9 l9es1 putt+ on pressure to produce c]ta9 depressions t exi/ betwe5 ! l>g] muscles4 ,to give detail$ directions on ?is po9t w\ld oblige me to g into ! subject ( musculation at great & tiresome l5g?1 & s9ce ?is is n a "w on anatomy1 ,i w n attempt a diss]tation on ! =m ( ea* g5]a ( ! mammalia4 ,! illu/rations ( ! tig] & bison manik9s %[ ! =m ( ! ext]nal muscles ( ,felis tigris & ,bison am]icanus1 & :at is possible 9 a manik94 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,body ,,( ,a ,,manik94--,! c5tre bo>d ( a l>ge mammal1 l ! bison1 moose1 & all su* animals1 %\ld accurately repres5t a section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body f top to bottom4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( measurem5ts & liv+ models1 ! close/ approximation to ! desir$ =m is obta9$ by lay+ ! sk9 ^u ! floor1 hair inside1 & fold+ x loosely ^u itself s z to get :at looks l ! g5]al %ape ( ! animal1 & !n tak+ ! outl9e ?us obta9$4 ,a v l>ge manik9 may be made holl[ 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ plate 7,plate ,,ix471 :i* is self-explanatory4 ,?is is (t5 desirable to avoid mak+ ! figure too heavy1 z w\ld be ! case 7 ! entire bulk to be made a solid mass ( excelsior4 ,= ! small] buffaloes1 ,i made ! bodies ( excelsior alone4 ,ea* side 0 built up sep>ately by driv+ a r[ ( nails along ! top ( ! c5tre bo>d1 & ano!r along ! bottom to c>ry ! tw9e ov] 9 b9d+ on ! lay]s ( excelsior4 ,at ! la/1 ^! nails 7 driv5 home4 ,dur+ all ?is process ! sk9 has be5 tri$ on ! manik9 f "t to "t1 to make sure t ! /ructure is ( ! "r size 9 e respect4 ,beg9n]s ne>ly always make a manik9 too l>ge1 especially 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x is ! commone/ trick 9 ! _w = legs & necks to be made s l>ge !y h to be r$uc$4 ,if a sk9 does n fit :5 x is tri$ on1 ! manik9 is g5]ally to blame1 ?\gh sometimes ! sk9 is badly %runk51 & requires to be fur!r ?9n$ d[n to make x m ela/ic4 ,x is easy en\gh to make a manik9 l>g] or high]1 especially on ! h9d qu>t]s1 ev5 :ile ! sk9 is be+ put on = ! la/ "t2 b woe to him ^: manik9 is too l>ge at ! la/ mom5t4 ,t means s]i\s delay4 ,:5 ! manik9 is f9i%$ at e po9t1 %e> x all ov] ) a l>ge pair ( %e>s to clip (f ! ends ( ! wisps ( excelsior1 & !n poison ! sk9 ?or\ghly on ! inside ) ars5ical soap1 & on ! outside ) ars5ic wat]1 if ! hair be long4 ,:ile ! poison is be+ absorb$1 mix up en\gh clay to cov] ! entire animal ) a coat an eigh? or a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 & sme> x on ) ! h&4 ,h x s(t & pa/y1 s t x w rub into ! excelsior1 & cat* hold ( x4 ,if ! clay is too /iff1 x w nei!r spread nor /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,tig]4--,,complet$4 ,:5 ! manik9 has be5 fully cov]$ ) clay f end ( nose to tip ( tail1 n a s+le in* ( surface hav+ be5 miss$1 y !n h a complete clay /atue ( ! animal1 except ! feet4 ,n[ put ! sk9 ov] & adju/ x c>efully4 ,leave no air-bubbles "u x4 ,cat* x toge!r betwe5 ! =e legs1 h9d legs1 "u ! belly1 ! ?roat & neck1 & ar\nd ! legs1 & make x fit ev]y:]e4 ,!n beg9 at ! feet & sew x up ) %ort1 /rong /it*es 9 ! mann] already describ$1 %ap+ & fill+ out :]ev] necess>y1 z y g4 ,on a l>ge mammal x is v desirable = two p]sons to "w at ! same "t1 to keep ! sk9 f dry+ up prematurely4 ,( c\rse1 ! sk9 mu/ be kept wrapp$ up 9 wet clo?s until f9i%$4 ,f9i% all ! legs fir/1 & !n ! body4 ,y c actually model ! sk9 d[n ^u ! body1 & x w n only take ! exact =m ( ! manik9--e depression & e elevation--b x w also keep x4 ,if !re is too mu* sk9 on "o side ( ! animal1 "w x toge!r ) y\r h&1 & coax x to %r9k until ! sup]flu\s sk9 is di/ribut$ ov] ! animal1 & f9ally disappe>s4 ,once1 :5 m\nt+ ! sk9 ( a ,bur*ell's zebra 9 a peculi> attitude 7at bay71 ,i f\nd t1 ow+ to its ela/icity1 !re 0 a sup]abundance ( ab\t t5 in*es ( sk9 9 front ( ! left h9d leg1 :i* 0 plac$ v f> =w>d1 "u ! body4 ,b = ! sav+ grace ( a clay-cov]$ manik9 ,i %\ld h be5 9 a fix4 ,z x 01 ,i />t$ 9 half-way up ! neck1 to "w toge!r & /[ away ! surplus sk9 f t po9t backw>d1 & by ! "t ,i rea*$ ! seat ( ! difficulty 7at ! flank7 ! surplus sk9 0 all tak5 up1 & ! side ( ! animal 0 z smoo? & immaculate z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,!re is supreme pleasure 9 cr[n+ a well-made manik9 ) a h&some sk91 & see+ a specim5 take on p]fect =m & p]man5t beauty z if by magic4 ,x is !n t y beg9 to be pr\d ( y\r "w2 & f9ally y revel 9 x4 ,y say to y\rself1 ,?is is art6--& s x is1--b let y\r "w speak = itself4 ,! head is ! la/ ?+ to be f9i%$1 & ?is feature ( ! "w w be treat$ 9 detail 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,?is specim5 receiv$ ! silv] specialty m$al aw>d$ = ! be/ piece 9 entire ,exhibition1 at ! ,new ,york ,exhibition ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s1 9 #ahhc4 #aj ,at ! ho( 9 ! case ( all ho($ animals4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,f9i%+ ,,m\nt$ ,,mammals4 ,,dry+ ,,& ,,%r9k+4--,aft] ! actual m\nt+ ( a mammal is f9i%$1 ! specim5 %\ld be put aside 9 a sep>ate room1 away f ! du/1 & all[$ to /& = f ?ree or f\r weeks to ?ree or f\r mon?s1 accord+ to its size4 ,x mu/ h "t to dry ?or\ghly1 & %r9k z mu* z x w4 ,e specim5 is b\nd to %r9k 9 dry+1 & x is bett] = ?is to occur be=e x leaves ! workroom1 & be=e ! f9i%+ t\*es are put on1 r ?an aft] x goes on exhibition1 & is practically beyond y\r rea*4 ,9 %r9k+1 all ! seams op51 m or less2 ! eyelids draw away a trifle f ! glass eye2 usually ! lips op5 some:at2 & 9 rum9ants ! inn] sk9 ( ! e> (t5 draws /raight across ! inside4 ,,clean+ ,,up ,a ,,specim54--,9 f9i%+ a specim51 ! fir/ ?+ is to dig ! clay & t[ out ( all op5 seams1 cracks1 & small holes1 prep>atory to fill+ !m ) papi]-ma*4 ,) ! %>p po9t ( a po9t$ bone-scrap]1 dig out ! clay1 or :atev] fill+ mat]ial is 9 sight1 v ?or\ghly1 s z to give ! papi]-ma* a *ance to ent] deeply & cat* firmly und]nea? ! edges ( ! sk94 ,) a /iff bru%1 bru% out ! seams & op5+s1 s t no clay-du/ rema9s1 = !re is no?+ s good z clay-du/ to prev5t papi]-ma* f /ick+ to a sk94 ,x is (t5 well to use a bell[s 9 gett+ dirt out ( holes & seams4 ,beat ! du/ out ( ! hair1 or bl[ x out ) ! h& bell[s1 or bru% x out1 or wa% x out if necess>y1 any way to get x out4 ,if ! hair has be5 poison$ ) ars5ic wat]1 d z little to x z possible 9 gett+ out ! accumulat$ du/1 = too vigor\s treatm5t w br+ out ! ars5ic ) ! du/1 & s5d x into y\r lungs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! hair has n yet be5 poison$1 z soon z ! clean+ is f9i%$ lay ! animal ^u its back1 or on its side1 & p\r into ! hair1 s t x w run imm$iately d[n to ! roots1 a solution ( alcohol1 wat]1 & corrosive sublimate made z foll[s3 ,if y wi% to make f\r gallons ( ! solution1 take two gallons ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol1 dissolve 9 x all ! corrosive sublimate x w take up1 mak+ :at *emi/s call a saturat$ solution4 ,9 ?is !re w always be a little ( ! sublimate left on ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 too /rong to use ?us1 "u any circum/ances4 ,c>efully p\r (f ! cle> liquid s z to leave ! s$im5t rema9+ 9 ! j>1 & !n dilute ! =m] ) an equal quantity ( wat]1 :i* ?us yields ! desir$ f\r gallons4 ,x is mo/ effectually appli$ by p\r+ x f a small wat]+-pot1 ) ! spr9kl] (f ! sp\t1 into ! hair1 s t x w fill x & cov] ! sk9 )\t be+ wa/$4 ,! corrosive sublimate is deposit$ at ! roots ( ! hair1 & also on ! hair1 9 quantity suffici5t to prev5t ! ravages ( insects1 b n to be injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! taxid]mi/4 ,/rong ars5ic wat] may be us$ = ?is purpose1 in/ead ( ! o!r solution1 if pref]r$4 ,9 case ! solution us$ %\ld leave a gray deposit on ! hair1 x %\ld be spong$ (f ) a little w>m wat]4 ,,papi]-,,ma*4--,h[ to ,make & ,use ,x4--,e taxid]mi/ mu/ "k h[ to make good papi]-ma* be=e 8 education c be consid]$ complete4 ,?is mat]ial is absolutely indisp5sable 9 taxid]mic "w1 & its composition %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,x is us$ 9 fill+ up holes1 seams1 & cracks1 9 model+ ! m\? p>ts ( specim5s t h be5 m\nt$ ) ! m\? op51 9 re/or+ miss+ p>ts ( v>i\s specim5s1 9 model+ bones to g 9 re/or$ skeletons1 etc4 ,x is also ( great value 9 model+ gr\ndwork to be made 9 imitation ( rock or wood4 ,!re is really no good sub/itute = ?is mat]ial4 ,:5 prop]ly made x /icks tightly to its place1 is easily model$1 c be cr[d$ into ! smalle/ crack1 dries quickly :5 expos$ to ! air1 is h>d & smoo? :5 dry1 takes pa9t readily1 & yet :5 kept wrapp$ 9 a wet clo? "u an inv]t$ b[l c be kept s(t = sev]al days4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( mak+ papi]-ma*1 accord+ to ! use to :i* x is to be put4 ,i h tak5 pa9s to prep>e an exact =mula = mak+ ! f9e/ & be/ quality1 & f t ! work] w und\bt$ly be able to "w out v>iations 9 quality1 accord+ to 8 ne$s4 ,! mo/ important +r$i5t is ! pap] pulp4 ,! f9e/ pulp = papi]-ma* is t made by ! ton 9 ! ,bureau ( ,engrav+ & ,pr9t+ 9 ,wa%+ton1 f mutilat$ pap] curr5cy1 b n f tobacco /amps1 :i* is co>se & n fit = f9e "w4 ,a hundr$ p\nds ( ?is pulp w\ld co/1 9 ,wa%+ton1 ab\t #a4ej1 & c\ld be made into %eets ( small bulk1 & dri$ = use z ne$$4 ,x is a great advantage to h x 9 ?is =m4 ,:5 ne$$ = use1 take a dry %eet or ball ( ! "r size1 dissolve & beat x up into a ?9 mu% 9 a b[l ( wat]1 until ! p>ticles are all well sep>at$1 !n p\r x on a sieve to run ! wat] out )\t los+ ! pulp4 ,! wat] is !n squeez$ out ( x by g5tle pressure ) ! h&1 b x %\ld n1 by any means1 be squeez$ z dry z possible1 = ! wat] is an important factor4 ,pulp prep>$ ?us c be /irr$ up ) glue into a p]fectly homog5e\s pa/e1 free f all lumps1 & s f9e x c be press$ into ! smalle/ crack4 ,if y h no manufactur$ pulp1 !n y mu/ make x y\rself4 ,procure a lot ( old newspap]s1 ( z s(t pap] z possible1 te> !m to bits1 put ! pieces 9 a kettle ( boil+ wat] & beat ! mass 9 any way y please1 boil+ x mean:ile1 until x becomes pap] pulp4 ,x %\ld be free f lumps & small pieces ( pap]1 or x w n "w well4 ,! foll[+ are ! +r$i5ts necess>y to make a lump ( papi]-ma* a little l>g] ?an an ord9>y base-ball1 & weigh+ #ag ounces4 ,,f9e ,,papi]-,,ma*4 dry pap]1 #a ounce ,wet pap] pulp1 #d ounces 7avoirdupois74 wat]1 #c ounces ,dry pla/] ,p>is1 #h ounces ,hot glue1 #a_/b gill1 or #d-a_/b tablespoonfuls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,male ,,am]ican ,,bison4--,,half ,,complet$4 ,:ile ! pap] pulp is be+ prep>$1 melt "s be/ ,iri% glue 9 ! gluepot1 & make x ( ! same ?ickness & g5]al consi/5cy z t us$ by cab9et-mak]s4 ,measure ! diff]5t +r$i5ts to be us$1 until ! result tea*es y :at good papi]-ma* is l1 & aft] t y c be guid$ by y\r judgm5t z y proce$4 ,on tak+ ! pap] pulp f ! wat]1 give x a g5tle squeeze1 b by no means squeeze x z dry z y c4 ,n[ put x 9 a b[l1 put ov] x ab\t ?ree tablespoonfuls ( y\r hot glue1 & /ir ! mass up into a s(t & v /icky pa/e4 ,next add y\r pla/] ,p>is1 & mix x ?or\ghly4 ,by ! "t y h us$ ab\t ?ree ounces ( ! pla/]1 ! mass is s dry & ?ick y c h>dly "w x4 ,n[ add ! rema9d] ( y\r glue1 "w x up aga9 until x becomes /icky once m1 !n add ! rema9d] ( y\r pla/]4 ,squeeze x vigor\sly ?r\gh y\r f+]s to ?or\ghly mix ! mass1 & "w x until x is free f lumps1 is f9ely knead$1 & is /icky en\gh to /ick fa/ to ! surface ( a plan$ bo>d :5 y rub a bit on x by firm pressure ( ! f+]4 ,if x is too dry to /ick fa/1 add a few drops ( ei!r glue or wat]1 x makes little diff]5ce :i*1 & "w x up aga94 ,:5 ! pap] pulp is poor1 & ! ma* is incl9$ to be lumpy1 lay ! mass ^u a smoo? bo>d1 take a hamm] & p\nd x h>d to gr9d x up f9e4 ,if ! papi]-ma* is n /icky en\gh to /ick fa/ to :atev] a bit ( x is rubb$ ^u1 x is a failure1 & requires m glue4 ,9 us+ x ! mass %\ld be kept 9 a lump1 & us$ z soon z possible aft] x is made4 ,keep ! surface ( ! lump moi/ by means ( a wet clo? laid ov] x1 = if y d n1 ! surface w dry rapidly4 ,if y wi% to keep x ov]night1 or long]1 wrap x up 9 sev]al ?icknesses ( wet cotton clo?1 & put x "u an inv]t$ b[l4 ,if x %\ld by accid5t or delay become a trifle too /iff to "w well1 add a few drops ( wat] to ! mass1 p\nd x ) ! hamm]1 & "w x ov] aga94 ,if y wi% to keep a lump = a week1 to use daily1 add a few drops ( glyc]9e :5 y make x1 s t x w dry m sl[ly4 ,! papi]-ma* made :5 ! above =mula 0 prep>$ _h ! foll[+ qualities3 ,:5 te/$ by rubb+ betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 x 0 /icky & cov]$ ! ?umb ) a ?9 coat+4 7,_h x left ! ?umb clean1 x w\ld h be5 because x conta9$ too mu* wat]47 ,:5 rubb$ ^u a pane ( glass1 x /uck tightly & dri$ h>d 9 ?ree h\rs1 )\t crack+1 & c\ld only be remov$ ) a knife4 ,:5 spread 9 a lay]1 z ?9 z writ+-pap]1 x dri$ 9 half an h\r4 ,a mass actually us$ dri$ h>d en\gh to coat ) wax 9 eighte5 h\rs1 &1 )\t crack+1 became z h>d z wood2 yet a simil> quantity wrapp$ 9 a wet clo? & plac$ "u an inv]t$ b[l kept s(t & fit = use = an entire week4 ,su* are ! qualities ( fir/-class papi]-ma*1 & ! mann] ( produc+ !m all4 ,i h dwelt at great l5g? on ?is mat]ial because x is su* an important & indisp5sable factor 9 g5]al taxid]mic "w4 ,x w pay any taxid]mi/ to become an exp]t 9 mak+ x & us+ x1 & a little lat]1 :5 we get to model+ intricate m\? p>ts1 & mak+ all sorts ( re/orations & repairs1 we %all see :at a valuable s]vant is papi]-ma*4 ,,ma*,,+ ,,m\nt$ ,,mammals4--,surely x is unnecess>y = me to devote mu* space to direct+ h[ to fill up ) papi]-ma* ! holes1 seams1 & cracks 9 a m\nt$ mammal4 ,( c\rse all cavities op5$ by %r9kage or accid5t mu/ be fill$ up4 ,use a %>p-po9t$ knife1 press ! f9e & s(t ma* deeply into e op5+1 make x cat* und]nea? ! sk91 s t :5 dry x _c flake (f1 or be knock$ (f2 & smoo? x on ! outside to ! level ( ! sk94 ,use ! ma* lib]ally1 & x w be m c]ta9 always to rema9 z y leave x4 ,fill up r\gh seams until !y are smoo?1 s t ! hair c be glu$ on if necess>y4 ,:]ev] dry clay %[s1 dig x out & replace ) ! o!r m durable mat]ial1 :i* c be pa9t$1 :]eas dry clay c n4 ,,putty4--,9 ! days ( my y\? ,i 0 taught by my ,european tea*]s to use putty = all su* "w z t describ$ above2 b ,i v soon became disgu/$ ) x1 & ye>s ago ceas$ to use x = any purpose :atev]4 ,x is greasy1 in]t1 & yet purely tempor>y /uff4 ,x nev] gets really h>d unless us$ 9 a great mass1 & :5 us$ 9 small quantities = f9e "w x is utt]ly wor?less4 ,d n use x unless y are s situat$ t y are positively unable to make papi]-ma*--& ,i _c imag9e any su* situation z be+ possible )9 ! pale ( civilization4 ,,pa9t+ ,,on ,,papi]-,,ma*4--,( c\rse ?is mat]ial dries :ite1 & mu/ be pa9t$4 ,if pa9t is put directly ^u x1 ! oil & color is absorb$ at once1 & x takes _m coats to prop]ly fill x up4 ,to save "t & give ! be/ results1 fir/ give y\r papi]-ma* "w two coats ( %ellac1 :i* dries 9 a few m9utes & fills up all ! pores1 s t y\r pa9t w /ay z y put x on4 ,use oil colors1 b put !m on ) turp5t9e to avoid ! unnatural gloss t oil w give4 ,9 ano!r *apt] 7,,xxvi47 w be f\nd detail$ h9ts 9 reg>d to pa9t+ m\nt$ specim5s4 ,,glu+ ,,hair ,,^u ,,mammals4--,x is v seldom t a dry sk9 is m\nt$ )\t !re be+ ^u x "s spot or spots de/itute ( hair1 :i* mu/ be repair$4 ,sometimes x is only a small spot1 sometimes x is ne>ly ! entire head1 or an entire leg f :i* ! epid]mis has come loose1 c>ry+ ! hair ) x1 & leav+ an unsightly b>e spot4 ,x requires a good deal ( +5uity1 mu* skill1 & tireless pati5ce to glue hair ^u an animal s t x w s closely resemble ! natural gr[? t no "o w notice ! diff]5ce4 ,b 9 e case1 except "s ( ! seals & sea-lions1 ?is c be accompli%$1 if x be necess>y1 al?\gh v (t5 x requires good judgm5t & ! h& ( an arti/ to d x4 ,ea* mammal has its own peculi>ities 9 reg>d to ! quality1 ?ickness1 l5g?1 & g5]al set ( its hair1 all ( :i* mu/ be c>efully /udi$4 ,:5 ! hair gr[s long & ?ickly1 ! task is mu* easi] ?an if x be ?9 or %ort4 #a/4 ,procure a pair ( v small curve-po9t$ =ceps1 s f9e !y w hold a s+le hair if necess>y4 7,price1 #ge c5ts47 #b;d4 ,procure a pair ( small & %>p scissors1 ) %>p po9ts4 #c;d4 ,procure a bottle ( common fi%-glue1 or royal glue4 #d?4 ,if possible1 procure a piece ( useless sk91 f :i* to cut ! hair necess>y to use 9 mak+ ! repairs4 ,v (t5 x is impossible to procure any pieces ( sk9 ) hair suitable = ! purpose1 & !n ! only way is to cut hair f ! specim5 :i* is to be repair$1 pick+ out ) ! =ceps a t9y bun* "h & !re 9 su* a way t ! bun*es cut out w n %[4 ,?is c ne>ly always be done 9 mak+ slight repairs ^u ?ick-hair$ animals1 su* z be>s1 wolves1 monkeys1 etc4 ,b ) su* %ort-hair$ animals z ! tig]1 zebra1 & giraffe1 ! hair mu/ be procur$ else:]e4 ,use ! hair ( any animal to repair ! coat ( ano!r1 s long z x w answ] p]fectly1 no matt] :at ! g5us or species may be4 ,use t[1 or jute1 pa9t$ or dy$ ! prop] color1 if x is suffici5tly l ! hair :i* w surr\nd x4 ,9 ord] to treat ?is subject intelligibly1 we w und]take to sep>ate all t]re/rial mammals into ?ree classes1 z foll[s3 #a/4 ,animals ) v close1 %ort hair2 z ! tig]1 zebra1 horse1 & giraffe4 ,^u su* animals z ! above1 ! hair lies almo/ flat ^u ! sk91 completely cov]+ x ) a v smoo?1 glossy coat4 ,to repair hair ^u su* animals1 procure pieces ( sk9 hav+ hair ( ! requisite quality1 & soak !m 9 cle> wat] until decomposition sets 91 & ! hair easily comes out by ! roots4 ,! hair mu/ n be cut (f1 or x w n answ]4 ,be sure t y\r fi%-glue is good & /rong1 & ab\t z ?ick z ca/or-oil4 ,clean ! b>e surface ( ! sk9 by scrap+ x ) a knife to remove all dirt1 & give ! glue a *ance to take hold4 ,) y\r small =ceps1 pull f ! pieces ( half-mac]at$ sk9 a small bun* ( hair ( ! prop] t9t1 & ) a small camel's-hair bru% apply a drop ( glue to ! roots ( ! hair4 ,beg9 at ! side ( ! b>e spot :]e ! hair gr[s directly away f x1 & lay d[n y\r little bun* ( hairs s t _! tips %all fairly cov] ! roots ( ^? ne>e/ ! edge4 ,!n press d[n ! bun* ( hair ?us plac$ 9 position1 "w ! hairs slightly ap>t1 & make !m lie q flat ^u ! sk94 ,foll[ up ?is process ) untir+ pati5ce1 & ! result w be entirely satisfactory4 ,i h se5 l>ge pat*es ( hair glu$ ^u a tig] s successfully t :5 f9i%$ ! %>pe/ eye c\ld n detect ! repair$ spots4 ,b x 0 v sl[ "w1 requir+ an h\r's /eady "w to cov] a spot ( n q two squ>e in*es4 #b;d4 ,animals ) ?ick1 long hair2 z mo/ monkeys1 be>s1 wolves1 all ! rum9ants ( cold climates1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,,manik9 ,,= ,,am]ican ,,bison4--,,complet$4 ,9 repair+ ! coats ( su* z ! above1 ! necess>y hair may be cut (f 9 bun*es1 ei!r f ! animal itself1 or f old pieces ( sk91 s long z ! hair is ( ! prop] l5g?4 ,notice c>efully ! set ( ! hair1 & imitate x v exactly4 ,! glue may be appli$ q pl5tifully to ! roots ( ea* bun* ( hairs :ile y hold x 9 y\r =ceps1 & usually q a l>ge bun* may be set on at a "t1 & aft]w>d spread out a little4 ,9 repair+ ! m\nta9 %eep 7,ovis montana7 & prong-horn antelope 7,antilocapra am]icana71 ! po9t ( vital importance is to get e hair to set 9 precisely ! "r direction1 s t ! surface w be smoo?4 ,if ! hair is put on c>elessly1 & )\t due obs]vance ( ! above caution1 ^u ! repair$ spot x w /ick /iffly out l ! bri/les ( a %oe-bru%1 & ! imp]fection ( ! coat w be pa9fully app>5t4 #c;d4 ,animals ) long hair gr[+ v ?9ly2 z ^u c]ta9 portions ( orang utans1 *impanzees1 & all memb]s ( ! hog family4 ,^u ! animals indicat$ above1 x w be f\nd t ! hair gr[s 9 little bun*es ( ?ree or f\r hairs 9 a bun*1 b s ?9ly di/ribut$ t ! sk9 %[s ?r\gh q di/9ctly4 ,fur!rmore1 9 su* cases ! hairs /& out f ! sk91 & _! roots are pla9ly visible4 ,successfully to repair su* a sk9 is v sl[1 t$i\s "w1 & _c be done by a man ^: "t is v valuable4 ,a boy work+ = small wages is ! be/ means to employ1 b he mu/ be wat*$ closely4 ,procure ! hair necess>y = mak+ ! repairs4 ,!n ) a %>p awl1 or co>se ne$le1 prick ! sk9 full ( holes to correspond 9 numb] & di/ribution ) ! arrangem5t ( ! t9y hair bun*es ^u ! sk9 surr\nd+ ! spot4 ,prick ! little holes r deeply & slant+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,!n take a bun* ( ?ree or f\r hairs 9 y\r smalle/ =ceps1 dip ! end 9 ! fi%-glue1 & keep+ ! hairs well toge!r1 set ! bun* into "o ( ! little holes4 ,see t ! hairs /& out 9 ! "r direction1 & proce$ 9 ?is way until ! b>e spot is cov]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammal ,,heads ,,z ,,trophies ,,& ,,ornam5ts4 ,sportsm51 if y really mu/ kill all ! l>ge mammalia f (f ! face ( ! e>?1 d at lea/ pres]ve ! heads t are br\ght l[ by y\r skill & pr[ess4 ,n[ t our elk1 moose1 de]1 c>ib\1 antelope1 m\nta9 %eep1 & m\nta9 goat are all disappe>+ s rapidly1 & ne>ly all ^! species are doom$ to spe$y ext]m9ation1 head collect+ has become q ! fa%ion4 ,!re are 9 ?is c\ntry probably two score ( taxid]mi/s :o live by heads alone2 & _m hunt]s :o once liv$ by buffalo robes & beav] pelts n[ make a bus9ess ( hunt+ = heads to sell4 ,i "k _m su*1 & _! scale ( prices = heads1 accord+ to size & po9ts1 %[s t !y h got ! bus9ess d[n f9e4 ,& :y %\ld n heads be collect$ & made mu* (1 z well z pelts & meat8 ,a naturally h&some mammal head :i* has be5 skilfully m\nt$ is a ?+ ( beauty & a joy =ev]4 ,we>i$ ) ! survey ( inane & mean+less pictures1 /iff portraits1 *eap /atuettes1 & tawdry fancy decorations1 ! eye re/s gladly & gratefully ^u a f9e head on a h&some %ield1 hang+ 9 a good light1 & blesses ! h& t plac$ x !re4 ,su* an ornam5t calls =? endless admiration & qu]y1 ev5 f ^? :o "k no o!r *ase ?an t ( ! mighty doll>1 & :o1 alas6 h nev] f\nd out by exp]i5ce t ,!re is a pleasure 9 ! pa?less woods4 ,& !re=e ,i say1 if y mu/ g & kill ?+s1 save _! heads & m\nt !m z an atonem5t = y\r de$s ( blood4 ,!y w give pleasure to y & y\r fri5ds long aft] y h hung up y\r rifle =ev]4 ,i h ga!r$ num]\s curiosities & works ( art 9 =eign l&s1 b !y d n excite "o-half ! admiration t is call$ =? by ! s]ies ( really f9e heads ( buffalo1 de]1 m\nta9 %eep1 elk1 antelope1 & m\nta9 goat ( :i* ,i am ! =tunate possessor4 ,inasmu* z ?is *apt] is int5d$ *iefly = ! b5efit ( sportsm5 & amateur taxid]mi/s1 we mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & treat ! subject 9 some:at full detail4 ,we w consid] t we h a de] z our subject4 ,_m a f9e de] head is spoil$ =ev] by be+ cut (f too close beh9d ! e>s4 ,) su* animals z ! lion1 tig]1 leop>d1 puma1 & be>1 a long neck is n desirable unless ! head is to be m\nt$ 9 a glass case1 look+ out ( a ?icket2 & nei!r is x be/ = a buffalo head to h a long neck4 ,x may be set d[n z a safe rule1 h[ev]1 t ! heads ( all de]1 antelopes1 %eep1 goats1 & ! l1 %\ld h mod]ately long necks4 ,hav+ exp]im5t$ fully ) necks ( all l5g?s1 ,i f9d t ! mo/ satisfactory to compet5t critics1 & !re=e ! h&some/1 are ^? :i* /rike a happy m$ium1 su* z ! antelope head %[n 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,to secure ?is l5g?1 ! head %\ld be cut (f well back t[>d ! %\ld]s1 s z to leave a little surplus to be trimm$ (f :5 ! head is m\nt$4 ,to ,sk9 & ,pres]ve a ,de] ,head1 proce$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,/>t at ! back ( ! neck 7on top7 j 9 front ( ! %\ld]s1 or )]s1 keep ! po9t ( ! knife "u ! sk91 ) ! edge up1 & divide ! sk9 9 a circle all ! way ar\nd ! neck1 keep+ d[n to ! po9t :]e ! neck sets on ! %\ld]s4 ,y ne$ n cut ?r\gh ! fle% & bone ( ! neck at t po9t4 #b4 ,nev] slit ! sk9 op5 along ! "u side ( ! ?roat4 ,cut x op5 9 a /raight l9e along ! back ( ! neck1 all ! way along1 up to a po9t midway betwe5 ! e>s4 ,f t po9t run two cuts l ! arms ( a ,y1 "o to ! base ( ea* antl] or horn1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,run ! po9t ( ! knife close ar\nd ! base ( ea* antl]1 & cut ?r\gh ! sk9 all ! way4 #c4 ,beg9 at ! back ( ! neck1 & sk9 d[nw>d on ea* side until ! entire neck is free4 ,z y proce$ y w pres5tly come to ! e>1 :i* /&s up l a tree-trunk cov]$ ) b>k4 ,cut ! e> (f close to ! skull1 leave x = ! pres5t j z x is1 & g "r on d[n t[>d ! *eeks & ?roat1 z f> z y c g4 #d4 ,beg9 next at ! angle ( ! ,y1 on ! top ( ! head1 & sk9 d[n betwe5 ! antl]s & ov] ! =ehead until y rea* ! eye4 ,n[ proce$ c>efully4 ,9 _m rum9ants !re is a deep cavity 9 ! bone directly 9 front ( ! ant]ior corn] ( ! eye1 call$ an eye-pit4 ,! sk9 l9es ?is eye-pit q d[n to ! bottom4 ,d n cut ?r\gh ! sk91 b get d[n to ! v bottom ( ! eye-pit1 & deta* ! sk9 f ! bone4 #e4 ,be c>eful n to cut ! corn]s ( ! eye1 or ! edge ( ! eyelid4 ,keep close to ! bony orbit1 & ins]t ! end ( "o f+] 9 ! eye f ! outside1 to cut aga9/ :5 y sev] ! ?9 membrane t surr\nds ! eyeball4 #f4 ,! no/rils mu/ be cut ?r\gh s f> back f ! end ( ! nose t ! cut w n be visible 9 ! op5 no/ril :5 view$ f 9 front4 ,! c>tilag9\s septum t divides ! no/rils l a p>tition wall mu/ be split 9 two1 edgewise1 f inside1 cle> d[n to ! v tip ( ! nose1 s t all ! fle% c be cut away4 ,_m a f9e head is spoil$ by hav+ ! fle% left 9 ! end ( ! nose4 ,x seems all "r = a %ort "t1 b :5 x dries1 x %r9ks & %rivels up1 & ! nose n only loses all "* & beauty1 b becomes an eyesore4 #g4 ,! lips mu/ be cut f ! jaw close to ! bone1 & aft]w>d slit op5 along ! inside1 laid out flat1 & ! fle% p>$ (f c>efully ) a %>p knife4 ,leave "o-half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ( ! inn] sk9 ( ! lip all ! way ar\nd1 s t ! =m ( ! lip c be pres5tly reproduc$ by replac+ ! fle% ) clay4 #h4 ,a de]'s e> consi/s ( a big1 leaf-%ap$ piece ( c>tilage1 ?ick at ! base & c5tre1 v ?9 at ! edges & ! upp] end1 & roll$ toge!r on itself at ! base to =m a half cone1 l a funnel ) "o side p>tly cut away4 ,ov] ?is %eet ( c>tilage is /ret*$ ! sk91 ) no fle% :atev] betwe5 ! two4 ,?is c>tilage c be completely sk9n$ out & replac$ ) a lead5 imitation4 ,x mu/ be sk9n$ out2 = if x is n done1 ! hair w probably all slip (f ! e>2 b1 ev5 suppos+ t x does n1 an equally bad ?+ happ5s4 ,:5 ! head is m\nt$ & dry1 ! e>s w beg9 to %r9k & %rivel up l a pair ( dry autumn leaves1 & ! beauty ( ! head is gone =ev]6 ,9 sk9n+ out ! e> c>tilage1 a %>p scalpel ( l>ge size1 or a c>tilage-knife1 is ! be/ in/rum5t1 & x %\ld be held 9 ! f+]s precisely z "o holds a p5 9 writ+4 ,a good1 ke5 pocket-knife is pl5ty good en\gh = all em]g5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,sk9n+ a ,de]'s ,e>4 ,beg9 at ! fle%y base ( ! e>1 deta* ! sk9 f ! c>tilage by cutt+1 & by pull+ & pu%+ ! two ap>t ) ! ?umb & f+]s 7,fig4 #cc74 ,( c\rse y mu/ /op at ! edge ( ! c>tilage1 & be v c>eful n to cut ?r\gh ! sk9 !re4 ,keep "r on up ! back ( ! e>1 gradually turn+ ! e> wrong side out1 until y rea* ! tip 7,fig4 #cd74 ,! e> is n[ wrong side out1 & ! sk9 is deta*$ f ! back ( ! c>tilage1 b /ill adh]es on ! inside4 ,n[ beg9 at ! tip1 :]e ! c>tilage is ?9ne/ 7,fig4 #ce71 peel x up1 & by ! same process z be=e gradually "w ! inside sk9 loose )\t cutt+ ?r\gh ! sk9 at any po9t1 until x is free q d[n to ! base ( ! e>1 s f> )9 t :5 ! sk9 is cut /raight across & turn$ "r side out aga91 ! po9t ( deta*m5t _c be se5 7,fig4 #cf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,! ,e> ,half-sk9n$4 ,x is likely t ! beg9n] w f9d ?is a difficult op]ation1 = x really is s until "o has done at lea/ "o pair ( e>s4 ,aft] t1 ) a fre% specim51 ! process is simple & easy4 ,save ! e> c>tilage 9 y\r salt-&-alum ba?1 = y w ne$ x pres5tly z a model 9 mak+ a lead5 imitation to take its place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,sk9n+ d[n ! ,inside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,! ,c>tilage ,out4 #i4 ,! sk9 is n[ (f4 ,to pres]ve x 9 ! field1 fir/ p>e away ! fle% t may h be5 left adh]+ to x1 especially at ! lips & end ( ! nose1 & wa% x clean4 ,if y h ars5ical soap1 ano9t x ?or\ghly ov] ! inside1 !n lit]ally smo!r x 9 salt4 ,y ne$ n dry ! sk9 if y h pl5ty ( salt = x4 ,if y h b a limit$ quantity1 att5d to ! poison+ to keep (f insects1 !n rub on z mu* salt z y h to sp>e1 hang ! sk9 up 9 a %ady place ov] a pole1 op5 x out widely s t ! air w circulate freely ^u all p>ts ( x1 & let x dry4 ,9 a dry climate a sk9 c be dri$ 9 ?is way & successfully pres]v$ 7tempor>ily7 ev5 :5 y h nei!r poison nor pres]vative ( any k9d to put on x2 b x mu/ be wat*$ & gu>d$ ) jeal\s c>e until y get x safely home1 or 9 ! h&s ( a taxid]mi/1 to prev5t its be+ eat5 up by insects1 rats1 or dogs4 ,9 moi/ climates1 gr\nd alum is to be us$ 9 lieu ( salt1 & all sk9s mu/ be dri$ unless y h a salt-&-alum ba? = !m4 ,9 pres]v+ heads1 ! sportsman w f9d t t5 p\nds ( salt1 or 9 ! tropics t5 p\nds ( alum1 w g a long ways1 if c>e is tak5 to keep a sk9 op5 until x is ne>ly dry4 ,nev]1 save z a la/ resort1 dry a sk9 9 ! sun1 & nev] hang "o up by ! nose4 ,! ,skull4--,( c\rse ! skull mu/ always be clean$ & sav$1 z direct$ else:]e4 ,p>+ d[n ! sk91 prep>atory to m\nt+4 ,see ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,m\nt+4--,we w suppose t ! head sk9 has be5 fully cur$ or relax$ 9 ! salt-&-alum ba?1 p>$ d[n q ?9 ) draw-%ave & knife1 ! holes h be5 neatly sewn up1 & ! e> c>tilages sk9n$ out4 ,we w also suppose t ! skull has be5 clean$ ) ! knife 9 ! fir/ place1 & aft]w>d boil$ & scrap$ to remove ! la/ ve/iges ( animal matt]4 ,if ! sk9 & skull h be5 ?us att5d$ to1 ! m\nt$ head w be clean en\gh & free en\gh f all animal odors1 :5 dry1 to g into my lady's b\doir1 or into ! d9+-room ( ! ,:ite ,h\se4 ,!re are almo/ z _m diff]5t me?ods ( m\nt+ mammal heads z !re are taxid]mi/s1 b ,i %all describe only my own4 ,i h tri$ v>i\s o!r me?ods ?an t to be describ$1 b )\t satisfactory results1 & ,i (f] ?is z be+ at once ! simple/ & easie/ = ! amateur1 z well z ! pr(essional work]1 & above all1 ! "o by :i* ! f9e/ results are obta9able4 ,! op]ator reta9s full control ( ! %ape ( ! specim5 almo/ up to ! la/ mom5t1 :i* ,i consid] a s9e qua non 9 any me?od4 ,! me?od %\ld be y\r s]vant1 n y\r ma/]4 ,judg+ f ! ext5t to :i* ?is me?od has be5 adopt$ among ! taxid]mi/s ( ?is c\ntry s9ce ,i fir/ describ$ x 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s1 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahhc1 x may be consid]$ to possess "s m]it4 #a4 ,we h be=e u ! clean skull4 ,procure ab\t two p\nds ( pla/] ,p>is1 & a piece ( bo>d an in* or an in* & a half ?ick1 ?ree or f\r in*es wide1 & ab\t two feet long4 ,?is is to be ! neck /&>d4 ,) ! hat*et r\nd (f ! corn]s ( "o end4 ,!n1 ) a saw & cold *isel1 cut a long1 n>r[ hole 9 ! base ( ! skull1 s t ! end ( ! neck /&>d c pass ?r\gh x into ! bra9 cavity1 & /rike aga9/ ! top ( ! skull 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! op5+ %\ld be cut l5g?wise ) ! skull1 & only j l>ge en\gh to receive ! end ( ! bo>d com=tably4 ,9 case x is desir$ to h ! head turn$ to "o side1 look+ to ! "r or left1 ! neck /&>d mu/ be fitt$ into ! skull accord+ly4 ,an iron rod may be us$ in/ead ( a wood5 /&>d1 if ! op]ator f9ds x m conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,int]nal ,me*anism ( a ,de] ,head4 #b4 ,n[ place ! skull upside d[n on ! table1 ) ! =ehead on a level ) ! table-top1 & proce$ to set "o end ( ! neck /&>d 9 ! skull4 ,?is is done z foll[s3 ,into ab\t a qu>t ( wat]1 plac$ 9 a bas9 or l>ge b[l1 spr9kle ! pla/] ,p>is1 a h&ful at a "t1 until ! wat] is fill$ ) x & w take up no m4 ,!n /ir x ?or\ghly ) a spoon1 & aft] plac+ ! end ( ! neck /&>d 9 ! skull cavity 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 p\r ! pla/] ar\nd ! end ( x1 fill+ ! bra9 cavity1 & pil+ x up on ! base ( ! skull 9 a copi\s mass1 s t :5 x h>d5s ! bo>d w be immovably fix$4 ,! pla/] %\ld also fill ar\nd ! articulations ( ! l[] jaw1 to make t also a fixture 9 its place4 ,! neck /&>d %\ld be set at a "r angle ) ! axis ( ! skull4 ,?is may seem /range to y at fir/1 b y w pres5tly see t ! angle is correct4 ,:ile ! pla/] is h>d5+1 :i* x w d 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 y mu/ leave ! head undi/urb$ & busy y\rself ) giv+ ! f9al t\*es to ! sk91 or to ! prep>ation ( "s clay & t[ = future use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,complete ,manik9 = ,de] ,head1 )\t ,clay ,cov]+4 #c4 ,:5 ! pla/] has fully set1 y are ready to decide ^u ! l5g? ( neck to be %[n1 & ! g5]al pose ( ! head4 ,hav+ decid$ ^u ! =m]1 :i* is a matt] ( ta/e1 y c h an assi/ant hold ! side ( ! neck /&>d up aga9/ ! side ( a door-po/ 9 ab\t ! pose y wi% x to h1 :ile y /& (f & survey x at a di/ance1 & *ange ! elevation until x suits y4 ,!n1 m>k :]e ! neck /&>d is to be sawn (f1 & also ! precise angle1 & saw x (f4 ,hav+ done ?is1 h ! head held up aga9/ ! wall z x w be :5 m\nt$1 & see t ! elevation ( ! nose is "r4 ,if x is too high or too l[1 saw (f ! end ( ! neck /&>d at a diff]5t angle1 & be sure t ! attitude is "r be=e proce$+ f>!r4 #d4 ,! next /ep is to cut a bo>d to fit into ! l[] end ( ! neck4 ,its approximate circumf]5ce c be det]m9$ by measur+ ! wid? & dep? ( ! neck ! prop] di/ance d[n4 ,! %ape ( ! bo>d mu/ be ab\t l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #cg--;a broad oval1 broade/ at ! top1 or else an ellipse4 ,bevel (f ! upp] & l[] ends on opposite sides to mat* ! outl9e ( ! neck1 & !n screw x firmly to ! l[] end ( ! neck /&>d4 ,x may be necess>y to alt] ! %ape ( ! neck-bo>d a little lat] on1 :i* is easily done4 #e4 ,n[ take "s excelsior1 or /raw1 or f9e1 s(t hay1 & build up a false neck ( ! prop] %ape & size to fit ! sk9 by plac+ ! mat]ial ar\nd ! neck /&>d & w9d+ x d[n ) cotton tw9e 7,fig4 #ch74 ,x is a v pleas+ task to =m a neck by ?is easy process1 & imp>t to x ! graceful curves1 ! tap]1 & flatness ne> ! head s *>act]i/ic ( ! de]4 ,y c %[ ! w9dpipe & gullet by sew+ ?r\gh ! neck f side to side1 & =m+ a holl[ f ! corn] ( ! jaw d[n ! side ( ! neck1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,y n[ h ! =m ( ! neck :olly "u y\r control1 & y\r eye & h& w be held acc\ntable = ! result4 ,be c>eful to make ! neck mu* small] ?an x is to be :5 ! sk9 is on4 ,! ?ick coat ( hair makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! size1 & adds p]haps half an in*1 or m1 all ar\nd4 ,if y are m\nt+ an old sk9 t has = ye>s be5 9 a dry /ate & requires mu* p[]ful /ret*+ to br+ x out to its prop] size1 y w be compell$ to /uff ! neck ) /raw 9 ! old way1 s z to put great pressure ^u x f )91 & /ret* ! sk9 by %e] =ce4 ,( c\rse y w lose _m ( ! f9e po9ts1 b v (t5 a sk9 is s h>d & refractory t x c be m\nt$ 9 no o!r way4 ,9 work+ by ?is me?od ! neck is /uff$ f ! l[] end1 & ! neck-bo>d fitt$ & screw$ into place aft]w>d4 #f4 ,make ! neck smoo? by w9d+2 make x symmetrical & true to nature1 & try ! sk9 on x occasionally to te/ ! proportions ( y\r manik94 ,!re is to be no /uff+ ( ! neck aft] ! sk9 is once on1 !re=e ! manik9 mu/ be made correctly4 #g4 ,:5 ! neck is at la/ f9i%$1 "w up ab\t half a pailful ( pott]s' clay until x =ms a s(t1 /icky pa/e1 & cov] ! neck ) a coat ( x ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 to insure absolute smoo?ness4 #h4 ,put a prop] quantity ( clay on ea* side ( ! skull to =m ! animal's *eeks1 & en\gh ^u ! back ( ! skull1 =ehead1 & muzzle to replace ! fle% & sk9 t has be5 cut away4 ,on no acc\nt attempt to /uff a fre% head ) t[1 or any fibr\s mat]ial1 = x is a practical impossibility to keep x f becom+ too l>ge4 ,in/ead ( clay y might possibly use papi]-ma*1 putty1 or pla/] ,p>is1 if y pref] ei!r2 b clay has _m & great advantages ov] all o!r mat]ials4 ,pla/] ,p>is acts too quickly to be ( mu* real use1 putty is greasy & in]t1 & papi]-ma* dries too sl[ly :5 und]nea? a sk94 #i4 ,be=e putt+ ! sk9 9 place1 sew up :atev] r5ts !re may be 9 x1 & replace ! c>tilage ( ! e> ) ?9 %eet lead1 or %eet t91 cut ! prop] %ape & trimm$ d[n ?9 at ! edges4 ,rub a little clay on ! metal to enable ! sk9 to /ick to x4 ,%eet lead c be pur*as$ at ab\t #aj c5ts p] p\nd at almo/ any l>ge plumb+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! f9e/ mat]ial1 h[ev]1 & :i* ,i h us$ = ye>s1 is pure %eet t91 :i* ! ,national ,museum procures ( ,! ,john ,j4 ,cooke ,co41 ,mulb]ry ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 at #bf c5ts p] p\nd4 ,x is ?91 easily cut & %ap$1 & j /iff en\gh to "w p]fectly 9 imitat+ ! %ape ( an e> c>tilage4 ,good1 firm1 c>d-bo>d c be us$ = ! e>s in/ead ( lead1 :5 y c n get ei!r ( ! %eet metals4 #aj4 ,ano9t ! sk9 copi\sly ) ars5ical soap1 give x "t to absorb ! poison1 !n put x 9 place on ! skull & neck1 & adju/ x c>efully4 ,fa/5 ! lips toge!r at ! end ( ! muzzle by tak+ a /it* 9 ea* & ty+ ! ?read4 ,see t ! eyes come exactly ov] ! orbits1 & !n put two or ?ree tacks ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! =ehead1 into ! skull1 to hold x 9 place4 ,sew ! sk9 tightly toge!r ar\nd ! base ( ! antl]s1 & sew up bo? arms ( ! ,y4 #aa4 ,sometimes ! sk9 ( ! neck is s mu* /ret*$ t to fill x out w\ld make ! neck1 :5 f9i%$1 entirely too l>ge4 ,9 su* cases1 ) a clay-cov]$ manik91 x is possible to make a fre% sk9 contract me*anically by cr[d+ x toge!r 9 m9ute wr9kles 9 ord] to make an undue fulness disappe>4 #ab4 ,be=e sew+ up ! sk9 along ! back ( ! neck1 7:i* mu/ be done ) v /rong l95 gill+ ?read1 well wax$ to keep x f rott+7 put en\gh clay at ! base ( ea* e> & on ! back ( ! skull to prop]ly =m ^? p>ts4 ,obs]ve t 9 a live de] ! base ( ! e> is q close up to ! burr ( ! antl]1 & x also has a peculi> %ape1 :i* %\ld be /udi$ & fai?fully reproduc$1 b c h>dly be describ$4 #ac4 ,if ! manik9 is ( ! "r size & %ape1 y are n[ ready to sew up ! sk92 nail x fa/ ) small brads ar\nd ! l[] edge ( ! neck-bo>d1 & trim ! surplus (f neatly & ev5ly4 ,screw ! head ^u a r\gh %ield or piece ( bo>d1 s t x w /& alone on y\r table :ile y are work+ at ! face4 #ad4 ,unless y h c>efully /udi$ a de]'s head 9 ! fle%1 or h a ca/ to "w by1 y c n reasonably expect to be able to make ! head precisely z x %\ld be4 ,fifte5 m9utes ( close & /udi\s exam9ation & note-tak+ ( a head 9 ! fle% w d = y :at my poor p5 c\ld n hope to accompli% ) t5 pages ( writt5 matt]4 #ae4 ,!re yet rema9s t "p ( ! "w :i* requires ! mo/ arti/ic treatm5t4 ,9 f9i%+ ! face1 ! fir/ ?+ is to %ape ! *eeks1 :i* is quickly done provid$ !y are fill$ ) precisely ! prop] quantity ( clay4 ,by trial y w f9d :e!r m clay mu/ be put 91 or "s tak5 out4 ,aft] ! *eeks1 =m ! eyebr[1 fill ! orbit ) clay1 & ) a small wire nail fa/5 ! sk9 d[n 9 t deep pit :i* is f\nd 9 front ( ! ant]ior corn] ( ! eye4 ,press ! sk9 d[n ^u ! muzzle1 fill 9 ! lips ) clay1 & fold !m z !y 7 be=e sk9n+4 ,be=e br++ ! lips toge!r1 fill out ! nose1 ! *91 & corn]s ( ! m\?--b n too full1 h[ev]4 ,t done satisfactorily1 br+ ! lips toge!r z !y 7 9 life4 ,no wir+ or sew+ is necess>y1 nor ev5 p9n+4 ,x is to be suppos$ t y h kept ! sk9 ( ! l[] jaw pull$ well =w>d into place1 & if s1 ! lips w g toge!r easily & /ay !re = all "t to come4 ,9 model+ ! end ( ! nose & ! no/rils1 give ! latt] good dep?4 ,make ! op5+ s deep t no "o c ev] see ! bottom ( x4 ,no little fault disgu/s me m ?an to see ! no/rils ( a de]1 buffalo1 or elk all pla/]$ up ) putty1 z if ! animal _h nev] drawn a brea?4 ,make y\r animal look z if x 7 brea?+1 r ?an /&+ up ) rods 9 its legs1 & its hide full ( rubbi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,,head ,,( ,,prong-,,horn ,,antelope4 ,,m\nt$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 #af4 ,! eyes come next4 ,arrange ! lids c>efully ov] ! clay1 :i* ne>ly fills ! orbit1 !n ins]t ! glass eye1 7:i* 9 e rum9ant %\ld h an elongat$ pupil & :ite corn]s71 & "w x into its exact position4 ,d n h too mu* clay beh9d x1 or x w h a bulg+1 ov]f$1 or *ok$-to-dea? expression4 ,d n let x protrude until x c\ld be knock$ (f ! head ) a bean-pole1 or lasso$ ) a grape-v9e4 ,keep ! eye well d[n 9 ! orbit1 & ! front corn] well sunk54 ,an animal's expression dep5ds ^u ! eye m ?an any o!r "o ?+1 & ! expression ( ! eye is dep5d5t ^u ! disposition ( ! eyelid & ! l9e ( sight4 ,a good glass eye has j z mu* p[] ( v>i$ expression z has a liv+1 nak$ eyeball--:i* is no p[] :atev]--unless x be ! eyeball ( an angry cat4 #ag4 ,see t bo? eyes look at ! same po9t1 9 front1 ab\t eight feet di/ant2 t precisely ! same am\nt ( iris %[s 9 ea*1 9 %ort1 t bo? are exactly alike 9 e respect4 ,a de] %\ld h a mild1 b wide-awake--n />+--expression1 & ! attitude %\ld n be unpleasantly /ra9$1 ei!r 9 ! curve ( ! neck or ! c>riage ( ! head4 ,avoid ! common error ( mak+ a de]'s head too pr\d4 ,no goose-necks or goitre on y\r de]1 if y please4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! eyes & fa%ion$ ! no/rils1 cut "s pieces ( pa/ebo>d1 b5d !m to ! "r %ape1 & ei!r sew or p9 !m ^u ! e>s to hold !m 9 precisely ! "r attitude until !y dry4 ,if ! e>s h lead 9 !m !y w support !mselves4 ,la/ly1 wa% ! head ?or\ghly to get all ! dirt & clay out ( ! hair1 & comb x until x lays naturally4 ,n[ hang ! head up 9 a dry room & leave x = a mon?1 if possible1 two weeks at all haz>ds4 ,:5 q dry & %runk51 bru% x well1 & rub ar\nd ! m\?1 nose1 eyes1 & e>s ) a too?-bru% to remove ! la/ rema9+ sugge/ions ( clay4 7,see *apt] on ,f9i%+ ,m\nt$ ,mammals474 ,pa9t ! end ( ! nose & edges ( ! eyelids ) v&yke br[n & black1 us+ oil colors4 ,! hairless p>ts ( ! lips are entirely conceal$1 consequ5tly !re is no pa9t+ to be done ar\nd ! m\? unless ! %r9kage has slightly p>t$ ! lips4 ,if ?is has occurr$ put "s black pa9t 9 ! crack4 ,by all means m\nt a h&some head ^u a ri* & h&some %ield4 ,ta/es diff] widely1 b = my "p ,i dislike a ?91 light %ield1 & "o n nicely f9i%$ is also an eyesore4 ,! wood %\ld be ( a color t w h>monize be/ ) ! color ( ! head ^u x4 ,! f9e/ %ields are made ( *]ry eboniz$1 or r$-wood1 black walnut1 oak1 mahogany1 or maple1 & highly poli%$4 ,! be/ %ape = a %ield is su* z t se5 beh9d ! c>ib\ head 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,facial ,,expression ,,& ,,m\? ,,model+4 ,we h n[ rea*$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( all taxid]mic "w4 ,!re is no royal road to success 9 ?is direction1 nor aught else t leads ?i!r save h>d /udy1 h>d "w1 & an arti/ic s5se ( ! et]nal fitness ( ?+s4 ,! l>ge ,felid 7tig]1 lion1 leop>d1 etc47 are ! f9e/ subjects = ! taxid]mi/ t ! :ole animal k+dom c produce4 ,!y (f] ! f9e/ opportunities = ! developm5t ( muscul> anatomy1 & ! expression ( ! v>i\s high] passions4 ,! be/ t ,i c d ) ! space at my disposal = ?is subject is to (f] ! read] a few h9ts on h[ to produce c]ta9 expressions1 illu/rat$ by an accurate draw+ f "o ( my m\nt$ specim5s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 /rive to cat* ! _s ( y\r subject4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! attitude desir$ = a fel9e or o!r c>nivor\s animal is "o expressive ( ang]1 rage1 or defiance4 ,= a s+le specim51 ! mo/ /rik+ attitude possible is t ( a bea/ at bay4 ,unless a c>nivor\s animal is to be repres5t$ 9 ! act ( seiz+ some?+1 ! m\? %\ld n be op5$ v wide4 ,x is a common fault ) taxid]mi/s to op5 ! jaws ( su* an animal too widely1 s t ! effect /riv5 = is lo/1 & ! animal seems to be yawn+ prodigi\sly1 in/ead ( sn>l+4 ,op5 ! jaws a mod]ate di/ance1 indicat+ a read9ess to op5 wid] )\t an in/ant's w>n+4 ,! ?ick1 fle%y "p ( ! upp] lip is lift$ up to cle> ! tee? = action1 & ! mu/a*$ portion is bun*$ up until x %[s two or ?ree curv+ wr9kles1 ) ! middle ( ! curve upw>d4 ,?is cr[ds ! no/ril op5+ toge!r1 & *anges its %ape v mat]ially4 ,9 mo/ c>nivora1 b mo/ /rik+ly s 9 be>s1 ! end ( ! l[] lip falls away slightly f ! l[] incisors4 ,9 old lions & tig]s ! face wr9kles pretty mu* all ov]1 especially across ! nose & "u ! eyes4 ,9 all ! ,felid ! op5+ ( ! eye *anges mo/ /rik+ly4 ,:5 angry1 ! eye ( a rum9ant animal op5s its wide/1 & %[s portions ( ! eyeball t are nev] se5 o!rwise4 ,9 ! c>nivora1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,z if to protect ! eye f be+ claw$ or bitt51 ! upp] eyelid is drawn well d[n ov] ! ball1 z se5 9 ,plate ,i4 7,frontispiece71 & ! eyebr[s are bun*$ up & drawn ne> toge!r until ! sc[l becomes frightful4 ,! decks are fur!r cle>$ = action 9 ! disposition ( ! e>s4 ,in/ead ( leav+ !m up ready to be bitt5 (f1 !y are un%ipp$1 & laid back z f> z possible1 close d[n ^u ! neck1 & out ( h>m's way4 ,! tongue also pulls itself toge!r1 contracts 9 ! middle1 curves up at ! edges1 & makes ready to retire f>!r back betwe5 ! jaws at ! in/ant ( seizure4 ,all ?is "t ! body is n by any means /&+ idly & peacefully at ease4 ,! attitude mu/ mat* ! expression ( ! face1 or ! trag$y becomes a f>ce4 ,! body mu/ /& firmly on its legs1 al]t1 ready ei!r to attack or def5d1 head turn$1 body slightly b5t1 or slightly cr\*+1 &1 unless ! animal is walk+1 ) ! tail swit*+ n]v\sly f side to side4 ,if ! animal is walk+ =w>d1 ! tail %\ld be held /ill & 9 ! same v]tical plane z ! body4 ,! f9e/ attitude = a l>ge c>nivore is "o :i* repres5ts x at bay1 & await+ attack4 ,a cat is an animal ( a ?\s& attitudes4 ,v _m ( !m1 if reproduc$ exactly 9 a m\nt$ specim51 w\ld look v unc\? & devoid ( beauty2 !re=e1 *oose ^? :i* are at once *>act]i/ic & pleas+ to ! eye4 ,,model+ ,,an ,,op5 ,,m\?4--,9 m\nt+ a fel9e animal ) m\? op5 & tee? %[+1 bew>e :at y d1 or y w make ! animal laugh+ in/ead ( sn>l+4 ,?is is (t5 done6 ,9 fact1 9 my y\ng] days ,i did x once myself--b )\t any extra *>ge4 ,9 model+ an op5 m\?1 fir/ fill ! inside ( ! lips ) clay1 & also back !m up und]nea? ) clay until ! lips1 :5 fix$ 9 position1 h ! expression desir$4 ,! inn] edge ( ! hairless portion ( ! l[] lip %\ld fit up close aga9/ ! jaw bone1 & p]haps be tack$ d[n ^u x tempor>ily4 ,v (t5 x is necess>y to hold ! lips 9 position1 :ile dry+1 by sew+ ?r\gh ! edges & pass+ ! ?read across ! jaws f side to side4 ,! sk9 ( ! nose mu/ be fully back$ up ) clay1 s t no holl[s are left into :i* ! sk9 c %r9k away 9 dry+4 ,x is (t5 desirable to hold ! end ( ! l[] lip up to its place1 :ile dry+1 by driv+ a small wire nail ?r\gh x into ! bone4 ,d n fill ! m\? full ( clay1 = x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! f9al model+ ( ! s(t p>ts ( ! m\? mu/ be done 9 papi]-ma*4 ,x is no small task to dig out ( a m\? a quantity ( clay & t[ aft] x has become h>d2 !re=e1 leave a place = ! tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,model+ ,tools ( ,wood4 ,a head mu/ be ?or\ghly dry & %runk5 be=e ! m\? c be f9i%$ & made p]man5t4 ,9 dry+1 ! lips draw away f ! gums some:at1 :i* is j z x %\ld be4 ,! fir/ /ep is to cle> away ! dry clay f ar\nd ! tee? & lips1 & get ev]y?+ clean & ready = ! ma*4 ,!n make "s f9e papi]-ma*1 z describ$ else:]e1 t is /icky en\gh to adh]e firmly to smoo? bone1 & ( su* consi/5cy t x works well 9 model+4 ,) ?is1 & y\r model+ spatulas & o!r tools ( /eel1 z9c1 or h>d wood 7see ,figs4 #ci-dd71 cov] ! jaw bones to replace ! fle%y gums1 & fill up to ! edges ( ! lips s t !y seem to be atta*$ to ! gums z 9 life4 ,coat ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & model its surface into ! same peculi> corrugations t y saw 9 ! m\? imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,?is is sl[ "w4 ,x requires a good eye1 a skilful1 arti/ic t\*1 & unlimit$ pati5ce4 ,if y are an arti/1 prove x n[ by ! fidelity ) :i* y copy nature 9 ?is really difficult "w4 ,9 model+ ! surface ( papi]-ma*1 y mu/ h a clean1 well-poli%$ model+-tool1 l ,fig4 #db1 & by wett+ x n[ & !n s t x w slip ov] ! surface1 y\r "w c be made v smoo?4 ,next comes ! tongue4 ,! only p]fect tongue = a fel9e animal is a natural tongue1 sk9n$1 & /uff$ ) clay4 ,! papill on ! tongue ( a lion1 tig]1 leop>d1 or puma simply defy imitation1 & aft] _m exp]im5ts ) _m diff]5t animals ,i f\nd t ) ! real tongue1 & ) t only1 "o c reproduce nature itself & defy criticism4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is possible only :5 y h ! animal 9 ! fle%1 & c cut out ! tongue & pres]ve x 9 alcohol until y are ready to m\nt x4 ,illu/ration3 ,model+ ,tools ( ,/eel4 ,to prep>e a tig]'s tongue1 = example1 fir/ pres]ve ! :ole tongue 9 alcohol1 = safe keep+4 ,:5 ready to proce$1 slit x op5 l5g?wise und]nea?1 & sk9 x c>efully4 ,take a piece ( %eet lead1 cut x & hamm] x into ! "r size & %ape1 & fit x 9 ! m\? z ne>ly z possible 9 ! %ape ! f9i%$ tongue is to h4 ,by judici\s hamm]+ ) ! r\nd end ( a ma*9i/'s hamm] y c give x any %ape y desire4 ,:5 x is j "r1 cov] x ) clay to replace ! fle% ( ! tongue1 treat ! sk9 ) ars5ical soap1 put x ov]1 & sew x up4 ,n[ fit ! tongue into ! m\?1 & by pressure ) ! f+]s *ange its %ape :]ev] necess>y 9 ord] to make x fit exactly z y wi% to h x4 ,:5 f9i%$1 lay x aside to dry4 ,! accompany+ figures 7 drawn f ! f9i%$ tongue ( ! tig] repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i41 :]e x is se5 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,side ,view ( ,tig]'s ,tongue4 ,:5 ! tongue is dry x mu/ be pa9t$ ) oil colors1 us+ a little turp5t9e s t ! surface %all n be too glossy1 nor h a v>ni%$ look4 ,v]milion & :ite are ! be/ colors to use1 & above all d n make ! tongue or lips look l p9k c&y1 or r$ flannel1 or r$ seal+-wax4 ,call up ! h\sehold cat at an e>ly /age ( ! proce$+s1 & use h] m\? z a model1 :e!r %e w or no4 ,a pati5t old tabby is an invaluable ally 9 ! m\nt+ ( fel9e animals ( all sorts1 & ,t[s] w also help y out ) y\r ,canid4 ,:5 model+ ! m\? or muscles ( a gorilla or orang utan1 cat* ! fir/ amateur taxid]mi/ y c lay y\r h&s on--! wild] & gre5] ! bett]--& use him z y\r model4 ,/udy him1 = he is fe>fully & wond]fully made4 ,! way "s ( my good-natur$ colleagues us$ to pose = me z 7p>tly7 nude models at ,w>d's1 :5 ,i once _h a t5-mon?s' siege ) orangs1 gorillas1 & *impanzees1 0 a con/ant s\rce ( wond] & delight to ! ribald crew ( o/eologi/s :o knew no?