,! ,_w ,z ,w ,& ,idea ,by ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau] ,translat$ ,f ,! ,g]man ,by ,r4 ,b4 ,haldane1 ,m4,a4 ,& ,j4 ,kemp1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,conta9+ ! ,criticism ( ! ,kantian ,philosophy1 & ! ,supplem5ts to ! ,fir/ & ,"p ( ! ,second ,book ( ,vol4 ,i4 8,paucis natus e/1 qui populum tatis su cogitat40--,,s54 ,six? ,edition ,london ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,co4 #aiji ,,cont5ts ,app5dix3 ,criticism ( ! ,kantian ,philosophy4 ,supplem5ts to ! ,fir/ ,book4 ,fir/ ,half4 ,! ,doctr9e ,( ,! ,idea ,( ,p]ception4 7,to #a-g ( ! ,fir/ ,volume47 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,/&po9t ( ,idealism4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,p]ception or ,k ,( ,! ,und]/&+4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ,! ,s5ses4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,on ,k ,a ,priori4 ,second ,half4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,ab/ract ,idea1 or ,?9k+4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,on ,! ,irrational ,intellect4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,on ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ab/ract or ,rational ,k4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,on ,! ,relation ( ! ,concrete ,k ( ,p]ception to ,ab/ract ,k4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,on ,! ,!ory ,( ,! ,ludicr\s4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,on ,logic ,9 ,g5]al4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,on ,! ,syllogism4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,on ,rhetoric4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,on ,! ,doctr9e ,( ,sci5ce4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,on ,! ,me?ods ,( ,ma!matics4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,on ,! ,association ,( ,ideas4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,on ,! ,ess5tial ,imp]fections ,( ,! ,intellect4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,on ,! ,practical ,use ,( ,reason ,& ,on ,/oicism4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,on ,man's ,ne$ ,( ,metaphysics4 ,supplem5ts to ! ,second ,book4 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,on ,! ,possibility ,( ,kn[+ ,! ,?+ ,9 ,itself4 ,*apt] ,,xix4 ,on ,! ,primacy ,( ,! ,w ,9 ,self-,consci\sness4 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,objectification ,( ,! ,w ,9 ,! ,animal ,organism4 ,note ,on ,:at ,has ,be5 ,said ,ab\t ,bi*at4 ,footnotes ,,app5dix3 ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,kantian ,,philosophy4 ,c'e/ le privilge du vrai gnie1 et surt\t du gnie qui ouvre une c>rire1 de faire impunm5t de gr&es fautes4--,voltaire4 ,x is mu* easi] to po9t out ! faults & errors 9 ! "w ( a great m9d ?an to give a di/9ct & full exposition ( its value4 ,= ! faults are p>ticul> & f9ite1 & c !re=e be fully compreh5d$2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! v /amp :i* g5ius impresses ^u its works is t _! excell5ce is unfa?omable & inexhau/ible4 ,!re=e !y d n gr[ old1 b become ! in/ructor ( _m succe$+ c5turies4 ,! p]fect$ ma/]piece ( a truly great m9d w always produce a deep & p[]ful effect ^u ! :ole human race1 s mu* s t x is impossible to calculate to :at di/ant c5turies & l&s its enlight5+ influ5ce may ext5d4 ,?is is always ! case2 = h[ev] cultivat$ & ri* ! age may be 9 :i* su* a ma/]piece appe>s1 g5ius always rises l a palm-tree above ! soil 9 :i* x is root$4 ,b a deep-rea*+ & widespread effect ( ?is k9d _c take place sudd5ly1 because ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! g5ius & ord9>y m54 ,! k :i* t "o man 9 "o lifetime drew directly f life & ! _w1 won & pres5t$ to o!rs z won & arrang$1 _c yet at once become ! possession ( mank9d2 = mank9d has n s mu* p[] to receive z ! g5ius has p[] to give4 ,b ev5 aft] a successful battle ) unwor?y oppon5ts1 :o at its v bir? conte/ ! life ( :at is immortal & desire to nip 9 ! bud ! salvation ( man 7l ! s]p5ts 9 ! cradle ( ,h]cules71 t k mu/ !n trav]se ! circuit\s pa?s ( innum]able false con/ructions & di/ort$ applications1 mu/ ov]come ! attempts to unite x ) old errors1 & s live 9 conflict till a new & unprejudic$ g5]ation gr[s up to meet x4 ,little by little1 ev5 9 y\?1 ?is new g5]ation p>tially receives ! cont5ts ( t spr+ ?r\gh a ?\s& indirect *annels1 gradually assimilates x1 & s p>ticipates 9 ! b5efit :i* 0 de/9$ to fl[ to mank9d f t great m9d4 ,s sl[ly does ! education ( ! human race1 ! weak yet refractory pupil ( g5ius1 advance4 ,?us ) ,kant's tea*+ also2 its full /r5g? & importance w only be reveal$ ?r\gh "t1 :5 ! _s ( ! age1 itself gradually trans=m$ & alt]$ 9 ! mo/ important & ess5tial respects by ! influ5ce ( t tea*+1 w af=d conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! p[] ( t giant m9d4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 no int5tion ( presumptu\sly anticipat+ ! _s ( ! age & assum+ "h ! ?ankless rle ( ,cal*as & ,cass&ra4 ,only ,i mu/ be all[$1 9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 to reg>d ,kant's works z /ill v new1 :ile _m at ! pres5t day look ^u !m z already antiquat$1 & inde$ h laid !m aside z done )1 or1 z !y express x1 h left !m beh9d2 & o!rs1 embold5$ by ?is1 ignore !m altoge!r1 & ) braz5 face g on philosophis+ ab\t ,god & ! s\l on ! assumption ( ! old reali/ic dogmatism & its s*ola/ic tea*+1 :i* is z if "o s\ght to introduce ! doctr9es ( ! al*emi/s into mod]n *emi/ry4 ,= ! re/1 ! works ( ,kant d n /& 9 ne$ ( my feeble eulogy1 b w !mselves = ev] praise _! au?or1 & ?\gh p]haps n 9 ! lett]1 yet 9 ! _s !y w live = ev] ^u e>?4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 if we look back at ! fir/ result ( 8 tea*+1 at ! ef=ts & ev5ts 9 ! sph]e ( philosophy dur+ ! p]iod t has elaps$ s9ce he wrote1 a v depress+ say+ ( ,goe! obta9s confirmation3 8,z ! wat] t is displac$ by a %ip imm$iately fl[s 9 aga9 beh9d x1 s :5 great m9ds h driv5 error aside & made room = !mselves1 x v quickly closes 9 beh9d !m aga9 by ! law ( its nature0 7,wahrheit und ,di*tung1 ,!il #c1 s4 #eba74 ,yet ?is p]iod has be5 only an episode1 :i* is to be reckon$ z "p ( ! lot ref]r$ to above t befalls all new & great k2 an episode :i* is n[ unmi/akably ne> its end1 = ! bubble s long bl[n out yet bur/s at la/4 ,m5 g5]ally are beg9n+ to be consci\s t true & s]i\s philosophy /ill /&s :]e ,kant left x4 ,at any rate1 ,i _c see t betwe5 ,kant & myself any?+ has be5 done 9 philosophy2 !re=e ,i reg>d myself z 8 imm$iate successor4 ,:at ,i h 9 view 9 ?is ,app5dix to my "w is really only a def5ce ( ! doctr9e ,i h set =? 9 x1 inasmu* z 9 _m po9ts t doctr9e does n agree ) ! ,kantian philosophy1 b inde$ contradicts x4 ,a discussion ( ?is philosophy is1 h[ev]1 necess>y1 = x is cle> t my tra9 ( ?\ght1 diff]5t z its cont5t is f t ( ,kant1 is yet ?r\gh\t "u its influ5ce1 necess>ily presupposes x1 />ts f x2 & ,i confess t1 next to ! impression ( ! _w ( p]ception1 ,i owe :at is be/ 9 my own sy/em to ! impression made ^u me by ! works ( ,kant1 by ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,h9dus1 & by ,plato4 ,b ,i c only ju/ify ! contradictions ( ,kant :i* are nev]!less pres5t 9 my "w by accus+ him ( error 9 ^! po9ts1 & expos+ mi/akes :i* he committ$4 ,!re=e 9 ?is ,app5dix ,i mu/ proce$ aga9/ ,kant 9 a ?or\ghly polemical mann]1 & inde$ s]i\sly & ) e ef=t2 = x is only ?us t 8 doctr9e c be fre$ f ! error t cl+s to x1 & its tru? %9e out ! m cle>ly & /& ! m firmly4 ,x mu/ n1 !re=e1 be expect$ t ! s9c]e rev]5ce = ,kant :i* ,i c]ta9ly feel %all ext5d to 8 weaknesses & errors also1 & t ,i %all consequ5tly refra9 f expos+ ^! except ) ! mo/ c>eful indulg5ce1 :]eby my language w\ld necess>ily become weak & insipid ?r\gh circumlocution4 ,t[>ds a liv+ writ] su* indulg5ce is ne$$1 = human frailty _c endure ev5 ! mo/ j refutation ( an error1 unless temp]$ by soo?+ & flatt]y1 & h>dly ev5 !n2 & a tea*] ( ! age & b5efactor ( mank9d des]ves at lea/ t ! human weakness he also has %\ld be indulg$1 s t he may n be caus$ pa94 ,b he :o is dead has ?r[n (f ?is weakness2 8 m]it /&s firm2 "t w purify x m & m f all exagg]ation & detraction4 ,8 mi/akes mu/ be sep>at$ f x1 r5d]$ h>mless1 & !n giv5 ov] to oblivion4 ,!re=e 9 ! polemic aga9/ ,kant ,i am ab\t to beg91 ,i h only 8 mi/akes & weak po9ts 9 view4 ,i oppose !m ) ho/ility1 & wage a rel5tless w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ !m1 always m9dful n to conceal !m indulg5tly1 b r to place !m 9 ! cle>e/ light1 9 ord] to extirpate !m ! m surely4 ,= ! reasons giv5 above1 ,i am n consci\s ei!r ( inju/ice or +ratitude t[>ds ,kant 9 do+ ?is4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] t1 9 ! eyes ( o!rs also1 ,i may remove e appe>ance ( malice1 ,i wi% fir/ to br+ out cle>ly my s9c]e rev]5ce = ,kant & gratitude to him1 by express+ %ortly :at 9 my eyes appe>s to be 8 *ief m]it2 & ,i %all d ?is f a /&po9t s g5]al t ,i %all n require to t\* ^u ! po9ts 9 :i* ,i mu/ aft]w>ds controv]t him4 ,kant's greate/ m]it is ! di/9ction ( ! ph5om5on f ! ?+ 9 itself1 bas$ ^u ! pro( t betwe5 ?+s & u !re /ill always /&s ! intellect1 s t !y _c be kn[n z !y may be 9 !mselves4 ,he 0 l$ into ?is pa? ?r\gh ,locke 7see ,prolegom5a zu j$] ,metaph41 #ac1 ,anm4 #b74 ,! latt] _h %[n t ! second>y qualities ( ?+s1 su* z s\nd1 smell1 col\r1 h>dness1 s(tness1 smoo?ness1 & ! l1 z f\nd$ on ! affections ( ! s5ses1 d n belong to ! objective body1 to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,to ?is he attribut$ only ! prim>y qualities1 i4e41 su* z only presuppose space & imp5etrability2 ?us ext5sion1 figure1 solidity1 numb]1 mobility4 ,b ?is easily discov]$ ,lockeian di/9ction 01 z x 71 only a y\?ful introduction to ! di/9ction ( ,kant4 ,! latt]1 />t+ f an incomp>ably high] /&po9t1 expla9s all t ,locke _h accept$ z prim>y qualities1 i4e41 qualities ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 z also belong+ only to its ph5om5al appe>ance 9 our faculty ( appreh5sion1 & ?is j because ! conditions ( ?is faculty1 space1 "t1 & causality1 are kn[n by u a priori4 ,?us ,locke _h ab/ract$ f ! ?+ 9 itself ! %>e :i* ! organs ( s5se h 9 its ph5om5al appe>ance2 ,kant1 h[ev]1 fur!r ab/ract$ ! %>e ( ! bra9-functions 7?\gh n "u t "n74 ,?us ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ph5om5on & ! ?+ 9 itself n[ receiv$ an inf9itely great] significance1 & a v mu* deep] mean+4 ,= ?is end he 0 oblig$ to take 9 h& ! important sep>ation ( our a priori f our a po/]iori k1 :i* be=e him _h nev] be5 c>ri$ out ) adequate /rictness & complet5ess1 nor ) di/9ct consci\sness4 ,accord+ly ?is n[ became ! pr9cipal subject ( 8 pr(\nd inve/igations4 ,n[ "h we w\ld at once rem>k t ,kant's philosophy has a ?reefold relation to t ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,fir/1 z we h j se51 to ! philosophy ( ,locke1 confirm+ & ext5d+ x2 secondly1 to t ( ,hume1 correct+ & mak+ use ( x1 a relation :i* is mo/ di/9ctly express$ 9 ! 8,prolegom5a0 7t mo/ beautiful & compreh5sible ( all ,kant's important writ+s1 :i* is f> too little read1 = x facilitates imm5sely ! /udy ( 8 philosophy72 ?irdly1 a decid$ly polemical & de/ructive relation to ! ,leibnitz-,wolfian philosophy4 ,all ?ree sy/ems ought to be kn[n be=e "o proce$s to ! /udy ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,if n[1 accord+ to ! above1 ! di/9ction ( ! ph5om5on f ! ?+ 9 itself1 ?us ! doctr9e ( ! complete div]sity ( ! ideal & ! real1 is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 !n ! ass]tion ( ! absolute id5tity ( ^! two :i* appe>$ soon aft]w>ds is a sad pro( ( ! say+ ( ,goe! quot$ above2 all ! m s z x re/$ ^u no?+ b ! empty boa/ ( intellectual intuition1 & accord+ly 0 only a return to ! crud5ess ( ! vulg> op9ion1 mask$ "u bomba/ & nons5se1 & ! impos+ impression ( an air ( importance4 ,x became ! fitt+ />t+-po9t = ! /ill gross] nons5se ( ! clumsy & /upid ,hegel4 ,n[ z ,kant's sep>ation ( ! ph5om5on f ! ?+ 9 itself1 arriv$ at 9 ! mann] expla9$ above1 f> surpass$ all t prec$$ x 9 ! dep? & ?\ghtfulness ( its conception1 x 0 also exce$+ly important 9 its results4 ,= 9 x he prop\nd$1 q orig9ally1 9 a p]fectly new way1 f\nd f a new side & on a new pa?1 ! same tru? :i* ,plato nev] we>ies ( repeat+1 & 9 8 language g5]ally expresses ?us3 ,?is _w :i* appe>s to ! s5ses has no true be+1 b only a ceaseless becom+2 x is1 & x is n1 & its compreh5sion is n s mu* k z illusion4 ,?is is also :at he expresses my?ically at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? book ( ! ,republic1 ! mo/ important passage 9 all 8 writ+s1 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ?ird book ( ! pres5t "w4 ,he says3 ,m51 firmly *a9$ 9 a d>k cave1 see nei!r ! true orig9al light nor real ?+s1 b only ! meagre light ( ! fire 9 ! cave & ! %ad[s ( real ?+s :i* pass by ! fire beh9d _! backs2 yet !y ?9k ! %ad[s are ! reality1 & ! det]m9+ ( ! succession ( ^! %ad[s is true wisdom4 ,! same tru?1 aga9 q diff]5tly pres5t$1 is also a lead+ doctr9e ( ! ,v$as & ,puranas1 ! doctr9e ( ,my1 by :i* really no?+ else is und]/ood ?an :at ,kant calls ! ph5om5on 9 opposition to ! ?+ 9 itself2 = ! "w ( ,my is said to be j ?is visible _w 9 :i* we are1 a summon$ en*antm5t1 an incon/ant appe>ance )\t true be+1 l an optical illusion or a dream1 a veil :i* surr\nds human consci\sness1 some?+ ( :i* x is equally false & true to say t x is & t x is n4 ,b ,kant n only express$ ! same doctr9e 9 a completely new & orig9al way1 b rais$ x to ! position ( prov$ & indisputable tru? by means ( ! calme/ & mo/ temp]ate exposition2 :ile bo? ,plato & ! ,indian philosoph]s _h f\nd$ _! ass]tions m]ely ^u a g5]al p]ception ( ! _w1 _h advanc$ !m z ! direct utt]ance ( _! consci\sness1 & pres5t$ !m r my?ically & poetically ?an philosophically & di/9ctly4 ,9 ?is respect !y /& to ,kant 9 ! same relation z ! ,py?agoreans ,hicetas1 ,philolaus1 & ,ari/>*us1 :o already ass]t$ ! movem5t ( ! e>? r\nd ! fix$ sun1 /& to ,cop]nicus4 ,su* di/9ct k & calm1 ?\ghtful exposition ( ?is dream-l nature ( ! :ole _w is really ! basis ( ! :ole ,kantian philosophy2 x is its s\l & its greate/ m]it4 ,he accompli%$ ?is by tak+ to pieces ! :ole ma*9]y ( our intellect by means ( :i* ! phantasmagoria ( ! objective _w is br\ght ab\t1 & pres5t+ x 9 detail ) m>vell\s insight & ability4 ,all e>li] ,we/]n philosophy1 appe>+ 9 comp>ison ) ! ,kantian unspeakably clumsy1 _h fail$ to recognise t tru?1 & _h !re=e always spok5 j z if 9 a dream4 ,kant fir/ awak5$ x sudd5ly out ( ?is dream2 !re=e ! la/ sleep]s 7,m5delssohn7 call$ him ! 8all-de/roy]40 ,he %[$ t ! laws :i* reign ) inviolable necessity 9 exi/5ce1 i4e41 9 exp]i5ce g5]ally1 are n to be appli$ to d$uce & expla9 exi/5ce itself t ?us ! validity ( ^! laws is only relative1 i4e41 only arises aft] exi/5ce2 ! _w ( exp]i5ce 9 g5]al is already e/abli%$ & pres5t2 t consequ5tly ^! laws _c be our guide :5 we come to ! explanation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w & ( ourselves4 ,all e>li] ,we/]n philosoph]s _h imag9$ t ^! laws1 accord+ to :i* ! ph5om5a are comb9$1 & all ( :i*--"t & space1 z well z causality & inf]5ce--,i compreh5d "u ! expression 8! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason10 7 absolute laws condition$ by no?+1 t]n v]itates2 t ! _w itself exi/$ only 9 consequ5ce ( & 9 con=mity ) !m2 & !re=e t "u _! guidance ! :ole riddle ( ! _w mu/ be capable ( solution4 ,! assumptions made = ?is purpose1 :i* ,kant criticises "u ! "n ( ! ,ideas ( ! reason1 only s]v$ to raise ! m]e ph5om5on1 ! "w ( ,my1 ! %ad[ _w ( ,plato1 to ! "o highe/ reality1 to put x 9 ! place ( ! inmo/ & true be+ ( ?+s1 & !reby to make ! real k ( ?is impossible2 t is1 9 a ^w1 to s5d ! dream]s /ill m s\ndly to sleep4 ,kant exhibit$ ^! laws1 & !re=e ! :ole _w1 z condition$ by ! =m ( k belong+ to ! subject2 f :i* x foll[$1 t h[ev] f> "o c>ri$ inve/igation & reason+ "u ! guidance ( ^! laws1 yet 9 ! pr9cipal matt]1 i4e41 9 k ( ! nature ( ! _w 9 itself & outside ! idea1 no /ep 9 advance 0 made1 b "o only mov$ l a squirrel 9 its :eel4 ,?us1 all ! dogmati/s may be comp>$ to p]sons :o suppos$ t if !y only w5t /raight on long en\gh !y w\ld come to ! end ( ! _w2 b ,kant !n circumnavigat$ ! _w & %[$ t1 because x is r\nd1 "o _c get out ( x by horizontal movem5t1 b t yet by p]p5dicul> movem5t ?is is p]haps n impossible4 ,we may also say t ,kant's doctr9e af=ds ! insight t we mu/ seek ! end & beg9n+ ( ! _w1 n )\t1 b )9 u4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 re/s on ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 dogmatic & critical or transc5d5tal philosophy4 ,:oev] wi%es to make ?is q cle> to himself1 & realise x by means ( an example1 may d s v briefly by read+1 z a specim5 ( dogmatic philosophy1 an essay ( ,leibnitz entitl$ 8,de ,r]um ,orig9atione ,radicali10 & pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! edition ( ! philosophical works ( ,leibnitz by ,erdmann 7vol4 i4 p4 #adg74 ,"h ! orig9 & excell5ce ( ! _w is demon/rat$ a priori1 s ?or\ghly 9 ! mann] ( reali/ic-dogmatism1 on ! gr\nd ( ! v]itates t]n & ) ! assi/ance ( ! ontological & cosmological pro(s4 ,x is inde$ once admitt$1 by ! way1 t exp]i5ce %[s ! exact opposite ( ! excell5ce ( ! _w "h demon/rat$2 b exp]i5ce is !re=e giv5 to und]/& t x kn[s no?+ ( ! matt]1 & ought to hold its tongue :5 philosophy has spok5 a priori4 ,n[1 ) ,kant1 ! critical philosophy appe>$ z ! oppon5t ( ?is :ole me?od4 ,x takes = its problem j ^! v]itates t]n1 :i* s]ve z ! f\ndation ( e su* dogmatic /ructure1 inve/igates _! orig91 & f9ds x 9 ! human m9d1 :]e !y spr+ f ! peculi> =ms :i* belong to x1 & :i* x c>ries 9 itself = ! purpose ( compreh5d+ an objective _w4 ,?us1 "h1 9 ! bra91 is ! qu>ry :i* supplies ! mat]ial = t pr\d dogmatic edifice4 ,b because ! critical philosophy1 9 ord] to atta9 to ?is result1 0 oblig$ to g beyond ! v]itates t]n ^u :i* all ! prec$+ dogmatism 0 f\nd$1 & make ^! tru?s !mselves ! objects ( inve/igation1 x became transc5d5tal philosophy4 ,f ?is1 !n1 x also foll[s t ! objective _w1 z we "k x1 does n belong to ! true be+ ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 b is m]ely its ph5om5al appe>ance condition$ by ^? v =ms :i* lie a priori 9 ! intellect 7i4e41 ! bra971 !re=e x _c conta9 any?+ b ph5om5a4 ,kant1 inde$1 did n atta9 to ! k t ! ph5om5on is ! _w z idea1 & ! ?+ 9 itself is ! w4 ,b he %[$ t ! ph5om5al _w is condition$ j z mu* ?r\gh ! subject z ?r\gh ! object1 & because he isolat$ ! mo/ univ]sal =ms ( its ph5om5al appe>ance1 i4e41 ( ! idea1 he prov$ t we may "k ^! =ms & consid] !m 9 _! :ole con/itution1 n only by />t+ f ! object1 b also j z well by />t+ f ! subject1 because !y are really ! limits betwe5 object & subject :i* are common to !m bo?2 & he conclud$ t by foll[+ ^! limits we nev] p5etrate to ! inn] nature ei!r ( ! object or ( ! subject1 consequ5tly nev] "k ! true nature ( ! _w1 ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,he did n d$uce ! ?+ 9 itself 9 ! "r way1 z ,i %all %[ pres5tly1 b by means ( an inconsi/5cy1 & he _h to pay ! p5alty ( ?is 9 frequ5t & irresi/ible attacks ^u ?is important "p ( 8 tea*+4 ,he did n recognise ! ?+ 9 itself directly 9 ! w2 b he made a great initial /ep t[>ds ?is k 9 t he expla9$ ! und5iable moral significance ( human action z q diff]5t f & n dep5d5t ^u ! laws ( ! ph5om5on1 nor ev5 explicable 9 accordance ) !m1 b z some?+ :i* t\*es ! ?+ 9 itself directly3 ?is is ! second important po9t ( view = e/imat+ 8 s]vices4 ,we may reg>d z ! ?ird ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy1 a "n by :i* ,i wi% "h to d5ote g5]ally ! :ole p]iod beg9n+ ) ,augu/9e1 ! ,*ur* ,fa!r1 & end+ j be=e ,kant4 ,= ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,s*ola/icism is1 inde$1 t :i* is v correctly /at$ by ,t5nemann1 ! gu>dian%ip ( ! prevail+ national religion ov] philosophy1 :i* _h really no?+ left = x to d b to prove & embelli% ! c>d9al dogmas prescrib$ to x by religion4 ,! ,s*oolm5 prop]1 d[n to ,su>ez1 confess ?is op5ly2 ! succe$+ philosoph]s d x m unconsci\sly1 or at lea/ unav[$ly4 ,x is held t ,s*ola/ic philosophy only ext5ds to ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,desc>tes1 & t !n ) him !re beg9s an entirely new epo* ( free inve/igation indep5d5t ( all positive !ological doctr9e4 ,su* inve/igation1 h[ev]1 is 9 fact n to be attribut$ to ,desc>tes & 8 successors17#a7 b only an appe>ance ( x1 & 9 any case an ef=t aft] x4 ,desc>tes 0 a man ( supreme ability1 & if we take acc\nt ( ! age he liv$ 91 he accompli%$ a great deal4 ,b if we set aside ?is consid]ation & measure him ) ref]5ce to ! free+ ( ?\ght f all fett]s & ! comm5cem5t ( a new p]iod ( untrammell$ orig9al inve/igation ) :i* he is cr$it$1 we are oblig$ to f9d t ) 8 d\bt /ill want+ 9 true s]i\sness1 & !re=e surr5d]+ s quickly & s entirely1 he has1 inde$1 ! appe>ance ( wi%+ to ?r[ (f at once all ! e>ly implant$ op9ions belong+ to 8 age & nation1 b does s only app>5tly & = a mom5t1 to assume !m aga9 imm$iately & hold !m all ! m firmly2 & s is x ) all 8 successors d[n to ,kant4 ,goe!'s l9es are1 !re=e1 v applicable to a free indep5d5t ?9k] ( ?is k9d3 8,sav+ ,?y graci\s pres5ce1 he to me ,a long-legg$ gras%opp] appe>s to be1 ,t spr++ flies1 & fly+ spr+s1 ,& 9 ! grass ! same old ditty s+s407#b7 ,kant _h reasons = assum+ ! air ( also int5d+ no?+ m4 ,b ! pret5d$ spr+1 :i* 0 p]mitt$ because x 0 kn[n t x leads back to ! grass1 ?is "t became a flight1 & n[ ^? :o rema9 bel[ c only look aft] him1 & c nev] cat* him aga94 ,kant1 !n1 v5tur$ to %[ by 8 tea*+ t all ^? dogmas :i* _h be5 s (t5 pr(ess$ly prov$ 7 incapable ( pro(4 ,speculative !ology1 & ! rational psy*ology connect$ ) x1 receiv$ f him _! dea?bl[4 ,s9ce !n !y h vani%$ f ,g]man philosophy1 & "o mu/ n all[ oneself to be misl$ by ! fact t "h & !re ! ^w is reta9$ aft] ! ?+ has be5 giv5 up1 or "s wret*$ pr(essor ( philosophy has ! fe> ( 8 ma/] 9 view1 & lets tru? take c>e ( itself4 ,only he :o has obs]v$ ! p]nici\s influ5ce ( ^! conceptions ^u natural sci5ce1 & ^u philosophy 9 all1 ev5 ! be/ writ]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 c e/imate ! ext5t ( ?is s]vice ( ,kant's4 ,! *ange ( tone & ( metaphysical backgr\nd :i* has appe>$ 9 ,g]man writ+ ^u natural sci5ce s9ce ,kant is rem>kable2 be=e him x 0 9 ! same position z x /ill occupies 9 ,engl&4 ,?is m]it ( ,kant's is connect$ ) ! fact t ! unreflect+ pursuit ( ! laws ( ! ph5om5on1 ! elevation ( ^! to ! position ( et]nal tru?s1 & ?us ! rais+ ( ! fleet+ appe>ance to ! position ( ! real be+ ( ! _w1 9 %ort1 realism undi/urb$ 9 its illusion by any reflection1 _h reign$ ?r\gh\t all prec$+ philosophy1 anci5t1 m$ival1 & mod]n4 ,b]keley1 :o1 l ,malebran*e be=e him1 recognis$ its "o-sid$ness1 & inde$ fals5ess1 0 unable to ov]?r[ x1 = 8 attack 0 conf9$ to "o po9t4 ,?us x 0 res]v$ = ,kant to enable ! ideali/ic po9t ( view to obta9 ! asc5dancy 9 ,europe1 at lea/ 9 philosophy2 ! po9t ( view :i* ?r\gh\t all non-,mohamm$an ,asia1 & inde$ ess5tially1 is t ( religion4 ,be=e ,kant1 !n1 we 7 9 "t2 n[ "t is 9 u1 & s on4 ,e?ics also 7 treat$ by t reali/ic philosophy accord+ to ! laws ( ! ph5om5on1 :i* x reg>d$ z absolute & valid also = ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,!y 7 !re=e bas$ n[ ^u a doctr9e ( happ9ess1 n[ ^u ! w ( ! ,creator1 & f9ally ^u ! conception ( p]fection2 a conception :i*1 tak5 by itself1 is entirely empty & void ( cont5t1 = x d5otes a m]e relation t only receives significance f ! ?+s to :i* x is appli$4 8,to be p]fect0 means no?+ m ?an 8to correspond to "s conception :i* is presuppos$ & giv510 a conception :i* mu/ !re=e be previ\sly fram$1 & )\t :i* ! p]fection is an unkn[n quantity1 & consequ5tly has no mean+ :5 express$ alone4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is int5d$ tacitly to presuppose ! conception 8humanity10 & accord+ly to make x ! pr9ciple ( morality to /rive aft] human p]fection1 ?is is only say+3 8,m5 ought to be z !y ought to be10--& we are j z wise z be=e4 ,9 fact 8p]fect0 is v ne>ly a m]e synonym ( 8complete10 = x signifies t 9 "o giv5 case or individual1 all ! pr$icates :i* lie 9 ! conception ( its species appe>1 ?us are actually pres5t4 ,!re=e ! conception 8p]fection10 if us$ absolutely & 9 ! ab/ract1 is a ^w void ( significance1 & ?is is also ! case ) ! talk ab\t ! 8mo/ p]fect be+10 & o!r simil> expressions4 ,all ?is is a m]e j+le ( words4 ,nev]!less la/ c5tury ?is conception ( p]fection & imp]fection _h become curr5t co92 inde$ x 0 ! h+e ^u :i* almo/ all speculation ^u e?ics1 & ev5 !ology1 turn$4 ,x 0 9 e "o's m\?1 s t at la/ x became a simple nuisance4 ,we see ev5 ! be/ writ]s ( ! "t1 = example ,less+1 entangl$ 9 ! mo/ deplorable mann] 9 p]fections & imp]fections1 & /ruggl+ ) !m4 ,at ! same "t1 e ?9k+ man mu/ at lea/ dimly h felt t ?is conception is void ( all positive cont5t1 because1 l an algebraical symbol1 x d5otes a m]e relation 9 ab/racto4 ,kant1 z we h already said1 entirely sep>at$ ! und5iably great e?ical significance ( actions f ! ph5om5on & its laws1 & %[$ t ! =m] directly conc]n$ ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! inn] nature ( ! _w1 :ile ! latt]1 i4e41 "t1 space1 & all t fills !m1 & disposes itself 9 !m accord+ to ! law ( causality1 is to be reg>d$ z a *ang+ & unsub/antial dream4 ,! little ,i h said1 :i* by no means exhau/s ! subject1 may suffice z evid5ce ( my recognition ( ! great m]its ( ,kant1--a recognition express$ "h bo? = my own satisfaction1 & because ju/ice dem&s t ^? m]its %\ld be recall$ to ! memory ( e "o :o desires to foll[ me 9 ! unsp>+ exposure ( 8 errors to :i* ,i n[ proce$4 ,x may be inf]r$1 ^u purely hi/orical gr\nds1 t ,kant's great a*ievem5ts mu/ h be5 accompani$ by great errors4 ,= al?\gh he effect$ ! greate/ revolution 9 philosophy & made an end ( ,s*ola/icism1 :i*1 und]/ood 9 ! wid] s5se we h indicat$1 _h la/$ = f\rte5 c5turies1 9 ord] to beg9 :at 0 really ! ?ird entirely new epo* 9 philosophy :i* ! _w has se51 yet ! direct result ( 8 appe>ance 0 only negative1 n positive4 ,= s9ce he did n set up a completely new sy/em1 to :i* 8 disciples c\ld only h adh]$ = a p]iod1 all inde$ obs]v$ t some?+ v great _h happ5$1 b yet no "o rightly knew :at4 ,!y c]ta9ly saw t all previ\s philosophy _h be5 fruitless dream+1 f :i* ! new age _h n[ awak5$1 b :at !y ought to hold to n[ !y did n "k4 ,a great void 0 felt2 a great ne$ _h aris52 ! univ]sal att5tion ev5 ( ! g5]al public 0 ar\s$4 ,induc$ by ?is1 b n urg$ by inw>d incl9ation & s5se ( p[] 7:i* f9d utt]ance ev5 at unfav\rable times1 z 9 ! case ( ,sp9oza71 m5 )\t any exceptional tal5t made v>i\s weak1 absurd1 & inde$ sometimes insane1 attempts1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 ! n[ int]e/$ public gave its att5tion1 & ) great pati5ce1 su* z is only f\nd 9 ,g]many1 long l5t its e>4 ,! same ?+ mu/ once h happ5$ 9 ,nature1 :5 a great revolution _h alt]$ ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 l& & sea _h *ang$ places1 & ! sc5e 0 cle>$ = a new creation4 ,x 0 !n a long "t be=e ,nature c\ld produce a new s]ies ( la/+ =ms all 9 h>mony ) !mselves & ) ea* o!r4 ,/range & mon/r\s organisations appe>$ :i* did n h>monise ei!r ) !mselves or ) ea* o!r1 & !re=e c\ld n endure long1 b ^: /ill exi/+ rema9s h br\ght d[n to u ! tok5s ( t wav]+ & t5tative proc$ure ( ,nature =m+ itself anew4 ,s9ce1 n[1 9 philosophy1 a crisis precisely simil> to ?is1 & an age ( fe>ful abortions1 01 z we all "k1 introduc$ by ,kant1 x may be conclud$ t ! s]vices he r5d]$ 7 n complete1 b mu/ h be5 negative & "o-sid$1 & burd5$ ) great defects4 ,^! defects we n[ desire to se>* out4 ,fir/ ( all we %all pres5t to ourselves cle>ly & exam9e ! fundam5tal ?\ght 9 :i* ! aim ( ! :ole 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 lies4 ,kant plac$ himself at ! /&po9t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ! dogmatic philosoph]s1 & accord+ly he />t$ ) !m f ! foll[+ assumptions3--7#a47 ,metaphysics is ! sci5ce ( t :i* lies beyond ! possibility ( all exp]i5ce4 7#b47 ,su* a sci5ce c nev] be atta9$ by apply+ pr9ciples :i* mu/ fir/ !mselves be drawn f exp]i5ce 7,prolegom5a1 #a72 b only :at we "k be=e1 & ?us indep5d5tly ( all exp]i5ce1 c rea* fur!r ?an possible exp]i5ce4 7#c47 ,9 our reason c]ta9 pr9ciples ( ?is k9d are actually to be f\nd3 !y are compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( ,k ( pure reason4 ,s f> ,kant goes ) 8 pr$ecessors1 b "h he sep>ates f !m4 ,!y say3 8,^! pr9ciples1 or ?is k ( pure reason1 are expressions ( ! absolute possibility ( ?+s1 t]n v]itates1 s\rces ( ontology2 !y /& above ! sy/em ( ! _w1 z fate /ood above ! gods ( ! anci5ts40 ,kant says1 !y are m]e =ms ( our intellect1 laws1 n ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 b ( our idea ( !m2 !y are !re=e valid m]ely = our appreh5sion ( ?+s1 & h5ce !y _c ext5d beyond ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to assumption #a1 is :at 0 aim$ at2 = ! a priori nature ( ^! =ms ( k1 s9ce x c only re/ on _! subjective orig91 is j :at cuts u (f = ev] f ! k ( ! nature ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 & conf9es u to a _w ( m]e ph5om5a1 s t we _c "k ?+s z !y may be 9 !mselves1 ev5 a po/]iori1 n to speak ( a priori4 ,accord+ly metaphysics is impossible1 & criticism ( pure reason takes its place4 ,z oppos$ to ! old dogmatism1 ,kant is "h completely victori\s2 !re=e all dogmatic attempts :i* h s9ce appe>$ h be5 oblig$ to pursue an entirely diff]5t pa? f ! e>li] sy/ems2 & ,i %all n[ g on to ! ju/ification ( my own sy/em1 accord+ to ! express$ int5tion ( ?is criticism4 ,a m c>eful exam9ation1 !n1 ( ! reason+ giv5 above w oblige "o to confess t its fir/ fundam5tal assumption is a petitio pr9cipii4 ,x lies 9 ! proposition 7/at$ ) p>ticul> cle>ness 9 ! ,prolegom5a1 #a73 8,! s\rce ( metaphysics mu/ ?r\gh\t be non-empirical2 its fundam5tal pr9ciples & conceptions mu/ nev] be tak5 f ei!r inn] or out] exp]i5ce40 ,yet absolutely no?+ is advanc$ 9 pro( ( ?is c>d9al ass]tion except ! etymological argum5t f ! ^w metaphysic4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ! matt] /&s ?us3 ,! _w & our own exi/5ce pres5ts itself to u necess>ily z a riddle4 ,x is n[ assum$1 )\t m ado1 t ! solution ( ?is riddle _c be arriv$ at f a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! _w itself1 b mu/ be s\ght 9 some?+ entirely diff]5t f ! _w 7= t is ! mean+ ( 8beyond ! possibility ( all exp]i5ce072 & t ev]y?+ mu/ be exclud$ f t solution ( :i* we c 9 any way h imm$iate k 7= t is ! mean+ ( possible exp]i5ce1 bo? inn] & out]72 ! solution mu/ r be s\ght only 9 t at :i* we c arrive m]ely indirectly1 t is1 by means ( inf]5ces f univ]sal pr9ciples a priori4 ,aft] ! pr9cipal s\rce ( all k has 9 ?is way be5 exclud$1 & ! direct way to tru? has be5 clos$1 we mu/ n wond] t ! dogmatic sy/ems fail$1 & t ,kant 0 able to %[ ! necessity ( ?is failure2 = metaphysics & k a priori _h be5 assum$ be=eh& to be id5tical4 ,b = ?is x 0 fir/ necess>y to prove t ! mat]ial = ! solution ( ! riddle absolutely _c be conta9$ 9 ! _w itself1 b mu/ be s\ght = only outside ! _w 9 some?+ we c only atta9 to "u ! guidance ( ^? =ms ( :i* we are consci\s a priori4 ,b s long z ?is is n prov$1 we h no gr\nds = %utt+ ourselves (f1 9 ! case ( ! mo/ important & mo/ difficult ( all que/ions1 f ! ri*e/ ( all s\rces ( k1 inn] & out] exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to "w only ) empty =ms4 ,i !re=e say t ! solution ( ! riddle ( ! _w mu/ proce$ f ! und]/&+ ( ! _w itself2 t ?us ! task ( metaphysics is n to pass beyond ! exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! _w exi/s1 b to und]/& x ?or\ghly1 because out] & inn] exp]i5ce is at any rate ! pr9cipal s\rce ( all k2 t !re=e ! solution ( ! riddle ( ! _w is only possible ?r\gh ! prop] connection ( out] ) inn] exp]i5ce1 effect$ at ! "r po9t1 & ! comb9ation !reby produc$ ( ^! two v diff]5t s\rces ( k4 ,yet ?is solution is only possible )9 c]ta9 limits :i* are insep>able f our f9ite nature1 s t we atta9 to a "r und]/&+ ( ! _w itself )\t rea*+ a f9al explanation ( its exi/5ce aboli%+ all fur!r problems4 ,!re=e e/ quadam prodire t5us1 & my pa? lies midway betwe5 ! omnisci5ce ( ! e>li] dogmati/s & ! despair ( ! ,kantian ,critique4 ,! important tru?s1 h[ev]1 :i* ,kant discov]$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! e>li] metaphysical sy/ems 7 ov]?r[n1 h suppli$ my sy/em ) data & mat]ials4 ,comp>e :at ,i h said conc]n+ my me?od 9 *ap4 xvii4 ( ! ,supplem5ts4 ,s mu* = ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,kant2 we %all n[ consid] 8 work+ out ( x & its details4 ,kant's /yle be>s ?r\gh\t ! /amp ( a pre-em95t m9d1 g5u9e /rong individuality1 & q exceptional p[] ( ?\ght4 ,its *>act]i/ic quality may p]haps be aptly describ$ z a brilliant dryness1 by virtue ( :i* he 0 able to grasp firmly & select ! conceptions ) great c]ta9ty1 & !n to turn !m ab\t ) ! greate/ fre$om1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( ! read]4 ,i f9d ! same brilliant dryness 9 ! /yle ( ,ari/otle1 ?\gh x is mu* simpl]4 ,nev]!less ,kant's language is (t5 indi/9ct1 indef9ite1 inadequate1 & sometimes obscure4 ,its obscurity1 c]ta9ly1 is p>tly excusable on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( ! subject & ! dep? ( ! ?\ght2 b he :o is himself cle> to ! bottom1 & kn[s ) p]fect di/9ctness :at he ?9ks & wi%es1 w nev] write indi/9ctly1 w nev] set up wav]+ & indef9ite conceptions1 compose mo/ difficult & complicat$ expressions f =eign languages to d5ote !m1 & use ^! expressions con/antly aft]w>ds1 z ,kant took words & =mulas f e>li] philosophy1 especially ,s*ola/icism1 :i* he comb9$ ) ea* o!r to suit 8 purposes2 z1 = example1 8transc5d5tal syn!tic unity ( app]ception10 & 9 g5]al 8unity ( syn!sis0 7,e9heit d] ,syn!sis71 always us$ :]e 8union0 7,v]e9igung7 w\ld be q suffici5t by itself4 ,moreov]1 a man :o is himself q cle> w n be always expla9+ anew :at has once be5 expla9$1 z ,kant does1 = example1 9 ! case ( ! und]/&+1 ! categories1 exp]i5ce1 & o!r lead+ conceptions4 ,9 g5]al1 su* a man w n incessantly repeat himself1 & yet 9 e new exposition ( ! ?\ght already express$ a hundr$ times leave x 9 j ! same obscure condition1 b he w express 8 mean+ once di/9ctly1 ?or\ghly1 & exhau/ively1 & !n let x alone4 8,quo enim melius rem aliquam concipimus eo magis det]m9ati sumus ad eam unico modo exprim5dam10 says ,desc>tes 9 8 fif? lett]4 ,b ! mo/ injuri\s result ( ,kant's occasionally obscure language is1 t x act$ z exempl> vitiis imitabile2 inde$1 x 0 miscon/ru$ z a p]nici\s au?orisation4 ,! public 0 compell$ to see t :at is obscure is n always )\t significance2 consequ5tly1 :at 0 )\t significance took refuge beh9d obscure language4 ,fi*te 0 ! fir/ to seize ?is new privilege & use x vigor\sly2 ,s*ell+ at lea/ equall$ him2 & a ho/ ( hungry scribbl]s1 )\t tal5t & )\t hone/y1 soon outbade !m bo?4 ,b ! height ( audacity1 9 s]v+ up pure nons5se1 9 /r++ toge!r s5seless & extravagant mazes ( words1 su* z _h previ\sly only be5 he>d 9 madh\ses1 0 f9ally rea*$ 9 ,hegel1 & became ! in/rum5t ( ! mo/ b>efac$ g5]al my/ification t has ev] tak5 place1 ) a result :i* w appe> fabul\s to po/]ity1 & w rema9 z a monum5t ( ,g]man /upidity4 ,9 va91 mean:ile1 ,jean ,paul wrote 8 beautiful p>agraph1 8,high] criticism ( philosophical madness 9 ! pr(essorial *air1 & poetical madness 9 ! !atre0 7/hetis*e ,na*s*ule72 = 9 va9 ,goe! _h already said-- 8,!y prate & tea*1 & no "o int]f]es2 ,all f ! fell[%ip ( fools are %r9k+2 ,man usually believes1 if only words he he>s1 ,t also ) !m goes mat]ial = ?9k+407#c7 ,b let u return to ,kant4 ,we are compell$ to admit t he entirely lacks gr&1 classical simplicity1 navet1 +nuit1 c&eur4 ,8 philosophy has no analogy ) ,grecian ar*itecture1 :i* pres5ts l>ge simple proportions reveal+ !mselves at once to ! glance2 on ! contr>y1 x rem9ds u /rongly ( ! ,go?ic /yle ( build+4 ,= a purely individual *>act]i/ic ( ,kant's m9d is a rem>kable love ( symmetry1 :i* delights 9 a v>i$ multiplicity1 s t x may r$uce x to ord]1 & repeat ?is ord] 9 subord9ate ord]s1 & s on indef9itely1 j z happ5s 9 ,go?ic *ur*es4 ,inde$1 he sometimes c>ries ?is to ! ext5t ( trifl+1 & f love ( ?is t5d5cy he goes s f> z to d op5 viol5ce to tru?1 & to deal ) x z ,nature 0 dealt ) by ! old-fa%ion$ g>d5]s1 ^: "w we see 9 symmetrical alleys1 squ>es1 & triangles1 trees %ap$ l pyramids & sph]es1 & h$ges w9d+ 9 regul> curves4 ,i w support ?is ) facts4 ,aft] he has treat$ space & "t isolat$ f ev]y?+ else1 & has !n dismiss$ ?is :ole _w ( p]ception :i* fills space & "t1 & 9 :i* we live & are1 ) ! mean+less words 8! empirical cont5t ( p]ception is giv5 u10 he imm$iately arrives ) "o spr+ at ! logical basis ( 8 :ole philosophy1 ! table ( judgm5ts4 ,f ?is table he d$uces an exact doz5 ( categories1 symmetrically arrang$ "u f\r heads1 :i* aft]w>ds become ! fe>ful procru/ean b$ into :i* he viol5tly =ces all ?+s 9 ! _w & all t goes on 9 man1 %r9k+ f no viol5ce & disda9+ no sophi/ry if only he is able to repeat ev]y:]e ! symmetry ( t table4 ,! fir/ t is symmetrically d$uc$ f x is ! pure physiological table ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce--! axioms ( intuition1 anticipations ( p]ception1 analogies ( exp]i5ce1 & po/ulates ( empirical ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,( ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ! fir/ two are simple2 b ea* ( ! la/ two s5ds out symmetrically ?ree %oots4 ,! m]e categories 7 :at he calls conceptions2 b ^! pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce are judgm5ts4 ,9 accordance ) 8 highe/ guide to all wisdom1 symmetry1 ! s]ies mu/ n[ prove itself fruitful 9 ! syllogisms1 & ?is1 inde$1 is done symmetrically & regul>ly4 ,=1 z by ! application ( ! categories to s5sibility1 exp]i5ce ) all its a priori pr9ciples arose = ! und]/&+1 s by ! application ( syllogisms to ! categories1 a task p]=m$ by ! reason 9 accordance ) its pret5d$ pr9ciple ( seek+ ! uncondition$1 ! ,ideas ( ! reason arise4 ,n[ ?is takes place 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! ?ree categories ( relation supply to syllogi/ic reason+ ! ?ree only possible k9ds ( major premisses1 & syllogi/ic reason+ accord+ly falls into ?ree k9ds1 ea* ( :i* is to be reg>d$ z an egg out ( :i* ! reason hat*es an ,idea2 out ( ! categorical syllogism ! ,idea ( ! s\l1 out ( ! hypo!tical ! ,idea ( ! _w1 & out ( ! disjunctive ! ,idea ( ,god4 ,9 ! second ( ^!1 ! ,idea ( ! _w1 ! symmetry ( ! table ( ! categories n[ repeats itself aga91 = its f\r heads produce f\r !ses1 ea* ( :i* has its anti!sis z a symmetrical p5dant4 ,we pay ! tribute ( our admiration to ! really exce$+ly acute comb9ation :i* produc$ ?is elegant /ructure1 b we %all none ! less proce$ to a ?or\gh exam9ation ( its f\ndation & its p>ts4 ,b ! foll[+ rem>ks mu/ come fir/4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ ,kant1 )\t fur!r reflection1 pursues 8 way1 foll[+ 8 symmetry1 ord]+ ev]y?+ 9 accordance ) x1 )\t ev] tak+ "o ( ! subjects s h&l$ into consid]ation on its own acc\nt4 ,i w expla9 myself m fully4 ,aft] he has consid]$ intuitive k 9 a ma!matical ref]5ce only1 he neglects altoge!r ! re/ ( k ( p]ception 9 :i* ! _w lies be=e u1 & conf9es himself entirely to ab/ract ?9k+1 al?\gh ?is receives ! :ole ( its significance & value f ! _w ( p]ception alone1 :i* is inf9itely m significant1 g5]ally pres5t1 & ri* 9 cont5t ?an ! ab/ract "p ( our k4 ,inde$1 & ?is is an important po9t1 he has n[h]e cle>ly di/+ui%$ p]ception f ab/ract k1 & j on ?is acc\nt1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 he becomes involv$ 9 irresolvable contradictions ) himself4 ,aft] he has dispos$ ( ! :ole s5sible _w ) ! mean+less 8x is giv510 he makes1 z we h said1 ! logical table ( judgm5ts ! f\ndation-/one ( 8 build+4 ,b "h aga9 he does n reflect = a mom5t ^u t :i* really lies be=e him4 ,^! =ms ( judgm5t are inde$ words & comb9ations ( words2 yet x ought fir/ to h be5 ask$ :at ^! directly d5ote3 x w\ld h be5 f\nd t !y d5ote conceptions4 ,! next "q w\ld !n h be5 z to ! nature ( conceptions4 ,x w\ld h appe>$ f ! answ] :at relation ^! h to ! ideas ( p]ception 9 :i* ! _w exi/s2 = p]ception & reflection w\ld h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,x w\ld n[ h become necess>y to exam9e1 n m]ely h[ pure & m]ely =mal intuition or p]ception a priori1 b also h[ its cont5t1 ! empirical p]ception1 comes into consci\sness4 ,b !n x w\ld h become app>5t :at "p ! und]/&+ has 9 ?is1 & ?us also 9 g5]al :at ! und]/&+ is1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at ! reason prop]ly is1 ! critique ( :i* is be+ writt54 ,x is mo/ rem>kable t he does n once prop]ly & adequately def9e ! latt]1 b m]ely gives incid5tally1 & z ! context 9 ea* case dem&s1 incomplete & inaccurate explanations ( x1 9 direct contradiction to ! rule ( ,desc>tes giv5 above47#d7 ,= example1 at p4 #aa2 ,v4 #bd1 ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 x is ! faculty ( pr9ciples a priori2 b at p4 #bii2 ,v4 #cef1 x is said t reason is ! faculty ( pr9ciples1 & x is oppos$ to ! und]/&+1 :i* is ! faculty ( rules6 ,"o w\ld n[ ?9k t !re mu/ be a v wide diff]5ce betwe5 pr9ciples & rules1 s9ce x entitles u to assume a special faculty ( k = ea* ( !m4 ,b ?is great di/9ction is made to lie m]ely 9 ?is1 t :at is kn[n a priori ?r\gh pure p]ception or ?r\gh ! =ms ( ! und]/&+ is a rule1 & only :at results f m]e conceptions is a pr9ciple4 ,we %all return to ?is arbitr>y & inadmissible di/9ction lat]1 :5 we come to ! ,dialectic4 ,on p4 #ccj2 ,v4 #chf1 reason is ! faculty ( inf]5ce2 m]e judg+ 7p4 #fi2 ,v4 #id7 he (t5 expla9s z ! "w ( ! und]/&+4 ,n[1 ?is really am\nts to say+3 ,judg+ is ! "w ( ! und]/&+ s long z ! gr\nd ( ! judgm5t is empirical1 transc5d5tal1 or metalogical 7,essay on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc72 b if x is logical1 z is ! case ) ! syllogism1 !n we are "h conc]n$ ) a q special & mu* m important faculty ( k--! reason4 ,nay1 :at is m1 on p4 #cjc2 ,v4 #cfj1 x is expla9$ t :at foll[s directly f a proposition is /ill a matt] ( ! und]/&+1 & t only ^? conclusions :i* are arriv$ at by ! use ( a m$iat+ conception are ! "w ( ! reason1 & ! example giv5 is ?is3 ,f ! proposition1 8,all m5 are mortal10 ! inf]5ce1 8,"s mortals are m510 may be drawn by ! m]e und]/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to draw ! conclusion1 8,all ! le>n$ are mortal10 dem&s an entirely diff]5t & f> m important faculty--! reason4 ,h[ 0 x possible = a great ?9k] to write ! l ( ?is6 ,on p4 #eec2 ,v4 #eha1 reason is all at once ! con/ant condition ( all volunt>y action4 ,on p4 #fad2 ,v4 #fdb1 x consi/s 9 ! fact t we c give an acc\nt ( our ass]tions2 on pp4 #fdc1 #fdd2 ,v4 #fga1 #fgb1 9 ! circum/ance t x br+s unity into ! conceptions ( ! und]/&+ by means ( ,ideas1 z ! und]/&+ br+s unity into ! multiplicity ( objects by means ( conceptions4 ,on p4 #fdf2 ,v4 #fgd1 x is no?+ else ?an ! faculty :i* d$uces ! p>ticul> f ! g5]al4 ,! und]/&+ also is con/antly be+ expla9$ anew4 ,9 sev5 passages ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 x is expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,on p4 #ea2 ,v4 #ge1 x is ! faculty :i* ( itself produces ideas ( p]ception4 ,on p4 #fi2 ,v4 #id1 x is ! faculty ( judg+1 i4e41 ( ?9k+1 i4e41 ( kn[+ ?r\gh conceptions4 ,on p4 #acg ( ! fif? edition1 x is ! faculty ( k g5]ally4 ,on p4 #acb2 ,v4 #aga1 x is ! faculty ( rules4 ,on p4 #aeh2 ,v4 #aig1 h[ev]1 x is said3 8,x is n only ! faculty ( rules1 b ! s\rce ( pr9ciples 7,grundstze7 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ comes "u rules20 & yet above x 0 oppos$ to ! reason because ! latt] alone 0 ! faculty ( pr9ciples 7,pr9cipi574 ,on p4 #afj2 ,v4 #aii1 ! und]/&+ is ! faculty ( conceptions2 b on p4 #cjb2 ,v4 #cei1 x is ! faculty ( ! unity ( ph5om5a by means ( rules4 ,aga9/ su* really confus$ & gr\ndless language on ! subject 7ev5 ?\gh x comes f ,kant7 ,i %all h no ne$ to def5d ! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 ( ^! two faculties ( k--an explanation :i* is fix$1 cle>ly def9$1 def9ite1 simple1 & 9 full agreem5t ) ! language ( all nations & all ages4 ,i h only quot$ ?is language z a pro( ( my *>ge t ,kant foll[s 8 symmetrical1 logical sy/em )\t suffici5tly reflect+ ^u ! subject he is ?us h&l+4 ,n[1 z ,i h said above1 if ,kant _h s]i\sly exam9$ h[ f> two su* diff]5t faculties ( k1 "o ( :i* is ! specific diff]5ce ( man1 may be kn[n1 & :at1 9 accordance ) ! language ( all nations & all philosoph]s1 reason & und]/&+ are1 he w\ld nev]1 )\t fur!r au?ority ?an ! intellectus !oreticus & practicus ( ! ,s*oolm51 :i* is us$ 9 an entirely diff]5t s5se1 h divid$ ! reason into !oretical & practical1 & made ! latt] ! s\rce ( virtu\s conduct4 ,9 ! same way1 be=e ,kant sep>at$ s c>efully conceptions ( ! und]/&+ 7by :i* he sometimes means 8 categories1 sometimes all g5]al conceptions7 & conceptions ( ! reason 78 s-call$ ,ideas71 & made !m bo? ! mat]ial ( 8 philosophy1 :i* = ! mo/ "p deals only ) ! validity1 application1 & orig9 ( all ^! conceptions2--fir/1 ,i say1 he ought to h really exam9$ :at 9 g5]al a conception is4 ,b ?is v necess>y inve/igation has un=tunately be5 also neglect$1 & has contribut$ mu* to ! irrem$iable confusion ( intuitive & ab/ract k :i* ,i %all soon ref] to4 ,! same want ( adequate reflection ) :i* he pass$ ov] ! que/ions3 :at is p]ception8 :at is reflection8 :at is conception8 :at is reason8 :at is und]/&+8 all[$ him to pass ov] ! foll[+ inve/igations1 :i* 7 j z inevitably necess>y3 :at is x t ,i call ! object1 :i* ,i di/+ui% f ! idea8 :at is exi/5ce8 :at is object8 :at is subject8 :at is tru?1 illusion1 error8 ,b he foll[s 8 logical s*ema & 8 symmetry )\t reflect+ or look+ ab\t him4 ,! table ( judgm5ts ought to1 & mu/1 be ! key to all wisdom4 ,i h giv5 x above z ! *ief m]it ( ,kant t he di/+ui%$ ! ph5om5on f ! ?+ 9 itself1 expla9$ ! :ole visible _w z ph5om5on1 & !re=e d5i$ all validity to its laws beyond ! ph5om5on4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t he did n d$uce ?is m]ely relative exi/5ce ( ! ph5om5on f ! simple und5iable tru? :i* lay s ne> him1 8,no object )\t a subject10 9 ord] ?us at ! v root to %[ t ! object1 because x always exi/s m]ely 9 relation to a subject1 is dep5d5t ^u x1 condition$ by x1 & !re=e condition$ z m]e ph5om5on1 :i* does n exi/ 9 itself nor uncondition$4 ,b]keley1 to ^: m]its ,kant did n d ju/ice1 _h already made ?is important pr9ciple ! f\ndation-/one ( 8 philosophy1 & !reby e/abli%$ an immortal reputation4 ,yet he himself did n draw ! prop] conclusions f ?is pr9ciple1 & s he 0 bo? misund]/ood & insuffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,9 my fir/ edition ,i expla9$ ,kant's avoidance ( ?is ,b]keleian pr9ciple z aris+ f an evid5t %r9k+ f decid$ idealism2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i f\nd idealism di/9ctly express$ 9 _m passages ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 & accord+ly ,i *>g$ ,kant ) contradict+ himself4 ,& ?is *>ge 0 well f\nd$1 if1 z 0 !n my case1 "o only knew ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 9 ! second or any ( ! five subsequ5t editions pr9t$ f x4 ,b :5 lat] ,i read ,kant's great "w 9 ! fir/ edition1 :i* is already s r>e1 ,i saw1 to my great pleasure1 all ^! contradictions disappe>1 & f\nd t al?\gh ,kant does n use ! =mula1 8,no object )\t a subject10 he yet expla9s1 ) j z mu* decision z ,b]keley & ,i d1 ! out] _w ly+ be=e u 9 space & "t z ! m]e idea ( ! subject t kn[s x4 ,!re=e1 = example1 he says !re )\t res]ve 7p4 #chc73 8,if ,i take away ! ?9k+ subject1 ! :ole mat]ial _w mu/ disappe>1 = x is no?+ b a ph5om5on 9 ! s5sibility ( our subject1 & a class ( its ideas40 ,b ! :ole passage f p4 #cdh-cib1 9 :i* ,kant exp\nd$ 8 pron\nc$ idealism ) peculi> beauty & cle>ness1 0 suppress$ by him 9 ! second edition1 & in/ead ( x a numb] ( rem>ks controv]t+ x 7 introduc$4 ,9 ?is way !n ! text ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 z x has circulat$ f ! ye> #aghg to ! ye> #ahch1 0 disfigur$ & spoilt1 & x became a self-contradictory book1 ! s5se ( :i* c\ld n !re=e be ?or\ghly cle> & compreh5sible to any "o4 ,! p>ticul>s ab\t ?is1 & also my conjectures z to ! reasons & ! weaknesses :i* may h influ5c$ ,kant s to disfigure 8 immortal "w1 ,i h giv5 9 a lett] to ,pr(essor ,ros5kranz1 & he has quot$ ! pr9cipal passage ( x 9 8 preface to ! second volume ( ! edition ( ,kant's collect$ works edit$ by him1 to :i* ,i !re=e ref]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( my repres5tations1 ,pr(essor ,ros5kranz 0 induc$ 9 ! ye> #ahch to re/ore ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 to its orig9al =m1 = 9 ! second volume ref]r$ to he _h x pr9t$ accord+ to ! fir/ edition ( #agha1 by :i* he has r5d]$ an ine/imable s]vice to philosophy2 inde$1 he has p]haps sav$ f de/ruction ! mo/ important "w ( ,g]man lit]ature2 & ?is %\ld always be rememb]$ to 8 cr$it4 ,b let no "o imag9e t he kn[s ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 & has a di/9ct conception ( ,kant's tea*+ if he has only read ! second or "o ( ! lat] editions4 ,t is altoge!r impossible1 = he has only read a mutilat$1 spoilt1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ung5u9e text4 ,x is my duty to say ?is "h decid$ly & = e "o's w>n+4 ,yet ! way 9 :i* ,kant introduces ! ?+ 9 itself /&s 9 und5iable contradiction ) ! di/9ctly ideali/ic po9t ( view s cle>ly express$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 & )\t d\bt ?is is ! *ief reason :y1 9 ! second edition1 he suppress$ ! pr9cipal ideali/ic passage we h ref]r$ to1 & directly decl>$ himself oppos$ to ! ,b]keleian idealism1 ?\gh by do+ s he only introduc$ inconsi/5cies into 8 "w1 )\t be+ able to rem$y its pr9cipal defect4 ,?is defect1 z is kn[n1 is ! introduction ( ! ?+ 9 itself 9 ! way *os5 by him1 ! inadmissibl5ess ( :i* 0 expos$ at l5g? by ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze 9 8nesidemus10 & 0 soon recognis$ z ! unt5able po9t ( 8 sy/em4 ,! matt] may be made cle> 9 a v few words4 ,kant bas$ ! assumption ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 ?\gh conceal$ "u v>i\s modes ( expression1 ^u an inf]5ce f ! law ( causality--an inf]5ce t ! empirical p]ception1 or m accurately ! s5sation1 9 our organs ( s5se1 f :i* x proce$s1 mu/ h an ext]nal cause4 ,b accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 :i* is correct1 ! law ( causality is kn[n to u a priori1 consequ5tly is a function ( our intellect1 & is ?us ( subjective orig92 fur!r1 s5sation itself1 to :i* we "h apply ! law ( causality1 is und5iably subjective2 & f9ally1 ev5 space1 9 :i*1 by means ( ?is application1 we place ! cause ( ?is s5sation z object1 is a =m ( our intellect giv5 a priori1 & is consequ5tly subjective4 ,!re=e ! :ole empirical p]ception rema9s always ^u a subjective f\ndation1 z a m]e process 9 u1 & no?+ entirely diff]5t f x & indep5d5t ( x c be br\ght 9 z a ?+ 9 itself1 or %[n to be a necess>y assumption4 ,! empirical p]ception actually is & rema9s m]ely our idea3 x is ! _w z idea4 ,an inn] nature ( ?is we c only arrive at on ! entirely diff]5t pa? foll[$ by me1 by means ( call+ 9 ! aid ( self-consci\sness1 :i* proclaims ! w z ! inn] nature ( our own ph5om5on2 b !n ! ?+ 9 itself w be "o :i* is toto g5]e diff]5t f ! idea & its elem5ts1 z ,i h expla9$4 ,! great defect ( ! ,kantian sy/em 9 ?is po9t1 :i*1 z has be5 said1 0 soon po9t$ out1 is an illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ! beautiful ,indian prov]b3 8,no lotus )\t a /em40 ,! errone\s d$uction ( ! ?+ 9 itself is "h ! /em2 yet only ! me?od ( ! d$uction1 n ! recognition ( a ?+ 9 itself belong+ to ! giv5 ph5om5on4 ,b ?is la/ 0 ,fi*te's misund]/&+ ( x1 :i* c\ld only happ5 because he 0 n conc]n$ ) tru?1 b ) mak+ a s5sation = ! fur!rance ( 8 individual ends4 ,accord+ly he 0 bold & ?\ghtless en\gh to d5y ! ?+ 9 itself altoge!r1 & to set up a sy/em 9 :i*1 n1 z ) ,kant1 ! m]e =m ( ! idea1 b also ! matt]1 its :ole cont5t1 0 pr(ess$ly d$uc$ a priori f ! subject4 ,9 do+ ?is1 he c\nt$ ) p]fect correctness ^u ! want ( judgm5t & ! /upidity ( ! public1 :i* accept$ mis]able sophisms1 m]e hocus-pocus & s5seless babble1 = pro(s2 s t he succe$$ 9 turn+ its att5tion f ,kant to himself1 & gave ! direction to ,g]man philosophy 9 :i* x 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ fur!r by ,s*ell+1 & ultimately rea*$ its goal 9 ! mad sophi/ry ( ,hegel4 ,i n[ return to ! great mi/ake ( ,kant1 already t\*$ on above1 t he has n prop]ly sep>at$ p]ceptible & ab/ract k1 :]eby an inextricable confusion has aris5 :i* we h n[ to consid] m closely4 ,if he _h %>ply sep>at$ ideas ( p]ception f conceptions m]ely ?\ght 9 ab/racto1 he w\ld h held ^! two ap>t1 & 9 e case w\ld h kn[n ) :i* ( ! two he _h to d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 un=tunately n ! case1 al?\gh ?is accusation has n yet be5 op5ly made1 & may ?us p]haps be unexpect$4 ,8 8object ( exp]i5ce10 ( :i* he is con/antly speak+1 ! prop] object ( ! categories1 is n ! idea ( p]ception2 nei!r is x ! ab/ract conception1 b x is diff]5t f bo?1 & yet bo? at once1 & is a p]fect *im]a4 ,=1 incr$ible z x may seem1 he lack$ ei!r ! wisdom or ! hone/y to come to an und]/&+ ) himself ab\t ?is1 & to expla9 di/9ctly to himself & o!rs :e!r 8 8object ( exp]i5ce1 i4e41 ! k produc$ by ! application ( ! categories10 is ! idea ( p]ception 9 space & "t 7my fir/ class ( ideas71 or m]ely ! ab/ract conception4 ,/range z x is1 !re always runs 9 8 m9d some?+ betwe5 ! two1 & h5ce arises ! un=tunate confusion :i* ,i mu/ n[ br+ to light4 ,= ?is end ,i mu/ g ?r\gh ! :ole !ory ( elem5ts 9 a g5]al way4 ,! 8,transc5d5tal /hetic0 is a "w ( su* extraord9>y m]it t x alone w\ld h be5 suffici5t to immortalise ! "n ( ,kant4 ,its pro(s c>ry su* p]fect conviction1 t ,i numb] its propositions among inconte/able tru?s1 & )\t d\bt !y are also among ^? t are ri*e/ 9 results1 & are1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z ! r>e/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 a real & great discov]y 9 metaphysics4 ,! fact1 /rictly prov$ by him1 t a "p ( our k is kn[n to u a priori1 admits ( no o!r explanation ?an t ?is con/itutes ! =ms ( our intellect2 inde$1 ?is is less an explanation ?an m]ely ! di/9ct expression ( ! fact itself4 ,= a priori means no?+ else ?an 8n ga9$ on ! pa? ( exp]i5ce1 ?us n come into u f )\t40 ,b :at is pres5t 9 ! intellect1 & has n come f )\t1 is j :at belongs orig9ally to ! intellect itself1 its own nature4 ,n[ if :at is ?us pres5t 9 ! intellect itself consi/s ( ! g5]al mode or mann] 9 :i* x mu/ pres5t all its objects to itself1 ?is is j say+ t :at is ?us pres5t is ! intellect's =ms ( kn[+1 i4e41 ! mode1 fix$ once = all1 9 :i* x fulfils ?is its function4 ,accord+ly1 8k a priori0 & 8! intellect's own =ms0 are at bottom only two expressions = ! same ?+s ?us to a c]ta9 ext5t synonyms4 ,!re=e f ! doctr9e ( ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic ,i knew ( no?+ to take away1 only ( some?+ to add4 ,kant did n c>ry out 8 ?\ght to ! end1 especially 9 ?is respect1 t he did n reject ,euclid's :ole me?od ( demon/ration1 ev5 aft] hav+ said on p4 #hg2 ,v4 #abj1 t all geometrical k has direct evid5ce f p]ception4 ,x is mo/ rem>kable t "o ( ,kant's oppon5ts1 & inde$ ! acute/ ( !m1 ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze 7,kritik d] !oretis*5 ,philosophie1 ii4 #bda71 draws ! conclusion t f 8 doctr9e an entirely diff]5t treatm5t ( geometry f t :i* is actually 9 use w\ld arise2 & ?us he ?\ght to br+ an apagogical argum5t aga9/ ,kant1 b1 9 fact1 )\t kn[+ x1 he only began ! w> aga9/ ! me?od ( ,euclid4 ,let me ref] to #ae ( ! fir/ book ( ?is "w4 ,aft] ! full exposition ( ! univ]sal =ms ( p]ception giv5 9 ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic1 "o necess>ily expects to receive "s explanation z to its cont5t1 z to ! way 9 :i* ! empirical p]ception comes into our consci\sness1 h[ ! k ( ?is :ole _w1 :i* is = u s real & s important1 arises 9 u4 ,b ! :ole tea*+ ( ,kant conta9s really no?+ m ab\t ?is ?an ! (t-repeat$ mean+less expression3 8,! empirical elem5t 9 p]ception is giv5 f )\t40 ,consequ5tly "h also f ! pure =ms ( p]ception ,kant arrives ) "o spr+ at ?9k+ at ! ,transc5d5tal ,logic4 ,j at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,logic 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 #ej2 ,v4 #gd71 :]e ,kant _c avoid t\*+ ^u ! cont5t ( ! empirical p]ception1 he takes ! fir/ false /ep2 he is guilty ( ! 4 8,our k10 he says1 8has two s\rces1 receptivity ( impressions & spontaneity ( conceptions3 ! fir/ is ! capacity = receiv+ ideas1 ! second t ( kn[+ an object ?r\gh ^! ideas3 ?r\gh ! fir/ an object is giv5 u1 ?r\gh ! second x is ?\ght40 ,?is is false2 = accord+ to x ! impression1 = :i* alone we h m]e receptivity1 :i* ?us comes f )\t & alone is prop]ly 8giv510 w\ld be already an idea1 & inde$ an object4 ,b x is no?+ m ?an a m]e s5sation 9 ! organ ( s5se1 & only by ! application ( ! und]/&+ 7i4e41 ( ! law ( causality7 & ! =ms ( p]ception1 space & "t1 does our intellect *ange ?is m]e s5sation into an idea1 :i* n[ exi/s z an object 9 space & "t1 & _c be di/+ui%$ f ! latt] 7! object7 except 9 s f> z we ask aft] ! ?+ 9 itself1 b ap>t f ?is is id5tical ) x4 ,i h expla9$ ?is po9t fully 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ba4 ,) ?is1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( ! und]/&+ & ( ! faculty ( p]ception is complet$1 & no conceptions & no ?9k+ are requir$ 9 addition2 !re=e ! brute also has ^! ideas4 ,if conceptions are add$1 if ?9k+ is add$1 to :i* spontaneity may c]ta9ly be attribut$1 !n k ( p]ception is entirely ab&on$1 & a completely diff]5t class ( ideas comes into consci\sness1 non-p]ceptible ab/ract conceptions4 ,?is is ! activity ( ! reason1 :i* yet obta9s ! :ole cont5t ( its ?9k+ only f ! previ\s p]ception1 & ! comp>ison ( x ) o!r p]ceptions & conceptions4 ,b ?us ,kant br+s ?9k+ into ! p]ception1 & lays ! f\ndation = ! inextricable confusion ( intuitive & ab/ract k :i* ,i am n[ engag$ 9 condemn+4 ,he all[s ! p]ception1 tak5 by itself1 to be )\t und]/&+1 purely s5su\s1 & ?us q passive1 & only ?r\gh ?9k+ 7category ( ! und]/&+7 does he all[ an object to be appreh5d$3 ?us he br+s ?\ght into ! p]ception4 ,b !n1 aga91 ! object ( ?9k+ is an individual real object2 & 9 ?is way ?9k+ loses its ess5tial "* ( univ]sality & ab/raction1 & in/ead ( g5]al conceptions receives individual ?+s z its object3 ?us aga9 he br+s p]ception into ?9k+4 ,f ?is spr+s ! inextricable confusion ref]r$ to1 & ! consequ5ces ( ?is fir/ false /ep ext5d ov] 8 :ole !ory ( k4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 !ory ! utt] confusion ( ! idea ( p]ception ) ! ab/ract idea t5ds t[>ds a some?+ betwe5 ! two :i* he exp\nds z ! object ( k ?r\gh ! und]/&+ & its categories1 & calls ?is k exp]i5ce4 ,x is h>d to believe t ,kant really figur$ to himself some?+ fully det]m9$ & really di/9ct 9 ?is object ( ! und]/&+2 ,i %all n[ prove ?is ?r\gh ! trem5d\s contradiction :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole ,transc5d5tal ,logic1 & is ! real s\rce ( ! obscurity 9 :i* x is involv$4 ,9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 p4 #fg-fi2 ,v4 #ib-id2 p4 #hi1 #ij2 ,v4 #abb1 #abc2 fur!r1 ,v4 #ace1 #aci1 #aec1 he repeats & insi/s3 ! und]/&+ is no faculty ( p]ception1 its k is n intuitive b discursive2 ! und]/&+ is ! faculty ( judg+ 7p4 #fi2 ,v4 #id71 & a judgm5t is indirect k1 an idea ( an idea 7p4 #fh2 ,v4 #ic72 ! und]/&+ is ! faculty ( ?9k+1 & ?9k+ is k ?r\gh conceptions 7p4 #fi2 ,v4 #id72 ! categories ( ! und]/&+ are by no means ! conditions "u :i* objects are giv5 9 p]ception 7p4 #hi2 ,v4 #abb71 & p]ception 9 no way requires ! functions ( ?9k+ 7p4 #ia2 ,v4 #abc72 our und]/&+ c only ?9k1 n p]ceive 7,v4 pp4 #ace1 #aci74 ,fur!r1 9 ! 8,prolegom5a10 #bj1 he says t p]ception1 s5sation1 p]ceptio1 belongs m]ely to ! s5ses2 judgm5t to ! und]/&+ alone2 & 9 #bb1 t ! "w ( ! s5ses is to p]ceive1 t ( ! und]/&+ to ?9k1 i4e41 to judge4 ,f9ally1 9 ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 f\r? edition1 p4 #bdg2 ,ros5kranz's edition1 p4 #bha1 he says t ! und]/&+ is discursive2 its ideas are ?\ghts1 n p]ceptions4 ,all ?is is 9 ,kant's own words4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ?is p]ceptible _w w\ld exi/ = u ev5 if we _h no und]/&+ at all2 t x comes into our head 9 a q inexplicable mann]1 :i* he con/antly indicates by 8 /range expression ! p]ception is giv51 )\t ev] expla9+ ?is indef9ite & metaphorical expression fur!r4 ,n[ all t has be5 quot$ is contradict$ 9 ! mo/ gl>+ mann] by ! :ole ( ! re/ ( 8 doctr9e ( ! und]/&+1 ( its categories1 & ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce z he expla9s x 9 ! ,transc5d5tal ,logic4 ,?us 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 #gi2 ,v4 #aje71 ! und]/&+ ?r\gh its categories br+s unity into ! manifold ( p]ception1 & ! pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+ ref] a priori to objects ( p]ception4 ,p4 #id2 ,v4 #abf1 ! 8categories are ! condition ( exp]i5ce1 :e!r ( p]ception1 :i* is f\nd 9 x1 or ( ?\ght40 ,v4 p4 #abg1 ! und]/&+ is ! orig9ator ( exp]i5ce4 ,v4 p4 #abh1 ! categories det]m9e ! p]ception ( objects4 ,v4 p4 #acj1 all t we pres5t to ourselves z connect$ 9 ! object 7:i* is yet c]ta9ly some?+ p]ceptible & n an ab/raction71 has be5 s connect$ by an act ( ! und]/&+4 ,v4 p4 #ace1 ! und]/&+ is expla9$ anew z ! faculty ( comb9+ a priori1 & ( br++ ! multiplicity ( giv5 ideas "u ! unity ( app]ception2 b accord+ to all ord9>y use ( words1 app]ception is n ! ?9k+ ( a conception1 b is p]ception4 ,v4 p4 #acf1 we f9d a fir/ pr9ciple ( ! possibility ( all p]ception 9 connection ) ! und]/&+4 ,v4 p4 #adc1 x /&s z ! head+1 t all s5se p]ception is condition$ by ! categories4 ,at ! same place ! logical function ( ! judgm5t also br+s ! manifold ( giv5 p]ceptions "u an app]ception 9 g5]al1 & ! manifold ( a giv5 p]ception /&s necess>ily "u ! categories4 ,v4 p4 #add1 unity comes into p]ception1 by means ( ! categories1 ?r\gh ! und]/&+4 ,v4 p4 #ade1 ! ?9k+ ( ! und]/&+ is v /rangely expla9$ z syn!tically comb9+1 connect+1 & arrang+ ! manifold ( p]ception4 ,v4 p4 #afa1 exp]i5ce is only possible ?r\gh ! categories1 & consi/s 9 ! connection ( s5sations1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are j p]ceptions4 ,v4 p4 #aei1 ! categories are a priori k ( ! objects ( p]ception 9 g5]al4 ,fur!r1 "h & at ,v4 p4 #afc & #afe1 a *ief doctr9e ( ,kant's is giv51 ?is3 t ! und]/&+ fir/ makes ,nature possible1 because x prescribes laws = x a priori1 & ,nature adapts itself to ! sy/em ( ! und]/&+1 & s on4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly p]ceptible & n an ab/raction2 !re=e1 ! und]/&+ mu/ be a faculty ( p]ception4 ,v4 p4 #afh1 x is said1 ! conceptions ( ! und]/&+ are ! pr9ciples ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 & ! latt] is ! condition ( ph5om5a 9 space & "t 9 g5]al2 ph5om5a :i*1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly exi/ 9 p]ception4 ,f9ally1 p4 #ahi-baa2 ,v4 #bcb-bfe1 ! long pro( is giv5 7! incorrectness ( :i* is %[n 9 detail 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bc7 t ! objective succession & also ! coexi/5ce ( objects ( exp]i5ce are n s5su\sly appreh5d$1 b are only br\ght into ,nature by ! und]/&+1 & t ,nature itself fir/ becomes possible 9 ?is way4 ,yet x is c]ta9 t ,nature1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & ! coexi/5ce ( /ates1 is purely p]ceptible1 & no m]e ab/ract ?\ght4 ,i *all5ge e "o :o %>es my respect t[>ds ,kant to reconcile ^! contradictions & to %[ t 9 8 doctr9e ( ! object ( exp]i5ce & ! way x is det]m9$ by ! activity ( ! und]/&+ & its twelve functions1 ,kant ?\ght some?+ q di/9ct & def9ite4 ,i am conv9c$ t ! contradiction ,i h po9t$ out1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh ! :ole ,transc5d5tal ,logic1 is ! real reason ( ! great obscurity ( its language4 ,kant himself1 9 fact1 0 dimly consci\s ( ! contradiction1 inw>dly combat$ x1 b yet ei!r w\ld n or c\ld n br+ x to di/9ct consci\sness1 & !re=e veil$ x f himself & o!rs1 & avoid$ x by all k9ds ( subt]fuges4 ,?is is p]haps also ! reason :y he made out ( ! faculties ( k su* a /range complicat$ ma*9e1 ) s _m :eels1 z ! twelve categories1 ! transc5d5tal syn!sis ( imag9ation1 ( ! inn] s5se1 ( ! transc5d5tal unity ( app]ception1 also ! s*ematism ( ! pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+1 c41 c4 ,& not)/&+ ?is great app>atus1 n ev5 an attempt is made to expla9 ! p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w1 :i* is aft] all ! pr9cipal fact 9 our k2 b ?is press+ claim is v meanly reject$1 always ?r\gh ! same mean+less metaphorical expression3 8,! empirical p]ception is giv5 u40 ,on p4 #ade ( ! fif? edition1 we le>n fur!r t ! p]ception is giv5 ?r\gh ! object2 !re=e ! object mu/ be some?+ diff]5t f ! p]ception4 ,if1 n[1 we endeav\r to inve/igate ,kant's inmo/ mean+1 n cle>ly express$ by himself1 we f9d t 9 reality su* an object1 diff]5t f ! p]ception1 b :i* is by no means a conception1 is = him ! prop] object = ! und]/&+2 inde$ t x mu/ be by means ( ! /range assumption ( su* an object1 :i* _c be pres5t$ 9 p]ception1 t ! p]ception fir/ becomes exp]i5ce4 ,i believe t an old deeply-root$ prejudice 9 ,kant1 dead to all inve/igation1 is ! ultimate reason ( ! assumption ( su* an absolute object1 :i* is an object 9 itself1 i4e41 )\t a subject4 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! p]ceiv$ object1 b ?r\gh ! conception x is add$ to ! p]ception by ?\ght1 z some?+ correspond+ to x2 & n[ ! p]ception is exp]i5ce1 & has value & tru?1 :i* x ?us only receives ?r\gh ! relation to a conception 79 diametrical opposition to my exposition1 accord+ to :i* ! conception only receives value & tru? f ! p]ception74 ,x is !n ! prop] function ( ! categories to add on 9 ?\ght to ! p]ception ?is directly non-p]ceptible object4 8,! object is giv5 only ?r\gh p]ception1 & is aft]w>ds ?\ght 9 accordance ) ! category0 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 fir/ edition1 p4 #cii74 ,?is is made specially cle> by a passage on p4 #abe ( ! fif? edition3 8,n[ ! "q arises :e!r conceptions a priori d n also come fir/ z conditions "u :i* alone a ?+ c be1 n p]ceiv$ c]ta9ly1 b yet ?\ght z an object 9 g5]al10 :i* he answ]s 9 ! affirmative4 ,"h ! s\rce ( ! error & ! confusion 9 :i* x is involv$ %[s itself di/9ctly4 ,= ! object z su* exi/s always only = p]ception & 9 x2 x may n[ be complet$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 or1 :5 x is abs5t1 ?r\gh ! imag9ation4 ,:at is ?\ght1 on ! contr>y1 is always an univ]sal non-p]ceptible conception1 :i* c]ta9ly c be ! conception ( an object 9 g5]al2 b only indirectly by means ( conceptions does ?\ght relate itself to objects1 :i* always are & rema9 p]ceptible4 ,= our ?9k+ is n able to imp>t reality to p]ceptions2 ?is !y h1 s f> z !y are capable ( x 7empirical reality7 ( !mselves2 b x s]ves to br+ toge!r ! common elem5t & ! results ( p]ceptions1 9 ord] to pres]ve !m1 & to be able to use !m m easily4 ,b ,kant ascribes ! objects !mselves to ?\ght1 9 ord] to make exp]i5ce & ! objective _w dep5d5t ^u und]/&+1 yet )\t all[+ und]/&+ to be a faculty ( p]ception4 ,9 ?is relation he c]ta9ly di/+ui%es p]ception f ?\ght1 b he makes p>ticul> ?+s sometimes ! object ( p]ception & sometimes ! object ( ?\ght4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 !y are only ! object ( ! =m]2 our empirical p]ception is at once objective1 j because x proce$s f ! causal nexus4 ,?+s1 n ideas diff]5t f !m1 are directly its object4 ,p>ticul> ?+s z su* are p]ceiv$ 9 ! und]/&+ & ?r\gh ! s5ses2 ! "o-sid$ impression ^u ! latt] is at once complet$ by ! imag9ation4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 z soon z we pass ov] to ?\ght1 we leave ! p>ticul> ?+s1 & h to d ) g5]al conceptions1 :i* _c be pres5t$ 9 p]ception1 al?\gh we aft]w>ds apply ! results ( our ?\ght to p>ticul> ?+s4 ,if we hold firmly to ?is1 ! inadmissibl5ess ( ! assumption becomes evid5t t ! p]ception ( ?+s only obta9s reality & becomes exp]i5ce ?r\gh ! ?\ght ( ^! v ?+s apply+ its twelve categories4 ,r 9 p]ception itself ! empirical reality1 & consequ5tly exp]i5ce1 is already giv52 b ! p]ception itself c only come into exi/5ce by ! application to s5sation ( ! k ( ! causal nexus1 :i* is ! "o function ( ! und]/&+4 ,p]ception is accord+ly 9 reality intellectual1 :i* is j :at ,kant d5ies4 ,besides 9 ! passages quot$1 ! assumption ( ,kant "h criticis$ w be f\nd express$ ) admirable cle>ness 9 ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t10 #cf1 j at ! beg9n+2 also 9 ! 8,metaphysical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce10 9 ! note to ! fir/ explanation ( 8,ph5om5ology40 ,b ) a navet :i* ,kant v5tur$ ^u lea/ ( all ) ref]5ce to ?is d\btful po9t1 x is to be f\nd mo/ di/9ctly laid d[n 9 ! book ( a ,kantian1 ,kiesewett]'s 8,grundriss e9] algeme95 ,logik10 ?ird edition1 "p i41 p4 #dcd ( ! exposition1 & "p ii41 #eb & #ec ( ! exposition2 simil>ly 9 ,tieftrunk's 8,d5klehre 9 re9 ,deuts*em ,gew&e0 7#ahbe74 ,x !re appe>s s cle>ly h[ ^? disciples :o d n !mselves ?9k become a magnify+ mirror ( ! errors ( e ?9k]4 ,once hav+ det]m9$ 8 doctr9e ( ! categories1 ,kant 0 always cauti\s :5 exp\nd+ x1 b 8 disciples on ! contr>y 7 q bold1 & ?us expos$ its fals5ess4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said1 ! object ( ! categories is = ,kant1 n inde$ ! ?+ 9 itself1 b yet mo/ closely ak9 to x4 ,x is ! object 9 itself2 x is an object t requires no subject2 x is a p>ticul> ?+1 & yet n 9 space & "t1 because n p]ceptible2 x is an object ( ?\ght1 & yet n an ab/ract conception4 ,accord+ly ,kant really makes a triple division3 7#a47 ! idea2 7#b47 ! object ( ! idea2 7#c47 ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,! fir/ belongs to ! s5sibility1 :i* 9 its case1 z 9 t ( s5sation1 includes ! pure =ms ( p]ception1 space & "t4 ,! second belongs to ! und]/&+1 :i* ?9ks x ?r\gh its twelve categories4 ,! ?ird lies beyond ! possibility ( all k4 7,9 support ( ?is1 cf4 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 fir/ edition1 p4 #ajh & #aji47 ,! di/9ction ( ! idea f ! object ( ! idea is h[ev] unf\nd$2 ?is _h already be5 prov$ by ,b]keley1 & x appe>s f my :ole exposition 9 ! fir/ book1 especially *ap4 i4 ( ! supplem5ts2 nay1 ev5 f ,kant's own completely ideali/ic po9t ( view 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,b if we %\ld n wi% to c\nt ! object ( ! idea z belong+ to ! idea & id5tify x ) ! idea1 x w\ld be necess>y to attribute x to ! ?+ 9 itself3 ?is ultimately dep5ds on ! s5se :i* is atta*$ to ! ^w object4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 always rema9s c]ta91 t1 :5 we ?9k cle>ly1 no?+ m c be f\nd ?an idea & ?+ 9 itself4 ,! illicit introduction ( t hybrid1 ! object ( ! idea1 is ! s\rce ( ,kant's errors2 yet :5 x is tak5 away1 ! doctr9e ( ! categories z conceptions a priori also falls to ! gr\nd2 = !y br+ no?+ to ! p]ception1 & are n suppos$ to hold good ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 b by means ( !m we only ?9k ^? 8objects ( ! ideas10 & !reby *ange ideas into exp]i5ce4 ,= e empirical p]ception is already exp]i5ce2 b e p]ception :i* proce$s f s5sation is empirical3 ?is s5sation is relat$ by ! und]/&+1 by means ( its sole function 7k a priori ( ! law ( causality71 to its cause1 :i* j on ?is acc\nt pres5ts itself 9 space & "t 7=ms ( pure p]ception7 z object ( exp]i5ce1 mat]ial object1 endur+ 9 space ?r\gh all "t1 yet z su* always rema9s idea1 z d space & "t !mselves4 ,if we desire to g beyond ?is idea1 !n we arrive at ! "q z to ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! answ] to :i* is ! !me ( my :ole "w1 z ( all metaphysics 9 g5]al4 ,kant's error "h expla9$ is connect$ ) 8 mi/ake1 :i* we condemn$ be=e1 t he gives no !ory ( ! orig9 ( empirical p]ception1 b1 )\t say+ m1 treats x z giv51 id5tify+ x ) ! m]e s5sation1 to :i* he only adds ! =ms ( intuition or p]ception1 space & "t1 compreh5d+ bo? "u ! "n s5sibility4 ,b f ^! mat]ials no objective idea arises3 ?is absolutely dem&s ! relation ( ! idea to its cause1 ?us ! application ( ! law ( causality1 & ?us und]/&+2 = )\t ?is ! s5sation /ill rema9s always subjective1 & does n take ! =m ( an object 9 space1 ev5 if space is giv5 ) x4 ,b accord+ to ,kant1 ! und]/&+ mu/ n be assign$ to p]ception2 x is suppos$ m]ely to ?9k1 s z to rema9 )9 ! transc5d5tal logic4 ,) ?is aga9 is connect$ ano!r mi/ake ( ,kant's3 t he left x to me to adduce ! only valid pro( ( ! a priori nature ( ! law ( causality :i* he rightly recognis$1 ! pro( f ! possibility ( objective empirical p]ception itself1 & in/ead ( x gives a palpably false "o1 z ,i h already %[n 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bc4 ,f ! above x is cle> t ,kant's 8object ( ! idea0 7#b7 is made up ( :at he has /ol5 p>tly f ! idea 7#a71 & p>tly f ! ?+ 9 itself 7#c74 ,if1 9 reality1 exp]i5ce 7 only br\ght ab\t by ! und]/&+ apply+ its twelve diff]5t functions 9 ord] to ?9k ?r\gh z _m conceptions a priori1 ! objects :i* 7 previ\sly m]ely p]ceiv$1 !n e real ?+ w\ld necess>ily z su* h a numb] ( det]m9ations1 :i*1 z giv5 a priori1 absolutely c\ld n be ?\ght away1 j l space & "t1 b w\ld belong q ess5tially to ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+1 & yet c\ld n be d$uc$ f ! prop]ties ( space & "t4 ,b only "o su* det]m9ation is to be f\nd--t ( causality4 ,^u ?is re/s mat]iality1 = ! ess5ce ( matt] consi/s 9 action1 & x is ?r\gh & ?r\gh causality 7cf4 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 iv47 ,b x is mat]iality alone t di/+ui%es ! real ?+ f ! picture ( ! imag9ation1 :i* is !n only idea4 ,= matt]1 z p]man5t1 gives to ! ?+ p]man5ce ?r\gh all "t1 9 respect ( its matt]1 :ile ! =ms *ange 9 con=mity ) causality4 ,ev]y?+ else 9 ! ?+ consi/s ei!r ( det]m9ations ( space or ( "t1 or ( its empirical prop]ties1 :i* are all ref]able to its activity1 & are ?us full] det]m9ations ( causality4 ,b causality ent]s already z a condition into ! empirical p]ception1 & ?is is accord+ly a ?+ ( ! und]/&+1 :i* makes ev5 p]ception possible1 & yet ap>t f ! law ( causality contributes no?+ to exp]i5ce & its possibility4 ,:at fills ! old ontologies is1 ) ! exception ( :at is giv5 "h1 no?+ m ?an relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r1 or to our reflection1 & a f>rago ( nons5se4 ,! language 9 :i* ! doctr9e ( ! categories is express$ af=ds an evid5ce ( its baselessness4 ,:at a diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic & ! ,transc5d5tal ,analytic6 ,9 ! =m]1 :at cle>ness1 def9it5ess1 c]ta9ty1 firm conviction :i* is freely express$ & infallibly communicates itself6 ,all is full ( light1 no d>k lurk+-places are left3 ,kant kn[s :at he wants & kn[s t he is "r4 ,9 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 all is obscure1 confus$1 indef9ite1 wav]+1 unc]ta91 ! language anxi\s1 full ( excuses & appeals to :at is com+1 or inde$ ( suppression4 ,moreov]1 ! :ole second & ?ird sections ( ! ,d$uction ( ! ,pure ,conceptions ( ! ,und]/&+ are completely *ang$ 9 ! second edition1 because !y did n satisfy ,kant himself1 & !y h become q diff]5t f ! fir/ edition1 ?\gh n cle>]4 ,we actually see ,kant 9 conflict ) ! tru? 9 ord] to c>ry out 8 hypo!sis :i* he has once fix$ ^u4 ,9 ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic all 8 propositions are really prov$ f und5iable facts ( consci\sness1 9 ! ,transc5d5tal ,analytic1 on ! contr>y1 we f9d1 if we consid] x closely1 m]e ass]tions t ?us x is & mu/ be4 ,"h1 !n1 z ev]y:]e1 ! language be>s ! /amp ( ! ?\ght f :i* x has proce$$1 = /yle is ! physiognomy ( ! m9d4 ,we h /ill to rem>k1 t :5ev] ,kant wi%es to give an example = ! purpose ( full] explanation1 he almo/ always takes = ?is end ! category ( causality1 & !n :at he has said turns out correct2 = ! law ( causality is inde$ ! real =m ( ! und]/&+1 b x is also its only =m1 & ! rema9+ elev5 categories are m]ely bl9d w9d[s4 ,! d$uction ( ! categories is simpl] & less involv$ 9 ! fir/ edition ?an 9 ! second4 ,he lab\rs to expla9 h[1 accord+ to ! p]ception giv5 by s5sibility1 ! und]/&+ produces exp]i5ce by means ( ?9k+ ! categories4 ,9 do+ s1 ! words recognition1 reproduction1 association1 appreh5sion1 transc5d5tal unity ( app]ception1 are repeat$ to we>9ess1 & yet no di/9ctness is atta9$4 ,x is well wor? notic+1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is explanation he does n once t\* ^u :at mu/ nev]!less fir/ occur to e "o--! relation ( ! s5sation to its ext]nal cause4 ,if he did n int5d ?is relation to hold good1 he ought to h expressly d5i$ x2 b nei!r does he d ?is4 ,?us 9 ?is way he evades ! po9t1 & all ! ,kantians h 9 l mann] evad$ x4 ,! secret motive ( ?is is1 t he res]ves ! causal nexus1 "u ! "n 8gr\nd ( ! ph5om5on10 = 8 false d$uction ( ! ?+ 9 itself2 & also t p]ception w\ld become intellectual ?r\gh ! relation to ! cause1 :i* he d>e n admit4 ,besides ?is1 he seems to h be5 afraid t if ! causal nexus 7 all[$ to hold good betwe5 s5sation & object1 ! latt] w\ld at once become ! ?+ 9 itself1 & introduce ! empiricism ( ,locke4 ,b ?is difficulty is remov$ by reflection1 :i* %[s u t ! law ( causality is ( subjective orig91 z well z ! s5sation itself2 & besides ?is1 our own body also1 inasmu* z x appe>s 9 space1 already belongs to ideas4 ,b ,kant 0 h9d]$ f confess+ ?is by 8 fe> ( ! ,b]keleian idealism4 8,! comb9ation ( ! manifold ( p]ception0 is repeat$ly giv5 z ! ess5tial op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 by means ( its twelve categories4 ,yet ?is is nev] adequately expla9$1 nor is x %[n :at ?is manifold ( p]ception is be=e x is comb9$ by ! und]/&+4 ,b "t & space1 ! latt] 9 all its ?ree dim5sions1 are cont9ua1 i4e41 all _! p>ts are orig9ally n sep>ate b comb9$4 ,?us1 !n1 ev]y?+ t exhibits itself 9 !m 7is giv57 appe>s orig9ally z a cont9uum1 i4e41 its p>ts appe> already comb9$ & require no adv5titi\s comb9ation ( a manifold4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "s "o %\ld seek to int]pret t comb9+ ( ! manifold ( p]ception by say+ t ,i ref] ! diff]5t s5se-impressions ( "o object to ?is "o only--?us1 = example1 p]ceiv+ a bell1 ,i recognise t :at affects my eye z yell[1 my h& z smoo? & h>d1 my e> z s\nd+1 is yet only "o & ! same body1--!n ,i reply t ?is is r a consequ5ce ( ! k a priori ( ! causal nexus 7?is actual & only function ( ! und]/&+71 by virtue ( :i* all ^? diff]5t effects ^u my diff]5t organs ( s5se yet lead me only to "o common cause ( !m1 ! nature ( ! body /&+ be=e me1 s t my und]/&+1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce & multiplicity ( ! effects1 /ill appreh5ds ! unity ( ! cause z a s+le object1 :i* j on t acc\nt exhibits itself 9 p]ception4 ,9 ! beautiful recapitulation ( 8 doctr9e :i* ,kant gives at p4 #gai-gbf or ,v4 #gdg-ged ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 he expla9s ! categories1 p]haps m di/9ctly ?an any:]e else1 z 8! m]e rule ( ! syn!sis ( t :i* empirical appreh5sion has giv5 a po/]iori40 ,x seems z if "h he _h some?+ 9 8 m9d1 su* z t1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! triangle1 ! angles give ! rule = ! composition ( ! l9es2 at lea/ by ?is image "o c be/ expla9 to oneself :at he says ( ! function ( ! categories4 ,! preface to ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce0 conta9s a long note :i* likewise gives an explanation ( ! categories1 & says t !y 8diff] 9 no respect f ! =mal acts ( ! und]/&+ 9 judg+10 except t 9 ! latt] subject & pr$icate c always *ange places2 !n ! judgm5t 9 g5]al is def9$ 9 ! same passage z 8an act ?r\gh :i* giv5 ideas fir/ become k ( an object40 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! brutes1 s9ce !y d n judge1 mu/ also h no k ( objects4 ,9 g5]al1 accord+ to ,kant1 !re are only conceptions ( objects1 no p]ceptions4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 say3 ,objects exi/ prim>ily only = p]ception1 & conceptions are always ab/ractions f ?is p]ception4 ,!re=e ab/ract ?9k+ mu/ be conduct$ exactly accord+ to ! _w pres5t 9 p]ception1 = x is only _! relation to ?is t gives cont5t to conceptions2 & we mu/ assume = ! conceptions no o!r a priori det]m9$ =m ?an ! faculty ( reflection 9 g5]al1 ! nature ( :i* is ! con/ruction ( conceptions1 i4e41 ( ab/ract non-p]ceptible ideas1 :i* con/itutes ! sole function ( ! reason1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! fir/ book4 ,i !re=e require t we %\ld reject elev5 ( ! categories1 & only reta9 t ( causality1 & yet t we %\ld see cle>ly t its activity is inde$ ! condition ( empirical p]ception1 :i* accord+ly is n m]ely s5su\s b intellectual1 & t ! object s p]ceiv$1 ! object ( exp]i5ce1 is "o ) ! idea1 f :i* !re rema9s no?+ to di/+ui% except ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,aft] repeat$ /udy ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 at diff]5t p]iods ( my life1 a conviction has =c$ itself ^u me ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,logic1 :i* ,i n[ imp>t z v helpful to an und]/&+ ( x4 ,kant's only discov]y1 :i* is bas$ ^u objective compreh5sion & ! highe/ human ?\ght1 is ! app]u t "t & space are kn[n by u a priori4 ,gratifi$ by ?is happy hit1 he wi%$ to pursue ! same ve9 fur!r1 & 8 love ( ar*itectonic symmetry af=d$ him ! clue4 ,z he _h f\nd t a pure intuition or p]ception a priori und]lay ! empirical p]ception z its condition1 he ?\ght t 9 ! same way c]ta9 pure conceptions z presuppositions 9 our faculty ( k mu/ lie at ! f\ndation ( ! empirically obta9$ conceptions1 & t real empirical ?\ght mu/ be only possible ?r\gh a pure ?\ght a priori1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld h no objects 9 itself1 b w\ld be oblig$ to take !m f p]ception4 ,s t z ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic e/abli%es an a priori basis ( ma!matics1 !re mu/1 he suppos$1 also be a simil> basis = logic2 & ?us1 !n = ! sake ( symmetry1 ! =m] receiv$ a p5dant 9 a ,transc5d5tal ,logic4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds ,kant 0 no m free1 no m 9 ! position ( purely1 inve/igat+ & obs]v+ :at is pres5t 9 consci\sness2 b he 0 guid$ by an assumption & pursu$ a purpose--! purpose ( f9d+ :at he assum$1 9 ord] to add to ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic s happily discov]$ a ,transc5d5tal ,logic analog\s to x1 & ?us symmetrically correspond+ to x1 z a second /orey4 ,n[ = ?is purpose he hit ^u ! table ( judgm5ts1 out ( :i* he con/ruct$1 z well z he c\ld1 ! table ( categories1 ! doctr9e ( twelve pure a priori conceptions1 :i* are suppos$ to be ! conditions ( our ?9k+ ^? v ?+s ! p]ception ( :i* is condition$ by ! two a priori =ms ( s5sibility3 ?us a pure und]/&+ n[ correspond$ symmetrically to a pure s5sibility4 ,!n ano!r consid]ation occurr$ to him1 :i* (f]$ a means ( increas+ ! plausibility ( ! ?+1 by ! assumption ( ! s*ematism ( ! pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+4 ,b j ?r\gh ?is ! way 9 :i* 8 proc$ure _h1 unconsci\sly inde$1 orig9at$ betray$ itself mo/ di/9ctly4 ,= because he aim$ at f9d+ some?+ a priori analog\s to e empirical function ( ! faculty ( k1 he rem>k$ t betwe5 our empirical p]ception & our empirical ?9k+1 conduct$ 9 ab/ract non-p]ceptible conceptions1 a connection v frequ5tly1 ?\gh n always1 takes place1 because e n[ & !n we try to g back f ab/ract ?9k+ to p]ception2 b try to d s m]ely 9 ord] really to conv9ce ourselves t our ab/ract ?\ght has n /ray$ f> f ! safe gr\nd ( p]ception1 & p]haps become exagg]ation1 or1 x may be1 m]e empty talk2 mu* 9 ! same way z1 :5 we are walk+ 9 ! d>k1 we /ret* out our h& e n[ & !n to ! guid+ wall4 ,we g back1 !n1 to ! p]ception only t5tatively & = ! mom5t1 by call+ up 9 imag9ation a p]ception correspond+ to ! conceptions :i* are occupy+ u at ! "t--a p]ception :i* c yet nev] be q adequate to ! conception1 b is m]ely a tempor>y repres5tative ( x4 ,i h already adduc$ :at is ne$ful on ?is po9t 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bh4 ,kant calls a fleet+ phantasy ( ?is k9d a s*ema1 9 opposition to ! p]fect$ picture ( ! imag9ation4 ,he says x is l a monogram ( ! imag9ation1 & ass]ts t j z su* a s*ema /&s midway betwe5 our ab/ract ?9k+ ( empirically obta9$ conceptions1 & our cle> p]ception :i* comes to u ?r\gh ! s5ses1 s !re are a priori s*emata ( ! pure conceptions ( ! und]/&+ betwe5 ! faculty ( p]ception a priori ( pure s5sibility & ! faculty ( ?9k+ a priori ( ! pure und]/&+ 7?us ! categories74 ,^! s*emata1 z monograms ( ! pure imag9ation a priori1 he describes "o by "o1 & assigns to ea* ( !m its correspond+ category1 9 ! wond]ful 8,*apt] on ! ,s*ematism ( ! ,pure ,conceptions ( ! ,und]/&+10 :i* is not$ z exce$+ly obscure1 because no man has ev] be5 able to make any?+ out ( x4 ,its obscurity1 h[ev]1 vani%es if x is consid]$ f ! po9t ( view "h indicat$1 b !re also comes out m cle>ly 9 x ?an any:]e else ! int5tional nature ( ,kant's proc$ure1 & ( ! det]m9ation =m$ be=eh& ( f9d+ :at w\ld correspond to ! analogy1 & c\ld assi/ ! ar*itectonic symmetry2 inde$ ?is is "h ! case to su* a degree z to be almo/ comical4 ,= :5 he assumes s*emata ( ! pure 7empty7 a priori conceptions ( ! und]/&+ 7categories7 analog\s to ! empirical s*emata 7or repres5tatives ?r\gh ! fancy ( our actual conceptions71 he ov]looks ! fact t ! end ( su* s*emata is "h entirely want+1 ,= ! end ( ! s*emata 9 ! case ( empirical 7real7 ?9k+ is entirely connect$ ) ! mat]ial cont5t ( su* conceptions4 ,= s9ce ^! conceptions are drawn f empirical p]ception1 we assi/ & guide ourselves :5 engag$ 9 ab/ract ?9k+ by n[ & !n ca/+ a mom5t>y glance back at ! p]ception out ( :i* ! conceptions are fram$1 9 ord] to assure ourselves t our ?\ght has /ill real cont5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 necess>ily presupposes t ! conceptions :i* occupy u are sprung f p]ception1 & x is m]ely a glance back at _! mat]ial cont5t1 inde$ a m]e aid to our weakness4 ,b 9 ! case ( a priori conceptions :i* z yet h no cont5t at all1 cle>ly ?is is necess>ily omitt$4 ,= ^! conceptions are n sprung f p]ception1 b come to x f )91 9 ord] to receive a cont5t fir/ f x4 ,?us !y h z yet no?+ on :i* !y c\ld look back4 ,i speak fully ^u ?is po9t1 because x is j ?is t ?r[s light ^u ! secret orig9 ( ! ,kantian philosophis+1 :i* accord+ly consi/s 9 ?is1 t ,kant1 aft] ! happy discov]y ( ! two =ms ( intuition or p]ception a priori1 ex]t$ himself1 "u ! guidance ( ! analogy1 to prove t = e det]m9ation ( our empirical k !re is an a priori analogue1 & ?is f9ally ext5d$1 9 ! s*emata1 ev5 to a m]e psy*ological fact4 ,"h ! app>5t dep? & ! difficulty ( ! exposition j s]ve to conceal f ! read] t its cont5t rema9s a :olly undemon/rable & m]ely arbitr>y assumption4 ,b he :o has p5etrat$ at la/ to ! mean+ ( su* an exposition is !n easily induc$ to mi/ake ?is und]/&+ s pa9fully atta9$ = a conviction ( ! tru? ( ! matt]4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,kant _h kept himself "h z unprejudic$ & purely obs]vant z 9 ! discov]y ( a priori intuition or p]ception1 he mu/ h f\nd t :at is add$ to ! pure intuition or p]ception ( space & "t1 if an empirical p]ception arises f x1 is on ! "o h& ! s5sation1 & on ! o!r h& ! k ( causality1 :i* *anges ! m]e s5sation into objective empirical p]ception1 b j on ?is acc\nt is n fir/ d]iv$ & le>n$ f s5sation1 b exi/s a priori1 & is inde$ ! =m & function ( ! pure und]/&+4 ,x is also1 h[ev]1 its sole =m & function1 yet "o s ri* 9 results t all our empirical k re/s ^u x4 ,if1 z has (t5 be5 said1 ! refutation ( an error is only complete :5 ! way x orig9at$ has be5 psy*ologically demon/rat$1 ,i believe ,i h a*iev$ ?is1 ) reg>d to ,kant's doctr9e ( ! categories & _! s*emata1 9 :at ,i h said above4 ,aft] ,kant _h ?us introduc$ su* great errors into ! fir/ simple outl9es ( a !ory ( ! faculty ( p]ception1 he adopt$ a v>iety ( v complicat$ assumptions4 ,to ^! belongs fir/ ( all ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception3 a v /range ?+1 v /rangely expla9$4 8,! ,i ?9k mu/ be able to accompany all my ideas40 ,mu/--be able3 ?is is a problematic-apodictic enunciation2 9 pla9 ,engli%1 a proposition :i* takes ) "o h& :at x gives ) ! o!r4 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( ?is c>efully balanc$ proposition8 ,t all k ( ideas is ?9k+8 ,t is n ! case3 & x w\ld be dreadful2 !re w\ld !n be no?+ b ab/ract conceptions1 or at any rate a pure p]ception free f reflection & w1 su* z t ( ! beautiful1 ! deepe/ compreh5sion ( ! true nature ( ?+s1 i4e41 ( _! ,platonic ,ideas4 ,& besides1 ! brutes w\ld !n ei!r ?9k also1 or else !y w\ld n ev5 h ideas4 ,or is ! proposition p]haps int5d$ to mean3 no object )\t a subject8 ,t w\ld be v badly express$ by x1 & w\ld come too late4 ,if we collect ,kant's utt]ances on ! subject1 we %all f9d t :at he und]/&s by ! syn!tic unity ( app]ception is1 z x 71 ! ext5sionless c5tre ( ! sph]e ( all our ideas1 ^: radii conv]ge to x4 ,x is :at ,i call ! subject ( kn[+1 ! correlative ( all ideas1 & x is also t :i* ,i h fully describ$ & expla9$ 9 ! #bb;d *apt] ( ! ,supplem5ts1 z ! focus 9 :i* ! rays ( ! activity ( ! bra9 conv]ge4 ,!re=e1 to avoid repetition1 ,i n[ ref] to t *apt]4 ,t ,i reject ! :ole doctr9e ( ! categories1 & reckon x among ! gr\ndless assumptions ) :i* ,kant burd5$ ! !ory ( k1 results f ! criticism giv5 above2 & also f ! pro( ( ! contradictions 9 ! ,transc5d5tal ,logic1 :i* _h _! gr\nd 9 ! confusion ( p]ception & ab/ract k2 also fur!r f ! pro( ( ! want ( a di/9ct & def9ite conception ( ! nature ( ! und]/&+ & ( ! reason1 in/ead ( :i* we f\nd 9 ,kant's writ+s only incoh]5t1 inconsi/5t1 insuffici5t1 & incorrect utt]ances ) reg>d to ^! two faculties ( ! m9d4 ,f9ally1 x results f ! explanations :i* ,i myself h giv5 ( ^! faculties ( ! m9d 9 ! fir/ book & its ,supplem5ts1 & m fully 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ba1 #bf1 & #cd1--;explanations :i* are v def9ite & di/9ct1 :i* cle>ly foll[ f ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( our k1 & :i* completely agree ) ! conceptions ( ^? two faculties ( k t appe> 9 ! language & writ+s ( all ages & all nations1 b 7 n br\ght to di/9ctness4 ,_! def5ce aga9/ ! v diff]5t exposition ( ,kant has1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 giv5 already along ) ! exposure ( ! errors ( t exposition4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! table ( judgm5ts1 :i* ,kant makes ! f\ndation ( 8 !ory ( ?9k+1 & inde$ ( 8 :ole philosophy1 has1 9 itself1 z a :ole1 its correctness1 x is /ill incumb5t ^u me to %[ h[ ^! univ]sal =ms ( all judgm5t arise 9 our faculty ( k1 & to reconcile !m ) my exposition ( x4 ,9 ?is discussion ,i %all always atta* to ! concepts und]/&+ & reason ! s5se giv5 !m 9 my explanation1 :i* ,i !re=e assume ! read] is famili> )4 ,an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,kant's me?od & t :i* ,i foll[ lies 9 ?is1 t he />ts f indirect1 reflect$ k1 :ile ,i />t f direct or intuitive k4 ,he may be comp>$ to a man :o measures ! height ( a t[] by its %ad[1 :ile ,i am l him :o applies ! measur+-rule directly to ! t[] itself4 ,!re=e1 = him philosophy is a sci5ce ( conceptions1 b = me x is a sci5ce 9 conceptions1 drawn f k ( p]ception1 ! "o s\rce ( all evid5ce1 & compreh5d$ & made p]man5t 9 g5]al conceptions4 ,he passes ov] ?is :ole _w ( p]ception :i* surr\nds u1 s multif>i\s & ri* 9 significance1 & conf9es himself to ! =ms ( ab/ract ?9k+2 &1 al?\gh he nev] expressly says s1 ?is proc$ure is f\nd$ on ! assumption t reflection is ! ectype ( all p]ception1 t1 !re=e1 all t is ess5tial 9 p]ception mu/ be express$ 9 reflection1 & express$ 9 v contract$ =ms & outl9es1 :i* are ?us easily survey$4 ,accord+ to ?is1 :at is ess5tial & con=mable to law 9 ab/ract k w\ld1 z x 71 place 9 our h&s all ! ?reads by :i* ! v>i$ puppet-%[ ( ! _w ( p]ception is set 9 motion be=e our eyes4 ,if ,kant _h only di/9ctly express$ ?is fir/ pr9ciple ( 8 me?od1 & !n foll[$ x consi/5tly1 he w\ld at lea/ h be5 oblig$ to sep>ate cle>ly ! intuitive f ! ab/ract1 & we w\ld n h _h to cont5d ) inextricable contradictions & confusions4 ,b f ! way 9 :i* he solves 8 problem we see t t fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 me?od 0 only v indi/9ctly pres5t to 8 m9d1 & ?us we h /ill to arrive at x by conjecture ev5 aft] a ?or\gh /udy ( 8 philosophy4 ,n[ z conc]ns ! specifi$ me?od & fundam5tal maxim itself1 !re is mu* to be said = x1 & x is a brilliant ?\ght4 ,! nature ( all sci5ce inde$ consi/s 9 ?is1 t we compreh5d ! endless manifold ( p]ceptible ph5om5a "u comp>atively few ab/ract conceptions1 & out ( ^! con/ruct a sy/em by means ( :i* we h all ^? ph5om5a completely 9 ! p[] ( our k1 c expla9 ! pa/ & det]m9e ! future4 ,! sci5ces1 h[ev]1 divide ! wide sph]e ( ph5om5a among !m accord+ to ! special & manifold classes ( ! latt]4 ,n[ x 0 a bold & happy ?\ght to isolate :at is absolutely ess5tial to ! conceptions z su* & ap>t f _! cont5t1 9 ord] to discov] f ^! =ms ( all ?\ght f\nd 9 ?is way :at is ess5tial to all intuitive k also1 & consequ5tly to ! _w z ph5om5on 9 g5]al2 & because ?is w\ld be f\nd a priori on acc\nt ( ! necessity ( ^? =ms ( ?\ght1 x w\ld be ( subjective orig91 & w\ld j lead to ! ends ,kant _h 9 view4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 be=e go+ fur!r1 ! relation ( reflection to k ( p]ception ought to h be5 inve/igat$ 7:i* c]ta9ly presupposes ! cle> sep>ation ( ! two1 :i* 0 neglect$ by ,kant74 ,he ought to h inquir$ 9 :at way ! =m] really repeats & repres5ts ! latt]1 :e!r q pure1 or *ang$ & to "s ext5t disguis$ by be+ tak5 up into its special =ms 7=ms ( reflection72 :e!r ! =m ( ab/ract reflective k becomes m det]m9$ ?r\gh ! =m ( k ( p]ception1 or ?r\gh ! nature or con/itution :i* unalt]ably belongs to itself1 i4e41 to reflective k1 s t ev5 :at is v het]og5e\s 9 intuitive k c no long] be di/+ui%$ :5 x has ent]$ reflective k1 & conv]sely _m di/9ctions ( :i* we are consci\s 9 ! reflective me?od ( k h also sprung f ?is k itself1 & by no means po9t to correspond+ diff]5ces 9 intuitive k4 ,z ! result ( ?is inve/igation1 h[ev]1 x w\ld h appe>$ t k ( p]ception suff]s v ne>ly z mu* *ange :5 x is tak5 up into reflection z food :5 x is tak5 into ! animal organism ^: =ms & comp\nds are det]m9$ by itself1 s t ! nature ( ! food c no long] be recognis$ f ! result !y produce4 ,or 7= ?is is go+ a little too f>7 at lea/ x w\ld h appe>$ t reflection is by no means relat$ to k ( p]ception z ! reflection 9 wat] is relat$ to ! reflect$ objects1 b sc>cely ev5 z ! m]e %ad[ ( ^! objects /&s to ! objects !mselves2 :i* %ad[ repeats only a few ext]nal outl9es1 b also unites ! mo/ manifold 9 ! same =m & pres5ts ! mo/ div]se ?r\gh ! same outl9e2 s t x is by no means possible1 />t+ f x1 to con/rue ! =ms ( ?+s ) complet5ess & c]ta9ty4 ,! :ole ( reflective k1 or ! reason1 has only "o *ief =m1 & t is ! ab/ract conception4 ,x is prop] to ! reason itself1 & has no direct necess>y connection ) ! _w ( p]ception1 :i* !re=e exi/s = ! brutes entirely )\t conceptions1 & inde$1 ev5 if x 7 q ano!r _w f :at x is1 t =m ( reflection w\ld suit x j z well4 ,b ! comb9ation ( conceptions = ! purpose ( judg+ has c]ta9 def9ite & normal =ms1 :i* h be5 f\nd by induction1 & con/itute ! table ( judgm5ts4 ,^! =ms are = ! mo/ "p d$ucible f ! nature ( reflective k itself1 ?us directly f ! reason1 because !y spr+ f ! f\r laws ( ?\ght 7call$ by me metalogical tru?s7 & ! dictum de omni et nullo4 ,c]ta9 o!rs ( ^! =ms1 h[ev]1 h _! gr\nd 9 ! nature ( k ( p]ception1 ?us 9 ! und]/&+2 yet !y by no means po9t to a l numb] ( special =ms ( ! und]/&+1 b c all be fully d$uc$ f ! sole function :i* ! und]/&+ has--! direct k ( cause & effect4 ,la/ly1 /ill o!rs ( ^! =ms h sprung f ! concurr5ce & comb9ation ( ! reflective & intuitive modes ( k1 or m prop]ly f ! assumption ( ! latt] into ! =m]4 ,i %all n[ g ?r\gh ! mom5ts ( ! judgm5t "o by "o1 & po9t out ! orig9 ( ea* ( !m 9 ! s\rces ref]r$ to2 & f ?is x foll[s ( itself t a d$uction ( categories f !m is want+1 & ! assumption ( ?is is j z gr\ndless z its exposition 0 f\nd to be entangl$ & self-conflict+4 #a4 ,! s-call$ ,quantity ( judgm5ts spr+s f ! nature ( concepts z su*4 ,x ?us has its gr\nd 9 ! reason alone1 & has absolutely no direct connection ) ! und]/&+ & ) k ( p]ception4 ,x is inde$1 z is expla9$ at l5g? 9 ! fir/ book1 ess5tial to concepts1 z su*1 t !y %\ld h an ext5t1 a sph]e1 & ! wid]1 less det]m9$ concept includes ! n>r[] & m det]m9$4 ,! latt] c !re=e be sep>at$ f ! =m]1 & ?is may happ5 9 two ways1--ei!r ! n>r[] concept may be indicat$ z an indef9ite "p ( ! wid] concept 9 g5]al1 or x may be def9$ & completely sep>at$ by means ( ! addition ( a special "n4 ,! judgm5t :i* c>ries out ?is op]ation is 9 ! fir/ case call$ a p>ticul>1 & 9 ! second case an univ]sal judgm5t4 ,= example1 "o & ! same "p ( ! sph]e ( ! concept tree may be isolat$ ?r\gh a p>ticul> & ?r\gh an univ]sal judgm5t1 ?us--8,"s trees be> gall-nuts10 or 8,all oaks be> gall-nuts40 ,"o sees t ! diff]5ce ( ! two op]ations is v slight2 inde$1 t ! possibility ( x dep5ds ^u ! ri*ness ( ! language4 ,nev]!less1 ,kant has expla9$ ?is diff]5ce z disclos+ two fundam5tally diff]5t actions1 functions1 categories ( ! pure und]/&+ :i* det]m9es exp]i5ce a priori ?r\gh !m4 ,f9ally1 a concept may also be us$ 9 ord] to arrive by means ( x at a def9ite p>ticul> idea ( p]ception1 f :i*1 z well z f _m o!rs1 ?is concept itself is drawn2 ?is happ5s 9 ! s+ul> judgm5t4 ,su* a judgm5t m]ely indicates ! b\nd>y-l9e betwe5 ab/ract k & k ( p]ception1 & passes directly to ! latt]1 8,?is tree "h be>s gall-nuts40 ,kant has made ( ?is also a special category4 ,aft] all t has be5 said !re is no ne$ ( fur!r polemic "h4 #b4 ,9 ! same way ! ,quality ( ! judgm5t lies entirely )9 ! prov9ce ( reason1 & is n an adumbration ( any law ( t und]/&+ :i* makes p]ception possible1 i4e41 x does n po9t to x4 ,! nature ( ab/ract concepts1 :i* is j ! nature ( ! reason itself objectively compreh5d$1 c>ries ) x ! possibility ( unit+ & sep>at+ _! sph]es1 z 0 already expla9$ 9 ! fir/ book1 & ^u ?is possibility1 z _! presupposition1 re/ ! univ]sal laws ( ?\ght ( id5tity & contradiction1 to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( metalogical tru?s1 because !y spr+ purely f ! reason1 & _c be fur!r expla9$4 ,!y det]m9e t :at is unit$ mu/ rema9 unit$1 & :at is sep>at$ mu/ rema9 sep>ate1 ?us t :at is e/abli%$ _c at ! same "t be also aboli%$1 & ?us !y presuppose ! possibility ( ! comb9ation & sep>ation ( sph]es1 i4e41 ( judgm5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 lies1 accord+ to its =m1 simply & solely 9 ! reason1 & ?is =m has n1 l ! cont5t ( ! judgm5ts1 be5 br\ght ov] f ! p]ceptible k ( ! und]/&+1 & !re=e !re is no correlative or analogue ( x to be look$ = !re4 ,aft] ! p]ception has be5 br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! und]/&+ & = ! und]/&+1 x exi/s complete1 subject to no d\bt nor error1 & !re=e kn[s nei!r ass]tion nor d5ial2 = x expresses itself1 & has n1 l ! ab/ract k ( ! reason1 its value & cont5t 9 its m]e relation to some?+ outside ( x1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 pure reality2 all negation is =eign to its nature1 c only be add$ on ?r\gh reflection1 & j on ?is acc\nt rema9s always 9 ! prov9ce ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,to ! affirmative & negative ,kant adds ! inf9ite judgm5t1 mak+ use ( a crot*et ( ! old s*ola/ics1 an +5i\sly inv5t$ /op-gap1 :i* does n ev5 require to be expla9$1 a bl9d w9d[1 su* z _m o!rs he made = ! sake ( 8 ar*itectonic symmetry4 #c4 ,"u ! v wide conception ( ,relation ,kant has br\ght ?ree entirely diff]5t prop]ties ( judgm5ts1 :i* we mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e s+ly1 9 ord] to recognise _! orig94 7a47 ,! hypo!tical judgm5t 9 g5]al is ! ab/ract expression ( t mo/ univ]sal =m ( all our k1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,9 my essay on ?is pr9ciple1 ,i already %[$ 9 #ahac t x has f\r entirely diff]5t mean+s1 & 9 ea* ( ^! orig9ally orig9ates 9 a diff]5t faculty ( k1 & also conc]ns a diff]5t class ( ideas4 ,x cle>ly foll[s f ?is1 t ! s\rce ( ! hypo!tical judgm5t 9 g5]al1 ( t univ]sal =m ( ?\ght1 _c be1 z ,kant wi%es to make x1 m]ely ! und]/&+ & its category ( causality2 b t ! law ( causality :i*1 accord+ to my exposition1 is ! "o =m ( k ( ! pure und]/&+1 is only "o ( ! =ms ( t pr9ciple :i* embraces all pure or a priori k--! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason--:i*1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ea* ( its mean+s has ?is hypo!tical =m ( judgm5t z its expression4 ,we see "h1 h[ev]1 v di/9ctly h[ k9ds ( k :i* are q diff]5t 9 _! orig9 & significance yet appe>1 if ?\ght 9 ab/racto by ! reason1 9 "o & ! same =m ( comb9ation ( concepts & judgm5ts1 & !n 9 ?is =m c no long] be di/+ui%$1 b1 9 ord] to di/+ui% !m1 we mu/ g back to k ( p]ception1 leav+ ab/ract k altoge!r4 ,!re=e ! pa? :i* 0 foll[$ by ,kant1 />t+ f ! po9t ( view ( ab/ract k1 to f9d ! elem5ts & ! inmo/ spr+ ( intuitive k also1 0 q a wrong "o4 ,= ! re/1 my :ole introductory essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to be reg>d$ m]ely z a ?or\gh exposition ( ! significance ( ! hypo!tical =m ( judgm5t2 !re=e ,i d n dwell ^u x long] "h4 7b47 ,! =m ( ! categorical judgm5t is no?