+ ( high art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,end ,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,tig]'s ,tongue1 ,top ,view4 ,=tunately ! tongues ( mo/ l>ge mammals are smoo?1 & are easily reproduc$ by us+ ! same lead5 core z describ$ above1 & cov]+ x fir/ ) papi]-ma*1 dry+ x1 & coat+ ) t9t$ wax1 laid on hot ) a small flat pa9t-bru% call$ a fit*4 ,) small specim5s x is n necess>y to make ! tongue z a sep>ate piece1 or put a lead5 core 9 x4 ,fill into ! m\? a suffici5t quantity ( papi]-ma*1 pack x d[n1 & !n proce$ to model ! surface ( x into a tongue1 %ap$ to suit ! subject4 ,su* a tongue is1 ( c\rse1 a fixture 9 ! m\?4 ,clean+ ,tee?4--,be=e f9i%+ a m\? ) wax1 ! tee? mu/ be wa%$ clean ) a /iff bru%4 ,if !y w n come out :ite en\gh to suit y1 wa% !m ) a solution ( two p>ts muriatic acid & "o "p wat]1 appli$ ) a too?-bru% if possible4 ,let x /ay on ! tee? ab\t a qu>t] ( a m9ute1 :5 x mu/ be wa%$ (f ) an abundance ( cle> wat]4 ,if ! acid /ays on too long1 x w de/roy ! entire out] surface 7enamel7 ( ! tee?4 ,wax+ a ,m\?4--,( c\rse x w answ]1 & sometimes q well en\gh1 p]haps1 :5 a m\? has be5 h&somely & smoo?ly model$ 9 f9e papi]-ma*1 to s&-pap] x & pa9t x ov] :5 dry ) two or ?ree coats ( oil color4 ,y c h>dly d o!rwise1 9 fact1 :5 y are n prep>$ to "w ) wax4 ,b ! really f9e way1 h[ev]1 is to coat y\r dry papi]-ma* ) t9t$ wax z foll[s3 ,procure f ! ne>e/ deal] 9 arti/s' mat]ials "s cakes ( :ite wax4 ,y mu/ also h a small oil or gas /ove1 or a _s-lamp1 & rig above x a wire frame on :i* y c set y\r wax cup4 ,! wax cups %\ld be small1 & made ( press$ t91 s t !y conta9 no sold]$ jo9ts4 ,! wax is to be appli$ hot1 or at lea/ q w>m1 = be> 9 m9d t if y heat y\r wax too hot x *anges its color q p]ceptibly1 & makes x d>k & yell[4 ,wax %\ld always be cle> & transp>5t1 & :5 ! excess ( heat turns x yell[1 ?r[ x away4 ,regulate ! heat c>efully1 s z to make x g5tle4 ,melt a small portion ( a cake ( wax 9 "o ( y\r clean t9 cups1 & if x is ! tongue1 ro( ( ! m\? or gums1 t y h to cov]1 color ! wax a delicate fle% t9t by putt+ into x a v little v]milion1 or o!r suitable color1 f y\r ,w9dsor ,newton oil-color tube4 ,oil colors mix v well ) hot wax2 b 9 us+ x1 x is necess>y to keep ! wax well /irr$ ) ! bru%1 or ! color w settle to ! bottom4 ,take a clean1 dry bri/le bru%1 ( ! "r size 7! flat bru%es are always be/ = wax71 ) a good1 compact po9t1 dip x into ! hot wax1 /ir f ! bottom1 & !n1 be=e ! wax on y\r bru% has ev5 two seconds 9 :i* to get cool1 apply x to ! surface to be cov]$1 ) a quick1 dextr\s t\*1 sweep+ x on broadly to keep x f pil+ up & mak+ ! surface r\gh4 ,?is wax bus9ess requires g5u9e skill1 &1 aft] beg9n+1 "o mu/ n be disc\rag$ because x does n g "r at fir/1 b try1 try aga94 ,aft] y\r h& has acquir$ ! trick1 ! beauty ( ! results w amply repay y\r labor4 ,x is v difficult to *ange ! surface ( a coat ( wax aft] x is once on2 !re=e try to get x "r ) ! bru%4 ,( c\rse1 if ! color or surface does n suit y1 scrape x all (f1 & to 't aga94 ,to treat ! ro( ( ! m\?1 ! specim5 mu/ be turn$ upside d[n4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! black lip jo9s ! p9k gums1 ! two colors c be nicely bl5d$ by lett+ ! la/ lay]s ( p9k wax lap ov] a trifle1 ^u ! black1 s t ! latt] w %[ ?r\gh ! =m] "h & !re1 & give ! l9e ( dem>cation a mottl$ appe>ance1 ) ! two colors ?us bl5d$ toge!r4 ,mu* c be done by tak+ advantage ( ! transp>5cy ( ?9 lay]s ( wax :5 its color is light4 ,aft] ! wax has cool$1 some?+ c be done to smoo? ! surface1 & give x a v %9y appe>ance1 by c>efully scrap+ ! surface ov] smoo?ly ) ! edge ( a knife1 or a %>p bone-scrap]4 ,! latt] tool w be f\nd ( great value 9 model+ a m\? 9 papi]-ma*1 & also 9 trimm+ up ! wax aft] x has be5 appli$4 ,clean+ ,glass ,eyes4--,always h ! glass eyes ( a f9i%$ specim5 faultlessly clean & well-poli%$1 to give ! brilliancy ( life4 ,if pa9t gets on ! glass1 remove x ) a drop ( turp5t9e1 & poli% aft]w>d ) a bit ( cotton clo?4 ,"s ( ! old-fa%ion$ taxid]mi/s h ! habit ( sme>+ a lot ( na/y lamp-black 9 ! eyes ( e m\nt$ mammal1 = :at purpose no "o kn[s--b possibly 9 imitation ( actresses1 "s ( :om h ! same unacc\ntable trick1 & a hide\s "o x is 9 its results1 9 bo? cases4 ,!re is only "o po9t 9 its favor--x is ! easie/ way 9 ! _w to give an animal a black eye4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,relax+ ,,dry ,,sk9s ,,( ,,birds4 ,z usual ) mo/ processes 9 taxid]my1 !re are sev]al ways 9 :i* a dry bird sk9 may be s(t5$1 & made ready to m\nt or make ov]4 ,i w fir/ describe ! "o ,i consid] ! be/ 9 all respects4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,small ,,sk9s4--,op5 ! sk9 & remove ! fill+ f ! body1 neck1 & head4 ,te> "s old cotton clo? into /rips f "o to two in*es wide1 wet !m 9 w>m wat] & wrap "o ar\nd ea* leg & foot until x is completely cov]$ ) sev]al ?icknesses ( ! wet clo?4 ,lift up ! w+ & put two or ?ree ?icknesses ( wet clo?1 or else ?or\ghly wet cotton batt+1 ar\nd ! c>pal jo9ts1 & also betwe5 ! w+ & ! body4 ,put "s m wet cotton1 or rags1 inside ! sk91 9 ! body & neck1 wrap ! :ole specim5 completely 9 sev]al ?icknesses ( wet clo?1 s z to exclude ! air1 & lay x aside4 ,if ! sk9 is no l>g] ?an a rob91 9 ab\t twelve to f\rte5 h\rs x w be s(t en\gh to m\nt4 ,! scrap+ & clean+ w be consid]$ lat]4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,l>ge ,,sk9s4--,"u ?is head+ x is necess>y to place ne>ly all birds above ! size ( a rob91 = ! reason t ! legs & feet1 be+ l>ge & ?ick 9 comp>ison ) ! sk9 ( ! body1 require special treatm5t 9 advance4 ,! legs & w+s ( "s birds require sev]al days' soak+1 & 7 ! ?9 sk9 ( ! body to be relax$ = ! same l5g? ( "t1 x w\ld mac]ate1 & ! fea!rs w\ld fall (f4 ,! legs & w+s ( l>ge birds mu/1 !re=e1 be />t$ fir/ 9 ! relax+ process4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! sk9 ( a ruff$ gr\se 7,bonasa umbellus74 ,if ! sk9 is an old "o1 cov] ! toe-nails & beak ) hot wax1 or else by mu* soak+ ! horny %ea?s w flake (f4 ,wrap ! feet & legs ) wet clo?s1 z describ$ above1 & let ! sk9 lie )\t any o!r wrapp+ = "o day4 ,by ! end ( t "t ! jo9ts c be b5t some:at1 & !y %\ld be manipulat$ until !y b5d easily4 ,:5 !y w d ?is1 put wet clo?s ar\nd ! jo9ts ( ! w+s1 "u ! w+s1 inside ( ! body & ! neck1 & wrap ! :ole sk9 9 a wet clo? ( ! prop] size4 ,by ! end ( ! second day ! entire sk9 w be s(t & pliable1 & smell+ l an ,african %anty--damp & mu/y4 ,( c\rse ! l>g] ! sk9 ! long] x w take to completely relax4 ,sometimes ! w+s ( v l>ge birds require soak+ half z long z ! legs1 b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to soak any fea!r$ p>ts too long1 or ! fea!rs are liable to fall out & cause tr\ble4 ,by ?is process sk9s may be s(t5$ & made ready to m\nt1 accord+ to _! size1 z foll[s3 ,wr5 to rob91 9 twelve to f\rte5 h\rs2 ruff$ gr\se1 two days2 great blue h]on1 ?ree days2 bald eagle1 f\r days2 condor1 five days2 o/ri*1 six to sev5 days4 ,sk9s :i* are less ?an "o ye> old s(t5 9 ab\t half ! "t !y w\ld require if five ye>s old1 & if prop]ly made 9 ! fir/ place1 w make z h&some m\nt$ specim5s z w\ld fre% sk9s4 ,,wet ,,s&4--,"s taxid]mi/s s(t5 dry bird sk9s by bury+ !m 9 wet s& aft] ! legs & w+s h be5 relax$ 9 ! way already describ$4 ,i h tri$ x occasionally ) small sk9s1 & f\nd t ! results 7 q satisfactory4 ,a ,,good ,,sweat-,,box4--,pr(essor ,l4,l4 ,dy*e1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 describ$ to me a sweat-box :i* he has us$1 & :i* is c]ta9ly a good "o = ! creation ( a damp atmosph]e = ! s(t5+ ( sk9s1 & also to keep half-f9i%$ birds 9 ov] night1 to prev5t !m f dry+ up4 ,:at a deal ( tr\ble ! bird taxid]mi/s ( my acqua9tance might h sav$ !mselves dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s _h !y kn[n (1 or devis$1 ?is simple b p]fect contrivance4 ,x is made by select+ a wood5 box1 ( ! "r size to suit1 provid+ a h+$ cov]1 & coat+ ! entire inside ) pla/] ,p>is an in* or s 9 ?ickness4 ,to make use ( x1 x is fill$ ) wat] & all[$ to /& until ! pla/] l9+ has soak$ full1 :5 ! re/ ( ! wat] is empti$ out4 ,if a lay] ( wet s& is spread ov] ! bottom1 ! saturation ( ! air inside ! box1 :5 clos$1 w be /ill m complete4 ,a ,,h]oic ,,me?od ,,( ,,relaxation4--,mr4 ,william ,brew/] ?us describes ,a ,new ,wr9kle 9 ,taxid]my1 9 ,messrs4 ,s\?wick ,j5cks' ,r&om ,notes1 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #a3 ,wi%+ to turn a m\nt$ bird into a sk91 & hav+ b a limit$ "t to devote to ! task1 ,i tri$ an exp]im5t4 ,tak+ a funnel1 & ins]t+ ! po9t$ end 9 ! /uff+ betwe5 ! edges ( ! sk9 on ! abdom51 ,i p\r$ 9 a quantity ( hot wat] 7ne>ly boil+ hot7 tak+ c>e to regulate ! injection s t x %\ld be r sl[ly absorb$ by ! /uff+1 & hold+ ! bird at v>i\s angles1 t e portion ( ! ant]ior might become soak$4 ,! effect 0 magical2 ! sk9 quickly relax$1 & )9 fifte5 m9utes ,i c\ld b5d ! neck & make o!r requir$ *anges )\t any risk ( a break4 ,my fir/ exp]im5t 0 ) a gull2 aft]w>d ,i tri$ o!r birds1 bo? l>ge & small1 ) equal success4 ,i f\nd also t ! plan work$ equally well ) sk9s :i* _h be5 ov]/uff$1 or o!rwise badly made4 ,9 a v few m9utes !y w\ld become ne>ly z tractable z :5 fre%ly tak5 f ! birds1 & mu* m s ?an ,i h ev] succe$$ 9 mak+ !m by ! use ( a damp+-box4 ,! only difficulty exp]i5c$ 0 t ! wat]1 especially if turn$ 9 too fa/1 w\ld escape ?r\gh %ot-holes & o!r r5ts 9 ! sk91 ?us wett+ ! plumage 9 places4 ,( c\rse1 aft] ! requir$ improvem5ts or *anges h be5 made1 ! /uff+ is s ?or\ghly saturat$ t ! sk9 mu/ be plac$ 9 a v w>m place to dry4 ,i dri$ m9e mo/ successfully by plac+ !m on a furnace regi/]1 & leav+ !m expos$ to ! full bla/ ( heat = sev]al days4 ,,scrap+ ,,& ,,clean+ ,,relax$ ,,sk9s4--,aft] a dry bird sk9 has be5 s(t5$1 x !n rema9s to scrape x clean & manipulate x all ov] to get x into ?or\ghly ela/ic work+ ord]1 z s(t & pliable 7if possible7 z :5 fir/ tak5 (f4 ,small sk9s %\ld be scrap$ ) ! r\nd end ( a small bone-scrap]1 :i* has a %>p *isel edge1 b ! l>ge ones mu/ be scrap$ ) a small-too!d sk9-scrap] su* z is us$ on small mammals4 ,( ! _m ?\s& species ( rec5t birds1 only ! o/ri*es1 p5gu9s1 & a few o!rs h ! fea!rs di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole body4 ,9 all ! ,euorni!s !y are arrang$ 9 regul> pat*es or gr\ps1 call$ pt]yl1 betwe5 :i* lie ! nak$ or d[ny spaces1 call$ apt]ia4 ,9 ?9-sk9n$ birds x is ! pt]yl t ne$ to be attack$ ) ! scrap]1 & s scrap$ & /ret*$ & pull$ ap>t t ! sk9 wid5s1 & ea* fea!r is free1 z 9 life1 to move on its own root indep5d5tly1 & take :atev] position x %\ld h on ! m\nt$ bird4 ,turn ! sk9 completely wrong side out1 scrape x all ov]1 & get e "p fully relax$1 & into ?or\gh work+ ord]4 ,l>ge birds1 or birds ) ?ick1 fat sk9s1 require pl5ty ( "w to get out all ! grease1 & get ! w+s1 legs1 & head into a ?or\gh /ate ( collapse4 ,9 l>ge1 long-legg$ birds1 ! t5dons mu/ be remov$ f ! leg1 ! same z if ! specim5 7 a fre% "o1 = o!rwise ! wire may split ! sk9 ( ! t>sus wide op51 & make a v bad & unsightly turn at ! heel besides4 ,x is a difficult task to remove ! t5don f ! leg ( an old1 dry h]on or crane1 b x mu/ be done4 ,damag$ ,sk9s4--,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t 9 clean+ & scrap+ a r>e & valuable old sk9 x proves to be burnt ) grease1 & goes to pieces l s mu* br[n pap]4 ,n[ is ! w9t] ( our discont5t4 ,if ! sk9 is n torn too badly x may be l9$ ) ?9 cotton or l95 clo?1 :i* mu/ be cut & fitt$ )91 & sew$ fa/ to ! sk9 all ov]4 ,?is plan1 ?\gh r t$i\s to "w out1 develops admirably :5 det]m9$ly & c>efully pursu$4 ,if ! sk9 goes all to pieces1 a manik9 mu/ be made1 & ! pieces glu$ ^u x1 "o by "o1 beg9n+ at ! tail1--a process :i* is s simple x is unnecess>y to describe x 9 detail4 ,9 ,fig4 #ej is se5 a manik9 all ready to receive its fea!rs1 w+s1 & head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,,work%op ,,( ,a ,,bird ,,taxid]mi/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,birds4 ,we w suppose t ! sk9 ( a small bird--a rob91 blackbird1 or ?ru%--n[ lies on ! table be=e u all ready = m\nt+4 ,p]haps x is a dry sk9 :i* has be5 ?or\ghly relax$1 scrap$1 & work$ into pliant %ape2 b1 = ! sake ( ! beg9n]1 we w assume t x is a fre% sk9 :i* has j be5 tak5 (f1 poison$1 & turn$ "r side out aga91 9 accordance ) ! directions = sk9n+ small birds :i* h be5 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! body ( ! bird lies be=e y1 & in/ead ( mak+ up ! subject z a dry sk91 we w m\nt x4 ,9 m\nt+ small birds ! foll[+ tools are absolutely necess>y to ! production ( good results3 ,a pair ( flat-nos$ pli]s six in*es long1 = b5d+ & cl9*+ wires1 price sixty c5ts2 a pair ( six-in* cutt+ pli]s1 = cutt+ wire1 eighty-five c5ts2 a pair ( bird-/uff]'s =ceps1 f\r to six in*1 price tw5ty to sev5ty-five c5ts2 a n9e-in* flat file1 tw5ty-two c5ts4 ,make = y\rself a /uff+-rod1 by tak+ a piece ( /iff brass or iron wire1 a little l>g] & long] ?an a knitt+-ne$le1 hamm]+ "o end flat1 ) a slight upw>d curve1 & ins]t+ ! o!r 9 an awl-h&le4 ,( mat]ials y w ne$ "s excelsior2 "s clean1 f9e t[2 a little putty or pott]'s clay2 a spool ( cotton ?read1 ,no4 #dj1 & "s suitable glass eyes4 ,) our tools & mat]ials ready at h&1 & ! sk9 ( our bird ly+ be=e u "r side out1 we are ready to beg9 a new op]ation1--m\nt+4 ,= a bird ! size ( a rob9 or cat-bird1 cut two pieces ( ,no4 #ah s(t or anneal$ iron wire 7h>d wire heat$ r$ hot & all[$ to cool sl[ly71 ea* ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! bird's legs1 f foot to end ( long leg-bone1 or t>sus4 ,file "o end ( ea* wire to a sl5d] & v %>p po9t1 & rub a little oil or grease on ea* s t x w easily slip :5 inside ! leg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,wir+ a ,bird's ,leg4 ,n[ take "o ( ! bird's legs betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] ( ! left h&1 hold+ x at ! foot ) ! back "p upp]mo/1 & ) ! o!r h& ent] ! po9t ( "o ( ! %>p5$ wires at ! c5tre ( foot1 pu% ! wire up ! back ( ! leg & ov] ! heel until ! po9t rea*es to :]e ! leg has be5 sk9n$4 ,be sure t y d n run ! wire up ! side ( ! leg1 ei!r at foot or knee1 = if y d x w %[ badly :5 ! bird is dry4 ,also be c>eful n to run ! %>p5$ wire out ?r\gh ! sk9 j above ! heel4 ,to avoid ?is1 grasp ! leg at ! heel betwe5 ! ?umb & middle f+] ( left h&1 & by /rong upw>d pressure ( ! fir/ f+] "u ! end ( ! leg-bone1 & ( ! f\r? f+] "u ! foot1 bo? jo9ts ( ! leg c be held exactly 9 l9e until ! wire passes ! heel safely & ent]s ! op5 sk9 above 7,fig4 #dh74 ,!n we turn back ! sk9 ( ! leg till we see ! po9t ( ! wire1 aft] :i* we pu% ! wire on up until ! po9t passes ! end ( ! leg bone4 ,we n[ cut (f ! ?ick upp] end ( ?is bone1 7! tibia71 & wrap a little f9e t[ smoo?ly ar\nd ! bone & ! wire1 to replace ! fle% cut away4 ,! o!r leg mu/1 ( c\rse1 be simil>ly treat$4 ,we are n[ ready to make ! body4 ,we h kept ! body ( our specim5 = ref]5ce1 & n[ we measure ! l5g? ( bo? body & neck1 cut ano!r wire n q twice _! l5g? & file x %>p at bo? ends4 ,?is w be ! neck-wire4 ,n[ take a h&ful ( excelsior 7t[ or oakum w also s]ve71 compress x into an egg-%ap$ ball--small] & m po9t$ at "o end ?an ! o!r1 & wrap a v little f9e t[ loosely ar\nd x1 to make x smoo? on ! outside :5 f9i%$4 ,n[ w9d /\t l95 ?read ar\nd x1 %ap+ x all ! "t by press+ x betwe5 y\r left ?umb & =ef+]1 until at la/ y h a firm body1 smoo?ly w\nd1 ( ! same g5]al %ape & size z ! natural "o4 ,:5 ! body is half made y may run ! neck-wire ?r\gh x l5g?wise1 lett+ x come out above ! c5tre ( ! l>g] end1 because ! neck is b a cont9uation ( ! backbone1 :i* lies at ! top ( ! body4 ,:5 ! wire is ins]t$1 ! upp] side ( ! body--! back--mu/ be p9*$ toge!r & made m n>r[ ?an ! brea/1 :i* is r\nd & full4 ,be sure t ! body is n too l>ge4 ,bett] h x too small & too %ort ?an too l>ge or long1 = ! =m] c be rem$i$ lat] on by fill+ out4 ,:5 ! body is f9i%$1 b5d up ! end ( ! neck wire = an in* & a half at ! l[] end ( ! body1 ent] ! po9t 9 ! l[] "p ( ! body & =ce x d[n & backw>d until ! end is firmly cl9*$ & w =ev] rema9 s1 no matt] :at is done ) ! o!r end4 ,make ! neck by wrapp+ f9e1 s(t t[ smoo?ly & ev5ly ar\nd ! neck wire f ! body upw>d = ! prop] di/ance4 ,make ! false neck a trifle l>g] ?an ! real "o1 b no long]4 ,! body is n[ ready = ins]tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,cross ,section ( ,body4 ,! next /ep is to take a ?read & tie ! elb[s toge!r1 fa/5+ to ea* hum]us j above ! elb[-jo9t4 ,n[ take ! false body 9 ! "r h&1 op5 ! sk91 introduce ! %>p end ( ! neck-wire into ! neck sk91 =ce ! wire ?r\gh ! top ( ! skull 9 ! c5tre1 & pu% x ?r\gh until ! neck & body come nicely into place4 ,n[ see :e!r ! body is ( ! "r size4 ,x %\ld n be s l>ge z to fill ! sk9 precisely1 = if s x is too l>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,! ,f9i%$ ,body & ,neck1 ) ,legs 9 ,position4 ,we mu/ n[ fa/5 ! legs to ! body1 & w take ! left "o fir/4 ,! leg is /ill p]fectly /raight4 ,hold ! l[] "p firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]1 grasp ! leg-wire1 pu% x on ?r\gh ! leg & ent] ! %>p po9t at ab\t ! c5tre ( ! left side ( ! false body1 & slant+ a little =w>d4 7,see ,fig4 #ea47 ,n[ pu% ! wire ?r\gh ! body until x projects m ?an twice ! ?ickness ( ! body on ! "r side4 ,b5d ! end ( ! wire until x =ms a hook1 ) ! po9t j t\*+ ! body4 ,n[ pull ! wire back until ! po9t is aga9 =c$ ?r\gh & out on ! left side = half an in*1 :i* is !n b5t d[n & =c$ firmly into ! excelsior1 & securely cl9*$4 ,wire bo? legs 9 ?is way1 & ! bird w be s firmly put toge!r x w\ld be almo/ impossible to pull x asund]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,h[ ! ,leg ,wires are ,ins]t$ & ,cl9*$ 9 ! ,false ,body4 ,! legs move freely up & d[n ! leg-wires4 ,pu% !m up t[>d ! body until ! heels are 9 precisely ! same places !y 7 be=e y sk9n$ ! bird--almo/ hidd5 9 ! fea!rs at a po9t ab\t opposite ! middle ( ! bird's w+4 ,n[ b5d ! legs =w>d at a prop] angle 7see a liv+ bird or a good picture7 & pu% "s f9ely cut t[ d[n on ea* side ( ! body to fill out ! place ( ! ?ighs4 ,ins]t a little m cut t[1 ev5ly di/ribut$1 9 ! brea/1 :]e ! crop w\ld prop]ly be1 & "s m at ! base ( ! tail4 ,be sure !re are no lumps or wrongly plac$ masses ( *opp$ t[ any:]e 9 ! sk91 = if !re are any y c n expect to get a smoo? & well-%ap$ bird4 ,n[ take a ne$le & ?read1 beg9 at ! upp] end ( ! op5+ 9 ! bird--on ! brea/1--& ) c>eful f+]s sew ! sk9 toge!r )\t te>+ x or cat*+ ! fea!rs fa/4 ,fill 9 a little t[1 if necess>y1 z y proce$1 b n en\gh to fill ! sk9 h>d & full1 & :5 y rea* ! l[] end ( ! cut draw ! sk9 ( ! tail %>ply =w>d = half an in* to take up :at x has l5g!n$ by /ret*+1 & sew x fa/ by sev]al long cross-/it*es4 ,at ! la/ mom5t fill 9 a little m t[ at ! base ( ! tail1 sew up ! op5+1 & cut (f ! ?read4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( ! :ole op]ation is n[ be=e u4 ,x n[ rema9s to put ! specim5 on a p]*1 p9 ! w+s fa/ to ! body1 adju/ ! fea!rs & w9d !m d[n1 /uff ! head1 p9 ! tail1 & put 9 ! eyes4 ,) a piece ( p9e bo>d f\r in*es squ>e1 & two r\nd p9e /icks1 ea* ab\t ?ree in*es long1 make a r\gh ,t p]*1 simil> to ! "o /&+ vacant on ! table 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,! cross-piece %\ld n be too l>ge = ! bird's feet to grasp com=tably4 ,) a small gimlet1 or awl1 bore two holes 9 ! cross-b>1 on a slant1 ab\t an in* ap>t1 run ! leg-wires ?r\gh !m1 p]* ! bird naturally1 & twi/ ! wires toge!r once und]nea?1 to hold x firmly4 ,/udy a liv+ bird or a good picture1 & give y\r specim5 a correct & natural attitude4 ,cut a piece ( wire five in*es long1 %>p5 "o end1 b5d x into a ,t %ape1 z 9 ,fig4 #ej1 & run ! %>p end ?r\gh ! base ( ! tail und]nea?1 & on up into ! body4 ,! tail fea!rs are to re/ on & be ev5ly support$ by ! cross "p at ! l[] end1 :i* may be ei!r /raight or curv$1 z occasion requires4 ,) ! small =ceps1 plume & dress ! fea!rs all ov] ! bird1 cat*+ !m ne> ! root1 a bun* at a "t1 & pull+ !m into place :]e necess>y4 ,"w !m aga9/ ! gra9 by lift+ !m up & lett+ !m fall back into place4 ,x w be a great help if y c at ?is /age procure a dead bird ( ! same k9d to exam9e1 & see precisely h[ ! fea!rs lie4 ,"o su* specim5 w aid y m ?an pages ( description4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! back1 brea/1 or side ( ! bird is n q full en\gh at "s po9t1 or1 9 o!r words1 is too holl[4 ,n[ is ! "t to rem$y su* defects4 ,lift ! w+ & cut a slit l5g?wise 9 ! sk9 ( ! body und]nea? x1 & ?r\gh ?is op5+ ins]t f9e clipp$ t[ :]ev] ne$$4 ,! =ceps is ! be/ in/rum5t to use 9 do+ ?is4 ,! op5+ "u ! w+ is ( great importance1 = x gives y comm& ( "o entire side ( ! bird's body4 ,y c by means ( ?is hole fill out ! back1 brea/1 or %\ld]s1 if n full en\gh1 & make o!r important *anges 9 ! bird's =m4 ,!re is no ne$ to sew up ! op5+ :5 y h f9i%$1 = :5 ! w+ is p9n$ 9 place x w be entirely hidd54 ,! w+s mu/ be fa/5$ to ! body be=e ! fea!rs c be fully adju/$4 ,cut six small wires1 ea* two in*es long1 & %>p5 at "o end4 ,let u wire ! left w+ fir/4 ,hold x betwe5 ! left ?umb & =ef+]1 & ) ! "r h& pu% ! po9t ( "o ( ! small wires ?r\gh ! angle ( ! w+1 commonly call$ ! %\ld]4 ,:5 ! po9t is well ?r\gh1 hold ! w+ 9 place aga9/ ! body1 adju/ x ) great c>e1 & :5 y see t ! fea!rs ( ! %\ld] fall prop]ly ov] ! angle ( ! w+1 pu% ! wire ?r\gh into ! excelsior body until x holds firmly4 ,pu% ano!r wire ?r\gh at ! base ( ! l>ge quills 7prim>ies71 & ano!r ?r\gh ! upp] "p ( ! w+1 j bel[ :]e x leaves ! body4 ,^! wires are well %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb4 ,! w+ n[ fits closely aga9/ ! body1 & ! fea!rs fall ov] x smoo?ly1 s z to completely cov] ! upp] "p ( x4 ,wire ! o!r w+ 9 ! same way1 tak+ great c>e t "o is n plac$ f>!r ahead ?an ! o!r1 nor f>!r up or d[n on ! body4 ,! tips ( ! w+s %\ld t\* ea* o!r exactly at ! po9t4 ,look at y\r bird f all sides be=e f9ally secur+ ! second w+4 ,) ! w+s firmly wir$ & ! fea!rs nicely adju/$1 we next proce$ to /uff ! head4 ,) ! scissors cut up "s f9e t[ or cotton1 & by ins]t+ x ?r\gh ! m\? ) ! =ceps1 a p9* at a "t1 fill out ar\nd ! back & sides ( ! head1 ! upp] "p ( ! neck & ! ?roat4 ,d n fill ! sk9 too full1 & take c>e t bo? sides ( ! head are precisely ! same %ape & size4 ,take pl5ty ( "t & d y\r "w nicely4 ,:5 ! head has be5 prop]ly fill$ out1 fill 9 ea* eye-socket ) a little s(t clay or putty1 ins]t ! glass eyes1 & emb$ !m 9 x4 ,/udy ! eyes ( y\r dead bird1 & imitate _! appe>ance & position ) ^? ( y\r m\nt$ specim54 ,x is a good plan to put a drop ( mucilage ar\nd ! inside ( ea* eyelid & ?us gum x d[n ^u ! glass eye4 ,be sure t ! eyes are exactly opposite "o ano!r1 & t "o is n high] nor f>!r back ?an ! o!r4 ,fa/5 ! m&ibles toge!r by ?ru/+ a p9 up ?r\gh ! l[] m&ible into ! skull1 or else by pass+ a p9 ?r\gh ! upp] m&ible at ! no/rils & ty+ ar\nd ! bill beh9d x ) a ?read4 ,x n[ rema9s to w9d d[n ! fea!rs ) ?read to give ! bird ! exact outl9e we desire1 & to make ! fea!rs lie smoo?ly4 ,att5d to ?is ) ! close/ att5tion & c>e1 = on ! success ( ?is process dep5ds ! smoo?ness ( y\r specim5 :5 f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,! ,w9d+ ( ! ,bird4 ,! be/ me?od ( w9d+ ev] kn[n is t develop$ & practis$ by ,mr4 ,f4,s4 ,web/]1 ^: wond]ful skill 9 ! treatm5t ( birds is already widely kn[n4 ,8 birds are m>vels ( smoo?ness & symmetry1 & ,i take great pleasure 9 describ+ 8 me?od ( w9d+ z ! be/ kn[n4 ,fir/ make six hook-wires by fil+ six pieces ( wire1 ea* two in*es long1 to a %>p po9t at "o end1 & b5d+ ! o!r ) ! pli]s 9 ! =m ( a d\ble hook4 7,see ,fig4 #eb47 ,ins]t ?ree ( ^! 9 a l9e along ! middle ( ! back1 & two along ! middle ( ! brea/1 z se5 9 ! cut4 ,! w+-wires are n to be cut (f1 b left /ick+ out = half an in*4 ,! bird is n[ divid$ into equal halves1 & !re are ?ree w+-wires on ea* side1 s t x w n be v difficult to w9d bo? sides alike4 ,n[ take a spool ( :ite ?read1 ,no4 #dj1 fa/5 ! end to ! hook-wire on ! top ( ! back2 take ! base ( ! p$e/al 9 ! left h& & proce$ to w9d d[n ! fea!rs4 ,by means ( ! hook-wires y c w9d f po9t to po9t at w1 s z to b9d d[n ! fea!rs :]e !y lie too high1 & skip !m entirely :]e !y lie l[ en\gh4 ,get ! g5]al outl9e ( ! bird fir/1 & apply ! ?read ) a light & skilful t\*1 s t x w n make creases 9 ! bird4 ,a little practice w enable "o to w9d a bird ) gratify+ success4 ,! next ?+ is to spread ! fea!rs ( ! tail ev5ly1 & p9 !m betwe5 two /rips ( ?9 c>d-bo>d plac$ crosswise to hold ! fea!rs 9 position until !y dry4 ,la/ly1 adju/ ! toes s t !y grasp ! p]* prop]ly1 & set ! specim5 away to dry :]e x w n be t\*$4 ,9 ab\t two or ?ree weeks1 :5 x is ?or\ghly dry1 cut ! ?reads (f ) a pair ( scissors1 pull out ! hook-wires1 cut (f ! project+ ends ( ! w+-wires close d[n to ! w+1 & cut (f ! wire at ! top ( ! head close d[n into ! fea!rs4 ,mix a little v>ni% & turp5t9e toge!r 9 equal p>ts1 & ) a pa9t-bru% pa9t ! feet & bill 9 case !y happ5 to require x4 ,clean ! eyes & rub !m until !y %9e4 ,y c p]* ! specim5 n[ p]man5tly on ! artificial twig1 turn$ ,t p]*1 or natural twig1 or :atev] else y h _h 9 m9d4 ,9 do+ ?is1 cl9* ! leg-wires toge!r und]nea? ! p]*1 & cut (f ! ends s t no portion ( ! wire w %[4 ,be neat 9 ev]y?+1 & /udy to make ! bird look alive4 ,d n be disc\rag$ if y\r fir/ bird is a dead failure1 nor ev5 if y\r fir/ doz5 birds are fit only = imm$iate de/ruction4 ,if y get disc\rag$ because y\r fir/ attempt at any?+ is n a complete success1 y are n fit to succe$4 ,bett] nev] beg9 ?an /op %ort ( success4 ,if y h a love = taxid]my1 & ! pati5ce & p]sev]ance to back x up1 y are b\nd to succe$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,l>ge ,,birds4 ,aft] all t has be5 said 9 reg>d to m\nt+ small birds1 & relax+ & clean+ dry bird sk9s1 !re rema9s b little to add on ! subject ( bird-m\nt+1 & t little relates to l>ge birds4 ,= all birds1 up to ! emu & o/ri*1 ! pr9ciples rema9 ab\t ! same z ^? illu/rat$ 9 ! m\nt+ ( a rob94 ,moreov]1 ! m\nt+ ( birds is n[ s g5]ally und]/ood x is unnecess>y to dwell at great l5g? on ?is subject4 ,pr(essor ,l4,l4 ,dy*e has call$ my att5tion to ! great desirability ( tak+ a s]ies ( measurem5ts ( e l>ge bird be=e x is sk9n$1 & ano!r s]ies ( ! sk9n$ body1 z a *eck on possible errors 9 mak+ ! false body & 9 m\nt+4 ,! idea is a good "o1 & ! foll[+ are ! measurem5ts t %\ld be tak53 ,,be=e ,,sk9n+4--,total l5g?2 di/ance f angle ( w+ at ! c>pal jo9t to ! eye2 di/ance f ! end ( ! clos$ w+ to ! tip ( ! tail2 di/ance f ! base ( ! middle toe to ! c>pal jo9t ( ! w+4 ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sk9n$ ,,c>cass4--,l5g? ( ! body2 l5g? ( ! neck2 circumf]5ce ( ! body ar\nd ! brea/2 circumf]5ce ar\nd ! abdom54 ,! notes %\ld also /ate :e!r ! body & ! neck are respectively r\nd or flat4 ,,! ,,false ,,body4--,9 />t+ out to make a body = a l>ge bird1 p>ticul>ly "o ) a long neck1 take a piece ( wood ab\t ! size ( a l>ge e> ( corn1 & mu* ! same %ape1 ?r\gh "o end ( :i* pass "o end ( ! neck-wire & firmly /aple x d[n4 ,! purpose ( ?is is to give ! firme/ atta*m5t possible = ! neck4 ,! false body is !n made by firmly w9d+ successive lay]s or bun*es ( excelsior or /raw ^u ?is wood5 core1 & b9d+ ea* successive lay] d[n ) f9e tw9e f />t to f9i%1 s t ! f9i%$ body %all be firm en\gh4 ,if ! false body is n made h>d en\gh1 ! leg-wires c n be firmly fa/5$1 & ! bird w wabble4 ,if y h ! fle%y body be=e y1 or ev5 ! measurem5ts ( x1 x w be easy en\gh to reproduce its =m & size4 ,x is desirable to copy ! =m ( ! natural body z closely z possible1 :i* 9 _m cases necessitates ! use ( a long ne$le to sew ?r\gh & ?r\gh x1 9 reproduc+ c]ta9 holl[s & correspond+ elevations4 ,pr(essor ,dy*e lays great /ress ^u ?is po9t1 & always makes ! false body ( a bird ) su* c>e & att5tion to e detail ( =m t :5 ! sk9 is put ov] x x fits p]fectly1 ! fea!rs fall into position & lie prop]ly1 no extra fill+ be+ necess>y any:]e save at ! tail2 &1 :at is m1 he consid]s t x is unnecess>y to w9d d[n ! plumage ) ?read4 ,! mo/ life-l sn[y owl ,i h ev] se5 is "o :i* ,pr(essor ,dy*e m\nt$ = me z a practical demon/ration ( 8 me?od1 ! virtue ( :i* 0 ?us h&somely prov54 ,! sk9 0 ! same z a fre% "o1 hav+ be5 made less ?an a ye>1 & ! excelsior body 0 made to fit x )\t ! aid ( measurem5ts4 ,z ! result ( repeat$ ocul> demon/ration1 ,i am conv9c$ t ,pr(essor ,dy*e's me?od ( mak+ e body ) extreme c>e1 z to =m & details1 is well wor?y ( univ]sal adoption4 ,! necessity ( remov+ ! t5dons f ! legs ( all l>ge birds has already be5 m5tion$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! wir+ ( ! leg is an easy matt]1 = ! wire w take ! place ( ! t5don s p]fectly t !re w be no outw>d sign ( its pres5ce4 ,use z l>ge leg-wires z y c )\t disfigur+ ! leg ( ! bird4 ,:5 any animal is m\nt$ 9 a walk+ attitude1 ! foot :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( leav+ ! gr\nd mu/ always h its c5tre well elevat$1 & only ! toes t\*+4 ,?is be+ ! case1 surely no intellig5t taxid]mi/ w ev] be guilty ( s unp>donable an (f5ce aga9/ ! eye z to run ! support+-iron /raight d[n f ! ball ( ! foot to ! p$e/al1 ) a gha/ly section ( x expos$ to view4 ,no matt] h[ y manage x1 ! iron mu/ foll[ ! bones ( ! foot until x rea*es ! toes1 & !n x c be b5t d[n to a p]p5dicul> l9e & pass$ ?r\gh ! p$e/al1 always out ( sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,,m\nt$ ,,bird1 ,,) ,,int]ior ,,/ructure ,,expos$4 ,9 all b ! l>ge/ birds1 ! leg-wires are fa/5$ 9 ! body 9 precisely ! same way z describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 except t x requires /\t] pli]s & m /r5g? to b5d !m & cl9* !m firmly 9 ! body4 ,9 ins]t+ ! leg-wires 9 ! artificial body1 be sure to ent] !m ab\t ! middle ( ! body1 on ea* side1 & n ne> ! tail1 z ne>ly all beg9n]s are prone to d4 ,?is is by all odds ! commone/ & wor/ fault 9 m\nt$ birds t fall %ort ( p]fection4 ,x arises f ! fact t ! beg9n] makes ! mi/ake ( ent]+ ! leg-wires at ! same po9t :]e ! bird's hum]us jo9s ! pelvis1 :i* is too f> back by j "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! entire body6 ,! hum]us is n repres5t$ on y\r wire at all1 & ! wire %\ld ent] ! body precisely :]e ! knee-jo9t comes 9 ! liv+ bird4 ,! fle% & bone ( ! ?igh is made up 7or %\ld be1 at lea/7 on ! artificial body1 n on y\r leg-wire4 ,lay out a dead bird 9 a walk+ attitude1 or /udy a skeleton 7see ,fig4 #gj71 & see :]e ! knee-jo9t comes2 !n y w nev] aga9 be 9 dang] ( spoil+ a bird by mak+ its legs come out f "u its tail4 ,9 m\nt+ l>ge birds1 ! sizes ( ! wires ,i h us$ 7 z foll[s3 ,great horn$ owl1 ,no4 #h or #i2 bald eagle1 ,no4 #g or #h2 peacock1 ,no4 #g2 great blue h]on1 ,no4 #f2 s&hill crane1 ,no4 #e4 ,an o/ri* or emu requires a manik9 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciples z t built = ! tig]1 except t ea* leg-rod %\ld h two iron squ>es in/ead ( "o4 ,! upp] extremity ( ! leg-rod is clamp$ tightly to "o squ>e1 ) two nuts1 z usual2 b 9 addition to ?is !re %\ld be a second squ>e ) a hole 9 its %ort arm l>ge en\gh = ! smoo? rod to slip ?r\gh1 & ?is %\ld be screw$ to ! body-bo>d z l[ d[n z ! anatomy ( ! bird w all[4 ,! object ( ?is second iron is to prev5t ! bip$al specim5 f sway+ & lean+ ov]1 z x w\ld o!rwise be v apt to d4 ,inasmu* z ! legs ( an o/ri* or emu always require to be cut op5 & completely sk9n$1 ! manik9 me?od is p]fectly adapt$ to _! wants4 ,if ! sk9 is s %runk5 t x requires vigor\s /ret*+1 its body mu/ be /uff$ ) /raw aft] ! neck & legs h be5 made & jo9$ to a c5tre-bo>d1 precisely z direct$ = long-hair$ mammals above m$ium size4 ,i may also rem>k 9 ?is connection t ,i h se5 bo? ! complete sk9 & skeleton ( a l>ge o/ri* pres]v$ & m\nt$ to /& side by side1 b ,i piti$ ! op]ator :5 he _h to make a full set ( bones = ! legs & feet1 & a wood5 skull ) ! horny %ell ( ! beak fa/5$ ^u x4 ,at "o /age ( ! proce$+s ! outlook = ! sk9 seem$ any?+ b promis+1 & on ! :ole ,i w\ld n advise anyone save an exp]t to attempt a simil> task4 ,,m\nt+ ,,birds ,,) ,,w+s ,,spread4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* w+ mu/ h a wire l>ge en\gh to adequately support x4 ,?is %\ld be /raight1 bright1 well-oil$1 & fil$ %>p at bo? ends4 ,"o end is to be ins]t$ inside ! sk91 pass$ along next to ! w+-bones z f> z ! c>pal jo9t1 f !nce x is =c$ on z f> z possible betwe5 ! sk9 & ! "u surface ( ! metac>pal bones until x em]ges f ! fea!rs n f> f ! end ( ! fle%y portion ( ! w+4 ,! w+ mu/ be s /raight t ! wire c be slipp$ ?r\gh x freely backw>d & =w>d4 ,x mu/ next be pass$ ?r\gh ! artificial body at ! po9t :]e ! upp] end ( ! hum]us is atta*$ to ! coracoid 9 ! complete skeleton1 & v firmly cl9*$ 9 ! same way z describ$ = ! leg-wires4 ,!n lay ! bird ^u its back1 place ! w+ exactly 9 position1 b5d ! w+-wires s !y w fit snugly aga9/ ! w+-bones1 & tie !m firmly d[n4 ,aft] t1 ! middle jo9t ( ea* w+ is to be poison$1 /uff$ ) f9e t[1 & sewn up neatly4 ,( c\rse ! w+s c n be giv5 _! correct elevation & pose until ! bird is plac$ firmly ^u its tempor>y p]*1 unless x is to be repres5t$ z fly+4 ,n[ is ! "t to prop]ly dispose ( ! feet4 ,if ! talons are to be grasp+ any k9d ( prey1 ! object mu/ be plac$ at once1 be=e ! feet beg9 to dry4 ,if ! bird is to be 9 full flight1 !y mu/ be drawn up1 cl9*$1 & almo/ conceal$ 9 ! fea!rs4 ,to keep ! fea!rs ( a spread w+ 9 place :ile ! specim5 is dry+1 ?ru/ a long1 %>p5$ wire into ! body "u ! w+1 & ano!r on top1 b5d bo? until !y con=m to ! curve ( ! w+1 twi/ _! out] ends toge!r1 & !n slip "u ea* wire a long1 n>r[ /rip ( pa/ebo>d4 ,su* a specim5 requires con/ant wat*+ le/ some?+ get awry by accid5t1 & dry s4 ,! w9d+ ( a bird ) its w+s spread1 to say no?+ ( lay+ ! plumage1 is a difficult & delicate matt]1 & ! *ances are t he :o takes ! greate/ pa9s w produce ! be/ bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,ca/ ( ! ,neck & ,w9dpipe ( a ,h]on4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,,neck ,,( ,a ,,h]on4--,ord9>ily ! anatomy ( a bird is well conceal$ by its fea!rs1 b to ?is rule ! neck ( a h]on is a m>k$ exception4 ,9 ?is rem>kable memb] !re is room = ! mo/ ambiti\s op]ator to %[ 8 skill4 ,! neck is v long1 v ?9 & flat1 ! jo9ts ( ! v]tebr (t5 %[ v pla9ly1 & ! w9dpipe has a way ( %ift+ ov] ! sides ( ! neck 9 a mo/ free-&-easy way4 7,see ,fig4 #ec47 ,if y wi% to m\nt a bird t w %[ y\r skill to ! be/ advantage1 by all means *oose a h]on1 & m\nt him 9 a /oop+ po/ure1 ) 8 head ?r[n back1 9 ! act ( spe>+ a fi% ) 8 %>p beak4 ,"o ( ! arti/ic triumphs ( ! ,new ,york exhibition ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s 0 ,mr4 ,f4,s4 ,web/]'s ,w\nd$ ,h]on1 :i* 0 aw>d$ a specialty m$al z be+ "o ( ! be/ pieces 9 ! entire exhibition4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,web/] to ! ,national ,museum1 = ! ,society's exhibit1 & is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,ord9>ily y c make a good neck = a h]on by tak+ two wires ( suitable l5g?1 w9d+ f9e t[ v smoo?ly & ev5ly ar\nd ea* "o until x has atta9$ v ne>ly ! requir$ ?ickness ( ! neck1 !n putt+ ! two toge!r & w9d+ a ?91 ev5 lay] ( f9e1 s(t t[ ar\nd bo?4 ,?is d\bles ! wid? ( ! neck1 )\t mat]ially increas+ its ?ickness4 ,! necks ( "s h]ons are s excessively wide & ?9 t x requires ?ree t[-wrapp$ wires w\nd toge!r ?us to give ! necess>y wid?4 ,all ?is w9d+ %\ld be done q firmly1 & :5 f9i%$1 if ! neck is ( ! "r size1 x %\ld be wrapp$ ) spool cotton f end to end to make x keep its %ape4 ,"o ( ! neck-wires %\ld be ?ru/ ?r\gh ! skull1 b ! end ( ! o!r %\ld be b5t d[n1 & 7if ! beak is to be clos$7 pass$ out ( ! ?roat1 into ! m\?1 "o-?ird ( ! way to ! tip ( ! beak4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y wi% to produce a prize bird & *all5ge criticism1 !n make a neck :i* w %[ ! jo9ts ( ! v]tebr1 & %[ !m pla9ly & /rik+ly4 ,n[ !re may be a doz5 diff]5t ways 9 :i* t c\ld be done1 b ! be/ is to make ! neck ov] a h>d skeleton t w %[ its jo9ts willy-nilly4 ,y\r be/ plan is to clean ! neck v]tebr )\t disjo9t+ !m1 tie y\r neck-wire firmly und]nea? !m1 wrap ) f9e t[ to replace ! fle%1 b9d d[n ) ?read1 & cov] all at ! la/ mom5t ) clay4 ,! w9dpipe is easily reproduc$ by wrapp+ f9e t[ ar\nd a small anneal$ wire1 & !n sew+ x 9 its place on ! neck4 ,if y h n ! c]vical v]tebr1 ! next be/ ?+ is to make !m r\ghly & quickly out ( wood1 wire !m toge!r1 & use z y w\ld ! real bones4 ,! reason :y ?is is necess>y to success is t x is v difficult to make a wire b5d 9 angles in/ead ( curves aft] x has be5 wrapp$ ) t[ & ins]t$ 9 ! neck ( ! bird4 ,,sett+ ,,! ,,eyes4--,on ?is po9t ,i h always be5 at w> ) mo/ ( my taxid]mic fri5ds4 ,!y insi/ t x is n be/ to ins]t ! eyes 9 a bird z soon z x is f9i%$ o!rwise1 b leave ! bird to dry )\t !m4 ,aft]w>d1 !y ins]t wet cotton1 s(t5 ! eyelids1 & !n ins]t ! clay back+ & ! eyes4 ,!y claim t ?is is necess>y to prev5t ! sk9 f be+ drawn away f ! eye by %r9kage 9 ! g5]al dry+4 ,i hold t x is be/ to set ! eyes at once1 be=e ! bird dries1 9 ord] to secure ! greate/ degree ( ela/icity 9 %ap+ ! eyelids1 & !reby h a m p]fect ma/]y ( ! situation4 ,b hav+ se5 my fri5ds secure z good results by _! me?od z ,i d by m9e1 ,i naturally conclude t x is only a matt] ( p]sonal pref]5ce1 & ei!r way is good en\gh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,clean+ ,,! ,,plumage ,,( ,,birds4 ,i %all nev] =get h[ va9ly ,i s\ght1 :5 a lonesome & isolat$ amateur1 to f9d some:]e 9 pr9t "s useful in=mation ab\t h[ to remove grease1 dirt1 & blood-/a9s f ! plumage ( birds4 ,i rememb] well my disgu/ & ang] at ! mak]s ( ! s-call$ complete manuals ( taxid]my t left me grop+ 9 ,egyptian d>kness on t subject1 & mo/ o!rs also2 & ,i regi/]$ a solemn v[ t %\ld ,i ev] write on taxid]my ,i w\ld d my be/ to af=d "s practical in=mation on clean+ ! plumage ( birds4 ,z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 ! "t to clean ! plumage ( a bird is :ile y are mak+ up ! fre% sk9 7,*apt] ,,vi471 be=e ! sk9 has be5 laid away to dry1 be=e ! blood dries & imp>ts a p]man5t /a9 7to :ite fea!rs1 at lea/71 & be=e ! oil has _h a *ance to ooze out into ! fea!rs to ga!r dirt1 & pres5tly =m a na/y1 yell[ oil-cake ^u ! sk94 ,9 clean+ ! sk9 ( a fat or oily bird1 scrape all ! grease f ! inside ( ! sk91 & absorb x ) corn meal or pla/] ,p>is4 ,scrape ! sk9 until x looks z if ! fea!rs are ab\t to fall out1 until no m oil is rais$1 & !n y may call x clean4 ,:5 y h done ?is1 y ne$ n fe> t any oil w ev] exude ^u ! fea!rs4 ,,fre% ,,specim5s4--,if a fre%ly kill$ bird has blood ^u its plumage1 sep>ate ! bloody fea!rs f ! o!rs1 lift !m on y\r f+]s1 & ) w>m wat] & a sponge g5tly sponge !m (f4 ,give ! blood a little "t to s(t51 & :5 ! fea!rs are z clean z y c get !m ) wat]1 wipe !m z dry z y c1 !n sponge !m ov] ) cle> spirits ( turp5t9e or b5z9e1 & absorb ?is ) pla/] ,p>is4 ,! mann] ( manag+ pla/] ,p>is w be describ$ 9 detail 9 ano!r p>agraph4 ,v (t5 ! plumage ( a fre%ly kill$ swan1 gull1 or duck1 becomes s cov]$ ) dirt1 blood1 & grease by ! "t x rea*es ! taxid]mi/ t x is a sight to behold4 ,nev] m9d if x is1 y c make x z good z new1 9 e respect1 s f> z cleanl9ess is conc]n$4 ,! ?+ to d is to sk9 ! bird1 & clean ! sk9 be=e ei!r m\nt+ x or mak+ x up z a sk94 ,! clean+ is (t5 made easi]1 h[ev]1 by ha/ily fill+ ! loose sk9 ) excelsior or t[1 to give a firm f\ndation to "w ^u :5 clean+ ! plumage4 ,if y h no turp5t9e1 z w probably happ5 to y _m a "t :5 y lea/ expect x1 take "s w>m wat]1 z w>m z y c be> y\r h& 91 rub "s ca/ile soap 9 x1 & ) a sponge1 or a s(t cotton clo?1 wa% ! soil$ fea!rs4 ,d n scrub !m z y w\ld a greasy floor1 & utt]ly de/roy ! p]fect set ( ! fea!rs1 b sponge !m ) ! gra91 z f> z possible1 treat+ !m z a compact lay]4 ,n[1 if y h turp5t9e1 wipe ! fea!rs z dry z y c1 & give !m a spong+ ) t1 = !y w come out bett] f ! pla/] ,p>is ?an o!rwise4 ,:5 ! pla/] is put ^u fea!rs t are wet ) wat]1 x acts too quickly 9 its dry+1 & ! fea!rs are (t5 dri$ be=e !y h _h "t to become fluffy z 9 life4 ,b if y h no turp5t9e1 y mu/ f9i% )\t x4 ,:i*ev] liquid y use1 at ! f9i% fill ! fea!rs full ( pla/] ,p>is1 & almo/ imm$iately lift ! bird & beat x g5tly to knock out ! saturat$ pla/]4 ,t done1 put on m pla/]1 fill+ ! fea!rs full ( x d[n to _! v roots1 & pres5tly :ip t out also4 ,by ! "t y h made ! ?ird application1 ! fea!rs are almo/ dry1 & ! pla/] falls out almo/ dry also4 ,n[ is y\r "t to :ip ! fea!rs ) a supple swit*1 or a light fill] ( /iff wire1 to make ea* b$raggl$ fea!r fluff up at ! base ( its %aft1 & spread its web = all x is wor?4 ,?is treatm5t is also vitally necess>y to knock ! pla/] out ( ! plumage4 ,"w ! fea!rs ) y\r long =ceps1 lift+ !m up a bun* at a "t & lett+ !m fall back into place4 ,by ?is "t ! pla/] flies out 9 a cl\d ( :ite du/1 & ! :ipp+ ( ! fea!rs mu/ be kept up )\t int]mission until ! pla/] is all out4 ,if any pla/] rema9s 9 ! fea!rs1 y may c\nt ) c]ta9ty t x w always be sift+ out ^u ! p$e/al1 &1 :at is ev5 worse1 if ! plumage is black1 or d>k-color$1 x w imp>t to x a gray & du/y appe>ance4 ,caution4--,rememb] t if y leave ! fir/ application ( pla/]1 or ev5 ! second1 too long 9 ! fea!rs x w set or h>d5 !re1 & make y wi% y 7 dead be=e y get x out4 ,,dry ,,sk9s4--,! h>de/ subjects to deal ) are old1 dry sk9s4 ,:ile fre%1 fat is m]ely s mu* clean oil sme>$ on ! fea!rs4 ,an old1 dry duck1 goose1 swan1 p5gu91 auk1 or albatross sk9 is liable to h ! fea!rs ( ! brea/ & abdom5 all cak$ toge!r 9 a solid mass ( rancid1 yell[ grease1 to :i* "t has add$ a quantity ( museum dirt4 ,9 m\nt+ "o ( ! *>m+ specim5s ( ?is too num]\s class1 x is n always safe to clean ! fea!rs be=e ins]t+ ! body4 ,!re is dang] t ! sk9 w g to pieces4 ,= ?is1 & o!r reasons1 ! sk9 %\ld be scrap$ clean inside1 poison$1 furni%$ ) a body1 & sewn up be=e y attempt to clean ! fea!rs4 ,:5 fea!rs are badly cak$ ) old1 dry grease1 x is an excell5t plan to apply a jet ( /eam to ! afflict$ region1 :i* quickly w>ms & moi/5s ! grease1 & all[s ! turp5t9e to cut x 9 less ?an half ! "t x w\ld o!rwise require4 ,!re is no?+ t />ts dry grease z quickly z a little well-direct$ /eam2 b /eam is a p[]ful %r9k+ ag5cy1 & x mu/ be us$ ) judgm5t4 ,usually an old sk9 is s dirty t x requires to be pla/]$ all ov]4 ,if y h no /eam1 attack ! greasy portions fir/ ) w>m wat] 7b no soap71 to w>m up ! grease & s(t5 x4 ,"t & pati5ce are bo? necess>y4 ,next1 wipe (f ! wat]1 & ) a wad ( cotton clo?1 t[1 or cotton batt+1 dip f y\r di% ( turp5t9e1 & apply x z a wa% ^u ! fea!rs1 always rubb+ ) ! gra91 ( c\rse4 ,:51 aft] repeat$ applications1 y see t ! turp5t9e has dissolv$ ! grease to q an ext5t1 g rapidly ov] ! rema9d] ( ! bird1 !n lay x d[n ^u a %eet ( heavy pap]1 ^u its back1 & cov] x completely ) pla/] ,p>is4 ,x takes two or ?ree qu>ts to d ?is usually1 & = a swan x requires a pailful4 ,z soon z ! pla/] has _h "t to absorb ! greasy turp5t9e1 :i* x does 9 ab\t a m9ute1 lift ! bird f its burial-place1 & hold+ x head upw>d hit x sev]al %>p bl[s ) a light /ick to knock ! pla/] out ( ! fea!rs4 ,devote f ?ree to five m9utes to ?is1 !n exam9e ! fea!rs & see :e!r !y are p]fectly clean4 ,mo/ likely !y are n1 if x is a case ( old grease1 & a repetition ( ! dose is necess>y4 ,/>t aga9 ) y\r wa% ( turp5t9e & d precisely z be=e 7)\t ! use ( any wat]74 ,if ?is does n br+ ! fea!rs out clean & :ite f roots to tips1 !n give x a ?ird go+ ov]1 ) unabat$ vigor & ?or\ghness4 ,! ?ird "t is usually ! *>m1 ev5 ) ! wor/ cases4 ,?is "t ! pla/] mu/ be ?or\ghly beat5 out ( ! fea!rs1 ev5 if takes y an h\r to accompli% x4 ,all ?is is r disagreeable "w4 ,( c\rse y w put on old clo!s & get out doors to w9dw>d ( y\r bird :ile beat+ x1 s t ! pla/] w fly (f ^u "s o!r fell[4 ,s(t fea!rs may be h&l$ m c>elessly ?an ! /iff] sorts4 ,( c\rse great c>e mu/ be tak5 to n sep>ate ! web ( ! tail & w+ fea!rs1 nor to break ! %afts ( ev5 ! small ones4 ,bew>e gett+ any ( ! body fea!rs twi/$ dur+ ?is op]ation1 or !y w n lie d[n :]e !y belong4 ,b5z9e c be us$ in/ead ( turp5t9e 9 clean+ plumage1 b x is too volatile1 & evaporates too quickly to r5d] ! be/ s]vice4 ,x is practically useless to attempt to remove clott$ blood f ! fea!rs ( old dry sk9s4 ,ev5 if by p]si/5t ef=t ! blood itself is remov$1 x leaves a la/+ /a9 ^u ! fea!rs1 & !y are also p]man5tly awry4 ,! univ]sal cu/om ) taxid]mi/s 9 su* case is to obey ! 7p>aphras$7 scriptural injunction--if a fea!r (f5d !e1 pluck x out4 ,if ?is c\rse leaves a vacancy 9 ! plumage1 /eal a p]fect fea!r f "s suitable portion ( ! bird's body1 & glue x fa/ 9 ! place ( ! miss+ "o4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 collectors h ab\t ceas$ to make up sk9s to dry ) blood ^u !m1 & !re is n mu* tr\ble to appreh5d h]eaft] f t s\rce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,reptiles4 ,,ophidia3 ,! ,s]p5ts4--,!re are sev]al me?ods ( m\nt+ snakes1 b only "o t ,i c recomm5d4 ,su* processes z ramm+ a rubb]-l snake sk9 full ( sawdu/1 or cotton1 or t[1 are to be m5tion$ only to be condemn$4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! only prop] way to m\nt a s]p5t is to make a manik9 ( t[1 c>efully w\nd on a wire & aft]w>d %ap$ ) ?read1 & cov] x ) clay at ! f9i%4 ,x is necess>y to atta* small wires to ! body-wire at giv5 int]vals1 s t !y c be pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! p$e/al1 & af=d a means by :i* a f9i%$ specim5 may be drawn d[n & made to lie naturally4 ,a manik9 = a l>ge snake1 l an anaconda or py?on1 is be/ made ( excelsior1 & its exact =m secur$ by sew+ ?r\gh x ) a ne$le4 ,9 ! field notes pr9t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 some?+ may be le>n$ ( ! =m ( ! py?on4 ,if a snake is /uff$1 x /ret*es ! scales ap>t mo/ unnaturally1 & nev] looks l life4 ,= ?is reason1 ! clay-cov]$ manik9 is necess>y1 9 ord] t any excess ( sk9 may be model$ d[n ^u x1 & ! scales be made to =m an unbrok5 cov]+4 ,,lac]tilia3 ,! ,liz>ds4--,) ! exception ( ! iguana1 ! gila mon/]1 ma/igure1 & a few o!rs1 ! liz>ds are s small & sl5d]1 & h tails s tap]+ out into ?9 air t !y are altoge!r too small to be m\nt$ by ! ord9>y me?ods ( taxid]my4 ,! f9e/ me?od ev] devis$ = ! pres]vation & display ( small reptiles & batra*ians is t adopt$ by ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,ea* specim5 is pres]v$ 9 cle> spirits 9 a j> by itself1 & in/ead ( be+ dropp$ 9 head fir/ to s9k or swim1 & tie itself into a b[-knot if x c1 ! reptile is plac$ 79 ! fle%7 on a ?91 rectangul> slab ( pla/] ,p>is or cem5t1 ( ! t9t be/ suit$ to ! display ( ! specim54 ,! object is plac$ 9 a life-l attitude & held 9 place by ?reads :i* pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! slab & tie ! feet d[n securely4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #ed71 drawn f a specim51 & ! foll[+ description1 bo? ( :i* h be5 k9dly furni%$ me by ,mr4 ,samuel ,g>man1 ,curator ( ,reptiles1 ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 w enable any intellig5t prep>ator to adopt ?is admirable me?od3 ,x 0 9 #ahge we began to m\nt ! reptiles & batra*ians ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology on tablets1 9 alcohol4 ,be=e t date !y _h be5 /uff$ & dri$1 a me?od :i* prov$ r unsatisfactory1 especially s 9 reg>d to color1 & ! %rivell+ ( digits & tails4 ,h[ev] v>i$ at fir/1 ! appe>ance soon became uni=m & du/y4 ,m\nt+ 9 ! alcohol does away ) ! mo/ s]i\s objections2 we c give ! specim5s life-l attitudes1 or arrange !m 9 gr\ps z if play+1 c\rt+1 or fight+2 & ! liquid height5s _! beauty1 z ! wat] does t ( ! pebble at ! sea%ore1 :ile ravages ( insects are entirely out ( ! "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,me?od ( ,m\nt+ ,alcoholic ,reptiles at ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology4 ,! tablets are made ( pla/] ,p>is1 or if a h>d] "o ) f9] f9i% is desir$1 ( cem5t mix$ ) wat] & spread on a glass plate to set4 ,holes are bor$ ?r\gh !m :]ev] necess>y to fa/5 ! specim51 :i* is simply ti$ on4 ,) ! t9ts us$ 9 fresco pa9t+ !y are color$ to suit4 ,exp]im5ts n[ "u way conv9ce me !re is less fad+ on plates ( c]ta9 colors ?an on ! :ite ones4 ,= black tablets1 common slate is good4 ,a mixture ( pla/] & cem5t makes a f9e quality4 ,! l>g] liz>ds are g5]ally s r\nd & plump-bodi$ !y may v prop]ly be m\nt$ ) t[ & clay legs1 & a body-fill+ ( clean & s(t *opp$ t[1 ! same z small mammals4 ,if "o is enc\nt]$ :i* has a high1 %>p1 sp9al cre/1 :i* _c be reproduc$ ) loose fill+1 !n x is necess>y to make ! legs & tail1 wire all toge!r1 & make an excelsior manik9 9 two halves1 s t ea* side may be ins]t$ 9 ! body indep5d5tly1 & !n ! two may be sew$ toge!r & cov]$ ) clay z necess>y4 ,at ,pr(essor ,w>d's celebrat$ e/abli%m5t ,i once saw ,mr4 ,web/] remove ! entire skeleton f a ,hatt]ia punctata1 a r>e ,new ,zeal& liz>d ab\t sixte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 replace ! leg bones & skull ) wood5 c\nt]feits1 & successfully m\nt ! sk94 ,?is 0 q a feat1 & 0 ! only in/ance ( ! k9d t ev] came to my k4 ,! *ief difficulty lay 9 remov+ ! skull f ! sk91 :i* grew tightly ^u x1 & 9 successfully replac+ x ) a wood5 imitation4 ,,crocodilia3 ,! ,crocodiles & ,alligators4--,^! great saurians--?ick-hid$1 case-h>d5$1 & always fat--require no c>efully made manik9s1 no clay save 9 ! small ones1 nor v g5tle treatm5t ( any k9d1 unless ! specim5s happ5 to be "y & t5d]4 ,small crocodilians %\ld be m\nt$ 9 ! same way z ! l>g] liz>ds1 us+ clay next to ! sk9 ( ! body & tail4 ,i once a*iev$ success ) a t9y alligator1 & delight$ its b]eav$ own]1 by fill+ x ) clay on a core ( excelsior1 & model+ ! =m into p]fect %ape4 ,l>ge saurians %\ld be m\nt$ on ! same g5]al plan z wolves & small be>s1 viz41 by cutt+ ! leg-irons long1 pass+ ! inn] ends ?r\gh a r small c5tre bo>d1 b5d+ !m d[n to ! wood1 & fa/5+ ) /aples4 ,( c\rse ! leg-irons mu/ fa/5 und]nea? ! p$e/al by means ( nuts4 ,! legs are made ( t[1 & s is ! tail1 :i* mu/ h 9 its c5tre a /\t iron rod1 cut ab\t f\r in*es %ort] ?an ! end ( ! tail to all[ = %r9kage4 ,at two or ?ree po9ts equidi/ant f ! end ( ! tail1 & f ea* o!r1 fa/5 a /\t wire to ! tail rod1 s t :5 ! specim5 is f9i%$ ^! wires c be pass$ d[n ?r\gh holes bor$ 9 ! p$e/al1 & us$ to draw ! tail d[n tightly & hold x !re4 ,if ?is is =gott5 ! tail w spr+ up 9 spite ( y1 & %[ daylight und]nea?1 :i* nev] happ5s ) ! tail ( a liv+ saurian4 ,z to attitude1 "o or two h9ts w suffice4 ,a live saurian1 ei!r crawl+ or at re/1 ne>ly always c>ries 8 legs well up to 8 body4 ,d n spread 8 legs f> out1 b b5d !m up r close to ! animal's body1 z if he expect$ to use !m to walk )4 ,! body %\ld always re/ d[n ^u ! gr\nd4 ,give ! tail two or ?ree curves sidewise to relieve its /iffness4 ,! head %\ld be held well up1 b ! elevation %\ld be giv5 by ! neck alone1 ) ! head itself 9 a horizontal position1 turn$ a trifle to ! "r or left to avoid extreme /iffness 9 ! attitude4 ,:5 y\r l>ge alligator has be5 put toge!r1 susp5d x f ! ceil+1 bottom upw>d1 & /uff ! ?ick "p ( ! tail1 ! body1 & ! neck ) /raw4 ,beg9 at ! end ( ! tail1 & fill & sew up until ! head is rea*$4 ,x is necess>y to use /\t & v %>p glov]'s ne$les ( l>ge size 9 sew+ ?r\gh ! horny-hide ( an old saurian1 & ! ?read %\ld be ! be/ ( l95 tw9e1 d\bl$ & wax$ until x is 9 ! be/ possible condition = hold+4 ,sometimes a sk9 is s horny x is necess>y to pi]ce holes = ! ne$le ) an awl4 ,! %r9k+ p[] ( a big saurian is some?+ fe>ful to behold1 !re=e prep>e y\r seams accord+ly4 ,! c5tre-bo>d ( ! body %\ld be plac$ l[ en\gh t two screw-bolts1 six in*es long1 may be put ?r\gh ! p$e/al f und]nea?1 & screw$ into ! bo>d to br+ ! body ( ! animal d[n ^u ! p$e/al z closely z possible1 & also to hold x m securely4 ,( c\rse1 ea* leg-iron mu/ pass d[nw>d ?r\gh ! foot1 & fa/5 ) a nut und]nea? ! p$e/al4 ,! tongue ( a saurian is n free1 b ! sk9 may be remov$ f its upp] surface1 ! fle% replac$ ) clay1 & ! sk9 sew$ d[n aga94 ,! color ( ! tongue & ro( ( ! m\? ( a saurian is pale yell[1 a little light] ?an ,naples yell[1 b nev] p9k4 ,9 "y specim5s ! inside ( ! m\? is :ite4 ,be> 9 m9d ?is fact1 t ! eye ( an alligator or crocodile is ( a d>k gre5i% color1 & ! pupil is v]tical4 ,! ?9 s]rat$ scales1 :i* =m ! cre/ ( ! tail1 mu/ be clamp$ firmly betwe5 ?ick pieces ( c>d-bo>d :ile !y are dry+1 s t !y w reta9 _! prop] %ape & erectness1 = o!rwise !y w curl up & become v unsightly4 ,aft] a saurian has dri$ prop]ly1 & has be5 ma*d1 x %\ld be v>ni%$ all ov] ) a coat ( :ite v>ni% & turp5t9e1 to br+ out ! colors4 ,if ! tee? ( an alligator ne$ to be clean$ & :it5$1 bru% !m ) muriatic acid1 wa%+ x (f aga9 almo/ imm$iately ) pl5ty ( cle> wat]4 ,,*elonia3 ,! ,turtles4--,?is gr\p embraces ! sea-turtles1 hav+ ! =e limbs develop$ z long1 flat1 triangul> flipp]s1 ) l>ge head1 small "u %ell1 & ) head & flipp]s non-retractile1--! t]rap9s1 s(t-%ell$ turtles1 & tortoises4 ,( ! l>ge1 sea-go+ species1 our ocean wat]s produce ! huge lea!r-back or h>p-turtle1 ! logg]head1 next 9 size1 ! gre5 turtle & ! hawksbill1 :i* la/ yields ! valuable tortoise-%ell ( comm]ce4 ,to ! taxid]mi/1 a fre% hawksbill to be m\nt$ is a ?+ ( beauty & a joy =ev]2 ! smoo? & succul5t gre5 turtle is also a welcome gue/2 ! big logg]head is a s]i\s affair1 & ! huge1 lumb]+1 greasy #hjj-p\nd lea!r-back is a fir/ class calamity4 ,%un him1 unless !re is pl5ty ( money beh9d him4 ,i once _h ! mis=tune to be *ief m\rn] ov] a lea!r-back :i* pull$ d[n #idj p\nds dead weight--mo/ly oil4 ,we conqu]$1 b ,bozz>is fell1 v[+ t nei!r gold nor glory 7nei!r ( :i* is yield$ by ,sph>gis coriacea7 %\ld ev] aga9 tempt u to /rike oil 9 t mann]4 ,! s(t & gelat9\s %ell ( t mon/] dripp$ cle> oil = ?ree mon?s1 & actually yield$ sev]al gallons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,an ,,alligator4--,,la/ ,,/age4 ,fig4 #ai %[s ! und]side ( a turtle1 & ! dott$ l9e indicates :]e ! cut has be5 made 9 ! sk9 ne> ! po/]ior edge ( ! pla/ron1 :]e ! %ell bridge t unites ! upp] ) ! "u %ell has be5 sawn ?r\gh ) a small saw4 ,! process ( sk9n+ su* a subject has be5 already describ$1 & ! process ( m\nt+ is to be c>ri$ out on precisely ! same g5]al pr9ciples z describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! m\nt+ ( mammals ) long hair1 ) b slight v>iations4 ,aft] ! legs & neck h be5 made ) t[1 ! t[ wrapp+ %\ld be cov]$ ) a qu>t] ( an in* ( s(t clay1 s ! sk9 c aft]w>d be model$ d[n ^u x1 ei!r smoo?ly or wr9kl$1 z 9 life4 ,! body %\ld be /uff$ ) /raw to keep ! %ell f collaps+ :ile dry+4 ,! divid$ portions ( ! %ell mu/ !n be jo9$ & wir$ toge!r firmly ) s(t brass wires pass$ ?r\gh small holes1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,( c\rse1 ! cuts 9 ! sk9 mu/ be sewn up neatly b firmly4 ,:5 ! specim5 has be5 plac$ on its p$e/al1 x !n rema9s to %ape ! legs1 neck1 & feet1 :i* ! s(t clay und]nea? r5d]s q easy4 ,folds & wr9kles 9 ! sk9 mu/ be exagg]at$1 to provide = :at is sure to disappe> by %r9kage 9 dry+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,m\nt+ ,,fi%es4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations4--,judg+ f specim5s g5]ally1 x w\ld seem t taxid]mi/s1 ! _w ov]1 ei!r d n "k h[ to m\nt fi% specim5s ) ! same degree ( excell5ce z mammals & birds1 or else !y are univ]sally slight$ by int5tion4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t 9 ne>ly e l>ge zoological museum ! /uff$ fi%es are ! lea/ attractive1 & ! lea/ l life ( all ! v]tebrates4 ,9 _m in/ances ! reptiles are n f> beh9d 9 unsightl9ess1 al?\gh z a rule !y are a little m life-l ?an ! fi%es4 ,9 only "o natural hi/ory museum out ( tw5ty-sev5 h ,i f\nd a collection ( /uff$ fi%es :i* surpass$ 9 numb] & quality ( specim5s ! collection ( birds & mammals1 & =m$ ! mo/ attractive feature ( ! entire museum4 ,t fi% collection is to be se5 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,museum at ,madras1 ,india4 ,! specim5s 7 all m\nt$ :ile fre% f ! ocean1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 has be5 a great advantage to ! taxid]mi/4 ,i 0 some:at surpris$ to le>n t ! taxid]mi/ 9 "q 0 an ,indian native1 nam$ ,p4 ,an?ony ,pillay1 because ,ea/ ,indian natives are1 almo/ )\t exception1 v indiff]5t taxid]mi/s4 ,none ( ! specim5s are m\nt$ on /&>ds1 b ei!r lie flat 9 table cases1 or1 if too l>ge = t1 hang aga9/ ! wall4 ,! common scaly fi%es always lie ^u "o side1 usually ! "r1 ) tail curv$ upw>d4 ,mr4 ,pillay assur$ me t ! exquisite smoo?ness ( 8 specim5s 0 due to ! use ( silk cotton z a fill+ mat]ial1 pluck$ f ! pod & clean$ by h&4 ,8 scale fi%es & %>ks 7 v life-l1 b 8 rays & ray-l ,rh9obati 7 some:at faulty4 ,be+ fill$ ) fibr\s mat]ial1 !y lack$ t extreme flatness s *>act]i/ic ( fi%es ( ?is type4 ,num]\s me?ods = ! prep>ation ( fi%es h be5 devis$4 ,9 ! collection 9 ! ,national ,museum made by ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s !re is a s]ies ( six specim5s1 repres5t+ five diff]5t me?ods1 mo/ly bad4 ,"o is a fi% c>v$ 9 wood & pa9t$2 ano!r is a flimsy pap] ca/ ( ,dut* extraction2 a ?ird is a pa9t$ pla/] ca/2 ! f\r? is a half fi%1 or fi% m$allion1 & ! fif? is an entire /uff$ fi%4 ,x is necess>y to add1 h[ev]1 t ! la/-m5tion$ specim5 falls f> %ort ( prop]ly repres5t+ its class--! mo/ common ( all 9 museums4 ,9 dispos+ ( ?is subject x is n my purpose to wa/e "t 9 ! discussion ( obsolete & valueless me?ods1 b to describe only ^? ( practical utility4 ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,& ,,m$ium-,,siz$ ,,fi%es ,,) ,,scales4--,! process ( sk9n+ a fi% has be5 describ$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 & on ?is subject b few o!r po9ts rema9 to be notic$4 ,^! are ! foll[+3 ,f "s fi%es ! scales fall (f s v easily :ile !y are be+ sk9n$ & m\nt$1 x is necess>y to wipe ! specim5 dry1 & be=e />t+ to remove ! sk91 pa/e a piece ( ?9 b t\gh writ+-pap] ov] ! :ole fi% except+ ! f9s1 & let x dry be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,) a p51 l9e out ! c\rse ( ! op5+ cut1 & make a m>k across x "h & !re to guide y 9 jo9+ ! edges aga9 aft] m\nt+4 ,?is pap] cov]+ w fully protect ! scales f displacem5t1 & x is to rema9 on until ! m\nt+ is complet$1 :5 its removal is easily accompli%$ ) wat] & a sponge4 ,on ! great majority ( scal$ fi%es1 h[ev]1 ! scales are suffici5tly p]si/5t t ! above is unnecess>y4 ,b keep ! fi% wet :ile y are at "w ^u x1 & h&le x ) c>e & delicacy4 ,if y let ! scales get dry1 _! edges beg9 at once to curl up1 :i* mu/ n be p]mitt$4 ,x is g5]ally ( great advantage to all[ ! sk9 ( a fi% to lie ov] night 9 spirits 7two p>ts ( n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol to "o ( wat]7 = ! sake ( cur+ & t\gh5+ ! integum5t1 & cur+ :atev] p>ticles ( fle% may *ance to rema9 9 ! skull4 ,aft] hav+ remov$ ! sk91 x mu/ be clean$ mo/ c>efully4 ,) a ke5-blad$ knife1 p>e & scrape (f all ! adh]5t fle% f ! sk91 cut out ! gills1 & remove ! fle% f ! int]ior ( ! skull1 & ! base ( ! f9s4 ,( c\rse ! eyes mu/ come out also4 ,) a /\t pair ( scissors trim (f ! project+ bases ( ! rays ( ! dorsal & anal f9s1 s t ! f9 itself may set squ>ely ^u ! top ( ! c5tre-bo>d4 ,i w n[ describe1 /ep by /ep1 ! entire process ( m\nt+ a fi% by :at ,i consid] ! simple/1 easie/1 & mo/ practical me?od kn[n4 ,be advis$ 9 ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 t y c n m\nt fi%es on nice brass /&>ds ) no?+ at all 9 ! way ( special mat]ials & tools4 ,y mu/ h an assortm5t ( h>d brass wire1 ,nos4 #c to #aj1 a hack-saw1 "s brass rosettes1 a small die = cutt+ ?reads on brass wire1 & taps ( correspond+ sizes = cutt+ ?reads 9 ! brass nuts & rosettes4 ,! outfit is by no means exp5sive1 b x is indisp5sable if y wi% to m\nt y\r specim5s on /&>ds1 & ?us h !m %[ (f to ! f9e/ advantage4 #a4 ,procure a piece ( s(t wood1 p9e pref]r$1 & ) ! sk9n$ body ( ! fi% be=e y1 :ittle ! wood d[n to ! g5]al %ape ( ! body1 b "o-f\r? small] 9 actual size4 ,9 ,plate ,,iv4 ! outl9e a1 b1 c repres5ts ! wood5 c5tre-bo>d1 :i* is really ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! m\nt$ specim5 is to be con/ruct$4 #b4 ,prep>e two small brass /&>ds 7e1 e71 & screw ! upp] end ( ea* firmly into a gimlet-hole bor$ into ! c5tre-bo>d at d1 d4 ,at ! l[] end ( ea* /&>d ! ?read %\ld be cut = a little m ?an an in* ( its l5g?1 & a turn$ brass rosette screw$ on1 to re/ on top ( ! p$e/al1 & hold ! rod f slipp+ d[n ?r\gh ! hole4 ,und]nea? ! p$e/al a squ>e nut is screw$ on tightly4 ,^! rods %\ld be exactly p]p5dicul>1 & ! axis ( ! fi% 7an imag9>y l9e runn+ l5g?wise ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! bulk71 %\ld be z ne>ly z possible horizontal4 ,a fi% m\nt$ ) its tail too high 9 ! air seems to be tak+ a head]1 & :5 ! rev]se is ! case1 x sugge/s a %ip s9k+ /]n =emo/4 #c4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly clean$ ! inside ( ! sk91 ano9t x lib]ally ) ars5ical soap1 or if y h n t1 ) a pl5tiful spr9kl+ ( p[d]$ ars5ic4 #d4 ,= ! f\r? /ep--fill+--,i %all describe two v diff]5t processes1 advis+ ! beg9n] to make a fair trial ( bo?1 & !n adopt ! "o he succe$s be/ )4 ,! fill+ :i* ,i inf9itely pref] = a fi% is clay & *opp$ t[1 mix$ toge!r1 & us$ z /iff z may be to "w well4 ,clay :i* is too s(t :5 us$ %r9ks z ! excess ( wat] dries out ( x1 & is liable to leave an unev5 surface4 ,) a flat model+-tool1 coat ! c5tre-bo>d ev5ly ) ! clay until y h reproduc$ ! =m & size ( ! fle%y body ( ! fi%4 ,!n put ! sk9 ov] ?is1 press x d[n firmly to exclude all air-bubbles1 work+ x f ! back d[nw>d4 ,:5 y f9d t ! sk9 fits p]fectly & )\t any draw+ or /ra9+1 beg9 at ! tail & sew ! sk9 toge!r1 mak+1 z y proce$1 a p]fect f9i% ( ! specim54 ,draw ! edges closely toge!r1 & ! m p]fectly ! scales c be made to hide ! op5+ ! bett]4 ,! o!r fill+ process is to use f9e1 s(t t[1 *opp$ up f9ely4 ,) a goodly quantity ( t[ be=e y1 op5 ! fi% sk91 & ) y\r =ceps ins]t a lay] ( t[ all along ! back1 & also on ! side :i* lies next to ! table4 ,!n put ! c5tre-bo>d 9 its place1 :ile ! sk9 /ill lies be=e y1 & ) ! =ceps di/ribute an equal quantity ( t[ betwe5 ! upp] side ( ! bo>d & ! sk94 ,?us a p]fect & ev5 cu%ion ( t[ is provid$ to lie betwe5 ! sk9 & ! bo>d at all po9ts save bel[4 ,beg9 at ! tail1 & ) y\r ne$le & ?read sew up ! sk9 = an in* or two2 !n ) y\r small =ceps or fill]1 /uff to ! "r size & %ape ! portion t has be5 sewn up4 ,t done1 sew up ano!r section1 & /uff z be=e1 proce$+ ?us until ! head is rea*$ & ! entire fi% has be5 fill$ & %ap$4 ,not*es mu/ be cut 9 ! sk9 at ! po9ts :]e ! brass rods ent] x4 ,all ?is "t ! fi% has be5 kept wet s t ! f9s are s(t & ela/ic1 & ! scales are p]fectly smoo?4 ,! f9s mu/ n[ be spread1 & ea* "o enclos$ betwe5 two bits ( pa/ebo>d cut to ! "r %ape1 & held firmly toge!r by /ick+ p9s ?r\gh !m ar\nd ! edge ( ! f94 ,d n on any acc\nt /ick p9s ?r\gh ! f9s1 or y w aft]w>d h ! tr\ble ( fill+ up ! p9-holes4 ,=ce ! p9s ?r\gh ! two ?icknesses ( pa/ebo>d ) y\r small pli]s1 & :atev] may be ! %ape1 or size1 or position ( a f91 y mu/ s %ape y\r pa/ebo>d t ! f9 w be spread1 & h ! same position x w\ld on a live fi%4 #f4 ,! la/ ?+ at ?is /age is to mix toge!r equal quantities ( :ite v>ni% & turp5t9e1 sponge (f ! fi% c>efully1 remov+ e p>ticle ( clay1 t[1 or dirt1 & v>ni% x all ov]4 ,?is prev5ts ! scales f curl+ up :5 !y dry1 & x also goes f> t[>d fix+ ! colors ( ! fi%4 ,! f9s are to be v>ni%$ aft]w>d :5 !y get dry4 #g4 ,:ile ! fi% is dry+1 ! eyes %\ld be prep>$4 ,e "o kn[s t ! eyes ( diff]5t g5]a ( fi%es v>y 9 %ape1 size1 & color1 to z great a degree z d ! eyes ( quadrup$s4 ,= m\nt$ specim5s1 "o ( two ?+s may be done2 ins]t a conv5tional silv] or gold5 glass eye1 or else keep on h& a lot ( uncolor$ fi% eyes1 & pa9t ea* pair f nature1 9 oil colors ( c\rse1 to suit ! p>ticul> specim5 x is to adorn4 ,:5 ! pa9t has _h "t to dry & h>d51 cov] x ) two or ?ree coats ( %ellac to protect ! colors f any *anges :i* might be effect$ by ! mat]ial 9 :i* ! eye is to be set4 ,if ! coat+ ( pa9t is left unprotect$1 x is v apt to und]go *emical *anges1 & ! eye may !reby be ru9$4 #h4 ,! eye may be set 9 clay or putty provid$ none ( ! sett+ mat]ial is to be expos$4 ,if ! glass eye is small] ?an ! op5+1 :i* is v (t5 ! case1 set x 9 f9e papi]-ma*1 :i* mu/ be nicely model$ ar\nd ! glass1 & aft]w>d coat$ ) %ellac1 & pa9t$4 #aj4 ,! subject ( pa9t+ fi%es w be consid]$ 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,simple z x may appe>1 & really is1 ! above processes may be appli$ ) slight modifications to ev5 ! l>ge/ scale fi%es1 & to ! %>ks & saw-fi%es4 ,su* l>ge subjects z ! jewfi% require /rong iron rods = /&>ds1 & ! sk9 may ei!r be m\nt$ ov] a manik91 made ( excelsior ti$ d[n ^u a c5tral beam1 or x may be /uff$ ) s(t /raw1 :i*1 consid]+ ! great ?ickness ( ! sk9 & scales1 is q satisfactory4 ,,m\nt+ ,,fi% ,,m$allions4--,a fi% ) b "o side m\nt$ & exhibit$ may be call$ a fi% m$allion4 ,x may lie flat 9 a table-case1 or be screw$ to ! back ( an upright case1 or x may ev5 be set up on /&>ds fa/5$ to x at ! back4 ,z a specim51 ei!r to prep>e or exhibit1 x has its advantages1 & ,i w briefly describe my process4 ,,fig4 #ee4--,m$allion ( ,yell[ ,pike4 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,cross-,section4 ,we w suppose t our fi% is a fre% subject1 or an entire specim5 f alcohol4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to procure a p9e bo>d ( prop] ?ickness1 lay ! fi% flat ^u x1 & ) a p5cil m>k out its outl9e4 ,al?\gh only "o side ( ! fi% is to %[1 x is desirable to m\nt a little m ?an precisely "o-half ( x4 ,!re=e1 select ! side to be display$1 & remove ! sk9 f ! o!r to )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! m$ian l9e ( ! back & abdom54 ,?is extra m>g9 ( sk9 is to give ! sk9 an appe>ance ( entirety & rotundity1 r ?an flatness su* z w\ld be ! case if an exact half 7 repres5t$4 ,! head ( ! fi% mu/ be sawn ?r\gh ) a f9e saw1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! obs]vance ( ! directions already giv5 w leave ! dorsal & anal f9s on ! portion to be exhibit$4 ,hav+ c>efully sk9n$1 clean$1 & pres]v$ ! portion to be exhibit$1 ! c5tre-bo>d is cut out ) a %ort bevel on ! inside1 & on ! o!r ! full %ape ( "o side ( ! fi%4 ,:5 ?is fits ! sk9 prop]ly1 ! "r quantity ( clay is put ^u x1 ! sk9 is !n put on1 & fa/5$ at ! back accord+ to circum/ances4 ,) a small fi%1 ! edges ( ! sk9 may be sewn toge!r f top to bottom1 across ! expos$ surface ( ! c5tre bo>d1 b ) l>ge specim5s x is be/ to nail ! edges to ! bo>d4 ,,m\nt+ ,,c>tilag9\s ,,fi%es3 ,%>ks1 rays1 saw-fi%1 etc4--,! only failures ,i h ev] made dur+ my ?irte5 ye>s ( taxid]mic "w h be5 ) subjects ( ?is class4 ,i call !m failures because1 aft] tak+ inf9ite pa9s & m\nt+ my specim5s to ! complete satisfaction ( all conc]n$1 ! be/ ones1 ! v ones ,i _h consid]$ mo/ p]fect :5 f9i%$1 = two or ?ree ye>s aft]w>d cont9u$ to %r9k & %r9k1 until ! sk9 bur/ op51 & ! tail & f9s w>p$ out ( %ape by ! same process until x 0 madd5+ to look ^u !m4 ,i once sp5t a week ( dilig5t labor 9 m\nt+ ov] a clay-cov]$ excelsior manik9 ! sk9 ( a t5-&-a-half foot gray %>k 7,hexan*us griseus71 :i* came to me 9 ! fle%4 ,x 0 a beautiful specim51 & ,i m\nt$ x accord+ to elaborate measurem5ts1 & a ca/ ( ! head4 ,! result 0 all t c\ld be desir$4 ,?ree ye>s lat] t %>k 0 a sight to behold4 ,ar\nd ! body1 j back ( ! gill op5+s1 ! sk9 _h bur/ op5 9 a crack an in* wide4 ,! tail _h be5 ripp$ op5 by ! t]rible /ra9 ( %r9kage1 s _h ! seam und]nea? ! belly1 & at fir/ ! damage seem$ beyond repair4 ,we did repair x1 h[ev]1 v fairly1 b to me ! specim5 has ev] s9ce be5 an eyesore4 ,by ! bitt]e/ ( exp]i5ces ,i h le>n$ t a %>k1 ray1 or saw-fi% is b\nd to keep %r9k+ & %r9k+1 9 bo? l5g? & circumf]5ce1 f ! day x is f9i%$ to ! crack ( doom4 ,! f9s & tail w w>p & twi/ out ( %ape1 & ,i defy any man to prev5t x4 ,s9ce f9d+ x impossible to m\nt a fi% ( ?is class sub/antially1 & h x reta9 its orig9al size1 ,i h adopt$ a plan :i* all[s %r9kage4 ,! rod :i* supports ! tail is fa/5$ to ! c5tre-bo>d by two /aples s loosely t :5 ! /ra9 ( %r9kage comes ^u x1 x w gradually slip ?r\gh ! /aples & all[ ! specim5 to %ort5 in/ead ( bur/+4 ,x is be/ n to m\nt a %>k too well4 ,/uff x ) s(t /raw in/ead ( mak+ a firm manik91 & d n fill ! body any h>d] ?an is necess>y to secure smoo?ness4 ,z ! specim5 gets old1 & its circumf]5ce gr[s small] by degrees1 & beautifully 787 less1 ! mass ( /raw w also %r9k to accommodate ! lawless t5d5cies ( ! sk94 ,i h successively tri$ ! effect ( cur+ sk9s ( %>ks 9 br9e1 9 alcohol1 & 9 ! salt-&-alum ba?1 b ! result is always ! same4 ,x is easy en\gh to m\nt !m to p]fection1 b to make !m rema9 z m\nt$ = five ye>s is beyond my p[]s4 ,! rays are ! meane/ ( all subjects t vex ! s\l ( ! taxid]mi/4 ,%un !m z y w\ld ! small-pox or ! devil4 ,su* abom9able animat$ pancakes1 ) razor edges t tap] out to inf9ite no?+ness1 7 nev] made to be m\nt$ by any process kn[n to mortal man4 ,to m\nt ! sk9 ( a vile ray1 & make x really p]fect & life-l is to invite inf9ite %r9kage1 rips1 te>s1 w>ps1 defeat1 & humiliation at ! h&s ( y\r envi\s rivals4 ,if y mu/ m\nt a ray1 by all means get squ>e ) x at ! />t4 ,/uff 8 mis]able old sk9 ) t[ or /raw1 ! m ! bett]4 ,ram him1 cram him full to ! v jaws1 l ! fam\s rattlesnake sk9 t taxid]mi/ ,miles ,/&i% /uff$ ) p[d] & bullets4 ,if y c bur/ him wide op5 f head to tail1 by all means d s1 & y may call me y\r slave = ! re/ ( my life4 ,make him nice & r\nd1 l a balloon1 & !n no matt] :at he does aft]w>d to mortify & disgrace y1 & to drag y\r fair /&>d 9 ! du/1 y w always h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ y are squ>e ) him4 ,once :5 ,i 0 "y & innoc5t1 ,i enc\nt]$ an enorm\s ray4 ,he 0 n ?ru/ ^u me1 = ,i a*iev$ him--& my own ru9 also1 at "o fell /roke4 ,i m\nt$ him will+ly1 nay1 eag]ly1 z ,phton m\nt$ 8 *>iot1 to %[ ! re/ ( ! _w h[ all rays %\ld be done4 ,i m\nt$ 8 va/1 expansive sk9 ov] a clay-cov]$ manik9 t _h edges l a ,damascus razor1 & ,i made him flat4 ,he 0 flat en\gh to navigate ! ,platte ,riv] at l[ wat]1 :i* ev5 a ?ick %+le c n d4 ,he 0 life-l1 & likewise 0 a great triumph4 ,b almo/ ! mom5t my back 0 turn$ ^u him =ev]1 he w5t back on me4 ,i _h put him up to /ay put1 s f> z my "p 0 conc]n$1 s he j got mad & lit]ally tore himself to tatt]s4 ,he became almo/ a total wreck1 & to make my defeat a m g5u9e & unmitigat$ cru%]1 ,pr(essor ,w>d s5t ^w to me1 all ! way to ,wa%+ton1 t he w\ld sell me t l>ge ray = #e4 ,i nev] =gave him = t4 ,! be/ way to m\nt a ray is to make a nice pla/] ca/ ( x1 pa9t x1 & !n bury ! accurs$ ray 9 a compo/ heap4 ,z a class ^! fi%es are rem>kable1 & highly int]e/+1 & !re is a f> great] v>iety ( !m ?an anyone :o is n an i*?yologi/ might suppose4 ,to me !re is no o!r gr\p ( fi%es m int]e/+1 &1 ,i may add1 !re is no o!r gr\p t is1 z a g5]al ?+1 s poorly repres5t$ 9 museum collections4 ,!y exhibit all possible int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! ord9>y %>k & ! p]fectly r\nd1 flat ray4 ,! int]m$iate =ms1 ,rhynobatii & ,rhamphobatis1 are naturally ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,,am]ican ,,lob/]4--,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,wires4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,lob/]s ,,& ,,crabs4 ,! foll[+ directions 7 writt5 f ! m\nt+ ( a l>ge lob/]1 b apply equally to all cru/aceans l>ge en\gh to be /uff$4 #a4 ,remove ! %ell ( ! back 7c>apax7 9 "o piece1 by cutt+ "u its l[] edges1 & ) /eel bone-scrap]s clean out all ! fle% f ! body & tail4 #b4 ,take a long1 /iff wire 7ab\t ,no4 #aj = a lob/]71 flatt5 x out at "o end1 & b5d up a qu>t] ( an in* ( x1 to =m a scrap] ) a %>p *isel edge4 ,ins]t ?is 9 ! legs 7or walk+ feet71 "o by "o1 & clean out all ! fle% !y conta91 q to _! tips4 ,) a /rong syr+e inject wat] into ea* leg to ?or\ghly wa% out ! inside4 #c4 ,take (f ! movable claw f ! big p9c]1 also make a hole 9 ! jo9t at ,a 7,plate ,,xv471 & ?r\gh ^! two op5+s remove all ! fle% f ! l>ge claws1 & syr+e !m out4 #d4 ,hav+ ?or\ghly clean$ ! specim51 ei!r soak x 9 "s liquid poison1 su* z ars5ic wat] 7! easie/ to prep>e--by dissolv+ ars5ic 9 boil+ wat]71 or a corrosive sublimate solution1 or else poison x by inject+ dilut$ ars5ical soap into ! legs1 claws1 & body ) a syr+e4 #e4 ,ins]t 9 ea* leg & claw a s(t wire ( z9c1 galvaniz$ iron1 or brass1 & b5d ! end 9 ! body at v ne>ly a "r angle 7,b-,b74 ,9 l>ge specim5s ! wire %\ld be wrapp$ smoo?ly ) a little t[1 s t ! claws w n be loose ^u x4 #f4 ,ins]t a wire 9 ea* feel] z f> up z possible1 & let ! l[] end ext5d well d[n into ! body4 ,to hold ! specim5 on its p$e/al1 take ano!r wire1 z long z ! entire specim5 f head to tail1 pass "o end ( x d[n ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! body1 b5d ! wire d[n at a "r angle1 & 9 ! same mann] pass ! o!r end d[n ?r\gh ! middle abdom9al segm5t4 ,! ends are to pass ?r\gh ! p$e/al & be cl9*$ bel[4 #g4 ,! claws ne$ n be /uff$4 #h4 ,:5 all ! v>i\s memb]s h be5 wir$1 b5d all ! inn] ends ( ! wires d[n 9 ! body1 & p\r 9 a lot ( pla/] ,p>is1 :i*1 z soon z x h>d5s w hold all ! wires 9 place4 #i4 ,/uff ! cavity ( ! abdom9al segm5ts ) t[1 put :at fill+ is necess>y into ! ?orax1 !n put ! %ell back 9 its place & glue x fa/ all ar\nd ! edges4 #aj4 ,replace ! movable claws1 & ) glue & cotton fa/5 !m firmly :]e !y belong4 #aa4 ,put a wire ar\nd ! end ( ea* claw to hold x d[n1 or1 :at is bett] /ill1 wire x d[n f ! "u side 9 su* a way t ! wire w n be visible4 #ab4 ,:5 ! specim5 is dry & its colors h p>tly fad$ out1 procure a fre% specim5 ( ! same species1 & ) y\r oil colors pa9t ! %ell c>efully & arti/ically f y\r model4 ,le>n to bl5d ! colors toge!r z nature does 9 su* objects1 s(t5+ all ! l9es4 ,:5 ! pa9t is dry1 if ! specim5 has a dead1 opaque appe>ance1 give its surface bo? lu/re & transp>5cy by apply+ a ?9 coat ( :ite v>ni% & turp5t9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,ornam5tal ,,taxid]my4 ,until )9 a v few ye>s1 ! taxid]mi/ produc$ b little purely ornam5tal "w1 & ! mo/ ( t little 0 r crude & unattractive4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 decorative pieces are produc$ 9 bewild]+ v>iety1 & _m ( !m are ju/ly reg>d$ z works ( art4 ,! productions ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s are n[ to be se5 9 ?\s&s ( ! f9e/ homes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 art gall]ies1 bo? public & private4 ,9 all ! exhibitions ( ! ,society1 ! display ( ,articles = ,ornam5t or ,use has always be5 ! mo/ attractive feature1 & ! "o :i* has elict$ f visitors ! mo/ surprise1 admiration1 & h>d ca%4 ,! beautiful exhibits made by ,messrs4 ,f4,s4 ,web/] & ,f4,a4 ,lucas1 ( ,wa%+ton2 ,?omas ,w4 ,fra9e & ,w4,j4 ,crit*ley1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y42 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,george ,h4 ,h$ley1 ( ,m$9a1 ,n4,y42 ,mr4 ,john ,wallace1 ( ,new ,york2 ,david ,bruce1 ( ,brockport1 ,n4,y42 & ,messrs4 ,f4,t4 ,j5cks1 & ,aldri* ,cap51 ( ,bo/on1 w c]ta9ly nev] be =gott5 by ^? :o saw !m4 ,x is impossible to describe "h ! precise me?ods by :i* ! v>i\s k9ds ( decorative objects may be produc$1 & surely 9 ! light ( all ! me?ods & details t h already be5 giv51 x is unnecess>y4 ,x w be suffici5t to describe by ^w & picture ! "* ( ! v>i\s classes ( objects1 & leave _! production to be work$ out accord+ to ! pr9ciples already laid d[n4 ,! accompany+ plate repres5ts a c>efully select$ gr\p ( decorative objects :i* 7 display$ 9 ! ,new ,york exhibition ( ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s1 & 7 aft]w>d pres5t$ by _! respective own]s to ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 :]e !y are n[ display$ 9 ! ,society's exhibit4 ,,wall ,,cases4--,! %all[ box case ) glass front1 %elt]+ "o specim5 or a gr\p1 & g>ni%$ ) c]ta9 accessories1 is "o ( ! mo/ popul> & pleas+ ( all pieces ( decorative taxid]my4 ,its evolution is due directly to ! desire to protect f de/ruction ! m *]i%$ ( ! s+le specim5s t fir/ began to grace ! homes ( ! lov]s ( animat$ nature4 ,9 ,am]ican homes !re are to-day ?\s&s ( pretty wall-cases ( *oice birds m\nt$ ) suitable accessories1 ei!r natural or artificial1 _m ) pa9t$ backgr\nds1 & an equal numb] )\t4 ,!re are also hundr$s ( cases ( small mammals m\nt$ 9 ! same way4 ,artificial ,leaves4--,! accessories mo/ available are grasses & f]ns c>efully press$1 dri$1 & pa9t$ gre51 & set 9 ! f\ndation "w4 ,natural moss is us$ 9 ! same way1 & = bu%es ) foliage1 artificial leaves are easily procur$ & wir$ on to ! twigs ( ! bran* t has be5 select$ = use4 ,^! c be procur$ ( any fir/-class deal] 9 taxid]mi/s' supplies1 or at l>ge artificial fl[] e/abli%m5ts4 ,if leaves ( "s special k9d are desir$1 or leaves 9 great quantity1 x w be be/ to procure !m direct ( ,c4 ,pelleti]1 #ace ,woo/] ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 :o has suppli$ me = eight ye>s4 ,! co/ ( leaves v>ies f #be c5ts to #b4jj p] gross2 & = "s k9ds ev5 m4 ,wat] & ,ice4--,to repres5t wat]1 use a %eet ( cle> glass1 & build up und]nea? x a bottom ( s&1 or gravel1 or we$s1 z may be necess>y4 ,ice is easily c\nt]feit$ by coat+ a %eet ( glass or wood ) p>aff91 :i* is q :ite1 & suffici5tly transp>5t to give ! prop] effect4 ,icicles are manufactur$ by ,demu? ,bro!rs1 #hi ,walk] ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 especially = taxid]mi/s1 at v mod]ate prices1 & are inf9itely bett] ?an any?+ ! taxid]mi/ c produce4 ,!y are fa/5$ to ! sides ( sn[-cov]$ rocks1 or :]ev] !y belong1 by sett+ !m at ! base 9 /iff papi]-ma* ) s9ew glue4 ,sn[ is made by fl[+ pla/] ,p>is ov] ! surface to be cov]$1 & dress+ its surface at once2 & !n1 be=e x becomes q h>d1 spr9kl+ its surface ) pa9t]'s fro/+1 :i* is exce$+ly ?9 flakes ( cle> glass1 & mu/ be gr\nd up 9 a mort> to get x f9e en\gh to use4 ,if gr\nd too f9ely1 x becomes a dull :ite p[d]1 l m>ble du/1 & is useless4 ,9 ord] to give a gli/5+ appe>ance to ! surface ! p>ticles mu/ be l>ge en\gh to reflect light4 ,mica is ( no use = ?is purpose4 ,9 mak+ ! sn[ t cov]s ! gr\nd und]nea? ! gr\p ( musk ox 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,palm] inv5t$ a comp\nd compos$ ( ! pulp ( :ite blott+-pap]1 />*1 & pla/] ,p>is1 :i* made a :ite1 fluffy-look+ mass t c\ld be spr9kl$ ov] ! gr\nd by h&1 & closely resembles a light fall ( sn[4 ,= ! prep>ation ( b\ghs ( ev]gre5s = use 9 gr\ps1 s t ! ne$les w n fall (f ! twigs1 ,mr4 ,j5ness ,ri*>dson1 taxid]mi/ to ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ,new ,york1 has1 by long & pati5t exp]im5t+1 evolv$ a solution 9 :i* he actually effects ! complete pres]vation ( conif]\s foliage4 ,:5 ! bran*es to be us$ h be5 put ?r\gh ?is liquid & dri$1 !y are aft]w>d pa9t$1 & are really z p]fect z :5 liv+ on ! p>5t /em4 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson has k9dly put me 9 possession ( ! k ( 8 entire process1 b ,i am n at lib]ty to publi% x at pres5t4 ,pa9t$ ,backgr\nds4--,! beauty ( a wall-case1 or inde$ ( any gr\p 9 a flat case1 is greatly enhanc$ by ! addition ( a pa9t$ backgr\nd ( ! prop] "* to repres5t ! home surr\nd+s ( ! liv+ creatures 9 front ( x4 ,( c\rse ! back mu/ seem to be a h>moni\s cont9uation ( ! bottom1 :]e ! real objects are4 ,! t9ts ( ! picture %\ld be v quiet1 & by no means gaudy or /rik+1 & %\ld n attract att5tion away f ! zoological specim5s4 ,! objects to be ga9$ 9 a pa9t$ backgr\nd are di/ance1 air9ess1 &1 above all1 a k ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by ! bird or mammal4 ,z an example ( ! value ( a pa9t$ backgr\nd 9 ! production ( a pleas+ effect1 ! read] is respectfully ref]r$ to a gr\p ! writ] produc$ n9e ye>s ago1 entitl$ ,com+ to ! ,po9t1 & n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum 7see ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xvi474 ,x is n boa/+ to say t t simple gr\p1 compos$ ( a :ite sett] dog1 six p>tridges1 a bu% full ( autumn-t9t$ leaves1 & a really h&some pa9t$ backgr\nd 7by ,m>y ,e4,w4 ,jeffrey7 has giv5 m pleasure ?an any?+ else ! writ] ev] produc$4 ,! case is only t5 in*es deep1 b ! app>5t di/ance is ab\t a mile1 & ! autumn sc5e is v acceptable to ! public1 sportsm5 especially4 ,z yet ! museums w h no pa9t$ backgr\nds4 ,t5 ye>s ago !y w\ld h no gr\ps1 & no birds ) pa9t$ legs & beaks4 ,!y h all come to ! two latt]1 & !y w all come to pa9t$ backgr\nds also1 9 due "t1 & x w be a good ?+ = !m :5 !y d4 ,if ,i am ev] at ! head ( a museum1 x %all h gr\ps ) pa9t$ backgr\nds galore1 & !re w be imitators !re( 9 pl5ty4 ,!re is 9 ?is direction a va/ field :i* has h>dly be5 t\*$1 & :5 x is once develop$ ! _w w be ! ga9]4 ,museum manag]s ! _w ov] are too cons]vative by half4 ,"s ( !m w get out ( ! ruts !y are 9 by foll[+ o!rs2 "s w n get out until !y are dragg$ out1 & a few o!rs w nev] get out at all4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s h5ce ! zoological museums ( ?is c\ntry w be z attractive & pleas+ z ! picture gall]ies1 & !y w tea* t5 times z _m object-lessons z !y d n[4 ,to-day ! av]age museum is z lifeless z a diction>y2 b ! museum ( ! future w be life itself4 ,9 ,plate ,,xvi4 are %[n ?ree o!r examples ( wall-cases1 ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,fig4 #aj is a gr\p ( humm+-birds1 ) *oice accessories1 "u a hemisph]ical glass %ade1 surr\nd$ by a black velvet mat1 & set 9 a ri* gold frame4 ,?is exce$+ly arti/ic arrangem5t is design$ ei!r to /& on an easel or hang on ! wall1 & is ! "w ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,george ,h4 ,h$ley4 ,no4 #aa repres5ts a gr\p ( gray squirrels 9 a ru/ic case made ( papi]-ma*1 ) glass front1 top1 & sides1 & natural accessories1 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,palm]1 ( ! ,national ,museum4 ,no4 #ab repres5ts a gr\p ( s\? s\!rly ducks at ! edge ( a m>%1 9 a squ>e case ) clos$ back1 & pa9t$ backgr\nd4 ,?is 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,william ,palm]4 ,9 ,fig4 #eg appe>s a repres5tation ( a v pretty wall-case1 by ,mr4 ,f4,a4 ,lucas4 ,?is 0 "o ( a s]ies ( f\r companion cases repres5t+ ! f\r seasons1 & x is only ! v unsci5tific :o ne$ to be in=m$ t ! blue-birds build+ _! ne/ are meant to repres5t ,spr+4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,contributions ,,( ,,ornam5tal ,,taxid]my ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,exhibition ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,am]ican ,,taxid]mi/s ,,to ,,! ,u4,s4 ,,national ,,museum4 ,fig4 #a4 ,com+ to ! ,po9t ,by ,w4,t4 ,hornaday4 ,special ,m$al at ,?ird ,exhibition ( ,s4,a4 ,t42 also m$al at ,c9c9nati ,exposition1 #ahhd4 #b4 ,an ,int]rupt$ ,d9n] ,by ,fr$]ic ,a4 ,lucas4 ,diploma ( ,honor at ,fir/ ,exhibition4 #c4 ,head ( ,c>ib\ ,by ,w4,j4 ,crit*ley4 7,pres5t$ by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d47 #d4 ,peacock ,scre5 ,by ,?os4 ,w4 ,fra9e4 #e4 ,w\nd$ ,h]on ,by ,f4,s4 ,web/]4 ,second ,specialty ,m$al1 ,?ird ,exhibition1 ,s4,a4,t4 #f4 ,dead ,gull ,by ,edw9 ,a4 ,cap54 #g4 ,fright5$ ,owl ,by ,john ,wallace4 ,special ,m$al1 ,?ird ,exhibition4 #h4 ,bald ,eagle ,by ,john ,wallace4 #i4 ,fox ,squirrel ,by ,p4,w4 ,aldri*4 #aj4 ,humm+-,bird ,gr\p ,by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,geo4 ,h4 ,h$ley4 #aa4 ,gr\p ( ,gray ,squirrels ,by ,joseph ,palm]4 #ab4 ,gr\p ( ,ducks ,by ,william ,palm]4 #ac4 ,grotesque ,gr\p ( ,frogs ,by ,j4,f4,d4 ,bailly4 #ad4 ,frogs ,skat+ ,by ,j4,f4,d4 ,bailly4 #ae4 ,sn[y ,h]on ,by ,?omas ,r[l&4 #af4 ,portrait ( ,jules ,v]reaux ,by ,j4,f4,d4 ,bailly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,,ornam5tal ,illu/ration3 ,,taxid]my4 ,,table ,,gr\ps4--,v f9e specim5s are (t5 furni%$ ) cases hav+ glass on all sides1 includ+ ! top1 p]mitt+ inspection f all po9ts4 ,( c\rse e gr\p ( ?is k9d requires a small table = its base4 ,! mo/ /rik+ table gr\p ,i h ev] se5 is "o t 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,f4,a4 ,lucas1 entitl$ ,an ,int]rupt$ ,d9n]1 & repres5t$ by ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,a r$-tail$ hawk has j kill$ a ruff$ gr\se1 & has sc>cely begun 8 meal :5 a go%awk swoops d[n ^u him ) out/ret*$ talons to seize ! qu>ry4 ,! hawk has turn$ ^u 8 back1 %ield+ 8 prey ) "o w+1 & ) beak & talons at full cock is ready to receive 8 assailant1 :o hov]s 9 mid-air imm$iately above him4 ,! go%awk is support$ on an invisible brass /&>d1 :i* ent]s 8 body by way ( ! tail1 & ! illusion is p]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,wall-case ( ,birds1 by ,fr$]ic ,a4 ,lucas4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,s4 ,web/] has 9 8 ,wa%+ton /udio a table-case s+le specim5 :i* is 9 e s5se a ma/]piece4 ,x is v ne>ly a replica1 b ) a h]on ( a l>g] species1 ( 8 prize piece1 ,! ,w\nd$ ,h]on1 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #e4 ,a sn[y h]on lies on its back 7on a black velvet panel71 its brea/ pi]c$ by a gilt arr[1 :i* ! w\nd$ bird has seiz$ ) its "r foot1 & is endeavor+ to )draw4 ,! subject is a difficult "o1 & its treatm5t 9 e detail is ma/]ly4 ,,dead-,,game ,,panels4--,game birds ( all k9ds--p>ticul>ly ! h&some/ ducks1 geese1 gr\se1 woodcock1 & snipe--made to repres5t bun*es ( dead game1 are v popul> z d9+-room ornam5ts1 & dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ! taxid]mi/s ( ?is c\ntry h produc$ ?\s&s ( !m1 _m ( great beauty4 ,9 reg>d to _! prop] make-up ,i w (f] a few sugge/ions4 ,:ile ! bird is yet w>m1 or at lea/ relax$1 hang x up by "o leg1 pose x c>efully1 & m>k out its outl9e on pap]4 ,see t ! bird hangs l a dead bird1 & n l a /uff$ bird4 ,9 m\nt+ ! sk91 make ! body flat r ?an r\nd1 & h ! eyes ?ree-qu>t]s clos$4 ,! majority ( dead-game birds are m\nt$ ) _! eyes wide op54 ,birds close _! eyes :5 dy+4 ,! ,dead ,gull1 %[n 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #e1 :i* is ! "w ( ,mr4 ,e4,a4 ,cap51 ( ,bo/on1 au?or ( ,oology ( ,new ,engl&1 may be tak5 z a p]fect model ( its k9d4 ,9 e l9e x is a dead bird1 "o t has be5 kill$ ) small %ot 9 a sportsman-l mann]1 & has fall5 dead )\t a fea!r awry4 ,,fire-,,scre5s4--,probably no h&som] fire-scre5s 7 ev] produc$ by a taxid]mi/ ?an ^? ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,fra9e4 ,! specim5 pres5t$ by him to ! ,national ,museum is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #d4 ,x is made ( ! m\nt$ head & neck ( a peacock1 set aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ! ocellat$ tail fea!rs1 ( :i* ! magnific5t metallic fea!r %ield f ! bird's back =ms ! c5tre4 ,! framework is a v ?9 bo>d ( t\gh b light wood1 ! back ( :i* is cov]$ ) sat9 or raw silk1 & ! :ole is support$ on an elegant gilt tripod /&>d4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t z a :ole is truly sup]b1 & x is no wond] t ,mr4 ,fra9e's peacock scre5s h be5 v popul>4 ,! w+s ( ! roseate spoonbill1 ! sc>let ibis1 pelican1 egret1 great blue h]on1 & _m o!r birds1 are (t5 made into fire-scre5s1 ei!r ) or )\t ! m\nt$ head & neck4 ,( ^! ! two fir/ m5tion$ are ! mo/ beautiful1 especially ! roseate spoonbill4 ,!re is "o =m ( scre5 produc$ 9 ! we/ aga9/ :i* ,i prote/4 ,an entire bird is m\nt$ /&+ on a p]*-/&>d1 its w+s are spread full /ret*1 & drawn upw>d1 reg>dless ( ! laws ( anatomy1 until ! front edges meet & t\* on a p]p5dicul> l9e above ! bird's back4 ,su* an arrangem5t ( w+s = a bird t is o!rwise naturally m\nt$ is pa9ful to look ^u1 to say ! lea/4 ,! bird seems to be und]go+ torture1 & ! g5]al effect is n pretty4 ,,bird ,,m$allions4--,9 #ahhj ,mr4 ,f4,s4 ,web/]'s g5ius evolv$ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful designs 9 ornam5tal taxid]my ev] produc$1 viz41 ! bird m$allion4 ,! idea ( m\nt+ "o-half ( a bird 0 n ( itself a new "o1 b ,mr4 ,web/]'s developm5t ( t sugge/ion 0 entirely new & novel4 ,in/ead ( m\nt+ "o side ( a bird ) ! rotundity t an actual half ( a fully m\nt$ bird %\ld possess1 he /udi\sly flatt5$ ! subject1 c>efully pres]v+ all ! :ile a p]fect uni=mity 9 proportions1 & 9 ea* case produc$ ! proportions ( an ord9>y m$allion4 ,( c\rse bo? legs appe>$ on ! specim51 & e specim5 s m\nt$ 0 ! f9e/ ( its k9d1 & faultless 9 =m & f9i%4 ,! fir/ specim5 ( ?is sort may be describ$ z a type ( all ! re/4 ,! subject *os5 0 a sn[y h]on 7,ardea caudidissima7 ( extra f9e quality4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a massive & v deep gold & velvet frame1 ) a glass across its top1 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( black velvet ( ! heavie/ & f9e/ quality /ood ! sn[-:ite bird1 9 relief1--a g5u9e m$allion4 ,! exquisite plumes ( ! head1 brea/1 & back lay aga9/ ! ri* black clo? l ?reads ( spun glass4 ,! head 0 rais$1 & ! beak slightly elevat$ 9 a v life-l attitude2 ! body re/$ on "o leg1 :i* /ood on a little gilt log1 model$ 9 papi]-ma*1 & ! o!r foot 0 held up ne> ! brea/ 9 an attitude *>act]i/ic ( ! h]ons4 ,! effect z a :ole 0 *>m+4 ,!re 0 no?+ gaudy1 nor *eap1 nor h>d 9 ! arrangem5t1 & ! idea 0 a great success4 ,! receiv+-frame us$ by ,mr4 ,web/] 0 also 8 own design1 call$ =? by ! necessity ( fully protect+ ! "w4 ,o!r birds t became popul> subjects = treatm5t 9 ?is way 7 ! wood duck1 sc>let ibis1 :ite ibis1 roseate spoonbill1 ,engli% pheasant1 & respl5d5t trogon4 ,( c\rse ! color & quality ( ! mat]ial us$ z a backgr\nd 0 v>i$ to suit ! colors ( ea* subject1 b ( all ! mat]ials tri$1 plu% prov$ to be mo/ acceptable4 ,,heads4--,?is subject has be5 fully discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,an additional example1 %[+ a p>ticul>ly f9e head ( a b>r5 gr\nd c>ib\1 on a %ield ( a v arti/ic patt]n1 is to be se5 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #c1 ! orig9al ( :i* 0 m\nt$ by ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,crit*ley1 & pres5t$ to ! ,society1 = its exhibit 9 ! ,national ,museum1 by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d4 ,,s+le ,,specim5s4--,eagles1 owls1 hawks1 rav5s1 cr[s1 h]ons1 ducks1 gr\se1 & o!r game birds 9 g5]al1 m\nt$ s+ly1 on ei!r pla9 or fancy p$e/als1 make v int]e/+ & prop] ornam5ts = ! tops ( book-cases1 wall-brackets1 easels1 & ! l4 ,good examples ( objects ( ?is class are repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 z foll[s3 ,fig4 #h1 ,bald ,eagle2 ,fig4 #g1 ,fright5$ ,owl1 by ,mr4 ,john ,wallace1 ( ,new ,york ,city2 ,fig4 #ae1 ,sn[y ,egret1 by ,mr4 ,?omas ,r[l&2 & ,no4 #i1 ,gray ,squirrel1 by ,mr4 ,p4,w4 ,aldri*1 ( ,bo/on4 ,,grotesque ,,gr\ps4--,no "o :o has ev] visit$ "o ( ! exhibitions ( ! ,s4,a4,t4 is likely to =get ! exce$+ly droll & mir?-provok+ gr\ps ( /uff$ frogs1 c>icatur+ poor humanity1 produc$ by ,mr4 ,j4,f4,d4 ,bailly1 n[ ( ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,z a humori/ & satiri/ our old fri5d ,bailly has few equals1 &1 9 conjunction ) 8 f9e me*anical skill1 8 love ( ! ridicul\s took p]man5t =m 9 gr\ps ( frogs4 ,! frog seems to h be5 creat$ = ! especial purpose ( enabl+ ,monsieur ,bailly to c>icature mank9d4 ,! results mu/ be se5 to be appreciat$4 ,we h _h gr\ps ( frogs duell+1 play+ billi>ds1 mak+ love1 gett+ drunk1 smok+1 danc+1 fi%+1 gam+1 electione]+1 & :at n4 ,= frogs1 h[ev]1 !re is only "o taxid]mi/1 = ,i h nev] se5 anyone else1 ei!r ,fr5* or ,am]ican1 :o c\ld ev5 rival our old fri5d4 ,he sk9n$ e frog ?r\gh its m\?1 )\t break+ ! sk91 turn$ x wrong side out1 wir$ x1 made its legs ( cotton1 turn$ x back1 fill$ its body ) cotton1 set x up 9 position1 v>ni%$ x all ov]1 & fitt$ x out ) m9iature furniture to suit ! subject4 ,mr4 ,bailly us$ to cut simil> taxid]mic cap]s ) squirrels1 & ,messrs4 ,crit*ley1 ,lucas1 & o!rs h produc$ "s v amus+ grotesque pieces ) cats & kitt5s4 ,9 ,plate ,,xvi41 ,fig4 #ae1 is %[n 7indi/9ctly7 "o ( ,mr4 ,bailly's frog gr\ps1 entitl$ ,sold ,aga94 ,a fi%]man is 9 ! act ( pull+ out a big fi%1 :i* ! att5d+ small boy rea*es out to take 9 ) a dip-net1 :5 ! fi% turns out to be only an old %oe4 ,,fur ,,rugs ,,) ,,m\nt$ ,,heads4--,be=e a raw pelt or sk9 c be made up z a rug1 x mu/ be s5t to a fir/-class tann]1 & ?or\ghly tann$ & dress$4 ,?is process %\ld make ! sk9 clean1 s(t1 & pliable4 ,if ! head is to be m\nt$1 t "p %\ld n be tann$1 nor put ?r\gh any process4 ,aft] ! sk9 has be5 prop]ly tann$1 relax ! head1 & m\nt x 9 su* a mann] t ! head w lie z flat z possible ^u ! floor4 ,:5 ! skull is pres5t1 x is cu/om>y to m\nt tig]1 leop>d1 & be> rugs ) ! m\? op51 sn>l+4 ,"s pref] to h a head m\nt$ ) ! l[] jaw entirely (f1 & only ! upp] half ( ! head fill$ out4 ,?is makes ( ! head :at is kn[n z a mask4 ,e rug requires to h an inn] l9+ ( buckram to give x body & /iffness suffici5t to keep x spread out flat4 ,und]nea? t mu/ come ! l9+ prop]1 ( quilt$ felt ( suitable color1 :i* is g5]ally left project+ an in* or two beyond ! sk9 all ar\nd4 ,?is project+ edge is p9k$ ) a p9k+ iron1 to make x m ornam5tal4 ,! f9e/ "w on rugs1 p>ticul>ly ! f9] k9ds1 su* z lion1 tig]1 leop>d1 & be>1 is done by ,mr4 ,f4,s4 ,web/]1 ( ,wa%+ton1 :o has develop$ ?is l9e ( "w mo/ h&somely & sy/ematically1 & :o does an imm5se am\nt ( x4 ,else:]e 9 ?is book appe>s full directions = ! pres]vation ( sk9s = sale z pelts = furri]s' use4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,imitation ,,rocks4--,9 mak+ a rockwork p$e/al1 ! fir/ ?