+ b ! =m ( judgm5t 9 g5]al1 9 its /ricte/ s5se4 ,=1 /rictly speak+1 judg+ m]ely means ?9k+1 ! comb9ation (1 or ! impossibility ( comb9+1 ! sph]es ( ! concepts4 ,!re=e ! hypo!tical & ! disjunctive comb9ation are prop]ly no special =ms ( ! judgm5t2 = !y are only appli$ to already complet$ judgm5ts1 9 :i* ! comb9ation ( ! concepts rema9s un*ang$ ! categorical4 ,b !y aga9 connect ^! judgm5ts1 = ! hypo!tical =m expresses _! dep5d5ce ^u ea* o!r1 & ! disjunctive _! incompatibility4 ,m]e concepts1 h[ev]1 h only "o class ( relations to ea* o!r1 ^? :i* are express$ 9 ! categorical judgm5t4 ,! full] det]m9ation1 or ! sub-species ( ?is relation1 are ! int]section & ! complete sep>at5ess ( ! concept-sph]es1 i4e41 ?us affirmation & negation2 out ( :i* ,kant has made special categories1 "u q a diff]5t title1 t ( quality4 ,int]section & sep>at5ess h aga9 sub-species1 accord+ z ! sph]es lie )9 ea* o!r entirely1 or only 9 "p1 a det]m9ation :i* con/itutes ! quantity ( ! judgm5ts2 out ( :i* ,kant has aga9 made a q special class ( categories4 ,?us he sep>ates :at is v closely relat$1 & ev5 id5tical1 ! easily survey$ modifications ( ! "o possible relation ( m]e concepts to ea* o!r1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 unites :at is v diff]5t "u ?is title ( relation4 ,categorical judgm5ts h z _! metalogical pr9ciple ! laws ( ?\ght ( id5tity & contradiction4 ,b ! gr\nd ( ! connection ( ! concept-sph]es :i* gives tru? to ! judgm5t1 :i* is no?+ b ?is connection1 may be ( v diff]5t k9ds2 &1 accord+ to ?is1 ! tru? ( ! judgm5t is ei!r logical1 or empirical1 or metaphysical1 or metalogical1 z is expla9$ 9 ! introductory essay1 #cj-cc1 & does n require to be repeat$ "h4 ,b x is app>5t f ?is h[ v v>i\s ! direct cognitions may be1 all ( :i* exhibit !mselves 9 ! ab/ract1 ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( ! sph]es ( two concepts1 z subject & pr$icate1 & t we c by no means set up ! sole function ( ! und]/&+ z correspond+ to !m & produc+ !m4 ,= example1 ! judgm5ts1 8,wat] boils1 ! s9e measures ! angle1 ! w resolves1 bus9ess di/racts1 di/9ction is difficult10 express ?r\gh ! same logical =m ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( relations2 b f ?is we obta9 ! "r1 h[ev] irregul> ! beg9n+ may be1 ( plac+ ourselves at ! /&po9t ( ab/ract k to analyse direct intuitive k4 ,= ! re/1 ! categorical judgm5t spr+s f k ( ! und]/&+ prop]1 9 my s5se1 only :5 causation is express$ by x2 ?is is1 h[ev]1 ! case 9 all judgm5ts :i* ref] to a physical quality4 ,= if ,i say1 8,?is body is heavy1 h>d1 fluid1 gre51 s\r1 alkal9e1 organic1 c41 c410 ?is always ref]s to its effect1 & ?us is k :i* is only possible ?r\gh ! pure und]/&+4 ,n[1 aft] ?is1 l mu* :i* is q diff]5t f x 7= example1 ! subord9ation ( v ab/ract concepts71 has be5 express$ 9 ! ab/ract ?r\gh subject & pr$icate1 ^! m]e relations ( concepts h be5 transf]r$ back to k ( p]ception1 & x has be5 suppos$ t ! subject & pr$icate ( ! judgm5t mu/ h a peculi> & special correlative 9 p]ception1 sub/ance & accid5t4 ,b ,i %all %[ cle>ly fur!r on t ! conception sub/ance has no o!r true cont5t ?an t ( ! conception matt]4 ,accid5ts1 h[ev]1 are q synonym\s ) k9ds ( effects1 s t ! suppos$ k ( sub/ance & accid5t is nev] any?+ m ?an ! k ( cause & effect by ! und]/&+4 ,b ! special mann] 9 :i* ! idea ( matt] arises is expla9$ p>tly 9 #d ( ! fir/ book1 & /ill m cle>ly 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason at ! end ( #ba1 p4 #gg 7#c;d ed41 p4 #hb71 & 9 "s respects we %all see x /ill m closely :5 we inve/igate ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance4 7c47 ,disjunctive judgm5ts spr+ f ! law ( ?\ght ( exclud$ ?ird1 :i* is a metalogical tru?2 !y are1 !re=e1 entirely ! prop]ty ( ! reason1 & h n _! orig9 9 ! und]/&+4 ,! d$uction ( ! category ( community or reciprocity f !m is1 h[ev]1 a gl>+ example ( ! viol5ce :i* ,kant sometimes all[$ to be done to tru?1 m]ely 9 ord] to satisfy 8 love ( ar*itectonic symmetry4 ,! illegitimacy ( t d$uction has already (t5 be5 ju/ly condemn$ & prov$ ^u v>i\s gr\nds1 especially by ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze 9 8 8,kritik d] !oretis*5 ,philosophie10 & by ,b]g 9 8 8,epikritik d] ,philosophie40 ,:at real analogy is !re1 inde$1 betwe5 ! problematical det]m9ation ( a concept by disjunctive pr$icates & ! ?\ght ( reciprocity8 ,! two are inde$ absolutely oppos$1 = 9 ! disjunctive judgm5t ! actual affirmation ( "o ( ! two alt]native propositions is also necess>ily ! negation ( ! o!r2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ?9k two ?+s 9 ! relation ( reciprocity1 ! affirmation ( "o is also necess>ily ! affirmation ( ! o!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re=e1 unque/ionably1 ! real logical analogue ( reciprocity is ! vici\s circle1 = 9 x1 z nom9ally 9 ! case ( reciprocity1 :at is prov$ is also ! pro(1 & conv]sely4 ,& j z logic rejects ! vici\s circle1 s ! conception ( reciprocity ought to be bani%$ f metaphysics4 ,= ,i n[ int5d1 q s]i\sly1 to prove t !re is no reciprocity 9 ! /rict s5se1 & ?is conception1 :i* p are s fond ( us+1 j on acc\nt ( ! indef9it5ess ( ! ?\ght1 is se51 if m closely consid]$1 to be empty1 false1 & invalid4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! read] mu/ call to m9d :at causality really is1 & to assi/ my exposition1 see ^u ?is subject #bj ( ! introductory essay1 also my prize-essay on ! fre$om ( ! w1 *ap4 iii4 p4 #bg seq41 & la/ly ! f\r? *apt] ( ! second book ( ?is "w4 ,causality is ! law accord+ to :i* ! conditions or /ates ( matt] :i* appe> det]m9e _! position 9 "t4 ,causality has to d m]ely ) conditions or /ates1 inde$1 prop]ly1 only ) *anges1 & nei!r ) matt] z su*1 nor ) p]man5ce )\t *ange4 ,matt]1 z su*1 does n come "u ! law ( causality1 = x nei!r comes into be+ nor passes away2 ?us nei!r does ! :ole ?+1 z we commonly express ourselves1 come "u ?is law1 b only ! conditions or /ates ( matt]4 ,fur!r1 ! law ( causality has no?+ to d ) p]man5ce1 = :]e no?+ *anges !re is no produc+ ( effects & no causality1 b a cont9u+ quiet condition or /ate4 ,b if1 n[1 su* a /ate is *ang$1 !n ! new /ate is ei!r aga9 p]man5t or x is n1 b imm$iately introduces a ?ird /ate1 & ! necessity ) :i* ?is happ5s is j ! law ( causality1 :i* is a =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & !re=e _c be fur!r expla9$1 because ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ! pr9ciple ( all explanation & ( all necessity4 ,f ?is x is cle> t cause & effect /& 9 intimate connection )1 & necess>y relation to1 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,only because ! /ate ,a4 prec$es 9 "t ! /ate ,b41 & _! succession is necess>y & n accid5tal1 i4e41 no m]e sequ5ce b a consequ5ce--only because ( ?is is ! /ate ,a4 cause & ! /ate ,b4 effect4 ,! conception reciprocity1 h[ev]1 conta9s ?is1 t bo? are cause & bo? are effect ( ea* o!r2 b ?is really am\nts to say+ t ea* ( ! two is ! e>li] & also ! lat]2 ?us x is an absurdity4 ,= t bo? /ates are simultane\s1 & inde$ necess>ily simultane\s1 _c be admitt$1 because1 z necess>ily belong+ to ea* o!r & exi/+ at ! same "t1 !y con/itute only "o /ate4 ,= ! p]man5ce ( ?is /ate !re is c]ta9ly requir$ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( all its det]m9ations1 b we are !n no long] conc]n$ ) *ange & causality1 b ) duration & re/1 & no?+ fur!r is said ?an t if "o det]m9ation ( ! :ole /ate be *ang$1 ! new /ate :i* !n appe>s _c cont9ue1 b becomes ! cause ( ! *ange ( all ! o!r det]m9ations ( ! fir/ /ate1 s t a new ?ird /ate appe>s2 :i* all happ5s m]ely 9 accordance ) ! simple law ( causality1 & does n e/abli% a new law1 t ( reciprocity4 ,i also def9itely ass]t t ! conception reciprocity _c be support$ by a s+le example4 ,ev]y?+ t "o seeks to pass (f z su* is ei!r a /ate ( re/1 to :i* ! conception ( causality1 :i* has only significance ) ref]5ce to *anges1 f9ds no application at all1 or else x is an alt]nat+ succession ( /ates ( ! same "n :i* condition ea* o!r1 = ! explanation ( :i* simple causality is q suffici5t4 ,an example ( ! fir/ class is af=d$ by a pair ( scales br\ght to re/ by equal weights4 ,"h !re is no effect produc$1 = !re is no *ange2 x is a /ate ( re/2 gravity acts1 equally divid$1 z 9 e body :i* is support$ at its c5tre ( gravity1 b x _c %[ its =ce by any effect4 ,t ! tak+ away ( "o weight produces a second /ate1 :i* at once becomes ! cause ( ! ?ird1 ! s9k+ ( ! o!r scale1 happ5s accord+ to ! simple law ( cause & effect1 & requires no special category ( ! und]/&+1 & n ev5 a special "n4 ,an example ( ! second class is ! cont9u\s burn+ ( a fire4 ,! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! combu/ible body is ! cause ( heat1 & heat1 aga91 is ! cause ( ! r5ew$ occurr5ce ( ! *emical comb9ation4 ,b ?is is no?+ m ?an a *a9 ( causes & effects1 ! l9ks ( :i* h alt]nately ! same "n4 ,! burn+1 ,a41 produces free heat1 ,b41 ?is produces new burn+1 ,c4 7i4e41 a new effect :i* has ! same "n z ! cause ,a41 b is n individually id5tical ) x71 ?is produces new heat1 ,d4 7:i* is n really id5tical ) ! effect ,b41 b only accord+ to ! concept1 i4e41 x has ! same "n71 & s on indef9itely4 ,a good example ( :at 9 ord9>y life is call$ reciprocity is af=d$ by a !ory ab\t des]ts giv5 by ,humboldt 7,ansi*t5 d] ,natur1 #b;d ed41 vol4 ii4 p4 #gi74 ,9 ! s&y des]ts x does n ra91 b x ra9s ^u ! wood$ m\nta9s surr\nd+ !m4 ,! cause is n ! attraction ( ! cl\ds by ! m\nta9s2 b x is ! column ( heat$ air ris+ f ! s&y pla9 :i* prev5ts ! p>ticles ( vap\r f cond5s+1 & drives ! cl\ds high into ! heav5s4 ,on ! m\nta9s ! p]p5dicul> ris+ /ream ( air is weak]1 ! cl\ds desc5d1 & ! ra9fall ensues 9 ! cool] air4 ,?us1 want ( ra9 & ! abs5ce ( plants 9 ! des]t /& 9 ! relation ( reciprocity2 x does n ra9 because ! heat$ s&-pla9 s5ds out m heat2 ! des]t does n become a /eppe or prairie because x does n ra94 ,b cle>ly we h "h aga91 z 9 ! example giv5 above1 only a succession ( causes & effects ( ! same names1 & ?r\gh\t no?+ ess5tially diff]5t f simple causality4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! sw++ ( ! p5dulum1 & inde$ also ) ! self-cons]vation ( ! organis$ body1 9 :i* case likewise e /ate introduces a new "o1 :i* is ( ! same k9d z t by :i* x 0 itself br\ght ab\t1 b individually is new4 ,only "h ! matt] is complicat$1 because ! *a9 no long] consi/s ( l9ks ( two k9ds1 b ( _m k9ds1 s t a l9k ( ! same "n only recurs aft] sev]al o!rs h int]v5$4 ,b we always see be=e u only an application ( ! s+le & simple law ( causality :i* gives ! rule to ! sequ5ce ( /ates1 b nev] any?+ :i* mu/ be compreh5d$ by means ( a new & special function ( ! und]/&+4 ,or is x p]haps advanc$ 9 support ( ! conception ( reciprocity t action & reaction are equal8 ,b ! reason ( ?is is :at ,i urge s /rongly & h fully expla9$ 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 t ! cause & ! effect are n two bodies1 b two successive /ates ( bodies1 consequ5tly ea* ( ! two /ates implicates all bodies conc]n$2 ?us ! effect1 i4e41 ! newly appe>+ /ate1 = example1 9 ! case ( an impulse1 ext5ds to bo? bodies 9 ! same proportion2 !re=e ! body impell$ produces j z great a *ange 9 ! body impell+ z x itself su/a9s 7ea* 9 proportion to its mass & velocity74 ,if "o pleases to call ?is reciprocity1 !n absolutely e effect is a reciprocal effect1 & no new conception is introduc$ on ?is acc\nt1 /ill less does x require a new function ( ! und]/&+1 b we only h a sup]flu\s synonym = causality4 ,b ,kant himself1 9 a mom5t ( ?\ghtlessness1 exactly express$ ?is view 9 ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pro( ( ! f\r? pr9ciple ( me*anics3 8,all ext]nal effect 9 ! _w is reciprocal effect40 ,h[ !n %\ld diff]5t functions lie a priori 9 ! und]/&+ = simple causality & = reciprocity1 &1 inde$1 h[ %\ld ! real succession ( ?+s only be possible & kn[able by means ( ! fir/1 & _! co-exi/5ce by means ( ! second8 ,accord+ to ?is1 if all effect is reciprocal effect1 succession & simultaneity w\ld be ! same ?+1 & !re=e ev]y?+ 9 ! _w w\ld take place at ! same mom5t4 ,if !re 7 true reciprocity1 !n p]petual motion w\ld also be possible1 & inde$ a priori c]ta92 b x is r ! case t ! a priori conviction t !re is no true reciprocity1 & no correspond+ =m ( ! und]/&+1 is ! gr\nd ( ! ass]tion t p]petual motion is impossible4 ,ari/otle also d5ies reciprocity 9 ! /rict s5se2 = he rem>ks t two ?+s may c]ta9ly be reciprocal causes ( ea* o!r1 b only if ?is is und]/ood 9 a diff]5t s5se ( ea* ( !m2 = example1 t "o acts ^u ! o!r z ! motive1 b ! latt] acts ^u ! =m] z ! cause ( its movem5t4 ,we f9d 9 two passages ! same words3 ,physic41 lib4 ii4 c4 #c1 & ,metaph41 lib4 v4 c4 #b4 2 1 2 1 1 4 7,sunt prt]ea qu sibi sunt mutuo caus1 ut ex]citium bon habitud9is1 et hc ex]citii3 at non eodem modo1 s$ hc ut f9is1 aliud ut pr9cipium motus47 ,if1 besides ?is1 he _h accept$ a reciprocity prop]1 he w\ld h introduc$ x "h1 = 9 bo? passages he is conc]n$ ) enum]at+ all ! possible k9ds ( causes4 ,9 ! ,analyt4 po/41 lib4 ii4 c4 #aa1 he speaks ( a circle ( causes & effects1 b n ( reciprocity4 #d4 ,! categories ( ,modality h ?is advantage ov] all o!rs1 t :at is express$ ?r\gh ea* ( !m really corresponds to ! =m ( judgm5t f :i* x is d]iv$2 :i* ) ! o!r categories is sc>cely ev] ! case1 because = ! mo/ "p !y are d$uc$ f ! =ms ( judgm5t ) ! mo/ caprici\s viol5ce4 ,?us t x is ! conceptions ( ! possible1 ! actual1 & ! necess>y :i* occasion ! problematic1 ass]tatory1 & apodictic =ms ( judgm5t1 is p]fectly true2 b t ^? conceptions are special1 orig9al =ms ( k ( ! und]/&+ :i* _c be fur!r d$uc$ is n true4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y spr+ f ! s+le orig9al =m ( all k1 :i* is1 !re=e1 kn[n to u a priori1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 & inde$ out ( ?is ! k ( necessity spr+s directly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is only because reflection is appli$ to ?is t ! conceptions ( cont+5cy1 possibility1 impossibility1 & actuality arise4 ,!re=e all ^! d n by any means spr+ f "o faculty ( ! m9d1 ! und]/&+1 b arise ?r\gh ! conflict ( ab/ract & intuitive k1 z w be se5 directly4 ,i hold t to be necess>y & to be ! consequ5t ( a giv5 reason are absolutely int]*angeable notions1 & completely id5tical4 ,we c nev] "k1 nor ev5 ?9k1 any?+ z necess>y1 except s f> z we reg>d x z ! consequ5t ( a giv5 reason2 & ! conception ( necessity conta9s absolutely no?+ m ?an ?is dep5d5ce1 ?is be+ e/abli%$ ?r\gh some?+ else1 & ?is inevitable foll[+ f x4 ,?us x arises & exi/s simply & solely ?r\gh ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,!re=e1 !re is1 accord+ to ! diff]5t =ms ( ?is pr9ciple1 a physical necessity 7! effect f ! cause71 a logical 7?r\gh ! gr\nd ( kn[+1 9 analytical judgm5ts1 syllogisms1 c471 a ma!matical 7accord+ to ! gr\nd ( be+ 9 "t & space71 & f9ally a practical necessity1 by :i* we int5d to signify n det]m9ation ?r\gh a pret5d$ categorical imp]ative1 b ! necess>y occurr5ce ( an action accord+ to ! motives pres5t$1 9 ! case ( a giv5 empirical "*4 ,b ev]y?+ necess>y is only s relatively1 t is1 "u ! presupposition ( ! reason f :i* x foll[s2 !re=e absolute necessity is a contradiction4 ,) reg>d to ! re/1 ,i ref] to #di ( ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,! contradictory opposite1 i4e41 ! d5ial ( necessity1 is cont+5cy4 ,! cont5t ( ?is conception is1 !re=e1 negative--no?+ m ?an ?is3 abs5ce ( ! connection express$ by ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,consequ5tly ! cont+5t is also always m]ely relative4 ,x is cont+5t 9 relation to some?+ :i* is n its reason4 ,e object1 ( :atev] k9d x may be--= example1 e ev5t 9 ! actual _w--is always at once necess>y & cont+5t1 necess>y 9 relation to ! "o condition :i* is its cause3 cont+5t 9 relation to ev]y?+ else4 ,= its contact 9 "t & space ) ev]y?+ else is a m]e co9cid5ce )\t necess>y connection3 h5ce also ! words *ance1 1 cont+5s4 ,!re=e an absolute cont+5cy is j z inconceivable z an absolute necessity4 ,= ! =m] w\ld be simply an object :i* /ood to no o!r 9 ! relation ( consequ5t to its reason4 ,b ! inconceivability ( su* a ?+ is j ! cont5t ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason negatively express$1 & !re=e ?is pr9ciple mu/ fir/ be upset be=e we c ?9k an absolute cont+5cy2 & ev5 !n x itself w\ld h lo/ all significance1 = ! conception ( cont+5cy has mean+ only 9 relation to t pr9ciple1 & signifies t two objects d n /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( reason & consequ5t4 ,9 nature1 :i* consi/s ( ideas ( p]ception1 ev]y?+ t happ5s is necess>y2 = x proce$s f its cause4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we consid] ?is individual ) ref]5ce to ev]y?+ else :i* is n its cause1 we "k x z cont+5t2 b ?is is already an ab/ract reflection4 ,n[1 fur!r1 let u ab/ract entirely f a natural object its causal relation to ev]y?+ else1 ?us its necessity & its cont+5cy2 !n ?is k9d ( k compreh5ds ! conception ( ! actual1 9 :i* "o only consid]s ! effect1 )\t look+ = ! cause1 9 relation to :i* "o w\ld o!rwise h to call x necess>y1 & 9 relation to ev]y?+ else cont+5t4 ,all ?is re/s ultimately ^u ! fact t ! modality ( ! judgm5t does n indicate s mu* ! objective nature ( ?+s z ! relation ( our k to !m4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 nature ev]y?+ proce$s f a cause1 ev]y?+ actual is also necess>y1 yet only s f> z x is at ?is "t1 9 ?is place2 = only s f> does det]m9ation by ! law ( causality ext5d4 ,let u leave1 h[ev]1 concrete nature & pass ov] to ab/ract ?9k+2 !n we c pres5t to ourselves 9 reflection all ! natural laws :i* are kn[n to u p>tly a priori1 p>tly only a po/]iori1 & ?is ab/ract idea conta9s all t is 9 nature at any "t1 9 any place1 b ) ab/raction f e def9ite "t & place2 & j 9 ?is way1 ?r\gh su* reflection1 we h ent]$ ! wide k+dom ( ! possible4 ,b :at f9ds no place ev5 "h is ! impossible4 ,x is cle> t possibility & impossibility exi/ only = reflection1 = ab/ract k ( ! reason1 n = k ( p]ception2 al?\gh x is ! pure =ms ( p]ception :i* supply ! reason ) ! det]m9ation ( ! possible & impossible4 ,accord+ z ! laws ( nature1 f :i* we />t 9 ! ?\ght ( ! possible & impossible1 are kn[n a priori or a po/]iori1 is ! possibility or impossibility metaphysical or physical4 ,f ?is exposition1 :i* requires no pro( because x re/s directly ^u ! k ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason & ^u ! developm5t ( ! conceptions ( ! necess>y1 ! actual1 & ! possible1 x is suffici5tly evid5t h[ entirely gr\ndless is ,kant's assumption ( ?ree special functions ( ! und]/&+ = ^! ?ree conceptions1 & t "h aga9 he has all[$ himself to be di/urb$ by no reflection 9 ! c>ry+ out ( 8 ar*itectonic symmetry4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 we h to add ! o!r great mi/ake1 t1 c]ta9ly accord+ to ! proc$ure ( e>li] philosophy1 he has conf\nd$ ! conceptions ( necessity & cont+5cy ) ea* o!r4 ,t e>li] philosophy has appli$ ab/raction to ! foll[+ mi/ak5 use4 ,x 0 cle> t t ( :i* ! reason is giv5 inevitably foll[s1 i4e41 _c n be1 & ?us necess>ily is4 ,b t philosophy held to ?is la/ det]m9ation alone1 & said t is necess>y :i* _c be o!rwise1 or ! opposite ( :i* is impossible4 ,x left1 h[ev]1 ! gr\nd & root ( su* necessity out ( acc\nt1 ov]look$ ! relativity ( all necessity :i* foll[s f x1 & !reby made ! q un?9kable fiction ( an absolute necessity1 i4e41 ( some?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* w\ld be z inevitable z ! consequ5t ( a reason1 b :i* yet 0 n ! consequ5t ( a reason1 & !re=e dep5d$ ^u no?+2 an addition :i* is an absurd petitio1 = x conflicts ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,n[1 />t+ f ?is fiction1 x expla9$1 9 diametrical opposition to ! tru?1 all t is e/abli%$ by a reason z cont+5t1 because x look$ at ! relative nature ( its necessity & comp>$ ?is ) t entirely imag9>y absolute necessity1 :i* is self-contradictory 9 its conception47#e7 ,n[ ,kant adh]es to ?is fundam5tally p]v]se def9ition ( ! cont+5t & gives x z explanation4 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ,v4 p4 #bhi-bia1 #bdc4 ,v4 #cja1 #dai4 ,v4 #ddg1 #dhf1 #dhh47 ,he falls inde$ into ! mo/ evid5t contradiction ) himself ^u ?is po9t1 = on p4 #cja he says3 8,ev]y?+ cont+5t has a cause10 & adds1 8,t is cont+5t :i* might possibly n be40 ,b :atev] has a cause _c possibly n be3 ?us x is necess>y4 ,= ! re/1 ! s\rce ( ! :ole ( ?is false explanation ( ! necess>y & ! cont+5t is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle 9 8,de ,g5]atione et ,corruptione10 lib4 ii4 c4 #i et #aa1 :]e ! necess>y is expla9$ z t :i* _c possibly n be3 !re /&s 9 opposition to x t :i* _c possibly be1 & betwe5 ^! two lies t :i* c bo? be & n be1--?us t :i* comes into be+ & passes away1 & ?is w\ld !n be ! cont+5t4 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5 said above1 x is cle> t ?is explanation1 l s _m ( ,ari/otle's1 has result$ f /ick+ to ab/ract conceptions )\t go+ back to ! concrete & p]ceptible1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! s\rce ( all ab/ract conceptions lies1 & by :i* !re=e !y mu/ always be controll$4 8,some?+ :i* _c possibly n be0 c c]ta9ly be ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract1 b if we g ) x to ! concrete1 ! real1 ! p]ceptible1 we f9d no?+ to support ! ?\ght1 ev5 z possible1--z ev5 m]ely ! ass]t$ consequ5t ( a giv5 reason1 ^: necessity is yet relative & condition$4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( add+ a few fur!r rem>ks on ^! conceptions ( modality4 ,s9ce all necessity re/s ^u ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & is on ?is acc\nt relative1 all apodictic judgm5ts are orig9ally1 & accord+ to _! ultimate significance1 hypo!tical4 ,!y become categorical only ?r\gh ! addition ( an ass]tatory m9or1 ?us 9 ! conclusion4 ,if ?is m9or is /ill undecid$1 & ?is indecision is express$1 ?is gives ! problematical judgm5t4 ,:at 9 g5]al 7z a rule7 is apodictic 7a law ( nature71 is 9 ref]5ce to a p>ticul> case only problematical1 because ! condition mu/ actually appe> :i* br+s ! case "u ! rule4 ,& conv]sely1 :at 9 ! p>ticul> z su* is necess>y 7apodictic7 7e p>ticul> *ange necess>y ?r\gh ! cause71 is aga9 9 g5]al1 & pr$icat$ univ]sally1 only problematical2 because ! causes :i* appe> only conc]n ! p>ticul> case1 & ! apodictic1 always hypo!tical judgm5t1 always expresses m]ely ! g5]al law1 n ! p>ticul> case directly4 ,all ?is has its gr\nd 9 ! fact t possibility exi/s only 9 ! prov9ce ( reflection & = ! reason2 ! actual1 9 ! prov9ce ( p]ception & = ! und]/&+2 ! necess>y1 = bo?4 ,inde$1 ! di/9ction betwe5 necess>y1 actual1 & possible really exi/s only 9 ! ab/ract & accord+ to ! conception2 9 ! real _w1 on ! o!r h&1 all ?ree fall into "o4 ,= all t happ5s1 happ5s necess>ily1 because x happ5s f causes2 b ^! !mselves h aga9 causes1 s t ! :ole ( ! ev5ts ( ! _w1 great & small1 are a /rict concat5ation ( necess>y occurr5ces4 ,accord+ly ev]y?+ actual is also necess>y1 & 9 ! real _w !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 actuality & necessity1 & 9 ! same way no diff]5ce betwe5 actuality & possibility2 = :at has n happ5$1 i4e41 has n become actual1 0 also n possible1 because ! causes )\t :i* x c\ld nev] appe> h n !mselves appe>$1 nor c\ld appe>1 9 ! great concat5ation ( causes2 ?us x 0 an impossibility4 ,e ev5t is !re=e ei!r necess>y or impossible4 ,all ?is holds good only ( ! empirically real _w1 i4e41 ! complex ( individual ?+s1 ?us ( ! :ole p>ticul> z su*4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] ?+s g5]ally1 compreh5d+ !m 9 ab/racto1 necessity1 actuality1 & possibility are aga9 sep>at$2 we !n "k ev]y?+ :i* is 9 accordance ) ! a priori laws :i* belong to our intellect z possible 9 g5]al2 t :i* corresponds to ! empirical laws ( nature z possible 9 ?is _w1 ev5 if x has nev] become actual2 ?us we di/+ui% cle>ly ! possible f ! actual4 ,! actual is 9 itself always also necess>y1 b is only compreh5d$ z su* by him :o kn[s its cause2 reg>d$ ap>t f ?is1 x is & is call$ cont+5t4 ,?is consid]ation also gives u ! key to t cont5tio betwe5 ! ,meg>ic ,diodorus & ,*rysippus ! ,/oic :i* ,cic]o ref]s to 9 8 book ,de ,fato4 ,diodorus says3 8,only :at becomes actual 0 possible1 & all t is actual is also necess>y40 ,*rysippus on ! o!r h& says3 8,mu* t is possible nev] becomes actual2 = only ! necess>y becomes actual40 ,we may expla9 ?is ?us3 ,actuality is ! conclusion ( a syllogism to :i* possibility gives ! premises4 ,b = ?is is requir$ n only ! major b also ! m9or2 only ! two give complete possibility4 ,! major gives a m]ely !oretical1 g5]al possibility 9 ab/racto1 b ?is ( itself does n make any?+ possible1 i4e41 capable ( becom+ actual4 ,= ?is ! m9or also is ne$$1 :i* gives ! possibility = ! p>ticul> case1 because x br+s x "u ! rule1 & !reby x becomes at once actual4 ,= example3 ,maj4 ,all h\ses 7consequ5tly also my h\se7 c be de/roy$ by fire4 ,m94 ,my h\se is on fire4 ,concl4 ,my h\se is be+ de/roy$ by fire4 ,= e g5]al proposition1 ?us e major1 always det]m9es ?+s ) ref]5ce to actuality only "u a presupposition1 !re=e hypo!tically2 = example1 ! capability ( be+ burnt d[n has z a presupposition ! cat*+ fire4 ,?is presupposition is produc$ 9 ! m9or4 ,! major always loads ! cannon1 b only if ! m9or br+s ! mat* does ! %ot1 i4e41 ! conclusion1 foll[4 ,?is holds good ?r\gh\t ( ! relation ( possibility to actuality4 ,s9ce n[ ! conclusion1 :i* is ! ass]tion ( actuality1 always foll[s necess>ily1 x is evid5t f ?is t all t is actual is also necess>y1 :i* c also be se5 f ! fact t necessity only means be+ ! consequ5t ( a giv5 reason3 ?is is 9 ! case ( ! actual a cause3 ?us ev]y?+ actual is necess>y4 ,accord+ly1 we see "h ! conceptions ( ! possible1 ! actual1 & ! necess>y unite1 & n m]ely ! la/ presuppose ! fir/1 b also ! conv]se4 ,:at keeps !m ap>t is ! limitation ( our intellect ?r\gh ! =m ( "t2 = "t is ! m$iator betwe5 possibility & actuality4 ,! necessity ( ! p>ticul> ev5t may be fully se5 f ! k ( all its causes2 b ! concurr5ce ( ! :ole ( ^! diff]5t & indep5d5t causes seems to u cont+5t2 inde$ _! indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r is j ! conception ( cont+5cy4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ea* ( !m 0 ! necess>y effect ( its causes1 ! *a9 ( :i* has no beg9n+1 x is evid5t t cont+5cy is m]ely a subjective ph5om5on1 aris+ f ! limitation ( ! horizon ( our und]/&+1 & j z subjective z ! optical horizon at :i* ! heav5s t\* ! e>?4 ,s9ce necessity is ! same ?+ z foll[+ f giv5 gr\nds1 x mu/ appe> 9 a special way 9 ! case ( e =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & also h its opposite 9 ! possibility & impossibility :i* always arises only ?r\gh ! application ( ! ab/ract reflection ( ! reason to ! object4 ,!re=e ! f\r k9ds ( necessity m5tion$ above /& oppos$ to z _m k9ds ( impossibility1 physical1 logical1 ma!matical & practical4 ,x may fur!r be rem>k$ t if "o rema9s entirely )9 ! prov9ce ( ab/ract concepts1 possibility is always connect$ ) ! m g5]al1 & necessity ) ! m limit$ concept2 = example1 8,an animal may be a bird1 a fi%1 an amphibi\s creature1 c40 8,a night+ale mu/ be a bird1 a bird mu/ be an animal1 an animal mu/ be an organism1 an organism mu/ be a body40 ,?is is because logical necessity1 ! expression ( :i* is ! syllogism1 proce$s f ! g5]al to ! p>ticul>1 & nev] conv]sely4 ,9 ! concrete _w ( nature 7ideas ( ! fir/ class71 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ is really necess>y ?r\gh ! law ( causality2 only add$ reflection c conceive x z also cont+5t1 comp>+ x ) t :i* is n its cause1 & also z m]ely & purely actual1 by disreg>d+ all causal connection4 ,only 9 ?is class ( ideas does ! conception ( ! actual prop]ly occur1 z is also %[n by ! d]ivation ( ! ^w f ! conception ( causality4 ,9 ! ?ird class ( ideas1 t ( pure ma!matical p]ception or intuition1 if we conf9e ourselves /rictly to x1 !re is only necessity4 ,possibility occurs "h also only ?r\gh relation to ! concepts ( reflection3 = example1 8,a triangle may be "r-angl$1 obtuse-angl$1 or equiangul>2 its ?ree angles mu/ be equal to two "r-angles40 ,?us "h we only arrive at ! possible ?r\gh ! transition f ! p]ceptible to ! ab/ract4 ,aft] ?is exposition1 :i* presupposes ! recollection ( :at 0 said bo? 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason & 9 ! fir/ book ( ! pres5t "w1 !re w1 x is hop$1 be no fur!r d\bt z to ! true & v het]og5e\s s\rce ( ^? =ms :i* ! table ( judgm5ts lays be=e u1 nor z to ! inadmissibility & utt] gr\ndlessness ( ! assumption ( twelve special functions ( ! und]/&+ = ! explanation ( !m4 ,! latt] po9t is also support$ by a numb] ( special circum/ances v easily not$4 ,?us1 = example1 x requires great love ( symmetry & mu* tru/ 9 a clue d]iv$ f x1 to lead "o to assume t an affirmative1 a categorical1 & an ass]tatory judgm5t are ?ree su* diff]5t ?+s t !y ju/ify ! assumption ( an entirely special function ( ! und]/&+ = ea* ( !m4 ,kant himself betrays 8 consci\sness ( ! unt5able nature ( 8 doctr9e ( ! categories by ! fact t 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! ,analytic ( ,pr9ciples 7phnom5a et n\m5a7 sev]al long passages ( ! fir/ edition 7p4 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdd-bdf1 #bdh-bec7 are omitt$ 9 ! second--passages :i* display$ ! weakness ( t doctr9e too op5ly4 ,s1 = example1 he says !re 7p4 #bda7 t he has n def9$ ! individual categories1 because he c\ld n def9e !m ev5 if he _h wi%$ to d s1 inasmu* z !y 7 susceptible ( no def9ition4 ,9 say+ ?is he =got t at p4 #hb ( ! same fir/ edition he _h said3 8,i purposely disp5se ) ! def9ition ( ! categories al?\gh ,i may be 9 possession ( x40 ,?is !n 01 sit v5ia v]bo1 w9d4 ,b ?is la/ passage he has all[$ to /&4 ,& s all ^? passages wisely omitt$ aft]w>ds betray ! fact t no?+ di/9ct c be ?\ght 9 connection ) ! categories1 & ?is :ole doctr9e /&s ^u a weak f\ndation4 ,?is table ( ! categories is n[ made ! guid+ clue accord+ to :i* e metaphysical1 & inde$ e sci5tific inquiry is to be conduct$ 7,prolegom5a1 #ci74 ,&1 9 fact1 x is n only ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ,kantian philosophy & ! type accord+ to :i* its symmetry is ev]y:]e c>ri$ out1 z ,i h already %[n above1 b x has also really become ! procru/ean b$ into :i* ,kant =ces e possible inquiry1 by means ( a viol5ce :i* ,i %all n[ consid] some:at m closely4 ,b ) su* an opportunity :at mu/ n ! imitatores s]vum pecus h done6 ,we h se54 ,t viol5ce !n is appli$ 9 ?is way4 ,! mean+ ( ! expressions d5ot$ by ! titles1 =ms ( judgm5t & categories1 is entirely set aside & =gott51 & ! expressions alone are reta9$4 ,^! h _! s\rce p>tly 9 ,ari/otle's ,analyt4 priora1 i4 #bc 7 3 de qualitate et quantitate t]m9orum syllogismi71 b are arbitr>ily *os52 = ! ext5t ( ! concepts might c]ta9ly h be5 o!rwise express$ ?an ?r\gh ! ^w quantity1 ?\gh ?is ^w is m suit$ to its object ?an ! re/ ( ! titles ( ! categories4 ,ev5 ! ^w quality has obvi\sly be5 *os5 on acc\nt ( ! cu/om ( oppos+ quality to quantity2 = ! "n quality is c]ta9ly tak5 arbitr>ily en\gh = affirmation & negation4 ,b n[ 9 e inquiry in/itut$ by ,kant1 e quantity 9 "t & space1 & e possible quality ( ?+s1 physical1 moral1 c41 is br\ght by him "u ^? category titles1 al?\gh betwe5 ^! ?+s & ^? titles ( ! =ms ( judgm5t & ( ?\ght !re is absolutely no?+ 9 common except ! accid5tal & arbitr>y nom5clature4 ,x is ne$ful to keep 9 m9d all ! respect :i* 9 o!r reg>ds is due to ,kant to enable "o to refra9 f express+ 9 h>d t]ms "o's repugnance to ?is proc$ure4 ,! ne>e/ example is af=d$ u at once by ! pure physiological table ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( natural sci5ce4 ,:at 9 all ! _w has ! quantity ( judgm5ts to d ) ! fact t e p]ception has an ext5sive magnitude8 ,:at has ! quality ( judgm5ts to d ) ! fact t e s5sation has a degree8 ,! =m] re/s r on ! fact t space is ! =m ( our ext]nal p]ception1 & ! latt] is no?+ m ?an an empirical1 &1 moreov]1 entirely subjective feel+1 drawn m]ely f ! consid]ation ( ! nature ( our organs ( s5se4 ,fur!r1 9 ! table :i* gives ! basis ( rational psy*ology 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 #cdd2 ,v4 #djb71 ! simplicity ( ! s\l is cit$ "u quality2 b ?is is j a quantitative prop]ty1 & has absolutely no relation to ! affirmation or negation 9 ! judgm5t4 ,b quantity _h to be complet$ by ! unity ( ! s\l1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 already includ$ 9 its simplicity4 ,!n modality is =c$ 9 9 an absurd way2 ! s\l /&s 9 connection ) possible objects2 b connection belongs to relation1 only ?is is already tak5 possession ( by sub/ance4 ,!n ! f\r cosmological ,ideas1 :i* are ! mat]ial ( ! ant9omies1 are ref]r$ to ! titles ( ! categories2 b ( ?is we %all speak m fully fur!r on1 :5 we come to ! exam9ation ( ^! ant9omies4 ,sev]al1 if possible1 /ill m gl>+ examples are to be f\nd 9 ! table ( ! ,categories ( ,fre$om6 9 ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason20 also 9 ! fir/ book ( ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t10 :i* goes ?r\gh ! judgm5t ( ta/e accord+ to ! f\r titles ( ! categories2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce10 :i* are entirely adapt$ to ! table ( ! categories1 :]eby ! false t is m+l$ "h & !re ) :at is true & excell5t 9 ?is important "w is = ! mo/ "p introduc$4 ,see1 = example1 at ! end ( ! fir/ *apt] h[ ! unity1 ! multiplicity1 & ! totality ( ! directions ( l9es are suppos$ to correspond to ! categories1 :i* are s nam$ accord+ to ! quantity ( judgm5ts4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,p]man5ce ( ,sub/ance is d$uc$ f ! category ( subsi/5ce & inh]5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we "k only f ! =m ( ! categorical judgm5t1 i4e41 f ! connection ( two concepts z subject & pr$icate4 ,) :at viol5ce !n is t great metaphysical pr9ciple made dep5d5t ^u ?is simple1 purely logical =m6 ,yet ?is is only done pro =ma1 & = ! sake ( symmetry4 ,! pro( ( ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is giv5 "h1 sets entirely aside its suppos$ orig9 9 ! und]/&+ & 9 ! category1 & is bas$ ^u ! pure intuition or p]ception ( "t4 ,b ?is pro( also is q incorrect4 ,x is false t 9 m]e "t !re is simultaneity & duration2 ^! ideas only arise f ! union ( space ) "t1 z ,i h already %[n 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ah1 & work$ out m fully 9 #d ( ! pres5t "w4 ,i mu/ assume a k ( bo? ^! expositions = ! und]/&+ ( :at foll[s4 ,x is false t "t rema9s ! same ?r\gh all *ange2 on ! contr>y1 x is j "t itself t is fleet+2 a p]man5t "t is a contradiction4 ,kant's pro( is unt5able1 /r5u\sly z he has support$ x ) sophisms2 inde$1 he falls into ! mo/ palpable contradictions4 ,?us1 aft] he has falsely set up co-exi/5ce z a mode ( "t 7p4 #agg2 ,v4 #bai71 he says1 q rightly 7p4 #ahc2 ,v4 #bbf71 8,co-exi/5ce is n a mode ( "t1 = 9 "t !re are absolutely no p>ts toge!r1 b all 9 succession40 ,9 tru?1 space is q z mu* implicat$ 9 co-exi/5ce z "t4 ,= if two ?+s are co-exi/5t & yet n "o1 !y are diff]5t 9 respect ( space2 if two /ates ( "o ?+ are co-exi/5t 7e4g41 ! gl[ & ! heat ( iron71 !n !y are two contemporane\s effects ( "o ?+1 !re=e presuppose matt]1 & matt] presupposes space4 ,/rictly speak+1 co-exi/5ce is a negative det]m9ation1 :i* m]ely signifies t two ?+s or /ates are n diff]5t 9 respect ( "t2 ?us _! diff]5ce is to be s\ght = else:]e4 ,b 9 any case1 our k ( ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 i4e41 ( matt]1 mu/ be bas$ ^u insight a priori2 = x is rais$ above all d\bt1 & !re=e _c be drawn f exp]i5ce4 ,i d$uce x f ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( all becom+ & pass+ away1 ! law ( causality1 ( :i* we are consci\s a priori1 is ess5tially conc]n$ only ) ! *anges1 i4e41 ! successive /ates ( matt]1 is ?us limit$ to ! =m1 & leaves ! matt] unt\*$1 :i* !re=e exi/s 9 our consci\sness z ! f\ndation ( all ?+s1 :i* is n subject to becom+ or pass+ away1 :i* has !re=e always be5 & w always cont9ue to be4 ,a deep] pro( ( ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 drawn f ! analysis ( our p]ception ( ! empirical _w 9 g5]al1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fir/ book ( ?is "w1 #d1 :]e x is %[n t ! nature ( matt] consi/s 9 ! absolute union ( space & "t1 a union :i* is only possible by means ( ! idea ( causality1 consequ5tly only = ! und]/&+1 :i* is no?+ b ! subjective correlative ( causality4 ,h5ce1 also1 matt] is nev] kn[n o!rwise ?an z produc+ effects1 i4e41 z ?r\gh & ?r\gh causality2 to be & to act are ) x "o1 :i* is inde$ signifi$ by ! ^w actuality4 ,intimate union ( space & "t--causality1 matt]1 actuality--are ?us "o1 & ! subjective correlative ( ?is "o is ! und]/&+4 ,matt] mu/ be> 9 itself ! conflict+ prop]ties ( bo? factors f :i* x proce$s1 & x is ! idea ( causality :i* aboli%es :at is contradictory 9 bo?1 & makes _! co-exi/5ce conceivable by ! und]/&+1 ?r\gh :i* & = :i* alone matt] is1 & ^: :ole faculty consi/s 9 ! k ( cause & effect4 ,?us = ! und]/&+ !re is unit$ 9 matt] ! incon/ant flux ( "t1 appe>+ z *ange ( ! accid5ts1 ) ! rigid immobility ( space1 :i* exhibits itself z ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance4 ,= if ! sub/ance pass$ away l ! accid5ts1 ! ph5om5on w\ld be torn away f space altoge!r1 & w\ld only belong to "t2 ! _w ( exp]i5ce w\ld be de/roy$ by ! abolition ( matt]1 annihilation4 ,?us f ! %>e :i* space has 9 matt]1 i4e41 9 all ph5om5a ( ! actual--9 t x is ! opposite & c\nt]p>t ( "t1 & !re=e 9 itself & ap>t f ! union ) ! latt] kn[s absolutely no *ange--! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 :i* recognises ev]y?+ z a priori c]ta91 _h to be d$uc$ & expla9$2 b n f m]e "t1 to :i* = ?is purpose & q errone\sly ,kant has attribut$ p]man5ce4 ,9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bc1 ,i h fully expla9$ ! incorrectness ( ! foll[+ pro( ( ! a priori nature & ( ! necessity ( ! law ( causality f ! m]e succession ( ev5ts 9 "t2 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 cont5t myself "h by ref]r+ to t passage47#f7 ,?is is precisely ! case ) ! pro( ( reciprocity also1 ! concept ( :i* ,i 0 oblig$ to expla9 above z invalid4 ,:at is necess>y has also be5 said ( modality1 ! work+ out ( ! pr9ciples ( :i* n[ foll[s4 ,!re are /ill a few po9ts 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ! transc5d5tal analytic :i* ,i %\ld h to refute 7 x n t ,i am afraid ( try+ ! pati5ce ( ! read]2 ,i !re=e leave !m to 8 own reflection4 ,b ev] anew 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 we meet t pr9cipal & fundam5tal error ( ,kant's1 :i* ,i h copi\sly d5\nc$ above1 ! complete failure to di/+ui% ab/ract1 discursive k f intuitive4 ,x is ?is t ?r[s a con/ant obscurity ov] ,kant's :ole !ory ( ! faculty ( k1 & nev] all[s ! read] to "k :at he is really speak+ ab\t at any "t1 s t in/ead ( und]/&+1 he always m]ely conjectures1 = he alt]nately tries to und]/& :at is said z ref]r+ to ?\ght & to p]ception1 & rema9s always 9 susp5se4 ,9 ! *apt] 8,on ! ,division ( all ,objects into ,ph5om5a & ,n\m5a10 ,kant c>ries t incr$ible want ( reflection z to ! nature ( ! idea ( p]ception & ! ab/ract idea1 z ,i %all expla9 m fully imm$iately1 s f> z to make ! mon/r\s ass]tion t )\t ?\ght1 t is1 )\t ab/ract conceptions1 !re is no k ( an object2 & t p]ception1 because x is n ?\ght1 is also n k1 &1 9 g5]al1 is no?+ b a m]e affection ( s5sibility1 m]e s5sation6 ,nay1 m1 t p]ception )\t conception is absolutely void2 b conception )\t p]ception is yet always some?+ 7p4 #bec2 ,v4 #cji74 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! opposite ( ! tru?2 = concepts obta9 all significance1 all cont5t1 only f _! relation to ideas ( p]ception1 f :i* !y h be5 ab/ract$1 d]iv$1 t is1 con/ruct$ ?r\gh ! omission ( all t is uness5tial3 !re=e if ! f\ndation ( p]ception is tak5 away f !m1 !y are empty & void4 ,p]ceptions1 on ! contr>y1 h 9 !mselves imm$iate & v great significance 79 !m1 inde$1 ! ?+ 9 itself objectifies itself72 !y repres5t !mselves1 express !mselves1 h no m]e borr[$ cont5t l concepts4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason gov]ns !m only z ! law ( causality1 & det]m9es z su* only _! position 9 space & "t2 x does n1 h[ev]1 condition _! cont5t & _! significance1 z is ! case ) concepts1 9 :i* x appe>s z ! pr9ciple ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+4 ,= ! re/1 x looks z if ,kant really wi%$ "h to set ab\t di/+ui%+ ! idea ( p]ception & ! ab/ract idea4 ,he objects to ,leibnitz & ,locke t ! =m] r$uc$ ev]y?+ to ab/ract ideas1 & ! latt] ev]y?+ to ideas ( p]ception4 ,b yet he arrives at no di/9ction2 & al?\gh ,locke & ,leibnitz really committ$ ^! errors1 ,kant himself is burd5$ ) a ?ird error :i* includes !m bo?--! error ( hav+ s mix$ up k ( p]ception & ab/ract k t a mon/r\s hybrid ( ! two result$1 a *im]a ( :i* no di/9ct idea is possible1 & :i* !re=e necess>ily only confus$ & /upefi$ /ud5ts1 & set !m at v>iance4 ,c]ta9ly ?\ght & p]ception are sep>at$ m 9 ! *apt] ref]r$ to 8,on ! ,division ( all ,objects into ,ph5om5a & ,n\m5a0 ?an any:]e else1 b ! nature ( ?is di/9ction is "h a fundam5tally false "o4 ,on p4 #bec2 ,v4 #cji1 x is said3 8,if ,i take away all ?\ght 7?r\gh ! categories7 f empirical k1 !re rema9s absolutely no k ( an object1 = ?r\gh m]e p]ception no?+ at all is ?\ght1 & t ?is affection ( s5sibility is 9 me e/abli%es really no relation ( su* ideas to any object40 ,?is s5t5ce conta9s1 9 "s degree1 all ! errors ( ,kant 9 a nut%ell2 = x br+s out cle>ly t he has falsely conceiv$ ! relation betwe5 s5sation1 p]ception1 & ?\ght1 & accord+ly id5tifies ! p]ception1 ^: =m he yet supposes to be space1 & inde$ space 9 all its ?ree dim5sions1 ) ! m]e subjective s5sation 9 ! organs ( s5se1 b only all[s ! k ( an object to be giv5 ?r\gh ?\ght1 :i* is diff]5t f p]ception4 ,i1 on ! contr>y1 say3 ,objects are fir/ ( all objects ( p]ception1 n ( ?\ght1 & all k ( objects is orig9ally & 9 itself p]ception4 ,p]ception1 h[ev]1 is by no means m]e s5sation1 b ! und]/&+ is already active 9 x4 ,! ?\ght1 :i* is add$ only 9 ! case ( m51 n 9 ! case ( ! brutes1 is m]e ab/raction f p]ception1 gives no fundam5tally new k1 does n itself e/abli% objects :i* 7 n be=e1 b m]ely *anges ! =m ( ! k already won ?r\gh p]ception1 makes x ab/ract k 9 concepts1 :]eby its concrete or p]ceptible "* is lo/1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 comb9ation ( x becomes possible1 :i* immeasurably ext5ds ! range ( its applicability4 ,! mat]ial ( our ?\ght is1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ else ?an our p]ceptions !mselves1 & n some?+ :i* ! p]ceptions did n conta91 & :i* 0 add$ by ! ?\ght2 !re=e ! mat]ial ( ev]y?+ t appe>s 9 our ?\ght mu/ be capable ( v]ification 9 our p]ception1 = o!rwise x w\ld be an empty ?\ght4 ,al?\gh ?is mat]ial is v>i\sly manipulat$ & trans=m$ by ?\ght1 x mu/ yet be capable ( be+ r$uc$ to p]ception1 & ! ?\ght trac$ back to ?is--j z a piece ( gold c be r$uc$ f all its solutions1 oxides1 sublimates1 & comb9ations1 & pres5t$ pure & undim9i%$4 ,?is c\ld n happ5 if ?\ght itself _h add$ some?+1 &1 inde$1 ! pr9cipal ?+1 to ! object4 ,! :ole ( ! *apt] on ! ,amphiboly1 :i* foll[s ?is1 is m]ely a criticism ( ! ,leibnitzian philosophy1 & z su* is on ! :ole correct1 ?\gh ! =m or patt]n on :i* x is con/ruct$ is *os5 m]ely = ! sake ( ar*itectonic symmetry1 :i* "h also is ! guid+ clue4 ,?us1 to c>ry out ! analogy ) ! ,ari/otelian ,organon1 a transc5d5tal ,topic is set up1 :i* consi/s 9 ?is1 t e conception is to be consid]$ f f\r po9ts ( view1 9 ord] to make out to :i* faculty ( k x belongs4 ,b ^! f\r po9ts ( view are q arbitr>ily select$1 & t5 o!rs might be add$ to !m ) j z mu* "r2 b _! f\rfold numb] corresponds to ! titles ( ! categories1 & !re=e ! *ief doctr9e ( ,leibnitz is divid$ among !m z be/ x may be4 ,by ?is critique1 also1 to "s ext5t1 c]ta9 errors are /amp$ z natural to ! reason1 :]eas !y 7 m]ely false ab/ractions ( ,leibnitz's1 :o1 r ?an le>n f 8 great philosophical contempor>ies1 ,sp9oza & ,locke1 pref]r$ to s]ve up 8 own /range inv5tions4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,amphiboly ( ,reflection x is f9ally said t !re may possibly be a k9d ( p]ception entirely diff]5t f ours1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 our categories are applicable2 !re=e ! objects ( t suppos$ p]ception w\ld be n\m5a1 ?+s :i* c only be ?\ght by u2 b s9ce ! p]ception :i* w\ld give t ?\ght mean+ is want+ to u1 & inde$ is altoge!r q problematical1 ! object ( t ?\ght w\ld also m]ely be a :olly indef9ite possibility4 ,i h %[n above by quotations t ,kant1 9 utt] contradiction ) himself1 sets up ! categories n[ z ! condition ( k ( p]ception1 n[ z ! function ( m]ely ab/ract ?\ght4 ,"h !y appe> exclusively 9 ! latt] s5se1 & x seems q z if he wi%$ to attribute !m m]ely to discursive ?\ght4 ,b if ?is is really 8 op9ion1 !n necess>ily at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,transc5d5tal ,logic1 be=e specify+ ! diff]5t functions ( ?\ght at su* l5g?1 he 0 necess>ily b\nd to *>act]ise ?\ght 9 g5]al1 & consequ5tly to di/+ui% x f p]ception2 he ought to h %[n :at k is giv5 by m]e p]ception1 & :at t is new is add$ by ?\ght4 ,!n we w\ld h kn[n :at he 0 really speak+ ab\t2 or r1 he w\ld !n h spok5 q diff]5tly1 fir/ ( p]ception1 & !n ( ?\ght2 in/ead ( :i*1 z x is1 he is always deal+ ) some?+ betwe5 ! two1 :i* is a m]e delusion4 ,!re w\ld n !n be t great gap betwe5 ! transc5d5tal /hetic & ! transc5d5tal ,logic1 :]e1 aft] ! exposition ( ! m]e =m ( p]ception1 he simply dismisses its cont5t1 all t is empirically appreh5d$1 ) ! phrase 8,x is giv510 & does n ask h[ x came ab\t1 :e!r ) or )\t und]/&+2 b1 ) "o spr+1 passes ov] to ab/ract ?\ght2 & n ev5 to ?\ght 9 g5]al1 b at once to c]ta9 =ms ( ?\ght1 & does n say a ^w ab\t :at ?\ght is1 :at ! concept is1 :at is ! relation ( ab/ract & discursive to concrete & intuitive1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! k ( m5 & t ( brutes1 & :at is reason4 ,yet x 0 j ?is di/9ction betwe5 ab/ract k & k ( p]ception1 entirely ov]look$ by ,kant1 :i* ! anci5ts d5ot$ by & 17#g7 & ^: opposition & incomm5surability occupi$ !m s mu* 9 ! philosophemes ( ! ,eleatics1 9 ,plato's doctr9e ( ,ideas1 9 ! dialectic ( ! ,meg>ics1 & lat] ! ,s*ola/ics 9 ! controv]sy betwe5 ,nom9alism & ,realism1 ! se$ ( :i*1 s late 9 develop+1 0 already conta9$ 9 ! opposite m5tal t5d5cies ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,b ,kant1 :o1 9 an inexcusable mann]1 entirely neglect$ ! ?+ to d5ote :i* ! words & _h already be5 tak51 took possession ( ! words1 z if !y 7 /ill unappropriat$1 9 ord] to d5ote by !m 8 ?+ 9 itself & 8 ph5om5on4 ,s9ce ,i h be5 oblig$ to reject ,kant's doctr9e ( ! categories1 j z he reject$ t ( ,ari/otle1 ,i wi% "h to indicate z a sugge/ion a ?ird way ( rea*+ :at is aim$ at4 ,:at bo? ,kant & ,ari/otle s\ght = "u ! "n ( ! categories 7 ! mo/ g5]al conceptions "u :i* all ?+s1 h[ev] diff]5t1 mu/ be subsum$1 & ?r\gh :i* !re=e ev]y?+ t exi/s w\ld ultimately be ?\ght4 ,j on ?is acc\nt ,kant conceiv$ !m z ! =ms ( all ?\ght4 ,gramm> is relat$ to logic z clo!s to ! body4 ,%\ld n1 !re=e1 ^! prim>y conceptions1 ! gr\nd-bass ( ! reason1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( all special ?\ght1 )\t ^: application1 !re=e1 no ?\ght c take place1 ultimately lie 9 ^? conceptions :i* j on acc\nt ( _! exce$+ g5]ality 7transc5d5talism7 h _! expression n 9 s+le words1 b 9 :ole classes ( words1 because "o ( !m is ?\ght along ) e ^w :atev] x may be1 ^: designation w\ld !re=e h to be look$ =1 n 9 ! lexicon b 9 ! gramm>8 ,9 fact1 %\ld !y n be ^? di/9ctions ( conceptions on acc\nt ( :i* ! ^w :i* expresses !m is ei!r a sub/antive or an adjective1 a v]b or an adv]b1 a pron\n1 a preposition1 or "s o!r p>ticle--9 %ort1 ! p>ts ( spee*8 ,= und\bt$ly ^! d5ote ! =ms :i* all ?\ght prim>ily assumes1 & 9 :i* x directly moves2 accord+ly !y are ! ess5tial =ms ( spee*1 ! fundam5tal con/itu5t elem5ts ( e language1 s t we _c imag9e any language :i* w\ld n consi/ ( at lea/ sub/antives1 adjectives1 & v]bs4 ,^! fundam5tal =ms w\ld !n h subord9at$ to !m ^? =ms ( ?\ght :i* are express$ ?r\gh _! inflections1 t is1 ?r\gh decl5sion & conjugation1 & x is uness5tial to ! *ief conc]n :e!r 9 d5ot+ !m we call 9 ! assi/ance ( ! article & ! pron\n4 ,we w exam9e ! ?+1 h[ev]1 some:at m closely1 & ask ! "q anew3 ,:at are ! =ms ( ?\ght8 7#a47 ,?\ght consi/s ?r\gh\t ( judg+2 judgm5ts are ! ?reads ( its :ole web1 = )\t mak+ use ( a v]b our ?\ght does n move1 & z (t5 z we use a v]b we judge4 7#b47 ,e judgm5t consi/s 9 ! recognition ( ! relation betwe5 subject & pr$icate1 :i* x sep>ates or unites ) v>i\s re/rictions4 ,x unites !m f ! recognition ( ! actual id5tity ( ! two1 :i* c only happ5 9 ! case ( synonyms2 !n 9 ! recognition t ! "o is always ?\ght along ) ! o!r1 ?\gh ! conv]se does n hold--9 ! univ]sal affirmative proposition2 up to ! recognition t ! "o is sometimes ?\ght along ) ! o!r1 9 ! p>ticul> affirmative proposition4 ,! negative propositions take ! opposite c\rse4 ,accord+ly 9 e judgm5t ! subject1 ! pr$icate1 & ! copula1 ! latt] affirmative or negative1 mu/ be to be f\nd2 ev5 al?\gh ea* ( ^! is n d5ot$ by a ^w ( its own1 z is h[ev] g5]ally ! case4 ,! pr$icate & ! copula are (t5 d5ot$ by "o ^w1 z 8,caius ages20 sometimes "o ^w d5otes all ?ree1 z concurritur1 i4e41 8! armies engage40 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ! =ms ( ?\ght are n to be s\ght = precisely & directly 9 words1 nor ev5 9 ! p>ts ( spee*1 = ev5 9 ! same language ! same judgm5t may be express$ 9 diff]5t words1 & inde$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( spee*1 yet ! ?\ght rema9s ! same1 & consequ5tly also its =m2 = ! ?\ght c\ld n be ! same if ! =m ( ?\ght itself 7 diff]5t4 ,b ) ! same ?\ght & ! same =m ( ?\ght ! =m ( words may v well be diff]5t1 = x is m]ely ! outw>d clo?+ ( ! ?\ght1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 is insep>able f its =m4 ,?us gramm> only expla9s ! clo?+ ( ! =ms ( ?\ght4 ,! p>ts ( spee* c !re=e be d$uc$ f ! orig9al =ms ( ?\ght !mselves :i* are indep5d5t ( all language2 _! "w is to express ^! =ms ( ?\ght 9 all _! modifications4 ,!y are ! in/rum5t & ! clo?+ ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 & mu/ be accurately adapt$ to ! /ructure ( ! latt]1 s t x may be recognis$ 9 !m4 7#c47 ,^! real1 unalt]able1 orig9al =ms ( ?\ght are c]ta9ly ^? ( ,kant's logical table ( judgm5ts2 only t 9 ?is table are to be f\nd bl9d w9d[s = ! sake ( symmetry & ! table ( ! categories2 ^! mu/ all be omitt$1 & also a false arrangem5t4 ,?us3-- 7a47 ,quality3 affirmation & negation1 i4e41 comb9ation & sep>ation ( concepts3 two =ms4 ,x dep5ds on ! copula4 7b47 ,quantity3 ! subject-concept is tak5 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p3 totality or multiplicity4 ,to ! fir/ belong also individual subjects3 ,socrates means 8all ,socrateses40 ,?us two =ms4 ,x dep5ds on ! subject4 7c47 ,modality3 has really ?ree =ms4 ,x det]m9es ! quality z necess>y1 actual1 or cont+5t4 ,x consequ5tly dep5ds also on ! copula4 ,^! ?ree =ms ( ?\ght spr+ f ! laws ( ?\ght ( contradiction & id5tity4 ,b f ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason & ! law ( exclud$ middle spr+s-- 7d47 ,relation4 ,x only appe>s if we judge conc]n+ complet$ judgm5ts1 & c only consi/ 9 ?is1 t x ei!r ass]ts ! dep5d5ce ( "o judgm5t ^u ano!r 7also 9 ! plurality ( bo?71 & !re=e comb9es !m 9 ! hypo!tical proposition2 or else ass]ts t judgm5ts exclude ea* o!r1 & !re=e sep>ates !m 9 ! disjunctive proposition4 ,x dep5ds on ! copula1 :i* "h sep>ates or comb9es ! complet$ judgm5ts4 ,! p>ts ( spee* & grammatical =ms are ways ( express+ ! ?ree con/itu5t p>ts ( ! judgm5t1 ! subject1 ! pr$icate1 & ! copula1 & also ( ! possible relations ( ^!2 ?us ( ! =ms ( ?\ght j enum]at$1 & ! full] det]m9ations & modifications ( ^!4 ,sub/antive1 adjective1 & v]b are !re=e ess5tial fundam5tal con/itu5t elem5ts ( language 9 g5]al2 !re=e !y mu/ be f\nd 9 all languages4 ,yet x is possible to conceive a language 9 :i* adjective & v]b w\ld always be fus$ toge!r1 z is sometimes ! case 9 all languages4 ,provisionally x may be said1 = ! expression ( ! subject are int5d$ ! sub/antive1 ! article1 & ! pron\n2 = ! expression ( ! pr$icate1 ! adjective1 ! adv]b1 & ! preposition2 = ! expression ( ! copula1 ! v]b1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ) ! exception ( ! v]b to be1 also conta9s ! pr$icate4 ,x is ! task ( ! philosophy ( gramm> to tea* ! precise me*anism ( ! expression ( ! =ms ( ?\ght1 z x is ! task ( logic to tea* ! op]ations ) ! =ms ( ?\ght !mselves4 ,note4--,z a w>n+ aga9/ a false pa? & to illu/rate ! above1 ,i m5tion ,s4 ,/]n's 8,vorlufige ,grundlage zur ,spra*philosophie10 #ahce1 :i* is an utt]ly abortive attempt to con/ruct ! categories out ( ! grammatical =ms4 ,he has entirely confus$ ?\ght ) p]ception1 & !re=e1 in/ead ( ! categories ( ?\ght1 he has tri$ to d$uce ! suppos$ categories ( p]ception f ! grammatical =ms1 & consequ5tly has plac$ ! grammatical =ms 9 direct relation to p]ception4 ,he is involv$ 9 ! great error t language is imm$iately relat$ to p]ception1 in/ead ( be+ directly relat$ only to ?\ght z su*1 ?us to ! ab/ract concepts1 & only by means ( ^! to p]ception1 to :i* !y1 h[ev]1 h a relation :i* introduces an entire *ange ( ! =m4 ,:at exi/s 9 p]ception1 ?us also ! relations :i* proce$ f "t & space1 c]ta9ly becomes an object ( ?\ght2 ?us !re mu/ also be =ms ( spee* to express x1 yet always m]ely 9 ! ab/ract1 z concepts4 ,concepts are always ! prim>y mat]ial ( ?\ght1 & ! =ms ( logic are always relat$ to ^!1 nev] directly to p]ception4 ,p]ception always det]m9es only ! mat]ial1 nev] ! =mal tru? ( ! proposition1 = ! =mal tru? is det]m9$ accord+ to ! logical rules alone4 ,i return to ! ,kantian philosophy1 & come n[ to ! ,transc5d5tal ,dialectic4 ,kant op5s x ) ! explanation ( reason1 ! faculty :i* is to play ! pr9cipal "p 9 x1 = hi!rto only s5sibility & und]/&+ 7 on ! sc5e4 ,:5 consid]+ 8 diff]5t explanations ( reason1 ,i h already spok5 above ( ! explanation he gives "h t 8x is ! faculty ( pr9ciples40 ,x is n[ taught "h t all ! a priori k hi!rto consid]$1 :i* makes pure ma!matics & pure natural sci5ce possible1 af=ds only rules1 & no pr9ciples2 because x proce$s f p]ceptions & =ms ( k1 & n f m]e conceptions1 :i* is dem&$ if x is to be call$ a pr9ciple4 ,su* a pr9ciple mu/ accord+ly be k f pure conceptions & yet syn!tical4 ,b ?is is absolutely impossible4 ,f pure conceptions no?+ b analytical propositions c ev] proce$4 ,if conceptions are to be syn!tically & yet a priori comb9$1 ?is comb9ation mu/ necess>ily be accompli%$ by "s ?ird ?+1 ?r\gh a pure p]ception ( ! =mal possibility ( exp]i5ce1 j z syn!tic judgm5ts a po/]iori are br\ght ab\t ?r\gh empirical p]ception2 consequ5tly a syn!tic proposition a priori c nev] proce$ f pure conceptions4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 we are a priori consci\s ( no?+ m ?an ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its diff]5t =ms1 & !re=e no o!r syn!tic judgm5ts a priori are possible ?an ^? :i* proce$ f t :i* receives its cont5t f t pr9ciple4 ,h[ev]1 ,kant f9ally comes =w>d ) a pret5d$ pr9ciple ( ! reason answ]+ to 8 dem&1 yet only ) ?is "o1 f :i* o!rs aft]w>ds foll[ z coroll>ies4 ,x is ! pr9ciple :i* ,*r4 ,wolf set up & expla9$ 9 8 8,cosmologia10 sect4 i4 c4 #b1 #ic1 & 9 8 8,ontologia10 #agh4 ,z n[ above1 "u ! title ( ! ,amphiboly1 m]e ,leibnitzian philosophemes 7 tak5 = natural & necess>y ab]rations ( ! reason1 & 7 criticis$ z su*1 s "h precisely ! same ?+ happ5s ) ! philosophemes ( ,wolf4 ,kant /ill pres5ts ?is pr9ciple ( ! reason 9 an obscure light1 ?r\gh indi/9ctness1 indef9it5ess1 & break+ ( x up 7p4 #cjg2 ,v4 #cfa1 & #cbb2 ,v4 #cgi74 ,cle>ly express$1 h[ev]1 x is z foll[s3 8,if ! condition$ is giv51 ! totality ( its conditions mu/ also be giv51 & !re=e also ! uncondition$1 ?r\gh :i* alone t totality becomes complete40 ,we become mo/ vividly aw>e ( ! app>5t tru? ( ?is proposition if we imag9e ! conditions & ! condition$ z ! l9ks ( a susp5d$ *a91 ! upp] end ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n visible1 s t x might ext5d ad inf9itum2 s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! *a9 does n fall1 b hangs1 !re mu/ be above "o l9k :i* is ! fir/1 & 9 "s way is fix$4 ,or1 m briefly3 ! reason desires to h a po9t ( atta*m5t = ! causal *a9 :i* rea*es back to inf9ity2 x w\ld be conv5i5t = x4 ,b we w exam9e ! proposition1 n 9 figures1 b 9 itself4 ,syn!tic x c]ta9ly is2 =1 analytically1 no?+ m foll[s f ! conception ( ! condition$ ?an t ( ! condition4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 a priori tru?1 nor ev5 a po/]iori1 b x surreptiti\sly obta9s its appe>ance ( tru? 9 a v subtle way1 :i* ,i mu/ n[ po9t out4 ,imm$iately1 & a priori1 we h ! k :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its f\r =ms expresses4 ,f ?is imm$iate k all ab/ract expressions ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason are d]iv$1 & !y are ?us indirect2 /ill m1 h[ev]1 is ?is ! case ) inf]5ces or coroll>ies f !m4 ,i h already expla9$ above h[ ab/ract k (t5 unites a v>iety ( intuitive cognitions 9 "o =m or "o concept 9 su* a way t !y c no long] be di/+ui%$2 !re=e ab/ract k /&s to intuitive k z ! %ad[ to ! real objects1 ! great multiplicity ( :i* x pres5ts ?r\gh "o outl9e compreh5d+ !m all4 ,n[ ! pret5d$ pr9ciple ( ! reason makes use ( ?is %ad[4 ,9 ord] to d$uce f ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ! uncondition$1 :i* directly contradicts x1 x prud5tly ab&ons ! imm$iate concrete k ( ! cont5t ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its p>ticul> =ms1 & only makes use ( ab/ract concepts :i* are d]iv$ f x1 & h value & significance only ?r\gh x1 9 ord] to smuggle its uncondition$ someh[ or o!r into ! wide sph]e ( ^? concepts4 ,its proc$ure becomes mo/ di/9ct :5 clo!d 9 dialectical =m2 = example1 ?us3 8,if ! condition$ exi/s1 its condition mu/ also be giv51 & inde$ all giv51 ?us completely1 ?us ! totality ( its conditions2 consequ5tly1 if !y con/itute a s]ies1 ! :ole s]ies1 consequ5tly also its fir/ beg9n+1 ?us ! uncondition$40 ,"h x is false t ! conditions ( a condition$ c con/itute a s]ies4 ,r mu/ ! totality ( ! conditions ( ev]y?+ condition$ be conta9$ 9 its ne>e/ gr\nd or reason f :i* x directly proce$s1 & :i* is only ?us a suffici5t gr\nd or reason4 ,= example1 ! diff]5t det]m9ations ( ! /ate :i* is ! cause1 all ( :i* mu/ be pres5t toge!r be=e ! effect c take place4 ,b ! s]ies1 = example1 ! *a9 ( causes1 arises m]ely f ! fact t we reg>d :at imm$iately be=e 0 ! condition z n[ a condition$2 b !n at once ! :ole op]ation beg9s aga9 f ! beg9n+1 & ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason appe>s anew ) its claim4 ,b !re c nev] be = a condition$ a prop]ly successive s]ies ( conditions1 :i* exi/ m]ely z su*1 & on acc\nt ( t :i* is at la/ condition$2 x is always an alt]nat+ s]ies ( condition$s & conditions2 z ea* l9k is laid aside ! *a9 is brok51 & ! claim ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason entirely satisfi$1 x arises anew because ! condition becomes ! condition$4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason always dem&s only ! complet5ess ( ! imm$iate or next condition1 nev] ! complet5ess ( a s]ies4 ,b j ?is conception ( ! complet5ess ( ! condition leaves x undet]m9$ :e!r ?is complet5ess %\ld be simultane\s or successive2 & s9ce ! latt] is *os51 ! dem& n[ arises = a complete s]ies ( conditions foll[+ ea* o!r4 ,only ?r\gh an arbitr>y ab/raction is a s]ies ( causes & effects reg>d$ z a s]ies ( causes alone1 :i* exi/s m]ely on acc\nt ( ! la/ effect1 & is !re=e dem&$ z its suffici5t reason4 ,f clos] & m intellig5t consid]ation1 & by ris+ f ! indef9ite g5]ality ( ab/raction to ! p>ticul> def9ite reality1 x appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 t ! dem& = a suffici5t reason ext5ds only to ! complet5ess ( ! det]m9ations ( ! imm$iate cause1 n to ! complet5ess ( a s]ies4 ,! dem& ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is completely ext+ui%$ 9 ea* suffici5t reason giv54 ,x arises1 h[ev]1 imm$iately anew1 because ?is reason is aga9 reg>d$ z a consequ5t2 b x nev] dem&s directly a s]ies ( reasons4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( go+ to ! ?+ itself1 we conf9e ourselves to ! ab/ract concepts1 ^! di/9ctions vani%4 ,!n a *a9 ( alt]nat+ causes & effects1 or ( alt]nat+ logical reasons & consequ5ts1 is giv5 out z simply a *a9 ( causes ( ! la/ effect1 or reasons ( ! la/ consequ5t1 & ! complet5ess ( ! conditions1 ?r\gh :i* alone a reason becomes suffici5t1 appe>s z ! complet5ess ( t assum$ s]ies ( reasons alone1 :i* only exi/ on acc\nt ( ! la/ consequ5t4 ,!re !n appe>s ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( ! reason v boldly ) its dem& = ! uncondition$4 ,b1 9 ord] to recognise ! invalidity ( ?is claim1 !re is no ne$ ( a critique ( reason by means ( ant9omies & _! solution1 b only ( a critique ( reason und]/ood 9 my s5se1 an exam9ation ( ! relation ( ab/ract k to direct intuitive k1 by means ( asc5d+ f ! indef9ite g5]ality ( ! =m] to ! fix$ def9it5ess ( ! latt]4 ,f su* a critique1 !n1 x "h appe>s t ! nature ( ! reason by no means consi/s 9 ! dem& = an uncondition$2 =1 :5ev] x proce$s ) full delib]ation1 x mu/ itself f9d t an uncondition$ is an absurdity4 ,! reason z a faculty ( k c always h to d only ) objects2 b e object = ! subject is necess>ily & irrevocably subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 bo? a p>te ante & a p>te po/4 ,! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is s involv$ 9 ! =m ( consci\sness t we absolutely _c imag9e any?+ objective ( :i* no :y c\ld fur!r be dem&$2 ?us we _c imag9e an absolute absolute1 l a bl9d wall 9 front ( u4 ,t 8 conv5i5ce %\ld lead ?is or t p]son to /op at "s po9t1 & assume su* an absolute at pleasure1 is ( no avail aga9/ t inconte/able c]ta9ty a priori1 ev5 if he %\ld put on an air ( great importance 9 do+ s4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole talk ab\t ! absolute1 almo/ ! sole !me ( philosophies s9ce ,kant1 is no?+ b ! cosmological pro( incognito4 ,?is pro(1 9 consequ5ce ( ! case br\ght aga9/ x by ,kant1 depriv$ ( all "r & decl>$ outlaw$1 d>e no long] %[ itself 9 its true =m1 & !re=e appe>s 9 all k9ds ( disguises--n[ 9 di/+ui%$ =m1 conceal$ "u intellectual intuition or pure ?\ght2 n[ z a suspici\s vagabond1 half begg+1 half dem&+ :at x wants 9 m unpret5d+ philosophemes4 ,if an absolute mu/ absolutely be _h1 !n ,i w give "o :i* is f> bett] fitt$ to meet all ! dem&s :i* are made on su* a ?+ ?an ^! vision>y phantoms2 x is matt]4 ,x has no beg9n+1 & x is imp]i%able2 ?us x is really indep5d5t1 & quod p] se e/ et p] se concipitur2 f its womb all proce$s1 & to x all returns2 :at m c be desir$ ( an absolute8 ,b to ^? ) :om no critique ( reason has succe$$1 we %\ld r say-- 8,are n ye l unto wom51 :o ev] ,return to ! po9t f :i* !y set out1 ,?\gh reason %\ld h be5 talk$ by ! h\r80 ,t ! return to an uncondition$ cause1 to a fir/ beg9n+1 by no means lies 9 ! nature ( reason1 is1 moreov]1 practically prov$ by ! fact t ! primitive religions ( our race1 :i* ev5 yet h ! greate/ numb] ( foll[]s ^u e>?1 ,brahmanism & ,buddhaism1 nei!r "k nor admit su* assumptions1 b c>ry ! s]ies ( ph5om5a condition+ ea* o!r into inf9ity4 ,^u ?is po9t1 ,i ref] to ! note app5d$ to ! criticism ( ! fir/ ant9omy1 :i* occurs fur!r on2 & ! read] may also see ,upham's 8,doctr9e ( ,buddhaism0 7p4 #i71 & 9 g5]al all g5u9e acc\nts ( ! religions ( ,asia4 ,judaism & reason ought n to be id5tifi$4 ,kant1 :o by no means desires to ma9ta9 8 pret5d$ pr9ciple ( reason z objectively valid1 b m]ely z subjectively necess>y1 d$uces x ev5 z su* only by means ( a %all[ sophism1 p4 #cjg2 ,v4 #cfd4 ,he says t because we seek to subsume e tru? kn[n to u "u a m g5]al tru?1 z f> z ?is process c be c>ri$1 ?is is no?+ else ?an ! pursuit ( ! uncondition$1 :i* we already presuppose4 ,b1 9 tru?1 9 ?is endeav\r we d no?+ m ?an apply reason1 & int5tionally make use ( x to simplify our k by enabl+ u to survey x--reason1 :i* is t faculty ( ab/ract1 g5]al k t di/+ui%es ! reflective1 ?9k+ man1 end[$ ) spee*1 f ! brute1 :i* is ! slave ( ! pres5t4 ,= ! use ( reason j consi/s 9 ?is1 t we "k ! p>ticul> ?r\gh ! univ]sal1 ! case ?r\gh ! rule1 ! rule ?r\gh ! m g5]al rule2 ?us t we seek ! mo/ g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,?r\gh su* survey or g5]al view our k is s facilitat$ & p]fect$ t f x arises ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! life ( ! brutes & t ( m51 & aga9 betwe5 ! life ( educat$ & t ( un$ucat$ m54 ,n[1 c]ta9ly ! s]ies ( gr\nds ( k1 :i* exi/ only 9 ! sph]e ( ! ab/ract1 ?us ( reason1 always f9ds an end 9 :at is indemon/rable1 i4e41 9 an idea :i* is n fur!r condition$ accord+ to ?is =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ?us 9 ! a priori or a po/]iori directly p]ceptible gr\nd ( ! fir/ proposition ( ! tra9 ( reason+4 ,i h already %[n 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ej1 t "h ! s]ies ( gr\nds ( k really passes ov] into gr\nds ( becom+ or ( be+4 ,b "o c only desire to make ?is circum/ance hold good z a pro( ( an uncondition$ accord+ to ! law ( causality1 or ev5 ( ! m]e dem& = su* an uncondition$1 if "o has n yet di/+ui%$ ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason at all1 b1 hold+ to ! ab/ract expression1 has conf\nd$ !m all4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 seeks to e/abli% t confusion1 ?r\gh a m]e play ^u words1 ) ,univ]salitas & ,univ]sitas1 p4 #cbb2 ,v4 #cgi4 ,?us x is fundam5tally false t our se>* = high] gr\nds ( k1 m g5]al tru?s1 spr+s f ! presupposition ( an object uncondition$ 9 its be+1 or has any?+ :atev] 9 common ) ?is4 ,moreov]1 h[ %\ld x be ess5tial to ! reason to presuppose some?+ :i* x mu/ "k to be an absurdity z soon z x reflects8 ,! s\rce ( t conception ( ! uncondition$ is r to be f\nd only 9 ! indol5ce ( ! individual :o wi%es by means ( x to get rid ( all fur!r que/ions1 :e!r 8 own or ( o!rs1 ?\gh entirely )\t ju/ification4 ,n[ ,kant himself d5ies objective validity to ?is pret5d$ pr9ciple ( reason2 he gives x1 h[ev]1 z a necess>y subjective assumption1 & ?us introduces an irrem$iable split into our k1 :i* he soon all[s to appe> m cle>ly4 ,) ?is purpose he unfolds t pr9ciple ( reason fur!r1 p4 #cbb2 ,v4 #cgi1 9 accordance ) ! me?od ( ar*itectonic symmetry ( :i* he is s fond4 ,f ! ?ree categories ( relation spr+ ?ree k9ds ( syllogisms1 ea* ( :i* gives ! clue = ! discov]y ( a special uncondition$1 ( :i* aga9 !re are ?ree3 ! s\l1 ! _w 7z an object 9 itself & absolute totality71 & ,god4 ,n[ "h we mu/ at once note a great contradiction1 ( :i* ,kant1 h[ev]1 takes no notice1 because x w\ld be v dang]\s to ! symmetry4 ,two ( ^! uncondition$s are !mselves condition$ by ! ?ird1 ! s\l & ! _w by ,god1 :o is ! cause ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?us ! two =m] h by no means ! pr$icate ( uncondition$ness 9 common ) ! latt]1 ?\gh ?is is really ! po9t "h1 b only t ( inf]r$ be+ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( exp]i5ce1 beyond ! sph]e ( ! possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,sett+ ?is aside1 we recognise 9 ! ?ree uncondition$s1 to :i*1 accord+ to ,kant1 reason1 foll[+ its ess5tial laws1 mu/ come1 ! ?ree pr9cipal subjects r\nd :i* ! :ole ( philosophy "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ! ,s*ola/ics d[n to ,*ri/ian ,wolf1 has turn$4 ,accessible & famili> z ^! conceptions h become ?r\gh all ^! philosoph]s1 & n[ also ?r\gh ! philosoph]s ( pure reason1 ?is by no means %[s t1 )\t revelation1 !y w\ld necess>ily h proce$$ f ! developm5t ( all reason z a production peculi> to its v nature4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is x w\ld be necess>y to call 9 ! aid ( hi/orical criticism1 & to exam9e :e!r ! anci5t & non-,european nations1 especially ! peoples ( ,h9do/an & _m ( ! olde/ ,greek philosoph]s1 really atta9$ to ^? conceptions1 or :e!r x is only we :o1 by q falsely translat+ ! ,brahma ( ! ,h9dus & ! ,ti5 ( ! ,*9ese z 8,god10 good-natur$ly attribute su* conceptions to !m1 j z ! ,greeks recognis$ _! gods ev]y:]e2 :e!r x is n r ! case t !ism prop] is only to be f\nd 9 ! religion ( ! ,jews1 & 9 ! two religions :i* h proce$$ f x1 ^: foll[]s j on ?is acc\nt comprise ! adh]5ts ( all o!r religions on e>? "u ! "n ( hea!n1 :i*1 by ! way1 is a mo/ absurd & crude expression1 & ought to be bani%$ at lea/ f ! writ+s ( ! le>n$1 because x id5tifies & jumbles toge!r ,brahmani/s1 ,buddhi/s1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,g]mans1 ,gauls1 ,iroquois1 ,patagonians1 ,c>ibbeans1 ,otaheiteans1 ,au/ralians1 & _m o!rs4 ,su* an expression is all v well = prie/s1 b 9 ! le>n$ _w x mu/ at once be %[n ! door3 x c g to ,engl& & take up its abode at ,ox=d4 ,x is a ?or\ghly e/abli%$ fact t ,buddhism1 ! religion :i* numb]s m foll[]s ?an any o!r on e>?1 conta9s absolutely no !ism1 inde$ rejects x4 ,z reg>ds ,plato1 x is my op9ion t he owes to ! ,jews ! !ism ) :i* he is p]iodically seiz$4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,num5ius 7accord+ to ,clem4 ,alex41 ,/rom41 i4 c4 #bb1 ,euseb4 prp4 evang41 xiii4 #ab1 & ,suidas "u ,num5ius7 call$ him ! ,moses grcisans3 1 2 & he accuses him ( hav+ /ol5 77 8 doctr9e ( ,god & ! creation f ! ,mosaical writ+s4 ,clem5s (t5 repeats t ,plato knew & made use ( ,moses1 e4g41 ,/rom41 i4 #be4--v4 c4 #ad1 #ij1 c41 c42 ,pdagog41 ii4 #aj1 & iii4 #aa2 also 9 ! ,cohortatio ad g5tes1 c4 #f1 :]e1 aft] he has bitt]ly c5sur$ & d]id$ ! :ole ( ! ,greek philosoph]s 9 ! prec$+ *apt] because !y 7 n ,jews1 he be/[s on ,plato no?+ b praise1 & breaks out into pure exultation t z ,plato _h le>nt 8 geometry f ! ,egyptians1 8 a/ronomy f ! ,babylonians1 magic f ! ,?racians1 & mu* also f ! ,assyrians1 s he _h le>nt 8 !ism f ! ,jews3 1 1 444 7,tuos magi/ros novi1 licet eos cel>e velis1 444 illa de ,deo s5t5tia supp$itata tibi e/ ab ,hebris74 ,a pa!tic sc5e ( recognition4 ,b ,i see a rem>kable confirmation ( ! matt] 9 :at foll[s4 ,accord+ to ,plut>* 79 ,m>io71 &1 bett]1 accord+ to ,lactantius 7i4 #c1 #ai71 ,plato ?ank$ ,nature t he _h be5 born a human be+ & n a brute1 a man & n a woman1 a ,greek & n a b>b>ian4 ,n[ 9 ,isaac ,eu*el's 8,pray]s ( ! ,jews10 f ! ,hebrew1 second edition1 #agii1 p4 #g1 !re is a morn+ pray] 9 :i* ,god is ?ank$ & prais$ t ! wor%ipp] 0 born a ,jew & n a hea!n1 a free man & n a slave1 a man & n a woman4 ,su* an hi/orical inve/igation w\ld h sp>$ ,kant an un=tunate necessity 9 :i* he n[ becomes involv$1 9 t he makes ^! ?ree conceptions spr+ necess>ily f ! nature ( reason1 & yet expla9s t !y are unt5able & unv]ifiable by ! reason1 & ?us makes ! reason itself a sophi/icator2 = he says1 p4 #cci2 ,v4 #cig3 8,!re are sophi/ications1 n ( man1 b ( pure reason itself1 f :i* ev5 ! wise/ _c free himself1 & al?\gh aft] mu* tr\ble he may be able to avoid error1 yet he nev] c escape f ! illusion :i* unceas+ly torm5ts & mocks him40 ,!re=e ^! ,kantian 8,ideas ( ! ,reason0 might be comp>$ to ! focus 9 :i* ! conv]g+ reflect$ rays f a concave mirror meet sev]al in*es be=e its surface1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 by an inevitable process ( ! und]/&+1 an object pres5ts itself to u !re :i* is a ?+ )\t reality4 ,b ! "n 8,idea0 is v un=tunately *os5 = ^! pret5d$ necess>y productions ( ! pure !oretical reason1 & viol5tly appropriat$ f ,plato1 :o us$ x to d5ote ! et]nal =ms :i*1 multipli$ ?r\gh space & "t1 become p>tially visible 9 ! innum]able individual fleet+ ?+s4 ,plato's 8,ideas0 are accord+ly ?r\gh\t p]ceptible1 z inde$ ! ^w :i* he *ose s def9itely signifies1 = x c\ld only be adequately translat$ by means ( p]ceptible or visible ?+s2 & ,kant has appropriat$ x to d5ote t :i* lies s f> f all possibility ( p]ception t ev5 ab/ract ?\ght c only half atta9 to x4 ,! ^w 8,idea10 :i* ,plato fir/ introduc$1 has1 moreov]1 s9ce !n1 ?r\gh two-&-tw5ty c5turies1 always reta9$ ! significance 9 :i* he us$ x2 = n only all anci5t philosoph]s1 b also all ! ,s*ola/ics1 & inde$ ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs & ! !ologians ( ! ,middle ,ages1 us$ x only 9 t ,platonic s5se1 ! s5se ( ! ,lat9 ^w exempl>1 z ,su>ez expressly m5tions 9 8 tw5ty-fif? ,disputation1 sect4 #a4 ,t ,engli%m5 & ,fr5*m5 7 lat] induc$ by ! pov]ty ( _! languages to misuse ?is ^w is bad en\gh1 b n ( importance4 ,kant's misuse ( ! ^w idea1 by ! sub/itution ( a new significance introduc$ by means ( ! sl5d] clue ( n be+ object ( exp]i5ce1 :i* x has 9 common ) ,plato's ideas1 b also 9 common ) e possible *im]a1 is ?us altoge!r unju/ifiable4 ,n[1 s9ce ! misuse ( a few ye>s is n to be consid]$ aga9/ ! au?ority ( _m c5turies1 ,i h always us$ ! ^w 9 its old1 orig9al1 ,platonic significance4 ,! refutation ( rational psy*ology is mu* full] & m ?or\gh 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 ?an 9 ! second & foll[+ editions1 & !re=e ^u ?is po9t we mu/ make use ( ! fir/ edition exclusively4 ,?is refutation has z a :ole v great m]it & mu* tru?4 ,yet ,i am cle>ly ( ! op9ion t x 0 m]ely f 8 love ( symmetry t ,kant d$uc$ z necess>y ! conception ( ! s\l f ! p>alogism ( sub/antiality by apply+ ! dem& = ! uncondition$ to ! conception sub/ance1 :i* is ! fir/ category ( relation1 & accord+ly ma9ta9$ t ! conception ( a s\l arose 9 ?is way 9 e speculative reason4 ,if ?is conception really _h its orig9 9 ! presupposition ( a f9al subject ( all pr$icates ( a ?+1 "o w\ld h assum$ a s\l n 9 m5 alone1 b also j z necess>ily 9 e lifeless ?+1 = su* a ?+ also requires a f9al subject ( all its pr$icates4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ,kant makes use ( a q inadmissible expression :5 he talks ( some?+ :i* c exi/ only z subject & n z pr$icate 7e4g41 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 #cbc2 ,v4 #dab2 ,prolegom5a1 #d & #dg72 ?\gh a prec$5t = ?is is to be f\nd 9 ,ari/otle's 8,metaphysics10 iv4 *4 #h4 ,no?+ :atev] exi/s z subject & pr$icate1 = ^! expressions belong exclusively to logic1 & d5ote ! relations ( ab/ract conceptions to ea* o!r4 ,n[ _! correlative or repres5tative 9 ! _w ( p]ception mu/ be sub/ance & accid5t4 ,b !n we ne$ n look fur!r = t :i* exi/s always z sub/ance & nev] z accid5t1 b h x directly 9 matt]4 ,x is ! sub/ance correspond+ to all prop]ties ( ?+s :i* are _! accid5ts4 ,x is1 9 fact1 if "o wi%es to reta9 ! expression ( ,kant :i* has j be5 condemn$1 ! f9al subject ( all pr$icates ( t empirically giv5 ?+1 t :i* rema9s aft] ! ab/raction ( all its prop]ties ( e k9d4 ,& ?is holds good ( man z ( a brute1 a plant1 or a /one1 & is s evid5t1 t 9 ord] n to see x a det]m9$ desire n to see is requir$4 ,t x is really ! prototype ( ! conception sub/ance1 ,i w %[ soon4 ,b subject & pr$icate are relat$ to sub/ance & accid5t r z ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 logic to ! law ( causality 9 nature1 & ! sub/itution or id5tification ( ! =m] is j z inadmissible z t ( ! latt]4 ,yet 9 ! 8,prolegom5a10 #df1 ,kant c>ries ?is sub/itution & id5tification to its fulle/ ext5t 9 ord] to make ! conception ( ! s\l arise f t ( ! f9al subject ( all pr$icates & f ! =m ( ! categorical syllogism4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! sophi/ical nature ( ?is p>agraph1 "o only ne$s to reflect t subject & pr$icate are purely logical det]m9ations1 :i* conc]n ab/ract conceptions solely & alone1 & t accord+ to _! relation 9 ! judgm5t4 ,sub/ance & accid5t1 on ! o!r h&1 belong to ! _w ( p]ception & its appreh5sion 9 ! und]/&+1 & are ev5 !re only z id5tical ) matt] & =m or quality4 ,( ?is m %ortly4 ,! anti!sis :i* has giv5 occasion = ! assumption ( two fundam5tally diff]5t sub/ances1 body & s\l1 is 9 tru? t ( objective & subjective4 ,if a man appreh5ds himself objectively 9 ext]nal p]ception1 he f9ds a be+ ext5d$ 9 space & 9 g5]al m]ely corporeal2 b if1 on ! o!r h&1 he appreh5ds himself 9 m]e self-consci\sness1 ?us purely subjectively1 he f9ds himself a m]ely will+ & p]ceiv+ be+1 free f all =ms ( p]ception1 ?us also )\t a s+le "o ( ! prop]ties :i* belong to bodies4 ,n[ he =ms ! conception ( ! s\l1 l all ! transc5d5tal conceptions call$ by ,kant ,ideas1 by apply+ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! =m ( all objects1 to t :i* is n an object1 & 9 ?is case inde$ to ! subject ( kn[+ & will+4 ,he treats1 9 fact1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 & will+ z effects ( :i* he seeks ! cause1 & z he _c accept ! body z _! cause1 he assumes a cause ( !m entirely diff]5t f ! body4 ,9 ?is mann] ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ! dogmati/s proves ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l3 ,plato 9 ! 8,phdrus0 & also ,wolf3 f ?9k+ & will+ z ! effects :i* lead to t cause4 ,only aft] 9 ?is way1 by hypo/atis+ a cause correspond+ to ! effect1 ! conception ( an immat]ial1 simple1 inde/ructible be+ _h aris51 ! s*ool develop$ & demon/rat$ ?is f ! conception ( sub/ance4 ,b ?is conception itself !y _h previ\sly con/ruct$ specially = ?is purpose by ! foll[+ artifice1 :i* is wor?y ( notice4 ,) ! fir/ class ( ideas1 i4e41 ! real _w ( p]ception1 ! idea ( matt] is also giv52 because ! law gov]n+ ?is class ( ideas1 ! law ( causality1 det]m9es ! *ange ( ! /ates or conditions1 & ^! conditions !mselves presuppose some?+ p]man5t1 ^: *anges !y are4 ,:5 speak+ above ( ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance1 ,i %[$1 by ref]5ce to e>li] passages1 t ?is idea ( matt] arises because 9 ! und]/&+1 = :i* alone x exi/s1 "t & space are intimately unit$1 & ! %>e ( space 9 ?is product exhibits itself z ! p]man5ce ( matt]1 :ile ! %>e ( "t appe>s z ! *ange ( /ates4 ,purely 9 itself1 matt] c only be ?\ght 9 ab/racto1 & n p]ceiv$2 = to p]ception x always appe>s already 9 =m & quality4 ,f ?is conception ( matt]1 sub/ance is aga9 an ab/raction1 consequ5tly a high] g5us1 & arose 9 ?is way4 ,( ! conception ( matt]1 only ! pr$icate ( p]man5ce 0 all[$ to rema91 :ile all its o!r ess5tial prop]ties1 ext5sion1 imp5etrability1 divisibility1 c41 7 ?\ght away4 ,l e high] g5us1 !n1 ! concept sub/ance conta9s less 9 itself ?an ! concept matt]1 b1 unlike e o!r high] g5us1 x does n conta9 m "u x1 because x does n include sev]al l[] g5]a besides matt]2 b ?is rema9s ! "o true species ( ! concept sub/ance1 ! only assignable ?+ by :i* its cont5t is realis$ & receives a pro(4 ,?us ! aim ) :i* 9 o!r cases ! reason produces by ab/raction a high] conception1 9 ord] t 9 x sev]al subord9ate species may be ?\ght at once ?r\gh common det]m9ations1 has "h no place2 consequ5tly t ab/raction is ei!r und]tak5 idly & entirely )\t aim1 or x has a secret second>y purpose4 ,?is secret purpose is n[ br\ght to light2 = "u ! conception sub/ance1 along ) its true sub-species matt]1 a second species is co-ord9at$--! immat]ial1 simple1 inde/ructible sub/ance1 s\l4 ,b ! surreptiti\s introduction ( ?is la/ concept arose f ! fact t ! high] concept sub/ance 0 fram$ illogically1 & 9 a mann] contr>y to law4 ,9 its legitimate proc$ure ! reason always frames ! concept ( a high] g5us by plac+ toge!r ! concepts ( sev]al species1 & n[ comp>+ !m1 proce$s discursively1 & by omitt+ _! diff]5ces & reta9+ ! qualities 9 :i* !y agree1 obta9s ! g5]ic concept :i* includes !m all b has a small] cont5t4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! concepts ( ! species mu/ always prec$e ! concept ( ! g5us4 ,b1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! conv]se is true4 ,only ! concept matt] exi/$ be=e ! g5]ic concept sub/ance4 ,! latt] 0 )\t occasion1 & consequ5tly )\t ju/ification1 z x 7 aimlessly fram$ f ! =m] by ! arbitr>y omission ( all its det]m9ations except "o4 ,n till aft]w>ds 0 ! second ung5u9e species plac$ beside ! concept matt]1 & s foi/$ 94 ,b = ! fram+ ( ?is second concept no?+ m 0 n[ requir$ ?an an express d5ial ( :at _h already be5 tacitly omitt$ 9 ! high] g5]ic concept1 ext5sion1 imp5etrability1 & divisibility4 ,?us ! concept sub/ance 0 fram$ m]ely to be ! vehicle = ! surreptiti\s introduction ( ! concept ( ! immat]ial sub/ance4 ,consequ5tly1 x is v f> f be+ capable ( hold+ good z a category or necess>y function ( ! und]/&+2 r is x an exce$+ly sup]flu\s concept1 because its only true cont5t lies already 9 ! concept ( matt]1 besides :i* x conta9s only a great void1 :i* c be fill$ up by no?+ b ! illicitly introduc$ species immat]ial sub/ance2 &1 inde$1 x 0 solely = ! purpose ( conta9+ ?is t x 0 fram$4 ,accord+ly1 9 /rictness1 ! concept sub/ance mu/ be entirely reject$1 & ! concept matt] ev]y:]e put 9 its place4 ,! categories 7 a procru/ean b$ = e possible ?+1 b ! ?ree k9ds ( syllogisms are s only = ! ?ree s-call$ ,ideas4 ,! ,idea ( ! s\l 0 compell$ to f9d its orig9 9 ! =m ( ! categorical syllogism4 ,x is n[ ! turn ( ! dogmatic ideas conc]n+ ! univ]se1 s f> z x is ?\ght z an object 9 itself1 betwe5 two limits--t ( ! smalle/ 7atom71 & t ( ! l>ge/ 7limits ( ! univ]se 9 "t & space74 ,^! mu/ n[ proce$ f ! =m ( ! hypo!tical syllogism4 ,nor = ?is 9 itself is any special viol5ce necess>y4 ,= ! hypo!tical judgm5t has its =m f ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & n ! cosmological alone b all ^? s-call$ ,ideas really h _! orig9 9 ! inconsid]ate & unre/rict$ application ( t pr9ciple1 & ! lay+ aside ( x at pleasure4 ,=1 9 accordance ) t pr9ciple1 ! m]e dep5d5ce ( an object ^u ano!r is ev] s\ght =1 till f9ally ! exhau/ion ( ! imag9ation puts an end to ! j\rney2 & ?us x is lo/ sight ( t e object1 & inde$ ! :ole *a9 ( objects & ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason itself1 /& 9 a f> clos] & great] dep5d5ce1 ! dep5d5ce ^u ! kn[+ subject1 = ^: objects alone1 i4e41 ideas1 t pr9ciple is valid1 = _! m]e position 9 space & "t is det]m9$ by x4 ,?us1 s9ce ! =m ( k f :i* "h m]ely ! cosmological ,ideas are d]iv$1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is ! s\rce ( all subtle hypo/ases1 9 ?is case no sophisms ne$ be resort$ to2 b s mu* ! m is sophi/ry requir$ 9 ord] to classify ^? ,ideas accord+ to ! f\r titles ( ! categories4 7#a47 ,! cosmological ,ideas ) reg>d to "t & space1 ?us ( ! limits ( ! _w 9 bo?1 are boldly reg>d$ z det]m9$ ?r\gh ! category ( quantity1 ) :i* !y cle>ly h no?+ 9 common1 except ! accid5tal d5otation 9 logic ( ! ext5t ( ! concept ( ! subject 9 ! judgm5t by ! ^w quantity1 a pictorial expression in/ead ( :i* "s o!r might j z well h be5 *os54 ,b = ,kant's love ( symmetry ?is is en\gh4 ,he takes advantage ( ! =tunate accid5t ( ?is nom5clature1 & l9ks to x ! transc5d5t dogmas ( ! _w's ext5sion4 7#b47 ,yet m boldly does ,kant l9k to quality1 i4e41 ! affirmation or negation 9 a judgm5t1 ! transc5d5t ,ideas conc]n+ matt]2 a proc$ure :i* has n ev5 an accid5tal simil>ity ( words z a basis4 ,= x is j to ! quantity1 & n to ! quality ( matt] t its me*anical 7n *emical7 divisibility is relat$4 ,b1 :at is m1 ?is :ole idea ( divisibility by no means belongs to ^? inf]5ces accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 z ! cont5t ( ! hypo!tical =m1 all cosmological ,ideas ought to fl[4 ,= ! ass]tion ^u :i* ,kant !re relies1 t ! relation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole is t ( ! condition to ! condition$1 ?us a relation accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is c]ta9ly an +5i\s b yet a gr\ndless sophism4 ,t relation is r bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( contradiction2 = ! :ole is n ?r\gh ! "p1 nor ! p>ts ?r\gh ! :ole1 b bo? are necess>ily toge!r because !y are "o1 & _! sep>ation is only an arbitr>y act4 ,x dep5ds ^u ?is1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 t if ! p>ts are ?\ght away1 ! :ole is also ?\ght away1 & conv]sely2 & by no means ^u ! fact t ! p>ts z ! reason condition$ ! :ole z ! consequ5t1 & t !re=e1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 we 7 necess>ily l$ to seek ! ultimate p>ts1 9 ord]1 z its reason1 to und]/& f !m ! :ole4 ,su* great difficulties are "h ov]come by ! love ( symmetry4 7#c47 ,! ,idea ( ! fir/ cause ( ! _w w\ld n[ q prop]ly come "u ! title ( relation2 b ,kant mu/ res]ve ?is = ! f\r? title1 t ( modality1 = :i* o!rwise no?+ w\ld rema91 & "u :i* he =ces ?is idea to come by say+ t ! cont+5t 7i4e41 accord+ to 8 explanation1 :i* is diametrically oppos$ to ! tru?1 e consequ5t ( its reason7 becomes ! necess>y ?r\gh ! fir/ cause4 ,!re=e1 = ! sake ( symmetry1 ! conception ( fre$om appe>s "h z ! ?ird ,idea4 ,by ?is conception1 h[ev]1 z is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! obs]vations on ! !sis ( ! ?ird conflict1 :at is really meant is only t ,idea ( ! cause ( ! _w :i* alone is admissible "h4 ,! ?ird & f\r? conflicts are at bottom tautological4 ,ab\t all ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d & ass]t t ! :ole ant9omy is a m]e delusion1 a %am fight4 ,only ! ass]tions ( ! anti!ses really re/ ^u ! =ms ( our faculty ( k1 i4e41 if we express x objectively1 on ! necess>y1 a priori c]ta91 mo/ univ]sal laws ( nature4 ,_! pro(s alone are !re=e drawn f objective gr\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ass]tions & pro(s ( ! !ses h no o!r ?an a subjective gr\nd1 re/ solely on ! weakness ( ! reason+ individual2 = 8 imag9ation becomes tir$ ) an endless regression1 & !re=e he puts an end to x by arbitr>y assumptions1 :i* he tries to smoo? ov] z well z he c2 & 8 judgm5t1 moreov]1 is 9 ?is case p>alys$ by e>ly & deeply impr9t$ prejudices4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! pro( ( ! !sis 9 all ! f\r conflicts is ?r\gh\t a m]e sophism1 :ile t ( ! anti!sis is a necess>y inf]5ce ( ! reason f ! laws ( ! _w z idea kn[n to u a priori4 ,x is1 moreov]1 only ) great pa9s & skill t ,kant is able to su/a9 ! !sis1 & make x appe> to attack its oppon5t1 :i* is end[$ ) native p[]4 ,n[ 9 ?is reg>d 8 fir/ & con/ant artifice is1 t he does n r5d] prom95t ! n]vus argum5tationis1 & ?us pres5t x 9 z isolat$1 nak$1 & di/9ct a mann] z he possibly c2 b r introduces ! same argum5t on bo? sides1 conceal$ "u & mix$ up ) a mass ( sup]flu\s & prolix s5t5ces4 ,! !ses & anti!ses :i* "h appe> 9 su* conflict rem9d "o ( ! & :i* ,socrates1 9 ! 8,cl\ds0 ( ,ari/ophanes1 br+s =w>d z cont5d+4 ,yet ?is resemblance ext5ds only to ! =m & n to ! cont5t1 ?\gh ?is w\ld gladly be ass]t$ by ^? :o ascribe to ^! mo/ speculative ( all que/ions ( !oretical philosophy an influ5ce ^u morality1 & !re=e s]i\sly reg>d ! !sis z ! 1 & ! anti!sis z ! 4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 accommodate myself "h ) ref]5ce to su* small1 n>r[1 & p]v]se m9ds2 &1 giv+ hon\r n to !m1 b to ! tru?1 ,i %all %[ t ! pro(s :i* ,kant adduc$ ( ! individual !ses are sophisms1 :ile ^? ( ! anti!ses are q fairly & correctly drawn f objective gr\nds4 ,i assume t 9 ?is exam9ation ! read] has always be=e him ! ,kantian ant9omy itself4 ,if ! pro( ( ! !sis 9 ! fir/ conflict is to be held z valid1 !n x proves too mu*1 = x w\ld be j z applicable to "t itself z to *ange 9 "t1 & w\ld !re=e prove t "t itself mu/ h _h a beg9n+1 :i* is absurd4 ,besides1 ! sophism consi/s 9 ?is1 t in/ead ( ! beg9n+lessness ( ! s]ies ( /ates1 :i* 0 at fir/ ! "q1 sudd5ly ! endlessness 7inf9ity7 ( ! s]ies is sub/itut$2 & n[ x is prov$ t ?is is logically contradict$ by complet5ess1 & yet e pres5t is ! end ( ! pa/1 :i* no "o d\bt$4 ,! end ( a beg9n+less s]ies c1 h[ev]1 always be ?\ght1 )\t prejudice to ! fact t x has no beg9n+2 j z1 conv]sely1 ! beg9n+ ( an endless s]ies c also be ?\ght4 ,b aga9/ ! real1 true argum5t ( ! anti!sis1 t ! *anges ( ! _w necess>ily presuppose an inf9ite s]ies ( *anges backw>ds1 absolutely no?+ is advanc$4 ,we c ?9k ! possibility t ! causal *a9 w "s day end 9 an absolute /&/ill1 b we c by no means ?9k ! possibility ( an absolute beg9n+47#h7 ,) ref]5ce to ! spatial limits ( ! _w1 x is prov$ t1 if x is to be reg>d$ z a giv5 :ole1 x mu/ necess>ily h limits4 ,! reason+ is correct1 only x 0 j ! fir/ l9k ( x t 0 to be prov$1 & t rema9s unprov$4 ,totality presupposes limits1 & limits presuppose totality2 b "h bo? toge!r are arbitr>ily presuppos$4 ,= ?is second po9t1 h[ev]1 ! anti!sis af=ds no su* satisfactory pro( z = ! fir/1 because ! law ( causality provides u ) necess>y det]m9ations only ) ref]5ce to "t1 n to space1 & af=ds u a priori ! c]ta9ty t no occupi$ "t c ev] be b\nd$ by a previ\s empty "t1 & t no *ange c be ! fir/ *ange1 b n t an occupi$ space c h no empty space beside x4 ,s f> no a priori decision on ! latt] po9t w\ld be possible2 yet ! difficulty ( conceiv+ ! _w 9 space z limit$ lies 9 ! fact t space itself is necess>ily inf9ite1 & !re=e a limit$ f9ite _w 9 space1 h[ev] l>ge x may be1 becomes an inf9itely small magnitude2 & 9 ?is incongruity ! imag9ation f9ds an insup]able /umbl+-block1 because !re rema9s = x only ! *oice ( ?9k+ ! _w ei!r z inf9itely l>ge or inf9itely small4 ,?is 0 already se5 by ! anci5t philosoph]s3 1 1 1 7,metrodorus1 caput s*ol ,epicuri1 absurdum ait1 9 magno campo spicam unam produci1 et unum 9 inf9ito mundum7 ,/ob4 ,ecl41 i4 c4 #bc4 ,!re=e _m ( !m taught 7z imm$iately foll[s71 7inf9itos mundos 9 inf9ito74 ,?is is also ! s5se ( ! ,kantian argum5t = ! anti!sis1 only he has disfigur$ x by a s*ola/ic & ambigu\s expression4 ,! same argum5t might be us$ aga9/ ! limitation ( ! _w 9 "t1 only we h a f> bett] "o "u ! guidance ( causality4 ,9 ! case ( ! assumption ( a _w limit$ 9 space1 !re arises fur!r ! unansw]able "q1 ,:at advantage has ! fill$ "p ( space enjoy$ ov] ! inf9ite space t has rema9$ empty8 ,9 ! fif? dialogue ( 8 book1 8,del ,inf9ito1 ,univ]so e ,mondi10 ,giordano ,bruno gives a full acc\nt ( ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ! f9it5ess ( ! _w1 :i* is v well wor? read+4 ,= ! re/1 ,kant himself ass]ts s]i\sly1 & ^u objective gr\nds1 ! inf9ity ( ! _w 9 space 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s10 "p ii4 *4 #g4 ,ari/otle also ackn[l$ges ! same1 8,phys410 iii4 *4 #d1 a *apt] :i*1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ "o1 is v well wor? read+ ) ref]5ce to ?is ant9omy4 ,9 ! second conflict ! !sis is at once guilty ( a v palpable petitio pr9cipii1 = x comm5ces1 8,e comp\nd sub/ance consi/s ( simple p>ts40 ,f ! comp\ndness "h arbitr>ily assum$1 no d\bt x aft]w>ds v easily proves ! simple p>ts4 ,b ! proposition1 8,all matt] is comp\nd10 :i* is j ! po9t1 rema9s unprov$1 because x is simply a gr\ndless assumption4 ,! opposite ( simple is n comp\nd1 b ext5d$1 t :i* has p>ts & is divisible4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is really tacitly assum$ t ! p>ts exi/$ be=e ! :ole1 & 7 br\ght toge!r1 :5ce ! :ole has aris52 = ?is is ! mean+ ( ! ^w 8comp\nd40 ,yet ?is c j z little be ass]t$ z ! opposite4 ,divisibility means m]ely ! possibility ( sep>at+ ! :ole into p>ts1 & n t ! :ole is comp\nd$ out ( p>ts & ?us came into be+4 ,divisibility m]ely ass]ts ! p>ts a p>te po/2 comp\ndness ass]ts !m a p>te ante4 ,= !re is ess5tially no temporal relation betwe5 ! p>ts & ! :ole2 !y r condition ea* o!r reciprocally1 & ?us always exi/ at ! same "t1 = only s f> z bo? are !re is !re any?+ ext5d$ 9 space4 ,!re=e :at ,kant says 9 ! obs]vations on ! !sis1 8,space ought n to be call$ a compositum1 b a totum10 c41 holds good absolutely ( matt] also1 :i* is simply space become p]ceptible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 :i* ! anti!sis ass]ts1 foll[s a priori & incontrov]tibly f t ( space1 :i* x fills4 ,?is proposition has absolutely no?+ aga9/ x2 & !re=e ,kant also 7p4 #eac2 ,v4 #eda71 :5 he speaks s]i\sly & 9 8 own p]son1 no long] z ! m\?piece ( ! 1 pres5ts x z objective tru?2 & also 9 ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce0 7p4 #ajh1 fir/ edition71 ! proposition1 8,matt] is inf9itely divisible10 is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! pro( ( ! fir/ proposition ( me*anics z e/abli%$ tru?1 hav+ appe>$ & be5 prov$ z ! f\r? proposition 9 ! ,dynamics4 ,b "h ,kant spoils ! pro( ( ! anti!sis by ! greate/ obscurity ( /yle & useless accumulation ( words1 ) ! cunn+ int5tion t ! evid5ce ( ! anti!sis %all n ?r[ ! sophisms ( ! !sis too mu* into ! %ade4 ,atoms are no necess>y ?\ght ( ! reason1 b m]ely an hypo!sis = ! explanation ( ! diff]5ce ( ! specific gravity ( bodies4 ,b ,kant himself has %[n1 9 ! dynamics ( 8 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce10 t ?is c be o!rwise1 & inde$ bett] & m simply expla9$ ?an by atomism4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 he 0 anticipat$ by ,prie/ley1 8,on ,matt] & ,_s10 sect4 i4 ,inde$1 ev5 9 ,ari/otle1 8,phys40 iv4 #i1 ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ?is is to be f\nd4 ,! argum5t = ! ?ird !sis is a v f9e sophism1 & is really ,kant's pret5d$ pr9ciple ( pure reason itself entirely unadult]at$ & un*ang$4 ,x tries to prove ! f9it5ess ( ! s]ies ( causes by say+ t1 9 ord] to be suffici5t1 a cause mu/ conta9 ! complete sum ( ! conditions f :i* ! succe$+ /ate1 ! effect1 proce$s4 ,= ! complet5ess ( ! det]m9ations pres5t toge!r 9 ! /ate :i* is ! cause1 ! argum5t n[ sub/itutes ! complet5ess ( ! s]ies ( causes by :i* t /ate itself 0 br\ght to actuality2 & because complet5ess presupposes ! condition ( be+ r\nd$ (f or clos$ 91 & ?is aga9 presupposes f9it5ess1 ! argum5t inf]s f ?is a fir/ cause1 clos+ ! s]ies & !re=e uncondition$4 ,b ! juggl+ is obvi\s4 ,9 ord] to conceive ! /ate ,a4 z ! suffici5t cause ( ! /ate ,b41 ,i assume t x conta9s ! sum ( ! necess>y det]m9ations f ! co-exi/5ce ( :i* ! e/ate ,b4 inevitably foll[s4 ,n[ by ?is my dem& ^u x z a suffici5t cause is entirely satisfi$1 & has no direct connection ) ! "q h[ ! /ate ,a4 itself came to be2 ?is r belongs to an entirely diff]5t consid]ation1 9 :i* ,i reg>d ! said /ate ,a4 no m z cause1 b z itself an effect2 9 :i* case ano!r /ate aga9 mu/ be relat$ to x1 j z x 0 relat$ to ,b4 ,! assumption ( ! f9it5ess ( ! s]ies ( causes & effects1 & accord+ly ( a fir/ beg9n+1 appe>s n[h]e 9 ?is z necess>y1 any m ?an ! pres5tness ( ! pres5t mom5t requires u to assume a beg9n+ ( "t itself4 ,x only comes to be add$ on acc\nt ( ! laz9ess ( ! speculat+ individual4 ,t ?is assumption lies 9 ! acceptance ( a cause z a suffici5t reason is ?us unfairly arriv$ at & false1 z ,i h %[n at l5g? above :5 consid]+ ! ,kantian pr9ciple ( pure reason :i* co9cides ) ?is !sis4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! ass]tion ( ?is false !sis1 ,kant is bold en\gh 9 8 obs]vations ^u x to give z an example ( an uncondition$ beg9n+ 8 ris+ f 8 *air2 z if x 7 n j z impossible = him to rise )\t a motive z = a ball to roll )\t a cause4 ,i c]ta9ly d n ne$ to prove ! baselessness ( ! appeal :i*1 induc$ by a s5se ( weakness1 he makes to ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 by quot+ f ,ocellus ,lucanus1 ! ,eleatics1 c41 n to speak ( ! ,h9dus4 ,aga9/ ! pro( ( ?is anti!sis1 z 9 ! case ( ! previ\s ones1 !re is no?+ to advance4 ,! f\r? conflict is1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 really tautological ) ! ?ird2 & ! pro( ( ! !sis is also ess5tially ! same z t ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,8 ass]tion t e condition$ presupposes a complete s]ies ( conditions1 & !re=e a s]ies :i* ends ) an uncondition$1 is a petitio pr9cipii1 :i* mu/ simply be d5i$4 ,ev]y?+ condition$ presupposes no?+ b its condition2 t ?is is aga9 condition$ raises a new consid]ation :i* is n directly conta9$ 9 ! fir/4 ,a c]ta9 appe>ance ( probability _c be d5i$ to ! ant9omy2 yet x is rem>kable t no "p ( ! ,kantian philosophy has met s little contradiction1 inde$ has f\nd s mu* acceptance1 z ?is exce$+ly p>adoxical doctr9e4 ,almo/ all philosophical p>ties & text-books h reg>d$ x z valid1 & h also repeat$ly recon/ruct$ x2 :ile ne>ly all ,kant's o!r doctr9es h be5 conte/$1 & inde$ !re h nev] be5 want+ "s p]v]se m9ds :i* reject$ ev5 ! transc5d5tal /hetic4 ,! undivid$ ass5t :i* ! ant9omy1 on ! o!r h&1 has met ) may ultimately arise f ! fact t c]ta9 p]sons reg>d ) inw>d satisfaction ! po9t at :i* ! und]/&+ is s ?or\ghly br\ght to a /&/ill1 hav+ hit ^u some?+ :i* at once is & is n1 s t !y actually h be=e !m "h ! six? trick ( ,philadelphia 9 ,li*t5b]g's broad%eet4 ,if we exam9e ! real mean+ ( ,kant's ,critical ,solution ( ! cosmological problem :i* n[ foll[s1 we f9d t x is n :at he gives x out to be1 ! solution ( ! problem by ! disclosure t bo? sides1 />t+ f false assumptions1 are wrong 9 ! fir/ & second conflicts1 & t 9 ! ?ird & f\r? bo? are "r4 ,x is really ! confirmation ( ! anti!ses by ! explanation ( _! ass]tions4 ,fir/ ,kant ass]ts1 9 ?is solution1 obvi\sly wrongly1 t bo? sides />t$ f ! assumption1 z _! fir/ pr9ciple1 t ) ! condition$ ! complet$ 7?us r\nd$ (f7 s]ies ( its conditions is giv54 ,only ! !sis laid d[n ?is proposition1 ,kant's pr9ciple ( pure reason1 z ! gr\nd ( its ass]tions2 ! anti!sis1 on ! o!r h&1 expressly d5i$ x ?r\gh\t1 & ass]t$ ! contr>y4 ,fur!r1 ,kant *>ges bo? sides ) ?is assumption1 t ! _w exi/s 9 itself1 i4e41 indep5d5tly ( be+ kn[n & ( ! =ms ( ?is k1 b ?is assumption also is only made by ! !sis2 inde$1 x is s f> f =m+ ! gr\nd ( ! ass]tions ( ! anti!sis t x is absolutely inconsi/5t ) !m4 ,= t x %\ld all be giv5 is absolutely contradictory ( ! conception ( an inf9ite s]ies4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial to x t x %\ld always exi/ only ) ref]5ce to ! process ( go+ ?r\gh x1 & n indep5d5tly ( ?is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! assumption ( def9ite limits also lies t ( a :ole :i* exi/s absolutely & indep5d5tly ( ! process ( completely measur+ x4 ,?us x is only ! !sis t makes ! false assumption ( a self-exi/5t univ]se1 i4e41 a univ]se giv5 prior to all k1 & to :i* k came z to some?+ ext]nal to itself4 ,! anti!sis f ! outset combats ?is assumption absolutely2 = ! inf9ity ( ! s]ies :i* x ass]ts m]ely "u ! guidance ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason c only exi/ if ! regressus is fully c>ri$ out1 b n indep5d5tly ( x4 ,z ! object 9 g5]al presupposes ! subject1 s also ! object :i* is det]m9$ z an endless *a9 ( conditions necess>ily presupposes 9 ! subject ! k9d ( k correspond+ to ?is1 t is1 ! con/ant foll[+ ( ! l9ks ( t *a94 ,b ?is is j :at ,kant gives z ! solution ( ! problem1 & s (t5 repeats3 8,! inf9ity ( ! _w is only ?r\gh ! regressus1 n be=e x40 ,?is 8 solution ( ! conflict is ?us really only ! decision 9 fav\r ( ! anti!sis 9 ! ass]tion ( :i* ?is tru? already lies1 :ile x is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! ass]tions ( ! !sis4 ,if ! anti!sis _h ass]t$ t ! _w consi/$ ( inf9ite s]ies ( reasons & consequ5ts1 & yet exi/$ indep5d5tly ( ! idea & its regressive s]ies1 ?us 9 itself1 & !re=e con/itut$ a giv5 :ole1 x w\ld h contradict$ n only ! !sis b also itself4 ,= an inf9ite c nev] be giv5 z a :ole1 nor an endless s]ies exi/1 except z an endless progress2 nor c :at is b\ndless con/itute a :ole4 ,?us ?is assumption1 ( :i* ,kant ass]ts t x l$ bo? sides into error1 belongs only to ! !sis4 ,x is already a doctr9e ( ,ari/otle's t an inf9ity c nev] be actu1 i4e41 actual & giv51 b only pot5ti4 444 7inf9itum non pote/ esse actu3 444 s$ impossibile1 actu esse inf9itum71 ,metaph4 ,k4 #aj4 ,fur!r3 1 7nihil enim actu inf9itum e/1 s$ pot5tia tantum1 nempe divisione ipsa74 ,de g5]at4 et corrupt41 i41 #c4 ,he develops ?is fully 9 ! 8,physics10 iii4 #e & #f1 :]e to a c]ta9 ext5t he gives ! p]fectly correct solution ( ! :ole ( ! ant9omies4 ,he exp\nds ! ant9omies 9 8 %ort way1 & !n says1 8,a m$iator 77 is requir$20 ^u :i* he gives ! solution t ! inf9ite1 bo? ( ! _w 9 space & 9 "t & 9 division1 is nev] be=e ! regressus1 or progressus1 b 9 x4 ,?is tru? lies !n 9 ! rightly appreh5d$ conception ( ! inf9ite4 ,?us "o misund]/&s himself if he imag9es t he c ?9k ! inf9ite1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 z some?+ objectively pres5t & complete1 & indep5d5t ( ! regressus4 ,inde$ if1 rev]s+ ! proc$ure1 we take z ! />t+-po9t :at ,kant gives z ! solution ( ! conflict1 ! ass]tion ( ! anti!sis foll[s exactly f x4 ,?us3 if ! _w is n an uncondition$ :ole & does n exi/ absolutely b only 9 ! idea1 & if its s]ies ( reasons & consequ5ts d n exi/ be=e ! regressus ( ! ideas ( !m b only ?r\gh ?is regressus1 !n ! _w _c conta9 det]m9$ & f9ite s]ies1 because _! det]m9ation & limitation w\ld necess>ily be indep5d5t ( ! idea1 :i* w\ld !n only come aft]w>ds2 b all its s]ies mu/ be inf9ite1 i4e41 inexhau/ible by any idea4 ,on p4 #ejf2 ,v4 #ecd1 ,kant tries to prove f ! fals5ess ( bo? sides ! transc5d5tal ideality ( ! ph5om5on1 & beg9s1 8,if ! _w is a :ole exi/+ by itself1 x is ei!r f9ite or inf9ite40 ,b ?is is false2 a :ole exi/+ ( itself _c possibly be inf9ite4 ,t ideality may r be conclud$ f ! inf9ity ( ! s]ies 9 ! _w 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,if ! s]ies ( reasons & consequ5ts 9 ! _w are absolutely )\t end1 ! _w _c be a giv5 :ole indep5d5t ( ! idea2 = su* a _w always presupposes def9ite limits1 j z on ! contr>y inf9ite s]ies presuppose an inf9ite regressus4 ,!re=e1 ! presuppos$ inf9ity ( ! s]ies mu/ be det]m9$ ?r\gh ! =m ( reason & consequ5t1 & ?is aga9 ?r\gh ! =m ( k ( ! subject2 ?us ! _w z x is kn[n mu/ exi/ only 9 ! idea ( ! subject4 ,n[ :e!r ,kant himself 0 aw>e or n t 8 critical solution ( ! problem is really a decision 9 fav\r ( ! anti!sis1 ,i am unable to decide4 ,= x dep5ds ^u :e!r :at ,s*ell+ has some:]e v happily call$ ,kant's sy/em ( accommodation ext5d$ s f>2 or :e!r ,kant's m9d 0 "h already involv$ 9 an unconsci\s accommodation to ! influ5ce ( 8 "t & surr\nd+s4 ,! solution ( ! ?ird ant9omy1 ! subject ( :i* 0 ! ,idea ( fre$om1 des]ves a special consid]ation1 because x is = u v well wor? notice t x is j "h 9 connection ) ! ,idea ( fre$om t ,kant is oblig$ to speak m fully ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* 0 hi!rto only se5 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,?is is v explicable to u s9ce we h recognis$ ! ?