+ is to build y\r f\ndation1 ( wood if x be v l>ge1 ( wood cov]$ ) v /iff & /rong pap]1 if x be small4 ,9 ! latt] case !re mu/ be a wood5 skeleton to :i* ! pap] may be tack$4 ,hav+ tack$ ! pap] on 9 l>ge %eets1 & duly crumpl$ x to get ! prop] =m ( ! rocky mass1 give ! pap] a coat ( ?ick glue4 ,:5 dry x w be q /iff & /rong4 ,n[ apply papi]-ma* ( a co>se quality1 & model its surface to %[ ! prop] angles or l9es ( /ratification4 ,procure "s granite or s&/one1 or :atev] rock y *oose to imitate1 p\nd x up z f9ely z necess>y1 & aft] giv+ ! surface ( ! papi]-ma* a coat ( ?ick glue1 apply y\r rock mat]ial by ?r[+ x aga9/ ! surface to be cov]$1 s t ! p>ticles ind5t ! surface & /ick fa/4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole surface c be completely cov]$1 & :5 x is done ) ! actual mat]ial1 no pa9t+ is necess>y4 ,! possibilities & v>iations 9 ?is l9e are inf9ite1 & s mu* dep5ds ^u circum/ances x is unpr(itable to g fur!r into details4 ,v pretty s+le pieces1 or small masses ( rock1 may be made by us+ peat1 or coke1 or cork1 ei!r 9 l>ge pieces or small] pieces glu$ toge!r1 & cov]+ ! surface ) f9e s& mix$ ) v>i\s dry colors1 & add+ color$ li*5s 9 spots "h & !re4 ,clo? is poor /uff to use 9 mak+ rockwork4 ,x draws 9 /raight l9es1 & 9 smoo?1 pla9 surfaces4 ,x g5]ally %[s up ! wood5 framework to p]fection4 ,use manila pap] in/ead1 by all means1 & take great pa9s 9 %ap+ y\r wood5 f\ndation4 ,always avoid /raight l9es & pla9 surfaces4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,gr\ps ,,& ,,gr\p+4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! art ( taxid]my has won its way to public favor 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ two decades is c]ta9ly v gratify+4 ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago a great naturali/ decl>$ t a sk9 /uff$ is a sk9 spoil$4 ,ev5 t5 ye>s ago ! only specim5s p]mitt$ 9 museums 7 ^? t 7 m\nt$ s+ly1 9 /]eotyp$ attitudes1 on poli%$ p$e/als ( h>d wood4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfj & #ahgf a few ( ! m ambiti\s taxid]mi/s ( ,europe produc$ v>i\s gr\ps ( mammals1 l>ge & small4 ,( ^!1 "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y 0 ! ,lion & ,tig] ,/ruggle1 by ,edw9 ,w>d1 ( ,london1 & ano!r 0 ,jules ,v]reaux's ,arab ,c\ri] attack$ by ,lions4 ,! mo/ ( ^! gr\ps repres5t$ animals 9 !atrical attitudes1 usually fight+4 ,:ile !y 7 ( mu* int]e/ = c]ta9 purposes1 !y 7 ( b little value to p]sons desir+ to /udy typical =ms ( ! species :i* 7 repres5t$4 ,x w\ld h be5 q z appropriate to place ! ,dy+ ,gladiator or ,! ,laocoon 9 an e?nological museum1 z x w\ld h be5 to place su* gr\ps z ! ,lion & ,tig] ,/ruggle ( ,edw9 ,w>d1 or ,r[l& ,w>d's ,combat ( ,r$ ,de]1 9 a collection ( m\nt$ mammals 9 a sci5tific museum4 ,up to ! ye> #ahgi no l>ge gr\ps ( mammals _h be5 prep>$ 9 ?is c\ntry :i* 7 consid]$ appropriate = sci5tific display collections4 ,fur!rmore1 ! production ( gr\ps ( mammals or birds suitable = sci5tific museums 0 g5]ally consid]$ an impossibility4 ,9 #ahgi ! writ] return$ f a collect+ trip to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 hav+ 9 m9d num]\s designs = gr\ps ( mammals1 bo? l>ge & small4 ,x 0 believ$ !n t _m ( ^! w\ld n only be suitable = sci5tific museums1 b w\ld also be f> m attractive & in/ructive ?an ord9>y specim5s4 ,a design = a gr\p ( orang utans 0 prep>$ & submitt$ to ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d1 ) :om ! writ] 0 !n associat$1 at 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ,e/abli%m5t1 ) a proposition to prep>e su* a gr\p z 0 !re repres5t$4 ,aft] consid]able hesitation ,pr(essor ,w>d f9ally decid$ to let ! exp]im5t be tri$1 & ! gr\p 0 prep>$ accord+ to ! design4 ,i d n d5y ! s(t impea*m5t t 9 "o respect ?is design 0 highly sugge/ive ( ! me?ods adopt$ by my ,european rivals to secure att5tion to _! "w1 or1 9 o!r words1 x 0 a trifle s5sational4 ,! gr\p 9 "q repres5t$ a pair ( imm5se & hide\sly ugly male orang utans fight+ furi\sly :ile !y hung susp5d$ 9 ! tree-tops4 ,! fa!r ( an int]e/+ family 0 evid5tly be+ assail$ by a rival = ! affection ( ! female orang utan1 :o1 ) a small infant cl++ to h] brea/1 _h ha/ily quitt$ h] ne/ ( gre5 bran*es1 & 0 seek+ tall] timb]4 ,! ne/ :i* %e _h j quitt$ 0 an accurate repres5tation ( ! ne/ con/ruct$ by ?is great ape4 ,9 ! middle ( ! gr\p1 & at ! highe/ po9t1 0 ano!r ne/ 9 ! top ( a sapl+1 on ! edge ( :i* ano!r int]e/+ "y orang utan--a production evid5tly ( ! previ\s ye>1 0 gaz+ d[n ) wide-ey$ wond] at ! fracas go+ on bel[4 ,! accessories to ?is 7 s design$ & arrang$ z to repres5t an actual section ( ! top ( a ,bornean =e/1 at a height ( ab\t ?irty feet f ! gr\nd1 repres5t+ ! natural trees1 ) leaves1 or*ids1 pepp]-v9es1 moss1 & vegetation galore4 ,= su* a subject an unusual am\nt ( c>e 0 be/[$ on ! accessories4 ,al?\gh ! design ( ?is gr\p includ$ ! !atrical feature ( a combat betwe5 animals1 !re 0 me?od 9 ?is madness4 ,?is feature 0 introduc$ = ! specific purpose ( attract+ att5tion to ! gr\p & invit+ discussion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvii4 ,reproduc$ f ,two ,ye>s 9 ! ,jungle4 ,a ,,fight ,,9 ,,! ,,tree-,,tops4 7,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,gr\p ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,,museum1 ,,m\nt$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or47 ,! rema9d] ( ! gr\p 0 ( su* a "* t x seem$ no sci5tific obs]v] c\ld f9d fault ) its naturalness4 ,all ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! gr\p 7 repres5t$ 9 natural attitudes 7! result ( elaborate life-/udies 9 ! ,bornean jungles71 & ea* "o told its own /ory ( ! orang utan's life & habits 7,plate ,,xvii47 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! gr\p caught ! popul> fancy4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 ,septemb]1 #ahgi1 j 9 "t to be s5t to ,s>atoga1 = exhibition be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 o/5sibly = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ a pap] by ! au?or on ,! ,species ( ,bornean ,orangs4 ,naturally x attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & x seem$ to meet ! approval ( ! memb]s ( ! ,association1 p>ticul>ly ! museum directors & sup]9t5d5ts1 :o 7 especially int]e/$ 9 su* "w4 ,al?\gh x may be ! rev]se ( mode/ 9 me to say s1 ,i _c help believ+ t ! production ( t gr\p m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( an era 9 ! progress ( museum taxid]my 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! price plac$ ^u ?is gr\p 7#b1jjj7 prev5t$ its imm$iate sale2 b 9 a %ort "t ano!r gr\p ( orang utans1 simil> 9 composition b ( a v diff]5t design1 0 ord]$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,colgate1 ( ,new ,york1 = ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & prep>$ by ! writ] at ,pr(essor ,w>d's e/abli%m5t4 ,?is gr\p repres5t$ ! orang at home--a p]fectly peaceful sc5e 9 ! top ( a ,bornean =e/4 ,x includ$ five orang utans1 ( v>i\s sizes & ages1 fe$+ on durions1 sleep+ 9 a ne/1 climb+1 sitt+1 & sw++4 ,?is gr\p 0 also v well receiv$ by ! public4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ production1 ! accessories 7 all c>efully work$ out4 ,! price paid = ?is gr\p 0 #a1ejj4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj1 :5 ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s 0 organiz$ 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 = ! developm5t ( ! art ( taxid]my1 ! museum-gr\p idea 0 mu* discuss$ by its f\nd]s at ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t4 ,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,s4 ,web/] det]m9$ to make a fur!r te/ ( public s5tim5t by ! production ( a l>ge gr\p ( birds1 design$ especially = a place 9 "s sci5tific museum4 ,) mo/ praisewor?y ent]prise he accord+ly prep>$1 at 8 own exp5se1 & ) great c>e & skill1 a gr\p ( ?ree flam+oes ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,two ( ! birds 7 repres5t$ z /&+ at ! edge ( a %all[ lagoon1 & ! ?ird 0 sitt+ on its ne/ ( mud4 ,! wat] ( ! lagoon 0 successfully repres5t$1 z also 7 c]ta9 aquatic plants by artificial productions ( ! f9e/ k9ds4 ,at ! fir/ exhibition ( ! ,society1 :i* 0 held 9 ,ro*e/]1 9 #ahhj1 ?is gr\p1 & also ! fir/ gr\p ( orang utans1 ,a ,battle 9 ! ,tree-tops1 0 exhibit$4 ,to ! gr\p ( orang utans 0 aw>d$ ! specialty m$al1 (f]$ = ! be/ piece 9 ! entire exhibition2 b to ! surprise ( ev]yone1 save ! judges !mselves1 & to ! con/]nation & *agr9 ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,society1 ! gr\p ( flam+oes 0 entirely ignor$1 & ! m$al (f]$ = ! second be/ piece 9 ! entire exhibition 0 aw>d$ to a solit>y wood-duck1 m\nt$ by ,mr4 ,web/]1 & figur$ h]e) 7,fig4 #eh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,mr4 ,web/]'s ,prize ,wood-,duck4 ,! failure ( ! flam+o gr\p to receive any recognition caus$ deep disappo9tm5t to all ^? :o _h wat*$ its production ) s mu* int]e/ & hopeful anticipation4 ,x _h be5 fondly hop$ t x might prove to be ! pr$ecessor ( a long s]ies ( bird gr\ps ( ! mo/ v>i$ & int]e/+ "*4 ,! judges ( ?is exhibition 7 m5 ( high sci5tific atta9m5ts1 & _! hone/y ( purpose 9 mak+ _! aw>ds c\ld n be que/ion$ = a mom5t4 ,on be+ mildly tak5 to task = _! failure to appreciate ! gr\p ( flam+oes1 ! judges ma9ta9$ t su* gr\ps 7 n suitable = sci5tific museums1 z 0 ! evid5t int5tion 9 its prep>ation4 ,argum5ts to ! contr>y 7 ( no avail1 & ! believ]s 9 su* gr\ps 7 oblig$ = ! "t be+ to hang _! h>ps on ! will[s4 ,x is a pleasure to record ! fact t1 al?\gh ! "t _h n !n arriv$1 subsequ5t ev5ts h prov$ t ! idea ( ! gr\p-mak]s 0 a good "o2 &1 al?\gh ! production ( gr\ps did n come to pass precisely z 0 !n anticipat$1 "t has wr\ght its p]fect "w1 & gr\ps are n[ ! ord] ( ! day4 ,9 #ahhb ! writ] 0 appo9t$ *ief taxid]mi/ ( ! ,national ,museum4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+1 ! fir/ gr\p ( orang utans1 ,! ,fight 9 ! ,tree-tops1 0 pur*as$ ( ,pr(essor ,w>d by t in/itution1 & aft] be+ p>tly recon/ruct$ 0 plac$ on exhibition 9 ! ,hall ( ,mammals1 :]e x n[ is4 ,s9ce x left 8 e/abli%m5t1 ,pr(essor ,w>d has be5 pleas$ to call x ! k+ ( gr\ps4 ,! gr\p idea 0 frequ5tly advanc$ by ! writ] to ! directors ( ! ,national ,museum1 b ! "t = its practical adoption on a lib]al scale did n arrive until #ahhf4 ,x is true t 9 #ahhd ,pr(essor ,goode _h six gr\ps ( ducks prep>$ by ,mr4 ,web/]1 & six bird gr\ps ( ! same size prep>$ by ,mr4 ,m>%all at ! ,museum2 b ) ! completion ( ^! ! m\nt+ ( bird gr\ps !re came to an end4 ,! condition ( ! regul> exhibition s]ies ( m\nt$ mammals dem&$ sev]al ye>s' un9t]rupt$ "w be=e any att5tion c\ld be devot$ to su* exceptional "w z ! prep>ation ( gr\ps ei!r l>ge or small4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ye> #ahhf1 ! auspici\s mom5t arriv$4 ,! collect+ by ! writ] ( a v l>ge s]ies ( specim5s ( ! ,am]ican bison result$ 9 8 receiv+ p]mission to prep>e a l>ge m\nt$ gr\p aft] 8 own design4 ,to 8 int5se gratification he 0 giv5 c>te blan*e z to "t & exp5se1 & no limit 0 plac$ on ! size ( ! gr\p1 ! "* or ext5t ( ! accessories1 or ! co/ ( ! case to conta9 all4 ,! exp]im5t 0 to be reg>d$ z a crucial te/ ( ! gr\p idea z adapt$ to ! purposes ( sci5tific museums4 ,:ile ! gr\p ( buffaloes 0 /ill 9 c\rse ( prep>ation1 ! writ] prep>$1 z a feel]1 a v simple gr\p1 consi/+ ( ?ree coyotes1 a l>ge male & female & "o "y specim54 ,! attitudes & gr\p+ 0 simplicity itself1 & ! gr\nd 0 no?+ b gravelly sod1 be>+ a few /unt$ bun*es ( bad-l&s grass4 ,9 ord] t famili>ity might n bre$ contempt1 ?is gr\p 0 kept c>efully seclud$ f ! obs]vation ( ! ,assi/ant ,director until x 0 f9i%$ & 9 its case 9 ! mammal hall ( ! museum4 ,its "* 0 ab\t z foll[s3 ,a "y specim5--a puppy ab\t f\r weeks old--0 playfully endeavor+ to pull ! jawbone ( an antelope out ( its "m's m\?4 ,/&+ a trifle beh9d ^! two /ood ! fa!r ( ! family1 a really noble specim5 ( ! species1 if by any /ret* ( ! imag9ation a coyote--! k+ ( sneaks--c be consid]$ noble4 ,8 head 0 held high 9 ! air1 & he 0 und\bt$ly look+ af> (f1 z if wat*+ = ! com+ ( ! man ) a gun4 7,see ,plate ,,xviii47 ,?is little gr\p 0 he>tily approv$1 & ! "q ( gr\ps 9 ! ,national ,museum 0 settl$ =ev] be=e ! production ( ! buffalo gr\p 0 fully accompli%$4 ,! idea z a :ole 0 pron\nc$ n only satisfactory1 b exce$+ly desirable1 & ord]s 7 giv5 t gr\ps ( all ! m important ,am]ican mammals %\ld be design$ & produc$ z rapidly z practicable4 ,"w 0 imm$iately comm5c$ on sev]al o!r gr\ps1 & by ! "t ! gr\p ( buffaloes 0 complet$ & ready = exhibition1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahhh1 ?ree o!r gr\ps 7 ready to be display$ at ! same "t1 viz41 ( antelopes1 prairie-dogs1 & opossums4 ,! reception accord$ ! gr\p ( buffaloes settl$ all d\bt t might h previ\sly exi/$ reg>d+ ! e/imation 9 :i* su* productions w\ld be held by ! public4 ,at pres5t ! only tr\ble :i* ! taxid]mic dep>tm5t ( ! ,national ,museum labors "u is t x is unable to produce gr\ps ( mammals half fa/ en\gh4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahij1 a l>ge gr\p ( moose1 ( ! same dim5sions z ! gr\p ( buffaloes1 0 complet$1 & a gr\p ( musk ox5 0 complet$ a mon? lat]4 ,_m o!r gr\ps are 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,coyotes4 ,,m\nt$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 )9 ?ree ye>s f ! "t ! ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s f\nd its fir/ gr\p ( birds s fr[n$ ^u by museum (fic]s1 ! ,briti% ,museum und]took ! prep>ation ( a l>ge s]ies ( m\nt$ gr\ps ( birds1 ) accessories bo? natural & manufactur$4 ,precisely 9 l9e ) our idea1 ^! gr\ps 7 int5d$ to %[ ! birds 9 _! haunts1 &1 z f> z possible1 to %[ _! ne/+ habits4 ,naturally en\gh !y 7 produc$ ) ! c>e :i* su* subjects m]it1 & ! results are truly admirable4 ,:5 "s ( ^! gr\ps 7 se5 by ! ent]pris+ & f>-sight$ ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,tru/ees ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,mr4 ,morris ,k4 ,jesup1 he imm$iately det]m9$ to h a s]ies ( bird gr\ps prep>$ = ! great in/itution he has = _m ye>s s ably direct$4 ,he engag$ ,mr4 ,j5ness ,ri*>dson1 !n 9 ! taxid]mic dep>tm5t ( ! ,national ,museum1 & ! "w 0 begun 9 #ahhf4 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson nev] saw any ( ! bird gr\ps ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! "w he has produc$ is z mu* 8 own z ?\gh ! ,briti% ,museum collection _h nev] exi/$4 ,go+ z he did f ! ,national ,museum1 ! gr\p idea 0 by no means new to him1 & ! sev5ty beautiful gr\ps he has s9ce produc$ /& z a la/+ monum5t to 8 skill z a taxid]mi/1 8 arti/ic conception 9 design+1 & 8 en]gy z a collector4 ,no o!r feature 9 ! entire ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,new ,york is s attractive & pleas+ to ! g5]al public z are ! gr\ps ( m\nt$ birds4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,gr\p-,,mak+4 ,!re are sev]al vital pr9ciples :i* apply to all k9ds ( gr\ps1 bo? l>ge & small1 & we mu/ consid] ^! be=e proce$+ to discuss ! diff]5t k9ds ( gr\ps4 ,,specim5s4--,! specim5s select$ to compose a gr\p %\ld by all means be ! f9e/ procurable4 ,x is a mi/ake to g to ! tr\ble & exp5se ( m\nt+ a numb] ( specim5s 9 a gr\p unless ea* object is entirely satisfactory 9 quality4 ,if ! gr\p is to repres5t a family1 let ! old male & female specim5s be ( ! l>ge/ size1 & ) ! f9e/ possible pelage or plumage1 z ! case may be4 ,d n beg9 ! m\nt+ ( a gr\p until y h 9 h& a s]ies ( specim5s t is entirely satisfactory4 ,let !m be s f9e t _! quality w be rem>k$ by all obs]v]s4 ,x w !n be a pleasure to lavi% "w ^u !m4 ,ev5 if y %\ld m\nt a specim5 & aft]w>d discov] t x is inf]ior1 disc>d x by all means 9 favor ( a bett] "o4 ,a l>ge gr\p ( ei!r mammals or birds repres5ts a v consid]able outlay 9 money & "t1 & unless ! quality ( ! specim5s is above criticism1 ! gr\p is by no means a success4 ,i h f\nd t x is a "w ( f "o to two ye>s' "t to procure ! specim5s necess>y = a complete gr\p ( l>ge mammals ( any k9d4 ,! be/ ( all ways to procure specim5s = gr\ps is to g into ! field1 f9d !m 9 _! haunts1 /udy !m alive1 /udy _! habitat & _! habits2 %oot1 measure1 & pres]ve !m ) y\r own h&s4 ,if y are unable to d ?is y\rself1 !n x mu/ be done = y by "s compet5t p]son1 "u y\r direction4 ,9 procur+ "y animals1 :i* are v necess>y 9 ne>ly all gr\ps = sci5tific purposes1 ! greate/ vigilance is requir$ to enable ! collector to secure ! specim5s j :5 !y rea* ! "r age & size4 ,,design4--,:5 y h det]m9$ to prep>e a gr\p ( a c]ta9 species1 /udy ! "* & size ( ! subjects to compose x1 & !n beg9 by sket*+1 to ! be/ ( y\r ability1 a design 9 :i* ea* specim5 %all h its place & attitude4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( l>ge gr\ps1 ,i h always f\nd ! satisfactory arrangem5t ( ! specim5s ! mo/ puzzl+ & p]plex+ feature ( ! "w4 ,b h[ev] difficult x may be to satisfy myself ) a design1 ,i nev] proce$ ) a gr\p until ! composition ( my sket* gr\p is satisfactory4 ,! two l>ge/ & f9e/ specim5s 9 a gr\p %\ld con/itute its c5tral & comm&+ figures4 ,put z little life z possible 9 ! corn]s ( a gr\p1 & by all means make ! specim5s %[ an int]e/ 91 & a relation to1 ea* o!r4 ,! design mu/ be dom9at$ by "o c5tral idea or purpose1 :i* %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\p4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t ea* gr\p %\ld =m a p]fect picture1 compact1 well r\nd$1 & ! relation%ip ( ! diff]5t specim5s to ea* o!r %\ld be s cle>ly def9$ z to leave no room = ! sugge/ion t ! specim5s h be5 m\nt$ indep5d5tly1 & simply plac$ toge!r4 ,,space4--,no matt] h[ small or l>ge a gr\p may be1 to be p]fect 9 effect x mu/ h abundant case-room4 ,let !re be "s room to sp>e 9 ! corn]s & above ! gr\p4 ,! top ( ! case %\ld by all means be ( glass4 ,an airy1 light1 out-door effect c n be secur$ 9 a small1 cramp$ cage1 9 :i* ! specim5s appe> l cag$ circus animals4 ,if y wi% to h y\r specim5s look alive1 & z if !y are really on _! native hea?1 !y mu/ n be cab9'd1 cribb'd1 conf9'd4 ,,accessories4--,al?\gh poor accessories are bett] ?an none1 y w1 ( c\rse1 h !m all z ne>ly p]fect z possible4 ,sp>e nei!r "t1 tr\ble1 nor exp5se 9 procur+ ! f9e/ collection ( accessories t y c possibly ga!r4 ,d n ?9k y mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! fir/ t comes to h&1 b se>* f> & wide until y h obta9$ precisely :at y want4 ,d n be too lavi% 9 ! use ( accessory mat]ial4 ,rememb] t en\gh is z good z a fea/1 & too mu* is good = no?+4 ,!re are two pr9ciples1 ei!r "o ( :i* c gov]n y 9 y\r selection ( accessory mat]ial4 ,"o is to select a giv5 spot ( gr\nd ( precisely ! same area z ! section y propose to use z ! gr\ndwork ( y\r gr\p1 & reproduce only su* mat]ials z are f\nd on t p>ticul> squ>e ( "m e>?4 ,?is is ! idea :i* has be5 /rictly foll[$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! gr\ps ( birds 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory by ,mr4 ,ri*>dson4 ,i hold to a diff]5t pr9ciple4 ,i believe t x is be/ to select f a giv5 locality su* mat]ial z w be/ repres5t an ideal section ( ! c\ntry to be repres5t$ z ! habitat ( ! gr\p4 ,( c\rse1 x is necess>y to ex]cise c>e n to br+ toge!r too great an assortm5t ( mat]ials4 ,by act+ on ?is pr9ciple we secure a limit$ selection ( ! mo/ common & famili> species ( plants 9 a giv5 locality1 & at ! same "t h ! advantage ( arrang+ !m = ! be/ arti/ic effect on ! gr\nd :i* has be5 prep>$ to accommodate ! gr\p accord+ to ! design4 ,) small gr\ps1 9 :i* a ne/ or burr[ is to be repres5t$1 x is an easy & simple matt] to reproduce ! exact situation 9 :i* ! home ( ! animal 0 situat$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( l>ge gr\ps ?is is a practicable impossibility4 ,,special ,,exhibition ,,gr\ps4--,to ?is class prop]ly belongs su* subjects z ,v]reaux's ,arab ,c\ri] attack$ by ,lions2 ,edw9 ,w>d's ,lion & ,tig] ,/ruggle2 & ! two gr\ps1 ,lions ,fight+ & ,horseman attack$ by ,tig]s1 prep>$ by ,john ,wallace1 ( ,new ,york4 ,su* gr\ps are bold 9 design1 !atrical 9 effect1 & ea* "o is suppos$ to repres5t a t\r de =ce on ! "p ( ! orig9ator4 ,!y are valuable = great expositions1 = %[-w9d[s1 fairs1 cry/al palaces1 & ! l4 ,= su* purposes ! m />tl+ !y are1 ! bett]4 ,animals are usually *os5 :i* w admit ( a repres5tation ( vigor\s action4 ,! mo/ favorite !me is l>ge animals 9 combat4 ,he :o has ! boldness to introduce ! human =m div9e 9 su* a composition w (t5] ?an o!rwise h occasion to wi% he hadn't4 ,! human figure is1 at be/1 a difficult subject to h&le1 & 9 its introduction ) m\nt$ quadrup$s ! design] (t5 f9ds1 to 8 sorr[1 h[ v %ort is ! /ep f ! sublime to ! ridicul\s4 ,9 g5]al ,i %\ld say t ! human figure is an excell5t ?+ to leave out ( a gr\p ( m\nt$ quadrup$s1 unless x happ5s to be an ,esquimau completely envelop$ 9 ?ick furs4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( gr\ps ( ?is class1 ! ambiti\s taxid]mi/ has be=e him almo/ z great a v>iety ( subjects z has ! sculptor1 s9ce 8 "w is subject to precisely ! same g5]al rules4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,mammals4 ,,gr\p+ ,,small ,,mammals4--,s9ce our small mammals c n migrate s\? 9 w9t]1 z d ! birds1 ea* species mu/ provide itself ) a w9t] home1 or p]i%4 ,! ne/+ & burr[+ habits ( ^! build]s ( homes )\t h&s af=d a mo/ int]e/+ field = inve/igation & /udy1 & "o :i* is ( great int]e/ to ev]yone4 ,almo/ )\t exception1 e mammalian species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates bel[ ! size ( ! coyote1 e/abli%es = itself dur+ a "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! ye>1 a fix$ habitation4 ,"s ( ! m ent]pris+ species1 notably ! squirrels & rabbits1 enjoy ! luxury ( a summ] resid5ce z well z a w9t] home4 ,! gr\ps ( small mammals :i* ! ,national ,museum is n[ produc+ & plac+ ^u exhibition h = "o ( _! pr9cipal features ! illu/ration ( ! homemak+ habits ( ! species repres5t$4 ,a m5tion ( "o or two examples w s]ve to convey an idea ( ! type ( ea* class4 ,a gr\p ( ,am]ican opossums may be tak5 z a good example4 ,! case :i* encloses ! entire gr\p is #d feet long1 #c feet wide1 & #c feet high4 ,! frame ( ! case is z light z possible1 & all f\r sides & ! top are ( glass4 ,on ! side ( a slop+ bank /&s ! base ( a small gum-tree1 ) ! roots on ! l[] side expos$ by ! crumbl+ away ( ! bank4 ,( c\rse ! trunk rises to ! top ( ! case1 :]e x is cut squ>ely (f4 ,at ! bottom ( ! slop+ bank1 betwe5 two ( ! roots1 is an op5+1 :i* is recogniz$ at once z ! doorway to ! opossum's home4 ,! burr[ w9ds upw>d betwe5 ! roots ( ! tree1 & f9ally turns (f to ! left into ! bank1 :]e1 aft] runn+ ?r\gh a passage-way ( two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 ! ne/ itself is f\nd4 ,x is 9 a pocket-l excavation1 & a circul> section is cut out ( ! front ( ! bank s z to make an op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! ne/ c be se54 ,! ne/ is l9$ ) dead leaves1 9 :i* lies an opossum curl$ up & s\nd asleep4 ,at ! back ( ! case a sectional view ( ! bank is repres5t$1 & by means ( an op5+ cut "h & !re1 ! c\rse ( ! burr[ is pla9ly se54 ,9 ! =egr\nd is an old "m opossum ) sev]al "y ones rid+ on h] back1 cl++ to h] gray coat1 :ile ! head ( ano!r protrudes f h] p\*4 ,?is repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* ! opossum c>ries h] "y aft] !y h rea*$ a c]ta9 age4 ,f a small bran* hangs ano!r opossum1 susp5d$ by its preh5sile tail1 sprawl+ 9 mid-air4 ,?is specim5 is a female1 & %[s ! size & location ( ! wond]ful m>supial p\*4 ,ano!r individual is climb+ up ! trunk ( ! tree4 ,a f\r? specim51 :i* has be5 di/urb$ by ano!r1 is paus+ to prote/ ) widely op5$ m\?1 :ile 9 ! act ( creep+ into ! m\? ( ! burr[4 ,please notice ! numb] ( facts t are taught by ?is simple little gr\p4 ,x %[s t ! opossum is a m>supial1 & ! female c>ries h] "y 9 a p\* 9 h] own body2 t :5 ! "y rea* a c]ta9 age1 !y ride ^u ! "m's back1 cl++ to h] fur2 t ! animal is arboreal 9 habit1 & has a preh5sile tail1 by :i* x is capable ( susp5d+ itself2 t x burr[s 9 banks 9 dry situations1 & sleeps curl$ up l a ball 9 a b$ ( dry leaves4 ,x also %[s ! full size ( ! adult1 ! "y ( ! previ\s ye>1 & ! rec5t brood4 ,b = an un=tunate accid5t1 :i* has yet to be repair$1 x w\ld also %[ ! numb] born at "o bir?4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is gr\p ! grass & moss is prop]ly repres5t$1 & !re are artificial leaves on ! tree bran*es :i* ent] ! gr\p4 ,gr\ps ( ?is class c easily be made to %[ ! ord9>y ne/+ & bre$+ habits ( ! animals repres5t$4 ,n[ x happ5s t animals ( "s species make a v>iety ( ne/s1 accord+ to circum/ances or caprice4 ,9 #ahhi we prep>$ a gr\p 9 ?ree sections1 ea* ( :i* %[s "o ( ! habits ( ! gray squirrel 9 ne/+4 ,ea* is compos$ ( an actual ne/1 & 9 ! id5tical tree 9 :i* x 0 built by ,bunny himself4 ,"o repres5ts a ne/ 9 a holl[ bee* tree1 9 :i* a pair ( gray squirrels br$ = ye>s4 ,ano!r is :at might be call$ a summ] ne/1 made ( c$> b>k1 9 ! top ( a c$> tree4 ,x is a r\nd ball1 & 9 size & %ape mu* resembles a hornet's ne/4 ,! ?ird section repres5ts an outside ne/ ( gre5 oak-leaves1 plac$ on a bran* ( an oak tree4 ,^! ?ree gr\ps are exhibit$ 9 "o case1 b :ile ea* is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by a plate ( heavy t9t$ glass1 x is made app>5t t !y all illu/rate ! habits ( ! same animal4 ,! specim5s compos+ ! ?ree gr\ps 7 all collect$ )9 a radius ( t5 miles ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton4 ,besides tea*+ :at ! ne/+ habits ( ! gray squirrel are1 x also impresses ^u ! obs]v] ! v important fact t ! habits ( diff]5t individuals ( a giv5 species are capable ( wide v>iation4 ,!y %[ h[ dang]\s x is = a /ud5t or sci5tific inve/igator to g5]alize too freely f "o or two facts1 & t x is dang]\s = anyone to say :at an animal w n d6 ,9 beg9n+ ! prep>ation ( small mammal gr\ps 7= a museum7 ! foll[+ h9ts may be ( s]vice3 ,x is n necess>y t a small gr\p %\ld be design$ & sket*$ out 9 advance4 ,! fir/ /ep1 !re=e1 is ! f9d+ ( a typical family ( specim5s1 & a suitable burr[ or ne/4 ,! "* ( ! creature's home w l>gely det]m9e ! design ( y\r gr\p4 ,by all means endeavor to secure a ne/ or burr[ :i* c be fitly %[n z a typical home ( ! creature repres5t$4 ,:5 ! ne/ ( an animal is situat$ 9 a tree1 x is ne>ly always possible to cut out a section ( ! tree1 & introduce x bodily into y\r case1 ) appropriate leaf sett+s4 ,:5 an animal burr[s 9 ! gr\nd1 z d ! fox & ! wood*uck1 ! be/ t c be done is to dig out ! spot c>efully1 tak+ measurem5ts & diagrams z y proce$1 to %[ ! direction & size ( ! entrance & ! exact %ape & size ( ! ne/4 ,y c !n manufacture a bank & reproduce a p]fect fac-simile4 ,( c\rse all ! ne/ mat]ials--refuse bones1 hair1 & fea!rs--mu/ be tak5 along bodily1 & us$ 9 ! manufactur$ ne/4 ,9 display+ a portion ( a tree-trunk :i* conta9s a ne/1 x has be5 our cu/om to saw out a rectangul> section at "o side ( ! holl[1 & hang ! piece on h+es at "o side ( ! op5+1 l an op5 door1 s t ! entire int]ior & ! situation ( ! ne/ c be se54 ,( c\rse x is 9 ord] to place a numb] ( ! "y specim5s 9 ! ne/ 9 *>act]i/ic attitudes4 ,:5 y h collect$ a numb] ( "y specim5s1 m\nt !m at once :ile ! =ms & attitudes are fre% 9 y\r m9d & ! sk9s are 9 good condition4 ,if y are lucky en\gh to get ! "y alive1 y c m\nt "s ( ! sk9s :ile ! o!rs s]ve z liv+ models4 ,n[ comes an important po9t4 ,x usually happ5s t at ! "t :5 ! "y are ( ! be/ age to display 9 a gr\p1 ! fur ( ! adult specim5 is at its poore/4 ,worse ?an t1 %$d+ is (t5 9 progress4 ,no matt] :at hyp]critics may say1 d n hesitate to p]petrate an ana*ronism by tak+ adult specim5s lat] 9 ! season1 :5 _! fur is at its be/4 ,x w\ld be an inju/ice to ! gr\p1 to ! species1 & to y\rself1 to include adult specim5s 9 _! poore/ pelage4 ,along ) y\r gr\ps ( "y animals1 :i* necess>ily repres5t conditions dur+ spr+ or summ]1 d n =get to repres5t "s ( y\r species 9 _! w9t] homes1 ) _! /ores ( nuts1 acorns1 etc41 = w9t] use4 ,! field op5 to ! consci5ti\s & really arti/ic taxid]mi/ 9 ! prep>ation ( gr\ps is a wide & deeply int]e/+ "o4 ,i "k ( no bran* ( taxid]my :i* ought to be m int]e/+ ?an ?is4 ,its possibilities are op5 to all4 ,:ile x is impossible = ev]yone to prep>e gr\ps ( l>ge mammals1 9 ! matt] ( small gr\ps y c say1 ,! _w's m9e oy/]4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,l>ge ,,mammals4--,9 creat+ a high-class gr\p ( l>ge mammals1 x is1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 extremely desirable to prep>e ! design fir/1 & collect ! specim5s to suit x4 ,!re is no burr[ or ne/ to reproduce1 & ?is c\rse is n only possible1 b usually v necess>y4 ,!re is "o important fact :i* %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 ! prep>ation ( a design = a gr\p ( l>ge quadrup$s4 ,if ! animals are purely t]re/rial1 z w be ! case 9 ne>ly all l>ge gr\ps1 ! l>ge/ & f9e/ adult male & female %\ld ea* /& on a flat & horizontal surface1 9 easy & conv5tional attitudes4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] t ! =m1 height1 & back outl9e ( ea* ( ! typical adult specim5s c be /udi$ by ! te*nical zoologi/ ) z mu* c]ta9ty & accuracy z any ord9>y case specim5 /&+ on a flat p$e/al ( h>d wood4 ,to illu/rate ! po9t3 ,if ! huge bull bison 9 our l>ge gr\p _h be5 put walk+ up hill1 or walk+ d[n hill1 x w\ld n[ be practically impossible = anyone wi%+ to draw a picture ( him to accurately det]m9e ! precise angle ( 8 hump4 ,fur!rmore1 8 height at ! %\ld]s w\ld be ei!r exagg]at$ or dim9i%$1 almo/ unavoidably4 ,z x is1 he 0 ) delib]ate int5tion m\nt$ on a flat & horizontal surface1 z 0 ! c[ also1 s t ev5 ?\gh !y are 9 a gr\p !y lose no?+ :atev] ( _! value to ! te*nical zoologi/1 :o dem&s t all specim5s %all be m\nt$ on flat surfaces1 & 9 conv5tional attitudes = ! sake ( comp>ison4 ,hav+ done ?is mu* = pure sci5ce1 we are at lib]ty to v>y ! attitudes ( ! rema9+ specim5s ( ! gr\p4 ,9 a museum gr\p suppress all t5d5cy to ! developm5t ( viol5t action on ! "p ( y\r specim5s4 ,9 a well-regulat$ museum no fight+ is all[$4 ,repres5t e-day1 peaceful1 home sc5es 9 ! lives ( y\r animals4 ,seek n to />tle & appal ! behold]1 b r to int]e/ & in/ruct him4 ,surely !re are en\gh quiet & peaceful attitudes to supply all y\r specim5s )\t exhau/+ ! /ock4 ,let !m be fe$+1 walk+1 climb+ up1 ly+ d[n1 /&+ on ! al]t1 play+ ) ea* o!r1 or sleepily rum9at+--9 fact1 any?+ b fight+1 leap+1 & runn+4 ,if y d n happ5 to "k ! habits ( ! animals :i* =m ! subject ( y\r gr\p1 & x is impossible = y to le>n !m by obs]vation1 !n mu/ y ?r[ aside all res]ve1 & appeal to "s "o :o has se5 & /udi$ !m 9 _! haunts4 ,x is no *ild's play to prep>e a gr\p ( l>ge mammals4 ,x inv>iably co/s sev]al hundr$s ( doll>s1 p]haps ev5 ?\s&s1 & ! "w is suppos$ to la/ a c5tury or long]4 ,judge1 !re=e1 h[ important x is t e detail ( ! "w %\ld be absolutely above criticism4 ,if y m\nt su* a gr\p 9 ha/e1 y are c]ta9 to rep5t at leisure4 ,hav+ prep>$ y\r design1 collect$ y\r specim5s1 & made all y\r /udies = ! entire gr\p1 ! next /ep1 ( c\rse1 is m\nt+ ea* individual specim54 ,x is an excell5t plan1 & "o :i* we h f\nd p>ticul>ly satisfactory 9 gr\p+ rum9ants1 to prep>e all ! manik9s be=e putt+ any sk9 on p]man5tly4 ,we beg9 ) ! mo/ important specim54 ,by m\nt+ ! manik9s "o by "o1 & gr\p+ !m1 we are able to secure ! precise arti/ic effect t 0 int5d$ 9 our design4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! nak$ manik9s f "t to "t enables y to elim9ate errors1 & make su* *anges 9 ! attitudes z ! eye may sugge/4 ,a few facts 9 relation to ! "w done 9 sett+ up ! buffalo gr\p w s]ve z a fair index to "w ( ?is k9d4 ,( c\rse x is to be und]/ood t e case is to h a wood5 floor1 & t "o end c be op5$ bodily4 ,ea* ( our buffaloes /ood on a /rong1 ?ick base by itself1 a r\gh p$e/al1 9 fact1 ( a v sub/antial "*4 ,) p9e bo>ds we built a m9iature hill1 on :i* /&s ! spike bull1 plac$ him ^u x1 & fa/5$ him !re p]man5tly4 ,! f9al "w ( arrangem5t 0 n und]tak5 until a trial gr\p+ 9 ! case _h be5 satisfactorily made1 & ! exact position ( ea* specim5 def9itely settl$4 ,a hole 0 cut 9 ! bottom ( ! case1 to give dep? to ! pool ( wat]4 ,! bottom ( ?is pool 0 c>efully model$ 9 papi]-ma*1 & pa9t$4 ,! specim5s /&+ f>!/ f ! end conta9+ ! doors 7 fir/ put 9 place1 & ! gr\ndwork built up ar\nd !m4 ,! face ( ! cut bank 0 made by nail+ wire clo? to a skeleton framework ( bo>ds1 & cov]+ ?is ) a co>se sort ( papi]-ma*1 made ( sawdu/1 pla/] ,p>is1 glue1 & hair1 & us$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,z fa/ z a specim5 0 put 9 place & fa/5$1 ! r\gh gr\ndwork ( bo>ds 0 cov]$ ) ! papi]-ma* composition to make a p]fectly smoo? f\ndation to receive ! prairie sod4 ,f fir/ to la/1 betwe5 ?ree & f\r b>rels ( ?is co>se papi]-ma* 0 us$4 ,x 0 made to set quickly1 & ! model+ :i* 0 done on ! surface ( ! cut bank1 & 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 0 done z soon z ! s(t mat]ial 0 put on4 ,! surface ( ! pool 0 repres5t$ by a %eet ( plate glass1 a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,! entire gr\ndwork ( ! case 0 cov]$ ) g5u9e prairie sod1 ea* piece ab\t "o in* ?ick & a foot squ>e1 cut on ! buffalo range 9 ,montana1 & %ipp$ 9 b>rels to ,wa%+ton4 ,:5 ?is sod became p]fectly dry1 x lo/ all color & _h ! appe>ance ( cur$ hay4 ,9 ord] to give x ! "r tone1 x 0 necess>y to spray x ) a ?9 mixture ( gre5 pa9t 9 turp5t9e1 to imp>t to x a pale gre5 t9t4 ,z soon z ! papi]-ma* 0 dry1 ! sod 0 cut neatly1 mat*$ c>efully1 & laid ^u x--! jo9ts be+ skilfully clos$4 ,a numb] ( clumps ( sage bru% & bun*es ( broom s$ge1 grubb$ up 9 ,montana & c>efully dri$1 7 set "h & !re ?r\gh ! gr\p4 ,a b$ ( cactus 0 also introduc$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! sage bru% requir$ no prep>ation except to pack x c>efully1 & dry x aft] x rea*$ ,wa%+ton1 ) ! bran*es 9 position4 ,! leaves 7 ( ! "r color :5 dry1 & rema9$ atta*$ to ! /ems4 ,montana dirt 0 us$ 9 ! bottom ( ! buffalo trail1 & on ! side ( ! cut bank4 ,a few buffalo bones 7 /uck 9 ! side ( ! bank to repres5t fossil bones z !y are (t5 se5 protrud+ f ! faces ( cut banks 9 ,montana4 ,:ile ! papi]-ma* ar\nd ! edge ( ! pool 0 yet s(t1 tracks 7 made 9 x ) g5u9e buffalo ho(s ( v>i\s sizes1 & _m m tracks 7 made 9 ! du/ 9 ! bottom ( ! buffalo trail4 ,( all ! accessories 9 ! buffalo case1 ev]y?+ 9 sight came f ! ,montana buffalo range1 except ! %eet ( glass =m+ ! surface ( ! pool4 ,! la/ six mon?s ( my connection ) ! ,national ,museum witness$ ! completion ( ! great gr\p ( moose1 :i* we began 9 #ahhi4 ,9 size & g5]al make-up x is a companion piece to ! gr\p ( buffaloes1 & is a memorial wor?y ( ! colossal species x repres5ts4 ,! sett+ repres5ts a section ( ! moose woods ( ,upp] ,canada1 9 :i* ! l>g] animals are br[s+ on ! t5d] twigs ( ! :ite bir*4 ,! animals h come toge!r at ! edge ( a bog1 :i* is gr[+ full ( a gigantic species ( grayi% moss1 peculi> to t locality4 ,! "t repres5t$ is ! middle ( autumn4 ,! few leaves t rema9 on ! maple sapl+s h be5 pa9t$ ) ,octob]'s mo/ gorge\s t9ts ( crimson & yell[1 mix$ ) gre51 & ! leaves ( ! :ite bir* h turn$ pale yell[4 ,! gr\nd is pl5tifully /rewn ) leaves ( bright t9ts1 ?r\gh :i* ! gre5 moss ( moi/ banks %[s 9 pat*es "h & !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,drawn by ,c4,b4 ,hudson4 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,am]ican ,,bison ,,9 ,,! ,,national ,illu/ration3 ,,museum4--,,collect$ ,,& ,,m\nt$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,( ! animals1 ! ?ree l>ge/--& huge bea/s !y are1 truly--are fe$+ ^u ! bir* twigs4 ,a ye>l+ calf is lick+ ! head ( a t9y br[n-coat$ y\ng] bro!r1 :ile a two-ye>-old bull is 9 ! act ( rid+ d[n a /\t bir* sapl+ 9 ord] to get at ! bran*es ( its top1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be beyond 8 rea*4 ,?ree ( ^! f9e specim5s 7 collect$ by ,colonel ,cecil ,clay1 ( ,wa%+ton1 & by him pres5t$ to ! ,museum = ?is gr\p1 toge!r ) ! trees1 moss1 & o!r accessories1 :i* he collect$ ) inf9ite labor & c>e 9 ! moose woods4 ,he also furni%$ u ) field notes & critical advice ?r\gh\t1 :i* _h mu* to d 9 mak+ ! gr\p :at x is--a monum5t to ,colonel ,clay's skill & pr[ess z a sportsman1 & to 8 deep int]e/ 9 ,alces mal*is4 ,x is to be s9c]ely hop$ t o!r sportsm5 w foll[ ! ,colonel's admirable example1 & aid ! museums 9 :i* !y are mo/ int]e/$ to secure "s attractive gr\ps4 ,! moose gr\p 0 foll[$ imm$iately by ! gr\p ( musk-ox51 & !re are o!rs ( ,rocky ,m\nta9 goat1 m\nta9 %eep1 & sea-lions 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,reptiles4 ,! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! production ( successful gr\ps ( birds are precisely ! same z ^? :i* h already be5 set =? "u ! head ( ,gr\ps ( ,small ,mammals4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 !re is ano!r :i* %\ld be kept con/antly 9 m9d1 viz41 to gu>d aga9/ ! temptation to p]mit ! accessories ( a gr\p to completely ov]%ad[1 &1 ,i might say1 ov]:elm1 ! specim5s !mselves4 ,be c>eful to make ! birds conspicu\s1 & to avoid ! appe>ance ( an exhibit ( artificial plants & fl[]s1 in/ead ( m\nt$ birds4 ,( c\rse ea* species mu/ be repres5t$ by itself 9 a case :i* %all conta9 its ne/1 display$ 9 ! id5tical b\gh1 or bun* ( grass1 or hole 9 ! bank :i* x occupi$ :5 f\nd by ! collector4 ,except :5 a ne/ is situat$ 9 a bank ( e>?1 ! collector %\ld cut a squ>e section out ( nature1 ( ! prop] dim5sions = cas+1 & convey bodily ! ne/ & its situation to ! museum4 ,occasionally circum/ances w prev5t ?is1 :5 x becomes necess>y to collect ! ne/ & ! mat]ial surr\nd+ x1 s t ) _! aid ! situation ( ! ne/ c be built up 9 ! laboratory4 ,! f9e/ gr\ps ( birds to be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry are ^? 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york1 :i* are ! "w ( ,mr4 ,j5ness ,ri*>dson4 ,at pres5t 7#ahia7 ! s]ies consi/s ( gr\ps compos$ almo/ :olly ( species f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,ea* gr\p1 except 9 a few in/ances1 occupies a light1 iron-fram$ case by itself1 & /&s on an eboniz$ table-base1 rais$ on legs ab\t eighte5 in*es f ! floor4 ,! framework ( ! case1 & ! wood-"w ( ! base is pa9t$ black4 ,:5 ! home ( a gr\nd-ne/+ bird is %[n1 a section has be5 cut f "m e>?1 plac$ on ! base z ! f\ndation1 & all ! p]i%able plants gr[+ !reon h be5 c>efully reproduc$ 9 wax by ca/+1 & put back 9 place4 ,:]e a ne/ 0 situat$ 9 a l[ bu%1 ! bu% & its foliage1 & ! gr\nd b5ea? h all be5 includ$ 9 its transf]4 ,:5 a ne/ 0 plac$ on ! end ( a b\gh1 ! difficulty has be5 surm\nt$ v satisfactorily by cutt+ (f z mu* ( ! b\gh z c\ld be put 9 ! case1 !n reproduc+1 on ! bottom ( ! case1 ! gr\nd exactly z x 0 "u ! tree1 & simply lay+ c>elessly ^u x ! cut bran* conta9+ ! ne/ & ! birds4 ,( c\rse wat]y situations call = ! introduction ( ! plate-glass imitation4 ,! feature ( ^! gr\ps t is s pleas+ is t ea* "o appe>s to h be5 cut out ( its place 9 field or =e/1 & br\ght to ! museum )9 an h\r4 ,! life-l birds1 ! e>? & wat]1 ! natural wood1 & ! beautiful foliage ( spr+ comb9e to imp>t to ea* gr\p ! breezy fre%ness ( ! =e/1 ! v s\l ( ,nature all un*ang$4 ,to see ^! *>m+ productions1 fre% f ! h& ( a true arti/-naturali/1 & lay aside ! _s ( c>p+ criticism :i* w\ld f9d fault ) ev5 a heav5ly h>p1 is ! next ?+ to f9d+ "o's self 9 ! actual haunts ( our native birds1 ) _! songs trill+ 9 our e>s4 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson's gr\ps lack b "o ?+--! song ( ! birds4 ,!y are s _m pretty pages f ,nature's *oice/ book1 & actually br+ ! life ( ! =e/ into ! o!rwise dead & sil5t museum hall4 ,! "t w yet come :5 our weal?y lov]s ( art & animat$ nature w f9d places 9 _! h\ses = su* gr\ps z ^!1 & ! money to pay = !m w be =?com+4 ,at pres5t !y are tir$ ( ! old-fa%ion$ glass %ade1 cov]+ a /iff & utt]ly unnatural pyramid ( small /uff$ birds on an impossible tree4 ,! old-fa%ion$ wall-case ( birds also fails to satisfy ! /hete1 = ! simple reason t some?+ bett] is want$4 ,we are all ready to /ep up to a high] plane4 ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,reptiles4--,i "k ( b "o good gr\p ( reptiles1 & t is a gr\p ( turtles :i* 0 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,f4,a4 ,lucas1 & display$ at ! exhibition ( ! ,s4,a4,t41 9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahhc1 :]e x receiv$ a m$al1 & aft]w>d 0 pres5t$ by him to ! ,national ,museum4 ,?is altoge!r unique & pretty gr\p tea*es "o v important lesson1 viz41 t ev5 ! mo/ commonplace animals are int]e/+ :5 !y are well m\nt$1 & gr\p$ ) a sett+ :i* repres5ts _! natural haunts4 ,"s ( ! specim5s 9 ?is gr\p are repres5t$ above wat]1 & "s b5ea? x1 :ile "o ent]pris+ individual is caught 9 ! act ( div+1 ) "p ( 8 body "u wat] & ! o!r half out4 ,! situation repres5ts ! successful accompli%m5t ( a v neat me*anical feat1 & is ( itself an illu/ration ( ! possibilities 9 su* matt]s4 ,aft] ! quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica h be5 ga!r$ & gr\p$ until !re rema9 9 t direction no m worlds to conqu]1 x w be q 9 ord] = our ent]pris+ taxid]mi/s !n to proce$ to ! m\nt+ ( gr\ps ( reptiles4 ,!re are possibilities ) su* subjects z ! crocodiles1 iguanas1 liz>ds ( v>i\s k9ds1 s]p5ts1 & turtles t few dream (4 ,already ,pr(essor ,goode has "u consid]ation ! production ( a s]ies ( reptilian gr\ps = ! ,national ,museum1 & )9 a %ort "t ! "w w be und]tak54 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,h9ts ,,on ,,pa9t+ ,,museum ,,specim5s4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( museum specim5s 9 g5]al !re is1 f fir/ to la/1 a great deal ( pa9t+ to be done1 & a k ( h[ to pa9t specim5s prop]ly is q z necess>y z a k ( h[ to m\nt !m4 ,mat]ials ,necess>y = ,g5]al ,"w4 ,bru%es = ,f9e ,"w4 ,arti/s' r\nd ,sable1 ,no4 #b1 ea* #h cts4 #d1 #ab cts4 #f1 #ae cts4 #g1 #ah cts4 #i1 #bj cts4 #aa1 #bg cts4 ,bru%es = ,ord9>y ,"w4 ,flat ,fit* 7bri/les71 ,no4 #a1 ea* #g cts4 #b1 #g cts4 #c1 #h cts4 #d1 #aj cts4 #e1 #aj cts4 #f1 #ab cts4 ,bru%es = ,co>se ,"w4 ,sa% tool1 ,no4 #e1 ea* #bj cts4 #f1 #be cts4 ,sa% tool1 ,no4 #g1 ea* #cj cts4 #h1 #ce cts4 ,palette #be cts4 ,palette knife #be cts4 ,palette cups1 ea* #aj cts4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 p] qt4 #ae cts4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil1 p] qt4 #bj cts4 ,h>d oil f9i% 7:ite1 = v>ni%+7 p] pt4 #be cts4 ,w9dsor ,newton's ,tube ,colors1 z foll[s3 ,ivory black1 #h cts42 ,v&yke br[n1 #h cts42 ,burnt si5na1 #h cts42 ,raw si5na1 #h cts42 ,burnt umb]1 #h cts42 ,raw umb]1 #h cts42 ,naples yell[1 #h cts42 ,*rome yell[1 #h cts42 ,yell[ o*re1 #h cts42 ,indigo1 #h cts42 ,indian r$1 #h cts42 ,v]milion1 #ae cts42 ,flake :ite1 #h cts42 ,sug> ( lead1 #h cts4 ,= co>se "w1 all ^! colors1 except ! f9] ones1 %\ld be b\ght 9 "o-p\nd cans1 gr\nd 9 oil4 ,9 addition to colors gr\nd 9 oil1 x is extremely desirable to h f "o to two p\nds ( ea* ( ! foll[+3 ,,dry ,,colors1 ,,& ,,co/ ,,p] ,,p\nd4 ,z9c :ite #aj cts4 ,v&yke br[n #ae cts4 ,*rome yell[ #be cts4 ,lamp-black #ce cts4 ,plumbago #aj cts4 ,raw si5na #ae cts4 ,burnt umb] #ae cts4 ,raw umb] #ae cts4 ,burnt si5na #ae cts4 ,to ! ent]pris+ taxid]mi/ a few doll>s judici\sly exp5d$ 9 su* mat]ials z ! above are bread ca/ ^u ! wat]s1 t w be sure to return to him be=e _m days1 butt]$ on bo? sides4 ,no matt] :at x co/s1 h ! "r k9d ( bru%es1 & a good assortm5t ( color+ mat]ials4 ,d n try to get along ) :atev] y happ5 to h1 if x happ5s to be n ! "r ?+4 ,don't try to pa9t fi% scales ) a sa% tool1 or delicate f9-rays ) a fit*4 ,use = su* purposes delicate1 little sable p5cils 7flat71 ,nos4 #a to #d4 ,take good c>e ( !m aft] use1 wa% !m out ) soap & wat]1 or b5z9e1 & keep !m 9 good work+ ord] by keep+ !m clean & s(t4 ,d n let ! colors on y\r palette get 9 a na/y mess1 fit to turn an arti/'s /oma* inside out1 b keep y\r palette clean & 9 good ord]4 ,take f ! tubes only z mu* color z y are likely to use4 ,keep ! c5tre ( y\r palette free f masses ( color1 s t y c h t space = mix+4 ,only ^? :o h fir/ be5 taught ! slip%od ways ( ! sl\*1 & aft]w>d le>n$ ! me?ods ( ! arti/1 c realize ! advantages 9 favor ( ! latt] z reveal$ 9 results4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4--,! sk9s & fle%y p>ts ( all mammals & birds become %runk51 mummifi$ & colorless :5 dry1 & if n cov]$ ) hair or fea!rs require to be pa9t$ ) ! colors :i* h disappe>$4 ,z to :at ! colors %\ld be1 ! taxid]mi/ mu/ le>n by obs]vation f liv+ specim5s1 or ^? fre%ly kill$1 or f good color$ illu/rations4 ,,surface4--,:atev] ! subject to be pa9t$1 ! fir/ c>e is to see t ! surface is prop]ly prep>$ to receive ! color4 ,if x be sk91 x mu/ be p]fectly clean1 & free f dirt1 du/1 or loose scales4 ,if a sk9 has any sort ( p[d]y deposit ^u x1 x mu/ be scrap$ clean ) a knife4 ,holes & seams mu/ be fill$ up ) papi]-ma*1 long en\gh 9 advance t x w h "t to dry4 ,papi]-ma* :i* is to be pa9t$ %\ld always be giv5 two coats ( :ite %ellac1 mix$ r ?91 be=e putt+ on any pa9t4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! ma* w absorb two or ?ree coats ( pa9t1 l a sponge1 & ! surface w dry p]fectly dead4 ,,gloss4--,! colors on t]re/rial mammals & birds 7except ! m\? p>ts & noses ( ! =m]7 are v seldom1 if ev]1 :at may be call$ glossy4 ,! m\? p>ts ( mammals1 or at lea/ su* z are wet by ! animal's saliva1 are always glossy1 z also are ! edges ( ! eyelids1 & ! b>e end ( ! nose 9 rum9ants4 ,to give pa9t a p]petual gloss1 l v>ni%1 use colors gr\nd 9 oil1 & mix$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil only :5 appli$4 ,to give pa9t a fa9t gloss1 use colors gr\nd 9 oil1 & mix ) a mixture ( boil$ l9se$ oil & turp5t9e1 equal p>ts4 ,to h pa9t dry )\t gloss1 mix ) turp5t9e only :5 x is appli$4 ,to h pa9t dry flat & dead1 use dry colors1 & mix ) turp5t9e4 ,to make pa9t dry quickly & be v h>d1 mix ) x a little sug> ( lead 7gr\nd 9 oil7 fre% f ! tube4 ,to pa9t ! sk9 ( an animal1 & yet make x look z if ! sk9 conta9$ ! color in/ead ( be>+ x ^u its surface1 use oil colors1 mix ) boil$ l9se$ oil & turp5t9e1 equal p>ts1 & apply4 ,:5 ! pa9t is beg9n+ to dry1 s t x is /icky1 take "s dry color ( a correspond+ t9t1 dip into x a clean1 dry1 squ>e-end$ bri/le bru% ( good size1 & twirl x ab\t until x becomes fill$ ) ! dry p[d]1 !n1 ) light & delicate /rokes1 apply x directly ^u ! pa9t$ surface s t ! dry color w fall ^u ! wet pa9t l a %[] ( color$ du/4 ,?is is to be done ) ! motion t pa9t]s use 9 /ippl+1 & may v well be done ) a /ippl+ bru%1 if y h "o4 ,d n get on too mu* ( ! dry color1 or ! effect w be spoil$4 ,y\r eye mu/ tea* y :5 to /op4 ,9 ?is process ( /ippl+ dry color into wet pa9t1 pla/] ,p>is may v frequ5tly be us$ to good advantage to dead5 gloss1 & s(t5 effects4 ,9 color+ ! hairless portions ( ! faces1 h&s1 etc41 ( apes1 baboons1 & monkeys1 & on _m o!r subjects1 ?is process is ( v great value4 ,,bl5d+ ,,colors4--,if two colors are laid d[n1 "o aga9/ ! o!r1 ea* 9 a solid mass1 up to ! imag9>y l9e t lies betwe5 !m1 ! effect is h>d & unpleas+1 because unnatural4 ,nature nev] jo9s two contra/+-colors )\t a bl5d+ toge!r & s(t5+ ( ! two tones :]e !y t\* ea* o!r4 ,if x be r$ & br[n1 ! r$ m]ges a little way into ! br[n1 imp]ceptibly1 p]haps1 & ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two is ?us s(t5$1 & naturaliz$1 if y please4 ,!re=e1 9 y\r pa9t+ h no h>d l9es :]e y\r colors meet1 b always bl5d adjo9+ colors toge!r by pass+ a small bru% ov] ! l9e :]e !y meet4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,tones4--,! colors t ,nature puts on an animal are n h>d1 crude1 & />+1 l bright r$ 9 ! m\? ( a m\nt$ quadrup$1 b !y are always 9 h>mony ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! object4 ,a bird may h yell[ legs1 b if x does1 y may be sure !y w n be a bright1 glossy1 *rome yell[1 s gaudy z to in/antly cat* ! eye4 ,! *ances are1 !y w be ,naples yell[1 ) only a t+e ( *rome4 ,le>n to s(t5 t9ts s !y w n be />+1 gaudy1 & (f5sive to ! eye4 ,exam9e ! tongue ( a live tig] or lion1 & y w notice its color is a pale p9k4 ,9 all pa9t+1 /udy ! h>mony ( colors1 ! /r5g? ( tones1 & ! bl5d+ ( t9ts4 ,d n get y\r colors too gaudy1 too %>ply contra/$1 nor laid on r\ghly2 b pa9t ev5ly1 & keep all y\r colors 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,sk9 ,,( ,,?9ly ,,hair$ ,,mammals4--,x v (t5 happ5s t ! sk9 ( a ?9-hair$ mammal has a decid$ color ( its own1 :i* mu/ be imp>t$ to x by pa9t+4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) our next ( k9--! apes & monkeys4 ,! orang utan has a *ocolate-color$ sk91 except ! old males1 9 :i* x is black2 ! mona monkey has a blui% sk91 & ! faces ( ne>ly all primates require pa9t+4 ,to pa9t a sk9 ?r\gh ?9 hair1 use oil colors mix$ ) turp5t9e1 & made s ?9 t ! mixture runs ov] ! sk9 z soon z x t\*es x1 l wat]4 ,by sep>at+ ! hair1 x is (t5 possible to get ! pa9t on ! sk9 )\t saturat+ ! hair save at its roots2 b if ! turp5t9e color does get on ! hair x mu/ be spong$ (f ) b5z9e4 ,d n mix y\r colors ) oil1 or y w get into s]i\s tr\ble2 b ! oil 9 :i* ! tube color has be5 gr\nd w be j suffici5t to give a natural tone to ! sk94 ,if ! color :5 put on appe>s too /rong & conspicu\s1 /ipple ! surface ) a little pla/] ,p>is1 to tone x d[n4 ,,pa9t+ ,,legs ,,& ,,beaks ,,( ,,birds4--,pa9t ! legs & beaks ( su* birds z require x1 ) a mixture ( boil$ l9se$ oil & turp5t9e1 equal p>ts ( ea*1 & h y\r pa9t ?9 en\gh on ! legs t x w n obscure ! scales4 ,on ! beak1 a ?ick] coat is necess>y1 &1 9 fact1 x is ne>ly always necess>y to put on two coats4 ,9 color+ ! beaks ( t\cans & hornbills1 bl5d adjo9+ colors v deeply b ev5ly1 & let !re be no h>d b\nd>y l9es any:]e4 ,a little :ite wax s(t5$ & cut ) turp5t9e & mix$ ) ! pa9t on a bird's beak gives ! color a dep? & transp>5cy q simil> to ! appe>ance ( ! beak ( a liv+ bird4 ,,pa9t+ ,,m\nt$ ,,fi%es4--,a fi% mu/ be p]fectly dry be=e x is t\*$ ) a bru%4 ,"t sp5t 9 pa9t+ a half-dry specim5 is s mu* ?r[n away4 ,! repairs ) papi]-ma* mu/ be complete & dry1 & ! specim5 p]fectly clean4 ,ne>ly e fi% possesses 9 its color+ pigm5t a quality :i* imp>ts to x a silv]y1 metallic lu/re2 !re=e1 to secure ! f9e/ result atta9able 9 pa9t+ a fi%1 ei!r an actual specim5 or a pla/] ca/1 all ^? t are silv]y mu/ fir/ be coat$ ov] ! entire scaly surface ) nickel leaf1 laid on siz+1 simil> to ! treatm5t ( gold leaf 9 gild+4 ,) d>k-color$ fi%es satisfactory "w may be done )\t ! use ( nickel leaf1 except on ! "u p>ts1 :i* are ne>ly always silv]y :ite4 ,x is absolutely impossible to reproduce ! brilliant lu/re s *>act]i/ic ( :ite scales by ! use ( :ite pa9t alone1 or ev5 silv] bronze1 or silv] pa9t4 ,)\t ! nickel und]nea? ! pa9t looks dead & artificial4 ,if y are call$ ^u to make a l>ge collection ) z little outlay z possible1 x w be suffici5t to omit ! nickel leaf1 = y\r pa9t w /ill fai?fully record ! colors4 ,b if y wi% to h y\r fi% look z brilliantly beautiful z :5 tak5 /ruggl+ f ! wat]1 put on ! leaf fir/1 & pa9t on x1 ?9ly1 s t ! silv] w %[ ?r\gh y\r colors & imp>t to !m ! desir$ lu/re4 ,if y pa9t too ?ickly1 ! leaf w be cov]$ up1 & its lu/re obscur$4 ,d n attempt to use silv] bronze1 silv] pa9t1 or ev5 silv] leaf1 = nickel leaf is ! only sub/ance :i* has suffici5t lu/re & w n oxidize1 & turn yell[4 ,if ! :ole body ( a fi% is d>k1 & )\t silv]y t9ts1 x is1 ( c\rse1 unnecess>y to use leaf1 = ! lu/re c be obta9$ by v>ni%+ ov] ! pa9t4 ,9 _m fi%es1 su* z ! scal$ c>p1 = example1 ,m>s*+'s gold pa9t or ,japanese gold c be us$ directly on ! scales 7aft] ! entire fi% has _h a ?9 coat ( ,h5dley's enamel v>ni%71 & ! silv] pa9t c be us$ to good effect 9 edg+ ! scales4 ,on ! belly1 h[ev]1 :i* is silv]y :ite1 nickel leaf mu/ be us$4 ,! heads ( mo/ fi%es are s d>k z to r5d] ! use ( leaf unnecess>y ^u !m1 & ( c\rse x ne$ n be us$ on ! f9s4 ,,pa9t+ ,,pla/] ,,ca/s ,,( ,,fi%es1 ,,reptiles1 ,,etc4--,:5 a ca/ is fir/ tak5 f ! m\ld1 x w ne>ly always be f\nd t its surface is pitt$ "h & !re ) little r\nd holes caus$ by air-bubbles4 ,! process ( wett+ ! inside ( ^! holes1 & c>efully fill+ ea* "o ) mix$ pla/] ,p>is is call$ po9t+ up a ca/4 ,aft] ?is has be5 c>efully done1 & ! =m & surface ( ! :ite ca/ is p]fect1 if ! ca/ is ?or\ghly dry we are ready to beg9 to pa9t x1 & proce$ z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,9 case y f9d x impossible to use nickel leaf on y\r fi%es1 y c d v good "w )\t x1 except t ! silv]y p>ts w n be really silv]y1 & ! :ite pa9t put on w gradually turn yell[ ) age4 ,aft] y h giv5 ! specim5 a good coat ( colors 7us+ z9c :ite = ! silv]y p>ts1 because x is m p]man5t ?an o!r :ites71 v>ni% ! specim5 all ov] ) a k9d ( heavy :ite v>ni% call$ ,siccatif de ,h>lem1 or1 lack+ t1 enamel v>ni%4 ,?is w dry 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 aft] :i* pa9t ! object ov] aga91 ?is "t ) extreme c>e 9 ! f9al t\*es4 ,9 pa9t+ fi%es & reptiles1 !re is a va/ am\nt ( detail to be wr\ght out1 & con/ant bl5d+ ( colors4 ,on _m fi%es ea* scale mu/ be m>k$ (f & pa9t$ sep>ately4 ,9 bl5d+ ! edges ( two adjo9+ colors1 x mu/ be done ) a clean bru%--a small "o1 ( c\rse--) ei!r a quick1 n]v\s motion along ! l9e ( contact1 or else a /eady sweep1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,:5 ! bru% gets full ( pa9t1 wa% x out 9 b5z9e 7n turp5t9e71 because x quickly becomes clean1 & dries p]fectly 9 a mom5t4 ,! eyes ( fi%es & reptiles are s peculi>1 & v>y s exce$+ly1 t x is a practical impossibility to provide glass eyes t w be exactly "r = ea* species4 ,= fi%es1 z good a way z any is to let ! eye be ca/ 9 situ1 & :5 y pa9t ! fi%1 pa9t ! eye also z x %\ld be1 & :5 dry1 v>ni% x ov] ) a ?ick coat ( soluble glass or enamel v>ni%4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,mak+ ,,ca/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,application ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,m\lds ,,& ,,ca/s4 ,! processes employ$ 9 mak+ pla/] ,p>is m\lds & ca/s are v simple1 & easily le>n$1 ev5 by "o :o has _h no previ\s k ( ! subject4 ,to be sure1 a c]ta9 degree ( intellig5ce & skill is necess>y 9 ! op]ator2 b we are n writ+ = ! edification ( duff]s :o d n "k h[ to use _! h&s1 or foll[ pla9 directions4 ,! fir/ ?+ to und]/& is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a m\ld t w draw1 & "o t w n4 ,a m\ld may be made on "o side ( a base-ball1 & x w draw (f ! object at once1 because !re is no po9t on ! ball beh9d :i*1 or "u :i*1 ! pla/] c cat*1 & hang fa/ until some?+ breaks4 ,a m\ld ( "o full side ( an apple w n draw1 because ! apple has a holl[ at ea* end1 & :5 ^! are set full ( pla/] ! m\ld & ! apple are held firmly toge!r4 ,a holl[ or a protub]ance on an object :i* w\ld prev5t a m\ld f draw+ away makes :at is call$ an und]cut1 & necessitates ! mak+ ( a sep>ate piece 9 ! m\ld4 ,to ca/ sev]al copies ( a human head & neck necessitates ! mak+ ( a m\ld 9 sev]al pieces1 all fitt+ v nicely toge!r1 ) c\nt]s9k jo9ts1 to accommodate ! und]cuts beh9d ! e>s1 "u ! *91 ! holl[s ( ! eyes1 etc4 ,a m\ld made 9 m ?an two pieces is call$ a piece m\ld4 ,x may h any numb] ( pieces1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! object4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable piece m\ld 9 exi/5ce is t us$ by ,pr(essor ,h4,a4 ,w>d 9 mak+ ca/s ( ! tail ( ! great fossil armadillo call$ ! glyptodon4 ,! tail is a mass ( big conical tub]cles1 & ! m\ld conta9s1 z ne>ly z ,i c rememb]1 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five pieces1 all fitt+ into a big jacket ( pla/] :i* holds !m all 9 place :ile a ca/ is be+ made4 ,9 ! case ( a piece m\ld ! ca/ is n tak5 out ( ! m\ld1 b ! latt] is dissect$ & tak5 (f ! ca/1 piece by piece4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 mak+ m\lds & ca/s are be/ expla9$ by brief descriptions ( ! processes1 & if !y are le>n$ by c>efully foll[+ ! directions "h giv51 ! op]ator w be able to apply !m1 indef9itely1 to all classes ( objects1 l>ge or small4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,piece ,,m\ld4--,let u take a good-siz$ apple z our subject1 & foll[ out ! process1 /ep by /ep4 #a4 ,9 mak+ a m\ld ( any k9d ( fruit1 fir/ soak ! fruit 9 wat] an h\r or two1 to plump x up1 s t x w n swell 9 ! m\ld & cause tr\ble4 #b4 ,wipe x dry1 & ) a small pa9t-bru% give x a ?9 coat ( l>d oil1 s t ! pla/] w n /ick to x4 ,"s objects %\ld be coat$ ) clay wat]1 or v ?9 clay1 in/ead ( oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,beg9n+ to ,make a ,piece ,m\ld4 #c4 ,b$ "o end ( ! apple 9 damp s&1 precisely z %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ei74 ,if y h no s&1 use f9e sawdu/1 or wet corn meal4 ,"s objects require clay4 ,d n h ! s& wet & wat] soak$1 = x w n yield s readily to ! palette knife4 #d4 ,dot a l9e on ! s& all r\nd1 to %[ h[ f> out to run ! pla/]1 & avoid mak+ ! m\ld too ?ick4 #e4 ,take two-?irds ( a teacup ( wat]1 & put 9 pla/] ,p>is until x becomes ab\t z ?ick z ,new ,orleans molasses4 ,/ir ?or\ghly ) a spoon1 & let x /& two or ?ree m9utes4 #f4 ,dip ! pla/] out ) a teaspoon1 & cov] ! expos$ "p ( ! apple4 ,x w run d[n all ov] ! horizontal surface ( ! s&1 b nev] m9d t4 ,make x cov] ! apple ev]y:]e to a dep? ( a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,9 "s places x w be ?ick]4 ,aft] ab\t ?ree or f\r m9utes ! pla/] w be z /iff z model+ clay4 ,:ile x is 9 ?is /ate take y\r palette knife & neatly smoo? & %ape ! out] surface4 ,f9i% smoo?+ ) ! f+]1 & let ! pla/] h>d54 ,?is w take ab\t sev5 m9utes long]1 or until ! pla/] has w>m$ & cool$ aga94 ,! "t v>ies accord+ to ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 #g4 ,take ! apple f ! s&1 ) ! half m\ld on x1 wa% (f ! s&1 & neatly trim ! edge ( ! m\ld ) a knife4 #h4 ,) a blunt-po9t$ knife make ?ree c\nt]sunk holes 9 ! edge ( ! m\ld4 #i4 ,) a bru%1 ano9t ! edge ( ! m\ld ) ?9 clay1 clay-wat]1 or s(t soap1 or l>d oil1 or ev5 l>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,second ,/ep 9 ,mak+ a ,piece ,m\ld4 #aj4 ,turn ! m\ld up on edge1 & b$ half ( ! expos$ portion ( ! apple 9 ! s&1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #fj4 ,fill 9 ?is space ) pla/]1 precisely ! same z :5 ! fir/ piece 0 made1 :i* produces ! second piece ( ! m\ld4 #aa4 ,make ! c\nt]sunk holes 9 ! edge ( ! second piece z be=e2 fill 9 ) pla/] all ! rema9+ space betwe5 pieces #a & #b1 & we h ! ?ird piece1 :i* completes ! m\ld4 ,z soon z ?is h>d5s1 tap ! m\ld lightly all ov] ) a small mallet1 to loos5 x f ! object1 !n take out piece ,no4 #c1 & ! m\ld is easily sep>at$ & ! apple tak5 out4 ,take "o "p ( gum s&>ac 7dissolv$ 9 n9ety-five p] c5t alcohol7 & ?ree p>ts ( :ite %ellac1 also dissolv$1 & mix !m4 ,!y w =m a solution a little ?ick] ?an wat]4 ,h ! m\ld p]fectly dry1 & apply ?is solution to ! entire inn] surface ( x ) a small pa9t-bru%4 ,! solution w be absorb$ at fir/1 & y mu/ cont9ue to apply x until ! inn] surface has an egg-%ell gloss1 :i* is suffici5t4 ,!n oil ! inside ) l>d oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,la/ ,/ep 9 ,mak+ a ,piece ,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,! ,f9i%$ ,m\ld4 #ab4 ,put toge!r pieces #a & #b ( ! m\ld1 cut a groove ar\nd !m to hold a /\t /r+1 & tie x tightly to hold !m toge!r4 ,!n mix "s pla/]1 & fill ea* piece 7#a & #b7 ab\t half full1 wall+ x up ! sides ) ! f+]1 a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 or z ! pla/] w make x4 ,!n wipe (f ! expos$ edges ( ! m\ld s !y w fit snugly toge!r ) ,no4 #c4 ,n[ mix up a little m pla/]1 ab\t "o-f\r? ! quantity fir/ us$1 p\r into ! holl[1 !n put on ! ?ird piece2 tie all tightly toge!r1 & turn ! m\ld r\nd & r\nd sl[ly4 ,?is fills ! ?ird piece1 & holds x 9 its place4 ,keep turn+ ! m\ld sl[ly1 & tapp+ x ) ! left h&4 ,leave a little ( ! pla/] on ! outside1 on a piece ( glass or pap]1 s t y c tell :5 x gets h>d & fl9ty 9 ! m\ld4 ,d n take (f ! m\ld until ! ca/ is p]fectly h>d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,wa/e ,,m\ld4--,:5 a s(t or fle%y object is to be ca/1 "o :i* w yield1 & draw out ( ! m\ld reg>dless ( und]cuts1 a v quick & satisfactory process 7provid$ a second copy ( ! ca/ w nev] be want$7 is to make :at is call$ a wa/e m\ld4 ,?is1 ) a fle%y subject1 is a %ort cut to a p]fect ca/1 & (t5 saves h\rs ( valuable "t4 ,9 obta9+ ca/s ( mammal heads1 legs1 or o!r p>ts1 or ca/s ( fi%es & reptiles1 x is ! me?od p> excell5ce4 ,let u le>n ! pr9ciples ( x by mak+ a wa/e m\ld & ca/ ( a human h&4 #a4 ,b$ ! h& 9 damp s& 7i4e41 "o-half ( x71 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 ,no4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,! ,beg9n+ ( a ,wa/e ,m\ld4 #b4 ,give ! expos$ portion ( ! h& a good coat ( l>d oil4 #c4 ,take two-?irds ( a gill ( wat] 9 a teacup1 put into x half a teaspoonful ( dry ,indian r$ 7to be b\ght = five c5ts at any pa9t /ore71 & mix x up4 ,?is is to color "s pla/] ) :i* to make a ?91 color$ l9+ = our m\ld1 ! purpose ( :i* w be appreciat$ lat] on4 #d4 ,mix ) ?is r$ wat] "o & "o-half gills ( pla/] ,p>is1 /ir x up ?or\ghly to get x well mix$ & free f air-bubbles1 !n ) a teaspoon di/ribute x all ov] ! h& until x is completely cov]$ ) a coat ( ! p9k pla/] ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 #e4 ,aft] ?is ?9 coat has h>d5$1 ano9t ! surface ( x ) l>d oil or clay wat]1 s t ! pla/] :i* is to be put ^u x w n /ick to x1 b sep>ate readily :5 ! out] case ( ! m\ld is *isel$ (f4 #f4 ,take "o & "o-half gills ( wat]1 & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p9t ( pla/]1 mix = out] case ( m\ld1 & apply on top ( ! p9k l9+ to a ?ickness ( ab\t half an in*4 ,let ?is get p]fectly h>d4 7,fig4 #fd47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,second ,/ep 9 ,mak+ a ,wa/e ,m\ld4 #g4 ,take ! subject out ( ! s&4 ,turn x ov]1 ano9t ! edge ( ! m\ld ) clay wat] or l>d oil1 & treat ! o!r side 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,?is is ! c\rse :5 ! :ole object is to be ca/4 ,if half ! object is suffici5t1 z is ! case 9 tak+ a record ca/ ( "o side ( an animal's head & body1 !n take ! subject f ! m\ld1 & #h4 ,wa% ! inside ( ! m\ld ?or\ghly to get out ! clay & s&4 #i4 ,ano9t ! inside ( ! m\ld ) clay wat]1 ?9 clay1 or l>d oil1 & lay x 9 position to receive ! pla/]4 #aj4 ,mix a prop] quantity ( pla/]1 p\r x into ! m\ld & let x h>d54 ,lay ! m\ld 7) ! ca/ inside7 on a cu%ion1 or on y\r lap2 take a half-in* *isel & a light mallet1 &1 beg9n+ at ! end ne>e/ y\r left h&1 *isel away ! case ( ! m\ld1 bit by bit1 until y come d[n to ! p9k l9+ coat1 :i* %[s t y are close to ! ca/4 ,great c>e is necess>y to avoid break+ ! ca/1 :i* ( c\rse is v easily cut or brok54 ,9 cutt+ (f ! p9k l9+ be exce$+ly c>eful n to g too deep 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! purpose ( ?is l9+ is to %[ y :5 y are close to ! ca/4 ,if ! case ( ! m\ld is q ?ick1 hold ! *isel on a slant ( ab\t fifty degrees f a p]p5dicul>1 & p>e (f ! upp] surface gradually4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,*isel+ (f ! ,wa/e ,m\ld4 ,,mak+ ,,gelat9e ,,m\lds4--,!re are _m objects :i* c n be copi$ 9 pla/] by ei!r ( ! above me?ods )\t great difficulty4 ,^! are h>d sub/ances1 ! surfaces ( :i* are extremely irregul> & full ( little holl[s1 su* z meteorites1 /atuettes1 sculptur$ rocks1 or models su* z ^? ( ! ,aztec cal5d> /one & sacrificial /one4 ,:5 a numb] ( copies are requir$1 ! mak+ ( a wa/e m\ld = ea* copy is out ( ! "q1 & ! manufacture ( a piece m\ld t w draw (f is also a long task1 to say no?+ ( mak+ ! ca/s !mselves & clean+ !m up4 ,! solution ( all su* difficulties is ! gelat9e or glue m\ld1 :i* is ela/ic1 pliant1 & yet keeps its %ape p]fectly4 ,?is is h[ to make x3 ,let u suppose we are to make a gelat9e m\ld ( a flatt5$ meteorite1 eight in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,take "s pott]'s clay1 or model+ clay1 :i* has be5 nicely work$ up 9 a squ>e lump1 & is n wet en\gh to be too /icky4 ,) a small wire1 cut x into slabs ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 & ) ^! cov] ! entire object to ! dep? m5tion$4 ,put ! clay on ev]y:]e ! same ?ickness1 mak+ x con=m to ! irregul>ities ( ! surface4 ,?is clay w pres5tly be exactly replac$ ) gelat9e4 ,hav+ coat$ ! object z describ$1 make a pla/] ,p>is m\ld ( ! :ole ( x1 9 two p>ts1 :i* sep>ate horizontally ar\nd ! out]mo/ edge4 ,:5 y make a pla/] m\ld ( ! upp] half1 erect a high cone ( clay ov] ! c5tre ( ! meteorite z x lies flat ^u ! table1 s t x w make a funnel-%ap$ hole 9 ! upp] half ( ! m\ld1 ?r\gh :i* y c p\r 9 ! gelat9e4 ,( c\rse ! two pieces ( ?is pla/] m\ld mu/ fit nicely toge!r1 ) c\nt]sunk holes4 ,?is pla/] m\ld ( ! clay-cov]$ object is call$ ! jacket1 & its use w soon be app>5t4 ,n[ = ! gelat9e4 ,recipe = ,gelat9e ,m\lds4--,! gelat9e comp\nd is made by tak+ glue & glyc]9e 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 v>y+ ! quantity to suit ! size ( ! object3 ,( be/ ,iri% glue1 #c p\nds2 glyc]9e1 #a-a_/d p\nds2 & ab\t #a-a_/b ounces ( :ite-wax4 ,dip ! glue 9 wat]1 & !n roll x up ov]night 9 sev]al ?icknesses ( wet clo?1 s z to s(t5 x )\t soak+ x 9 wat]1 :i* is an elem5t to be kept out4 ,9 ! morn+ ! glue w be s(t4 ,procure a l>ge-siz$ gluepot1 or improvise "o by putt+ a small t9 pail 9 a l>g] "o1 ) wat] betwe51 & 9 ?is put ! glue & glyc]9e & cook x up4 ,melt ! wax sep>ately1 & p\r x 9 aft] ! o!r is well mix$ & hot4 ,a gelat9e m\ld c be made ( any degree ( h>dness by add+ dry :ite z9c :i* has be5 c>efully gr\nd 9 a mort>1 b ord9>ily none is necess>y4 ,to make ! gelat9e m\ld ! clay mu/ all be tak5 (f ! object1 & ! latt] wa%$ clean4 ,lay ! l[] half ( ! jacket ^u ! table1 inside upp]mo/1 & drive f\r small wire nails into x at diff]5t po9ts1 all[+ ea* "o to project j ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 = ! meteorite to re/ ^u1 & give space = ! gelat9e to fl[ und]nea? & =m t "p ( ! m\ld4 ,n[ put ! meteorite c>efully 9 place1 re/+ on ^! nail-heads1 & !n put on ! upp] half ( ! jacket4 ,cord ! jacket tightly toge!r )\t di/urb+ ! position ( ! object inside4 ,if !re are any cracks at ! edges1 fill !m up ) clay4 ,n[ p\r 9 ! hot gelat9e at ! funnel-%ap$ hole 9 ! upp] half ( ! jacket1 until ! m\ld is q full4 ,let ! m\ld /& two h\rs to cool & h>d52 !n remove ! upp] half ( ! jacket4 ,to get ! object out1 take a %>p knife & slit ! coat+ ( gelat9e fully half-way r\nd1 s t ! two halves c be op5$ l an oy/]1 & ! object lift$ out4 ,! inside ( ! gelat9e m\ld mu/ n[ h a coat+ to make x imp]vi\s to ! wat] 9 ! pla/] ,p>is4 ,mix up ! foll[+3 #a teacupful ( spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,ab\t #d level teaspoonfuls ( :ite lead4 ,ab\t #a teaspoonful ( lightn+ dry]4 ,mix ?is well1 pa9t ! inside ( ! m\ld ) x1 two coats1 :i* makes ! gelat9e wat]pro(4 ,to make a ca/1 oil ! inside ( ! m\ld ) l>d oil1 put ! pla/] jacket ar\nd x1 s t x fits p]fectly1 & tie ! two pieces ( ! jacket firmly toge!r to prev5t a disa/] :5 ! pla/] beg9s to heat 9 ! m\ld4 ,mix y\r pla/] ) ice-wat] = ! same reason1 & y w h no tr\ble4 ,= irregul> objects1 ! work+ ( a gelat9e m\ld is p]fection itself4 ,x yields gracefully 9 com+ out ( ! und]cuts & ar\nd corn]s1 takes e detail p]fectly1 & 9 ! jacket its %ape is always ! same4 ,a c>eful op]ator c make f tw5ty to fifty copies ( a ca/ 9 a s+le m\ld be=e its loss ( %>pness necessitates its ab&onm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,ca/s ,,( ,,mammals1 ,,fi%es1 ,,& ,,reptiles4 ,,ca/+ ,,p>ts ,,( ,,mammals ,,9 ,,! ,,fle%4--,al?\gh x is usually impossible to c>ry m ?an t5 or fifte5 p\nds ( pla/] into ! field :5 y g (f on a collect+ trip1 a quantity suffici5t = a special purpose is (t5 wor? its weight 9 silv] doll>s4 ,b _m a f9e subject comes entire to ! laboratory1 :]e ! taxid]mi/ c "w 8 w ^u x4 ,if ,i h nev] done any o!r good ?+ 9 my life1 ,i believe ,i h at lea/ taught "s ( our be/ ,am]ican taxid]mi/s ! usefulness & value ( pla/] ca/s tak5 f ! fle%4 ,x is only a few h\rs' "w to make a m\ld & ca/ ( ! entire side ( an animal z l>ge z a l>ge dog1 or ev5 a lion1 & /ill less to take half ! head1 or ! nose1 a =e leg1 or h9d leg4 ,once we _h an opportunity to ca/ ! entire head ( an imm5se bull moose1 & "r gre$ily did we seize x4 ,! resultant ca/ has be5 ( priceless value to u z an exact record ( ! =m ( a wond]ful head4 ,if y wi% to d a f9e piece ( "w1 & h ! animal 9 ! fle%1 by all means make a ca/ ( "o :ole side ( x4 ,x w repay its co/ t5 times ov]4 ,no record ( =m is equal to a ca/1 ev5 ?\gh x be a poor "o4 ,i once made a m\ld ( "o entire side ( ! head ( a l>ge leop>d 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,x is ab\t an h\r's "w to make a good m\ld ( ! entire head ( a monkey1 or two legs ( a tig]4 ,! pr9ciples ( ?is "w h already be5 /at$1 & !re is little m to be said4 ,if ! specim5 is a l>ge "o1 lay x ^u ! floor1 build up ar\nd x ) s&1 or ev5 wet sawdu/1 & arrange to take "o side ( ! animal's head1 or entire =m1 z ! case may be4 ,to take ! two legs x w be necess>y to fir/ fill pla/] "u ea* "o to make a sep>ate piece4 ,9 ord] to keep ! pla/] f /ick+ to ! hair1 fill ! hair full ( ?ick clay-wat]1 or ?9 clay1 & pla/] x d[n ) ! pa/y mass s t ! pla/] ,p>is w n run into x4 ,coat ! :isk]s & eyelids ) w>m wax1 or fill !m full ( clay4 ,d ?is ?or\ghly1 to save ! hair & save tr\ble4 ,a little hair w /ick 9 ! m\ld anyway1 b :5 y take ! m\ld (f1 "w ! animal sl[ly & c>efully f ! m\ld1 p]haps p\r+ 9 a little wat] to facilitate matt]s4 ,always make a wa/e m\ld 9 ^! cases1 to save "t4 ,if y\r ca/ breaks 9 two :ile y are *isel+ ! m\ld (f1 g ahead m c>efully1 & :5 y are done1 *ip ! brok5 edges at ! back1 wet !m ) wat]1 & /ick !m toge!r ) pla/]4 ,small ca/s c be /uck toge!r ) %ellac4 ,if y\r m\ld breaks 9 pieces :ile y are tak+ x (f1 don't be disc\rag$1 b simply put ! pieces toge!r1 back !m up ) m pla/]1 & come up smil+ = ! next r\nd4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to ca/ skulls or tee?1 to put 9 sk9s t are be+ m\nt$1 ?\gh x is bett] to c>ve a skull out ( s(t wood4 ,,ca/+ ,,fi%es4--,fi%es are easy & int]e/+ subjects to ca/4 ,usually only "o side is tak51 & ! ca/ is !n m\nt$ on a flat slab1 or p]haps on two brass /&>ds4 ,! full me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,wa% (f ! mucus ) alum-wat]4 ,put "s dry alum on ! side to be ca/1 to h>d5 ! s(t edges ( ! f9s1 & make e scale /& out di/9ctly4 ,clean ! fi% c>efully1 close ! m\?1 adju/ ! eye & ! gills4 ,lay ! fi% on its side1 ) ! side to be ca/ upp]mo/4 ,take "s model+ clay1 beat x out1 & roll x into a smoo?1 squ>e cake ) p>allel sides4 ,) a small wire cut a section ( ?is cake1 & place x "u ea* f91 s t ! f9 w be held 9 position z 9 life4 ,to make a piece m\ld1 make x 9 ?ree pieces1 ?us3 ,put up a wall ( clay ar\nd ! head f ! base ( ! dorsal f9 to ! base ( ! anal f91 keep+ ! clay wall a little di/ance away f ! head & body4 ,) pla/] ,p>is fill 9 ! space ?us left1 up to ! m$ian l9e ( ! fi%1 b no high]4 ,) a knife "w ! pla/] "u ! edge ( ! fi%1 & let x h>d52 !n put two c\nt]s9ks 9 ea* side4 ,= ! ma9 piece1 mix "s dry color 9 en\gh pla/] to coat ! fi% "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 make x ?91 & p\r ov] ) a spoon4 ,:5 cov]$ ?9ly1 bl[ h>d ^u x1 all ov]1 to make x take ! scales %>ply2 !n put on en\gh m to make ! color$ coat an eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,let ?is h>d51 !n put on ! ?ick coat ( :ite pla/]1 :i* is to be *isel$ (f1 z ?is is suppos$ to be a wa/e m\ld4 ,9 mak+ ! ca/1 if x be possible make x be=e ! m\ld gets dry1 s t ! latt] w *isel (f easily4 ,p\r ! m\ld ne>ly full ( pla/]1 !n set a piece ( wood 9 at ! back to af=d a means ( screw+ ! ca/ to a panel1 or ins]t+ /&>ds4 ,aft] ! ca/ is made x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>efully pa9t$1 :i* is ano!r matt]1 & is treat$ else:]e4 ,,ca/+ ,,reptiles4--,aft] all ! detail$ directions t h be5 already giv5 on ?is subject x is n necess>y to speak fur!r ( me?ods4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,palm]1 ( ! ,national ,museum1 has produc$ su* pleas+ & arti/ic repres5tations ( reptiles ( all sorts1 especially s]p5ts & tortoises1 x w\ld seem t p]fection 9 ?is l9e has be5 rea*$4 ,8 s]p5ts are all on imitation rocks1 trees1 or e>?1 & 9 ab\t all ! attitudes !y w\ld assume 9 life4 ,!y are repres5t$ z crawl+1 sleep+1 fight+1 /rik+1 & ?reat5+4 ,by ! introduction ( wires 9 ! m\lds :ile mak+ ! ca/s1 !y are made to act q naturally4 ,( c\rse !y h be5 c>efully & arti/ically pa9t$1 & half ! cr$it = _! beauty is !re=e due to ! colori/4 ,liz>ds ( _m species1 l>ge & small1 & also tortoises & turtles ( e ,am]ican species1 are ?us repres5t$ ) great success4 ,?is int]e/+ collection is well wor?y ( /udy2 b to ! taxid]mi/ :o is n also a fir/-rate arti/ 9 oil colors1 ?is me?od is beyond 8 p[]s4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,,o/eology4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,collect+ ,,skeletons4 ,x is really /range t s few ,am]ican collectors are taught ! sci5tific value ( skeletons1 & ! ne$ to collect !m1 especially :5 9 ! haunts ( r>e animals4 ,:ile hundr$s ( collectors ga!r bird sk9s by ! cord1 p]haps n "o out ( ! :ole lot saves a r\gh skeleton4 ,any "o :o is :olly unaccu/om$ to ! prep>ation ( skeletons is apt to /& appall$ at ! ?\ght ( prep>+ "o f ! beg9n+2 &1 inde$1 ! f9al "w ( clean+ & m\nt+ is no *ild's play4 ,b let me assure y t1 s f> z ! field "w is conc]n$1 y c easily become a successful collector ( skeletons ( all k9ds1 ev5 ?\gh y may nev] le>n to clean & m\nt "o4 ,all y h to d 9 ! field is to r\gh out skeletons f ! fle%1 & dry !m 9 compact bundles = %ipm5t4 ,a ,,r\gh ,,skeleton ( a mammal1 bird1 reptile1 or fi%1 is simply ! complete bony framework ( ! body1 f :i* ! mo/ ( ! fle% has be5 cut away ) a common knife1 aft] :i* ! skeleton & rema9+ fle% has be5 dri$ prep>atory to its be+1 at "s indef9ite "t 9 ! future1 tak5 9 h& by a pr(essional o/eologi/4 ,! "w ( prep>ation on su* specim5s is v simple1 & :5 once le>n$ is easily p]=m$4 ,,selection ,,( ,,specim5s4--,:5 a *oice is possible1 select l>ge & p]fect adult male specim5s z subjects to be skeletoniz$4 ,! skeletons ( "y animals are always imp]fect 9 developm5t1 d n prop]ly repres5t a species1 & are seldom valuable except = comp>ison ) o!r specim5s ( ! same species4 ,v (t5 a f9e adult specim5 has its sk9 s badly torn by %ot or bullets1 or ! sk9 cov]+ is 9 su* a bad /ate ( %$d+1 m\lt+1 & ! l1 t ! sk9 is totally unfit = pres]vation4 ,9 su* a case ! pres]vation ( a f9e p]fect skeleton becomes a cle> ga9 ( "o specim5 to ! collector & to sci5ce4 ,a p]fect skeleton is "o 9 :i* n a bone is miss+1 & 9 :i* no sub/itutions h be5 made4 ,b x is by no means always possible to secure a wild animal )\t break+ "s portion ( its o/eological anatomy4 ,:5 a bone is brok51 ! be/ ?+ to d is to supply x ) a correspond+ bone f an animal ( simil> size & age4 ,sometimes ! closet naturali/1 :o g5]ally ?9ks t r>e wild animals are ga!r$ l b]ries1 w grumble because a brok5 bone has ?us be5 replac$1 & f9d fault ) ! size ( ! sub/itute1 b t ne$ n tr\ble ! collector's consci5ce 9 ! lea/4 ,i once %ot a f9e prong-horn antelope buck1 skeletoniz$ x c>efully1 cut up ! skeleton1 & c>ri$ ! :ole ( x = ?ree days atta*$ to my saddle1 :ile ,i rode a v re/ive & dang]\s horse1 & also c>ri$ two blankets & a ,mayn>d rifle4 ,t skeleton1 ?us e>n$1 _h "s brok5 bones suppli$ f ano!r specim54 ,x f9ally w5t to ,europe1 & fell into ! h&s ( a closet naturali/1 :o bli!ly f\nd fault ) ! collector because ( ! suppli$ bones4 ,aga91 :5 ,i once risk$ dr[n+ 9 ord] to ent] a cave on a dang]\s sea-coa/ to collect gua*>o birds1 & got a goodly numb]1 a ,g]man closet naturali/ compla9$ bitt]ly because a sk9 t 0 s5t to him _h two miss+ tail-fea!rs suppli$ by two o!r fea!rs t 7 a trifle small] ?an ! miss+ ones4 ,b ,i did once p]=m a feat 9 ,s\? ,am]ica :i* fill$ ! s\ls ( my fri5ds at ,w>d's ) wond]1 & ev5 admiration4 ,9 collect+ ab\t half a doz5 skeletons ( capyb>a1 ea* ( :i* ,i took c>e %\ld be absolutely p]fect1 by "s brilliant manoeuvre ,i contriv$ to s5d home to ! e/abli%m5t "o skeleton :i* 0 ! happy possessor ( two left =elegs & two left h9d legs1 b nev] a "r "o2 & 9 ! language ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 8 bones are !re to ?is day6 ,,skeletons ,,( ,,mammals3 ,,small ,,objects4--,! smalle/ quadrup$s--su* z bats1 small rod5ts1 %rews1 & ! l--%\ld be evisc]at$1 & pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 )\t be+ sk9n$2 b ea* specim5 %\ld be fully label$4 ,z a g5]al ?+ x is be/1 = v>i\s reasons1 n to dry su* small c>casses4 ,= all mammals bel[ ! size ( ! ,virg9ia de]1 proce$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,remove ! sk9 z exp$iti\sly z possible1 9 ord] to h a fair %[ at ! skeleton4 #b4 ,if ! skeleton is small] ?an a fox1 leave ! legs atta*$ to ! body1 = conv5i5ce1 until y h cut ! fle% away f !m ) y\r scalpel or pocket-knife1 )\t any disjo9t+4 ,:5 all ! legs h be5 ?us r\ghly d5ud$ ( fle%1 cut !m loose f ! body & lay aside = ! mom5t4 #c4 ,if ! specim5 is l>g] ?an a fox1 cut (f ! legs f ! body1 lay ea* "o flat ^u ! gr\nd1 inside upp]mo/1 divide ! fle% all ! way along x directly ov] ! bones1 & lit]ally dissect ! bones out ( ! mass ( fle%1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! fle% away piece by piece4 ,?is is ! quicke/ & neate/ way4 ,! scapula mu/ come (f ) ! =e leg1 & be left atta*$ to ! hum]us4 ,be sure y cut (f all ! masses ( fle%1 b don't cut (f ! knee-pan1 z y may easily d if y are n wat*ful4 #d4 ,n[ = ! c>cass4 ,hold x on its back1 beg9 at ! brea/bone1 flake (f ! fle% f ! sides ( ! body close d[n to ! ribs1 until ! backbone is rea*$4 ,cut (f z mu* fle% z y c 7hurri$ly7 f along ! backbone4 #e4 ,next attack ! abdom54 ,beg9n+ at ! l[] po9t ( ! brea/bone1 deta* ! walls ( ! abdom5 f ! ends ( ! %ort ribs1 d[n to ! lumb> v]tebr1 & s on ar\nd ! iliac m>g9 ( ! pelvis4 ,cut ?r\gh ! diaphragm close up to :]e x is atta*$ to ! ribs1 & remove at "o ef=t ! entrails & vital organs4 #f4 ,cut away ! fle% f ! pelvis1 bo? inside & out1 & ! fle% ( ! t5d]lo9 f und]nea? ! lumb> v]tebr4 #g4 ,cut ! fle% f ! ?ick portion ( ! tail4 #h4 ,cut (f ! head at ! fir/ c]vical v]tebra1 & clean ! skull z previ\sly describ$ else:]e1 b leave ! hyoid bone 9 its place4 #i4 ,cut ! fle% away f ! neck v]tebr z well z y c4 ,be c>eful n to cut ! /]num 7or brea/bone71 :i* is s(t c>tilage1 & easily cut2 nor ! ends ( any v]tebral processes1 nor any s(t bones4 #aj4 ,if ! skeleton is a small "o1 x is apt to get q bloody dur+ ! op]ation4 ,wa% x clean1 & if necess>y soak x 9 cle> wat] = an h\r or two4 ,x w come all ! :it] = x 9 ! end4 ,skeletons ( rum9ant animals are g5]ally clean en\gh )\t t4 #aa4 ,d n poison a r\gh skeleton ) ars5ical soap1 nor put salt ^u x2 s says ,mr4 ,lucas1 ! o/eologi/ ( ! ,national ,museum4 ,! =m] has a t5d5cy to prev5t skeletons f prop]ly mac]at+ & com+ :ite4 ,spr9kle dry ars5ic ^u a skeleton1 if any?+ is necess>y to protect x f ,d]me/es & o!r insects4 ,nev] put alum on a skeleton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,r\gh ,skeleton ( a ,small ,animal4 7,aft] ,f4,a4 ,lucas47 #ab4 ,! la/ ?+ is to make up ! skeleton into a small1 compact bundle1 t w pack nicely & economically :5 dry1 & )/& "s pressure )\t breakage4 ,put ! skull 9 ! *e/ cavity4 ,fold up ! upp] jo9ts ( ! legs1 put ! foot ( ea* 9 ! pelvis1 & ! o!r end 9 ! cavity ( ! *e/4 ,n[ tie all ! legs tightly to ! sp9al column4 7,see ,fig4 #ff47 ,b5d ! tail "u ! pelvis & tie x fa/ also4 ,f9ally1 hang ! specim5 up 9 ! %ade & w9d1 s t x w dry quickly4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! above process leaves ! body ( ! skeleton entire1 & all ! bones ( ea* leg & foot unit$ by _! natural ligam5ts4 ,a skeleton prep>$ ?us may ultimately be m\nt$ z a ligam5t>y skeleton1 or x may be disjo9t$ ?r\gh\t1 mac]at$1 & m\nt$ z a dis>ticulate skeleton4 ,except = skeletons ( bison1 elk1 & o!r animals :i* are entirely too l>ge to admit ( transport+ _! bodies :ole1 x is mu* ! be/ to prep>e all o!rs 9 ! field z describ$ above1 & dis>ticulate "s ( !m aft]w>d2 = ?is r$uces to a m9imum ! *ance ( los+ "s ( ! p>ts4 ,,skeletons ,,( ,,l>ge ,,mammals4--,! process ( r\gh+ out ! skeletons ( l>ge mammals1 no matt] h[ l>ge !y may be1 is precisely ! same z describ$ above = small ones2 b to make x possible to transport & box !m1 !y mu/ be cut to pieces1 or1 ,i _h bett] say1 disjo9t$1 = fe> "s zeal\s p>tisan might int]pret my words too lit]ally1 & g at a valuable skeleton ) an axe4 ,& "r "h let me publi% a law :i* is z fix$ & unalt]able z ! laws ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 & admits ( no exception3 ,9 dis>ticulat+ a l>ge skeleton1 no matt] h[ l>ge1 an axe or hat*et mu/ nev] be us$ = any purpose :atev]4 ,use no?+ b ! knife1 & 9 a few cases a small saw to sep>ate ! /]num f ! ends ( ! ribs4 ,to come d[n to ! details ( cutt+ up a l>ge skeleton 91 ! field1 & mak+ x up into a numb] ( sep>ate bundles1 let u suppose t ! skeleton lies be=e u1 completely r\gh$ out1 9 accordance ) previ\s advice4 ,! bones ( ea* leg mu/ be dislocat$ 7at ! knees 9 rum9ant animals7 ei!r once or twice1 s t ! p>ts c be easily h&l$4 ,9 a full-gr[n elephant ! leg bones are s l>ge x is necess>y to cut ! ligam5ts at ea* jo9t1 s t ! scapula1 hum]us1 radius & ulna1 & foot may ea* be h&l$ sep>ately4 ,( c\rse1 ! head is to be cut (f at ! fir/ c]vical v]tebra4 ,!n1 by c>eful "w1 & mu* coax+ ) ! %>p po9t ( ! knife1 dislocate ! sp9al column j :]e ! neck jo9s ! body4 ,at fir/ ?is w bo!r y1 b h pati5ce & y w soon le>n h[ to d x easily & quickly4 ,9 dislocat+ ! sp9al column1 take hold ( ! neck1 move x backw>d & =w>d1 & /ra9 x a bit to see j :]e ! articulat+ surfaces ( ! v]tebral process are1 s t y c cut !m4 ,:5 y\r intellig5ce has made "s headway on ! jo9t1 !n y may put =? a little ma9 /r5g? & te> ! v]tebr ap>t1 b d n attempt ?is too soon4 ,! next ?+ is to cut (f ! ribs1 & ! fir/ /ep t[>d ?is is to cut out ! /]num1 or brea/bone4 7,see ,plate ,,xx47 ,?is s-call$ bone is really c>tilage1 s(t en\gh 9 a fre% skeleton to cut on ! outside1 & 9 ?9 places1 l *eese r9d4 ,x mu/ be cut out 9 "o piece1 ! same z may be se5 9 ! figure ( ! m\nt$ skeleton1 & ! dott$ l9e ,a ,b %[s :]e ! c>tilag9\s ribs ( ! /]num jo9 ! bony ribs t =m ! ma9 ar* ( ! ?orax4 ,at ! po9ts m>k$ by ! dott$ l9e1 cut ! two ap>t4 ,i h nev] f\nd x necess>y to use a saw = ?is "w 9 a p]fectly fre% skeleton1 b 9 dry ones a saw is necess>y4 ,:5 y come to ! %ort1 or float+ ribs1 z !y are call$1 x w be f\nd t _! c>tilages are only atta*$ weakly to ! c>tilages ( ! previ\s ribs1 or else are altoge!r free4 ,^! mu/ be cut f ! ribs & pres]v$ ) great c>e4 ,aft] ! ribs h be5 cut free f ! /]num1 sep>ate !m f ! backbone1 "o by "o1 make !m up into bundles1 & tie !m up4 ,! pelvis is to be sep>at$ f ! sp9al column at ! la/ lumb> v]tebra2 & if necess>y ! sp9al column may be aga9 dislocat$ ab\t ! middle4 ,=m]ly x 0 my practice to poison all r\gh skeletons ) a ?9 wa% ( ars5ical soap1 to make !m dry )\t smell+ badly1 & to keep (f ! myriads ( insects t ! %r$s ( fle% w\ld naturally attract4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 9 ob$i5ce to ! m&ates ( ,mr4 ,lucas1 ,i h es*ew$ ! use ( ars5ical soap = ?is purpose1 & recomm5d ! use ( dry ars5ic in/ead1 :i* does n ret>d ! clean+ ( ! bones4 ,,r\gh ,,skeletons ,,( ,,birds4--,z 9 ! case ( a small mammal1 fir/ remove ! sk9 f ! body2 b if ! id5tity ( ! bird is 9 d\bt1 leave ! l>ge tail fea!rs & ! prim>ies 9 place1 = future ref]5ce4 ,9 fact1 x is a good plan to always leave ! prim>ies & spuri\s quills on ! w+1 = !n !re w be no dang] t "s ( ! small bones ( ! la/ jo9t w get lo/ or cut away by mi/ake4 ,moreov]1 :5 y come to tie up ! skeleton1 ! prim>ies w af=d valuable protection to ! ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,r\gh ,skeleton ( a ,bird4 7,aft] ,f4,a4 ,lucas47 ,) a bird1 ! entire skeleton %\ld be r\gh$ out be=e any disjo9t+ is done1 & ev5 !n none is necess>y1 save to cut (f ! legs ( l>ge birds1 especially ^? ) long legs4 ,/udy c>efully ! accompany+ figure ( a bird skeleton 7,fig4 #fg71 & !n x w be h>dly necess>y to say m ?an to r\ghly1 b c>efully1 cut (f ! fle% ) a c>tilage knife or scalpel1 & remove all ! visc]a4 ,look out = ^? delicate little po9ts on ! neck v]tebr1 & also be v c>eful n to cut (f ^? curi\s little app5dages 7call$ unc9ate processes7 t project backw>d f ! middle ( ea* rib4 ,leave ! hyoid bone 9 its place1 & also ! bony r+ surr\nd+ ! eyeball ( ! great blue h]on1 ! owl1 & o!r birds ( prey4 ,if any portion ( ! w9dpipe reveals any bony /ructure1 ! entire w9dpipe %\ld be sav$4 ,:5ev] any t5dons are f\nd to be p>tly ossifi$1 z !y w c]ta9ly prove to be 9 ! drum/ick ( y\r ,?anksgiv+ turkey1 leave !m 9 place = ! o/eologi/ to d ) z he pleases4 ,:5 9 d\bt ab\t any special "p1 give ! o/eologi/ ! b5efit ( ! d\bt by sav+ ! special "p = him4 ,if ! bird is a l>ge "o1 cut (f ! head1 & aft] clean+ x pack x away 9 ! *e/ cavity4 ,if ! bird is small1 y c leave x atta*$ to ! neck1 & remove ! bra9 by b5d+ ! head d[n & cutt+ x half (f f above1 ?us expos+ ! occipital op5+ at ! back ( ! skull1 ?r\gh :i* ! bra9 may be drawn out4 ,aft] ! skeleton has be5 r\gh$ out1 x %\ld always be clean$ by wa%+ x 9 a bas9 ( wat] & bru%+ x mean:ile ) a s(t too?-bru%4 ,if blood is left on ! skeleton1 ! bones w absorb x1 & become p]man5tly discolor$ !reby4 ,! cleans+ done1 make ! skeleton up into a compact bundle by fold+ ! w+s naturally aga9/ ! body1 b5d+ ! neck d[n 9 "s way s t x c be ti$ ^u ! body1 & ei!r cutt+ (f ! legs & putt+ !m into ! ?orax & pelvis1 or leav+ !m on & fold+ !m up z compactly z possible4 ,!n tie ! bundle up ?or\ghly by pass+ a light /r+ _m times ar\nd x1 s t x c nev] lose its compactness4 ,spr9kle x ) dry ars5ic1 or wa% ov] ) ?9 ars5ical soap1 & hang x up 9 ! %ade to dry4 ,,skeletons ,,( ,,reptiles4--,aft] all ! =ego+ directions1 x surely is unnecess>y to describe1 9 detail1 ! skeletoniz+ ( reptiles4 ,! pr9ciples are precisely ! same z already set =? = birds & mammals4 ,:]ev] special bones or c>tilages are f\nd1 z 9 ! abdom9al-c>tilag9\s ribs ( crocodilians & c]ta9 liz>ds1 !y mu/ be c>efully sav$ :ole & 9 situ4 ,) l>ge skeletons1 take :atev] means are necess>y to get !m1 :ile fre%1 into compact %ape = dry+ & pack+4 ,) l>ge crocodiles & alligators1 ! neck1 legs1 head1 & tail all g nicely inside ! body1 z ,i h prov$ scores ( times4 ,! skeleton ( a l>ge s]p5t is easily done up 9 a close coil1 by :i* x n only takes compact %ape1 b ! ribs are well protect$4 ,) s]p5ts1 d n attempt to cut ! fle% f betwe5 ! ribs1 = x is desirable t x %\ld rema94 ,on ea* rib ( a crocodilian !re is a /range1 flat piece ( c>tilage atta*$ to ! po/]ior edge at ! middle ( ! rib1 & project+ backw>d1 q ov]lapp+ ! next rib1 z sure z ! _w ! reptilian developm5t ( :at 9 ! full-fl$g$ bird becomes a bony unc9ate process4 ,y w soon discov] ?is 9 skeletoniz+ y\r fir/ crocodilian1 & be sure to respect its anatomy4 ,x surely is sup]flu\s to say t e skeleton mu/ be c>efully & fully label$1 & 9 a sub/antial way4 ,,fi%es4--,?is subject has be5 treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix4 7,collect+ ,fi%es74 ,skeletoniz+ ,cetaceans4--,! r\gh skeleton ( a cetacean--porpoise1 blackfi%1 :ale1 & ! l--is ! bloodie/1 greasie/1 na/ie/ specim5 ! collector ev] has to prep>e4 ,nev]!less1 !y are necess>y evils1 & =tunately _! /ructure is s simple t _! r\gh+ out is n a difficult matt]4 ,! v]tebral column t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 !re be+ no bones 9 ! flukes ( ! tail1 or ! dorsal f94 ,! be/ way to op]ate is to split ! body op5 along ! middle ( ! back all ! way f head to tail1 & c>ve ! fle% away until y rea* ! v]tebral column1 & aft] t ! ribs4 ,! v]tebral column mu/ be cut 9 two 9 two or m places1 accord+ to its size4 ,midway betwe5 ! la/ pair ( ribs & ! tail1 & und]nea? ! v]tebral column1 lie two v useless & absurd little ossifications kn[n z ! pelvic bones4 ,!y are call$ pelvic bones because t happ5s to be a h&y "n4 ,!y be> ab\t z mu* resemblance to a g5u9e pelvis z a cig>ette does to a locomotive4 ,!y are s small t x takes an exp]t ) a se>*-w>rant to f9d !m1 &1 = my "p1 ,i always consid] _! loss a real ga9 to ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,( c\rse ! scapula & flipp]1 ! ribs & ! /]num1 mu/ ea* 9 turn be cut away1 clean$ z well z possible1 & bundl$ up to g ) ! head & ! ?ree sections ( ! v]tebral column4 ,,pack+ ,,skeletons4--,all r\gh skeletons1 skulls1 etc4 7z well z all sk9s7 mu/ be ?or\ghly dry :5 pack$1 or !y w sweat1 s(t5 up1 smell (f5sively1 & spoil any dry sk9s1 or o!r p]i%able objects t may be pack$ ) !m4 ,skeletons %\ld always be pack$ 9 tight boxes1 s t rats & mice _c get into !m & gnaw ! small bones4 ,tie "s s(t mat]ial ov] ! tee? ( sep>ate skulls to save !m f gett+ brok54 ,put ! l>ge/ skeletons & skulls at ! bottom1 & use hay1 /raw1 or excelsior = fill+4 ,( c\rse ! small & fragile specim5s w be put 9 ! protect$ corn]s & crevices betwe5 ! l>g] objects1 &1 z be=e rem>k$1 dry skeletons t h be5 made up into compact bundles w /& a v consid]able am\nt ( pressure )\t break+4 ,,collect+ ,,fossil ,,skeletons4--,! v]tebrate zoologi/ glories 9 ! skeleton ( almo/ any liv+ species ( v]tebrate1 b a fossil skeleton he fairly wor%ips4 ,! m ( previ\s !ories x upsets1 ! de>] x is4 ,if x is a reptile ) fea!rs on its tail1 a bird ) tee?1 or a sci5tific :at-is-x1 z 0 ! gigantic mega!rium1 x is simply canoniz$4 ,bew>e1 !n1 r$-h&$ hunt] ( liv+ species1 h[ y recklessly pass by a bit ( bone protrud+ f a cut bank beside "s /ream1 = y "k n ! day & ! h\r :5 y may t\* elb[s ) ,8 ,my/]i\s ,highness1 ! ,miss+ ,l9k4 ,! t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9 ! fossil rema9s ( _m magnific5t v]tebrates1 impossible ev5 to m5tion "h4 ,v (t5 huge bones & tusks ( ! ma/odon are une>!d 9 well or dit* digg+1 & be=e !y receive prop] att5tion are expos$ to ! air & all[$ to crumble into du/ 9 a few h\rs4 ,if a fossil bone is v s(t :5 dug up1 x w crumble 9 a %ort "t unless prop]ly c>$ =4 ,if ?is is likely to be its fate1 cov] x up aga9 )\t delay1 to keep ! air f x until y are ready to pres]ve x4 ,to accompli% ?is1 prep>e a kettle ( glue wat] 7simply hot wat] ) a little glue dissolv$ 9 x7 & wrap ! bone tightly f end to end ) an abundance ( tw9e4 ,!n ) a ladle or l>ge spoon p\r ! glue wat] ov] ! bone or tusk1 gradually1 b cont9u\sly1 s t x w soak 91 & :5 dry1 x w b9d toge!r ! weak mat]ial & =m a h>d %ell ( "s ?ickness & protect ! =m ( ! bone intact4 ,?is w (t5 save a fossil :i* w\ld o!rwise fall into c\ntless t9y fragm5ts 9 a few h\rs4 ,if a skeleton or portion !re( is emb$d$ 9 a matrix ( h>d rock1 d n attempt to "w x out fully 9 ! field4 ,t is "w = ! laboratory--& a v good "o at t1 sometimes requir+ co/ly tools1 mu* skill1 & pl5ty ( "t to *ip away ! surr\nd+ rock4 ,(t5times ! fossil rema9s ( a fi%1 small reptile1 or mammal are uncov]$ bodily by ! removal ( ! slab ( rock :i* has cov]$ x = ages1 l a blanket4 ,9 su* cases d n attempt to pick ! bones1 "o by "o1 out ( _! re/+-place1 b procure ! necess>y tools1 cut out ! entire slab ( rock :i* conta9s ! skeleton1 & keep x 9 "o piece =ev]4 ,su* specim5s h a good m>ket value 9 ca%1 :i* w well repay ! c>e & labor be/[$ ^u !m2 b at ! same "t a novice %\ld n make ! v common mi/ake ( suppos+ t a fossil :i* is new to him mu/ necess>ily be wor? its weight 9 gold4 ,if y wi% to sell any good fossils1 y w get a fair valuation by (f]+ !m to ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,clean+ ,,l>ge ,,skeletons ,,by ,,mac]at+4 ,!re are two ways to clean ! skeletons ( l>ge mammals3 7#a7 by boil+ ! bones1 & 7#b7 by mac]ation4 ,! fir/ is %ort1 cleanly1 & agreeable2 b ! skeleton produc$ by x is sure to be full ( grease1 & is any?+ b :ite & pleas+ to look ^u :5 m\nt$4 ,! boil+ process is also detrim5tal to ! texture ( ! bone4 ,! pr(essional o/eologi/1 to :om a greasy bone 9 a m\nt$ skeleton is an unp>donable (f5ce1 nev] ?9ks ( boil+ a skeleton to get ! fle% (f1 = ! reason t ! grease is boil$ into ! bone in/ead ( out ( x4 ,clean+ by boil+ is p]missible only "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,if y wi% a p>ticul> skeleton = a special purpose )9 a v %ort "t1 or if y are s situat$ t mac]at+ a skeleton is impossible !n boil+ is excusable1 b /eam+ is f> pref]able4 ,,prep>+ ,a ,,skeleton ,,= ,,mac]ation4--,x is1 ( c\rse1 to be und]/ood t x is only ! skeletons t are too l>ge to be scrap$ & m\nt$ z ligam5t\s skeletons t are to be mac]at$1 blea*$1 & aft]w>d articulat$ ) wire4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to cut out ! /]num 9 "o piece1 z already %[n 9 ,plate ,,xxi41 poison x 9 ars5ic wat]1 & hang x away to dry & be scrap$ aft]w>d4 ,a /]num mu/ nev] be mac]at$1 = x is s s(t ! c>tilag9\s framework w\ld be entirely de/roy$4 ,! skeleton mu/ n[ be cut completely to pieces1 except+ t x is n necess>y to sep>ate all ! v]tebr ( ! sp9al column4 ,! ribs mu/ be cut (f1 & ! jo9ts ( ! legs cut asund]4 ,! l>ge bones ( ! legs conta9 m>r[1 & ( ^! bones ea* "o mu/ h a l>ge hole drill$ 9 ea* end on ! face ( ! articulat+ surface1 s t :5 m\nt$ ! holes w n %[4 ,^! holes are to af=d ! wat] access to ! int]ior ( ! bone4 ,,mac]at+ ,,& ,,clean+4--,! mac]ation ( a skeleton is a "q ( "t z comp>$ ) et]nity4 ,procure a wood5 b>rel or keg l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! entire skeleton1 knock ! head out & see t !re are no nails1 nor any o!r metal any:]e on ! inside to /a9 & discolor ! bones4 ,pack ! skeleton closely 9 ! empty b>rel1 fill x up ) wat] & let x /&4 ,9 a few days its (f5ce1 l ,o!llo's1 is rank1 & smells to heav54 ,b t is no matt]1 provid$ y\r b>rel has no neighbors4 ,let x /& = f\r mon?s1 six mon?s1 a ye>1 or two ye>s if ne$ be1 until e p>ticle ( fle%y matt] on ! bones has dis9tegrat$ & become a pulp4 ,keep ! b>rel cov]$1 & :5 ! wat] evaporates & ! bones on top are ab\t to be expos$1 fill up ) wat] & keep ! bones always cov]$4 ,if a skeleton is v bloody1 x is well to soak x = a week 9 salt wat] to dissolve ! blood-corpuscles4 ,!n x may be mac]at$ z direct$ above4 ,! odor w be horrible1 b if y are go+ to /udy bones y mu/ n m9d t4 ,:5 y f9d ^u exam9+ ! bones t ! fle% has totally disappe>$ f !m1 leav+ !m d>k-color$ or ev5 black1 b )\t any fle%y matt] ^u !m1 !y are !n to be tak5 out4 ,p\r (f ! wat]1 place ! entire cont5ts ( ! b>rel 9 a l>ge sieve-bottom$ tray1 & wa% ! bones ?or\ghly4 ,:5 t has be5 done1 put !m 9 a l>ge tub ( boil+ wat]1 & keep !m 9 w>m wat] :ile y scrape all ! bones1 "o by "o1 ) y\r bone-scrap]1 & scrub !m ) a /iff bru%1 go+ ov] ! entire surface1 & wa%+ !m mean:ile 9 ! w>m wat]4 ,! int]ior ( ea* ( ! l>ge leg bones mu/ be wa%$ out ) a /rong syr+e1 & e cavity 9 ! v]tebr mu/ be c>efully scrap$ out4 ,,blea*+4--,hav+ c>efully scrap$ & wa%$ ! bones1 ! entire skeleton is n[ to be soak$ = a %ort "t1 ! l5g? ( "t v>y+ accord+ to ! size & age ( ! skeleton1 9 a solution ( *loride ( lime & wat]4 ,to make ?is ( ! prop] /r5g?1 dissolve ab\t two or ?ree ounces ( *loride ( lime 9 a b>rel ( wat]4 ,bones ( "y or immature animals mu/ n be left 9 ?is solution z long z ^? ( old specim5s4 ,"y bones are s(t & por\s1 & ! *loride ( lime w soon de/roy !m if !y rema9 9 x too long4 ,! foll[+ skeletons1 adult 9 e case1 require to be left 9 ?is solution a l5g? ( "t z /at$ h]e)3 ,dog1 #f h\rs2 %eep1 #f h\rs2 de]1 #h2 buffalo1 #ab2 elephant1 #ab4 ,aft] remov+ ! bones f ?is ba?1 wa% !m ) cle> wat]1 lay !m 9 slat-bottom$ trays1 ) *eese-clo? above ! slats1 )\t pil+ "o bone ^u ano!r1 & expose !m a numb] ( days 9 ! hot sun4 ,aft] !y h blea*$ on ! upp] side1 turn !m ov]4 ,if x does n ra9 ^u !m occasionally1 !y %\ld be spr9kl$ ) wat]1 late 9 ! ev5+ or e>ly 9 ! morn+1 to ha/5 ! process4 ,great c>e is necess>y to keep ! t9y c>pal1 t>sal1 & phalangeal bones f gett+ lo/4 ,:5 ! bones are :ite z *alk1 or ne>ly s1 tie ! p>ts ( ea* skeleton 9 a /\t pap] bag by itself1 label x1 & put x away until y are ready to m\nt x4 ,! /]num is to be soak$ 9 cle> wat]1 ) a little wa%+ soda to cut ! grease1 until x is s(t1 & !n scrap$ ! same z ! bones ( a ligam5t>y skeleton1 :i* process w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,m\nt+ ,,small ,,skeletons4 ,! skeletons ( small v]tebrates %\ld nev] be mac]at$ previ\s to m\nt+1 = ! reason t _! complete re>ticulation w\ld be a practical impossibility4 ,! bones mu/ be left unit$ at ! jo9ts by _! natural ligam5ts1 :i* :5 dry become q h>d1 & ) ! aid ( ei!r "o or two small brass /&>ds w hold ! entire skeleton erect & 9 prop] %ape4 ,skeletons m\nt$ ?us1 ) ! p>ts atta*$ to ea* o!r by _! own dri$ ligam5ts in/ead ( wires1 are call$ ligam5t\s1 or ligam5t>y1 skeletons4 ,all mammals small] ?an a l>ge fox1 all birds small] ?an a small o/ri*1 all turtles1 liz>ds1 iguanas1 s]p5ts1 crocodilians1 & all fi%es are m\nt$ 9 ?is way4 ,=tunately x is possible to clean to p]fect :it5ess ! skeletons ( almo/ all ^! subjects )\t putt+ !m ?r\gh ! mac]ation process1 :i* resolves ev]y?