+ 9 itself z ! w4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ?is is ! po9t at :i* ! ,kantian philosophy leads to m9e1 or at :i* m9e spr+s out ( 8 z its p>5t /em4 ,"o w be conv9c$ ( ?is if "o reads ) att5tion pp4 #ecf & #ecg2 ,v4 #efd & #efe1 ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 &1 fur!r1 comp>es ^! passages ) ! introduction to ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t10 pp4 xviii4 & xix4 ( ! ?ird edition1 or p4 #ac ( ,ros5kranz's edition1 :]e inde$ x is said3 8,! conception ( fre$om c 9 its object 7t is !n ! w7 pres5t to ! m9d a ?+ 9 itself1 b n 9 p]ception2 ! conception ( nature1 on ! o!r h&1 c pres5t its object to ! m9d 9 p]ception1 b n z a ?+ 9 itself40 ,b specially let any "o read conc]n+ ! solution ( ! ant9omies ! fifty-?ird p>agraph ( ! ,prolegom5a1 & !n hone/ly answ] ! "q :e!r all t is said !re does n s\nd l a riddle to :i* my doctr9e is ! answ]4 ,kant nev] complet$ 8 ?\ght2 ,i h m]ely c>ri$ out 8 "w4 ,accord+ly1 :at ,kant says only ( ! human ph5om5on ,i h ext5d$ to all ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 z diff]+ f ! human ph5om5on only 9 degree1 t _! true be+ is some?+ absolutely free1 i4e41 a w4 ,x appe>s f my "w h[ fruitful ?is insight is 9 connection ) ,kant's doctr9e ( ! ideality ( space1 "t1 & causality4 ,kant has n[h]e made ! ?+ 9 itself ! subject ( a special exposition or di/9ct d$uction2 b1 :5ev] he wants x1 he introduces x at once by means ( ! conclusion t ! ph5om5on1 ?us ! visible _w1 mu/ h a reason1 an intelligible cause1 :i* is n a ph5om5on1 & !re=e belongs to no possible exp]i5ce4 ,he does ?is aft] hav+ assidu\sly insi/$ t ! categories1 & ?us causality also1 _h a use :i* 0 absolutely conf9$ to possible exp]i5ce2 t !y 7 m]ely =ms ( ! und]/&+1 :i* s]v$ to spell out ! ph5om5a ( ! _w ( s5se1 beyond :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 !y _h no significance1 c41 c4 ,!re=e1 he d5ies 9 ! mo/ uncompromis+ mann] _! application to ?+s beyond exp]i5ce1 & rightly expla9s & at once rejects all e>li] dogmatism z bas$ ^u ! neglect ( ?is law4 ,! incr$ible inconsi/5cy :i* ,kant "h fell into 0 soon notic$1 & us$ by 8 fir/ oppon5ts to make attacks on 8 philosophy to :i* x c\ld (f] no resi/ance4 ,= c]ta9ly we apply ! law ( causality entirely a priori & be=e all exp]i5ce to ! *anges felt 9 our organs ( s5se4 ,b1 on ?is v acc\nt1 ?is law is j z mu* ( subjective orig9 z ^! s5sations !mselves1 & ?us does n lead to a ?+ 9 itself4 ,! tru? is1 t ^u ! pa? ( ! idea "o c nev] get beyond ! idea2 x is a r\nd$-(f :ole1 & has 9 its own res\rces no clue lead+ to ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* is toto g5]e diff]5t f x4 ,if we 7 m]ely p]ceiv+ be+s1 ! way to ! ?+ 9 itself w\ld be absolutely cut (f f u4 ,only ! o!r side ( our own be+ c disclose to u ! o!r side ( ! inn] be+ ( ?+s4 ,?is pa? ,i h foll[$4 ,b ,kant's inf]5ce to ! ?+ 9 itself1 contr>y z x is to 8 own tea*+1 obta9s "s excuse f ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,he does n say1 z tru? requir$1 simply & absolutely t ! object is condition$ by ! subject1 & conv]sely2 b only t ! mann] ( ! appe>ance ( ! object is condition$ by ! =ms ( k ( ! subject1 :i*1 !re=e1 also come a priori to consci\sness4 ,b t n[ :i* 9 opposition to ?is is only kn[n a po/]iori is = him ! imm$iate effect ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* becomes ph5om5on only 9 its passage ?r\gh ^! =ms :i* are giv5 a priori4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is to "s ext5t explicable h[ x c\ld escape him t objectivity 9 g5]al belongs to ! =m ( ! ph5om5on1 & is j z mu* condition$ by subjectivity 9 g5]al z ! mode ( appe>+ ( ! object is condition$ by ! =ms ( k ( ! subject2 t ?us if a ?+ 9 itself mu/ be assum$1 x absolutely _c be an object1 :i* h[ev] he always assumes x to be1 b su* a ?+ 9 itself mu/ necess>ily lie 9 a sph]e toto g5]e diff]5t f ! idea 7f kn[+ & be+ kn[n71 & !re=e c\ld lea/ ( all be arriv$ at ?r\gh ! laws ( ! comb9ation ( objects among !mselves4 ,) ! pro( ( ! ?+ 9 itself x has happ5$ to ,kant precisely z ) t ( ! a priori nature ( ! law ( causality4 ,bo? doctr9es are true1 b _! pro( is false4 ,!y ?us belong to ! class ( true conclusions f false premises4 ,i h reta9$ !m bo?1 b h prov$ !m 9 an entirely diff]5t way1 & ) c]ta9ty4 ,! ?+ 9 itself ,i h nei!r introduc$ surreptiti\sly nor inf]r$ accord+ to laws :i* exclude x1 because !y really belong to its ph5om5al appe>ance2 nor1 9 g5]al1 h ,i arriv$ at x by r\ndab\t ways4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h %[n x directly1 !re :]e x lies imm$iately1 9 ! w1 :i* reveals itself to e "o directly z ! 9-itself ( 8 own ph5om5al be+4 ,& x is also ?is imm$iate k ( 8 own w out ( :i* 9 human consci\sness ! conception ( fre$om spr+s2 = c]ta9ly ! w1 z _w-creat+1 z ?+ 9 itself1 is free f ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & !re) f all necessity1 ?us is completely indep5d5t1 free1 & inde$ almighty4 ,yet1 9 tru?1 ?is only holds good ( ! w 9 itself1 n ( its manife/ations1 ! individuals1 :o1 j ?r\gh ! w itself1 are unalt]ably det]m9$ z its manife/ations 9 "t4 ,b 9 ! ord9>y consci\sness1 un5light5$ by philosophy1 ! w is at once confus$ ) its manife/ation1 & :at belongs only to ! =m] is attribut$ to ! latt]1 :5ce arises ! illusion ( ! uncondition$ fre$om ( ! individual4 ,!re=e ,sp9oza says rightly t if ! project$ /one _h consci\sness1 x w\ld believe t x flew ( its own free w4 ,= c]ta9ly ! 9-itself ( ! /one also is ! w1 :i* alone is free2 b1 z 9 all its manife/ations1 "h also1 :]e x appe>s z a /one1 x is already fully det]m9$4 ,b ( all ?is en\gh has already be5 said 9 ! text ( ?is "w4 ,kant fails to und]/& & ov]looks ?is imm$iate orig9 ( ! conception ( fre$om 9 e human consci\sness1 & !re=e he n[ places 7p4 #ecc2 ,v4 #efa7 ! s\rce ( t conception 9 a v subtle speculation1 ?r\gh :i* ! uncondition$1 to :i* ! reason mu/ always t5d1 leads u to hypo/atise ! conception ( fre$om1 & x is only ^u ?is transc5d5t ,idea ( fre$om t ! practical conception ( x is suppos$ to be f\nd$4 ,9 ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 #f1 & p4 #aeh ( ! f\r? & #bce ( ,ros5kranz's edition1 he yet d$uces ?is la/ conception diff]5tly by say+ t ! categorical imp]ative presupposes x4 ,! speculative ,idea is accord+ly only ! prim>y s\rce ( ! conception ( fre$om = ! sake ( ?is presupposition1 b "h x obta9s bo? significance & application4 ,nei!r1 h[ev]1 is ! case4 ,= ! delusion ( a p]fect fre$om ( ! individual 9 8 p>ticul> actions is mo/ lively 9 ! conviction ( ! lea/ cultivat$ man :o has nev] reflect$1 & x is ?us f\nd$ on no speculation1 al?\gh (t5 assum$ by speculation f )\t4 ,?us only philosoph]s1 & inde$ only ! mo/ pr(\nd ( !m1 are free f x1 & also ! mo/ ?\ghtful & enlight5$ ( ! writ]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 f all t has be5 said1 t ! true s\rce ( ! conception ( fre$om is 9 no way ess5tially an inf]5ce1 ei!r f ! speculative ,idea ( an uncondition$ cause1 nor f ! fact t x is presuppos$ by ! categorical imp]ative4 ,b x spr+s directly f ! consci\sness 9 :i* ea* "o recognises himself at once z ! w1 i4e41 z t :i*1 z ! ?+ 9 itself1 has n ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason = its =m1 & :i* itself dep5ds ^u no?+1 b on :i* ev]y?+ else r dep5ds4 ,e "o1 h[ev]1 does n recognise himself at once ) ! critical & reflective insight ( philosophy z a det]m9$ manife/ation ( ?is w :i* has already ent]$ "t1 z we might say1 an act ( w di/+ui%$ f t w to live itself2 &1 !re=e1 in/ead ( recognis+ 8 :ole exi/5ce z an act ( 8 fre$om1 he r seeks = fre$om 9 8 individual actions4 ,^u ?is po9t ,i ref] ! read] to my prize-essay on ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,n[ if ,kant1 z he "h pret5ds1 & also app>5tly did 9 e>li] cases1 _h m]ely inf]r$ ! ?+ 9 itself1 & t ) ! great inconsi/5cy ( an inf]5ce absolutely =bidd5 by himself1 :at a rem>kable accid5t w\ld x !n be t "h1 :]e = ! fir/ "t he approa*es ! ?+ 9 itself m closely & expla9s x1 he %\ld recognise 9 x at once ! w1 ! free w %[+ itself 9 ! _w only 9 temporal manife/ations6 ,i !re=e really assume1 ?\gh x _c be prov$1 t :5ev] ,kant spoke ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 9 ! obscure dep?s ( 8 m9d he already always indi/9ctly ?\ght ( ! w4 ,?is receives support f a passage 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 pp4 xxvii4 & xxviii41 9 ,ros5kranz's edition1 p4 #fgg ( ! ,supplem5t4 ,= ! re/1 x is j ?is pr$et]m9$ solution ( ! %am ?ird conflict t af=ds ,kant ! opportunity ( express+ v beautifully ! deepe/ ?\ghts ( 8 :ole philosophy4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! :ole ( ! 8,six? ,section ( ! ,ant9omy ( ,pure ,reason20 b1 above all1 9 ! exposition ( ! opposition betwe5 ! empirical & ! intelligible "*1 p4 #ecd-eej2 ,v4 #efb-egh1 :i* ,i numb] among ! mo/ admirable ?+s t h ev] be5 said by man4 7,z a supplem5tal explanation ( ?is passage1 comp>e a p>allel passage 9 ! ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 p4 #afi-agi ( ! f\r? edition1 or p4 #bbd-bca ( ,ros5kranz's edition47 ,x is yet all ! m to be regrett$ t ?is is "h n 9 its "r place1 p>tly because x is n f\nd 9 ! way :i* ! exposition /ates1 & !re=e c\ld be o!rwise d$uc$ ?an x is1 p>tly because x does n fulfil ! end = :i* x is !re--! solution ( ! %am ant9omy4 ,! intelligible "*1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 is inf]r$ f ! ph5om5on by ! inconsi/5t use ( ! category ( causality beyond ! sph]e ( all ph5om5a1 :i* has already be5 suffici5tly condemn$4 ,9 ?is case ! w ( man 7:i* ,kant entitles reason1 mo/ improp]ly1 & ) an unp>donable brea* ( all use ( language7 is set up z ! ?+ 9 itself1 ) an appeal to an uncondition$ ought1 ! categorical imp]ative1 :i* is po/ulat$ )\t m ado4 ,n[1 in/ead ( all ?is1 ! pla9 op5 proc$ure w\ld h be5 to />t directly f ! w1 & prove x to be ! 9-itself ( our own ph5om5al be+1 recognis$ )\t any m$iation2 & !n to give t exposition ( ! empirical & ! intelligible "* to expla9 h[ all actions1 al?\gh necessitat$ by motives1 yet1 bo? by _! au?or & by ! dis9t]e/$ judge1 are necess>ily & absolutely ascrib$ to ! =m] himself & alone1 z dep5d+ solely ^u him1 to :om !re=e guilt & m]it are attribut$ 9 respect ( !m4 ,?is alone 0 ! /raight pa? to ! k ( t :i* is n ph5om5on1 & !re=e w n be f\nd by ! help ( ! laws ( ! ph5om5on1 b is t :i* reveals itself ?r\gh ! ph5om5on1 becomes kn[able1 objectifies itself--! w to live4 ,x w\ld !n h _h to be exhibit$ m]ely by analogy z ! inn] nature ( e ph5om5on4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 x c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 said t 9 lifeless or ev5 animal nature no faculty c be ?\ght except z s5su\sly condition$ 7p4 #edf2 ,v4 #egd71 :i* 9 ,kant's language is simply say+ t ! explanation1 accord+ to ! law ( causality1 exhau/s ! inn] nature ( ^! ph5om5a1 & ?us 9 _! case1 v inconsi/5tly1 ! ?+ 9 itself disappe>s4 ,?r\gh ! false position & ! r\ndab\t d$uction accord+ ) x :i* ! exposition ( ! ?+ 9 itself has receiv$ f ,kant1 ! :ole conception ( x has also become falsifi$4 ,= ! w or ! ?+ 9 itself1 f\nd ?r\gh ! inve/igation ( an uncondition$ cause1 appe>s "h relat$ to ! ph5om5on z cause to effect4 ,b ?is relation exi/s only )9 ! ph5om5al _w1 !re=e presupposes x1 & _c connect ! ph5om5al _w itself ) :at lies outside x1 & is toto g5]e diff]5t f x4 ,fur!r1 ! int5d$ end1 ! solution ( ! ?ird ant9omy by ! decision t bo? sides1 ea* 9 a diff]5t s5se1 are "r1 is n rea*$ at all4 ,= nei!r ! !sis nor ! anti!sis h any?+ to d ) ! ?+ 9 itself1 b entirely ) ! ph5om5on1 ! objective _w1 ! _w z idea4 ,?is x is1 & absolutely no?+ else1 ( :i* ! !sis tries to %[1 by means ( ! sophi/ry we h laid b>e1 t x conta9s uncondition$ causes1 & x is also ?is ( :i* ! anti!sis rightly d5ies t x conta9s su* causes4 ,!re=e ! :ole exposition ( ! transc5d5tal fre$om ( ! w1 s f> z x is a ?+ 9 itself1 :i* is giv5 "h 9 ju/ification ( ! !sis1 excell5t z x is 9 itself1 is yet "h entirely a 4 ,= ! transc5d5tal fre$om ( ! w :i* is exp\nd$ is by no means ! uncondition$ causality ( a cause1 :i* ! !sis ass]ts1 because x is ( ! ess5ce ( a cause t x mu/ be a ph5om5on1 & n some?+ :i* lies beyond all ph5om5a & is toto g5]e diff]5t4 ,if :at is spok5 ( is cause & effect1 ! relation ( ! w to ! manife/ation 7or ( ! intelligible "* to ! empirical7 mu/ nev] be introduc$1 z happ5s "h3 = x is entirely diff]5t f causal relation4 ,h[ev]1 "h also1 9 ?is solution ( ! ant9omy1 x is said ) tru? t ! empirical "* ( man1 l t ( e o!r cause 9 nature1 is unalt]ably det]m9$1 & !re=e t 8 actions necess>ily take place 9 accordance ) ! ext]nal influ5ces2 !re=e also1 9 spite ( all transc5d5tal fre$om 7i4e41 indep5d5ce ( ! w 9 itself ( ! laws ( ! connection ( its manife/ation71 no man has ! p[] ( himself to beg9 a s]ies ( actions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ass]t$ by ! !sis4 ,?us also fre$om has no causality2 = only ! w is free1 & x lies outside nature or ! ph5om5on1 :i* is j its objectification1 b does n /& 9 a causal relation to x1 = ?is relation is only f\nd )9 ! sph]e ( ! ph5om5on1 ?us presupposes x1 & _c embrace ! ph5om5on itself & connect x ) :at is expressly n a ph5om5on4 ,! _w itself c only be expla9$ ?r\gh ! w 7= x is ! w itself1 s f> z x manife/s itself71 & n ?r\gh causality4 ,b 9 ! _w causality is ! sole pr9ciple ( explanation1 & ev]y?+ happ5s simply accord+ to ! laws ( nature4 ,?us ! "r lies entirely on ! side ( ! anti!sis1 :i* /icks to ! "q 9 h&1 & uses t pr9ciple ( explanation :i* is valid ) reg>d to x2 !re=e x ne$s no apology4 ,! !sis1 on ! o!r h&1 is suppos$ to be got out ( ! matt] by an apology1 :i* fir/ passes ov] to some?+ q diff]5t f ! "q at issue1 & !n assumes a pr9ciple ( explanation :i* is inapplicable to x4 ,! f\r? conflict is1 z has already be5 said1 9 its real mean+ tautological ) ! ?ird4 ,9 its solution ,kant develops /ill m ! unt5able nature ( ! !sis2 :ile = its tru?1 on ! o!r h&1 & its pret5d$ consi/5cy ) ! anti!sis1 he advances no reason1 z conv]sely he is able to br+ no reason aga9/ ! anti!sis4 ,! assumption ( ! !sis he introduces q apologetically1 & yet calls x himself 7p4 #efb2 ,v4 #eij7 an arbitr>y presupposition1 ! object ( :i* might well 9 itself be impossible1 & %[s m]ely an utt]ly impot5t endeav\r to f9d a corn] = x some:]e :]e x w be safe f ! prevail+ might ( ! anti!sis1 only to avoid disclos+ ! empt9ess ( ! :ole ( 8 once-lov$ ass]tion ( ! necess>y ant9omy 9 human reason4 ,n[ foll[s ! *apt] on ! transc5d5tal ideal1 :i* c>ries u back at once to ! rigid ,s*ola/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"o imag9es "o is li/5+ to ,anselm ( ,cant]bury himself4 ,! ens realissimum1 ! ess5ce ( all realities1 ! cont5t ( all affirmative propositions1 appe>s1 & inde$ claims to be a necess>y ?\ght ( ! reason4 ,i = my "p mu/ confess t to my reason su* a ?\ght is impossible1 & t ,i am n able to ?9k any?+ def9ite 9 connection ) ! words :i* d5ote x4 ,moreov]1 ,i d n d\bt t ,kant 0 compell$ to write ?is extraord9>y *apt]1 s unwor?y ( him1 simply by 8 fondness = ar*itectonic symmetry4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal objects ( ! ,s*ola/ic philosophy 7:i*1 z we h said1 if und]/ood 9 ! wid] s5se1 may be reg>d$ z cont9u+ d[n to ,kant71 ! s\l1 ! _w1 & ,god1 are suppos$ to be d$uc$ f ! ?ree possible major propositions ( syllogisms1 ?\gh x is pla9 t !y h aris51 & c arise1 simply & solely ?r\gh ! uncondition$ application ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,n[1 aft] ! s\l _h be5 =c$ into ! categorical judgm5t1 & ! hypo!tical 0 set ap>t = ! _w1 !re rema9$ = ! ?ird ,idea no?+ b ! disjunctive major4 ,=tunately !re exi/$ a previ\s "w 9 ?is direction1 ! ens realissimum ( ! ,s*ola/ics1 toge!r ) ! ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god set up 9 a rudim5t>y =m by ,anselm ( ,cant]bury & !n p]fect$ by ,desc>tes4 ,?is 0 joyfully made use ( by ,kant1 ) "s rem9isc5ce also ( an e>li] ,lat9 "w ( 8 y\?4 ,h[ev]1 ! sacrifice :i* ,kant makes to 8 love ( ar*itectonic symmetry 9 ?is *apt] is exce$+ly great4 ,9 defiance ( all tru?1 :at "o mu/ reg>d z ! grotesque idea ( an ess5ce ( all possible realities is made an ess5tial & necess>y ?\ght ( ! reason4 ,= ! d$uction ( ?is ,kant makes use ( ! false ass]tion t our k ( p>ticul> ?+s arises f a progressive limitation ( g5]al conceptions2 ?us also ( a mo/ g5]al conception ( all :i* conta9s all reality 9 itself4 ,9 ?is he /&s j z mu* 9 contradiction ) 8 own tea*+ z ) ! tru?1 = exactly ! conv]se is ! case4 ,our k />ts ) ! p>ticul> & is ext5d$ to ! g5]al1 & all g5]al conceptions arise by ab/raction f real1 p>ticul> ?+s kn[n by p]ception1 & ?is c be c>ri$ on to ! mo/ g5]al ( all conceptions1 :i* includes ev]y?+ "u x1 b almo/ no?+ 9 x4 ,?us ,kant has "h plac$ ! proc$ure ( our faculty ( k j upside d[n1 & ?us might well be accus$ ( hav+ giv5 occasion to a philosophical *>latanism t has become fam\s 9 our day1 :i*1 in/ead ( recognis+ t conceptions are ?\ghts ab/ract$ f ?+s1 makes1 on ! contr>y ! conceptions fir/1 & sees 9 ?+s only concrete conceptions1 ?us br++ to m>ket ! _w turn$ upside d[n z a philosophical buffoon]y1 :i* ( c\rse necess>ily f\nd great acceptance4 ,ev5 if we assume t e reason mu/1 or at lea/ c1 atta9 to ! conception ( ,god1 ev5 )\t revelation1 ?is cle>ly takes place only "u ! guidance ( causality4 ,?is is s evid5t t x requires no pro(4 ,!re=e ,*r4 ,wolf says 7,cosmologia ,g5]alis1 prf41 p4 #a73 ,sane 9 !ologia naturali exi/5tiam ,num9is e pr9cipiis cosmologicis demon/ramus4 ,cont+5tia univ]si et ord9is natur1 una cum impossibilitate casus1 sunt scala1 p] quam a mundo hoc adspectabili ad ,deum asc5ditur4 ,&1 be=e him1 ,leibnitz said1 9 connection ) ! law ( causality3 ,sans ce gr& pr9cipe on ne saurait v5ir la preuve de l'exi/5ce de ,dieu4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?\ght :i* is work$ out 9 ?is *apt] is s f> f be+ ess5tial & necess>y to reason1 t x is r to be reg>d$ z a v]itable ma/]piece ( ! mon/r\s productions ( an age :i*1 ?r\gh /range circum/ances1 fell into ! mo/ s+ul> ab]rations & p]v]sities1 su* z ! age ( ! ,s*ola/ics 0--an age :i* is unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & c nev] return aga94 ,?is ,s*ola/icism1 z x advanc$ to its f9al =m1 c]ta9ly d]iv$ ! pr9cipal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! conception ( ! ens realissimum1 & only !n us$ ! o!r pro(s z accessory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m]e me?odology1 & proves no?+ z to ! orig9 ( !ology 9 ! human m9d4 ,kant has "h tak5 ! proc$ure ( ,s*ola/icism = t ( reason--a mi/ake :i* inde$ he has made m ?an once4 ,if x 7 true t accord+ to ! ess5tial laws ( reason ! ,idea ( ,god proce$s f ! disjunctive syllogism "u ! =m ( an ,idea ( ! mo/ real be+1 ?is ,idea w\ld also h exi/$ 9 ! philosophy ( antiquity2 b ( ! ens realissimum !re is n[h]e a trace 9 any ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 al?\gh "s ( !m c]ta9ly tea* t !re is a ,creator ( ! _w1 yet only z ! giv] ( =m to ! matt] :i* exi/s )\t him1 1 a be+ :om !y yet inf] simply & solely 9 accordance ) ! law ( causality4 ,x is true t ,sextus ,empiricus 7adv4 ,ma?41 ix4 #hh7 quotes an argum5t ( ,clean!s1 :i* "s h held to be ! ontological pro(4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 x is n1 b m]ely an inf]5ce f analogy2 because exp]i5ce tea*es t ^u e>? "o be+ is always bett] ?an ano!r1 & man1 inde$1 z ! be/1 closes ! s]ies1 b yet has _m faults2 !re=e !re mu/ exi/ be+s :o are /ill bett]1 & f9ally "o be+ :o is be/ ( all 71 71 & ?is w\ld be ,god4 ,on ! detail$ refutation ( speculative !ology :i* n[ foll[s ,i h only briefly to rem>k t x1 & 9 g5]al ! :ole criticism ( ! ?ree s-call$ ,ideas ( reason1 ?us ! :ole ,dialectic ( ,pure ,reason1 is inde$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! goal & end ( ! :ole "w3 yet ?is polemical "p has n really an absolutely univ]sal1 p]man5t1 & purely philosophical int]e/1 su* z is possess$ by ! prec$+ doctr9al "p1 i4e41 ! /hetic & analytic2 b r a tempor>y & local int]e/1 because x /&s 9 a special relation to ! lead+ po9ts ( ! philosophy :i* prevail$ 9 ,europe up till ! "t ( ,kant1 ! complete ov]?r[ ( :i* 0 yet1 to 8 immortal cr$it1 a*iev$ by him ?r\gh ?is polemic4 ,he has elim9at$ !ism f philosophy2 = 9 x1 z a sci5ce & n a sy/em ( fai?1 only t c f9d a place :i* is ei!r empirically giv5 or e/abli%$ by valid pro(s4 ,naturally we only mean "h ! real s]i\sly und]/ood philosophy :i* is conc]n$ ) ! tru?1 & no?+ else2 & by no means ! je/ ( philosophy taught 9 ! univ]sities1 9 :i*1 aft] ,kant z be=e him1 speculative !ology plays ! pr9cipal "p1 & :]e1 also1 aft] z be=e him1 ! s\l appe>s )\t c]emony z a famili> p]son4 ,= x is ! philosophy end[$ ) sal>ies & fees1 &1 inde$1 also ) titles ( ,h(ra?1 :i*1 look+ pr\dly d[n f its height1 rema9s = =ty ye>s entirely unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( little p l me1 & w\ld be ?or\ghly glad to be rid ( ! old ,kant ) 8 ,critiques1 t !y might dr9k ! heal? ( ,leibnitz ) all _! he>ts4 ,x is fur!r to be rem>k$ "h1 t z ,kant 0 confess$ly l$ to 8 doctr9e ( ! a priori nature ( ! conception ( causality by ,hume's scepticism ) reg>d to t conception1 x may be t 9 ! same way ,kant's criticism ( all speculative !ology _h its occasion 9 ,hume's criticism ( all popul> !ology1 :i* he _h giv5 9 8 8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion10 a book s well wor? read+1 & 9 ! 8,dialogues on ,natural ,religion40 ,inde$1 x may be t ,kant wi%$ to a c]ta9 ext5t to supplem5t ?is4 ,= ! fir/-nam$ "w ( ,hume is really a critique ( popul> !ology1 ! pitiable condition ( :i* x seeks to %[2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x po9ts to rational or speculative !ology z ! g5u9e1 & t :i* is wor?y ( respect4 ,b ,kant n[ discloses ! gr\ndlessness ( ! latt]1 & leaves1 on ! o!r h&1 popul> !ology unt\*$1 nay1 ev5 e/abli%es x 9 a nobl] =m z a fai? bas$ ^u moral feel+4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds di/ort$ by ! philosopha/]s into rational appreh5sions1 consci\sness ( ,god1 or intellectual intuitions ( ! sup]s5sible1 ( ! div9e1 c41 c42 :ile ,kant1 z he demoli%$ old & rev]$ errors1 & knew ! dang] ( do+ s1 r wi%$ ?r\gh ! moral !ology m]ely to sub/itute a few weak tempor>y supports1 s t ! ru9 might n fall on him1 b t he might h "t to escape4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! p]=mance ( ! task1 no critique ( reason 0 necess>y = ! refutation ( ! ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 = )\t presuppos+ ! /hetic & analytic1 x is q easy to make cle> t t ontological pro( is no?+ b a subtle play+ ) conceptions :i* is q p[]less to produce conviction4 ,!re is a *apt] 9 ! 8,organon0 ( ,ari/otle :i* suffices z fully = ! refutation ( ! ontological pro( z if x _h be5 writt5 int5tionally ) t purpose4 ,x is ! sev5? *apt] ( ! second book ( ! 8,analyt4 ,po/40 ,among o!r ?+s1 x is expressly said !re3 8 10 i4e41 exi/5tia nunquam ad ess5tiam rei p]t9et4 ,! refutation ( ! cosmological pro( is an application to a giv5 case ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,critique z exp\nd$ up to t po9t1 & !re is no?+ to be said aga9/ x4 ,! physico-!ological pro( is a m]e amplification ( ! cosmological1 :i* x presupposes1 & x f9ds its full refutation only 9 ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t40 ,i ref] ! read] 9 ?is connection to ! rubric1 8,comp>ative ,anatomy10 9 my "w on ! ,w 9 ,nature4 ,9 ! criticism ( ?is pro( ,kant has only to d1 z we h already said1 ) speculative !ology1 & limits himself to ! ,s*ool4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he _h _h life & popul> !ology also 9 view1 he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to add a f\r? pro( to ! ?ree he has consid]$--t pro( :i* is really ! effective "o ) ! great mass ( m51 & :i* 9 ,kant's te*nical language might be/ be call$ ! k]aunological4 ,x is ! pro( :i* is f\nd$ ^u ! ne$y1 impot5t1 & dep5d5t condition ( man z oppos$ to natural =ces1 :i* are inf9itely sup]ior1 inscrutable1 & = ! mo/ "p ?reat5+ evil2 to :i* is add$ man's natural incl9ation to p]sonify ev]y?+1 & f9ally ! hope ( effect+ some?+ by pray]s & flatt]y1 & ev5 by gifts4 ,9 e human und]tak+ !re is some?+ :i* is n 9 our p[] & does n come )9 our calculations2 ! wi% to w9 ?is = oneself is ! orig9 ( ! gods4 8,primus 9 orbe ,deos fecit timor0 is an old & true say+ ( ,petronius4 ,x is pr9cipally ?is pro( :i* is criticis$ by ,hume1 :o ?r\gh\t appe>s z ,kant's =]unn] 9 ! writ+s ref]r$ to above4 ,b ^? :om ,kant has plac$ 9 a position ( p]man5t emb>rassm5t by 8 criticism ( speculative !ology are ! pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,sal>i$ by ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts1 !y d>e n give up ! *ief article ( fai?47#i7 ,n[1 h[ d ^! g5tlem5 help !mselves8 ,!y simply decl>e t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is self-evid5t4 ,inde$6 ,aft] ! anci5t _w1 at ! exp5se ( its consci5ce1 _h work$ miracles to prove x1 & ! mod]n _w1 at ! exp5se ( its und]/&+1 _h br\ght into ! field ontological1 cosmological1 & physico-!ological pro(s--to ^! g5tlem5 x is self-evid5t4 ,& f ?is self-evid5t ,god !y !n expla9 ! _w3 t is _! philosophy4 ,till ,kant came !re 0 a real dilemma betwe5 mat]ialism & !ism1 i4e41 betwe5 ! assumption t a bl9d *ance1 or t an intellig5ce work+ f )\t 9 accordance ) purposes & conceptions1 _h br\ght ab\t ! _w1 neque dabatur t]tium4 ,!re=e a!ism & mat]ialism 7 ! same2 h5ce ! d\bt :e!r !re really c\ld be an a!i/1 i4e41 a man :o really c\ld attribute to bl9d *ance ! disposition ( nature1 s full ( design1 especially organis$ nature4 ,see1 = example1 ,bacon's ,essays 7s]mones fideles71 ,essay #af1 on ,a!ism4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! great mass ( m51 & ( ! ,engli%1 :o 9 su* ?+s belong entirely to ! great mass 7! mob71 ?is is /ill ! case1 ev5 ) _! mo/ celebrat$ m5 ( le>n+4 ,"o has only to look at ,ow5's 8,o/ologie ,comp>e10 ( #ahee1 preface1 p4 #aa1 #ab1 :]e he /&s always be=e ! old dilemma betwe5 ,democritus & ,epicurus on ! "o side1 & an intellig5ce on ! o!r1 9 :i* la connaissance d'un tre tel que l'homme a exi/ avant que l'homme fit son app>ition4 ,all design mu/ h proce$$ f an intellig5ce2 he has nev] ev5 dreamt ( d\bt+ ?is4 ,yet 9 ! lecture bas$ ^u ?is n[ modifi$ preface1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces on ! #e? ,septemb] #ahec1 he says1 ) *ildi% naivete3 8,la tlologie1 ou la ?ologie sci5tifique0 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,sept4 #ahec71 t is = him precisely ! same ?+6 ,is any?+ 9 nature design$8 !n x is a "w ( int5tion1 ( reflection1 ( intellig5ce4 ,yet1 c]ta9ly1 :at has su* an ,engli%man & ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces to d ) ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t10 or1 inde$1 ) my book ^u ! ,w 9 ,nature8 ,^! g5tlem5 d n see s f> bel[ !m4 ,^! illu/res confrres disda9 metaphysics & ! philosophie allem&e3 !y conf9e !mselves to ! old woman's philosophy4 ,! validity ( t disjunctive major1 t dilemma betwe5 mat]ialism & !ism1 re/s1 h[ev]1 ^u ! assumption t ! pres5t giv5 _w is ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves2 t consequ5tly !re is no o!r ord] ( ?+s ?an ! empirical4 ,b aft] ! _w & its ord] _h ?r\gh ,kant become m]e ph5om5on1 ! laws ( :i* re/ pr9cipally ^u ! =ms ( our intellect1 ! exi/5ce & nature ( ?+s & ( ! _w no long] requir$ to be expla9$ accord+ to ! analogy ( ! *anges p]ceiv$ or effect$ by u 9 ! _w2 nor mu/ t :i* we compreh5d z means & end h necess>ily aris5 z ! consequ5ce ( a simil> k4 ,?us1 inasmu* z ,kant1 ?r\gh 8 important di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5on & ?+ 9 itself1 )drew ! f\ndation f !ism1 he op5$1 on ! o!r h&1 ! way to entirely diff]5t & m pr(\nd explanations ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ultimate aim ( ! natural dialectic ( reason x is ass]t$ t ! ?ree transc5d5t ,ideas are ( value z regulative pr9ciples = ! advancem5t ( ! k ( nature4 ,b ,kant c b>ely h be5 s]i\s 9 mak+ ?is ass]tion4 ,at lea/ its opposite1 t ^! assumptions are re/rictive & fatal to all inve/igation ( nature1 is to e natural philosoph] beyond d\bt4 ,to te/ ?is by an example1 let any "o consid] :e!r ! assumption ( ! s\l z an immat]ial1 simple1 ?9k+ sub/ance w\ld h be5 necess>ily advantage\s or 9 ! highe/ degree imp$+ to ! tru?s :i* ,cabanis has s beautifully exp\nd$1 or to ! discov]ies ( ,fl\r5s1 ,m>%all ,hall1 & ,*4 ,bell4 ,inde$ ,kant himself says 7,prolegom5a1 #dd71 8,! ,ideas ( ! reason are oppos$ & h9d]+ to ! maxims ( ! rational k ( nature40 ,x is c]ta9ly n ! lea/ m]it ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 t "u 8 ,gov]nm5t ,kant c\ld develop himself1 & d>$ to publi% ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason40 ,h>dly "u any o!r ,gov]nm5t w\ld a sal>i$ pr(essor h v5tur$ su* a ?+4 ,kant 0 oblig$ to promise ! imm$iate successor ( ! great k+ t he w\ld write no m4 ,i might consid] t ,i c\ld disp5se ) ! criticism ( ! e?ical "p ( ! ,kantian philosophy "h because ,i h giv5 a detail$ & ?or\gh criticism ( x tw5ty-two ye>s lat] ?an ! pres5t "w 9 ! 8,beid5 ,grundproblem5 d] ,e?ik40 ,h[ev]1 :at is "h reta9$ f ! fir/ edition1 & = ! sake ( complet5ess mu/ n be omitt$1 may s]ve z a suitable introduction to t lat] & mu* m ?or\gh criticism1 to :i* 9 ! ma9 ,i !re=e ref] ! read]4 ,on acc\nt ( ,kant's love ( ar*itectonic symmetry1 ! !oretical reason _h also to h a p5dant4 ,! intellectus practicus ( ! ,s*ola/ics1 :i* aga9 spr+s f ! ( ,ari/otle 7,de ,anima1 iii4 #aj1 & ,polit41 vii4 c4 #ad3 1 71 provides ! ^w ready made4 ,yet "h some?+ q diff]5t is d5ot$ by x--n z !re1 ! reason direct$ to te*nical skill4 ,"h ! practical reason appe>s z ! s\rce & orig9 ( ! und5iable e?ical significance ( human action1 & ( all virtue1 all nobl5ess1 & e atta9able degree ( hol9ess4 ,all ?is accord+ly %\ld come f m]e reason1 & dem& no?+ b ?is4 ,to act rationally & to act virtu\sly1 nobly1 holily1 w\ld be "o & ! same2 & to act selfi%ly1 wick$ly1 vici\sly1 w\ld be m]ely to act irrationally4 ,h[ev]1 all times & peoples & languages h di/+ui%$ ! two1 & held !m to be q diff]5t ?+s2 & s does e "o ev5 at ! pres5t day :o kn[s no?+ ( ! language ( ! new s*ool1 i4e41 ! :ole _w1 ) ! exception ( a small company ( ,g]man savants4 ,e "o b ^! la/ und]/&s by virtu\s conduct & a rational c\rse ( life two entirely diff]5t ?+s4 ,to say t ! sublime f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ^: life is pres5t$ to u z ! patt]n ( all virtue1 0 ! mo/ rational ( all m5 w\ld be call$ a v unbecom+ & ev5 a blasphem\s way ( speak+2 & almo/ z mu* s if x 7 said t ,8 precepts conta9$ all ! be/ directions = a p]fectly rational life4 ,fur!r1 t he :o1 9 accordance ) ^! precepts1 in/ead ( tak+ ?\ght = 8 own future ne$s1 always relieves ! great] pres5t wants ( o!rs1 )\t fur!r motive1 nay1 gives all 8 goods to ! poor1 9 ord] !n1 de/itute ( all means ( subsi/5ce1 to g & prea* to o!rs also ! virtue :i* he practises himself2 ?is e "o rightly hon\rs2 b :o v5tures to extol x z ! highe/ pit* ( reasonabl5ess8 ,& f9ally1 :o praises x z a rational de$ t ,arnold von ,w9kelri$1 ) surpass+ c\rage1 clasp$ ! ho/ile spe>s aga9/ 8 own body 9 ord] to ga9 victory & deliv]ance = 8 c\ntrym58 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we see a man :o f 8 y\? upw>ds delib]ates ) exceptional =esight h[ he may procure = himself an easy compet5ce1 ! means = ! support ( wife & *ildr51 a good "n among m51 outw>d hon\r & di/9ction1 & 9 do+ s nev] all[s himself to be l$ a/ray or induc$ to lose sight ( 8 end by ! *>m ( pres5t pleasures or ! satisfaction ( defy+ ! arrogance ( ! p[]ful1 or ! desire ( rev5g+ insults & undes]v$ humiliations he has suff]$1 or ! attractions ( useless ae/hetic or philosophical occupations ( ! m9d1 or travels 9 int]e/+ l&s1 b ) great consi/5cy works t[>ds 8 "o end1--:o v5tures to d5y t su* a phili/9e is 9 q an extraord9>y degree rational1 ev5 if he has made use ( "s means :i* are n praisewor?y b are yet )\t dang]8 ,nay1 m1 if a bad man1 ) delib]ate %rewdness1 ?r\gh a well-?\ght-out plan atta9s to ri*es & hon\rs1 & ev5 to ?rones & cr[ns1 & !n ) ! acute/ cunn+ gets ! bett] ( neighb\r+ /ates1 ov]comes !m "o by "o1 & n[ becomes a conqu]or ( ! _w1 & 9 do+ s is n l$ a/ray by any respect = "r1 any s5se ( humanity1 b ) %>p consi/5cy tramples d[n & da%es to pieces ev]y?+ t opposes 8 plan1 )\t compassion plunges millions into mis]y ( e k9d1 condemns millions to ble$ & die1 yet royally rew>ds & always protects 8 adh]5ts & help]s1 nev] =gett+ any?+1 & ?us rea*es 8 end1--:o does n see t su* a man mu/ g to "w 9 a mo/ rational mann]8--t1 z a p[]ful und]/&+ 0 ne$$ to =m ! plans1 _! execution dem&$ ! complete comm& ( ! reason1 & inde$ prop]ly ( practical reason8 ,or are ! precepts :i* ! prud5t & consi/5t1 ! ?\ghtful & f>-see+ ,ma*iavelli prescribes to ! pr9ce irrational87#aj7 ,z wick$ness is q consi/5t ) reason1 & inde$ only becomes really t]rible 9 ?is conjunction1 s1 conv]sely1 nobl5ess is sometimes jo9$ ) want ( reason4 ,to ?is may be attribut$ ! action ( ,coriolanus1 :o1 aft] he _h appli$ all 8 /r5g? = ye>s to ! accompli%m5t ( 8 rev5ge ^u ! ,romans1 :5 at l5g? ! "t came1 all[$ himself to be s(t5$ by ! pray]s ( ! ,s5ate & ! te>s ( 8 "m & wife1 gave up ! rev5ge he _h s long & s pa9fully prep>$1 & inde$1 by ?us br++ on himself ! j ang] ( ! ,volscians1 di$ = ^? v ,romans ^: ?anklessness he knew & desir$ s int5sely to puni%4 ,f9ally1 = ! sake ( complet5ess1 x may be m5tion$ t reason may v well exi/ along ) want ( und]/&+4 ,?is is ! case :5 a fooli% maxim is *os51 b is foll[$ out consi/5tly4 ,an example ( ?is is af=d$ by ! case ( ! ,pr9cess ,isabella1 daught] ( ,philip ,,ii41 :o v[$ t %e w\ld n put on a clean *emise s long z ,o/5d rema9$ unconqu]$1 & kept h] ^w ?r\gh ?ree ye>s4 ,9 g5]al all v[s are ( ?is class1 ^: orig9 is a want ( insight z reg>ds ! law ( causality1 i4e41 want ( und]/&+2 nev]!less x is rational to fulfil !m if "o is ( su* n>r[ und]/&+ z to make !m4 ,9 agreem5t ) :at we h said1 we see ! writ]s :o appe>$ j be=e ,kant place ! consci5ce1 z ! seat ( ! moral impulses1 9 opposition to ! reason4 ,?us ,r\sseau1 9 ! f\r? book ( 8,emile10 says3 8,la raison n\s trompe1 mais la consci5ce ne trompe jamais20 & fur!r on3 8,il e/ impossible d'expliqu] p> les consqu5ces de notre nature le pr9cipe immdiat de la consci5ce indp5dant de la raison mme40 ,/ill fur!r3 8,mes s5tim5s naturels p>lai5t p\r l'intrt commun1 ma raison rapportait t\t a moi4444 ,on a beau v\loir etablir la v]tu p> la raison seul1 quelle solide base peut-on lui donn]80 ,9 ! 8,rv]ies du ,prom5eur10 prom4 #d me1 he says3 8,dans t\tes les que/ions de morale difficiles je me suis toj\rs bi5 tr\v de les rs\dre p> le dictam5 de la consci5ce1 plutt que p> les lumires de la raison40 ,inde$ ,ari/otle already says expressly 7,e?4 ,magna1 i4 #e7 t ! virtues h _! seat 9 ! 79 p>te irrationali animi71 & n 9 ! 79 p>te rationali74 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ,/obu says 7,ecl41 ii1 c4#g71 speak+ ( ! ,p]ipatetics3 8 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 40 7,e?icam virtutem circa p>tem anim ratione c>5tem v]s>i putant1 cam duplicem1 ad hanc disquisitionem1 animam ponant1 ratione prditam1 et ea c>5tem4 ,9 p>te v]o ratione prdita collocant +5uitatem1 prud5tiam1 p]spicacitatem1 sapi5tiam1 docilitatem1 memoriam et reliqua2 9 p>te v]o ratione de/ituta temp]antiam1 ju/itiam1 =titad9em1 et reliquas virtutes1 quas e?icas vocant47 ,& ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor41 iii41 c4 #bf-ca7 expla9s at l5g? t reason is ! necess>y means1 ! tool1 ( all crime4 ,i h expla9$ reason to be ! faculty ( fram+ concepts4 ,x is ?is q special class ( g5]al non-p]ceptible ideas1 :i* are symbolis$ & fix$ only by words1 t di/+ui%es man f ! brutes & gives him ! pre-em95ce ^u e>?4 ,:ile ! brute is ! slave ( ! pres5t1 & kn[s only imm$iate s5sible motives1 & !re=e :5 !y pres5t !mselves to x is necess>ily attract$ or repell$ by !m1 z iron is by ! magnet1 9 man1 on ! contr>y1 delib]ation has be5 introduc$ ?r\gh ! gift ( reason4 ,?is enables him easily to survey z a :ole 8 life & ! c\rse ( ! _w1 look+ be=e & aft]2 x makes him indep5d5t ( ! pres5t1 enables him to g to "w delib]ately1 sy/ematically1 & ) =esight1 to d evil z well z to d good4 ,b :at he does he does ) complete self-consci\sness2 he kn[s exactly h[ 8 w decides1 :at 9 ea* case he *ooses1 & :at o!r *oice 0 9 ! nature ( ! case possible2 & f ?is self-consci\s will+ he comes to "k himself & mirrors himself 9 8 actions4 ,9 all ^! relations to ! conduct ( m5 reason is to be call$ practical2 x is only !oretical s f> z ! objects ) :i* x is conc]n$ h no relation to ! action ( ! ?9k]1 b h purely a !oretical int]e/1 :i* v few m5 are capable ( feel+4 ,:at 9 ?is s5se is call$ practical reason is v ne>ly :at is signifi$ by ! ,lat9 ^w prud5tia1 :i*1 accord+ to ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor4 ii41 #bb71 is a contraction ( provid5tia2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ratio1 if us$ ( a faculty ( ! m9d1 signifies = ! mo/ "p !oretical reason prop]1 ?\gh ! anci5ts did n obs]ve ! di/9ction /rictly4 ,9 ne>ly all m5 reason has an almo/ exclusively practical t5d5cy2 b if ?is also is ab&on$ ?\ght loses ! control ( action1 s t x is !n said1 8,scio meliora1 proboque1 det]iora sequor10 or 8,le mat9 je fais des projets1 et le soir je fais des sottises40 ,?us ! man does n all[ 8 conduct to be guid$ by 8 ?\ght1 b by ! impression ( ! mom5t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! brute2 & s he is call$ irrational 7)\t !reby imput+ to him moral turpitude71 al?\gh he is n really want+ 9 reason1 b 9 ! p[] ( apply+ x to 8 action2 & "o might to a c]ta9 ext5t say 8 reason is !oretical & n practical4 ,he may at ! same "t be a really good man1 l _m a "o :o c nev] see any "o 9 mis=tune )\t help+ him1 ev5 mak+ sacrifices to d s1 & yet leaves 8 debts unpaid4 ,su* an irrational "* is q incapable ( committ+ great crimes1 because ! sy/ematic plann+1 ! discrim9ation & self-control1 :i* ?is always requires are q impossible to him4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 he w h>dly atta9 to a v high degree ( virtue1 =1 h[ev] mu* incl9$ to good he may be by nature1 ^? s+le vici\s & wick$ emotions to :i* e "o is subject _c be want+2 & :]e reason does n manife/ itself practically1 & oppose to !m unalt]able maxims & firm pr9ciples1 !y mu/ become de$s4 ,f9ally1 reason manife/s itself v specially z practical 9 ^? exce$+ly rational *>act]s :o on ?is acc\nt are call$ 9 ord9>y life practical philosoph]s1 & :o are di/+ui%$ by an unusual equanimity 9 disagreeable z 9 pleas+ circum/ances1 an equable disposition1 & a det]m9$ p]sev]ance 9 resolves once made4 ,9 fact1 x is ! pr$om9ance ( reason 9 !m1 i4e41 ! m ab/ract ?an intuitive k1 & !re=e ! survey ( life by means ( conceptions1 9 g5]al & z a :ole1 :i* has enabl$ !m once = all to recognise ! deception ( ! mom5t>y impression1 ! fleet+ nature ( all ?+s1 ! %ortness ( life1 ! empt9ess ( pleasures1 ! fickl5ess ( =tune1 & ! great & little tricks ( *ance4 ,!re=e no?+ comes to !m unexpect$ly1 & :at !y "k 9 ! ab/ract does n surprise nor di/urb !m :5 x meets !m 9 ! actual & 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ?\gh x does s 9 ! case ( ^? less reasonable *>act]s ^u :om ! pres5t1 ! p]ceptible1 ! actual1 ex]ts su* an influ5ce t ! cold1 col\rless conceptions are ?r[n q into ! backgr\nd ( consci\sness1 & =gett+ pr9ciples & maxims1 !y are ab&on$ to emotions & passions ( e k9d4 ,i h already expla9$ at ! end ( ! fir/ book t 9 my op9ion ! e?ics ( ,/oicism 7 simply a guide to a truly reasonable life1 9 ?is s5se4 ,su* a life is also repeat$ly prais$ by ,horace 9 v _m passages4 ,?is is ! significance ( 8 nil admir>i1 & also ( ! ,delphic 4 ,to translate nil admir>i 8to admire no?+0 is q wrong4 ,?is ,horatian maxim does n conc]n ! !oretical s mu* z ! practical1 & its real mean+ is3 8,prize no object unconditionally4 ,d n fall 9 love ) any?+2 d n believe t ! possession ( any?+ c give y happ9ess4 ,e int5se long+ = an object is only a delusive *im]a1 :i* "o may j z well1 & mu* m easily1 get quit ( by full] k z by atta9$ possession40 ,cic]o also uses admir>i 9 ?is s5se 7,de ,div9atione1 ii4 #b74 ,:at ,horace means is ?us ! & 1 also 1 :i* ,democritus be=e him priz$ z ! highe/ good 7see ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom41 ii4 #ba1 & cf4 ,/rabo1 i4 p4 #ih & #aje74 ,su* reasonabl5ess ( conduct has prop]ly no?+ to d ) virtue & vice2 b ?is practical use ( reason is :at gives man 8 pre-em95ce ov] ! brute1 & only 9 ?is s5se has x any mean+ & is x p]missible to speak ( a dignity ( man4 ,9 all ! cases giv51 & inde$ 9 all conceivable cases1 ! di/9ction betwe5 rational & irrational action runs back to ! "q :e!r ! motives are ab/ract conceptions or ideas ( p]ception4 ,!re=e ! explanation :i* ,i h giv5 ( reason agrees exactly ) ! use ( language at all times & among all peoples--a circum/ance :i* w n be reg>d$ z m]ely accid5tal or arbitr>y1 b w be se5 to arise f ! di/9ction ( :i* e man is consci\s1 ( ! diff]5t faculties ( ! m9d1 9 accordance ) :i* consci\sness he speaks1 ?\gh c]ta9ly he does n raise x to ! di/9ctness ( an ab/ract def9ition4 ,our ance/ors did n make ! words )\t atta*+ to !m a def9ite mean+1 9 ord]1 p]haps1 t !y might lie ready = philosoph]s :o might possibly come c5turies aft] & det]m9e :at ought to be ?\ght 9 connection ) !m2 b !y d5ot$ by !m q def9ite conceptions4 ,?us ! words are no long] unclaim$1 & to attribute to !m an entirely diff]5t s5se f t :i* !y h hi!rto _h means to misuse !m1 means to introduce a lic5ce 9 accordance ) :i* e "o might use any ^w 9 any s5se he *ose1 & ?us endless confusion w\ld necess>ily arise4 ,locke has already %[n at l5g? t mo/ disagreem5ts 9 philosophy arise f a false use ( words4 ,= ! sake ( illu/ration j glance = a mom5t at ! %ameful misuse :i* philosoph]s de/itute ( ?\ghts make at ! pres5t day ( ! words sub/ance1 consci\sness1 tru?1 & _m o!rs4 ,moreov]1 ! utt]ances & explanations conc]n+ reason ( all philosoph]s ( all ages1 ) ! exception ( ! mo/ mod]n1 agree no less ) my explanation ( x ?an ! conceptions :i* prevail among all nations ( t pr]ogative ( man4 ,obs]ve :at ,plato1 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,republic1 & 9 innum]able scatt]$ passages1 calls ! 1 or 1 :at ,cic]o says 7,de ,nat4 ,deor41 iii4 #bf-ca71 :at ,leibnitz & ,locke say ^u ?is 9 ! passages already quot$ 9 ! fir/ book4 ,!re w\ld be no end to ! quotations "h if "o s\ght to %[ h[ all philosoph]s be=e ,kant h spok5 ( reason 9 g5]al 9 my s5se1 al?\gh !y did n "k h[ to expla9 its nature ) complete def9it5ess & di/9ctness by r$uc+ x to "o po9t4 ,:at 0 und]/ood by reason %ortly be=e ,kant's appe>ance is %[n 9 g5]al by two essays ( ,sulz] 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 miscellane\s philosophical writ+s1 ! "o entitl$ 8,analysis ( ! ,conception ( ,reason10 ! o!r1 8,on ! ,reciprocal ,influ5ce ( ,reason & ,language40 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we read h[ reason is spok5 ab\t 9 ! mo/ rec5t times1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,kantian error1 :i* aft] him increas$ l an avalan*e1 we are oblig$ to assume t ! :ole ( ! wise m5 ( antiquity1 & also all philosoph]s be=e ,kant1 _h absolutely no reason at all2 = ! imm$iate p]ceptions1 intuitions1 appreh5sions1 pres5tim5ts ( ! reason n[ discov]$ 7 z utt]ly unkn[n to !m z ! six? s5se ( ! bat is to u4 ,& z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i also1 9 my weakness1 _c compreh5d or imag9e t reason :i* directly p]ceives or appreh5ds1 or has an intellectual intuition ( ! sup]-s5sible1 ! absolute1 toge!r ) long y>ns t accompany x1 9 any o!r way ?an z ! six? s5se ( ! bat4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be said 9 fav\r ( ! inv5tion or discov]y ( su* a reason1 :i* at once directly p]ceives :atev] y *oose1 t x is an incomp>able exp$i5t = )draw+ oneself f ! affair 9 ! easie/ mann] 9 ! _w1 along ) "o's fav\rite ideas1 9 spite ( all ,kants1 ) _! ,critiques ( ,reason4 ,! inv5tion & ! reception x has met ) d hon\r to ! age4 ,?us1 al?\gh :at is ess5tial 9 reason 7 1 1 ratio1 raison1 ,v]nunft7 01 on ! :ole & 9 g5]al1 rightly und]/ood by all philosoph]s ( all ages1 ?\gh n %>ply en\gh def9$ nor r$uc$ to "o po9t1 yet x 0 n s cle> to !m :at ! und]/&+ 71 1 intellectus1 esprit1 ,v]/&7 is4 ,!re=e !y (t5 confuse x ) reason1 & j on ?is acc\nt !y did n atta9 to a ?or\ghly complete1 pure1 & simple explanation ( ! nature ( ! latt]4 ,) ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s ! conception ( reason receiv$ an entirely extrane\s1 subsidi>y mean+ ?r\gh ! opposition ( x to revelation4 ,/>t+1 !n1 f ?is1 _m are ju/ly ( op9ion t ! k ( ! duty ( virtue is possible f m]e reason1 i4e41 )\t revelation4 ,inde$ ?is aspect ( ! matt] c]ta9ly _h influ5ce ^u ,kant's exposition & language4 ,b ?is opposition is prop]ly ( positive1 hi/orical significance1 & is !re=e = philosophy a =eign elem5t1 f :i* x mu/ keep itself free4 ,we might h expect$ t 9 8 critiques ( !oretical & practical reason ,kant w\ld h />t$ ) an exposition ( ! nature ( reason 9 g5]al1 &1 aft] he _h ?us def9$ ! g5us1 w\ld h gone on to ! explanation ( ! two species1 %[+ h[ "o & ! same reason manife/s itself 9 two su* diff]5t ways1 & yet1 by reta9+ its pr9cipal *>act]i/ic1 proves itself to be ! same4 ,b we f9d no?+ ( all ?is4 ,i h already %[n h[ inadequate1 vacillat+1 & inconsi/5t are ! explanations ( ! faculty he is criticis+1 :i* he gives "h & !re by ! way 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason40 ,! practical reason appe>s 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 )\t any introduction1 & aft]w>ds /&s 9 ! 8,critique0 specially devot$ to itself z some?+ already e/abli%$4 ,no fur!r acc\nt ( x is giv51 & ! use ( language ( all times & peoples1 :i* is treat$ ) contempt1 & ! def9itions ( ! conception giv5 by ! greate/ ( e>li] philosoph]s1 d>e n lift up _! voices4 ,9 g5]al1 we may conclude f p>ticul> passages t ,kant's op9ion am\nts to ?is3 ! k ( pr9ciples a priori is ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( reason3 s9ce n[ ! k ( ! e?ical significance ( action is n ( empirical orig91 x also is an a priori pr9ciple1 & accord+ly proce$s f ! reason1 & !re=e ?us f> ! reason is practical4 ,i h already spok5 en\gh ( ! incorrectness ( ?is explanation ( reason4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( ?is1 h[ sup]ficial x is1 & :at a want ( ?or\ghness x %[s1 to make use "h ( ! s+le quality ( be+ indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce 9 ord] to comb9e ! mo/ het]og5e\s ?+s1 :ile ov]look+ _! mo/ ess5tial & immeasurable diff]5ce 9 o!r respects4 ,=1 ev5 assum+1 ?\gh we d n admit x1 t ! k ( ! e?ical significance ( action spr+s f an imp]ative ly+ 9 u1 an uncondition$ ought1 yet h[ fundam5tally diff]5t w\ld su* an imp]ative be f ^? univ]sal =ms ( k ( :i*1 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 ,kant proves t we are consci\s a priori1 & by virtue ( :i* consci\sness we c ass]t be=eh& an uncondition$ mu/1 valid = all exp]i5ce possible = u4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is mu/1 ?is necess>y =m ( all objects :i* is already det]m9$ 9 ! subject1 & t ought ( morality is s inf9itely great & palpable t ! m]e fact t !y agree 9 ! "o p>ticul> t nei!r ( !m is empirically kn[n may inde$ be made use ( = ! purpose ( a witty comp>ison1 b n z a philosophical ju/ification = reg>d+ _! orig9 z ! same4 ,moreov]1 ! bir?place ( ?is *ild ( practical reason1 ! absolute ought or ! categorical imp]ative1 is n 9 ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 b 9 t ( 8,pure ,reason10 p4 #hjb2 ,v4 #hcj4 ,! bir? is viol5t1 & is only accompli%$ by means ( ! =ceps ( a !re=e1 :i* /&s boldly & audaci\sly1 inde$ "o might say %amelessly1 betwe5 two propositions :i* are utt]ly =eign to ea* o!r & h no connection1 9 ord] to comb9e !m z reason & consequ5t4 ,?us1 t n m]ely p]ceptible b also ab/ract motives det]m9e u1 is ! proposition f :i* ,kant />ts1 express+ x 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 8,n m]ely :at excites1 i4e41 :at affects ! s5ses directly1 det]m9es human w1 b we h a p[] ( ov]com+ ! impressions made ^u our s5su\s appetitive faculty ?r\gh ideas ( t :i* is itself 9 a m remote mann] useful or hurtful4 ,^! delib]ations z to :at is wor?y ( desire1 ) ref]5ce to our :ole condition1 i4e41 z to :at is good & useful1 re/ ^u reason40 7,p]fectly "r2 w\ld t he only always spoke s rationally ( reason67 8,reason !re=e gives6 also laws1 :i* are imp]atives1 i4e41 objective laws ( fre$om1 & say :at ought to take place1 ?\gh p]haps x nev] does take place06 ,?us1 )\t fur!r au!ntication1 ! categorical imp]ative comes into ! _w1 9 ord] to rule !re ) its uncondition$ ought--a sceptre ( wood5 iron4 ,= 9 ! conception 8ought0 !re lies always & ess5tially ! ref]5ce to ?reat5$ puni%m5t1 or promis$ rew>d1 z a necess>y condition1 & _c be sep>at$ f x )\t aboli%+ ! conception itself & tak+ all mean+ f x4 ,!re=e an uncondition$ ought is a contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,x 0 necess>y to c5sure ?is mi/ake1 closely z x is o!rwise connect$ ) ,kant's great s]vice to e?ics1 :i* consi/s 9 ?is1 t he has fre$ e?ics f all pr9ciples ( ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 t is1 f all direct or indirect doctr9es ( happ9ess1 & has %[n 9 a q special mann] t ! k+dom ( virtue is n ( ?is _w4 ,?is s]vice is all ! great] because all anci5t philosoph]s1 ) ! s+le exception ( ,plato1 ?us ! ,p]ipatetics1 ! ,/oics1 & ! ,epicureans1 s\ght by v diff]5t devices ei!r to make virtue & happ9ess dep5d5t on ea* o!r 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 or to id5tify !m 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,?is *>ge applies ) equal =ce to all mod]n philosoph]s d[n to ,kant4 ,8 m]it 9 ?is respect is !re=e v great2 yet ju/ice dem&s t we %\ld also rememb] "h fir/ t 8 exposition & elaboration (t5 does n correspond ) ! t5d5cy & _s ( 8 e?ics1 & secondly t1 ev5 s1 he is n really ! fir/ :o sep>at$ virtue f all pr9ciples ( happ9ess4 ,= ,plato1 especially 9 ! 8,republic10 ! pr9cipal t5d5cy ( :i* is j ?is1 expressly tea*es t virtue is to be *os5 = itself alone1 ev5 if unhapp9ess & ignom9y are inevitably connect$ ) x4 ,/ill m1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ianity prea*es a p]fectly unselfi% virtue1 :i* is practis$ n on acc\nt ( ! rew>d 9 a life aft] dea?1 b q dis9t]e/$ly f love to ,god1 = works d n ju/ify1 b only fai?1 :i* accompanies virtue1 s to speak1 z its symptom1 & !re=e appe>s q irrespective ( rew>d & ( its own accord4 ,see ,lu!r's 8,de ,lib]tate ,*ri/iana40 ,i w n take into acc\nt at all ! ,indians1 9 ^: sacr$ books ! hope ( a rew>d = our works is ev]y:]e describ$ z ! way ( d>kness1 :i* c nev] lead to bless$ness4 ,kant's doctr9e ( virtue1 h[ev]1 we d n f9d s pure2 or r ! exposition rema9s f> beh9d ! _s ( x1 & inde$ falls into inconsi/5cy4 ,9 8 highe/ good1 :i* he aft]w>ds discuss$1 we f9d virtue unit$ to happ9ess4 ,! ought orig9ally s uncondition$ does yet aft]w>ds po/ulate "o condition1 9 ord] to escape f ! inn] contradiction ) :i* x is affect$ & ) :i* x _c live4 ,happ9ess 9 ! highe/ good is n inde$ really meant to be ! motive = virtue2 yet !re x is1 l a secret article1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* r$uces all ! re/ to a m]e %am contract4 ,x is n really ! rew>d ( virtue1 b yet x is a volunt>y gift = :i* virtue1 aft] "w accompli%$1 /eal?ily op5s ! h&4 ,"o may conv9ce oneself ( ?is f ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason0 7p4 #bbc-bff ( ! f\r?1 or p4 #bfd-bie ( ,ros5kranz's1 edition74 ,! :ole ( ,kant's moral !ology has also ! same t5d5cy1 & j on ?is acc\nt morality really de/roys itself ?r\gh moral !ology4 ,= ,i repeat t all virtue :i* 9 any way is practis$ = ! sake ( a rew>d is bas$ ^u a prud5t1 me?odical1 f>-see+ egoism4 ,! cont5t ( ! absolute ought1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! practical reason1 is ! fam\s3 8,s act t ! maxim ( y\r w might always be also valid z ! pr9ciple ( a univ]sal legislation40 ,?is pr9ciple pres5ts to him :o desires a rule = 8 own w ! task ( seek+ su* a rule = ! wills ( all4 ,!n ! "q arises h[ su* a rule is to be f\nd4 ,cle>ly1 9 ord] to discov] ! rule ( my conduct1 ,i ought n to h reg>d to myself alone1 b to ! sum ( all individuals4 ,!n1 in/ead ( my own well-be+1 ! well-be+ ( all )\t di/9ction becomes my aim4 ,yet ! aim /ill always rema9s well-be+4 ,i f9d1 !n1 t all c be equally well (f only if ea* limits 8 own egoism by t ( o!rs4 ,f ?is x c]ta9ly foll[s t ,i mu/ injure no "o1 because1 s9ce ?is pr9ciple is assum$ to be univ]sal1 ,i also w n be injur$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! sole gr\nd on acc\nt ( :i* ,i1 :o d n yet possess a moral pr9ciple1 b am only seek+ "o1 c wi% ?is to be a univ]sal law4 ,b cle>ly 9 ?is way ! desire ( well-be+1 i4e41 egoism1 rema9s ! s\rce ( ?is e?ical pr9ciple4 ,z ! basis ( politics x w\ld be excell5t1 z ! basis ( e?ics x is wor?less4 ,= he :o seeks to e/abli% a rule = ! wills ( all1 z is dem&$ by t moral pr9ciple1 necess>ily /&s 9 ne$ ( a rule himself2 o!rwise ev]y?+ w\ld be alike to him4 ,b ?is rule c only be 8 own egoism1 s9ce x is only ?is t is affect$ by ! conduct ( o!rs2 & !re=e x is only by means ( ?is egoism1 & ) ref]5ce to x1 t ea* "o c h a w conc]n+ ! conduct ( o!rs1 & t x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce to him4 ,kant himself v naively intimates ?is 7p4 #abc ( ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason20 ,ros5kranz's edition1 p4 #aib71 :]e he ?us prosecutes ! se>* = maxims = ! w3 8,if e "o reg>d$ ! ne$ ( o!rs ) complete indiff]5ce1 & ?\ also did/ belong to su* an ord] ( ?+s1 w\ld/ ?\ cons5t !reto80 ,quam tem]e 9 nosmet legem sancimus iniquam6 w\ld be ! rule ( ! cons5t inquir$ aft]4 ,s also 9 ! 8,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,metaphysic ( ,morals0 7p4 #ef ( ! ?ird1 & p4 #ej ( ,ros5kranz's1 edition73 8,a w :i* resolv$ to assi/ no "o 9 di/ress w\ld contradict itself1 = cases might arise 9 :i* x requir$ ! love & sympa?y ( o!rs10 c4 c4 ,?is pr9ciple ( e?ics1 :i* :5 light is ?r[n ^u x is !re=e no?+ else ?an an indirect & disguis$ expression ( ! old1 simple pr9ciple1 8,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is10 is relat$ fir/ & directly to passivity1 suff]+1 & !n only by means ( ?is to action4 ,!re=e1 z we h said1 x w\ld be ?or\ghly s]viceable z a guide = ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 :i* aims at ! prev5tion ( ! suff]+ ( wrong1 & also desires to procure = all & ea* ! greate/ sum ( well-be+4 ,b 9 e?ics1 :]e ! object ( inve/igation is action z action1 & 9 its direct significance = ! actor--n its consequ5ces1 suff]+1 or its relation to o!rs--9 ?is ref]5ce1 ,i say1 x is altoge!r inadmissible1 because at bottom x really am\nts to a pr9ciple ( happ9ess1 ?us to egoism4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 %>e ,kant's satisfaction t 8 pr9ciple ( e?ics is n a mat]ial "o1 i4e41 "o :i* sets up an object z a motive1 b m]ely =mal1 :]eby x corresponds symmetrically to ! =mal laws ) :i* ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 has made u famili>4 ,c]ta9ly x is1 in/ead ( a law1 m]ely a =mula = f9d+ su* a law4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 we _h ?is =mula already m briefly & cle>ly 9 ! 8,quod tibi fi]i non vis1 alt]i ne fec]is20 &1 secondly1 ! analysis ( ?is =mula %[s t x is simply & solely ! ref]5ce to "o's own happ9ess t gives x cont5t1 & !re=e x c only be s]viceable to a rational egoism1 to :i* also e legal con/itution owes its orig94 ,ano!r mi/ake :i*1 because x (f5ds ! feel+s ( e "o1 has (t5 be5 condemn$1 & 0 satiris$ by ,s*ill] 9 an epigram1 is ! p$antic rule t = an act to be really good & m]itori\s x mu/ be done simply & solely out ( respect = ! kn[n law & ! conception ( duty1 & 9 accordance ) a maxim kn[n to ! reason 9 ab/racto1 & n f any incl9ation1 n f b5evol5ce felt t[>ds o!rs1 n f t5d]-he>t$ compassion1 sympa?y1 or emotion ( ! he>t1 :i* 7accord+ to ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 p4 #bac2 ,ros5kranz's edition1 p4 #beg7 to "r-?9k+ p]sons are inde$ v burd5some1 z confus+ _! delib]ate maxims4 ,! act mu/ be p]=m$ unwill+ly & ) self-compulsion4 ,rememb] t nev]!less ! hope ( rew>d is n all[$ to ent]1 & e/imate ! great absurdity ( ! dem&4 ,b1 :at is say+ m1 ?is is directly oppos$ to ! true _s ( virtue2 n ! act1 b ! will+ness to d x1 ! love f :i* x proce$s1 & )\t :i* x is a dead "w1 con/itutes its m]it4 ,!re=e ,*ri/ianity rightly tea*es t all outw>d works are wor?less if !y d n proce$ f t g5u9e disposition :i* consi/s 9 true goodwill & pure love1 & t :at makes bless$ & saves is n ! works done 7op]a op]ata71 b ! fai?1 ! g5u9e disposition1 :i* is ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ alone1 & :i* ! free1 delib]ative w1 hav+ only ! law 9 view1 does n produce4 ,?is dem& ( ,kant's1 t all virtu\s conduct %all proce$ f pure1 delib]ate respect = ! law & 9 accordance ) its ab/ract maxims1 coldly & )\t incl9ation1 nay1 oppos$ to all incl9ation1 is j ! same ?+ z if he ass]t$ t e "w ( art mu/ be accompli%$ by a well-consid]$ application ( /hetical rules4 ,! "o is j z p]v]se z ! o!r4 ,! "q1 already h&l$ by ,plato & ,s5eca1 :e!r virtue c be taught1 is to be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,we mu/ f9ally make up our m9ds to see1 :at inde$ 0 ! s\rce ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( election by grace1 t z reg>ds its *ief *>act]i/ic & its inn] nature1 virtue1 l g5ius1 is to a c]ta9 ext5t inborn2 & t j z little z all ! pr(essors ( /hetics c\ld imp>t to any "o ! p[] ( produc+ works ( g5ius1 i4e41 g5u9e works ( art1 s little c\ld all ! pr(essors ( e?ics & prea*]s ( virtue trans=m an ignoble into a virtu\s & noble "*1 ! impossibility ( :i* is v mu* m app>5t ?an t ( turn+ lead into gold4 ,! se>* = a sy/em ( e?ics & a fir/ pr9ciple ( ! same1 :i* w\ld h practical influ5ce & w\ld actually trans=m & bett] ! human race1 is j l ! se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,yet ,i h spok5 at l5g? at ! end ( ! f\r? book ( ! possibility ( an entire *ange ( m9d or conv]sion ( man 7new bir?71 n by means ( ab/ract 7e?ics7 b ( intuitive k 7! "w ( grace74 ,! cont5ts ( t book relieve me g5]ally ( ! necessity ( dwell+ long] ^u ?is po9t4 ,t ,kant by no means p5etrat$ to ! real significance ( ! e?ical cont5t ( actions is %[n f9ally by 8 doctr9e ( ! highe/ good z ! necess>y comb9ation ( virtue & happ9ess1 a comb9ation inde$ 9 :i* virtue w\ld be t :i* m]its happ9ess4 ,he is "h involv$ 9 ! logical fallacy t ! conception ( m]it1 :i* is "h ! measure or te/1 already presupposes a !ory ( e?ics z its own measure1 & ?us c\ld n be d$ucible f x4 ,x appe>$ 9 our f\r? book t all g5u9e virtue1 aft] x has atta9$ to its highe/ grade1 at la/ leads to a complete r5unciation 9 :i* all will+ f9ds an end4 ,happ9ess1 on ! o!r h&1 is a satisfi$ wi%2 ?us ! two are ess5tially incapable ( be+ comb9$4 ,he :o has be5 enlight5$ by my exposition requires no fur!r explanation ( ! complete p]v]s5ess ( ?is ,kantian view ( ! highe/ good4 ,&1 indep5d5t ( my positive exposition1 ,i h no fur!r negative exposition to give4 ,kant's love ( ar*itectonic symmetry meets u also 9 ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason10 = he has giv5 x ! %ape ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 & has aga9 introduc$ ! same titles & =ms ) manife/ int5tion1 :i* becomes specially app>5t 9 ! table ( ! categories ( fre$om4 ,! 8,philosophy ( ,law0 is "o ( ,kant's late/ works1 & is s poor t1 al?\gh ,i entirely disagree ) x1 ,i ?9k a polemic aga9/ x is sup]flu\s1 s9ce ( its own weakness x mu/ die a natural dea?1 j z if x 7 n ! "w ( ?is great man1 b ! production ( an ord9>y mortal4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds ! 8,philosophy ( ,law10 ,i give up ! negative mode ( proc$ure & ref] to ! positive1 t is1 to ! %ort outl9e ( x giv5 9 ! f\r? book4 ,j "o or two g5]al rem>ks on ,kant's 8,philosophy ( ,law0 may be made "h4 ,! errors :i* ,i h condemn$ 9 consid]+ ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 z cl++ to ,kant ?r\gh\t1 appe> 9 ! 8,philosophy ( ,law0 9 su* excess t "o (t5 believes he is read+ a satirical p>ody ( ! ,kantian /yle1 or at lea/ t he is li/5+ to a ,kantian4 ,two pr9cipal errors1 h[ev]1 are ^!4 ,he desires 7& _m h s9ce !n desir$7 to sep>ate ! ,philosophy ( ,law %>ply f e?ics1 & yet n to make ! =m] dep5d5t ^u positive legislation1 i4e41 ^u arbitr>y sanction1 b to let ! conception ( law exi/ = itself pure & a priori4 ,b ?is is n possible2 because conduct1 ap>t f its e?ical significance1 & ap>t f ! physical relation to o!rs1 & !reby f ext]nal sanction1 does n admit ev5 ( ! possibility ( any ?ird view4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 he says1 8,legal obligation is t :i* c be en=c$10 ?is c is ei!r to be und]/ood physically1 & !n all law is positive & arbitr>y1 & aga9 all arbitr>9ess t a*ieves its end is law2 or ! c is to be und]/ood e?ically1 & we are aga9 9 ! prov9ce ( e?ics4 ,) ,kant ! conception ( legal "r hov]s betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & has no gr\nd on :i* to /&2 ) me x belongs to e?ics4 ,secondly1 8 def9ition ( ! conception law is entirely negative1 & !reby inadequate47#aa7 ,legal "r is t :i* is consi/5t ) ! compatibility ( ! respective fre$om ( individuals toge!r1 accord+ to a g5]al law4 ,fre$om 7"h ! empirical1 i4e41 physical1 n ! moral fre$om ( ! w7 signifies n be+ h9d]$ or int]f]$ )1 & is ?us a m]e negation2 compatibility1 aga91 has exactly ! same significance4 ,?us we rema9 ) m]e negations & obta9 no positive conception1 inde$ d n le>n at all1 :at is really be+ spok5 ab\t1 unless we "k x already f "s o!r s\rce4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! exposition ! mo/ p]v]se views aft]w>ds develop !mselves1 su* z t 9 ! /ate ( nature1 i4e41 outside ! ,/ate1 !re is no "r to prop]ty at all1 :i* really means t all "r or law is positive1 & involves t natural law is bas$ ^u positive law1 in/ead ( :i* ! case ought to be rev]s$4 ,fur!r1 ! f\nd+ ( legal acquisition on possession2 ! e?ical obligation to e/abli% ! civil con/itution2 ! gr\nd ( ! "r ( puni%m5t1 c41 c41 all ( :i*1 z ,i h said1 ,i d n reg>d z wor? a special refutation4 ,h[ev]1 ^! ,kantian errors h ex]cis$ a v injuri\s influ5ce4 ,!y h confus$ & obscur$ tru?s long kn[n & express$1 & h occasion$ /range !ories & mu* writ+ & controv]sy4 ,?is c]ta9ly _c la/1 & we see already h[ tru? & s\nd reason aga9 make way = !mselves4 ,( ! latt]1 ! 8,naturre*t0 ( ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,mei/] specially be>s evid5ce1 & is ?us a contra/ to _m a prepo/]\s !ory1 ?\gh ,i d n reg>d x z on ?is acc\nt a patt]n ( p]fection4 ,on ! 8,critique ( ,judgm5t0 also1 aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i mu/ be v %ort4 ,we _c b be surpris$ t ,kant1 to :om art c]ta9ly 0 v =eign1 & :o to all appe>ance _h little susceptibility = ! beautiful1 inde$ probably nev] _h ! opportunity ( see+ an important "w ( art1 & :o seems1 f9ally1 to h _h no k ( ,goe!1 ! only man ( 8 c5tury & nation :o 0 fit to be plac$ by 8 side z 8 giant equal1--x is1 ,i say1 surpris+ h[1 not)/&+ all ?is1 ,kant 0 able to r5d] a great & p]man5t s]vice to ! philosophical consid]ation ( art & ! beautiful4 ,8 m]it lies 9 ?is1 t mu* z m5 _h reflect$ ^u ! beautiful & ^u art1 !y _h yet really always consid]$ x only f ! empirical po9t ( view1 & _h inve/igat$ ^u a basis ( facts :at quality di/+ui%$ ! object ( any k9d :i* 0 call$ beautiful f o!r objects ( ! same k9d4 ,on ?is pa? !y fir/ arriv$ at q special pr9ciples1 & !n at m g5]al ones4 ,!y s\ght to sep>ate true arti/ic beauty f false1 & to discov] m>ks ( ?is g5u95ess1 :i* c\ld !n s]ve aga9 z rules4 ,:at gives pleasure z beautiful & :at does n1 :at !re=e is to be imitat$1 :at is to be /riv5 aga9/1 :at is to be avoid$1 :at rules1 at lea/ negative rules1 are to be e/abli%$1 9 %ort1 :at are ! means ( excit+ /hetic satisfaction1 i4e41 :at are ! conditions ( ?is resid+ 9 ! object--?is 0 almo/ exclusively ! !me ( all treatises ^u art4 ,?is pa? 0 foll[$ by ,ari/otle1 & 9 ! mo/ rec5t times we f9d x *os5 by ,home1 ,burke1 ,w9ckelmann1 ,less+1 ,h]d]1 & _m o!rs4 ,x is true t ! univ]sality ( ! /hetical pr9ciples discov]$ f9ally l$ back to ! subject1 & x 0 obs]v$ t if ! effect ^u ! subject 7 adequately kn[n we w\ld !n also be able to det]m9e a priori ! causes ( ?is :i* lie 9 ! object1 & ?us alone ?is me?od ( treatm5t c\ld atta9 to ! c]ta9ty ( a sci5ce4 ,?is occasion$ once & aga9 psy*ological disquisitions4 ,specially h[ev]1 ,alex&] ,baumg>t5 produc$ ) ?is int5tion a g5]al /hetic ( all beauty1 9 :i* he />t$ f ! conception ( ! p]fection ( s5su\s k1 t is1 ( k ( p]ception4 ,) him also1 h[ev]1 ! subjective "p is done ) z soon z ?is conception has be5 e/abli%$1 & he passes on to ! objective "p & to ! practical1 :i* is connect$ ) x4 ,b "h also ! m]it 0 res]v$ = ,kant ( inve/igat+ s]i\sly & pr(\ndly ! feel+ itself1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* we call ! object occasion+ x beautiful1 9 ord] to discov]1 :]ev] x 0 possible1 ! con/itu5t elem5ts & conditions ( x 9 our nature4 ,8 inve/igation1 !re=e1 took an entirely subjective direction4 ,?is pa? 0 cle>ly ! "r "o1 = 9 ord] to expla9 a ph5om5on :i* is giv5 9 its effects1 "o mu/ "k accurately ?is effect itself1 if "o is to det]m9e ?or\ghly ! nature ( ! cause4 ,yet ,kant's m]it 9 ?is reg>d does n really ext5d mu* fur!r ?an ?is1 t he has indicat$ ! "r pa?1 & by a provisional attempt has giv5 an example ( h[1 m or less1 x is to be foll[$4 ,= :at he gave _c be reg>d$ z objective tru? & z a real ga94 ,he gave ! me?od = ?is inve/igation1 he broke gr\nd 9 ! "r direction1 b o!rwise he miss$ ! m>k4 ,9 ! 8,critique ( /hetical ,judgm5t0 ! obs]vation fir/ ( all =ces itself ^u u t ,kant reta9s ! me?od :i* is peculi> to 8 :ole philosophy1 & :i* ,i h consid]$ at l5g? above--,i mean ! me?od ( />t+ f ab/ract k 9 ord] to e/abli% k ( p]ception1 s t ! =m] s]ves him1 s to speak1 z a cam]a obscura 9 :i* to receive & survey ! latt]4 ,z 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 ! =ms ( judgm5t are suppos$ to unfold to him ! k ( our :ole _w ( p]ception1 s 9 ?is 8,critique ( /hetical ,judgm5t0 he does n />t f ! beautiful itself1 f ! p]ceptible & imm$iately beautiful1 b f ! judgm5t ( ! beautiful1 ! s-call$1 & v badly s-call$1 judgm5t ( ta/e4 ,?is is 8 problem4 ,8 att5tion is especially ar\s$ by ! circum/ance t su* a judgm5t is cle>ly ! expression ( some?+ t takes place 9 ! subject1 b yet is j z univ]sally valid z if x conc]n$ a quality ( ! object4 ,x is ?is t /ruck him1 n ! beautiful itself4 ,he />ts always m]ely f ! ass]tions ( o!rs1 f ! judgm5t ( ! beautiful1 n f ! beautiful itself4 ,x is !re=e z if he knew x simply f he>say1 n directly4 ,a bl9d man ( high und]/&+ c\ld almo/ 9 ! same way make up a !ory ( col\rs f v accurate reports :i* he _h he>d conc]n+ !m4 ,& really we c only v5ture to reg>d ,kant's philosophemes conc]n+ ! beautiful z 9 almo/ ! same position4 ,!n we %all f9d t 8 !ory is v +5i\s inde$1 t "h & !re tell+ & true obs]vations are made2 b 8 real solution ( ! problem is s v insuffici5t1 rema9s s f> bel[ ! dignity ( ! subject1 t x c nev] occur to u to accept x z objective tru?4 ,!re=e ,i consid] myself reliev$ f ! necessity ( refut+ x2 & "h also ,i ref] to ! positive "p ( my "w4 ,) reg>d to ! =m ( 8 :ole book1 x is to be obs]v$ t x orig9at$ 9 ! idea ( f9d+ 9 ! teleological conception ! key to ! problem ( ! beautiful4 ,?is inspiration is d$uc$1 :i* is always a matt] ( no difficulty1 z we h le>nt f ,kant's successors4 ,?us !re n[ arises ! /range comb9ation ( ! k ( ! beautiful ) t ( ! teleology ( natural bodies 9 "o faculty ( k call$ judgm5t1 & ! treatm5t ( ^! two het]og5e\s subjects 9 "o book4 ,) ^! ?ree p[]s ( k1 reason1 judgm5t1 & und]/&+1 a v>iety ( symmetrical-ar*itectonic amusem5ts are aft]w>ds und]tak51 ! g5]al incl9ation to :i* %[s itself 9 _m ways 9 ?is book2 = example1 9 ! =cible adaptation ( ! :ole ( x to ! patt]n ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 & v specially 9 ! ant9omy ( ! /hetical judgm5t1 :i* is dragg$ 9 by ! hair4 ,"o might also extract a *>ge ( great inconsi/5cy f ! fact t aft] x has be5 incessantly repeat$ 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 t ! und]/&+ is ! faculty ( judgm5t1 & aft] ! =ms ( its judgm5t h be5 made ! f\ndation-/one ( all philosophy1 a q special faculty ( judgm5t n[ appe>s1 :i* is completely diff]5t f ! =m]4 ,= ! re/1 :at ,i call ! faculty ( judgm5t1 ! capacity = translat+ k ( p]ception into ab/ract k1 & aga9 ( apply+ ! latt] correctly to ! =m]1 is expla9$ 9 ! positive "p ( my "w4 ,by f> ! be/ "p ( ! 8,critique ( /hetical ,judgm5t0 is ! !ory ( ! sublime4 ,x is incomp>ably m successful ?an t ( ! beautiful1 & does n only give1 z t does1 ! g5]al me?od ( inve/igation1 b also a "p ( ! "r way to x--s mu* s t ev5 ?\gh x does n give ! real solution ( ! problem1 x yet t\*es v closely ^u x4 ,9 ! 8,critique ( ! ,teleological ,judgm5t10 on acc\nt ( ! simplicity ( ! matt]1 we c recognise p]haps m ?an any:]e else ,kant's r>e tal5t ( turn+ a ?\ght ?is way & t way1 & express+ x 9 a multitude ( diff]5t ways1 until out ( x !re gr[s a book4 ,! :ole book is int5d$ to say ?is alone3 al?\gh organis$ bodies necess>ily appe> to u z if !y 7 con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) a conceiv$ design ( an end :i* prec$$ !m1 yet we are n ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ?is is objectively ! case4 ,= our intellect1 to :i* ?+s are giv5 f )\t & indirectly1 :i* ?us nev] kn[s _! inn] nature ?r\gh :i* !y arise & exi/1 b m]ely _! outw>d side1 _c o!rwise compreh5d a c]ta9 quality peculi> to organis$ productions ( nature ?an by analogy1 = x comp>es x ) ! int5tionally accompli%$ works ( man1 ! nature ( :i* is det]m9$ by a design & ! conception ( ?is design4 ,?is analogy is suffici5t to enable u to compreh5d ! agreem5t ( all ! p>ts ) ! :ole1 & ?us inde$ to give u ! clue to _! inve/igation2 b x mu/ by no means on ?is acc\nt be made ! actual gr\nd ( explanation ( ! orig9 & exi/5ce ( su* bodies4 ,= ! necessity ( s conceiv+ !m is ( subjective orig94 ,some:at 9 ?is way ,i w\ld epitomise ,kant's doctr9e on ?is "q4 ,9 its mo/ important aspect he _h exp\nd$ x already 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 p4 #fib-gjb2 ,v41 #gbj-gcj4 ,b 9 ! k ( ?is tru? also we f9d ,david ,hume to be ,kant's wor?y =]unn]4 ,he also _h ke5ly controv]t$ t assumption 9 ! second "p ( 8 8,dialogues conc]n+ ,natural ,religion40 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,hume's criticism ( t assumption & ,kant's is pr9cipally ?is1 t ,hume criticis$ x z an assumption bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 :ile ,kant1 on ! o!r h&1 criticis$ x z an a priori assumption4 ,bo? are "r1 & _! expositions supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,inde$ :at is really ess5tial 9 ! ,kantian doctr9e on ?is po9t we f9d already express$ 9 ! comm5t>y ( ,simplicius on ,ari/otle's ,physics3 8 1 1 40 7,error iis ortus e/ ex eo1 quod cr$ebant1 omnia1 qu propt] f9em aliquem fi]5t1 ex proposito et ratioc9io fi]i1 dum videbant1 natur op]a non ita fi]i47 ,s*ol4 9 ,ari/41 ex edit4 ,b]ol41 p4 #ced4 ,kant is p]fectly "r 9 ! matt]2 & x 0 necess>y t aft] x _h be5 %[n t ! conception ( cause & effect is inapplicable to ! :ole ( nature 9 g5]al1 9 respect ( its exi/5ce1 x %\ld also be %[n t 9 respect ( its qualities x is n to be ?\ght ( z ! effect ( a cause guid$ by motives 7designs74 ,if we consid] ! great plausibility ( ! physico-!ological pro(1 :i* ev5 ,voltaire held to be irrefragable1 x 0 cle>ly ( ! greate/ importance to %[ t :at is subjective 9 our compreh5sion1 to :i* ,kant _h relegat$ space1 "t1 & causality1 ext5ds also to our judgm5t ( natural bodies2 & accord+ly ! compulsion :i* we feel to ?9k ( !m z hav+ aris5 z ! result ( prem$itation1 accord+ to designs1 ?us 9 su* a way t ! idea ( !m prec$$ _! exi/5ce1 is j z mu* ( subjective orig9 z ! p]ception ( space1 :i* pres5ts itself s objectively1 & t !re=e x mu/ n be set up z objective tru?4 ,kant's exposition ( ! matt]1 ap>t f its t$i\s prolixity & repetitions1 is excell5t4 ,he rightly ass]ts t we c nev] succe$ 9 expla9+ ! nature ( organis$ bodies f m]ely me*anical causes1 by :i* he und]/&s ! undesign$ & regul> effect ( all ! univ]sal =ces ( nature4 ,yet ,i f9d "h ano!r flaw4 ,he d5ies ! possibility ( su* an explanation m]ely ) reg>d to ! teleology & app>5t adaptation ( organis$ bodies4 ,b we f9d t ev5 :]e !re is no organisation ! gr\nds ( explanation :i* apply to "o prov9ce ( nature _c be transf]r$ to ano!r1 b =sake u z soon z we ent] a new prov9ce1 & new fundam5tal laws appe> in/ead ( !m1 ! explanation ( :i* is by no means to be expect$ f ! laws ( ! =m] prov9ce4 ,?us 9 ! prov9ce ( ! me*anical1 prop]ly s call$1 ! laws ( gravitation1 cohesion1 rigidity1 fluidity1 & ela/icity prevail1 :i* 9 !mselves 7ap>t f my explanation ( all natural =ces z l[] grades ( ! objectification ( w7 exi/ z manife/ations ( =ces :i* _c be fur!r expla9$1 b !mselves con/itute ! pr9ciples ( all fur!r explanation1 :i* m]ely consi/s 9 r$uction to !m4 ,if we leave ?is prov9ce & come to ! ph5om5a ( *emi/ry1 ( electricity1 magnetism1 cry/allisation1 ! =m] pr9ciples are absolutely ( no use1 inde$ ! =m] laws are no long] valid1 ! =m] =ces are ov]come by o!rs1 & ! ph5om5a take place 9 direct contradiction to !m1 accord+ to new laws1 :i*1 j l ! =m] ones1 are orig9al & inexplicable1 i4e41 _c be r$uc$ to m g5]al ones4 ,?us1 = example1 no "o w ev] succe$ 9 expla9+ ev5 ! dissolv+ ( a salt 9 wat] 9 accordance ) ! laws prop] to me*anics1 mu* less ! m complicat$ ph5om5a ( *emi/ry4 ,all ?is has already be5 expla9$ at l5g? 9 ! second book ( ! pres5t "w4 ,an exposition ( ?is k9d w\ld1 z x seems to me1 h be5 ( great use 9 ! 8,critique ( ! ,teleological ,judgm5t10 & w\ld h ?r[n mu* light ^u :at is said !re4 ,su* an exposition w\ld h be5 especially fav\rable to 8 excell5t rem>k t a m pr(\nd k ( ! real be+1 ( :i* ! ?+s ( nature are ! manife/ation1 w\ld recognise bo? 9 ! me*anical 7accord+ to law7 & ! app>5tly int5tional effects ( nature "o & ! same ultimate pr9ciple1 :i* might s]ve z ! m g5]al gr\nd ( explanation ( !m bo?4 ,su* a pr9ciple ,i hope ,i h giv5 by e/abli%+ ! w z ! real ?+ 9 itself2 & 9 accordance ) x g5]ally 9 ! second book & ! supplem5ts to x1 b especially 9 my "w 8,on ! ,w 9 ,nature10 ! insight into ! inn] nature ( ! app>5t design & ( ! h>mony & agreem5t ( ! :ole ( nature has p]haps become cle>] & deep]4 ,!re=e ,i h no?+ m to say ab\t x "h4 ,! read] :om ?is criticism ( ! ,kantian philosophy int]e/s %\ld n neglect to read ! supplem5t to x :i* is giv5 9 ! second essay ( ! fir/ volume ( my 8,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a10 "u ! title 8,no* e9ige ,erlut]ung5 zur ,kantis*5 ,philosophie0 7,"s ,fur!r ,explanations ( ! ,kantian ,philosophy74 ,= x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t my writ+s1 few z !y are1 7 n compos$ all at once1 b successively1 9 ! c\rse ( a long life1 & ) long int]vals betwe5 !m4 ,accord+ly1 x mu/ n be expect$ t all ,i h said ^u "o subject %\ld /& toge!r 9 "o place4 ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,book4 8 #8,w>um will/ du di* von uns ,all5 ,und unsr] ,me9ung entf]n58' ,i* s*reibe ni*t eu* zu gefall51 ,ihr sollt 0 l]n540 --,,goe!4 ,fir/ ,half4 ,! ,doctr9e ,( ,! ,idea ,( ,p]ception4 7,to #a-g ( ! ,fir/ ,volume47 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,/&po9t ( ,idealism4 ,9 b\ndless space c\ntless %9+ sph]es1 ab\t ea* ( :i*1 & illum9at$ by its light1 !re revolve a doz5 or s ( small] ones1 hot at ! core & cov]$ ) a h>d1 cold cru/1 ^u ^: surface !re h be5 g5]at$ f a m\ldy film be+s :i* live & "k--?is is :at pres5ts itself to u 9 exp]i5ce z ! tru?1 ! real1 ! _w4 ,yet = a ?9k+ be+ x is a prec>i\s position to /& ^u "o ( ^? numb]less sph]es mov+ freely 9 b\ndless space )\t kn[+ :5ce or :i!r1 & to be only "o ( innum]able simil> be+s :o ?rong & press & toil1 ceaselessly & quickly aris+ & pass+ away 9 "t1 :i* has no beg9n+ & no end2 moreov]1 no?+ p]man5t b matt] alone & ! recurr5ce ( ! same v>i$ organis$ =ms1 by means ( c]ta9 ways & *annels :i* are !re once = all4 ,all t empirical sci5ce c tea* is only ! m exact nature & law ( ^! ev5ts4 ,b n[ at la/ mod]n philosophy especially ?r\gh ,b]keley & ,kant1 has call$ to m9d t all ?is is fir/ ( all m]ely a ph5om5on ( ! bra91 & is affect$ ) su* great1 s _m1 & su* diff]5t subjective conditions t its suppos$ absolute reality vani%es away1 & leaves room = an entirely diff]5t s*eme ( ! _w1 :i* consi/s ( :at lies at ! f\ndation ( t ph5om5on1 i4e41 :at is relat$ to x z ! ?+ 9 itself is relat$ to its m]e manife/ation4 8,! _w is my idea0 is1 l ! axioms ( ,euclid1 a proposition :i* e "o mu/ recognise z true z soon z he und]/&s x2 al?\gh x is n a proposition :i* e "o und]/&s z soon z he he>s x4 ,to h br\ght ?is proposition to cle> consci\sness1 & 9 x ! problem ( ! relation ( ! ideal & ! real1 i4e41 ( ! _w 9 ! head to ! _w outside ! head1 toge!r ) ! problem ( moral fre$om1 is ! di/9ctive feature ( mod]n philosophy4 ,= x 0 only aft] m5 _h sp5t _! lab\r = ?\s&s ( ye>s ^u a m]e philosophy ( ! object t !y discov]$ t among ! _m ?+s t make ! _w s obscure & d\btful ! fir/ & *iefe/ is ?is1 t h[ev] immeasurable & massive x may be1 its exi/5ce yet hangs by a s+le ?read2 & ?is is ! actual consci\sness 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,?is condition1 to :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! _w is irrevocably subject1 m>ks x1 9 spite ( all empirical reality1 ) ! /amp ( ideality1 & !re=e ( m]e ph5om5al appe>ance4 ,?us on "o side at lea/ ! _w mu/ be recognis$ z ak9 to dreams1 & inde$ to be classifi$ along ) !m4 ,= ! same function ( ! bra9 :i*1 dur+ sleep1 conjures up be=e u a completely objective1 p]ceptible1 & ev5 palpable _w mu/ h j z l>ge a %>e 9 ! pres5tation ( ! objective _w ( wak+ life4 ,bo? worlds1 al?\gh diff]5t z reg>ds _! matt]1 are yet cle>ly m\ld$ 9 ! "o =m4 ,?is =m is ! intellect1 ! function ( ! bra94 ,desc>tes 0 probably ! fir/ :o atta9$ to ! degree ( reflection :i* ?is fundam5tal tru? dem&s1 & consequ5tly he made x ! />t+-po9t ( 8 philosophy1 ?\gh provisionally only 9 ! =m ( a sceptical d\bt4 ,:5 he took 8 cogito ergo sum z alone c]ta91 & provisionally reg>d$ ! exi/5ce ( ! _w z problematical1 he really discov]$ ! ess5tial & only "r />t+-po9t ( all philosophy1 & at ! same "t its true f\ndation4 ,?is f\ndation is ess5tially & inevitably ! subjective1 ! individual consci\sness4 ,= ?is alone is & rema9s imm$iate2 ev]y?+ else1 :atev] x may be1 is m$iat$ & condition$ ?r\gh x1 & is !re=e dep5d5t ^u x4 ,!re=e mod]n philosophy is rightly reg>d$ z />t+ ) ,desc>tes1 :o 0 ! fa!r ( x4 ,n long aft]w>ds ,b]keley foll[$ ! same pa? fur!r1 & atta9$ to idealism prop]1 i4e41 to ! k t ! _w :i* is ext5d$ 9 space1 ?us ! objective1 mat]ial _w 9 g5]al1 exi/s z su* simply & solely 9 our idea1 & t x is false1 & inde$ absurd1 to attribute to x1 z su*1 an exi/5ce ap>t f all idea & indep5d5t ( ! kn[+ subject1 ?us to assume matt] z some?+ absolute & possess$ ( real be+ 9 itself4 ,b 8 correct & pr(\nd insight into ?is tru? really con/itutes ,b]keley's :ole philosophy2 9 x he _h exhau/$ himself4 ,?us true philosophy mu/ always be ideali/ic2 inde$1 x mu/ be s 9 ord] to be m]ely hone/4 ,= no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t no man ev] came out ( himself 9 ord] to id5tify himself directly ) ?+s :i* are diff]5t f him2 b ev]y?+ ( :i* he has c]ta91 & !re=e imm$iate1 k lies )9 8 own consci\sness4 ,beyond ?is consci\sness1 !re=e1 !re c be no imm$iate c]ta9ty2 b ! fir/ pr9ciples ( a sci5ce mu/ h su* c]ta9ty4 ,= ! empirical /&po9t ( ! o!r sci5ces x is q "r to assume ! objective _w z some?+ absolutely giv52 b n s = ! /&po9t ( philosophy1 :i* has to g back to :at is fir/ & orig9al4 ,only consci\sness is imm$iately giv52 !re=e ! basis ( philosophy is limit$ to facts ( consci\sness1 i4e41 x is ess5tially ideali/ic4 ,realism :i* comm5ds itself to ! crude und]/&+1 by ! appe>ance :i* x assumes ( be+ matt]-(-fact1 really />ts f an arbitr>y assumption1 & is !re=e an empty ca/le 9 ! air1 = x ignores or d5ies ! fir/ ( all facts1 t all t we "k lies )9 consci\sness4 ,= t ! objective exi/5ce ( ?+s is condition$ ?r\gh a subject ^: ideas !y are1 & consequ5tly t ! objective _w exi/s only z idea1 is no hypo!sis1 & /ill less a dogma1 or ev5 a p>adox set up = ! sake ( discussion2 b x is ! mo/ c]ta9 & ! simple/ tru?2 & ! k ( x is only made difficult by ! fact t x is inde$ s simple1 & t x is n e "o :o has suffici5t p[] ( reflection to g back to ! fir/ elem5ts ( 8 consci\sness ( ?+s4 ,!re c nev] be an absolute & indep5d5t objective exi/5ce2 inde$ su* an exi/5ce is q un9telligible4 ,= ! objective1 z su*1 always & ess5tially has its exi/5ce 9 ! consci\sness ( a subject1 is ?us ! idea ( ?is subject1 & consequ5tly is condition$ by x1 & also by its =ms1 ! =ms ( ! idea1 :i* dep5d ^u ! subject & n on ! object4 ,t ! objective _w w\ld exi/ ev5 if !re exi/$ no consci\s be+ c]ta9ly seems at ! fir/ blu% to be unque/ionable1 because x c be ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract1 )\t br++ to light ! contradiction :i* x c>ries )9 x4 ,b if we desire to realise ?is ab/ract ?\ght1 t is1 to r$uce x to ideas ( p]ception1 f :i* alone 7l ev]y?+ ab/ract7 x c h cont5t & tru?1 & if accord+ly we try to imag9e an objective _w )\t a kn[+ subject1 we become aw>e t :at we !n imag9e is 9 tru? ! opposite ( :at we int5d$1 is 9 fact no?+ else ?an ! process 9 ! intellect ( a kn[+ subject :o p]ceives an objective _w1 is ?us exactly :at we desir$ to exclude4 ,= ?is p]ceptible & real _w is cle>ly a ph5om5on ( ! bra92 !re=e !re lies a contradiction 9 ! assumption t z su* x ought also to exi/ indep5d5tly ( all bra9s4 ,! pr9cipal objection to ! inevitable & ess5tial ideality ( all objects1 ! objection :i*1 di/9ctly or indi/9ctly1 arises 9 e "o1 is c]ta9ly ?is3 ,my own p]son also is an object = "s "o else1 is ?us 8 idea1 & yet ,i "k c]ta9ly t ,i w\ld cont9ue to exi/ ev5 if he no long] p]ceiv$ me4 ,b all o!r objects also /& 9 ! same relation to 8 intellect z ,i d2 consequ5tly !y also w\ld cont9ue to exi/ )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by him4 ,! answ] to ?is is3 ,t o!r be+ z ^: object ,i n[ reg>d my p]son is n absolutely ! subject1 b prim>ily is a kn[+ individual4 ,!re=e1 if he no long] exi/$1 nay1 ev5 if !re exi/$ no o!r consci\s be+ except myself1 yet ! subject1 9 ^: idea alone all objects exi/1 w\ld by no means be on t acc\nt aboli%$4 ,= ,i myself inde$ am ?is subject1 z e consci\s be+ is4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! case assum$1 my p]son w\ld c]ta9ly cont9ue to exi/1 b /ill z idea1 9 my own k4 ,= ev5 by me myself x is always kn[n only indirectly1 nev] imm$iately2 because all exi/5ce z idea is indirect4 ,z object1 i4e41 z ext5d$1 occupy+ space & act+1 ,i "k my body only 9 ! p]ception ( my bra94 ,?is takes place by means ( ! s5ses1 ^u data suppli$ by :i* ! p]cipi5t und]/&+ p]=ms its function ( pass+ f effect to cause1 & !reby1 9 t ! eye sees ! body or ! h&s t\* x1 x con/ructs t ext5d$ figure :i* pres5ts itself 9 space z my body4 ,by no means1 h[ev]1 is !re directly giv5 me1 ei!r 9 "s g5]al feel+ ( bodily exi/5ce or 9 inn] self-consci\sness1 any ext5sion1 =m1 or activity1 :i* w\ld !n co9cide ) my nature itself1 :i* accord+ly1 9 ord] s to exi/1 w\ld require no o!r be+ 9 ^: k x might exhibit itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 t g5]al feel+ ( bodily exi/5ce1 & also self-consci\sness1 exi/s directly only 9 relation to ! w1 t is1 z agreeable or disagreeable1 & z active 9 ! acts ( w1 :i* = ext]nal p]ception exhibit !mselves z actions ( ! body4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! exi/5ce ( my p]son or body z some?+ ext5d$ & act+ always presupposes a kn[+ be+ di/9ct f x2 because x is ess5tially an exi/5ce 9 appreh5sion1 9 ! idea1 ?us an exi/5ce = ano!r4 ,9 fact1 x is a ph5om5on ( bra91 j z mu* :e!r ! bra9 9 :i* x exhibits itself is my own or belongs to ano!r p]son4 ,9 ! fir/ case "o's own p]son divides itself into ! kn[+ & ! kn[n1 into object & subject1 :i* "h z ev]y:]e /& oppos$ to ea* o!r1 insep>able & irreconcilable4 ,if1 !n1 my own p]son1 9 ord] to exi/ z su*1 always requires a kn[+ subject1 ?is w at lea/ z mu* hold good ( ! o!r objects = :i* x 0 ! aim ( ! above objection to v9dicate an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( k & its subject4 ,h[ev]1 x is evid5t t ! exi/5ce :i* is condition$ ?r\gh a kn[+ subject is only ! exi/5ce 9 space1 & !re=e t ( an ext5d$ & active be+4 ,?is alone is always some?+ kn[n1 & consequ5tly an exi/5ce = ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e be+ t exi/s 9 ?is way may yet h an exi/5ce = itself1 = :i* x requires no subject4 ,yet ?is exi/5ce = itself _c be ext5sion & activity 7toge!r space-occupation71 b is necess>ily a be+ ( ano!r k9d1 t ( a ?+ 9 itself1 :i*1 z su*1 c nev] be an object4 ,?is1 !n1 w\ld be ! answ] to ! lead+ objection set =? above1 :i* accord+ly does n ov]?r[ ! fundam5tal tru? t ! objectively giv5 _w c only exi/ 9 ! idea1 ?us only = a subject4 ,we h fur!r to rem>k "h t ,kant also1 s long at lea/ z he rema9$ consi/5t1 c h ?\ght no objects among 8 ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,= ?is foll[s f ! fact t he proves t space1 & also "t1 are m]e =ms ( our p]ception1 :i* consequ5tly d n belong to ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,:at is nei!r 9 space nor 9 "t c be no object2 ?us ! be+ ( ?+s 9 !mselves _c be objective1 b ( q a diff]5t k9d1 a metaphysical be+4 ,consequ5tly t ,kantian pr9ciple already involves ?is pr9ciple also1 t ! objective _w exi/s only z idea4 ,9 spite ( all t "o may say1 no?+ is s p]si/5tly & ev] anew misund]/ood z ,idealism1 because x is int]pret$ z mean+ t "o d5ies ! empirical reality ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,^u ?is re/s ! p]petual return to ! appeal to common s5se1 :i* appe>s 9 _m =ms & guises2 = example1 z an 8irresi/ible conviction0 9 ! ,scot* s*ool1 or z ,jacobi's fai? 9 ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,! ext]nal _w by no means pres5ts itself1 z ,jacobi decl>es1 ^u cr$it1 & is accept$ by u ^u tru/ & fai?4 ,x pres5ts itself z t :i* x is1 & p]=ms directly :at x promises4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,jacobi1 :o set up su* a cr$it or fai? !ory ( ! _w1 & _h ! =tune to impose x ^u a few pr(essors ( philosophy1 :o = ?irty ye>s h philosophis$ ^u ! same l9es l5g?ily & at _! ease1 is ! same man :o once d5\nc$ ,less+ z a ,sp9ozi/1 & aft]w>ds d5\nc$ ,s*ell+ z an a!i/1 & :o receiv$ f ! latt] ! well-kn[n & well-des]v$ ca/igation4 ,9 keep+ ) su* zeal1 :5 he r$uc$ ! ext]nal _w to a m]e matt] ( fai? he only wi%$ to op5 ! door to fai? 9 g5]al1 & to prep>e belief = t :i* 0 aft]w>ds really to be made a matt] ( belief2 z if1 9 ord] to introduce a pap] curr5cy1 "o %\ld seek to appeal to ! fact t ! value ( ! r++ co9 also dep5ds m]ely on ! /amp :i* ! ,/ate has set ^u x4 ,jacobi1 9 8 doctr9e t ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w is assum$ ^u fai?1 is j exactly 8! transc5d5tal reali/ :o plays ! empirical ideali/0 c5sur$ by ,kant 9 ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 fir/ edition1 p4 #cfi4 ,! true idealism1 on ! contr>y1 is n ! empirical b ! transc5d5tal4 ,?is leaves ! empirical reality ( ! _w unt\*$1 b holds fa/ to ! fact t e object1 ?us ! empirically real 9 g5]al1 is condition$ 9 a tw(old mann] by ! subject2 9 ! fir/ place mat]ially or z object g5]ally1 because an objective exi/5ce is only conceivable z oppos$ to a subject1 & z its idea2 9 ! second place =mally1 because ! mode ( exi/5ce ( an object1 i4e41 its be+ p]ceiv$ 7space1 "t1 causality71 proce$s f ! subject1 is pre-arrang$ 9 ! subject4 ,!re=e ) ! simple or ,b]keleian idealism1 :i* conc]ns ! object 9 g5]al1 !re /&s 9 imm$iate connection ! ,kantian idealism1 :i* conc]ns ! specially giv5 mode or mann] ( objective exi/5ce4 ,?is proves t ! :ole mat]ial _w1 ) its bodies1 :i* are ext5d$ 9 space &1 by means ( "t1 h causal relations to ea* o!r1 & ev]y?+ t dep5ds ^u ?is--t all ?is is n some?+ :i* is !re indep5d5tly ( our head1 b ess5tially presupposes ! functions ( our bra9 by means ( :i* & 9 :i* alone su* an objective arrangem5t ( ?+s is possible4 ,= "t1 space1 & causality1 ^u :i* all ^? real & objective ev5ts re/1 are !mselves no?+ m ?an functions ( ! bra92 s t ?us ! un*angeable ord] ( ?+s :i* af=ds ! crit]ion & clue to _! empirical reality itself proce$s only f ! bra91 & has its cr$5tials f ?is alone4 ,all ?is ,kant has exp\nd$ fully & ?or\ghly2 only he does n speak ( ! bra91 b calls x 8! faculty ( k40 ,inde$ he has attempt$ to prove t :5 t objective ord] 9 "t1 space1 causality1 matt]1 c41 ^u :i* all ! ev5ts ( ! real _w ultimately re/1 is prop]ly consid]$1 x _c ev5 be conceiv$ z a self-exi/+ ord]1 i4e41 an ord] ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 or z some?+ absolutely objective & unconditionally giv51 = if "o tries to ?9k ?is out x leads to contradictions4 ,to accompli% ?is 0 ! object ( ! ant9omies1 b 9 ! app5dix to my "w ,i h prov$ ! failure ( ! attempt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,kantian doctr9e1 ev5 )\t ! ant9omies1 leads to ! insight t ?+s & ! :ole mode ( _! exi/5ce are insep>ably b\nd up ) our consci\sness ( !m4 ,!re=e :oev] has di/9ctly grasp$ ?is soon atta9s to ! conviction t ! assumption t ?+s also exi/ z su*1 ap>t f & indep5d5tly ( our consci\sness1 is really absurd4 ,t we are s deeply involv$ 9 "t1 space1 causality1 & ! :ole regul> process ( exp]i5ce :i* re/s ^u !m1 t we 7& inde$ ! brutes7 are s p]fectly at home1 & "k h[ to f9d our way f ! fir/--?is w\ld n be possible if our intellect 7 "o ?+ & ?+s ano!r1 b c only be expla9$ f ! fact t bo? con/itute "o :ole1 ! intellect itself creates t ord]1 & exi/s only = ?+s1 :ile !y1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/ only = x4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ! deep insight1 :i* only ! ,kantian philosophy gives1 ! inadmissibility ( ! assumption ( absolute realism :i* is s ob/9ately clung to may be directly %[n1 or at lea/ made capable ( be+ felt1 by ! simple exhibition ( its mean+ 9 ! light ( su* consid]ations z ! foll[+4 ,accord+ to realism1 ! _w is suppos$ to exi/1 z we "k x1 indep5d5tly ( ?is k4 ,let u once1 !n1 remove all p]cipi5t be+s f x1 & leave only unorganis$ & vegetable nature4 ,rock1 tree1 & brook are !re1 & ! blue heav52 sun1 moon1 & />s light ?is _w1 z be=e2 yet c]ta9ly 9 va91 = !re is no eye to see x4 ,let u n[ 9 addition place 9 x a p]cipi5t be+4 ,n[ t _w pres5ts itself aga9 9 8 bra91 & repeats itself )9 x precisely z x 0 =m]ly )\t x4 ,?us to ! fir/ _w a second has be5 add$1 :i*1 al?\gh completely sep>at$ f x1 resembles x to a nicety4 ,& n[ ! subjective _w ( ?is p]ception is precisely s con/itut$ 9 subjective1 kn[n space z ! objective _w 9 objective1 inf9ite space4 ,b ! subjective _w has ?is advantage ov] ! objective1 ! k t t space1 outside !re1 is inf9ite2 inde$ x c also give be=eh& mo/ m9utely & accurately ! :ole con/itution or necess>y prop]ties ( all relations :i* are possible1 ?\gh n yet actual1 9 t space1 & does n require to exam9e !m4 ,x c tell j z mu* ) reg>d to ! c\rse ( "t1 & also ) reg>d to ! relation ( cause & effect :i* gov]ns ! *anges 9 t ext]nal _w4 ,i ?9k all ?is1 :5 closely consid]$1 turns out absurd en\gh1 & h5ce leads to ! conviction t t absolute objective _w outside ! head1 indep5d5t ( x & prior to all k1 :i* at fir/ we imag9$ ourselves to conceive1 is really no o!r ?an ! second1 ! _w :i* is kn[n subjectively1 ! _w ( idea1 z :i* alone we are actually able to conceive x4 ,?us ( its own accord ! assumption =ces itself ^u u1 t ! _w1 z we "k x1 exi/s also only = our k1 !re=e 9 ! idea alone1 & n a second "t outside ( x47#ab7 ,9 accordance1 !n1 ) ?is assumption1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 i4e41 t :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( our k & ( e k1 is to be reg>d$ z some?+ completely diff]5t f ! idea & all its attributes1 ?us f objectivity 9 g5]al4 ,:at ?is is w be ! subject ( our second book4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! reality ( ! ext]nal _w consid]$ 9 #e ( ! fir/ volume re/s ^u ! assumption1 :i* has j be5 criticis$1 ( an objective & a subjective _w bo? 9 space1 & ^u ! impossibility :i* arises 9 connection ) ?is presupposition ( a transition f "o to ! o!r1 a bridge betwe5 ! two4 ,^u ?is controv]sy ,i h /ill to add ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,! subjective & ! objective d n con/itute a cont9u\s :ole4 ,t ( :i* we are imm$iately consci\s is b\nd$ by ! sk91 or r by ! extreme ends ( ! n]ves :i* proce$ f ! c]ebral sy/em4 ,beyond ?is lies a _w ( :i* we h no k except ?r\gh pictures 9 our head4 ,n[ ! "q is1 :e!r & h[ f> !re is a _w indep5d5t ( u :i* corresponds to ^! pictures4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two c\ld only be br\ght ab\t by means ( ! law ( causality2 = ?is law alone leads f :at is giv5 to some?+ q diff]5t f x4 ,b ?is law itself has fir/ ( all to prove its validity4 ,n[ x mu/ ei!r be ( objective or ( subjective orig92 b 9 ei!r case x lies ^u "o or ! o!r side1 & !re=e _c supply ! bridge betwe5 !m4 ,if1 z ,locke & ,hume assume1 x is a po/]iori1 ?us drawn f exp]i5ce1 x is ( objective orig91 & belongs !n itself to ! ext]nal _w :i* is 9 "q4 ,!re=e x _c atte/ ! reality ( ?is _w1 = !n1 accord+ to ,locke's me?od1 causality w\ld be prov$ f exp]i5ce1 & ! reality ( exp]i5ce f causality4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is giv5 a priori1 z ,kant has m correctly taught u1 !n x is ( subjective orig91 & 9 t case x is cle> t ) x we rema9 always 9 ! subjective sph]e4 ,= all t is actually giv5 empirically 9 p]ception is ! occurr5ce ( a s5sation 9 ! organ ( s5se2 & ! assumption t ?is1 ev5 9 g5]al1 mu/ h a cause re/s ^u a law :i* is root$ 9 ! =m ( our k1 i4e41 9 ! functions ( our bra94 ,! orig9 ( ?is law is !re=e j z subjective z t ( ! s5sation itself4 ,! cause ( ! giv5 s5sation1 :i* is assum$ 9 consequ5ce ( ?is law1 pres5ts itself at once 9 p]ception z an object1 :i* has space & "t = ! =m ( its manife/ation4 ,b ^! =ms !mselves aga9 are entirely ( subjective orig92 = !y are ! mode or me?od ( our faculty ( p]ception4 ,t transition f ! s5sation to its cause :i*1 z ,i h repeat$ly po9t$ out1 lies at ! f\ndation ( all s5se-p]ception is c]ta9ly suffici5t to give u ! empirical pres5ce 9 space & "t ( an empirical object1 & is !re=e q en\gh = ! practical purposes ( life2 b x is by no means suffici5t to af=d u any conclusion z to ! exi/5ce & real nature1 or r z to ! intelligible sub/ratum1 ( ! ph5om5a :i* 9 ?is way arise = u4 ,?us t on ! occasion ( c]ta9 s5sations occurr+ 9 my organs ( s5se !re arises 9 my head a p]ception ( ?+s :i* are ext5d$ 9 space1 p]man5t 9 "t1 & causally effici5t by no means ju/ifies ! assumption t !y also exi/ 9 !mselves1 i4e41 t su* ?+s ) ^! prop]ties belong+ absolutely to !mselves exi/ indep5d5tly & outside ( my head4 ,?is is ! true outcome ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,x co9cides ) an e>li] result ( ,locke's1 :i* is j z true1 b f> m easily und]/ood4 ,= al?\gh1 z ,locke's doctr9e p]mits1 ext]nal ?+s are absolutely assum$ z ! causes ( s5sations1 yet !re c be no resemblance betwe5 ! s5sation 9 :i* ! effect consi/s & ! objective nature ( ! cause :i* occasions x4 ,= ! s5sation1 z organic function1 is prim>ily det]m9$ by ! highly artificial & complicat$ nature ( our organs ( s5se4 ,x is !re=e m]ely excit$ by ! ext]nal cause1 b is !n p]fect$ entirely 9 accordance ) its own laws1 & ?us is completely subjective4 ,locke's philosophy 0 ! criticism ( ! functions ( s5se2 ,kant has giv5 u ! criticism ( ! functions ( ! bra94 ,b to all ?is we h yet to add ! ,b]keleian result1 :i* has be5 revis$ by me1 t e object1 :atev] its orig9 may be1 is z object already condition$ by ! subject1 is 9 fact m]ely its idea4 ,! aim ( realism is inde$ ! object )\t subject2 b x is impossible ev5 to conceive su* an object di/9ctly4 ,f ?is :ole inquiry x foll[s ) c]ta9ty & di/9ctness t x is absolutely impossible to atta9 to ! compreh5sion ( ! inn] nature ( ?+s ^u ! pa? ( m]e k & p]ception4 ,= k always comes to ?+s f )\t1 & !re=e mu/ = ev] rema9 outside !m4 ,?is end w\ld only be rea*$ if we c\ld f9d ourselves 9 ! inside ( ?+s1 s t _! inn] nature w\ld be kn[n to u directly4 ,n[1 h[ f> ?is is actually ! case is consid]$ 9 my second book4 ,b s long z we are conc]n$1 z 9 ?is fir/ book1 ) objective compreh5sion1 t is1 ) k1 ! _w is1 & rema9s = u1 a m]e idea1 = "h !re is no possible pa? by :i* we c cross ov] to x4 ,b1 besides ?is1 a firm grasp ( ! po9t ( view ( idealism is a necess>y c\nt]poise to t ( mat]ialism4 ,! controv]sy conc]n+ ! real & ! ideal may also be reg>d$ z a controv]sy conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,= x is ! reality or ideality ( ?is t is ultimately 9 "q4 ,does matt]1 z su*1 exi/ only 9 our idea1 or does x also exi/ indep5d5tly ( x8 ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld be ! ?+ 9 itself2 & :oev] assumes a self-exi/5t matt] mu/ also1 consi/5tly1 be a mat]iali/1 i4e41 he mu/ make matt] ! pr9ciple ( explanation ( all ?+s4 ,:oev]1 on ! contr>y1 d5ies its exi/5ce z a ?+ 9 itself is eo ipso an ideali/4 ,among ! mod]ns only ,locke has def9itely & )\t ambiguity ass]t$ ! reality ( matt]2 & !re=e 8 tea*+ l$1 9 ! h&s ( ,condillac1 to ! s5sualism & mat]ialism ( ! ,fr5*4 ,only ,b]keley directly & )\t modifications d5ies matt]4 ,! complete anti!sis is ?us t ( idealism & mat]ialism1 repres5t$ 9 its extremes by ,b]keley & ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s 7,hollba*74 ,fi*te is n to be m5tion$ "h3 he des]ves no place among true philosoph]s2 among ^? elect ( mank9d :o1 ) deep e>ne/ness1 seek n _! own ?+s b ! tru?1 & !re=e mu/ n be confus$ ) ^? :o1 "u ?is pret5ce1 h only _! p]sonal advancem5t 9 view4 ,fi*te is ! fa!r ( ! %am philosophy1 ( ! dis+5u\s me?od :i*1 ?r\gh ambiguity 9 ! use ( words1 incompreh5sible language1 & sophi/ry1 seeks to deceive1 & tries1 moreov]1 to make a deep impression by assum+ an air ( importance--9 a ^w1 ! philosophy :i* seeks to bamboozle & humbug ^? :o desire to le>n4 ,aft] ?is me?od _h be5 appli$ by ,s*ell+1 x rea*$ its height1 z e "o kn[s1 9 ,hegel1 9 ^: h&s x develop$ into pure *>latanism4 ,b :oev] ev5 names ?is ,fi*te s]i\sly along ) ,kant %[s t he has n ev5 a dim notion ( :at ,kant is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mat]ialism also has its w>rant4 ,x is j z true t ! kn[] is a product ( matt] z t matt] is m]ely ! idea ( ! kn[]2 b x is also j z "o-sid$4 ,= mat]ialism is ! philosophy ( ! subject t =gets to take acc\nt ( itself4 ,&1 accord+ly1 z aga9/ ! ass]tion t ,i am a m]e modification ( matt]1 ?is mu/ be insi/$ ^u1 t all matt] exi/s m]ely 9 my idea2 & x is no less "r4 ,a k1 z yet obscure1 ( ^! relations seems to h be5 ! orig9 ( ! say+ ( ,plato1 8 0 7mat]ia m5dacium v]ax74 ,realism necess>ily leads1 z we h said1 to mat]ialism4 ,= if empirical p]ception gives u ?+s 9 !mselves1 z !y exi/ indep5d5tly ( our k1 exp]i5ce also gives u ! ord] ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 i4e41 ! true & sole ord] ( ! _w4 ,b ?is pa? leads to ! assumption t !re is only "o ?+ 9 itself1 matt]2 ( :i* all o!r ?+s are modifications2 = ! c\rse ( nature is "h ! absolute & only ord] ( ! _w4 ,to escape f ^! consequ5ces1 :ile realism rema9$ 9 undisput$ acceptance1 spiritualism 0 set up1 t is1 ! assumption ( a second sub/ance outside ( & along ) matt]1 an immat]ial sub/ance4 ,?is dualism & spiritualism1 equally unsupport$ by exp]i5ce & de/itute ( pro( & compreh5sibility1 0 d5i$ by ,sp9oza1 & 0 prov$ to be false by ,kant1 :o d>$ to d s because at ! same "t he e/abli%$ idealism 9 its rights4 ,= ) realism mat]ialism1 z ! c\nt]poise ( :i* spiritualism _h be5 devis$1 falls to ! gr\nd ( its own accord1 because !n matt] & ! c\rse ( nature become m]e ph5om5a1 :i* are condition$ by ! intellect1 z !y h _! exi/5ce only 9 its idea4 ,accord+ly spiritualism is ! delusive & false safegu>d aga9/ mat]ialism1 :ile ! real & true safegu>d is idealism1 :i*1 by mak+ ! objective _w dep5d5t ^u u1 gives ! ne$$ c\nt]poise to ! position ( dep5d5ce ^u ! objective _w1 9 :i* we are plac$ by ! c\rse ( nature4 ,! _w f :i* ,i "p at dea? is1 9 ano!r aspect1 only my idea4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( exi/5ce falls back into ! subject4 ,:at is prov$ is n1 z 9 spiritualism1 t ! kn[] is indep5d5t ( matt]1 b t all matt] is dep5d5t on him4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is n s easy to compreh5d or s conv5i5t to h&le z spiritualism1 ) its two sub/ances2 b 4 ,9 opposition to ! subjective />t+-po9t1 8! _w is my idea10 !re c]ta9ly /&s provisionally ) equal ju/ification ! objective />t+-po9t1 8! _w is matt]10 or 8matt] alone is absolute0 7s9ce x alone is n subject to becom+ & pass+ away71 or 8all t exi/s is matt]40 ,?is is ! />t+-po9t ( ,democritus1 ,leucippus1 & ,epicurus4 ,b1 m closely consid]$1 ! dep>ture f ! subject reta9s a real advantage2 x has ! />t by "o p]fectly ju/ifi$ /ep4 ,= consci\sness alone is ! imm$iate3 b we pass ov] ?is if we g at once to matt] & make x our />t+-po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be possible to con/ruct ! _w f matt] & its prop]ties if ^! 7 correctly1 completely1 & exhau/ively kn[n to u 7:i* is f> f be+ ! case z yet74 ,= all t has come to be has become actual ?r\gh causes1 :i* c\ld op]ate & come toge!r only by virtue ( ! fundam5tal =ces ( matt]4 ,b ^! mu/ be p]fectly capable ( demon/ration at lea/ objectively1 ev5 if subjectively we nev] atta9 to a k ( !m4 ,b su* an explanation & con/ruction ( ! _w w\ld n only h at its f\ndation ! assumption ( an exi/5ce 9 itself ( matt] 7:ile 9 tru? x is condition$ by ! subject71 b x w\ld also be oblig$ to all[ all ! orig9al qualities 9 ?is matt] to pass curr5t & rema9 absolutely inexplicable1 ?us z qualitates occult4 7,cf4 #bf1 #bg ( ! fir/ volume47 ,= matt] is only ! vehicle ( ^! =ces1 j z ! law ( causality is only ! arrang] ( _! manife/ations4 ,!re=e su* an explanation ( ! _w w\ld always rema9 m]ely relative & condition$1 prop]ly ! "w ( a physical sci5ce1 :i* at e /ep long$ = a metaphysic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is also some?+ inadequate ab\t ! subjective />t+-po9t & fir/ pr9ciple1 8! _w is my idea10 p>tly because x is "o-sid$1 s9ce ! _w is f> m ?an t 7! ?+ 9 itself1 w71 & inde$ its exi/5ce z idea is to a c]ta9 ext5t only accid5tal to x2 b p>tly also because x m]ely expresses ! fact t ! object is condition$ by ! subject1 )\t at ! same "t say+ t ! subject1 z su*1 is also condition$ by ! object4 ,= ! ass]tion1 8! subject w\ld /ill rema9 a kn[+ be+ if x _h no object1 i4e41 if x _h absolutely no idea10 is j z false z ! ass]tion ( ! crude und]/&+1 8! _w1 ! object1 w\ld /ill exi/1 ev5 if !re 7 no subject40 ,a consci\sness )\t an object is no consci\sness4 ,a ?9k+ subject has conceptions = its object2 a subject ( s5se p]ception has objects ) ! qualities correspond+ to its organisation4 ,if we rob ! subject ( all special *>act]i/ics & =ms ( its k1 all ! prop]ties ( ! object vani% also1 & no?+ rema9s b matt] )\t =m & quality1 :i* c j z little occur 9 exp]i5ce z a subject )\t ! =ms ( its k1 b :i* rema9s oppos$ to ! nak$ subject z su*1 z its reflex1 :i* c only disappe> along ) x4 ,al?\gh mat]ialism pret5ds to po/ulate no?+ m ?an ?is matt]--= in/ance1 atoms--yet x unconsci\sly adds to x n only ! subject1 b also space1 "t1 & causality1 :i* dep5d ^u special prop]ties ( ! subject4 ,! _w z idea1 ! objective _w1 has ?us1 z x 71 two poles2 ! simple kn[+ subject )\t ! =ms ( its k1 & crude matt] )\t =m & quality4 ,bo? are completely unkn[able2 ! subject because x is t :i* kn[s1 matt] because )\t =m & quality x _c be p]ceiv$4 ,yet bo? are fundam5tal conditions ( all empirical p]ception4 ,?us ! kn[+ subject1 m]ely z su*1 :i* is a presupposition ( all exp]i5ce1 /&s oppos$ z its pure c\nt]p>t to ! crude1 =mless1 & utt]ly dead 7i4e41 w-less7 matt]1 :i* is giv5 9 no exp]i5ce1 b :i* all exp]i5ce presupposes4 ,?is subject is n 9 "t1 = "t is only ! m def9ite =m ( all its ideas4 ,! matt] :i* /&s ov] aga9/ x is1 l x1 et]nal & imp]i%able1 endures ?r\gh all "t1 b is1 prop]ly speak+1 n ext5d$1 = ext5sion gives =m1 ?us x has no spatial prop]ties4 ,ev]y?+ else is involv$ 9 a con/ant process ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 :ile ^! two repres5t ! unmov$ poles ( ! _w z idea4 ,! p]man5ce ( matt] may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! reflex ( ! timelessness ( ! pure subject1 :i* is simply assum$ z ! condition ( all objects4 ,bo? belong to ph5om5a1 n to ! ?+ 9 itself1 b !y are ! framework ( ! ph5om5on4 ,bo? are arriv$ at only by ab/raction1 & are n giv5 imm$iately1 pure & = !mselves4 ,! fundam5tal error ( all sy/ems is ! failure to und]/& ?is tru?4 ,intellig5ce & matt] are correlates1 i4e41 ! "o exi/s only = ! o!r1 bo? /& & fall toge!r1 ! "o is only ! reflex ( ! o!r4 ,inde$ !y are really "o & ! same ?+ reg>d$ f two opposite po9ts ( view2 & ?is "o ?+1 ,i am "h anticipat+1 is ! manife/ation ( ! w1 or ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,consequ5tly bo? are second>y1 & !re=e ! orig9 ( ! _w is n to be s\ght 9 ei!r ( ! two4 ,b because ( _! failure to und]/& ?is1 all sy/ems 7) ! exception p]haps ( t ( ,sp9oza7 s\ght ! orig9 ( all ?+s 9 "o ( ^! two4 ,"s ( !m1 on ! "o h&1 suppose an intellig5ce1 1 z ! absolutely ,fir/ & 1 & accord+ly 9 ?is all[ an idea ( ?+s & ( ! _w to prec$e _! actual exi/5ce2 consequ5tly !y di/+ui% ! real _w f ! _w ( idea2 :i* is false4 ,!re=e matt] n[ appe>s z t ?r\gh :i* ! two are di/+ui%$1 z ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,h5ce arises ! difficulty ( procur+ ?is matt]1 ! 1 s t :5 add$ to ! m]e idea ( ! _w x may imp>t reality to x4 ,t orig9al intellig5ce mu/ n[ ei!r f9d x ready to h&1 9 :i* case x is j z mu* an absolute ,fir/ z t intellig5ce itself1 & we h !n two absolute ,fir/s1 ! & ! 2 or ! absolute intellig5ce mu/ create ?is matt] out ( no?+1 an assumption :i* our und]/&+ refuses to make1 = x is only capable ( compreh5d+ *anges 9 matt]1 & n t matt] itself %\ld come into be+ or pass away4 ,?is re/s ultimately ^u ! fact t matt] is ess5tial1 ! correlate ( ! und]/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/ems oppos$ to ^!1 :i* make ! o!r ( ! two correlates1 t is1 matt]1 ! absolute ,fir/1 suppose a matt] :i* w\ld exi/ )\t be+ p]ceiv$2 & x has be5 made suffici5tly cle> by all t has be5 said above t ?is is a direct contradiction1 = by ! exi/5ce ( matt] we always mean simply its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,b "h !y enc\nt] ! difficulty ( br++ to ?is matt]1 :i* alone is _! absolute ,fir/1 ! intellig5ce :i* is f9ally to exp]i5ce x4 ,i h %[n ?is weak side ( mat]ialism 9 #g ( ! fir/ volume4 ,= me1 on ! contr>y1 matt] & intellig5ce are insep>able correlates1 :i* exi/ only = ea* o!r1 & !re=e m]ely relatively4 ,matt] is ! idea ( ! intellig5ce2 ! intellig5ce is t 9 ^: idea alone matt] exi/s4 ,! two toge!r con/itute ! _w z idea1 :i* is j ,kant's ph5om5on1 & consequ5tly some?+ second>y4 ,:at is prim>y is t :i* manife/s itself1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* we %all aft]w>ds discov] is ! w4 ,?is is 9 itself nei!r ! p]ceiv] nor ! p]ceiv$1 b is entirely diff]5t f ! mode ( its manife/ation4 ,z a =cible conclusion ( ?is important & difficult discussion ,i %all n[ p]sonify ^! two ab/ractions1 & pres5t !m 9 a dialogue aft] ! fa%ion ( ,prabodha ,ts*&ro ,daya4 ,x may also be comp>$ ) a simil> dialogue betwe5 matt] & =m 9 ! 8,duodecim ,pr9cipia ,philosophi0 ( ,raymund ,lully1 c4 #a & #b4 ,! ,subject4 ,i am1 & besides me !re is no?+4 ,= ! _w is my idea4 ,matt]4 ,presumptu\s delusion6 ,i1 ,i am1 & besides me !re is no?+1 = ! _w is my fleet+ =m4 ,?\ art a m]e result ( a "p ( ?is =m & altoge!r accid5tal4 ,! ,subject4 ,:at insane arrogance6 ,nei!r ?\ nor ?y =m w\ld exi/ )\t me2 ye are condition$ by me4 ,:osoev] ?9ks me away1 & believes he c /ill ?9k ye !re1 is involv$ 9 gross delusion1 = y\r exi/5ce ap>t f my idea is a direct contradiction1 a mean+less =m ( words4 ,ye are simply means ye are p]ceiv$ by me4 ,my idea is ! sph]e ( y\r exi/5ce2 !re=e ,i am its fir/ condition4 ,matt]4 ,=tunately ! audacity ( y\r ass]tion w soon be put to sil5ce 9 reality & n by m]e words4 ,yet a few mom5ts & ?\ actually art no m4 ,) all ?y boa/+ ?\ ha/ sunk into no?+1 vani%$ l a %ad[1 & %>$ ! fate ( all my transitory =ms4 ,b ,i1 ,i rema91 unsca!d & undim9i%$1 f age to age1 ?r\gh inf9ite "t1 & behold un%ak5 ! play ( my *ang+ =m4 ,! ,subject4 ,?is inf9ite "t ?r\gh :i* ?\ boa/e/ t ?\ live/1 l ! inf9ite space :i* ?\ fille/1 exi/s only 9 my idea4 ,inde$ x is m]ely ! =m ( my idea :i* ,i be> complete 9 myself1 & 9 :i* ?\ exhibite/ ?yself1 :i* receives !e1 & ?r\gh :i* ?\ fir/ ( all exi/e/4 ,b ! annihilation ) :i* ?\ ?reat5e/ me t\*es me n2 7 x s1 !n w\ld/ ?\ also be annihilat$4 ,x m]ely affects ! individual1 :i* = a %ort "t is my vehicle1 & :i*1 l ev]y?+ else1 is my idea4 ,matt]4 ,& if ,i conc$e ?is1 & g s f> z to reg>d ?y exi/5ce1 :i* is yet insep>ably l9k$ to t ( ^! fleet+ individuals1 z some?+ absolute1 x yet rema9s dep5d5t ^u m9e4 ,= ?\ art subject only s f> z ?\ ha/ an object2 & ?is object ,i am4 ,i am its k]nel & cont5t1 t :i* is p]man5t 9 x1 t :i* holds x toge!r1 & )\t :i* x w\ld be z disconnect$1 z wav]+1 & unsub/antial z ! dreams & fancies ( ?y individuals1 :i* h yet borr[$ f me ev5 ! illusive cont5t !y possess4 ,! ,subject4 ,?\ do/ well to refra9 f conte/+ my exi/5ce on ! gr\nd t x is l9k$ to individuals2 =1 z insep>ably z ,i am jo9$ to !m1 ?\ art jo9$ to ?y si/]1 ,=m1 & ha/ nev] appe>$ )\t h]4 ,no eye ha? yet se5 ei!r !e or me nak$ & isolat$2 = we are bo? m]e ab/ractions4 ,x is 9 reality "o be+ t p]ceives itself & is p]ceiv$ by itself1 b ^: real be+ _c consi/ ei!r 9 p]ceiv+ or 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 s9ce ^! are divid$ betwe5 u two4 ,bo?4 ,we are1 !n1 insep>ably jo9$ toge!r z necess>y p>ts ( "o :ole1 :i* includes u bo? & exi/s ?r\gh u4 ,only a misund]/&+ c oppose u two ho/ilely to ea* o!r1 & h5ce draw ! false conclusion t ! "o conte/s ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r1 ) :i* its own exi/5ce /&s or falls4 ,?is :ole1 :i* compreh5ds bo?1 is ! _w z idea1 or ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,:5 ?is is tak5 away !re rema9s only :at is purely metaphysical1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* 9 ! second book we %all recognise z ! w4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,p]ception or ,k ,( ,! ,und]/&+4 ,) all transc5d5tal ideality ! objective _w reta9s empirical reality2 ! object is inde$ n ! ?+ 9 itself1 b z an empirical object x is real4 ,x is true t space is only 9 my head2 b empirically my head is 9 space4 ,! law ( causality c c]ta9ly nev] enable u to get quit ( idealism by build+ a bridge betwe5 ?+s 9 !mselves & our k ( !m1 & ?us c]tify+ ! absolute reality ( ! _w1 :i* exhibits itself 9 consequ5ce ( its application2 b ?is by no means does away ) ! causal relation ( objects to ea* o!r1 ?us x does n aboli% ! causal relation :i* unque/ionably exi/s betwe5 ! body ( ea* kn[+ p]son & all o!r mat]ial objects4 ,b ! law ( causality b9ds toge!r only ph5om5a1 & does n lead beyond !m4 ,) t law we are & rema9 9 ! _w ( objects1 i4e41 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 or m prop]ly ! _w ( ideas4 ,yet ! :ole ( su* a _w ( exp]i5ce is prim>ily condition$ by ! k ( a subject 9 g5]al z its necess>y presupposition1 & !n by ! special =ms ( our p]ception & appreh5sion1 ?us necess>ily belongs to ! m]ely ph5om5al1 & has no claim to pass = ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,inde$ ! subject itself 7s f> z x is m]ely ! kn[+ subject7 belongs to ! m]ely ph5om5al1 ( :i* x con/itutes ! complem5t>y half4 ,)\t application ( ! law ( causality1 h[ev]1 p]ception ( an objective _w c\ld nev] be arriv$ at2 = ?is p]ception is1 z ,i h (t5 expla9$1 ess5tially matt] ( ! intellect1 & n m]ely ( ! s5ses4 ,! s5ses af=d u m]e s5sation1 :i* is f> f be+ p]ception4 ,! "p play$ by s5sations ( ! s5ses 9 p]ception 0 di/+ui%$ by ,locke "u ! "n second>y qualities1 :i* he rightly refus$ to ascribe to ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,b ,kant1 c>ry+ ,locke's me?od fur!r1 di/+ui%$ also1 & refus$ to ascribe to ?+s 9 !mselves :at belongs to ! work+ up ( ?is mat]ial 7! s5sations7 by ! bra94 ,! result 01 t 9 ?is 0 includ$ all t ,locke _h left to ?+s 9 !mselves z prim>y qualities--ext5sion1 =m1 solidity1 c4--s t ) ,kant ! ?+ 9 itself 0 r$uc$ to a completely unkn[n quantity x4 ,) ,locke accord+ly ! ?+ 9 itself is c]ta9ly )\t col\r1 s\nd1 smell1 ta/e1 nei!r w>m nor cold1 nei!r s(t nor h>d1 nei!r smoo? nor r\gh2 yet x has /ill ext5sion & =m1 x is imp5etrable1 at re/ or 9 motion1 & has mass & numb]4 ,) ,kant1 on ! o!r h&1 x has laid aside all ^! latt] qualities also1 because !y are only possible by means ( "t1 space1 & causality1 & ^! spr+ f an intellect 7bra971 j z col\rs1 tones1 smells1 c41 orig9ate 9 ! n]ves ( ! organs ( s5se4 ,! ?+ 9 itself has ) ,kant become spaceless1 unext5d$1 & incorporeal4 ,?us :at ! m]e s5ses br+ to ! p]ception1 9 :i* ! objective _w exi/s1 /&s to :at is suppli$ by ! functions ( ! bra9 7space1 "t1 causality7 z ! mass ( ! n]ves ( s5se /& to ! mass ( ! bra91 aft] subtract+ t "p ( ! latt] :i* is fur!r appli$ to ?9k+ prop]1 i4e41 to ab/ract ideas1 & is !re=e n possess$ by ! brutes4 ,= z ! n]ves ( ! organs ( s5se imp>t to ! ph5om5al objects col\r1 s\nd1 ta/e1 smell1 temp]ature1 c41 s ! bra9 imp>ts to !m ext5sion1 =m1 imp5etrability1 ! p[] ( movem5t1 c41 9 %ort all t c only be pres5t$ 9 p]ception by means ( "t1 space1 & causality4 ,h[ small is ! %>e ( ! s5ses 9 p]ception1 comp>$ ) t ( ! intellect1 is also %[n by a comp>ison ( ! n]ve app>atus = receiv+ impressions ) t = work+ !m up4 ,! mass ( ! n]ves ( s5sation ( ! :ole ( ! organs ( s5se is v small comp>$ ) t ( ! bra91 ev5 9 ! case ( ! brutes1 ^: bra91 s9ce !y d n1 prop]ly speak+1 i4e41 9 ! ab/ract1 ?9k1 is m]ely us$ = effect+ p]ception1 & yet :5 ?is is complete1 ?us 9 ! case ( mammals1 has a v consid]able mass1 ev5 aft] ! c]ebellum1 ^: function is ! sy/ematic guidance ( movem5ts1 has be5 tak5 away4 ,t excell5t book by ,?omas ,reid1 ! 8,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d0 7fir/ edition1 #agfd2 #f? edition1 #ahaj71 z a negative pro( ( ! ,kantian tru?s1 af=ds u a v ?or\gh conviction ( ! inadequacy ( ! s5ses to produce ! objective p]ception ( ?+s1 & also ( ! non-empirical orig9 ( ! p]ception ( space & "t4 ,reid refutes ,locke's doctr9e t p]ception is a product ( ! s5ses1 by a ?or\gh & acute demon/ration t ! collective s5sations ( ! s5ses d n be> ! lea/ resemblance to ! _w z kn[n 9 p]ception1 & especially t ! five prim>y qualities ( ,locke 7ext5sion1 =m1 solidity1 movem5t1 & numb]7 absolutely c\ld n be af=d$ u by any s5sation ( ! s5ses4 ,accord+ly he gives up ! "q z to ! mode ( orig9ation & ! s\rce ( p]ception z completely insoluble2 & al?\gh altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ,kant1 he gives u1 z x 71 accord+ to ! regula falsi1 a ?or\gh pro( ( ! intellectual nature ( p]ception 7really fir/ expla9$ by me z a consequ5ce ( ! ,kantian doctr9e71 & also ( ! a priori s\rce1 discov]$ by ,kant1 ( its con/itu5t elem5ts1 space1 "t1 & causality1 f :i* ^? prim>y qualities ( ,locke fir/ proce$1 b by means ( :i* !y are easily con/ruct$4 ,?omas ,reid's book is v in/ructive & well wor? read+--t5 times m s ?an all ! philosophy toge!r t has be5 writt5 s9ce ,kant4 ,ano!r indirect pro( ( ! same doctr9e1 ?\gh 9 ! way ( error1 is af=d$ by ! ,fr5* s5sational philosoph]s1 :o1 s9ce ,condillac trod 9 ! foot/eps ( ,locke1 h lab\r$ to %[ once = all t ! :ole ( our p]ception & ?9k+ c be ref]r$ to m]e s5sations 7p5s] c'e/ s5tir71 :i*1 aft] ,locke's example1 !y call ides simples1 & ?r\gh ! m]e com+ toge!r & comp>ison ( :i* ! :ole objective _w is suppos$ to build itself up 9 our heads4 ,^! g5tlem5 c]ta9ly h des ides bi5 simples4 ,x is amus+ to see h[1 lack+ alike ! pr(undity ( ! ,g]man & ! hone/y ( ! ,engli% philosoph]1 !y turn ! poor mat]ial ( s5sation ?is way & t way1 & try to increase its importance1 9 ord] to con/ruct out ( x ! deeply significant ph5om5a ( ! _w ( p]ception & ?\ght4 ,b ! man con/ruct$ by !m w\ld necess>ily be an ,an5cephalus1 a ,tte de crapaud1 ) only organs ( s5se & )\t a bra94 ,to take only a c\ple ( ! bett] attempts ( ?is sort out ( a multitude ( o!rs1 ,i may m5tion z examples ,condorcet at ! beg9n+ ( 8 book1 8,des ,progrs de l',esprit ,huma910 & ,t\rtual on ,sight1 9 ! second volume ( ! 8,scriptures ,oph?almologici ,m9ores10 edidit ,ju/us ,radius 7#ahbh74 ,! feel+ ( ! insuffici5cy ( a purely s5sationali/ic explanation ( p]ception is 9 l mann] %[n 9 ! ass]tion :i* 0 made %ortly be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 t we n only h ideas ( ?+s call$ =? by s5sation1 b appreh5d ! ?+s !mselves directly1 al?\gh !y lie outside u--:i* is c]ta9ly inconceivable4 ,& ?is 0 n meant 9 "s ideali/ic s5se1 b 0 said f ! po9t ( view ( common realism4 ,?is ass]tion is well & po9t$ly put by ! celebrat$ ,eul] 9 8 8,lett]s to a ,g]man ,pr9cess10 vol4 ii4 p4 #fh4 ,he says3 8,i !re=e believe t ! s5sations 7( ! s5ses7 conta9 some?+ m ?an philosoph]s imag9e4 ,!y are n m]ely empty p]ceptions ( c]ta9 impressions made 9 ! bra94 ,!y d n give ! s\l m]e ideas ( ?+s1 b actually place be=e x objects :i* exi/ outside x1 al?\gh we _c conceive h[ ?is really happ5s40 ,?is op9ion is expla9$ by ! foll[+ facts4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h fully prov$1 p]ception is br\ght ab\t by application ( ! law ( causality1 ( :i* we are consci\s a priori1 yet 9 sight ! act ( ! und]/&+1 by means ( :i* we pass f ! effect to ! cause1 by no means appe>s di/9ctly 9 consci\sness2 & !re=e ! s5sation does n sep>ate itself cle>ly f ! idea :i* is con/ruct$ out ( x1 z ! raw mat]ial1 by ! und]/&+4 ,/ill less c a di/9ction betwe5 object & idea1 :i* 9 g5]al does n exi/1 appe> 9 consci\sness2 b we feel ! ?+s !mselves q directly1 & inde$ z ly+ outside u1 al?\gh x is c]ta9 t :at is imm$iate c only be ! s5sation1 & ?is is conf9$ to ! sph]e ( ! body enclos$ by our sk94 ,?is c be expla9$ f ! fact t outside u is exclusively a spatial det]m9ation4 ,b space itself is a =m ( our faculty ( p]ception1 i4e41 a function ( our bra94 ,!re=e t ext]nality to u to :i* we ref] objects1 on ! occasion ( s5sations ( sight1 is itself really )9 our heads2 = t is its :ole sph]e ( activity4 ,mu* z 9 ! !atre we see ! m\nta9s1 ! woods1 & ! sea1 b yet ev]y?+ is inside ! h\se4 ,f ?is x becomes intelligible t we p]ceive ?+s 9 ! relation ( ext]nality1 & yet 9 e respect imm$iately1 b h n )9 u an idea ( ! ?+s :i* lie outside u1 diff]5t f ^! ?+s4 ,= ?+s are 9 space1 & consequ5tly also ext]nal to u only 9 s f> z we p]ceive !m4 ,!re=e ^? ?+s :i* to ?is ext5t we p]ceive directly1 & n m]e images ( !m1 are !mselves only our ideas1 & z su* exi/ only 9 our heads4 ,!re=e we d n1 z ,eul] says1 directly p]ceive ! ?+s !mselves :i* are ext]nal to u1 b r ! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by u z ext]nal to u are only our ideas1 & consequ5tly are appreh5d$ by u imm$iately4 ,! :ole obs]vation giv5 above 9 ,eul]'s words1 & :i* is q correct1 af=ds a fre% pro( ( ,kant's ,transc5d5tal /hetic1 & ( my !ory ( p]ception :i* is f\nd$ ^u x1 z also ( idealism 9 g5]al4 ,! directness & unconsci\sness ref]r$ to above1 ) :i* 9 p]ception we make ! transition f ! s5sation to its cause1 may be illu/rat$ by an analog\s proc$ure 9 ! use ( ab/ract ideas or ?9k+4 ,:5 we read or he> we receive m]e words1 b we pass f ^! s imm$iately to ! conceptions d5ot$ by !m1 t x is z if we receiv$ ! conceptions directly2 = we are absolutely unconsci\s ( ! transition f ! words to ! conceptions4 ,!re=e x sometimes happ5s t we d n "k 9 :at language x 0 t we read some?+ ye/]day :i* we n[ rememb]4 ,yet t su* a transition always takes place becomes app>5t if x is once omitt$1 t is1 if 9 a fit ( ab/raction we read )\t ?9k+1 & !n become aw>e t we c]ta9ly h tak5 9 all ! words b no conceptions4 ,only :5 we pass f ab/ract conceptions to pictures ( ! imag9ation d we become consci\s ( ! transposition we h made4 ,fur!r1 x is really only 9 p]ception 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 t is1 9 sight1 t 9 empirical appreh5sion ! transition f ! s5sation to its cause takes place q unconsci\sly4 ,9 e o!r k9d ( s5se p]ception1 on ! contr>y1 ! transition takes place ) m or less di/9ct consci\sness2 !re=e1 9 ! case ( appreh5sion ?r\gh ! f\r co>s] s5ses1 its reality is capable ( be+ e/abli%$ z an imm$iate fact4 ,?us 9 ! d>k we feel a ?+ = a long "t on all sides until f ! diff]5t effects ^u our h&s we are able to con/ruct its def9ite =m z _! cause4 ,fur!r1 if some?+ feels smoo? we sometimes reflect :e!r we may n h fat or oil ^u our h&s2 & aga91 if some?+ feels cold we ask ourselves :e!r x may n be t we h v w>m h&s4 ,:5 we he> a s\nd we sometimes d\bt :e!r x 0 really an affection ( our s5se ( he>+ f )\t or m]ely an inn] affection ( x2 !n :e!r x s\nd$ ne> & weak or f> (f & /rong1 !n f :at direction x came1 & f9ally :e!r x 0 ! voice ( a man or ( a brute1 or ! s\nd ( an in/rum5t2 ?us we inve/igate ! cause ( ea* effect we exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! case ( smell & ta/e unc]ta9ty z to ! objective nature ( ! cause ( ! effect felt is ( ! commone/ occurr5ce1 s di/9ctly are ! two sep>at$ "h4 ,! fact t 9 sight ! transition f ! effect to ! cause occurs q unconsci\sly1 & h5ce ! illusion arises t ?is k9d ( p]ception is p]fectly direct1 & consi/s simply 9 ! s5sation alone )\t any op]ation ( ! und]/&+--?is has its explanation p>tly 9 ! great p]fection ( ! organ ( vision1 & p>tly 9 ! exclusively rectil9eal action ( light4 ,on acc\nt ( ! latt] circum/ance ! impression itself leads directly to ! place ( ! cause1 & s9ce ! eye is capable ( p]ceiv+ ) ! greate/ exactness & at a glance all ! f9e di/9ctions ( light & %ade1 col\r & outl9e1 & also ! data 9 accordance ) :i* ! und]/&+ e/imates di/ance1 x ?us happ5s t 9 ! case ( impressions ( ?is s5se ! op]ation ( ! und]/&+ takes place ) su* rapidity & c]ta9ty t we are j z little consci\s ( x z ( spell+ :5 we read4 ,h5ce arises ! delusion t ! s5sation itself pres5ts u directly ) ! objects4 ,yet x is j 9 sight t ! op]ation ( ! und]/&+1 consi/+ 9 ! k ( ! cause f ! effect1 is mo/ significant4 ,by means ( x :at is felt d\bly1 ) two eyes1 is p]ceiv$ z s+le2 by means ( x ! impression :i* /rikes ! ret9a upside d[n1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cross+ ( ! rays 9 ! pupils1 is put "r by foll[+ back ! cause ( ?is 9 ! same direction1 or z we express ourselves1 we see ?+s upright al?\gh _! image 9 ! eye is rev]s$2 & f9ally by means ( ! op]ation ( ! und]/&+ magnitude & di/ance are e/imat$ by u 9 direct p]ception f five diff]5t data1 :i* are v cle>ly & beautifully describ$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,reid4 ,i exp\nd$ all ?is1 & also ! pro(s :i* irrefutably e/abli% ! intellectual nature ( p]ception1 z long ago z #ahaf1 9 my essay 8,on ,sight & ,col\r0 7second edition1 #ahed2 ?ird edition1 #ahgj71 & ) important additions fifte5 ye>s lat] 9 ! revis$ ,lat9 v]sion ( x :i* is giv5 "u ! title1 8,!oria ,colorum ,physiologica ,eademque ,prim>ia10 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! 8,scriptores ,oph?almologici ,m9ores10 publi%$ by ,ju/us ,radius 9 #ahcj2 yet mo/ fully & ?or\ghly 9 ! second 7& ?ird7 edition ( my essay 8,on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason10 #ba4 ,!re=e on ?is important subject ,i ref] to ^! works1 s z n to ext5d unduly ! pres5t exposition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an obs]vation :i* tr5*es on ! prov9ce ( /hetics may f9d its place "h4 ,x foll[s f ! prov$ intellectual nature ( p]ception t ! sight ( beautiful objects--= example1 ( a beautiful view--is also a ph5om5on ( ! bra94 ,its purity & complet5ess1 !re=e1 dep5ds n m]ely on ! object1 b also ^u ! quality ( ! bra91 its =m & size1 ! f95ess ( its texture1 & ! /imulation ( its activity by ! /r5g? ( ! pulse ( ! art]ies :i* supply x4 ,accord+ly ! same view appe>s 9 diff]5t heads1 ev5 :5 ! eyes are equally acute1 z diff]5t z1 = example1 ! fir/ & la/ impressions ( a copp] plate t has be5 mu* us$4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! diff]5ce ( capacity = enjoy+ natural beauty1 & consequ5tly also = reproduc+ x1 i4e41 = occasion+ a simil> ph5om5on ( ! bra9 by means ( an entirely diff]5t k9d ( cause1 ! arrangem5t ( col\rs on a canvas4 ,! app>5t imm$iacy ( p]ception1 dep5d+ on its entire intellectuality1 by virtue ( :i*1 z ,eul] says1 we appreh5d ! ?+ itself1 & z ext]nal to u1 f9ds an analogy 9 ! way 9 :i* we feel ! p>ts ( our own bodies1 especially :5 !y suff] pa91 :i* :5 we d feel !m is g5]ally ! case4 ,j z we imag9e t we p]ceive ?+s :]e !y are1 :ile ! p]ception really takes place 9 ! bra91 we believe t we feel ! pa9 ( a limb 9 ! limb itself1 :ile 9 reality x also is felt 9 ! bra91 to :i* x is conduct$ by ! n]ve ( ! affect$ "p4 ,!re=e1 only ! affections ( ^? p>ts ^: n]ves g to ! bra9 are felt1 & n ^? ( ! p>ts ^: n]ves belong to ! sympa!tic sy/em1 unless x be t an unusually /rong affection ( ^! p>ts p5etrates by "s r\ndab\t way to ! bra91 :]e yet = ! mo/ "p x only makes itself kn[n z a dull s5se ( discom=t1 & always )\t def9ite det]m9ation ( its locality4 ,h5ce1 also1 x is t we d n feel injuries to a limb ^: n]ve-trunk has be5 sev]$ or ligatur$4 ,& h5ce1 f9ally1 ! man :o has lo/ a limb /ill sometimes feels pa9 9 x1 because ! n]ves :i* g to ! bra9 are /ill !re4 ,?us1 9 ! two ph5om5a "h comp>$1 :at goes on 9 ! bra9 is appreh5d$ z outside ( x2 9 ! case ( p]ception1 by means ( ! und]/&+1 :i* ext5ds its feel]s into ! out] _w2 9 ! case ( ! feel+ ( our limbs1 by means ( ! n]ves4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ,! ,s5ses4 ,x is n ! object ( my writ+s to repeat :at has be5 said by o!rs1 & !re=e ,i only make "h "s special rem>ks ( my own on ! subject ( ! s5ses4 ,! s5ses are m]ely ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! bra9 receives f )\t 79 ! =m ( s5sations7 ! mat]ials :i* x works up into ideas ( p]ception4 ,^? s5sations :i* pr9cipally s]ve = ! objective compreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w mu/ 9 !mselves be nei!r agreeable nor disagreeable4 ,?is really means t !y mu/ leave ! w entirely unaffect$4 ,o!rwise ! s5sation itself w\ld attract our att5tion1 & we w\ld rema9 at ! effect in/ead ( pass+ to ! cause1 :i* is :at is aim$ at "h4 ,= x w\ld br+ ) x t m>k$ sup]iority1 z reg>ds our consid]ation1 :i* ! w always has ov] ! m]e idea1 to :i* we only turn :5 ! w is sil5t4 ,!re=e col\rs & s\nds are 9 !mselves1 & s long z _! impression does n pass ! normal degree1 nei!r pa9ful nor pleasurable s5sations1 b appe> ) ! indiff]5ce t fits !m to be ! mat]ial ( pure objective p]ception4 ,?is is z f> ! case z 0 possible 9 a body :i* is 9 itself ?r\gh & ?r\gh w2 & j 9 ?is respect x is wor?y ( admiration4 ,physiologically x re/s ^u ! fact t 9 ! organs ( ! nobl] s5ses1 ?us 9 sight & he>+1 ! n]ves :i* h to receive ! specific outw>d impression are q insusceptible to any s5sation ( pa91 & "k no o!r s5sation ?an t :i* is specifically peculi> to !m1 & :i* s]ves ! purpose ( m]e appreh5sion4 ,?us ! ret9a1 z also ! optic n]ve1 is ins5sible to e injury2 & ?is is also ! case ) ! n]ve ( he>+4 ,9 bo? organs pa9 is only felt 9 _! o!r p>ts1 ! surr\nd+s ( ! n]ve ( s5se :i* is peculi> to !m1 nev] 9 ?is n]ve itself4 ,9 ! case ( ! eye su* pa9 is felt pr9cipally 9 ! conjunctiva2 9 ! case ( ! e>1 9 ! meatus auditorius4 ,ev5 ) ! bra9 ?is is ! case1 = if x is cut into directly1 ?us f above1 x has no feel+4 ,?us only on acc\nt ( ?is indiff]5ce ) reg>d to ! w :i* is peculi> to !m are ! s5sations ( ! eye capable ( supply+ ! und]/&+ ) su* multif>i\s & f9ely di/+ui%$ data1 out ( :i* x con/ructs 9 our head ! m>vell\s objective _w1 by ! application ( ! law ( causality ^u ! f\ndation ( ! pure p]ceptions ( space & "t4 ,j t fre$om f affect+ ! w :i* is *>act]i/ic ( s5sations ( col\r enables !m1 :5 _! en]gy is height5$ by transp>5cy1 z 9 ! gl[ ( an ev5+ sky1 9 pa9t$ glass1 & ! l1 to raise u v easily into ! /ate ( pure objective w-less p]ception1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n 9 my ?ird book1 is "o ( ! *ief con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! /hetic impression4 ,j ?is indiff]5ce ) reg>d to ! w fits s\nds to supply ! mat]ial = d5ot+ ! inf9ite multiplicity ( ! conceptions ( ! reason4 ,out] s5se1 t is1 receptivity = ext]nal impressions z pure data = ! und]/&+1 is divid$ into five s5ses1 & ^! accommodate !mselves to ! f\r elem5ts1 i4e41 ! f\r /ates ( aggregation1 toge!r ) t ( impond]ability4 ,?us ! s5se = :at is firm 7e>?7 is t\*2 = :at is fluid 7wat]71 ta/e2 = :at is 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 i4e41 volatile 7vap\r1 exhalation71 smell2 = :at is p]man5tly ela/ic 7air71 he>+2 = :at is impond]able 7fire1 light71 sight4 ,! second impond]able1 heat1 is n prop]ly an object ( ! s5ses1 b ( g5]al feel+1 & !re=e always affects ! w directly1 z agreeable or disagreeable4 ,f ?is classification !re also foll[s ! relative dignity ( ! s5ses4 ,sight has ! highe/ rank1 because its sph]e is ! wide/ & its susceptibility ! f9e/4 ,?is re/s ^u ! fact t :at affects x is an impond]able1 t is1 some?+ :i* is sc>cely corporeal1 b is quasi spiritual4 ,he>+ has ! second place1 correspond+ to air4 ,h[ev]1 t\* is a m ?or\gh & well-in=m$ s5se4 ,= :ile ea* ( ! o!r s5ses gives u only an entirely "o-sid$ relation to ! object1 z its s\nd1 or its relation to light1 t\*1 :i* is closely b\nd up ) g5]al feel+ & muscul> p[]1 supplies ! und]/&+ ) ! data at once = ! =m1 magnitude1 h>dness1 s(tness1 texture1 firmness1 temp]ature1 & weight ( bodies1 & all ?is ) ! lea/ possibility ( illusion & deception1 to :i* all ! o!r s5ses are f> m subject4 ,! two l[e/ s5ses1 smell & ta/e1 are no long] free f a direct affection ( ! w1 t is1 !y are always agreeably or disagreeably affect$1 & are !re=e m subjective ?an objective4 ,s5sations ( he>+ are exclusively 9 "t1 & !re=e ! :ole nature ( music consi/s 9 degrees ( "t1 ^u :i* dep5ds bo? ! quality or pit* ( tones1 by means ( vibrations1 & also _! quantity or duration1 by means ( "t4 ,! s5sations ( sight1 on ! o!r h&1 are prim>ily & pr9cipally 9 space2 b second>ily1 by reason ( _! duration1 !y are also 9 "t4 ,sight is ! s5se ( ! und]/&+ :i* p]ceives2 he>+ is ! s5se ( ! reason :i* ?9ks & appreh5ds4 ,words are only imp]fectly repres5t$ by visible signs2 & !re=e ,i d\bt :e!r a deaf & dumb man1 :o c read1 b has no idea ( ! s\nd ( ! words1 works z quickly 9 ?9k+ ) ! m]e visible signs ( conceptions z we d ) ! real1 i4e41 ! audible words4 ,if he _c read1 x is well kn[n t he is almo/ l an irrational animal1 :ile ! man born bl9d is f ! fir/ a ?or\ghly rational be+4 ,sight is an active1 he>+ a passive s5se4 ,!re=e s\nds affect our m9d 9 a di/urb+ & ho/ile mann]1 & inde$ !y d s ! m 9 proportion z ! m9d is active & develop$2 !y di/ract all ?\ghts & in/antly de/roy ! p[] ( ?9k+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no analog\s di/urbance ?r\gh ! eye1 no direct effect ( :at is se51 z su*1 ^u ! activity ( ?\ght 7= naturally we are n speak+ "h ( ! influ5ce :i* ! objects look$ at h ^u ! w72 b ! mo/ v>i$ multitude ( ?+s be=e our eyes admits ( entirely unh9d]$ & quiet ?\ght4 ,!re=e ! ?9k+ m9d lives at peace ) ! eye1 b is always at w> ) ! e>4 ,?is opposition ( ! two s5ses is also confirm$ by ! fact t if deaf & dumb p]sons are cur$ by galvanism !y become deadly pale ) t]ror at ! fir/ s\nds !y he> 7,gilb]t's 8,annal5 d] ,physik10 vol4 x4 p4 #chb71 :ile bl9d p]sons1 on ! contr>y1 :o h be5 op]at$ ^u1 behold ) ec/asy ! fir/ light1 & unwill+ly all[ ! b&ages to be put ov] _! eyes aga94 ,all t has be5 said1 h[ev]1 c be expla9$ f ! fact t he>+ takes place by means ( a me*anical vibration ( ! n]ve ( he>+ :i* is at once transmitt$ to ! bra91 :ile see+1 on ! o!r h&1 is a real action ( ! ret9a :i* is m]ely /imulat$ & call$ =? by light & its modifications2 z ,i h %[n at l5g? 9 my physiological !ory ( col\rs4 ,b ?is :ole opposition /&s 9 direct conflict ) t col\r$-e!r1 drum-beat+ !ory :i* is n[ ev]y:]e unblu%+ly s]v$ up1 & :i* seeks to degrade ! eye's s5sation ( light to a me*anical vibration1 su* z prim>ily t ( he>+ actually is1 :ile no?+ c be m diff]5t ?an ! /ill1 g5tle effect ( light & ! al>m-drum ( he>+4 ,if we add to ?is ! rem>kable circum/ance t al?\gh we he> ) two e>s1 ! s5sibility ( :i* is (t5 v diff]5t1 yet we nev] he> a s\nd d\ble1 z we (t5 see ?+s d\ble ) our two eyes1 we are l$ to ! conjecture t ! s5sation ( he>+ does n arise 9 ! labyr9? or 9 ! co*lea1 b deep 9 ! bra9 :]e ! two n]ves ( he>+ meet1 & ?us ! impression becomes simple4 ,b ?is is :]e ! pons ,v>olii encloses ! m$ulla oblongata1 ?us at ! absolutely le?al spot1 by ! injury ( :i* e animal is in/antly kill$1 & f :i* ! n]ve ( he>+ has only a %ort c\rse to ! labyr9?1 ! seat ( ac\/ic vibration4 ,n[ x is j because its s\rce is "h1 9 ?is dang]\s place1 9 :i* also all movem5t ( ! limbs orig9ates1 t we />t at a sudd5 noise2 :i* does n occur 9 ! lea/ degree :5 we sudd5ly see a light2 = example1 a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! optic n]ve1 on ! contr>y1 proce$s f its ?alami mu* fur!r =w>d 7?\gh p]haps its s\rce lies beh9d !m71 & ?r\gh\t its c\rse is cov]$ by ! ant]ior lobes ( ! bra91 al?\gh always sep>at$ f !m till1 hav+ ext5d$ q out ( ! bra91 x is spread out 9 ! ret9a1 ^u :i*1 on /imulation by light1 ! s5sation fir/ arises1 & :]e x is really localis$4 ,?is is %[n 9 my essay ^u sight & col\r4 ,?is orig9 ( ! auditory n]ve expla9s1 !n1 ! great di/urbance :i* ! p[] ( ?9k+ suff]s f s\nd1 on acc\nt ( :i* ?9k+ m51 & 9 g5]al all p ( mu* intellect1 are )\t exception absolutely incapable ( endur+ any noise4 ,= x di/urbs ! con/ant /ream ( _! ?\ghts1 int]rupts & p>alyses _! ?9k+1 j because ! vibration ( ! auditory n]ve ext5ds s deep into ! bra91 ! :ole mass ( :i* feels ! oscillations set up ?r\gh ?is n]ve1 & vibrates along ) !m1 & because ! bra9s ( su* p]sons are m easily mov$ ?an ^? ( ord9>y m54 ,on ! same read9ess to be set 9 motion1 & capacity = transmission1 :i* *>act]ises _! bra9s dep5ds ! fact t 9 ! case ( p]sons l ^! e ?\ght calls =? s readily all ^? analog\s or relat$ to x :]eby ! simil>ities1 analogies1 & relations ( ?+s 9 g5]al come s quickly & easily into _! m9ds2 t ! same occasion :i* millions ( ord9>y m9ds h exp]i5c$ be=e br+s !m to ! ?\ght1 to ! discov]y1 t o!r p are subsequ5tly surpris$ !y did n rea* !mselves1 = !y c]ta9ly c ?9k aft]w>ds1 b !y _c ?9k be=e4 ,?us ! sun %one on all /atues1 b only ! /atue ( ,memnon gave =? a s\nd4 ,= ?is reason ,kant1 ,g!1 & ,jean ,paul 7 highly s5sitive to e noise1 z _! biograph]s be> witness47#ac7 ,g! 9 8 la/ ye>s b\ght a h\se :i* _h fall5 into disrepair close to 8 own1 simply 9 ord] t he might n h to endure ! noise t w\ld be made 9 repair+ x4 ,?us x 0 9 va9 t 9 8 y\? he foll[$ ! drum 9 ord] to h>d5 himself aga9/ noise4 ,x is n a matt] ( cu/om4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! truly /oical indiff]5ce to noise ( ord9>y m9ds is a/oni%+4 ,no noise di/urbs !m 9 _! ?9k+1 read+1 writ+1 or o!r occupations1 :ile ! f9] m9d is r5d]$ q incapable by x4 ,b j t :i* makes !m s ins5sible to noise ( e k9d makes !m also ins5sible to ! beautiful 9 pla/ic art1 & to deep ?\ght or f9e expression 9 lit]>y art2 9 %ort1 to all t does n t\* _! p]sonal int]e/s4 ,! foll[+ rem>k ( ,li*t5b]g's applies to ! p>alys+ effect :i* noise has ^u highly intellectual p]sons3 8,x is always a good sign :5 an arti/ c be h9d]$ by trifles f ex]cis+ 8 art4 ,f---- us$ to /ick 8 f+]s into sulphur if he wi%$ to play ! piano4444 ,su* ?+s d n int]f]e ) ! av]age m9d2444 x acts l a co>se sieve0 7,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 vol4 i4 p4 #cih74 ,i h long really held ! op9ion t ! am\nt ( noise :i* any "o c be> undi/urb$ /&s 9 inv]se proportion to 8 m5tal capacity1 & !re=e may be reg>d$ z a pretty fair measure ( x4 ,!re=e1 if ,i he> ! dogs b>k+ = h\rs toge!r 9 ! c\rt ( a h\se )\t be+ /opp$1 ,i "k :at to ?9k ( ! intellectual capacity ( ! inhabitants4 ,! man :o habitually slams ! door ( a room1 in/ead ( %utt+ x ) 8 h&1 or all[s ?is to g on 9 8 h\se1 is n only ill-br$1 b is also a co>se & dull-m9d$ fell[4 ,t 9 ,engli% 8s5sible0 also means gift$ ) und]/&+ is bas$ ^u accurate & f9e obs]vation4 ,we %all only become q civilis$ :5 ! e>s are no long] unprotect$1 & :5 x %all no long] be ! "r ( ev]ybody to sev] ! consci\sness ( ea* ?9k+ be+1 9 its c\rse ( a ?\s& /eps1 ) :i/l+1 h[l+1 bell[+1 hamm]+1 :ip-crack+1 b>k+1 c4 c4 ,! ,syb>ites bani%$ all noisy trades )\t ! t[n2 ! hon\rable sect ( ! ,%ak]s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica p]mit no unnecess>y noise 9 _! villages1 & ! ,moravians h a simil> rule4 ,some?+ m is said ^u ?is subject 9 ! ?irtie? *apt] ( ! second volume ( ! 8,p>]ga40 ,! effect ( music ^u ! m9d1 s p5etrat+1 s direct1 s unfail+1 may be expla9$ f ! passive nature ( he>+ :i* has be5 discuss$2 also ! aft] effect :i* sometimes foll[s x1 & :i* consi/s 9 a specially elevat$ frame ( m9d4 ,! vibrations ( ! tones foll[+ 9 rationally comb9$ num]ical relations set ! fibre ( ! bra9 itself 9 simil> vibration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! active nature ( sight1 oppos$ z x is to ! passive nature ( he>+1 makes x intelligible :y !re c be no?+ analog\s to music = ! eye1 & ! piano ( col\rs 0 an absurd mi/ake4 ,fur!r1 x is j on acc\nt ( ! active nature ( ! s5se ( sight t x is rem>kably acute 9 ! case ( bea/s t hunt1 i4e41 bea/s ( prey1 :ile conv]sely ! passive s5se ( he>+ is specially acute 9 ^? bea/s t are hunt$1 t flee1 & are timid1 s t x may give !m timely w>n+ ( ! pursu] t is ru%+ or creep+ ^u !m4 ,j z we h recognis$ 9 sight ! s5se ( ! und]/&+1 & 9 he>+ ! s5se ( ! reason1 s we might call smell ! s5se ( ! memory1 because x recalls to u m directly ?an any o!r ! specific impression ( an ev5t or a sc5e ev5 f ! mo/ di/ant pa/4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,on ,k ,a ,priori4 ,f ! fact t we are able spontane\sly to assign & det]m9e ! laws ( relations 9 space )\t hav+ rec\rse to exp]i5ce1 ,plato concludes 7,m5o1 p4 #cec1 ,bip47 t all le>n+ is m]e recollection4 ,kant1 on ! o!r h&1 concludes t space is subjectively condition$1 & m]ely a =m ( ! faculty ( k4 ,h[ f>1 9 ?is reg>d1 does ,kant /& above ,plato6 ,cogito1 ergo sum1 is an analytical judgm5t4 ,inde$ ,p>m5ides held x to be an id5tical judgm5t3 8 0 7nam intellig]e et esse idem e/1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom41 vi4 #b1 #bc74 ,z su*1 h[ev]1 or inde$ ev5 z an analytical judgm5t1 x _c conta9 any special wisdom2 nor yet if1 to g /ill deep]1 we seek to d$uce x z a conclusion f ! major premise1 non-entis nulla sunt prdicata4 ,b ) ?is proposition :at ,desc>tes really wi%$ to express 0 ! great tru? t imm$iate c]ta9ty belongs only to self-consci\sness1 to :at is subjective4 ,to :at is objective1 on ! o!r h&1 ?us to ev]y?+ else1 only indirect c]ta9ty belongs2 = x is arriv$ at ?r\gh self-consci\sness2 & be+ ?us m]ely at second h&1 x is to be reg>d$ z problematical4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! value ( ?is celebrat$ proposition4 ,z its opposite we may set up1 9 ! s5se ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 cogito1 ergo e/1 t is1 exactly z ,i ?9k c]ta9 relations 9 ?+s 7! ma!matical71 !y mu/ always occur 9 all possible exp]i5ce2--?is 0 an important1 pr(\nd1 & a late app]u1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ! problem z to ! possibility ( syn!tic judgm5ts a priori1 & has actually op5$ up ! way to a deep] k4 ,?is problem is ! wat*word ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 z ! =m] proposition is t ( ! ,c>tesian1 & %[s 4 ,kant v fitly places 8 inve/igations conc]n+ "t & space at ! head ( all ! re/4 ,= to ! speculative m9d ^! que/ions pres5t !mselves be=e all o!rs3 :at is "t8--:at is ?is t consi/s ( m]e movem5t1 )\t any?+ t moves x8--& :at is space8 ?is omnipres5t no?+1 out ( :i* no?+ t exi/s c escape )\t ceas+ to be any?+ at all8 ,t "t & space dep5d on ! subject1 are ! mode 9 :i* ! process ( objective app]ception is br\ght ab\t 9 ! bra91 has already a suffici5t pro( 9 ! absolute impossibility ( ?9k+ away "t & space1 :ile we c v easily ?9k away ev]y?+ t is pres5t$ 9 !m4 ,! h& c leave g ( ev]y?+ except itself4 ,h[ev]1 ,i wi% "h to illu/rate by a few examples & d$uctions ! m exact pro(s ( ?is tru? :i* are giv5 by ,kant1 n = ! purpose ( refut+ /upid objections1 b = ! use ( ^? :o may h to exp\nd ,kant's doctr9e 9 future4 8,a "r-angl$ equilat]al triangle0 conta9s no logical contradiction2 = ! pr$icates d n by any means cancel ! subject1 nor are !y inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r4 ,x is only :5 _! object is con/ruct$ 9 pure p]ception t ! impossibility ( _! union 9 x appe>s4 ,n[ if on ?is acc\nt we 7 to reg>d ?is z a contradiction1 !n s w\ld e physical impossibility1 only discov]$ to be su* aft] ! lapse ( c5turies1 be a contradiction2 = example1 ! composition ( a metal f its elem5ts1 or a mammal ) m or few] ?an sev5 c]vical v]tebra17#ad7 or horns & upp] incisors 9 ! same animal4 ,b only logical impossibility is a contradiction1 n physical1 & j z little ma!matical4 ,equilat]al & rectangl$ d n contradict ea* o!r 7!y coexi/ 9 ! squ>e71 nor does ei!r ( !m contradict a triangle4 ,!re=e ! incompatibility ( ! above conceptions c nev] be kn[n by m]e ?9k+1 b is only discov]$ by p]ception--m]ely m5tal p]ception1 h[ev]1 :i* requires no exp]i5ce1 no real object4 ,we %\ld also ref] "h to ! proposition ( ,giordano ,bruno1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ,ari/otle3 8,an inf9itely l>ge body is necess>ily immovable0--a proposition :i* _c re/ ei!r ^u exp]i5ce or ^u ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 s9ce x speaks ( ?+s :i* _c occur 9 any exp]i5ce1 & ! conceptions 8inf9itely l>ge0 & 8movable0 d n contradict ea* o!r2 b x is only pure p]ception t in=ms u t motion dem&s a space outside ! body1 :ile its inf9ite size leaves no space ov]4 ,suppose1 n[1 x %\ld be object$ to ! fir/ ma!matical example t x is only a "q ( h[ complete a conception ( a triangle ! p]son judg+ has3 if ! conception is q complete x w also conta9 ! impossibility ( a triangle be+ rectangul> & also equilat]al4 ,! answ] to ?is is3 assume t 8 conception is n s complete1 yet )\t rec\rse to exp]i5ce he c1 by ! m]e con/ruction ( ! triangle 9 8 imag9ation1 ext5d 8 conception ( x & conv9ce himself = ev] ( ! impossibility ( ?is comb9ation ( ^! conceptions4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is a syn!tic judgm5t a priori1 t is1 a judgm5t ?r\gh :i*1 indep5d5tly ( all exp]i5ce1 & yet ) validity = all exp]i5ce1 we =m & p]fect our conceptions4 ,=1 9 g5]al1 :e!r a giv5 judgm5t is analytical or syn!tical c only be det]m9$ 9 ! p>ticul> case accord+ z ! conception ( ! subject 9 ! m9d ( ! p]son judg+ is m or less complete4 ,! conception 8cat0 conta9s 9 ! m9d ( a ,cuvi] a hundr$ times m ?an 9 t ( 8 s]vant2 !re=e ! same judgm5ts ab\t x w be syn!tical = ! latt]1 & only analytical = ! =m]4 ,b if we take ! conceptions objectively1 & n[ wi% to decide :e!r a giv5 judgm5t is analytical or syn!tical1 we mu/ *ange ! pr$icate into its contradictory opposite1 & apply ?is to ! subject )\t a copula4 ,if ?is gives a contradictio 9 adjecto1 !n ! judgm5t 0 analytical2 o!rwise x 0 syn!tical4 ,t ,ari?metic re/s on ! pure intuition or p]ception ( "t is n s evid5t z t ,geometry is bas$ ^u t ( space47#ae7 ,x c be prov$1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,all c\nt+ consi/s 9 ! repeat$ affirmation ( unity4 ,only = ! purpose ( always kn[+ h[ (t5 we h already affirm$ unity d we m>k x ea* "t ) ano!r ^w3 ^! are ! num]als4 ,n[ repetition is only possible ?r\gh succession4 ,b succession1 t is1 be+ aft] "o ano!r1 dep5ds directly ^u ! intuition or p]ception ( "t4 ,x is a conception :i* c only be und]/ood by means ( ?is2 & ?us c\nt+ also is only possible by means ( "t4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( all c\nt+ ^u "t is also betray$ by ! fact t 9 all languages multiplication is express$ by 8"t10 ?us by a "t-concept3 sexies1 1 six fois1 sex mal4 ,b simple c\nt+ is already a multiplication by "o1 & = ?is reason 9 ,pe/alozzi's educational e/abli%m5t ! *ildr5 are always made to multiply ?us3 8,two times two is f\r times "o40 ,ari/otle already recognis$ ! close relation%ip ( numb] & "t1 & exp\nd$ x 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! f\r? book ( ! 8,physics40 ,"t is = him 8! numb] ( motion0 78 074 ,he v pr(\ndly sugge/s ! "q :e!r "t c\ld be if ! s\l 7 n1 & answ]s x 9 ! negative4 ,if ari?metic _h n ?is pure intuition or p]ception ( "t at its f\ndation1 x w\ld be no sci5ce a priori1 & !re=e its propositions w\ld n h infallible c]ta9ty4 ,al?\gh "t1 l space1 is ! =m ( k ( ! subject1 yet1 j l space1 x pres5ts itself z indep5d5t ( ! subject & completely objective4 ,aga9/ our w1 or )\t our k1 x goes fa/ or sl[4 ,we ask :at o'clock x is2 we inve/igate "t1 z if x 7 some?+ q objective4 ,& :at is ?is objective exi/5ce8 ,n ! progress ( ! />s1 or ( ! clocks1 :i* m]ely s]ve to measure ! c\rse ( "t itself1 b x is some?+ diff]5t f all ?+s1 & yet1 l !m1 indep5d5t ( our w & k4 ,x exi/s only 9 ! heads ( p]cipi5t be+s1 b ! uni=mity ( its c\rse & its indep5d5ce ( ! w give x ! au?ority ( objectivity4 ,"t is prim>ily ! =m ( inn] s5se4 ,anticipat+ ! foll[+ book1 ,i rem>k t ! only object ( inn] s5se is ! individual w ( ! kn[+ subject4 ,"t is !re=e ! =m by means ( :i* self-consci\sness becomes possible = ! individual w1 :i* orig9ally & 9 itself is )\t k4 ,9 x ! nature ( ! w1 :i* 9 itself is simple & id5tical1 appe>s drawn out into a c\rse ( life4 ,b j on acc\nt ( ?is orig9al simplicity & id5tity ( :at ?us exhibits itself1 its "* rema9s always precisely ! same1 & h5ce also ! c\rse ( life itself reta9s ?r\gh\t ! same key-note1 inde$ its multif>i\s ev5ts & sc5es are at bottom j l v>iations ( "o & ! same !me4 ,! a priori nature ( ! law ( causality has1 by ,engli%m5 & ,fr5*m51 sometimes n be5 se5 at all1 sometimes n rightly conceiv$ (2 & !re=e "s ( !m /ill prosecute ! e>li] attempts to f9d = x an empirical orig94 ,ma9e de ,biran places ?is 9 ! exp]i5ce t ! act ( w z cause is foll[$ by ! movem5t ( ! body z effect4 ,b ?is fact itself is untrue4 ,we c]ta9ly d n recognise ! really imm$iate act ( w z some?+ diff]5t f ! action ( ! body1 & ! two z connect$ by ! bond ( causality2 b bo? are "o & indivisible4 ,betwe5 !m !re is no succession2 !y are simultane\s4 ,!y are "o & ! same ?+1 appreh5d$ 9 a d\ble mann]4 ,t :i* makes itself kn[n to inn] appreh5sion 7self-consci\sness7 z ! real act ( w exhibits itself at once 9 ext]nal p]ception1 9 :i* ! body exi/s objectively z an action ( ! body4 ,t physiologically ! action ( ! n]ve prec$es t ( ! muscle is "h immat]ial1 = x does n come )9 self-consci\sness2 & we are n speak+ "h ( ! relation betwe5 muscle & n]ve1 b ( t betwe5 ! act ( w & ! action ( ! body4 ,n[ ?is does n pres5t itself z a causal relation4 ,if ^! two pres5t$ !mselves to u z cause & effect _! connection w\ld n be s incompreh5sible to u z x actually is2 = :at we und]/& f its cause we und]/& z f> z !re is an und]/&+ ( ?+s g5]ally4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5t ( our limbs by means ( m]e acts ( w is inde$ a miracle ( su* common occurr5ce t we no long] obs]ve x2 b if we once turn our att5tion to x we become ke5ly consci\s ( ! incompreh5sibility ( ! matt]1 j because 9 ?is we h some?+ be=e u :i* we d n und]/& z ! effect ( a cause4 ,?is appreh5sion1 !n1 c\ld nev] lead u to ! idea ( causality1 = t nev] appe>s 9 x at all4 ,ma9e de ,biran himself recognises ! p]fect simultane\sness ( ! act ( w & ! movem5t 7,n\velles ,considrations des ,rapports du ,physique au ,moral1 p4 #cgg1 #cgh74 ,9 ,engl& ,?omas ,reid 7,on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,cont+5t ,tru?s1 ,essay ,,iv4 c4 #e7 already ass]t$ t ! k ( ! causal relation has its gr\nd 9 ! nature ( ! faculty ( k itself4 ,q rec5tly ,?omas ,br[n1 9 8 v t$i\sly compos$ book1 8,inquiry into ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect10 #d? edit41 #ahce1 says mu* ! same ?+1 t t k spr+s f an innate1 intuitive1 & in/9ctive conviction2 ?us he is at bottom ^u ! "r pa?4 ,q unp>donable1 h[ev]1 is ! crass ignorance on acc\nt ( :i* 9 ?is book ( #dgf pages1 ( :i* #acj are devot$ to ! refutation ( ,hume1 absolutely no m5tion is made ( ,kant1 :o cle>$ up ! "q m ?an sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,if ,lat9 _h rema9$ ! exclusive language ( sci5ce su* a ?+ w\ld n h occurr$4 ,9 spite ( ,br[n's exposition1 :i* 9 ! ma9 is correct1 a modification ( ! doctr9e set up by ,ma9e de ,biran1 ( ! empirical orig9 ( ! fundam5tal k ( ! causal relation1 has yet f\nd acceptance 9 ,engl&2 = x is n )\t a c]ta9 degree ( plausibility4 ,x is ?is1 t we ab/ract ! law ( causality f ! p]ceiv$ effect ( our own body ^u o!r bodies4 ,?is 0 already refut$ by ,hume4 ,i1 h[ev]1 h %[n t x is unt5able 9 my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur0 7p4 #ge ( ! second edition1 p4 #hb ( ! ?ird71 f ! fact t s9ce we appreh5d bo? our own & o!r bodies objectively 9 spatial p]ception1 ! k ( causality mu/ already be !re1 because x is a condition ( su* p]ception4 ,! "o g5u9e pro( t we are consci\s ( ! law ( causality be=e all exp]i5ce lies 9 ! necessity ( mak+ a transition f ! s5sation1 :i* is only empirically giv51 to its cause1 9 ord] t x may become p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,!re=e ,i h sub/itut$ ?is pro( = ! ,kantian1 ! incorrectness ( :i* ,i h %[n4 ,a mo/ full & ?or\gh exposition ( ! :ole ( ?is important subject1 :i* is only t\*$ on "h1 ! a priori nature ( ! law ( causality & ! intellectual nature ( empirical p]ception1 w be f\nd 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ba1 to :i* ,i ref]1 9 ord] to avoid ! necessity ( repeat+ "h :at is said !re4 ,i h also %[n !re ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]e s5sation ( ! s5ses & ! p]ception ( an objective _w1 & discov]$ ! wide gulf t lies betwe5 ! two4 ,! law ( causality alone c bridge across ?is gulf1 & x presupposes = its application ! two o!r =ms :i* are relat$ to x1 space & "t4 ,only by means ( ^! ?ree comb9$ is ! objective idea atta9$ to4 ,n[ :e!r ! s5sation f :i* we />t to arrive at appreh5sion arises ?r\gh ! resi/ance :i* is suff]$ by our muscul> ex]tion1 or ?r\gh ! impression ( light ^u ! ret9a1 or ( s\nd ^u ! n]ves ( ! bra91 c4 c41 is really a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! s5sation always rema9s a m]e datum = ! und]/&+1 :i* alone is capable ( appreh5d+ x z ! effect ( a cause diff]5t f itself1 :i* ! und]/&+ n[ p]ceives z ext]nal1 i4e41 z some?+ occupy+ & fill+ space1 :i* is also a =m inh]5t 9 ! intellect prior to all exp]i5ce4 ,)\t ?is intellectual op]ation1 = :i* ! =ms mu/ lie ready 9 u1 ! p]ception ( an objective1 ext]nal _w c\ld nev] arise f a m]e s5sation )9 our sk94 ,h[ c x ev] be suppos$ t ! m]e feel+ ( be+ h9d]$ 9 int5d$ motion1 :i* occurs also 9 lam5ess1 c\ld be suffici5t = ?is8 ,we may add to ?is t be=e ,i attempt to affect ext]nal ?+s !y mu/ necess>ily h affect$ me z motives4 ,b ?is almo/ presupposes ! appreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,accord+ to ! !ory 9 "q 7z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! place ref]r$ to above71 a man born )\t arms & legs c\ld nev] atta9 to ! idea ( causality1 & consequ5tly c\ld nev] arrive at ! appreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,b t ?is is n ! case is prov$ by a fact communicat$ 9 ,froriep's ,notiz51 ,july #ahch1 ,no4 #acc--! detail$ acc\nt1 accompani$ by a lik5ess1 ( an ,e/honian girl1 ,eva ,lauk1 !n f\rte5 ye>s old1 :o 0 born entirely )\t arms or legs4 ,! acc\nt concludes ) ^! words3 8,accord+ to ! evid5ce ( h] "m1 h] m5tal developm5t _h be5 q z quick z t ( h] bro!rs & si/]s2 %e atta9$ j z soon z !y did to a correct judgm5t ( size & di/ance1 yet )\t ! assi/ance ( h&s4--,dorpat1 #a/ ,m>* #ahch1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,hueck40 ,hume's doctr9e also1 t ! conception ( causality arises f ! cu/om ( see+ two /ates con/antly foll[+ ea* o!r1 f9ds a practical refutation 9 ! olde/ ( all successions1 t ( day & night1 :i* no "o has ev] held to be cause & effect ( ea* o!r4 ,& ! same succession also refutes ,kant's false ass]tion t ! objective reality ( a succession is only kn[n :5 we appreh5d ! two succe$+ ev5ts z /&+ 9 ! relation ( cause & effect to ea* o!r4 ,inde$ ! conv]se ( ?is doctr9e ( ,kant's is true4 ,we "k :i* ( ! two connect$ ev5ts is ! cause & :i* ! effect1 empirically1 only 9 ! succession4 ,aga91 on ! o!r h&1 ! absurd ass]tion ( sev]al pr(essors ( philosophy 9 our own day t cause & effect are simultane\s c be refut$ by ! fact t 9 cases 9 :i* ! succession _c be p]ceiv$ on acc\nt ( its great rapidity1 we yet assume x ) c]ta9ty a priori1 & ) x ! lapse ( a c]ta9 "t4 ,?us1 = example1 we "k t a c]ta9 "t mu/ elapse betwe5 ! fall+ ( ! fl9t & ! projection ( ! bullet1 al?\gh we _c p]ceive x1 & t ?is "t mu/ fur!r be divid$ betwe5 sev]al ev5ts t occur 9 a /rictly det]m9$ succession--! fall+ ( ! fl9t1 ! /rik+ ( ! sp>k1 ignition1 ! spread ( ! fire1 ! explosion1 & ! projection ( ! bullet4 ,no man ev] p]ceiv$ ?is succession ( ev5ts2 b because we "k :i* is ! cause ( ! o!rs1 we !reby also "k :i* mu/ prec$e ! o!rs 9 "t1 & consequ5tly also t dur+ ! c\rse ( ! :ole s]ies a c]ta9 "t mu/ elapse1 al?\gh x is s %ort t x escapes our empirical appreh5sion2 = no "o w ass]t t ! projection ( ! bullet is actually simultane\s ) ! fall+ ( ! fl9t4 ,?us n only ! law ( causality1 b also its relation to "t1 & ! necessity ( ! succession ( cause & effect1 is kn[n to u a priori4 ,if we "k :i* ( two ev5ts is ! cause & :i* is ! effect1 we also "k :i* prec$es ! o!r 9 "t2 if1 on ! contr>y1 we d n "k :i* is cause & :i* effect1 b only "k 9 g5]al t !y are causally connect$1 we seek to discov] ! succession empirically1 & accord+ to t we det]m9e :i* is ! cause & :i* ! effect4 ,! fals5ess ( ! ass]tion t cause & effect are simultane\s fur!r appe>s f ! foll[+ consid]ation4 ,an unbrok5 *a9 ( causes & effects fills ! :ole ( "t4 7,= if ?is *a9 7 brok5 ! _w w\ld /& /ill1 or 9 ord] to set x 9 motion aga9 an effect )\t a cause w\ld h to appe>47 ,n[ if e effect 7 simultane\s ) its cause1 !n e effect w\ld be mov$ up into ! "t ( its cause1 & a *a9 ( causes & effects conta9+ z _m l9ks z be=e w\ld fill no "t at all1 /ill less an inf9ite "t1 b w\ld be all toge!r 9 "o mom5t4 ,?us1 "u ! assumption t cause & effect are simultane\s1 ! c\rse ( ! _w %r9ks up into an affair ( a mom5t4 ,?is pro( is analog\s to ! pro( t e %eet ( pap] mu/ h a c]ta9 ?ickness1 because o!rwise ! :ole book w\ld h none4 ,to say :5 ! cause ceases & ! effect beg9s is 9 almo/ all cases difficult1 & (t5 impossible4 ,= ! *anges 7i4e41 ! succession ( /ates7 are cont9u\s1 l ! "t :i* !y fill1 & !re=e also1 l x1 !y are inf9itely divisible4 ,b _! succession is z necess>ily det]m9$ & z unmi/akable z t ( ! mom5ts ( "t itself1 & ea* ( !m is call$1 ) ref]5ce to ! "o :i* prec$es x1 8effect10 & ) ref]5ce to ! "o :i* foll[s x1 8cause40 ,e *ange 9 ! mat]ial _w c only take place because ano!r has imm$iately prec$$ x3 ?is is ! true & ! :ole cont5t ( ! law ( causality4 ,b no conception has be5 m misus$ 9 philosophy ?an t ( cause1 by means ( ! fav\rite trick or blund] ( conceiv+ x too widely1 tak+ x too g5]ally1 ?r\gh ab/ract ?9k+4 ,s9ce ,s*ola/icism1 inde$ prop]ly s9ce ,plato & ,ari/otle1 philosophy has be5 = ! mo/ "p a sy/ematic misuse ( g5]al conceptions4 ,su*1 = example1 are sub/ance1 gr\nd1 cause1 ! good1 p]fection1 necessity1 & v _m o!rs4 ,a t5d5cy ( ! m9d to "w ) su* ab/ract & too widely compreh5d$ conceptions has %[n itself almo/ at all times4 ,x may ultimately re/ ^u a c]ta9 indol5ce ( ! intellect1 :i* f9ds x too difficult a task to be con/antly controll+ ?\ght by p]ception4 ,by degrees su* unduly wide conceptions come to be us$ almo/ l algebraical symbols1 & toss$ ab\t l !m1 & ?us philosophy is r$uc$ to a m]e process ( comb9ation1 a k9d ( reckon+ :i* 7l all calculations7 employs & dem&s only ! l[] faculties4 ,inde$ !re f9ally results f ?is a m]e juggl+ ) words1 ( :i* ! mo/ %ock+ example is af=d$ u by ! m9d-de/roy+ ,hegelism1 9 :i* x is c>ri$ to ! ext5t ( pure nons5se4 ,b ,s*ola/icism also (t5 deg5]at$ into ^w-juggl+4 ,nay ev5 ! 8,topi0 ( ,ari/otle--v ab/ract pr9ciples1 conceiv$ ) absolute g5]ality1 :i* "o c\ld apply to ! mo/ diff]5t k9ds ( subjects1 & always br+ into ! field 9 argu+ ei!r pro or contra--h also _! orig9 9 ?is misuse ( g5]al conceptions4 ,we f9d innum]able examples ( ! way ! ,s*oolm5 work$ ) su* ab/ractions 9 _! writ+s1 especially 9 ^? ( ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,b philosophy really pursu$ ! pa? :i* 0 ent]$ on by ! ,s*oolm5 d[n to ! "t ( ,locke & ,kant1 :o at la/ be?\ght !mselves z to ! orig9 ( conceptions4 ,inde$ we f9d ,kant himself1 9 8 e>li] ye>s1 /ill ^u t pa?1 9 8 8,pro( ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god0 7p4 #aia ( ! fir/ volume ( ,ros5kranz's edition71 :]e ! conceptions sub/ance1 gr\nd1 reality1 are us$ 9 su* a way z w\ld nev] h be5 possible if he _h gone back to ! s\rce ( ^! conceptions & to _! true cont5t :i* is det]m9$ !reby4 ,= !n he w\ld h f\nd z ! s\rce & cont5t ( sub/ance simply matt]1 ( gr\nd 7if ?+s ( ! real _w are 9 "q7 simply cause1 t is1 ! prior *ange :i* br+s ab\t ! lat] *ange1 c4 ,x is true t 9 ?is case su* an inve/igation w\ld n h l$ to ! int5d$ result4 ,b ev]y:]e1 z "h1 su* unduly wide conceptions1 "u :i*1 !re=e1 m 0 subsum$ ?an _! true cont5t w\ld h ju/ifi$1 !re h aris5 false pr9ciples1 & f ^! false sy/ems4 ,sp9oza's :ole me?od ( demon/ration re/s ^u su* un9ve/igat$ & too widely compreh5d$ conceptions4 ,n[ "h lies ! great m]it ( ,locke1 :o1 9 ord] to c\nt]act all t dogmatic unreality1 insi/$ ^u ! inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( ! conceptions1 & ?us l$ back to p]ception & exp]i5ce4 ,bacon _h work$ 9 a simil> frame ( m9d1 yet m ) ref]5ce to ,physics ?an to ,metaphysics4 ,kant foll[$ ! pa? ent]$ ^u by ,locke1 b 9 a high] s5se & mu* fur!r1 z has already be5 m5tion$ above4 ,to ! m5 ( m]e %[ :o succe$$ 9 div]t+ ! att5tion ( ! public f ,kant to !mselves ! results obta9$ by ,locke & ,kant 7 inconv5i5t4 ,b 9 su* a case !y "k h[ to ignore bo? ! dead & ! liv+4 ,?us )\t hesitation !y =sook ! only "r pa? :i* _h at la/ be5 f\nd by ^? wise m51 & philosophis$ at r&om ) all k9ds ( indiscrim9ately collect$ conceptions1 unconc]n$ z to _! orig9 & cont5t1 till at la/ ! sub/ance ( ! ,hegelian philosophy1 wise beyond measure1 0 t ! conceptions _h no orig9 at all1 b 7 r !mselves ! orig9 & s\rce ( ?+s4 ,b ,kant has err$ 9 ?is respect4 ,he has too mu* neglect$ empirical p]ception = ! sake ( pure p]ception--a po9t :i* ,i h fully discuss$ 9 my criticism ( 8 philosophy4 ,) me p]ception is ?r\gh\t ! s\rce ( all k4 ,i e>ly recognis$ ! mislead+ & insidi\s nature ( ab/ractions1 & 9 #ahac1 9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ,i po9t$ out ! diff]5ce ( ! relations :i* are ?\ght "u ?is conception4 ,g5]al conceptions mu/ inde$ be ! mat]ial 9 :i* philosophy deposits & /ores up its k1 b n ! s\rce f :i* x draws x2 ! t]m9us ad quem1 n a quo4 ,x is n1 z ,kant def9es x1 a sci5ce drawn f conceptions1 b a sci5ce 9 conceptions4 ,?us ! conception ( causality also1 ) :i* we are "h conc]n$1 has always be5 tak5 f> too widely by philosoph]s = ! fur!rance ( _! dogmatic ends1 & mu* 0 import$ into x :i* does n belong to x at all4 ,h5ce arose propositions su* z ! foll[+3 8,all t is has its cause0--8! effect _c conta9 m ?an ! cause1 ?us no?+ t 0 n also 9 ! cause0--8causa e/ nobilior suo effectu10 & _m o!rs j z unw>rant$4 ,! foll[+ subtilty ( t insipid gossip ,proclus af=ds an elaborate & specially lucid example ( ?is4 ,x occurs 9 8 8,in/itutio ,!ologica10 #gf3 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 40 7,quidquid ab immobili causa manat1 immutabilem habet ess5tiam sub/antiam4 ,quidquid v]o a mobili causa manat1 ess5tiam habet mutabilem4 ,si enim illud1 quod aliquid facit1 e/ prorsus immobile1 non p] motum1 s$ p] ipsum ,esse producit ipsum secundum ex se ipso47 ,excell5t6 ,b j %[ me a cause :i* is n itself set 9 motion3 x is simply impossible4 ,b "h1 z 9 s _m cases1 ab/raction has ?\ght away all det]m9ations d[n to t "o :i* x is desir$ to make use ( )\t reg>d to ! fact t ! latt] _c exi/ )\t ! =m]4 ,! only correct expression ( ! law ( causality is ?is3 ,e *ange has its cause 9 ano!r *ange :i* imm$iately prec$es x4 ,if some?+ happ5s1 i4e41 if a new /ate ( ?+s appe>s1 i4e41 if some?+ is *ang$1 !n some?+ else mu/ h *ang$ imm$iately be=e1 & some?+ else aga9 be=e ?is1 & s on ad inf9itum1 = a fir/ cause is z impossible to conceive z a beg9n+ ( "t or a limit ( space4 ,m ?an ?is ! law ( causality does n ass]t4 ,?us its claims only arise 9 ! case ( *anges4 ,s long z no?+ *anges !re c be no "q ( a cause4 ,= !re is no a priori gr\nd = inf]r+ f ! exi/5ce ( giv5 ?+s1 i4e41 /ates ( matt]1 _! previ\s non-exi/5ce1 & f ?is aga9 _! com+ into be+1 t is to say1 !re is no a priori gr\nd = inf]r+ a *ange4 ,!re=e ! m]e exi/5ce ( a ?+ does n ju/ify u 9 inf]r+ t x has a cause4 ,yet !re may be a po/]iori reasons1 t is1 reasons drawn f previ\s exp]i5ce1 = ! assumption t ! pres5t /ate or condition did n always exi/1 b has only come into exi/5ce 9 consequ5ce ( ano!r /ate1 & !re=e by means ( a *ange1 ! cause ( :i* is !n to be s\ght1 & also ! cause ( ?is cause4 ,"h !n we are involv$ 9 ! inf9ite regressus to :i* ! application ( ! law ( causality always leads4 ,we said above3 8,?+s1 i4e41 /ates or conditions ( matt]10 = *ange & causality h only to d ) /ates or conditions4 ,x is ^! /ates :i* we und]/& by =m1 9 ! wid] s5se2 & only ! =ms *ange1 ! matt] is p]man5t4 ,?us x is only ! =m :i* is subject to ! law ( causality4 ,b ! =m con/itutes ! ?+1 i4e41 x is ! gr\nd ( ! diff]5ce ( ?+s2 :ile matt] mu/ be ?\ght z ! same 9 all4 ,!re=e ! ,s*oolm5 said1 8,=ma dat esse rei20 m accurately ?is proposition w\ld run3 ,=ma dat rei ess5tiam1 mat]ia exi/5tiam4 ,!re=e ! "q z to ! cause ( a ?+ always conc]ns m]ely its =m1 i4e41 its /ate or quality1 & n its matt]1 & inde$ only ! =m] s f> z we h gr\nds = assum+ t x has n always exi/$1 b has come into be+ by means ( a *ange4 ,! union ( =m & matt]1 or ( ess5tia & exi/5tia1 gives ! concrete1 :i* is always p>ticul>2 ?us1 ! ?+4 ,& x is ! =ms ^: union ) matt]1 i4e41 ^: appe>ance 9 matt] by means ( a *ange1 are subject to ! law ( causality4 ,by tak+ ! conception too widely 9 ! ab/ract ! mi/ake slipp$ 9 ( ext5d+ causality to ! ?+ absolutely1 t is1 to its :ole inn] nature & exi/5ce1 ?us also to matt]1 & ultimately x 0 ?\ght ju/ifiable to ask = a cause ( ! _w itself4 ,?is is ! orig9 ( ! cosmological pro(4 ,?is pro( beg9s by inf]r+ f ! exi/5ce ( ! _w its non-exi/5ce1 :i* prec$$ its exi/5ce1 & su* an inf]5ce is q unju/ifiable2 x ends1 h[ev]1 ) ! mo/ fe>ful inconsi/5cy1 = x does away altoge!r ) ! law ( causality1 f :i* alone x d]ives all its evid5c+ p[]1 = x /ops at a fir/ cause1 & w n g fur!r2 ?us ends1 z x 71 by committ+ p>ricide1 z ! bees kill ! drones aft] !y h s]v$ _! end4 ,all ! talk ab\t ! absolute is ref]able to a %amefa/1 & !re=e disguis$ cosmological pro(1 :i*1 9 ! face ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 has pass$ = philosophy 9 ,g]many = ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,:at does ! absolute mean8 ,some?+ t is1 & ( :i* 7"u pa9 ( puni%m5t7 we d>e n ask fur!r :5ce & :y x is4 ,a preci\s r>ity = pr(essors ( philosophy6 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! hone/ly express$ cosmological pro(1 ?r\gh ! assumption ( a fir/ cause1 & !re=e ( a fir/ beg9n+ 9 a "t :i* has absolutely no beg9n+1 ?is beg9n+ is always pu%$ fur!r back by ! "q3 ,:y n e>li]8 ,& s f> back inde$ t "o nev] gets d[n f x to ! pres5t1 b is always m>vell+ t ! pres5t itself did n occur already millions ( ye>s ago4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 ! law ( causality applies to all ?+s 9 ! _w1 b n to ! _w itself1 = x is imman5t 9 ! _w1 n transc5d5t2 ) x x comes into action1 & ) x x is aboli%$4 ,?is dep5ds ultimately ^u ! fact t x belongs to ! m]e =m ( our und]/&+1 l ! :ole ( ! objective _w1 :i* accord+ly is m]ely ph5om5al1 & is condition$ by ! und]/&+4 ,?us ! law ( causality has full application1 )\t any exception1 to all ?+s 9 ! _w1 ( c\rse 9 respect ( _! =m1 to ! v>iation ( ^! =ms1 & ?us to _! *anges4 ,x is valid = ! actions ( m5 z = ! impact ( a /one1 yet1 z we h said always1 m]ely ) reg>d to ev5ts1 to *anges4 ,b if we ab/ract f its orig9 9 ! und]/&+ & try to look at x z purely objective1 x w be f\nd 9 ultimate analysis to dep5d ^u ! fact t ev]y?+ t acts does s by virtue ( its orig9al1 & !re=e et]nal or timeless1 p[]2 !re=e its pres5t effect w\ld necess>ily h occurr$ inf9itely e>li]1 t is1 be=e all conceivable "t1 b t x lack$ ! temporal condition4 ,?is temporal condition is ! occasion1 i4e41 ! cause1 on acc\nt ( :i* alone ! effect only takes place n[1 b n[ takes place necess>ily2 ! cause assigns x its place 9 "t4 ,b 9 consequ5ce ( t unduly wide view 9 ab/ract ?\ght ( ! conception cause1 :i* 0 consid]$ above1 x has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! conception ( =ce4 ,?is is some?+ completely diff]5t f ! cause1 b yet is t :i* imp>ts to e cause its causality1 i4e41 ! capability ( produc+ an effect4 ,i h expla9$ ?is fully & ?or\ghly 9 ! second book ( ! fir/ volume1 also 9 8,! ,w 9 ,nature10 & f9ally also 9 ! second edition ( ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #bj1 p4 #dd 7?ird edition1 p4 #de74 ,?is confusion is to be f\nd 9 its mo/ aggravat$ =m 9 ,ma9e de ,biran's book m5tion$ above1 & ?is is dealt ) m fully 9 ! place la/ ref]r$ to2 b ap>t f ?is x is also v common2 = example1 :5 p seek = ! cause ( any orig9al =ce1 su* z gravitation4 ,kant himself 7b] d5 ,e9zig ,mgli*5 ,beweisgrund1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa-bae ( ,ros5kranz's edition7 calls ! =ces ( nature 8effici5t causes10 & says 8gravity is a cause40 ,yet x is impossible to see to ! bottom ( 8 ?\ght s long z =ce & cause are n di/9ctly recognis$ z completely diff]5t4 ,b ! use ( ab/ract conceptions leads v easily to _! confusion if ! consid]ation ( _! orig9 is set aside4 ,! k ( causes & effects1 always p]ceptive1 :i* re/s on ! =m ( ! und]/&+1 is neglect$ 9 ord] to /ick to ! ab/raction cause4 ,9 ?is way alone is ! conception ( causality1 ) all its simplicity1 s v frequ5tly wrongly appreh5d$4 ,!re=e ev5 9 ,ari/otle 78,metaph410 iv4 #b7 we f9d causes divid$ into f\r classes :i* are utt]ly falsely1 & inde$ crudely conceiv$4 ,comp>e ) x my classification ( causes z set =? = ! fir/ "t 9 my essay on sight & col\r1 *ap4 #a1 & t\*$ ^u briefly 9 ! six? p>agraph ( ! fir/ volume ( ! pres5t "w1 b exp\nd$ at full l5g? 9 my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w1 p4 #cj-cc4 ,two ?+s 9 nature rema9 unt\*$ by t *a9 ( causality :i* /ret*es into inf9ity 9 bo? directions2 ^! are matt] & ! =ces ( nature4 ,!y are bo? conditions ( causality1 :ile ev]y?+ else is condition$ by x4 ,= ! "o 7matt]7 is t 9 :i* ! /ates & _! *anges appe>2 ! o!r 7=ces ( nature7 is t by virtue ( :i* alone !y c appe> at all4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 "o mu/ rememb] t 9 ! second book1 & lat] & m ?or\ghly 9 8,! ,w 9 ,nature10 ! natural =ces are %[n to be id5tical ) ! w 9 u2 b matt] appe>s z ! m]e visibility ( ! w2 s t ultimately x also may 9 a c]ta9 s5se be reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n less true & correct is :at is expla9$ 9 #d ( ! fir/ book1 & /ill bett] 9 ! second edition ( ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason at ! end ( #ba1 p4 #gg 7?ird edition1 p4 #hb71 t matt] is causality itself objectively compreh5d$1 = its entire nature consi/s 9 act+ 9 g5]al1 s t x itself is ?us ! activity 7 reality7 ( ?+s g5]ally1 z x 7 ! ab/raction ( all _! diff]5t k9ds ( act+4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! ess5ce1 ess5tia1 ( matt] consi/s 9 action 9 g5]al1 & ! reality1 exi/5tia1 ( ?+s consi/s 9 _! mat]iality1 :i* ?us aga9 is "o ) action 9 g5]al1 x may be ass]t$ ( matt] t 9 x exi/5tia & ess5tia unite & are "o1 = x has no o!r attribute ?an exi/5ce itself 9 g5]al & indep5d5t ( all full] def9itions ( x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all empirically giv5 matt]1 ?us all mat]ial or matt] 9 ! special s5se 7:i* our ignorant mat]iali/s at ! pres5t day conf\nd ) matt]71 has already ent]$ ! framework ( ! =ms & manife/s itself only ?r\gh _! qualities & accid5ts1 because 9 exp]i5ce e action is ( q a def9ite & special k9d1 & is nev] m]ely g5]al4 ,!re=e pure matt] is an object ( ?\ght alone1 n ( p]ception1 :i* l$ ,plot9us 7,enneas ,,ii41 lib4 iv41 c4 #h #i7 & ,giordano ,bruno 7,della ,causa1 dial4 #d7 to make ! p>adoxical ass]tion t matt] has no ext5sion1 = ext5sion is insep>able f ! =m1 & t !re=e x is incorporeal4 ,yet ,ari/otle _h already taught t x is n a body al?\gh x is corporeal3 8 1 0 7,/ob4 ,ecl41 lib4 i41 c4 #ab1 #e74 ,9 reality we ?9k "u pure matt] only action1 9 ! ab/ract1 q indep5d5t ( ! k9d ( action1 ?us pure causality itself2 & z su* x is n an object b a condition ( exp]i5ce1 j l space & "t4 ,?is is ! reason :y 9 ! accompany+ table ( our pure a priori k matt] is able to take ! place ( causality1 & !re=e appe>s along ) space & "t z ! ?ird pure =m1 & !re=e z dep5d5t on our intellect4 ,?is table conta9s all ! fundam5tal tru?s :i* are root$ 9 our p]ceptive or intuitive k a priori1 express$ z fir/ pr9ciples indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 ,:at is special1 h[ev]1 :at =ms ! cont5t ( ari?metic & geometry1 is n giv5 "h1 nor yet :at only results f ! union & application ( ^? =mal pr9ciples ( k4 ,?is is ! subject ( ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce0 exp\nd$ by ,kant1 to :i* ?is table 9 "s measure =ms ! propdutic & introduction1 & ) :i* x !re=e /&s 9 direct connection4 ,9 ?is table ,i h prim>ily _h 9 view ! v rem>kable p>allelism ( ^? a priori pr9ciples ( k :i* =m ! framework ( all exp]i5ce1 b specially also ! fact t1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 #d ( ! fir/ volume1 matt] 7& also causality7 is to be reg>d$ z a comb9ation1 or if x is pref]r$1 an amalgamation1 ( space & "t4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is1 we f9d t :at geometry is = ! pure p]ception or intuition ( space1 & ari?metic = t ( "t1 ,kant's phoronomy is = ! pure p]ception or intuition ( ! two unit$4 ,= matt] is prim>ily t :i* is movable 9 space4 ,! ma!matical po9t _c ev5 be conceiv$ z movable1 z ,ari/otle has %[n 78,physics10 vi4 #aj74 ,?is philosoph] also himself provid$ ! fir/ example ( su* a sci5ce1 = 9 ! fif? & six? books ( 8 8,physics0 he det]m9$ a priori ! laws ( re/ & motion4 ,n[ ?is table may be reg>d$ at pleasure ei!r z a collection ( ! et]nal laws ( ! _w1 & !re=e z ! basis ( our ontology1 or z a *apt] ( ! physiology ( ! bra91 accord+ z "o assumes ! reali/ic or ! ideali/ic po9t ( view2 b ! second is 9 ! la/ in/ance "r4 ,on ?is po9t1 inde$1 we h already come to an und]/&+ 9 ! fir/ *apt]2 yet ,i wi% fur!r to illu/rate x specially by an example4 ,ari/otle's book 8,de ,x5ophane10 c41 comm5ces ) ^! weighty words ( ,x5ophanes3 8 1 1 40 7t]num esse1 inquit1 quicquid e/1 siquidem fi]i non pote/1 ut ex nihilo quippiam exi/at47 ,"h1 !n1 ,x5ophanes judges z to ! orig9 ( ?+s1 z reg>ds its possibility1 & ( ?is orig9 he c h _h no exp]i5ce1 ev5 by analogy2 nor inde$ does he appeal to exp]i5ce1 b judges apodictically1 & !re=e a priori4 ,h[ c he d ?is if z a /rang] he looks f )\t into a _w t exi/s purely objectively1 t is1 indep5d5tly ( 8 k8 ,h[ c he1 an ephem]al be+ hurry+ pa/1 to :om only a ha/y glance into su* a _w is p]mitt$1 judge apodictically1 a priori & )\t exp]i5ce conc]n+ t _w1 ! possibility ( its exi/5ce & orig98 ,! solution ( ?is riddle is t ! man has only to d ) 8 own ideas1 :i* z su* are ! "w ( 8 bra91 & ! con/itution ( :i* is m]ely ! mann] or mode 9 :i* alone ! function ( 8 bra9 c be fulfill$1 i4e41 ! =m ( 8 p]ception4 ,he ?us judges only z to ! ph5om5a ( 8 own bra91 & decl>es :at ent]s into its =ms1 "t1 space1 & causality1 & :at does n4 ,9 ?is he is p]fectly at home & speaks apodictically4 ,9 a l s5se1 !n1 ! foll[+ table ( ! ,prdicabilia a priori ( "t1 space1 & matt] is to be tak53-- ,prdicabilia ,a ,priori4 ,( ,"t4 ,( ,space4 ,( ,matt]4 7#a7 ,!re is only 7#a7 ,!re is only 7#a7 ,!re is only "o ,"t1 & all "o ,space1 & all "o ,matt]1 & diff]5t times are diff]5t spaces are all diff]5t p>ts ( x4 p>ts ( x4 mat]ials are diff]5t /ates ( matt]2 z su* x is call$ ,sub/ance4 7#b7 ,diff]5t times 7#b7 ,diff]5t spaces 7#b7 ,diff]5t are n simultane\s are n successive matt]s 7mat]ials7 b successive4 b simultane\s4 are n s ?r\gh sub/ance b ?r\gh accid5ts4 7#c7 ,"t _c be 7#c7 ,space _c be 7#c7 ,annihilation ( ?\ght away1 b ?\ght away1 b matt] is ev]y?+ c be ev]y?+ c be inconceivable1 b ?\ght away f ?\ght away f annihilation ( all x4 x4 its =ms & qualities is conceivable4 7#d7 ,"t has ?ree 7#d7 ,space has ?ree 7#d7 ,matt] exi/s1 divisions1 ! pa/1 dim5sions--height1 i4e41 acts 9 all ! pres5t1 & ! bread?1 & l5g?4 ! dim5sions ( future1 :i* space & ?r\gh\t con/itute two ! :ole l5g? ( directions & a "t1 & ?us ^! c5tre ( two are unit$ & indiff]5ce4 !reby fill$4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! true nature ( matt]2 ?us x is ?r\gh & ?r\gh causality4 7#e7 ,"t is 7#e7 ,space is 7#e7 ,matt] is inf9itely inf9itely inf9itely divisible4 divisible4 divisible4 7#f7 ,"t is 7#f7 ,space is 7#f7 ,matt] is homog5e\s & a homog5e\s & a homog5e\s & a ,cont9uum1 i4e41 ,cont9uum1 i4e41 ,cont9uum1 i4e41 no "o ( its p>ts no "o ( its p>ts x does n consi/ is diff]5t f is diff]5t f ( orig9ally ! re/1 nor ! re/1 nor diff]5t sep>at$ f x by sep>at$ f x by 7homoiom]ia7 or any?+ t is n any?+ t is n orig9ally sep>at$ "t4 space4 p>ts 7atoms72 x is !re=e n compos$ ( p>ts1 :i* w\ld necess>ily be sep>at$ by some?+ t 0 n matt]4 7#g7 ,"t has no 7#g7 ,space has no 7#g7 ,matt] has no beg9n+ & no limits1 b all orig9 & no end1 end1 b all limits are 9 x4 b all com+ into beg9n+ & end is be+ & pass+ 9 x4 away are 9 x4 7#h7 ,by reason ( 7#h7 ,by reason ( 7#h7 ,by reason ( "t we c\nt4 space we measure4 matt] we weigh4 7#i7 ,rhy?m is only 7#i7 ,symmetry is only 7#i7 ,equilibrium is 9 "t4 9 space4 only 9 matt]4 7#aj7 ,we "k ! 7#aj7 ,we "k ! 7#aj7 ,we "k ! laws ( "t a laws ( space a laws ( ! priori4 priori4 sub/ance ( all accid5ts a priori4 7#aa7 ,"t c be 7#aa7 ,space is 7#aa7 ,matt] c only p]ceiv$ a imm$iately be ?\ght a priori1 al?\gh p]ceptible a priori4 only 9 ! =m ( priori4 a l9e4 7#ab7 ,"t has no 7#ab7 ,space c nev] 7#ab7 ,! accid5ts p]man5ce1 b pass away1 b *ange2 ! passes away z soon endures ?r\gh all sub/ance rema9s4 z x is !re4 "t4 7#ac7 ,"t nev] 7#ac7 ,space is 7#ac7 ,matt] is re/s4 immovable4 indiff]5t to re/ & motion1 i4e41 x is orig9ally dispos$ t[>ds nei!r ( ! two4 7#ad7 ,ev]y?+ t 7#ad7 ,ev]y?+ t 7#ad7 ,ev]y?+ exi/s 9 "t has exi/s 9 space has mat]ial has ! duration4 a position4 capacity = action4 7#ae7 ,"t has no 7#ae7 ,space has no 7#ae7 ,matt] is :at duration1 b all motion1 b all is p]man5t 9 "t duration is 9 x1 motion is 9 x1 & & movable 9 & is ! x is ! *ange ( space2 by ! p]si/5ce ( :at position ( :at is comp>ison ( :at is p]man5t 9 mov$1 9 contra/ re/s ) :at is contra/ ) its ) its unbrok5 mov$ we measure re/less c\rse4 re/4 duration4 7#af7 ,all motion is 7#af7 ,all motion is 7#af7 ,all motion is only possible 9 only possible 9 only possible to "t4 space4 matt]4 7#ag7 ,velocity is1 9 7#ag7 ,velocity is1 9 7#ag7 ,! magnitude equal spaces1 9 equal times1 9 ( ! motion1 ! inv]se proportion direct proportion to velocity be+ to ! "t4 ! space4 equal1 is 9 direct geometrical proportion to ! matt] 7mass74 7#ah7 ,"t is n 7#ah7 ,space is 7#ah7 ,matt] z su* measurable directly measurable directly 7mass7 is ?r\gh itself1 b ?r\gh itself1 & measurable1 i4e41 only indirectly indirectly ?r\gh det]m9able z ?r\gh motion1 motion1 :i* is 9 reg>ds its quantity :i* is 9 space "t & space only indirectly1 & "t toge!r3 toge!r2 h5ce1 = only ?r\gh ! ?us ! motion ( example1 an h\r's am\nt ( ! motion ! sun & ( ! j\rney1 & ! :i* x receives clock measure "t4 di/ance ( ! & imp>ts :5 x fix$ />s is repell$ or express$ z ! attract$4 travell+ ( light = s _m ye>s4 7#ai7 ,"t is 7#ai7 ,space is 7#ai7 ,matt] is omnipres5t4 ,e et]nal4 ,e "p absolute4 ,t is1 "p ( "t is ( x exi/s always4 x nei!r comes ev]y:]e1 i4e41 into be+ nor 9 all space1 at passes away1 & once4 ?us its quantity c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$4 7#bj7 ,9 "t tak5 7#bj7 ,9 space tak5 7#bj1 #ba7 ,matt] by itself ev]y?+ by itself ev]y?+ unites ! ceaseless w\ld be 9 w\ld be flight ( "t ) succession4 simultane\s4 ! rigid immobility ( space2 !re=e x is ! p]man5t sub/ance ( ! *ang+ accid5ts4 ,causality det]m9es ?is *ange = e place at e "t1 & !reby comb9es "t & space1 & con/itutes ! :ole nature ( matt]4 7#ba7 ,"t makes ! 7#ba7 ,space makes ! *ange ( accid5ts p]man5ce ( possible4 sub/ance possible4 7#bb7 ,e "p ( 7#bb7 ,no "p ( 7#bb7 ,= matt] is "t conta9s all space conta9s ! bo? p]man5t & p>ts ( matt]4 same matt] z imp5etrable4 ano!r4 7#bc7 ,"t is ! 7#bc7 ,space is ! 7#bc7 ,individuals are pr9cipium pr9cipium mat]ial4 individuationis4 individuationis4 7#bd7 ,! n[ has no 7#bd7 ,! po9t has 7#bd7 ,! atom has no duration4 no ext5sion4 reality4 7#be7 ,"t 9 itself 7#be7 ,space 9 itself 7#be7 ,matt] 9 is empty & )\t is empty & )\t itself is )\t prop]ties4 prop]ties4 =m & quality1 & likewise in]t1 i4e41 indiff]5t to re/ or motion1 ?us )\t prop]ties4 7#bf7 ,e mom5t is 7#bf7 ,by ! position 7#bf7 ,e *ange 9 condition$ by ! ( e limit 9 matt] c take prec$+ mom5t1 space ) ref]5ce place only on & is only because to any o!r limit1 acc\nt ( ano!r ! latt] has its position ) *ange :i* ceas$ to be4 ref]5ce to e prec$$ x2 & 7,pr9ciple ( possible limit is !re=e a fir/ suffici5t reason ( precisely *ange1 & ?us exi/5ce 9 det]m9$4 also a fir/ /ate "t4--,see my essay 7,pr9ciple ( ( matt]1 is j on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( z inconceivable z suffici5t reason47 exi/5ce 9 space47 a beg9n+ ( "t or a limit ( space4 7,pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( becom+47 7#bg7 ,"t makes 7#bg7 ,space makes 7#bg7 ,matt]1 z t ari?metic possible4 geometry possible4 :i* is movable 9 space1 makes phoronomy possible4 7#bh7 ,! simple 7#bh7 ,! simple 7#bh7 ,! simple elem5t 9 elem5t 9 geometry elem5t 9 phoronomy ari?metic is unity4 is ! po9t4 is ! atom4 ,notes to ! ,annex$ ,table4 7#a7 ,to ,no4 #d ( ,matt]4 ,! ess5ce ( matt] is act+1 x is act+ itself1 9 ! ab/ract1 ?us act+ 9 g5]al ap>t f all diff]5ce ( ! k9d ( action3 x is ?r\gh & ?r\gh causality4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is itself1 z reg>ds its exi/5ce1 n subject to ! law ( causality1 & ?us has nei!r come into be+ nor passes away1 = o!rwise ! law ( causality w\ld be appli$ to itself4 ,s9ce n[ causality is kn[n to u a priori1 ! conception ( matt]1 z ! inde/ructible basis ( all t exi/s1 c s f> take its place 9 ! k we possess a priori1 inasmu* z x is only ! realisation ( an a priori =m ( our k4 ,= z soon z we see any?+ t acts or is causally effici5t x pres5ts itself eo ipso z mat]ial1 & conv]sely any?+ mat]ial pres5ts itself z necess>ily active or causally effici5t4 ,!y are 9 fact int]*angeable conceptions4 ,!re=e ! ^w 8actual0 is us$ z synonym\s ) 8mat]ial20 & also ! ,greek 1 9 opposition to 1 reveals ! same s\rce1 = signifies action 9 g5]al2 s also ) actu 9 opposition to pot5tia1 & ! ,engli% 8actually0 = 8wirkli*40 ,:at is call$ space-occupation1 or imp5etrability1 & reg>d$ z ! ess5tial pr$icate ( body 7i4e4 ( :at is mat]ial71 is m]ely t k9d ( action :i* belongs to all bodies )\t exception1 ! me*anical4 ,x is ?is univ]sality alone1 by virtue ( :i* x belongs to ! conception ( body1 & foll[s a priori f ?is conception1 & !re=e _c be ?\ght away f x )\t do+ away ) ! conception itself--x is ?is1 ,i say1 t di/+ui%es x f any o!r k9d ( action1 su* z t ( electricity or *emi/ry1 or light or heat4 ,kant has v accurately analys$ ?is space-occupation ( ! me*anical mode ( activity into repulsive & attractive =ce1 j z a giv5 me*anical =ce is analys$ into two o!rs by means ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,b ?is is really only ! ?\ghtful analysis ( ! ph5om5on into its two con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! two =ces 9 conjunction exhibit ! body )9 its own limits1 t is1 9 a def9ite volume1 :ile ! "o alone w\ld diffuse x into inf9ity1 & ! o!r alone w\ld contract x to a po9t4 ,not)/&+ ?is reciprocal balanc+ or neutralisation1 ! body /ill acts ^u o!r bodies :i* conte/ its space ) ! fir/ =ce1 repell+ !m1 & ) ! o!r =ce1 9 gravitation1 attract+ all bodies 9 g5]al4 ,s t ! two =ces are n ext+ui%$ 9 _! product1 z1 = in/ance1 two equal =ces act+ 9 diff]5t directions1 or ,e & -,e1 or oxyg5 & hydrog5 9 wat]4 ,t imp5etrability & gravity really exactly co9cide is %[n by _! empirical insep>abl5ess1 9 t ! "o nev] appe>s )\t ! o!r1 al?\gh we c sep>ate !m 9 ?\ght4 ,i mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit to m5tion t ! doctr9e ( ,kant ref]r$ to1 :i* =ms ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! second "p ( 8 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce10 ?us ( ! ,dynamics1 0 di/9ctly & fully exp\nd$ be=e ,kant by ,prie/ley1 9 8 excell5t 8,disquisitions on ,matt] & ,_s10 #a & #b1 a book :i* appe>$ 9 #aggg1 & ! second edition 9 #aghb1 :ile ,kant's "w 0 publi%$ 9 #aghf4 ,unconsci\s recollection may c]ta9ly be assum$ 9 ! case ( subsidi>y ?\ghts1 fla%es ( wit1 comp>isons1 c41 b n 9 ! case ( ! pr9cipal & fundam5tal ?\ght4 ,%all we !n believe t ,kant sil5tly appropriat$ su* important ?\ghts ( ano!r man8 & ?is f a book :i* at t "t 0 new8 ,or t ?is book 0 unkn[n to him1 & t ! same ?\ghts sprang up 9 two m9ds )9 a %ort "t8 ,! explanation1 also1 :i* ,kant gives1 9 ! 8,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce0 7fir/ edition1 p4 #hh2 ,ros5kranz's edition1 p4 #chd71 ( ! real diff]5ce betwe5 fluids & solids1 is 9 sub/ance already to be f\nd 9 ,kasp> ,freidr4 ,wolff's 8,!ory ( ,g5]ation10 ,b]l9 #agfd1 p4 #acb4 ,b :at are we to say if we f9d ,kant's mo/ important & brilliant doctr9e1 t ( ! ideality ( space & ! m]ely ph5om5al exi/5ce ( ! corporeal _w1 already express$ by ,maup]tuis ?irty ye>s e>li]8 ,?is w be f\nd m fully ref]r$ to 9 ,frau5/dt's lett]s on my philosophy1 ,lett] #ad4 ,maup]tuis expresses ?is p>adoxical doctr9e s decid$ly1 & yet )\t adduc+ any pro( ( x1 t "o mu/ suppose t he also took x f some:]e else4 ,x is v desirable t ! matt] %\ld be fur!r inve/igat$1 & z ?is w\ld dem& tiresome & ext5sive rese>*es1 "s ,g]man ,academy might v well make ! "q ! subject ( a prize essay4 ,n[ 9 ! same relation z t 9 :i* ,kant "h /&s to ,prie/ley1 & p]haps also to ,kasp> ,wolff1 & ,maup]tuis or 8 pr$ecessor1 ,laplace /&s to ,kant4 ,= ! pr9cipal & fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,laplace's admirable & c]ta9ly correct !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em1 :i* is set =? 9 8 8,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde10 liv4 v4 c4 #b1 0 express$ by ,kant ne>ly fifty ye>s be=e1 9 #agee1 9 8 8,naturges*i*te und ,!orie des ,himmels10 & m fully 9 #agfc 9 8 8,e9zig mgli*5 ,beweisgrund des ,daseyns ,gottes10 *4 #g4 ,moreov]1 9 ! lat] "w he gives u to und]/& t ,lamb]t 9 8 8,kosmologis*5 ,brief510 #agfa1 tacitly adopt$ t doctr9e f him1 & ^! lett]s at ! same "t also appe>$ 9 ,fr5* 7,lettres ,cosmologiques sur la ,con/itution de l',univ]s74 ,we are !re=e oblig$ to assume t ,laplace knew t ,kantian doctr9e4 ,c]ta9ly he exp\nds ! matt] m ?or\ghly1 /rik+ly1 & fully1 & at ! same "t m simply ?an ,kant1 z is natural f 8 m pr(\nd a/ronomical k2 yet 9 ! ma9 x is to be f\nd cle>ly express$ 9 ,kant1 & on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ! matt]1 w\ld alone h be5 suffici5t to make 8 "n immortal4 ,x _c b di/urb u v mu* if we f9d m9ds ( ! fir/ ord] "u suspicion ( di%one/y1 :i* w\ld be a sc&al to ^? ( ! l[e/ ord]4 ,= we feel t !ft is ev5 m inexcusable 9 a ri* man ?an 9 a poor "o4 ,we d>e n1 h[ev]1 be sil5t2 = "h we are po/]ity1 & mu/ be j1 z we hope t po/]ity w "s day be j to u4 ,!re=e1 z a ?ird example1 ,i w add to ^! cases1 t ! fundam5tal ?\ghts ( ! 8,metamorphosis ( ,plants10 by ,goe!1 7 already express$ by ,kasp> ,wolff 9 #agfd 9 8 8,!ory ( ,g5]ation10 p4 #adh1 #bbi1 #bdc1 c4 ,inde$1 is x o!rwise ) ! sy/em ( gravitation8 ! discov]y ( :i* is on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe always ascrib$ to ,newton1 :ile 9 ,engl& ! le>n$ at lea/ "k v well t x belongs to ,rob]t ,hooke1 :o 9 ! ye> #afff1 9 a 8,communication to ! ,royal ,society10 exp\nds x q di/9ctly1 al?\gh only z an hypo!sis & )\t pro(4 ,! pr9cipal passage ( ?is communication is quot$ 9 ,dugald ,/ew>t's 8,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d10 & is probably tak5 f ,rob]t ,hooke's ,po/hum\s ,works4 ,! hi/ory ( ! matt]1 & h[ ,newton got into difficulty by x1 is also to be f\nd 9 ! 8,biographie ,univ]selle10 article ,newton4 ,hooke's priority is treat$ z an e/abli%$ fact 9 a %ort hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,augu/ #ahbh4 ,fur!r details on ?is subject are to be f\nd 9 my 8,p>]ga10 vol4 ii41 #hf 7second edition1 #hh74 ,! /ory ( ! fall ( an apple is a fable z gr\ndless z x is popul>1 & is q )\t au?ority4 7#b7 ,to ,no4 #ah ( ,matt]4 ,! quantity ( a motion 7quantitas motus1 already 9 ,desc>tes7 is ! product ( ! mass into ! velocity4 ,?is law is ! basis n only ( ! doctr9e ( impact 9 me*anics1 b also ( t ( equilibrium 9 /atics4 ,f ! =ce ( impact :i* two bodies ) ! same velocity ex]t ! relation ( _! masses to ea* o!r may be det]m9$4 ,?us ( two hamm]s /rik+ ) ! same velocity1 ! "o :i* has ! great] mass w drive ! nail deep] into ! wall or ! po/ deep] into ! e>?4 ,= example1 a hamm] weigh+ six p\nds ) a velocity #f effects z mu* z a hamm] weigh+ ?ree p\nds ) a velocity #ab1 = 9 bo? cases ! quantity ( motion or ! mom5tum #cf4 ,( two balls roll+ at ! same pace1 ! "o :i* has ! great] mass w impel a ?ird ball at re/ to a great] di/ance ?an ! ball ( less mass c4 ,= ! mass ( ! fir/ multipli$ by ! same velocity gives a great] quantity ( motion1 or a great] mom5tum4 ,! cannon c>ries fur!r ?an ! gun1 because an equal velocity communicat$ to a mu* great] mass gives a mu* great] quantity ( motion1 :i* resi/s long] ! ret>d+ effect ( gravity4 ,= ! same reason1 ! same arm w ?r[ a lead bullet fur!r ?an a /one "o ( equal magnitude1 or a l>ge /one fur!r ?an q a small "o4 ,& !re=e also a case-%ot does n c>ry s f> z a ball-%ot4 ,! same law lies at ! f\ndation ( ! !ory ( ! lev] & ( ! balance4 ,= "h also ! small] mass1 on ! long] arm ( ! lev] or beam ( ! balance1 has a great] velocity 9 fall+2 & multipli$ by ?is x may be equal to1 or inde$ exce$1 ! quantity ( motion or ! mom5tum ( ! great] mass at ! %ort] arm ( ! lev]4 ,9 ! /ate ( re/ br\ght ab\t by equilibrium ?is velocity exi/s m]ely 9 int5tion or virtually1 pot5ti1 n actu2 b x acts j z well z actu1 :i* is v rem>kable4 ,! foll[+ explanation w be m easily und]/ood n[ t ^! tru?s h be5 call$ to m9d4 ,! quantity ( a giv5 matt] c only be e/imat$ 9 g5]al accord+ to its =ce1 & its =ce c only be kn[n 9 its expression4 ,n[ :5 we are consid]+ matt] only z reg>ds its quantity1 n its quality1 ?is expression c only be me*anical1 i4e41 x c only consi/ 9 motion :i* x imp>ts to o!r matt]4 ,= only 9 motion does ! =ce ( matt] become1 s to speak1 alive2 h5ce ! expression vis viva = ! manife/ation ( =ce ( matt] 9 motion4 ,accord+ly ! only measure ( ! quantity ( a giv5 matt] is ! quantity ( its motion1 or its mom5tum4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 if x is giv51 ! quantity ( matt] /ill appe>s 9 conjunction & amalgamat$ ) its o!r factor1 velocity4 ,!re=e if we want to "k ! quantity ( matt] 7! mass7 ?is o!r factor mu/ be elim9at$4 ,n[ ! velocity is kn[n directly2 = x is ,s_/,t4 ,b ! o!r factor1 :i* rema9s :5 ?is is elim9at$1 c always be kn[n only relatively 9 comp>ison ) o!r masses1 :i* aga9 c only be kn[n !mselves by means ( ! quantity ( _! motion1 or _! mom5tum1 ?us 9 _! comb9ation ) velocity4 ,we mu/ !re=e comp>e "o quantity ( motion ) ! o!r1 & !n subtract ! velocity f bo?1 9 ord] to see h[ mu* ea* ( !m ow$ to its mass4 ,?is is done by weigh+ ! masses aga9/ ea* o!r1 9 :i* t quantity ( motion is comp>$ :i*1 9 ea* ( ! two masses1 calls =? ! attractive p[] ( ! e>? t acts ^u bo? only 9 proportion to _! quantity4 ,!re=e !re are two k9ds ( weigh+4 ,ei!r we imp>t to ! two masses to be comp>$ equal velocity1 9 ord] to f9d out :i* ( ! two n[ communicates motion to ! o!r1 ?us itself has a great] quantity ( motion1 :i*1 s9ce ! velocity is ! same on bo? sides1 is to be ascrib$ to ! o!r factor ( ! quantity ( motion or ! mom5tum1 ?us to ! mass 7common balance74 ,or we weigh1 by inve/igat+ h[ mu* m velocity ! "o mass mu/ receive ?an ! o!r has1 9 ord] to be equal to ! latt] 9 quantity ( motion or mom5tum1 & !re=e all[ no m motion to be communicat$ to itself by ! o!r2 = !n 9 proportion z its velocity mu/ exce$ t ( ! o!r1 its mass1 i4e41 ! quantity ( its matt]1 is less ?an t ( ! o!r 7/eely>d74 ,?is e/imation ( masses by weigh+ dep5ds ^u ! fav\rable circum/ance t ! mov+ =ce1 9 itself1 acts ^u bo? q equally1 & ea* ( ! two is 9 a position to communicate to ! o!r directly its surplus quantity ( motion or mom5tum1 s t x becomes visible4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! doctr9es has long ago be5 express$ by ,newton & ,kant1 b ?r\gh ! connection & ! cle>ness ( ?is exposition ,i believe ,i h made x m intelligible1 s t t insight is possible = all :i* ,i reg>d$ z necess>y = ! ju/ification ( proposition ,no4 #ah4 ,second ,half4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,ab/ract ,idea1 or ,?9k+4 ,*apt] ,v47#af7 ,on ,! ,irrational ,intellect4 ,x mu/ be possible to arrive at a complete k ( ! consci\sness ( ! brutes1 = we c con/ruct x by ab/ract+ c]ta9 prop]ties ( our own consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re ent]s into ! consci\sness ( ! brute in/9ct1 :i* is mu* m develop$ 9 all ( !m ?an 9 man1 & 9 "s ( !m ext5ds to :at we call me*anical in/9ct4 ,! brutes h und]/&+ )\t hav+ reason1 & !re=e !y h k ( p]ception b no ab/ract k4 ,!y appreh5d correctly1 & also grasp ! imm$iate causal connection1 9 ! case ( ! high] species ev5 ?r\gh sev]al l9ks ( its *a91 b !y d n1 prop]ly speak+1 ?9k4 ,= !y lack conceptions1 t is1 ab/ract ideas4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is ! want ( a prop] memory1 :i* applies ev5 to ! mo/ sagaci\s ( ! brutes1 & x is j ?is :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 _! consci\sness & t ( m54 ,p]fect intellig5ce dep5ds ^u ! di/9ct consci\sness ( ! pa/ & ( ! ev5tual future1 z su*1 & 9 connection ) ! pres5t4 ,! special memory :i* ?is dem&s is !re=e an ord]ly1 connect$1 & ?9k+ retrospective recollection4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only possible by means ( g5]al conceptions1 ! assi/ance ( :i* is requir$ by :at is entirely individual1 9 ord] t x may be recall$ 9 its ord] & connection4 ,= ! b\ndless multitude ( ?+s & ev5ts ( ! same & simil> k9ds1 9 ! c\rse ( our life1 does n admit directly ( a p]ceptible & individual recollection ( ea* p>ticul>1 = :i* nei!r ! p[]s ( ! mo/ compreh5sive memory nor our "t w\ld be suffici5t4 ,!re=e all ?is c only be pres]v$ by subsum+ x "u g5]al conceptions1 & ! consequ5t ref]5ce to relatively few pr9ciples1 by means ( :i* we !n h always at comm& an ord]ly & adequate survey ( our pa/4 ,we c only pres5t to ourselves 9 p]ception p>ticul> sc5es ( ! pa/1 b ! "t t has pass$ s9ce !n & its cont5t we are consci\s ( only 9 ! ab/ract by means ( conceptions ( ?+s & numb]s :i* n[ repres5t days & ye>s1 toge!r ) _! cont5t4 ,! memory ( ! brutes1 on ! contr>y1 l _! :ole intellect1 is conf9$ to :at !y p]ceive1 & prim>ily consi/s m]ely 9 ! fact t a recurr+ impression pres5ts itself z hav+ already be5 exp]i5c$1 = ! pres5t p]ception revivifies ! traces ( an e>li] "o4 ,_! memory is !re=e always dep5d5t ^u :at is n[ actually pres5t4 ,j on ?is acc\nt1 h[ev]1 ?is excites anew ! s5sation & ! mood :i* ! e>li] ph5om5on produc$4 ,?us ! dog recognises acqua9tances1 di/+ui%es fri5ds f enemies1 easily f9ds aga9 ! pa? x has once travell$1 ! h\ses x has once visit$1 & at ! sight ( a plate or a /ick is at once put into ! mood associat$ ) !m4 ,all k9ds ( tra9+ dep5d ^u ! use ( ?is p]ceptive memory & on ! =ce ( habit1 :i* 9 ! case ( animals is specially /rong4 ,x is !re=e j z diff]5t f human education z p]ception is f ?9k+4 ,we ourselves are 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* memory prop] refuses u its s]vice1 conf9$ to t m]ely p]ceptive recollection1 & ?us we c measure ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two f our own exp]i5ce4 ,= example1 at ! sight ( a p]son :om x appe>s to u we "k1 al?\gh we are n able to rememb] :5 or :]e we saw him2 or aga91 :5 we visit a place :]e we once 7 9 e>ly *ildhood1 t is1 :ile our reason 0 yet undevelop$1 & :i* we h !re=e entirely =gott51 & yet feel t ! pres5t impression is "o :i* we h already exp]i5c$4 ,?is is ! nature ( all ! recollections ( ! brutes4 ,we h only to add t 9 ! case ( ! mo/ sagaci\s ?is m]ely p]ceptive memory rises to a c]ta9 degree ( phantasy1 :i* aga9 assi/s x1 & by virtue ( :i*1 = example1 ! image ( its abs5t ma/] floats be=e ! m9d ( ! dog & excites a long+ aft] him1 s t :5 he rema9s away long x seeks = him ev]y:]e4 ,its dreams also dep5d ^u ?is phantasy4 ,! consci\sness ( ! brutes is accord+ly a m]e succession ( pres5ts1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 exi/ z future be=e !y appe>1 nor z pa/ aft] !y h vani%$2 :i* is ! specific diff]5ce ( human consci\sness4 ,h5ce ! brutes h inf9itely less to suff] ?an we h1 because !y "k no o!r pa9s b ^? :i* ! pres5t directly br+s4 ,b ! pres5t is )\t ext5sion1 :ile ! future & ! pa/1 :i* conta9 mo/ ( ! causes ( our suff]+1 are widely ext5d$1 & to _! actual cont5t !re is add$ t :i* is m]ely possible1 :i* op5s up an unlimit$ field = desire & av]sion4 ,! brutes1 on ! contr>y1 undi/urb$ by ^!1 enjoy quietly & peacefully ea* pres5t mom5t1 ev5 if x is only be>able4 ,human be+s ( v limit$ capacity p]haps approa* !m 9 ?is4 ,fur!r1 ! suff]+s :i* belong purely to ! pres5t c only be physical4 ,inde$ ! brutes d n prop]ly speak+ feel dea?3 !y c only "k x :5 x appe>s1 & !n !y are already no m4 ,?us !n ! life ( ! brute is a cont9u\s pres5t4 ,x lives on )\t reflection1 & exi/s :olly 9 ! pres5t2 ev5 ! great majority ( m5 live ) v little reflection4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! special nature ( ! intellect ( ! brutes1 :i* we h expla9$ is ! p]fect accordance ( _! consci\sness ) _! environm5t4 ,betwe5 ! brute & ! ext]nal _w !re is no?+1 b betwe5 u & ! ext]nal _w !re is always our ?\ght ab\t x1 :i* makes u (t5 inapproa*able to x1 & x to u4 ,only 9 ! case ( *ildr5 & v primitive m5 is ?is wall ( p>tition s ?9 t 9 ord] to see :at goes on 9 !m we only ne$ to see :at goes on r\nd ab\t !m4 ,!re=e ! brutes are incapable alike ( purpose & dissimulation2 !y res]ve no?+4 ,9 ?is respect ! dog /&s to ! man 9 ! same relation z a glass goblet to a metal "o1 & ?is helps greatly to ende> ! dog s mu* to u1 = x af=ds u great pleasure to see all ^? incl9ations & emotions :i* we s (t5 conceal display$ simply & op5ly 9 him4 ,9 g5]al1 ! brutes always play1 z x 71 ) _! h& expos$2 & !re=e we contemplate ) s mu* pleasure _! behavi\r t[>ds ea* o!r1 bo? :5 !y belong to ! same & to diff]5t species4 ,x is *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 /amp ( innoc5ce1 9 contra/ to ! conduct ( m51 :i* is )drawn f ! innoc5ce ( nature by ! entrance ( reason1 & ) x ( prud5ce or delib]ation4 ,h5ce human conduct has ?r\gh\t ! /amp ( int5tion or delib]ate purpose1 ! abs5ce ( :i*1 & ! consequ5t det]m9ation by ! impulse ( ! mom5t1 is ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( all ! action ( ! brutes4 ,no brute is capable ( a purpose prop]ly s-call$4 ,to conceive & foll[ out a purpose is ! pr]ogative ( man1 & x is a pr]ogative :i* is ri* 9 consequ5ces4 ,c]ta9ly an in/9ct l t ( ! bird ( passage or ! bee1 /ill m a p]man5t1 p]si/5t desire1 a long+ l t ( ! dog = its abs5t ma/]1 may pres5t ! appe>ance ( a purpose1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be conf\nd$4 ,n[ all ?is has its ultimate gr\nd 9 ! relation betwe5 ! human & ! brute intellect1 :i* may also be ?us express$3 ,! brutes h only direct k1 :ile we1 9 addition to ?is1 h indirect k2 & ! advantage :i* 9 _m ?+s--= example1 9 trigonometry & analysis1 9 ma*9e "w in/ead ( h& "w1 c4--indirect has ov] direct k appe>s "h also4 ,?us aga9 we may say3 ,! brutes h only a s+le intellect1 we a d\ble intellect1 bo? p]ceptive & ?9k+1 & ! op]ation ( ! two (t5 g on indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,we p]ceive "o ?+1 & we ?9k ano!r4 ,(t51 aga91 !y act ^u ea* o!r4 ,?is way ( putt+ ! matt] enables u specially to und]/& t natural op5ness & naivete ( ! brutes1 ref]r$ to above1 z contra/$ ) ! concealm5t ( man4 ,h[ev]1 ! law natura non facit saltus is n entirely susp5d$ ev5 ) reg>d to ! intellect ( ! brutes1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ! /ep f ! brute to ! human intellig5ce is ! greate/ :i* nature has made 9 ! production ( h] creatures4 ,9 ! mo/ fav\r$ individuals ( ! highe/ species ( ! brutes !re c]ta9ly sometimes appe>s1 always to our a/oni%m5t1 a fa9t trace ( reflection1 reason1 ! compreh5sion ( words1 ( ?\ght1 purpose1 & delib]ation4 ,! mo/ /rik+ indications ( ?is k9d are af=d$ by ! elephant1 ^: highly develop$ intellig5ce is height5$ & support$ by an exp]i5ce ( a lifetime :i* sometimes ext5ds to two hundr$ ye>s4 ,he has (t5 giv5 unmi/akable signs1 record$ 9 well-kn[n anecdotes1 ( prem$itation1 :i*1 9 ! case ( brutes1 always a/oni%es u m ?an any?+ else4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! /ory ( ! tailor on :om an elephant rev5g$ himself = prick+ him ) a ne$le4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to rescue f oblivion a p>allel case to ?is1 because x has ! advantage ( be+ au!nticat$ by judicial inve/igation4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,augu/ #ahcj !re 0 held at ,morpe?1 9 ,engl&1 a coron]'s inque/ on ! keep]1 ,bapti/ ,b]nh>d1 :o 0 kill$ by 8 elephant4 ,x appe>$ f ! evid5ce t two ye>s be=e he _h (f5d$ ! elephant grossly1 & n[1 )\t any occasion1 b on a fav\rable opportunity1 ! elephant _h seiz$ him & cru%$ him4 7,see ! ,spectator & o!r ,engli% pap]s ( t day47 ,= special in=mation on ! intellig5ce ( brutes ,i recomm5d ,l]oy's excell5t book1 8,sur l',intellig5ce des ,animaux10 n\v4 d4 #ahjb4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,on ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ab/ract or ,rational ,k4 ,! outw>d impression ^u ! s5ses1 toge!r ) ! mood :i* x alone awak5s 9 u1 vani%es ) ! pres5ce ( ! ?+4 ,!re=e ^! two _c ( !mselves con/itute exp]i5ce prop]1 ^: tea*+ is to guide our conduct = ! future4 ,! image ( t impression :i* ! imag9ation pres]ves is orig9ally weak] ?an ! impression itself1 & becomes weak] & weak] daily1 until 9 "t x disappe>s altoge!r4 ,!re is only "o ?+ :i* is n subject ei!r to ! in/antane\s vani%+ ( ! impression or to ! gradual disappe>ance ( its image1 & is !re=e free f ! p[] ( "t4 ,?is is ! conception4 ,9 x1 !n1 ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce mu/ be /or$ up1 & x alone is suit$ to be a safe guide to our /eps 9 life4 ,!re=e ,s5eca says rightly1 8,si vis tibi omnia subjic]e1 te subjice rationi0 7,ep4 #cg74 ,& ,i add to ?is t ! ess5tial condition ( surpass+ o!rs 9 actual life is t we %\ld reflect or delib]ate4 ,su* an important tool ( ! intellect z ! concept evid5tly _c be id5tical ) ! ^w1 ?is m]e s\nd1 :i* z an impression ( s5se passes ) ! mom5t1 or z a phantasm ( he>+ dies away ) "t4 ,yet ! concept is an idea1 ! di/9ct consci\sness & pres]vation ( :i* are b\nd up ) ! ^w4 ,h5ce ! ,greeks call$ ^w1 concept1 relation1 ?