+ into its compon5t p>ts4 ,,dry+ ,,be=e ,,m\nt+4--,9 ord] to h a skeleton s t x w scrape to ! be/ advantage & become z :ite z possible1 e ligam5t>y skeleton mu/ be dri$ be=e x is f9ally clean$ & m\nt$4 ,9 a p]fectly fre% skeleton ! epiphyses & ligam5ts are s s(t ! op]ator w\ld f9d x h>d to keep f de/roy+ !m ) 8 ke5-edg$ /eel scrap]s1 & ! small] bones & c>tilag9\s memb]s w\ld also be 9 great dang] ( mutilation 9 ! same way4 ,:5 a skeleton dries1 all ^! s(t portions h>d51 & :5 aft]w>d ! skeleton is soak$ 9 cle> wat] = two or ?ree days1 or long] z may be necess>y1 ! fle% quickly s(t5s s t y c scrape x all away )\t encroa*+ on ! framework1 & ! ligam5ts at ! jo9ts are j s(t en\gh t a portion ( x may be scrap$ or trimm$ away1 & yet leave suffici5t to hold ea* jo9t toge!r4 ,,relax+ ,a ,,dry ,,skeleton4--,z intimat$ above1 ?is is accompli%$ simply by soak+ ! specim5 9 cle> wat] until its jo9ts are pliable1 & ! fle% ^u ! bones is s(t en\gh to scrape (f4 ,9 ord] t ! specim5 %\ld n become (f5sive & disagreeable to "w ^u1 x mu/ n soak long en\gh = decomposition to set 91 = t is ! fir/ /age ( mac]ation4 ,!re=e1 scrap+ %\ld beg9 j z soon z ! fle% is s(t en\gh to be readily remov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,/eel ,bone-scrap]s4 ,,scrap+ ,a ,,ligam5t>y ,,skeleton4--,! removal ( ! fle% & o!r animal matt] f a small skeleton is accompli%$ by scrap+ ! bones ) v>i\s *isel-edg$ scrap]s specially design$ = ?is "w1 & by clipp+ & trimm+ on ! jo9ts ) ei!r curve-po9t$ or /raight scissors4 ,! pr9ciples to be le>n$ 9 skeleton-scrap+ are comp>atively few & simple4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! connect+ ligam5t at ea* jo9t mu/ be left to hold ! two bones toge!r 9 prop] %ape :5 ! specim5 dries4 ,?is mu/ n be left 9 a ?ick1 unsightly mass1 b requires to be scrap$ & trimm$ d[n s t x is r$uc$ to z small a quantity z w s]ve ! purpose4 ,9 scrap+ ! fle% (f ! ma9 /em ( a bone1 su* z ! hum]us1 = example1 always beg9 at ! end & scrape t[>d ! middle4 ,! skeletons ( turtles1 liz>ds1 & ! l are an exception to ?is rule by reason ( _! /ructure1 & %\ld be scrap$ f ! middle t[>d ea* end4 ,if y scrape f ! middle ( a mammalian or avian bone t[>d ei!r end1 be=e y are aw>e ( x1 y h loos5$ ! atta*m5t ( ! ligam5t1 & h no?+ left to hold ! jo9t toge!r4 ,by beg9n+ on ! ligam5t itself1 & work+ away f x1 y c scrape x d[n s ?9 at ! po9t ( atta*m5t t its id5tity is q lo/1 & ! po9t :]e x ends is h>dly visible4 ,?is pr9ciple applies to ! scrap+ ( all ligam5t>y skeletons1 except a few reptiles4 ,9 clean+ bird skeletons bew>e ( injur+ ! little tack l po9ts :i* project d[nw>d f ea* ( ! c]vical v]tebr4 ,h a c>e also = ! s(t bones ( ! coccyx1 & ! unc9ate process :i* projects backw>d f ! po/]ior edge ( ea* rib4 ,9 fi%es ! greate/ difficulty lies 9 leav+ ! ribs atta*$ to ! rema9d] ( ! skeleton1 = if ! op]ator is at all z ! writ] us$ to be 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 he w be prone to scrape "s ( ! ribs loose1 & be oblig$ to glue !m 9 place 9 ! dry skeleton1 ) glue & cotton batt+ t has be5 clipp$ up f9ely ) a %>p pair ( scissors4 ,:ile a small skeleton is und]go+ ! scrap+ process x mu/ n be all[$ to get dry until x is f9ally set up 9 position4 ,:5 ! skeleton is n be+ work$ ^u1 x mu/ be kept soak+ 9 clean wat]2 b rememb] t ?is _c g on v long1 or mac]ation w set 91 ! ligam5ts w give way1 & ! bones w all come ap>t4 ,a little borax 9 ! wat] s]ves to arre/ decomposition1 & w all[ a skeleton to rema9 soak+ = sev]al days long] ?an c\ld o!rwise be all[$4 ,aft] a skeleton has be5 well scrap$1 9 ord] to get x z :ite z possible & free f grease1 x mu/ be treat$ ) ,,javelle ,,wat]4 #a_/b p\nd *loride ( lime4 #a p\nd common wa%+ soda4 #a gallon ( boil+ wat]4 ,keep ?is on h& 9 a glass-/opp]$ j>1 9 ! d>k4 ,9 us+ x1 draw (f a small quantity 9 a broad1 %all[1 e>!n di%4 ,lay e small skeleton 9 x1 & ) a s(t too?-bru% ( ! "r size1 bru% all ! bones ?or\ghly = ab\t five m9utes4 ,at ! end ( t process wa% ! skeleton ?or\ghly ) cle> wat]1 & p]haps x is !n ready to m\nt4 ,(t5 ! bones ( a small skeleton conta9 an inord9ate am\nt ( grease4 ,! easie/ & simple/ way to remove x is to soak ! greasy bones = sev]al days or weeks1 z may be necess>y1 9 a j> ( pure naph?a4 ,,m\nt+ ,a ,,small ,,skeleton4--,! skeleton ( e bird1 mammal1 & reptile requires to h ! sp9al cord replac$ by a /\t z9c wire1 to give bo? /r5g? & rigidity to ! /ructure4 ,z9c wire is necess>y because iron wire w ru/1 & brass wire is too exp5sive to use :5 some?+ *eap] & bett] is obta9able4 ,if y _c procure z9c wire1 use good galvaniz$ iron wire4 ,= v l>ge specim5s y may use iron wire1 b x mu/ be cov]$ ) two coats ( asphaltum1 appli$ ) a bru%1 l black pa9t4 ,aft] ins]t+ ! wire ! full l5g? ( ! cavity ( ! sp9al cord1 leave en\gh ( ! end protrud+ beyond ! fir/ v]tebra ( ! neck to af=d a means = ! atta*m5t ( ! skull4 ,! extra l5g? to be all[$ %\ld always be ne>ly equal to ! lat]al dep? ( ! bra9 cavity4 ,,attitude4--,x is (t5 some:at difficult to decide ^u ! attitude ! skeleton is to h :5 f9i%$4 ,! possibilities 9 ?is l9e are ext5sive1 & ! result dep5ds entirely ^u ! "* ( ! subject1 & ! k & good ta/e ( ! op]ator4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! position ( ! skeleton mu/ be a correct repres5tation ( "s *>act]i/ic attitude ( ! species4 ,= example1 a slo? skeleton %\ld hang und]nea? a bran*2 a monkey %\ld be climb+1 or walk+ on a /\t b\gh2 a hy5a %\ld sneak & cr\*2 a pass]9e bird %\ld always p]*1 :ile ! p5gu9s & ! auks mu/ /& erect on flat p$e/als4 ,if ! "y o/eologi/ c d s1 x w pay him well to travel sev]al hundr$ miles1 if ne$ be1 to see ! beautiful1 & ev5 elegant1 collection ( skeletons & o!r prep>ations 9 ,mr4 ,f4,a4 ,lucas's ,dep>tm5t ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy 9 ! ,national ,museum1 all ( ! specim5s 9 :i* h be5 prep>$1 m\nt$ & display$ by ,mr4 ,lucas & 8 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,w4 ,s*ollick4 ,i "k ( no o!r o/eological collection :i* 9 ! beauty & sci5tific accuracy ( m\nt+1 & exhibition arrangem5t ( its specim5s1 c be consid]$ equal to ?is4 ,! museum-build] may well consid] x a model ( its k9d4 ,e skeleton1 f t ( a t9y humm+-bird to a :ale =ty-eight feet long1 is z ne>ly p]fect z human skill c make x1 & ! v>iety ( ! *>act]i/ic attitudes repres5t$ 9 ! small] species makes ?is collection a p>ticul>ly attractive "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,,ligam5t>y ,,skeleton 7,,dome/ic ,,cat74--,,m\nt$ ,,& ,,dry+4 ,,process ,,) ,,mammals4--,we w assume t ! skeleton has be5 c>efully scrap$1 & is n[ ready = m\nt+4 ,! successive /eps 9 ?is "w f />t to f9i% are ab\t z foll[s3 #a4 ,9 case ! skeleton has be5 dri$ aft] scrap+1 z is (t5 done1 x mu/ be soak$ 9 cle> wat] until ! ligam5ts are relax$4 #b4 ,cut a z9c or galvaniz$ iron wire ( ! "r l5g? & size to replace ! sp9al m>r[1 & long en\gh t ! upp] end ( x w project beyond ! axis into ! bra9 cavity ( ! skull4 ,%>p5 "o end ( ?is wire s t y c =ce x well d[n into ! sacrum1 & ins]t x 9 its place 9 ! sp9al column4 #c4 ,b5d ! v]tebral column to its p]man5t %ape4 ,9 do+ ?is1 draw ! /]num well =w>d s t ! ribs w spread out1 & %[ a *e/ cavity ( ! "r size = inflat$ lungs4 ,if y are n c>eful 9 ?is reg>d1 ! *e/ cavity w be too n>r[4 #d4 ,hang ! body 9 a frame made ( light /rips ( wood1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ plate4 ,let ! body hang at j ! "r height f ! p$e/al to receive ! legs 7,plate ,,xx474 #e4 ,space ! ribs c>efully by />t+ a ?read f ! neck1 & tak+ a turn ar\nd ea* rib f ! fir/ to ! la/1 f9ally mak+ fa/ ! rema9+ end ( ! ?read to "o ( ! lumb> v]tebr4 #f4 ,put on ea* h9d leg by drill+ a small hole /raight ?r\gh ! head ( ! femur & ! socket ( ! pelvis 7innom9ate bone71 ?r\gh :i* a small brass wire is to be pass$ & cl9*$ d[n closely at ea* end1 to hold ! head ( ! femur firmly 9 place4 #g4 ,place ea* leg 9 ! attitude *os5 = x1 plant ! foot accord+ to its o/eological "*1 & p9 ea* toe 9 its prop] place1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ plate4 ,! leg mu/ be held 9 place by atta*+ ?reads to x1 & mak+ !m fa/ to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! gall[s4 #h4 ,9 putt+ on ! =eleg1 ! position ( ! scapula mu/ be def9$ ) accuracy1 9 ord] to avoid plac+ x too l[ or too high1 & ?us mak+ an incorrect repres5tation ( ! height ( ! animal4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! scapula nev] lies prone ^u ! ribs1 b is sep>at$ f !m by a cu%ion ( muscle4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to leave a c]ta9 space betwe5 ribs & scapula4 #i4 ,next cut two /iff brass wires ( ! prop] l5g? = ! two /&>ds t mu/ support ! skeleton 7see ,a ,a & ,b ,b 9 ,plate ,,xx474 ,to make ! ,u-%ap$ =k at ! upp] end ( ea* /&>d1 to clasp ! v]tebral column1 heat "o end ( ! rod r$-hot1 & plunge x into cold wat]1 :i* s(t5s ! metal4 ,n[ put x 9 a vise1 & ) a hack-saw split ! rod d[n ! middle z f> f ! end z necess>y4 ,f9i% neatly by r\nd+ (f ! ends ) a f9e file1 & b5d+ !m 9 %ape ) ! pli]s4 ,! l[] end mu/ h a ?read cut on x an in* or s 9 l5g?1 a neat brass rosette screw$ ^u x 7,r7 to d duty on ! top ( ! p$e/al1 & a small brass nut made to screw on und]nea? ! p$e/al1 to hold ! /&>d firmly upright4 ,^! /&>ds ne$ n be put 9 place "u ! skeleton until x is m\nt$ f9ally on its h&somely poli%$1 p]man5t exhibition p$e/al4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,lucas has two me?ods = atta*+ a small skull to ! skeleton4 ,"o is to cut a piece ( cork to fit snugly 9 ! occipital hole ( ! skull 7=am5 magnum71 !n pi]ce a hole ?r\gh its c5tre1 & fit x tightly on ! project+ end ( ! v]tebral wire1 close up to ! fir/ c]vical v]tebra 7! axis74 ,! cork ?us becomes /ation>y1 & ! skull may be put 9 place & remov$ at w4 ,! o!r me?od is to place ! skull exactly 9 position on ! skeleton1 fitt+ x closely to ! axis4 ,!n drill a small hole ?r\gh ea* side ( ! axis 9 su* a mann] t 9 its passage f top to bottom ! drill w also pass ?r\gh ! occipital condyle ( ! skull4 ,by fitt+ a wire ?r\gh ea* ( ^! holes ! skull w be held fa/ 9 position s long z ! skeleton rema9s 9 its place1 "r side up4 ,if ! skeleton is to be pack$ = %ipm5t1 ! skull 7unless x be v small & light7 mu/ be tak5 (f1 wrapp$1 & pack$ sep>ately = safety 9 transit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,skeleton ( a ,bat1 z exhibit$ by ,mr4 ,lucas4 #aa4 ,if any bones h be5 brok51 !y mu/ n[ be repair$1 ei!r by glu+ !m toge!r1 or by jo9+ ) a %ort wire fitt$ into ! axis ( ea* piece1 & ! miss+ p>ticles ( bone may be re/or$ by a fill+ ( be/ s9ew glue mix$ ) pla/] ,p>is into a pa/e1 & appli$ hot1 s t x w adh]e4 ,z x cools x c be %ap$ prop]ly1 & :5 ?or\ghly dry & h>d1 its surface mu/ be dress$ d[n ) a f9e file & s&-pap] until ! =m ( ! bone is once m p]fect4 ,?is is "w :i* v (t5 calls = consid]able skill 9 ! op]ator1 b ! process itself is a v simple "o4 ,if ligam5ts are miss+ & a small bone is completely deta*$1 x %\ld be put on z foll[s3 ,procure "s f9e cotton batt+1 cut x up v f9ely ) ! scissors1 !n apply "s hot glue to ! jo9t1 lay a bit ( clipp$ cotton ^u x1 & "w x into ! glue s t :5 dry x w =m a false ligam5t & hold ! bone firmly 9 its place )\t attract+ any att5tion to ! fact t ! ligam5t has be5 made = ! occasion4 #ab4 ,f9ally1 transf] ea* skeleton to its p]man5t p$e/al1 :i* we w assume has be5 prep>$ :ile ! specim5 has be5 dry+4 ,mr4 ,lucas puts all 8 small skeletons on h&some eboniz$ p$e/als1 :i* are ! ?+ p> excell5ce4 ,! limbs = 8 climb+ animals1 & ! ?91 black bo>ds = 8 bat skeletons are also eboniz$4 ,! illu/ration on page #bia 7,fig4 #fi7 %[s "o ( 8 bat skeletons complete1 z x /&s 9 its case1 be>+ a label ( black lett]s on an olive-gray c>d1 ) no ornam5tation4 ,9 ! f9al m\nt+ ! /&>ds are put 9 place1 & ! upp] end ( ea* fitt$ fa/ to ! backbone4 ,ea* toe is fix$ firmly 9 its place1 & held d[n by ! b5t-ov] end ( a headless p91 or by hav+ a p9 put ?r\gh x1 & cut (f close d[n to ! bone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,skeleton ( a ,bird ,m\nt$ & ,dry+4 ,,cautions ,,& ,,exceptions4--,x is only ! t9y skeletons1 su* z mice1 %rews1 small squirrels1 & ! l1 t c safely be m\nt$ )\t /&>ds4 ,to be sure1 a l>ge cat skeleton c be m\nt$ on its own legs1 )\t any /&>ds1 & s c a man dr9k a p9t ( bad :iskey2 b 9 ea* case ! fall+ f grace w be 9 ab\t ! same degree1 if n ! same 9 k9d also4 ,9 long-cont9u$ moi/ wea!r1 ligam5ts are apt to s(t5 & let l>ge unsupport$ skeletons come d[n1 )\t neatness1 b pl5ty ( despat*4 ,,birds4--,! =ego+ pr9ciples1 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 detail = small mammals1 apply s fully & ) su* complete g5]al simil>ity to birds1 t x is only necess>y to add ! two accompany+ illu/rations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,wir+ a ,skeleton ,w+4 ,,reptiles4--,s]p5ts4--,! skeletons ( s]p5ts %\ld always be scrap$ & m\nt$ z ligam5t>y specim5s1 & n mac]at$4 ,! skeleton %\ld be support$ on f ?ree to five l[ brass /&>ds clasp+ ! v]tebral column at prop] int]vals1 ! body curv$ naturally1 & ! ribs spread out & spac$ ev5ly z 9 life1 accord+ to ! curves ( ! body4 ,! skeleton looks be/ :5 plac$ l[ d[n on ! p$e/al4 ,! ribs mu/ be spac$ ) ?reads :]e ! ligam5ts are s(t1 b :5 dry require no wires4 ,! skeleton may be m\nt$ 9 any life-l attitude1 ei!r coil$ or 9 motion4 ,liz>ds4--,small species are to be treat$ ! same z small mammals4 ,crocodiles & ,alligators4--,x is be/ t all saurian skeletons1 ev5 ! l>ge/1 %\ld be scrap$ & m\nt$ )\t mac]ation1 on acc\nt ( ! elaborate c>tilag9\s /]num & false ribs4 ,! head requires a special /&>d1 & ! tail requires a pair1 :ile ! tip ( ! latt] is to be p9n$ d[n ) a wire4 ,( c\rse ! feet mu/ re/ d[n on ! p$e/al z 9 life4 ,"o ?+ :i* w\ld greatly enhance ! sci5tific value ( e crocodile & alligator skeleton w\ld be ! prep>ation & display1 9 its prop] place1 ( "o side ( ! sk9 ( ! back ) its wond]ful %ield ( bony plates nicely articulat$ toge!r4 ,?is rem>kable cov]+ ( ! vital organs seems to h be5 specially design$ to w>d (f glanc+ bullets1 & x has sav$ ! lives ( ?\s&s ( crocodilians4 7,( c\rse ?is %ield is n pro( aga9/ a bullet fir$ squ>ely aga9/ x47 ,s f>1 all collectors & o/eologi/s h ignor$ ?is rem>kable feature ( ! saurians1 b x %\ld h ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,skeleton ( ,turtle1 z ,exhibit$4 ,turtles & ,tortoises4--,! skeleton ( a tortoise1 if m\nt$ on its feet 9 a life-l attitude1 has ! be/ "p ( its anatomy conceal$ by its %ell4 ,?is difficulty ,mr4 ,lucas meets occasionally by saw+ out & lay+ back "o-half ! c>apace1 to expose ! int]ior4 ,! commone/ me?od1 h[ev]1 is t %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #gb71 :i* is self-explanatory4 ,! pla/ron is h+$ at "o side1 furni%$ ) a lat*1 & op5s l a door4 ,! skeleton is m\nt$ on a s+le /&>d1 :i* is split at ! upp] end l a ,y1 ! arms b5t to fit ! curvature ( ! %ell1 & rivet$ to ! c>apace4 ,ea* leg is held 9 place by a small wire atta*$ to ! %ell at its edge4 ,,fi%es4--,!re is no?+ 9 ! m\nt+ ( fi% skeletons t has n be5 fully describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,( c\rse fi% skeletons are nev] mac]at$1 b mu/ be scrap$ & m\nt$ ) _! natural ligam5ts 9 place4 ,ea* skeleton requires two brass /&>ds1 "o clasp+ ! v]tebral column close to ! tail1 ! o!r ne> ! head4 ,a v long fi%1 or "o ) a l>ge skull1 requires ?ree /&>ds1 "o = ! skull & "o = ! middle ( ! body4 ,:]e only two are us$ = a l>ge fi%1 ! head requires to be support$ by a wire runn+ f ! c5tre ( ! backbone4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,m\nt+ ,a ,,l>ge ,,dis>ticulat$ ,,skeleton4 ,x w be well = anyone :o int5ds to m\nt a l>ge skeleton1 if he has n already a fair k ( o/eology1 to take "s book :i* conta9s a description ( ! skeleton1 = example1 ( ! dome/ic c[1 & famili>ize himself ) ! names ( ! v>i\s bones & ! diff]5t anatomical t]ms us$ 9 describ+ !m4 ,9 fact x is next to impossible to describe ! process ( m\nt+ a skeleton )\t mak+ use ( q an array ( te*nical t]ms4 ,9 ord] to make our description ( ?is intricate process z cle> z possible1 we w *oose z our typical subject ! skeleton ( an ,am]ican bison1 & g ?r\gh ) x 9 detail1 aid$ by an abundant supply ( illu/rations4 ,we ( c\rse assume t ! mac]at+1 clean+1 & blea*+ has be5 done4 ,9 m\nt+ a dis>ticulat$ skeleton1 beg9 ) ! v]tebral column z ! key to ! situation4 ,x is1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! keel ^u :i* ! :ole /ructure is to be built4 ,! v]tebr %\ld be arrang$1 ea* 9 its place1 &1 !n !y %\ld be numb]$ ) p5 & ink on ! ant]ior articulat+ surface ( ! body ( ea* "o1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/ v]tebra 9 front ( ! sacrum4 ,?is v]tebra 7! la/ lumb>7 %\ld be m>k$ ,no4 #a1 ! next 9 front ,no4 #b1 & s on to ! axis4 ,! next /ep consi/s 9 bor+ two holes ?r\gh ! sacrum f its "u surface 7,fig4 #gc1 a1 a7 to its ant]ior articulat+ surface 7b1 b71 & ^! holes %\ld be cont9u$ on ?r\gh ! body ( ea* ( ! succe$+ v]tebrae to ! axis4 ,!y %\ld come out und]nea? t v]tebra 7! axis71 :]e ! wires :i* pass ?r\gh all ^! holes are aft]w>d to be twi/$ toge!r4 ,! holes %\ld be some:at l>g] ?an ! brass wires :i* are to pass ?r\gh !m4 ,x is necess>y to m>k ! place = />t+ ! drill into ! po/]ior surface ( ea* v]tebra by fitt+ two articulat+ surfaces toge!r1 & pass+ ! drill ?r\gh ! holes already made4 ,! po9ts at :i* ! drill %\ld come out on ! ant]ior surface ( a v]tebra %\ld be m>k$ ) a lead p5cil4 ,! beg9n] w f9d "s difficulty 9 mak+ ! drill come ?r\gh at precisely ! "r spot4 ,! greate/ difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ^! holes ?r\gh ! c]vical v]tebrae4 ,:5 ! axis is rea*$1 bore ! holes s t !y w come out und]nea?1 ab\t half way betwe5 ea* extremity ( ! v]tebra1 & ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ap>t4 ,x is j z well to n[ bore ! holes ?r\gh :i* ! wires :i* fa/5 ! axis & atlas toge!r are to pass1 ?\gh ^! ne$ n be actually unit$ until ! rema9d] ( ! sp9al column has be51 articulat$4 ,! wires unit+ ! atlas & axis are small] ?an ^? pass+ ?r\gh ! sp9al column4 ,! holes = ^! wires are made by bor+ two ( !m ?r\gh ea* ( ! two surfaces by :i* ! axis articulates ) ! atlas4 ,^! holes %\ld come out und]nea? ! axis4 ,!n1 plac+ ! axis & atlas toge!r1 m>k on ! atlas ! places ?r\gh :i* ! holes are to pass by runn+ ! drill ?r\gh ea* ( ! holes already made4 ,! next ?+ to be done is to cut pieces ( artificial c>tilage1 call$ buffle1 to fit ! po/]ior articulat+ surface ( ! body ( ea* v]tebra1 & ea* piece %\ld be fa/5$ to ! v]tebra to :i* x belongs by a small wire nail ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,! holes 9 ea* v]tebra %\ld be cont9u$ /raight on ?r\gh ! false c>tilage4 ,n[ cut a brass wire ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! sp9al column1 d\ble x1 pull x /raight1 pass ! two ends ?r\gh ! sacrum1 & s on =w>d ?r\gh all ! v]tebr4 ,:5 ! v]tebr h all be5 /rung on ! two wires & tight5$ up1 x w be se5 t ! sp9al column assumes a curve approximat+ v ne>ly to ! natural "o4 ,m>k ?is curve ) *alk on a table or a bo>d4 ,un/r+ ! v]tebr f ! wire4 ,!n take a squ>e rod ( iron1 a foot or s long] ?an ! sp9al column1 & ov] :i* ea* ( ! v]tebra w fit easily4 ,h ! blacksmi? flatt5 out "o end into a sort ( spe>1 s t x w fit snugly 9 ! sp9al canal ( ! sacrum 7,fig4 #gc1 c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,! ,sacrum & ,sp9al ,rod4 ,drill a hole ?r\gh ! "u surface ( ! sacrum1 & on ?r\gh ! iron rod3 ,into ?is a brass p9 is to be fitt$ at d4 ,b5d ! iron rod to correspond exactly ) ! curve previ\sly m>k$ ) *alk on ! bo>d4 ,pa9t ! rod black1 & :5 x has dri$ place x aga9 9 ! sacrum1 drive 9 ! brass p91 leav+ en\gh ( ! end expos$ to be seiz$ ) a pair ( pli]s & pull$ out if desir$4 ,n[ /r+ ! v]tebr ov] ! rod & wires4 ,if all fit prop]ly !y c !n be un/rung prep>atory to atta*+ ! ribs to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,! ,atta*m5t ( ! ,ribs to a ,v]tebra4 ,ea* rib %\ld h a hole bor$ ?r\gh its l[] end at ! middle1 to come out on ! inn] surface 7,fig4 #gd1 b1 b74 ,?r\gh ^! holes wires are to pass1 z se5 9 ! accompany+ figure1 & to ^! wires ! /]num is pres5tly to be atta*$4 ,hav+ arrang$ ! ribs s t y "k ! place ( ea*1 take ! fir/ pair1 & ! fir/ dorsal v]tebra to :i* ?is pair atta*es4 ,bore a hole ) ! drill+ ma*9e ?r\gh ! rib1 beg9n+ at ! c5tre ( ! articul> surface ( ! tub]cle ( ! rib1 direct+ ! drill s t x w come out on ! "u side 7,fig4 #gd1 c1 c72 !n drill a hole ?r\gh ! head ( ! rib 7d1 d74 ,n[ fit ! rib to ! v]tebra1 & ) a small awl1 a %>p-po9t$ wire1 or drill1 m>k1 ?r\gh ! holes already made1 ! po9ts on ! articul> surface ( ! v]tebra ?r\gh :i* ! holes %\ld be drill$ 7a1 a74 ,bore simil> holes ?r\gh ! rib ( ! opposite side1 !n ?r\gh ! v]tebra at ! po9ts m>k$1 & ! wire w pass ?r\gh z 9 ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,am]ican ,,bison4 ,cont9ue ?is same process = ! rema9+ ribs4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! process ( c>ry+ a s+le wire ?r\gh ! heads ( bo? ribs & ! ant]ior portion ( ! body ( ! v]tebra _c be cont9u$ ) all4 ,9 ! la/ ( ! dorsal v]tebrae ! wires w h to be put ?r\gh ! head ( ! rib & ! p$icles ( ! v]tebrae into ! neural canal4 ,make a loop on ! end ( ea* wire1 z at a1 a1 ,fig4 #gd1 & put ! ribs on ea* v]tebra z !y belong1 hav+ only "o end ( ! wire--! "o on :i* is made a d\ble loop--pull$ up snugly4 ,! o!r end ( ! wire %\ld be left a few in*es 9 l5g?1 b b5t slightly close to ! rib1 to hold ! latt] 9 place4 ,! innom9ate bones %\ld be atta*$ to ! sacrum ei!r by two brass bolts1 "o pass+ ?r\gh ea* side at ab\t ! middle ( ! articul> surfaces betwe5 ! sacrum & ea* ilium1 or by pass+ a heavy d\ble wire ?r\gh ea* ( ^! places4 ,be=e tight5+ p]man5tly1 apply pla/]-glue 7! mixture ( glue & pla/] ,p>is already describ$7 to ! articul> surfaces betwe5 ! sacrum & ilia1 ?us :5 dry mak+ ! pelvis firm4 ,n[ t ! ribs are atta*$ to ! v]tebr1 & ! innom9ate bones to ! sacrum1 proce$ to /r+ ! v]tebr aga9 on ! wires & rod4 ,! atlas c n[ be atta*$ to ! axis by pass+ wires ?r\gh ! holes previ\sly made1 aft] :i* ! wires are to be twi/$ firmly toge!r4 ,:5 all ! v]tebr ) _! ribs atta*$ h be5 put 9 place1 hang ! backbone to a framework simil> to t us$ = susp5d+ ! alligator 7,plate ,,xiv471 or1 :at is mu* bett]1 to ! ceil+1 by two small ropes atta*$ at ! neck & pelvis4 ,) ! pli]s n[ twi/ tightly toge!r ! wires "u ! axis1 !n take a screw-driv] & "w betwe5 ea* pair ( v]tebrae f und]nea?1 beg9n+ ) ! la/ lumb>1 & pry+ back t[>d ! sacrum4 ,by ! "t y h rea*$ ! axis a consid]able space w h be5 ga9$4 ,%ort5 ! wires by twi/+ !m1 & cont9ue ?is process until ! v]tebrae all fit snugly toge!r1 & are tight "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,middle ,jo9t ( ! ,h9d ,leg4 ,! next /ep is to put on ! /]num1 :i* has be5 soak$ 9 wat] conta9+ a little wa%+ soda1 & ?us made flexible4 ,( c\rse x has be5 previ\sly clean$ by ! scrap+ process4 ,a hole %\ld be bor$ ?r\gh ! end ( ea* /]nal rib1 com+ out on ! inn] surface4 ,! /]num is susp5d$ tempor>ily by /r+s atta*$ to ! v]tebral column1 & ! s+le wires t h previ\sly be5 plac$ ?r\gh ! end ( ea* rib are n[ run1 "o by "o1 ?r\gh ! end ( ! /]nal rib x is to support4 ,n[ space ! ribs tempor>ily ) a /r+ t w hold ea* "o ( !m exactly 9 its place4 ,hav+ done ?is1 two brass wires c n[ be us$ to hold ! ribs p]man5tly 9 place1 runn+ !m on ea* side f ! inf]ior process ( ! la/ c]vical v]tebr to ! transv]se process ( "s "o ( ! lumb> v]tebra1 or to ! pelvis4 ,:at is mu* bett] = a l>ge skeleton1 because x is bo? firm] & m elegant1 is a long1 n>r[ /rip ( poli%$ brass on ! inside1 b5t c>efully to fit ! curve ( ! ribs1 & fa/5$ by a brass p9 ?r\gh ea* rib1 ! po/]ior end ( ! brass /rip be+ atta*$ to a transv]se process ( "o ( ! lumb> v]tebr 7see ,plate ,,xxi474 ,aft] ?is has be5 done1 ea* rib c !n be p]man5tly fa/5$ at top & bottom by mak+ ! loop & cutt+ (f ! long end ( ea* wire4 ,! next /ep is to put on ! tail4 ,a hole %\ld h be5 bor$ into ! middle ( ! articul> surface ( ! po/]ior end ( ! sacrum1 & on ea* side a little hole com+ out bel[ 7see ,fig4 #gc74 ,! l>ge middle wire 7e1 e7 %\ld be ( /iff brass1 & ext5d ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! tail1 ! tap]+ end be+ fil$ small s t ! small v]tebr c fit ov] x4 ,! small side wires ( s(t brass 7f1 f7 %\ld only ext5d ?r\gh a few ( ! l>g] tail v]tebr1 & are = mak+ ?+s firm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,middle ,jo9t ( ,h9d ,leg3 ,re> ,view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,bones ( ! ,foot3 ,side ,view4 ,to articulate ! bones ( ! h9d leg1 fir/ arrange !m s z to "k ! precise place ( ea*4 ,take fir/ ! t>sal & metat>sal bones4 ,9 articulat+ ^! x is necess>y = "o to use 8 judgm5t l>gely1 & put wires ?r\gh s z to make ! jo9t firm4 ,bore holes ?r\gh ! a/ragalus & os calcis 7,fig4 #ge1 a1 a7 s z to put a d\ble wire ?r\gh ^! & hold !m toge!r firmly4 ,next s5d two /rong d\ble wires ?r\gh ^! & ?r\gh ! o!r t>sal bones1 & br+ !m out on ! po/]ior surface ( ! metat>sal or canon bone 7c & d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,bones ( ! ,foot3 ,re> ,view4 ,next articulate ! bones ( ! feet4 ,?is is v simply done by pass+ a s+le heavy wire ?r\gh ! l[] end ( ea* half ( ! canon bone to ea* set ( phalanges1 mak+ a loop at ea* end ( ! wire 7see ,figs4 #gg & #gh74 ,9 l>ge skeletons x w frequ5tly be f\nd necess>y to fur!r /r5g!n ! articulations ( ! phalanges by means ( brass p9s1 z %[n 9 ! figure at a4 ,! sesamoids are fa/5$ on by two /iff brass p9s ?r\gh ea* at b4 ,! femur & tibia c be fa/5$ toge!r by a d\ble brass wire pass+ ?r\gh ea* condyle ( ! femur1 & ?r\gh ea* side ( ! head ( ! tibia1 or1 :at is bett]1 a /rip ( brass set into ! middle ( ! jo9t1 & fa/5$ firmly by two /\t brass p9s driv5 transv]sely ?r\gh f side to side1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,! ,knee-,jo9t4 ,! patella is fa/5$ on by pass+ a wire ?r\gh x & twi/+ x1 or erect+ x on a small /rip ( brass set into ! tub]cle ( ! tibia4 ,! jo9t is fur!r /r5g!n$ by putt+ a brass p9 ?r\gh ! patella into ! end ( ! femur4 ,! tibia is articulat$ to ! l[] portion ( ! leg1 or1 m prop]ly1 ! pes1 by putt+ /iff wire p9s into x4 ,! femur is articulat$ to ! pelvis by a brass bolt4 ,! front foot is articulat$ on ! same pr9ciples z ! h9d foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,front ,view ( ,knee-,jo9t4 ,9 articulat+ ! knee-jo9t1 z x is call$1 s5d two heavy wires ?r\gh1 lett+ !m come out on ! po/]ior surface ( ! radius & metac>pal bone1 & ins]t two wire p9s diagonally ?r\gh ! jo9t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ha4 ,! scapula is fa/5$ to ! hum]us by brass p9s4 ,! hum]us1 radius1 & ulna are also fa/5$ by brass p9s1 ?ree 9 numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,elb[ ,jo9t3 ,front ,view4 ,! scapula is atta*$ to ! body by two brass bolts atta*$ to ! ribs4 ,sections ( spiral spr+ wire or pieces ( brass tube are plac$ on ! bolts betwe5 ! scapula & ! ribs1 to hold ! =m] (f ! latt] ! same di/ance z :5 ! fle% surr\nd+ ! scapula 0 all pres5t4 ,z to ! position ( ! legs1 ! op]ator mu/ use 8 own judgm5t4 ,x is ( c\rse to be und]/ood t ! attitude ( ! legs has be5 decid$ ^u be=e _! articulation began1 & t ! "w ( wir+ toge!r has be5 c>ri$ out 9 accordance ) ?is plan4 ,x is h>d to d m ) a l>ge skeleton ?an to place ! legs 9 an easy walk+ attitude1 ( :i* ! buffalo skeleton already figur$ may fairly be tak5 z a model4 ,! rod ext5d+ ?r\gh ! sp9al canal is cut (f s t ! head w hang on x prop]ly4 ,two brass p9s are pass$ ?r\gh ! atlas1 "o into ea* occipital condyle4 ,two iron rods1 ) lacqu]$ brass %\ld]s1 are us$ to support ! skeleton1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,^! rods %\ld be pa9t$ black4 ,! l[] jaw is fa/5$ to ! skull by means ( brass spiral spr+ wire1 :i* p]mits x to be mov$ freely up & d[n by any "o :o is /udy+ ! animal's d5tition4 ,! me?od ( m\nt+ any l>ge dis>ticulat$ skeleton ( a quadrup$ is ess5tially ! same z t describ$ = ! buffalo1 ! pr9ciple v>iation occurr+ 9 ! feet4 ,9 articulat+ ! feet ( a wolf1 = example1 ! me?od ( wir+ ! t>sal bones1 c>pal bones1 metat>sals1 metac>pals1 & ! phalanges1 is v simil> to t describ$ = ! buffalo1 b ! workman mu/ "h also dep5d l>gely on 8 own +5uity4 ,a s+le wire passes ?r\gh ! phalanges ( ea* digit1 & two sesamoids are fa/5$ on by a s+le wire4 ,:]e ! digits are m ?an two 9 numb]1 a wire is pass$ transv]sely ?r\gh ! l[] ends ( ! metac>pals & metat>sals1 & on ?is are plac$ %ort pieces ( f9e coil$ brass spr+1 to hold ! digits at prop] di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,! tools us$ 9 m\nt+ l>ge skeletons are by no means s num]\s or co/ly t any "o ne$ be det]r$ f try+ 8 h& at practical o/eology on ! score ( facilities or ! lack ( !m4 ,( c\rse ! complete outfit ( a pr(essional o/eologi/ includes an ext5sive array ( tools1 "s ( :i* are r co/ly4 ,! mo/ important item is a good drill+ ma*9e1 *uck & la!1 to "w by foot-p[]4 ,?is c be procur$ ( ,goodn[ ,wightman1 ( ,bo/on1 & 9 ord]+ x w be necess>y to h a #a_/d-;in* hole drill$ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! axle1 to receive ! long1 /eel drills ( v>i\s sizes t are to drill ! _m holes requir$ 9 ! v>i\s bones4 ,! amateur :o c n af=d an exp5sive plant & a fir/-class drill+ ma*9e1 c get along v well ) a ,mill]s' ,falls h&-drill & a good assortm5t ( fir/-class /eel drills to fit x4 ,i once saw an old ,g]man anatomi/ m\nt a c[ skeleton = a ,we/]n college ) h>dly m tools ?an ,i c\ld hold 9 "o h&--b1 ( c\rse1 t skeleton 0 n m\nt$ la ,lucas1 by a consid]able diff]5ce4 ,,"p ,v4--,,! ,,collection ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,insects4 ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holl&1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,insects4 ,x is e/imat$ t f\r-fif?s ( ! species compris$ )9 ! animal k+dom belong to ! class ( ! ,insecta4 ,fully "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& species ( insects h already be5 nam$ & describ$4 ,nev]!less va/ t]ritories teem+ ) insect life h be5 z yet only v imp]fectly explor$4 ,! life-hi/ory & habits ( only a few ?\s&s ( species h z yet be5 accurately inve/igat$4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 a broad field = discov]y & rese>* 9 ?is portion ( ! animal creation4 ,_m insects are polygoneutic1 t is1 ! species is repres5t$ by two or m annual broods1 or g5]ations1 & ?\s&s ( individuals may1 by c>eful treatm5t1 be re>$ f ! eggs ( a s+le female4 ,9 ! case ( ! high] animals ! developm5t & multiplication ( individuals takes place b sl[ly1 & x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t !re is 9 ! doma9 ( insect life a f> m conv5i5t field = ! inve/igation ( ! great problems ( v>iation 9 animal =ms1 ?an among ! v]tebrate animals4 ,ab]rant =ms are n uncommon1 especially among butt]flies & mo?s1 & are wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,! v>i\s broods (t5 pres5t great & /rik+ diff]5ces4 ,! ph5om5a ( seasonal & sexual dimorphism are n[h]e m cle>ly develop$ ?an among ! lepidopt]a4 ,hybridization also (t5 takes place betwe5 alli$ species ( insects1 especially 9 ! case ( ! bombycid mo?s1 & x is possible = ! skilful entomologi/ to conduct inve/igations 9 ?is int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( inquiry ) almo/ z mu* fre$om & success z h att5d$ ! labors ( ! botani/ 9 ! doma9 ( plant life4 ,! economic importance ( ! /udy ( entomology c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,"s ( ! be/ fri5ds ( ! agriculturi/1 z well z multitudes ( 8 wor/ enemies1 are f\nd among ! insects4 ,! silkworm1 ! co*9eal insect1 & ! bee h aid$ 9 ! accumulation ( _m =tunes1 & _! culture has provid$ employm5t = millions ( human be+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 prop]ty wor? millions ( doll>s is annually de/roy$ by insect ravages4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by compet5t au?orities t ! depr$ations ( ! ,codl+ mo? 7,c>pocapsa ,pomonella7 h result$1 9 a s+le ye>1 )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania alone1 9 ! de/ruction ( fruit wor? ov] a million ( doll>s1 & ! t]rible ,phyllox]a at "o "t ?reat5$ ! total ov]?r[ ( viticulture 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,v>i\s s*emes h be5 propos$ = ! classification ( insects1 & !re is z yet only p>tial agreem5t among /ud5ts ^u ?is subject4 ,insects belong to t great gr\p ( animals designat$ by zoologi/s z ! ,,ar?ropoda4 ,z a means ( assi/+ to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! practical h9ts & sugge/ions :i* foll[1 a sket* ( ! classification ( ! ,ar?ropoda is "h giv54 ,,ar?ropoda4 ,animals possess+ an ext]nal skeleton compos$ ( *it9\s r+s1 or somites1 & provid$ ) articulat$ limbs4 ,c]atophora4 ,class ,i4 ,,p]ipatidea 7,g5us ,p]ipatus74 ,class ,,ii4 ,,myriapoda4 ,ord]s3 #a4 ,diplopoda 7,galley-worms1 etc474 #b4 ,pauropida 7,g5us ,pauropus1 etc474 #c4 ,*ilopoda 7,c5tip$es1 etc474 ,class ,,iii4 ,,hexapoda 7,insects prop]74 ,ord]s3 #a4 ,?ysanura4 ,sub-ord]s3 ,collembola 7,podura1 ,spr+-tails74 ,symphyla 7,scolop5drella74 ,c9ura 7,bri/le-tails1 etc474 #b4 ,d]matopt]a 7,e>-wigs74 #c4 ,pseudoneuropt]a4 ,sub-ord]s3 ,mallophaga 7,bird-lice74 ,platypt]a 7,/one-flies1 ,t]mites1 etc47 ,odonata 7,dragon-flies1 etc474 ,ephem]9a 7,may-flies1 etc474 #d4 ,neuropt]a 7,corydalis1 ,ant-lion1 ,caddis-flies1 etc474 ,het]ometabola4 ,= #e4 ,or?opt]a 7,cockroa*1 ,mantis1 ! mo/ "p und]go+ ,mole-cricket1 ,gras%opp]1 ,katydid1 etc474 only a p>tial metamorphosis #f4 ,hemipt]a4 9 ! developm5t ,sub-ord]s3 f ! egg to ! ,p>asita 7,lice74 imago4 ,/]norhyn*a 7,aphids1 ,mealy-bugs1 etc474 ,homopt]a 7,cicada1 ,tree-hopp]s1 etc474 ,het]opt]a 7,ranatra1 ,belo/oma1 ,wat] spid]s1 ,squa%-bugs1 ,b$-bugs1 etc474 #g4 ,coleopt]a4 ,sub-ord]s3 ,cryptotetram]a 7,lady-birds1 etc474 ,cryptop5tam]a 7,leaf-beetles1 ,long-horns1 ,weevils1 etc474 ,het]om]a 7,bli/]-beetles1 ,meal-bugs1 etc474 ,p5tam]a 7,fire-flies1 ,skip-jacks1 ,june-bugs1 ,dung-beetles1 ,/ag-beetles1 ,rove-beetles1 ,wat]-beetles1 ,tig]-beetles1 etc474 #h4 ,aphanipt]a 7,fleas74 #i4 ,dipt]a4 ,sub-ord]s3 ,or?orhapha 7,hessian-fly1 ,buffalo ,gnats1 ,mosquitoes1 ,crane-flies1 ,horse-flies74 ,cyclorhapha 7,syrphis1 ,bot-flies1 ,tsetze1 ,metabola4 ,und]go+ ,h\sefly1 etc474 = ! mo/ "p a #aj4 ,lepidopt]a4 complete metamorphosis ,sub-ord]s3 f egg ?r\gh l>va ,rhopaloc]a 7,butt]flies74 & pupa to imago4 ,het]oc]a 7,mo?s74 #aa4 ,hym5opt]a4 ,sub-ord]s3 ,t]ebrantia 7,saw-flies1 ,gall-wasps1 ,i*neumon-flies1 etc474 ,aculeata 7,ants1 ,cuckoo-flies1 ,digg]-wasps1 ,true ,wasps1 ,bees74 ,ac]ata4 ,class ,i4 ,,cru/acea 7,b>nacles1 ,crabs1 etc474 ,class ,,ii4 ,,ara*nida4 ,ord]s3 #a4 ,ac>9a 7,mites74 #b4 ,arane9a 7,spid]s74 #c4 ,p$ipalpi 7,:ip-scorpions1 etc474 #d4 ,solpug 7,:ip-scorpions74 #e4 ,pseudoscorpii 7,false ,scorpions74 #f4 ,scorpiodea 7,true ,scorpions74 ,class ,,iii4 ,,pantopoda 7,py5ogonida1 ,sea-spid]s74 ,class ,,iv4 ,,t>digrada 7,macrobiotus1 etc474 ,class ,v4 ,,giganto/raca 7,horse-%oe ,crabs1 ,trilobites1 etc474 ,class ,,vi4 ,,l+uatul9a 7,p5ta/oma1 etc474 ,,*apt] ,,xli4 ,,eggs ,,& ,,l>v3 ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,re>+4 ,,! ,,egg4--,! ,ar?ropoda are develop$ f eggs4 ,! eggs ( ^! animals are (t5 exce$+ly curi\s 9 =m & rem>kable 9 color4 ,! eggs ( insects are g5]ally deposit$ ^u ^? sub/ances ^u :i* ! animal fe$s dur+ its l>val or rudim5t>y /age ( exi/5ce4 ,!y are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd atta*$ to ! leaves & twigs ( plants & trees4 ,"s insects are c>nivor\s z l>v1 & deposit _! eggs ^u dead animal matt]1 or ev51 z ! i*neumon-flies & o!r p>asitic =ms1 ^u ! tissues ( liv+ animals4 ,"s lay _! eggs ^u decay+ wood1 or ^u ! ordure ( animals4 ,"s deposit _! eggs 9 wat]4 ,! female ( "s ( ! myriapoda deposits h] eggs 9 a mass "u ! b>k ( decay+ trees1 &1 coil+ up ab\t !m1 app>5tly gu>ds !m ) mat]nal in/9ct until !y are hat*$4 ,! spawn ( _m ( ! cru/acea is c>ri$ ab\t by ! female1 atta*$ 9 masses to ! l[] surface ( ! body4 ,! eggs ( "s insects1 z ! cockroa* & ! mantis1 are deposit$ 9 masses conceal$ )9 cases1 & s unit$ z to appe> to =m composite or multiple eggs4 ,^! are conspicu\s objects4 ,a simil> arrangem5t is f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ova ( ,hydrophilus & alli$ aquatic ,coleopt]a4 ,! eggs ( ! mosquito are deposit$ ^u ! surface ( ! wat] 9 small1 boat-%ap$ masses1 compos$ ( f fifty to "o hundr$ ova4 ,! eggs ( ! ,lepidopt]a1 :i* are g5]ally deposit$ ^u ! leaves & blossoms ( trees & plants1 are n difficult to f9d1 & h be5 m c>efully obs]v$ & describ$ ?an ^? ( o!r ord]s4 ,by conf9+ impregnat$ females ( _m species ( butt]flies & mo?s 9 nets ( gauze drawn ov] ! bran*es ( ! food-plant1 x is (t5 possible to obta9 _! eggs 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,! insects ?us conf9$ %\ld be suppli$ ) food & dr9k4 ,?is may be done by spr9kl+ ^u ! leaves wat] sweet5$ ) sug>1 or pref]ably honey4 ,! females ( _m ( ! bombycid mo?s & hawk-mo?s w lay freely1 if enclos$ 9 a d>k box1 )\t ! pres5ce ( ! food-plant4 ,:5 eggs are f\nd & _! p>5tage is unkn[n1 a few %\ld be pres]v$ z h]eaft] describ$1 & ! rema9d] %\ld be reta9$ & kept until !y h be5 hat*$ & ! p]fect insect has be5 re>$ !refrom4 ,insect eggs may (t5 be obta9$ by dissect+ ! gravid female1 b x is always pref]able to obta9 !m1 if possible1 aft] oviposition has tak5 place1 s9ce 9 _m cases ! color ( ! egg 9 ! oviduct is some:at diff]5t f :at x is aft] hav+ be5 laid4 ,! eggs ( insects may be depriv$ ( _! vitality by imm]sion 9 alcohol or by exposure to heat4 ,! album5 ( ova coagulates at #afj ,f41 & ! temp]ature ( ! egg %\ld n be rais$ above #age4 ,!y are be/ kill$ by be+ plac$ 9 ! /ove us$ = dry+ ! sk9s ( l>v1 :i* is describ$ on page #cae4 ,x is bett] to kill by means ( a g5tle heat ?an by imm]sion 9 alcohol1 z by ! latt] process a *ange 9 color is sometimes produc$4 ,aft] !y h be5 depriv$ ( _! vitality !y may be pres]v$ 9 small phials 9 dilute glyc]9e1 or1 if ?is _c be _h1 9 a solution ( common salt4 ,! phials %\ld be kept tightly cork$1 & %\ld be numb]$ by a label1 writt5 9 lead p5cil & plac$ )9 ! bottle1 to correspond ) ! note made 9 ! collector's note-book giv+ an acc\nt ( ! place ( discov]y1 ! food-plant1 ! date :5 f\nd1 & ! "n ( ! insect :i* deposit$ !m1 if kn[n4 ,9 ! latt] case x is be/ to put ! "n ( ! insect 9 ! phial ) ! numb]4 ,unless insect eggs are pres]v$ 9 a fluid !y are apt 9 _m cases to %rivel ) ! lapse ( "t & become di/ort$1 ?r\gh ! dry+ up ( _! cont5ts1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! small size1 x is impossible to void4 ,! %ell ( "s eggs is (t5 v neatly void$ by ! escape ( ! l>va1 b !re is g5]ally a l>ge orifice left1 ! color is frequ5tly mat]ially alt]$1 & great vigilance 9 secur+ ! %ell mu/ be ex]cis$1 z ! "y l>v ( _m species h ! curi\s habit ( :ett+ _! appetites = future meals by turn+ ab\t1 z soon z !y h be5 hat*$1 & eat+ ! %ell :i* !y h j left4 ,! eggs ( insects are be/ m\nt$ 9 ! =m ( microscopic slides 9 glyc]9e jelly conta9$ 9 cells ( appropriate dep? & diamet]4 ,x is well to m\nt sev]al ^u ! same slide1 exhibit+ ! lat]al z well z ! t]m9al aspect ( ! eggs4 ,at ! upp] end ( all insect eggs !re are "o or m curi\s /ructures1 kn[n z micropyles 7little doors71 ?r\gh :i* ! sp]matozoa ( ! male f9d +ress & !y are f]tiliz$4 ,! peculi>1 & (t5 v beautiful1 features ( ?is "p ( ! egg are1 9 a well-m\nt$ specim51 expos$ to view4 ,9 "s cases x is advisable to slice (f ! end ( ! egg ) ! micropyle & m\nt x microscopically4 ,! be/ display ( ?is curi\s /ructure is ?us (t5 obta9$4 ,! slides %\ld be kept 9 a cab9et arrang$ 9 %all[ trays4 ,!y %\ld be accurately nam$1 & h ref]5ces to a book into :i*1 f "t to "t1 %\ld be c>efully transcrib$ f ! field-book ! obs]vations ( ! collector1 or 8 assi/ants & correspond5ts4 ,su* a collection ( insect ova is n only valuable b int5sely int]e/+4 ,,! ,,l>va4--,by ref]5ce to ! table ( ! classification ( ! ,ar?ropoda1 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xl41 x w be obs]v$ t ! ,insecta are broadly divisible into two gr\ps1 ! ,het]ometabola & ! ,metabola4 ,! animals classifi$ 9 ! fir/ gr\p d n und]go metamorphosis 9 ! developm5t f ! egg to ! p]fect insect to ! same ext5t & 9 ! same mann] z ! ,metabola4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,p]ipatidea1 ! ,myriapoda1 & ! v>i\s classes includ$ "u ! ,ac]ata agree ) !m4 ,! "y myriapod & ! "y spid] are f\nd imm$iately aft] !y h em]g$ f ! egg to pres5t mo/ ( ! features ( ! mature insect1 & s also ! immature gras%opp] & squa%-bug resemble ! p]fect insect 9 ne>ly ev]y?+ b size & ! abs5ce ( fully develop$ w+s4 ,9 prep>+ a suite ( specim5s ( ^! insects1 design$ to illu/rate _! life-hi/ory1 ! directions :i* are giv5 = ! prep>ation ( ! imago apply equally well to ! l>va4 ,x is simply necess>y1 = in/ance1 9 prep>+ a s]ies ( specim5s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,locu/1 to make sure t a specim5 repres5t+ ! creature aft] ea* successive m\lt has be5 secur$1 & ^! are m\nt$ ^u p9s1 & treat$ exactly z specim5s ( ! adult insect are treat$4 ,be c>eful n to p91 h[ev]1 too soon aft] ! m\lt4 ,9 ! case ( _m ( ! ,coleopt]a1 & ( all ! ,metabola ! "w ( ! collector is r5d]$ f> m labori\s1 = ^! pass f ! egg into v]mi=m l>v1 :i* und]go 9 "s cases _m m\lts1 are !n trans=m$ into pup1 :i* are ei!r nak$ or conta9$ 9 a protect+ envelope kn[n z ! cocoon1 & !n f9ally1 aft] a long] or %ort] p]iod 9 ! pupal /ate1 are trans=m$ into ! p]fect insect4 ,! /ud5t & collector1 if int5d+ to b5efit sci5ce by _! ef=ts1 d>e n neglect ^! rudim5t>y =ms4 ,! l>v ( mo/ insects :i* und]go a complete metamorphosis are v small :5 fir/ em]g+ f ! egg1 & be=e !y make ! fir/ m\lt are1 = ! mo/ "p1 be/ pres]v$ z microscopic objects 9 cells fill$ ) glyc]9e4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>v ( ! great bombycid mo?s1 :i* at ! "t ( hat*+ are d>k 9 color1 x is possible to make a fairly good specim5 by pi]c+ ! anal extremity ( ! cat]pill>1 & spitt+ x ^u ! extremity ( a ?ick1 black bri/le1 or a f9e copp] wire wrapp$ ) black silk4 ,specim5s s m\nt$ w n %rivel greatly1 & may be atta*$ to p9s & plac$ 9 ! cab9et aft] ! slide conta9+ ! egg1 z ! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( sl[ly matur+ =ms4 ,aft] ea* successive m\lt ! l>v increase rapidly 9 size4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! l>g] =ms :i* is n[ pref]r$ by good collectors is t ( inflation4 ,9 inflat+ l>v ! fir/ /ep is to c>efully remove ! cont5ts ( ! l>val sk94 ,?is is be/ effect$ by mak+ an incision ) a /\t p9 or ne$le at ! anus1 & !n1 betwe5 ! folds ( a s(t t[el1 g5tly press+ out ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,! pressure %\ld be fir/ appli$ ne> ! po9t :]e ! pellicle has be5 punctur$1 & !n be c>ri$ =w>d until ! region ( ! head is rea*$4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to apply su* a degree ( pressure z w expel ^? tissues ly+ ne>e/ to ! epid]mis1 9 :i* ! pigm5ts are locat$1 & 9 ! case ( hairy l>v n to rob !m ( _! hair4 ,practice c alone make p]fect 9 ?is reg>d4 ,! cont5ts ( ! l>va hav+ be5 remov$1 ! next /ep is to inflate & dry ! empty sk94 ,"s p]sons1 z prelim9>y to ?is /ep1 recomm5d t ! empty sk9 be soak$ = a p]iod ( a few h\rs 9 pure alcohol4 ,by ?is process und\bt$ly a c]ta9 portion ( ! wat]y matt] conta9$ 9 ! pellicle is remov$1 & ! process ( desiccation is facilitat$1 b x is objectionable 9 ! case ( all l>v hav+ light colors1 because ^! are m or less effac$ by ! action ( ! alcohol4 ,! simple/ me?od ( inflat+ ! sk9s ( l>v aft] ! cont5ts h be5 )drawn is to ins]t a /raw or grass /em ( appropriate ?ickness into ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts h be5 remov$1 & !n by ! brea? to inflate1 :ile hold+ ov] ! *imney ( an ,arg& lamp1 ! flame ( :i* mu/ be regulat$ s z n to scor* or s+e ! specim54 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! act ( inflat+ n to unduly ext5d ! l>val sk91 ?us produc+ a di/ortion1 & also to dry x ?or\ghly4 ,unless ! latt] precaution is obs]v$ a subsequ5t %r9k+ & disfigurem5t w take place4 ,! process ( inflat+ 9 ! mann] j describ$ is some:at labori\s1 & :ile "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s1 :i* ! writ] has ev] se51 7 prep>$ 9 ?is primitive mann]1 v>i\s exp$i5ts = less5+ ! labor involv$ h be5 devis$1 "s ( :i* are to be highly comm5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,app>atus = ,inflat+ ,l>v4 ,b1 ,foot-bell[s2 ,k1 rubb] tube2 ,c1 flask2 ,d1 anhydr\s sulphuric acid2 ,e1 ov]fl[ flask2 ,f1 rubb] tube f flask2 ,g1 /&>d ) cock to regulate fl[ ( air2 ,h1 glass tube ) l>va ^u x2 ,i1 copp] dry+-plate2 ,j1 _s-lamp4 ,a comp>atively inexp5sive arrangem5t = inflat+ l>v is a modification ( t describ$ 9 ! ,entomologis*e ,na*ri*t51 #ahgi1 vol4 v41 p4 #g1 devis$ by ,mr4 ,fritz ,a4 ,wa*tel4 ,x consi/s ( a foot-bell[s su* z is us$ by *emi/s 9 ! laboratory1 or1 bett] /ill1 ( a small cyl9d] su* z is us$ = hold+ gas 9 op]at+ ! oxy-hydrog5 lamp ( a sciopticon4 ,9 ! latt] case ! compress$ air %\ld n h a pressure exce$+ fifty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! cock regulat+ ! fl[ f ! cyl9d] %\ld be capable ( v f9e adju/m5t4 ,by means ( a rubb] tube ! air is convey$ f ! cyl9d] to a c\ple ( flasks1 "o ( :i* conta9s conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & ! o!r is int5d$ = ! reception ( any ov]fl[ ( ! hydrat$ sulphuric acid :i* may occur4 ,! object ( pass+ ! air ?r\gh sulphuric acid is to rob x1 s f> z possible1 ( its moi/ure4 ,x is !n convey$ into a flask1 :i* is heat$ ^u a s&-ba?1 & !nce by a piece ( flexible tub+ to a tip m\nt$ on a jo9t all[+ v]tical & horizontal motion & secur$ by a /&>d to ! work+-table4 ,! fl[ ( air ?r\gh ! tip is regulat$ by a cock4 ,^u ! tip is fa/5$ a small rubb] tube1 into ! free extremity ( :i* is ins]t$ a f9e-po9t$ glass tube4 ,?is is provid$ ) an armature consi/+ ( two /eel spr+s fa/5$ ^u opposite sides1 & _! ends b5t at "r angles 9 su* a way z to hold ! l>val sk9 firmly to ! extremity ( ! tube4 ,! sk9 hav+ be5 adju/$ ^u ! f9e po9t ( ! tube1 ! bell[s is put into op]ation & ! sk9 is inflat$4 ,a dry+ app>atus is provid$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,a copp] plate m\nt$ ^u f\r legs1 & heat$ by an alcohol lamp plac$ bel[1 has be5 advocat$ by "s4 ,a bett] arrangem5t1 us$ by ! writ]1 consi/s ( a small ov5 heat$ by ! flame ( an alcohol lamp1 or by jets ( natural gas1 & provid$ ) circul> op5+s ( v>i\s sizes1 into :i* ! l>val sk9 is introduc$4 7,see ,fig4 #hc47 ,a modification ( ! ov5 is giv5 9 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,dry+ ,ov54 ,a1 ,lamp2 ,b1 p9 to hold door op52 ,c1 door op52 ,d1 glass cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,ov5 = ,dry+ ,l>va-sk91 made ( t9 jo9$ )\t sold] & ) top made ( glass4 7,aft] ,riley47 ,a less comm5dable me?od ( pres]v+ l>v is to place !m 9 alcohol4 ,! l>v %\ld be ti$ up 9 sacks ( light gauze nett+1 & a label ( t\gh pap] ) ! date & locality ( capture1 & ! "n1 if kn[n1 writt5 ) a lead p5cil1 %\ld be atta*$ to ea* su* little sack4 ,d n use ink on labels to be imm]s$1 b a h>d lead p5cil4 ,alcoholic specim5s are liable to become %rivell$ & discolor$1 & are n ne>ly z valuable z well-inflat$ & dri$ sk9s4 ,:5 ! sk9s h be5 inflat$ !y may be m\nt$ readily by be+ plac$ ^u wires wrapp$ ) gre5 silk1 or ^u anneal$ alum9ium wire4 ,! wires are b5t & twi/$ toge!r = a %ort di/ance & !n made to div]ge z 9 ,fig4 #he4 ,! div]g+ ends are press$ toge!r1 a little %ellac is plac$ ^u _! tips1 & !y are !n ins]t$ into ! op5+ at ! anal extremity ( ! l>val sk94 ,^u ! release ( pressure !y spread ap>t1 & aft] ! %ellac has dri$ ! sk9 is firmly held by !m4 ,!y may !n be atta*$ to p9s by simply twi/+ ! free end ( ! wire ab\t ! p91 or !y may be plac$ ^u artificial imitations ( ! leaves & twigs ( _! appropriate food-plants4 ,?is me?od ( prep>ation is applicable to ! l>v ( ,coleopt]a & ,dipt]a z well z to ^? ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,wire ,b5t into ,%ape = ,m\nt+ ,l>va4 7,aft] ,riley47 ,an acc\nt ( ! mann] ( pres]v+ l>v w\ld n be complete )\t an acc\nt ( ! mann] ( re>+ !m4 ,9 re>+ ! l>v ( ,coleopt]a1 ,dipt]a1 & ,hym5opt]a1 ! /ud5t mu/ be left 9 a l>ge degree to 8 own devices4 ,a few l>ge glass j>s capable ( be+ clos$ ) a gauze top are necess>y1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ! ,hym5opt]a reliance mu/ be ma9ly plac$ ^u f9d+ ! l>v 9 _! ne/s4 ,bees & wasps con/ruct v>i\s l>val edifices1 & ^! mu/ be explor$ z f\nd 9 nature = a k ( ! immature insect4 ,bre$+ !m 9 captivity is att5d$ by difficulties :i* are r>ely ov]come by ! mo/ exp]t1 except 9 a few isolat$ cases4 ,?is is also true1 b to a less ext5t ( ! l>v ( ! ,coleopt]a4 ,! l>v ( _m beetles :i* are c>nivor\s may be re>$ 9 glass j>s1 or boxes1 cov]$ ) f9e wire gauze1 at ! bottom ( :i* e>? or s& has be5 plac$1 & 9 :i* a supply ( appropriate food c be put1 su* z ! s(t l>v ( beetles1 maggots1 & bits ( meat4 ,x is be/ to previ\sly scald ! e>? & s& plac$ at ! bottom ( ! bre$+ cages 9 ord] to de/roy ! eggs & small l>v ( o!r species :i* might be introduc$4 ,! cages %\ld h a suffici5t supply ( moi/ure1 &1 s f> z possible1 ! circum/ances %\ld be made to approximate ^? "u :i* ! l>v 7 f\nd4 ,! l>v ( wood-bor+ beetles may be br$ 9 portions ( ! wood :i* !y frequ5t4 ,a tight b>rel ) a cov] made ( wire gauze fitt+ closely ov] ! top is a good device4 ,9 ! fall ( ! ye> x may be fill$ ) fall5 twigs & pieces ( bran*es f ! =e/1 on :i* beetles h oviposit$1 & 9 ! spr+ !re w be g5]ally f\nd a l>ge numb] ( beautiful specim5s ( species1 "s ( :i* are o!rwise v difficult to secure4 ,! b>rels %\ld be plac$ 9 a cov]$ spot 9 ! op5 air1 & ! twigs & wood occasionally lightly moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,! l>v ( leaf-eat+ beetles may be br$ z ! l>v ( lepidopt]a4 ,! l>v ( neuropt]\s insects1 su* z ,myrmeleon1 may be easily re>$ 9 boxes at ! bottom ( :i* s& to ! dep? ( six in*es has be5 plac$4 ,!y may be f$ ) h\se-flies :i* h be5 depriv$ ( _! w+s1 & s(t bodies ( coleopt]\s l>v1 & ! l>v ( ants4 ,! l>v ( ! ,odonata & aquatic beetles mu/ be re>$ 9 aqu>ia 9 :i* !re is a muddy bottom provid$1 & 9 :i* !re are a few pieces ( rott+ wood1 ) loose b>k ^u x1 s t !y protrude "s in*es above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & 9 :i* aquatic plants are kept gr[+4 ,_m aquatic insects pupate "u ! b>k ( trees gr[+ at ! edge ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,bre$+ ,cage4 7,aft] ,riley47 a1 ,bottom bo>d2 g g1 batt5s to prev5t w>p+2 f f1 z9c pan f\r in*es deep2 d1 z9c tube sold]$ to bottom ( pan & int5d$ to hold j> ( wat] = food-plants2 e1 e>? 9 pan2 b1 box ) glass sides & h+$ door2 c1 removable cap ( box cov]$ ) wire gauze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,bre$+ ,cage4 ,b1 ,j> ) food-plant2 ,e1 box ) soil2 ,g1 gauze lid4 ,! bre$+ ( ! l>v ( lepidopt]\s insects has receiv$ f> great] att5tion ?an t ( o!r insects1 & _m modifications ( devices = ?is purpose h be5 sugge/$4 ,! simple/ devices are (t5 ! be/1 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! small] =ms ! be/ plan is to pot a specim5 ( ! appropriate food-plant1 :5 x is l[ & h]bace\s & capable ( be+ ?us treat$1 & !n put x "u a cov] ( t>letan or "u a bell glass4 ,:5 ! l>va und]goes its trans=mations 9 ! gr\nd a b$ ( e>? sev]al in*es 9 dep?1 ^u :i* "s dead leaves & litt] are plac$1 %\ld be provid$4 ,a conv5i5t =m ( a bre$+-cage is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hf4 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 :o has done m ?an any o!r p]son to elucidate ! life-hi/ory ( ,nor? ,am]ican butt]flies1 (t5 uses a bre$+-cage made ( a nail keg1 ! top ( :i* has be5 knock$ out1 & ov] :i* gauze nett+ is ti$4 ,! writ] has successfully employ$1 = bre$+ mo?s ^u a l>ge scale1 common /ore boxes1 ) ab\t eight in*es 9 dep? ( good soil at ! bottom1 cov]$ ) a close-fitt+ frame lid ov] :i* mosquito-nett+ is tack$4 ,bran*es ( ! food-plant are set into ! box 9 j>s ( wat]1 9 :i* !y rema9 fre% = sev]al days 7see ,fig4 #hg74 ,if possible1 & if op]ations are to be prosecut$ ^u a l>ge scale1 x is well to appropriate to bre$+ purposes a small room f :i* all ! furniture & c>pets h be5 remov$4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be clos$ ) gauze nett+ tack$ ov] !m1 & ! doors %\ld also be made tight s z to prev5t ! escape ( ! insects4 ,:5 ! cat]pill>s desc5d f ! food-plants :i* are plac$ 9 ! ap>tm5t 9 j>s ( wat]1 or 9 pots1 & ?us indicate _! read9ess to und]go trans=mation1 !y %\ld be secur$ & plac$ 9 small] boxes fitt$ up z be=e describ$1 &1 9 case ! insect pupates 9 ! soil1 provid$ ) a suffici5t dep? ( e>?4 ,9 case x is desir$ to g to /ill great] exp5se1 a small h\se1 arrang$ aft] ! mann] ( a gre5h\se1 & ) suitable cages & comp>tm5ts1 may be provid$4 ,su* an insect-h\se exi/s at ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & is "u ! c>e ( t admirable inve/igator1 ,pr(essor ,com/ock1 :o no d\bt w\ld be glad to furni% /ud5ts ) a k ( ! details ( its con/ruction4 ,! l>v ( _m lepidopt]\s insects em]ge f ! egg 9 ! fall ( ! ye>1 & aft] fe$+ = a "t & und]go+ "o or two m\lts1 hib]nate1 & ^u ! return ( ! spr+time beg9 fe$+ aga91 & f9ally pupate4 ,x is be/ 9 ! case ( su* to leave ! l>v 9 ! fall 9 a cold place1 z an iceh\se1 & to suff] !m to rema9 !re until an abundant supply ( ! prop] food-plant c be obta9$4 ,9 ! bre$+ ( l>v exp]i5ce mu/ be ! great in/ructor1 & practice c alone make p]fect4 ,no dep>tm5t ( entomological /udy is1 h[ev]1 q s fasc9at+ z ?is1 ev5 ?\gh its prosecution may be some:at labori\s4 ,,*apt] ,,xlii4 ,,collect+ ,,imagoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,net ,frame4 7,aft] ,riley47 a1 ,wire r+ ) ends b5t to ins]t 9 f]ule b2 c1 po9t :]e plug & net-h&le meet4 ,! "n imago is appli$ by naturali/s to ! p]fect =m ( insects1 :i* is reveal$ at ! conclusion ( ! r\nd ( metamorphoses4 ,9 ! collection & ! pres]vation ( ^! ! mo/ necess>y implem5t at ! outset is ! net4 ,a simple way ( mak+ a s]viceable & /rong net is to take a piece ( brass or galvaniz$ iron wire ab\t ?ree feet & six in*es 9 l5g?1 & ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & hav+ b5t x into ! =m ( a hoop1 ) ! two ends =m+ %anks1 to ins]t ^! into ! end ( a brass f]ule su* z is us$ on fi%+-rods1 & fix !m !re by p\r+ 9 melt$ lead or sold] 9 su* a way t ! h&le c be ins]t$ into ! o!r end ( ! f]ule4 ,?is c be easily accompli%$ by plugg+ ! h&le end ( ! f]ule ) a piece ( s(t wood or ) clay4 ,! h&le %\ld be light1 & n m ?an f\r or five feet 9 l5g? = ord9>y use4 ,to ! r+ ( ! net a sack made ( gre5 t>letan1 or less pref]ably mosquito-nett+1 ab\t two & a half times z deep z ! diamet] ( ! r+1 %\ld be sewn4 ,a piece ( gre5 musl9 %\ld be !n /it*$ on z a b9d+ ov] ! r+4 ,gre5 is to be always pref]r$ to any o!r color z less likely to al>m ! insects4 ,nets ) fold+ r+s & jo9t$ bamboo h&les are to be _h ( mo/ deal]s1 & are to be highly recomm5d$ = conv5i5ce1 if well made4 ,9 collect+ ab\t electric lights :i* hang high1 & along ! woodl& walks ( tropical =e/s1 x is well to be able to add to ! l5g? ( ! h&le by ins]t+ m jo9ts ( bamboo4 ,"s butt]flies are highfli]s4 ,nets made ( /\t musl9 are useful = sweep+ ! tops ( grass & l[ h]bage1 & 9 ?is way multitudes ( small insects ( v>i\s ord]s may be tak54 ,su* nets %\ld be l>g] ?an ! ord9>y net4 ,nets made ( /\t lace clo? are us$ = captur+ aquatic insects 9 pools & dit*es4 ,= ?is purpose a scoop made ( wire gauze may also be advantage\sly employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,beat+ ,,! ,,bu%4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,a ,,successful ,,/roke4 ,9 ! capture ( insects ! umbrella plays1 9 ! h&s ( a skilful collector1 a v important "p4 ,x is us$ z a receptacle = insects :i* are beat5 f ! ov]hang+ bran*es1 "u :i* x is held 9 an inv]t$ position :ile ! op]ation ( beat+ is go+ on4 ,z ! insects fall !y mu/ be caught & plac$ 9 ! collect+-j>s4 7,see ,plate ,,xxii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,net-head = ,removable ,frame4 7,aft] ,riley47 ,! frame is made ( ela/ic brass ribbon1 & may be put inside ( ! hat :5 n 9 use1 & ! h&le us$ z a cane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,fold+ ,net4 7,aft] ,riley47 a1 ,net-r+ op52 b1 enl>g$ view ( jo9t & *eck2 c1 r+ fold$ & deta*$ f f]ule2 d1 nut sunk into end ( f]ule2 e1 screw to hold r+ 9 place2 f1 illu/rat+ mann] ( putt+ r+ & rod toge!r4 ,collect+-j>s are ( v>i\s sizes4 ,= ,lepidopt]a ! "o-p\nd j>s us$ by ,s*]+ = hydrate ( *loral1 :i* h nicely gr\nd glass /opp]s1 are admirable4 ,9 prep>+ ! j>s ! foll[+ directions %\ld be closely att5d$ to3 ,place at ! bottom ( ! j> "s lumps ( cyanide ( pota%1 ov] ^! place a few pieces ( pap] loosely crumpl$ & ramm$ d[n s z to hold ! lumps ( ! cyanide 9 position4 ,p\r 9 two or ?ree drops ( wat]4 ,take a piece ( /\t & clean writ+-pap] & describe ^u x a circle ( ! same size z ! inside ( ! bottle1 & ar\nd ?is ano!r circle ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* great] 9 diamet]4 ,cut out a circul> disc ( pap]1 foll[+ ) ! scissors ! l9e ( ! out] circle4 ,at int]vals ( a qu>t] ( an in* cut slits all ar\nd ! disc ( pap] ext5d+ !m inw>dly only z f> z ! fir/ circle drawn ^u ! pap]4 ,fold back ! out] edge ( ! disc ^u ! side ( ! pap] :i* is to come upp]mo/ 9 ! bottle4 ,) a p91 or a small pun*1 pi]ce a numb] ( holes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! pap]4 ,apply "s gum to ! edge ( ! disc :i* has be5 fold$ back1 & fix x securely on ! top ( ! mass ( cyanide & pap] at ! bottom ( ! j>1 by press+ ! gumm$ edge aga9/ ! sides ( ! bottle4 ,?is me?od is inf9itely pref]able to ! old way ( fix+ ! cyanide 9 ! bottom ( ! j> by p\r+ 9 a cem5t ( pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,in/ead ( lumps ( cyanide ( pota%1 lumps ( c>bonate ( ammonia may be us$ to *>ge ! poison+-j>1 b a j> s *>g$ mu/ nev] be us$ to kill insects :i* are gre5 9 color1 z ! fumes ( ! ammonia (t5 s]ve to blea* ^! & make !m :ite or br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,collect+ ,j>4 ,cy41 ,cyanide ( pota% w$g$ into place ) s(t pap]2 ,p1 p]=at$ pap] disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,p]=at$ ,disc ( ,pap] = ,hold+ ,cyanide 9 ,place at ,bottom ( ,j>4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge insects1 or insects :i* /ruggle viol5tly1 a few drops ( *lor(orm may be p\r$ into ! collect+-j>1 to prev5t !m f injur+ !mselves4 ,*lor(orm is n1 h[ev]1 to be comm5d$ z a kill+ ag5t1 inasmu* z x induces ?oracic spasms1 :i* make ! specim5 difficult to set aft] dea?4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] mo?s & beetles dea? may be in/antane\sly induc$ by inject+ a solution ( cyanide ( pota% ) a hypod]mic syr+e4 ,! use ( oxalic acid 9 solution1 adm9i/]$ by mak+ an incision into ! ?orax ( ! insect ) ! po9t ( a cr[-quill p5 dipp$ into ! solution1 is n to be highly comm5d$1 z ! acid *anges ! color ( ! specim51 &1 aft] x has be5 p9n$1 corrodes ! p94 ,likewise :5 specim5s h be5 kept too long 9 a j> *>g$ ) ammonia1 & are p9n$ imm$iately aft] !y h be5 tak5 out1 ! p9s are liable to be corrod$ & eat5 ?r\gh4 ,! collector hav+ provid$ himself ) nets & kill+-j>s1 w n be ?or\ghly equipp$ = field "w until he h add$ to 8 outfit ! necess>y conv5i5ces = c>ry+ 8 captures ) him un9jur$4 ,! writ]1 aft] long exp]i5ce z a collector 9 _m l&s1 is incl9$ to ?9k t ! be/ appliance is a t9 box l9$ ) cork1 & provid$ ) a comp>tm5t 9 :i* a cyanide cake#aa may be plac$ be=e go+ to ! field1 & 9 :i*1 aft] ! return1 :5 ! cyanide cake has be5 )drawn1 a sponge may be put1 :i* %\ld be saturat$ ) a weak solution ( c>bolic acid = ! d\ble purpose ( keep+ ! specim5s f dry+ out too rapidly & f m\ld+4 ,! box %\ld n be m ?an #aj #h #c-a_/b in*es inside measurem5t1 & %\ld be divid$ into two equal p>ts1 h+$ at ! side :i* is c>ri$ upp]mo/1 & hung ov] ! %\ld] by a /rap4 ,a p9cu%ion fill$ ) p9s may be atta*$ to ! belt4 ,a belt arrang$ l a c>tridge-belt1 ) pockets to c>ry pillboxes ab\t "o & "o-half in* squ>e & ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* deep %\ld also be provid$4 ,^! boxes %\ld h glass bottoms4 ,!y are to be us$ 9 box+ ! small] lepidopt]a & o!r delicate insects :i*1 if kill$ & p9n$ on ! field1 w\ld be too dry ^u return f ! *ase to make good cab9et specim5s4 ,box$ specim5s may be kept = a day or two1 & kill$ & m\nt$ at leisure4 ,a bag conta9+ sev]al small boxes may also be c>ri$4 ,^! boxes %\ld h 9 !m a supply ( pap] envelopes1 = pap]+ specim5s 9 ! way h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,a loose sack-coat1 ) an abundance ( capaci\s pockets inside & out1 is indisp5sable4 ,a small poison+-j> = beetles %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! "r-h& pocket ( ! pantaloons1 a simil> j> 9 ! left-h& pocket = hym5opt]a & dipt]a4 ,9 ! "r-h& pocket ( ! sack-coat %\ld be c>ri$ ! l>ge j> = kill+ lepidopt]a1 & 9 ! left-h& pocket a small] j> = neuropt]a & or?opt]a4 ,?us array$ ! collector is completely furni%$ = ! *ase4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be well = him1 if he c1 to secure ! att5dance ( an assi/ant to c>ry "s ( 8 traps & assi/ him4 ,we w n[ g out ) him into ! field & give him a few practical in/ructions z to ! be/ mode ( proc$ure4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is prop] to obs]ve t x is advisable n to be 9 a hurry & n to ru% ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! repres5tations 9 comic newspap]s ( ! entomologi/1 wildly te>+ ab\t ! fields & 9 mad ha/e *as+ a butt]fly ov] hills & mead[s1 are n drawn f a /udy ( ! me?ods ( exp]ts4 ,all ?+s come to him :o waits4 ,slyness1 coolness1 a ke5 eye1 & adroit quickness 9 ! use ( ! net are ! qualities :i* yield ! l>ge/ returns to ! collector4 ,9 ! use ( ! net ! habits ( insects mu/ be not$4 ,^? :i* alight ^u ! gr\nd or l[ h]bage may be caught by clapp+ ! net ov] !m4 ,mo/ butt]flies & mo?s h ! habit1 :5 caught1 ( fly+ upw>d 9 ! net4 ,!re=e s soon z ! insect1 if a lepidopt]on1 is enclos$ 9 ! net1 hold up ! clos$ end ( ! sack1 &1 introduc+ ! poison j>1 f :i* ! /opp] has be5 remov$1 take ! insect4 ,a little practice w soon enable ! collector to d ?is )\t all[+ ! fly to beat & injure its w+s1 & )\t t\*+ !m 9 ! lea/ ) ! f+]s4 7,plate ,,xxiii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,a conv5i5t way ( secur+ small insects 9 ! net is by a rapid motion hi!r & ?i!r1 ) ! m\? op5 to ! w9d1 to drive !m back into ! bottom ( ! sack1 & !n to place ?is 9 ! bottle & leave x !re a few seconds until ! insects are /unn$1 :5 !y may be %ak5 into ! j>4 ,:5 ! insect alights )9 rea* ^u ! ends ( bran*es or ! tops ( fl[]+ plants1 x may be swept into ! net by a dext]\s movem5t & ?us secur$4 ,a simil> /roke w (t51 :5 well-aim$1 secure specim5s fly+ pa/ ! /ation ( ! collector4 7,plate ,,xxiii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,beetles & insects ( o!r ord]s ?an ! lepidopt]a may be plac$ 9 ! j>s appropriat$ to !m & left !re until ! return f ! fields4 ,) ! ,lepidopt]a x is necess>y to ex]cise great] c>e4 ,! small] specim5s1 su* z ! ,tortricid & ,phycitid & ,t9eid %\ld be box$ 9 ! pillboxes provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ,lycnid1 ,hesp]id1 & mo/ ( ! mo?s1 %\ld be caught 9 ! l>ge j> 9 ! mann] j describ$1 & :5 /unn$1 p9n$ & plac$ 9 ! cork-l9$ box1 :]e ! process ( completely depriv+ !m ( life w be complet$4 ,! l>g]1 & ev5 "s ( ! small]1 butt]flies may be kill$ :ile 9 ! net by g5tly p9*+ !m ?r\gh its folds1 betwe5 ! fir/ f+] & ! ?umb at ! po9t :]e ! w+s are atta*$ to ! ?orax 7see ,fig4 #ic74 ,! pressure %\ld be appli$ :5 ! w+s are fold$ back to back1 z ! insect sits :5 9 repose4 ,if appli$ 9 any o!r way ! specim5 is likely to be s]i\sly damag$1 & mo?s %\ld nev] be ?us kill$4 ,9 p9n+ specim5s 9 ! t9 box us$ = transportation :ile ^u ! hunt1 ! /orage p[] ( ! box w be increas$ by p9n+ a numb] ( specim5s ^u "o p91 ?ru/+ ! p9 ?r\gh ! insect horizontally & n p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! upp] surface ( ! ?orax4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,me?od ( ,p9*+ a ,butt]fly4 ,! labors ( ! collector %\ld n be conf9$ to ! day4 ,multitudes ( ! r>e/ & mo/ desirable species are nocturnal 9 _! habits4 ,"s ( !m are readily attract$ to light1 ?\gh1 /rangely en\gh1 ! individuals among ! lepidopt]a ?us attract$ are ma9ly ( ! male sex4 ,by plac+ a lamp at an op5 w9d[ _m mo?s may be secur$4 ,electric lights are good po9ts = ! collector1 if !y are )9 rea*4 ,! burnt & ragg$ refuse :i* ! clean] f9ds 9 ! globes 9 ! morn+1 half-buri$ 9 ! du/ ( ! dis9tegrat$ c>bons1 is ( little or no value4 ,v>i\s traps light$ ) lant]ns h be5 sugge/$1 b s f> few ( !m h equall$ ! simple device ( a fri5d ( m9e1 :o1 liv+ 9 a tropical c\ntry1 has set ap>t a small room = ?is purpose1 & hav+ cle>$ x ( all furniture1 & :itewa%$ ! walls1 keeps a p[]ful lamp burn+ 9 x e night opposite a l>ge w9d[ fac+ ! =e/4 ,8 captures v>y f a doz5 to a hundr$ specim5s ( lepidopt]a e night ( ! ye>1 & multitudes ( insects ( o!r ord]s4 ,9 ! temp]ate zones a favorite me?od ( collect+ lepidopt]a is by sug>+4 ,= ?is a mixture ( sug> & /ale be]1 or molasses & wat]1 flavor$ ) rum1 & ( ab\t ! consi/5cy ( ?9 maple syrup1 %\ld be us$4 ,x is be/ appli$ to ! trunks ( trees ^u ! edge ( cle>+s1 & on moonlight nights on ! side ( ! wood t[>d ! moon4 ,apply ! mixture to f =ty to eighty trees1 /umps1 or /akes1 ) a :itewa% bru%1 & !n g ov] ! beat ) a d>k lant]n & capture ! mo?s 9 ! wide-m\!d cyanide j>4 ,9 ?is way ! writ] has tak5 z _m z ?ree or f\r hundr$ mo?s 9 a s+le ev5+4 ,! same trees %\ld be sug>$ & visit$ night aft] night1 & ! be/ results are (t5 only obta9$ aft] a beat has be5 9 op]ation = "s "t & ! insects h le>n$ to "k x4 ,! be/ cat* is g5]ally to be _h 9 ! two h\rs imm$iately foll[+ sunset4 ,9 tropical c\ntries1 aside f ! ,erebid & alli$ mo?s1 few species appe> to be attract$ to sug>1 & 9 w>m climates pl5ty ( rum %\ld be add$ to ! mixture4 ,to keep ants (f f trees :i* h be5 sug>$1 ! writ] f9ds x good to tie a b& ( d>k clo? :i* has be5 treat$ ) a saturat$ solution ( corrosive sublimate ab\t ! trunk ne> ! gr\nd4 ,?is only is to be done :]e a regul> r\te has be5 select$ = nightly visitation1 & x has ! disadvantage ( keep+ away f ! baits _m beetles :i* are attract$ to sug>4 ,trees :i* h be5 sug>$ & visit$ at night %\ld be revisit$ 9 ! daytime1 & _m day-fly+ species w be f\nd fea/+ ^u :at has be5 left by ! revell]s :o att5d$ ! banquet ( ! night be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,bottl+ ,a ,,skipp]4 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,japanese ,,port] ,,) ,,collect+ ,,boxes4 ,"s insects h q revolt+ ta/es1 & may be captur$ by p&]+ to !m4 ,! ordure ( wild animals has a *>m = _m1 & by plac+ ! dung ( dogs1 or civet-cats1 or any ( ! ,felid1 9 ! woodl& pa?s ( tropical =e/s _m great r>ities may be secur$4 ,c>rion & dead fi% 9 p>ticul> are attractive baits4 ,x has be5 rec5tly claim$ by a writ] t pa9t$ decoys repres5t+ butt]flies1 plac$ ^u fl[]s1 or kept 9 motion at ! tip ( a swit*1 may be effectively us$ 9 secur+ r>e & wild species4 ,! writ] has no p]sonal k ( ! m]it ( ! plan4 ,x might be wor? try+1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( mon/r\s r>ities4 ,,footnote3 #aa ,! cyanide cake is made by p\r+ pla/] ( ,p>is into a m\ld ( prop] size & imb$d+ 9 x be=e sett+ a numb] ( lumps ( cyanide ( pota%4 ,,*apt] ,,xliii4 ,,prep>ation1 ,,c>e1 ,,& ,,display ,,( ,,insects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,mann] ( ,fold+ ,pap] ,envelope4 ,a-,b1 ,fir/ fold2 ,b-,c1 second fold2 ,a-,d1 ?ird fold2 ,b-,f1 f\r? fold2 ,a-,e1 fif? fold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,butt]fly 9 ,envelope4 ,! next /ep aft] ! capture ( ! specim5s is to prep>e !m ei!r = transportation or = ! cab9et4 ,if collect+ ^u a j\rney1 or :]e facilities = ! prep>ation ( specim5s = ! cab9et are lack+1 ! insects may be pres]v$ 9 pap]s4 ,common druggi/s' envelopes are a v conv5i5t res\rce = ! pres]vation ( lepidopt]a4 ,!y may be pur*as$ by ! ?\s& at ab\t sixty-five c5ts4 ,if ^! _c be _h1 envelopes may easily be made f pieces ( pap]1 pref]ably /iff newspap] or common writ+-pap] ^u :i* ink has n be5 us$4 ,! mann] ( fold+ ^! is illu/rat$ by ,figures #id & #ie4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to write ^u ! envelope1 be=e ! insect is plac$ 9 x1 ! date & ! locality ( capture4 ,beetles1 if black & devoid ( hairy ve/iture1 may be pres]v$ 9 alcohol1 & ! same c\rse may be tak5 ) _m insects ( o!r ord]s4 ,x is pref]able1 h[ev]1 to pack beetles & o!r h>d-bodi$ insects 9 lay]s ( cotton batt+4 ,a small box may be made to conta9 an imm5se numb] ( insects 9 envelopes or 9 cotton1 & !y may ?us be safely transport$ any:]e4 ,9 case alcohol is us$ z a pres]vative all ! specim5s ( a species %\ld be sort$ out & ti$ toge!r 9 a small sack made out ( ?9 nett+1 & to ?is %\ld be atta*$ a label giv+ ! date & place ( capture & a ref]5ce to ! note-book4 ,9 case cotton lay]s are employ$ all ! specim5s ( a species1 if num]\s1 %\ld be plac$ 9 "o lay]1 & a memor&um to ! same purport z ! label ins]t$4 ,insects are prep>$ = ! cab9et by be+ m\nt$ ^u p9s & exp&$4 ,!re are v>i\s sorts & sizes ( insect-p9s1 b ^? made by ,klaeg]1 ( ,b]l91 are g5]ally pref]r$ at ! pres5t "t by ! lead+ entomologi/s ( ! _w4 ,! ,fr5* p9s & ! s-call$ ,c>lsbad] p9s are too long & ! po9ts are too f9e1 &1 !re=e1 too likely to be injur$ to make !m desirable4 ,! ,engli% p9s are too %ort1 & except 9 ! case ( v small insects1 are n us$ by ! be/ collectors4 ,insects %\ld be m\nt$ high ^u ! p91 i4e41 9 su* a way t n m ?an "o-fif? or at ! mo/ "o-f\r? ( ! p9 %all be expos$ above ! body ( ! specim54 ,dr4 ,/aud+]1 ! celebrat$ lepidopt]i/ ( ,g]many1 makes x 8 rule to m\nt all 8 specim5s 9 su* a way t ! w+s are elevat$ ^u a plane "o in* above ! tip ( ! p94 ,! writ] has _h ! great] "p ( 8 collection1 ( ov] fifty ?\s& specim5s ( lepidopt]a1 m\nt$ at an av]age height ( sev5-eigh?s ( an in* above ! po9ts ( ! p9s4 ,! ,engli% me?od ( m\nt+ l[ d[n1 & only leav+ en\gh ( ! p9 expos$ bel[ to p]mit ( fix+ ! specim5s 9 ! cork at ! bottoms ( ! draw]s ( ! cab9et1 is rapidly pass+ out ( vogue1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 & is giv+ place to ! ,cont95tal ,me?od4 ,insect p9s are ( v>i\s sizes2 adapt$ to ! size ( ! insect :i* !y are to c>ry4 ,! mo/ s]viceable sizes & :i* w be proportion$ to ! majority ( ! insects :i* ! collector is likely to take1 are ,klaeg]'s ,no4 #c & ,no4 #e4 ,= v l>ge insects high] numb]s may be employ$1 & = small] insects l[] numb]s1 ?\gh 9 ! case ( ! latt] x is p]haps bett] to use ! %ort ,engli% p9s & !n to m\nt ! specim5s ^u ! bits ( cork or pi? :i* are !mselves m\nt$ ^u ! long] ,g]man p9s4 ,su* m\nts are kn[n z d\ble m\nts 7see ,fig4 #if74 ,! writ] desires to utt] a caution aga9/ ! use ( ! common black insect-p9s s (t5 sold by deal]s1 & ! sole /ock 9 trade ( "o or two firms ( opticians 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are v liable to ru/ at ! po9t & to b5d1 & are totally unsuit$ = use 9 humid1 tropical1 & semi-tropical climates1 or = collections :i* are to be transport$ f> ov] ! seas4 ,beetles %\ld always be p9n$ ?r\gh ! "r elytron4 ,bugs %\ld be p9n$ ?r\gh ! scutellum1 z ! small triangul> piece betwe5 ! elytra is call$4 ,all o!r insects %\ld be p9n$ 9 ! middle ( ! ?orax1 & c>e %\ld always be tak5 to set ! p9s p]p5dicul>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,d\ble ,m\nt4 ,c1 ,long p92 ,p1 pi?2 ,s1 specim5 m\nt$ on %ort p92 ,l1 label4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--;,frame = ,m\nt+ ,beetles4 a1 a1 ,wood5 frame2 ,a1 ,b1 pap] drumhead4 ,hav+ p9n$ ! specim5 ! next /ep is to exp& x prop]ly4 ,9 ! case ( beetles ?is is done by simply arrang+ ! feet & ! ant5n 9 su* a way t !y c easily be inspect$4 ,9 do+ ?is x is well to h a frame sev5-eigh?s ( an in* deep1 or !reab\ts1 back$ by a ?9 piece ( s(t p9e1 & cov]$ on top by a %eet ( pap]1 :i* has be5 fir/ moi/5$ & !n pa/$ ar\nd ! edges1 & :i* :5 dry exp&s l a drumhead4 7,fig4 #ig47 ,^u ?is a numb] ( beetles may be p9n$1 _! feet drawn out1 & !re be left to dry4 ,9 ! case ( lepidopt]\s insects1 & o!r insects hav+ consid]able expanse ( w+1 sett+-bo>ds are requir$4 ,^! are bo>ds provid$ ) a groove 9 ! middle capable ( receiv+ ! body ( ! insect1 & p]mitt+ ( ! expansion ( _! w+s lat]ally4 ,^! bo>ds %\ld be ( v>i\s wid?s1 s z to be adapt$ to insects hav+ v>i\s expanse ( w+s1 & ! grooves also %\ld be ( v>i\s dep?s1 adapt$ to insects hav+ bodies ( v>i\s size4 ,! be/ =m ( a sett+-bo>d1 ) :i* ! writ] is acqua9t$1 is t giv5 9 ,fig4 #ih4 ,! n>r[ slit bel[ ! groove1 :i* is int5d$ = ! reception ( ! body ( ! insect1 admits ( pass+ ! p9 d[n to a prop] dep?1 & ! dep? is regulat$ ( c\rse by ! piece at ! bottom ( ! sett+-bo>d4 ,! two side pieces %\ld always be f sev5-eigh?s ( an in* to an in* ?ick4 ,! be/ mat]ial is s(t1 clean p9e1 or1 bett] /ill1 ! wood ( ! ,kiri-no-,ki 7,paul[nia regalis74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,sett+-,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,sett+-,bo>d4 7,aft] ,riley47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,sett+-,block4 ,a1 ,groove = body ( insect2 ,b1 nick = hold+ ?read2 ,c1 cork to receive po9t ( p9 pass+ ?r\gh holes 9 bottom ( ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,butt]fly ,exp&$ ^u ,sett+-,block4 ,in/ead ( sett+-bo>ds1 sett+-blocks 7see ,figs4 #ajj & #aja71 may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 sett+ small] specim5s1 especially ( ! ,hesp]id & ! ,noctuid1 ! w+s ( :i* are refractory1 & refuse to be treat$ 9 ! me?od t has j be5 describ$4 ,in/ead ( us+ /rips ( trac+ musl9 x is necess>y1 9 ! case ( sett+-blocks1 to use ?reads or cords1 :i* may be adju/$1 z is %[n 9 ! figure4 ,c>e %\ld1 h[ev]1 be tak5 n to draw ! ?read or cord s tightly ab\t ! w+s ( ! specim5s z to cut into _! ve/iture & ?us leave m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,sett+-,ne$le4 ,! insects hav+ be5 adju/$ ^u ! bo>d1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! p9 is set p]p5dicul>ly1 ! next /ep is to draw out ! w+s 9 ! position :i* !y are to ma9ta9 :5 ! specim5 is ?or\ghly dry4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( :at are kn[n z sett+-ne$les 7see ,fig4 #ajb74 ,!y c easily be made by ins]t+ ord9>y ne$les into h&les1 :i* may be made ( "s s(t wood4 ,! writ] g5]ally employs z h&les = 8 sett+-ne$les mat*es1 f :i* ! sulphur tip has be5 remov$4 ,9 draw+ ! w+s into position c>e %\ld be tak5 to plant ! sett+-ne$le imm$iately beh9d ! /rong n]vure ( ! co/al m>g9 ( ! w+4 ,o!rwise ! w+s are likely to be torn & disfigur$4 ,! rule 9 sett+ lepidopt]a is to draw ! ant]ior w+s =w>d 9 su* a way t _! po/]ior m>g9s =m a "r angle ) ! axis ( ! body1 :i* re/s 9 ! groove 9 ! middle ( ! sett+-bo>d4 ,! po/]ior w+s are !n drawn =w>d 9 su* a way z fully to expose _! outl9e4 ,! next /ep is to firmly fix ! w+s 9 position1 z !y h be5 plac$4 ,"s writ]s recomm5d = ?is purpose us+ %ort /rips ( pap] ov] ! w+s1 o!rs recomm5d plac+ ^u ! w+s pieces ( glass1 ( a size suffici5t to cov] ! entire w+4 ,a f> bett] plan is to employ /rips ( trac+ musl91 su* z is us$ by draughtsm5 & eng9e]s4 ,^! /rips may be secur$ at ! ends ( ! sett+-bo>d by ?umb-tacks1 & may be drawn d[n ov] ! w+s ( ! specim5 & securely held by p9s 9 place4 ,c>e %\ld be always tak5 to nicely turn up ! edge ( ! /rips ne>e/ to ! body1 s t a crease or depression may n be left ^u ! scales cov]+ ! w+s ( ! insects :5 ! specim5 has be5 ?or\ghly dri$4 ,! w+s hav+ be5 arrang$1 ! ant5n & ! feet may be br\ght =w>d & display$ 9 a natural position4 ,c>e %\ld be always tak5 to l[] ! ant5n s t !y d n /& erect above ! head4 ,9 ! latt] position !y are v apt to become brok54 ,a numb] ( su* bo>ds may be conv5i5tly arrang$ 9 a box1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 & if /rips ( musl9 are us$1 & are firmly held 9 place by p9s1 su* a box may be transport$ f place to place1 ^u ! backs ( m5 or bea/s1 & ! process ( dry+ ! insects may g on en r\te1 :ile ! naturali/ is conduct+ 8 inve/igations4 ,9 ?is mann] ! writ] c>ri$ f\r or five l>ge boxes ) him ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ,japan 7,plate ,,xxiii41 ,fig4 #b71 & succe$$ 9 br++ home ) him ne>ly six ?\s& specim5s1 dri$ & ready to place 9 ! cab9et4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* is requir$ = dry+1 v>ies ( c\rse a little ) ! temp]ature1 & ! am\nt ( humidity 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 "s climates x is almo/ impossible to absolutely dry ! specim5s1 9 o!rs !y dry v quickly4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a week or t5 days w g5]ally suffice to secure t rigidity :i* is necess>y 9 a cab9et specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--;,box = ,receiv+ ,sett+-,bo>ds4 a1 ,bo>d p>tly )drawn2 b1 ,t-%ap$ /rip to hold bo>d 9 place2 c1 slid+ door ( box2 d1 tongue on edge ( door work+ 9 groove at front ( sides4 ,! process ( dry+ may be ha/5$ advantage\sly by plac+ ! sett+-bo>ds 9 a cool ov54 ,! temp]ature1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be above #acj ,f4 ,"s insects lose _! color :5 dri$1 & x is impossible 9 c]ta9 cases to reta9 !m4 ,9 "s cases also ! bodies ( insects %rivel up v greatly & become di/ort$4 ,x is v (t5 advisable 9 su* cases to make an incision into ! abdom5 & )draw ! visc]a & /uff ! body ) cotton4 ,spid]s %\ld always be treat$ 9 ?is way1 & s also ! l>g] ,mantid & ,locu/id4 ,:5 ! insects h become ?or\ghly dry1 & _! w+s are rigid1 !y may be remov$ f ! sett+-bo>d1 & are n[ ready = ! cab9et4 ,9 case1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to transport !m1 z is ! case ) specim5s t h be5 collect$ ^u a j\rney1 !y may be p9n$ 9 boxes l9$ ) cork or pi?1 ) _! w+s %+l$ z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 & !y may1 if firmly secur$ to ! bottom ( ! boxes1 be 9 ?is %ape transport$ = long di/ances2 b x is always necess>y to pack ! box 9 :i* !y are conta9$ 9 an out] box1 sep>at+ ! inn] box f ! out] case by at lea/ two in*es ( /raw1 excelsior1 or "s o!r light & ela/ic sub/ance1 to save ! specim5s f be+ j>r$ 9 transport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--;,butt]flies ,p9n$ ) _! ,w+s ,%+l$4 ,specim5s t h be5 pres]v$ 9 pap]1 z describ$ on page #cbh1 9 ord] to fit !m = ! cab9et1 %\ld be relax$ & !n exp&$4 ,9 ord] to relax !m1 "o ( ! be/ me?ods is to place ! envelope :i* conta9s ! specim5 betwe5 lay]s ( clo? t h be5 damp5$ 9 pure wat]1 to :i* has be5 add$ a small quantity ( c>bolic acid1 en\gh to prev5t m\ld4 ,be c>eful n to add too mu* c>bolic acid4 ,ano!r me?od is to lay ! specim5s at ! bottom ( a j>1 half-fill$ ) s&1 :i* has be5 moi/5$ & well c>boliz$4 ,! j> %\ld be tightly clos$1 s z to reta9 ! moi/ure4 ,specim5s t h be5 fa/5$ ) p9s may be plac$ on pieces ( bo>d1 & !n set 9 a j>1 prep>$ 9 ! way t has be5 describ$4 ,aft] exposure to ! moi/ atmosph]e ( ! j>1 or to ! moi/ure conta9$ )9 ! t[ell+1 = a p]iod v>y+ f a few h\rs to a day1 ! specim5s w be suffici5tly relax$ to p]mit ( !m be+ treat$ z if !y _h be5 fre%ly tak51 & m\nt$ & exp&$ ^u ! sett+-bo>d z describ$ on page #cca4 ,x is well to h ! top ( ! j>1 be=e ! lid is plac$ ^u x1 cov]$ ) a lay] ( blott+-pap]1 or "s o!r sub/ance :i* w absorb ! moi/ure :i* o!rwise might drip f ! lid ^u ! specim5s bel[4 ,?is is a precaution :i* is especially necess>y 9 ! case ( butt]flies :i* are ( a bright blue or a pale gre5 color1 & :i* are mu* disfigur$ by wat] /a9s4 ,m\ld is "o ( ! great enemies ( ! collector1 & /r5u\s ef=ts %\ld be made to prev5t its appe>ance 9 ! cab9et or among ! specim5s4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 x is well to secure a ?or\gh desiccation ( ! specim5s1 b :]e x is impossible to ?or\ghly dry !m1 m\ld+ may be prev5t$ to a great] or less ext5t by plac+ betwe5 ! pap] envelopes pieces ( blott+-pap] :i* h be5 saturat$ ) c>bolic acid & p]mitt$ to dry4 ,! sides ( ! boxes conta9+ ! specim5s may also be pa9t$ ) c>bolic acid4 ,naph?al9e 9 cry/als may be introduc$ among ! envelopes1 & ?is appe>s 9 _m cases to s]ve z a p>tial prev5tive ( m\ld4 ,:5 a specim5 has be5 attack$ by m\ld1 ! m\ld may be l>gely remov$ by ?or\gh dry+ 9 a cool ov5 & !n du/+ (f ! specim5 ) a s(t camel's-hair p5cil t has be5 rubb$ 9 c>bolic acid & dri$4 ,specim5s sometimes become greasy1 & x is !n desirable1 if possible1 to remove ! grease ) :i* _! bodies & w+s are saturat$4 ,! only me?od :i* c be employ$ advantage\sly is t ( wa%+ out ! grease by means ( b5zol9e1 or "s ( ! alli$ volatile m9]al oils4 ,by imm]s+ a greasy specim5 = a consid]able "t 9 gasol9e1 x is possible to remove ! grease4 ,! specim5 hav+ be5 ?us expos$ %\ld be plac$ 9 a cool spot1 free f du/1 & all ! gasol9e %\ld be all[$ to evaporate4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to conduct ?is process away f fire & lights1 9 ord] to prev5t an explosion4 ,! writ] has f\nd t ! be/ me?od = remov+ grease is to all[ ! gasol9e to fall drop by drop ^u ! ?orax ( ! specim54 ,! specim5 is !re=e plac$ 9 a v l>ge glass j>1 say six in*es 9 diamet]1 & is fix$ at ! bottom ^u a piece ( cork1 tightly secur$ 9 place4 ,! gasol9e is plac$ above & is all[$ to filt] d[n f ! bottle 9 :i* x is conta9$ ^u ! specim5 drop by drop4 ,9 ?is way ! grease is gradually wa%$ out1 & w be f\nd aft] a :ile at ! bottom ( ! j> 9 ! =m ( ?ick globules1 ! d5sity ( :i* causes !m to s9k to ! bottom4 ,9 ! case ( "s l>ge bombycid mo?s ! writ] has wa%$ out z mu* z a teaspoonful ( animal fat f ! body & w+s ( ! specim51 9 ! mann] t has be5 describ$4 ,! receptacles into :i* entomologi/s place _! collections v>y some:at accord+ to ! ta/e & ! l5g? ( ! purse ( ! collector4 ,"s l>ge collections are conta9$ 9 boxes1 & mo/ ( ! coleopt]i/s ( ?is c\ntry1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 h adopt$ ^! z receptacles = _! collections4 ,! boxes %\ld be ab\t two in*es deep 9 ! cle>1 ! bottom %\ld be l9$ ) ! be/ quality ( cork1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 & ! :ole pap]$ inside ) :ite pap]4 ,! lid %\ld be fa/5$ ^u ! l[] "p ( ! box1 ei!r by a tongue & groove or by ?9 /rips nail$ ar\nd on ! inside & project+ above ! m>g9 ( ! bottom portion at lea/ half an in*4 ,^! boxes %\ld also be h+$4 ,! mat]ial %\ld be well-season$4 ,d\ble boxes ) cork on ! top & on ! bottom are sometimes us$1 & ^! may be prep>$ ) backs resembl+ books1 & may be plac$ ^u _! ends ^u %elves4 ,!y %\ld n be laid "o ^u ! o!r1 z ! insects p9n$ ^u ! upp] side are liable sometimes1 ?r\gh j>r+1 to become deta*$1 & fall+ out to cause a breakage among ! specim5s4 ,! writ] employs 9 8 own collection draw]s tw5ty-two in*es long1 eighte5 in*es wide1 & two in*es deep1 cov]$ ) glass1 ! glass cov] be+ atta*$ to ! bottom by a tongue & groove4 ,! specim5s %\ld be kept 9 ! d>k1 z exposure to light blea*es !m1 soon] or lat]4 ,great pa9s %\ld be tak5 to keep out du/1 m\ld1 & insect pe/s1 su* z ,an?r5us & ,d]me/es4 ,naph?al9e cry/als de/roy mites & !y _c exi/ :]e x is abundantly pres5t4 ,an?r5us & ,d]me/es may be kept out ( collections by naph?al9e1 b :5 !y h be5 once introduc$ !y w rema9 & propagate 9 spite ( ! pres5ce ( ! drug4 ,9 ord] to ext]m9ate !m v>i\s ag5ts are employ$4 ,! be/ is p]haps *lor(orm1 & next to ?is c>bon bisulphide4 ,9 buy+ ! latt] drug1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to pur*ase ! wa%$ & purifi$ article1 :i* is n z malodor\s z ! common v>ieties :i* us$ =m]ly to be sold by druggi/s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly explosive :5 mix$ 9 quantity ) ! air1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to use x 9 proximity to a light4 ,x has ! advantage ( de/roy+ at once ! imago1 ! l>va1 &1 p]haps1 ! eggs ( museum-pe/s4 ,! writ] makes x a po9t annually1 9 ! e>ly summ]1 to place suffici5t *lor(orm or c>bon bi*loride 9 8 cab9et draw]s to ext]m9ate any?+ t may be liv+ !re1 & ?us secures comp>ative immunity f insect attacks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in/ructions z to ! use ( labels may be re/rict$ to ! simple advice to make !m small en\gh to p]mit ( _! be+ plac$ ^u ! p9s be>+ ! insects1 & to h !m writt5 legibly4 ,( c\rse e label %\ld be>1 if x is possible = ! /ud5t to det]m9e !m1 ! g5]ic & ! specific names ( ! insects1 & t ( ! au?or ( ! specific "n1 toge!r ) ! date & locality ( capture4 ,9 writ+ labels a small cr[-quill p5 is to be pref]r$4 ,a great _m in/rum5ts ( diff]5t sorts w sugge/ !mselves to ! collector 9 ! process ( 8 labors z be+ m or less useful1 b none w prove m s ?an ! =ceps4 ,x is impossible to d good "w 9 ! cab9et )\t a =ceps1 & ^? made by ,blake1 ( ,philadelphia1 are ! v be/4 ,books to be ,consult$ by ! ,collector = fur!r ,in=mation z to ,me?ods ( ,manipulat+ ,specim5s4 ,pack>d3 ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects4 #hvo4 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,scudd]3 ,butt]flies4 #hvo4 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,kirby & ,sp5ce3 ,introduction to ,entomology4 ,v>i\s editions4 ,mc,cook3 ,am]ican ,spid]s4 ,/reck]3 ,am]ican ,mo?s & ,butt]flies4 ,a great deal ( practical & valuable in=mation is to be d]iv$ f ! pages ( ! foll[+ j\rnals3 ,! ,canadian ,entomologi/4 ,! ,bullet9 ( ! ,brooklyn ,entomological ,society4 ,psy*e4 ,names ( ,deal]s 9 ,entomological ,supplies :o are to be ,recomm5d$4 ,john ,akhur/1 #gh ,a%l& ,place1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y42 p9s1 etc4 ,john ,burr1 ,nor? ,fif? ,/reet1 ,camd51 ,n4,j42 boxes1 cab9ets1 etc4 ,arm/rong1 ,bro!r ,co41 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa42 cork4 ,! l>ge/ cork manufactur+ firm 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,w cut cork ( any size :i* may be ord]$1 )9 practical limits4 ,blake ,co41 #ee ,nor? ,sev5? ,/reet1 ,philadelphia2 =ceps4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,,g5]al ,,in=mation4 ,,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,insect ,,pe/s ,,& ,,poison+4 ,,! ,,pe/s4--,if an isl& ( b>e rock %\ld be born to-day 9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & an unpoison$ sk9 ( bird or mammal laid d[n ^u x to-morr[ morn+1 ,i w\ld wag] t ,d]me/es l>d>ius w\ld f9d t sk9 be=e sunset4 ,if y 7 to prep>e a sk9 )\t poison1 & lock x up imm$iately 9 ! b[els ( a burgl>-pro( safe1 n to be op5$ = six mon?s1 at ! end ( t "t y w\ld f9d x sw>m+ ) ,d]me/es4 ,if y ev] omit to poison any?+ 9 ! %ape ( a v]tebrate specim51 be sure y\r s9 & ! bea/ly bugs w f9d y out4 ,,d]me/es4--,! greate/ enemy ( ! zoological collector & cons]vator1 & "o :i* is _w-wide 9 its di/ribution1 is a small beetle1 "o-?ird ( an in* 9 l5g?1 commonly call$ ! bacon beetle4 ,its flight is r feeble1 b x gets !re j ! same4 ,! mo/ common species1 ,d]me/es l>d>ius1 is ( a d>k1 dirty-br[n color1 ) a broad1 transv]se b& ( dull gray encircl+ ! middle ( ! body4 ,! imago is n ( mu* consequ5ce z a de/roy]1 b ! l>va1 a na/y1 hairy1 br[n-back$1 & :ite-belli$ abom9ation half an in* long1 & ) an appetite l a hog1 is ! inc>nation ( all t is pe/if]\s4 ,a skull t has be5 r\gh$ out & put away )\t poison+ w soon be lit]ally sw>m+ ) ,d]me/es l>v1 & half-buri$ ) ! br[n1 p[d]y excrem5tation !y leave beh9d4 ,if ! curator ev] sees a f9e1 br[n du/ fall+ 9 little heaps out ( any "p ( a m\nt$ specim51 he may "k t ,d]me/es l>v are at "w4 ,n long ago ! ,national ,museum 0 visit$ by ano!r species ( ! bacon beetle1 ,d]me/es maculatus1 a gray-color$ v>iety1 beside :i* 8 cong5] seem$ h>mless & in(f5sive4 ,maculatus 0 an unmitigat$ t]ror4 ,he disda9$ to graze mode/ly on ! outside ( a specim51 z did l>d>ius1 b simply began to eat :]ev] he lit1 & w5t /raight 9 to a dep? ( an in* or s1 z if %ot out ( a gun4 ,an unhappy /uff$ monkey t once cross$ ! track ( ?is little fi5d _h half a doz5 neat r\nd holes eat5 ?r\gh ! dry sk9 ( 8 side1 & /raight on into ! h>d t[ fill+ = q an in*4 ,a gimlet c\ld n h done ! "w half s well4 ,! mo/ ridicul\s ?+ 0 t ?is insatiable little mon/] attack$ a pla/] ca/1 & bor$ x full ( holes also6 ,=tunately = ! ,national ,museum1 ! /ay ( ?is highly int]e/+ /rang] 0 ( brief duration4 ,he came 9 #ahhe1 & vani%$ t same ye>--s f> z my obs]vations w5t4 ,,mo?s4--,next 9 de/ructiv5ess are ! t9y mo?s1 ( :i* f\r species are to be f\ght 9 ! museum & ! h\sehold4 ,^! are ! clo!s mo? 7,t9ea flavifrontella71 ! fur mo? 7,t4 pelionella71 ! c>pet mo? 7,t4 tapetzella71 & ! gra9 mo? 7,t4 granella74 ,! p]fect mo? is ( c\rse by pref]5ce a night-fly+ insect1 & v seldom flies 9 ! daytime except :5 di/urb$4 ,! imago is h>mless1 b ! l>va--a t9y1 :ite worm no ?ick] ?an a p91 & ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?--w soon %ave ! hair (f an unpoison$ elk or de] head m smoo?ly ?an y c\ld d x ) ! be/ razor ev] made4 ,( c\rse mo? l>v are mo/ active & de/ructive dur+ ! bre$+ season--! w>m mon?s f ,may to ,octob]--b 9 w>m rooms !y sometimes keep at "w all ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,9 "o s5se ! mo? is ! zoologi/'s mo/ dread$ foe1 = ! reason t its "w is s subtle & unse54 ,(t5 ! fir/ intimation ! victim has ( ! pres5ce ( 8 enemy is :5 du/+ a favorite head he sudd5ly knocks (f a section ( hair half a foot squ>e1 expos+ und]nea? ! smoo?1 b>e sk9 cov]$ ) f9e gray du/4 ,! l>v ( ! mo? attack birds & quadrup$s 9 "o way only1 t is by eat+ ! roots ( ! hair or fea!rs1 & ! epid]mis4 ,m\nt$ heads ( l>ge rum9ant animals are ! p>ticul> prey ( ^! abom9able pe/s1 because !y _c be protect$ by glass cases1 & are seldom t\*$ save ) a fea!r du/]4 ,9 e?nological collections all ! g>m5ts ( sk9 & lea!r1 & all ! textile fabrics are subject to ! attacks ( ! ,t9eids1 z !y also are to ^? ( ! species to be notic$ next4 ,,an?r5us4--,al?\gh ,i h se5 ?is buffalo bug try h>d to make an impression on m\nt$ mammals1 ,i h n yet se5 x d h>m except to furs & lea!r or wool5 g>m5ts4 ,! adult buffalo bug 7,an?r5us lepidus7 is a t9y1 r\nd1 br[n beetle1 ) :ite spots on its elytra1 &1 z usual1 x is ! l>v t d ! mis*ief4 ,,symptoms ,,( ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,insect ,,pe/s4--,:5ev] little heaps ( br[n du/ are se5 accumulat+ "h & !re on a p$e/al und]nea? a m\nt$ specim51 "k t d]me/es are actively at "w some:]e above4 ,sometimes ! l>v w ev5 %[ !mselves on ! hair1 :i* means a bad case4 ,if a p]fect mo? is se5 fly+ 9 a case1 or re/+ on a specim51 se>* at once = ! l>v4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is to g ov] a specim5 ) a r\gh bru%1 or a comb1 to see if ! hair pulls out at any po9t4 ,if a tuft ( hair gives way at its roots1 & y see a b>e spot und]nea?1 x means mo? l>v4 ,,poison+4--,let u take fir/ ! case ( a m\nt$ specim5 :i* is kn[n to be infe/$ ) ! l>v ( ei!r ,d]me/es or ,t9eids4 ,x mu/ be treat$ ?or\ghly all ov] ) a p[]ful poison1 n only to kill ! insects already !re1 b to poison any l>v t may be hat*$ h]eaft] & seek to attack x4 ,if possible1 remove ! specim5 f its p$e/al1 & beat out ( x :atev] du/ x may conta94 ,procure a quantity ( alcohol suffici5t :5 dilut$ ) fifty p] c5t ( wat] to completely saturate ! hair 7or fea!rs7 ( ! specim51 & dissolve 9 x "s corrosive sublimate--ab\t "o ounce to e ?ree p9ts ( ! liquid4 ,! po9t to /rive = 9 mak+ up su* a solution is to make x z /rong ) ! corrosive sublimate z x c be )\t leav+ on d>k hair a gray 7or :ite7 deposit :5 ! liquid has evaporat$4 ,9 practice ,i always mix ! liquid1 & !n te/ x ) a tuft ( black or br[n hair4 ,if ! deposit left is q app>5t to ! eye1 a little m alcohol & wat] mu/ be add$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is simply ?is3 ,! alcohol1 be+ at once v p5etrat+ & v volatile1 & also capable ( comb9+ *emically ) ! corrosive sublimate1 is us$ z a vehicle = ! di/ribution ( ! poison4 ,! poison is c>ri$ to ! roots ( ! hair & left !re z a deposit :5 ! liquid evaporates4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ! me?od ( apply+ ?is solution is describ$4 ,ars5ic wat]1 also describ$ !re1 is equally good1 & any intellig5t p]son c make up ei!r solution & apply x successfully )\t ! slighte/ difficulty4 ,:5 ! specim5 has dri$1 ! hair mu/ be dress$ by bru%+ & comb+ x4 ,if ! :ite poison %[s on ! hair1 take a sponge1 & ) ei!r hot wat] or alcohol sponge (f ! surface ( ! hair1 leav+ all ! unse5 poison undi/urb$4 ,if y\r solution conta9s ! prop] am\nt ( poison1 & is ?or\ghly appli$1 ,i w>rant t insects w nev] aga9 t\* t specim51 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld exi/ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,x (t5 happ5s t mo?s get into cases ( birds1 or mammals1 or insects1 :i* _c be treat$ z above )\t damag+ ! specim5s4 ,9 su* an ev5t !re are sev]al poisons ( a volatile "* :i* give (f fumes s deadly t no insect c live 9 !m4 ,! be/ = ?is purpose is naph?al9e cry/als1 expos$ 9 ! cases 9 little bags made ( musquito-nett+1 us$ 9 abundant quantity1 & left 9 ! cases1 :i* mu/ ( c\rse be kept clos$ z tightly z possible4 ,9 insect collections ea* box %\ld h a little cone ( cry/als1#ab z a /&+ m5ace to all w\ld-be m>aud]s4 ,liquid or cry/al bisulphide ( c>bon1 expos$ 9 sauc]s on ! bottom ( a tightly clos$ case w also kill :atev] liv+ insects may be f\nd !re92 b x does n de/roy eggs1 & by ! "t x has evaporat$ ano!r g5]ation ( de/roy]s may h be5 born1 hungri] ?an ! fir/4 ,a half-ounce bag ( naph?al9e cry/als w la/ ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,smi?1 :o publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 vol4 i41 ,no4 #b1 p4 #aac1 a v int]e/+ pap] on ,museum ,pe/s1 f\nd 9 treat+ "s boxes ( coleopt]a t 7 infe/$ ) ,trogod]ma t bo? bisulphide ( c>bon & naph?al9e kill$ all l>v & imagoes1 & held all ! eggs 9 a dormant condition1 ev5 ?r\gh ! summ] mon?s1 until ! poison _h all evaporat$1 :5 ! eggs began to hat*4 ,at pres5t naph?al9e 9 ! =m ( cry/als has become ! mo/ popul> ( ! v>i\s volatile poisons1 & among orni?ologi/s1 mammalogi/s1 & entomologi/s is v g5]ally us$4 ,x prev5ts m\ld1 de/roys bact]ia & s*izomycetes2 ! salt is p]fectly neutral1 is n poison\s to man1 & is *eap1 co/+ only tw5ty-five c5ts p] p\nd4 ,,poison+ ,,textile ,,fabrics ,,& ,,sk9 ,,clo?+4--,objects ( ?is class c n be put ?r\gh any liquid poison1 = ! reason t "s w\ld be made h>d & /iff1 "s w\ld lose _! colors1 & all w\ld come out 9 bad %ape g5]ally4 ,to meet ! exig5cies ( su* cases "o alt]native is to poison ! atmosph]e ( an air-tight case ) "s ( ! volatile poisons already m5tion$1 & ! o!r is to treat ea* article ) "s p[]ful liquid poison1 appli$ z a f9e spray ) an ord9>y atomiz] ( gutta-p]*a1 :i* c be pur*as$ = f "o to two doll>s4 ,! imm5se collections ( ! dep>tm5t ( e?nology 9 ! ,national ,museum h necessitat$ a great am\nt ( poison+ 9 bo? ^! ways1 especially ! latt]1 :i* has ! m]it ( be+ p]man5t4 ,9 ! ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahhg1 vol4 ii41 pp4 #edi-eeh1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,h\gh has publi%$ a v complete1 lucid1 & valuable pap] on ,! ,pres]vation ( ,museum ,specim5s f ,insects1 & ! ,effects ( ,dampness1 :i* e zoological cons]vator %\ld read & hold = ready ref]5ce4 ,9 spray+ l>ge objects ,mr4 ,h\gh uses ei!r a ,%aw ,ge>y ,no4 #b air-compressor 7co/1 #ae7 or a f\r-nozzle gutta-p]*a atomiz] 7#b4ej71 & ! spray is f ! foll[+ solution3 ,saturat$ solution ( ars5ic acid & alcohol #a p9t4 ,/rong c>bolic acid #be drops4 ,/ry*n9e #bj gra9s4 ,alcohol 7/rong7 #a qu>t4 ,naph?a1 crude or ref9$ #a p9t4 ,= treat+ specim5s ( ord9>y size ) ! conc5trat$ fumes ( bisulphide ( c>bon1 ! ,national ,museum uses a galvaniz$ %eet-iron tank #c #b #b feet1 :i* has ar\nd its upp] edge a deep groove fill$ ) wat]1 into :i* ! rim ( ! cov] fits :5 ! tank is clos$4 ,! c5tre ( ! cov] conta9s an air-hole1 :i* is also capable ( be+ h]metically clos$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is tank %\ld be us$ 9 ! op5 air1 if possible1 s t ! fumes w n injure ! heal? ( ! op]ator4 ,,poison+ ,,rugs4--,x has long be5 a problem h[ to poison a fur rug to protect x f insects1 & yet to keep out ( x ! dry m9]al poisons :i* w\ld be injuri\s to ! heal? ( ! little ones1 ! dog1 & ! cat1 :o are t5ants 9 common ( ! be>-sk9 on ! floor4 ,mr4 ,f4,s4 ,web/] has solv$ ! difficulty by poison+ all 8 rugs on ! inside ) our old & valu$ fri5d1 ars5ical soap4 ,x /rikes into & ?r\gh ! sk91 ( c\rse1 &1 contr>y to previ\s expectations1 x is by no means (f5sive1 or ev5 noticeable by odor 9 ! f9i%$ rug4 ,,furs4--,ev5 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! ,city ( ,mo?s1 ,mrs4 ,hornaday c>ri$ ! family rugs & furs1 & all wool5 clo?+1 ?r\gh eight summ]s1 unsca!d1 by ! lib]al use ( camphor gum alone4 ,if ! crumbl$ gum is spr9kl$ lib]ally into ! folds ( any?+ :5 x is be+ fold$ or roll$ up1 its protection aga9/ mo?s is assur$4 ,,insect ,,p[d]s4--,= ! b5efit ( ! ,am]ican h\sewife ,i w m5tion ! fact t = ! complete annihilation ( ants1 roa*es1 wat]-bugs1 & ! l1 !re is no?