\ght1 & reason by ! "n ( ! fir/1 4 ,yet ! concept is p]fectly diff]5t bo? f ! ^w1 to :i* x is jo9$1 & f ! p]ceptions1 f :i* x has orig9at$4 ,x is ( an entirely diff]5t nature f ^! impressions ( ! s5ses4 ,yet x is able to take up into itself all ! results ( p]ception1 & give !m back aga9 un*ang$ & undim9i%$ aft] ! longe/ p]iod ( "t2 ?us alone does exp]i5ce arise4 ,b ! concept pres]ves1 n :at is p]ceiv$ nor :at is !n felt1 b only :at is ess5tial 9 ^!1 9 an entirely alt]$ =m1 & yet z an adequate repres5tative ( !m4 ,j z fl[]s _c be pres]v$1 b _! e!real oil1 _! ess5ce1 ) ! same smell & ! same virtues1 c be4 ,! action t has be5 guid$ by correct conceptions w1 9 ! result1 co9cide ) ! real object aim$ at4 ,we may judge ( ! ine/imable value ( conceptions1 & consequ5tly ( ! reason1 if we glance = a mom5t at ! inf9ite multitude & v>iety ( ! ?+s & conditions t coexi/ & succe$ ea* o!r1 & !n consid] t spee* & writ+ 7! signs ( conceptions7 are capable ( af=d+ u accurate in=mation z to ev]y?+ & e relation :5 & :]ev] x may h be52 = comp>atively few conceptions c conta9 & repres5t an inf9ite numb] ( ?+s & conditions4 ,9 our own reflection ab/raction is a ?r[+ (f ( useless baggage = ! sake ( m easily h&l+ ! k :i* is to be comp>$1 & has !re=e to be turn$ ab\t 9 all directions4 ,we all[ mu* t is uness5tial1 & !re=e only confus+1 to fall away f ! real ?+s1 & "w ) few b ess5tial det]m9ations ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract4 ,b j because g5]al conceptions are only =m$ by ?9k+ away & leav+ out exi/+ qualities1 & are !re=e ! empti] ! m g5]al !y are1 ! use ( ?is proc$ure is conf9$ to ! work+ up ( k :i* we h already acquir$4 ,?is work+ up includes ! draw+ ( conclusions f premisses conta9$ 9 our k4 ,new insight1 on ! contr>y1 c only be obta9$ by ! help ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 f p]ception1 :i* alone is complete & ri* k4 ,fur!r1 because ! cont5t & ! ext5t ( ! concepts /& 9 inv]se relation to ea* o!r1 & ?us ! m is ?\ght "u a concept1 ! less is ?\ght 9 x1 concepts =m a graduat$ s]ies1 a hi]>*y1 f ! mo/ special to ! mo/ g5]al1 at ! l[] end ( :i* s*ola/ic realism is almo/ "r1 & at ! upp] end nom9alism4 ,= ! mo/ special conception is almo/ ! individual1 ?us almo/ real2 & ! mo/ g5]al conception1 e4g41 be+ 7i4e41 ! inf9itive ( ! copula71 is sc>cely any?+ b a ^w4 ,!re=e philosophical sy/ems :i* conf9e !mselves to su* v g5]al conceptions1 )\t go+ d[n to ! real1 are little m ?an m]e juggl+ ) words4 ,= s9ce all ab/raction consi/s 9 ?9k+ away1 ! fur!r we pu% x ! less we h left ov]4 ,!re=e1 if ,i read ^? mod]n philosophemes :i* move con/antly 9 ! wide/ ab/ractions1 ,i am soon q unable1 9 spite ( all att5tion1 to ?9k almo/ any?+ m 9 connection ) !m2 = ,i receive no mat]ial = ?\ght1 b am suppos$ to "w ) m]e empty %ells1 :i* gives me a feel+ l t :i* we exp]i5ce :5 we try to ?r[ v light bodies2 ! /r5g? & also ! ex]tion are !re1 b !re is no object to receive !m1 s z to supply ! o!r mom5t ( motion4 ,if any "o wants to exp]i5ce ?is let him read ! writ+s ( ! disciples ( ,s*ell+1 or /ill bett] ( ! ,hegelians4 ,simple conceptions w\ld necess>ily be su* z c\ld n be brok5 up4 ,accord+ly !y c\ld nev] be ! subject ( an analytical judgm5t4 ,?is ,i hold to be impossible1 = if we ?9k a conception we mu/ also be able to give its cont5t4 ,:at are commonly adduc$ z examples ( simple conceptions are really n conceptions at all1 b p>tly m]e s5sations--z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( "s special col\r2 p>tly ! =ms ( p]ception :i* are kn[n to u a priori1 ?us prop]ly ! ultimate elem5ts ( p]ceptive k4 ,b ?is itself is = ! :ole sy/em ( our ?\ght :at granite is = geology1 ! ultimate firm basis :i* supports all1 & beyond :i* we _c g4 ,! di/9ctness ( a conception dem&s n only t we %\ld be able to sep>ate its pr$icates1 b also t we %\ld be able to analyse ^! ev5 if !y are ab/ractions1 & s on until we rea* k ( p]ception1 & ?us ref] to concrete ?+s ?r\gh ! di/9ct p]ception ( :i* ! f9al ab/ractions are v]ifi$ & reality gu>ante$ to !m1 z well z to all ! high] ab/ractions :i* re/ ^u !m4 ,!re=e ! ord9>y explanation t ! conception is di/9ct z soon z we c give its pr$icates is n suffici5t4 ,= ! sep>at+ ( ^! pr$icates may lead p]haps to m conceptions2 & s on aga9 )\t !re be+ t ultimate basis ( p]ceptions :i* imp>ts reality to all ^? conceptions4 ,take1 = example1 ! conception 8_s10 & analyse x into its pr$icates3 8,a ?9k+1 will+1 immat]ial1 simple1 inde/ructible be+ t does n occupy space40 ,no?+ is yet di/9ctly ?\ght ab\t x1 because ! elem5ts ( ^! conceptions _c be v]ifi$ by means ( p]ceptions1 = a ?9k+ be+ )\t a bra9 is l a dige/+ be+ )\t a /oma*4 ,only p]ceptions are1 prop]ly speak+1 cle>1 n conceptions2 ^! at ! mo/ c only be di/9ct4 ,h5ce also1 absurd z x 01 8cle> & confus$0 7 c\pl$ toge!r & us$ z synonym\s :5 k ( p]ception 0 expla9$ z m]ely a confus$ ab/ract k1 because ! latt] k9d ( k alone 0 di/9ct4 ,?is 0 fir/ done by ,duns ,scotus1 b ,leibnitz has sub/antially ! same view1 ^u :i* 8 8,id5titas ,indisc]nibilium0 dep5ds4 7,see ,kant's refutation ( ?is1 p4 #bge ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason47 ,! close connection ( ! conception ) ! ^w1 ?us ( spee* ) reason1 :i* 0 t\*$ on above1 re/s ultimately ^u ! foll[+ gr\nd4 ,"t is ?r\gh\t ! =m ( our :ole consci\sness1 ) its inw>d & outw>d appreh5sion4 ,conceptions1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* orig9ate ?r\gh ab/raction & are p]fectly g5]al ideas1 diff]5t f all p>ticul> ?+s1 h 9 ?is prop]ty inde$ a c]ta9 measure ( objective exi/5ce1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 belong to any s]ies ( ev5ts 9 "t4 ,!re=e 9 ord] to ent] ! imm$iate pres5t ( an individual consci\sness1 & ?us to admit ( be+ introduc$ into a s]ies ( ev5ts 9 "t1 !y mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t be r$uc$ aga9 to ! nature ( individual ?+s1 individualis$1 & !re=e l9k$ to an idea ( s5se4 ,su* an idea is ! ^w4 ,x is accord+ly ! s5sible sign ( ! conception1 & z su* ! necess>y means ( fix+ x1 t is1 ( pres5t+ x to ! consci\sness1 :i* is b\nd up ) ! =m ( "t1 & ?us e/abli%+ a connection betwe5 ! reason1 ^: objects are m]ely g5]al univ]sals1 kn[+ nei!r place nor "t1 & consci\sness1 :i* is b\nd up ) "t1 is s5su\s1 & s f> purely animal4 ,only by ?is means is ! reproduction at pleasure1 ?us ! recollection & pres]vation1 ( conceptions possible & op5 to u2 & only by means ( ?is1 aga91 are ! op]ations :i* are und]tak5 ) conceptions possible--judgm5t1 inf]5ce1 comp>ison1 limitation1 c4 ,x is true x sometimes happ5s t conceptions occupy consci\sness )\t _! signs1 z :5 we run ?r\gh a tra9 ( reason+ s rapidly t we c\ld n ?9k ! words 9 ! "t4 ,b su* cases are exceptions1 :i* presuppose great ex]cise ( ! reason1 :i* x c\ld only h obta9$ by means ( language4 ,h[ mu* ! use ( reason is b\nd up ) spee* we see 9 ! case ( ! deaf & dumb1 :o1 if !y h le>nt no k9d ( language1 %[ sc>cely m intellig5ce ?an ! ourang-outang or ! elephant4 ,= _! reason is almo/ entirely pot5tial1 n actual4 ,words & spee* are ?us ! indisp5sable means ( di/9ct ?\ght4 ,b z e means1 e ma*9e1 at once burd5s & h9d]s1 s also does language2 = x =ces ! fluid & modifiable ?\ghts1 ) _! inf9itely f9e di/9ctions ( diff]5ce1 into c]ta9 rigid1 p]man5t =ms1 & ?us 9 fix+ also fett]s !m4 ,?is h9drance is to "s ext5t got rid ( by le>n+ sev]al languages4 ,= 9 ^! ! ?\ght is p\r$ f "o m\ld into ano!r1 & some:at alt]s its =m 9 ea*1 s t x becomes m & m fre$ f all =m & clo?+1 & ?us its own prop] nature comes m di/9ctly into consci\sness1 & x recov]s aga9 its orig9al capacity = modification4 ,! anci5t languages r5d] ?is s]vice v mu* bett] ?an ! mod]n1 because1 on acc\nt ( _! great diff]5ce f ! latt]1 ! same ?\ghts are express$ 9 !m 9 q ano!r way1 & mu/ ?us assume a v diff]5t =m2 besides :i* ! m p]fect gramm> ( ! anci5t languages r5d]s a m arti/ic & m p]fect con/ruction ( ! ?\ghts & _! connection possible4 ,?us a ,greek or a ,roman might p]haps cont5t himself ) 8 own language1 b he :o und]/&s no?+ b "s s+le mod]n patois w soon betray ?is pov]ty 9 writ+ & speak+2 = 8 ?\ghts1 firmly b\nd to su* n>r[ /]eotyp$ =ms1 mu/ appe> awkw>d & monoton\s4 ,g5ius c]ta9ly makes up = ?is z = ev]y?+ else1 = example 9 ,%akespe>e4 ,burke1 9 8 8,inquiry into ! ,sublime & ,beautiful10 p4 #e1 #d & #e1 has giv5 a p]fectly correct & v elaborate exposition ( :at ,i laid d[n 9 #i ( ! fir/ volume1 t ! words ( a spee* are p]fectly und]/ood )\t call+ up ideas ( p]ception1 pictures 9 our heads4 ,b he draws f ?is ! entirely false conclusion t we he>1 appreh5d1 & make use ( words )\t connect+ ) !m any idea :atev]2 :]eas he ought to h drawn ! conclusion t all ideas are n p]ceptible images1 b t precisely ^? ideas :i* mu/ be express$ by means ( words are ab/ract notions or conceptions1 & ^! f _! v nature are n p]ceptible4 ,j because words imp>t only g5]al conceptions1 :i* are p]fectly diff]5t f ideas ( p]ception1 :51 = example1 an ev5t is rec\nt$ all ! he>]s w receive ! same conceptions2 b if aft]w>ds !y wi% to make ! incid5t cle> to !mselves1 ea* ( !m w call up 9 8 imag9ation a diff]5t image ( x1 :i* diff]s consid]ably f ! correct image t is possess$ only by ! eye-witness4 ,?is is ! prim>y reason 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is accompani$ by o!rs7 :y e fact is necess>ily di/ort$ by be+ repeat$ly told4 ,! second rec\nt] communicates conceptions :i* he has ab/ract$ f ! image ( 8 own imag9ation1 & f ^! conceptions ! ?ird n[ =ms ano!r image diff]+ /ill m widely f ! tru?1 & ?is aga9 he translates into conceptions1 & s ! process goes on4 ,:oev] is suffici5tly matt] ( fact to /ick to ! conceptions imp>t$ to him1 & repeat !m1 w prove ! mo/ tru?ful report]4 ,! be/ & mo/ intellig5t exposition ( ! ess5ce & nature ( conceptions :i* ,i h be5 able to f9d is 9 ,?omas ,reid's 8,essays on ! ,p[]s ( ,human ,m9d10 vol4 ii41 ,essay #e1 *4 #f4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds condemn$ by ,dugald ,/ew>t 9 8 8,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d40 ,n to wa/e pap] ,i w only briefly rem>k ) reg>d to ! latt] t he belongs to t l>ge class :o h obta9$ an undes]v$ reputation ?r\gh fav\r & fri5ds1 & !re=e ,i c only advise t n an h\r %\ld be wa/$ ov] ! scribbl+ ( ?is %all[ writ]4 ,! pr9cely s*ola/ic ,pico de ,mir&ula already saw t reason is ! faculty ( ab/ract ideas1 & und]/&+ ! faculty ( ideas ( p]ception4 ,= 9 8 book1 8,de ,imag9atione10 *4 #aa1 he c>efully di/+ui%es und]/&+ & reason1 & expla9s ! latt] z ! discursive faculty peculi> to man1 & ! =m] z ! intuitive faculty1 alli$ to ! k9d ( k :i* is prop] to ! angels1 & inde$ to ,god4 ,sp9oza also *>act]ises reason q correctly z ! faculty ( fram+ g5]al conceptions 7,e?41 ii4 prop4 #dj1 s*ol4 #b74 ,su* facts w\ld n ne$ to be m5tion$ if x 7 n = ! tricks t h be5 play$ 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s by ! :ole ( ! philosopha/]s ( ,g]many ) ! conception reason4 ,= !y h tri$1 ) %ameless audacity1 to smuggle 9 "u ?is "n an entirely spuri\s faculty ( imm$iate1 metaphysical1 s-call$ sup]-s5su\s k4 ,! reason prop]1 on ! o!r h&1 !y call und]/&+1 & ! und]/&+ prop]1 z some?+ q /range to !m1 !y ov]look altoge!r1 & ascribe its intuitive functions to s5sibility4 ,9 ! case ( all ?+s 9 ?is _w new drawbacks or disadvantages cleave to e s\rce ( aid1 to e ga91 to e advantage2 & ?us reason also1 :i* gives to man su* great advantages ov] ! brutes1 c>ries ) x its special disadvantages1 & op5s = him pa?s ( error into :i* ! brutes c nev] /ray4 ,?r\gh x a new species ( motives1 to :i* ! brute is n accessible1 obta9s p[] ov] 8 w4 ,^! are ! ab/ract motives1 ! m]e ?\ghts1 :i* are by no means always drawn f 8 own exp]i5ce1 b (t5 come to him only ?r\gh ! talk & example ( o!rs1 ?r\gh tradition & lit]ature4 ,hav+ become accessible to ?\ght1 he is at once expos$ to error4 ,b e error mu/ soon] or lat] d h>m1 & ! great] ! error ! great] ! h>m x w d4 ,! individual error mu/ be aton$ = by him :o *]i%es x1 & (t5 he has to pay de>ly = x4 ,& ! same ?+ holds good on a l>ge scale ( ! common errors ( :ole nations4 ,!re=e x _c too (t5 be repeat$ t e error :]ev] we meet x1 is to be pursu$ & root$ out z an enemy ( mank9d1 & t !re c be no su* ?+ z privileg$ or sanction$ error4 ,! ?9k] ought to attack x1 ev5 if humanity %\ld cry out ) pa91 l a sick man ^: ulc] ! physician t\*es4 ,! brute c nev] /ray f> f ! pa? ( nature2 = its motives lie only 9 ! _w ( p]ception1 :]e only ! possible1 inde$ only ! actual1 f9ds room4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all t is only imag9able1 & !re=e also ! false1 ! impossible1 ! absurd1 & s5seless1 ent]s into ab/ract conceptions1 into ?\ghts & words4 ,s9ce n[ all p>take ( reason1 b few ( judgm5t1 ! consequ5ce is t man is expos$ to delusion1 = he is ab&on$ to e conceivable *im]a :i* any "o talks him into1 & :i*1 act+ on 8 w z a motive1 may influ5ce him to p]v]sities & follies ( e k9d1 to ! mo/ unhe>d-( extravagances1 & also to actions mo/ contr>y to 8 animal nature4 ,true culture1 9 :i* k & judgm5t g h& 9 h&1 c only be br\ght to be> on a few2 & /ill few] are capable ( receiv+ x4 ,= ! great mass ( m5 a k9d ( tra9+ ev]y:]e takes its place4 ,x is effect$ by example1 cu/om1 & ! v e>ly & firm impression ( c]ta9 conceptions1 be=e any exp]i5ce1 und]/&+1 or judgm5t 7 !re to di/urb ! "w4 ,?us ?\ghts are implant$1 :i* aft]w>d cl+ z firmly1 & are z incapable ( be+ %ak5 by any in/ruction z if !y 7 inborn2 & inde$ !y h (t5 be5 reg>d$1 ev5 by philosoph]s1 z su*4 ,9 ?is way we c1 ) ! same tr\ble1 imbue m5 ) :at is "r & rational1 or ) :at is mo/ absurd4 ,= example1 we c accu/om !m to approa* ?is or t idol ) holy dread1 & at ! m5tion ( its "n to pro/rate 9 ! du/ n only _! bodies b _! :ole _s2 to sacrifice _! prop]ty & _! lives will+ly to words1 to names1 to ! def5ce ( ! /range/ :ims2 to atta* arbitr>ily ! greate/ hon\r or ! deepe/ disgrace to ?is or t1 & to prize highly or disda9 ev]y?+ accord+ly ) full inw>d conviction2 to r5\nce all animal food1 z 9 ,h9du/an1 or to dev\r /ill w>m & quiv]+ pieces1 cut f ! liv+ animal1 z 9 ,abyss9ia2 to eat m51 z 9 ,new ,zeal&1 or to sacrifice _! *ildr5 to ,molo*2 to ca/rate !mselves1 to fl+ !mselves volunt>ily on ! fun]al piles ( ! dead--9 a ^w1 to d any?+ we please4 ,h5ce ! ,crusades1 ! extravagances ( fanatical sects2 h5ce ,*ilia/s & ,flagellants1 p]secutions1 autos da fe1 & all t is (f]$ by ! long regi/] ( human p]v]sities4 ,le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t only ! d>k ages af=d su* examples1 ,i %all add a c\ple ( m mod]n in/ances4 ,9 ! ye> #ahah !re w5t f ,wrtemb]g #gjjj ,*ilia/s to ! neighb\rhood ( ,ar>at1 because ! new k+dom ( ,god1 specially ann\nc$ by ,jung ,/ill+1 0 to appe> !re47#ag7 ,gall relates t 9 8 "t a "m kill$ h] *ild & roa/$ x 9 ord] to cure h] husb&'s rheumatism ) its fat47#ah7 ,! tragical side ( error lies 9 ! practical1 ! comical is res]v$ = ! !oretical4 ,= example1 if we c\ld firmly p]suade ?ree m5 t ! sun is n ! cause ( daylight1 we might hope to see x soon e/abli%$ z ! g5]al conviction4 ,9 ,g]many x 0 possible to proclaim z ! greate/ philosoph] ( all ages ,hegel1 a repulsive1 m9dless *>latan1 an unp>allel$ scribbl] ( nons5se1 & = tw5ty ye>s _m ?\s&s h believ$ x /ubbornly & firmly2 & inde$1 outside ,g]many1 ! ,dani% ,academy ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ myself = 8 fame1 & s\ght to h him reg>d$ z a summus philosophus4 7,^u ?is see ! preface to my ,grundproblem5 d] ,e?ik47 ,^!1 !n1 are ! disadvantages :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( judgm5t1 atta* to ! exi/5ce ( reason4 ,we mu/ add to !m ! possibility ( madness4 ,! brutes d n g mad1 al?\gh ! c>nivora are subject to fury1 & ! rum9ants to a sort ( delirium4 ,*apt] ,,vii47#ai7 ,on ,! ,relation ( ! ,concrete ,k ( ,p]ception to ,ab/ract ,k4 ,x has be5 %[n t conceptions d]ive _! mat]ial f k ( p]ception1 & !re=e ! entire /ructure ( our _w ( ?\ght re/s ^u ! _w ( p]ception4 ,we mu/ !re=e be able to g back f e conception1 ev5 if only indirectly ?r\gh int]m$iate conceptions1 to ! p]ceptions f :i* x is ei!r itself directly d]iv$ or ^? conceptions are d]iv$ ( :i* x is aga9 an ab/raction4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ be able to support x ) p]ceptions :i* /& to ! ab/ractions 9 ! relation ( examples4 ,^! p]ceptions ?us af=d ! real cont5t ( all our ?\ght1 & :5ev] !y are want+ we h n _h conceptions b m]e words 9 our heads4 ,9 ?is respect our intellect is l a bank1 :i*1 if x is to be s\nd1 mu/ h ca% 9 its safe1 s z to be able to meet all ! notes x has issu$1 9 case ( dem&2 ! p]ceptions are ! ca%1 ! conceptions are ! notes4 ,9 ?is s5se ! p]ceptions might v appropriately be call$ prim>y1 & ! conceptions1 on ! o!r h&1 second>y ideas4 ,n q s aptly1 ! ,s*oolm51 foll[+ ! example ( ,ari/otle 7,metaph41 vi4 #aa1 xi4 #a71 call$ real ?+s sub/anti prim1 & ! conceptions sub/anti secund4 ,books imp>t only second>y ideas4 ,m]e conceptions ( a ?+ )\t p]ception give only a g5]al k ( x4 ,we only h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ?+s & _! relations s f> z we are able to repres5t !m to ourselves 9 pure1 di/9ct p]ceptions1 )\t ! aid ( words4 ,to expla9 words by words1 to comp>e concepts ) concepts1 9 :i* mo/ philosophis+ consi/s1 is a trivial %ift+ ab\t ( ! concept-sph]es 9 ord] to see :i* goes into ! o!r & :i* does n4 ,at ! be/ we c 9 ?is way only arrive at conclusions2 b ev5 conclusions give no really new k1 b only %[ u all t lay 9 ! k we already possess$1 & :at "p ( x p]haps might be applicable to ! p>ticul> case4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to p]ceive1 to all[ ! ?+s !mselves to speak to u1 to appreh5d new relations ( !m1 & !n to take up & deposit all ?is 9 conceptions1 9 ord] to possess x ) c]ta9ty--t gives new k4 ,b1 :ile almo/ e "o is capable ( comp>+ conceptions ) conceptions1 to comp>e conceptions ) p]ceptions is a gift ( ! select few4 ,x is ! condition1 accord+ to ! degree ( its p]fection1 ( wit1 judgm5t1 +5uity1 g5ius4 ,! =m] faculty1 on ! contr>y1 results 9 little m ?an possibly rational reflections4 ,! inmo/ k]nel ( all g5u9e & actual k is a p]ception2 & e new tru? is ! pr(it or ga9 yield$ by a p]ception4 ,all orig9al ?9k+ takes place 9 images1 & ?is is :y imag9ation is s necess>y an in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 & m9ds t lack imag9ation w nev] accompli% mu*1 unless x be 9 ma!matics4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]ely ab/ract ?\ghts1 :i* h no k]nel ( p]ception1 are l cl\d-/ructures1 )\t reality4 ,ev5 writ+ & speak+1 :e!r didactic or poetical1 has = its f9al aim to guide ! read] to ! same concrete k f :i* ! au?or />t$2 if x has n ?is aim x is bad4 ,?is is :y ! contemplation & obs]v+ ( e real ?+1 z soon z x pres5ts some?+ new to ! obs]v]1 is m in/ructive ?an any read+ or he>+4 ,= inde$1 if we g to ! bottom ( ! matt]1 all tru? & wisdom1 nay1 ! ultimate secret ( ?+s1 is conta9$ 9 ea* real object1 yet c]ta9ly only 9 concreto1 j z gold lies hidd5 9 ! ore2 ! difficulty is to extract x4 ,f a book1 on ! contr>y1 at ! be/ we only receive ! tru? at second h&1 & (t5] n at all4 ,9 mo/ books1 putt+ out ( acc\nt ^? t are ?or\ghly bad1 ! au?or1 :5 _! cont5t is n altoge!r empirical1 has c]ta9ly ?\ght b n p]ceiv$2 he has writt5 f reflection1 n f intuition1 & x is ?is t makes !m commonplace & t$i\s4 ,= :at ! au?or has ?\ght c\ld always h be5 ?\ght by ! read] also1 if he _h tak5 ! same tr\ble2 inde$ x consi/s simply ( intellig5t ?\ght1 full exposition ( :at is implicite conta9$ 9 ! !me4 ,b no actually new k comes 9 ?is way into ! _w2 ?is is only creat$ 9 ! mom5t ( p]ception1 ( direct compreh5sion ( a new side ( ! ?+4 ,:51 !re=e1 on ! contr>y1 sight has =m$ ! f\ndation ( an au?or's ?\ght1 x is z if he wrote f a l& :]e ! read] has nev] be51 = all is fre% & new1 because x is drawn directly f ! orig9al s\rce ( all k4 ,let me illu/rate ! di/9ction "h t\*$ ^u by a p]fectly easy & simple example4 ,any commonplace writ] might easily describe pr(\nd contemplation or petrify+ a/oni%m5t by say+3 8,he /ood l a /atue20 b ,c]vantes says3 8,l a clo!d /atue1 = ! w9d mov$ 8 g>m5ts0 7,don ,quixote1 book vi4 *4 #ai74 ,x is ?us t all great m9ds h ev] ?\ght 9 pres5ce ( ! p]ception1 & kept _! gaze /eadfa/ly ^u x 9 _! ?\ght4 ,we recognise ?is f ?is fact1 among o!rs1 t ev5 ! mo/ opposite ( !m s (t5 agree & co9cide 9 "s p>ticul>2 because !y all speak ( ! same ?+ :i* !y all _h be=e _! eyes1 ! _w1 ! p]ceiv$ reality2 inde$ 9 a c]ta9 degree !y all say ! same ?+1 & o!rs nev] believe !m4 ,we recognise x fur!r 9 ! appropriat5ess & orig9ality ( ! expression1 :i* is always p]fectly adapt$ to ! subject because x has be5 inspir$ by p]ception1 9 ! naivete ( ! language1 ! fre%ness ( ! imag]y1 & ! impressiv5ess ( ! similes1 all ( :i* qualities1 )\t exception1 di/+ui% ! works ( great m9ds1 &1 on ! contr>y1 are always want+ 9 ! works ( o!rs4 ,accord+ly only commonplace =ms ( expression & trite figures are at ! s]vice ( ! latt]1 & !y nev] d>e to all[ !mselves to be natural1 "u p5alty ( display+ _! vulg>ity 9 all its dre>y b>r5ness2 in/ead ( ?is !y are affect$ mann]i/s4 ,h5ce ,buffon says3 8,le /yle e/ l'homme mme40 ,if m5 ( commonplace m9d write poetry !y h c]ta9 traditional conv5tional op9ions1 passions1 noble s5tim5ts1 c41 :i* !y h receiv$ 9 ! ab/ract1 & attribute to ! h]oes ( _! poems1 :o are 9 ?is way r$uc$ to m]e p]sonifications ( ^? op9ions1 & are ?us !mselves to a c]ta9 ext5t ab/ractions1 & !re=e insipid & tiresome4 ,if !y philosophise1 !y h tak5 9 a few wide ab/ract conceptions1 :i* !y turn ab\t 9 all directions1 z if !y _h to d ) algebraical equations1 & hope t some?+ w come ( x2 at ! mo/ we see t !y h all read ! same ?+s4 ,su* a toss+ to & fro ( ab/ract conceptions1 aft] ! mann] ( algebraical equations1 :i* is n[-a-days call$ dialectic1 does n1 l real algebra1 af=d c]ta9 results2 = "h ! conception :i* is repres5t$ by ! ^w is n a fix$ & p]fectly def9ite quality1 su* z are symbolis$ by ! lett]s 9 algebra1 b is wav]+ & ambigu\s1 & capable ( ext5sion & contraction4 ,/rictly speak+1 all ?9k+1 i4e41 comb9+ ( ab/ract conceptions1 has at ! mo/ ! recollections ( e>li] p]ceptions = its mat]ial1 & ?is only indirectly1 s f> z x con/itutes ! f\ndation ( all conceptions4 ,real k1 on ! contr>y1 t is1 imm$iate k1 is p]ception alone1 new1 fre% p]ception itself4 ,n[ ! concepts :i* ! reason has fram$ & ! memory has pres]v$ _c all be pres5t to consci\sness at once1 b only a v small numb] ( !m at a "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! en]gy ) :i* we appreh5d :at is pres5t 9 p]ception1 9 :i* really all t is ess5tial 9 all ?+s g5]ally is virtually conta9$ & repres5t$1 is appreh5d$1 fills ! consci\sness 9 "o mom5t ) its :ole p[]4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! inf9ite sup]iority ( g5ius to le>n+2 !y /& to ea* o!r z ! text ( an anci5t classic to its comm5t>y4 ,all tru? & all wisdom really lies ultimately 9 p]ception4 ,b ?is un=tunately c nei!r be reta9$ nor communicat$4 ,! objective conditions ( su* communication c c]ta9ly be pres5t$ to o!rs purifi$ & illu/rat$ ?r\gh pla/ic & pictorial art1 & ev5 mu* m directly ?r\gh poetry2 b x dep5ds s mu* ^u subjective conditions1 :i* are n at ! comm& ( e "o1 & ( no "o at all times1 nay1 inde$ 9 ! high] degrees ( p]fection1 are only ! gift ( ! fav\r$ few4 ,only ! wor/ k1 ab/ract1 second>y k1 ! conception1 ! m]e %ad[ ( true k1 is unconditionally communicable4 ,if p]ceptions 7 communicable1 t w\ld be a communication wor? ! tr\ble2 b at la/ e "o mu/ rema9 9 8 own sk9 & skull1 & no "o c help ano!r4 ,to enri* ! conception f p]ception is ! unceas+ endeav\r ( poetry & philosophy4 ,h[ev]1 ! aims ( man are ess5tially practical2 & = ^! x is suffici5t t :at he has appreh5d$ ?r\gh p]ception %\ld leave traces 9 him1 by virtue ( :i* he w recognise x 9 ! next simil> case2 ?us he becomes possess$ ( worldly wisdom4 ,?us1 z a rule1 ! man ( ! _w _c tea* 8 accumulat$ tru? & wisdom1 b only make use ( x2 he rightly compreh5ds ea* ev5t z x happ5s1 & det]m9es :at is 9 con=mity ) x4 ,t books w n take ! place ( exp]i5ce nor le>n+ ( g5ius are two k9dr$ ph5om5a4 ,_! common gr\nd is t ! ab/ract c nev] take ! place ( ! concrete4 ,books !re=e d n take ! place ( exp]i5ce1 because conceptions always rema9 g5]al1 & consequ5tly d n get d[n to ! p>ticul>1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is j :at has to be dealt ) 9 life2 &1 besides ?is1 all conceptions are ab/ract$ f :at is p>ticul> & p]ceiv$ 9 exp]i5ce1 & !re=e "o mu/ h come to "k ^! 9 ord] adequately to und]/& ev5 ! g5]al conceptions :i* ! books communicate4 ,le>n+ _c take ! place ( g5ius1 because x also af=ds m]ely conceptions1 b ! k ( g5ius consi/s 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas ( ?+s1 & !re=e is ess5tially intuitive4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ ( ^! ph5om5a ! objective condition ( p]ceptive or intuitive k is want+2 9 ! second ! subjective2 ! =m] may be atta9$1 ! latt] _c4 ,wisdom & g5ius1 ^! two summits ( ! ,p>nassus ( human k1 h _! f\ndation n 9 ! ab/ract & discursive1 b 9 ! p]ceptive faculty4 ,wisdom prop] is some?+ intuitive1 n some?+ ab/ract4 ,x does n consi/ 9 pr9ciples & ?\ghts1 :i* "o c c>ry ab\t ready 9 8 m9d1 z results ( 8 own rese>* or t ( o!rs2 b x is ! :ole mann] 9 :i* ! _w pres5ts itself 9 8 m9d4 ,?is v>ies s mu* t on acc\nt ( x ! wise man lives 9 ano!r _w f ! fool1 & ! g5ius sees ano!r _w f ! blockhead4 ,t ! works ( ! man ( g5ius immeasurably surpass ^? ( all o!rs arises simply f ! fact t ! _w :i* he sees1 & f :i* he takes 8 utt]ances1 is s mu* cle>]1 z x 7 m pr(\ndly work$ out1 ?an t 9 ! m9ds ( o!rs1 :i* c]ta9ly conta9s ! same objects1 b is to ! _w ( ! man ( g5ius z ! ,*9ese picture )\t %ad+ & p]spective is to ! f9i%$ oil-pa9t+4 ,! mat]ial is 9 all m9ds ! same2 b ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! p]fection ( ! =m :i* x assumes 9 ea*1 ^u :i* ! num]\s grades ( intellig5ce ultimately dep5d4 ,^! grades ?us exi/ 9 ! root1 9 ! p]ceptive or intuitive appreh5sion1 & d n fir/ appe> 9 ! ab/ract4 ,h5ce orig9al m5tal sup]iority %[s itself s easily :5 ! occasion arises1 & is at once felt & hat$ by o!rs4 ,9 practical life ! intuitive k ( ! und]/&+ is able to guide our action & behavi\r directly1 :ile ! ab/ract k ( ! reason c only d s by means ( ! memory4 ,h5ce arises ! sup]iority ( intuitive k 9 all cases :i* admit ( no "t = reflection2 ?us = daily int]c\rse1 9 :i*1 j on ?is acc\nt1 wom5 excel4 ,only ^? :o intuitively "k ! nature ( m5 z !y are z a rule1 & ?us compreh5d ! individuality ( ! p]son be=e !m1 w und]/& h[ to manage him ) c]ta9ty & rightly4 ,ano!r may "k by he>t all ! ?ree hundr$ maxims ( ,gracian1 b ?is w n save him f /upid mi/akes & misconceptions if he lacks t intuitive k4 ,= all ab/ract k af=ds u prim>ily m]e g5]al pr9ciples & rules2 b ! p>ticul> case is almo/ nev] to be c>ri$ out exactly accord+ to ! rule2 !n ! rule itself has to be pres5t$ to u at ! "r "t by ! memory1 :i* seldom punctually happ5s2 !n ! propositio m9or has to be =m$ out ( ! pres5t case1 & f9ally ! conclusion drawn4 ,be=e all ?is is done ! opportunity has g5]ally turn$ its back ^u u1 & !n ^? excell5t pr9ciples & rules s]ve at ! mo/ to enable u to measure ! magnitude ( ! error we h committ$4 ,c]ta9ly ) "t we ga9 9 ?is way exp]i5ce & practice1 :i* sl[ly gr[s to k ( ! _w1 & ?us1 9 connection ) ?is1 ! ab/ract rules may c]ta9ly become fruitful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! intuitive k1 :i* always appreh5ds only ! p>ticul>1 /&s 9 imm$iate relation to ! pres5t case4 ,rule1 case1 & application are = x "o1 & action foll[s imm$iately ^u x4 ,?is expla9s :y 9 real life ! s*ol>1 ^: pre-em95ce lies 9 ! prov9ce ( ab/ract k1 is s f> surpass$ by ! man ( ! _w1 ^: pre-em95ce consi/s 9 p]fect intuitive k1 :i* orig9al disposition conf]r$ on him1 & a ri* exp]i5ce has develop$4 ,! two k9ds ( k always /& to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( pap] money & h>d ca%2 & z !re are _m cases & circum/ances 9 :i* ! =m] is to be pref]r$ to ! latt]1 s !re are also ?+s & situations = :i* ab/ract k is m useful ?an intuitive4 ,if1 = example1 x is a conception t 9 "s case guides our action1 :5 x is once grasp$ x has ! advantage ( be+ unalt]able1 & !re=e "u its guidance we g to "w ) p]fect c]ta9ty & consi/5cy4 ,b ?is c]ta9ty :i* ! conception conf]s on ! subjective side is outweigh$ by ! unc]ta9ty :i* accompanies x on ! objective side4 ,! :ole conception may be false & gr\ndless1 or ! object to be dealt ) may n come "u x1 = x may be ei!r n at all or n altoge!r ( ! k9d :i* belongs to x4 ,n[ if 9 ! p>ticul> case we sudd5ly become consci\s ( some?+ ( ?is sort1 we are put out altoge!r2 if we d n become consci\s ( x1 ! result br+s x to light4 ,!re=e ,vauv5>gue says3 8,p]sonne n'e/ sujet plus de fautes1 que ceux qui n'agiss5t que p> rflexion40 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is direct p]ception ( ! objects to be dealt ) & _! relations t guides our action1 we easily hesitate at e /ep1 = ! p]ception is always modifiable1 is ambigu\s1 has inexhau/ible details 9 itself1 & %[s _m sides 9 succession2 we act !re=e )\t full confid5ce4 ,b ! subjective unc]ta9ty is comp5sat$ by ! objective c]ta9ty1 = "h !re is no conception betwe5 ! object & u1 we nev] lose sight ( x2 if !re=e we only see correctly :at we h be=e u & :at we d1 we %all hit ! m>k4 ,our action !n is p]fectly sure only :5 x is guid$ by a conception ! "r gr\nd ( :i*1 its complet5ess1 & applicability to ! giv5 cause is p]fectly c]ta94 ,action 9 accordance ) conceptions may pass into p$antry1 action 9 accordance ) ! p]ceiv$ impression into levity & folly4 ,p]ception is n only ! s\rce ( all k1 b is itself k 1 is ! only unconditionally true1 g5u9e k completely wor?y ( ! "n4 ,= x alone imp>ts insight prop]ly s call$1 x alone is actually assimilat$ by man1 passes into 8 nature1 & c ) full reason be call$ 82 :ile ! conceptions m]ely cl+ to him4 ,9 ! f\r? book we see inde$ t true virtue proce$s f k ( p]ception or intuitive k2 = only ^? actions :i* are directly call$ =? by ?is1 & !re=e are p]=m$ purely f ! impulse ( our own nature1 are prop]ly symptoms ( our true & unalt]able "*2 n s ^? :i*1 result+ f reflection & its dogmas1 are (t5 extort$ f ! "*1 & !re=e h no unalt]able gr\nd 9 u4 ,b wisdom also1 ! true view ( life1 ! correct eye1 & ! se>*+ judgm5t1 proce$s f ! way 9 :i* ! man appreh5ds ! p]ceptible _w1 b n f 8 m]e ab/ract k1 i4e41 n f ab/ract conceptions4 ,! basis or ultimate cont5t ( e sci5ce consi/s1 n 9 pro(s1 nor 9 :at is prov$1 b 9 ! unprov$ f\ndation ( ! pro(s1 :i* c f9ally be appreh5d$ only ?r\gh p]ception4 ,s also ! basis ( ! true wisdom & real insight ( ea* man does n consi/ 9 conceptions & 9 ab/ract rational k1 b 9 :at is p]ceiv$1 & 9 ! degree ( acut5ess1 accuracy1 & pr(undity ) :i* he has appreh5d$ x4 ,he :o excels "h kn[s ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas ( ! _w & life2 e case he has se5 repres5ts = him innum]able cases2 he always appreh5ds ea* be+ accord+ to its true nature1 & 8 action1 l 8 judgm5t1 corresponds to 8 insight4 ,by degrees also 8 c\nt5ance assumes ! expression ( p5etration1 ( true intellig5ce1 &1 if x goes f> en\gh1 ( wisdom4 ,= x is pre-em95ce 9 k ( p]ception alone t /amps its impression ^u ! features also2 :ile pre-em95ce 9 ab/ract k _c d ?is4 ,9 accordance ) :at has be5 said1 we f9d 9 all classes m5 ( intellectual sup]iority1 & (t5 q )\t le>n+4 ,natural und]/&+ c take ! place ( almo/ e degree ( culture1 b no culture c take ! place ( natural und]/&+4 ,! s*ol> has ! advantage ( su* m5 9 ! possession ( a weal? ( cases & facts 7hi/orical k7 & ( causal det]m9ations 7natural sci5ce71 all 9 well-ord]$ connection1 easily survey$2 b yet ) all ?is he has n a m accurate & pr(\nd insight into :at is truly ess5tial 9 all ^! cases1 facts1 & causations4 ,! unle>n$ man ( acut5ess & p5etration kn[s h[ to disp5se ) ?is weal?2 we c make use ( mu*2 we c d ) little4 ,"o case 9 8 own exp]i5ce tea*es him m ?an _m a s*ol> is taught by a ?\s& cases :i* he kn[s1 b does n1 prop]ly speak+1 und]/&4 ,= ! little k ( t unle>n$ man is liv+1 because e fact t is kn[n to him is support$ by accurate & well-appreh5d$ p]ception1 & ?us repres5ts = him a ?\s& simil> facts4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mu* k ( ! ord9>y s*ol> is dead1 because ev5 if x does n consi/1 z is (t5 ! case1 9 m]e words1 x consi/s entirely 9 ab/ract k4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 receives its value only ?r\gh ! p]ceptive k ( ! individual ) :i* x mu/ connect itself1 & :i* mu/ ultimately realise all ! conceptions4 ,if n[ ?is p]ceptive k is v scanty1 su* a m9d is l a bank ) liabilities t5fold 9 excess ( its ca% res]ve1 :]eby 9 ! end x becomes bankrupt4 ,!re=e1 :ile ! "r appreh5sion ( ! p]ceptible _w has impress$ ! /amp ( insight & wisdom on ! br[ ( _m an unle>n$ man1 ! face ( _m a s*ol> be>s no o!r trace ( 8 mu* /udy ?an t ( exhau/ion & we>9ess f excessive & =c$ /ra9+ ( ! memory 9 ! unnatural accumulation ( dead conceptions4 ,moreov]1 ! insight ( su* a man is (t5 s pu]ile1 s weak & silly1 t we mu/ suppose t ! excessive /ra9 ^u ! faculty ( indirect k1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ab/ractions1 directly weak5s ! p[] ( imm$iate p]ceptive k1 & ! natural & cle> vision is m & m bl9d$ by ! light ( books4 ,at any rate ! con/ant /ream+ 9 ( ! ?\ghts ( o!rs mu/ conf9e & suppress our own1 & inde$ 9 ! long run p>alyse ! p[] ( ?\ght if x has n t high degree ( ela/icity :i* is able to )/& t unnatural /ream4 ,!re=e ceaseless read+ & /udy directly injures ! m9d--! m s t complet5ess & con/ant connection ( ! sy/em ( our own ?\ght & k mu/ pay ! p5alty if we s (t5 arbitr>ily int]rupt x 9 ord] to ga9 room = a l9e ( ?\ght entirely /range to u4 ,to bani% my own ?\ght 9 ord] to make room = t ( a book w\ld seem to me l :at ,%akespe>e c5sures 9 ! t\ri/s ( 8 "t1 t !y sold _! own l& to see t ( o!rs4 ,yet ! incl9ation = read+ ( mo/ s*ol>s is a k9d ( fuga vacui1 f ! pov]ty ( _! own m9ds1 :i* =cibly draws 9 ! ?\ghts ( o!rs4 ,9 ord] to h ?\ghts !y mu/ read some?+2 j z lifeless bodies are only mov$ f )\t2 :ile ! man :o ?9ks = himself is l a liv+ body t moves ( itself4 ,inde$ x is dang]\s to read ab\t a subject be=e we h ?\ght ab\t x ourselves4 ,= along ) ! new mat]ial ! old po9t ( view & treatm5t ( x creeps into ! m9d1 all ! m s z laz9ess & apa?y c\nsel u to accept :at has already be5 ?\ght1 & all[ x to pass = tru?4 ,?is n[ ins9uates itself1 & h5ce=w>d our ?\ght on ! subject always takes ! accu/om$ pa?1 l brooks t are guid$ by dit*es2 to f9d a ?\ght ( our own1 a new ?\ght1 is !n d\bly difficult4 ,?is contributes mu* to ! want ( orig9ality on ! "p ( s*ol>s4 ,add to ?is t !y suppose t1 l o!r p1 !y mu/ divide _! "t betwe5 pleasure & "w4 ,n[ !y reg>d read+ z _! "w & special call+1 & !re=e !y gorge !mselves ) x1 beyond :at !y c dige/4 ,!n read+ no long] plays ! "p ( ! m]e initiator ( ?\ght1 b takes its place altoge!r2 = !y ?9k ( ! subject j z long z !y are read+ ab\t x1 ?us ) ! m9d ( ano!r1 n ) _! own4 ,b :5 ! book is laid aside entirely diff]5t ?+s make mu* m lively claims ^u _! int]e/2 _! private affairs1 & !n ! !atre1 c>d-play+1 skittles1 ! news ( ! day1 & gossip4 ,! man ( ?\ght is s because su* ?+s h no int]e/ = him4 ,he is int]e/$ only 9 8 problems1 ) :i* !re=e he is always occupi$1 by himself & )\t a book4 ,to give ourselves ?is int]e/1 if we h n got x1 is impossible4 ,?is is ! crucial po9t4 ,& ^u ?is also dep5ds ! fact t ! =m] always speak only ( :at !y h read1 :ile ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 speaks ( :at he has ?\ght1 & t !y are1 z ,pope says3 8,= ev] read+1 nev] to be read40 ,! m9d is naturally free1 n a slave2 only :at x does will+ly1 ( its own accord1 succe$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! compulsory ex]tion ( a m9d 9 /udies = :i* x is n qualifi$1 or :5 x has become tir$1 or 9 g5]al too cont9u\sly & invita ,m9]va1 dulls ! bra91 j z read+ by moonlight dulls ! eyes4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! /ra9+ ( ! immature bra9 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( *ildhood4 ,i believe t ! le>n+ ( ,lat9 & ,greek gramm> f ! six? to ! twelf? ye> lays ! f\ndation ( ! subsequ5t /upidity ( mo/ s*ol>s4 ,at any rate ! m9d requires ! n\ri%m5t ( mat]ials f )\t4 ,all t we eat is n at once incorporat$ 9 ! organism1 b only s mu* ( x z is dige/$2 s t only a small "p ( x is assimilat$1 & ! rema9d] passes away2 & ?us to eat m ?an we c assimilate is useless & injuri\s4 ,x is precisely ! same ) :at we read4 ,only s f> z x gives food = ?\ght does x increase our insight & true k4 ,!re=e ,h]acleitus says3 8 0 7multiscitia non dat intellectum74 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to me t le>n+ may be comp>$ to a heavy suit ( arm\r1 :i* c]ta9ly makes ! /rong man q inv9cible1 b to ! weak man is a burd5 "u :i* he s9ks altoge!r4 ,! exposition giv5 9 our ?ird book ( ! k ( ! 7,platonic7 ,ideas1 z ! highe/ atta9able by man1 & at ! same "t entirely p]ceptive or intuitive k1 is a pro( t ! s\rce ( true wisdom does n lie 9 ab/ract rational k1 b 9 ! cle> & pr(\nd appreh5sion ( ! _w 9 p]ception4 ,!re=e wise m5 may live 9 any age1 & ^? ( ! pa/ rema9 wise m5 = all succe$+ g5]ations4 ,le>n+1 on ! contr>y1 is relative2 ! le>n$ m5 ( ! pa/ are = ! mo/ "p *ildr5 z comp>$ ) u1 & require indulg5ce4 ,b to him :o /udies 9 ord] to ga9 insight books & /udies are only /eps ( ! ladd] by :i* he climbs to ! summit ( k4 ,z soon z a r\nd ( ! ladd] has rais$ him a /ep1 he leaves x beh9d him4 ,! _m1 on ! o!r h&1 :o /udy 9 ord] to fill _! memory d n use ! r\nds ( ! ladd] to m\nt by1 b take !m (f1 & load !mselves ) !m to c>ry !m away1 rejoic+ at ! increas+ weight ( ! burd54 ,!y rema9 always bel[1 because !y be> :at ought to h borne !m4 ,^u ! tru? set =? "h1 t ! k]nel ( all k is ! p]ceptive or intuitive appreh5sion1 dep5ds ! true & pr(\nd rem>k ( ,helvetius1 t ! really *>act]i/ic & orig9al views ( :i* a gift$ individual is capable1 & ! work+ up1 developm5t1 & manifold application ( :i* is ! mat]ial ( all 8 works1 ev5 if writt5 mu* lat]1 c arise 9 him only up to ! ?irty-fif? or at ! late/ ! =tie? ye> ( 8 life1 & are really ! result ( comb9ations he has made 9 8 e>ly y\?4 ,= !y are n m]e connections ( ab/ract conceptions1 b 8 own intuitive compreh5sion ( ! objective _w & ! nature ( ?+s4 ,n[1 t ?is intuitive appreh5sion mu/ h complet$ its "w by ! age m5tion$ above dep5ds p>tly on ! fact t by t "t ! ectypes ( all 7,platonic7 ,ideas mu/ h pres5t$ !mselves to ! man1 & !re=e _c appe> lat] ) ! /r5g? ( ! fir/ impression2 p>tly on ?is1 t ! highe/ en]gy ( bra9 activity is dem&$ = ?is qu9tess5ce ( all k1 = ?is pro( be=e ! lett] ( ! appreh5sion1 & ?is highe/ en]gy ( ! bra9 is dep5d5t on ! fre%ness & flexibility ( its fibres & ! rapidity ) :i* ! art]ial blood fl[s to ! bra94 ,b ?is aga9 is at its /ronge/ only z long z ! art]ial sy/em has a decid$ pr$om9ance ov] ! v5\s sy/em1 :i* beg9s to decl9e aft] ! ?irtie? ye>1 until at la/1 aft] ! =ty-second ye>1 ! v5\s sy/em obta9s ! upp] h&1 z ,cabanis has admirably & in/ructively expla9$4 ,!re=e ! ye>s betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty & ! fir/ few ye>s aft] ?irty are = ! intellect :at ,may is = ! trees2 only !n d ! blossoms appe> ( :i* all ! lat] fruits are ! developm5t4 ,! _w ( p]ception has made its impression1 & !reby laid ! f\ndation ( all ! subsequ5t ?\ghts ( ! individual4 ,he may by reflection make cle>] :at he has appreh5d$2 he may yet acquire mu* k z n\ri%m5t = ! fruit :i* has once set2 he may ext5d 8 views1 correct 8 conceptions & judgm5ts1 x may be only ?r\gh endless comb9ations t he becomes completely ma/] ( ! mat]ials he has ga9$2 inde$ he w g5]ally produce 8 be/ works mu* lat]1 z ! greate/ heat beg9s ) ! decl9e ( ! day1 b he c no long] hope = new orig9al k f ! "o liv+ f\nta9 ( p]ception4 ,x is ?is t ,byron feels :5 he breaks =? into 8 wond]fully beautiful lam5t3 8,no m--no m--oh6 nev] m on me ,! fre%ness ( ! he>t c fall l dew1 ,:i* out ( all ! lovely ?+s we see ,extracts emotions beautiful & new1 ,hiv$ 9 our bosoms l ! bag o' ! bee3 ,?9k'/ ?\ ! honey ) ^? objects grew8 ,alas6 'twas n 9 !m1 b 9 ?y p[] ,to d\ble ev5 ! sweetness ( a fl[]40 ,?r\gh all t ,i h said hi!rto ,i hope ,i h plac$ 9 a cle> light ! important tru? t s9ce all ab/ract k spr+s f k ( p]ception1 x obta9s its :ole value f its relation to ! latt]1 ?us f ! fact t its conceptions1 or ! ab/ractions :i* !y d5ote1 c be realis$1 i4e41 prov$1 ?r\gh p]ceptions2 &1 moreov]1 t mo/ dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ^! p]ceptions4 ,conceptions & ab/ractions :i* d n ultimately ref] to p]ceptions are l pa?s 9 ! wood t end )\t lead+ out ( x4 ,! great value ( conceptions lies 9 ! fact t by means ( !m ! orig9al mat]ial ( k is m easily h&l$1 survey$1 & arrang$4 ,b al?\gh _m k9ds ( logical & dialectical op]ations are possible ) !m1 yet no entirely orig9al & new k w result f ^!2 t is to say1 no k ^: mat]ial nei!r lay already 9 p]ception nor 0 drawn f self-consci\sness4 ,?is is ! true mean+ ( ! doctr9e attribut$ to ,ari/otle3 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu1 nisi quod antea fu]it 9 s5su4 ,x is also ! mean+ ( ! ,lockeian philosophy1 :i* made = ev] an epo* 9 philosophy1 because x comm5c$ at la/ ! s]i\s discussion ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( our k4 ,x is also pr9cipally :at ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 tea*es4 ,x also desires t we %\ld n rema9 at ! conceptions1 b g back to _! s\rce1 ?us to p]ception2 only ) ! true & important addition t :at holds good ( ! p]ception also ext5ds to its subjective conditions1 ?us to ! =ms :i* lie pr$ispos$ 9 ! p]ceiv+ & ?9k+ bra9 z its natural functions2 al?\gh ^! at lea/ virtualit] prec$e ! actual s5se-p]ception1 i4e41 are a priori1 & !re=e d n dep5d ^u s5se-p]ception1 b x ^u !m4 ,= ^! =ms !mselves h inde$ no o!r end1 nor s]vice1 ?an to produce ! empirical p]ception on ! n]ves ( s5se be+ excit$1 z o!r =ms are det]m9$ aft]w>ds to con/ruct ?\ghts 9 ! ab/ract f ! mat]ial ( p]ception4 ,! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 is !re=e relat$ to ! ,lockeian philosophy z ! analysis ( ! inf9ite to elem5t>y geometry1 b is yet ?r\gh\t to be reg>d$ z ! cont9uation ( ! ,lockeian philosophy4 ,! giv5 mat]ial ( e philosophy is accord+ly no?+ else ?an ! empirical consci\sness1 :i* divides itself into ! consci\sness ( "o's own self 7self-consci\sness7 & ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s 7ext]nal p]ception74 ,= ?is alone is :at is imm$iately & actually giv54 ,e philosophy :i*1 in/ead ( />t+ f ?is1 takes = its />t+-po9t arbitr>ily *os5 ab/ract conceptions1 su* z1 = example1 absolute1 absolute sub/ance1 ,god1 inf9ity1 f9itude1 absolute id5tity1 be+1 ess5ce1 c41 c41 moves 9 ! air )\t support1 & c !re=e nev] lead to a real result4 ,yet 9 all ages philosoph]s h attempt$ x ) su* mat]ials2 & h5ce ev5 ,kant sometimes1 accord+ to ! common usage1 & m f cu/om ?an consi/5cy1 def9es philosophy z a sci5ce ( m]e conceptions4 ,b su* a sci5ce w\ld really und]take to extract f ! p>tial ideas 7= t is :at ! ab/ractions are7 :at is n to be f\nd 9 ! complete ideas 7! p]ceptions71 f :i* ! =m] 7 drawn by ab/raction4 ,! possibility ( ! syllogism leads to ?is mi/ake1 because "h ! comb9ation ( ! judgm5ts gives a new result1 al?\gh m app>5t ?an real1 = ! syllogism only br+s out :at already lay 9 ! giv5 judgm5ts2 = x is true ! conclusion _c conta9 m ?an ! premisses4 ,conceptions are c]ta9ly ! mat]ial ( philosophy1 b only z m>ble is ! mat]ial ( ! sculptor4 ,x is n to "w out ( !m b 9 !m2 t is to say1 x is to deposit its results 9 !m1 b n to />t f !m z :at is giv54 ,:oev] wi%es to see a gl>+ example ( su* a false proc$ure f m]e conceptions may look at ! 8,in/itutio ,!ologica0 ( ,proclus 9 ord] to conv9ce himself ( ! vanity ( t :ole me?od4 ,!re ab/ractions su* z 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7unum1 multa1 bonum1 produc5s et productum1 sibi suffici5s1 causa1 melius1 mobile1 immobile1 motum71 c41 are indiscrim9ately collect$1 b ! p]ceptions to :i* alone !y owe _! orig9 & cont5t ignor$ & contemptu\sly disreg>d$4 ,a !ology is !n con/ruct$ f ^! conceptions1 b its goal1 ! 1 is kept conceal$2 ?us ! :ole proc$ure is app>5tly unprejudic$1 z if ! read] did n "k at ! fir/ page1 j z well z ! au?or1 :at x is all to end 94 ,i h already quot$ a fragm5t ( ?is above4 ,?is production ( ,proclus is really q peculi>ly adapt$ to make cle> h[ utt]ly useless & illusory su* comb9ations ( ab/ract conceptions are1 = we c make ( !m :atev] we w1 especially if we fur!r take advantage ( ! ambiguity ( _m words1 su*1 = example1 z 4 ,if su* an ar*itect ( conceptions 7 pres5t 9 p]son we w\ld only h to ask naively :]e all ! ?+s are ( :i* he has s mu* to tell u1 & :5ce he kn[s ! laws f :i* he draws 8 conclusions conc]n+ !m4 ,he w\ld !n soon be oblig$ to turn to empirical p]ception1 9 :i* alone ! real _w exhibits itself1 f :i* ^? conceptions are drawn4 ,!n we w\ld only h to ask fur!r :y he did n hone/ly />t f ! giv5 p]ception ( su* a _w1 s t at e /ep 8 ass]tions c\ld be prov$ by x1 in/ead ( op]at+ ) conceptions1 :i* are yet drawn f p]ception alone1 & !re=e c h no fur!r validity ?an t :i* x imp>ts to !m4 ,b ( c\rse ?is is j 8 trick4 ,?r\gh su* conceptions1 9 :i*1 by virtue ( ab/raction1 :at is insep>able is ?\ght z sep>ate1 & :at _c be unit$ z unit$1 he goes f> beyond ! p]ception :i* 0 _! s\rce1 & ?us beyond ! limits ( _! applicability1 to an entirely diff]5t _w f t :i* suppli$ ! mat]ial = build+1 b j on ?is acc\nt to a _w ( *im]as4 ,i h "h ref]r$ to ,proclus because 9 him ?is proc$ure becomes specially cle> ?r\gh ! frank audacity ) :i* he c>ries x out4 ,b 9 ,plato also we f9d "s examples ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh n s gl>+2 & 9 g5]al ! philosophical lit]ature ( all ages af=ds a multitude ( in/ances ( ! same ?+4 ,t ( our own "t is ri* 9 !m4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! writ+s ( ! s*ool ( ,s*ell+1 & obs]ve ! con/ructions t are built up out ( ab/ractions l f9ite & inf9ite--be+1 non-be+1 o!r be+--activity1 h9drance1 product--det]m9+1 be+ det]m9$1 det]m9at5ess--limit1 limit+1 be+ limit$--unity1 plurality1 multiplicity--id5tity1 div]sity1 indiff]5ce--?9k+1 be+1 ess5ce1 c4 ,n only does all t has be5 said above hold good ( con/ructions out ( su* mat]ials1 b because an inf9ite am\nt c be ?\ght ?r\gh su* wide ab/ractions1 only v little inde$ c be ?\ght 9 !m2 !y are empty husks4 ,b ?us ! matt] ( ! :ole philosophis+ becomes a/oni%+ly trifl+ & paltry1 & h5ce arises t unutt]able & excruciat+ t$i\sness :i* is *>act]i/ic ( all su* writ+s4 ,if inde$ ,i n[ *ose to call to m9d ! way 9 :i* ,hegel & 8 companions h abus$ su* wide & empty ab/ractions1 ,i %\ld h to fe> t bo? ! read] & ,i myself w\ld be ill2 = ! mo/ nause\s t$i\sness hangs ov] ! empty ^w-juggl+ ( ?is loa?some philopha/]4 ,t 9 practical philosophy also no wisdom is br\ght to light f m]e ab/ract conceptions is ! "o ?+ to be le>nt f ! e?ical diss]tations ( ! !ologian ,s*lei]ma*]1 ) ! deliv]y ( :i* he has we>i$ ! ,b]l9 ,academy = a numb] ( ye>s1 & :i* are %ortly to appe> 9 a collect$ =m4 ,9 !m only ab/ract conceptions1 su* z duty1 virtue1 highe/ good1 moral law1 c41 are tak5 z ! />t+-po9t1 )\t fur!r introduction ?an t !y commonly occur 9 e?ical sy/ems1 & are n[ treat$ z giv5 realities4 ,he !n discusses ^! f all sides ) great subtilty1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 nev] makes = ! s\rce ( ^! conceptions1 = ! ?+ itself1 ! actual human life1 to :i* alone !y are relat$1 f :i* !y ought to be drawn1 & ) :i* morality has1 prop]ly speak+1 to d4 ,on ?is acc\nt ^! diatribes are j z unfruitful & useless z !y are t$i\s1 :i* is say+ a great deal4 ,at all times we f9d p]sons1 l ?is !ologian1 :o is too fond ( philosophis+1 fam\s :ile !y are alive1 aft]w>ds soon =gott54 ,my advice is r to read ^? ^: fate has be5 ! opposite ( ?is1 = "t is %ort & valuable4 ,n[ al?\gh1 9 accordance ) all t has be5 said1 wide1 ab/ract conceptions1 :i* c be realis$ 9 no p]ception1 mu/ nev] be ! s\rce ( k1 ! />t+-po9t or ! prop] mat]ial ( philosophy1 yet sometimes p>ticul> results ( philosophy are su* z c only be ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract1 & _c be prov$ by any p]ception4 ,k ( ?is k9d w c]ta9ly only be half k2 x w1 z x 71 only po9t out ! place :]e :at is to be kn[n lies2 b ?is rema9s conceal$4 ,!re=e we %\ld only be satisfi$ ) su* conceptions 9 ! mo/ extreme case1 & :5 we h rea*$ ! limit ( ! k possible to our faculties4 ,an example ( ?is might p]haps be ! conception ( a be+ out ( "t2 su* z ! proposition3 ! inde/ructibility ( our true be+ by dea? is n a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( x4 ,) conceptions ( ?is sort ! firm gr\nd :i* supports our :ole k1 ! p]ceptible1 seems to wav]4 ,!re=e philosophy may c]ta9ly at times1 & 9 case ( necessity1 ext5d to su* k1 b x mu/ nev] beg9 ) x4 ,! work+ ) wide ab/ractions1 :i* is condemn$ above1 to ! entire neglect ( ! p]ceptive k f :i* !y are drawn1 & :i* is !re=e _! p]man5t & natural controll]1 0 at all times ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! errors ( dogmatic philosophy4 ,a sci5ce con/ruct$ f ! m]e comp>ison ( conceptions1 t is1 f g5]al pr9ciples1 c\ld only be c]ta9 if all its pr9ciples 7 syn!tical a priori1 z is ! case 9 ma!matics3 = only su* admit ( no exceptions4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pr9ciples h any empirical cont5t1 we mu/ keep ?is con/antly at h&1 to control ! g5]al pr9ciples4 ,= no tru?s :i* are 9 any way drawn f exp]i5ce are ev] unconditionally true4 ,!y h !re=e only an approximately univ]sal validity2 = "h !re is no rule )\t an exception4 ,if n[ ,i l9k ^! pr9ciples toge!r by means ( ! int]section ( _! concept-sph]es1 "o conception might v easily t\* ! o!r precisely :]e ! exception lies4 ,b if ?is happ5s ev5 only once 9 ! c\rse ( a long tra9 ( reason+1 ! :ole /ructure is loos$ f its f\ndation & moves 9 ! air4 ,if1 = example1 ,i say1 8,! rum9ants h no front incisors10 & apply ?is & :at foll[s f x to ! camel1 x all becomes false1 = x only holds good ( horn$ rum9ants4 ,:at ,kant calls das ,v]nnfteln1 m]e ab/ract reason+1 & s (t5 condemns1 is j ( ?is sort4 ,= x consi/s simply 9 subsum+ conceptions "u conceptions1 )\t ref]5ce to _! orig91 & )\t pro( ( ! correctness & exclusiv5ess ( su* subsumption--a me?od :]eby we c arrive by long] or %ort] circuits at almo/ any result we *oose to set be=e u z our goal4 ,h5ce ?is m]e ab/ract reason+ diff]s only 9 degree f sophi/ication /rictly s call$4 ,b sophi/ication is 9 ! !oretical sph]e exactly :at *ican]y is 9 ! practical4 ,yet ev5 ,plato himself has v frequ5tly p]mitt$ su* m]e ab/ract reason+2 & ,proclus1 z we h already m5tion$1 has1 aft] ! mann] ( all imitators1 c>ri$ ?is fault ( 8 model mu* fur!r4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 8,de ,div9is ,nom9ibus10 is also /rongly affect$ ) ?is4 ,b ev5 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,eleatic ,melissus we already f9d di/9ct examples ( su* m]e ab/ract reason+ 7especially #b-e 9 ,br&is' ,comm5t4 ,eleat47 ,8 proc$ure ) ! conceptions1 :i* nev] t\* ! reality f :i* !y h _! cont5t1 b1 mov+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( ab/ract univ]sality1 pass away beyond x1 resembles bl[s :i* nev] hit ! m>k4 ,a good patt]n ( su* m]e ab/ract reason+ is ! 8,de ,diis et ,mundo0 ( ! philosoph] ,sallu/ius ,b*el*52 especially *aps4 #g1 #ab1 & #ag4 ,b a p]fect gem ( philosophical m]e ab/ract reason+ pass+ into decid$ sophi/ication is ! foll[+ reason+ ( ! ,platoni/1 ,maximus ( ,tyre1 :i* ,i %all quote1 z x is %ort3 8,e inju/ice is ! tak+ away ( a good4 ,!re is no o!r good ?an virtue3 b virtue _c be tak5 away3 ?us x is n possible t ! virtu\s c suff] inju/ice f ! wick$4 ,x n[ rema9s ei!r t no inju/ice c be suff]$1 or t x is suff]$ by ! wick$ f ! wick$4 ,b ! wick$ man possesses no good at all1 = only virtue is a good2 !re=e none c be tak5 f him4 ,?us he also c suff] no inju/ice4 ,?us inju/ice is an impossible ?+40 ,! orig9al1 :i* is less concise ?r\gh repetitions1 runs ?us3 8 2 8-- 4 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 7,s]mo #b74 ,i %all add fur!r a mod]n example ( su* pro(s f ab/ract conceptions1 by means ( :i* an obvi\sly absurd proposition is set up z ! tru?1 & ,i %all take x f ! works ( a great man1 ,giordano ,bruno4 ,9 8 book1 8,del ,inf9ito ,univ]so e ,mondi0 7p4 #hg ( ! edition ( ,a4 ,wagn]71 he makes an ,ari/otelian prove 7) ! assi/ance & exagg]ation ( ! passage ( ,ari/otle's ,de ,clo1 i4 #e7 t !re c be no space beyond ! _w4 ,! _w is enclos$ by ! eight sph]es ( ,ari/otle1 & beyond ^! !re c be no space4 ,= if beyond ^! !re 7 /ill a body1 x mu/ ei!r be simple or comp\nd4 ,x is n[ prov$ sophi/ically1 f pr9ciples :i* are obvi\sly begg$1 t no simple body c\ld be !re2 & !re=e1 also1 no comp\nd body1 = x w\ld necess>ily be compos$ ( simple ones4 ,?us 9 g5]al !re c be no body !re--b if n1 !n no space4 ,= space is def9$ z 8t 9 :i* bodies c be20 & x has j be5 prov$ t no body c be !re4 ,?us !re is also !re no space4 ,?is la/ is ! f9al /roke ( ?is pro( f ab/ract conceptions4 ,x ultimately re/s on ! fact t ! proposition1 8,:]e no space is1 !re c be no body0 is tak5 z a univ]sal negative1 & !re=e conv]t$ simply1 8,:]e no body c be !re is no space40 ,b ! =m] proposition1 :5 prop]ly reg>d$1 is a univ]sal affirmative3 8,ev]y?+ t has no space has no body10 ?us x mu/ n be conv]t$ simply4 ,yet x is n e pro( f ab/ract conceptions1 ) a conclusion :i* cle>ly contradicts p]ception 7z "h ! f9it5ess ( space71 t c ?us be ref]r$ to a logical error4 ,= ! sophi/ry does n always lie 9 ! =m1 b (t5 9 ! matt]1 9 ! premisses1 & 9 ! indef9it5ess ( ! conceptions & _! ext5sion4 ,we f9d num]\s examples ( ?is 9 ,sp9oza1 ^: me?od inde$ x is to prove f conceptions4 ,see1 = example1 ! mis]able sophisms 9 8 8,e?ics10 ,p4 iv41 prop4 #bi-ca1 by means ( ! ambiguity ( ! unc]ta9 conceptions conv5ire & commune hab]e4 ,yet ?is does n prev5t ! neo-,sp9ozi/s ( our own day f tak+ all t he has said = gospel4 ,( ^! ! ,hegelians1 ( :om !re are actually /ill a few1 are specially amus+ on acc\nt ( _! traditional rev]5ce = 8 pr9ciple1 omnis det]m9atio e/ negatio1 at :i*1 accord+ to ! *>latan _s ( ! s*ool1 !y put on a face z if x 0 able to unh+e ! _w2 :]eas x is ( no use at all1 = ev5 ! simple/ c see = himself t if ,i limit any?+ by det]m9ations1 ,i !reby exclude & ?us negate :at lies beyond ^! limits4 ,?us 9 all m]e reason+s ( ! above k9d x becomes v app>5t :at errors t algebra ) m]e conceptions1 uncontroll$ by p]ception1 is expos$ to1 & t !re=e p]ception is = our intellect :at ! firm gr\nd ^u :i* x /&s is = our body3 if we =sake p]ception ev]y?+ is in/abilis tellus1 innabilis unda4 ,! read] w p>don ! fulness ( ^! expositions & examples on acc\nt ( _! in/ructiv5ess4 ,i h s\ght by means ( !m to br+ =w>d & support ! diff]5ce1 inde$ ! opposition1 betwe5 p]ceptive & ab/ract or reflect$ k1 :i* has hi!rto be5 too little reg>d$1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* is a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( my philosophy4 ,= _m ph5om5a ( our m5tal life are only explicable ?r\gh ?is di/9ction4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 ^! two su* diff]5t k9ds ( k is ! faculty ( judgm5t1 z ,i h %[n 9 #ad ( ! fir/ volume4 ,?is faculty is c]ta9ly also active 9 ! prov9ce ( m]e ab/ract k1 9 :i* x comp>es conceptions only ) conceptions2 !re=e e judgm5t1 9 ! logical s5se ( ! ^w1 is c]ta9ly a "w ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 = x always consi/s 9 ! subsumption ( a n>r[] conception "u a wid] "o4 ,yet ?is activity ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 9 :i* x m]ely comp>es conceptions ) ea* o!r1 is a simpl] & easi] task ?an :5 x makes ! transition f :at is q p>ticul>1 ! p]ception1 to ! ess5tially g5]al1 ! conception4 ,= by ! analysis ( conceptions into _! ess5tial pr$icates x mu/ be possible to decide ^u purely logical gr\nds :e!r !y are capable ( be+ unit$ or n1 & = ?is ! m]e reason :i* e "o possesses is suffici5t4 ,! faculty ( judgm5t is !re=e only active "h 9 %ort5+ ?is process1 = he :o is gift$ ) x sees at a glance :at o!rs only arrive at ?r\gh a s]ies ( reflections4 ,b its activity 9 ! n>r[] s5se really only appe>s :5 :at is kn[n ?r\gh p]ception1 ?us ! real exp]i5ce1 has to be c>ri$ ov] into di/9ct ab/ract k1 subsum$ "u accurately correspond+ conceptions1 & ?us translat$ into reflect$ rational k4 ,x is !re=e ?is faculty :i* has to e/abli% ! firm basis ( all sci5ces1 :i* always consi/s ( :at is kn[n directly & _c be fur!r d5i$4 ,!re=e "h1 9 ! fundam5tal judgm5ts1 lies ! difficulty ( ! sci5ces1 n 9 ! inf]5ces f ^!4 ,to inf] is easy1 to judge is difficult4 ,false inf]5ces are r>e1 false judgm5ts are always ! ord] ( ! day4 ,n less 9 practical life has ! faculty ( judgm5t to give ! decision 9 all fundam5tal conclusions & important det]m9ations4 ,its (fice is 9 ! ma9 l t ( ! judicial s5t5ce4 ,z ! burn+-glass br+s to a focus all ! sun's rays1 s :5 ! und]/&+ works1 ! intellect has to br+ toge!r all ! data :i* x has ^u ! subject s closely t ! und]/&+ compreh5ds !m at a glance1 :i* x n[ rightly fixes1 & !n c>efully makes ! result di/9ct to itself4 ,fur!r1 ! great difficulty ( judg+ 9 mo/ cases dep5ds ^u ! fact t we h to proce$ f ! consequ5t to ! reason1 a pa? :i* is always unc]ta92 inde$ ,i h %[n t ! s\rce ( all error lies "h4 ,yet 9 all ! empirical sci5ces1 & also 9 ! affairs ( real life1 ?is way is = ! mo/ "p ! only "o op5 to u4 ,! exp]im5t is an attempt to g ov] x aga9 ! o!r way2 !re=e x is decisive1 & at lea/ br+s out error cle>ly2 provid$ always t x is rightly *os5 & hone/ly c>ri$ out2 n l ,newton's exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ! !ory ( col\rs4 ,b ! exp]im5t itself mu/ also aga9 be judg$4 ,! complete c]ta9ty ( ! a priori sci5ces1 logic & ma!matics1 dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! fact t 9 !m ! pa? f ! reason to ! consequ5t is op5 to u1 & x is always c]ta94 ,?is gives !m ! "* ( purely objective sci5ces1 i4e41 sci5ces ) reg>d to ^: tru?s all :o und]/& !m mu/ judge alike2 & ?is is all ! m rem>kable z !y are ! v sci5ces :i* re/ on ! subjective =ms ( ! intellect1 :ile ! empirical sci5ces alone h to d ) :at is palpably objective4 ,wit & +5uity are also manife/ations ( ! faculty ( judgm5t2 9 ! =m] its activity is reflective1 9 ! latt] subsum+4 ,9 mo/ m5 ! faculty ( judgm5t is only nom9ally pres5t2 x is a k9d ( irony t x is reckon$ ) ! normal faculties ( ! m9d1 in/ead ( be+ only attribut$ to ! mon/ris p] excessum4 ,ord9>y m5 %[ ev5 9 ! smalle/ affairs want ( confid5ce 9 _! own judgm5t1 j because !y "k f exp]i5ce t x is ( no s]vice4 ,) !m prejudice & imitation take its place2 & ?us !y are kept 9 a /ate ( cont9ual non-age1 f :i* sc>cely "o 9 _m hundr$s is deliv]$4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is n av[$1 = ev5 to !mselves !y appe> to judge2 b all ! "t !y are glanc+ /eal?ily at ! op9ion ( o!rs1 :i* is _! secret /&>d4 ,:ile ea* "o w\ld be a%am$ to g ab\t 9 a borr[$ coat1 hat1 or mantle1 !y all h no?+ b borr[$ op9ions1 :i* !y eag]ly collect :]ev] !y c f9d !m1 & !n /rut ab\t giv+ !m out z _! own4 ,o!rs borr[ !m aga9 f !m & d ! same ?+4 ,?is expla9s ! rapid & wide spread ( errors1 & also ! fame ( :at is bad2 = ! pr(essional purveyors ( op9ion1 su* z j\rnali/s & ! l1 give z a rule only false w>es1 z ^? :o hire out masqu]ad+ dresses give only false jewels4 ,*apt] ,,viii47#bj7 ,on ,! ,!ory ,( ,! ,ludicr\s4 ,my !ory ( ! ludicr\s also dep5ds ^u ! opposition expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s betwe5 p]ceptible & ab/ract ideas1 :i* ,i h br\ght into su* m>k$ prom95ce4 ,!re=e :at has /ill to be said 9 explanation ( ?is !ory f9ds its prop] place "h1 al?\gh accord+ to ! ord] ( ! text x w\ld h to come lat]4 ,! problem ( ! orig91 :i* is ev]y:]e ! same1 & h5ce ( ! peculi> significance ( laught]1 0 already kn[n to ,cic]o1 b only to be at once dismiss$ z insoluble 7,de ,orat41 ii4 #eh74 ,! olde/ attempt kn[n to me at a psy*ological explanation ( laught] is to be f\nd 9 ,hut*eson's 8,introduction into ,moral ,philosophy10 ,bk4 ,i41 *4 i4 #ad4 ,a some:at lat] anonym\s "w1 8,trait des ,causes ,physiques et ,morals du ,rire10 #agfh1 is n )\t m]it z a v5tilation ( ! subject4 ,platn]1 9 8 8,an?ropology10 #hid1 has collect$ ! op9ions ( ! philosoph]s f ,hume to ,kant :o h attempt$ an explanation ( ?is ph5om5on peculi> to human nature4 ,kant's & ,jean ,paul's !ories ( ! ludicr\s are well kn[n4 ,i reg>d x z unnecess>y to prove _! incorrectness1 = :oev] tries to ref] giv5 cases ( ! ludicr\s to !m w 9 ! great majority ( in/ances be at once conv9c$ ( _! insuffici5cy4 ,accord+ to my explanation giv5 9 ! fir/ volume1 ! s\rce ( ! ludicr\s is always ! p>adoxical1 & !re=e unexpect$1 subsumption ( an object "u a conception :i* 9 o!r respects is diff]5t f x1 & accord+ly ! ph5om5on ( laught] always signifies ! sudd5 appreh5sion ( an incongruity betwe5 su* a conception & ! real object ?\ght "u x1 ?us betwe5 ! ab/ract & ! concrete object ( p]ception4 ,! great] & m unexpect$1 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! laught]1 ?is incongruity is1 ! m viol5t w be 8 laught]4 ,!re=e 9 ev]y?+ t excites laught] x mu/ always be possible to %[ a conception & a p>ticul>1 t is1 a ?+ or ev5t1 :i* c]ta9ly c be subsum$ "u t conception1 & !re=e ?\ght ?r\gh x1 yet 9 ano!r & m pr$om9at+ aspect does n belong to x at all1 b is /rik+ly diff]5t f ev]y?+ else t is ?\ght ?r\gh t conception4 ,if1 z (t5 occurs1 especially 9 witticisms1 in/ead ( su* a real object ( p]ception1 ! conception ( a subord9ate species is br\ght "u ! high] conception ( ! g5us1 x w yet excite laught] only ?r\gh ! fact t ! imag9ation realises x1 i4e41 makes a p]ceptible repres5tative /& = x1 & ?us ! conflict betwe5 :at is ?\ght & :at is p]ceiv$ takes place4 ,inde$ if we wi% to und]/& ?is p]fectly explicitly1 x is possible to trace ev]y?+ ludicr\s to a syllogism 9 ! fir/ figure1 ) an undisput$ major & an unexpect$ m9or1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t is only sophi/ically valid1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* connection ! conclusion p>takes ( ! quality ( ! ludicr\s4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ,i reg>d$ x z sup]flu\s to illu/rate ?is !ory by examples1 = e "o c d ?is = himself by a little reflection ^u cases ( ! ludicr\s :i* he rememb]s4 ,yet1 9 ord] to come to ! assi/ance ( ! m5tal in]tness ( ^? read]s :o pref] always to rema9 9 a passive condition1 ,i w accommodate myself to !m4 ,inde$ 9 ?is ?ird edition ,i wi% to multiply & accumulate examples1 s t x may be indisputable t "h1 aft] s _m fruitless e>li] attempts1 ! true !ory ( ! ludicr\s is giv51 & ! problem :i* 0 propos$ & also giv5 up by ,cic]o is def9itely solv$4 ,if we consid] t an angle requires two l9es meet+ s t if !y are produc$ !y w int]sect ea* o!r2 on ! o!r h&1 t ! tang5t ( a circle only t\*es x at "o po9t1 b at ?is po9t is really p>allel to x2 & accord+ly h pres5t to our m9ds ! ab/ract conviction ( ! impossibility ( an angle betwe5 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle & its tang5t2 & if n[ su* an angle lies visibly be=e u ^u pap]1 ?is w easily excite a smile4 ,! ludicr\sness 9 ?is case is exce$+ly weak2 b yet ! s\rce ( x 9 ! incongruity ( :at is ?\ght & p]ceiv$ appe>s 9 x ) exceptional di/9ctness4 ,:5 we discov] su* an incongruity1 ! occasion = laught] t !reby arises is1 accord+ z we pass f ! real1 i4e41 ! p]ceptible1 to ! conception1 or conv]sely f ! conception to ! real1 ei!r a witticism or an absurdity1 :i* 9 a high] degree1 & especially 9 ! practical sph]e1 is folly1 z 0 expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,n[ to consid] examples ( ! fir/ case1 ?us ( wit1 we %all fir/ ( all take ! famili> anecdote ( ! ,gascon at :om ! k+ laugh$ :5 he saw him 9 light summ] clo?+ 9 ! dep? ( w9t]1 & :o !reupon said to ! k+3 8,if y\r ,maje/y _h put on :at ,i h1 y w\ld f9d x v w>m20 & on be+ ask$ :at he _h put on1 repli$3 8,my :ole w>drobe60 ,"u ?is la/ conception we h to ?9k bo? ! unlimit$ w>drobe ( a k+ & ! s+le summ] coat ( a poor devil1 ! sight ( :i* ^u 8 freez+ body %[s its great incongruity ) ! conception4 ,! audi5ce 9 a !atre 9 ,p>is once call$ = ! 8,m>seillaise0 to be play$1 & z ?is 0 n done1 began %riek+ & h[l+1 s t at la/ a commiss>y ( police 9 uni=m came ^u ! /age & expla9$ t x 0 n all[$ t any?+ %\ld be giv5 9 ! !atre except :at 0 9 ! playbill4 ,^u ?is a voice cri$3 8,et v\s1 ,monsieur1 tes-v\s aussi sur l'affi*e80--a hit :i* 0 receiv$ ) univ]sal laught]4 ,= "h ! subsumption ( :at is het]og5e\s is at once di/9ct & un=c$4 ,! epigramme3 8,bav is ! true %eph]d ( :om ! ,bible spake3 ,?\gh 8 flock be all asleep1 he alone rema9s awake30 subsumes1 "u ! conception ( a sleep+ flock & a wak+ %eph]d1 ! t$i\s prea*] :o /ill bell[s on unhe>d :5 he has s5t all ! p to sleep4 ,analog\s to ?is is ! epitaph on a doctor3 8,"h lies he l a h]o1 & ^? he has sla9 lie ar\nd him20 x subsumes "u ! conception1 hon\rable to ! h]o1 ( 8ly+ surr\nd$ by dead bodies10 ! doctor1 :o is suppos$ to pres]ve life4 ,v commonly ! witticism consi/s 9 a s+le expression1 ?r\gh :i* only ! conception is giv51 "u :i* ! case pres5t$ c be subsum$1 ?\gh x is v diff]5t f ev]y?+ else t is ?\ght "u x4 ,s is x 9 8,romeo0 :5 ! vivaci\s ,m]cutio answ]s 8 fri5ds :o promise to visit him on ! morr[3 8,ask = me to-morr[1 & y %all f9d me a grave man40 ,"u ?is conception a dead man is "h subsum$2 b 9 ,engli% !re is also a play ^u ! words1 = 8a grave man0 means bo? a s]i\s man & a man ( ! grave4 ,( ?is k9d is also ! well-kn[n anecdote ( ! actor ,unzelmann4 ,9 ! ,b]l9 !atre he 0 /rictly =bidd5 to improvise4 ,soon aft]w>ds he _h to appe> on ! /age on horseback1 & j z he came on ! /age ! horse dung$1 at :i* ! audi5ce began to laugh1 b laugh$ mu* m :5 ,unzelmann said to ! horse3 8,:at are y do+8 ,don't y "k we are =bidd5 to improvise80 ,"h ! subsumption ( ! het]og5e\s "u ! m g5]al conception is v di/9ct1 b ! witticism is exce$+ly happy1 & ! ludicr\s effect produc$ by x excessively /rong4 ,to ?is class also belongs ! foll[+ ann\ncem5t f ,hall 9 a newspap] ( ,m>* #ahea3 8,! b& ( ,jewi% sw9dl]s to :i* we h ref]r$ 7 aga9 deliv]$ ov] to u ) obligato accompanim5t40 ,?is subsum+ ( a police escort "u a musical t]m is v happy1 ?\gh x approa*es ! m]e play ^u words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is exactly a case ( ! k9d we are consid]+ :5 ,saphir1 9 a pap]-w> ) ! actor ,angeli1 describes him z 8,angeli1 :o is equally great 9 m9d & body40 ,! small /atue ( ! actor 0 kn[n to ! :ole t[n1 & ?us "u ! conception 8great0 unusual smallness 0 pres5t$ to ! m9d4 ,also :5 ! same ,saphir calls ! airs ( a new op]a 8good old fri5ds10 & s br+s ! quality :i* is mo/ to be condemn$ "u a conception :i* is usually employ$ to comm5d4 ,also1 if we %\ld say ( a lady ^: fav\r c\ld be influ5c$ by pres5ts1 t %e knew h[ to comb9e ! utile ) ! dulci4 ,= "h we br+ ! moral life "u ! conception ( a rule :i* ,horace has recomm5d$ 9 an /hetical ref]5ce4 ,also if to signify a bro!l we %\ld call x ! 8mode/ abode ( quiet joys40 ,good society1 9 ord] to be ?or\ghly insipid1 has =bidd5 all decid$ utt]ances1 & !re=e all /rong expressions4 ,!re=e x is wont1 :5 x has to signify sc&al\s or 9 any way indec5t ?+s1 to mitigate or ext5uate !m by express+ !m ?r\gh g5]al conceptions4 ,b 9 ?is way x happ5s t !y are m or less incongru\sly subsum$1 & 9 a correspond+ degree ! effect ( ! ludicr\s is produc$4 ,to ?is class belongs ! use ( utile dulci ref]r$ to above1 & also su* expressions z ! foll[+3 8,he _h unpleasantness at ! ball0 :5 he 0 ?ra%$ & kick$ out2 or1 8,he has done too well0 :5 he is drunk2 & also1 8,! woman has weak mom5ts0 if %e is unfai?ful to h] husb&1 c4 ,equivocal say+s also belong to ! same class4 ,!y are conceptions :i* 9 !mselves conta9 no?+ improp]1 b yet ! case br\ght "u !m leads to an improp] idea4 ,!y are v common 9 society4 ,b a p]fect example ( a full & magnific5t equivocation is ,%5/one's incomp>able epitaph on a ju/ice ( ! peace1 :i*1 9 its high-fl[n lapid>y /yle1 seems to speak ( noble & sublime ?+s1 :ile "u ea* ( _! conceptions some?+ q diff]5t is to be subsum$1 :i* only appe>s 9 ! v la/ ^w z ! unexpect$ key to ! :ole1 & ! read] discov]s ) l\d laught] t he has only read a v obsc5e equivocation4 ,9 ?is smoo?-comb$ age x is altoge!r impossible to quote ?is "h1 n to speak ( translat+ x2 x w be f\nd 9 ,%5/one's poetical works1 "u ! title 8,inscription40 ,equivocations sometimes pass ov] into m]e puns1 ab\t :i* all t is necess>y has be5 said 9 ! text4 ,fur!r1 ! ultimate subsumption1 ludicr\s to all1 ( :at 9 "o respect is het]og5e\s1 "u a conception :i* 9 o!r respects agrees ) x1 may take place contr>y to our int5tion4 ,= example1 "o ( ! free negroes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :o take pa9s to imitate ! :ites 9 ev]y?+1 q rec5tly plac$ an epitaph ov] 8 dead *ild :i* beg9s1 8,lovely1 e>ly brok5 lily40 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 some?+ real & p]ceptible is1 ) direct int5tion1 br\ght "u ! conception ( its opposite1 ! result is pla91 common irony4 ,= example1 if :5 x is ra9+ h>d we say1 8,nice wea!r we are hav+ to-day20 or if we say ( an ugly bride1 8,t man has f\nd a *>m+ treasure20 or ( a knave1 8,?is hone/ man10 c4 c4 ,only *ildr5 & q un$ucat$ p w laugh at su* ?+s2 = "h ! incongruity betwe5 :at is ?\ght & :at is p]ceiv$ is total4 ,yet j 9 ?is direct exagg]ation 9 ! production ( ! ludicr\s its fundam5tal "*1 incongruity1 appe>s v di/9ctly4 ,?is species ( ! ludicr\s is1 on acc\nt ( its exagg]ation & di/9ct int5tion1 9 "s respects relat$ to p>ody4 ,! proc$ure ( ! latt] consi/s 9 ?is4 ,x sub/itutes = ! incid5ts & words ( a s]i\s poem or drama insignificant l[ p]sons or trifl+ motives & actions4 ,x ?us subsumes ! commonplace realities :i* x sets =? "u ! l(ty conceptions giv5 9 ! !me1 "u :i* 9 a c]ta9 respect !y mu/ come1 :ile 9 o!r respects !y are v incongru\s2 & !reby ! contra/ betwe5 :at is p]ceiv$ & :at is ?\ght appe>s v gl>+4 ,!re is no lack ( famili> examples ( ?is1 & !re=e ,i %all only give "o1 f ! 8,zobeide0 ( ,c>lo ,gozzi1 act iv41 sc5e #c1 :]e ! fam\s /anza ( ,ario/o 7,orl4 ,fur41 i4 #bb71 8,oh gran bont de' cavali]i anti*i10 c41 is put ^w = ^w into ! m\? ( two cl[ns :o h j be5 ?ra%+ ea* o!r1 & tir$ ) ?is1 lie quietly side by side4 ,?is is also ! nature ( ! application s popul> 9 ,g]many ( s]i\s v]ses1 especially ( ,s*ill]1 to trivial ev5ts1 :i* cle>ly conta9s a subsumption ( het]og5e\s ?+s "u ! g5]al conception :i* ! v]se expresses4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 any "o has display$ a v *>act]i/ic trait1 !re w r>ely be want+ "s "o to say1 8,f t ,i "k ) :om ,i h to d40 ,b x 0 orig9al & v witty ( a man :o 0 9 love ) a "y bride to quote to ! newly m>ri$ c\ple 7,i "k n h[ l\dly7 ! conclud+ words ( ,s*ill]'s ballad1 8,! ,surety30 8,let me be1 ,i pray y1 ,9 y\r bond ! ?ird40 ,! effect ( ! ludicr\s is "h /rong & inevitable1 because "u ! conceptions ?r\gh :i* ,s*ill] pres5ts to ! m9d a moral & noble relation1 a =bidd5 & immoral relation is subsum$1 & yet correctly & )\t *ange1 ?us is ?\ght ?r\gh x4 ,9 all ! examples ( wit giv5 "h we f9d t "u a conception1 or 9 g5]al an ab/ract ?\ght1 a real ?+ is1 directly1 or by means ( a n>r[] conception1 subsum$1 :i* inde$1 /rictly speak+1 comes "u x1 & yet is z diff]5t z possible f ! prop] & orig9al int5tion & t5d5cy ( ! ?\ght4 ,accord+ly wit1 z a m5tal capacity1 consi/s entirely 9 a facility = f9d+ = e object t appe>s a conception "u :i* x c]ta9ly c be ?\ght1 ?\gh x is v diff]5t f all ! o!r objects :i* come "u ?is conception4 ,! second species ( ! ludicr\s foll[s1 z we h m5tion$1 ! opposite pa? f ! ab/ract conception to ! real or p]ceptible ?+s ?\ght ?r\gh x4 ,b ?is n[ br+s to light any incongruity ) ! conception :i* 0 ov]look$1 & h5ce arises an absurdity1 & !re=e 9 ! practical sph]e a fooli% action4 ,s9ce ! play requires action1 ?is species ( ! ludicr\s is ess5tial to com$y4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! obs]vation ( ,voltaire3 8,j'ai cru rem>qu] aux spectacles1 qu'il ne s'lve presque jamais de ces clats de rire univ]sels1 qu' l'occasion d'une ,m,,prise0 7,preface de ,l',enfant ,prodigue74 ,! foll[+ may s]ve z examples ( ?is species ( ! ludicr\s4 ,:5 "s "o _h decl>$ t he 0 fond ( walk+ alone1 an ,au/rian said to him3 8,y l walk+ alone2 s d ,i3 !re=e we c g toge!r40 ,he />ts f ! conception1 8,a pleasure :i* two love !y c enjoy 9 common10 & subsumes "u x ! v case :i* excludes community4 ,fur!r1 ! s]vant :o rubb$ a worn sealsk9 9 8 ma/]'s box ) ,macass> oil1 s t x might become cov]$ ) hair aga92 9 do+ :i* he />t$ f ! conception1 8,macass> oil makes hair gr[40 ,! soldi]s 9 ! gu>d-room :o all[$ a prison] :o 0 br\ght 9 to jo9 9 _! game ( c>ds1 !n qu>rell$ ) him = *eat+1 & turn$ him out4 ,!y let !mselves be l$ by ! g5]al conception1 8,bad companions are turn$ out10 & =get t he is also a prison]1 i4e41 "o :om !y ought to hold fa/4 ,two "y peasants _h load$ _! gun ) co>se %ot1 :i* !y wi%$ to extract1 9 ord] to sub/itute f9e1 )\t los+ ! p[d]4 ,s "o ( !m put ! m\? ( ! b>rel 9 8 hat1 :i* he took betwe5 8 legs1 & said to ! o!r3 8,n[ y pull ! trigg] sl[ly1 sl[ly1 sl[ly2 !n ! %ot w come fir/40 ,he />ts f ! conception1 8,prolong+ ! cause prolongs ! effect40 ,mo/ ( ! actions ( ,don ,quixote are also cases 9 po9t1 = he subsumes ! realities he enc\nt]s "u conceptions drawn f ! romances ( *ivalry1 f :i* !y are v diff]5t4 ,= example1 9 ord] to support ! oppress$ he frees ! galley slaves4 ,prop]ly all ,mn*haus5isms are also ( ?is nature1 only !y are n actions :i* are p]=m$1 b impossibilities1 :i* are pass$ (f ^u ! he>] z hav+ really happ5$4 ,9 !m ! fact is always s conceiv$ t :5 x is ?\ght m]ely 9 ! ab/ract1 & !re=e comp>atively a priori1 x appe>s possible & plausible2 b aft]w>ds1 if we come d[n to ! p]ception ( ! p>ticul> case1 ?us a po/]iori ! impossibility ( ! ?+1 inde$ ! absurdity ( ! assumption1 is br\ght into prom95ce1 & excites laught] ?r\gh ! evid5t incongruity ( :at is p]ceiv$ & :at is ?\ght4 ,= example1 :5 ! melodies froz5 up 9 ! po/-horn are ?aw$ 9 ! w>m room--:5 ,mn*haus51 sitt+ ^u a tree dur+ a h>d fro/1 draws up 8 knife :i* has dropp$ to ! gr\nd by ! froz5 jet ( 8 own wat]1 c4 ,su* is also ! /ory ( ! two lions :o broke d[n ! p>tition betwe5 !m dur+ ! night & dev\r$ ea* o!r 9 _! rage1 s t 9 ! morn+ !re 0 no?+ to be f\nd b ! two tails4 ,!re are also cases ( ! ludicr\s :]e ! conception "u :i* ! p]ceptible facts are br\ght does n require to be express$ or signifi$1 b comes into consci\sness itself ?r\gh ! association ( ideas4 ,! laught] into :i* ,g>rick bur/ 9 ! middle ( play+ trag$y because a but*] 9 ! front ( ! pit1 :o _h tak5 (f 8 wig to wipe ! sweat f 8 head1 plac$ ! wig = a :ile ^u 8 l>ge dog1 :o /ood fac+ ! /age ) 8 =e paws re/+ on ! pit rail+s1 0 occasion$ by ! fact t ,g>rick />t$ f ! conception ( a spectator1 :i* 0 add$ 9 8 own m9d4 ,?is is ! reason :y c]ta9 animal =ms1 su* z apes1 kang>oos1 jump+-h>es1 c41 sometimes appe> to u ludicr\s because some?+ ab\t !m resembl+ man leads u to subsume !m "u ! conception ( ! human =m1 & />t+ f ?is we p]ceive _! incongruity ) x4 ,n[ ! conceptions ^: obs]v$ incongruity ) ! p]ceptions moves u to laught] are ei!r ^? ( o!rs or our own4 ,9 ! fir/ case we laugh at o!rs1 9 ! second we feel a surprise1 (t5 agreeable1 at ! lea/ amus+4 ,!re=e *ildr5 & un$ucat$ p laugh at ! mo/ trifl+ ?+s1 ev5 at mis=tunes1 if !y 7 unexpect$1 & ?us convict$ _! preconceiv$ conception ( error4 ,z a rule laugh+ is a pleasant condition2 accord+ly ! appreh5sion ( ! incongruity betwe5 :at is ?\ght & :at is p]ceiv$1 t is1 ! real1 gives u pleasure1 & we give ourselves up gladly to ! spasmodic convulsions :i* ?is appreh5sion excites4 ,! reason ( ?is is z foll[s4 ,9 e sudd5ly appe>+ conflict betwe5 :at is p]ceiv$ & :at is ?\ght1 :at is p]ceiv$ is always unque/ionably "r2 = x is n subject to error at all1 requires no confirmation f )\t1 b answ]s = itself4 ,its conflict ) :at is ?\ght spr+s ultimately f ! fact t ! latt]1 ) its ab/ract conceptions1 _c get d[n to ! inf9ite multif>i\sness & f9e %ades ( diff]5ce ( ! concrete4 ,?is victory ( k ( p]ception ov] ?\ght af=ds u pleasure4 ,= p]ception is ! orig9al k9d ( k insep>able f animal nature1 9 :i* ev]y?+ t gives direct satisfaction to ! w pres5ts itself4 ,x is ! m$ium ( ! pres5t1 ( enjoym5t & gaiety2 moreov] x is att5d$ ) no ex]tion4 ,) ?9k+ ! opposite is ! case2 x is ! second p[] ( k1 ! ex]cise ( :i* always dem&s "s1 & (t5 consid]able1 ex]tion4 ,besides1 x is ! conceptions ( ?\ght t (t5 oppose ! gratification ( our imm$iate desires1 =1 z ! m$ium ( ! pa/1 ! future1 & ( s]i\sness1 !y are ! vehicle ( our fe>s1 our rep5tance1 & all our c>es4 ,x mu/ !re=e be div]t+ to u to see ?is /rict1 untir+1 tr\blesome gov]ness1 ! reason1 = once convict$ ( insuffici5cy4 ,on ?is acc\nt !n ! mi5 or appe>ance ( laught] is v closely relat$ to t ( joy4 ,on acc\nt ( ! want ( reason1 ?us ( g5]al conceptions1 ! brute is incapable ( laught]1 z ( spee*4 ,?is is !re=e a pr]ogative & *>act]i/ic m>k ( man4 ,yet x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t 8 "o fri5d ! dog has an analog\s *>act]i/ic action peculi> to him alone 9 di/9ction f all o!r brutes1 ! v expressive1 k9dly1 & ?or\ghly hone/ fawn+ & wagg+ ( its tail4 ,b h[ fav\rably does ?is salutation giv5 him by nature comp>e ) ! b[s & simp]+ civilities ( m54 ,at lea/ = ! pres5t1 x is a ?\s& times m reliable ?an _! assurance ( inw>d fri5d%ip & devotion4 ,! opposite ( laugh+ & jok+ is s]i\sness4 ,accord+ly x consi/s 9 ! consci\sness ( ! p]fect agreem5t & congruity ( ! conception1 or ?\ght1 ) :at is p]ceiv$1 or ! reality4 ,! s]i\s man is conv9c$ t he ?9ks ! ?+s z !y are1 & t !y are z he ?9ks !m4 ,?is is j :y ! transition f pr(\nd s]i\sness to laught] is s easy1 & c be effect$ by trifles4 ,= ! m p]fect t agreem5t assum$ by s]i\sness may seem to be1 ! m easily is x de/roy$ by ! unexpect$ discov]y ( ev5 a slight incongruity4 ,!re=e ! m a man is capable ( entire s]i\sness1 ! m he>tily c he laugh4 ,m5 ^: laught] is always affect$ & =c$ are intellectually & morally ( little wor?2 & 9 g5]al ! way ( laugh+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! occasions ( x1 are v *>act]i/ic ( ! p]son4 ,t ! relations ( ! sexes af=d ! easie/ mat]ials = jokes always ready to h& & )9 ! rea* ( ! weake/ wit1 z is prov$ by ! abundance ( obsc5e je/s1 c\ld n be if x 7 n t ! deepe/ s]i\sness lies at _! f\ndation4 ,t ! laught] ( o!rs at :at we d or say s]i\sly (f5ds u s ke5ly dep5ds on ! fact t x ass]ts t !re is a great incongruity betwe5 our conceptions & ! objective realities4 ,= ! same reason1 ! pr$icate 8ludicr\s0 or 8absurd0 is insult+4 ,! laugh ( scorn ann\nces ) triumph to ! baffl$ adv]s>y h[ incongru\s 7 ! conceptions he *]i%$ ) ! reality :i* is n[ reveal+ itself to him4 ,our own bitt] laught] at ! fe>ful disclosure ( ! tru? ?r\gh :i* our firmly *]i%$ expectations are prov$ to be delusive is ! active expression ( ! discov]y n[ made ( ! incongruity betwe5 ! ?\ghts :i*1 9 our fooli% confid5ce 9 man or fate1 we ent]ta9$1 & ! tru? :i* is n[ unveil$4 ,! int5tionally ludicr\s is ! joke4 ,x is ! ef=t to br+ ab\t a discrepancy betwe5 ! conceptions ( ano!r & ! reality by dis>rang+ "o ( ! two2 :ile its opposite1 s]i\sness1 consi/s 9 ! exact con=mity ( ! two to ea* o!r1 :i* is at lea/ aim$ at4 ,b if n[ ! joke is conceal$ beh9d s]i\sness1 !n we h irony4 ,= example1 if ) app>5t s]i\sness we acquiesce 9 ! op9ions ( ano!r :i* are ! opposite ( our own1 & pret5d to %>e !m ) him1 till at la/ ! result p]plexes him bo? z to u & !m4 ,?is is ! attitude ( ,socrates z oppos$ to ,hippias1 ,protagoras1 ,gorgias1 & o!r sophi/s1 & inde$ (t5 to 8 collocutors 9 g5]al4 ,! conv]se ( irony is accord+ly s]i\sness conceal$ beh9d a joke1 & ?is is hum\r4 ,x might be call$ ! d\ble c\nt]po9t ( irony4 ,explanations su* z 8,hum\r is ! int]p5etration ( ! f9ite & ! inf9ite0 express no?+ m ?an ! entire incapacity = ?\ght ( ^? :o are satisfi$ ) su* empty phrases4 ,irony is objective1 t is1 int5d$ = ano!r2 b hum\r is subjective1 t is1 x prim>ily exi/s only = "o's own self4 ,accord+ly we f9d ! ma/]pieces ( irony among ! anci5ts1 b ^? ( hum\r among ! mod]ns4 ,=1 m closely consid]$1 hum\r dep5ds ^u a subjective1 yet s]i\s & sublime mood1 :i* is involunt>ily 9 conflict ) a common ext]nal _w v diff]5t f itself1 :i* x _c escape f & to :i* x w n give itself up2 !re=e1 z an accommodation1 x tries to ?9k its own po9t ( view & t ext]nal _w ?r\gh ! same conceptions1 & ?us a d\ble incongruity arises1 sometimes on ! "o side1 sometimes on ! o!r1 betwe5 ^! concepts & ! realities ?\ght ?r\gh !m4 ,h5ce ! impression ( ! int5tionally ludicr\s1 ?us ( ! joke1 is produc$1 beh9d :i*1 h[ev]1 ! deepe/ s]i\sness is conceal$ & %9es ?r\gh4 ,irony beg9s ) a s]i\s air & ends ) a smile2 ) hum\r ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,! words ( ,m]cutio quot$ above may s]ve z an example ( hum\r4 ,also 9 8,hamlet0--,polonius3 8,my hon\rable "l1 ,i w mo/ humbly take my leave ( y4 ,hamlet3 ,y _c1 sir1 take f me any?+ t ,i w m will+ly "p )al1 except my life1 except my life1 except my life40 ,aga91 be=e ! introduction ( ! play at c\rt1 ,hamlet says to ,ophelia3 8,:at %\ld a man d b be m]ry8 =1 look y1 h[ *e]fully my "m looks1 & my fa!r di$ )9 ^! two h\rs4 ,ophelia3 ,nay1 'tis twice two mon?s1 my "l4 ,hamlet3 ,s long8 ,nay1 !n let ! devil we> black1 = ,i'll h a suit ( sables40 ,aga91 9 ,jean ,paul's 8,titan10 :5 ,s*oppe1 melan*oly & n[ brood+ ov] himself1 frequ5tly look+ at 8 h&s1 says to himself1 8,!re sits a "l 9 bodily reality1 & ,i 9 him2 b :o is su*80 ,he9ri* ,he9e appe>s z a true hum\ri/ 9 8 8,romanc]o40 ,beh9d all 8 jokes & droll]y we disc]n a pr(\nd s]i\sness1 :i* is a%am$ to appe> unveil$4 ,accord+ly hum\r dep5ds ^u a special k9d ( mood or temp] 7,g]man1 ,laune1 probably f ,luna7 ?r\gh :i* conception 9 all its modifications1 a decid$ pr$om9ance ( ! subjective ov] ! objective 9 ! appreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w1 is ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 e poetical or arti/ic pres5tation ( a comical1 or inde$ ev5 a f>cical sc5e1 ?r\gh :i* a s]i\s ?\ght yet glimm]s z its conceal$ backgr\nd1 is a production ( hum\r1 ?us is humor\s4 ,su*1 = example1 is a col\r$ draw+ ( ,tis*be9's1 :i* repres5ts an empty room1 light$ only by ! blaz+ fire 9 ! grate4 ,be=e ! fire /&s a man ) 8 coat (f1 9 su* a position t 8 %ad[1 go+ out f 8 feet1 /ret*es across ! :ole room4 ,tis*be9 comm5ts ?us on ! draw+3 8,?is is a man :o has succe$$ 9 no?+ 9 ! _w1 & :o has made no?+ ( x2 n[ he rejoices t he c ?r[ su* a l>ge %ad[40 ,n[1 if ,i _h to express ! s]i\sness t lies conceal$ beh9d ?is je/1 ,i c\ld be/ d s by means ( ! foll[+ v]se tak5 f ! ,p]sian poem ( ,anw>i ,soheili3-- 8,if ?\ ha/ lo/ possession ( a _w1 ,be n di/ress$1 = x is n\ght2 ,or ha/ ?\ ga9$ possession ( a _w1 ,be n o'erjoy$1 = x is n\ght4 ,our pa9s1 our ga9s1 all pass away2 ,get !e beyond ! _w1 = x is n\ght40 ,t at ! pres5t day ! ^w humor\s is g5]ally us$ 9 ,g]man lit]ature 9 ! s5se ( comical arises f ! mis]able desire to give ?+s a m di/+ui%$ "n ?an belongs to !m1 ! "n ( a class t /&s above !m4 ,?us e inn mu/ be call$ a hotel1 e money-*ang] a bank]1 e conc]t a musical academy1 ! m]*ant's c\nt+-h\se a bureau1 ! pott] an arti/ 9 clay1 & !re=e also e cl[n a hum\ri/4 ,! ^w hum\r is borr[$ f ! ,engli% to d5ote a q peculi> species ( ! ludicr\s1 :i* inde$1 z 0 said above1 is relat$ to ! sublime1 & :i* 0 fir/ rem>k$ by !m4 ,b x is n int5d$ to be us$ z ! title = all k9ds ( jokes & buffoon]y1 z is n[ univ]sally ! case 9 ,g]many1 )\t opposition f m5 ( lett]s & s*ol>s2 = ! true conception ( t modification1 t t5d5cy ( ! m9d1 t *ild ( ! sublime & ! ridicul\s1 w\ld be too subtle & too high = _! public1 to please :i* !y take pa9s to make ev]y?+ flat & vulg>4 ,well1 8high words & a l[ mean+0 is 9 g5]al ! motto ( ! noble pres5t1 & accord+ly n[-a-days he is call$ a hum\ri/ :o 0 =m]ly1 call$ a buffoon4 ,*apt] ,,ix47#ba7 ,on ,logic ,9 ,g5]al4 ,logic1 ,dialectic1 & ,rhetoric g toge!r1 because !y make up ! :ole ( a te*nic ( reason1 & "u ?is title !y ought also to be taught--,logic z ! te*nic ( our own ?9k+1 ,dialectic ( disput+ ) o!rs1 & ,rhetoric ( speak+ to _m 7concionatio72 ?us correspond+ to ! s+ul>1 dual1 & plural1 & to ! monologue1 ! dialogue1 & ! panegyric4 ,"u ,dialectic ,i und]/&1 9 agreem5t ) ,ari/otle 7,metaph41 iii4 #b1 & ,analyt4 ,po/41 i4 #aa71 ! art ( conv]sation direct$ to ! mutual inve/igation ( tru?1 especially philosophical tru?4 ,b a conv]sation ( ?is k9d necess>ily passes m or less into controv]sy2 !re=e dialectic may also be expla9$ z ! art ( disputation4 ,we h examples & patt]ns ( dialectic 9 ! ,platonic dialogues2 b = ! special !ory ( x1 ?us = ! te*nical rules ( disputation1 eri/ics1 v little has hi!rto be5 accompli%$4 ,i h work$ out an attempt ( ! k9d1 & giv5 an example ( x1 9 ! second volume ( ! 8,p>]ga10 !re=e ,i %all pass ov] ! exposition ( ?is sci5ce altoge!r "h4 ,9 ,rhetoric ! rhetorical figures are v mu* :at ! syllogi/ic figures are 9 ,logic2 at all ev5ts !y are wor? consid]+4 ,9 ,ari/otle's "t !y seem to h n yet become ! object ( !oretical inve/igation1 = he does n treat ( !m 9 any ( 8 rhetorics1 & 9 ?is ref]5ce we are ref]r$ to ,rutilius ,lupus1 ! epitomis] ( a lat] ,gorgias4 ,all ! ?ree sci5ces h ?is 9 common1 t )\t hav+ le>n$ !m we foll[ _! rules1 :i* inde$ are !mselves fir/ ab/ract$ f ?is natural employm5t ( !m4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh !y are ( great !oretical int]e/1 !y are ( little practical use2 p>tly because1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly give ! rule1 !y d n give ! case ( its application2 p>tly because 9 practice !re is g5]ally no "t to recollect ! rules4 ,?us !y tea* only :at e "o already kn[s & practises ( 8 own accord2 b yet ! ab/ract k ( ?is is int]e/+ & important4 ,logic w n easily h a practical value1 at lea/ = our own ?9k+4 ,= ! errors ( our own reason+ sc>cely ev] lie 9 ! inf]5ces nor o!rwise 9 ! =m1 b 9 ! judgm5ts1 ?us 9 ! matt] ( ?\ght4 ,9 controv]sy1 on ! o!r h&1 we c sometimes d]ive "s practical use f logic1 by tak+ ! m or less int5tionally deceptive argum5t ( our oppon5t1 :i* he advances "u ! g>b & cov] ( cont9u\s spee*1 & ref]r+ x to ! /rict =m ( regul> syllogisms1 & ?us convict+ x ( logical errors2 = example1 simple conv]sion ( univ]sal affirmative judgm5ts1 syllogisms ) f\r t]ms1 inf]5ces f ! consequ5t to ! reason1 syllogisms 9 ! second figure ) m]ely affirmative premisses1 & _m su*4 ,x seems to me t ! doctr9e ( ! laws ( ?\ght might be simplifi$ if we 7 only to set up two1 ! law ( exclud$ middle & t ( suffici5t reason4 ,! =m] ?us3 8,e pr$icate c ei!r be affirm$ or d5i$ ( e subject40 ,"h x is already conta9$ 9 ! 8ei!r1 or0 t bo? _c occur at once1 & consequ5tly j :at is express$ by ! laws ( id5tity & contradiction4 ,?us ^! w\ld be add$ z coroll>ies ( t pr9ciple :i* really says t e two concept-sph]es mu/ be ?\ght ei!r z unit$ or z sep>at$1 b nev] z bo? at once2 & !re=e1 ev5 al?\gh words are br\ght toge!r :i* express ! latt]1 ^! words ass]t a process ( ?\ght :i* _c be c>ri$ out4 ,! consci\sness ( ?is infeasibility is ! feel+ ( contradiction4 ,! second law ( ?\ght1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 w\ld affirm t ! above attribut+ or d5y+ mu/ be det]m9$ by some?+ diff]5t f ! judgm5t itself1 :i* may be a 7pure or empirical7 p]ception1 or m]ely ano!r judgm5t4 ,?is o!r & diff]5t ?+ is !n call$ ! gr\nd or reason ( ! judgm5t4 ,s f> z a judgm5t satisfies ! fir/ law ( ?\ght1 x is ?9kable2 s f> z x satisfies ! second1 x is true1 or at lea/ 9 ! case 9 :i* ! gr\nd ( a judgm5t is only ano!r judgm5t x is logically or =mally true4 ,b1 f9ally1 mat]ial or absolute tru? is always ! relation betwe5 a judgm5t & a p]ception1 ?us betwe5 ! ab/ract & ! concrete or p]ceptible idea4 ,?is is ei!r an imm$iate relation or x is br\ght ab\t by means ( o!r judgm5ts1 i4e41 ?r\gh o!r ab/ract ideas4 ,f ?is x is easy to see t "o tru? c nev] ov]?r[ ano!r1 b all mu/ ultimately agree2 because 9 ! concrete or p]ceptible1 :i* is _! common f\ndation1 no contradiction is possible4 ,!re=e no tru? has any?+ to fe> f o!r tru?s4 ,illusion & error h to fe> e tru?1 because ?r\gh ! logical connection ( all tru?s ev5 ! mo/ di/ant mu/ "s "t /rike its bl[ at e error4 ,?is second law ( ?\ght is !re=e ! connect+ l9k betwe5 logic & :at is no long] logic1 b ! matt] ( ?\ght4 ,consequ5tly ! agreem5t ( ! conceptions1 ?us ( ! ab/ract idea ) :at is giv5 9 ! p]ceptible idea1 is1 on ! side ( ! object tru?1 & on ! side ( ! subject k4 ,to express ! union or sep>ation ( two concept-sph]es ref]r$ to above is ! "w ( ! copula1 8is--is n40 ,?r\gh ?is e v]b c be express$ by means ( its p>ticiple4 ,!re=e all judg+ consi/s 9 ! use ( a v]b1 & vice v]s4 ,accord+ly ! significance ( ! copula is t ! pr$icate is to be ?\ght 9 ! subject1 no?+ m4 ,n[1 consid] :at ! cont5t ( ! inf9itive ( ! copula 8to be0 am\nts to4 ,b ?is is a pr9cipal !me ( ! pr(essors ( philosophy ( ! pres5t "t4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ n be too /rict ) !m2 mo/ ( !m wi% to express by x no?+ b mat]ial ?+s1 ! corporeal _w1 to :i*1 z p]fectly innoc5t reali/s at ! bottom ( _! he>ts1 !y attribute ! highe/ reality4 ,to speak1 h[ev]1 ( ! bodies s directly appe>s to !m too vulg>2 & !re=e !y say 8be+10 :i* !y ?9k s\nds bett]1 & ?9k 9 connection ) x ! tables & *airs /&+ be=e !m4 8,=1 because1 :y1 !re=e1 ?us1 s9ce1 al?\gh1 inde$1 yet1 b1 if1 !n1 ei!r1 or10 & m l ^!1 are prop]ly logical p>ticles1 = _! only end is to express ! =m ( ! ?\ght processes4 ,!y are !re=e a valuable possession ( a language1 & d n belong to all 9 equal numb]s4 ,?us 8zw>0 7! contract$ 8es i/ wahr07 seems to belong exclusively to ! ,g]man language4 ,x is always connect$ ) an 8ab]0 :i* foll[s or is add$ 9 ?\ght1 z 8if0 is connect$ ) 8!n40 ,! logical rule t1 z reg>ds quantity1 s+ul> judgm5ts1 t is1 judgm5ts :i* h a s+ul> conception 7notio s+ul>is7 = _! subject1 are to be treat$ z univ]sal judgm5ts1 dep5ds ^u ! circum/ance t !y are 9 fact univ]sal judgm5ts1 :i* h m]ely ! peculi>ity t _! subject is a conception :i* c only be support$ by a s+le real object1 & !re=e only conta9s a s+le real object "u x2 z :5 ! conception is d5ot$ by a prop] "n4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has really only to be consid]$ :5 we proce$ f ! ab/ract idea to ! concrete or p]ceptible1 ?us seek to realise ! conceptions4 ,9 ?9k+ itself1 9 op]at+ ) judgm5ts1 ?is makes no diff]5ce1 simply because betwe5 s+ul> & univ]sal conceptions !re is no logical diff]5ce4 8,immanuel ,kant0 signifies logically1 8all ,immanuel ,kant40 ,accord+ly ! quantity ( judgm5ts is really only ( two k9ds--univ]sal & p>ticul>4 ,an individual idea _c be ! subject ( a judgm5t1 because x is n an ab/raction1 x is n some?+ ?\ght1 b some?+ p]ceiv$4 ,e conception1 on ! o!r h&1 is ess5tially univ]sal1 & e judgm5t mu/ h a conception z its subject4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 p>ticul> judgm5ts 7propositiones p>ticul>es7 & univ]sal judgm5ts (t5 dep5ds m]ely on ! ext]nal & cont+5t circum/ance t ! language has no ^w to express by itself ! "p t is "h to be sep>at$ f ! g5]al conception :i* =ms ! subject ( su* a judgm5t4 ,if !re 7 su* a ^w _m a p>ticul> judgm5t w\ld be univ]sal4 ,= example1 ! p>ticul> judgm5t1 8,"s trees be> gall-nuts10 becomes a univ]sal judgm5t1 because = ?is "p ( ! conception1 8tree10 we h a special ^w1 8,all oaks be> gall-nuts40 ,9 ! same way is ! judgm5t1 8,"s m5 are black10 relat$ to ! judgm5t1 8,all negroes are black40 ,or else ?is diff]5ce dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 ! m9d ( him :o judges ! conception :i* he makes ! subject ( ! p>ticul> judgm5t has n become cle>ly sep>at$ f ! g5]al conception z a "p ( :i* he def9es x2 o!rwise he c\ld h express$ a univ]sal in/ead ( a p>ticul> judgm5t4 ,= example1 in/ead ( ! judgm5t1 8,"s rum9ants h upp] incisors10 ?is1 8,all unhorn$ rum9ants h upp] incisors40 ,! hypo!tical & disjunctive judgm5ts are ass]tions z to ! relation ( two 79 ! case ( ! disjunctive judgm5t ev5 sev]al7 categorical judgm5ts to ea* o!r4 ,! hypo!tical judgm5t ass]ts t ! tru? ( ! second ( ! two categorical judgm5ts "h l9k$ toge!r dep5ds ^u ! tru? ( ! fir/1 & ! fals5ess ( ! fir/ dep5ds ^u ! fals5ess ( ! second2 ?us t ^! two propositions /& 9 direct community z reg>ds tru? & fals5ess4 ,! disjunctive judgm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 ass]ts t ^u ! tru? ( "o ( ! categorical judgm5ts "h l9k$ toge!r dep5ds ! fals5ess ( ! o!rs1 & conv]sely2 ?us t ^! propositions are 9 conflict z reg>ds tru? & fals5ess4 ,! "q is a judgm5t1 "o ( ^: ?ree p>ts is left op53 ?us ei!r ! copula1 8,is ,caius a ,roman--or n80 or ! pr$icate1 8,is ,caius a ,roman--or some?+ else80 or ! subject1 8,is ,caius a ,roman--or is x "s "o else :o is a ,roman80 ,! place ( ! conception :i* is left op5 may also rema9 q empty2 = example1 8,:at is ,caius80--8,:o is a ,roman80 ,! 1 inductio1 is ) ,ari/otle ! opposite ( ! 4 ,! latt] proves a proposition to be false by %[+ t :at w\ld foll[ f x is n true2 ?us by ! in/antia 9 contr>ium4 ,! 1 on ! o!r h&1 proves ! tru? ( a proposition by %[+ t :at w\ld foll[ f x is true4 ,?us x leads by means ( examples to our accept+ some?+ :ile ! leads to our reject+ x4 ,!re=e ! 1 or induction1 is an inf]5ce f ! consequ5ts to ! reason1 & inde$ modo pon5te2 = f _m cases x e/abli%es ! rule1 f :i* ^! cases !n 9 _! turn foll[4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is nev] p]fectly c]ta91 b at ! mo/ arrives at v great probability4 ,h[ev]1 ?is =mal unc]ta9ty may yet leave room = mat]ial c]ta9ty ?r\gh ! numb] ( ! sequ5ces obs]v$2 9 ! same way z 9 ma!matics ! irrational relations are br\ght inf9itely ne> to rationality by means ( decimal fractions4 ,! 1 on ! contr>y1 is prim>ily an inf]5ce f ! reason to ! consequ5ts1 ?\gh x is aft]w>ds c>ri$ out modo toll5te1 9 t x proves ! non-exi/5ce ( a necess>y consequ5t1 & !reby de/roys ! tru? ( ! assum$ reason4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is always p]fectly c]ta91 & accompli%es m by a s+le example 9 contr>ium ?an ! induction does by innum]able examples 9 fav\r ( ! proposition prop\nd$4 ,s mu* easi] is x to refute ?an to prove1 to ov]?r[ ?an to e/abli%4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,on ,! ,syllogism4 ,al?\gh x is v h>d to e/abli% a new & correct view ( a subject :i* = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s has be5 h&l$ by innum]able writ]s1 & :i*1 moreov]1 does n receive additions ?r\gh ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce1 yet ?is mu/ n det] me f pres5t+ to ! ?9k] = exam9ation ! foll[+ attempt ( ?is k9d4 ,an inf]5ce is t op]ation ( our reason by virtue ( :i*1 ?r\gh ! comp>ison ( two judgm5ts a ?ird judgm5t arises1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any k o!rwise obta9$4 ,! condition ( ?is is t ^! two judgm5ts h "o conception 9 common1 = o!rwise !y are =eign to ea* o!r & h no community4 ,b "u ?is condition !y become ! fa!r & "m ( a *ild t conta9s 9 itself some?+ ( bo?4 ,moreov]1 ?is op]ation is no arbitr>y act1 b an act ( ! reason1 :i*1 :5 x has consid]$ su* judgm5ts1 p]=ms x ( itself accord+ to its own laws4 ,s f> x is objective1 n subjective1 & !re=e subject to ! /ricte/ rules4 ,we may ask 9 pass+ :e!r he :o draws an inf]5ce really le>ns some?+ new f ! new proposition1 some?+ previ\sly unkn[n to him8 ,n absolutely2 b yet to a c]ta9 ext5t he does4 ,:at he le>ns lay 9 :at he knew3 ?us he knew x also1 b he did n "k t he knew x2 :i* is z if he _h some?+1 b did n "k t he _h x1 & ?is is j ! same z if he _h x n4 ,he knew x only implicite1 n[ he kn[s x explicite2 b ?is di/9ction may be s great t ! conclusion appe>s to him a new tru?4 ,= example3 ,all diamonds are /ones2 ,all diamonds are combu/ible3 ,!re=e "s /ones are combu/ible4 ,! nature ( inf]5ce consequ5tly consi/s 9 ?is1 t we br+ x to di/9ct consci\sness t we h already ?\ght 9 ! premisses :at is ass]t$ 9 ! conclusion4 ,x is !re=e a means ( becom+ m di/9ctly consci\s ( "o's own k1 ( le>n+ m fully1 or becom+ aw>e ( :at "o kn[s4 ,! k :i* is af=d$ by ! conclusion 0 lat5t1 & !re=e _h j z little effect z lat5t heat has on ! !rmomet]4 ,:oev] has salt has also *lor9e2 b x is z if he _h x n1 = x c only act z *lor9e if x is *emically evolv$2 ?us only1 !n1 does he really possess x4 ,x is ! same ) ! ga9 :i* a m]e conclusion f already kn[n premisses af=ds3 a previ\sly b\nd or lat5t k is !reby set free4 ,^! comp>isons may inde$ seem to be some:at /ra9$1 b yet !y really are n4 ,= because we draw _m ( ! possible inf]5ces f our k v soon1 v rapidly1 & )\t =mality1 & !re=e h no di/9ct recollection ( !m1 x seems to u z if no premisses = possible conclusions rema9$ long /or$ up unus$1 b z if we already _h also conclusions prep>$ = all ! premisses )9 rea* ( our k4 ,b ?is is n always ! case2 on ! contr>y1 two premisses may h = a long "t an isolat$ exi/5ce 9 ! same m9d1 till at la/ "s occasion br+s !m toge!r1 & !n ! conclusion sudd5ly appe>s1 z ! sp>k comes f ! /eel & ! /one only :5 !y are /ruck toge!r4 ,9 reality ! premisses assum$ f )\t1 bo? = !oretical insight & = motives1 :i* br+ ab\t resolves1 (t5 lie = a long "t 9 u1 & become1 p>tly ?r\gh half-consci\s1 & ev5 in>ticulate1 processes ( ?\ght1 comp>$ ) ! re/ ( our /ock ( k1 reflect$ ^u1 &1 z x 71 %ak5 up toge!r1 till at la/ ! "r major f9ds ! "r m9or1 & ^! imm$iately take up _! prop] places1 & at once ! conclusion exi/s z a light t has sudd5ly aris5 = u1 )\t any action on our "p1 z if x 7 an inspiration2 = we _c compreh5d h[ we & o!rs h s long be5 9 ignorance ( x4 ,x is true t 9 a happily organis$ m9d ?is process goes on m quickly & easily ?an 9 ord9>y m9ds2 & j because x is c>ri$ on spontane\sly & )\t di/9ct consci\sness x _c be le>n$4 ,!re=e ,goe! says3 8,h[ easy any?+ is he kn[s :o has discov]$ x1 he kn[s :o has atta9$ to x40 ,z an illu/ration ( ! process ( ?\ght "h describ$ we may comp>e x to ^? padlocks :i* consi/ ( r+s ) lett]s2 hang+ on ! box ( a travell+ c>riage1 !y are %ak5 s long t at la/ ! lett]s ( ! ^w come toge!r 9 _! ord] & ! lock op5s4 ,= ! re/1 we mu/ also rememb] t ! syllogism consi/s 9 ! process ( ?\ght itself1 & ! words & propositions ?r\gh :i* x is express$ only indicate ! traces x has left beh9d x--!y are relat$ to x z ! s\nd-figures ( s& are relat$ to ! notes ^: vibrations !y express4 ,:5 we reflect ^u some?+1 we collect our data1 r$uce !m to judgm5ts1 :i* are all quickly br\ght toge!r & comp>$1 & !reby ! conclusions :i* x is possible to draw f !m are in/antly arriv$ at by means ( ! use ( all ! ?ree syllogi/ic figures4 ,yet on acc\nt ( ! great rapidity ( ?is op]ation only a few words are us$1 & sometimes none at all1 & only ! conclusion is =mally express$4 ,?us x sometimes happ5s t because 9 ?is way1 or ev5 m]ely intuitively1 i4e41 by a happy app]u1 we h br\ght "s new tru? to consci\sness1 we n[ treat x z a conclusion & seek premisses = x1 t is1 we desire to prove x1 = z a rule k exi/s e>li] ?an its pro(s4 ,we !n g ?r\gh our /ock ( k 9 ord] to see :e!r we c f9d "s tru? 9 x 9 :i* ! newly discov]$ tru? 0 already implicitly conta9$1 or two propositions :i* w\ld give ?is z a result if !y 7 br\ght toge!r accord+ to rule4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e judicial proce$+ af=ds a mo/ complete & impos+ syllogism1 a syllogism 9 ! fir/ figure4 ,! civil or crim9al transgression compla9$ ( is ! m9or2 x is e/abli%$ by ! prosecutor4 ,! law applicable to ! case is ! major4 ,! judgm5t is ! conclusion1 :i* !re=e1 z some?+ necess>y1 is 8m]ely recognis$0 by ! judge4 ,b n[ ,i %all attempt to give ! simple/ & mo/ correct exposition ( ! peculi> me*anism ( inf]5ce4 ,judg+1 ?is elem5t>y & mo/ important process ( ?\ght1 consi/s 9 ! comp>ison ( two conceptions2 inf]5ce 9 ! comp>ison ( two judgm5ts4 ,yet ord9>ily 9 text-books inf]5ce is also ref]r$ to ! comp>ison ( conceptions1 ?\gh ( ?ree1 because f ! relation :i* two ( ^! conceptions h to a ?ird _! relation to ea* o!r may be kn[n4 ,tru? _c be d5i$ to ?is view also2 & s9ce x af=ds opportunity = ! p]ceptible demon/ration ( syllogi/ic relations by means ( drawn concept-sph]es1 a me?od approv$ ( by me 9 ! text1 x has ! advantage ( mak+ ! matt] easily compreh5sible4 ,b x seems to me t "h1 z 9 s _m cases1 compreh5sibility is atta9$ at ! co/ ( ?or\ghness4 ,! real process ( ?\ght 9 inf]5ce1 ) :i* ! ?ree syllogi/ic figures & _! necessity precisely agree1 is n ?us recognis$4 ,9 inf]5ce we op]ate n ) m]e conceptions b ) :ole judgm5ts1 to :i* quality1 :i* lies only 9 ! copula & n 9 ! conceptions1 & also quantity are absolutely ess5tial1 & inde$ we h fur!r to add modality4 ,t exposition ( inf]5ce z a relation ( ?ree conceptions fails 9 ?is1 t x at once resolves ! judgm5ts into _! ultimate elem5ts 7! conceptions71 & ?us ! means ( comb9+ ^! is lo/1 & t :i* is peculi> to ! judgm5ts z su* & 9 _! complet5ess1 :i* is j :at con/itutes ! necessity ( ! conclusion :i* foll[s f !m1 is lo/ sight (4 ,x ?us falls into an error analog\s to t :i* organic *emi/ry w\ld commit if1 = example1 9 ! analysis ( plants x 7 at once to r$uce !m to _! ultimate elem5ts1 :5 x w\ld f9d 9 all plants c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 b w\ld lose ! specific diff]5ces1 to obta9 :i* x is necess>y to /op at _! m special elem5ts1 ! s-call$ alkaloids1 & to take c>e to analyse ^! 9 _! turn4 ,f ?ree giv5 conceptions no conclusion c z yet be drawn4 ,x may c]ta9ly be said3 ! relation ( two ( !m to ! ?ird mu/ be giv5 ) !m4 ,b x is j ! judgm5ts :i* comb9e ^! conceptions1 t are ! expression ( ?is relation2 ?us judgm5ts1 n m]e conceptions1 are ! mat]ial ( ! inf]5ce4 ,accord+ly inf]5ce is ess5tially a comp>ison ( two judgm5ts4 ,! process ( ?\ght 9 our m9d is conc]n$ ) ^! & ! ?\ghts express$ by !m1 n m]ely ) ?ree conceptions4 ,?is is ! case ev5 :5 ?is process is imp]fectly or n at all express$ 9 words2 & x is z su*1 z a br++ toge!r ( ! complete & unanalys$ judgm5ts1 t we mu/ consid] x 9 ord] prop]ly to und]/& ! te*nical proc$ure ( inf]5ce4 ,f ?is !re w !n also foll[ ! necessity = ?ree really rational syllogi/ic figures4 ,z 9 ! exposition ( syllogi/ic reason+ by means ( concept-sph]es ^! are pres5t$ to ! m9d "u ! =m ( circles1 s 9 ! exposition by means ( entire judgm5ts we h to ?9k ^! "u ! =m ( rods1 :i*1 = ! purpose ( comp>ison1 are held toge!r n[ by "o end1 n[ by ! o!r4 ,! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ?is c take place give ! ?ree figures4 ,s9ce n[ e premiss conta9s its subject & its pr$icate1 ^! two conceptions are to be imag9$ z situat$ at ! two ends ( ea* rod4 ,! two judgm5ts are n[ comp>$ ) ref]5ce to ! two diff]5t conceptions 9 !m2 =1 z has already be5 said1 ! ?ird conception mu/ be ! same 9 bo?1 & is !re=e subject to no comp>ison1 b is t ) :i*1 t is1 9 ref]5ce to :i*1 ! o!r two are comp>$2 x is ! middle4 ,! latt] is accord+ly always only ! means & n ! *ief conc]n4 ,! two diff]5t conceptions1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! subject ( reflection1 & to f9d out _! relation to ea* o!r by means ( ! judgm5ts 9 :i* !y are conta9$ is ! aim ( ! syllogism4 ,!re=e ! conclusion speaks only ( !m1 n ( ! middle1 :i* 0 only a means1 a measur+ rod1 :i* we let fall z soon z x has s]v$ its end4 ,n[ if ?is conception :i* is id5tical 9 bo? propositions1 ?us ! middle1 is ! subject ( "o premiss1 ! conception to be comp>$ ) x mu/ be ! pr$icate1 & conv]sely4 ,"h at once is e/abli%$ a priori ! possibility ( ?ree cases2 ei!r ! subject ( "o premiss is comp>$ ) ! pr$icate ( ! o!r1 or ! subject ( ! "o ) ! subject ( ! o!r1 or1 f9ally1 ! pr$icate ( ! "o ) ! pr$icate ( ! o!r4 ,h5ce arise ! ?ree syllogi/ic figures ( ,ari/otle2 ! f\r?1 :i* 0 add$ some:at imp]t95tly1 is ung5u9e & a spuri\s =m4 ,x is attribut$ to ,gal5us1 b ?is re/s only on ,arabian au?ority4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree figures exhibits a p]fectly diff]5t1 correct1 & natural ?\ght-process ( ! reason 9 inf]5ce4 ,if 9 ! two judgm5ts to be comp>$ ! relation betwe5 ! pr$icate ( ! "o & ! subject ( ! o!r is ! object ( ! comp>ison1 ! fir/ figure appe>s4 ,?is figure alone has ! advantage t ! conceptions :i* 9 ! conclusion are subject & pr$icate bo? appe> already 9 ! same "* 9 ! premisses2 :ile 9 ! two o!r figures "o ( !m mu/ always *ange its roll 9 ! conclusion4 ,b ?us 9 ! fir/ figure ! result is always less novel & surpris+ ?an 9 ! o!r two4 ,n[ ?is advantage 9 ! fir/ figure is obta9$ by ! fact t ! pr$icate ( ! major is comp>$ ) ! subject ( ! m9or1 b n conv]sely1 :i* is !re=e "h ess5tial1 & involves t ! middle %\ld assume bo? ! positions1 i4e41 x is ! subject 9 ! major & ! pr$icate 9 ! m9or4 ,& f ?is aga9 arises its subord9ate significance1 = x appe>s z a m]e weight :i* we lay at pleasure n[ 9 "o scale & n[ 9 ! o!r4 ,! c\rse ( ?\ght 9 ?is figure is1 t ! pr$icate ( ! major is attribut$ to ! subject ( ! m9or1 because ! subject ( ! major is ! pr$icate ( ! m9or1 or1 9 ! negative case1 ! conv]se holds = ! same reason4 ,?us "h a prop]ty is attribut$ to ! ?+s ?\ght ?r\gh a conception1 because x dep5ds ^u ano!r prop]ty :i* we already "k !y possess2 or conv]sely4 ,!re=e "h ! guid+ pr9ciple is3 ,nota n e/ nota rei ipsius1 et repugnans n repugnat rei ipsi4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we comp>e two judgm5ts ) ! int5tion ( br++ out ! relation :i* ! subjects ( bo? may h to ea* o!r1 we mu/ take z ! common measure _! pr$icate4 ,?is w accord+ly be "h ! middle1 & mu/ !re=e be ! same 9 bo? judgm5ts4 ,h5ce arises ! second figure4 ,9 x ! relation ( two subjects to ea* o!r is det]m9$ by t :i* !y h z _! common pr$icate4 ,b ?is relation c only h significance if ! same pr$icate is attribut$ to ! "o subject & d5i$ ( ! o!r1 = ?us x becomes an ess5tial gr\nd ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,= if x 7 attribut$ to bo? ! subjects ?is c\ld decide no?+ z to _! relation to ea* o!r1 = almo/ e pr$icate belongs to innum]able subjects4 ,/ill less w\ld x decide ?is relation if ! pr$icate 7 d5i$ ( bo? ! subjects4 ,f ?is foll[s ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! second figure1 t ! premisses mu/ be ( opposite quality2 ! "o mu/ affirm & ! o!r d5y4 ,!re=e "h ! pr9cipal rule is3 ,sit alt]a negans2 ! coroll>y ( :i* is3 ,e m]is affirmativis nihil sequitur2 a rule :i* is sometimes transgress$ 9 a loose argum5t obscur$ by _m p>5!tical propositions4 ,! c\rse ( ?\ght :i* ?is figure exhibits di/9ctly appe>s f :at has be5 said4 ,x is ! inve/igation ( two k9ds ( ?+s ) ! view ( di/+ui%+ !m1 ?us ( e/abli%+ t !y are n ( ! same species2 :i* is "h decid$ by %[+ t a c]ta9 prop]ty is ess5tial to ! "o k9d1 :i* ! o!r lacks4 ,t ?is c\rse ( ?\ght assumes ! second figure ( its own accord1 & expresses itself cle>ly only 9 x1 w be %[n by an example3 ,all fi%es h cold blood2 ,no :ale has cold blood3 ,?us no :ale is a fi%4 ,9 ! fir/ figure1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is ?\ght exhibits itself 9 a weak1 =c$1 & ultimately pat*$-up =m3 ,no?+ t has cold blood is a :ale2 ,all fi%es h cold blood3 ,?us no fi% is a :ale1 ,& consequ5tly no :ale is a fi%4 ,take also an example ) an affirmative m9or3 ,no ,moham$an is a ,jew2 ,"s ,turks are ,jews3 ,!re=e "s ,turks are n ,moham$ans4 ,z ! guid+ pr9ciple = ?is figure ,i !re=e give1 = ! mood ) ! negative m9or3 ,cui repugnat nota1 etiam repugnat notatum2 & = ! mood ) ! affirmative m9or3 ,notato repugnat id cui nota repugnat4 ,translat$ ^! may be ?us comb9$3 ,two subjects :i* /& 9 opposite relations to "o pr$icate h a negative relation to ea* o!r4 ,! ?ird case is t 9 :i* we place two judgm5ts toge!r 9 ord] to inve/igate ! relation ( _! pr$icates4 ,h5ce arises ! ?ird figure1 9 :i* accord+ly ! middle appe>s 9 bo? premisses z ! subject4 ,x is also "h ! t]tium comp>ationis1 ! measure :i* is appli$ to bo? ! conceptions :i* are to be inve/igat$1 or1 z x 71 a *emical reag5t1 ) :i* we te/ !m bo? 9 ord] to le>n f _! relation to x :at relation exi/s betwe5 !mselves4 ,?us1 !n1 ! conclusion decl>es :e!r a relation ( subject & pr$icate exi/s betwe5 ! two1 & to :at ext5t ?is is ! case4 ,accord+ly1 :at exhibits itself 9 ?is figure is reflection conc]n+ two prop]ties :i* we are incl9$ to reg>d ei!r z incompatible1 or else z insep>able1 & 9 ord] to decide ?is we attempt to make !m ! pr$icates ( "o subject 9 two judgm5ts4 ,f ?is x results ei!r t bo? prop]ties belong to ! same ?+1 consequ5tly _! compatibility1 or else t a ?+ has ! "o b n ! o!r1 consequ5tly _! sep>abl5ess4 ,! =m] 9 all moods ) two affirmative premisses1 ! latt] 9 all moods ) "o negative2 = example3 ,"s brutes c speak2 ,all brutes are irrational3 ,!re=e "s irrational be+s c speak4 ,accord+ to ,kant 7,die ,fals*e ,spitzf9igkeit1 #d7 ?is inf]5ce w\ld only be conclusive if we add$ 9 ?\ght3 8,!re=e "s irrational be+s are brutes40 ,b ?is seems to be "h q sup]flu\s & by no means ! natural process ( ?\ght4 ,b 9 ord] to c>ry out ! same process ( ?\ght directly by means ( ! fir/ figure ,i mu/ say3 8,all brutes are irrational2 ,"s be+s t c speak are brutes10 :i* is cle>ly n ! natural c\rse ( ?\ght2 inde$ ! conclusion :i* w\ld !n foll[1 8,"s be+s t c speak are irrational10 w\ld h to be conv]t$ 9 ord] to pres]ve ! conclusion :i* ! ?ird figure gives ( itself1 & at :i* ! :ole c\rse ( ?\ght has aim$4 ,let u take ano!r example3 ,all alkalis float 9 wat]2 ,all alkalis are metals3 ,!re=e "s metals float 9 wat]4 ,alkalis & ,metals ov]lapp+ circles ,figure #a ,metals circle ) ,alkalis circle inside x ,figure #b ,:5 ?is is transpos$ into ! fir/ figure ! m9or mu/ be conv]t$1 & ?us runs3 8,"s metals are alkalis40 ,x !re=e m]ely ass]ts t "s metals lie 9 ! sph]e 8alkalis10 ?us ,figure #a1 :ile our actual k is t all alkalis lie 9 ! sph]e 8metals10 ?us ,figure #b3 ,x foll[s t if ! fir/ figure is to be reg>d$ z ! only normal "o1 9 ord] to ?9k naturally we w\ld h to ?9k less ?an we "k1 & to ?9k indef9itely :ile we "k def9itely4 ,?is assumption has too mu* aga9/ x4 ,?us 9 g5]al x mu/ be d5i$ t :5 we draw inf]5ces 9 ! second & ?ird figures we tacitly conv]t a proposition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ?ird1 & also ! second1 figure exhibits j z rational a process ( ?\ght z ! fir/4 ,let u n[ consid] ano!r example ( ! o!r class ( ! ?ird figure1 9 :i* ! sep>abl5ess ( two pr$icates is ! result2 on acc\nt ( :i* "o premiss mu/ "h be negative3 ,no ,buddhi/ believes 9 a ,god2 ,"s ,buddhi/s are rational3 ,!re=e "s rational be+s d n believe 9 a ,god4 ,z 9 ! examples giv5 above ! compatibility ( two prop]ties is ! problem ( reflection1 n[ _! sep>abl5ess is its problem1 :i* "h also mu/ be decid$ by comp>+ !m ) "o subject & %[+ t "o ( !m is pres5t 9 x )\t ! o!r4 ,?us ! end is directly atta9$1 :ile by means ( ! fir/ figure x c\ld only be atta9$ indirectly4 ,= 9 ord] to r$uce ! syllogism to ! fir/ figure we mu/ conv]t ! m9or1 & !re=e say3 8,"s rational be+s are ,buddhi/s10 :i* w\ld be only a faulty expression ( its mean+1 :i* really is3 8,"s ,buddhi/s are yet c]ta9ly rational40 ,z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( ?is figure ,i !re=e give3 = ! affirmative moods3 ,ejusdem rei n1 modo sit alt]a univ]salis1 sibi invicem sunt n p>ticul>es2 & = ! negative moods3 ,nota rei compet5s1 n eidem repugnanti1 p>ticul>it] repugnat1 modo sit alt]a univ]salis4 ,translat$3 ,if two pr$icates are affirm$ ( "o subject1 & at lea/ "o ( !m univ]sally1 !y are also affirm$ ( ea* o!r p>ticul>ly2 &1 on ! contr>y1 !y are d5i$ ( ea* o!r p>ticul>ly :5ev] "o ( !m contradicts ! subject ( :i* ! o!r is affirm$2 provid$ always t ei!r ! contradiction or ! affirmation be univ]sal4 ,9 ! f\r? figure ! subject ( ! major has to be comp>$ ) ! pr$icate ( ! m9or2 b 9 ! conclusion !y mu/ bo? ex*ange _! value & position1 s t :at 0 ! subject ( ! major appe>s z ! pr$icate ( ! conclusion1 & :at 0 ! pr$icate ( ! m9or appe>s z ! subject ( ! conclusion4 ,by ?is x becomes app>5t t ?is figure is m]ely ! fir/1 wilfully turn$ upside d[n1 & by no means ! expression ( a real process ( ?\ght natural to ! reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fir/ ?ree figures are ! ectypes ( ?ree real & ess5tially diff]5t op]ations ( ?\ght4 ,!y h ?is 9 common1 t !y consi/ 9 ! comp>ison ( two judgm5ts2 b su* a comp>ison only becomes fruitful :5 ^! judgm5ts h "o conception 9 common4 ,if we pres5t ! premisses to our imag9ation "u ! s5sible =m ( two rods1 we c ?9k ( ?is conception z a clasp t l9ks !m to ea* o!r2 inde$ 9 lectur+ "o might provide oneself ) su* rods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ree figures are di/+ui%$ by ?is1 t ^? judgm5ts are comp>$ ei!r ) ref]5ce to ! subjects ( bo?1 or to ! pr$icates ( bo?1 or la/ly1 ) ref]5ce to ! subject ( ! "o & ! pr$icate ( ! o!r4 ,s9ce n[ e conception has ! prop]ty ( be+ subject or pr$icate only because x is already "p ( a judgm5t1 ?is confirms my view t 9 ! syllogism only judgm5ts are prim>ily comp>$1 & conceptions only because !y are p>ts ( judgm5ts4 ,9 ! comp>ison ( two judgm5ts1 h[ev]1 ! ess5tial "q is1 9 respect ( :at are !y comp>$8 n by :at means are !y comp>$8 ,! =m] consi/s ( ! concepts :i* are diff]5t 9 ! two judgm5ts2 ! latt] consi/s ( ! middle1 t is1 ! conception :i* is id5tical 9 bo?4 ,x is !re=e n ! "r po9t ( view :i* ,lamb]t1 & inde$ really ,ari/otle1 & almo/ all ! mod]ns h tak5 9 />t+ f ! middle 9 ! analysis ( syllogisms1 & mak+ x ! pr9cipal matt] & its position ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! syllogisms4 ,on ! contr>y1 its role is only second>y1 & its position a consequ5ce ( ! logical value ( ! conceptions :i* are really to be comp>$ 9 ! syllogism4 ,^! may be comp>$ to two sub/ances :i* are to be *emically te/$1 & ! middle to ! reag5t by :i* !y are te/$4 ,x !re=e always takes ! place :i* ! conceptions to be comp>$ leave vacant1 & does n appe> aga9 9 ! conclusion4 ,x is select$ accord+ to our k ( its relation to bo? ! conceptions & its suitabl5ess = ! place x has to take up4 ,!re=e 9 _m cases we c *ange x at pleasure = ano!r )\t affect+ ! syllogism4 ,= example1 9 ! syllogism3 ,all m5 are mortal2 ,caius is a man3 ,i c ex*ange ! middle 8man0 = 8animal exi/5ce40 ,9 ! syllogism3 ,all diamonds are /ones2 ,all diamonds are combu/ible3 ,i c ex*ange ! middle 8diamond0 = 8an?racite40 ,z an ext]nal m>k by :i* we c recognise at once ! figure ( a syllogism ! middle is c]ta9ly v useful4 ,b z ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( a ?+ :i* is to be expla9$1 we mu/ take :at is ess5tial to x2 & :at is ess5tial "h is1 :e!r we place two propositions toge!r 9 ord] to comp>e _! pr$icates or _! subjects1 or ! pr$icate ( ! "o & ! subject ( ! o!r4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] z premisses to yield a conclusion1 two judgm5ts mu/ h a conception 9 common2 fur!r1 !y mu/ n bo? be negative1 nor bo? p>ticul>2 & la/ly1 9 ! case 9 :i* ! conceptions to be comp>$ are ! subjects ( bo?1 !y mu/ n bo? be affirmative4 ,! voltaic pile may be reg>d$ z a s5sible image ( ! syllogism4 ,its po9t ( indiff]5ce1 at ! c5tre1 repres5ts ! middle1 :i* holds toge!r ! two premisses1 & by virtue ( :i* !y h ! p[] ( yield+ a conclusion4 ,! two diff]5t conceptions1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are really :at is to be comp>$1 are repres5t$ by ! two opposite poles ( ! pile4 ,only because ^! are br\ght toge!r by means ( _! two conduct+ wires1 :i* repres5t ! copulas ( ! two judgm5ts1 is ! sp>k emitt$ ^u _! contact--! new light ( ! conclusion4 ,*apt] ,,xi47#bb7 ,on ,rhetoric4 ,eloqu5ce is ! faculty ( awak5+ 9 o!rs our view ( a ?+1 or our op9ion ab\t x1 ( k9dl+ 9 !m our feel+ conc]n+ x1 & ?us putt+ !m 9 sympa?y ) u4 ,& all ?is by conduct+ ! /ream ( our ?\ght into _! m9ds1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words1 ) su* =ce z to c>ry _! ?\ght f ! direction x has already tak51 & sweep x along ) ours 9 its c\rse4 ,! m _! previ\s c\rse ( ?\ght diff]s f ours1 ! great] is ?is a*ievem5t4 ,f ?is x is easily und]/ood h[ p]sonal conviction & passion make a man eloqu5t2 & 9 g5]al1 eloqu5ce is m ! gift ( nature ?an ! "w ( art2 yet "h1 also1 art w support nature4 ,9 ord] to conv9ce ano!r ( a tru? :i* conflicts ) an error he firmly holds1 ! fir/ rule to be obs]v$1 is an easy & natural "o3 let ! premisses come fir/1 & ! conclusion foll[4 ,yet ?is rule is seldom obs]v$1 b rev]s$2 = zeal1 eag]ness1 & dogmatic positiv5ess urge u to proclaim ! conclusion l\dly & noisily aga9/ him :o adh]es to ! oppos$ error4 ,?is easily makes him %y1 & n[ he opposes 8 w to all reasons & premisses1 kn[+ already to :at conclusion !y lead4 ,!re=e we ought r to keep ! conclusion completely conceal$1 & only advance ! premisses di/9ctly1 fully1 & 9 diff]5t lights4 ,inde$1 if possible1 we ought n to express ! conclusion at all4 ,x w come necess>ily & regul>ly ( its own accord into ! reason ( ! he>]s1 & ! conviction ?us born 9 !mselves w be all ! m g5u9e1 & w also be accompani$ by self-e/eem in/ead ( %ame4 ,9 difficult cases we may ev5 assume ! air ( desir+ to arrive at a q opposite conclusion f t :i* we really h 9 view4 ,an example ( ?is is ! fam\s spee* ( ,antony 9 ,%akspe>e's 8,julius ,cs>40 ,9 def5d+ a ?+ _m p]sons err by confid5tly advanc+ ev]y?+ imag9able t c be said = x1 mix+ up toge!r :at is true1 half true1 & m]ely plausible4 ,b ! false is soon recognis$1 or at any rate felt1 & ?r[s suspicion also ^u ! cog5t & true argum5ts :i* 7 br\ght =w>d along ) x4 ,give !n ! true & weighty pure & alone1 & bew>e ( def5d+ a tru? ) inadequate1 & !re=e1 s9ce !y are set up z adequate1 sophi/ical reasons2 = ! oppon5t upsets ^!1 & !reby ga9s ! appe>ance ( hav+ upset ! tru? itself :i* 0 support$ by !m1 t is1 he makes argum5ta ad hom9em hold good z argum5ta ad rem4 ,! ,*9ese g1 p]haps1 too f> ! o!r way1 = !y h ! say+3 8,he :o is eloqu5t & has a %>p tongue may always leave half ( a s5t5ce unspok52 & he :o has "r on 8 side may confid5tly yield ?ree-t5?s ( 8 ass]tion40 ,*apt] ,,xii47#bc7 ,on ,! ,doctr9e ,( ,sci5ce4 ,f ! analysis ( ! diff]5t functions ( our intellect giv5 9 ! :ole ( ! prec$+ *apt]s1 x is cle> t = a correct use ( x1 ei!r 9 a !oretical or a practical ref]5ce1 ! foll[+ conditions are dem&$3 7#a47 ,! correct appreh5sion ?r\gh p]ception ( ! real ?+s tak5 into consid]ation1 & ( all _! ess5tial prop]ties & relations1 ?us ( all data4 7#b47 ,! con/ruction ( correct conceptions out ( ^!2 ?us ! connotation ( ^? prop]ties "u correct ab/ractions1 :i* n[ become ! mat]ial ( ! subsequ5t ?9k+4 7#c47 ,! comp>ison ( ^? conceptions bo? ) ! p]ceiv$ object & among !mselves1 & ) ! re/ ( our /ore ( conceptions1 s t correct judgm5ts1 p]t95t to ! matt] 9 h&1 & fully compreh5d+ & exhau/+ x1 may proce$ f !m2 ?us ! "r e/imation ( ! matt]4 7#d47 ,! plac+ toge!r or comb9ation ( ^? judgm5ts z ! premisses ( syllogisms4 ,?is may be done v diff]5tly accord+ to ! *oice & arrangem5t ( ! judgm5ts1 & yet ! actual result ( ! :ole op]ation prim>ily dep5ds ^u x4 ,:at is really ( importance "h is t f among s _m possible comb9ations ( ^? diff]5t judgm5ts :i* h to d ) ! matt] free delib]ation %\ld hit ^u ! v ones :i* s]ve ! purpose & are decisive4 ,b if 9 ! fir/ function1 t is1 9 ! appreh5sion ?r\gh p]ception ( ! ?+s & relations1 any s+le ess5tial po9t has be5 ov]look$1 ! correctness ( all ! succe$+ op]ations ( ! m9d _c prev5t ! result f be+ false2 = !re lie ! data1 ! mat]ial ( ! :ole inve/igation4 ,)\t ! c]ta9ty t ^! are correctly & completely collect$1 "o ought to ab/a91 9 important matt]s1 f any def9ite decision4 ,a conception is correct2 a judgm5t is true2 a body is real2 & a relation is evid5t4 ,a proposition ( imm$iate c]ta9ty is an axiom4 ,only ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( logic1 & ^? ( ma!matics drawn a priori f intuition or p]ception1 & f9ally also ! law ( causality1 h imm$iate c]ta9ty4 ,a proposition ( indirect c]ta9ty is a maxim1 & t by means ( :i* x obta9s its c]ta9ty is ! pro(4 ,if imm$iate c]ta9ty is attribut$ to a proposition :i* has no su* c]ta9ty1 ?is is a petitio pr9cipii4 ,a proposition :i* appeals directly to ! empirical p]ception is an ass]tion3 to confront x ) su* p]ception dem&s judgm5t4 ,empirical p]ception c prim>ily af=d u only p>ticul>1 n univ]sal tru?s4 ,?r\gh manifold repetition & confirmation su* tru?s inde$ obta9 a c]ta9 univ]sality also1 b x is only comp>ative & prec>i\s1 because x is /ill always op5 to attack4 ,b if a proposition has absolute univ]sality1 ! p]ception to :i* x appeals is n empirical b a priori4 ,?us ,logic & ,ma!matics alone are absolutely c]ta9 sci5ces2 b !y really tea* u only :at we already knew be=eh&4 ,= !y are m]ely explanations ( t ( :i* we are consci\s a priori1 ! =ms ( our own k1 ! "o be+ conc]n$ ) ! =ms ( ?9k+1 ! o!r ) ^? ( p]ceiv+4 ,!re=e we sp9 !m entirely out ( ourselves4 ,all o!r sci5tific k is empirical4 ,a pro( proves too mu* if x ext5ds to ?+s or cases ( :i* t :i* is to be prov$ cle>ly does n hold good2 !re=e x is refut$ apagogically by ^!4 ,! d$uctio ad absurdum prop]ly consi/s 9 ?is1 t we take a false ass]tion :i* has be5 made z ! major proposition ( a syllogism1 !n add to x a correct m9or1 & arrive at a conclusion :i* cle>ly contradicts facts ( exp]i5ce or unque/ionable tru?s4 ,b by "s r\nd-ab\t way su* a refutation mu/ be possible ( e false doctr9e4 ,= ! def5d] ( ?is w yet c]ta9ly recognise & admit "s tru? or o!r1 & !n ! consequ5ces ( ?is1 & on ! o!r h& ^? ( ! false ass]tion1 mu/ be foll[$ out until we arrive at two propositions :i* directly contradict ea* o!r4 ,we f9d _m examples 9 ,plato ( ?is beautiful artifice ( g5u9e dialectic4 ,a correct hypo!sis is no?+ m ?an ! true & complete expression ( ! pres5t fact1 :i* ! orig9ator ( ! hypo!sis has intuitively appreh5d$ 9 its real nature & inn] connection4 ,= x tells u only :at really takes place "h4 ,! opposition ( ! analytical & syn!tical me?ods we f9d already indicat$ by ,ari/otle1 yet p]haps fir/ di/9ctly describ$ by ,proclus1 :o says q correctly3 8 2 2 1 1 4 4440 7,me?odi traduntur sequ5tes3 pul*]rima quidem ea1 qu p] analys9 qusitum ref]t ad pr9cipium1 de quo jam conv5it2 quam etiam ,plato ,laodamanti tradidisse dicitur47 8,9 ,primum ,euclidis ,librum10 ,l4 iii4 ,c]ta9ly ! analytical me?od consi/s 9 ref]r+ :at is giv5 to an admitt$ pr9ciple2 ! syn!tical me?od1 on ! contr>y1 9 d$uction f su* a pr9ciple4 ,!y are !re=e analog\s to ! & expla9$ 9 *apt] ix42 only ! latt] are n us$ to e/abli% propositions1 b always to ov]?r[ !m4 ,! analytical me?od proce$s f ! facts2 ! p>ticul>1 to ! pr9ciple or rule2 ! univ]sal1 or f ! consequ5ts to ! reasons2 ! o!r conv]sely4 ,!re=e x w\ld be mu* m correct to call !m ! inductive & ! d$uctive me?ods1 = ! cu/om>y names are unsuitable & d n fully express ! ?+s4 ,if a philosoph] tries to beg9 by ?9k+ out ! me?ods 9 accordance ) :i* he w philosophise1 he is l a poet :o fir/ writes a sy/em ( /hetics 9 ord] to poetise 9 accordance ) x4 ,bo? ( !m may be comp>$ to a man :o fir/ s+s himself a tune & aft]w>ds dances to x4 ,! ?9k+ m9d mu/ f9d its way f orig9al t5d5cy4 ,rule & application1 me?od & a*ievem5t1 mu/1 l matt] & =m1 be insep>able4 ,b aft] we h rea*$ ! goal we may consid] ! pa? we h foll[$4 /hetics & me?odology are1 f _! nature1 y\ng] ?an poetry & philosophy2 z gramm> is y\ng] ?an language1 ?or\gh bass y\ng] ?an music1 & logic y\ng] ?an ?\ght4 ,?is is a fitt+ place to make1 9 pass+1 a rem>k by means ( :i* ,i %\ld l to *eck a gr[+ evil :ile !re is yet "t4 ,t ,lat9 has ceas$ to be ! language ( all sci5tific inve/igations has ! disadvantage t !re is no long] an imm$iately common sci5tific lit]ature = ! :ole ( ,europe1 b national lit]atures4 ,& ?us e s*ol> is prim>ily limit$ to a mu* small] public1 & moreov] to a public hamp]$ ) national po9ts ( view & prejudices4 ,!n he mu/ n[ le>n ! f\r pr9cipal ,european languages1 z well z ! two anci5t languages4 ,9 ?is x w be a great assi/ance to him t ! t]m9i te*nici ( all sci5ces 7) ! exception ( m9]alogy7 are1 z an inh]itance f our pr$ecessors1 ,lat9 or ,greek4 ,!re=e all nations wisely reta9 ^!4 ,only ! ,g]mans h hit ^u ! un=tunate idea ( wi%+ to ,g]manise ! t]m9i te*nici ( all ! sci5ces4 ,?is has two great disadvantages4 ,fir/1 ! =eign & also ! ,g]man s*ol> is oblig$ to le>n all ! te*nical t]ms ( 8 sci5ce twice1 :i*1 :5 !re are _m--= example1 9 ,anatomy--is an incr$ibly tiresome & l5g?y bus9ess4 ,if ! o!r nations 7 n 9 ?is respect wis] ?an ! ,g]mans1 we w\ld h ! tr\ble ( le>n+ e t]m9us te*nicus five times4 ,if ! ,g]mans c>ry ?is fur!r1 =eign m5 ( le>n+ w leave _! books altoge!r unread2 = besides ?is fault !y are = ! mo/ "p too diffuse1 & are writt5 9 a c>eless1 bad1 & (t5 affect$ & objectionable /yle1 & besides are g5]ally conceiv$ ) a rude disreg>d ( ! read] & 8 requirem5ts4 ,secondly1 ^? ,g]manis$ =ms ( ! t]m9i te*nici are almo/ ?r\gh\t long1 pat*$-up1 /upidly *os51 awkw>d1 j>r+ words1 n cle>ly sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! language1 :i* !re=e impress !mselves ) difficulty ^u ! memory1 :ile ! ,greek & ,lat9 expressions *os5 by ! anci5t & memorable f\nd]s ( ! sci5ces possess ! :ole ( ! opposite good qualities1 & easily impress !mselves on ! memory by _! sonor\s s\nd4 ,:at an ugly1 h>%-s\nd+ ^w1 = in/ance1 is 8,/ick/(f0 in/ead ( azot6 8,v]bum10 8sub/antiv10 8adjectiv10 are rememb]$ & di/+ui%$ m easily ?an 8,zeitwort10 8,n5nwort10 8,beiwort10 or ev5 8,um/&swort0 in/ead ( 8adv]bium40 ,9 ,anatomy x is q unsupportable1 & moreov] vulg> & l[4 ,ev5 8,pulsad]0 & 8,blutad]0 are m expos$ to mom5t>y confusion ?an 8,art]ie0 & 8,v5e20 b utt]ly bewild]+ are su* expressions z 8,fru*?lt]10 8,fru*tgang10 & 8,fru*tleit]0 in/ead ( 8ut]us10 8vag9a10 & 8tuba ,faloppii10 :i* yet e doctor mu/ "k1 & :i* he w f9d suffici5t 9 all ,european languages4 ,9 ! same way 8,spei*e0 & 8,ell5bog5rhre0 in/ead ( 8radius0 & 8ulna10 :i* all ,europe has und]/ood = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,:]e=e !n ?is clumsy1 confus+1 drawl+1 & awkw>d ,g]manis+8 ,n less objectionable is ! translation ( ! te*nical t]ms 9 ,logic1 9 :i* our gift$ pr(essors ( philosophy are ! creators ( a new t]m9ology1 & almo/ e "o ( !m has 8 own4 ,) ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze1 = example1 ! subject is call$ 8,grundbegriff10 ! pr$icate 8,beilegungsbegriff20 !n !re are 8,beilegungss*lsse10 8,voraussetzungss*lsse10 & 8,entgeg5setzungss*lsse20 ! judgm5ts h 8,grsse10 8,bes*aff5heit10 8,v]hltniss10 & 8,zuv]lssigkeit10 i4e41 quantity1 quality1 relation1 & modality4 ,! same p]v]se influ5ce ( ?is ,g]manis+ mania is to be f\nd 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,! ,lat9 & ,greek expressions h ! fur!r advantage t !y /amp ! sci5tific conception z su*1 & di/+ui% x f ! words ( common int]c\rse1 & ! ideas :i* cl+ to !m ?r\gh association2 :ile1 = example1 8,speisebrei0 in/ead ( *yme seems to ref] to ! food ( little *ildr51 & 8,lung5sack0 in/ead ( pleura1 & 8,h]zbeutel0 in/ead ( p]ic>dium seem to h be5 inv5t$ by but*]s r ?an anatomi/s4 ,besides ?is1 ! mo/ imm$iate necessity ( le>n+ ! anci5t languages dep5ds ^u ! old t]m9i te*nici1 & !y are m & m 9 dang] ( be+ neglect$ ?r\gh ! use ( liv+ languages 9 le>n$ inve/igations4 ,b if x comes to ?is1 if ! _s ( ! anci5ts b\nd up ) _! languages disappe>s f a lib]al education1 !n co>s5ess1 insipidity1 & vulg>ity w take possession ( ! :ole ( lit]ature4 ,= ! works ( ! anci5ts are ! pole-/> ( e arti/ic or lit]>y ef=t2 if x sets !y are lo/4 ,ev5 n[ we c obs]ve f ! mis]able & pu]ile /yle ( mo/ writ]s t !y h nev] writt5 ,lat947#bd7 ,! /udy ( ! classical au?ors is v prop]ly call$ ! /udy ( ,humanity1 = ?r\gh x ! /ud5t fir/ becomes a man aga91 = he ent]s into ! _w :i* 0 /ill free f all ! absurdities ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( romanticism1 :i* aft]w>ds p5etrat$ s deeply into mank9d 9 ,europe t ev5 n[ e "o comes into ! _w cov]$ ) x1 & has fir/ to /rip x (f simply to become a man aga94 ,?9k n t y\r mod]n wisdom c ev] supply ! place ( t initiation into manhood2 ye are n1 l ! ,greeks & ,romans1 born freem51 unfett]$ sons ( nature4 ,ye are fir/ ! sons & heirs ( ! b>b>\s ,middle ,ages & ( _! madness1 ( infam\s prie/craft1 & ( half-brutal1 half-*ildi% *ivalry4 ,?\gh bo? n[ gradually approa* _! end1 yet ye _c yet /& on y\r own feet4 ,)\t ! s*ool ( ! anci5ts y\r lit]ature w deg5]ate into vulg> gossip & dull phili/9ism4 ,?us = all ^! reasons x is my well-int5d$ c\nsel t an end be put at once to ! ,g]manis+ mania condemn$ above4 ,i %all fur!r take ! opportunity ( d5\nc+ "h ! disord] :i* = "s ye>s has be5 introduc$ into ,g]man or?ography 9 an unprec$5t$ mann]4 ,scribbl]s ( e species h he>d some?+ ( concis5ess ( expression1 b d n "k t ?is consi/s 9 ! c>eful omission ( ev]y?+ sup]flu\s 7to :i*1 x is true1 ! :ole ( _! writ+s belong71 b imag9e !y c arrive at x by clipp+ ! words z sw9dl]s clip co92 & e syllable :i* appe>s to !m sup]flu\s1 because !y d n feel its value1 !y cut (f )\t m ado4 ,= example1 our ance/ors1 ) true tact1 said 8,beweis0 & 8,v]weis20 b1 on ! o!r h&1 8,na*weisung40 ,! f9e di/9ction analog\s to t betwe5 8,v]su*0 & 8,v]su*ung10 8,betra*t0 & 8,betra*tung10 is n p]ceptible to dull e>s & ?ick skulls2 !re=e !y h inv5t$ ! ^w 8,na*weis10 :i* has come at once into g5]al use1 = ?is only requires t an idea %\ld be ?or\ghly awkw>d & a blund] v gross4 ,accord+ly a simil> amputation has already be5 propos$ 9 innum]able words2 = example1 in/ead ( 8,unt]su*ung0 is writt5 8,unt]su*20 nay1 ev5 in/ead ( 8allmlig10 8mlig20 in/ead ( 8be9ahe10 8nahe20 in/ead ( 8be/ndig10 8/ndig40 ,if a ,fr5*man took ^u himself to write 8prs0 in/ead ( 8presque10 or if an ,engli%man wrote 8mo/0 in/ead ( 8almo/10 !y w\ld be laugh$ at by e "o z fools2 b 9 ,g]many :oev] does ?is sort ( ?+ passes = a man ( orig9ality4 ,*emi/s already write 8lsli*0 & 8unlsli*0 in/ead ( 8unauflsli*10 & if ! gramm>ians d n rap !m ov] ! knuckles !y w rob ! language ( a valuable ^w4 ,knots1 %oe-/r+s1 & also conglom]ates ( :i* ! cem5t is s(t5$1 & all analog\s ?+s are 8lsli*0 7c be loos$72 b :at is 8auflsli*0 7soluble71 on ! o!r h&1 is :atev] vani%es 9 a liquid1 l salt 9 wat]4 8,aufls50 7to dissolve7 is ! t]m9us ad hoc1 :i* says ?is & no?+ else1 m>k+ out a def9ite conception2 b our acute improv]s ( ! language wi% to empty x into ! g5]al r9s+-pan 8ls50 7to loos572 !y w\ld !re=e 9 consi/5cy be oblig$ to make 8ls50 also take ! place ev]y:]e ( 8abls50 7to relieve1 us$ ( gu>ds71 8ausls50 7to release71 8e9ls50 7to r$eem71 c41 & 9 ^!1 z 9 ! =m] case1 deprive ! language ( def9it5ess ( expression4 ,b to make ! language poor] by a ^w means to make ! ?\ght ( ! nation poor] by a conception4 ,yet ?is is ! t5d5cy ( ! unit$ ef=ts ( almo/ all our writ]s ( books = ! la/ t5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,= :at ,i h %[n "h by "o example c be support$ by a hundr$ o!rs1 & ! meane/ /9t+ ( syllables prevails l a disease4 ,! mis]able wret*es actually c\nt ! lett]s1 & d n hesitate to mutilate a ^w1 or to use "o 9 a false s5se1 :5ev] by do+ s !y c ga9 two lett]s4 ,he :o is capable ( no new ?\ghts w at lea/ br+ new words to m>ket1 & e ink-sl+] reg>ds x z 8 vocation to improve ! language4 ,j\rnali/s practise ?is mo/ %amelessly2 & s9ce _! pap]s1 on acc\nt ( ! trivial nature ( _! cont5ts1 h ! l>ge/ public1 inde$ a public :i* = ! mo/ "p reads no?+ else1 a great dang] ?reat5s ! language ?r\gh !m4 ,i !re=e s]i\sly advise t !y %\ld be subject$ to an or?ographical c5sor%ip1 or t !y %\ld be made to pay a f9e = e unusual or mutilat$ ^w2 = :at c\ld be m improp] ?an t *anges ( language %\ld proce$ f ! l[e/ bran* ( lit]ature8 ,language1 especially a relatively speak+ orig9al language l ,g]man1 is ! mo/ valuable inh]itance ( a nation1 & x is also an exce$+ly complicat$ "w ( art1 easily injur$1 & :i* _c aga9 be re/or$1 !re=e a noli me tang]e4 ,o!r nations h felt ?is1 & h %[n great piety t[>ds _! languages1 al?\gh f> less complete ?an ,g]man4 ,!re=e ! language ( ,dante & ,petr>* diff]s only 9 trifles f t ( to-day2 ,montaigne is /ill q readable1 & s also is ,%akspe>e 9 8 olde/ editions4 ,= a ,g]man inde$ x is good to h some:at long words 9 8 m\?2 = he ?9ks sl[ly1 & !y give him "t to reflect4 ,b ?is prevail+ economy ( language %[s itself 9 yet m *>act]i/ic ph5om5a4 ,= example1 9 opposition to all logic & gramm>1 !y use ! imp]fect = ! p]fect & plup]fect2 !y (t5 /ick ! auxili>y v]b 9 _! pocket2 !y use ! ablative in/ead ( ! g5itive2 = ! sake ( omitt+ a c\ple ( logical p>ticles !y make su* intricate s5t5ces t "o has to read !m f\r times ov] 9 ord] to get at ! s5se2 = x is only ! pap] & n ! read]'s "t t !y c>e to sp>e4 ,9 prop] names1 aft] ! mann] ( ,hott5tots1 !y d n indicate ! case ei!r by inflection or article3 ! read] may guess x4 ,b !y are specially fond ( contract+ ! d\ble v[el & dropp+ ! l5g!n+ h1 ^? lett]s sacr$ to prosody2 :i* is j ! same ?+ z if we want$ to bani% & f ,greek1 & make & take _! place4 ,:oev] writes ,s*am1 ,mr*51 ,mass1 ,spass1 ought also to write ,lon1 ,son1 ,/at1 ,sat1 ,j>1 ,al1 c4 ,b s9ce writ+ is ! copy ( spee*1 po/]ity w imag9e t "o ought to speak z "o writes2 & !n ( ! ,g]man language !re w only rema9 a n>r[1 m\?-di/ort+1 j>r+ noise ( consonants1 & all prosody w be lo/4 ,! spell+ 8,lit]atur0 in/ead ( ! correct 8,litt]atur0 is also v mu* lik$1 because x saves a lett]4 ,9 def5ce ( ?is ! p>ticiple ( ! v]b l9]e is giv5 z ! root ( ! ^w4 ,b l9]e means to sme>2 !re=e ! fav\r$ spell+ might actually be correct = ! great] "p ( ,g]man bookmak+2 s t "o c\ld di/+ui% a v small 8,litt]atur0 f a v ext5sive 8,lit]atur40 ,9 ord] to write concisely let a man improve 8 /yle & %un all useless gossip & *att]1 & !n he w n ne$ to cut out syllables & lett]s on acc\nt ( ! de>ness ( pap]4 ,b to write s _m useless pages1 useless %eets1 useless books1 & !n to want to make up ?is wa/e ( "t & pap] at ! co/ ( ! innoc5t syllables & lett]s--t is truly ! sup]lative ( :at is call$ 9 ,engli% be+ p5ny wise & p\nd fooli%4 ,x is to be regrett$ t !re is no ,g]man ,academy to take *>ge ( ! language aga9/ lit]>y sans-culottism1 especially 9 an age :5 ev5 ^? :o are ignorant ( ! anci5t language v5ture to employ ! press4 ,i h express$ my m9d m fully on ! :ole subject ( ! inexcusable mis*ief be+ done at ! pres5t day to ! ,g]man language 9 my 8,p>]ga10 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #bc4 ,9 my essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ea1 ,i already propos$ a fir/ classification ( ! sci5ces 9 accordance ) ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* reigns 9 !m2 & ,i also t\*$ ^u x aga9 9 #g & #ae ( ! fir/ volume ( ?is "w4 ,i w give "h a small attempt at su* a classification1 :i* w yet no d\bt be susceptible ( mu* improvem5t & p]fect+3-- ,i4 ,pure a priori ,sci5ces4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! gr\nd ( be+4 7a47 ,9 space3 ,geometry4 7b47 ,9 "t3 ,ari?metic & ,algebra4 #b4 ,! doctr9e ( ! gr\nd ( kn[+3 ,logic4 ,,ii4 ,empirical or a po/]iori ,sci5ces4 ,all bas$ ^u ! gr\nd ( becom+1 i4e41 ! law ( causality1 & ^u ! ?ree modes ( t law4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( causes4 7a47 ,univ]sal3 ,me*anics1 ,hydrodynamics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry4 7b47 ,p>ticul>3 ,a/ronomy1 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology1 ,te*nology1 ,ph>macy4 #b4 ,! doctr9e ( /imuli4 7a47 ,univ]sal3 ,physiology ( plants & animals1 toge!r ) ! ancill>y sci5ce1 ,anatomy4 7b47 ,p>ticul>3 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,zootomy1 ,comp>ative ,physiology1 ,pa?ology1 ,!rapeutics4 #c4 ,! doctr9e ( motives4 7a47 ,univ]sal3 ,e?ics1 ,psy*ology4 7b47 ,p>ticul>3 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,hi/ory4 ,philosophy or ,metaphysics1 z ! doctr9e ( consci\sness & its cont5ts 9 g5]al1 or ( ! :ole ( exp]i5ce z su*1 does n appe> 9 ! li/1 because x does n at once pursue ! inve/igation :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason prescribes1 b fir/ has ?is pr9ciple itself z its object4 ,x is to be reg>d$ z ! ?or\gh bass ( all sci5ces1 b belongs to a high] class ?an !y d1 & is almo/ z mu* relat$ to art z to sci5ce4 ,z 9 music e p>ticul> p]iod mu/ correspond to ! tonality to :i* ?or\gh bass has advanc$1 s e au?or1 9 proportion to ! l9e he foll[s1 mu/ be> ! /amp ( ! philosophy :i* prevails 9 8 "t4 ,b besides ?is1 e sci5ce has also its special philosophy2 & !re=e we speak ( ! philosophy ( botany1 ( zoology1 ( hi/ory1 c4 ,by ?is we mu/ reasonably und]/& no?+ m ?an ! *ief results ( ea* sci5ce itself1 reg>d$ & compreh5d$ f ! highe/1 t is ! mo/ g5]al1 po9t ( view :i* is possible )9 t sci5ce4 ,^! g5]al results connect !mselves directly ) g5]al philosophy1 = !y supply x ) important data1 & relieve x f ! lab\r ( seek+ ^! itself 9 ! philosophically raw mat]ial ( ! special sci5ces4 ,^! special philosophies !re=e /& z a m$iat+ l9k betwe5 _! special sci5ces & philosophy prop]4 ,= s9ce ! latt] has to give ! mo/ g5]al explanations conc]n+ ! :ole ( ?+s1 ^! mu/ also be capable ( be+ br\ght d[n & appli$ to ! individual ( e species ( ?+4 ,! philosophy ( ea* sci5ce1 h[ev]1 arises indep5d5tly ( philosophy 9 g5]al1 f ! data ( its own sci5ce itself4 ,!re=e x does n ne$ to wait till t philosophy at la/ be f\nd2 b if work$ out 9 advance x w c]ta9ly agree ) ! true univ]sal philosophy4 ,?is1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be capable ( receiv+ confirmation & illu/ration f ! philosophies ( ! p>ticul> sci5ces2 = ! mo/ g5]al tru? mu/ be capable ( be+ prov$ ?r\gh ! m special tru?s4 ,goe! has af=d$ a beautiful example ( ! philosophy ( zoology 9 8 reflections on ,dalton's & ,p&]'s skeletons ( rod5ts 7,hefte zur ,morphologie1 #ahbd74 ,& l m]it 9 connection ) ! same sci5ce belongs to ,kielmay]1 ,delam>k1 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ,cuvi]1 & _m o!rs1 9 t !y h all br\ght out cle>ly ! complete analogy1 ! inn] relation%ip1 ! p]man5t type1 & sy/ematic connection ( animal =ms4 ,empirical sci5ces pursu$ purely = _! own sake & )\t philosophical t5d5cy are l a face )\t eyes4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 a suitable occupation = m5 ( good capacity :o yet lack ! highe/ faculties1 :i* w\ld ev5 be a h9drance to m9ute inve/igations ( su* a k9d4 ,su* m5 conc5trate _! :ole p[] & _! :ole k ^u "o limit$ field1 9 :i*1 !re=e1 on condition ( rema9+ 9 entire ignorance ( ev]y?+ else1 !y c atta9 to ! mo/ complete k possible2 :ile ! philosoph] mu/ survey all fields ( k1 & inde$ to a c]ta9 ext5t be at home 9 !m2 & ?us t complete k :i* c only be atta9$ by ! /udy ( detail is necess>ily d5i$ him4 ,!re=e ! =m] may be comp>$ to ^? ,g5eva workm5 ( :om "o makes only :eels1 ano!r only spr+s1 & a ?ird only *a9s4 ,! philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 is l ! wat*mak]1 :o alone produces a :ole out ( all ^! :i* has motion & significance4 ,!y may also be comp>$ to ! musicians ( an or*e/ra1 ea* ( :om is ma/] ( 8 own in/rum5t2 & ! philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! conductor1 :o mu/ "k ! nature & use ( e in/rum5t1 yet )\t be+ able to play !m all1 or ev5 "o ( !m1 ) great p]fection4 ,scotus ,erig5a includes all sci5ces "u ! "n ,sci5tia1 9 opposition to philosophy1 :i* he calls ,sapi5tia4 ,! same di/9ction 0 already made by ! ,py?agoreans2 z may be se5 f ,/obu 7,floril41 vol4 i4 p4 #bj71 :]e x is v cle>ly & neatly expla9$4 ,b a mu* happi] & m piquant comp>ison ( ! relation ( ! two k9ds ( m5tal ef=t to ea* o!r has be5 s (t5 repeat$ by ! anci5ts t we no long] "k to :om x belongs4 ,diog5es ,la]tius 7ii4 #gi7 attributes x to ,ari/ippus1 ,/obu 7,floril41 tit4 iv4 #aaj7 to ,ari/o ( ,*ios2 ! ,s*olia/ ( ,ari/otle ascribes x to him 7p4 #h ( ! ,b]l9 edition71 b ,plut>* 7,de ,pu]4 ,educ41 c4 #aj7 attributes x to ,bio--8,qui ajebat1 sicut ,p5elopes proci1 quum non poss5t cum ,p5elope concumb]e1 rem cum ejus ancillis habuiss5t2 ita qui philosophiam nequeunt appreh5d]e eos 9 alliis nullius pretii discipl9is sese cont]]e40 ,9 our pr$om9antly empirical & hi/orical age x c d no h>m to recall ?is4 ,*apt] ,,xiii47#be7 ,on ,! ,me?ods ,( ,ma!matics4 ,euclid's me?od ( demon/ration has br\ght =? f its own womb its mo/ /rik+ p>ody & c>icature 9 ! fam\s controv]sy on ! !ory ( p>allels1 & ! attempts1 :i* are repeat$ e ye>1 to prove ! elev5? axiom4 ,?is axiom ass]ts1 & inde$ supports its ass]tion by ! indirect evid5ce ( a ?ird int]sect+ l9e1 t two l9es incl9+ t[>ds ea* o!r 7= t is j ! mean+ ( 8less ?an two "r angles07 if produc$ f> en\gh mu/ meet--a tru? :i* is suppos$ to be too complicat$ to pass z self-evid5t1 & !re=e requires a demon/ration4 ,su* a demon/ration1 h[ev]1 _c be produc$1 j because !re is no?+ t is n imm$iate4 ,?is scruple ( consci5ce rem9ds me ( ,s*ill]'s "q ( law3-- 8,= ye>s ,i h us$ my nose = smell+4 ,h ,i1 !n1 actually a "r to x t c be prov$80 ,inde$ x seems to me t ! logical me?od is h]eby r$uc$ to absurdity4 ,yet x is j ?r\gh ! controv]sies ab\t ?is1 toge!r ) ! va9 attempts to prove :at is directly c]ta9 z m]ely indirectly c]ta91 t ! self-suffic+ness & cle>ness ( intuitive evid5ce appe>s 9 contra/ ) ! uselessness & difficulty ( logical pro(--a contra/ :i* is no less in/ructive ?an amus+4 ,! direct c]ta9ty is n all[$ to be valid "h1 because x is no m]e logical c]ta9ty foll[+ f ! conceptions1 ?us re/+ only ^u ! relation ( ! pr$icate to ! subject1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( contradiction4 ,t axiom1 h[ev]1 is a syn!tical proposition a priori1 & z su* has ! gu>antee ( pure1 n empirical1 p]ception1 :i* is j z imm$iate & c]ta9 z ! pr9ciple ( contradiction itself1 f :i* all demon/rations fir/ d]ive _! c]ta9ty4 ,ultimately ?is holds good ( e geometrical !orem1 & x is q arbitr>y :]e we draw ! l9e betwe5 :at is directly c]ta9 & :at has fir/ to be demon/rat$4 ,x surprises me t ! eigh? axiom is n r attack$4 8,figures :i* co9cide ) ea* o!r are equal to ea* o!r40 ,= 8co9cid+ ) ea* o!r0 is ei!r a m]e tautology or some?+ purely empirical :i* does n belong to pure p]ception b to ext]nal s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,x presupposes t ! figures may be mov$2 b only matt] is movable 9 space4 ,!re=e ?is appeal to co9cid5ce leaves pure space--! "o elem5t ( geometry--9 ord] to pass ov] to :at is mat]ial & empirical4 ,! reput$ motto ( ! ,platonic lecture-room1 8 10 ( :i* ma!maticians are s pr\d1 0 no d\bt inspir$ by ! fact t ,plato reg>d$ ! geometrical figures z int]m$iate exi/5ces betwe5 ! et]nal ,ideas & p>ticul> ?+s1 z ,ari/otle frequ5tly m5tions 9 8 8,metaphysics0 7especially i4 c4 #f1 p4 #hhg1 #iih1 et ,s*olia1 p4 #hbg1 ed4 ,b]ol47 ,moreov]1 ! opposition betwe5 ^? self-exi/5t et]nal =ms1 or ,ideas1 & ! transitory individual ?+s1 0 mo/ easily made compreh5sible 9 geometrical figures1 & !reby laid ! f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( ,ideas1 :i* is ! c5tral po9t ( ! philosophy ( ,plato1 & inde$ 8 only s]i\s & decid$ !oretical dogma4 ,9 exp\nd+ x1 !re=e1 he />t$ f geometry4 ,9 ! same s5se we are told t he reg>d$ geometry z a prelim9>y ex]cise ?r\gh :i* ! m9d ( ! pupil accu/om$ itself to deal ) incorporeal objects1 hav+ hi!rto 9 practical life _h only to d ) corporeal ?+s 7,s*ol4 9 ,ari/ot41 p4 #ab1 #ae74 ,?is1 !n1 is ! s5se 9 :i* ,plato recomm5d$ geometry to ! philosoph]2 & !re=e "o is n ju/ifi$ 9 ext5d+ x fur!r4 ,i r recomm5d1 z an inve/igation ( ! influ5ce ( ma!matics ^u our m5tal p[]s1 & _! value = sci5tific culture 9 g5]al1 a v ?or\gh & le>n$ discussion1 9 ! =m ( a review ( a book by ,:ewell 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review ( ,janu>y #ahcf4 ,its au?or1 :o aft]w>ds publi%$ x ) "s o!r discussions1 ) 8 "n1 is ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 ,scotl&4 ,?is "w has also f\nd a ,g]man translator1 & has appe>$ by itself "u ! title1 8,ueb] d5 ,w]? und ,unw]? d] ,ma!matik0 aus dem ,engli%51 #ahcf4 ,! conclusion ! au?or arrives at is t ! value ( ma!matics is only indirect1 & lies 9 ! application to ends :i* are only atta9able ?r\gh !m2 b 9 !mselves ma!matics leave ! m9d :]e !y f9d x1 & are by no means conducive to its g5]al culture & developm5t1 nay1 ev5 a decid$ h9drance4 ,?is conclusion is n only prov$ by ?or\gh dianoiological inve/igation ( ! ma!matical activity ( ! m9d1 b is also confirm$ by a v le>n$ accumulation ( examples & au?orities4 ,! only direct use :i* is left to ma!matics is t x c accu/om re/less & un/eady m9ds to fix _! att5tion4 ,ev5 ,desc>tes1 :o 0 yet himself fam\s z a ma!matician1 held ! same op9ion ) reg>d to ma!matics4 ,9 ! 8,vie de ,desc>tes p> ,baillet10 #afic1 x is said1 ,liv4 ii4 c4 #f1 p4 #ed3 8,sa propre expri5ce l'avait conva9cu du peu d'utilit des ma?matiques1 surt\t lorsqu'on ne les cultive que p\r elles mmes4444 ,il ne voyait ri5 de mo9s solide1 que de s'occup] de nombres t\t simples et de figures imag9aires10 c4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,on ,! ,association ,( ,ideas4 ,! pres5ce ( ideas & ?\ghts 9 our consci\sness is z /rictly subord9at$ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 its diff]5t =ms z ! movem5t ( bodies to ! law ( causality4 ,x is j z little possible t a ?\ght c appe> 9 ! m9d )\t an occasion z t a body c be set 9 motion )\t a cause4 ,n[ ?is occasion is ei!r ext]nal1 ?us an impression ( ! s5ses1 or int]nal1 ?us itself also a ?\ght :i* introduces ano!r ?\ght by means ( association4 ,?is aga9 dep5ds ei!r ^u a relation ( reason & consequ5t betwe5 ! two2 or ^u simil>ity1 ev5 m]e analogy2 or la/ly ^u ! circum/ance t !y 7 bo? fir/ appreh5d$ at ! same "t1 :i* aga9 may h its gr\nd 9 ! proximity 9 space ( _! objects4 ,! la/ two cases are d5ot$ by ! ^w propos4 ,! pr$om9ance ( "o ( ^! ?ree bonds ( association ( ?\ghts ov] ! o!rs is *>act]i/ic ( ! intellectual wor? ( ! man4 ,! fir/ nam$ w pr$om9ate 9 ?\ghtful & pr(\nd m9ds1 ! second 9 witty1 +5i\s1 & poetical m9ds1 & ! ?ird 9 m9ds ( limit$ capacity4 ,n less *>act]i/ic is ! degree ( facility ) :i* "o ?\ght recalls o!rs t /& 9 any k9d ( relation to x3 ?is con/itutes ! activ5ess ( ! m9d4 ,b ! impossibility ( ! appe>ance ( a ?\ght )\t its suffici5t occasion1 ev5 :5 !re is ! /ronge/ desire to call x up1 is prov$ by all ! cases 9 :i* we we>y ourselves 9 va9 to recollect some?+1 & g ?r\gh ! :ole /ore ( our ?\ghts 9 ord] to f9d any "o t may be associat$ ) ! "o we seek2 if we f9d ! =m]1 ! latt] is also f\nd4 ,:oev] wi%es to call up some?+ 9 8 memory fir/ seeks = a ?read ) :i* x is connect$ by ! association ( ?\ghts4 ,^u ?is dep5ds mnemonics3 x aims at provid+ u ) easily f\nd occasion]s or causes = all ! conceptions1 ?\ghts1 or words :i* are to be pres]v$4 ,b ! wor/ ( x is t ^! occasion]s !mselves h fir/ to be recall$1 & ?is aga9 requires an occasion]4 ,h[ mu* ! occasion accompli%es 9 memory may be %[n 9 ?is way4 ,if we h read 9 a book ( anecdotes say fifty anecdotes1 & !n h laid x aside1 imm$iately aft]w>ds we w sometimes be unable to recollect a s+le "o ( !m4 ,b if ! occasion comes1 or if a ?\ght occurs to u :i* has any analogy ) "o ( ^? anecdotes1 x imm$iately comes back to u2 & s ) ! :ole fifty z opportunity (f]s4 ,! same ?+ holds good ( all t we read4 ,our imm$iate remembrance ( words1 t is1 our remembrance ( !m )\t ! assi/ance ( mnemonic contrivances1 & ) x our :ole faculty ( spee*1 ultimately dep5ds ^u ! direct association ( ?\ghts4 ,= ! le>n+ ( language consi/s 9 ?is1 t once = all we s connect a conception ) a ^w t ?is ^w w always occur to u along ) ?is conception1 & ?is conception w always occur to u along ) ?is ^w4 ,we h aft]w>ds to repeat ! same process 9 le>n+ e new language2 yet if we le>n a language = passive & n = active use--t is1 to read1 b n to speak1 z1 = example1 mo/ ( u le>n ,greek--!n ! connection is "o-sid$1 = ! conception occurs to u along ) ! ^w1 b ! ^w does n always occur to u along ) ! conception4 ,! same proc$ure z 9 language becomes app>5t 9 ! p>ticul> case1 9 ! le>n+ ( e new prop] "n4 ,b sometimes we d n tru/ ourselves to connect directly ! "n ( ?is p]son1 or t[n1 riv]1 m\nta91 plant1 animal1 c41 ) ! ?\ght ( ea* s firmly t x w call ea* ( !m up ( itself2 & !n we assi/ ourselves mnemonically1 & connect ! image ( ! p]son or ?+ ) any p]ceptible quality ! "n ( :i* occurs 9 t ( ! p]son or ?+4 ,yet ?is is only a tempor>y prop to lean on2 lat] we let x drop1 = ! association ( ?\ghts becomes an imm$iate support4 ,! se>* ( memory = a clue %[s itself 9 a peculi> mann] 9 ! case ( a dream :i* we h =gott5 on awak+1 = 9 ?is case we seek 9 va9 = t :i* a few m9utes be=e occupi$ our m9ds ) ! /r5g? ( ! cle>e/ pres5t1 b n[ has entirely disappe>$4 ,we grasp at any l+]+ impression by :i* may hang ! clue t by virtue ( association w\ld call t dream back aga9 into our consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ,kies]1 8,tellurismus10 ,bd4 ii4 #bga1 memory ev5 ( :at pass$ 9 magnetic-somnambul> sleep may possibly sometimes be ar\s$ by a s5sible sign f\nd :5 awake4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! same impossibility ( ! appe>ance ( a ?\ght )\t its occasion t if we propose to d any?+ at a def9ite "t1 ?is c only take place if we ei!r ?9k ( no?+ else till !n1 or if at ! det]m9$ "t we are rem9d$ ( x by some?+1 :i* may ei!r be an ext]nal impression arrang$ be=eh& or a ?\ght :i* is itself aga9 br\ght ab\t 9 ! regul> way4 ,bo?1 !n1 belong to ! class ( motives4 ,e morn+ :5 we awake our consci\sness is a tabula rasa1 :i*1 h[ev]1 quickly fills itself aga94 ,fir/ x is ! surr\nd+s ( ! previ\s ev5+ :i* n[ reappe>1 & rem9d u ( :at we ?\ght 9 ^! surr\nd+s2 to ?is ! ev5ts ( ! previ\s day l9k !mselves on2 & s "o ?\ght rapidly recalls ! o!rs1 till all t occupi$ u ye/]day is !re aga94 ,^u ! fact t ?is takes place prop]ly dep5ds ! heal? ( ! m9d1 z oppos$ to madness1 :i*1 z is %[n 9 ! ?ird book1 consi/s 9 ! exi/5ce ( great blanks 9 ! memory ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,b h[ completely sleep breaks ! ?read ( memory1 s t ea* morn+ x has to be tak5 up aga91 we see 9 p>ticul> cases ( ! incomplet5ess ( ?is op]ation4 ,= example1 sometimes we _c recall 9 ! morn+ a melody :i* ! night be=e ran 9 our head till we 7 tir$ ( x4 ,! cases 9 :i* a ?\ght or a picture ( ! fancy sudd5ly came into our m9d )\t any consci\s occasion seem to af=d an exception to :at has be5 said4 ,yet ?is is = ! mo/ "p an illusion1 :i* re/s on ! fact t ! occasion 0 s trifl+ & ! ?\ght itself s vivid & int]e/+1 t ! =m] is in/antly driv5 out ( consci\sness4 ,yet sometimes ! cause ( su* an in/antane\s appe>ance ( an idea may be an int]nal physical impression ei!r ( ! p>ts ( ! bra9 on ea* o!r or ( ! organic n]v\s sy/em ^u ! bra94 ,9 g5]al our int]nal process ( ?\ght is 9 reality n s simple z ! !ory ( x2 = "h x is involv$ 9 _m ways4 ,to make ! matt] cle> to our imag9ation1 let u comp>e our consci\sness to a %eet ( wat] ( "s dep?4 ,!n ! di/9ctly consci\s ?\ghts are m]ely ! surface2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! indi/9ct ?\ghts1 ! feel+s1 ! aft] s5sation ( p]ceptions & ( exp]i5ce g5]ally1 m+l$ ) ! special disposition ( our own w1 :i* is ! k]nel ( our be+1 is ! mass ( ! wat]4 ,n[ ! mass ( ! :ole consci\sness is m or less1 9 proportion to ! intellectual activity1 9 con/ant motion1 & :at rise to ! surface1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 are ! cle> pictures ( ! fancy or ! di/9ct1 consci\s ?\ghts express$ 9 words & ! resolves ( ! w4 ,! :ole process ( our ?\ght & purpose seldom lies on ! surface1 t is1 consi/s 9 a comb9ation ( di/9ctly ?\ght judgm5ts2 al?\gh we /rive aga9/ ?is 9 ord] t we may be able to expla9 our ?\ght to ourselves & o!rs4 ,b ord9>ily x is 9 ! obscure dep?s ( ! m9d t ! rum9ation ( ! mat]ials receiv$ f )\t takes place1 ?r\gh :i* !y are work$ up into ?\ghts2 & x goes on almo/ z unconsci\sly z ! conv]sion ( n\ri%m5t into ! hum\rs & sub/ance ( ! body4 ,h5ce x is t we c (t5 give no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( our deepe/ ?\ghts4 ,!y are ! bir? ( our my/]i\s inn] life4 ,judgm5ts1 ?\ghts1 purposes1 rise f out t deep unexpect$ly & to our own surprise4 ,a lett] br+s u unlook$-= & important news1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* our ?\ghts & motives are disord]$2 we get rid ( ! matt] = ! pres5t1 & ?9k no m ab\t x2 b next day1 or on ! ?ird or f\r? day aft]1 ! :ole situation sometimes /&s di/9ctly be=e u1 ) :at we h to d 9 ! circum/ances4 ,consci\sness is ! m]e surface ( our m9d1 ( :i*1 z ( ! e>?1 we d n "k ! inside1 b only ! cru/4 ,b 9 ! la/ in/ance1 or 9 ! secret ( our inn] be+1 :at sets 9 activity ! association ( ?\ght itself1 ! laws ( :i* 7 set =? above1 is ! w1 :i* urges its s]vant ! intellect1 accord+ to ! measure ( its p[]s1 to l9k ?\ght to ?\ght1 to recall ! simil>1 ! contemporane\s1 to recognise reasons & consequ5ts4 ,= x is to ! int]e/ ( ! w t1 9 g5]al1 "o %\ld ?9k1 s t "o may be well equipp$ = all cases t may arise4 ,!re=e ! =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* gov]ns ! association ( ?\ghts & keeps x active is ultimately ! law ( motivation4 ,= t :i* rules ! s5sorium1 & det]m9es x to foll[ ! analogy or o!r association ( ?\ghts 9 ?is or t direction1 is ! w ( ! ?9k+ subject4 ,n[ j z "h ! laws ( ! connection ( ideas subsi/ only ^u ! basis ( ! w1 s also 9 ! real _w ! causal connection ( bodies really subsi/s only ^u ! basis ( ! w1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! ph5om5a ( ?is _w4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! explanation f causes is nev] absolute & exhau/ive1 b leads back to =ces ( nature z _! condition1 & ! inn] be+ ( ! latt] is j ! w z ?+ 9 itself4 ,9 say+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i h c]ta9ly anticipat$ ! foll[+ book4 ,b because n[ ! outw>d 7s5sible7 occasions ( ! pres5ce ( our ideas1 j z well z ! inn] occasions 7^? ( association71 & bo? indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 con/antly affect ! consci\sness1 !re arise f ?is ! frequ5t int]ruptions ( our c\rse ( ?\ght1 :i* introduce a c]ta9 cutt+ up & confusion ( our ?9k+4 ,?is belongs to its imp]fections :i* _c be expla9$ away1 & :i* we %all n[ consid] 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,on ,! ,ess5tial ,imp]fections ,( ,! ,intellect4 ,our self-consci\sness has n space b only "t z its =m1 & !re=e we d n ?9k 9 ?ree dim5sions1 z we p]ceive1 b only 9 "o1 ?us 9 a l9e1 )\t bread? or dep?4 ,?is is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ ( ! ess5tial imp]fections ( our intellect4 ,we c "k all ?+s only 9 succession1 & c become consci\s ( only "o at a "t1 inde$ ev5 ( ?is "o only "u ! condition t = ! "t we =get ev]y?+ else1 ?us are absolutely unconsci\s ( ev]y?+ else1 s t = ! "t x ceases to exi/ z f> z we are conc]n$4 ,9 respect ( ?is quality our intellect may be comp>$ to a telescope ) a v n>r[ field ( vision2 j because our consci\sness is n /ation>y b fleet+4 ,! intellect appreh5ds only successively1 & 9 ord] to grasp "o ?+ mu/ let ano!r g1 reta9+ no?+ b traces ( x1 :i* are ev] becom+ weak]4 ,! ?\ght :i* is vividly pres5t to me n[ mu/ aft] a little :ile h escap$ me altoge!r2 & if a good night's sleep int]v5e1 x may be t ,i %all nev] f9d x aga91 unless x is connect$ ) my p]sonal int]e/s1 t is1 ) my w1 :i* always comm&s ! field4 ,^u ?is imp]fection ( ! intellect dep5ds ! disconnect$ & (t5 fragm5t>y nature ( our c\rse ( ?\ght1 :i* ,i h already t\*$ on at ! close ( la/ *apt]2 & f ?is aga9 arises ! unavoidable di/raction ( our ?9k+4 ,sometimes ext]nal impressions ( s5se ?rong 9 ^u x1 di/urb+ & int]rupt+ x1 =c+ diff]5t k9ds ( ?+s ^u x e mom5t2 sometimes "o ?\ght draws 9 ano!r by ! bond ( association1 & is n[ itself dislodg$ by x2 sometimes1 la/ly1 ! intellect itself is n capable ( fix+ itself v long & cont9u\sly at a "t ^u "o ?\ght1 b z ! eye :5 x gazes long at "o object is soon unable to see x any m di/9ctly1 because ! outl9es run into ea* o!r & become confus$1 until f9ally all is obscure1 s ?r\gh long-cont9u$ reflection ^u "o subject our ?9k+ also is gradually confus$1 becomes dull1 & ends 9 complete /upor4 ,!re=e aft] a c]ta9 "t1 :i* v>ies ) ! individual1 we mu/ = ! pres5t give up e m$itation or delib]ation :i* has _h ! =tune to rema9 undi/urb$1 b yet has n be5 br\ght to an end1 ev5 if x conc]ns a matt] :i* is mo/ important & p]t95t to u2 & we mu/ dismiss f our consci\sness ! subject :i* int]e/s u s mu*1 h[ev] heavily our anxiety ab\t x may weigh ^u u1 9 ord] to occupy ourselves n[ ) insignificant & indiff]5t ?+s4 ,dur+ ?is "t t important subject no long] exi/s = u2 x is l ! heat 9 cold wat]1 lat5t4 ,if n[ we resume x aga9 at ano!r "t1 we approa* x l a new ?+1 ) :i* we become acqua9t$ anew1 al?\gh m quickly1 & ! agreeable or disagreeable impression ( x is also produc$ anew ^u our w4 ,we ourselves1 h[ev]1 d n come back q un*ang$4 ,= ) ! physical composition ( ! hum\rs & t5sion ( ! n]ves1 :i* con/antly *anges ) ! h\rs1 days1 & ye>s1 our mood & po9t ( view also *anges4 ,moreov]1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( ideas :i* h be5 !re 9 ! meantime h left an e*o beh9d !m1 ! tone ( :i* influ5ces ! ideas :i* foll[4 ,!re=e ! same ?+ appe>s to u at diff]5t times1 9 ! morn+1 9 ! ev5+1 at mid-day1 or on ano!r day1 (t5 v diff]5t2 opposite views ( x n[ press ^u ea* o!r & increase our d\bt4 ,h5ce we speak ( sleep+ ^u a matt]1 & = important det]m9ations we dem& a long "t = consid]ation4 ,n[1 al?\gh ?is quality ( our intellect1 z spr++ f its weakness1 has its evid5t disadvantages1 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x af=ds ! advantage t aft] ! di/raction & ! physical *ange we return to our subject z comp>atively new be+s1 fre% & /range1 & ?us are able to see x repeat$ly 9 v diff]5t lights4 ,f all ?is x is pla9 t human consci\sness & ?\ght is 9 its nature necess>ily fragm5t>y1 on acc\nt ( :i* ! !oretical & practical results :i* are a*iev$ by piec+ toge!r su* fragm5ts are = ! mo/ "p defective4 ,9 ?is our ?9k+ consci\sness is l a magic lant]n1 9 ! focus ( :i* only "o picture c appe> at a "t1 & ea*1 ev5 if x repres5ts ! noble/ objects1 mu/ yet soon pass away 9 ord] to make room = o!rs ( a diff]5t1 & ev5 mo/ vulg>1 description4 ,9 practical matt]s ! mo/ important plans & resolutions are =m$ 9 g5]al2 b o!rs are subord9at$ to ^! z means to an end1 & o!rs aga9 are subord9at$ to ^!1 & s on d[n to ! p>ticul> case t has to be c>ri$ out 9 concreto4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 come to be c>ri$ out 9 ! ord] ( _! dignity1 b :ile we are occupi$ ) plans :i* are great & g5]al1 we h to cont5d ) ! mo/ trifl+ details & ! c>es ( ! mom5t4 ,9 ?is way our consci\sness becomes /ill m desultory4 ,9 g5]al1 !oretical occupations ( ! m9d unfit u = practical affairs1 & vice v]s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! inevitably di/ract$ & fragm5t>y nature ( all our ?9k+1 :i* has be5 po9t$ out1 & ! m+l+ ( ideas ( diff]5t k9ds !reby introduc$1 to :i* ev5 ! noble/ human m9ds are subject1 we really h only half a consci\sness ) :i* to grope ab\t 9 ! labyr9? ( our life & ! obscurity ( our inve/igations2 bright mom5ts sometimes illum9ate our pa? l lightn+4 ,b :at is to be expect$ ( heads ( :i* ev5 ! wise/ is e night ! sc5e ( ! /range/ & mo/ s5seless dreams1 & :i* has to take up its m$itations aga9 on awak5+ f ^!8 ,cle>ly a consci\sness :i* is subject to su* great limitations is little suit$ = solv+ ! riddle ( ! _w2 & su* an endeav\r w\ld necess>ily appe> /range & pitiful to a be+ ( a high] ord] ^: intellect _h n "t z its =m1 & ^: ?9k+ _h ?us true complet5ess & unity4 ,inde$ x is really wond]ful t we are n completely confus$ by ! v het]og5e\s mixture ( ideas & fragm5ts ( ?\ght ( e k9d :i* are con/antly cross+ ea* o!r 9 our m9ds1 b are yet always able to see our way aga9 & make ev]y?+ agree toge!r4 ,cle>ly !re mu/ exi/ a simpl] ?read ^u :i* ev]y?+ ranges itself toge!r3 b :at is ?is8 ,memory alone is n suffici5t1 = x has ess5tial limitations ( :i* ,i %all speak %ortly1 & besides ?is1 x is exce$+ly imp]fect & untru/wor?y4 ,! logical ego or ev5 ! transc5d5tal syn!tic unity ( app]ception are expressions & explanations :i* w n easily s]ve to make ! matt] compreh5sible2 !y w r sugge/ to _m3 8',tis true y\r be>d is curly1 yet x w n draw y ! bolt40 ,kant's proposition1 8,! ,i ?9k mu/ accompany all our ideas10 is insuffici5t2 = ! 8,i0 is an unkn[n quantity1 i4e41 x is itself a secret4 ,t :i* gives unity & connection to consci\sness 9 t x runs ?r\gh all its ideas1 & is ?us its sub/ratum1 its p]man5t support]1 _c itself be condition$ by consci\sness1 !re=e _c be an idea4 ,r x mu/ be ! prius ( consci\sness1 & ! root ( ! tree ( :i* t is ! fruit4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! w4 ,x alone is un*angeable & absolutely id5tical1 & has br\ght =? consci\sness = its own ends4 ,!re=e x is also ! w :i* gives x unity & holds toge!r all its ideas & ?\ghts1 accompany+ !m l a cont9u\s h>mony4 ,)\t x ! intellect w\ld no long] h ! unity ( consci\sness1 z a mirror 9 :i* n[ ?is & n[ t successively pres5ts itself1 or at ! mo/ only s mu* z a convex mirror ^: rays unite 9 an imag9>y po9t beh9d its surface4 ,b ! w alone is t :i* is p]man5t & un*angeable 9 consci\sness4 ,x is ! w :i* holds toge!r all ?\ghts & ideas z means to its ends1 & t+es !m ) ! col\r ( its own "*1 its mood1 & its int]e/s1 comm&s ! att5tion1 & holds 9 its h& ! tra9 ( motives ^: influ5ce ultimately sets memory & ! association ( ideas 9 activity2 at bottom x is ! w t is spok5 ( :5ev] 8,i0 appe>s 9 a judgm5t4 ,?us x is ! true & f9al po9t ( unity ( consci\sness1 & ! bond ( all its functions & acts2 x does n itself1 h[ev]1 belong to ! intellect1 b is only its root1 s\rce1 & controll]4 ,f ! =m ( "t & ! s+le dim5sion ( ! s]ies ( ideas1 on acc\nt ( :i*1 9 ord] to take up "o1 ! intellect mu/ let all ! o!rs fall1 !re foll[s n only its di/raction1 b also its =getfulness4 ,mo/ ( :at x lets fall x nev] takes up aga92 especially s9ce ! tak+ up aga9 is b\nd to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 & ?us dem&s an occasion :i* ! association ( ?\ghts & motivation h fir/ to supply2 an occasion1 h[ev]1 :i* may be ! m remote & small] 9 proportion z our s5sibility = x is height5$ by our int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,b memory1 z ,i h already %[n 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 is n a /ore-h\se1 b m]ely a faculty acquir$ by practice ( call+ up ideas at pleasure1 :i* mu/ !re=e con/antly be kept 9 practice by use2 = o!rwise x w gradually be lo/4 ,accord+ly ! k ev5 ( ! le>n$ man exi/s only virtualit] z an acquir$ facility 9 call+ up c]ta9 ideas2 actualit]1 on ! o!r h&1 x also is conf9$ to "o idea1 & is only consci\s ( ?is "o at a "t4 ,h5ce arises a /range contra/ betwe5 :at he kn[s pot5ti & :at he kn[s actu2 t is1 betwe5 8 k & :at he ?9ks at any mom5t3 ! =m] is an imm5se & always some:at *aotic mass1 ! latt] is a s+le di/9ct ?\ght4 ,! relation resembles t betwe5 ! innum]able />s ( ! heav5s & ! limit$ field ( vision ( ! telescope2 x appe>s 9 a /rik+ mann] :5 ^u "s occasion he wi%es to call di/9ctly to 8 remembrance "s p>ticul> circum/ance 9 8 k1 & "t & tr\ble are requir$ to produce x f t *aos4 ,rapidity 9 do+ ?is is a special gift1 b is v dep5d5t ^u day & h\r2 !re=e memory sometimes refuses u its s]vice1 ev5 9 ?+s :i* at ano!r "t x has readily at h&4 ,?is consid]ation calls u 9 our /udies to /rive m to atta9 to correct insight ?an to increase our le>n+1 & to lay x to he>t t ! quality ( k is m important ?an its quantity4 ,! latt] imp>ts to books only ?ickness1 ! =m] ?or\ghness & also /yle2 = x is an int5sive quantity1 :ile ! o!r is m]ely ext5sive4 ,x consi/s 9 ! di/9ctness & complet5ess ( ! conceptions1 toge!r ) ! purity & accuracy ( ! k ( p]ception :i* =ms _! f\ndation2 !re=e ! :ole ( k 9 all its p>ts is p5etrat$ by x1 & 9 proportion z x is s is valuable or trifl+4 ,) a small quantity1 b ( good quality1 "o a*ieves m ?an ) a v l>ge quantity ( bad quality4 ,! mo/ p]fect & satisfactory k is t ( p]ception1 b x is limit$ absolutely to ! p>ticul>1 ! individual4 ,! comb9ation ( ! _m & ! diff]5t 9 "o idea is only possible ?r\gh ! conception1 t is1 ?r\gh ! omission ( ! diff]5ces2 !re=e ?is is a v imp]fect mann] ( pres5t+ ?+s to ! m9d4 ,c]ta9ly ! p>ticul> also c be directly compreh5d$ z a univ]sal1 if x is rais$ to ! 7,platonic7 ,idea2 b 9 ?is process1 :i* ,i h analys$ 9 ! ?ird book1 ! intellect already passes beyond ! limits ( individuality1 & !re=e ( "t2 moreov] x is only an exception4 ,^! inn] & ess5tial imp]fections ( ! intellect are fur!r increas$ by a di/urbance :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 is ext]nal to x1 b yet is unceas+--! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! w ^u all its op]ations :5ev] x is 9 any way conc]n$ 9 _! result4 ,e passion1 inde$ e incl9ation & av]sion1 t+es ! objects ( k ) its col\r4 ,( mo/ common occurr5ce is ! falsify+ ( k :i* is br\ght ab\t by wi%es & hopes1 = !y picture to u ! sc>cely possible z probable & well nigh c]ta91 & make u almo/ incapable ( compreh5d+ :at is oppos$ to x3 fe> acts 9 a simil> way2 & e preconceiv$ op9ion1 e p>tiality1 &1 z has be5 said1 e int]e/1 e emotion & incl9ation ( ! w1 acts 9 an analog\s mann]4 ,to all ^! imp]fections ( ! intellect we h f9ally to add ?is1 t x gr[s old ) ! bra91 t is1 l all physiological functions1 x loses its en]gy 9 lat] ye>s1 :]eby all its imp]fections are !n mu* increas$4 ,! defective nature ( ! intellect "h set =? w n1 h[ev]1 surprise u if we look back at its orig9 & de/9y z e/abli%$ by me 9 ! second book4 ,nature has produc$ x = ! s]vice ( an individual w4 ,!re=e x is only design$ to "k ?+s s f> z !y af=d ! motives ( su* a w1 b n to fa?om !m or compreh5d _! true be+4 ,human intellect is only a high] gradation ( ! intellect ( ! brutes2 & z ?is is entirely conf9$ to ! pres5t1 our intellect also be>s /rong traces ( ?is limitation1 ,!re=e our memory & recollection is some?+ v imp]fect4 ,h[ little ( all t we h done1 exp]i5c$1 le>nt1 or read1 c we recall6 ,& ev5 ?is little = ! mo/ "p only labori\sly & imp]fectly4 ,= ! same reasons is x s v difficult = u to keep ourselves free f ! impressions ( ! pres5t4 ,unconsci\sness is ! orig9al & natural condition ( all ?+s1 & !re=e also ! basis f :i*1 9 p>ticul> species ( be+s1 consci\sness results z _! highe/ effloresc5ce2 :]e=e ev5 !n unconsci\sness always cont9ues to pr$om9ate4 ,accord+ly mo/ exi/5ces are )\t consci\sness2 b yet !y act accord+ to ! laws ( _! nature1 i4e41 ( _! w4 ,plants h at mo/ a v weak analogue ( consci\sness2 ! l[e/ species ( animals only ! dawn ( x4 ,b ev5 aft] x has asc5d$ ?r\gh ! :ole s]ies ( animals to man & 8 reason1 ! unconsci\sness ( plants1 f :i* x />t$1 /ill rema9s ! f\ndation1 & may be trac$ 9 ! necessity = sleep1 & also 9 all ^? ess5tial & great imp]fections1 "h set =?1 ( e intellect produc$ ?r\gh physiological functions2 & ( ano!r intellect we h no conception4 ,! imp]fections "h prov$ to be ess5tial to ! intellect are con/antly increas$1 h[ev]1 9 p>ticul> cases1 by non-ess5tial imp]fections4 ,! intellect is nev] 9 e respect :at x possibly might be4 ,! p]fections possible to x are s oppos$ t !y exclude ea* o!r4 ,!re=e no man c be at once ,plato & ,ari/otle1 or ,%akspe>e & ,newton1 or ,kant & ,goe!4 ,! imp]fections ( ! intellect1 on ! contr>y1 consort v well toge!r2 !re=e 9 reality x = ! mo/ "p rema9s f> bel[ :at x might be4 ,its functions dep5d ^u s v _m conditions1 :i* we c only compreh5d z anatomical & physiological1 9 ! ph5om5on 9 :i* alone !y are giv5 u1 t a decid$ly excell+ intellect1 ev5 9 "o respect alone1 is among ! r>e/ ( natural ph5om5a4 ,!re=e ! productions ( su* an intellect are pres]v$ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s1 inde$ e relic ( su* a highly fav\r$ individual becomes a mo/ valuable treasure4 ,f su* an intellect d[n to t :i* approa*es imbecility ! gradations are innum]able4 ,& prim>ily1 9 con=mity ) ^! gradations1 ! m5tal horizon ( ea* ( u v>ies v mu* f ! m]e compreh5sion ( ! pres5t1 :i* ev5 ! brute has1 to t :i* also embraces ! next h\r1 ! day1 ev5 ! morr[1 ! week1 ! ye>1 ! life1 ! c5tury1 ! ?\s& ye>s1 up to t ( ! consci\sness :i* has almo/ always pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh obscurely dawn+1 ! horizon ( ! inf9ite1 & ^: ?\ghts !re=e assume a "* 9 keep+ ) ?is4 ,fur!r1 t diff]5ce among intellig5ces %[s itself 9 ! rapidity ( _! ?9k+1 :i* is v important1 & :i* may be z diff]5t & z f9ely graduat$ z t ( ! po9ts 9 ! radius ( a revolv+ disc4 ,! remot5ess ( ! consequ5ts & reasons to :i* any "o's ?\ght c ext5d seems to /& 9 a c]ta9 relation to ! rapidity ( 8 ?9k+1 = ! greate/ ex]tion ( ?\ght-p[] 9 g5]al c only la/ q a %ort "t1 & yet only :ile x la/s c a ?\ght be ?\ght out 9 its complete unity4 ,x !re=e am\nts to ?is1 h[ f> ! intellect c pursue x 9 s %ort a "t1 ?us :at l5g? ( pa? x c travel 9 x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( "s1 rapidity may be made up = by ! great] duration ( t "t ( p]fectly conc5trat$ ?\ght4 ,probably ! sl[ & la/+ ?\ght makes ! ma!matical m9d1 :ile rapidity ( ?\ght makes ! g5ius4 ,! latt] is a flight1 ! =m] a sure advance ^u firm gr\nd1 /ep by /ep4 ,yet ev5 9 ! sci5ces1 :5ev] x is no long] a "q ( m]e quantities1 b ( und]/&+ ! nature ( ph5om5a1 ?is la/ k9d ( ?9k+ is inadequate4 ,?is is %[n1 = example1 by ,newton's !ory ( col\r1 & lat] by ,biot's nons5se ab\t col\r r+s1 :i* yet agrees ) ! :ole atomi/ic me?od ( treat+ light among ! ,fr5*1 ) its molcules de lumire1 & 9 g5]al ) _! fix$ idea ( r$uc+ ev]y?+ 9 nature to m]e me*anical effects4 ,la/ly1 ! great individual div]sity ( intellig5ce we are speak+ ab\t %[s itself excell5tly 9 ! degrees ( ! cle>ness ( und]/&+1 & accord+ly 9 ! di/9ctness ( ! :ole ?9k+4 ,to "o man t is to und]/& :i* to ano!r is only 9 "s degree to obs]ve2 ! "o is already done & at ! goal :ile ! o!r is only at ! beg9n+2 to ! "o t is ! solution :i* to ! o!r is only ! problem4 ,?is dep5ds on ! quality ( ?\ght & k1 :i* 0 already ref]r$ to above4 ,z 9 rooms ! degree ( light v>ies1 s does x 9 m9ds4 ,we c detect ?is quality ( ! :ole ?\ght z soon z we h read only a few pages ( an au?or4 ,= 9 do+ s we h be5 oblig$ to und]/& bo? ) 8 und]/&+ & 9 8 s5se2 & !re=e be=e we "k all t he has ?\ght we see already h[ he ?9ks1 :at is ! =mal nature1 ! texture ( 8 ?9k+1 :i* rema9s ! same 9 ev]y?+ ab\t :i* he ?9ks1 & ^: expression is ! tra9 ( ?\ght & ! /yle4 ,9 ?is we feel at once ! pace1 ! flexibl5ess & lightness1 ev5 inde$ ! so>+ p[] ( 8 m9d2 or1 on ! contr>y1 its dulness1 =mality1 lam5ess & lead5 quality4 ,=1 z language is ! expression ( ! m9d ( a nation1 /yle is ! m imm$iate expression ( ! m9d ( an au?or ?an ev5 8 physiognomy4 ,we ?r[ a book aside :5 we obs]ve t 9 x we ent] an obscur] region ?an our own1 unless we h to le>n f x m]e facts1 n ?\ghts4 ,ap>t f m]e facts1 only t au?or w af=d u pr(it ^: und]/&+ is ke5] & cle>] ?an our own1 :o =w>ds our ?9k+ in/ead ( h9d]+ x1 l ! dull m9d t w =ce u to keep pace ) ! toad-l c\rse ( its ?\ght2 ?us t au?or ) ^: m9d x gives u s5sible relief & assi/ance sometimes to ?9k1 by :om we feel ourselves borne :]e we c\ld n h gone alone4 ,goe! once said to me t if he read a page ( ,kant he felt z if he ent]$ a brightly light$ room4 ,inf]ior m9ds are s n m]ely because !y are di/ort$1 & !re=e judge falsely1 b prim>ily ?r\gh ! indi/9ctness ( _! :ole ?9k+1 :i* may be comp>$ to see+ ?r\gh a bad telescope1 :5 all ! outl9es appe> indi/9ct & z if oblit]at$1 & ! diff]5t objects run into ea* o!r4 ,! weak und]/&+ ( su* m9ds %r9ks f ! dem& = di/9ctness ( conceptions1 & !re=e !y d n !mselves make ?is claim ^u x1 b put up ) haz9ess2 & to satisfy !mselves ) ?is !y gladly h rec\rse to words1 especially su* z d5ote indef9ite1 v ab/ract1 unusual conceptions :i* are h>d to expla92 su*1 = example1 z inf9ite & f9ite1 s5sible & sup]s5sible1 ! ,idea ( be+1 ,ideas ( ! reason1 ! absolute1 ! ,idea ( ! good1 ! div9e1 moral fre$om1 p[] ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ! absolute ,idea1 subject-object1 c4 ,! l ( ^! !y confid5tly fl+ ab\t1 imag9e !y really express ?\ghts1 & expect e "o to be cont5t ) !m2 = ! highe/ summit ( wisdom :i* !y c see is to h at comm& su* ready-made words = e possible "q4 ,?is imm5se satisfaction 9 words is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( inf]ior m9ds4 ,x dep5ds simply ^u _! incapacity = di/9ct conceptions1 :5ev] ^! mu/ rise above ! mo/ trivial & simple relations4 ,h5ce ^u ! weakness & indol5ce ( _! intellect1 & inde$ ^u ! secret consci\sness ( ?is1 :i* 9 ! case ( s*ol>s is b\nd up ) ! e>ly le>nt & h>d necessity ( pass+ !mselves (f z ?9k+ be+s1 to meet :i* dem& 9 all cases !y keep su* a suitable /ore ( ready-made words4 ,x mu/ really be amus+ to see a pr(essor ( philosophy ( ?is k9d 9 ! *air1 :o bon fide deliv]s su* a juggle ( words de/itute ( ?\ghts1 q s9c]ely1 "u ! delusion t !y are really ?\ghts1 & 9 front ( him ! /ud5ts1 :o j z bon fide1 i4e41 "u ! same delusion1 li/5 att5tively & take notes1 :ile yet 9 reality nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r goes beyond ! words1 b r ^! words !mselves1 toge!r ) ! audible scrat*+ ( p5s1 are ! only realities 9 ! :ole matt]4 ,?is peculi> satisfaction 9 words has m ?an any?+ else to d ) ! p]petuation ( errors4 ,=1 rely+ on ! words & phrases receiv$ f 8 pr$ecessors1 ea* "o confid5tly passes ov] obscurities & problems1 & ?us ^! are propagat$ ?r\gh c5turies f book to book2 & ! ?9k+ man1 especially 9 y\?1 is 9 d\bt :e!r x may be t he is incapable ( und]/&+ x1 or t !re is really no?+ "h to und]/&2 & simil>ly1 :e!r = o!rs ! problem :i* !y all sl9k pa/ ) su* comical s]i\sness by ! same pa? is no problem at all1 or :e!r x is only t !y w n see x4 ,_m tru?s rema9 undiscov]$ simply on ?is acc\nt1 t no "o has ! c\rage to look ! problem 9 ! face & grapple ) x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! di/9ctness ( ?\ght & cle>ness ( conceptions peculi> to em95t m9ds produces ! effect t ev5 kn[n tru?s :5 br\ght =w>d by !m ga9 new light1 or at lea/ a new /imulus4 ,if we he> !m or read !m1 x is z if we ex*ang$ a bad telescope = a good "o4 ,let "o only read1 = example1 9 ,eul]'s 8,lett]s to ! ,pr9cess10 8 exposition ( ! fundam5tal tru?s ( me*anics & optics4 ,^u ?is re/s ! rem>k ( ,did]ot 9 ! ,neveu de ,rameau1 t only ! p]fect ma/]s are capable ( tea*+ really well ! elem5ts ( a sci5ce2 j because x is only !y :o really und]/& ! que/ions1 & = !m words nev] take ! place ( ?\ghts4 ,b we ought to "k t inf]ior m9ds are ! rule1 good m9ds ! exception1 em95t m9ds v r>e1 & g5ius a port5t4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld a human race consi/+ ( ab\t eight hundr$ million individuals h left s mu* aft] six ?\s& ye>s to discov]1 to inv5t1 to ?9k out1 & to say8 ,! intellect is calculat$ = ! support ( ! individual alone1 & z a rule x is only b>ely suffici5t ev5 = ?is4 ,b nature has wisely be5 v sp>+ ( conf]r+ a l>g] measure2 = ! man ( limit$ intellig5ce c survey ! few & simple relations :i* lie )9 rea* ( 8 n>r[ sph]e ( action1 & c control ! lev]s ( !m ) mu* great] ease ?an c\ld ! em95tly intellectual man :o comm&s an incomp>ably l>g] sph]e & works ) long lev]s4 ,?us ! insect sees ev]y?+ on its /em or leaf ) ! mo/ m9ute exactness1 & bett] ?an we1 & yet is n aw>e ( ! man :o /&s )9 ?ree /eps ( x4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! slyness ( half-witt$ p]sons1 & ! gr\nd ( ! p>adox3 ,il y a un my/re dans l'esprit des g5s qui n'en ont pas4 ,= practical life g5ius is ab\t z useful z an a/ral telescope 9 a !atre4 ,?us1 ) reg>d to ! intellect nature is highly ari/ocratic4 ,! di/9ctions :i* x has e/abli%$ are great] ?an ^? :i* are made 9 any c\ntry by bir?1 rank1 weal?1 or ca/e4 ,b 9 ! ari/ocracy ( intellect1 z 9 o!r ari/ocracies1 !re are _m ?\s&s ( plebeians = "o nobleman1 _m millions = "o pr9ce1 & ! great multitude ( m5 are m]e populace1 mob1 rabble1 la canaille4 ,n[ c]ta9ly !re is a gl>+ contra/ betwe5 ! scale ( rank ( nature & t ( conv5tion1 & _! agreem5t is only to be hop$ = 9 a gold5 age4 ,mean:ile ^? :o /& v high 9 ! "o scale ( rank & 9 ! o!r h ?is 9 common1 t = ! mo/ "p !y live 9 exalt$ isolation1 to :i* ,byron ref]s :5 he says3-- 8,to feel me 9 ! solitude ( k+s ,)\t ! p[] t makes !m be> a cr[n40 --,proph4 ( ,dante1 c4 ,i4 ,= intellect is a diff]5tiat+1 & !re=e a sep>at+ pr9ciple4 ,its diff]5t grades1 f> m ?an ^? ( m]e culture1 give to ea* man diff]5t conceptions1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ea* man lives to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 a diff]5t _w1 9 :i* he c directly meet ^? only :o are l himself1 & c only attempt to speak to ! re/ & make himself und]/ood by !m f a di/ance4 ,great diff]5ces 9 ! grade & 9 ! cultivation ( ! und]/&+ fix a wide gulf betwe5 man & man1 :i* c only be cross$ by b5evol5ce2 = x is1 on ! contr>y1 ! unify+ pr9ciple1 :i* id5tifies e "o else ) its own self4 ,yet ! connection rema9s a moral "o2 x _c become intellectual4 ,inde$1 :5 ! degree ( culture is ab\t ! same1 ! conv]sation betwe5 a man ( great intellect & an ord9>y man is l ! j\rney toge!r ( two m51 "o ( :om rides on a spirit$ horse & ! o!r goes on foot4 ,x soon becomes v try+ to bo? ( !m1 & = any l5g? ( "t impossible4 ,= a %ort way ! rid] c inde$ dism\nt1 9 ord] to walk ) ! o!r1 ?\gh ev5 !n ! impati5ce ( 8 horse w give him mu* to d4 ,b ! public c\ld be b5efit$ by no?+ s mu* z by ! recognition ( t intellectual ari/ocracy ( nature4 ,by virtue ( su* recognition x w\ld compreh5d t :5 facts are conc]n$1 ?us :5 ! matt] has to be decid$ f exp]im5ts1 travels1 codes1 hi/ories1 & *ronicles1 ! normal m9d is c]ta9ly suffici5t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 m]e ?\ghts are 9 "q1 especially ^? ?\ghts ! mat]ial or data ( :i* are )9 rea* ( e "o1 ?us :5 x is really only a "q ( ?9k+ be=e o!rs1 decid$ reflectiv5ess1 native em95ce1 :i* only nature be/[s1 & t v seldom1 is inevitably dem&$1 & no "o des]ves to be he>d :o does n at once give pro(s ( ?is4 ,if ! public c\ld be br\ght to see ?is = itself1 x w\ld no long] wa/e ! "t :i* is sp>+ly measur$ out to x = its culture on ! productions ( ord9>y m9ds1 ?us on ! innum]able bot*es ( poetry & philosophy :i* are produc$ e day4 ,x w\ld no long] seize always :at is newe/1 9 ! *ildi% delusion t books1 l eggs1 mu/ be enjoy$ :ile !y are fre%1 b w\ld conf9e itself to ! works ( ! few select & *os5 m9ds ( all ages & nations1 w\ld /rive to le>n to "k & und]/& !m1 & might ?us by degrees atta9 to true culture4 ,& !n1 also1 ^? ?\s&s ( uncall$-= productions :i*1 l t>es1 h9d] ! gr[? ( ! good :eat w\ld be discont9u$4 ,*apt] ,,xvi47#bf7 ,on ,! ,practical ,use ,( ,reason ,& ,on ,/oicism4 ,9 ! sev5? *apt] ,i h %[n t1 9 ! !oretical sph]e1 proc$ure bas$ ^u conceptions suffices = m$iocre a*ievem5ts only1 :ile great a*ievem5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 dem& t we %\ld draw f p]ception itself z ! prim>y s\rce ( all k4 ,9 ! practical sph]e1 h[ev]1 ! conv]se is ! case4 ,"h det]m9ation by :at is p]ceiv$ is ! way ( ! brutes1 b is unwor?y ( man1 :o has conceptions to guide 8 conduct1 & is ?us emancipat$ f ! p[] ( :at is actually p]ceptibly pres5t1 to :i* ! brute is unconditionally giv5 ov]4 ,9 proportion z a man makes good ?is pr]ogative 8 conduct may be call$ rational1 & only 9 ?is s5se c we speak ( practical reason1 n 9 ! ,kantian s5se1 ! inadmissibility ( :i* ,i h ?or\ghly expos$ 9 my prize essay on ! f\ndation ( morals4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to let oneself be det]m9$ by conceptions alone2 = ! directly pres5t ext]nal _w1 ) its p]ceptible reality1 intrudes itself =cibly ev5 on ! /ronge/ m9d4 ,b x is j 9 conqu]+ ?is impression1 9 de/roy+ its illusion1 t ! human _s %[s its wor? & greatness4 ,?us if incitem5ts to lu/ & pleasure leave x unaffect$1 if ! ?reats & fury ( enrag$ enemies d n %ake x1 if ! entreaties ( err+ fri5ds d n make its purpose wav]1 & ! delusive =ms ) :i* preconc]t$ plots surr\nd x leave x unmov$1 if ! scorn ( fools & ( ! vulg> h]d does n di/urb x nor tr\ble x z to its own wor?1 !n x seems to /& "u ! influ5ce ( a _s-_w1 visible to x alone 7& ?is is ! _w ( conceptions71 be=e :i* t p]ceptibly pres5t _w :i* lies op5 to all dissolves l a phantom4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :at gives to ! ext]nal _w & visible reality _! great p[] ov] ! m9d is _! ne>ness & directness4 ,z ! magnetic ne$le1 :i* is kept 9 its position by ! comb9$ action ( widely di/ribut$ =ces ( nature embrac+ ! :ole e>?1 c yet be p]turb$ & set 9 viol5t oscillation by a small piece ( iron1 if only x comes q close to x1 s ev5 a great m9d c sometimes be disconc]t$ & p]turb$ by trifl+ ev5ts & insignificant m51 if only !y affect x v closely1 & ! delib]ate purpose c be = ! mom5t %ak5 by a trivial b imm$iately pres5t c\nt] motive4 ,= ! influ5ce ( ! motives is subject to a law :i* is directly oppos$ to ! law accord+ to :i* weights act on a balance1 & 9 consequ5ce ( x a v small motive1 :i*1 h[ev]1 lies v ne> to u1 c outweigh "o :i* 9 itself is mu* /rong]1 b :i* only affects u f a di/ance4 ,b x is ?is quality ( ! m9d1 by reason ( :i* x all[s itself to be det]m9$ 9 accordance ) ?is law1 & does n )draw itself f x by ! /r5g? ( actual practical reason1 :i* ! anci5ts d5ot$ by animi impot5tia1 :i* really signifies ratio reg5d voluntatis impot5s4 ,e emotion 7animi p]turbatio7 simply arises f ! fact t an idea :i* affects our w comes s excessively ne> to u t x conceals ev]y?+ else f u1 & we c no long] see any?+ b x1 s t = ! mom5t we become incapable ( tak+ acc\nt ( ?+s ( ano!r k9d4 ,x w\ld be a valuable safegu>d aga9/ ?is if we 7 to br+ ourselves to reg>d ! pres5t1 by ! assi/ance ( imag9ation1 z if x 7 pa/1 & %\ld ?us accu/om our app]ception to ! epi/ol>y /yle ( ! ,romans4 ,yet conv]sely we are v well able to reg>d :at is long pa/ z s vividly pres5t t old emotions :i* h long be5 asleep are !reby reawak5$ 9 _! full /r5g?4 ,?us also no "o w\ld be irritat$ or disconc]t$ by a mis=tune1 a disappo9tm5t1 if reason always kept pres5t to him :at man really is3 ! mo/ ne$y ( creatures1 daily & h\rly ab&on$ to innum]able mis=tunes1 great & small1 1 :o has !re=e to live 9 con/ant c>e & fe>4 ,h]odotus already says1 8 0 7homo totus e/ calamitas74 ,! application ( reason to practice prim>ily accompli%es ?is4 ,x recon/ructs :at is "o-sid$ & defective 9 k ( m]e p]ception1 & makes use ( ! contra/s or oppositions :i* x pres5ts1 to correct ea* o!r1 s t ?us ! objectively true result is arriv$ at4 ,= example1 if we look simply at ! bad action ( a man we w condemn him2 on ! o!r h&1 if we consid] m]ely ! ne$ t mov$ him to x1 we w compassionate him3 reason1 by means ( its conceptions1 weighs ! two1 & leads to ! conclusion t he mu/ be re/ra9$1 re/rict$1 & curb$ by a proportionate puni%m5t4 ,i am aga9 rem9d$ "h ( ,s5eca's say+3 8,si vis tibi omnia subjic]e1 te subjice rationi40 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 z 0 %[n 9 ! f\r? book1 ! nature ( suff]+ is positive1 & t ( pleasure negative1 he :o takes ab/ract or rational k z ! rule ( 8 conduct1 & !re=e con/antly reflects on its consequ5ces & on ! future1 w v frequ5tly h to practise su/9e et ab/9e1 = 9 ord] to obta9 ! life t is mo/ free f pa9 he g5]ally sacrifices its ke5e/ joys & pleasures1 m9dful ( ,ari/otle's 8 1 0 7quod dolore vacat1 non quod suave e/1 p]sequitur vir prud5s74 ,!re=e ) him ! future con/antly borr[s f ! pres5t1 in/ead ( ! pres5t borr[+ f ! future1 z is ! case ) a frivol\s fool1 :o ?us becomes impov]i%$ & f9ally bankrupt4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m] reason mu/1 = ! mo/ "p1 assume ! rle ( a *urli% m5tor1 & unceas+ly call = r5unciations1 )\t be+ able to promise any?+ 9 return1 except a fairly pa9less exi/5ce4 ,?is re/s on ! fact t reason1 by means ( its conceptions1 surveys ! :ole ( life1 ^: outcome1 9 ! happie/ conceivable case1 c be no o!r ?an :at we h said4 ,:5 ?is /riv+ aft] a pa9less exi/5ce1 s f> z x might be atta9able by ! application ( & /rict adh]5ce to rational reflection & acquir$ k ( ! true nature ( life1 0 c>ri$ out ) ! greate/ consi/5cy & to ! utmo/ extreme1 x produc$ cynicism1 f :i* /oicism aft]w>ds proce$$4 ,i wi% briefly "h to br+ ?is out m fully = ! sake ( e/abli%+ m firmly ! conclud+ exposition ( our fir/ book4 ,all anci5t moral sy/ems1 ) ! s+le exception ( t ( ,plato1 7 guides to a happy life4 ,accord+ly 9 !m ! end ( virtue 0 entirely 9 ?is life1 n beyond dea?4 ,= to !m x is only ! "r pa? to a truly happy life2 & on ?is acc\nt ! wise *oose x4 ,h5ce arise ^? l5g?y debates *iefly pres]v$ = u by ,cic]o1 ^? ke5 & con/antly r5ew$ inve/igations1 :e!r virtue q alone & 9 itself is really suffici5t = a happy life1 or :e!r ?is fur!r requires "s ext]nal condition2 :e!r ! virtu\s & wise may also be happy on ! rack & ! :eel1 or 9 ! bull ( ,phal>is2 or :e!r x does n g z f> z ?is4 ,= c]ta9ly ?is w\ld be ! t\*/one ( an e?ical sy/em ( ?is k9d2 ! practice ( x mu/ give happ9ess directly & unconditionally4 ,if x _c d ?is x does n accompli% :at x ought1 & mu/ be reject$4 ,x is !re=e ) tru? & 9 accordance ) ! ,*ri/ian po9t ( view t ,augu/9e prefaces 8 exposition ( ! moral sy/ems ( ! anci5ts 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 ,lib4 xix4 c4 #a7 ) ! explanation3 8,expon5da sunt nobis argum5ta mortalium1 quibus sibi ipsi beatitud9em fac]e ,,9 ,,hujus ,,vit ,,infelicitate moliti sunt2 ut ab eorum rebus vanis spes no/ra quid diff]at cl>escat4 ,de f9ibus bonorum et malorum multa int] se philosophi disput>unt2 quam qu/ionem maxima int5tione v]santes1 inv5ire conati sunt1 quid efficiat hom9em beatum3 illud enim e/ f9is bonorum40 ,i wi% to place beyond all d\bt ! eudmoni/ic end :i* we h ascrib$ to all anci5t e?ics by sev]al express /atem5ts ( ! anci5ts !mselves4 ,ari/otle says 9 ! 8,e?4 ,magna10 i4 #d3 8 1 40 7,felicitas 9 b5e viv5do posita e/3 v]um b5e viv]e e/ 9 eo positum1 ut secundum virtutem vivamus71 ) :i* may be comp>$ 8,e?4 ,nicom410 i4 #e4 8,cic4 ,tusc410 v4 #a3 8,nam1 quum ea causa impul]it eos1 qui primi se ad philosophi /udia contul]unt1 ut1 omnibus rebus po/habitis1 totos se 9 optimo vit /atu exquir5do colloc>5t2 pr(ecto spe beate viv5di tantam 9 eo /udio curam op]amque posu]unt04 ,accord+ to ,plut>* 7,de ,repugn4 ,/oic41 c4 xviii47 ,*rysippus said3 8 40 7,vitiose viv]e idem e/ guod viv]e infelicit]47 ,ibid41 c4 #bf3 8 1 40 7,prud5tia nihil diff]t a felicitate1 e/que ipsa adeo felicitas47 8,/ob4 ,ecl410 ,lib4 ii4 c4 #g3 8 1 40 7,f9em esse dicunt felicitatem1 cujus causa fiunt omnia47 8 40 7,f9em bonorum et felicitatem synonyma esse dicunt47 8,arrian ,diss4 ,epict410 i4 #d3 8 1 40 7,virtus pr(itetur1 se felicitatem pr/>e47 ,s541 ,ep4 #ij3 8,cet]um 7sapi5tia7 ad beatum /atum t5dit1 illo ducit1 illo vias ap]it40--,id41 ,ep4 #ajh3 8,illud admoneo auditionem philosophorum1 lectionemque1 ad propositum beat vit trah5dum40 ,! e?ics ( ! ,cynics also adopt$ ?is end ( ! happie/ life1 z ! ,emp]or ,julian expressly te/ifies 7,orat4 vi473 8 1 1 2 1 40 7,cynic philosophi ut etiam omnis philosophi1 scopus et f9is e/ felicit] viv]e3 felicitas vit autem 9 eo posita e/1 ut secundum naturam vivatur1 nec v]o secundum op9iones multitud9is47 ,only ! ,cynics foll[$ q a peculi> pa? to ?is end1 a pa? directly oppos$ to ! ord9>y "o--! pa? ( extreme privation4 ,!y />t f ! insight t ! motions ( ! w :i* are br\ght ab\t by ! objects :i* attract & excite x1 & ! we>isome1 & = ! mo/ "p va91 ef=ts to atta9 ^!1 or1 if !y are atta9$1 ! fe> ( los+ !m1 & f9ally ! loss itself1 produce f> great] pa9 ?an ! want ( all ^! objects ev] c4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to atta9 to ! life t is mo/ free f pa91 !y *ose ! pa? ( ! extreme/ de/itution1 & fl$ f all pleasures z sn>es ?r\gh :i* "o 0 aft]w>ds h&$ ov] to pa94 ,b aft] ?is !y c\ld boldly scorn happ9ess & its caprices4 ,?is is ! _s ( cynicism4 ,s5eca di/9ctly expresses x 9 ! eigh? *apt]1 8,de ,tranquilitate ,animi30 8,cogit&um e/1 quanto levior dolor sit1 non hab]e1 quam p]d]e3 et intelligemus paup]tati eo m9orem torm5torum1 quo m9orem damnorum esse mat]iam40 ,!n3 8,tol]abilius e/1 faciliusque1 non acquir]e1 quam amitt]e4444 ,diog5es effecit1 ne quid sibi eripi posset1 444 qui se =tuitis omnibus exuit4444 ,videtur mihi dixisse2 age tuum negotium1 =tuna3 nihil apud ,diog5em jam tuum e/40 ,! p>allel passage to ?is la/ s5t5ce is ! quotation ( ,/obu 7,ecl4 ii4 #g73 8 2 40 7,diog5es cr$]e se dixit1 vid]e ,=tunam1 ipsum intu5tem1 ac dic5tem3 aut hunc non potui tetigisse canem rabiosum47 ,! same _s ( cynicism is also %[n 9 ! epitaph on ,diog5es1 9 ,suidas1 "u ! ^w 1 & 9 8,diog5es ,la]tius10 vi4 #b3 8 2 1 1 2 1 40 7ra quidem absumit tempus1 s$ tempore numquam ,int]itura tua e/ gloria1 ,diog5es3 ,qu&oquidem ad vitam mis]is mortalibus quam ,mon/rata e/ facilis1 te duce1 et ampla via47 ,accord+ly ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( cynicism is t life 9 its simple/ & nak$e/ =m1 ) ! h>d%ips t belong to x by nature1 is ! mo/ endurable1 & is !re=e to be *os52 = e assi/ance1 conv5i5ce1 gratification1 & pleasure by means ( :i* m5 seek to make life m agreeable only br+s ) x new & great] ills ?an orig9ally belong$ to x4 ,!re=e we may reg>d ! foll[+ s5t5ce z ! expression ( ! k]nel ( ! doctr9e ( cynicism3 8 1 1 40 7,diog5es clamabat spius1 hom9um vitam facilem a diis d>i1 v]um occult>i illam qur5tibus mellita cib>ia1 ungu5ta et 8 similia47 7,diog41 ,la]t41 vi4 #b47 ,& fur!r3 81 1 1 2 4444 1 1 40 7,quum igitur1 repudiatis inutilibus laboribus1 naturales insequi1 ac viv]e beate debeamus1 p] summam dem5tiam infelices sumus4444 e&em vit =mam1 quam ,h]cules1 se viv]e affirmans1 nihil lib]tati prf]5s4 ,ibid47 ,!re=e ! old1 g5u9e ,cynics1 ,anti/h5es1 ,diog5es1 ,krates1 & _! disciples _h once = all r5\nc$ e possession1 all conv5i5ces & pleasures1 9 ord] to escape = ev] f ! tr\bles & c>es1 ! dep5d5ce & ! pa9s1 :i* are inevitably b\nd up ) !m & are n c\nt]balanc$ by !m4 ,?r\gh ! b>e satisfaction ( ! mo/ press+ wants & ! r5unciation ( ev]y?+ sup]flu\s !y ?\ght !y w\ld come (f be/4 ,accord+ly !y cont5t$ !mselves ) :at 9 ,a!ns or ,cor9? 0 to be _h almo/ = no?+1 su* z lup9es1 wat]1 an old ?readb>e cloak1 a wallet1 & a /aff4 ,!y begg$ occasionally1 z f> z 0 necess>y to supply su* wants1 b !y nev] work$4 ,yet !y accept$ absolutely no?+ t exce$$ ! wants ref]r$ to above4 ,indep5d5ce 9 ! wide/ s5se 0 _! aim4 ,!y occupi$ _! "t 9 re/+1 go+ ab\t1 talk+ ) all m51 & mu* mock+1 laugh+1 & jok+2 _! *>act]i/ic 0 c>elessness & great *e]fulness4 ,s9ce n[ 9 ?is mann] ( life !y _h no aims ( _! own1 no purposes or ends to pursue1 ?us 7 lift$ above ! sph]e ( human action1 & at ! same "t always enjoy$ complete leisure1 !y 7 admirably fitt$1 z m5 ( prov$ /r5g? ( m9d1 to be ! advis]s & admoni%]s ( ! re/4 ,!re=e ,apuleius says 7,florid41 iv473 8,crates1 ut l> famili>is apud hom9es su tatis cultus e/4 ,nulla domus ei unquam clausa erat3 nec erat patrisfamilias tam absconditum secretum1 qu9 eo tempe/ive ,crates int]v5iret1 litium omnium et jurgiorum int] prop9quos disceptator et arbit]40 ,?us 9 ?is1 z 9 s _m o!r respects1 !y %[ a great lik5ess to ! m5dicant fri>s ( mod]n times1 t is1 to ! bett] & m g5u9e among !m1 ^: ideal may be se5 9 ! ,capuc9e ,*ri/(oro 9 ,manzoni's fam\s romance4 ,yet ?is resemblance lies only 9 ! effects1 n 9 ! cause4 ,!y agree 9 ! result1 b ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ! two is q diff]5t4 ,) ! fri>s1 z ) ! ,sannysis1 :o are ak9 to !m1 x is an aim :i* transc5ds life2 b ) ! ,cynics x is only ! conviction t x is easi] to r$uce _! wi%es & _! wants to ! m9imum1 ?an to atta9 to ! maximum 9 _! satisfaction1 :i* inde$ is impossible1 = ) _! satisfaction ! wi%es & wants gr[ ad inf9itum2 !re=e1 9 ord] to rea* ! goal ( all anci5t e?ics1 ! greate/ happ9ess possible 9 ?is life1 !y took ! pa? ( r5unciation z ! %orte/ & easie/3 8 40 7,unde ,cynismum dix]e comp5diosam ad virtutem viam47 ,diog4 ,la]t41 vi4 #i4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s ( cynicism & t ( asceticism comes out v cle>ly 9 ! humility :i* is ess5tial to ! ascetic1 b is s =eign to ! ,cynic t1 on ! contr>y1 he is di/+ui%$ beyond ev]y?+ else = pride & scorn3-- 8,sapi5s uno m9or e/ ,jove1 dives1 ,lib]1 honoratus1 pul*]1 rex d5ique regum40--,hor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! view ( life held by ! ,cynics agrees 9 _s ) t ( ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau z he exp\nds x 9 ! 8,disc\rs sur l',orig9e de l',9galit40 ,= he also w\ld wi% to lead u back to ! crude /ate ( nature1 & reg>ds ! r$uction ( our wants to ! m9imum z ! sure/ pa? to happ9ess4 ,= ! re/1 ! ,cynics 7 exclusively practical philosoph]s3 at lea/ no acc\nt ( _! !oretical philosophy is kn[n to me4 ,n[ ! ,/oics proce$$ f !m 9 ?is way--!y *ang$ ! practical into ! !oretical4 ,!y held t ! actual disp5s+ ) ev]y?+ t c be done )\t is n dem&$1 b t x is suffici5t t we %\ld reg>d possessions & pleasures con/antly z disp5sable1 & z held 9 ! h& ( *ance2 = !n ! actual deprivation ( !m1 if x %\ld *ance to occur1 w\ld nei!r be unexpect$ nor fall heavily4 ,"o might always h & enjoy ev]y?+2 only "o mu/ ev] keep pres5t ! conviction ( ! wor?lessness & disp5sabl5ess ( ^! good ?+s on ! "o h&1 & ( _! unc]ta9ty & p]i%abl5ess on ! o!r1 & !re=e prize !m all v little1 & be always ready to give !m up4 ,nay m1 he :o mu/ actually disp5se ) ^! ?+s 9 ord] n to be mov$ by !m1 !reby %[s t 9 8 he>t he holds !m to be truly good ?+s1 :i* "o mu/ put q out ( sight if "o is n to long aft] !m4 ,! wise man1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[s t !y are n good ?+s at all1 b r p]fectly indiff]5t ?+s1 1 9 any case 4 ,!re=e if !y pres5t !mselves he w accept !m1 b yet is always ready to let !m g aga91 if *ance1 to :i* !y belong1 %\ld dem& !m back2 = !y are 4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,epictetus1 *ap4 vii41 says t ! wise man1 l "o :o has l&$ f a %ip1 c41 w also let himself be com=t$ by a wife or a *ild1 b yet w always be ready1 :5ev] ! capta9 calls1 to let !m g aga94 ,?us ! ,/oics p]fect$ ! !ory ( equanimity & indep5d5ce at ! co/ ( ! practice1 = !y r$uc$ ev]y?+ to a m5tal process1 & by argum5ts1 su* z are pres5t$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,epictetus1 sophi/icat$ !mselves into all ! am5ities ( life4 ,b 9 do+ s !y left out ( acc\nt t ev]y?+ to :i* "o is accu/om$ becomes a ne$1 & !re=e c only be giv5 up ) pa92 t ! w does n all[ itself to be play$ )1 _c enjoy )\t lov+ ! pleasures2 t a dog does n rema9 indiff]5t if "o draws a piece ( meat ?r\gh its m\?1 & nei!r does a wise man if he is hungry2 & t !re is no middle pa? betwe5 desir+ & r5\nc+4 ,b !y believ$ t !y satisfi$ _! pr9ciples if1 sitt+ at a luxuri\s ,roman table1 !y left no di% unta/$1 yet at ! same "t prote/$ t !y 7 ea* & all ( !m m]e 1 n 2 or 9 pla9 ,engli%1 if !y eat1 drank1 & 7 m]ry1 yet gave no ?anks to ,god = x all1 b r made fa/idi\s faces1 & p]si/$ 9 boldly ass]t+ t !y ga9$ no?+ :atev] f ! :ole fea/4 ,?is 0 ! exp$i5t ( ! ,/oics2 !y 7 !re=e m]e bragg>ts1 & /& to ! ,cynics 9 mu* ! same relation z well-f$ ,b5$ict9es & ,augu/9es /& to ,franciscans & ,capuc9es4 ,n[ ! m !y neglect$ practice1 ! m !y ref9$ ! !ory4 ,i %all "h add a few pro(s & supplem5t>y details to ! exposition ( x giv5 at ! close ( our fir/ book4 ,if we se>* 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,/oics :i* rema9 to u1 all ( :i* are unsy/ematically compos$1 = ! ultimate gr\nd ( t irrefragible equanimity :i* is unceas+ly dem&$ ( u1 we f9d no o!r ?an ! k t ! c\rse ( ! _w is entirely indep5d5t ( our w1 & consequ5tly1 t ! evil :i* befalls u is inevitable4 ,if we h regulat$ our claims by a correct insight into ?is1 !n m\rn+1 rejoic+1 fe>+1 & hop+ are follies ( :i* we are no long] capable4 ,fur!r1 especially 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ,arrian1 x is surreptiti\sly assum$ t all t is 7i4e41 does n dep5d ^u u7 is at once also 7i4e41 does n conc]n u74 ,yet x rema9s true t all ! good ?+s ( life are 9 ! p[] ( *ance1 & !re=e :5ev] x makes use ( ?is p[] to deprive u ( !m1 we are unhappy if we h plac$ our happ9ess 9 !m4 ,f ?is unwor?y fate we are1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,/oics1 deliv]$ by ! "r use ( reason1 by virtue ( :i* we reg>d all ^! ?+s1 nev] z ours1 b only z l5t to u = an indef9ite "t2 only ?us c we nev] really lose !m4 ,!re=e ,s5eca says 7,ep4 #ih73 8,si1 quid human>um r]um v>ietas possit1 cogitav]it1 ante quam s5s]it10 & ,diog5es ,la]tius 7vii4 #a4 #hg73 8 40 7,secundum virtutem viv]e idem e/1 quod secundum exp]i5tiam eorum1 qu secundum naturam accidunt1 viv]e47 ,! passage 9 ,arrian's 8,disc\rses ( ,epictetus10 ,b4 iii41 c4 #bd1 #hd-hi1 is p>ticul>ly 9 po9t "h2 & especially1 z a pro( ( :at ,i h said 9 ?is ref]5ce 9 #af ( ! fir/ volume1 ! passage3 8 10 ,ibid4 iv41 #a4 #db4 7,hc enim causa e/ hom9ibus omnium malorum1 quod anticipationes g5]ales rebus s+ul>ibus accommod>e non possunt47 ,simil>ly ! passage 9 8,m>cus ,aurelius0 7iv4 #bi73 8 1 20 t is3 8,if he is a /rang] to ! univ]se :o does n "k :at is 9 x1 no less is he a /rang] :o does n "k h[ ?+s g on 9 x40 ,also ,s5eca's elev5? *apt]1 8,de ,tranquilitate ,animi10 is a complete pro( ( ?is view4 ,! op9ion ( ! ,/oics am\nts on ! :ole to ?is1 t if a man has wat*$ = a :ile ! juggl+ illusion ( happ9ess & !n uses 8 reason1 he mu/ recognise bo? ! rapid *anges ( ! dice & ! intr9sic wor?lessness ( ! c\nt]s1 & !re=e mu/ h5ce=? rema9 unmov$4 ,tak5 g5]ally ! ,/oical po9t ( view may be ?us express$3 our suff]+ always arises f ! want ( agreem5t betwe5 our wi%es & ! c\rse ( ! _w4 ,!re=e "o ( ^! two mu/ be *ang$ & adapt$ to ! o!r4 ,s9ce n[ ! c\rse ( ?+s is n 9 our p[] 7 71 we mu/ direct our volitions & desires accord+ to ! c\rse ( ?+s3 = ! w alone is 4 ,?is adaptation ( volition to ! c\rse ( ! ext]nal _w1 ?us to ! nature ( ?+s1 is v (t5 und]/ood "u ! ambigu\s 4 ,see ! 8,disc\rses ( ,epictetus10 ii4 #ag1 #ba1 #bb4 ,s5eca also d5otes ?is po9t ( view 7,ep4 #aai7 :5 he says3 8,nihil int]e/1 utrum non desid]es1 an habeas4 ,summa rei 9 utroque e/ eadem3 non torqueb]is40 ,also ,cic]o 7,tusc4 iv4 #bf7 by ! words3 8,solum hab]e velle1 summa dem5tia e/40 ,simil>ly ,arrian 7iv4 #a4 #age73 8 1 40 7,non enim expl5dis desid]iis lib]tas comp>atur1 s$ toll5da cupiditate47 ,! collect$ quotations 9 ! 8,hi/oria ,philosophi ,grco-,roman0 ( ,ritt] & ,prell] may be tak5 z pro(s ( :at ,i h said1 9 ! place ref]r$ to above1 ab\t ! ( ! ,/oics4 ,also ! say+ ( ,s5eca 7,ep4 #ca1 & aga9 ,ep4 #gd73 8,p]fecta virtus e/ qualitas et t5or vit p] omnia consonans sibi40 ,! foll[+ passage ( ,s5eca's indicates ! _s ( ! ,/oa g5]ally 7,ep4 #ib73 8,quid e/ beata vita8 ,securitas et p]petua tranquillitas4 ,hanc dabit animi magnitudo1 dabit con/antia b5e judicati t5ax40 ,a sy/ematical /udy ( ! ,/oics w conv9ce e "o t ! end ( _! e?ics1 l t ( ! e?ics ( ,cynicism f :i* !y sprang1 is really no?+ else ?an a life z free z possible f pa91 & !re=e z happy z possible4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! ,/oical morality is only a special =m ( ,eudmonism4 ,x has n1 l ! ,indian1 ! ,*ri/ian1 & ev5 ! ,platonic e?ics1 a metaphysical t5d5cy1 a transc5d5tal end1 b a completely imman5t end1 atta9able 9 ?is life2 ! /eadfa/ s]5ity 77 & uncl\d$ happ9ess ( ! wise man1 :om no?+ c di/urb4 ,yet x _c be d5i$ t ! lat] ,/oics1 especially ,arrian1 sometimes lose sight ( ?is end1 & %[ a really ascetic t5d5cy1 :i* is to be attribut$ to ! ,*ri/ian & ,ori5tal _s 9 g5]al :i* 0 !n already spread+4 ,if we consid] closely & s]i\sly ! goal ( ,/oicism1 t 1 we f9d 9 x m]ely a h>d5+ & ins5sibility to ! bl[ ( fate :i* a man atta9s to because he keeps ev] pres5t to 8 m9d ! %ortness ( life1 ! empt9ess ( pleasure1 ! in/ability ( happ9ess1 & has also disc]n$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 happ9ess & unhapp9ess is v mu* less ?an our anticipation ( bo? is wont to repres5t4 ,b ?is is yet no /ate ( happ9ess2 x is only ! pati5t endurance ( suff]+s :i* "o has =ese5 z irrem$iable4 ,yet magnanimity & wor? consi/ 9 ?is1 t "o %\ld be> sil5tly & pati5tly :at is irrem$iable1 9 melan*oly peace1 rema9+ always ! same1 :ile o!rs pass f rejoic+ to despair & f despair to rejoic+4 ,accord+ly "o may also conceive ( ,/oicism z a spiritual hygi5e1 9 accordance ) :i*1 j z "o h>d5s ! body aga9/ ! influ5ces ( w9d & wea!r1 aga9/ fatigue & ex]tion1 "o has also to h>d5 "o's m9d aga9/ mis=tune1 dang]1 loss1 inju/ice1 malice1 p]fidy1 arrogance1 & ! folly ( m54 ,i rem>k fur!r1 t ! ( ! ,/oics1 :i* ,cic]o translates (ficia1 signify z ne>ly z possible ,oblieg5heit51 or t :i* x befits ! occasion to d2 ,engli%1 incumb5cies2 ,italian1 quel *e tocca a me di f>e1 o di lasci>e1 ?us :at x behoves a reasonable man to d4 ,cf4 ,diog4 ,la]t41 vii4 #a4 #aji4 ,f9ally1 ! pan!ism ( ! ,/oics1 ?\gh absolutely inconsi/5t ) _m an exhortation ( ,arrian1 is mo/ di/9ctly express$ by ,s5eca3 8,quid e/ ,deus8 ,m5s univ]si4 ,quid e/ ,deus8 ,quod vides totum1 et quod non vides totum4 ,sic demum magnitudo sua illi r$ditur1 qua nihil majus excogit>i pote/3 si solus e/ omnia1 opus suum et extra1 et intra t5et40 7,qu/4 ,natur4 #a1 prfatio #ab47 ,*apt] ,,xvii47#bg7 ,on ,man's ,ne$ ,( ,metaphysics4 ,) ! exception ( man1 no be+ wond]s at its own exi/5ce2 b x is to !m all s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t !y d n obs]ve x4 ,! wisdom ( nature speaks out ( ! peaceful glance ( ! brutes2 = 9 !m ! w & ! intellect are n yet s widely sep>at$ t !y c be a/oni%$ at ea* o!r :5 !y meet aga94 ,?us "h ! :ole ph5om5on is /ill firmly atta*$ to ! /em ( nature f :i* x has come1 & is p>tak] ( ! unconsci\s omnisci5ce ( ! great "m4 ,only aft] ! inn] be+ ( nature 7! w to live 9 its objectification7 has asc5d$1 vigor\s & *e]ful1 ?r\gh ! two s]ies ( unconsci\s exi/5ces1 & !n ?r\gh ! long & broad s]ies ( animals1 does x atta9 at la/ to reflection = ! fir/ "t on ! entrance ( reason1 ?us 9 man4 ,!n x m>vels at its own works1 & asks itself :at x itself is4 ,its wond] h[ev] is ! m s]i\s1 z x "h /&s = ! fir/ "t consci\sly 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?1 & besides ! f9it5ess ( all exi/5ce1 ! vanity ( all ef=t =ces itself m or less ^u x4 ,) ?is reflection & ?is wond] !re arises !re=e = man alone1 ! ne$ = a metaphysic2 he is accord+ly an animal metaphysicum4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 consci\sness c]ta9ly he also accepts himself z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is does n la/ long h[ev]1 b v e>ly1 ) ! fir/ dawn ( reflection1 t wond] already appe>s1 :i* is "s day to become ! "m ( metaphysics4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is ,ari/otle also says at ! beg9n+ ( 8 metaphysics3 8 40 7,propt] admirationem enim et nunc et primo incep]unt hom9es philosoph>i47 ,moreov]1 ! special philosophical disposition consi/s prim>ily 9 ?is1 t a man is capable ( wond] beyond ! ord9>y & ev]yday degree1 & is ?us induc$ to make ! univ]sal ( ! ph5om5on 8 problem1 :ile ! inve/igators 9 ! natural sci5ces wond] only at exquisite or r>e ph5om5a1 & _! problem is m]ely to ref] ^! to ph5om5a :i* are bett] kn[n4 ,! l[] a man /&s 9 an intellectual reg>d ! less ( a problem is exi/5ce itself = him2 ev]y?