+ t ,i "k ( t is s f>-rea*+ & s deadly z a p[d] produc$ 9 ,cali=nia call$ buhac1 co/+ sixty c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! price is high1 b ! p[d] is well wor? x--& ?is is an absolutely free adv]tisem5t4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,poisons ,,on ,,! ,,taxid]mi/4--,ars5ical soap is by all odds ! safe/ poison t c possibly be us$4 ,x gives (f no poison\s fumes :atsoev]1 its pres5ce 9 ! m\?1 nose1 or eyes is always detect$ in/antly1 & ! wor/ t x ev] does is to get into a cut or "u ! ends ( ! f+]-nails ( ! c>eless taxid]mi/1 & make a fe/]+ sore :i* is well 9 a few days--a purely local ill4 ,dry ars5ic is m injuri\s4 ,x sometimes poisons ! f+]s ( a c>eless op]ator1 & if x is inhal$ 9 ! =m ( du/ ! effect may be s]i\s4 ,a few p]sons are v susceptible to ! effects ( dry ars5ic1 o!rs are n4 ,if ! blood is 9 a heal?y condition !re is little to fe> f x1 except ?r\gh gross c>elessness4 ,i h us$1 all told1 probably m ?an a hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( ars5ic 9 v>i\s =ms1 & nev] _h an h\r's illness 9 consequ5ce1 nor any?+ m s]i\s ?an a sore f+]4 ,corrosive sublimate is mu* m p[]ful & m dang]\s4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a sk9 be=e x is m\nt$2 aft] m\nt+ x may1 ) c>e1 be us$ q safely4 ,/ry*n9e is f> too dang]\s to be us$ by a taxid]mi/ save 9 poison+ animals he wi%es to secure z sci5tific specim5s4 ,,footnote3 #ab ,made & sold by ,blake ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,,*apt] ,,xlv4 ,,useful ,,in=mation4 ,recipe = ,mak+ ,ars5ical ,soap4 ,:ite b> soap1 s(t r ?an h>d #b p\nds4 ,p[d]$ ars5ic #b ,camphor #e ounces4 ,subc>bonate ( pota% #f ,alcohol #h ,directions3 ,! soap %\ld be ! be/ quality ( laundry soap1 & ( su* composition t x c be r$uc$ ) wat] to any degree ( ?9ness4 ,soap :i* becomes l jelly :5 melt$ w n answ]1 & %\ld nev] be us$4 ,slice ! soap & melt x 9 a small quantity ( wat] ov] a sl[ fire1 /irr+ suffici5tly to prev5t its burn+4 ,:5 melt$ add ! pota%1 & /ir 9 ! p[d]$ ars5ic4 ,next add ! camphor1 :i* %\ld be dissolv$ 9 ! alcohol at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation4 ,/ir ! mass ?or\ghly1 boil x d[n to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick molasses1 & p\r x into an e>!n or wood5 j> to cool & h>d54 ,/ir x occasionally :ile cool+ to prev5t ! ars5ic f settl+ at ! bottom4 ,:5 cold x %\ld be l l>d or butt]4 ,= use1 mix a small quantity ) wat] until x resembles butt]milk1 & apply ) a common pa9t-bru%4 ,! prices *>g$ = ! manufactur$ article by *emi/s :o make ars5ical soap to sell are out ( all proportion to ! co/ & labor involv$1 & e taxid]mi/ :o uses mu* ( x %\ld by all means manufacture 8 own supply4 ,h5dley's ,enamel ,v>ni%4--,take equal p>ts ( e!r & alcohol1 mix !m1 & add "o-?ird z mu* gun-cotton4 ,to e gill ( ?is mixture add six drops ( olive-oil to give ela/icity4 ,x is a good plan to keep two bottles1 "o conta9+ ! v>ni% ready = use1 & ! o!r conta9+ ! prop] mixture ( e!r1 alcohol & olive oil1 to use 9 ?9n+ ! v>ni% :5 x gets too ?ick4 ,?is is a v sup]ior v>ni% be+ absolutely colorless1 & ( high gloss4 ,! ,wick]%eim] ,solution = ! ,pres]vation ( ,fle%y ,objects ,entire4-- ,alum #ejj gra9s4 ,salt #abe ,saltpetre #fj ,pota% #cjj ,ars5ic trioxide 7:ite ars5ic7 #ajj ,dissolve 9 "o qu>t ( boil+ wat]4 ,cool & filt]1 & = e qu>t ( solution add f\r qu>ts ( glyc]9e & "o qu>t ( alcohol4 ,imm]se ! objects to be pres]v$ 9 ?is solution1 & keep !m 9 x4 ,x is b little else ?an our old famili> fri5d1 ! salt-&-alum ba?1 ) en\gh glyc]9e add$ to prev5t ! excess ( alum f unduly h>d5+ & %rivel+ ! specim5s4 ,composition = ,use 9 ,model+ ,tongues1 ,m\?s1 & 9 ,g5]al ,fancy-,"w4--,procure #c p\nds :ite glue1 #a p9t raw l9se$ oil1 & #a p\nd ( res94 ,heat ! oil & res91 !n add hot glue & /ir ?or\ghly4 ,?ick5 ) ,p>is :ite until ! mixture has ! prop] consi/5cy to m\ld :5 w>m4 ,?is composition soon dries1 becomes v h>d1 & c be color$ or gild$4 ,fancy decorations ( any design c readily be made f m\lds ( pla/] or wood1 & be glu$ on to %ields & cases1 !reby sav+ ! exp5se ( c>v+4 ,! above is my own composition1 :i* ,i h successfully employ$ = _m ye>s4--7,j4,h4 ,batty47 ,composition = ,sn[ ,sc5es4--,cru% burnt alum ) a roll]1 & remove small lumps4 ,add fro/+1 :i* has be5 pulv]iz$ 9 a mort> to ! prop] degree ( f95ess4--7,batty47 ,v>ni% ,cutt] 7to remove old v>ni% f antl]s1 tee?1 wood1 or f ! surface ( an old oil-pa9t+74--,take a suffici5t quantity ( eighty or n9ety p] c5t alcohol1 & sl[ly p\r into x cle> spirits ( turp5t9e until ! mixture becomes ( a milky color4 ,!n cork ! bottle & %ake ! mixture ?or\ghly1 & x is ready = use4 ,apply x ) a small sponge1 rub ! surface vigor\sly = a mom5t only1 !n dip a rag 9 boil$ l9se$-oil & apply x to ! clean$ surface4 ,! v>ni% cutt] acts almo/ in/antly1 & if left on too long ! surface ( a pa9t+ might be injur$4 ,to ,prev5t ,m\ld 9 ,boxes ( ,specim5s4--,take "s c>bolic acid cry/als 7=ty c5ts p] p\nd71 melt !m 9 ! sun1 & ) ! result+ liquid acid pa9t ! entire inside ( ea* box1 &1 if possible1 pack cont5ts ) naph?al9e cry/als4 ,?is is efficaci\s 9 boxes ( small sk9s ( birds & mammals1 ( insects & ! l1 ev5 9 hot climates1 b ( c\rse does n apply to boxes ( l>ge specim5s :i* conta9 a great am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,to ,poli% ,h>d ,wood4--#a/4 ,rub ! surface ?or\ghly ) raw l9se$-oil1 turp5t9e1 & p[d]$ pumice-/one4 #b;d4 ,give ! surface a smoo? coat ( %ellac4 #c;d4 ,:5 dry1 take f9e s&-pap] & g ov] x r lightly4 #d?4 ,give ! surface a good coat ( h>d oil f9i% 7a :ite v>ni%71 & let x h>d54 #e?4 ,:5 q dry rub d[n ) raw oil1 turp5t9e1 & pumice-/one1 to s(t5 ! gloss ( ! v>ni%1 & give a poli% in/ead4 ,= rubb+1 use a piece ( hair-clo?1 or clean burlaps4 ,cem5t = ,gumm+ ,labels to ,m9]als & ,%ells4--,pulv]iz$ gum ,arabic1 #d ounces2 pulv]iz$ :ite sug>1 #b ounces2 />*1 #d dra*ms4 ,dissolve all sep>ately 9 z little wat] z conv5i5t4 ,dissolve />* 9 cold wat]1 !n /ir x into sug> wat]1 & !n t mixture into ! gum wat]4 ,boil ) great c>e1 z burn+ w spoil ! :ole4 ,x is well to use a t9 vessel rais$ f ! bottom ( ano!r vessel conta9+ wat]4 ,aft] ! />* ceases to make ! mixture look milky x is cook$1 b at lea/ an h\r's "t w be requir$4 ,keep 9 l>ge m\!d1 tightly cork$ bottles1 or :5 done p\r into a tray cov]$ ) /rong pap]1 spread+ x ev5ly ov] ! pap]1 & all[ x to dry4 ,:5 dry en\gh1 moi/5 back ( pap] & remove x f ! gum1 dry aga9 ?or\ghly1 break into fragm5ts & pres]ve = use 9 wide-m\? /opp]$ j>4--7,s\?wick ,j5ck's ,r&om ,notes47 ,ars5ic ,wat] 7= poison+ mammal sk9s1 etc474--,wat]1 #d qu>ts2 ars5ic1 #d ounces4 ,mix1 /ir & boil until ! ars5ic is all tak5 up4 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,furs ,,& ,,peltries4--,inasmu* z ! read]s ( ?is book may sometime desire to pres]ve a few mammal sk9s z furs1 or to be made up z rugs1 ,i w quote entire1 v]batim et lit]atim1 a circul> ( in/ructions lately issu$ by "o ( ! l>ge/ fur h\ses 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,messrs4 ,william ,macnaughtan's ,sons1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,obs]ve p>ticul>ly1 h[ev]1 t sk9s prep>$ ?us are utt]ly wor?less to ! taxid]mi/ & ! sci5tific museum4 ,!y are good = furs only3 ,directions = ,fur ,collectors & ,trapp]s1 to ,insure ,high ,prices1 ,ready ,sales1 & ,save f ,losses ?r\gh ,ignorance4--',cas$3' ,erm9e1 fi%]1 fox1 lynx1 m>t91 m9k1 opossum1 ott]1 skunk1 mu/ be 'cas$1' t is1 n cut op54 ,9 sk9n+1 cut at ! rump1 & turn ! sk9 inside out 7l a glove7 ov] ! body ( ! animal1 leav+ ! pelt side out4 ,!n aft] scrap+1 clean+1 & dry+1 turn ! sk9 back aga9 :ile x is s(t & easily manag$1 leav+ ! fur side out4 ,!n put a ?9 bo>d inside ! sk91 cut ! natural %ape ( x1 /ret*+ ! sk9 to its fulle/ ext5t1 b n s mu* z to make ! fur ?94 ,too mu* /ret*+ spreads ! fur ov] a l>ge surface1 & makes x ?9 & lack+ 9 ri*ness4 ,a lib]al supply ( good bo>ds %\ld be kept on h&4 ,nev] use b5t /icks1 b[s1 or any?+ irregul> 9 %ape or t yields4 ,:5 ! above are 'op5$' !y h a ,s\!rn appe>ance t less5s ! value greatly4 ',op53' badg]1 be>1 beav]1 cats1 raccoon1 wolves1 wolv]9e1 mu/ be 'op52' t is1 cut op51 up ! belly f rump to head4 ,aft] scrap+1 clean+1 & dry+1 /ret* a uni=mly oblong %ape1 to ! fulle/ ext5t ( ! sk91 b n s mu* z to make ! fur ?94 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry1 trim (f legs1 %anks1 flipp]s1 & any little pieces t spoil ! appe>ance ( sk94 ,exceptions3 ,skunk1 long /ripe1 su* z come f ! ,t]ritories & sections ( ,cali=nia1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 & ,i[a1 cut op5 & /ret* oblong1 z expla9$4 ,skunk1 ) ! :ite /ripe 7or any portion7 %av$ out1 black5$1 or tamp]$ )1 mu/ be collect$ at half price4 ,opossum f ,indian ,t]ritory1 cut op51 & /ret* oblong z expla9$4 ,*op (f ! tails :]e ! fur ends1 z !y make opossum look poorly & less5 _! value4 ,beav] are sometimes /ret*$ almo/ r\nd1 b appe> v mu* bett] /ret*$ oblong4 ,value by ! sk91 nev] by ! p\nd4 ,!y rapidly lose heavily 9 weight4 ,!y br+ mo/ sold by ! sk94 ,muskrats mu/ be 'cas$1' b ) fur side 94 ,*op (f ! tails z expla9$4 ,sk9 at ! nose & make rumps squ>e4 ,r\nd tails h less value & d n sell well4 ,muskrats mu/ n be injur$ by %oot+ or spe>+4 ,trap !m4 ,sk9s t h dri$ )\t prop] c>e c be treat$ same z fre%1 gre5 sk9s4 ,o!rwise !y h no value4 ,dissolve a h&ful ( common salt 9 a pail ( fre% wat]1 & apply frequ5tly ) bru% or rag 7to pelt side only1 z x spoils appe>ance to wet ! fur7 until ! pelt becomes p]fectly s(t4 ,!n h&le z expla9$4 ,! same ) 'op5' sk9s4 ,cautions3 ,d n cure ) alum or salt4 ,x injures !m = dress+ & spoils _! sale4 ,d n dry sk9s at a fire1 or 9 ! sun1 or 9 smoke4 ,x (t5 'burns' !m2 :5 !y !n spoil1 & ru9 on be+ dress$4 ,dry 9 ! op5 air :]e %ady4 ,meaty sk9s (t5 'burn4' ,! meat & fat on !m heats & 'burns' !m1 & !y !n g to pieces & rot on be+ dress$4 ,too mu* w>m? curls & spoils ! top fur or hair4 ,nev] /uff furs ( any k9d2 dry & /ret* z expla9$4 ,d n /ret* out ! noses & make !m po9t$4 ,x gives a ,s\!rn appe>ance & less5s value4 ,d n cut (f heads1 e>s1 or noses1 or mutilate 9 any way4 ,x less5s value & injures sales4 ,remove z mu* ( bone f tail z possible1 o!rwise ! tail rots4 ,trapp+3 ,fur-be>+ animals mu/ n be kill$ till !y h at lea/ a fair gr[? ( fur4 ,/op trapp+ z soon 9 e>ly spr+ z ! fur beg9s to %$ or becomes ?91 or a little fad$4 ,^! too e>ly or too late caught furs are a disgrace to fur trapp]s & collectors1 & a wa/eful1 wor?less slaught]4 ,,*apt] ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,be/ ,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,= ,,! ,,taxid]mi/ ,,& ,,collector4 ,x is manife/ly impossible ev5 to "n "u ?is head a t5? "p ( ! excell5t books :i* might well be giv5 place4 ,x is also inexp$i5t to include 9 a li/1 t mu/ ( necessity be brief1 ! names ( special works relat+ to ! fauna ( o!r c\ntries ?an ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,hav+ be5 f fir/ to la/ a dilig5t us] ( books 9 ! c\rse ( my "w1 & ev] on ! al]t = some?+ new 9 pr9t$ ^w or picture t w\ld be ( practical use1 ,i w give "h ! titles ( ! books t h prov5 ( ! greate/ practical value to me4 ,i mu/ also 9 ?is connection /rongly urge ! "y taxid]mi/ & collector to supply himself ) z _m ( ^! /&>d works z he c possibly procure4 ,if dilig5tly /udi$ !y are b\nd to save him f _m an error1 & ri*ly repay _! co/4 ,,g5]al ,,zoology ,,& ,,classification4 ,/eele's ,popul> ,zoology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4,w4,p4 ,j5ks4 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 ,new ,york4 #a4jj4 ,a model manual2 ( great value to ! /ud5t because ( its cle>ness1 concis5ess1 & weal? ( in=mation4 ,copi\sly & elegantly illu/rat$4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london2 also ,transactions4 ,conta9s a great numb] ( f9e animal plates ( mu* value to pr(essional taxid]mi/s4 ,! s]ies is ext5sive & v co/ly1 & is !re=e usually inaccessible except :5 x c be rea*$ 9 "s sci5tific libr>y4 ,,on ,,mammals4 ,illu/rat$ ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,mammals4 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,wood4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,price ab\t #d4jj4 ,get ! orig9al edition if possible4 ,?is book has be5 ( m help to me ?an any o!r ,i h ev] f\nd4 ,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,audubon & ,ba*man4 ,out ( pr9t & difficult to obta91 b v valuable4 ,! ,mammalia1 9 ,^w & ,picture4 ,by ,c>l ,vogt & ,f4 ,spe*t4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,geo4 ,g4 ,*i%olm4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #a-e ,bond ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 ,sup] royal #dto4 #ab4jj4 ,?is great "w conta9s ! f9e/ illu/rations ( mammals1 bo? s+ly & 9 gr\ps1 ev] publi%$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,! gr\ps repres5t$ are wond]fully f9e & life-l1 & mu/ be se5 to be appreciat$4 ,no mammal taxid]mi/ c af=d to be )\t ?is "w4 ,,on ,,birds4 ,! ,am]ican ,orni?ologi/'s ,union ,code ( ,nom5clature1 & ,*eck-,li/ ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds4 ,l4,s4 ,fo/]1 #ce ,p9e ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city4 #c4jj4 ,indisp5sable to ! ,am]ican collector1 because x is ! highe/ au?ority on ! classification & nom5clature ( ,nor? ,am]ican birds4 ,?anks to ?is "w1 x is no long] necess>y to take a daily pap] 9 ord] to keep po/$ on ! late/ *anges 9 bird nom5clature4 ,! names adopt$ by ,baird 7#aheh71 ,c\es 7#ahgc71 ,ridgway 7#ahhj71 & ,c\es 7#ahhb7 are all giv54 ,no illu/rations4 ,key to ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds4 ,by ,dr4 ,elliott ,c\es4 ,e/es ,lauriat1 ,bo/on4 #g4ej4 ,?is great "w--indisp5sable to e orni?ologi/--consi/s ( a ma/]ly treatise on sy/ematic orni?ology & ! anatomy ( birds1 a key by :i* ev5 ! tyro c le>n to analyze any ,am]ican bird & id5tify x1 & also a valuable treatise on ,field ,orni?ology1 or bird-collect+4 ,nom5clature ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds4 ,rob]t ,ridgway4 ,sold by ,f4,b4 ,web/]1 #dji ,wa%+ton ,/reet1 ,bo/on4 #g4ej4 ,especially design$ = use 9 ! det]m9ation ( species4 ,illu/rat$ ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,birds4 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,wood4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,price ab\t #d4jj4 ,get ! orig9al edition4 ,to a bird taxid]mi/ ?is is ! mo/ valuable book ev] publi%$ 9 a s+le volume1 because ( its weal? ( excell5t illu/rations4 ,( special value 9 m\nt+ /range =eign birds4 ,bew>e ( ! lat] editions4 ,/ud]'s ,birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/rat$ by ,!odore ,jasp]4 ,l>ge royal qu>to4 ,jacob ,h4 ,/ud]1 ,new ,york4 #be4jj4 ,conta9s #aai plates1 & a color$ figure ( e species ( ,nor? ,am]ican bird kn[n at ! date ( its publication4 ,a notable "w4 ,! illu/rations are ( great value to "y taxid]mi/s z models by :i* to m\nt birds4 ,birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,j4,j4 ,audubon4 ,?is sup]b "w is out ( pr9t2 r>e & co/ly4 ,! octavo edition is to be f\nd 9 mo/ l>ge libr>ies1 h[ev]1 & e bird taxid]mi/ %\ld at lea/ "k :]e ! copy ne>e/ to him is to be f\nd1 & h[ to ga9 access to x 9 "t ( ne$4 ,oology ( ,new ,engl&4 ,e4,a4 ,cap54 ,sold by ,frank ,b4 ,web/]1 #dji ,wa%+ton ,/reet1 ,bo/on4 #h4ge4 ,?is is ! f9e/ illu/rat$ "w on birds' eggs ev] publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,on ,,reptiles4 ,illu/rat$ ,natural ,hi/ory3 ,reptiles4 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,wood4 ,r\tl$ge1 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,uni=m ) volumes on ,mammals & ,birds4 ,,on ,,fi%es4 ,am]ican ,fi%es4 ,g4 ,br[n ,goode4 ,/&>d ,book ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 #e4jj4 ,an elegant "w1 ( conv5i5t size4 ,compreh5sive & em95tly useful4 ,fully illu/rat$4 ,no collector or /ud5t ( ,am]ican fi%es c af=d to be )\t x4 ,! ,fi%]y ,indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,section ,i4 ,by ,g4 ,br[n ,goode & ,associates4 #b vols4 ,complete & exhau/ive1 bo? 9 text & plates1 & v valuable4 ,gov]nm5t publication4 ,sold at co/ by ! ,u4,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,wa%+ton4 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,fi%es4 ,alb]t ,gun!r4 ,a4 ,c4 ,black1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,on ,,insects4 ,see ! end ( ,*apt] ,,xliv4 ,,on ,,inv]tebrates4 ,! ,ocean ,_w4 ,l\is ,figui]4 ,cassell ,co41 ,new ,york4 #b4ej4 ,rec5t & ,fossil ,%ells4 ,s4,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,london4 ,john ,weale1 #ahef4 7,apply to ,b]n>d ,qu>it*1 ,london47 ,a v h&y & useful manual = ! field4 ,_m illu/rations4 ,price ab\t #a4ej4 ,/ructural & ,sy/ematic ,con*ology4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,tryon4 ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces4 #ab4jj4 ,a great "w2 complete1 exhau/ive1 & ri*ly illu/rat$4 ,,= ,,sugge/ions ,,( ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,animals4 ,homes ,)\t ,h&s4 ,rev4 ,j4,g4 ,wood4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 ,london4 ,price ab\t #c4jj4 ,mammalia 9 ,^w & ,picture4 ,spe*t & ,vogt1 already describ$4 ,,miscellane\s4 ,! ,sportsman's ,libr>y1 z adv]tis$ by ! ,=e/ & ,/ream ,publi%+ ,company1 #cah ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 conta9s an attractive & valuable selection ( books on subjects ( special int]e/ to ! sportsman1 naturali/1 & travell]4 ,x includes books by speciali/s on su* subjects z ,camp+ & ,trapp+1 ,hunt+ & ,%oot+1 ,angl+1 ,boat+ & ,ya*t+1 ,guide-,books & ,maps1 ,horse1 ,k5nel1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & miscellane\s works4 ,! li/1 z a :ole1 is an excell5t "o to select f4 ,( c\rse no "o ) a sp>k ( int]e/ 9 hunt+ & ! natural hi/ory ( ! high] v]tebrates w be )\t ,=e/ & ,/ream--a :ole sportsman's & naturali/'s libr>y 9 itself1--or ,! ,field1 or ,sports ,afield4 ,no "y orni?ologi/ c get along )\t 8 be/ fri5d1 ! ,orni?ologi/ & ,oologi/1 & x w\ld inde$ be rank h]esy = ! pr(essional bird-man to ignore ! /ately & infallible ,auk4 ,,index4 ,accessories1 artificial1 #cch-cci natural1 #bdg ,africa1 de/ruction ( game 91 #b ,agassiz1 ,pr(essor ,l\is1 #gb ,agassiz ,tank1 = alcoholic specim5s1 #gb-gc ,albatross1 #fb ,alces mal*is1 #bdh ,alcohol1 pres]vation ( specim5s 91 #ff1 #gj1 #ga-ge1 #hc1 #abg1 #bjb-bjd ,alcoholomet]1 #ge ,aldri*1 ,p4,w41 #bai ,alectorides1 treatm5t (1 #fe ,alligators1 collect+1 #ff-fh m\nt+1 #bjd-bjf skeletons (1 #bic-bid ,alum1 use (1 #cb1 #de1 #ea1 #fa1 #fh1 #aae1 #afb ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #aji1 #bcf1 #bdi ,ammonia1 use (1 #cbb ,anatomy1 caution aga9/ detail$ ext]nal1 #aab ,ant5n1 #ccb ,an?r5us1 #ccf1 #cda ,apes1 treatm5t ( l>ge1 #dc-de ,app>atus = dry+ l>v1 #cae = inflat+ l>v1 #cad = m\nt+ l>v1 #cae ,ars5ic1 use (1 #cb1 #ea1 #fd1 #aae1 #adh1 #aea1 #cdd-cde ,ars5ic wat]1 #cdb1 #cdh ,ars5ical soap1 use (1 #cb1 #de1 #ea1 #fa1 #fe1 #fh1 #aah1 #acb1 #adh1 #afb1 #afg recipe = mak+1 #cdf ,artificial bran*es1 #abg foliage 9 gr\p1 #bch-bci ,attitudes ( animals1 #aaa1 #aba1 #aga-agb1 #aib1 #bje ( skeletons1 #bhh ,backgr\nds1 pa9t$1 = cases & gr\ps1 #bba-bbb ,bailly1 ,jules ,f4,d41 grotesque gr\ps by1 #bbg ,ba?1 see ,salt-&-alum ba? ,batra*ians1 #bjb-bjc ,bats1 m\nt+1 on glass1 #abg-abh m\nt+ skeletons (1 #bia ,battle 9 ! ,tree-tops1 #bcc1 #bcd ,beetles1 collect+1 9 alcohol1 #cbh frame = m\nt+1 #ccj ,bird1 names ( ext]nal p>ts (1 #dg ,birds1 arrangem5t ( fea!rs on1 #ahb collect+1 be/ season =1 #af collect+ sk9s ( small1 #df-eg det]m9ation ( sex 91 #ef gr\ps (1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bdi-bej m\nt+ l>ge1 #aia-aig m\nt+ small1 #ahc-aij m\nt+ skeletons (1 #bhg1 #bib-bic pa9t+ m\nt$1 #bef relax+ dry sk9s (1 #agi-ahb %oot+1 z a pa/ime1 #ah skeletoniz+1 #bgf-bgh sk9n+ l>ge1 #eh-fe wrapp+ sk9s (1 #ec-ee ,bison1 ,am]ican1 ext]m9ation ( !1 #a gr\p (1 by ! au?or1 #bcd-bce1 #bde1 #bdf manik9 =1 #adh m\nt+ ! skeleton (1 #bif specim5s (1 collect$ by au?or1 #bcd ,blood on specim5s1 #db1 #dg1 #aih1 #bja ,body1 artificial1 = birds1 #ahd1 #aia-aib ,bone-scrap]s1 #bhf ,books ( ref]5ce on birds1 #ceb on fi%es1 #ced on g5]al zoology1 #cea on gr\ps ( animals1 #cee on insects1 #ccg on inv]tebrates1 #ced on mammals1 #ceb 9 ,sportsman's ,libr>y1 #cee miscellane\s1 #cee ,boxes = collect+ insects1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #ccb = exhibit+ insects1 #cce-ccf = relax+ sk9s1 #ahj = tools1 #aa ,bre$+-cages1 #cag1 #cah ,bre$+ l>v1 #caf-cai ,bru%es = pa9t+ specim5s1 #beb ,buffalo1 see ,bison ,butt]flies1 bre$+ l>v (1 #cag collect+1 #cbe1 #ccb ,cages = bre$+ l>v1 #cag1 #cah ,capyb>a1 #ajc ,c>bon bisulphide1 use (1 #ccf1 #cdb ,c>bolic acid1 use (1 #fa1 #cbc cry/als prev5t m\ld1 #cdh ,c>v+ wood5 skulls & leg bones1 #ajd-ajf ,c>pocapsa1 #cjf ,cases ( ornam5tal taxid]my1 #bbj-bbd ,ca/s1 #ba1 #be mak+ m\lds &1 #bei-bgj ( mammals 9 ! fle%1 #bfh ( fi%es & reptiles1 #bfi-bgj pa9t+ pla/]1 #beg ,cass[>y1 #fa ,cat a difficult subject1 #abg ,*impanzee1 #dc-dd ,*lor(orm1 use (1 #cbb1 #ccf ,*elonia1 collect+1 #fh-gj m\nt+1 #bjf-bjg ,*loride ( lime1 #hh1 #hi ,clay1 ,colonel ,cecil1 moose collect$ & pres5t$ by1 #bdh ,clay z a fill+ mat]ial1 #aab-aac1 #aai1 #abd1 #afg1 #bjg1 #baa prep>ation (1 = use1 #aac1 #adh ,clean+ fea!rs1 #fe sk9s ( mammals1 #ajb-ajd ,clo?+ & food1 #d ,collect+1 be/ seasons =1 #af -boxes = insects1 #cbc-cbd by amateurs1 #ag eggs ( insects1 #cji-caa fi%es1 #ga-gi insects1 #cbj-cbg j> = insects1 #cba l>ge mammal sk9s1 #cg-de m>9e inv]tebrates1 #hj-hi ne/s & eggs1 #ij-ig reptiles1 #ff-gj small birds1 #df-eg small mammal sk9s1 #bd-cf %ells1 #he-hi specim5s = gr\ps1 #bcg1 #bdc-bdd ,collectors1 "* ( ideal1 #c1 #df fire>ms =1 #i1 #ab gold5 rule =1 #bj ne$ ( skilful1 #a-c outfits =1 #h-ae ,colors1 h[ to h&le1 #bec-bee k9ds (1 #beb li/ (1 #bc necessity ( record+1 #bb1 #be1 #dc1 #dh1 #ga-gb ,color+ s(t p>ts1 #aac-aad1 #bec-bee ,combs1 furri]'s /eel1 #cf ,com+ to ! ,po9t1 #bba-bbb ,composition = use 9 model+1 #cdg = sn[ sc5es1 #cdg ,corals1 collect+ & clean+1 #ha-hc ,corn meal z an absorb5t1 #ei1 #fd1 #aih ,cornell ,univ]sity insect-h\se1 #cah ,corrosive sublimate solution1 #aea1 #cda1 #cde ,cotton1 use (1 9 mak+ bird sk9s1 #eb-ed ,crabs1 clean+ & m\nt+1 #bag-bah ,cranes1 #fe ,crocodiles1 collect+1 #ff-fh m\nt+1 #bjd-bjf skeletons (1 #bic-bid ,cru/aceans1 clean+ & m\nt+1 #bag-bah ,cyanide ( pota%1 #cba1 #cbc ,dead game panels1 #bbd ,d]me/es l>d>ius1 #fd1 #ccf1 #cci maculatus1 #cdj ,design+ gr\ps1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #bdd-bde ,ducks & _! treatm5t1 #fd ,e>1 treatm5t ( !1 #de1 #abe1 #afj-afb1 #afg ,e*9i1 collect+ & pres]v+1 #hd ,eggs1 bl[+1 #ie collect+ & pres]v+1 #id-ig remov+ embryos f1 #if ,eggs ( insects1 #cji-caa h[ deposit$1 #cji-caj h[ devitaliz$1 #caj h[ pres]v$1 #caj-caa ,elephant1 prize won by1 #ada ,elephants1 fire>ms = hunt+1 #ab pres]v+ sk9 (1 #da ,embryos1 removal (1 #ie1 #if ,emu1 #fa ,enamel v>ni%1 ,h5dley's1 #cdf ,entomological supplies1 #ccg ,entomology1 economic1 #cjf ,envelopes = insects1 #cbh ,excelsior1 use (1 #adg1 #adh ,expression1 #afi1 #aga-agb ,ext]m9ation1 animals ?reat5$ )1 #a ,eye1 treatm5t ( !1 #dd1 #abd1 #afj1 #afi1 #agb1 #ahh1 #aif1 #bab ,eyes1 clean+ glass1 #agg ,fea!rs1 clean+1 #fe1 #aih-bja di/ribution (1 on bird's body1 #ahb ,felid z taxid]mic subjects1 #aga ,fill+ = dry sk9s1 #cc1 #eb1 #fj1 #aff = necks1 #aff sk9s ( mammals1 #abi1 #acj1 #acb1 #ach small mammals1 #abb-abe ,f9i%+ a small mammal1 #abc-abg l>ge m\nt$ mammals1 #aej-aee ,fire>ms1 #i1 #ab ,fire-scre5s1 fea!r1 #bbe ,fi% m$allions1 #bac ,fi%es1 c>tilag9\s1 treatm5t (1 #gg-gh1 #bad-baf field notes on1 #ga museum collections (1 #bjh-bji m\nt+1 #bjh-baf pa9t+ ca/s (1 #beg pa9t+ m\nt$1 #bef pres]v+ entire1 #gc-ge skeletons (1 #gh1 #bid sk9n+1 #gf-gg ,flam+oes1 gr\p (1 #bcb-bcc ,florida1 collect+ 91 #hj-hg ,foot1 treatm5t ( !1 #dd1 #aib1 #aid ,fossil skeletons1 #bhj ,fra9e1 ,?omas ,w41 #bai fire-scre5s by1 #bbe ,frogs1 grotesque gr\ps (1 #bbg ,furniture ( taxid]mic laboratory1 #ajj ,furs & peltries1 treatm5t (1 #cdi ,game panels1 #bbd ,g>man1 ,samuel1 quotation f1 #bjc ,gasol9e1 #cce ,geese1 #fd-fe ,gelat9e m\lds1 #bfe ,goode1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,br[n1 #gb1 #bcd1 #bea ,am]ican ,fi%es1 by1 #ced ,fi%]y ,indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by1 #ced ,gorilla1 #dc1 #dd1 #acj ,gov]nm5t ,museum at ,madras1 #bjh ,grease1 on sk9s1 #ei1 #fd1 #fe removal (1 f insects1 #cce removal (1 f birds1 #aia-bja ,grotesque gr\ps1 #bbg ,gr\p ( antelope1 #bce ( buffaloes1 #bcd-bce1 #bdf ( coyotes1 #bcd ( flam+oes1 #bcb-bcc ( moose1 #bce1 #bdg ( musk ox51 #bce ,gr\ps by ,european taxid]mi/s1 #bcj1 #bci = special exhibition1 #bci ( birds1 #bcb1 #bcd ( orang-utans1 #bca1 #bcb ,gr\p-mak+1 g5]al pr9ciples (1 #bcg-bdj ) birds1 #bdi-bej ) l>ge mammals1 #bdd-bdh ) small mammals1 #bda-bdd ) reptiles1 #bej-bea ,guides 9 hunt+ & collect+1 #d ,gum = labels1 #cdh ,hair1 treatm5t (1 #abf1 #abg1 #aej1 #afi glu+ on1 #aee-aeg ,h& ( an?ropoid ape1 #acj ,h>es1 see ,rabbits ,hatt]ia punctata1 #bjd ,hawks1 gr\p (1 by ,f4,a4 ,lucas1 #bbd ,head1 f9i%+ a small mammal's1 #abd f9i%+ a bird's1 #ahh ,heads1 exhortation to sportsm5 reg>d+1 #aeh h[ to cut (f1 #aei h[ to sk91 pres]ve1 & m\nt1 #aei-agh ,heal?1 pres]vation (1 #d ,h]on1 neck ( a1 #aie-aif prize won by ,f4,s4 ,web/] )1 #aie-aif sk9s1 #ei1 #fj1 #fe ,hexan*us griseus1 #bad ,holl&1 ,dr4 ,w4,j41 au?or ( ,"p ,v41 #fa1 #cje-cch advice f1 to insect collectors1 #cbd1 #cbg collect+-boxes devis$ by1 #cbc ,japanese insects collect$ by1 #ccc ,homes ,)\t ,h&s1 #ic ,hornaday1 ,william ,t41 advocacy ( pa9t$ backgr\nds by1 #bba-bbc use ( clay by1 #aab prizes won by1 #ada1 #bbb1 #bcc new me?od ( m\nt+ bats by1 #abg developm5t ( clay-cov]$ manik9 by1 #adj me?od ( head-m\nt+ develop$ by1 #afc ,hornaday1 ,william ,t41 new treatm5t ( fel9e tongues by1 #agd new me?od ( mak+ ape's h&s by1 #acj-aca new me?od ( m\nt+ fi%es by1 #baa1 #bac-bad museum gr\ps advocat$ by1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcd gr\ps ( mammals m\nt$ by1 #bca1 #bcd-bce ,human figure 9 gr\ps1 #bci-bdj ,hunt+1 h9ts on1 #ac1 #ad ! alligator & crocodile1 #fg ,hygi5e1 pr9ciples (1 #e ,ice1 artificial1 #bbj ,inflation ( l>v1 #cab-caf ,insect labels1 #cbi1 #ccg nets1 #cbj pe/s1 #ccf1 #cci-cda p9s1 #cbi-ccj ,insects1 boxes =1 #cce-ccf bre$+-cages =1 #cag1 #cah c>ry+-boxes =1 #ccc classification (1 #cje-cjh collect+ p]fect1 #cbj-cbg collect+-boxes =1 #cbc-cbd dry+1 #ccc eggs (1 #cji-caa effect ( light on1 #ccf h\se = bre$+1 #cah kill+1 be/ me?ods (1 #cba-cbb m\nts =1 #cbi m\nt+1 #cbi-ccb m\ld 9 collections (1 #ccd-cce p9n+1 #ccj-ccb poison+ collections (1 #ccf ravages (1 #cjf relax+ dri$1 #ccd remov+ grease f1 #cce sett+-bo>ds =1 #ccj-cca /uff+1 #ccc ,inv]tebrates1 m>9e1 #hj-hi ,w>d's catalogue (1 #ha ,iron squ>e1 !1 #acf-acg ,irons = necks ( mammals1 #acb legs ( mammals1 #acj1 #aca1 #ade ,javelle wat]1 = skeletons1 #bhg ,j5ks1 ,pr(essor ,j4,w4,p41 au?or ( ,/eele's ,popul> ,zoology1 #cea ,jesup1 ,morris ,k41 bird gr\ps ord]$ by1 #bce ,key to ,nor? ,am]ican ,birds1 #dh1 #ceb ,kill+-knife1 #ae -j>1 = insects1 #cba ,knives = a collector1 #ae1 #di ,label+1 #bc1 #gb1 #id1 #ig1 #chg1 #cdh ,laboratory1 taxid]mic1 #ii-aja ,lac]tilia1 #ff1 #bjb-bjc ,lamelliro/res1 treatm5t (1 #fd ,l>v1 bre$+ & re>+1 #caf-cai collect+1 #caa ,l>v1 dry+1 #cae inflation (1 #caf m\nt+1 #cae prep>ation (1 #cab trans=mation (1 #cab ,leaves1 artificial1 #bbj ,leg-bones1 value (1 #cb1 #cc1 #db ,leg-irons1 be/ atta*m5t =1 #acf-acg h[ to prep>e & atta*1 #adc-adg ,leg-wires1 atta*m5t (1 9 birds1 #aic ,legs1 ( l>ge mammals1 mak+1 #acj-adg ( small bird1 wir+1 #ahd-ahf ( small mammals1 mak+1 #aaf-aah treatm5t (1 9 sk9n+1 #cc1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa ,lepidopt]a1 #cag-cah ,ligam5t>y skeletons1 clean+1 #bhf m\nt+1 #bhh ,lion1 #aga-agb ,liquors1 hurtfulness ( intoxicat+1 #f ,liz>ds1 #ff1 #bjb-bjd ,lob/]1 h[ to clean & m\nt1 #bag-bah ,longip5nes1 treatm5t (1 #fb ,lucas1 ,fr$]ic ,a41 #fi1 #bai1 #bbc1 #bgf "w 9 ,national ,museum by1 #bhh gr\p ( turtles by1 #bej gr\p ( hawks by1 #bbd wall-cases ( birds by1 #bbd ,mac]at+ skeletons1 #bhb-bhd ,mammals1 collect+1 be/ seasons =1 #af glu+ hair on m\nt$1 #aee-aeg gr\ps ( l>ge1 #bca1 #bcd gr\ps ( small1 #bcd1 #bda1 #bdd m\nt+1 g5]al pr9ciples (1 #aji-aad m\nt+ gr\ps (1 see ,gr\ps m\nt+ heads (1 #afc-agh m\nt+ m$ium-siz$1 #abi-acd m\nt+ l>ge1 #ace-adi m\nt+ small1 #aae-abh m\nt+ skeletons (1 #bhi-bic pa9t+ m\nt$1 #bed-bee relax+ dry sk9s (1 #ajb skeletoniz+1 #bgc-bgi trapp+ & poison+ small1 #ah treatm5t ( sk9s ( small1 #bd-cf treatm5t ( sk9s ( l>ge1 #cg-de ,manik91 advantages ( !1 #ada1 #adb h[ to con/ruct ! be/1 #adb-adi requir$ = l>ge/ birds1 #aic ,mayn>d rifle1 recomm5dation ( !1 #ab1 #ac1 #ae ,m$allions1 bird1 by ,f4,s4 ,web/]1 #bbe fi%1 #bac ,measurem5ts1 ( birds1 #bj1 #dh1 #aia ( l>ge mammals1 #cg-ci ( small mammals1 #bd ,m$ic9es1 collector's outfit (1 #e1 #f ,microscopic slides ( insects' eggs1 #caa ,model+ an op5 m\?1 #agb-agg -tools1 #agc ,monkeys1 treatm5t (1 #dc-dd ,moose1 gr\p (1 9 ,national ,museum1 #bdg ,montana1 natural accessories f1 #bdg ,mo?1 de/ructiv5ess ( ! codl+1 #cjf ,mo?s 9 museum collections1 #cdj1 #cda ,m\ld1 9 insect collections1 #cdd1 #cde precautions aga9/1 #fa1 #cdh ,m\lds1 gelat9e1 #bfe mak+ piece1 #bei-bfc mak+ wa/e1 #bfc-bfe ,m\?1 expression ( !1 #aga model+ !1 #agb ,muriatic acid1 use (1 #ha1 #hh1 #hi ,museum1 ,am]ican1 #aji1 #bcf1 #bdi ,briti%1 #bce ,comp>ative ,zoology1 #bjb1 #bjc ,gov]nm5t1 at ,madras1 #bjh ,unit$ ,/ates ,national1 #ig1 #aji1 #bji1 #bba1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bda1 #bea1 #bgj1 #cdc ,naph?al9e cry/als1 use (1 #cce1 #cdb1 #cdc ,neck irons1 #ajg1 #acj1 #acb1 #ach treatm5t ( !1 #fj1 #fe1 #aei1 #afe1 #aff1 #afi1 #aie ( a h]on1 #aie ( a trophy head1 #aei1 #afe ,ne$les1 extra long1 = sew+ manik9s1 #ajg ,ne/s1 collect+1 #ia-ic display+1 #id ,nets = insects1 #cbj ,nose1 treatm5t ( !1 #dd ,no/rils1 treatm5t ( !1 #afi ,notes1 field1 #bb ,oologi/1 outfit = an1 #ia "w ( an1 #ij-ig ,oology ( ,new ,engl&1 #bbe1 #cec ,ophidi1 #ff1 #bjb ,opossums1 gr\p (1 #bda ,orang utans1 gr\ps (1 #bca1 #bcc treatm5t (1 #dc1 #acj ,orni?ologi/ & ,oologi/1 #cee ,o/ri*1 #fa1 #aic ,outfit = collect+ insects1 #cbj-cbd = g5]al collect+1 #i ( m$ic9es1 #f = an oologi/1 #ia = sportsm5 & travell]s1 #aa ,outl9es ( dead animals1 #bb1 #be ,owl1 sn[y1 #aib ,pack+ bird-sk9s1 #ef1 #fa corals1 #hb eggs1 #ig insects1 #ccb-ccc skeletons1 #bia4 ,pa9t+ f9i%$ specim5s1 #agj1 #bah1 #beb-beh mat]ials1 #beb on papi]-ma*1 #aee pla/] ca/s1 #beg ,papi]-ma*1 h[ to make1 #aea-aec ru/ic case made (1 #bbc use (1 #aea1 #aed1 #agc1 #bdf ,p>asites1 #gc ,passions1 expression ( ! high]1 #aga ,p$e/als1 = skeletons1 #bib ,pelican1 #fb ,peltries & furs1 treatm5t (1 #cdi ,p5gu91 #fb ,photograph+ animals1 #ba ,p9n+ insects1 #ccj-ccb ,pla/] ,p>is z an absorb5t1 #ej-fd1 #fe1 #aih-bja ca/s1 #ba1 #be tablets = reptiles1 #bjb-bjd use (1 #afc-afd1 #aih-bja1 #bbj ,plumage1 clean+ soil$1 #aih-bja ,poison1 effects (1 on taxid]mi/1 #cdd ,poison+ furs & rugs1 #cdd -j> = insects1 #cba m\nt$ specim5s & collections1 #cda sk9s & mammals1 #cb1 #aaj1 #adh1 #aea textiles & sk9 clo?+1 #cdc wild animals1 #ah ,poli%+ h>dwood1 #cdh ,pr9ciples ( bird-m\nt+1 #ahh-aij ( gr\p-mak+1 #bcg-bdj1 #bdi-bea ( mammal-m\nt+1 #aji-aad ,proportions ( animals1 #aab ,pulp1 pap]1 #aeb ,py?on1 #bjb ,rabbits1 m\nt+1 #abg ,rats1 necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/1 #cc ,ray1 au?or vanqui%$ by a villa9\s1 #bae ,rays1 treatm5t (1 #gg-gh1 #bad-baf ,relax+ sk9s ( mammals1 #ajb-ajd ,reptiles1 ca/s (1 by ,joseph ,palm]1 #bgj collect+1 #ff-gj gr\ps (1 #bej m\nt+1 #bjb-bjg new me?od = alcoholic1 #bjb-bjc ,rh9obati1 #baf ,ribs1 atta*m5t (1 #bih-bii ,ri*>dson1 ,j5ness1 gr\ps ( birds by1 #bcf1 #bdi1 #bej pres]vation ( ev]gre5s by1 #bba ,rocks1 artificial1 #bbh-bbi ,rugs1 #bbg ,salomet]1 use ( !1 #cj1 #ca ,salt1 use (1 #cj1 #cc1 #afb ,salt-&-alum ba?1 #cj1 #ca1 #ajb1 #aae1 #abg ,saurians1 #ff-fh ,saw-fi%1 #bad-bae ,scapula1 atta*m5t (1 #cjb ,scre5s1 fea!r fire-1 #bbe ,sea-eggs1 #hd -porcup9es & -ur*9s1 #hd ,s]p5ts1 #ff1 #bjb1 #bic ,sett+-bo>ds = insects1 #ccj ,sett+-ne$le1 #ccb ,sew+ sk9s1 h9ts on1 #ajf ,sex 9 birds1 det]m9ation (1 #ef ,%>ks1 #gg difficulties 9 pres]v+1 #bad1 #bae ,%ells1 clean+1 #hg-hi fre%-wat]1 #hc l&1 #he liv+ & dead1 #he m>9e1 #hc ,%oot+1 h9ts on1 #ac1 #ad ,%ot-gun1 use ( !1 #ad1 #ae ,%ields = trophy heads1 #agj ,%r9kage 9 m\nt$ specim5s1 #aej1 #bad ,skeletons1 blea*+1 #bhc collect+1 #bga-bgi clean+ by mac]at+1 #bhb-bhh fi%1 #gh1 #bid1 #bie field-"w on small mammal1 #bgc-bge fossil1 #bhj m\nt+ l>ge dis>ticulat$1 #bif-cjc m\nt+ small1 #bhh1 #bie pack+1 #bgi repair+ damag$1 #bgb r\gh1 #bga selection (1 #bga snake1 #ff tools = m\nt+1 #cjc v>i\s me?ods ( clean+1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bhg ,skeletoniz+ birds1 #bgf-bgh cetaceans1 #bgi fi%es1 #gh mammals1 #bgc-bgi reptiles1 #bgh ,sket*+ f nature1 #c1 #d1 #ba1 #bb1 #ga ,sk91 sup]flu\s folds (1 #acd1 #adi1 #afg ,sk9s1 clean+ bird-1 #aha1 #ahb clo? l9+ = old1 #ahb mak+ alcoholic fi%1 #gf-gh mak+ alligator & crocodile1 #ff-fh mak+ dry mammal1 #cb-cf mak+ l>ge bird1 #eh-fe mak+ small bird1 #dg-ej relax+ bird-1 #agi-aha %r9k+ p[] (1 #bad-bae ,sk9n+ apes & monkeys1 #dc crocodilians1 #fg de]'s e>1 #afa fi%es1 #gf l>ge birds1 #eh-fe l>ge mammals1 #ci-db & pres]v+ mammal heads1 #dj1 #aei1 #afb %>ks1 etc41 #gg small birds1 #dg-ej small mammals1 #bf-bi reptiles1 #ff-gj turtles1 #fi ,skulls1 h[ to dispose ( small1 #cd value (1 #cb ,snakes1 #ff ,sn[1 artificial1 #bbj ,society ( ,am]ican ,taxid]mi/s1 #ada1 #afc1 #aif1 #bbb ,space 9 gr\ps1 #bch ,specim5s1 half-spoil$1 #ca selection (1 #bj ,sph>gis coriacea1 au?or's /ruggle )1 #bjf ,sph5isci1 treatm5t (1 #fb ,spirits1 use (1 see ,alcohol ,sponges1 collect+ & clean+1 #ha-hb ,squirrels1 gr\ps (1 #bdb1 #bdc ,/>-fi%es1 collect+ & prep>+1 #hc ,/eam1 use (1 #bjj ,/eele's ,popul> ,zoology1 #dg1 #cea ,/eganopodes1 #fb ,/raw1 use (1 #abi1 #acb1 #acc1 #bje1 #bjg ,/ru?iones1 treatm5t (1 #fa ,/ry*n9e1 #ah1 #cde ,sug>+ to capture insects1 #cbf ,suid1 #ajc ,swan1 #fd1 #fe ,sweat-box1 = relax+ sk9s1 #ahj ,table gr\ps1 #bbd ,tail1 wir+ !1 #aah1 #acb attitude (1 #abf1 #agb treatm5t ( a bird's1 #ed1 #aij ,taxid]my1 ornam5tal1 #bai-bbi1 #bej possibilities 91 #adi1 #bbb1 #bbd1 #bej common faults 91 #aji ,taxid]mi/1 #ec mat]ials necess>y =1 #ajj-aja requirem5ts 9 successful1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aed tools necess>y =1 #ajj ,taxid]mi/s1 ,society ( ,am]ican1 #bca organization (1 #bcb exhibitions (1 #bbg gifts by1 #bai prizes aw>d$ by1 #ada1 #aie1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd productions (1 #bai ,tee?1 h[ to clean1 #agf1 #bjf ,temp]ance1 value ( habits (1 #f ,?read1 #afh ,tig]1 facial expression (1 #aga-agb ,till ! ,doctor ,comes1 #f ,t91 %eet1 9 e>s1 #afg ,t9ea1 #cdj ,tongue1 treatm5t ( !1 #agd-agf1 #bjf ,tools1 = bird taxid]mi/1 #ahc = g5]al taxid]mi/1 #ajj ,tools1 = oologi/1 #ia = pr(essional collector1 #i = travell] & sportsman1 #aa ,t[1 use (1 #adg1 #ahg1 #bjg1 #baa ,trapp]s1 directions =1 #cdd ,trapp+ mammals1 #ai ,turp5t9e1 use (1 9 clean+ fea!rs1 #fe1 #aih-bja 9 pa9t+1 #aad ,turtles1 collect+1 #fh-gj m\nt+1 #bjf-bjg skeletons (1 #bid ,umbrella1 use (1 9 cat*+ insects1 #cba ,v>ni% cutt]1 #cdg ,h5dley's enamel1 #cdf ,wall cases1 #bbj-bbc ,w>d1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,a41 #bbf1 #bcd fir/ l>ge mammal gr\p ord]$ by1 #bcb ,w>d1 ,h5ry ,l41 ,we/ ,indian seals collect$ by1 #b ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t1 #acf1 #bjd1 #bca ,wat]1 artificial1 #bbj ,wax1 use (1 9 m\? model+1 #agf-agg ,web/]1 ,fr$]ic ,s41 #ahi1 #bjd1 #bai1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcc bird m$allions by1 #bbe-bbf prize won by1 #aie1 #bbd ,w\nd$ ,h]on1 by1 #bbd ,weight ( animals1 #ci ,wick]%eim] solution1 #cdg ,w9d+ a m\nt$ bird1 #ahi-aij ,w+1 treatm5t ( !1 #ei1 #ahh ,w+s1 spread1 m\nt+ birds )1 #aid ,wire1 h[ to anneal iron1 #aaf ,wire supports = mammals1 #aca supports = birds1 #ahc ,wir+ a bird1 #ahd-ahf a small mammal1 #aaf-abj ,wood duck1 by ,f4,s4 ,web/]1 #bcc ,,george ,h4 ,,s[don4 ,,fr$]ic ,s4 ,,web/]4 7,=m]ly ( ,wa%+ton47 ,,s[don ,,web/]1 #gch ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,exp]ts ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,zoological ,mat]ial4 ,our new firm w n[ successfully compete ) ! be/ e/abli%m5ts ( a simil> k9d 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we are ready to furni% & prep>e ,gr\ps ( ,mammals & ,birds1 = museums & ! trade2 also1 heads ( l>ge game1 arti/ic articles = h\sehold ornam5t & utility1 su* z picture gr\ps1 panels1 scre5s1 & _m orig9al novelties 9 fur & fea!r1 unique 9 design1 ,,all ,,( ,,:i* ,,w ,,be ,,absolutely ,,mo? ,,pro(6 ,mr4 ,web/]'s long pr(essional exp]i5ce & reputation z an exp]t taxid]mi/ is well kn[n & e/abli%$4 ,"u 8 p]sonal sup]9t5d5ce ( ! l>ge tra9$ =ce employ$ by u 9 ?is important bran* ( our bus9ess1 ! v be/ "w obta9able is gu>ante$4 ,,we ,,are ,,also ,,manufactur+ ,,furri]s4 ,) ,mr4 ,s[don's #cj ye>s exp]i5ce 9 ! trade1 we (f] a full l9e ( ,fur ,g>m5ts1 ,animal ,rugs1 ,robes & ,f9e ,furs ( e description4 ,we c>ry a full l9e ( fur /ock1 raw & dress$4 ,) compet5t design]s1 fitt]s & cutt]s1 our patrons are assur$ ( good fitt+ & well-made g>m5ts at reasonable prices4 ,correspond5ce solicit$4 ,9 ,m\nt+ ,mammals1 ,birds1 ,reptiles & ,fi%es1 ,,ent]pris+ ,,taxid]mi/s ,,w ,,use ,,good ,,glass ,,eyes ,,t ,,are ,,true ,,to ,,nature ,,9 ,,%ape1 ,,color1 ,,& ,,size4 ,! be/ procurable are ^? made by ,,demu? ,,bro!rs1 #hi ,walk] ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,manufactur]s ( ,,f9e ,,glass ,,eyes ( e description1 f life /udies ( liv+ animals4 ,,:ite ,,corn]$ ,,eyes = ! l>g] animals a specialty1 & eyes are made to ord] on %ort notice :5 color$ sket*es are furni%$4 ,! att5tion ( ,am]ican taxid]mi/s is call$ to ! fact t = eight ye>s pa/ our glass eyes h be5 us$ exclusively by ,mr4 ,hornaday 9 all ! animals m\nt$ by him & "u 8 direction 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum1 & ref]5ce to him z to ! quality & co/ ( our goods is h]eby made1 by p]mission4 ,s5d = our price-li/ & diagram ( sizes4 ,,we ,,also ,,manufacture ,,glass ,,%ades ( all %apes & sizes = ! protection ( m\nt$ birds1 fl[]s1 wax fruit1 etc4 ,,sci5tific ,,glassw>e ( e description4 ,,gauge ,,tub+ ,,& ,,cyl9d]s1 = ,di/ill]s1 ,brew]s1 etc4 ,all k9ds ( glass "w done to ord]4 ,e/abli%$ #ahfb4 ,! olde/ & be/ firm on ! cont95t 9 ! manufacture ( ,artificial ,eyes & ,glass ,%ades4 ,catalogue free ^u application1 & c>eful att5tion giv5 to mail ord]s4 ,glass ,factory on ,newt[n ,creek1 ne> ,p5ny ,bridge1 ,brooklyn1 ,e4,d41 ,new ,york4 ,,/&>d,,specialties ,,9 ,,museum ,,h>dw>e4 ,! und]sign$ manufactures ! ,pat5t ,brackets & ,racks = adju/able %elves 7,fig4 #a71 also ,pat5t ,monitor ,locks 7,fig4 #b74 ,^! are arrang$ = all /yles ( ,museum & ,book ,cases1 ,fr5* ,w9d[s1 etc4 ,adopt$ & recomm5d$ by ! pr9cipal ,museums 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,special new & improv$ ma*9]y = cutt+ & poli%+ ,m9]als1 ,petrifi$ ,wood1 etc41 by /eam or foot p[]1 on h& or furni%$ to ord] 7,fig4 #c74 ,full in=mation giv5 on application to ,,eli%a ,t4 ,,j5ks4 ,middlebor\gh1 ,plym\? ,co41 ,mass4 ,! ,be/ are ! ,*eape/4 ,,! ,,unrivall$ ,,sup]iority ,,( ,,^! ,museum ,case ,locks1 ,brackets & ,racks1 is fully atte/$ by _! adoption & g5]al use 9 su* ,in/itutions z ! foll[+3 ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge4 ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,college ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,pr9ceton4 ,yale ,college1 ,vass> ,college1 ,br[n ,univ]sity1 ,peabody ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,college ( ,*>le/on1 ,s4,c41 & _m o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #c4 ,illu/ration ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,up ,,y\r ,gr\ps ( ,mammals1 ,birds & ,reptiles1 ,,ord] ,,all ,,y\r ,artificial ,leaves1 ,plants & ,v9es1 ,,( ,,e ,,description1 ,,f ,,pelleti] ,,co41 ,successors to ,c4 ,,pelleti]1 ,,manufactur]s ,,& ,,import]s1 7,,e/abli%$ #ahef17 #ace ,woo/] ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,= ! la/ eight ye>s we h suppli$ ! ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum ) all ! artificial leaves us$ by ,mr4 ,hornaday 9 8 animal gr\ps1 & ref] to him by p]mission4 ,! mo/ ( ! leaves ?us us$ 7 made to ord]1 on %ort notice & at reasonable prices1 f samples furni%$ u4 ,f9e leaves & tropical plants are our specialty4 ,let u "k y\r wants1 & we w supply !m promptly1 & to y\r satisfaction4 ,,( ,,special ,,int]e/ ,,to ,,museum ,,build]s4 ,c4 ,,dorfl+] ,,sons1 ,,glass ,,manufactur]s1 ,:ite ,mills1 ,wayne ,co41 ,p5n4 ,,new ,,york ,,(fice3 #cf ,,murray ,,/reet4 ,,anatomical ,,& ,,specim5 ,,j>s ,,( ,,e ,,description ,a ,,specialty4 ,our ,j>s are us$ l>gely by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 & give su* satisfaction z is f\nd only 9 fir/-class productions4 ,,sk9s ,,( ,,mammals1 ,,birds1 ,,reptiles1 ,,etc4 ,we h always on h& a l>ge assortm5t ( well prep>$ ,sk9s = ,taxid]mi/s1 also f9ely m\nt$ specim5s ( native & =eign ,mammals1 ,birds1 ,reptiles1 ,fi%es1 etc4 ,catalogue #aej pages4 ,price #cj c5ts4 ,,m\nt$ ,,heads1 ,,( ,,de]1 ,,elk1 ,,moose1 ,,c>ib\1 ,,buffalo1 ,,elephant1 ,,african ,,antelope1 ,,etc4 ,also ,,head ,,sk9s ,,& ,,antl]s4 ,cu/om "w done 9 ,taxid]my1 & 9 prep>+ & m\nt+ skeletons4 ,,w>d',s ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t1 ,,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,m9]als1 ,rocks1 ,fossils1 ,ca/s ( ,fossils1 ,geological ,relief ,maps1 ,models & ,diagrams1 ,ar*ological ,specim5s1 & ,birds' ,eggs4 ,sk9s & ,skeletons ( ,animals1 ,inv]tebrates1 ,cru/aceans1 ,%ells1 ,corals1 etc41 ,anatomical ,models1 ,human ,skeletons1 ,skulls & ,skeletons ( ,races1 etc4 ,,write ,,= ,,circul>4 ,taxid]mi/s3 ,naturali/s3 ,be=e y c prop]ly und]/& ! practice ( ,taxid]my1 x w be necess>y to engage 9 ! "w1 & atta9 effici5cy by actual practice4 ,to accompli% ! be/ results1 x is ( vital importance to h ! prop] tools & mat]ials4 ,poor tools & mat]ials produce poor results4 ,see to x !n1 t y are amply provid$1 & be=e y pur*ase1 write u = our #bd page ,catalogue1 devot$ entirely to ,,supplies ,,= ,,! ,,naturali/4 ,we c n only supply any & all ( ! mat]ials nam$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 b we c also supply y ) ,,birds' ,,eggs1 ,,birds' ,,sk9s1 ,,m\nt$ ,,birds ,,& ,,mammals1 ,,& ,,l& ,,& ,,m>9e ,,curiosities1 ( :i* we c>ry ?\s&s ( specim5s 9 /ock4 ,we specially desire to call y\r att5tion to our l9e ( supplies = ! ,orni?ologi/1 ,oologi/1 ,entomologi/1 ,botani/ & ,taxid]mi/1 ,su* z glass eyes ( f9e grades1 leaves & grasses = case decorations1 tools ( all k9ds f a sk9n+ knife to an eng9e la!1 collect+ p>aph]nalia1 & a l>ge l9e ( books treat+ on ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,also ,,publi%]s ,,( ,,! ,,orni?ologi/ ,,& ,,oologi/4 ,! only p]iodical 9 ?is c\ntry treat+ directly on matt]s ( special int]e/ to ! ,field ,collector4 ,price1 #a4jj p] ye>4 ,frank ,blake ,web/] ,company1 ,,museum ,,& ,,supply ,,depot1 ,,hyde ,,p>k1 ,,mass4 ,(fice3 #dji ,,wa%+ton ,,/41 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,=e/ ,,& ,,/ream ,,rod ,,& ,,gun4 ,y may g %oot+ & get no game1 or fi%+ & cat* no fi%2 b y _c buy a copy ( ! ,=e/ & ,/ream 7?is week or next week or any week7 )\t f9d+ x brimful ( capital sket*es ( %oot+ & fi%+1 & pap]s on natural hi/ory & sportsman's travel & exp]i5ces1 & discussions ( ya*t+ & canoe+4 ,a pap] = m54 ,=e/ & ,/ream believes 9 ! recreation f\nd 9 ! haunts ( de] & gr\se1 & tr\t & bass4 ,x believes 9 ! common s5se t calls a halt 9 bus9ess drive & pr(essional gr9d1 = a holiday ) gun1 rod1 & paddle--if only aft]w>d to drive ! fa/] & gr9d ! h>d]4 ,x is a j\rnal = ^? :o love ! c\ntry & life out ( doors4 ,x reflects ! _s & records ! exp]i5ces ( ! great army ( out]s4 ,if y h any sympa?y ) ^! ?+s1 ! ,=e/ & ,/ream is j ! pap] y w\ld l to h come into y\r home e week4 ,s5d = a specim5 copy 7free on m5tion ( ?is book71 or #d4jj = a ye>'s subscription4 ,sold by all newsdeal]s4 ,,books ,,= ,,sportsm5 ,,& ,,naturali/s4 ,we make a specialty ( books on ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,angl+1 ,,%oot+1 ,,woodcraft1 ,,ya*t+1 ,,canoe+1 ,,! ,,dog1 ,,& ,,outdoor ,,life1 ,,recreation1 ,,& ,,/udy4 ,s5d = our free illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ,=e/ & ,/ream ,books ,,=e/ ,,& ,,/ream ,,publi%+ ,,company1 ,no4 #cah ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,two ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,! ,,jungle4 ,! ,exp]i5ces ( a ,hunt] & ,naturali/ 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ,borneo4 ,by ,,william ,t4 ,,hornaday1 ,*ief ,taxid]mi/ ,u4,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,"o vol41 #hvo1 pp4 xxii4 #eab1 two fold+ maps & #ea illu/rations4 ,price1 #c4jj4 ,,! ,,exp$ition ,,& ,,its ,,object4 ,! au?or relates ! exp]i5ces ( a hunt] & naturali/ 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ,borneo2 & c]ta9ly no ri*] hunt+-gr\nd c\ld be f\nd any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,mr4 ,hornaday is *ief taxid]mi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,he 0 =m]ly connect$ ) ,pr(essor ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,museum ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 & 8 exp$ition to ! ,ea/ 0 9 ! int]e/s ( t e/abli%m5t4 ,:ile 8 book is 9 "s respects l su* works z ^? :i* ,du ,*aillu & ,sir ,samuel ,w4 ,bak] h writt5 to delight & int]e/ a multitude ( read]s1 he has imp>t$ a va/ am\nt ( in=mation1 a l>ge "p ( :i* is new & ( ! greate/ mom5t to ! naturali/4 ,mr4 ,hornaday />t$ f ,new ,york 9 #ahgf4 ,f ,engl& he w5t f9ally s\? to ,india1 arriv+ at ,bombay2 he w5t across c\ntry to ,b5>es2 f "h he made an exp$ition to ! nor? to ,cawnpore & ,agra4 ,f ,b5>es he work$ 8 way to ,calcutta1 j\rney$ d[n ! ,bay ( ,b5gal to ,madras2 s\?w>d aga91 he made a complete circuit ( ,ceylon1 ?an to ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & f9ally to ,borneo1 :]e 8 adv5tures ) ! oran-gutan 7 met1 end+ 8 two ye>s ( fruitful & entirely successful se>*4 ,! illu/rations are _m1 & mo/ ( !m are tak5 f ,mr4 ,hornaday's own sket*es4 ,?\gh x may seem to be /at+ mu*1 x c]ta9ly may be truly said t a m int]e/+ book ( travel & adv5tures 0 nev] publi%$4 ,decid$ly ! mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive book ( travel & adv5ture 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies x has ev] be5 our good =tune to read4--,baltimore ,news4 ,an ent]ta9+ volume4444 ,! au?or has prov$ 8 ability to write a good book ( travel4--,morn+ ,po/ 7,london74 ,to ! naturali/1 ,mr4 ,hornaday's book _c b be z deeply int]e/+ z to ! sportsman & travell]4444 ,x des]v$ to be di/+ui%$ f among ! mass ( books ( sport+ adv5ture4--,melb\rne ,argus4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ & in/ructive books ( its k9d t has be5 publi%$4--,san ,francisco ,po/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors repair$4 ,9 ! table ,,recomm5dations ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,hunt+ ,,) ,,! ,,rifle4 on page #ad1 column head+ ,be/ di/ance41 _h to be *ang$ to ,be/ di/4 = space requirem5ts4 ,9 ambigu\s cases1 ! text has be5 left z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al book4 ,9 p>ticul>1 _m mismat*$ quotation m>ks h n be5 *ang$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation has be5 repair$4 corn-meal *ang$ to cornmeal "s "o *ang$ to someone ov] night *ang$ to ov]night well poli%$ *ang$ to well-poli%$ well aim$ *ang$ to well-aim$ well season$ *ang$ to well-season$