+1 h[ x is1 & t x is1 appe>s to him r a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is re/s ^u ! fact t 8 intellect /ill rema9s p]fectly true to its orig9al de/9y ( be+ s]viceable to ! w z ! m$ium ( motives1 & !re=e is closely b\nd up ) ! _w & nature1 z an integral "p ( !m4 ,consequ5tly x is v f> f compreh5d+ ! _w 9 a purely objective mann]1 free+ itself1 s to speak1 f ! :ole ( ?+s1 oppos+ itself to ?is :ole1 & s = a :ile becom+ z if self-exi/5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosophical wond] :i* spr+s f ?is is condition$ 9 ! individual by high] developm5t ( ! intellect1 yet 9 g5]al n by ?is alone2 b )\t d\bt x is ! k ( dea?1 & along ) ?is ! consid]ation ( ! suff]+ & mis]y ( life1 :i* gives ! /ronge/ impulse to philosophical reflection & metaphysical explanation ( ! _w4 ,if our life 7 endless & pa9less1 x w\ld p]haps occur to no "o to ask :y ! _w exi/s1 & is j ! k9d ( _w x is2 b ev]y?+ w\ld j be tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,9 accordance ) ?is we f9d t ! int]e/ :i* philosophical & also religi\s sy/ems inspire has always its /ronge/ hold 9 ! dogma ( "s k9d ( exi/5ce aft] dea?2 & al?\gh ! mo/ rec5t sy/ems seem to make ! exi/5ce ( _! gods ! ma9 po9t1 & to def5d ?is mo/ zeal\sly1 yet 9 reality ?is is only because !y h connect$ _! special dogma ( immortality ) ?is1 & reg>d ! "o z insep>able f ! o!r3 only on ?is acc\nt is x ( importance to !m4 ,= if "o c\ld e/abli% _! doctr9e ( immortality = !m 9 "s o!r way1 _! lively zeal = _! gods w\ld at once cool1 & x w\ld give place almo/ to complete indiff]5ce if1 conv]sely1 ! absolute impossibility ( immortality 7 prov$ to !m2 = ! int]e/ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! gods w\ld vani% ) ! hope ( a clos] acqua9tance ) !m1 to ! residuum :i* might connect itself ) _! possible influ5ce on ! ev5ts ( ?is pres5t life4 ,b if "o c\ld prove t cont9u$ exi/5ce aft] dea? is incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( gods1 because1 let u say1 x pre-supposes orig9ality ( be+1 !y w\ld soon sacrifice ! gods to _! own immortality & become zeal\s = ,a!ism4 ,! fact t ! mat]iali/ic sy/ems1 prop]ly s-call$1 & also absolute scepticism1 h nev] be5 able to obta9 a g5]al or la/+ influ5ce1 dep5ds ^u ! same gr\nds4 ,temples & *ur*es1 pagodas & mosques1 9 all l&s & 9 all ages1 9 spl5d\r & va/ness1 te/ify to ! metaphysical ne$ ( man1 :i*1 /rong & in]adicable1 foll[s close ^u 8 physical ne$4 ,c]ta9ly :oev] is satirically incl9$ might add t ?is metaphysical ne$ is a mode/ fell[ :o is cont5t ) poor f>e4 ,x sometimes all[s itself to be satisfi$ ) clumsy fables & insipid tales4 ,if only impr9t$ e>ly en\gh1 !y are = a man adequate explanations ( 8 exi/5ce & supports ( 8 morality4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! ,koran4 ,?is wret*$ book 0 suffici5t to f\nd a religion ( ! _w1 to satisfy ! metaphysical ne$ ( innum]able millions ( m5 = twelve hundr$ ye>s1 to become ! f\ndation ( _! morality1 & ( no small contempt = dea?1 & also to inspire !m to bloody w>s & mo/ ext5d$ conque/s4 ,we f9d 9 x ! sadde/ & ! poore/ =m ( ,!ism4 ,mu* may be lo/ ?r\gh ! translations2 b ,i h n be5 able to discov] "o s+le valuable ?\ght 9 x4 ,su* ?+s %[ t metaphysical capacity does n g h& 9 h& ) ! metaphysical ne$4 ,yet x w appe> t 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! pres5t surface ( ! e>? ?is 0 n ! case1 & t ^? :o /ood consid]ably ne>] ?an we d to ! beg9n+ ( ! human race & ! s\rce ( organic nature1 _h also bo? great] en]gy ( ! intuitive faculty ( k1 & a tru] disposition ( m9d1 s t !y 7 capable ( a pur]1 m direct compreh5sion ( ! inn] be+ ( nature1 & 7 ?us 9 a position to satisfy ! metaphysical ne$ 9 a m wor?y mann]4 ,?us orig9at$ 9 ! primitive ance/ors ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,ri%is1 ! almo/ sup]-human conceptions :i* 7 aft]w>ds set d[n 9 ! ,upani%ads ( ! ,v$as4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re h nev] be5 want+ p]sons :o 7 int]e/$ 9 d]iv+ _! liv+ f t metaphysical ne$1 & 9 mak+ ! utmo/ !y c\ld out ( x4 ,!re=e among all nations !re are monopoli/s & f>m]s-g5]al ( x--! prie/s4 ,yet _! trade _h ev]y:]e to be assur$ to !m 9 ?is way1 t !y receiv$ ! "r to imp>t _! metaphysical dogmas to m5 at a v e>ly age1 be=e ! judgm5t has awak5$ f its morn+ slumb]1 ?us 9 e>ly *ildhood2 = !n e well-impress$ dogma1 h[ev] s5seless x may be1 rema9s = ev]4 ,if !y _h to wait till ! judgm5t is ripe1 _! privileges c\ld n cont9ue4 ,a second1 ?\gh n a num]\s class ( p]sons1 :o d]ive _! support f ! metaphysical ne$ ( man1 is con/itut$ by ^? :o live by philosophy4 ,by ! ,greeks !y 7 call$ ,sophi/s1 by ! mod]ns !y are call$ ,pr(essors ( ,philosophy4 ,ari/otle 7,metaph41 ii4 #b7 )\t hesitation numb]s ,ari/ippus among ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 ,diog5es ,la]tius 7ii4 #fe7 we f9d t ! reason ( ?is is t he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,socratics :o accept$ paym5t = 8 philosophy2 on acc\nt ( :i* ,socrates also return$ him 8 pres5t4 ,among ! mod]ns also ^? :o live by philosophy are n only1 z a rule1 & ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 q diff]5t f ^? :o live = philosophy1 b !y are v (t5 ! oppon5ts1 ! secret & irreconcilable enemies ( ! latt]4 ,= e true & important philosophical a*ievem5t w ov]%ad[ _! own too mu*1 &1 moreov]1 _c adapt itself to ! views & limitations ( _! guild4 ,!re=e x is always _! endeav\r to prev5t su* a "w f mak+ its way2 & = ?is purpose1 accord+ to ! age & circum/ances 9 ea* case1 ! cu/om>y means are suppress+1 conceal+1 hu%+ up1 ignor+ & keep+ secret1 or d5y+1 disp>ag+1 c5sur+1 sl&]+ & di/ort+1 or1 f9ally1 d5\nc+ & p]secut+4 ,h5ce _m a great man has _h to drag himself we>ily ?r\gh life unkn[n1 unhon\r$1 unrew>d$1 till at la/1 aft] 8 dea?1 ! _w became undeceiv$ z to him & z to !m4 ,9 ! mean:ile !y _h atta9$ _! end1 _h be5 accept$ by prev5t+ him f be+ accept$1 &1 ) wife & *ild1 _h liv$ by philosophy1 :ile he liv$ = x4 ,b if he is dead1 !n ! ?+ is rev]s$2 ! new g5]ation ( ! =m] class1 :i* always exi/s1 n[ becomes heir to 8 a*ievem5ts1 cuts !m d[n to its own measure1 & n[ lives by him4 ,t ,kant c\ld yet live bo? by & = philosophy dep5d$ on ! r>e circum/ance t1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,divus ,anton9us & ,divus ,julianus1 a philosoph] sat on ! ?rone4 ,only "u su* auspices c\ld ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason0 h se5 ! light4 ,sc>cely 0 ! k+ dead ?an we see t ,kant also1 seiz$ ) fe>1 because he belong$ to ! guild1 modifi$1 expurgat$1 & spoil$ 8 ma/]piece 9 ! second edition1 & yet 0 soon 9 dang] ( los+ 8 place2 s t ,campe invit$ him to come to him1 9 ,brunswick1 & live ) him z ! in/ructor ( 8 family 7,r+41 ,ansi*t5 aus ,kant's ,leb51 p4 #fh74 ,univ]sity philosophy is1 z a rule1 m]e juggl+4 ,its real aim is to imp>t to ! /ud5ts1 9 ! deepe/ gr\nd ( _! ?\ght1 t t5d5cy ( m9d :i* ! m9i/ry t appo9ts to ! pr(essor%ips reg>ds z consi/5t ) its views4 ,! m9i/ry may also be p]fectly "r 9 ?is f a /atesman's po9t ( view2 only ! result ( x is t su* philosophy ( ! *air is a n]vis ali5is mobile lignum1 & _c be reg>d$ z s]i\s philosophy1 b z ! m]e je/ ( x4 ,moreov]1 x is at any rate j t su* inspection or guidance %\ld ext5d only to ! philosophy ( ! *air1 & n to ! real philosophy t is 9 e>ne/4 ,= if any?+ 9 ! _w is wor? wi%+ =--s well wor? wi%+ = t ev5 ! ignorant & dull h]d 9 its m reflective mom5ts w\ld prize x m ?an silv] & gold--x is t a ray ( light %\ld fall on ! obscurity ( our be+1 & t we %\ld ga9 "s explanation ( our my/]i\s exi/5ce1 9 :i* no?+ is cle> b its mis]y & its vanity4 ,b ev5 if ?is is 9 itself atta9able1 x is made impossible by impos$ & compulsory solutions4 ,we %all n[ subject to a g5]al consid]ation ! diff]5t ways ( satisfy+ ?is /rong metaphysical ne$4 ,by metaphysics ,i und]/& all k t pret5ds to transc5d ! possibility ( exp]i5ce1 ?us to transc5d nature or ! giv5 ph5om5al appe>ance ( ?+s1 9 ord] to give an explanation ( t by :i*1 9 "s s5se or o!r1 ?is exp]i5ce or nature is condition$2 or1 to speak 9 popul> language1 ( t :i* is beh9d nature1 & makes x possible4 ,b ! great orig9al div]sity 9 ! p[] ( und]/&+1 besides ! cultivation ( x1 :i* dem&s mu* leisure1 makes s great a diff]5ce betwe5 m51 t z soon z a p has em]g$ f ! /ate ( savages1 no "o metaphysic c s]ve = !m all4 ,!re=e among civilis$ nations we f9d ?r\gh\t two diff]5t k9ds ( metaphysics1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! "o has its evid5ce 9 itself1 ! o!r outside itself4 ,s9ce ! metaphysical sy/ems ( ! fir/ k9d require reflection1 culture1 & leisure = ! recognition ( _! evid5ce1 !y c be accessible only to a v small numb] ( m52 &1 moreov]1 !y c only arise & ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce 9 ! case ( advanc$ civilisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/ems ( ! second k9d exclusively are = ! great majority ( m5 :o are n capable ( ?9k+1 b only ( believ+1 & :o are n accessible to reasons1 b only to au?ority4 ,^! sy/ems may !re=e be call$ metaphysics ( ! p1 aft] ! analogy ( poetry ( ! p1 & also wisdom ( ! p1 by :i* is und]/ood prov]bs4 ,^! sy/ems1 h[ev]1 are kn[n "u ! "n ( religions1 & are f\nd among all nations1 n except+ ev5 ! mo/ savage4 ,_! evid5ce is1 z has be5 said1 ext]nal1 & z su* is call$ revelation1 :i* is au!nticat$ by signs & miracles4 ,_! argum5ts are pr9cipally ?reats ( et]nal1 & inde$ also temporal evils1 direct$ aga9/ unbeliev]s1 & ev5 aga9/ m]e d\bt]s4 ,z ultima ratio !ologorum1 we f9d among _m nations ! /ake or ?+s simil> to x4 ,if !y seek a diff]5t au!ntication1 or if !y make use ( o!r argum5ts1 !y already make ! transition into ! sy/ems ( ! fir/ k9d1 & may deg5]ate into a mixture ( ! two1 :i* br+s m dang] ?an advantage1 = _! invaluable pr]ogative ( be+ imp>t$ to *ildr5 gives !m ! sure/ gu>antee ( ! p]man5t possession ( ! m9d1 = !reby _! dogmas gr[ into a k9d ( second inborn intellect1 l ! twig ^u ! graft$ tree2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sy/ems ( ! fir/ k9d only appeal to gr[n-up p1 & 9 !m always f9d a sy/em ( ! second k9d already 9 possession ( _! convictions4 ,bo? k9ds ( metaphysics1 ^: diff]5ce may be briefly express$ by ! words reason$ conviction & fai?1 h ?is 9 common1 t e "o ( _! p>ticul> sy/ems /&s 9 a ho/ile relation to all ! o!rs ( its k9d4 ,betwe5 ^? ( ! fir/ k9d w> is wag$ only ) ^w & p52 betwe5 ^? ( ! second ) fire & sword z well4 ,sev]al ( ! latt] owe _! propagation 9 "p to ?is la/ k9d ( polemic1 & all h by degrees divid$ ! e>? betwe5 !m1 & inde$ ) su* decid$ au?ority t ! peoples ( ! e>? are di/+ui%$ & sep>at$ m accord+ to !m ?an accord+ to nationality or gov]nm5t4 ,!y alone reign1 ea* 9 its own prov9ce4 ,! sy/ems ( ! fir/ k9d1 on ! contr>y1 are at ! mo/ tol]at$1 & ev5 ?is only because1 on acc\nt ( ! small numb] ( _! adh]5ts1 !y are = ! mo/ "p n consid]$ wor? ! tr\ble ( combat+ ) fire & sword--al?\gh1 :]e x seem$ necess>y1 ^! also h be5 employ$ aga9/ !m ) effect2 besides1 !y occur only 9 a sporadic =m4 ,yet 9 g5]al !y h only be5 endur$ 9 a tam$ & subjugat$ condition1 = ! sy/em ( ! second k9d :i* prevail$ 9 ! c\ntry ord]$ !m to con=m _! tea*+ m or less closely to its own4 ,sometimes x n only subjugat$ !m1 b ev5 employ$ _! s]vices & us$ !m z a support1 :i* is h[ev] a dang]\s exp]im5t4 ,= ^! sy/ems ( ! fir/ k9d1 s9ce !y are depriv$ ( p[]1 believe !y may advance !mselves by craft1 & nev] entirely lay aside a secret ill-w :i* at times comes unexpect$ly into prom95ce & inflicts injuries :i* are h>d to heal4 ,= !y are fur!r made ! m dang]\s by ! fact t all ! real sci5ces1 n ev5 except+ ! mo/ innoc5t1 are _! secret allies aga9/ ! sy/ems ( ! second k9d1 & )\t !mselves be+ op5ly at w> ) ! latt]1 sudd5ly & unexpect$ly d great mis*ief 9 _! prov9ce4 ,besides1 ! attempt :i* is aim$ at by ! enli/m5t ref]r$ to ( ! s]vices ( ! sy/ems ( ! fir/ k9d by ! second--! attempt to add an inn] au!ntication to a sy/em ^: orig9al au!ntication 0 ext]nal1 is 9 its nature p]il\s2 =1 if x 7 capable ( su* an au!ntication1 x w\ld nev] h requir$ an ext]nal "o4 ,& 9 g5]al x is always a haz>d\s ?+ to attempt to place a new f\ndation "u a f9i%$ /ructure4 ,moreov]1 h[ %\ld a religion require ! suffrage ( a philosophy8 ,x has ev]y?+ ^u its side--revelation1 tradition1 miracles1 prophecies1 ! protection ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! highe/ rank1 z is due to ! tru?1 ! cons5t & rev]5ce ( all1 a ?\s& temples 9 :i* x is proclaim$ & practis$1 b&s ( sworn prie/s1 &1 :at is m ?an all1 ! invaluable privilege ( be+ all[$ to impr9t its doctr9es on ! m9d at ! t5d] age ( *ildhood1 :]eby !y became almo/ l innate ideas4 ,) su* weal? ( means at its disposal1 /ill to desire ! ass5t ( poor philosoph]s x mu/ be m covet\s1 or to c>e ab\t _! contradiction x mu/ be m fe>ful1 ?an seems to be compatible ) a good consci5ce4 ,to ! di/9ction e/abli%$ above betwe5 metaphysics ( ! fir/ & ( ! second k9d1 we h yet to add ! foll[+3--,a sy/em ( ! fir/ k9d1 ?us a philosophy1 makes ! claim1 & has !re=e ! obligation1 9 ev]y?+ t x says1 s5su /ricto et proprio1 to be true1 = x appeals to ?\ght & conviction4 ,a religion1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ int5d$ = ! innum]able multitude :o1 s9ce !y are incapable ( exam9ation & ?\ght1 w\ld nev] compreh5d ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ difficult tru?s s5su proprio1 has only ! obligation to be true s5su allegorico4 ,tru? _c appe> nak$ be=e ! p4 ,a symptom ( ?is allegorical nature ( religions is ! my/]ies :i* are to be f\nd p]haps 9 !m all1 c]ta9 dogmas :i* _c ev5 be di/9ctly ?\ght1 n to speak ( be+ lit]ally true4 ,inde$1 p]haps x might be ass]t$ t "s absolute contradictions1 "s actual absurdities1 are an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 a complete religion1 = ^! are j ! /amp ( its allegorical nature1 & ! only adequate means ( mak+ ! ord9>y m9d & ! uncultur$ und]/&+ feel :at w\ld be incompreh5sible to x1 t religion has ultimately to d ) q a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s1 ) an ord] ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* ! laws ( ?is ph5om5al _w1 9 con=mity ) :i* x mu/ speak1 vani%2 & t !re=e n only ! contradictory b also ! compreh5sible dogmas are really only allegories & accommodations to ! human p[] ( compreh5sion4 ,x seems to me t x 0 9 ?is _s t ,augu/9e & ev5 ,lu!r adh]$ to ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity 9 opposition to ,pelagianism1 :i* s\ght to r$uce ev]y?+ to ! dull level ( compreh5sibility4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is also conceivable h[ ,t]tullian c\ld say 9 all s]i\sness3 8,prorsus cr$ibile e/1 quia ineptum e/3 444 c]tum e/1 quia impossibile0 7,de ,c>ne ,*ri/i1 c4 #e74 ,?is allegorical nature ( religions makes !m indep5d5t ( ! pro(s :i* are incumb5t on philosophy1 & 9 g5]al )draws !m f inve/igation4 ,in/ead ( ?is !y require fai?1 t is1 a volunt>y admission t su* is ! /ate ( ! case4 ,s9ce1 !n1 fai? guides action1 & ! allegory is always s fram$ t1 z reg>ds ! practical1 x leads precisely to t :i* ! tru? s5su proprio w\ld also lead to1 religion is ju/ifi$ 9 promis+ to ^? :o believe et]nal salvation4 ,?us we see t 9 ! ma91 & = ! great majority1 :o _c apply !mselves to ?\ght1 religions v well supply ! place ( metaphysics 9 g5]al1 ! ne$ ( :i* man feels to be imp]ative4 ,!y d ?is p>tly 9 a practical int]e/1 z ! guid+ /> ( _! action1 ! unfurl$ /&>d ( integrity & virtue1 z ,kant admirably expresses x2 p>tly z ! indisp5sable com=t 9 ! heavy sorr[s ( life1 9 :i* capacity !y fully supply ! place ( an objectively true metaphysic1 because !y lift man above himself & 8 exi/5ce 9 "t1 z well p]haps z su* a metaphysic ev] c\ld4 ,9 ?is _! great value & inde$ necessity %[s itself v cle>ly4 ,= ,plato says1 & says rightly1 8 0 7vulgus philosophum esse impossible e/4 ,de ,rep41 vi4 p4 #hi1 ,bip47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! only /umbl+-/one is ?is1 t religions nev] d>e to confess _! allegorical nature1 b h to ass]t t !y are true s5su proprio4 ,!y !reby encroa* on ! prov9ce ( metaphysics prop]1 & call =? ! antagonism ( ! latt]1 :i* has !re=e express$ itself at all times :5 x 0 n *a9$ up4 ,! controv]sy :i* is s p]sev]+ly c>ri$ on 9 our own day betwe5 sup]naturali/s & rationali/s also re/s on ! failure to recognise ! allegorical nature ( all religion4 ,bo? wi% to h ,*ri/ianity true s5su proprio2 9 ?is s5se ! =m] wi% to ma9ta9 x )\t d$uction1 z x 7 ) sk9 & hair2 & ?us !y h a h>d /& to make aga9/ ! k & g5]al culture ( ! age4 ,! latt] wi% to expla9 away all t is prop]ly ,*ri/ian2 :]eupon !y reta9 some?+ :i* is nei!r s5su proprio nor s5su allegorico true1 b r a m]e platitude1 little bett] ?an ,judaism1 or at ! mo/ a %all[ ,pelagianism1 &1 :at is wor/1 an abject optimism1 absolutely =eign to ,*ri/ianity prop]4 ,moreov]1 ! attempt to f\nd a religion ^u reason removes x into ! o!r class ( metaphysics1 t :i* has its au!ntication 9 itself1 ?us to ! =eign gr\nd ( ! philosophical sy/ems1 & into ! conflict :i* ^! wage aga9/ ea* o!r 9 _! own ar5a1 & consequ5tly exposes x to ! light fire ( scepticism & ! heavy artill]y ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason20 b = x to v5ture !re w\ld be cle> presumption4 ,x w\ld be mo/ b5eficial to bo? k9ds ( metaphysics t ea* ( !m %\ld rema9 cle>ly sep>at$ f ! o!r & conf9e itself to its own prov9ce1 t x may !re be able to develop its nature fully4 ,in/ead ( :i*1 ?r\gh ! :ole ,*ri/ian era1 ! endeav\r has be5 to br+ ab\t a fusion ( ! two1 = ! dogmas & conceptions ( ! "o h be5 c>ri$ ov] into ! o!r1 :]eby bo? are spoil$4 ,?is has tak5 place 9 ! mo/ op5 mann] 9 our own day 9 t /range h]maphrodite or c5taur1 ! s-call$ philosophy ( religion1 :i*1 z a k9d ( gnosis1 endeav\rs to int]pret ! giv5 religion1 & to expla9 :at is true s5su allegorico ?r\gh some?+ :i* is true s5su proprio4 ,b = ?is we w\ld h to "k & possess ! tru? s5su proprio already2 & 9 t case su* an int]pretation w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,= to seek fir/ to f9d metaphysics1 i4e41 ! tru? s5su proprio1 m]ely out ( religion by explanation & int]pretation w\ld be a d\btful & dang]\s und]tak+1 to :i* "o w\ld only make up "o's m9d if x 7 prov$ t tru?1 l iron & o!r base metals1 c\ld only be f\nd 9 a mix$1 n 9 a pure =m1 & !re=e "o c\ld only obta9 x by r$uction f ! mix$ ore4 ,religions are necess>y = ! p1 & an ine/imable b5efit to !m4 ,b if !y oppose !mselves to ! progress ( mank9d 9 ! k ( ! tru?1 !y mu/ ) ! utmo/ possible =be>ance be set aside4 ,& to require t a great m9d--a ,%akspe>e2 a ,goe!--%\ld make ! dogmas ( any religion implicitly1 bon fide et s5su proprio1 8 conviction is to require t a giant %\ld put on ! %oe ( a dw>f4 ,religions1 be+ calculat$ ) ref]5ce to ! p[] ( compreh5sion ( ! great mass ( m51 c only h indirect1 n imm$iate tru?4 ,to require ( !m ! latt] is z if "o wi%$ to read ! lett]s set up 9 ! =m-*ase1 in/ead ( _! impression4 ,! value ( a religion w accord+ly dep5d ^u ! great] or less cont5t ( tru? :i* x conta9s "u ! veil ( allegory1 & !n ^u ! great] or less di/9ctness ) :i* x becomes visible ?r\gh ?is veil1 ?us ^u ! transp>5cy ( ! latt]4 ,x almo/ seems t1 z ! olde/ languages are ! mo/ p]fect1 s also are ! olde/ religions4 ,if ,i 7 to take ! results ( my philosophy z ! /&>d ( tru?1 ,i w\ld be oblig$ to conc$e to ,buddhism ! pre-em95ce ov] ! re/4 ,9 any case x mu/ be a satisfaction to me to see my tea*+ 9 su* close agreem5t ) a religion :i* ! majority ( m5 ^u ! e>? hold z _! own2 = x numb]s f> m adh]5ts ?an any o!r4 ,?is agreem5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ! m satisfactory to me because 9 my philosophis+ ,i h c]ta9ly n be5 "u its influ5ce4 ,= up till #ahah1 :5 my "w appe>$1 !re 7 v few1 exce$+ly incomplete & scanty1 acc\nts ( ,buddhism to be f\nd 9 ,europe1 :i* 7 almo/ entirely limit$ to a few essays 9 ! e>li] volumes ( 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 & 7 pr9cipally conc]n$ ) ! ,buddhism ( ! ,burmese4 ,only s9ce !n has full] in=mation ab\t ?is religion gradually rea*$ u1 *iefly ?r\gh ! pr(\nd & in/ructive essays ( ! m]itori\s memb] ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy1 ,j4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 9 ! proce$+s ( 8 ,academy1 & !n little by little ?r\gh sev]al ,engli% & ,fr5* s*ol>s1 s t ,i 0 able to give a fairly num]\s li/ ( ! be/ works on ?is religion 9 my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 "u ! head+ ,s9ologie4 ,un=tunately ,csoma ,krsi1 t p]sev]+ ,hung>ian1 :o1 9 ord] to /udy ! language & sacr$ writ+s ( ,buddhism1 sp5t _m ye>s 9 ,tibet1 & = ! mo/ "p 9 ,buddhi/ mona/]ies1 0 c>ri$ (f by dea? j z he 0 beg9n+ to "w out = u ! results ( 8 rese>*es4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 d5y ! pleasure ) :i* ,i read1 9 8 provisional acc\nts1 sev]al passages cit$ directly f ! ,kahgyur itself2 = example1 ! foll[+ conv]sation ( ! dy+ ,buddha ) ,brahma1 :o is do+ him homage3 8,!re is a description ( _! conv]sation on ! subject ( creation1--by :om 0 ! _w made8 ,%akya asks sev]al que/ions ( ,brahma1--:e!r 0 x he :o made or produc$ su* & su* ?+s1 & end[$ or bless$ !m ) su* & su* virtues or prop]ties1--:e!r 0 x he :o caus$ ! sev]al revolutions 9 ! de/ruction & reg5]ation ( ! _w4 ,he d5ies t he _h ev] done any?+ to t effect4 ,at la/ he himself asks ,%akya h[ ! _w 0 made1--by :om8 ,"h are attribut$ all *anges 9 ! _w to ! moral works ( ! animal be+s1 & x is /at$ t 9 ! _w all is illusion1 !re is no reality 9 ! ?+s2 all is empty4 ,brahma1 be+ in/ruct$ 9 8 doctr9e1 becomes 8 foll[]0 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 ,,xx4 p4 #dcd74 ,i _c place1 z is always done1 ! fundam5tal diff]5ce ( all religions 9 ! "q :e!r !y are mono!i/ic1 poly!i/ic1 pan!i/ic1 or a!i/ic1 b only 9 ! "q :e!r !y are optimi/ic or pessimi/ic1 t is1 :e!r !y pres5t ! exi/5ce ( ! _w z ju/ifi$ by itself1 & !re=e praise & value x1 or reg>d x z some?+ t c only be conceiv$ z ! consequ5ce ( our guilt1 & !re=e prop]ly ought n to be1 because !y recognise t pa9 & dea? _c lie 9 ! et]nal1 orig9al1 & immutable ord] ( ?+s1 9 t :i* 9 e respect ought to be4 ,! p[] by virtue ( :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 able to ov]come fir/ ,judaism1 & !n ! hea!nism ( ,greece & ,rome1 lies solely 9 its pessimism1 9 ! confession t our /ate is bo? exce$+ly wret*$ & s9ful1 :ile ,judaism & hea!nism 7 optimi/ic4 ,t tru?1 pr(\ndly & pa9fully felt by all1 p5etrat$1 & bore 9 its tra9 ! ne$ ( r$emption4 ,i turn to a g5]al consid]ation ( ! o!r k9d ( metaphysics1 t :i* has its au!ntication 9 itself1 & is call$ philosophy4 ,i rem9d ! read] ( its orig91 m5tion$ above1 9 a wond] conc]n+ ! _w & our own exi/5ce1 inasmu* z ^! press ^u ! intellect z a riddle1 ! solution ( :i* !re=e occupies mank9d )\t int]mission4 ,"h1 !n1 ,i wi% fir/ ( all to draw att5tion to ! fact t ?is c\ld n be ! case if1 9 ,sp9oza's s5se1 :i* 9 our own day has s (t5 be5 br\ght =w>d aga9 "u mod]n =ms & expositions z pan!ism1 ! _w 7 an 8absolute sub/ance10 & !re=e an absolutely necess>y exi/5ce4 ,= ?is means t x exi/s ) s great a necessity t beside x e o!r necessity compreh5sible to our und]/&+ z su* mu/ appe> z an accid5t4 ,x w\ld !n be some?+ :i* compreh5d$ 9 itself n only all actual b also all possible exi/5ce1 s t1 z ,sp9oza inde$ decl>es1 its possibility & its actuality w\ld be absolutely "o4 ,its non-be+ w\ld !re=e be impossibility itself2 ?us x w\ld be some?+ ! non-be+ or o!r-be+ ( :i* mu/ be completely inconceivable1 & :i* c\ld !re=e j z little be ?\ght away z1 = example1 space or "t4 ,& s9ce1 fur!r1 we ourselves w\ld be p>ts1 modes1 attributes1 or accid5ts ( su* an absolute sub/ance1 :i* w\ld be ! only ?+ t1 9 any s5se1 c\ld ev] or any:]e exi/1 our & its exi/5ce1 toge!r ) its prop]ties1 w\ld necess>ily be v f> f pres5t+ itself to u z rem>kable1 problematical1 & inde$ z an unfa?omable & ev]-disquiet+ riddle1 b1 on ! contr>y1 w\ld be f> m self-evid5t ?an t two & two make f\r4 ,= we w\ld necess>ily be incapable ( ?9k+ any?+ else ?an t ! _w is1 & is1 z x is2 & !re=e we w\ld necess>ily be z little consci\s ( its exi/5ce z su*1 i4e41 z a problem = reflection1 z we are ( ! incr$ibly fa/ motion ( our planet4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is absolutely n ! case4 ,only to ! brutes1 :o are )\t ?\ght1 does ! _w & exi/5ce appe> z a matt] ( c\rse2 to man1 on ! contr>y1 x is a problem1 ( :i* ev5 ! mo/ un$ucat$ & n>r[-m9d$ becomes vividly consci\s 9 c]ta9 bright] mom5ts1 b :i* ent]s m di/9ctly & m p]man5tly into ! consci\sness ( ea* "o ( u ! cle>] & m enlight5$ t consci\sness is1 & ! m mat]ial = ?\ght x has acquir$ ?r\gh culture1 :i* all ultimately rises1 9 m9ds t are naturally adapt$ = philosophis+1 to ,plato's 81 0 7mir>i1 valde philosophicus affectus71 t is1 to t wond] :i* compreh5ds 9 its :ole magnitude t problem :i* unceas+ly occupies ! nobl] portion ( mank9d 9 e age & 9 e l&1 & gives x no re/4 ,9 fact1 ! p5dulum :i* keeps 9 motion ! clock ( metaphysics1 t nev] runs d[n1 is ! consci\sness t ! non-exi/5ce ( ?is _w is j z possible z its exi/5ce4 ,?us1 !n1 ! ,sp9ozi/ic view ( x z an absolutely necess>y exi/5ce1 t is1 z some?+ t absolutely & 9 e s5se ought to & mu/ be1 is a false "o4 ,ev5 simple ,!ism1 s9ce 9 its cosmological pro( x tacitly />ts by inf]r+ ! previ\s non-exi/5ce ( ! _w f its exi/5ce1 !reby assumes be=eh& t ! _w is some?+ cont+5t4 ,nay1 :at is m1 we v soon appreh5d ! _w z some?+ ! non-exi/5ce ( :i* is n only conceivable1 b inde$ pref]able to its exi/5ce4 ,!re=e our wond] at x easily passes into a brood+ ov] ! fatality :i* c\ld yet call =? its exi/5ce1 & by virtue ( :i* su* /up5d\s p[] z is dem&$ = ! production & ma9t5ance ( su* a _w c\ld be direct$ s mu* aga9/ its own int]e/4 ,! philosophical a/oni%m5t is !re=e at bottom p]plex$ & melan*oly2 philosophy1 l ! ov]ture to 8,don ,juan10 comm5ces ) a m9or *ord4 ,x foll[s f ?is t x c nei!r be ,sp9ozism nor optimism4 ,! m special nature1 :i* has j be5 indicat$1 ( ! a/oni%m5t :i* leads u to philosophise cle>ly spr+s f ! sight ( ! suff]+ & ! wick$ness 9 ! _w1 :i*1 ev5 if !y 7 9 ! mo/ j proportion to ea* o!r1 & also 7 f> outweigh$ by good1 are yet some?+ :i* absolutely & 9 g5]al ought n to be4 ,b s9ce n[ no?+ c come out ( no?+1 ^! also mu/ h _! g]m 9 ! orig9 or 9 ! k]nel ( ! _w itself4 ,x is h>d = u to assume ?is if we look at ! magnitude1 ! ord] & complet5ess1 ( ! physical _w1 = x seems to u t :at _h ! p[] to produce su* a _w mu/ h be5 able to avoid ! suff]+ & ! wick$ness4 ,t assumption 7! true/ expression ( :i* is ,ormuzd & ,ahrim9es71 x is easy to conceive1 is h>de/ ( all = ,!ism4 ,!re=e ! fre$om ( ! w 0 prim>ily inv5t$ to acc\nt = wick$ness4 ,b ?is is only a conceal$ way ( mak+ some?+ out ( no?+1 = x assumes an ,op]>i t proce$$ f no ,esse 7see ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #eh1 et seq42 second edition1 p4 #eg et seq447 ,!n x 0 s\ght to get rid ( evil by attribut+ x to matt]1 or to unavoidable necessity1 :]eby ! devil1 :o is really ! "r ,exp$i5s ad hoc1 0 unwill+ly set aside4 ,to evil also belongs dea?2 b wick$ness is only ! ?r[+ ( ! exi/+ evil f oneself on to ano!r4 ,?us1 z 0 said above1 x is wick$ness1 evil1 & dea? t qualify & int5sify ! philosophical a/oni%m5t4 ,n m]ely t ! _w exi/s1 b /ill m t x is su* a wret*$ _w1 is ! punctum pruri5s ( metaphysics1 ! problem :i* awak5s 9 mank9d an unre/ t _c be quiet$ by scepticism nor yet by criticism4 ,we f9d physics also 79 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w7 occupi$ ) ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a 9 ! _w4 ,b x lies 9 ! v nature ( its explanations !mselves t !y _c be suffici5t4 ,physics _c /& on its own feet1 b requires a metaphysic to lean ^u1 :atev] airs x may give itself t[>ds ! latt]4 ,= x expla9s ! ph5om5a by some?+ /ill m unkn[n ?an !y are !mselves2 by laws ( nature1 re/+ ^u =ces ( nature1 to :i* ! p[] ( life also belongs4 ,c]ta9ly ! :ole pres5t condition ( all ?+s 9 ! _w1 or 9 nature1 mu/ necess>ily be explicable f purely physical causes4 ,b su* an explanation--suppos+ "o actually succe$$ s f> z to be able to give x--mu/ always j z necess>ily be ta9t$ ) two imp]fections 7z x 7 ) two sores1 or l ,a*illes ) ! vuln]able heel1 or ! devil ) ! horse's ho(71 on acc\nt ( :i* ev]y?+ s expla9$ really rema9s /ill unexpla9$4 ,fir/ ) ?is imp]fection1 t ! beg9n+ ( e explanatory *a9 ( causes & effects1 i4e41 ( connect$ *anges1 c absolutely nev] be rea*$1 b1 j l ! limits ( ! _w 9 space & "t1 unceas+ly rec$es 9 inf9ito4 ,secondly ) ?is1 t ! :ole ( ! effici5t causes out ( :i* ev]y?+ is expla9$ con/antly re/ ^u some?+ :i* is completely inexplicable1 ! orig9al qualities ( ?+s & ! natural =ces :i* play a prom95t "p among !m1 by virtue ( :i* !y produce a specific k9d ( effect1 e4g41 weight1 h>dness1 impulsive =ce1 ela/icity1 w>m?1 electricity1 *emical =ces1 c41 & :i* n[ rema9 9 e explanation :i* is giv51 l an unkn[n quantity1 :i* absolutely _c be elim9at$1 9 an o!rwise p]fectly solv$ algebraical equation4 ,accord+ly !re is no fragm5t ( clay1 h[ev] little wor?1 t is n entirely compos$ ( inexplicable qualities4 ,?us ^! two inevitable defects 9 e purely physical1 i4e41 causal1 explanation %[ t su* an explanation c only be relative1 & t its :ole me?od & nature _c be ! only "o1 ! ultimate & ?us ! suffici5t "o1 i4e41 _c be ! me?od ( explanation t c ev] lead to ! satisfactory solution ( ! difficult riddle ( ?+s1 & to ! true und]/&+ ( ! _w & exi/5ce2 b t ! physical explanation 9 g5]al & z su* requires fur!r a metaphysical explanation1 :i* af=ds u ! key to all its assumptions1 b j on ?is acc\nt mu/ necess>ily foll[ q a diff]5t pa?4 ,! fir/ /ep to ?is is t "o %\ld br+ to di/9ct consci\sness & firmly reta9 ! diff]5ce ( ! two1 h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 physics & metaphysics4 ,x re/s 9 g5]al on ! ,kantian di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5on & ?+ 9 itself4 ,j because ,kant held ! latt] to be absolutely unkn[able1 !re 01 accord+ to him1 no metaphysics1 b m]ely imman5t k1 i4e41 physics1 :i* ?r\gh\t c speak only ( ph5om5a1 & also a critique ( ! reason :i* /rives aft] metaphysics4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to %[ ! true po9t ( connection betwe5 my philosophy & t ( ,kant1 ,i %all anticipate ! second book1 & give prom95ce to ! fact t ,kant1 9 8 beautiful exposition ( ! compatibility ( fre$om & necessity 7,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 fir/ edition1 p4 #ecb-eed2 & ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 p4 #bbd-bca ( ,ros5kranz's edition71 %[s h[ "o & ! same action may 9 "o aspect be p]fectly explicable z necess>ily aris+ f ! "* ( ! man1 ! influ5ce to :i* he has be5 subject 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life1 & ! motives :i* are n[ pres5t to him1 b yet 9 ano!r aspect mu/ be reg>d$ z ! "w ( 8 free w2 & 9 ! same s5se he says1 #ec ( ! 8,prolegom5a30 8,c]ta9ly natural necessity w belong to e connection ( cause & effect 9 ! _w ( s5se2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 fre$om w be conc$$ to t cause :i* is n itself a ph5om5on 7?\gh inde$ x is ! gr\nd ( ph5om5a71 ?us nature & fre$om may )\t contradiction be attribut$ to ! same ?+1 b 9 a diff]5t ref]5ce--9 ! "o case z a ph5om5on1 9 ! o!r case z a ?+ 9 itself40 ,:at1 !n1 ,kant tea*es ( ! ph5om5on ( man & 8 action my tea*+ ext5ds to all ph5om5a 9 nature1 9 t x makes ! w z a ?+ 9 itself _! f\ndation4 ,?is proce$+ is ju/ifi$ fir/ ( all by ! fact t x mu/ n be assum$ t man is specifically toto g5]e radically diff]5t f ! o!r be+s & ?+s 9 nature1 b r t he is diff]5t only 9 degree4 ,i turn back f ?is premature digression to our consid]ation ( ! inadequacy ( physics to af=d u ! ultimate explanation ( ?+s4 ,i say1 !n1 ev]y?+ c]ta9ly is physical1 b yet no?+ is explicable physically4 ,z = ! motion ( ! project$ bullet1 s also = ! ?9k+ ( ! bra91 a physical explanation mu/ ultimately be 9 itself possible1 :i* w\ld make ! latt] j z compreh5sible z is ! =m]4 ,b ev5 ! =m]1 :i* we imag9e we und]/& s p]fectly1 is at bottom z obscure to u z ! latt]2 = :at ! inn] nature ( expansion 9 space may be--( imp5etrability1 mobility1 h>dness1 ela/icity1 & gravity rema9s1 aft] all physical explanations1 a my/]y1 j z mu* z ?\ght4 ,b because 9 ! case ( ?\ght ! inexplicable appe>s mo/ imm$iately1 a spr+ 0 at once made "h f physics to metaphysics1 & a sub/ance ( q a diff]5t k9d f all corporeal sub/ances 0 hypo/atis$--a s\l 0 set up 9 ! bra94 ,b if "o _h n be5 s dull z only to be capable ( be+ /ruck by ! mo/ rem>kable ( ph5om5a1 "o w\ld h _h to expla9 dige/ion by a s\l 9 ! /oma*1 vegetation by a s\l 9 ! plant1 aff9ity by a s\l 9 ! reag5ts1 nay1 ! fall+ ( a /one by a s\l 9 ! /one4 ,= ! quality ( e unorganis$ body is j z my/]i\s z ! life 9 ! liv+ body4 ,9 ! same way1 !re=e1 ! physical explanation /rikes ev]y:]e ^u :at is metaphysical1 by :i* x is annihilat$1 i4e41 x ceases to be explanation4 ,/rictly speak+1 x may be ass]t$ t no natural sci5ce really a*ieves any?+ m ?an :at is also a*iev$ by ,botany3 ! br++ toge!r ( simil>s1 classification4 ,a physical sy/em :i* ass]t$ t its explanations ( ?+s--9 ! p>ticul> f causes1 & 9 g5]al f =ces--7 really suffici5t1 & ?us exhau/$ ! nature ( ! _w1 w\ld be ! true ,naturalism4 ,f ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 & ,epicurus d[n to ! ,sy/me de la ,nature1 & fur!r1 to ,delam>k1 ,cabanis1 & to ! mat]ialism t has aga9 be5 w>m$ up 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 we c trace ! p]si/5t attempt to set up a sy/em ( physics )\t metaphysics1 t is1 a sy/em :i* w\ld make ! ph5om5on ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,b all _! explanations seek to conceal f ! expla9]s !mselves & f o!rs t !y simply assume ! pr9cipal matt] )\t m ado4 ,!y endeav\r to %[ t all ph5om5a1 ev5 ^? ( m9d1 are physical4 ,& !y are "r2 only !y d n see t all t is physical is 9 ano!r aspect also metaphysical4 ,b1 )\t ,kant1 ?is is inde$ difficult to see1 = x presupposes ! di/9ction ( ! ph5om5on f ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,yet )\t ?is ,ari/otle1 mu* z he 0 incl9$ to empiricism1 & f> z he 0 remov$ f ! ,platonic hyp]-physics1 kept himself free f ?is limit$ po9t ( view4 ,he says3 8 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 40 7,si igitur non e/ aliqua alia sub/antia1 prt] eas1 qu natura consi/unt1 physica pr(ecto prima sci5tia esset3 quodsi autem e/ aliqua sub/antia immobilis1 hc prior et philosophia prima1 et univ]salis sic1 quod prima2 et de ente1 pr\t ens e/1 specul>i hujus e/71 8,metaph410 ,v4 #a4 ,su* an absolute sy/em ( physics z is describ$ above1 :i* leaves room = no metaphysics1 w\ld make ! ,natura naturata into ! ,natura naturans2 x w\ld be physics e/abli%$ on ! ?rone ( metaphysics1 yet x w\ld comport itself 9 ?is high position almo/ l ,holb]g's !atrical w\ld-be politician :o 0 made burgoma/]4 ,inde$ beh9d ! reproa* ( a!ism1 9 itself absurd1 & = ! mo/ "p malici\s1 !re lies1 z its inn] mean+ & tru?1 :i* gives x /r5g?1 ! obscure conception ( su* an absolute sy/em ( physics )\t metaphysics4 ,c]ta9ly su* a sy/em w\ld necess>ily be de/ructive ( e?ics2 & :ile ,!ism has falsely be5 held to be insep>able f morality1 ?is is really true only ( metaphysics 9 g5]al1 i4e41 ( ! k t ! ord] ( nature is n ! only & absolute ord] ( ?+s4 ,!re=e we may set up ?is z ! necess>y ,cr$o ( all j & good m53 8,i believe 9 metaphysics40 ,9 ?is respect x is important & necess>y t "o %\ld conv9ce oneself ( ! unt5able nature ( an absolute sy/em ( physics1 all ! m z ?is1 ! true naturalism1 is a po9t ( view :i* ( its own accord & ev] anew presses itself ^u a man1 & c only be done away ) ?r\gh pr(\nd speculation4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 all k9ds ( sy/ems & fai?s1 s f> & s long z !y are accept$1 c]ta9ly s]ve z a sub/itute = su* speculation4 ,b t a fundam5tally false view presses itself ^u man ( its own accord1 & mu/ fir/ be skilfully remov$1 is explicable f ! fact t ! intellect is n orig9ally int5d$ to in/ruct u conc]n+ ! nature ( ?+s1 b only to %[ u _! relations1 ) ref]5ce to our w2 x is1 z we %all f9d 9 ! second book1 only ! m$ium ( motives4 ,n[1 t ! _w s*ematises itself 9 ! intellect 9 a mann] :i* exhibits q a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s f ! absolutely true "o1 because x %[s u1 n _! k]nel1 b only _! out] %ell1 happ5s accid5tally1 & _c be us$ z a reproa* to ! intellect2 all ! less z x nev]!less f9ds 9 itself ! means ( rectify+ ?is error1 9 t x arrives at ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ph5om5al appe>ance & ! inn] be+ ( ?+s1 :i* di/9ction exi/$ 9 sub/ance at all times1 only = ! mo/ "p 0 v imp]fectly br\ght to consci\sness1 & !re=e 0 inadequately express$1 inde$ (t5 appe>$ 9 /range clo?+4 ,! ,*ri/ian my/ics1 :5 !y call x ! light ( nature1 decl>e ! intellect to be inadequate to ! compreh5sion ( ! true nature ( ?+s4 ,x is1 z x 71 a m]e surface =ce1 l electricity1 & does n p5etrate to ! inn] be+4 ,! insuffici5cy ( pure naturalism appe>s1 z we h said1 fir/ ( all1 on ! empirical pa? itself1 ?r\gh ! circum/ance t e physical explanation expla9s ! p>ticul> f its cause2 b ! *a9 ( ^! causes1 z we "k a priori1 & !re=e ) p]fect c]ta9ty1 runs back to inf9ity1 s t absolutely no cause c\ld ev] be ! fir/4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! effect ( e cause is ref]r$ to a law ( nature1 & ?is f9ally to a =ce ( nature1 :i* n[ rema9s z ! absolutely inexplicable4 ,b ?is inexplicable1 to :i* all ph5om5a ( ?is s cle>ly giv5 & naturally explicable _w1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 are ref]r$1 j %[s t ! :ole nature ( su* explanation is only conditional1 z x 7 only ex concessis1 & by no means ! true & suffici5t "o2 !re=e ,i said above t physically ev]y?+ & no?+ is explicable4 ,t absolutely inexplicable elem5t :i* p]vades all ph5om5a1 :i* is mo/ /rik+ 9 ! highe/1 e4g41 9 g5]ation1 b yet is j z truly pres5t 9 ! l[e/1 e4g41 9 me*anical ph5om5a1 po9ts to an entirely diff]5t k9d ( ord] ( ?+s ly+ at ! f\ndation ( ! physical ord]1 :i* is j :at ,kant calls ! ord] ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 & :i* is ! goal ( metaphysics4 ,b1 secondly1 ! insuffici5cy ( pure naturalism comes out cle>ly f t fundam5tal philosophical tru?1 :i* we h fully consid]$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ?is book1 & :i* is also ! !me ( ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason20 ! tru? t e object1 bo? z reg>ds its objective exi/5ce 9 g5]al & z reg>ds ! mann] 7=ms7 ( ?is exi/5ce1 is ?r\gh\t condition$ by ! kn[+ subject1 h5ce is m]ely a ph5om5on1 n a ?+ 9 itself4 ,?is is expla9$ 9 #g ( ! fir/ volume1 & x is !re %[n t no?+ c be m clumsy ?an t1 aft] ! mann] ( all mat]iali/s1 "o %\ld bl9dly take ! objective z simply giv5 9 ord] to d]ive ev]y?+ f x )\t pay+ any reg>d to ! subjective1 ?r\gh :i*1 h[ev]1 nay1 9 :i* alone ! =m] exi/s4 ,samples ( ?is proc$ure are mo/ readily af=d$ u by ! fa%ionable mat]ialism ( our own day1 :i* has !reby become a philosophy well suit$ = b>b]s' & apo!c>ies' appr5tices4 ,= x1 9 its innoc5ce1 matt]1 assum$ )\t reflection z absolutely real1 is ! ?+ 9 self1 & ! "o capacity ( a ?+ 9 itself is impulsive =ce1 = all o!r qualities c only be manife/ations ( ?is4 ,) naturalism1 !n1 or ! purely physical way ( look+ at ?+s1 we %all nev] atta9 our end2 x is l a sum t nev] comes out4 ,causal s]ies )\t beg9n+ or end1 fundam5tal =ces :i* are inscrutable1 endless space1 beg9n+less "t1 inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 & all ?is fur!r condition$ by a kn[+ bra91 9 :i* alone x exi/s j l a dream1 & )\t :i* x vani%es--con/itute ! labyr9? 9 :i* naturalism leads u ceaselessly r\nd4 ,! height to :i* 9 our "t ! natural sci5ces h ris5 9 ?is respect entirely ?r[s into ! %ade all previ\s c5turies1 & is a summit :i* mank9d rea*es = ! fir/ "t4 ,b h[ev] great are ! advances :i* physics 7und]/ood 9 ! wide s5se ( ! anci5ts7 may make1 n ! smalle/ /ep t[>ds metaphysics is !reby tak51 j z a plane c nev] obta9 cubical cont5t by be+ indef9itely ext5d$4 ,= all su* advances w only p]fect our k ( ! ph5om5on2 :ile metaphysics /rives to pass beyond ! ph5om5al appe>ance itself1 to t :i* s appe>s4 ,& if inde$ x _h ! assi/ance ( an entire & complete exp]i5ce1 x w\ld1 z reg>ds ! ma9 po9t1 be 9 no way advantag$ by x4 ,nay1 ev5 if "o w&]$ ?r\gh all ! planets & fix$ />s1 "o w\ld !reby h made no /ep 9 metaphysics4 ,x is r ! case t ! greate/ advances ( physics w make ! ne$ ( metaphysics ev] m felt2 = x is j ! correct$1 ext5d$1 & m ?or\gh k ( nature :i*1 on ! "o h&1 always und]m9es & ultimately ov]?r[s ! metaphysical assumptions :i* till !n h prevail$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5ts ! problem ( metaphysics itself m di/9ctly1 m correctly1 & m fully1 & sep>ates x m cle>ly f all t is m]ely physical2 moreov]1 ! m p]fectly & accurately kn[n nature ( ! p>ticul> ?+ m press+ly dem&s ! explanation ( ! :ole & ! g5]al1 :i*1 ! m correctly1 ?or\ghly1 & completely x is kn[n empirically1 only pres5ts itself z ! m my/]i\s4 ,c]ta9ly ! individual1 simple inve/igator ( nature1 9 a special bran* ( physics1 does n at once become cle>ly consci\s ( all ?is2 he r sleeps cont5t$ly by ! side ( 8 *os5 maid1 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus1 bani%+ all ?\ghts ( ,p5elope 7cf4 *4 #ab at ! end74 ,h5ce we see at ! pres5t day ! husk ( nature inve/igat$ 9 its m9ute/ details1 ! inte/9es ( inte/9al worms & ! v]m9 ( v]m9 kn[n to a nicety4 ,b if "s "o comes1 z1 = example1 ,i d1 & speaks ( ! k]nel ( nature1 !y w n li/52 !y ev5 ?9k x has no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 & g on sift+ _! husks4 ,"o f9ds oneself tempt$ to call t ov]-microscopical & micrological inve/igator ( nature ! cotquean ( nature4 ,b ^? p]sons :o believe t crucibles & retorts are ! true & only s\rce ( all wisdom are 9 _! own way j z p]v]se z 7 =m]ly _! antipodes ! ,s*ola/ics4 ,z ! latt]1 absolutely conf9$ to _! ab/ract conceptions1 us$ ^! z _! weapons1 nei!r kn[+ nor inve/igat+ any?+ outside !m1 s ! =m]1 absolutely conf9$ to _! empiricism1 all[ no?+ to be true except :at _! eyes behold1 & believe !y c ?us arrive at ! ultimate gr\nd ( ?+s1 n disc]n+ t betwe5 ! ph5om5on & t :i* manife/s itself 9 x1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 !re is a deep gulf1 a radical diff]5ce1 :i* c only be cle>$ up by ! k & accurate delimitation ( ! subjective elem5t ( ! ph5om5on1 & ! insight t ! ultimate & mo/ important conclusions conc]n+ ! nature ( ?+s c only be drawn f self-consci\sness2 yet )\t all ?is "o _c advance a /ep beyond :at is directly giv5 to ! s5ses1 ?us c get no fur!r ?an to ! problem4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! mo/ p]fect possible k ( nature is ! correct$ /atem5t ( ! problem ( metaphysics4 ,!re=e no "o ought to v5ture ^u ?is )\t hav+ fir/ acquir$ a k ( all ! bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 :i*1 ?\gh g5]al1 %all be ?or\gh1 cle>1 & connect$4 ,= ! problem mu/ prec$e its solution4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 ! inve/igator mu/ turn 8 glance inw>d2 = ! intellectual & e?ical ph5om5a are m important ?an ! physical1 9 ! same proportion z1 = example1 animal magnetism is a f> m important ph5om5on ?an m9]al magnetism4 ,! la/ fundam5tal secret man c>ries )9 himself1 & ?is is accessible to him 9 ! mo/ imm$iate mann]2 !re=e x is only "h t he c hope to f9d ! key to ! riddle ( ! _w & ga9 a clue to ! nature ( all ?+s4 ,! special prov9ce ( metaphysics ?us c]ta9ly lies 9 :at has be5 call$ m5tal philosophy4 8,! ranks ( liv+ creatures ?\ do/ lead ,be=e me1 tea*+ me to "k my bro!rs ,9 air & wat] & ! sil5t wood3 ,!n to ! cave secure ?\ leade/ me1 ,!n %['/ me m9e own self1 & 9 my brea/ ,! deep1 my/]i\s miracles unfold407#bh7 ,f9ally1 !n1 z reg>ds ! s\rce or ! f\ndation ( metaphysical k1 ,i h already decl>$ myself above to be oppos$ to ! assumption1 :i* is ev5 repeat$ by ,kant1 t x mu/ lie 9 m]e conceptions4 ,9 no k c conceptions be :at is fir/2 = !y are always d]iv$ f "s p]ception4 ,:at has l$1 h[ev]1 to t assumption is probably ! example ( ma!matics4 ,ma!matics c leave p]ception altoge!r1 &1 z is especially ! case 9 algebra1 trigonometry1 & analysis1 c op]ate ) purely ab/ract conceptions1 nay1 ) conceptions :i* are repres5t$ only by signs in/ead ( words1 & c yet arrive at a p]fectly c]ta9 result1 :i* is /ill s remote t any "o :o adh]$ to ! firm gr\nd ( p]ception c\ld n arrive at x4 ,b ! possibility ( ?is dep5ds1 z ,kant has cle>ly %[n1 on ! fact t ! conceptions ( ma!matics are d]iv$ f ! mo/ c]ta9 & def9ite ( all p]ceptions1 f ! a priori & yet intuitively kn[n relations ( quantity1 & c !re=e be con/antly realis$ aga9 & controll$ by ^!1 ei!r ari?metically1 by p]=m+ ! calculations :i* are m]ely indicat$ by ^? signs1 or geometrically1 by means ( :at ,kant calls ! con/ruction ( ! conceptions4 ,?is advantage1 on ! o!r h&1 is n possess$ by ! conceptions out ( :i* x 0 believ$ metaphysics c\ld be built up2 su*1 = example1 z ess5ce1 be+1 sub/ance1 p]fection1 necessity1 reality1 f9ite1 inf9ite1 absolute1 gr\nd1 c4 ,= su* conceptions are by no means orig9al1 z fall5 f heav51 or innate2 b !y also1 l all conceptions1 are d]iv$ f p]ceptions2 & z1 unlike ! conceptions ( ma!matics1 !y d n conta9 ! m]e =m ( p]ception1 b m1 empirical p]ceptions mu/ lie at _! f\ndation4 ,?us no?+ c be drawn f !m :i* ! empirical p]ceptions did n also conta91 t is1 no?+ :i* 0 n a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 & :i*1 s9ce ^! conceptions are v wide ab/ractions1 we w\ld receive ) mu* great] c]ta9ty at fir/ h& f exp]i5ce4 ,= f conceptions no?+ m c ev] be drawn ?an ! p]ceptions f :i* !y are d]iv$ conta94 ,if we desire pure conceptions1 i4e41 su* z h no empirical s\rce1 ! only ones t c be produc$ are ^? :i* conc]n space & "t1 i4e41 ! m]ely =mal "p ( p]ception1 consequ5tly only ! ma!matical conceptions1 or at mo/ also ! conception ( causality1 :i* inde$ does n orig9ate 9 exp]i5ce1 b yet only comes into consci\sness by means ( x 7fir/ 9 s5se-p]ception72 !re=e exp]i5ce inde$ is only possible by means ( x2 b x also is only valid 9 ! sph]e ( exp]i5ce1 on :i* acc\nt ,kant has %[n t x only s]ves to communicate ! connection ( exp]i5ce1 & n to transc5d x2 t ?us x admits only ( physical application1 n ( metaphysical4 ,c]ta9ly only its a priori orig9 c give apodictic c]ta9ty to any k2 b ?is limits x to ! m]e =m ( exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 = x %[s t x is condition$ by ! subjective nature ( ! intellect4 ,su* k1 !n1 f> f tak+ u beyond exp]i5ce1 gives only "o "p ( exp]i5ce itself1 ! =mal "p1 :i* belongs to x ?r\gh\t1 & !re=e is univ]sal1 consequ5tly m]e =m )\t cont5t4 ,s9ce n[ metaphysics c lea/ ( all be conf9$ to ?is1 x mu/ h also empirical s\rces ( k2 !re=e t preconceiv$ idea ( a metaphysic to be f\nd purely a priori is necess>ily va94 ,x is really a petitio pr9cipii ( ,kant's1 :i* he expresses mo/ di/9ctly 9 #a ( ! ,prolegom5a1 t metaphysics mu/ n draw its fundam5tal conceptions & pr9ciples f exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is x is assum$ be=eh& t only :at we knew be=e all exp]i5ce c ext5d beyond all possible exp]i5ce4 ,support$ by ?is1 ,kant !n comes & %[s t all su* k is no?+ m ?an ! =m ( ! intellect = ! purpose ( exp]i5ce1 & consequ5tly c nev] lead beyond exp]i5ce1 f :i* he !n rightly d$uces ! impossibility ( all metaphysics4 ,b does x n r seem utt]ly p]v]se t 9 ord] to discov] ! secret ( exp]i5ce1 i4e41 ( ! _w :i* alone lies be=e u1 we %\ld look q away f x1 ignore its cont5t1 & take & use = its mat]ial only ! empty =ms ( :i* we are consci\s a priori8 ,is x n r 9 keep+ ) ! matt] t ! sci5ce ( exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 & z su*1 %\ld also be drawn f exp]i5ce8 ,its problem itself is giv5 x empirically2 :y %\ld n ! solution ( x call 9 ! assi/ance ( exp]i5ce8 ,is x n s5seless t he :o speaks ( ! nature ( ?+s %\ld n look at ?+s !mselves1 b %\ld conf9e himself to c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions8 ,! task ( metaphysics is c]ta9ly n ! obs]vation ( p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 b yet x is ! correct explanation ( exp]i5ce z a :ole4 ,its f\ndation mu/ !re=e1 at any rate1 be ( an empirical nature4 ,inde$ ! a priori nature ( a "p ( human k w be appreh5d$ by x z a giv5 fact1 f :i* x w inf] ! subjective orig9 ( ! same4 ,only because ! consci\sness ( its a priori nature accompanies x is x call$ by ,kant transc5d5tal z di/+ui%$ f transc5d5t1 :i* signifies 8pass+ beyond all possibility ( exp]i5ce10 & has its opposite 9 imman5t1 i4e41 rema9+ )9 ! limits ( exp]i5ce4 ,i gladly recall ! orig9al mean+ ( ?is expression introduc$ by ,kant1 ) :i*1 z also ) t ( ! ,categories1 & _m o!rs1 ! apes ( philosophy c>ry on _! game at ! pres5t day4 ,n[1 besides ?is1 ! s\rce ( ! k ( metaphysics is n out] exp]i5ce alone1 b also inn]4 ,inde$1 :at is mo/ peculi> to x1 t by :i* ! decisive /ep :i* alone c solve ! great "q becomes possible = x1 consi/s1 z ,i h fully & ?or\ghly prov$ 9 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 "u ! head+1 8,physis*e ,a/ronomie10 9 ?is1 t at ! "r place x comb9es out] exp]i5ce ) inn]1 & uses ! latt] z a key to ! =m]4 ,! orig9 ( metaphysics 9 empirical s\rces ( k1 :i* is "h set =?1 & :i* _c fairly be d5i$1 deprives x c]ta9ly ( t k9d ( apodictic c]ta9ty :i* is only possible ?r\gh k a priori4 ,?is rema9s ! possession ( logic & ma!matics--sci5ces1 h[ev]1 :i* really only tea* :at e "o kn[s already1 ?\gh n di/9ctly4 ,at mo/ ! prim>y elem5ts ( natural sci5ce may also be d$uc$ f k a priori4 ,by ?is confession metaphysics only surr5d]s an anci5t claim1 :i*1 accord+ to :at has be5 said above1 re/$ ^u misund]/&+1 & aga9/ :i* ! great div]sity & *angeabl5ess ( metaphysical sy/ems1 & also ! con/antly accompany+ scepticism1 9 e age has te/ifi$4 ,yet aga9/ ! possibility ( metaphysics 9 g5]al ?is *angeabl5ess _c be urg$1 = ! same ?+ affects j z mu* all bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 *emi/ry1 physics1 geology1 zoology1 c41 & ev5 hi/ory has n rema9$ exempt f x4 ,b :5 once1 z f> z ! limits ( human intellect all[1 a true sy/em ( metaphysics %all h be5 f\nd1 ! un*angeabl5ess ( a sci5ce :i* is kn[n a priori w yet belong to x2 = its f\ndation c only be exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 & n ! p>ticul> & special exp]i5ces by :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 ! natural sci5ces are con/antly modifi$ & new mat]ial is always be+ provid$ = hi/ory4 ,= exp]i5ce z a :ole & 9 g5]al w nev] *ange its "* = a new "o4 ,! next "q is3 ,h[ c a sci5ce drawn f exp]i5ce pass beyond x & s m]it ! "n ( metaphysics8 ,x _c d s p]haps 9 ! same way z we f9d a f\r? numb] f ?ree proportionate ones1 or a triangle f two sides & an angle4 ,?is 0 ! way ( ! pre-,kantian dogmatism1 :i*1 accord+ to c]ta9 laws kn[n to u a priori1 s\ght to reason f ! giv5 to ! n giv51 f ! consequ5t to ! reason1 ?us f exp]i5ce to t :i* c\ld n possibly be giv5 9 any exp]i5ce4 ,kant prov$ ! impossibility ( a metaphysic ^u ?is pa?1 9 t he %[$ t al?\gh ^! laws 7 n drawn f exp]i5ce1 !y 7 only valid = exp]i5ce4 ,he !re=e rightly taught t 9 su* a way we _c transc5d ! possibility ( all exp]i5ce4 ,b !re are o!r pa?s to metaphysics4 ,! :ole ( exp]i5ce is l a cryptograph1 & philosophy ! deciph]+ ( x1 ! correctness ( :i* is prov$ by ! connection appe>+ ev]y:]e4 ,if ?is :ole is only pr(\ndly en\gh compreh5d$1 & ! inn] exp]i5ce is connect$ ) ! out]1 x mu/ be capable ( be+ int]pret$1 expla9$ f itself4 ,s9ce ,kant has irrefutably prov$ to u t exp]i5ce 9 g5]al proce$s f two elem5ts1 ! =ms ( k & ! inn] nature ( ?+s1 & t ^! two may be di/+ui%$ 9 exp]i5ce f ea* o!r1 z t ( :i* we are consci\s a priori & t :i* is add$ a po/]iori1 x is possible1 at lea/ 9 g5]al1 to say1 :at 9 ! giv5 exp]i5ce1 :i* is prim>ily m]ely ph5om5al1 belongs to ! =m ( ?is ph5om5on1 condition$ by ! intellect1 & :at1 aft] d$uct+ ?is1 rema9s ov] = ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,& al?\gh no "o c disc]n ! ?+ 9 itself ?r\gh ! veil ( ! =ms ( p]ception1 on ! o!r h& e "o c>ries x 9 himself1 inde$ is x himself2 !re=e 9 self-consci\sness x mu/ be 9 "s way accessible to him1 ev5 ?\gh only conditionally4 ,?us ! bridge by :i* metaphysics passes beyond exp]i5ce is no?+ else ?an t analysis ( exp]i5ce into ph5om5on & ?+ 9 itself 9 :i* ,i h plac$ ,kant's greate/ m]it4 ,= x conta9s ! pro( ( a k]nel ( ! ph5om5on diff]5t f ! ph5om5on itself4 ,?is c inde$ nev] be entirely sep>at$ f ! ph5om5on & reg>d$ 9 itself z an ens extramundanum1 b is always kn[n only 9 its relations to & connections ) ! ph5om5on itself4 ,b ! int]pretation & explanation ( ! latt]1 9 relation to ! =m]1 :i* is its inn] k]nel1 is capable ( af=d+ u in=mation ) reg>d to x :i* does n o!rwise come into consci\sness4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 metaphysics goes beyond ! ph5om5on1 i4e41 nature1 to t :i* is conceal$ 9 or beh9d x 7 71 always reg>d+ x1 h[ev]1 m]ely z t :i* manife/s itself 9 ! ph5om5on1 n z indep5d5t ( all ph5om5al appe>ance2 x !re=e rema9s imman5t1 & does n become transc5d5t4 ,= x nev] dis5gages itself entirely f exp]i5ce1 b rema9s m]ely its int]pretation & explanation1 s9ce x nev] speaks ( ! ?+ 9 itself o!rwise ?an 9 its relation to ! ph5om5on4 ,?is at lea/ is ! s5se 9 :i* ,i1 ) ref]5ce ?r\gh\t to ! limitations ( human k prov$ by ,kant1 h attempt$ to solve ! problem ( metaphysics4 ,!re=e 8 ,prolegom5a to future metaphysics w be valid & suitable = m9e also4 ,accord+ly x nev] really goes beyond exp]i5ce1 b only discloses ! true und]/&+ ( ! _w :i* lies be=e x 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is nei!r1 accord+ to ! def9ition ( metaphysics :i* ev5 ,kant repeats1 a sci5ce ( m]e conceptions1 nor is x a sy/em ( d$uctions f a priori pr9ciples1 ! uselessness ( :i* = ! end ( metaphysics has be5 %[n by ,kant4 ,b x is rational k1 drawn f p]ception ( ! ext]nal actual _w & ! in=mation :i* ! mo/ intimate fact ( self-consci\sness af=ds u conc]n+ x1 deposit$ 9 di/9ct conceptions4 ,x is accord+ly ! sci5ce ( exp]i5ce2 b its subject & its s\rce is n p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 b ! totality ( all exp]i5ce4 ,i completely accept ,kant's doctr9e t ! _w ( exp]i5ce is m]ely ph5om5al1 & t ! a priori k is valid only 9 relation to ph5om5a2 b ,i add t j z ph5om5al appe>ance1 x is ! manife/ation ( t :i* appe>s1 & ) him ,i call ?is ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,?is mu/ !re=e express its nature & "* 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 & consequ5tly x mu/ be possible to int]pret ^! f ?is _w1 & inde$ f ! matt]1 n ! m]e =m1 ( exp]i5ce4 ,accord+ly philosophy is no?+ b ! correct & univ]sal und]/&+ ( exp]i5ce itself1 ! true exposition ( its mean+ & cont5t4 ,to ?is ! metaphysical1 i4e41 t :i* is m]ely clo!d 9 ! ph5om5on & veil$ 9 its =ms1 is t :i* is relat$ to x z ?\ght to words4 ,su* a deciph]+ ( ! _w ) ref]5ce to t :i* manife/s itself 9 x mu/ receive its confirmation f itself1 ?r\gh ! agreem5t ) ea* o!r 9 :i* x places ! v div]se ph5om5a ( ! _w1 & :i* )\t x we d n p]ceive4 ,if we f9d a docum5t ! alphabet ( :i* is unkn[n1 we endeav\r to make x out until we hit ^u an hypo!sis z to ! significance ( ! lett]s 9 accordance ) :i* !y make up compreh5sible words & connect$ s5t5ces4 ,!n1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s no d\bt z to ! correctness ( ! deciph]+1 because x is n possible t ! agreem5t & connection 9 :i* all ! lett]s ( t writ+ are plac$ by ?is explanation is m]ely accid5tal1 & t by attribut+ q a diff]5t value to ! lett]s we c\ld also recognise words & s5t5ces 9 ?is arrangem5t ( !m4 ,9 ! same way ! deciph]+ ( ! _w mu/ completely prove itself f itself4 ,x mu/ ?r[ equal light ^u all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w1 & also br+ ! mo/ het]og5e\s into agreem5t1 s t ! contradiction betwe5 ^? :i* are mo/ 9 contra/ may be aboli%$4 ,?is pro( f itself is ! m>k ( g5u95ess4 ,= e false deciph]+1 ev5 if x is suitable = "s ph5om5a1 w conflict all ! m gl>+ly ) ! re/4 ,s1 = example1 ! optimism ( ,leibnitz conflicts ) ! palpable mis]y ( exi/5ce2 ! doctr9e ( ,sp9oza1 t ! _w is ! only possible & absolutely necess>y sub/ance1 is incompatible ) our wond] at its exi/5ce & nature2 ! ,wolfian doctr9e1 t man obta9s 8 ,exi/5tia & ,ess5tia f a w =eign to himself1 is contradict$ by our moral responsibility = ! actions :i* proce$ ) /rict necessity f ^!1 9 conflict ) ! motives2 ! (t-repeat$ doctr9e ( ! progressive developm5t ( man to an ev] high] p]fection1 or 9 g5]al ( any k9d ( becom+ by means ( ! process ( ! _w1 is oppos$ to ! a priori k t at any po9t ( "t an inf9ite "t has already run its c\rse1 & consequ5tly all t is suppos$ to come ) "t w\ld necess>ily h already exi/$2 & 9 ?is way an int]m9able li/ might be giv5 ( ! contradictions ( dogmatic assumptions ) ! giv5 reality ( ?+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i mu/ d5y t any doctr9e ( my philosophy c\ld fairly be add$ to su* a li/1 because ea* ( !m has be5 ?\ght out 9 ! pres5ce ( ! p]ceiv$ reality1 & none ( !m has its root 9 ab/ract conceptions alone4 ,!re is yet 9 x a fundam5tal ?\ght :i* is appli$ to all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w z _! key2 b x proves itself to be ! "r alphabet at ! application ( :i* all words & s5t5ces h s5se & significance4 ,! discov]$ answ] to a riddle %[s itself to be ! "r "o by ! fact t all t is said 9 ! riddle is suitable to x4 ,9 ! same way my doctr9e introduces agreem5t & connection into ! confusion ( ! contra/+ ph5om5a ( ?is _w1 & solves ! innum]able contradictions :i*1 :5 reg>d$ f any o!r po9t ( view1 x pres5ts4 ,!re=e1 s f>1 x is l a sum t comes out "r1 yet by no means 9 ! s5se t x leaves no problem ov] to solve1 no possible "q unansw]$4 ,to ass]t any?+ ( t sort w\ld be a presumptu\s d5ial ( ! limits ( human k 9 g5]al4 ,:atev] tor* we may k9dle1 & :atev] space x may light1 our horizon w always rema9 b\nd$ by pr(\nd night4 ,= ! ultimate solution ( ! riddle ( ! _w mu/ necess>ily be conc]n$ ) ! ?+s 9 !mselves1 no long] ) ! ph5om5a4 ,b all our =ms ( k are adapt$ to ! ph5om5a alone2 !re=e we mu/ compreh5d ev]y?+ ?r\gh coexi/5ce1 succession1 & causal relations4 ,^! =ms1 h[ev]1 h mean+ & significance only ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5on2 ! ?+s 9 !mselves & _! possible relations _c be appreh5d$ by means ( ^? =ms4 ,!re=e ! actual1 positive solution ( ! riddle ( ! _w mu/ be some?+ t human intellect is absolutely incapable ( grasp+ & ?9k+2 s t if a be+ ( a high] k9d 7 to come & take all pa9s to imp>t x to u1 we w\ld be absolutely incapable ( und]/&+ any?+ ( 8 expositions4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o pr(ess to "k ! ultimate1 i4e41 ! fir/ gr\nd ( ?+s1 ?us a primordial be+1 an absolute1 or :atev] else !y *oose to call x1 toge!r ) ! process1 ! reasons1 motives1 or :atev] x may be1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! _w arises f x1 or spr+s1 or falls1 or is produc$1 set 9 exi/5ce1 8dis*>g$10 & u%]$ =?1 are play+ tricks1 are va9 boa/]s1 :5 inde$ !y are n *>latans4 ,i reg>d x z a great excell5ce ( my philosophy t all its tru?s h be5 f\nd indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 by contemplation ( ! real _w2 b _! unity & agreem5t1 ab\t :i* ,i _h be5 unconc]n$1 has always aft]w>ds appe>$ ( itself4 ,h5ce also x is ri*1 & has wide-spread+ roots 9 ! gr\nd ( p]ceptible reality1 f :i* all n\ri%m5t ( ab/ract tru?s spr+s2 & h5ce1 aga91 x is n we>isome--a quality :i*1 to judge f ! philosophical writ+s ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 "o might reg>d z ess5tial to philosophy4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! doctr9es ( a philosophy are m]ely d$uc$ ! "o out ( ! o!r1 & ultimately inde$ all out ( "o fir/ pr9ciple1 x mu/ be poor & meagre1 & consequ5tly we>isome1 = no?+ c foll[ f a proposition except :at x really already says itself4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is case ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! correctness ( "o proposition1 & by a s+le mi/ake 9 ! d$uction ! tru? ( ! :ole w\ld be endang]$4 ,/ill less security is giv5 by ! sy/ems :i* />t f an intellectual intuition1 i4e41 a k9d ( ec/asy or clairvoyance4 ,all k s obta9$ mu/ be reject$ z subjective1 individual1 & consequ5tly problematical4 ,ev5 if x actually exi/$ x w\ld n be communicable1 = only ! normal k ( ! bra9 is communicable2 if x is ab/ract1 ?r\gh conceptions & words2 if purely p]ceptible or concrete1 ?r\gh works ( art4 ,if1 z s (t5 happ5s1 metaphysics is reproa*$ ) hav+ made s little progress1 x ought also to be consid]$ t no o!r sci5ce has gr[n up l x "u con/ant oppression1 none has be5 s hamp]$ & h9d]$ f )\t z x has always be5 by ! religion ( e l&1 :i*1 ev]y:]e 9 possession ( a monopoly ( metaphysical k1 reg>ds metaphysics z a we$ gr[+ beside x1 z an unlic5s$ work]1 z a horde ( gipsies1 & z a rule tol]ates x only "u ! condition t x accommodates itself to s]ve & foll[ x4 ,= :]e has !re ev] be5 true fre$om ( ?\ght8 ,x has be5 vaunt$ suffici5tly2 b :5ev] x wi%es to g fur!r ?an p]haps to diff] ab\t ! subord9ate dogmas ( ! religion ( ! c\ntry1 a holy %udd] seizes ! prophets ( tol]ance1 & !y say3 8,n a /ep fur!r60 ,:at progress ( metaphysics 0 possible "u su* oppression8 ,nay1 ?is con/ra9t :i* ! privileg$ metaphysics ex]cises is n conf9$ to ! communication ( ?\ghts1 b ext5ds to ?9k+ itself1 = its dogmas are s firmly impr9t$ 9 ! t5d]1 pla/ic1 tru/ful1 & ?\ghtless age ( *ildhood1 ) /udi$ solemnity & s]i\s airs1 t f t "t =w>d !y gr[ ) ! bra91 & almo/ assume ! nature ( innate ?\ghts1 :i* "s philosoph]s h !re=e really held !m to be1 & /ill m h pret5d$ to d s4 ,yet no?+ c s firmly resi/ ! compreh5sion ( ev5 ! problem ( metaphysics z a previ\s solution ( x intrud$ ^u & e>ly implant$ 9 ! m9d4 ,= ! necess>y />t+-po9t = all g5u9e philosophy is ! deep feel+ ( ! ,socratic3 8,?is "o ?+ ,i "k1 t ,i "k no?+40 ,! anci5ts 7 9 ?is respect 9 a bett] position ?an we are1 = _! national religions c]ta9ly limit$ some:at ! imp>t+ ( ?\ghts2 b !y did n int]f]e ) ! fre$om ( ?\ght itself1 because !y 7 n =mally & solemnly impress$ ^u *ildr51 & 9 g5]al 7 n tak5 s s]i\sly4 ,!re=e 9 metaphysics ! anci5ts are /ill our tea*]s4 ,:5ev] metaphysics is reproa*$ ) its small progress1 & ) n hav+ yet rea*$ its goal 9 spite ( su* su/a9$ ef=ts1 "o ought fur!r to consid] t 9 ! mean:ile x has con/antly p]=m$ ! invaluable s]vice ( limit+ ! b\ndless claims ( ! privileg$ metaphysics1 & yet at ! same "t combat+ naturalism & mat]ialism prop]1 :i* are call$ =? by x z an inevitable reaction4 ,consid] to :at a pit* ! arrogance ( ! prie/hood ( e religion w\ld rise if ! belief 9 _! doctr9es 0 z firm & bl9d z !y really wi%4 ,look back also at ! w>s1 di/urbances1 rebellions1 & revolutions 9 ,europe f ! eigh? to ! eighte5? c5tury2 h[ few w be f\nd t h n _h z _! ess5ce1 or _! pretext1 "s controv]sy ab\t beliefs1 ?us a metaphysical problem1 :i* became ! occasion ( excit+ nations aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,yet is t :ole ?\s& ye>s a cont9ual slaught]1 n[ on ! battlefield1 n[ on ! scaffold1 n[ 9 ! /reets1 9 metaphysical int]e/s6 ,i wi% ,i _h an au!ntic li/ ( all crimes :i* ,*ri/ianity has really prev5t$1 & all good de$s x has really p]=m$1 t ,i might be able to place !m 9 ! o!r scale ( ! balance4 ,la/ly1 z reg>ds ! obligations ( metaphysics1 x has only "o2 = x is "o :i* endures no o!r beside x--! obligation to be true4 ,if "o w\ld impose o!r obligations ^u x besides ?is1 su* z to be spirituali/ic1 optimi/ic1 mono!i/ic1 or ev5 only to be moral1 "o _c "k be=eh& :e!r ?is w\ld n int]f]e ) ! fulfilm5t ( t fir/ obligation1 )\t :i* all its o!r a*ievem5ts mu/ cle>ly be wor?less4 ,a giv5 philosophy has accord+ly no o!r /&>d ( its value ?an t ( tru?4 ,= ! re/1 philosophy is ess5tially _w-wisdom3 its problem is ! _w4 ,x has to d ) ?is alone1 & leaves ! gods 9 peace--expects1 h[ev]1 9 return1 to be left 9 peace by !m4 ,,supplem5ts ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,book4 8,ihr folget fals*] ,spur1 ,d5kt ni*t1 wir s*]z56 ,i/ ni*t d] ,k]n d] ,natur ,m5s*5 im ,h]z580 --,goe!4 ,*apt] ,,xviii47#bi7 ,on ,! ,possibility ,( ,kn[+ ,! ,?+ ,9 ,itself4 ,9 #ahcf ,i already publi%$1 "u ! title 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur0 7second ed41 #ahed2 ?ird ed41 #ahfg71 ! mo/ ess5tial supplem5t to ?is book1 :i* conta9s ! mo/ peculi> & important /ep 9 my philosophy1 ! transition f ! ph5om5on to ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* ,kant gave up z impossible4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake to reg>d ! =eign conclusions ) :i* ,i h !re connect$ my expositions z ! real mat]ial & subject ( t "w1 :i*1 ?\gh small z reg>ds its ext5t1 is ( weighty import4 ,^! conclusions are r ! m]e occasion />t+ f :i* ,i h !re exp\nd$ t fundam5tal tru? ( my philosophy ) s mu* great] cle>ness ?an any:]e else1 & br\ght x d[n to ! empirical k ( nature4 ,& inde$ ?is is done mo/ exhau/ively & /r+5tly "u ! head+ 8,physis*e ,a/ronomie20 s t ,i d>e n hope ev] to f9d a m correct or accurate expression ( t core ( my philosophy ?an is giv5 !re4 ,:oev] desires to "k my philosophy ?or\ghly & to te/ x s]i\sly mu/ !re=e give att5tion be=e ev]y?+ to t section4 ,?us1 9 g5]al1 all t is said 9 t little "w w\ld =m ! *ief cont5t ( ^! supplem5ts1 if x _h n to be exclud$ on acc\nt ( hav+ prec$$ !m2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i "h take = grant$ t x is kn[n1 = o!rwise ! v be/ w\ld be want+4 ,i wi% n[ fir/ ( all to make a few prelim9>y obs]vations f a g5]al po9t ( view z to ! s5se 9 :i* we c speak ( a k ( ! ?+ 9 itself & ( its necess>y limitation4 ,:at is k8 ,x is prim>ily & ess5tially idea4 ,:at is idea8 ,a v complicat$ physiological process 9 ! bra9 ( an animal1 ! result ( :i* is ! consci\sness ( a picture !re4 ,cle>ly ! relation betwe5 su* a picture & some?+ entirely diff]5t f ! animal 9 ^: bra9 x exi/s c only be a v indirect "o4 ,?is is p]haps ! simple/ & mo/ compreh5sible way ( disclos+ ! deep gulf betwe5 ! ideal & ! real4 ,?is belongs to ! ?+s ( :i*1 l ! motion ( ! e>?1 we are n directly consci\s2 !re=e ! anci5ts did n obs]ve x1 j z !y did n obs]ve ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,once po9t$ out1 on ! o!r h&1 fir/ by ,desc>tes1 x has ev] s9ce giv5 philosoph]s no re/4 ,b aft] ,kant _h at la/ prov$ 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann] ! complete div]sity ( ! ideal & ! real1 x 0 an attempt1 z bold z x 0 absurd1 yet p]fectly correctly calculat$ ) ref]5ce to ! philosophical public 9 ,g]many1 & consequ5tly cr[n$ ) brilliant results1 to try to ass]t ! absolute id5tity ( ! two by dogmatic utt]ances1 on ! /r5g? ( a pret5d$ intellectual intuition4 ,9 tru?1 on ! contr>y1 a subjective & an objective exi/5ce1 a be+ = self & a be+ = o!rs1 a consci\sness ( "o's own self1 & a consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 is giv5 u directly1 & ! two are giv5 9 su* a fundam5tally diff]5t mann] t no o!r diff]5ce c comp>e ) ?is4 ,ab\t himself e "o kn[s directly1 ab\t all o!rs only v indirectly4 ,?is is ! fact & ! problem4 ,:e!r1 on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh fur!r processes 9 ! int]ior ( a bra91 g5]al conceptions 7,univ]salia7 are ab/ract$ f ! p]ceptible ideas or images t h aris5 )9 x1 = ! assi/ance ( fur!r comb9ations1 :]eby k becomes rational1 & is n[ call$ ?9k+--?is is "h no long] ! ess5tial "q1 b is ( subord9ate significance4 ,= all su* conceptions receive _! cont5t only f ! p]ceptible idea1 :i* is !re=e prim>y k1 & has consequ5tly alone to be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 an inve/igation ( ! relation betwe5 ! ideal & ! real4 ,x !re=e %[s entire ignorance ( ! problem1 or at lea/ x is v inept1 to wi% to def9e t relation z t betwe5 be+ & ?9k+4 ,?9k+ has prim>ily only a relation to p]ceiv+1 b p]ception has a relation to ! real be+ ( :at is p]ceiv$1 & ?is la/ is ! great problem ) :i* we are "h conc]n$4 ,empirical be+1 on ! o!r h&1 z x lies be=e u1 is no?+ else ?an simply be+ giv5 9 p]ception2 b ! relation ( ! latt] to ?9k+ is no riddle1 = ! conceptions1 ?us ! imm$iate mat]ials ( ?\ght1 are obvi\sly ab/ract$ f p]ception1 :i* no reasonable man c d\bt4 ,x may be said 9 pass+ t "o c see h[ important ! *oice ( expressions 9 philosophy is f ! fact t t inept expression condemn$ above1 & ! misund]/&+ :i* arose f x1 became ! f\ndation ( ! :ole ,hegelian pseudo-philosophy1 :i* has occupi$ ! ,g]man public = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be said3 8,! p]ception is itself ! k ( ! ?+ 9 itself3 = x is ! effect ( t :i* is outside ( u1 & z ?is acts1 s x is3 its action is j its be+20 to ?is we reply3 7#a47 t ! law ( causality1 z has be5 suffici5tly prov$1 is ( subjective orig91 z well z ! s5sation f :i* ! p]ception arises2 7#b47 t at any rate "t & space1 9 :i* ! object pres5ts itself1 are ( subjective orig92 7#c47 t if ! be+ ( ! object consi/s simply 9 its action1 ?is means t x consi/s m]ely 9 ! *anges :i* x br+s ab\t 9 o!rs2 !re=e itself & 9 itself x is no?+ at all4 ,only ( matt] is x true1 z ,i h said 9 ! text1 & work$ out 9 ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 at ! end ( #ba1 t its be+ consi/s 9 its action1 t x is ?r\gh & ?r\gh only causality1 ?us is itself causality objectively reg>d$2 h5ce1 h[ev]1 x is also no?+ 9 itself 7 1 mat]ia m5dacium v]ax71 b z an +r$i5t 9 ! p]ceiv$ object1 is a m]e ab/raction1 :i* = itself alone c be giv5 9 no exp]i5ce4 ,x w be fully consid]$ lat] on 9 a *apt] ( its own4 ,b ! p]ceiv$ object mu/ be some?+ 9 itself1 & n m]ely some?+ = o!rs4 ,= o!rwise x w\ld be altoge!r m]ely idea1 & we w\ld h an absolute idealism1 :i* w\ld ultimately become !oretical egoism1 ) :i* all reality disappe>s & ! _w becomes a m]e subjective phantasm4 ,if1 h[ev]1 )\t fur!r "q1 we /op altoge!r at ! _w z idea1 !n c]ta9ly x is all "o :e!r ,i expla9 objects z ideas 9 my head or z ph5om5a exhibit+ !mselves 9 "t & space2 = "t & space !mselves exi/ only 9 my head4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 an id5tity ( ! ideal & ! real might always be affirm$2 only1 aft] ,kant1 ?is w\ld n be say+ any?+ new4 ,besides ?is1 h[ev]1 ! nature ( ?+s & ( ! ph5om5al _w w\ld cle>ly n be !reby exhau/$2 b ) x we w\ld always rema9 /ill ^u ! ideal side4 ,! real side mu/ be some?+ toto g5]e diff]5t f ! _w z idea1 x mu/ be t :i* ?+s are 9 !mselves2 & x is ?is entire div]sity betwe5 ! ideal & ! real :i* ,kant has prov$ 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]4 ,locke _h d5i$ to ! s5ses ! k ( ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves2 b ,kant d5i$ ?is also to ! p]ceiv+ und]/&+1 "u :i* "n ,i "h compreh5d :at he calls ! pure s5sibility1 &1 z x is giv5 a priori1 ! law ( causality :i* br+s ab\t ! empirical p]ception4 ,n only are bo? "r1 b we c also see q directly t a contradiction lies 9 ! ass]tion t a ?+ is kn[n z x is 9 & = itself1 i4e41 outside ( k4 ,= all kn[+ is1 z we h said1 ess5tially a p]ceiv+ ( ideas2 b my p]ception ( ideas1 j because x is m9e1 c nev] be id5tical ) ! inn] nature ( ! ?+ outside ( me4 ,! be+ 9 & = itself1 ( ev]y?+1 mu/ necess>ily be subjective2 9 ! idea ( ano!r1 h[ev]1 x exi/s j z necess>ily z objective--a diff]5ce :i* c nev] be fully reconcil$4 ,= by x ! :ole nature ( its exi/5ce is fundam5tally *ang$2 z objective x presupposes a =eign subject1 z ^: idea x exi/s1 &1 moreov]1 z ,kant has %[n1 has ent]$ =ms :i* are =eign to its own nature1 j because !y belong to t =eign subject1 ^: k is only possible by means ( !m4 ,if ,i1 absorb$ 9 ?is reflection1 p]ceive1 let u say lifeless bodies1 ( easily survey$ magnitude & regul>1 compreh5sible =m1 & n[ attempt to conceive ?is spatial exi/5ce1 9 its ?ree dim5sions1 z _! be+ 9 itself1 consequ5tly z ! exi/5ce :i* to ! ?+s is subjective1 ! impossibility ( ! ?+ is at once app>5t to me1 = ,i c nev] ?9k ^? objective =ms z ! be+ :i* to ! ?+s is subjective1 r ,i become directly consci\s t :at ,i !re p]ceive is only a picture produc$ 9 my bra91 & exi/+ only = me z ! kn[+ subject1 :i* _c con/itute ! ultimate1 & !re=e subjective1 be+ 9 & = itself ( ev5 ^! lifeless bodies4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i mu/ n assume t ev5 ^! lifeless bodies exi/ only 9 my idea1 b1 s9ce !y h inscrutable qualities1 &1 by virtue ( ^!1 activity1 ,i mu/ conc$e to !m a be+ 9 itself ( "s k9d4 ,b ?is v inscrutabl5ess ( ! prop]ties1 :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x c]ta9ly po9ts to some?+ :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( our k1 gives also1 on ! o!r h&1 ! empirical pro( t our k1 because x consi/s simply 9 fram+ ideas by means ( subjective =ms1 af=ds u always m]e ph5om5a1 n ! true be+ ( ?+s4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! fact t 9 all t we "k !re rema9s hidd5 f u a c]ta9 some?+1 z q inscrutable1 & we are oblig$ to confess t we _c ?or\ghly und]/& ev5 ! commone/ & simple/ ph5om5a4 ,= x is n m]ely ! highe/ productions ( nature1 liv+ creatures1 or ! complicat$ ph5om5a ( ! unorganis$ _w t rema9 inscrutable to u1 b ev5 e rock-cry/al1 e iron-pyrite1 by reason ( its cry/allographical1 optical1 *emical1 & electrical prop]ties1 is to ! se>*+ consid]ation & inve/igation an abyss ( incompreh5sibilities & my/]ies4 ,?is c\ld n be ! case if we knew ?+s z !y are 9 !mselves2 = !n at lea/ ! simpl] ph5om5a1 ! pa? to ^: qualities 0 n b>r$ = u by ignorance1 w\ld necess>ily be ?or\ghly compreh5sible to u1 & _! :ole be+ & nature w\ld be able to pass ov] into our k4 ,?us x lies n 9 ! defectiv5ess ( our acqua9tance ) ?+s1 b 9 ! nature ( k itself4 ,= if our p]ception1 & consequ5tly ! :ole empirical compreh5sion ( ! ?+s t pres5t !mselves to u1 is already ess5tially & 9 ! ma9 det]m9$ by our faculty ( k1 & condition$ by its =ms & functions1 x _c b be t ?+s exhibit !mselves 9 a mann] :i* is q diff]5t f _! own inn] nature1 & !re=e appe> z 9 a mask1 :i* all[s u m]ely to assume :at is conceal$ b5ea? x1 b nev] to "k x2 h5ce1 !n1 x gleams ?r\gh z an inscrutable my/]y1 & nev] c ! nature ( any?+ entire & )\t res]ve pass ov] into k2 b mu* less c any real ?+ be con/ru$ a priori1 l a ma!matical problem4 ,?us ! empirical inscrutabl5ess ( all natural ?+s is a pro( a po/]iori ( ! ideality & m]ely ph5om5al-actuality ( _! empirical exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to all ?is1 ^u ! pa? ( objective k1 h5ce />t+ f ! idea1 "o w nev] get beyond ! idea1 i4e41 ! ph5om5on4 ,"o w ?us rema9 at ! outside ( ?+s1 & w nev] be able to p5etrate to _! inn] nature & inve/igate :at !y are 9 !mselves1 i4e41 = !mselves4 ,s f> ,i agree ) ,kant4 ,b1 z ! c\nt]p>t ( ?is tru?1 ,i h giv5 prom95ce to ?is o!r tru?1 t we are n m]ely ! kn[+ subject1 b1 9 ano!r aspect1 we ourselves also belong to ! inn] nature t is to be kn[n1 we ourselves are ! ?+ 9 itself2 t !re=e a way f )9 /&s op5 = u to t inn] nature belong+ to ?+s !mselves1 to :i* we _c p5etrate f )\t1 z x 7 a subt]ranean passage1 a secret alliance1 :i*1 z if by trea*]y1 places u at once )9 ! =tress :i* x 0 impossible to take by assault f )\t4 ,! ?+ 9 itself c1 z su*1 only come into consci\sness q directly1 9 ?is way1 t x is itself consci\s ( itself3 to wi% to "k x objectively is to desire some?+ contradictory4 ,ev]y?+ objective is idea1 !re=e appe>ance1 m]e ph5om5on ( ! bra94 ,kant's *ief result may 9 sub/ance be ?us concisely /at$3 8,all conceptions :i* h n at _! f\ndation a p]ception 9 space & "t 7s5su\s intuition71 t is to say !n1 :i* h n be5 drawn f su* a p]ception1 are absolutely empty1 i4e41 give no k4 ,b s9ce n[ p]ception c af=d u only ph5om5a1 n ?+s 9 !mselves1 we h also absolutely no k ( ?+s 9 !mselves40 ,i grant ?is ( ev]y?+1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! k :i* ea* ( u has ( 8 own will+3 ?is is nei!r a p]ception 7= all p]ception is spatial7 nor is x empty2 r x is m real ?an any o!r4 ,fur!r1 x is n a priori1 l m]ely =mal k1 b entirely a po/]iori2 h5ce also we _c anticipate x 9 ! p>ticul> case1 b are h]eby (t5 convict$ ( error conc]n+ ourselves4 ,9 fact1 our will+ is ! "o opportunity :i* we h ( und]/&+ f )9 any ev5t :i* exhibits itself )\t1 consequ5tly ! "o ?+ :i* is kn[n to u imm$iately1 & n1 l all ! re/1 m]ely giv5 9 ! idea4 ,"h1 !n1 lies ! datum :i* alone is able to become ! key to ev]y?+ else1 or1 z ,i h said1 ! s+le n>r[ door to ! tru?4 ,accord+ly we mu/ le>n to und]/& nature f ourselves1 n conv]sely ourselves f nature4 ,:at is kn[n to u imm$iately mu/ give u ! explanation ( :at we only "k indirectly1 n conv]sely4 ,d we p]haps und]/& ! roll+ ( a ball :5 x has receiv$ an impulse m ?or\ghly ?an our movem5t :5 we feel a motive8 ,_m may imag9e s1 b ,i say x is ! rev]se4 ,yet we %all atta9 to ! k t :at is ess5tial 9 bo? ! occurr5ces j m5tion$ is id5tical2 al?\gh id5tical 9 ! same way z ! l[e/ audible note ( h>mony is ! same z ! note ( ! same "n t5 octaves high]4 ,mean:ile x %\ld be c>efully obs]v$1 & ,i h always kept x 9 m9d1 t ev5 ! inw>d exp]i5ce :i* we h ( our own w by no means af=ds u an exhau/ive & adequate k ( ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,?is w\ld be ! case if x 7 entirely an imm$iate exp]i5ce2 b x is effect$ 9 ?is way3 ! w1 ) & by means ( ! corporisation1 provides itself also ) an intellect 7= ! sake ( its relations to ! ext]nal _w71 & ?r\gh ?is n[ kn[s itself z w 9 self-consci\sness 7! necess>y c\nt]p>t ( ! ext]nal _w72 ?is k !re=e ( ! ?+ 9 itself is n fully adequate4 ,fir/ ( all1 x is b\nd to ! =m ( ! idea1 x is appreh5sion1 & z su* falls asund] into subject & object4 ,= ev5 9 self-consci\sness ! ,i is n absolutely simple1 b consi/s ( a kn[]1 ! intellect1 & a kn[n1 ! w4 ,! =m] is n kn[n1 & ! latt] does n "k1 ?\gh bo? unite 9 ! consci\sness ( an ,i4 ,b j on ?is acc\nt t ,i is n ?or\ghly intimate ) itself1 z x 7 transp>5t1 b is opaque1 & !re=e rema9s a riddle to itself1 ?us ev5 9 inn] k !re also exi/s a diff]5ce betwe5 ! true be+ ( its object & ! appreh5sion ( x 9 ! kn[+ subject4 ,yet inn] k is free f two =ms :i* belong to out] k1 ! =m ( space & ! =m ( causality1 :i* is ! means ( effect+ all s5se-p]ception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re /ill rema9s ! =m ( "t1 & t ( be+ kn[n & kn[+ 9 g5]al4 ,accord+ly 9 ?is inn] k ! ?+ 9 itself has inde$ 9 great measure ?r[n (f its veil1 b /ill does n yet appe> q nak$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! =m ( "t :i* /ill adh]es to x1 e "o kn[s 8 w only 9 its successive acts1 & n z a :ole1 9 & = itself3 !re=e no "o kn[s 8 "* a priori1 b only le>ns x ?r\gh exp]i5ce & always incompletely4 ,b yet ! appreh5sion1 9 :i* we "k ! affections & acts ( our own w1 is f> m imm$iate ?an any o!r4 ,x is ! po9t at :i* ! ?+ 9 itself mo/ directly ent]s ! ph5om5on & is mo/ closely exam9$ by ! kn[+ subject2 !re=e ! ev5t ?us intimately kn[n is alone fitt$ to become ! int]pret] ( all o!rs4 ,= 9 e em]g5ce ( an act ( w f ! obscure dep?s ( our inn] be+ into ! kn[+ consci\sness a direct transition occurs ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* lies outside "t1 into ! ph5om5al _w4 ,accord+ly ! act ( w is inde$ only ! close/ & mo/ di/9ct manife/ation ( ! ?+ 9 itself2 yet x foll[s f ?is t if all o!r manife/ations or ph5om5a c\ld be kn[n by u z directly & inw>dly1 we w\ld be oblig$ to ass]t !m to be t :i* ! w is 9 u4 ,?us 9 ?is s5se ,i tea* t ! inn] nature ( ev]y?+ is w1 & ,i call w ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,kant's doctr9e ( ! unkn[abl5ess ( ! ?+ 9 itself is h]eby modifi$ to ?is ext5t1 t ! ?+ 9 itself is only n absolutely & f ! v f\ndation kn[able1 t yet by f> ! mo/ imm$iate ( its ph5om5a1 :i* by ?is imm$iat5ess is toto g5]e di/+ui%$ f all ! re/1 repres5ts x = u2 & accord+ly we h to ref] ! :ole _w ( ph5om5a to t "o 9 :i* ! ?+ 9 itself appe>s 9 ! v ?9ne/ ( veils1 & only /ill rema9s ph5om5on 9 s f> z my intellect1 :i* alone is capable ( k1 rema9s ev] di/+ui%$ f me z ! will+ subject1 & moreov] does n ev5 9 inn] p]fection put (f ! =m ( k ( "t4 ,accord+ly1 ev5 aft] ?is la/ & fur!/ /ep1 ! "q may /ill be rais$1 :at t w1 :i* exhibits itself 9 ! _w & z ! _w1 ultimately & absolutely is 9 itself8 i4e41 :at x is1 reg>d$ altoge!r ap>t f ! fact t x exhibits itself z w1 or 9 g5]al appe>s1 i4e41 9 g5]al is kn[n4 ,?is "q c nev] be answ]$3 because1 z we h said1 becom+ kn[n is itself ! contradictory ( be+ 9 itself1 & ev]y?+ t is kn[n is z su* only ph5om5al4 ,b ! possibility ( ?is "q %[s t ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* we "k mo/ directly 9 ! w1 may h1 entirely outside all possible ph5om5al appe>ance1 ways ( exi/+1 det]m9ations1 qualities1 :i* are absolutely unkn[able & incompreh5sible to u1 & :i* rema9 z ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 :51 z is expla9$ 9 ! f\r? book1 x has volunt>ily abrogat$ itself z w1 & has !re=e retir$ altoge!r f ! ph5om5on1 & = our k1 i4e41 z reg>ds ! _w ( ph5om5a1 has pass$ into empty no?+ness4 ,if ! w 7 simply & absolutely ! ?+ 9 itself ?is no?+ w\ld also be absolute1 in/ead ( :i* x expressly pres5ts itself to u !re z only relative4 ,i n[ proce$ to supplem5t ) a few consid]ations p]t95t to ! subject ! exposition giv5 bo? 9 our second book & 9 ! "w 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 ( ! doctr9e t :at makes itself kn[n to u 9 ! mo/ imm$iate k z w is also t :i* objectifies itself at diff]5t grades 9 all ! ph5om5a ( ?is _w2 & ,i %all beg9 by cit+ a numb] ( psy*ological facts :i* prove t fir/ ( all 9 our own consci\sness ! w always appe>s z prim>y & fundam5tal1 & ?r\gh\t ass]ts its sup]iority to ! intellect1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 always pres5ts itself z second>y1 subord9ate1 & condition$4 ,?is pro( is ! m necess>y z all philosoph]s be=e me1 f ! fir/ to ! la/1 place ! true be+ or ! k]nel ( man 9 ! kn[+ consci\sness1 & accord+ly h conceiv$ & expla9$ ! ,i1 or1 9 ! case ( _m ( !m1 its transc5d5tal hypo/asis call$ s\l1 z prim>ily & ess5tially kn[+1 nay1 ?9k+1 & only 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 second>ily & d]ivatively1 z will+4 ,?is anci5t & univ]sal radical error1 ?is enorm\s & fundam5tal 1 mu/ be=e ev]y?+ be set aside1 & in/ead ( x ! true /ate ( ! case mu/ be br\ght to p]fectly di/9ct consci\sness4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is is done "h = ! fir/ "t1 aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( philosophis+1 "s fulness ( /atem5t w be appropriate4 ,! rem>kable ph5om5on1 t 9 ?is mo/ ess5tial po9t all philosoph]s h err$1 nay1 h exactly rev]s$ ! tru?1 might1 especially 9 ! case ( ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 be p>tly explicable f ! fact t !y all _h ! int5tion ( pres5t+ man z di/+ui%$ z widely z possible f ! brutes1 yet at ! same "t obscurely felt t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m lies 9 ! intellect1 n 9 ! w2 :5ce !re arose unconsci\sly )9 !m an incl9ation to make ! intellect ! ess5tial & pr9cipal ?+1 & ev5 to expla9 volition z a m]e function ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce also ! conception ( a s\l is n only inadmissible1 because x is a transc5d5t hypo/asis1 z is prov$ by ! 8,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 b x becomes ! s\rce ( irrem$iable errors1 because 9 its 8simple sub/ance0 x e/abli%es be=eh& an indivisible unity ( k & w1 ! sep>ation ( :i* is j ! pa? to ! tru?4 ,t conception mu/ !re=e appe> no m 9 philosophy1 b may be left to ,g]man doctors & physiologi/s1 :o1 aft] !y h laid aside scalpel & spattle1 amuse !mselves by philosophis+ ) ! conceptions !y receiv$ :5 !y 7 confirm$4 ,!y might c]ta9ly try _! luck 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,fr5* physiologi/s & zootomi/s h 7till lately7 kept !mselves free f t reproa*4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( _! common fundam5tal error1 :i* is v inconv5i5t to all ^! philosoph]s1 is ?is3 s9ce 9 dea? ! kn[+ consci\sness obvi\sly p]i%es1 !y mu/ ei!r all[ dea? to be ! annihilation ( ! man1 to :i* our inn] be+ is oppos$1 or !y mu/ h rec\rse to ! assumption ( a cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! kn[+ consci\sness1 :i* requires a /rong fai?1 = 8 own exp]i5ce has suffici5tly prov$ to e "o ! ?or\gh & complete dep5d5ce ( ! kn[+ consci\sness ^u ! bra91 & "o c j z easily believe 9 dige/ion )\t a /oma* z 9 a kn[+ consci\sness )\t a bra94 ,my philosophy alone leads out ( ?is dilemma1 = x = ! fir/ "t places ! true be+ ( man n 9 ! consci\sness b 9 ! w1 :i* is n ess5tially b\nd up ) consci\sness1 b is relat$ to consci\sness1 i4e41 to k1 z sub/ance to accid5t1 z some?+ illum9at$ to ! light1 z ! /r+ to ! res\nd+-bo>d1 & :i* ent]s consci\sness f )9 z ! corporeal _w does f )\t4 ,n[ we c compreh5d ! inde/ructibl5ess ( ?is our real k]nel & true be+1 9 spite ( ! evid5t ceas+ ( consci\sness 9 dea?1 & ! correspond+ non-exi/5ce ( x be=e bir?4 ,= ! intellect is z p]i%able z ! bra91 ^: product or r ^: action x is4 ,b ! bra91 l ! :ole organism1 is ! product or ph5om5on1 9 %ort1 ! subord9ate ( ! w1 :i* alone is imp]i%able4 ,*apt] ,,xix47#cj7 ,on ,! ,primacy ,( ,! ,w ,9 ,self-,consci\sness4 ,! w1 z ! ?+ 9 itself1 con/itutes ! inn]1 true1 & inde/ructible nature ( man2 9 itself1 h[ev]1 x is unconsci\s4 ,= consci\sness is condition$ by ! intellect1 & ! intellect is a m]e accid5t ( our be+2 = x is a function ( ! bra91 :i*1 toge!r ) ! n]ves & sp9al cord connect$ ) x1 is a m]e fruit1 a product1 nay1 s f>1 a p>asite ( ! re/ ( ! organism2 = x does n directly ent] into its inn] con/itution1 b m]ely s]ves ! end ( self-pres]vation by regulat+ ! relations ( ! organism to ! ext]nal _w4 ,! organism itself1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! visibility1 ! objectivity1 ( ! individual w1 ! image ( x z x pres5ts itself 9 t v bra9 7:i* 9 ! fir/ book we le>n$ to recognise z ! condition ( ! objective _w 9 g5]al71 !re=e also br\ght ab\t by its =ms ( k1 space1 "t1 & causality1 & consequ5tly pres5t+ itself z ext5d$1 successively act+1 & mat]ial1 i4e41 z some?+ op]ative or effici5t4 ,! memb]s are bo? directly felt & also p]ceiv$ by means ( ! s5ses only 9 ! bra94 ,accord+ to ?is "o may say3 ,! intellect is ! second>y ph5om5on2 ! organism ! prim>y ph5om5on1 t is1 ! imm$iate manife/ation ( ! w2 ! w is metaphysical1 ! intellect physical2--! intellect1 l its objects1 is m]ely ph5om5al appe>ance2 ! w alone is ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,!n1 9 a m & m figurative s5se1 ?us by way ( simile3 ,! w is ! sub/ance ( man1 ! intellect ! accid5t2 ! w is ! matt]1 ! intellect is ! =m2 ! w is w>m?1 ! intellect is light4 ,we %all n[ fir/ ( all v]ify & also elucidate ?is !sis by ! foll[+ facts connect$ ) ! inn] life ( man2 & on ?is opportunity p]haps m w be done = ! k ( ! inn] man ?an is to be f\nd 9 _m sy/ematic psy*ologies4 #a4 ,n only ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 i4e41 ! appreh5sion ( ! ext]nal _w1 b also self-consci\sness1 conta9s1 z 0 m5tion$ already above1 a kn[] & a kn[n2 o!rwise x w\ld n be consci\sness4 ,= consci\sness consi/s 9 kn[+2 b kn[+ requires a kn[] & a kn[n2 !re=e !re c\ld be no self-consci\sness if !re 7 n 9 x also a kn[n oppos$ to ! kn[] & diff]5t f x4 ,z !re c be no object )\t a subject1 s also !re c be no subject )\t an object1 i4e41 no kn[] )\t some?+ diff]5t f x :i* is kn[n4 ,!re=e a consci\sness :i* is ?r\gh & ?r\gh pure intellig5ce is impossible4 ,! intellig5ce is l ! sun1 :i* does n illum9ate space if !re is no object f :i* its rays are reflect$4 ,! kn[] himself1 z su*1 _c be kn[n2 o!rwise he w\ld be ! kn[n ( ano!r kn[]4 ,b n[1 z ! kn[n 9 self-consci\sness we f9d exclusively ! w4 ,= n m]ely will+ & purpos+ 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 b also all /riv+1 wi%+1 %unn+1 hop+1 fe>+1 lov+1 hat+1 9 %ort1 all t directly con/itutes our own weal & woe1 desire & av]sion1 is cle>ly only affection ( ! w1 is a mov+1 a modification ( will+ & n-will+1 is j t :i*1 if x takes outw>d effect1 exhibits itself z an act ( w prop]47#ca7 ,9 all k1 h[ev]1 ! kn[n is fir/ & ess5tial1 n ! kn[]2 = ! =m] is ! 1 ! latt] ! 4 ,!re=e 9 self-consci\sness also ! kn[n1 ?us ! w1 mu/ be :at is fir/ & orig9al2 ! kn[]1 on ! o!r h&1 only :at is second>y1 t :i* has be5 add$1 ! mirror4 ,!y are relat$ v mu* z ! lum9\s to ! reflect+ body2 or1 aga91 z ! vibrat+ /r+s to ! res\nd+-bo>d1 9 :i* case ! note produc$ w\ld be consci\sness4 ,we may also reg>d ! plant z a l symbol ( consci\sness4 ,x has1 we "k1 two poles1 ! root & ! corona3 ! =m] /ruggl+ into d>kness1 moi/ure1 & cold1 ! latt] into light1 dryness1 & w>m?2 !n1 z ! po9t ( indiff]5ce ( ! two poles1 :]e !y "p asund]1 close to ! gr\nd1 ! collum 7rhizoma1 le collet74 ,! root is :at is ess5tial1 orig9al1 p]5nial1 ! dea? ( :i* involves t ( ! corona1 is ?us ! prim>y2 ! corona1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! o/5sible1 b x has sprung f some?+ else1 & x passes away )\t ! root dy+2 x is ?us second>y4 ,! root repres5ts ! w1 ! corona ! intellect1 & ! po9t ( indiff]5ce ( ! two1 ! collum1 w\ld be ! ,i1 :i*1 z _! common t]m9ation1 belongs to bo?4 ,?is ,i is ! pro tempore id5tical subject ( kn[+ & will+1 ^: id5tity ,i call$ 9 my v fir/ essay 7on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason71 & 9 my fir/ philosophical wond]1 ! miracle 4 ,x is ! temporal />t+-po9t & connect+-l9k ( ! :ole ph5om5on1 i4e41 ( ! objectification ( ! w3 x conditions inde$ ! ph5om5on1 b is also condition$ by x4 ,?is comp>ison may ev5 be c>ri$ to ! individual nature ( m54 ,z a l>ge corona commonly spr+s only f a l>ge root1 s ! greate/ intellectual capabilities are only f\nd 9 connection ) a vehem5t & passionate w4 ,a g5ius ( a phlegmatic "* & weak passions w\ld resemble ^? succul5t plants t1 ) a consid]able corona consi/+ ( ?ick leaves1 h v small roots2 w n1 h[ev]1 be f\nd4 ,t vehem5ce ( w & passionat5ess ( "* are conditions ( height5$ intellig5ce exhibits itself physiologically ?r\gh ! fact t ! activity ( ! bra9 is condition$ by ! movem5t :i* ! great art]ies runn+ t[>ds ! basis c]ebri imp>t to x ) ea* pulsation2 !re=e an en]getic pulse1 & ev51 accord+ to ,bi*at1 a %ort neck1 is a requisite ( great activity ( ! bra94 ,b ! opposite ( ! above c]ta9ly occurs3 vehem5t desires1 passionate1 viol5t "*1 along ) weak intellect1 i4e41 a small bra9 ( bad con=mation 9 a ?ick skull4 ,?is is a ph5om5on z common z x is repulsive3 we might p]haps comp>e x to beetroot4 #b4 ,b 9 ord] n m]ely to describe consci\sness figuratively1 b to "k x ?or\ghly1 we h fir/ ( all to f9d out :at appe>s 9 ! same way 9 e consci\sness1 & !re=e1 z ! common & con/ant elem5t1 w also be ! ess5tial4 ,!n we %all consid] :at di/+ui%es "o consci\sness f ano!r1 :i* accord+ly w be ! adv5titi\s & second>y elem5t4 ,consci\sness is positively only kn[n to u z a prop]ty ( animal nature2 !re=e we mu/ n1 & inde$ _c1 ?9k ( x o!rwise ?an z animal consci\sness1 s t ?is expression is tautological4 ,n[1 t :i* 9 e animal consci\sness1 ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect & ! weake/1 is always pres5t1 nay1 lies at its f\ndation1 is an imm$iate s5se ( long+1 & ( ! alt]nate satisfaction & non-satisfaction ( x1 9 v diff]5t degrees4 ,?is we "k to a c]ta9 ext5t a priori4 ,= m>vell\sly diff]5t z ! innum]able species ( animals are1 & /range z "s new =m1 nev] se5 be=e1 appe>s to u1 we yet assume be=eh& its inmo/ nature1 ) p]fect c]ta9ty1 z well kn[n1 & inde$ fully confid$ to u4 ,we "k t ! animal wills1 inde$ also :at x wills1 exi/5ce1 well-be+1 life1 & propagation2 & s9ce 9 ?is we presuppose ) p]fect c]ta9ty id5tity ) u1 we d n hesitate to attribute to x un*ang$ all ! affections ( w :i* we "k 9 ourselves1 & speak at once ( its desire1 av]sion1 fe>1 ang]1 hatr$1 love1 joy1 sorr[1 long+1 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] ph5om5a ( m]e k come to be spok5 ( we fall at once into unc]ta9ty4 ,we d n v5ture to say t ! animal conceives1 ?9ks1 judges1 kn[s3 we only attribute to x ) c]ta9ty ideas 9 g5]al2 because )\t !m its w c\ld n h ^? emotions ref]r$ to above4 ,b ) reg>d to ! def9ite mann] ( kn[+ ( ! brutes & ! precise limits ( x 9 a giv5 species1 we h only indef9ite conceptions1 & make conjectures4 ,h5ce our und]/&+ ) !m is also (t5 difficult1 & is only br\ght ab\t by skill1 9 consequ5ce ( exp]i5ce & practice4 ,"h !n lie di/9ctions ( consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a long+1 desir+1 wi%+1 or a dete/+1 %unn+1 & n wi%+1 is prop] to e consci\sness3 man has x 9 common ) ! polyp4 ,?is is accord+ly ! ess5tial elem5t 9 & ! basis ( e consci\sness4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! manife/ations ( ?is 9 ! diff]5t species ( animal be+s dep5ds ^u ! v>i\s ext5sion ( _! sph]e ( k1 9 :i* ! motives ( ^? manife/ations lie4 ,we und]/& directly f our own nature all actions & behavi\r ( ! brutes :i* express movem5ts ( ! w2 !re=e1 s f>1 we sympa?ise ) !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gulf betwe5 u & !m results simply & solely f ! diff]5ce ( intellect4 ,! gulf :i* lies betwe5 a v sagaci\s brute & a man ( v limit$ capacity is p]haps n mu* great] ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 a blockhead & a man ( g5ius2 !re=e "h also ! resemblance betwe5 !m 9 ano!r aspect1 :i* spr+s f ! lik5ess ( _! incl9ations & emotions1 & assimilates !m aga9 to ea* o!r1 sometimes appe>s ) surpris+ prom95ce1 & excites a/oni%m5t4 ,?is consid]ation makes x cle> t 9 all animal natures ! w is :at is prim>y & sub/antial1 ! intellect aga9 is second>y1 adv5titi\s1 inde$ a m]e tool = ! s]vice ( ! =m]1 & is m or less complete & complicat$1 accord+ to ! dem&s ( ?is s]vice4 ,z a species ( animals is furni%$ ) ho(s1 claws1 h&s1 w+s1 horns1 or tee? accord+ to ! aims ( its w1 s also is x furni%$ ) a m or less develop$ bra91 ^: function is ! intellig5ce necess>y = its endurance4 ,! m complicat$ ! organisation becomes1 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( animals1 ! m num]\s also are its wants1 & ! m v>i$ & specially det]m9$ ! objects :i* are capable ( satisfy+ !m2 h5ce ! m complicat$ & di/ant ! pa?s by :i* ^! are to be obta9$1 :i* mu/ n[ be all kn[n & f\nd3 !re=e 9 ! same proportion ! ideas ( ! animal mu/ be m v]satile1 accurate1 def9ite1 & connect$1 & also its att5tion mu/ be m highly /rung1 m su/a9$1 & m easily r\s$1 consequ5tly its intellect mu/ be m develop$ & p]fect4 ,accord+ly we see ! organ ( intellig5ce1 ! c]ebral sy/em1 toge!r ) all ! organs ( s5se1 keep pace ) ! increas+ wants & ! complication ( ! organism2 & ! increase ( ! "p ( consci\sness t has to d ) ideas 7z oppos$ to ! will+ "p7 exhibits itself 9 a bodily =m 9 ! ev]-increas+ proportion ( ! bra9 9 g5]al to ! re/ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ( ! c]ebrum to ! c]ebellum2 = 7accord+ to ,fl\r5s7 ! =m] is ! work%op ( ideas1 :ile ! latt] is ! dispos] & ord]] ( movem5ts4 ,! la/ /ep :i* nature has tak5 9 ?is respect is1 h[ev]1 disproportionately great4 ,= 9 man n only does ! faculty ( ideas ( p]ception1 :i* alone exi/$ hi!rto1 rea* ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 b ! ab/ract idea1 ?\ght1 i4e41 reason1 & ) x reflection1 is add$4 ,?r\gh ?is important advance ( ! intellect1 ?us ( ! second>y "p ( consci\sness1 x n[ ga9s a prepond]ance ov] ! prim>y "p1 9 s f> z x becomes h5ce=w>d ! pr$om9antly active "p4 ,:ile 9 ! brute ! imm$iate s5se ( its satisfi$ or unsatisfi$ desire con/itutes by f> ! mo/ important "p ( its consci\sness1 & ! m s inde$ ! l[] ! grade ( ! animal1 s t ! l[e/ animals are only di/+ui%$ f plants by ! addition ( a dull idea1 9 man ! opposite is ! case4 ,vehem5t z are 8 desires1 ev5 m vehem5t ?an ^? ( any brute1 ris+ to ! level ( passions1 yet 8 consci\sness rema9s cont9u\sly & pr$om9antly occupi$ & fill$ ) ideas & ?\ghts4 ,)\t d\bt ?is has be5 ! pr9cipal occasion ( t fundam5tal error ( all philosoph]s on acc\nt ( :i* !y make ?\ght t :i* is ess5tial & prim>y 9 ! s-call$ s\l1 i4e41 9 ! inn] or spiritual life ( man1 always plac+ x fir/1 b w1 z a m]e product ( ?\ght1 !y reg>d z only a subord9ate addition & consequ5ce ( x4 ,b if will+ m]ely proce$$ f kn[+1 h[ c\ld ! brutes1 ev5 ! l[] grades ( !m1 ) s v little k1 (t5 %[ su* an unconqu]able & vehem5t w8 ,accord+ly1 s9ce t fundam5tal error ( ! philosoph]s makes1 z x 71 ! accid5t ! sub/ance1 x leads !m into mi/ak5 pa?s1 :i* !re is aft]w>ds no way ( gett+ out (4 ,n[ ?is relative pr$om9ance ( ! kn[+ consci\sness ov] ! desir+1 consequ5tly ( ! second>y "p ov] ! prim>y1 :i* appe>s 9 man1 may1 9 p>ticul> exceptionally fav\r$ individuals1 g s f> t at ! mom5ts ( its highe/ asc5dancy1 ! second>y or kn[+ "p ( consci\sness deta*es itself altoge!r f ! will+ "p1 & passes into free activity = itself1 i4e41 unt\*$ by ! w1 & consequ5tly no long] s]v+ x4 ,?us x becomes purely objective1 & ! cle> mirror ( ! _w1 & f x ! conceptions ( g5ius !n arise1 :i* are ! subject ( our ?ird book4 #c4 ,if we run ?r\gh ! s]ies ( grades ( animals d[nw>ds1 we see ! intellect always becom+ weak] & less p]fect1 b we by no means obs]ve a correspond+ degradation ( ! w4 ,r x reta9s ev]y:]e its id5tical nature & %[s itself 9 ! =m ( great atta*m5t to life1 c>e = ! individual & ! species1 egoism & reg>dlessness ( all o!rs1 toge!r ) ! emotions t spr+ f ^!4 ,ev5 9 ! smalle/ insect ! w is pres5t1 complete & entire2 x wills :at x wills z decid$ly & completely z ! man4 ,! diff]5ce lies m]ely 9 :at x wills1 i4e41 9 ! motives1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are ! affair ( ! intellect4 ,x inde$1 z ! second>y "p ( consci\sness1 & b\nd to ! bodily organism1 has innum]able degrees ( complet5ess1 & is 9 g5]al ess5tially limit$ & imp]fect4 ,! w1 on ! contr>y1 z orig9al & ! ?+ 9 itself1 c nev] be imp]fect1 b e act ( w is all t x c be4 ,on acc\nt ( ! simplicity :i* belongs to ! w z ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! metaphysical 9 ! ph5om5on1 its nature admits ( no degrees1 b is always completely itself4 ,only its excitem5t has degrees1 f ! weake/ incl9ation to ! passion1 & also its susceptibility to excitem5t1 ?us its vehem5ce f ! phlegmatic to ! *ol]ic temp]am5t4 ,! intellect1 on ! o!r h&1 has n m]ely degrees ( excitem5t1 f sleep9ess to be+ 9 ! ve91 & inspiration1 b also degrees ( its nature1 ( ! complet5ess ( ?is1 :i* accord+ly rises gradually f ! l[e/ animals1 :i* c only obscurely appreh5d1 up to man1 & "h aga9 f ! fool to ! g5ius4 ,! w alone is ev]y:]e completely itself4 ,= its function is ( ! utmo/ simplicity2 x consi/s 9 will+ & n will+1 :i* goes on ) ! greate/ ease1 )\t ef=t1 & requires no practice4 ,kn[+1 on ! contr>y1 has multif>i\s functions1 & nev] takes place entirely )\t ef=t1 :i* is requir$ to fix ! att5tion & to make cle> ! object1 & at a high] /age is c]ta9ly ne$$ = ?9k+ & delib]ation2 !re=e x is also capable ( great improvem5t ?r\gh ex]cise & education4 ,if ! intellect pres5ts a simple1 p]ceptible object to ! w1 ! latt] expresses at once its approval or disapproval ( x1 & ?is ev5 if ! intellect has labori\sly inquir$ & pond]$1 9 ord] f num]\s data1 by means ( difficult comb9ations1 ultimately to arrive at ! conclusion z to :i* ( ! two seems to be mo/ 9 con=mity ) ! int]e/s ( ! w4 ,! latt] has mean:ile be5 idly re/+1 & :5 ! conclusion is arriv$ at x ent]s1 z ! ,sultan ent]s ! ,divan1 m]ely to express aga9 its monoton\s approval or disapproval1 :i* c]ta9ly may v>y 9 degree1 b 9 its nature rema9s always ! same4 ,?is fundam5tally diff]5t nature ( ! w & ! intellect1 ! ess5tial simplicity & orig9ality ( ! =m]1 9 contra/ to ! complicat$ & second>y "* ( ! latt]1 becomes /ill m cle> to u if we obs]ve _! rem>kable int]action )9 u1 & n[ consid] 9 ! p>ticul> case1 h[ ! images & ?\ghts :i* arise 9 ! intellect move ! w1 & h[ entirely sep>at$ & diff]5t are ! p>ts :i* ! two play4 ,we c inde$ p]ceive ?is ev5 9 actual ev5ts :i* excite ! w 9 a lively mann]1 :ile prim>ily & 9 !mselves !y are m]ely objects ( ! intellect4 ,b1 on ! "o h&1 x is "h n s evid5t t ?is reality prim>ily exi/$ only 9 ! intellect2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! *ange does n g5]ally take place s rapidly z is necess>y if ! ?+ is to be easily survey$1 & !reby become ?or\ghly compreh5sible4 ,bo? ( ^! conditions1 h[ev]1 are fulfill$ if x is m]ely ?\ghts & phantasies :i* we all[ to act on ! w4 ,if1 = example1 alone ) ourselves1 we ?9k ov] our p]sonal circum/ances1 & n[ p]haps vividly pres5t to ourselves ! m5ace ( an actually pres5t dang] & ! possibility ( an un=tunate issue1 anxiety at once compresses ! he>t1 & ! blood ceases to circulate 9 ! ve9s4 ,b if !n ! intellect passes to ! possibility ( an opposite issue1 & lets ! imag9ation picture ! long hop$ = happ9ess !reby atta9$1 all ! pulses quick5 at once ) joy & ! he>t feels light z a fea!r1 till ! intellect awakes f its dream4 ,!reupon1 suppose t an occasion %\ld lead ! memory to an insult or injury once suff]$ long ago1 at once ang] & bitt]ness p\r into ! brea/ t 0 b n[ at peace4 ,b !n arises1 call$ up by accid5t1 ! image ( a long-lo/ love1 ) :i* ! :ole romance & its magic sc5es is connect$2 !n t ang] w at once give place to pr(\nd long+ & sadness4 ,f9ally1 if !re occurs to u "s =m] humiliat+ incid5t1 we %r9k toge!r1 w\ld l to s9k out ( sight1 blu% ) %ame1 & (t5 try =cibly to di/ract & div]t our ?\ghts by "s l\d exclamation1 z if to sc>e "s evil _s4 ,"o sees1 ! intellect plays1 & ! w mu/ dance to x4 ,inde$ ! intellect makes ! w play ! "p ( a *ild :i* is alt]nately ?r[n at pleasure into joyful or sad moods by ! *att] & tales ( its nurse4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! w is itself )\t k1 & ! und]/&+ :i* is giv5 to x is )\t w4 ,!re=e ! =m] is l a body :i* is mov$1 ! latt] l ! causes :i* set x 9 motion1 = x is ! m$ium ( motives4 ,yet 9 all ?is ! primacy ( ! w becomes cle> aga91 if ?is w1 :i*1 z we h %[n1 becomes ! sport ( ! intellect z soon z x all[s ! latt] to control x1 once makes its supremacy 9 ! la/ in/ance felt by prohibit+ ! intellect f ent]ta9+ c]ta9 ideas1 absolutely prev5t+ c]ta9 tra9s ( ?\ght f aris+1 because x kn[s1 i4e41 le>ns f t v intellect1 t !y w\ld awak5 9 x "s "o ( ! emotions set =? above4 ,x n[ bridles ! intellect1 & compels x to turn to o!r ?+s4 ,h>d z ?is (t5 may be1 x mu/ yet be accompli%$ z soon z ! w is 9 e>ne/ ab\t x1 = ! resi/ance 9 ?is case does n proce$ f ! intellect1 :i* always rema9s indiff]5t1 b f ! w itself1 :i* 9 "o respect has an incl9ation t[>ds an idea t 9 ano!r respect x abhors4 ,x is 9 itself int]e/+ to ! w simply because x excites x1 b at ! same "t ab/ract k tells x t ?is idea w aimlessly cause x a %ock ( pa9ful or unwor?y emotion3 x n[ decides 9 con=mity ) ?is ab/ract k1 & compels ! ob$i5ce ( ! intellect4 ,?is is call$ 8be+ ma/] ( oneself40 ,cle>ly ! ma/] "h is ! w1 ! s]vant ! intellect1 = 9 ! la/ in/ance ! w always keeps ! upp] h&1 & !re=e con/itutes ! true core1 ! inn] be+ ( man4 ,9 ?is respect ! title w\ld belong to ! w2 yet x seems1 on ! o!r h&1 to apply to ! intellect1 because x is ! lead] & guide1 l ! valet de place :o conducts a /rang]4 ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ! happie/ figure ( ! relation ( ! two is ! /rong bl9d man :o c>ries on 8 %\ld]s ! lame man :o c see4 ,! relation ( ! w to ! intellect "h expla9$ may also be fur!r recognis$ 9 ! fact t ! intellect is orig9ally entirely a /rang] to ! purposes ( ! w4 ,x supplies ! motives to ! w1 b x only le>ns aft]w>ds1 completely a po/]iori1 h[ !y h affect$ x1 z "o :o makes a *emical exp]im5t applies ! reag5ts & awaits ! result4 ,inde$ ! intellect rema9s s completely exclud$ f ! real decisions & secret purposes ( its own w t sometimes x c only le>n !m l ^? ( a /rang]1 by spy+ ^u !m & surpris+ !m1 & mu/ cat* ! w 9 ! act ( express+ itself 9 ord] to get at its real int5tions4 ,= example1 ,i h conceiv$ a plan1 ab\t :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i h /ill "s scruple1 b ! feasibl5ess ( :i*1 z reg>ds its possibility1 is completely unc]ta91 = x dep5ds ^u ext]nal & /ill undecid$ circum/ances4 ,x w\ld !re=e c]ta9ly be unnecess>y to come to a decision ab\t x at pres5t1 & s = ! "t ,i leave ! matt] z x is4 ,n[ 9 su* a case ,i (t5 d n "k h[ firmly ,i am already atta*$ to t plan 9 secret1 & h[ mu*1 9 spite ( ! scruple1 ,i wi% to c>ry x out3 t is1 my intellect does n "k4 ,b n[ only let me receive news t x is practicable1 at once !re rises )9 me a jubilant1 irresi/ible gladness1 t passes ?r\gh my :ole be+ & takes p]man5t possession ( x1 to my own a/oni%m5t4 ,= n[ my intellect le>ns = ! fir/ "t h[ firmly my w _h laid hold ( t plan1 & h[ ?or\ghly ! plan suit$ x1 :ile ! intellect _h reg>d$ x z entirely problematical1 & _h ) difficulty be5 able to ov]come t scruple4 ,or 9 ano!r case1 ,i h ent]$ eag]ly into a contract :i* ,i believ$ to be v mu* 9 accordance ) my wi%es4 ,b z ! matt] progresses ! disadvantages & burd5s ( x are felt1 & ,i beg9 to suspect t ,i ev5 rep5t ( :at ,i s eag]ly pursu$2 yet ,i rid myself ( ?is feel+ by assur+ myself t ev5 if ,i 7 n b\nd ,i w\ld foll[ ! same c\rse4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! contract is unexpect$ly brok5 by ! o!r side1 & ,i p]ceive ) a/oni%m5t t ?is happ5s to my great satisfaction & relief4 ,(t5 we don't "k :at we wi% or :at we fe>4 ,we may ent]ta9 a wi% = ye>s )\t ev5 confess+ x to ourselves1 or ev5 all[+ x to come to cle> consci\sness2 = ! intellect mu/ "k no?+ ab\t x1 because ! good op9ion :i* we h ( ourselves might !reby suff]4 ,b if x is fulfill$ we le>n f our joy1 n )\t %ame1 t we h wi%$ ?is4 ,= example1 ! dea? ( a ne> relation ^: heir we are4 ,& sometimes we d n "k :at we really fe>1 because we lack ! c\rage to br+ x to di/9ct consci\sness4 ,inde$ we are (t5 9 error z to ! real motive f :i* we h done some?+ or left x undone1 till at la/ p]haps an accid5t discov]s to u ! secret1 & we "k t :at we h held to be ! motive 0 n ! true "o1 b ano!r :i* we _h n wi%$ to confess to ourselves1 because x by no means accord$ ) ! good op9ion we ent]ta9$ ( ourselves4 ,= example1 we refra9 f do+ some?+ on purely moral gr\nds1 z we believe1 b aft]w>ds we discov] t we 7 only re/ra9$ by fe>1 = z soon z all dang] is remov$ we d x4 ,9 p>ticul> cases ?is may g s f> t a man does n ev5 guess ! true motive ( 8 action1 nay1 does n believe himself capable ( be+ influ5c$ by su* a motive2 & yet x is ! true motive ( 8 action4 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+ t 9 all ?is we h a confirmation & explanation ( ! rule ( ,l>o*ef\cauld3 8,l'am\r-propre e/ plus habile que le plus habile homme du monde20 nay1 ev5 a comm5t>y on ! ,delphic & its difficulty4 ,if n[1 on ! contr>y1 z all philosoph]s imag9e1 ! intellect con/itut$ our true nature & ! purposes ( ! w 7 a m]e result ( k1 !n only ! motive f :i* we imag9$ t we act$ w\ld be decisive ( our moral wor?2 9 analogy ) ! fact t ! int5tion1 n ! result1 is 9 ?is respect decisive4 ,b really !n ! di/9ction betwe5 imag9$ & true motive w\ld be impossible4 ,?us all cases "h set =?1 to :i* e "o :o pays att5tion may obs]ve analog\s cases 9 himself1 %[ u h[ ! intellect is s /range to ! w t x is sometimes ev5 my/ifi$ by x3 = x inde$ supplies x ) motives1 b does n p5etrate into ! secret work%op ( its purposes4 ,x is inde$ a confidant ( ! w1 b a confidant t is n told ev]y?+4 ,?is is also fur!r confirm$ by ! fact1 :i* almo/ e "o w "s "t h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ 9 himself1 t sometimes ! intellect does n ?or\ghly tru/ ! w4 ,if we h =m$ "s great & bold purpose1 :i* z su* is yet really only a promise made by ! w to ! intellect1 !re (t5 rema9s )9 u a slight unconfess$ d\bt :e!r we are q 9 e>ne/ ab\t x1 :e!r 9 c>ry+ x out we w n wav] or draw back1 b w h suffici5t firmness & p]si/5cy to fulfil x4 ,x !re=e requires ! de$ to conv9ce u ourselves ( ! s9c]ity ( ! purpose4 ,all ^! facts prove ! absolute diff]5ce ( ! w & ! intellect1 ! primacy ( ! =m] & ! subord9ate position ( ! latt]4 #d4 ,! intellect becomes tir$2 ! w is nev] tir$4 ,aft] su/a9$ "w ) ! head we feel ! tir$ness ( ! bra91 j l t ( ! arm aft] su/a9$ bodily "w4 ,all kn[+ is accompani$ ) ef=t2 will+1 on ! contr>y1 is our v nature1 ^: manife/ations take place )\t any we>9ess & entirely ( _! own accord4 ,!re=e1 if our w is /rongly excit$1 z 9 all emotions1 ?us 9 ang]1 fe>1 desire1 grief1 c41 & we are n[ call$ ^u to "k1 p]haps ) ! view ( correct+ ! motives ( t emotion1 ! viol5ce :i* we mu/ d ourselves = ?is purpose is evid5ce ( ! transition f ! orig9al natural activity prop] to ourselves to ! d]iv$1 indirect1 & =c$ activity4 ,= ! w alone is 1 & !re=e 7lassitud9is et s5ii exp]s 9 sempit]num74 ,x alone is active )\t be+ call$ ^u1 & !re=e (t5 too e>ly & too mu*1 & x kn[s no we>9ess4 ,infants :o sc>cely %[ ! fir/ weak trace ( intellig5ce are already full ( self-w3 ?r\gh unlimit$1 aimless ro>+ & %riek+ !y %[ ! pressure ( w ) :i* !y swell1 :ile _! will+ has yet no object1 i4e41 !y w )\t kn[+ :at !y w4 ,:at ,cabanis has obs]v$ is also 9 po9t "h3 8,t\tes ces passions1 qui se succd5t d'une mannire si rapide1 et se peign5t avec tant de navet1 sur le visage mobile des enfants4 ,t&is que les faibles muscles de leurs bras et de leurs jambes sav5t encore a pe9e =m] quelque m\vem5s indcis1 les muscles de la face exprim5t dj p> des m\vem5s di/9cts presque t\te la suite des affections gnrales propres a la nature huma9e3 et l'obs]vateur att5tif reconnait facilem5t dans ce tableau les traits c>actri/iques de l'homme futur0 7,rapports du ,physique et ,moral1 vol4 i4 p4 #abc74 ,! intellect1 on ! contr>y1 develops sl[ly1 foll[+ ! completion ( ! bra9 & ! maturity ( ! :ole organism1 :i* are its conditions1 j because x is m]ely a somatic function4 ,x is because ! bra9 atta9s its full size 9 ! sev5? ye> t f t "t =w>d *ildr5 become s rem>kably intellig5t1 inquisitive1 & reasonable4 ,b !n comes pub]ty2 to a c]ta9 ext5t x af=ds a support to ! bra91 or a res\nd+-bo>d1 & raises ! intellect at once by a l>ge /ep1 z x 7 by an octave1 correspond+ to ! l[]+ ( ! voice by t am\nt4 ,b at once ! animal desires & passions t n[ appe> resi/ ! reasonabl5ess t has hi!rto prevail$ & to :i* !y h be5 add$4 ,fur!r evid5ce is giv5 ( ! indefatigable nature ( ! w by ! fault :i* is1 m or less1 peculi> to all m5 by nature1 & is only ov]come by education--precipitation4 ,x consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! w hurries to its "w be=e ! "t4 ,?is "w is ! purely active & executive "p1 :i* ought only to beg9 :5 ! explorative & delib]ative "p1 ?us ! "w ( kn[+1 has be5 completely & ?or\ghly c>ri$ out4 ,b ?is "t is seldom wait$ =4 ,sc>cely are a few data conc]n+ ! circum/ances be=e u1 or ! ev5t t has occurr$1 or ! op9ion ( o!rs convey$ to u1 sup]ficially compreh5d$ & ha/ily ga!r$ toge!r by k1 ?an f ! dep?s ( our be+ ! w1 always ready & nev] we>y1 comes =? unask$1 & %[s itself z t]ror1 fe>1 hope1 joy1 desire1 envy1 grief1 zeal1 ang]1 or c\rage1 & leads to ra% words & de$s1 :i* are g5]ally foll[$ by rep5tance :5 "t has taught u t ! hegemonicon1 ! intellect1 has n be5 able to f9i% half its "w ( compreh5d+ ! circum/ances1 reflect+ on _! connection1 & decid+ :at is prud5t1 because ! w did n wait = x1 b sprang =w>d long be=e its "t ) 8,n[ x is my turn60 & at once began ! active "w1 )\t ! intellect be+ able to resi/1 z x is a m]e slave & bondman ( ! w1 & n1 l x1 1 nor active f its own p[] & its own impulse2 !re=e x is easily pu%$ aside & sil5c$ by a nod ( ! w1 :ile on its "p x is sc>cely able1 ) ! greate/ ef=ts1 to br+ ! w ev5 to a brief pause1 9 ord] to speak4 ,?is is :y ! p are s r>e1 & are f\nd almo/ only among ,spani>ds1 ,turks1 & p]haps ,engli%m51 :o ev5 "u circum/ances ( provocation keep ! head upp]mo/1 imp]turbably proce$ to compreh5d & inve/igate ! /ate ( affairs1 & :5 o!rs w\ld already be beside !mselves1 con mu*o sosiego1 /ill ask fur!r que/ions1 :i* is some?+ q diff]5t f ! indiff]5ce f\nd$ ^u apa?y & /upidity ( _m ,g]mans & ,dut*m54 ,iffl& us$ to give an excell5t repres5tation ( ?is admirable quality1 z ,hetmann ( ! ,cossacks1 9 ,b5j[ski1 :5 ! conspirators h entic$ him into _! t5t & hold a rifle to 8 head1 ) ! w>n+ t !y w fire x if he utt]s a cry1 ,iffl& blew into ! m\? ( ! rifle to try :e!r x 0 load$4 ,( t5 ?+s t annoy u1 n9e w\ld n be able to d s if we und]/ood !m ?or\ghly 9 _! causes1 & !re=e knew _! necessity & true nature2 b we w\ld d ?is mu* (t5] if we made !m ! object ( reflection be=e mak+ !m ! object ( wra? & indignation4 ,= :at bridle & bit are to an unmanageable horse ! intellect is = ! w 9 man2 by ?is bridle x mu/ be controll$ by means ( in/ruction1 exhortation1 culture1 c41 = 9 itself x is z wild & impetu\s an impulse z ! =ce t appe>s 9 ! desc5d+ wat]fall1 nay1 z we "k1 x is at bottom id5tical ) ?is4 ,9 ! height ( ang]1 9 intoxication1 9 despair1 x has tak5 ! bit betwe5 its tee?1 has run away1 & foll[s its orig9al nature4 ,9 ! ,mania s9e delirio x has lo/ bridle & bit altoge!r1 & %[s n[ mo/ di/9ctly its orig9al nature1 & t ! intellect is z diff]5t f x z ! bridle f ! horse4 ,9 ?is condition x may also be comp>$ to a clock :i*1 :5 a c]ta9 screw is tak5 away1 runs d[n )\t /opp+4 ,?us ?is consid]ation also %[s u ! w z t :i* is orig9al1 & !re=e metaphysical2 ! intellect1 on ! o!r h&1 z some?+ subord9ate & physical4 ,= z su* ! latt] is1 l ev]y?+ physical1 subject to vis in]ti1 consequ5tly only active if x is set ago+ by some?+ else1 ! w1 :i* rules x1 manages x1 r\ses x to ef=t1 9 %ort1 imp>ts to x ! activity :i* does n orig9ally reside 9 x4 ,!re=e x will+ly re/s :5ev] x is p]mitt$ to d s1 (t5 decl>es itself lazy & dis9cl9$ to activity2 ?r\gh cont9u$ ef=t x becomes we>y to ! po9t ( complete /upefaction1 is exhau/$1 l ! voltaic pile1 ?r\gh repeat$ %ocks4 ,h5ce all cont9u\s m5tal "w dem&s pauses & re/1 o!rwise /upidity & incapacity ensue1 at fir/ ( c\rse only tempor>ily2 b if ?is re/ is p]si/5tly d5i$ to ! intellect x w become excessively & cont9u\sly fatigu$1 & ! consequ5ce is a p]man5t det]ioration ( x1 :i* 9 an old man may pass into complete incapacity1 into *ildi%ness1 imbecility1 & madness4 ,x is n to be attribut$ to age 9 & = itself1 b to long-cont9u$ tyrannical ov]-ex]tion ( ! intellect or bra91 if ?is mis=tune appe>s 9 ! la/ ye>s ( life4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! fact t ,swift became mad1 ,kant became *ildi%1 ,walt] ,scott1 & also ,wordswor?1 ,s\!y1 & _m m9orum g5tium1 became dull & incapable4 ,goe! rema9$ to ! end cle>1 /rong1 & active-m9d$1 because he1 :o 0 always a man ( ! _w & a c\rti]1 nev] c>ri$ on 8 m5tal occupations ) self-compulsion4 ,! same holds good ( ,wiel& & ( ,kuebel1 :o liv$ to ! age ( n9ety-"o1 & also ( ,voltaire4 ,n[ all ?is proves h[ v subord9ate & physical & :at a m]e tool ! intellect is4 ,j on ?is acc\nt x requires1 dur+ almo/ a ?ird "p ( its lifetime1 ! entire susp5sion ( its activity 9 sleep1 i4e41 ! re/ ( ! bra91 ( :i* x is ! m]e function1 & :i* !re=e j z truly prec$es x z ! /oma* prec$es dige/ion1 or z a body prec$es its impulsion1 & ) :i* 9 old age x flags & decays4 ,! w1 on ! contr>y1 z ! ?+ 9 itself1 is nev] lazy1 is absolutely untir+1 its activity is its ess5ce1 x nev] ceases will+1 & :51 dur+ deep sleep1 x is =sak5 ( ! intellect1 & !re=e _c act outw>dly 9 accordance ) motives1 x is active z ! vital =ce1 c>es ! m un9t]rupt$ly = ! inn] economy ( ! organism1 & z vis natur m$icatrix sets 9 ord] aga9 ! irregul>ities t h crept into x4 ,= x is n1 l ! intellect1 a function ( ! body2 b ! body is its function2 !re=e x is1 ord9e r]um1 prior to ! body1 z its metaphysical sub/ratum1 z ! 9-itself ( its ph5om5al appe>ance4 ,x %>es its unwe>y+ nature1 = ! "t t life la/s1 ) ! he>t1 t primum mobile ( ! organism1 :i* has !re=e become its symbol & synonym4 ,moreov]1 x does n disappe> 9 ! old man1 b /ill cont9ues to w :at x has will$1 & inde$ becomes firm]1 m inflexible1 ?an x 0 9 y\?1 m implacable1 self-will$1 & unmanageable1 because ! intellect has become less susceptible3 !re=e 9 old age ! man c p]haps only be mat*$ by tak+ advantage ( ! weakness ( 8 intellect4 ,moreov]1 ! prevail+ weakness & imp]fection ( ! intellect1 z x is %[n 9 ! want ( judgm5t1 n>r[-m9d$ness1 p]v]sity1 & folly ( ! great majority ( m51 w\ld be q inexplicable if ! intellect 7 n subord9ate1 adv5titi\s1 & m]ely in/rum5tal1 b ! imm$iate & orig9al nature ( ! s-call$ s\l1 or 9 g5]al ( ! inn] man3 z all philosoph]s h hi!rto assum$ x to be4 ,= h[ c\ld ! orig9al nature 9 its imm$iate & peculi> function s con/antly err & fail8 ,! truly orig9al 9 human consci\sness1 ! will+1 always goes on ) p]fect success2 e be+ wills unceas+ly1 capably1 & decid$ly4 ,to reg>d ! immorality 9 ! w z an imp]fection ( x w\ld be a fundam5tally false po9t ( view4 ,= morality has r a s\rce :i* really lies above nature1 & !re=e its utt]ances are 9 contradiction ) x4 ,!re=e morality is 9 direct opposition to ! natural w1 :i* 9 itself is completely egoi/ic2 inde$ ! pursuit ( ! pa? ( morality leads to ! abolition ( ! w4 ,on ?is subject ,i ref] to our f\r? book & to my prize essay1 8,ueb] das ,fundam5t d] ,moral40 #e4 ,t ! w is :at is real & ess5tial 9 man1 & ! intellect only subord9ate1 condition$1 & produc$1 is also to be se5 9 ! fact t ! latt] c c>ry on its function ) p]fect purity & correctness only s long z ! w is sil5t & pauses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! function ( ! intellect is di/urb$ by e obs]vable excitem5t ( ! w1 & its result is falsifi$ by ! int]mixture ( ! latt]2 b ! conv]se does n hold1 t ! intellect %\ld 9 ! same way be a h9drance to ! w4 ,?us ! moon _c %9e :5 ! sun is 9 ! heav5s1 b :5 ! moon is 9 ! heav5s x does n prev5t ! sun f %9+4 ,a great fright (t5 deprives u ( our s5ses to su* an ext5t t we are petrifi$1 or else d ! mo/ absurd ?+s2 = example1 :5 fire has brok5 out run "r into ! flames4 ,ang] makes u no long] "k :at we d1 /ill less :at we say4 ,zeal1 !re=e call$ bl9d1 makes u incapable ( weigh+ ! argum5ts ( o!rs1 or ev5 ( seek+ out & sett+ 9 ord] our own4 ,joy makes u inconsid]ate1 reckless1 & foolh>dy1 & desire acts almo/ 9 ! same way4 ,fe> prev5ts u f see+ & lay+ hold ( ! res\rces t are /ill pres5t1 & (t5 lie close beside u4 ,!re=e = ov]com+ sudd5 dang]s1 & also = fight+ ) oppon5ts & enemies1 ! mo/ ess5tial qualifications are coolness & pres5ce ( m9d4 ,! =m] consi/s 9 ! sil5ce ( ! w s t ! intellect c act2 ! latt] 9 ! undi/urb$ activity ( ! intellect "u ! pressure ( ev5ts act+ on ! w2 !re=e ! =m] is ! condition ( ! latt]1 & ! two are ne>ly relat$2 !y are seldom to be f\nd1 & always only 9 a limit$ degree4 ,b !y are ( ine/imable advantage1 because !y p]mit ! use ( ! intellect j at ^? times :5 we /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( x1 & !re=e conf] decid$ sup]iority4 ,he :o is )\t !m only kn[s :at he %\ld h done or said :5 ! opportunity has pass$4 ,x is v appropriately said ( him :o is viol5tly mov$1 i4e41 ^: w is s /rongly excit$ t x de/roys ! purity ( ! function ( ! intellect1 he is dis>m$2 = ! correct k ( ! circum/ances & relations is our def5ce & weapon 9 ! conflict ) ?+s & ) m54 ,9 ?is s5se ,bal?az> ,gracian says3 8,es la passion enemiga decl>ada de la cordura0 7,passion is ! decl>$ enemy ( prud5ce74 ,if n[ ! intellect 7 n some?+ completely diff]5t f ! w1 b1 z has be5 hi!rto suppos$1 kn[+ & will+ _h ! same root1 & 7 equally orig9al functions ( an absolutely simple nature1 !n ) ! r\s+ & height5+ ( ! w1 9 :i* ! emotion consi/s1 ! intellect w\ld necess>ily also be height5$2 b1 z we h se51 x is r h9d]$ & depress$ by ?is2 :5ce ! anci5ts call$ emotion animi p]turbatio4 ,! intellect is really l ! reflect+ surface ( wat]1 b ! wat] itself is l ! w1 ^: di/urbance !re=e at once de/roys ! cle>ness ( t mirror & ! di/9ctness ( its images4 ,! organism is ! w itself1 is embodi$ w1 i4e41 w objectively p]ceiv$ 9 ! bra94 ,!re=e _m ( its functions1 su* z respiration1 circulation1 secretion ( bile1 & muscul> p[]1 are height5$ & accel]at$ by ! pleasurable1 & 9 g5]al ! heal?y1 emotions4 ,! intellect1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! m]e function ( ! bra91 :i* is only n\ri%$ & support$ by ! organism z a p>asite4 ,!re=e e p]turbation ( ! w1 & ) x ( ! organism1 mu/ di/urb & p>alyse ! function ( ! bra91 :i* exi/s = itself & = no o!r wants ?an its own1 :i* are simply re/ & n\ri%m5t4 ,b ?is di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! activity ( ! w ^u ! intellect c be %[n1 n only 9 ! p]turbations br\ght ab\t by emotions1 b also 9 _m o!r1 m gradual1 & !re=e m la/+ falsifications ( ?\ght by our incl9ations4 ,hope makes u reg>d :at we wi%1 & fe> :at we are appreh5sive (1 z probable & ne>1 & bo? exagg]ate _! object4 ,plato 7accord+ to lian1 ,v4,h41 #ac1 #bh7 v beautifully call$ hope ! dream ( ! wak+4 ,its nature lies 9 ?is1 t ! w1 :5 its s]vant ! intellect is n able to produce :at x wi%es1 obliges x at lea/ to picture x be=e x1 9 g5]al to und]take ! roll ( com=t]1 to appease its "l ) fables1 z a nurse a *ild1 & s to dress ^! out t !y ga9 an appe>ance ( likelihood4 ,n[ 9 ?is ! intellect mu/ d viol5ce to its own nature1 :i* aims at ! tru?1 = x compels x1 contr>y to its own laws1 to reg>d z true ?+s :i* are nei!r true nor probable1 & (t5 sc>cely possible1 only 9 ord] to appease1 quiet1 & s5d to sleep = a :ile ! re/less & unmanageable w4 ,"h we see cle>ly :o is ma/] & :o is s]vant4 ,_m may well h obs]v$ t if a matt] :i* is ( importance to !m may turn out 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 & !y h br\ght all ( ^! into "o disjunctive judgm5t :i* 9 _! op9ion is complete1 ! actual result is yet q ano!r1 & "o :olly unexpect$ by !m3 b p]haps !y w n h consid]$ ?is1 t ?is result 0 !n almo/ always ! "o :i* 0 unfav\rable to !m4 ,! explanation ( ?is is1 t :ile _! intellect int5d$ to survey ! possibilities completely1 ! wor/ ( all rema9$ q invisible to x2 because ! w1 z x 71 cov]$ x ) its h&1 t is1 x s ma/]$ ! intellect t x 0 q incapable ( glanc+ at ! wor/ case ( all1 al?\gh1 s9ce x actually came to pass1 ?is 0 also ! mo/ probable case4 ,yet 9 v melan*oly dispositions1 or 9 ^? t h become prud5t ?r\gh exp]i5ce l ?is1 ! process is rev]s$1 = "h appreh5sion plays ! "p :i* 0 =m]ly play$ by hope4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( dang] ?r[s !m into gr\ndless anxiety4 ,if ! intellect beg9s to inve/igate ! matt] x is reject$ z incompet5t1 nay1 z a deceitful sophi/1 because ! he>t is to be believ$1 ^: fe>s are n[ actually all[$ to pass = argum5ts z to ! reality & greatness ( ! dang]4 ,s !n ! intellect d>e make no se>* = good reasons on ! o!r side1 :i*1 if left to itself1 x w\ld soon recognise1 b is oblig$ at once to picture to !m ! mo/ un=tunate issue1 ev5 if x itself c sc>cely ?9k ?is issue possible3 8,su* z we "k is false1 yet dread 9 soo?1 ,because ! wor/ is ev] ne>e/ tru?40 --,,byron 7,l>a1 c4 #a74 ,love & hate falsify our judgm5t entirely4 ,9 our enemies we see no?+ b faults--9 our lov$ ones no?+ b excell5ces1 & ev5 _! faults appe> to u amiable4 ,our int]e/1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 ex]cises a l secret p[] ov] our judgm5t2 :at is 9 con=mity ) x at once seems to u fair1 j1 & reasonable2 :at runs contr>y to x pres5ts itself to u1 9 p]fect s]i\sness1 z unju/ & outrage\s1 or injudici\s & absurd4 ,h5ce s _m prejudices ( position1 pr(ession1 nationality1 sect1 & religion4 ,a conceiv$ hypo!sis gives u lynx-eyes = all t confirms x1 & makes u bl9d to all t contradicts x4 ,:at is oppos$ to our p>ty1 our plan1 our wi%1 our hope1 we (t5 _c compreh5d & grasp at all1 :ile x is cle> to e "o else2 b :at is fav\rable to ^!1 on ! o!r h&1 /rikes our eye f af>4 ,:at ! he>t opposes ! head w n admit4 ,we firmly reta9 _m errors all ?r\gh life1 & take c>e nev] to exam9e _! gr\nd1 m]ely f a fe>1 ( :i* we ourselves are consci\s1 t we might make ! discov]y t we _h s long believ$ & s (t5 ass]t$ :at is false4 ,?us !n is ! intellect daily befool$ & corrupt$ by ! impositions ( incl9ation4 ,?is has be5 v beautifully express$ by ,bacon ( ,v]ulam 9 ! words3 ,intellectus ,,lum9is ,,sicci non e/2 s$ recipit infusionem a voluntate et affectibus3 id quod g5]at ad quod vult sci5tias3 quod enim mavult homo1 id potius cr$it4 ,innum]is modis1 iisque int]dum imp]ceptibilibus1 affectus intellectum imbuit et inficit 7,org4 ,nov41 i4 #ad74 ,cle>ly x is also ?is t opposes all new fundam5tal op9ions 9 ! sci5ces & all refutations ( sanction$ errors1 = "o w n easily see ! tru? ( t :i* convicts "o ( incr$ible want ( ?\ght4 ,x is explicable1 on ?is gr\nd alone1 t ! tru?s ( ,goe!'s doctr9e ( col\rs1 :i* are s cle> & simple1 are /ill d5i$ by ! physici/s2 & ?us ,goe! himself has _h to le>n :at a mu* h>d] position "o has if "o promises m5 in/ruction ?an if "o promises !m amusem5t4 ,h5ce x is mu* m =tunate to be born a poet ?an a philosoph]4 ,b ! m ob/9ately an error 0 held by ! o!r side1 ! m %ameful does ! conviction aft]w>ds become4 ,9 ! case ( an ov]?r[n sy/em1 z 9 ! case ( a conqu]$ army1 ! mo/ prud5t is he :o fir/ runs away f x4 ,a trifl+ & absurd1 b /rik+ example ( t my/]i\s & imm$iate p[] :i* ! w ex]cises ov] ! intellect1 is ! fact t 9 do+ acc\nts we make mi/akes mu* (t5] 9 our own fav\r ?an to our disadvantage1 & ?is )\t ! slighte/ di%one/ int5tion1 m]ely f ! unconsci\s t5d5cy to dim9i% our ,debit & increase our ,cr$it4 ,la/ly1 ! fact is also 9 po9t "h1 t :5 advice is giv5 ! slighte/ aim or purpose ( ! advis] g5]ally outweighs 8 insight1 h[ev] great x may be2 !re=e we d>e n assume t he speaks f ! latt] :5 we suspect ! exi/5ce ( ! =m]4 ,h[ little p]fect s9c]ity is to be expect$ ev5 f o!rwise hone/ p]sons :5ev] _! int]e/s are 9 any way conc]n$ we c ga!r f ! fact t we s (t5 deceive ourselves :5 hope bribes u1 or fe> befools u1 or suspicion torm5ts u1 or vanity flatt]s u1 or an hypo!sis bl9ds u1 or a small aim :i* is close at h& injures a great] b m di/ant "o2 = 9 ?is we see ! direct & unconsci\s disadvantage\s influ5ce ( ! w ^u k4 ,accord+ly x ought n to surprise u if 9 ask+ advice ! w ( ! p]son ask$ directly dictates ! answ] ev5 be=e ! "q c\ld p5etrate to ! =um ( 8 judgm5t4 ,i wi% 9 a s+le ^w to po9t out "h :at w be fully expla9$ 9 ! foll[+ book1 t ! mo/ p]fect k1 ?us ! purely objective compreh5sion ( ! _w1 i4e41 ! compreh5sion ( g5ius1 is condition$ by a sil5ce ( ! w s pr(\nd t :ile x la/s ev5 ! individuality vani%es f consci\sness & ! man rema9s z ! pure subject ( kn[+1 :i* is ! correlative ( ! ,idea4 ,! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! w ^u ! intellect1 :i* is prov$ by all ^! ph5om5a1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! weakness & frailty ( ! latt]1 on acc\nt ( :i* x is incapable ( work+ rightly :5ev] ! w is 9 any way mov$1 gives u !n ano!r pro( t ! w is ! radical "p ( our nature1 & acts ) orig9al p[]1 :ile ! intellect1 z adv5titi\s & 9 _m ways condition$1 c only act 9 a subord9ate & conditional mann]4 ,!re is no direct di/urbance ( ! w by ! intellect correspond+ to ! di/urbance & cl\d+ ( k by ! w t has be5 %[n4 ,inde$ we _c well conceive su* a ?+4 ,no "o w wi% to con/rue z su* ! fact t motives wrongly tak5 up lead ! w a/ray1 = ?is is a fault ( ! intellect 9 its own function1 :i* is committ$ q )9 its own prov9ce1 & ! influ5ce ( :i* ^u ! w is entirely indirect4 ,x w\ld be plausible to attribute irresolution to ?is1 = 9 its case1 ?r\gh ! conflict ( ! motives :i* ! intellect pres5ts to ! w1 ! latt] is br\ght to a /&/ill1 ?us is h9d]$4 ,b :5 we consid] x m closely1 x becomes v cle> t ! cause ( ?is h9drance does n lie 9 ! activity ( ! intellect z su*1 b entirely 9 ext]nal objects :i* are br\ght ab\t by x1 = 9 ?is case !y /& 9 precisely su* a relation to ! w1 :i* is "h int]e/$1 t !y draw x ) ne>ly equal /r5g? 9 diff]5t directions4 ,?is real cause m]ely acts ?r\gh ! intellect z ! m$ium ( motives1 ?\gh c]ta9ly "u ! assumption t x is ke5 en\gh to compreh5d ! objects 9 _! manifold relations4 ,irresolution1 z a trait ( "*1 is j z mu* condition$ by qualities ( ! w z ( ! intellect4 ,x is c]ta9ly n peculi> to exce$+ly limit$ m9ds1 = _! weak und]/&+ does n all[ !m to discov] su* manifold qualities & relations 9 ?+s1 & moreov] is s little fitt$ = ! ex]tion ( reflection & pond]+ ^!1 & !n ! probable consequ5ces ( ea* /ep1 t !y r decide at once accord+ to ! fir/ impression1 or accord+ to "s simple rule ( conduct4 ,! conv]se ( ?is occurs 9 ! case ( p]sons ( consid]able und]/&+4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] su* p]sons also possess a t5d] c>e = _! own well-be+1 i4e41 a v s5sitive egoism1 :i* con/antly desires to come (f well & always to be safe1 ?is introduces a c]ta9 anxiety at e /ep1 & !reby irresolution4 ,?is quality !re=e indicates ?r\gh\t n a want ( und]/&+ b a want ( c\rage4 ,yet v em95t m9ds survey ! relations & _! probable developm5ts ) su* rapidity & c]ta9ty1 t if !y are only support$ by "s c\rage !y !reby acquire t quick decision & resolution t fits !m to play an important "p 9 ! affairs ( ! _w1 if "t & circum/ances af=d !m ! opportunity4 ,! only decid$1 direct re/riction & di/urbance :i* ! w c suff] f ! intellect z su* may inde$ be ! q exceptional "o1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( an abnormally prepond]at+ developm5t ( ! intellect1 ?us ( t high end[m5t :i* has be5 def9$ z g5ius4 ,?is is decid$ly a h9drance to ! en]gy ( ! "*1 & consequ5tly to ! p[] ( action4 ,h5ce x is n ! really great m9ds t make hi/orical *>act]s1 because !y are capable ( bridl+ & rul+ ! mass ( m5 & c>ry+ out ! affairs ( ! _w2 b = ?is p]sons ( mu* less capacity ( m9d are qualifi$ :5 !y h great firmness1 decision1 & p]si/5cy ( w1 su* z is q inconsi/5t ) v high intellig5ce4 ,accord+ly1 :]e ?is v high intellig5ce exi/s we actually h a case 9 :i* ! intellect directly re/ricts ! w4 #f4 ,9 opposition to ! h9drances & re/rictions :i* x has be5 %[n ! intellect suff]s f ! w1 ,i wi% n[ to %[1 9 a few examples1 h[1 conv]sely1 ! functions ( ! intellect are sometimes aid$ & height5$ by ! incitem5t & spur ( ! w2 s t 9 ?is also we may recognise ! prim>y nature ( ! "o & ! second>y nature ( ! o!r1 & x may become cle> t ! intellect /&s to ! w 9 ! relation ( a tool4 ,a motive :i* affects u /rongly1 su* z a ye>n+ desire or a press+ ne$1 sometimes raises ! intellect to a degree ( :i* we _h n previ\sly believ$ x capable4 ,difficult circum/ances1 :i* impose ^u u ! necessity ( c]ta9 a*ievem5ts1 develop entirely new tal5ts 9 u1 ! g]ms ( :i* 7 hidd5 f u1 & = :i* we did n cr$it ourselves ) any capacity4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! /upide/ man becomes ke5 :5 objects are 9 "q t closely conc]n 8 wi%es2 he n[ obs]ves1 weighs1 & di/+ui%es ) ! greate/ delicacy ev5 ! smalle/ circum/ances t h ref]5ce to 8 wi%es or fe>s4 ,?is has mu* to d ) ! cunn+ ( half-witt$ p]sons1 :i* is (t5 rem>k$ ) surprise4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,isaiah rightly says1 vexatio dat intellectum1 :i* is !re=e also us$ z a prov]b4 ,ak9 to x is ! ,g]man prov]b1 8,die ,no? i/ die ,mutt] d] ,kn/e0 78,necessity is ! "m ( ! arts072 :51 h[ev]1 ! f9e arts are to be except$1 because ! he>t ( e "o ( _! works1 t is1 ! conception1 mu/ proce$ f a p]fectly w-less1 & only !reby purely objective1 p]ception1 if !y are to be g5u9e4 ,ev5 ! und]/&+ ( ! brutes is increas$ consid]ably by necessity1 s t 9 cases ( difficulty !y accompli% ?+s at :i* we are a/oni%$4 ,= example1 !y almo/ all calculate t x is saf] n to run away :5 !y believe !y are n se52 !re=e ! h>e lies /ill 9 ! furr[ ( ! field & lets ! sportsman pass close to x2 insects1 :5 !y _c escape1 pret5d to be dead1 c4 ,we may obta9 a full] k ( ?is influ5ce f ! special hi/ory ( ! self-education ( ! wolf1 "u ! spur ( ! great difficulty ( its position 9 civilis$ ,europe2 x is to be f\nd 9 ! second lett] ( ,l]oy's excell5t book1 8,lettres sur l'intellig5ce et la p]fectibilit des animaux40 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds1 9 ! ?ird lett]1 !re foll[s ! high s*ool ( ! fox1 :i* 9 an equally difficult position has f> less physical /r5g?4 ,9 its case1 h[ev]1 ?is is made up = by great und]/&+2 yet only ?r\gh ! con/ant /ruggle ) want on ! "o h& & dang] on ! o!r1 ?us "u ! spur ( ! w1 does x atta9 t high degree ( cunn+ :i* di/+ui%es x especially 9 old age4 ,9 all ^! enhancem5ts ( ! intellect ! w plays ! "p ( a rid] :o ) ! spur urges ! horse beyond ! natural measure ( its /r5g?4 ,9 ! same way ! memory is enhanc$ ?r\gh ! pressure ( ! w4 ,ev5 if x is o!rwise weak1 x pres]ves p]fectly :at has value = ! rul+ passion4 ,! lov] =gets no opportunity fav\rable to him1 ! ambiti\s man =gets no circum/ance t c =w>d 8 plans1 ! av>ici\s man nev] =gets ! loss he has suff]$1 ! pr\d man nev] =gets an injury to 8 hon\r1 ! va9 man rememb]s e ^w ( praise & ! mo/ trifl+ di/9ction t falls to 8 lot4 ,& ?is also ext5ds to ! brutes3 ! horse /ops at ! inn :]e once long ago x 0 f$2 dogs h an excell5t memory = all occasions1 times1 & places t h af=d$ !m *oice morsels2 & foxes = ! diff]5t hid+-places 9 :i* !y h /or$ _! plund]4 ,self-consid]ation af=ds opportunity = f9] obs]vations 9 ?is reg>d4 ,sometimes1 ?r\gh an int]ruption1 x has entirely escap$ me :at ,i h j be5 ?9k+ ab\t1 or ev5 :at news ,i h j he>d4 ,n[ if ! matt] _h 9 any way ev5 ! mo/ di/ant p]sonal int]e/1 ! aft]-feel+ ( ! impression :i* x made ^u ! w has rema9$4 ,i am /ill q consci\s h[ f> x affect$ me agreeably or disagreeably1 & also ( ! special mann] 9 :i* ?is happ5$1 :e!r1 ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree1 x vex$ me1 or made me anxi\s1 or irritat$ me1 or depress$ me1 or produc$ ! opposite ( ^! affections4 ,?us ! m]e relation ( ! ?+ to my w is reta9$ 9 ! memory aft] ! ?+ itself has vani%$1 & ?is (t5 becomes ! clue to lead u back to ! ?+ itself4 ,! sight ( a man sometimes affects u 9 an analog\s mann]1 = we rememb] m]ely 9 g5]al t we h _h some?+ to d ) him1 yet )\t kn[+ :]e1 :51 or :at x 01 or :o he is4 ,b ! sight ( him /ill recalls pretty accurately ! feel+ :i* our deal+s ) him excit$ 9 u1 :e!r x 0 agreeable or disagreeable1 & also 9 :at degree & 9 :at way4 ,?us our memory has pres]v$ only ! response ( ! w1 & n t :i* call$ x =?4 ,we might call :at lies at ! f\ndation ( ?is process ! memory ( ! he>t2 x is mu* m intimate ?an t ( ! head4 ,yet at bottom ! connection ( ! two is s f>-rea*+ t if we reflect deeply ^u ! matt] we w arrive at ! conclusion t memory 9 g5]al requires ! support ( a w z a connect+ po9t1 or r z a ?read ^u :i* ! memories c range !mselves1 & :i* holds !m firmly toge!r1 or t ! w is1 z x 71 ! gr\nd to :i* ! individual memories cleave1 & )\t :i* !y c\ld n la/2 & t !re=e 9 a pure intellig5ce1 i4e41 9 a m]ely kn[+ & absolutely w-less be+1 a memory _c well be conceiv$4 ,accord+ly ! improvem5t ( ! memory "u ! spur ( ! rul+ passion1 :i* has be5 %[n above1 is only ! high] degree ( t :i* takes place 9 all ret5tion & recollection2 = its basis & condition is always ! w4 ,?us 9 all ?is also x becomes cle> h[ v mu* m ess5tial to u ! w is ?an ! intellect4 ,! foll[+ facts may also s]ve to confirm ?is4 ,! intellect (t5 obeys ! w2 = example1 if we wi% to rememb] some?+1 & aft] "s ef=t succe$2 s also if we wi% n[ to pond] some?+ c>efully & delib]ately1 & 9 _m su* cases4 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! intellect refuses to obey ! w2 = example1 if we try 9 va9 to fix our m9ds ^u some?+1 or if we call 9 va9 ^u ! memory = some?+ t 0 intru/$ to x4 ,! ang] ( ! w aga9/ ! intellect on su* occasions makes its relation to x & ! diff]5ce ( ! two v pla94 ,inde$ ! intellect1 vex$ by ?is ang]1 sometimes (fici\sly br+s :at 0 ask$ ( x h\rs aft]w>ds1 or ev5 ! foll[+ morn+1 q unexpect$ly & unseasonably4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! w nev] really obeys ! intellect2 b ! latt] is only ! m9i/]ial c\ncil ( t sov]eign2 x pres5ts all k9ds ( ?+s to ! w1 :i* !n selects :at is 9 con=mity ) its nature1 ?\gh 9 do+ s x det]m9es itself ) necessity1 because ?is nature is un*angeable & ! motives n[ lie be=e x4 ,h5ce no sy/em ( e?ics is possible :i* m\lds & improves ! w itself4 ,= all tea*+ only affects k1 & k nev] det]m9es ! w itself1 i4e41 ! fundam5tal "* ( will+1 b only its application to ! circum/ances pres5t4 ,rectifi$ k c only modify conduct s f> z x proves m exactly & judges m correctly :at objects ( ! w's *oice are )9 its rea*2 s t ! w n[ measures its relation to ?+s m correctly1 sees m cle>ly :at x desires1 & consequ5tly is less subject to error 9 its *oice4 ,b ov] ! w itself1 ov] ! ma9 t5d5cy or fundam5tal maxim ( x1 ! intellect has no p[]4 ,to believe t k really & fundam5tally det]m9es ! w is l believ+ t ! lant]n :i* a man c>ries by night is ! primum mobile ( 8 /eps4 ,:oev]1 taught by exp]i5ce or ! admonitions ( o!rs1 kn[s & lam5ts a fundam5tal fault ( 8 "*1 firmly & hone/ly =ms ! int5tion to re=m & give x up2 b 9 spite ( ?is1 on ! fir/ opportunity1 ! fault receives free c\rse4 ,new rep5tance1 new int5tions1 new transgressions4 ,:5 ?is has be5 gone ?r\gh sev]al times he becomes consci\s t he _c improve himself1 t ! fault lies 9 8 nature & p]sonality1 inde$ is "o ) ?is4 ,n[ he w blame & curse 8 nature & p]sonality1 w h a pa9ful feel+1 :i* may rise to angui% ( consci\sness1 b to *ange ^! he is n able4 ,"h we see t :i* condemns & t :i* is condemn$ di/9ctly sep>ate3 we see ! =m] z a m]ely !oretical faculty1 pictur+ & pres5t+ ! praisewor?y1 & !re=e desirable1 c\rse ( life1 b ! o!r z some?+ real & un*angeably pres5t1 go+ q a diff]5t way 9 spite ( ! =m]3 & !n aga9 ! fir/ rema9+ beh9d ) impot5t lam5tations ov] ! nature ( ! o!r1 ) :i*1 ?r\gh ?is v di/ress1 x aga9 id5tifies itself4 ,w & intellect "h sep>ate v di/9ctly4 ,b "h ! w %[s itself z ! /rong]1 ! inv9cible1 un*angeable1 primitive1 & at ! same "t z ! ess5tial ?+ 9 "q1 = ! intellect deplores its errors1 & f9ds no com=t 9 ! correctness ( ! k1 z its own function4 ,?us ! intellect %[s itself entirely second>y1 z ! spectator ( ! de$s ( ano!r1 :i* x accompanies ) impot5t praise & blame1 & also z det]m9able f )\t1 because x le>ns f exp]i5ce1 weighs & alt]s its precepts4 ,special illu/rations ( ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ! 8,p>]ga10 vol4 ii4 #aah 7second ed41 #aai47 ,accord+ly1 a comp>ison ( our mann] ( ?9k+ at diff]5t p]iods ( our life w pres5t a /range mixture ( p]man5ce & *angeabl5ess4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! moral t5d5cy ( ! man 9 8 prime & ! old man is /ill ! same z 0 t ( ! boy2 on ! o!r h&1 mu* has become s /range to him t he no long] kn[s himself1 & wond]s h[ he ev] c\ld h done or said ?is & t4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( life to-day = ! mo/ "p laughs at ye/]day1 inde$ looks d[n on x ) contempt2 9 ! second half1 on ! contr>y1 x m & m looks back at x ) envy4 ,b on clos] exam9ation x w be f\nd t ! *angeable elem5t 0 ! intellect1 ) its functions ( insight & k1 :i*1 daily appropriat+ new mat]ial f )\t1 pres5ts a con/antly *ang+ sy/em ( ?\ght1 :ile1 besides ?is1 x itself rises & s9ks ) ! gr[? & decay ( ! organism4 ,! w1 on ! contr>y1 ! basis ( ?is1 ?us ! incl9ations1 passions1 & emotions1 ! "*1 %[s itself z :at is unalt]able 9 consci\sness4 ,yet we h to take acc\nt ( ! modifications t dep5d ^u physical capacities = enjoym5t1 & h5ce ^u age4 ,?us1 = example1 ! eag]ness = s5su\s pleasure w %[ itself 9 *ildhood z a love ( da9ties1 9 y\? & manhood z ! t5d5cy to s5suality1 & 9 old age aga9 z a love ( da9ties4 #g4 ,if1 z is g5]ally assum$1 ! w proce$$ f k1 z its result or product1 !n :]e !re is mu* w !re w\ld necess>ily also be mu* k1 insight1 & und]/&+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is absolutely n ! case2 r1 we f9d 9 _m m5 a /rong1 i4e41 decid$1 resolute1 p]si/5t1 unb5d+1 wayw>d1 & vehem5t w1 comb9$ ) a v weak & incapable und]/&+1 s t e "o :o has to d ) !m is ?r[n into despair1 = _! w rema9s inaccessible to all reasons & ideas1 & is n to be got at1 s t x is hidd51 z x 71 9 a sack1 out ( :i* x wills bl9dly4 ,brutes h (t5 viol5t1 (t5 /ubborn wills1 b yet v little und]/&+4 ,f9ally1 plants only w )\t any k at all4 ,if will+ sprang m]ely f k1 our ang] w\ld necess>ily be 9 e case exactly proportionate to ! occasion1 or at lea/ to our relation to x1 = x w\ld be no?+ m ?an ! result ( ! pres5t k4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is r>ely ! case2 r1 ang] g5]ally goes f> beyond ! occasion4 ,our fury & rage1 ! furor brevis1 (t5 ^u small occasions1 & )\t error reg>d+ !m1 is l ! rag+ ( an evil _s :i*1 hav+ be5 %ut up1 only waits its opportunity to d>e to break loose1 & n[ rejoices t x has f\nd x4 ,?is c\ld n be ! case if ! f\ndation ( our nature 7 a kn[]1 & will+ 7 m]ely a result ( k2 = h[ came !re into ! result :at did n lie 9 ! elem5ts8 ,! conclusion _c conta9 m ?an ! premisses4 ,?us "h also ! w %[s itself z ( a nature q diff]5t f k1 :i* only s]ves x = communication ) ! ext]nal _w1 b !n ! w foll[s ! laws ( its own nature )\t tak+ f ! intellect any?+ b ! occasion4 ,! intellect1 z ! m]e tool ( ! w1 is z diff]5t f x z ! hamm] f ! smi?4 ,s long z 9 a conv]sation ! intellect alone is active x rema9s cold4 ,x is almo/ z if ! man himself 7 n pres5t4 ,moreov]1 he _c !n1 prop]ly speak+1 compromise himself1 b at ! mo/ c make himself ridicul\s4 ,only :5 ! w comes into play is ! man really pres5t3 n[ he becomes w>m1 nay1 x (t5 happ5s1 hot4 ,x is always ! w to :i* we ascribe ! w>m? ( life2 on ! o!r h&1 we say ! cold und]/&+1 or to inve/igate a ?+ coolly1 i4e41 to ?9k )\t be+ influ5c$ by ! w4 ,if we attempt to rev]se ! relation1 & to reg>d ! w z ! tool ( ! intellect1 x is z if we made ! smi? ! tool ( ! hamm]4 ,no?+ is m provok+1 :5 we are argu+ aga9/ a man ) reasons & explanations1 & tak+ all pa9s to conv9ce him1 "u ! impression t we h only to d ) 8 und]/&+1 ?an to discov] at la/ t he w n und]/&2 t ?us we _h to d ) 8 w1 :i* %uts itself up aga9/ ! tru? & br+s into ! field wilful misund]/&+s1 *ican]ies1 & sophisms 9 ord] to intr5* itself beh9d its und]/&+ & its pret5d$ want ( insight4 ,!n he is c]ta9ly n to be got at1 = reasons & pro(s appli$ aga9/ ! w are l ! bl[s ( a phantom produc$ by mirrors aga9/ a solid body4 ,h5ce ! say+ s (t5 repeat$1 8,/at pro ratione voluntas40 ,suffici5t evid5ce ( :at has be5 said is af=d$ by ord9>y life4 ,b un=tunately pro(s ( x are also to be f\nd on ! pa? ( ! sci5ces4 ,! recognition ( ! mo/ important tru?s1 ( ! r>e/ a*ievem5ts1 w be look$ = 9 va9 f ^? :o h an int]e/ 9 prev5t+ !m f be+ accept$1 an int]e/ :i* ei!r spr+s f ! fact t su* tru?s contradict :at !y !mselves daily tea*1 or else f ?is1 t !y d>e n make use ( !m & tea* !m2 or if all ?is be n ! case !y w n accept !m1 because ! wat*word ( m$iocrity w always be1 ,si quelqu'un excelle p>mi n\s1 qu'il aille excell] ailleurs1 z ,helvetius has admirably r5d]$ ! say+ ( ! ,ephesian 9 ! fif? book ( ,cic]o's 8,tusculan0 7c4 #cf71 or z a say+ ( ! ,abyss9ian ,fit ,ar>i puts x1 8,among qu>tzes adamant is outlaw$40 ,?us :oev] expects f ?is always num]\s b& a j e/imation ( :at he has done w f9d himself v mu* deceiv$1 & p]haps = a :ile he w n be able to und]/& _! behavi\r1 till at la/ he f9ds out t :ile he appli$ himself to k he _h to d ) ! w1 ?us is precisely 9 ! position describ$ above1 nay1 is really l a man :o br+s 8 case be=e a c\rt ! judges ( :i* h all be5 brib$4 ,yet 9 p>ticul> cases he w receive ! fulle/ pro( t _! w & n _! insight oppos$ him1 :5 "o or o!r ( !m makes up 8 m9d to plagi>ism4 ,!n he w see ) a/oni%m5t :at good judges !y are1 :at correct p]ception ( ! m]it ( o!rs !y h1 & h[ well !y "k h[ to f9d out ! be/1 l ! sp>r[s1 :o nev] miss ! ripe/ *]ries4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ! victori\s resi/ance ( ! w to k "h set =? appe>s if 9 exp\nd+ our reasons & pro(s we h ! w ( ^? address$ ) u4 ,!n all are at once conv9c$1 all argum5ts are tell+1 & ! matt] is at once cle> z ! day4 ,?is is well kn[n to popul> speak]s4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! w %[s itself z t :i* has orig9al p[]1 aga9/ :i* ! intellect c d no?+4 #h4 ,b n[ we %all take into consid]ation ! individual qualities1 ?us excell5ces & faults ( ! w & "* on ! "o h&1 & ( ! intellect on ! o!r1 9 ord] to make cle>1 9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 & _! relative wor?1 ! complete diff]5ce ( ! two fundam5tal faculties4 ,hi/ory & exp]i5ce tea* t ! two appe> q indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,t ! greate/ excell5ce ( m9d w n easily be f\nd comb9$ ) equal excell5ce ( "* is suffici5tly expla9$ by ! extraord9>y r>ity ( bo?1 :ile _! opposites are ev]y:]e ! ord] ( ! day2 h5ce we also daily f9d ! latt] 9 union4 ,h[ev]1 we nev] inf] a good w f a sup]ior m9d1 nor ! latt] f ! =m]1 nor ! opposite f ! opposite1 b e unprejudic$ p]son accepts !m z p]fectly di/9ct qualities1 ! pres5ce ( :i* ea* = itself has to be le>n$ f exp]i5ce4 ,great n>r[ness ( m9d may coexi/ ) great goodness ( he>t1 & ,i d n believe ,bal?az> ,gracian 0 "r 9 say+ 7,discreto1 p4 #djf71 8,no ay simple1 que no sea malicioso0 78,!re is no simpleton :o w\ld n be malici\s071 ?\gh he has ! ,spani% prov]b 9 8 fav\r1 8,nunca la nec$ad &uvo s9 malicia0 78,/upidity is nev] )\t malice074 ,yet x may be t _m /upid p]sons become malici\s = ! same reason z _m hun*backs1 f bitt]ness on acc\nt ( ! neglect !y h suff]$ f nature1 & because !y ?9k !y c occasionally make up = :at !y lack 9 und]/&+ ?r\gh malici\s cunn+1 seek+ 9 ?is a brief triumph4 ,f ?is1 by ! way1 x is also compreh5sible :y almo/ e "o easily becomes malici\s 9 ! pres5ce ( a v sup]ior m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aga91 /upid p h v (t5 ! reputation ( special good-he>t$ness1 :i* yet s seldom proves to be ! case t ,i c\ld n help wond]+ h[ !y _h ga9$ x1 till ,i 0 able to flatt] myself t ,i _h f\nd ! key to x 9 :at foll[s4 ,mov$ by a secret incl9ation1 e "o likes be/ to *oose = 8 m intimate int]c\rse "s "o to :om he is a little sup]ior 9 und]/&+1 = only 9 ?is case does he f9d himself at 8 ease1 because1 accord+ to ,hobbes1 8,omnis animi voluptas1 omnisgue alacritas 9 eo sita e/1 quod quis habeat1 quibuscum conf]5s se1 possit magnifice s5tire de se ipso0 7,de ,cive1 i4 #e74 ,= ! same reason e "o avoids him :o is sup]ior to himself2 :]e=e ,li*t5b]g q rightly obs]ves3 8,to c]ta9 m5 a man ( m9d is a m odi\s production ?an ! mo/ pron\nc$ rogue40 ,& simil>ly ,helvetius says3 8,les g5s mdiocres ont un in/9ct sr et prompt1 p\r connatre et fuir les g5s d'esprit40 ,& ,dr4 ,johnson assures u t 8!re is no?+ by :i* a man exasp]ates mo/ p m ?an by display+ a sup]ior ability ( brilliancy 9 conv]sation4 ,!y seem pleas$ at ! "t1 b _! envy makes !m curse him 9 _! he>ts0 7,boswell2 aet4 anno #gd74 ,9 ord] to br+ ?is tru?1 s univ]sal & s c>efully conceal$1 m rel5tlessly to light1 ,i add ! expression ( x by ,m]ck1 ! celebrat$ fri5d ( ,goe!'s y\?1 f 8 /ory 8,l9dor30 8,he possess$ tal5ts :i* 7 giv5 him by nature & acquir$ by himself ?r\gh le>n+2 & ?us x happ5$ t 9 mo/ society he left ! wor?y memb]s ( x f> beh9d40 ,if1 9 ! mom5t ( delight at ! sight ( an extraord9>y man1 ! public swall[s ^! sup]iorities also1 )\t actually at once putt+ a bad con/ruction ^u !m1 yet a c]ta9 impression ( ?is ph5om5on rema9s beh9d1 :i*1 if x is (t5 repeat$1 may on s]i\s occasions h disagreeable future consequ5ces = him :o is guilty ( x4 ,)\t any "o consci\sly not+ t on ?is occasion he 0 insult$1 no "o is sorry to place himself tacitly 9 ! way ( ! advancem5t ( ?is man4 ,?us on ?is acc\nt great m5tal sup]iority isolates m ?an any?+ else1 & makes "o1 at lea/ sil5tly1 hat$4 ,n[ x is ! opposite ( ?is t makes /upid p s g5]ally lik$2 especially s9ce _m c only f9d 9 !m :at1 accord+ to ! law ( _! nature ref]r$ to above1 !y mu/ seek4 ,yet ?is ! true reason ( su* an incl9ation no "o w confess to himself1 /ill less to o!rs2 & !re=e1 z a plausible pretext = x1 w impute to ^? he has select$ a special goodness ( he>t1 :i*1 z we h said1 is 9 reality only v r>ely & accid5tally f\nd 9 comb9ation ) m5tal incapacity4 ,want ( und]/&+ is accord+ly by no means fav\rable or ak9 to goodness ( "*4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x _c be ass]t$ t great und]/&+ is s2 nay1 r1 no sc\ndrel has 9 g5]al be5 )\t x4 ,inde$ ev5 ! highe/ intellectual em95ce c coexi/ ) ! wor/ moral depravity4 ,an example ( ?is is af=d$ by ,bacon ( ,v]ulam3 8,ungrateful1 fill$ ) ! lu/ ( p[]1 wick$ & base1 he at la/ w5t s f> t1 z ,"l ,*ancellor & ! highe/ judge ( ! realm1 he frequ5tly all[$ himself to be brib$ 9 civil actions4 ,impea*$ be=e 8 pe]s1 he confess$ himself guilty1 0 expell$ by !m f ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & condemn$ to a f9e ( =ty ?\s& p\nds & imprisonm5t 9 ! ,t[]0 7see ! review ( ! late/ edition ( ,bacon's ,works 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,augu/ #ahcg74 ,h5ce also ,pope call$ him 8! wise/1 brighte/1 meane/ ( mank9d0 78,essay on ,man10 iv4 #bhb74 ,a simil> example is af=d$ by ! hi/orian ,guicci>d9i1 ( :om ,ros9i says 9 ! ,notizie ,/ori*e1 drawn f good contempor>y s\rces1 :i* is giv5 9 8 hi/orical romance 8,luisa ,/rozzi30 8,da coloro1 *e pongono l'+egno e il sap]e al di sopra di tutte le umane qualit1 que/o uomo s> rigu>dato come fra i pi gr&i del suo secolo3 ma da quelli1 *e reputano la virt dov]e &>e innanzi a tutto1 non potra esecr>si abba/anza la sua memoria4 ,esso fu il pi crudele fra i cittad9i a p]seguit>e1 uccid]e e conf9>e10 c47#cb7 ,if n[ x is said ( "o man1 8,he has a good he>t1 ?\gh a bad head10 b ( ano!r1 8,he has a v good head1 yet a bad he>t10 e "o feels t 9 ! fir/ case ! praise f> outweighs ! blame--9 ! o!r case ! rev]se4 ,answ]+ to ?is1 we see t if "s "o has done a bad de$ 8 fri5ds & he himself try to remove ! guilt f ! w to ! intellect1 & to give out t faults ( ! he>t 7 faults ( ! head2 rogui% tricks !y w call errors1 w say !y 7 m]ely want ( und]/&+1 want ( reflection1 light-m9d$ness1 folly2 nay1 if ne$ be1 !y w plead a p>oxysm1 mom5t>y m5tal ab]ration1 & if a heavy crime is 9 "q1 ev5 madness1 only 9 ord] to free ! w f ! guilt4 ,& 9 ! same way1 we ourselves1 if we h caus$ a mis=tune or injury1 w be=e o!rs & ourselves will+ly impea* our /ultitia1 simply 9 ord] to escape ! reproa* ( malitia4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! case ( ! equally unju/ decision ( ! judge1 ! diff]5ce1 :e!r he has err$ or be5 brib$1 is s inf9itely great4 ,all ?is suffici5tly proves t ! w alone is ! real & ess5tial1 ! k]nel ( ! man1 & ! intellect is m]ely its tool1 :i* may be con/antly faulty )\t ! w be+ conc]n$4 ,! accusation ( want ( und]/&+ is1 at ! moral judgm5t-seat1 no accusation at all2 on ! contr>y1 x ev5 gives privileges4 ,& s also1 be=e ! c\rts ( ! _w1 x is ev]y:]e suffici5t to deliv] a crim9al f all puni%m5t t 8 guilt %\ld be transf]r$ f 8 w to 8 intellect1 by prov+ ei!r unavoidable error or m5tal d]angem5t1 = !n x is ( no m consequ5ce ?an if h& or foot _h slipp$ aga9/ ! w4 ,i h fully discuss$ ?is 9 ! app5dix1 8,ueb] die ,intellektuelle ,freiheit10 to my prize essay on ! fre$om ( ! w1 to :i* ,i ref] to avoid repetition4 ,ev]y:]e ^? :o are responsible = any piece ( "w appeal1 9 ! ev5t ( its turn+ out unsatisfactorily1 to _! good int5tions1 ( :i* !re 0 no lack4 ,h]eby !y believe t !y secure ! ess5tial1 t = :i* !y are prop]ly answ]able1 & _! true self2 ! inadequacy ( _! faculties1 on ! o!r h&1 !y reg>d z ! want ( a suitable tool4 ,if a man is /upid1 we excuse him by say+ t he _c help x2 b if we 7 to excuse a bad man on ! same gr\nds we w\ld be laugh$ at4 ,& yet ! "o1 l ! o!r1 is innate4 ,?is proves t ! w is ! man prop]1 ! intellect m]ely its tool4 ,?us x is always only our will+ t is reg>d$ z dep5d+ ^u ourselves1 i4e41 z ! expression ( our true nature1 & = :i* we are !re=e made responsible4 ,!re=e x is absurd & unju/ if we are tak5 to task = our beliefs1 ?us = our k3 = we are oblig$ to reg>d ?is z some?+ :i*1 al?\gh x *anges 9 u1 is z little 9 our p[] z ! ev5ts ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,& "h1 also1 x is cle> t ! w alone is ! inn] & true nature ( man2 ! intellect1 on ! contr>y1 ) its op]ations1 :i* g on z regul>ly z ! ext]nal _w1 /&s to ! w 9 ! relation ( some?+ ext]nal to x1 a m]e tool4 ,high m5tal capacities h always be5 reg>d$ z ! gift ( nature or ! gods2 & on t acc\nt !y h be5 call$ ,gab51 ,begabung1 +5ii dotes1 gifts 7a man highly gift$71 reg>d+ !m z some?+ diff]5t f ! man himself1 some?+ t has fall5 to 8 lot ?r\gh fav\r4 ,no "o1 on ! contr>y1 has ev] tak5 ?is view ( moral excell5ces1 al?\gh !y also are innate2 !y h r always be5 reg>d$ z some?+ proce$+ f ! man himself1 ess5tially belong+ to him1 nay1 con/itut+ 8 v self4 ,b x foll[s n[ f ?is t ! w is ! true nature ( man2 ! intellect1 on ! o!r h&1 is second>y1 a tool1 a gift4 ,answ]+ to ?is1 all religions promise a rew>d beyond life1 9 et]nity1 = excell5ces ( ! w or he>t1 b none = excell5ces ( ! head or und]/&+4 ,virtue expects its rew>d 9 t _w2 prud5ce hopes = x 9 ?is2 g5ius1 aga91 nei!r 9 ?is _w nor 9 t2 x is its own rew>d4 ,accord+ly ! w is ! et]nal "p1 ! intellect ! temporal4 ,connection1 communion1 int]c\rse among m5 is bas$1 z a rule1 ^u relations :i* conc]n ! w1 n ^u su* z conc]n ! intellect4 ,! fir/ k9d ( communion may be call$ ! mat]ial1 ! o!r ! =mal4 ,( ! =m] k9d are ! bonds ( family & relation%ip1 & fur!r1 all connections t re/ ^u any common aim or int]e/1 su* z t ( trade or pr(ession1 ( ! corporation1 ! p>ty1 ! faction1 c4 ,9 ^! x m]ely am\nts to a "q ( views1 ( aims2 along ) :i* !re may be ! greate/ div]sity ( intellectual capacity & culture4 ,!re=e n only c any "o live 9 peace & unity ) any "o else1 b c act ) him & be alli$ to him = ! common good ( bo?4 ,m>riage also is a bond ( ! he>t1 n ( ! head4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) m]ely =mal communion1 :i* aims only at an ex*ange ( ?\ght2 ?is dem&s a c]ta9 equality ( intellectual capacity & culture4 ,great diff]5ces 9 ?is respect place betwe5 man & man an impassable gulf3 su* lies1 = example1 betwe5 a man ( great m9d & a fool1 betwe5 a s*ol> & a peasant1 betwe5 a c\rti] & a sailor4 ,natures z het]og5e\s z ?is h !re=e tr\ble 9 mak+ !mselves intelligible s long z x is a "q ( ex*ang+ ?\ghts1 ideas1 & views4 ,nev]!less close mat]ial fri5d%ip may exi/ betwe5 !m1 & !y may be fai?ful allies1 conspirators1 or m5 "u mutual pl$ges4 ,= 9 all t conc]ns ! w alone1 :i* includes fri5d%ip1 enmity1 hone/y1 fidelity1 fals5ess1 & trea*]y1 !y are p]fectly homog5e\s1 =m$ ( ! same clay1 & nei!r m9d nor culture make any diff]5ce "h2 inde$ "h ! ignorant man (t5 %ames ! s*ol>1 ! sailor ! c\rti]4 ,= at ! diff]5t grades ( culture !re are ! same virtues & vices1 emotions & passions2 & al?\gh some:at modifi$ 9 _! expression1 !y v soon mutually recognise ea* o!r ev5 9 ! mo/ het]og5e\s individuals1 ^u :i* ! simil>ly dispos$ agree & ! oppos$ are at enmity4 ,brilliant qualities ( m9d w9 admiration1 b nev] affection2 ?is is res]v$ = ! moral1 ! qualities ( ! "*4 ,e "o w *oose z 8 fri5d ! hone/1 ! good-natur$1 & ev5 ! agreeable1 complaisant man1 :o easily concurs1 r ?an ! m]ely able man4 ,inde$ _m w be pref]r$ to ! latt]1 on acc\nt ( insignificant1 accid5tal1 outw>d qualities :i* j suit ! incl9ation ( ano!r4 ,only ! man :o has mu* m9d himself w wi% able m5 = 8 society2 8 fri5d%ip1 on ! o!r h&1 he w be/[ ) ref]5ce to moral qualities2 = ^u ?is dep5ds 8 really high appreciation ( a man 9 :om a s+le good trait ( "* conceals & expiates great want ( und]/&+4 ,! kn[n goodness ( a "* makes u pati5t & yield+ t[>ds weaknesses ( und]/&+1 z also t[>ds ! dulness & *ildi%ness ( age4 ,a di/9ctly noble "* along ) ! entire abs5ce ( intellectual excell5ce & culture pres5ts itself z lack+ no?+2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 ! greate/ m9d1 if affect$ ) important moral faults1 w always appe> blamable4 ,= z tor*es & fireworks become pale & insignificant 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sun1 s intellect1 nay1 g5ius1 & also beauty1 are out%one & eclips$ by ! goodness ( ! he>t4 ,:5 ?is appe>s 9 a high degree x c make up = ! want ( ^? qualities to su* an ext5t t "o is a%am$ ( hav+ miss$ !m4 ,ev5 ! mo/ limit$ und]/&+1 & also grotesque ugl9ess1 :5ev] extraord9>y goodness ( he>t decl>es itself z accompany+ !m1 become z x 7 transfigur$1 out%one by a beauty ( a high] k9d1 = n[ a wisdom speaks out ( !m be=e :i* all o!r wisdom mu/ be dumb4 ,= goodness ( he>t is a transc5d5t quality2 x belongs to an ord] ( ?+s t rea*es beyond ?is life1 & is incomm5surable ) any o!r p]fection4 ,:5 x is pres5t 9 a high degree x makes ! he>t s l>ge t x embraces ! _w1 s t n[ ev]y?+ lies )9 x1 no long] )\t2 = x id5tifies all natures ) its own4 ,x !n ext5ds to o!rs also t b\ndless indulg5ce :i* o!rwise ea* "o only be/[s on himself4 ,su* a man is incapable ( becom+ angry2 ev5 if ! malici\s mock]y & sne]s ( o!rs h drawn att5tion to 8 own intellectual or physical faults1 he only reproa*es himself 9 8 he>t = hav+ be5 ! occasion ( su* expressions1 & !re=e1 )\t do+ viol5ce to 8 own feel+s1 proce$s to treat ^? p]sons 9 ! k9de/ mann]1 confid5tly hop+ t !y w turn f _! error ) reg>d to him1 & recognise !mselves 9 him also4 ,:at is wit & g5ius aga9/ ?is8--:at is ,bacon ( ,v]ulam8 ,our e/imation ( our own selves leads to ! same result z we h "h obta9$ by consid]+ our e/imation ( o!rs4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! self-satisfaction :i* we exp]i5ce 9 a moral reg>d f t :i* we exp]i5ce 9 an intellectual reg>d6 ,! =m] arises :51 look+ back on our conduct1 we see t ) great sacrifices we h practis$ fidelity & hone/y1 t we h help$ _m1 =giv5 _m1 h behav$ bett] to o!rs ?an !y h behav$ to u2 s t we c say ) ,k+ ,le>1 8,i am a man m s9n$ aga9/ ?an s9n+20 & to its fulle/ ext5t if p]haps "s noble de$ %9es 9 our memory4 ,a deep s]i\sness w accompany ! /ill peace :i* su* a review af=ds u2 & if we see t o!rs are inf]ior to u "h1 ?is w n cause u any joy1 b we w r deplore x1 & s9c]ely wi% t !y 7 z we are4 ,h[ entirely diff]5tly does ! k ( our intellectual sup]iority affect u6 ,its gr\nd bass is really ! say+ ( ,hobbes quot$ above3 ,omnis animi voluptas1 omnisque alacritas 9 eo sita e/1 quad quis habeat1 quibuscum conf]5s se1 possit magnifice s5tire de se ipso4 ,arrogant1 triumphant vanity1 pr\d1 contemptu\s look+ d[n on o!rs1 inord9ate delight 9 ! consci\sness ( decid$ & consid]able sup]iority1 ak9 to pride ( physical advantages1--t is ! result "h4 ,?is opposition betwe5 ! two k9ds ( self-satisfaction %[s t ! "o conc]ns our true inn] & et]nal nature1 ! o!r a m ext]nal1 m]ely temporal1 & inde$ sc>cely m ?an a m]e physical excell5ce4 ,! intellect is 9 fact simply ! function ( ! bra92 ! w1 on ! contr>y1 is t ^: function is ! :ole man1 accord+ to 8 be+ & nature4 ,if1 look+ )\t u1 we reflect t 1 7vita brevis1 ars longa71 & consid] h[ ! greate/ & mo/ beautiful m9ds1 (t5 :5 !y h sc>cely rea*$ ! summit ( _! p[]1 & ! greate/ s*ol>s1 :5 !y h only j atta9$ to a ?or\gh k ( _! sci5ce1 are snat*$ away by dea?1 we are confirm$ 9 ?is1 t ! mean+ & end ( life is n intellectual b moral4 ,! complete diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal & moral qualities displays itself la/ly 9 ! fact t ! intellect suff]s v important *anges ?r\gh "t1 :ile ! w & "* rema9 unt\*$ by x4 ,! new-born *ild has z yet no use ( its und]/&+1 b obta9s x )9 ! fir/ two mon?s to ! ext5t ( p]ception & appreh5sion ( ! ?+s 9 ! ext]nal _w--a process :i* ,i h describ$ m fully 9 my essay1 8,ueb] das ,sehn und die ,f>b510 p4 #aj ( ! second 7& ?ird7 edition4 ,! gr[? ( reason to ! po9t ( spee*1 & !reby ( ?\ght1 foll[s ?is fir/ & mo/ important /ep mu* m sl[ly1 g5]ally only 9 ! ?ird ye>2 yet ! e>ly *ildhood rema9s hopelessly ab&on$ to sill9ess & folly1 prim>ily because ! bra9 /ill lacks physical complet5ess1 :i*1 bo? z reg>ds its size & texture1 x only atta9s 9 ! sev5? ye>4 ,b !n = its en]getic activity !re is /ill want+ ! antagonism ( ! g5ital sy/em2 x !re=e only beg9s ) pub]ty4 ,?r\gh ?is1 h[ev]1 ! intellect has only atta9$ to ! capacity = its psy*ical improvem5t2 ?is itself c only be won by practice1 exp]i5ce1 & in/ruction4 ,?us z soon z ! m9d has escap$ f ! folly ( *ildhood x falls into ! sn>es ( innum]able errors1 prejudices1 & *im]as1 sometimes ( ! absurde/ & crude/ k9d1 :i* x ob/9ately /icks to1 till exp]i5ce gradually removes !m1 & _m ( !m also are ins5sibly lo/4 ,all ?is takes _m ye>s to happ51 s t "o grants x majority inde$ soon aft] ! tw5tie? ye>1 yet has plac$ full maturity1 ye>s ( discretion1 n be=e ! =tie? ye>4 ,b :ile ?is psy*ical education1 re/+ ^u help f )\t1 is /ill 9 process ( gr[?1 ! inn] physical en]gy ( ! bra9 already beg9s to s9k aga94 ,?is has rea*$ its real culm9at+ po9t ab\t ! ?irtie? ye>1 on acc\nt ( its dep5d5ce ^u ! pressure ( blood & ! effect ( ! pulsation ^u ! bra91 & ?r\gh ?is aga9 ^u ! pr$om9ance ( ! art]ial ov] ! v5\s sy/em1 & ! fre% t5d]ness ( ! bra9 fibre1 & also on acc\nt ( ! en]gy ( ! g5ital sy/em4 ,aft] ! ?irty-fif? ye> a slight dim9ution ( ! physical en]gy ( ! bra9 becomes noticeable1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! gradually approa*+ pr$om9ance ( ! v5\s ov] ! art]ial sy/em1 & also ?r\gh ! increas+ firm] & dri] consi/5cy ( ! bra9 fibre1 m & m takes place1 & w\ld be mu* m obs]vable if x 7 n t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! psy*ical p]fect+1 ?r\gh ex]cise1 exp]i5ce1 increase ( k1 & acquir$ skill 9 ! use ( x1 c\nt]acts x--an antagonism :i* =tunately la/s to an advanc$ age1 = ! bra9 becomes m & m l a worn-out in/rum5t4 ,b yet ! dim9ution ( ! orig9al en]gy ( ! intellect1 re/+ entirely ^u organic conditions1 cont9ues1 sl[ly inde$1 b unceas+ly3 ! faculty ( orig9al conception1 ! imag9ation1 ! pla/ic p[]1 ! memory1 become noticeably weak]2 & s x goes on /ep by /ep d[nw>ds into old age1 g>rul\s1 )\t memory1 half-unconsci\s1 & ultimately q *ildi%4 ,! w1 on ! contr>y1 is n affect$ by all ?is becom+1 ?is *ange & vicissitude1 b is f beg9n+ to end unalt]ably ! same4 ,will+ does n require to be le>n$ l kn[+1 b succe$s p]fectly at once4 ,! new-born *ild makes viol5t movem5ts1 rages1 & cries2 x wills 9 ! mo/ vehem5t mann]1 ?\gh x does n yet "k :at x wills4 ,= ! m$ium ( motives1 ! intellect1 is n yet fully develop$4 ,! w is 9 d>kness conc]n+ ! ext]nal _w1 9 :i* its objects lie1 & n[ rages l a prison] aga9/ ! walls & b>s ( 8 dungeon4 ,b little by little x becomes light3 at once ! fundam5tal traits ( univ]sal human will+1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! individual modification ( x "h pres5t1 ann\nce !mselves4 ,! already appe>+ "* %[s itself inde$ at fir/ 9 weak & unc]ta9 outl9e1 on acc\nt ( ! defective s]vice ( ! intellect1 :i* has to pres5t x ) motives2 b to ! att5tive obs]v] x soon decl>es its complete pres5ce1 & 9 a %ort "t x becomes unmi/akable4 ,! *>act]i/ics appe> :i* la/ ?r\gh ! :ole ( life2 ! pr9cipal t5d5cies ( ! w1 ! easily excit$ emotions1 ! rul+ passion1 decl>e !mselves4 ,!re=e ! ev5ts at s*ool /& to ^? ( ! future life = ! mo/ "p z ! dumb-%[ 9 8,hamlet0 t prec$es ! play to be giv5 at ! c\rt1 & =etells its cont5t 9 ! =m ( pantomime1 /&s to ! play itself4 ,b x is by no means possible to progno/icate 9 ! same way ! future intellectual capacities ( ! man f ^? %[n 9 ! boy2 r z a rule ! +5ia prcocia1 prodigies1 turn out block-heads2 g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 is (t5 9 *ildhood ( sl[ conception1 & compreh5ds ) difficulty1 j because x compreh5ds deeply4 ,?is is h[ x is t e "o relates laugh+ & )\t res]ve ! follies & /upidities ( 8 *ildhood4 ,= example1 ,goe!1 h[ he ?rew all ! kit*5 crock]y out ( ! w9d[ 7,di*tung und ,wahrheit1 vol4 i4 p4 #g72 = we "k t all ?is only conc]ns :at *anges4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a prud5t man w n fav\r u ) ! bad features1 ! malici\s or deceitful actions1 ( 8 y\?1 = he feels t !y also be> witness to 8 pres5t "*4 ,i h be5 told t :5 ,gall1 ! phr5ologi/ & inve/igator ( man1 _h to put himself into connection ) a man z yet unkn[n to him1 he us$ to get him to speak ab\t 8 y\?ful ye>s & actions1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to ga!r f ^! ! di/9ctive traits ( 8 "*2 because ?is mu/ /ill be ! same n[4 ,?is is ! reason :y we are indiff]5t to ! follies & want ( und]/&+ ( our y\?ful ye>s1 & ev5 look back on !m ) smil+ satisfaction1 :ile ! bad features ( "* ev5 ( t "t1 ! ill-natur$ actions & ! misde$s !n committ$ exi/ ev5 9 old age z inext+ui%able reproa*es1 & tr\ble our consci5ces4 ,n[1 j z ! "* appe>s complete1 s x rema9s unalt]$ to old age4 ,! advance ( age1 :i* gradually consumes ! intellectual p[]s1 leaves ! moral qualities unt\*$4 ,! goodness ( ! he>t /ill makes ! old man hon\r$ & lov$ :5 8 head already %[s ! weaknesses :i* are ! comm5cem5t ( second *ildhood4 ,g5tl5ess1 pati5ce1 hone/y1 v]acity1 dis9t]e/$ness1 philan?ropy1 c41 rema9 ?r\gh ! :ole life1 & are n lo/ ?r\gh ! weaknesses ( old age2 9 e cle> mom5t ( ! worn-out old man !y come =? undim9i%$1 l ! sun f ! w9t] cl\ds4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 malice1 spite1 av>ice1 h>d-he>t$ness1 infidelity1 egoism1 & bas5ess ( e k9d also rema9 undim9i%$ to our late/ ye>s4 ,we w\ld n believe b w\ld laugh at any "o :o said to u1 8,9 =m] ye>s ,i 0 a malici\s rogue1 b n[ ,i am an hone/ & noble-m9d$ man40 ,!re=e ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 ! 8,=tunes ( ,nigel10 has %[n v beautifully1 9 ! case ( ! old usur]1 h[ burn+ av>ice1 egoism1 & inju/ice are /ill 9 _! full /r5g?1 l a poison\s plant 9 autumn1 :5 ! intellect has already become *ildi%4 ,! only alt]ations t take place 9 our incl9ations are ^? :i* result directly f ! decrease ( our physical /r5g?1 & ) x ( our capacities = enjoym5t4 ,?us voluptu\sness w make way = intemp]ance1 ! love ( spl5d\r = av>ice1 & vanity = ambition2 j l ! man :o be=e he has a be>d w we> a false "o1 & lat]1 :5 8 own be>d has become grey1 w dye x br[n4 ,?us :ile all organic =ces1 muscul> p[]1 ! s5ses1 ! memory1 wit1 und]/&+1 g5ius1 we> !mselves out1 & 9 old age become dull1 ! w alone rema9s undecay$ & unalt]$3 ! /r5g? & ! t5d5cy ( will+ rema9s ! same4 ,inde$ 9 _m po9ts ! w %[s itself /ill m decid$ 9 age3 ?us1 9 ! cl++ to life1 :i*1 x is well kn[n1 increases2 also 9 ! firmness & p]si/5cy ) reg>d to :at x has once embrac$1 9 ob/9acy2 :i* is explicable f ! fact t ! susceptibility ( ! intellect = o!r impressions1 & !reby ! movem5t ( ! w by motives /ream+ 9 ^u x1 has dim9i%$4 ,h5ce ! implacable nature ( ! ang] & hate ( old p]sons-- 8,! "y man's wra? is l light /raw on fire1 ,b l r$-hot /eel is ! old man's ire40 --,old ,ballad4 ,f all ^! consid]ations x becomes unmi/akable to ! m p5etrat+ glance t1 :ile ! intellect has to run ?r\gh a long s]ies ( gradual developm5ts1 b !n1 l ev]y?+ physical1 mu/ enc\nt] decay1 ! w takes no "p 9 ?is1 except s f> z x has to cont5d at fir/ ) ! imp]fection ( its tool1 ! intellect1 &1 aga91 at la/ ) its worn-out condition1 b itself appe>s p]fect & rema9s un*ang$1 n subject to ! laws ( "t & ( becom+ & pass+ away 9 x4 ,?us 9 ?is way x makes itself kn[n z t :i* is metaphysical1 n itself belong+ to ! ph5om5al _w4 #i4 ,! univ]sally us$ & g5]ally v well und]/ood expressions he>t & head h sprung f a true feel+ ( ! fundam5tal di/9ction "h 9 "q2 !re=e !y are also apt & significant1 & occur 9 all languages4 ,nec cor nec caput habet1 says ,s5eca ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius 7,ludus de morte ,claudii ,cs>is1 c4 #h74 ,! he>t1 ?is primum mobile ( ! animal life1 has ) p]fect ju/ice be5 *os5 z ! symbol1 nay1 ! synonym1 ( ! w1 z ! prim>y k]nel ( our ph5om5on1 & d5otes ?is 9 opposition to ! intellect1 :i* is exactly id5tical ) ! head4 ,all t1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 is matt] ( ! w1 z wi%1 passion1 joy1 grief1 goodness1 wick$ness1 also :at we are wont to und]/& "u 8,gem?10 & :at ,hom] expresses ?r\gh 1 is attribut$ to ! he>t4 ,accord+ly we say3 ,he has a bad he>t2--8 he>t is 9 ! ?+2--x comes f 8 he>t2--x cut him to ! he>t2--x breaks 8 he>t2--8 he>t ble$s2--! he>t leaps = joy2--:o c see ! he>t ( man8--x is he>t-r5d+1 he>t-cru%+1 he>t-break+1 he>t-inspir+1 he>t-t\*+2--he is good-he>t$1 h>d-he>t$1 he>tless1 /\t-he>t$1 fa9t-he>t$1 c4 c4 ,q specially1 h[ev]1 love affairs are call$ affairs ( ! he>t1 affaires de cur2 because ! sexual impulse is ! focus ( ! w1 & ! selection ) ref]5ce to x con/itutes ! *ief conc]n ( natural1 human volition1 ! gr\nd ( :i* ,i %all %[ 9 a full *apt] supplem5t>y to ! f\r? book4 ,byron 9 8,don ,juan10 c4 xi4 v4 #cd1 is satirical ab\t love be+ to wom5 an affair ( ! head in/ead ( an affair ( ! he>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! head d5otes ev]y?+ t is matt] ( k4 ,h5ce a man ( head1 a good head1 a f9e head1 a bad head1 to lose "o's head1 to keep "o's head upp]mo/1 c4 ,he>t & head signifies ! :ole man4 ,b ! head is always ! second1 ! d]iv$2 = x is n ! c5tre b ! highe/ effloresc5ce ( ! body4 ,:5 a h]o dies 8 he>t is embalm$1 n 8 bra92 on ! o!r h&1 we l to pres]ve ! skull ( ! poet1 ! arti/1 & ! philosoph]4 ,s ,raphael's skull 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,academia di ,s4 ,luca at ,rome1 ?\gh x has lately be5 prov$ n to be g5u9e2 9 ,/ockholm 9 #ahbj ! skull ( ,desc>tes 0 sold by auction47#cc7 ,a true feel+ ( ! real relation betwe5 w1 intellect1 & life is also express$ 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,! intellect is m5s1 2 ! w aga9 is animus1 :i* comes f anima1 & ?is f 4 ,anima is ! life itself1 ! brea?1 2 b animus is ! liv+ pr9ciple1 & also ! w1 ! subject ( incl9ations1 int5tions1 passions1 emotions2 h5ce also e/ mihi animus1--f]t animus1--= 8,i h a desire to10 also animi causa1 c42 x is ! ,greek 1 ! ,g]man 8,gem?10 ?us ! he>t b n ! head4 ,animi p]turbatio is an emotion2 m5tis p]turbatio w\ld signify insanity4 ,! pr$icate immortalis is attribut$ to animus1 n to m5s4 ,all ?is is ! rule ga!r$ f ! great majority ( passages2 ?\gh 9 ! case ( conceptions s ne>ly relat$ x _c b be t ! words are sometimes int]*ang$4 ,"u ! ,greeks appe> prim>ily & orig9ally to h und]/ood ! vital =ce1 ! liv+ pr9ciple1 :]eby at once arose ! dim s5se t x mu/ be some?+ metaphysical1 :i* consequ5tly w\ld n be rea*$ by dea?4 ,among o!r pro(s ( ?is are ! inve/igations ( ! relation betwe5 & pres]v$ by ,/obu 7,ecl41 ,lib4 i4 c4 #ea1 #g1 #h74 #aj4 ,^u :at dep5ds ! id5tity ( ! p]son8 ,n ^u ! matt] ( ! body2 x is diff]5t aft] a few ye>s4 ,n ^u its =m1 :i* *anges z a :ole & 9 all its p>ts2 all b ! expression ( ! glance1 by :i*1 !re=e1 we /ill "k a man ev5 aft] _m ye>s2 :i* proves t 9 spite ( all *anges "t produces 9 him some?+ 9 him rema9s q unt\*$ by x4 ,x is j ?is by :i* we recognise him ev5 aft] ! longe/ int]vals ( "t1 & f9d ! =m] man entire4 ,x is ! same ) ourselves1 =1 h[ev] old we become1 we yet feel )9 t we are entirely ! same z we 7 :5 we 7 "y1 nay1 :5 we 7 /ill *ildr54 ,?is1 :i* unalt]$ always rema9s q ! same1 & does n gr[ old along ) u1 is really ! k]nel ( our nature1 :i* does n lie 9 "t4 ,x is assum$ t ! id5tity ( ! p]son re/s ^u t ( consci\sness4 ,b by ?is is und]/ood m]ely ! connect$ recollection ( ! c\rse ( life2 h5ce x is n suffici5t4 ,we c]ta9ly "k some?+ m ( our life ?an ( a novel we h =m]ly read1 yet only v little4 ,! pr9cipal ev5ts1 ! int]e/+ sc5es1 h impress$ !mselves ^u u2 9 ! rema9d] a ?\s& ev5ts are =gott5 = "o t has be5 reta9$4 ,! old] we become ! m d ?+s pass by u )\t leav+ any trace4 ,great age1 illness1 injury ( ! bra91 madness1 may deprive u ( memory altoge!r1 b ! id5tity ( ! p]son is n !reby lo/4 ,x re/s ^u ! id5tical w & ! unalt]able "* ( ! p]son4 ,x is x also :i* makes ! expression ( ! glance un*angeable4 ,9 ! he>t is ! man1 n 9 ! head4 ,x is true t1 9 consequ5ce ( our relation to ! ext]nal _w1 we are accu/om$ to reg>d z our real self ! subject ( k1 ! kn[+ ,i1 :i* we>ies 9 ! ev5+1 vani%es 9 sleep1 & 9 ! morn+ %9es bright] ) r5ew$ /r5g?4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! m]e function ( ! bra91 & n our own self4 ,our true self1 ! k]nel ( our nature1 is :at is beh9d t1 & really kn[s no?+ b will+ & n will+1 be+ cont5t & n cont5t1 ) all ! modifications ( ?is1 :i* are call$ feel+s1 emotions1 & passions4 ,?is is t :i* produces ! o!r1 does n sleep ) x :5 x sleeps1 & 9 ! same way :5 x s9ks 9 dea? rema9s un9jur$4 ,ev]y?+1 on ! contr>y1 t belongs to k is expos$ to oblivion2 ev5 actions ( moral significance c sometimes1 aft] ye>s1 be only imp]fectly recall$1 & we no long] "k accurately & 9 detail h[ we act$ on a critical occasion4 ,b ! "* itself1 to :i* ! actions only te/ify1 _c be =gott5 by u2 x is n[ /ill q ! same z !n4 ,! w itself1 alone & = itself1 is p]man5t1 = x alone is un*angeable1 inde/ructible1 n gr[+ old1 n physical1 b metaphysical1 n belong+ to ! ph5om5al appe>ance1 b to t itself :i* s appe>s4 ,h[ ! id5tity ( consci\sness also1 s f> z x goes1 dep5ds ^u x ,i h %[n above 9 *apt] #ae1 s ,i ne$ n dwell ^u x fur!r "h4 #aa4 ,ari/otle says 9 pass+1 9 8 book on ! comp>ison ( ! desirable1 8,to live well is bett] ?an to live0 7 1 ,top4 iii4 #b74 ,f ?is we might inf]1 by d\ble contraposition1 n to live is bett] ?an to live badly4 ,?is is also evid5t to ! intellect2 yet ! great majority live v badly r ?an n at all4 ,?is cl++ to life _c !re=e h its gr\nd 9 ! object ( life1 s9ce life1 z 0 %[n 9 ! f\r? book1 is really a con/ant suff]+1 or at ! lea/1 z w be %[n fur!r on 9 ! #bh? *apt]1 a bus9ess :i* does n cov] its exp5ses2 ?us t cl++ to life c only be f\nd$ 9 ! subject ( x4 ,b x is n f\nd$ 9 ! intellect1 x is no result ( reflection1 & 9 g5]al is n a matt] ( *oice2 b ?is will+ ( life is some?+ t is tak5 = grant$3 x is a prius ( ! intellect itself4 ,we ourselves are ! w to live1 & !re=e we mu/ live1 well or ill4 ,only f ! fact t ?is cl++ to a life :i* is s little wor? to !m is entirely a priori & n a po/]iori c we expla9 ! excessive fe> ( dea? t dwells 9 e liv+ ?+1 :i* ,ro*ef\cauld has express$ 9 8 la/ reflection1 ) r>e frankness & navet1 & ^u :i* ! effect ( all trag$ies & h]oic actions ultimately re/1 = x w\ld be lo/ if we priz$ life only accord+ to its objective wor?4 ,^u ?is inexpressible horror mortis is also f\nd$ ! fav\rite pr9ciple ( all ord9>y m9ds1 t :osoev] takes 8 own life mu/ be mad2 yet n less ! a/oni%m5t1 m+l$ ) a c]ta9 admiration1 :i* ?is action always excites ev5 9 ?9k+ m9ds1 because x is s oppos$ to ! nature ( all liv+ be+s t 9 a c]ta9 s5se we are =c$ to admire him :o is able to p]=m x4 ,= suicide proce$s f a purpose ( ! intellect1 b our w to live is a prius ( ! intellect4 ,?us ?is consid]ation also1 :i* w be fully discuss$ 9 *apt] #bh1 confirms ! primacy ( ! w 9 self-consci\sness4 #ab4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no?+ proves m cle>ly ! second>y1 dep5d5t1 condition$ nature ( ! intellect ?an its p]iodical int]mittance4 ,9 deep sleep all kn[+ & =m+ ( ideas ceases4 ,b ! k]nel ( our nature1 ! metaphysical "p ( x :i* ! organic functions necess>ily presuppose z _! primum mobile1 mu/ nev] pause if life is n to cease1 &1 moreov]1 z some?+ metaphysical & !re=e incorporeal1 x requires no re/4 ,!re=e ! philosoph]s :o set up a s\l z ?is metaphysical k]nel1 i4e41 an orig9ally & ess5tially kn[+ be+1 see !mselves =c$ to ! ass]tion t ?is s\l is q untir+ 9 its p]ceiv+ & kn[+1 !re=e cont9ues ^! ev5 9 deep sleep2 only t we h no recollection ( ?is :5 we awake4 ,! fals5ess ( ?is ass]tion1 h[ev]1 0 easy to see :5ev] "o _h reject$ t s\l 9 consequ5ce ( ,kant's tea*+4 ,= sleep & wak+ prove to ! unprejudic$ m9d 9 ! cle>e/ mann] t kn[+ is a second>y function & condition$ by ! organism1 j l any o!r4 ,only ! he>t is untir+1 because its beat+ & ! circulation ( ! blood are n directly condition$ by n]ves1 b are j ! orig9al manife/ation ( ! w4 ,also all o!r physiological functions gov]n$ m]ely by ganglionic n]ves1 :i* h only a v indirect & di/ant connection ) ! bra91 are c>ri$ on dur+ sleep1 al?\gh ! secretions take place m sl[ly2 ! beat+ ( ! he>t itself1 on acc\nt ( its dep5d5ce ^u respiration1 :i* is condition$ by ! c]ebral sy/em 7m$ulla oblongata71 becomes ) x a little sl[]4 ,! /oma* is p]haps mo/ active 9 sleep1 :i* is to be attribut$ to its special cons5sus ) ! n[ re/+ bra91 :i* occasions mutual di/urbances4 ,! bra9 alone1 & ) x kn[+1 pauses entirely 9 deep sleep4 ,= x is m]ely ! m9i/] ( =eign affairs1 z ! ganglion sy/em is ! m9i/] ( ! int]ior4 ,! bra91 ) its function ( kn[+1 is only a v$ette e/abli%$ by ! w = its ext]nal ends1 :i*1 up 9 ! wat*-t[] ( ! head1 looks r\nd ?r\gh ! w9d[s ( ! s5ses & m>ks :]e mis*ief ?reat5s & :]e advantages are to be look$ =1 & 9 accordance ) ^: report ! w decides4 ,?is v$ette1 l e "o engag$ on active s]vice1 is !n 9 a condition ( /ra9 & ef=t1 & !re=e x is glad :51 aft] its wat* is complet$1 x is aga9 )drawn1 z e wat* gladly retires f its po/4 ,?is )drawal is go+ to sleep1 :i* is !re=e s sweet & agreeable1 & to :i* we are s glad to yield2 on ! o!r h&1 be+ r\s$ f sleep is unwelcome1 because x recalls ! v$ette sudd5ly to its po/4 ,"o g5]ally feels also aft] ! b5efic5t sy/ole ! reappe>ance ( ! difficult dia/ole1 ! resep>ation ( ! intellect f ! w4 ,a s-call$ s\l1 :i* 0 orig9ally & radically a kn[+ be+1 w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 necess>ily feel on awak+ l a fi% put back into wat]4 ,9 sleep1 :5 m]ely ! vegetative life is c>ri$ on1 ! w works only accord+ to its orig9al & ess5tial nature1 undi/urb$ f )\t1 ) no dim9ution ( its p[] ?r\gh ! activity ( ! bra9 & ! ex]tion ( kn[+1 :i* is ! heavie/ organic function1 yet = ! organism m]ely a means1 n an end2 !re=e1 9 sleep ! :ole p[] ( ! w is direct$ to ! ma9t5ance &1 :]e x is necess>y1 ! improvem5t ( ! organism4 ,h5ce all heal+1 all fav\rable crises1 take place 9 sleep2 = ! vis natur m$icatrix has free play only :5 x is deliv]$ f ! burd5 ( ! function ( k4 ,! embryo :i* has /ill to =m ! body !re=e sleeps cont9u\sly1 & ! new-born *ild ! great] "p ( its "t4 ,9 ?is s5se ,burda* 7,physiologie1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dhd7 q rightly decl>es sleep to be ! orig9al /ate4 ,) ref]5ce to ! bra9 itself1 ,i acc\nt to myself = ! necessity ( sleep m fully ?r\gh an hypo!sis :i* appe>s to h be5 fir/ set up 9 ,neumann's book1 8,von d5 ,krankheit5 des ,m5s*510 #ahcd1 vol4 #d1 #baf4 ,x is ?is1 t ! nutrition ( ! bra91 ?us ! r5ewal ( its sub/ance f ! blood1 _c g on :ile we are awake1 because ! v em95t organic function ( kn[+ & ?9k+ w\ld be di/urb$ or put an end to by ! l[ & mat]ial function ( nutrition4 ,?is expla9s ! fact t sleep is n a purely negative condition1 a m]e paus+ ( ! activity ( ! bra91 b also %[s a positive "*4 ,?is makes itself kn[n ?r\gh ! circum/ance t betwe5 sleep & wak+ !re is no m]e diff]5ce ( degree1 b a fix$ b\nd>y1 :i*1 z soon z sleep int]v5es1 decl>es itself 9 dreams :i* are completely diff]5t f our imm$iately prec$+ ?\ghts4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ?is is t :5 we h dreams :i* fright5 u we try 9 va9 to cry out1 or to w>d (f attacks1 or to %ake (f sleep2 s t x is z if ! connect+-l9k betwe5 ! bra9 & ! motor n]ves1 or betwe5 ! c]ebrum & ! c]ebellum 7z ! regulator ( movem5ts7 7 aboli%$2 = ! bra9 rema9s 9 its isolation & sleep holds u fa/ z ) braz5 claws4 ,f9ally1 ! positive "* ( sleep c be se5 9 ! fact t a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g? is requir$ = sleep+4 ,!re=e too great fatigue or natural weakness prev5t u f seiz+ x1 cap]e somnum4 ,?is may be expla9$ f ! fact t ! process ( nutrition mu/ be introduc$ if sleep is to ensue3 ! bra9 mu/1 z x 71 beg9 to fe$4 ,moreov]1 ! increas$ fl[ ( blood into ! bra9 dur+ sleep is explicable f ! nutritive process2 & also ! position ( ! arms laid toge!r above ! head1 :i* is in/9ctively assum$ because x fur!rs ?is process3 also :y *ildr51 s long z _! bra9 is /ill gr[+1 require a great deal ( sleep1 :ile 9 old age1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 a c]ta9 atrophy ( ! bra91 z ( all ! p>ts1 takes place1 sleep is %ort2 & f9ally :y excessive sleep produces a c]ta9 dulness ( consci\sness1 ! consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 hyp]trophy ( ! bra91 :i* 9 ! case ( habitual excess ( sleep may become p]man5t & produce imbecility3 7nox e/ etiam multus somnus71 ,od4 #ae1 #cid4 ,! ne$ ( sleep is !re=e directly proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! bra9-life1 ?us to ! cle>ness ( ! consci\sness4 ,^? animals ^: bra9-life is weak & dull sleep little & lightly2 = example1 reptiles & fi%es3 & "h ,i mu/ rem9d ! read] t ! w9t] sleep is sleep almo/ only 9 "n1 = x is n an inaction ( ! bra9 alone1 b ( ! :ole organism1 ?us a k9d ( app>5t dea?4 ,animals ( consid]able intellig5ce sleep deeply & long4 ,m5 also require m sleep ! m develop$1 bo? z reg>ds quantity & quality1 & ! m active _! bra9 is4 ,montaigne relates ( himself t he _h always be5 a long sleep]1 t he _h pass$ a l>ge "p ( 8 life 9 sleep+1 & at an advanc$ age /ill slept f eight to n9e h\rs at a "t 7,liv4 iii41 *ap4 #ac74 ,desc>tes also is report$ to h slept a great deal 7,baillet1 ,vie de ,desc>tes1 #afic1 p4 #bhh74 ,kant all[$ himself sev5 h\rs = sleep1 b x 0 s h>d = him to d ) ?is t he ord]$ 8 s]vant to =ce him aga9/ 8 w1 & )\t li/5+ to 8 remon/rances1 to get up at ! set "t 7,ja*mann1 ,immanuel ,kant1 p4 #afb74 ,= ! m completely awake a man is1 i4e41 ! cle>] & m lively 8 consci\sness1 ! great] = him is ! necessity ( sleep1 ?us ! deep] & long] he sleeps4 ,accord+ly mu* ?9k+ or h>d bra9-"w increases ! ne$ ( sleep4 ,t su/a9$ muscul> ex]tion also makes u sleepy is to be expla9$ f ! fact t 9 ?is ! bra9 cont9u\sly1 by means ( ! m$ulla oblongata1 ! sp9al m>r[1 & ! motor n]ves1 imp>ts ! /imulus to ! muscles :i* affects _! irritability1 & 9 ?is way x exhau/s its /r5g?4 ,! fatigue :i* we obs]ve 9 ! arms & legs has accord+ly its real seat 9 ! bra92 j z ! pa9 :i* ^! p>ts feel is really exp]i5c$ 9 ! bra92 = x is connect$ ) ! motor n]ves1 z ) ! n]ves ( s5se4 ,! muscles :i* are n actuat$ f ! bra9--= example1 ^? ( ! he>t--accord+ly nev] tire4 ,! same gr\nds expla9 ! fact t bo? dur+ & aft] great muscul> ex]tion we _c ?9k acutely4 ,t "o has f> less en]gy ( m9d 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t] is p>tly explicable f ! fact t 9 summ] "o sleeps less2 = ! deep] "o has slept1 ! m completely awake1 ! m lively1 is "o aft]w>ds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n mislead u into ext5d+ sleep unduly1 = !n x loses 9 int5sion1 i4e41 9 deepness & s\ndness1 :at x ga9s 9 ext5sion2 :]eby x becomes m]e loss ( "t4 ,?is is :at ,goe! means :5 he says 79 ! second "p ( 8,fau/07 ( morn+ slumb]3 8,sleep is husk3 ?r[ x (f40 ,?us 9 g5]al ! ph5om5on ( sleep mo/ specially confirms ! ass]tion t consci\sness1 appreh5sion1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 is no?+ orig9al 9 u1 b a condition$ & second>y /ate4 ,x is a luxury ( nature1 & inde$ its highe/1 :i* x c !re=e ! less af=d to pursue )\t int]ruption ! high] ! pit* to :i* x has be5 br\ght4 ,x is ! product1 ! effloresc5ce ( ! c]ebral n]ve-sy/em1 :i* is itself n\ri%$ l a p>asite by ! re/ ( ! organism4 ,?is also agrees ) :at is %[n 9 our ?ird book1 t kn[+ is s mu* ! pur] & m p]fect ! m x has fre$ & sev]$ itself f ! w1 :]eby ! purely objective1 ! /hetic compreh5sion appe>s4 ,j z an extract is s mu* ! pur] ! m x has be5 sep>at$ f t out ( :i* x is extract$ & be5 cle>$ ( all s$im5t4 ,! opposite is %[n by ! w1 ^: mo/ imm$iate manife/ation is ! :ole organic life1 & prim>ily ! untir+ he>t4 ,?is la/ consid]ation is relat$ to ! !me ( ! foll[+ *apt]1 to :i* x !re=e makes ! transition3 yet ! foll[+ obs]vation belongs to x4 ,9 magnetic somnambulism ! consci\sness is d\bl$3 two tra9s ( k1 ea* connect$ 9 itself1 b q diff]5t f ea* o!r1 arise2 ! wak+ consci\sness kn[s no?+ ( ! somnambul5t4 ,b ! w reta9s 9 bo? ! same "*1 & rema9s ?r\gh\t id5tical2 x expresses 9 bo? ! same incl9ations & av]sions4 ,= ! function may be d\bl$1 b n ! true nature4 ,*apt] ,,xx47#cd7 ,objectification ,( ,! ,w ,9 ,! ,animal ,organism4 ,by objectification ,i und]/& ! self-exhibition 9 ! real corporeal _w4 ,h[ev]1 ?is _w itself1 z 0 fully %[n 9 ! fir/ book & its supplem5ts1 is ?r\gh\t condition$ by ! kn[+ subject1 ?us by ! intellect1 & !re=e z su* is absolutely inconceivable outside ! k ( ?is subject2 = x prim>ily consi/s simply ( ideas ( p]ception1 & z su* is a ph5om5on ( ! bra94 ,aft] its removal ! ?+ 9 itself w\ld rema94 ,t ?is is ! w is ! !me ( ! second book1 & is !re prov$ fir/ ( all 9 ! human organism & 9 t ( ! brutes4 ,! k ( ! ext]nal _w may also be def9$ z ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 9 opposition to self-consci\sness4 ,s9ce we h f\nd 9 ! latt] t its true object or mat]ial is ! w1 we %all n[1 ) ! same int5tion1 take into consid]ation ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?us objective k4 ,n[ "h my !sis is ?is3 t :i* 9 self-consci\sness1 ?us subjectively is ! intellect1 pres5ts itself 9 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?us objectively1 z ! bra92 & t :i* 9 self-consci\sness1 ?us subjectively1 is ! w1 pres5ts itself 9 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?us objectively1 z ! :ole organism4 ,to ! evid5ce :i* is giv5 9 support ( ?is proposition1 bo? 9 our second book & 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ! treatise 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 ,i add ! foll[+ supplem5t>y rem>ks & illu/rations4 ,ne>ly all t is necess>y to e/abli% ! fir/ "p ( ?is !sis has already be5 br\ght =w>d 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 = 9 ! necessity ( sleep1 9 ! alt]ations t arise f age1 & 9 ! diff]5ces ( ! anatomical con=mation1 x 0 prov$ t ! intellect is ( a second>y nature1 & dep5ds absolutely ^u a s+le organ1 ! bra91 ^: function x is1 j z grasp+ is ! function ( ! h&2 t x is !re=e physical1 l dige/ion1 n metaphysical1 l ! w4 ,z good dige/ion requires a heal?y1 /rong /oma*1 z a?letic p[] requires muscul> s9ewy arms1 s extraord9>y intellig5ce requires an unusually develop$1 beautifully =m$ bra9 ( exquisitely f9e texture & animat$ by a vigor\s pulse4 ,! nature ( ! w1 on ! contr>y1 is dep5d5t ^u no organ1 & c be progno/icat$ f none4 ,! greate/ error 9 ,gall's phr5ology is t he assigns organs ( ! bra9 = moral qualities also4 ,injuries to ! head1 ) loss ( bra9 sub/ance1 affect ! intellect z a rule v disadvantage\sly3 !y result 9 complete or p>tial imbecility or =getfulness ( language1 p]man5t or tempor>y1 yet sometimes only ( "o language out ( sev]al :i* 7 kn[n1 also 9 ! loss ( o!r k possess$1 c41 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we nev] read t aft] a mis=tune ( ?is k9d ! "* has und]gone a *ange1 t ! man has p]haps become morally worse or bett]1 or has lo/ c]ta9 incl9ations or passions1 or assum$ new ones2 nev]4 ,= ! w has n its seat 9 ! bra91 & moreov]1 z t :i* is metaphysical1 x is ! prius ( ! bra91 z ( ! :ole body1 & !re=e _c be alt]$ by injuries ( ! bra94 ,accord+ to an exp]im5t made by ,spallanzani & repeat$ by ,voltaire17#ce7 a snail t has _h its head cut (f rema9s alive1 & aft] "s weeks a new head gr[s on1 toge!r ) horns2 ) ?is consci\sness & ideas aga9 appe>2 :ile till !n ! snail _h only giv5 evid5ce ( bl9d w ?r\gh unregulat$ movem5ts4 ,?us "h also we f9d ! w z ! sub/ance :i* is p]man5t1 ! intellect1 on ! contr>y1 condition$ by its organ1 z ! *ang+ accid5t4 ,x may be def9$ z ! regulator ( ! w4 ,x 0 p]haps ,ti$emann :o fir/ comp>$ ! c]ebral n]v\s sy/em to a p>asite 7,ti$emann und ,trevirann's ,j\rnal fr ,physiologie1 ,bd4 i4 #fb74 ,! comp>ison is happy2 = ! bra91 toge!r ) ! sp9al cord & n]ves :i* dep5d ^u x1 is1 z x 71 implant$ 9 ! organism1 & is n\ri%$ by x )\t on its "p directly contribut+ any?+ to ! support ( ! economy ( ! organism2 !re=e !re c be life )\t a bra91 z 9 ! case ( bra9less abortions1 & also 9 ! case ( tortoises1 :i* live = ?ree weeks aft] _! heads h be5 cut (f2 only ! m$ulla oblongata1 z ! organ ( respiration1 mu/ be sp>$4 ,inde$ a h5 ^: :ole bra9 ,fl\r5s _h cut away liv$ = t5 mon?s & grew4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( m5 ! de/ruction ( ! bra9 does n produce dea? directly1 b only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! lungs1 & !n ( ! he>t 7,bi*at1 ,sur la ,vie et la ,mort1 ,"p ii41 art4 ii4 #a74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! bra9 controls ! relations to ! ext]nal _w2 ?is alone is its (fice1 & h]eby x dis*>ges its debt to ! organism :i* n\ri%es x1 s9ce its exi/5ce is condition$ by ! ext]nal relations4 ,accord+ly ! bra9 alone ( all ! p>ts requires sleep1 because its activity is completely di/9ct f its support2 ! =m] only consumes bo? /r5g? & sub/ance1 ! latt] is p]=m$ by ! re/ ( ! organism z ! nurse ( ! bra93 ?us because its activity contributes no?+ to its cont9u$ exi/5ce x becomes exhau/$1 & only :5 x pauses 9 sleep does its n\ri%m5t g on unh9d]$4 ,! second "p ( our !sis1 /at$ above1 w require a full] exposition ev5 aft] all t ,i h said ab\t x 9 ! writ+s ref]r$ to4 ,i h %[n above1 9 *apt] #ah1 t ! ?+ 9 itself1 :i* mu/ lie at ! f\ndation ( e ph5om5on1 & !re=e ( our own ph5om5al exi/5ce also1 ?r[s (f 9 self-consci\sness "o ( its ph5om5al =ms--space1 & only reta9s ! o!r--"t4 ,on ?is acc\nt x pres5ts itself "h m imm$iately ?an any:]e else1 & we claim x z w1 accord+ to its mo/ undisguis$ manife/ation4 ,b no p]man5t sub/ance1 su* z matt] is1 c pres5t itself 9 "t alone1 because1 z #d ( ! fir/ volume %[$1 su* a sub/ance is only possible ?r\gh ! intimate union ( space & "t4 ,!re=e1 9 self-consci\sness ! w is n appreh5d$ z ! endur+ sub/ratum ( its impulses1 !re=e is n p]ceiv$ z a p]man5t sub/ance2 b only its individual acts1 su* z purposes1 wi%es1 & emotions1 are kn[n successively & dur+ ! "t !y la/1 directly1 yet n p]ceptibly4 ,! k ( ! w 9 self-consci\sness is accord+ly n a p]ception ( x1 b a p]fectly direct becom+ aw>e ( its successive impulses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! k :i* is direct$ outw>dly1 br\ght ab\t by ! s5ses & p]fect$ 9 ! und]/&+1 :i*1 besides "t1 has also space = its =m1 :i* two x connects 9 ! close/ mann] by means ( ! function ( ! und]/&+1 causality1 :]eby x really becomes p]ception--?is k pres5ts to itself p]ceptibly :at 9 inn] imm$iate appreh5sion 0 conceiv$ z w1 z organic body1 ^: p>ticul> movem5ts visibly pres5t to u ! acts1 & ^: p>ts & =ms visibly pres5t to u ! su/a9$ ef=ts1 ! fundam5tal "*1 ( ! individually giv5 w1 nay1 ^: pa9 & com=t are p]fectly imm$iate affections ( ?is w itself4 ,we fir/ become aw>e ( ?is id5tity ( ! body ) ! w 9 ! individual actions ( ! two1 = 9 ^! :at is kn[n 9 self-consci\sness z an imm$iate1 real act ( w1 at ! same "t & unsep>at$1 exhibits itself outw>dly z movem5t ( ! body2 & e "o beholds ! purposes ( 8 w1 :i* are in/antane\sly br\ght ab\t by motives :i* j z in/antane\sly appe> at once z fai?fully copi$ 9 z _m actions ( 8 body z 8 body itself is copi$ 9 8 %ad[2 & f ?is1 = ! unprejudic$ man1 ! k arises 9 ! simple/ mann] t 8 body is m]ely ! outw>d manife/ation ( 8 w1 i4e41 ! way 9 :i* 8 w exhibits itself 9 8 p]ceiv+ intellect1 or 8 w itself "u ! =m ( ! idea4 ,only if we =cibly deprive ourselves ( ?is prim>y & simple in=mation c we = a %ort "t m>vel at ! process ( our own bodily action z a miracle1 :i* !n re/s on ! fact t betwe5 ! act ( w & ! action ( ! body !re is really no causal connection1 = !y are directly id5tical1 & _! app>5t diff]5ce only arises f ! circum/ance t "h :at is "o & ! same is appreh5d$ 9 two diff]5t modes ( k1 ! out] & ! inn]4 ,actual will+ is1 9 fact1 insep>able f do+ & 9 ! /ricte/ s5se only t is an act ( w :i* ! de$ sets its seal to4 ,m]e resolves ( ! w1 on ! contr>y1 till !y are c>ri$ out1 are only int5tions1 & are !re=e matt] ( ! intellect alone2 z su* !y h _! place m]ely 9 ! bra91 & are no?+ m ?an complet$ calculations ( ! relative /r5g? ( ! diff]5t oppos+ motives4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 c]ta9ly great probability1 b no infallibility4 ,!y may turn out false1 n only ?r\gh alt]ation ( ! circum/ances1 b also f ! fact t ! e/imation ( ! effect ( ! respective motives ^u ! w itself 0 errone\s1 :i* !n %[s itself1 = ! de$ is untrue to ! purpose3 !re=e be=e x is c>ri$ out no resolve is c]ta94 ,! w itself1 !n1 is op]ative only 9 real action2 h5ce 9 muscul> action1 & consequ5tly 9 irritability4 ,?us ! w prop] objectifies itself 9 ?is4 ,! c]ebrum is ! place ( motives1 :]e1 ?r\gh ^!1 ! w becomes *oice1 i4e41 becomes m def9itely det]m9$ by motives4 ,^! motives are ideas1 :i*1 on ! occasion ( ext]nal /imuli ( ! organs ( s5se1 arise by means ( ! functions ( ! bra91 & are also work$ up into conceptions1 & !n into resolves4 ,:5 x comes to ! real act ( w ^! motives1 ! work%op ( :i* is ! c]ebrum1 act ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! c]ebellum ^u ! sp9al cord & ! motor n]ves :i* proce$ f x1 :i* !n act ^u ! muscles1 yet m]ely z /imuli ( _! irritability2 = galvanic1 *emical1 & ev5 me*anical /imuli c effect ! same contraction :i* ! motor n]ve calls =?4 ,?us :at 0 motive 9 ! bra9 acts1 :5 x rea*es ! muscle ?r\gh ! n]ves1 z m]e /imulus4 ,s5sibility 9 itself is q unable to contract a muscle4 ,?is c only be done by ! muscle itself1 & its capacity = do+ s is call$ irritability1 i4e41 susceptibility to /imuli4 ,x is exclusively a prop]ty ( ! muscle1 z s5sibility is exclusively a prop]ty ( ! n]ve4 ,! latt] inde$ gives ! muscle ! occasion = its contraction1 b x is by no means x t1 9 "s me*anical way1 draws ! muscle toge!r2 b ?is happ5s simply & solely on acc\nt ( ! irritability1 :i* is a p[] ( ! muscle itself4 ,appreh5d$ f )\t ?is is a ,qualitas occulta1 & only self-consci\sness reveals x z ! w4 ,9 ! causal *a9 "h briefly set =?1 f ! effect ( ! motive ly+ outside u to ! contraction ( ! muscle1 ! w does n 9 "s way come 9 z ! la/ l9k ( ! *a92 b x is ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( ! irritability ( ! muscle3 ?us x plays "h precisely ! same "p :i* 9 a physical or *emical *a9 ( causes is play$ by ! my/]i\s =ces ( nature :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ! process--=ces :i* z su* are n !mselves involv$ z l9ks 9 ! causal *a91 b imp>t to all ! l9ks ( x ! capacity to act1 z ,i h fully %[n 9 #bf ( ! fir/ volume4 ,!re=e we w\ld ascribe ! contraction ( ! muscle also to a simil> my/]i\s =ce ( nature1 if x 7 n t ?is contraction is disclos$ to u by an entirely diff]5t s\rce ( k--self-consci\sness z w4 ,h5ce1 z 0 said above1 if we />t f ! w our own muscul> movem5t appe>s to u a miracle2 = inde$ !re is a /rict causal *a9 f ! ext]nal motive to ! muscul> action2 b ! w itself is n includ$ z a l9k 9 x1 b1 z ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( ! possibility ( an action ^u ! muscle ?r\gh bra9 & n]ve1 lies at ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t muscul> action also2 !re=e ! latt] is n prop]ly its effect b its manife/ation4 ,z su* x ent]s ! _w ( idea1 ! =m ( :i* is ! law ( causality1 a _w :i* is entirely diff]5t f ! w 9 itself3 & ?us1 if we />t f ! w1 ?is manife/ation has1 = att5tive reflection1 ! appe>ance ( a miracle1 b = deep] inve/igation x af=ds ! mo/ direct au!ntication ( ! great tru? t :at appe>s 9 ! ph5om5on z body & its action is 9 itself w4 ,if n[ p]haps ! motor n]ve t leads to my h& is sev]$1 ! w c no long] move x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n because ! h& has ceas$ to be1 l e "p ( my body1 ! objectivity1 ! m]e visibility1 ( my w1 or 9 o!r words1 t ! irritability has vani%$1 b because ! effect ( ! motive1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* alone ,i c move my h&1 _c rea* x & act on its muscles z a /imulus1 = ! l9e ( connection betwe5 x & ! bra9 is brok54 ,?us really my w is1 9 ?is "p1 only depriv$ ( ! effect ( ! motive4 ,! w objectifies itself directly1 9 irritability1 n 9 s5sibility4 ,9 ord] to prev5t all misund]/&+s ab\t ?is important po9t1 especially su* z proce$ f physiology pursu$ 9 a purely empirical mann]1 ,i %all expla9 ! :ole process some:at m ?or\ghly4 ,my doctr9e ass]ts t ! :ole body is ! w itself1 exhibit+ itself 9 ! p]ception ( ! bra92 consequ5tly1 hav+ ent]$ into its =ms ( k4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! w is ev]y:]e equally pres5t 9 ! :ole body1 z is also demon/rably ! case1 = ! organic functions are its "w no less ?an ! animal4 ,b h[1 !n1 c we reconcile x ) ?is1 t ! volunt>y actions1 ^? mo/ und5iable expressions ( ! w1 cle>ly orig9ate 9 ! bra91 & ?us only ?r\gh ! sp9al cord rea* ! n]ve fibres1 :i* f9ally set ! limbs 9 motion1 & ! p>alysis or sev]+ ( :i* !re=e prev5ts ! possibility ( volunt>y movem5t8 ,?is w\ld lead "o to ?9k t ! w1 l ! intellect1 has its seat only 9 ! bra91 &1 l x1 is a m]e function ( ! bra94 ,yet ?is is n ! case3 b ! :ole body is & rema9s ! exhibition ( ! w 9 p]ception1 ?us ! w itself objectively p]ceiv$ by means ( ! functions ( ! bra94 ,t process1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ! acts ( w1 dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! w1 :i*1 accord+ to my doctr9e1 expresses itself 9 e ph5om5on ( nature1 ev5 9 vegetable & inorganic ph5om5a1 appe>s 9 ! bodies ( m5 & animals z a consci\s w4 ,a consci\sness1 h[ev]1 is ess5tially a unity1 & !re=e always requires a c5tral po9t ( unity4 ,! necessity ( consci\sness is1 z ,i h (t5 expla9$1 occasion$ by ! fact t 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ complication1 & !reby m multif>i\s wants1 ( an organism1 ! acts ( its w mu/ be guid$ by motives1 no long]1 z 9 ! l[] grades1 by m]e /imuli4 ,= ?is purpose x _h at ?is /age to appe> provid$ ) a kn[+ consci\sness1 ?us ) an intellect1 z ! m$ium & place ( ! motives4 ,?is intellect1 if itself objectively p]ceiv$1 exhibits itself z ! bra91 toge!r ) its app5dages1 sp9al cord1 & n]ves4 ,x is ! bra9 n[ 9 :i*1 on ! occasion ( ext]nal impressions1 ! ideas arise :i* become motives = ! w4 ,b 9 ! rational intellect !y und]go besides ?is a /ill fur!r work+ up1 ?r\gh reflection & delib]ation4 ,?us su* an intellect mu/ fir/ ( all unite 9 "o po9t all impressions1 toge!r ) ! work+ up ( !m by its functions1 :e!r to m]e p]ception or to conceptions1 a po9t :i* w be1 z x 71 ! focus ( all its rays1 9 ord] t t unity ( consci\sness may arise :i* is ! ! !oretical ego1 ! support] ( ! :ole consci\sness1 9 :i* x pres5ts itself z id5tical ) ! will+ ego1 ^: m]e function ( k x is4 ,t po9t ( unity ( consci\sness1 or ! !oretical ego1 is j ,kant's syn!tic unity ( app]ception1 ^u :i* all ideas /r+ !mselves z on a /r+ ( pe>ls1 & on acc\nt ( :i* ! 8,i ?9k10 z ! ?read ( ! /r+ ( pe>ls1 8mu/ be capable ( accompany+ all our ideas407#cf7 ,?is assembl+-place ( ! motives1 !n1 :]e _! entrance into ! s+le focus ( consci\sness takes place1 is ! bra94 ,"h1 9 ! non-rational consci\sness1 !y are m]ely p]ceiv$2 9 ! rational consci\sness !y are elucidat$ by conceptions1 ?us are fir/ ?\ght 9 ! ab/ract & comp>$2 ^u :i* ! w *ooses1 9 accordance ) its individual & immutable "*1 & s ! purpose results :i* n[1 by means ( ! c]ebellum1 ! sp9al cord1 & ! n]ves1 sets ! outw>d limbs 9 motion4 ,= al?\gh ! w is q directly pres5t 9 ^!1 inasmu* z !y are m]ely its manife/ation1 yet :5 x has to move accord+ to motives1 or inde$ accord+ to reflection1 x requires su* an app>atus = ! appreh5sion & work+ up ( ideas into su* motives1 9 con=mity ) :i* its acts "h appe> z resolves3 j z ! n\ri%m5t ( ! blood ) *yle requires a /oma* & inte/9es1 9 :i* ?is is prep>$1 & !n z su* is p\r$ into ! blood ?r\gh ! ductus ?oracicus1 :i* "h plays ! "p :i* ! sp9al cord plays 9 ! =m] case4 ,! matt] may be mo/ simply & g5]ally compreh5d$ ?us3 ! w is imm$iately pres5t z irritability 9 all ! muscul> fibres ( ! :ole body1 z a cont9ual /riv+ aft] activity 9 g5]al4 ,n[ if ?is /riv+ is to realise itself1 ?us to manife/ itself z movem5t1 ?is movem5t mu/ z su* h "s direction2 b ?is direction mu/ be det]m9$ by some?+1 i4e41 x requires a guide1 & ?is is ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,= to ! m]e irritability1 z x lies 9 ! muscul> fibres & 9 itself is pure w1 all directions are alike2 ?us x det]m9es itself 9 no direction1 b behaves l a body :i* is equally drawn 9 all directions2 x rema9s at re/4 ,s9ce ! activity ( ! n]ves comes 9 z motive 79 ! case ( reflex movem5ts z a /imulus71 ! /riv+ =ce1 i4e41 ! irritability1 receives a def9ite direction1 & n[ produces ! movem5ts4 ,yet ^? ext]nal acts ( w :i* require no motives1 & ?us also no work+ up ( m]e /imuli into ideas 9 ! bra91 f :i* motives arise1 b :i* foll[ imm$iately ^u /imuli1 = ! mo/ "p inw>d /imuli1 are ! reflex movem5ts1 />t+ only f ! sp9al cord1 z1 = example1 spasms & cramp1 9 :i* ! w acts )\t ! bra9 tak+ "p4 ,9 an analog\s mann] ! w c>ries on ! organic life1 also by n]ve /imulus1 :i* does n proce$ f ! bra94 ,?us ! w appe>s 9 e muscle z irritability1 & is consequ5tly ( itself 9 a position to contract !m1 yet only 9 g5]al2 9 ord] t "s def9ite contraction %\ld take place at a giv5 mom5t1 !re is requir$ "h1 z ev]y:]e1 a cause1 :i* 9 ?is case mu/ be a /imulus4 ,?is is ev]y:]e giv5 by ! n]ve :i* goes into ! muscle4 ,if ?is n]ve is 9 connection ) ! bra91 !n ! contraction is a consci\s act ( w1 i4e41 takes place 9 accordance ) motives1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ext]nal impressions1 h aris5 z ideas 9 ! bra94 ,if ! n]ve is n 9 connection ) ! bra91 b ) ! sympa?icus maximus1 !n ! contraction is involunt>y & unconsci\s1 an act connect$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( ! organic life1 & ! n]ve /imulus :i* causes x is occasion$ by inw>d impressions2 = example1 by ! pressure ^u ! /oma* ( ! food receiv$1 or ( ! *yme ^u ! inte/9es1 or ( ! 9-fl[+ blood ^u ! walls ( ! he>t1 9 accordance ) :i* ! act is dige/ion1 or motus p]i/alticus1 or beat+ ( ! he>t1 c4 ,b if n[1 9 ?is process1 we g "o /ep fur!r1 we f9d t ! muscles are ! product ( ! blood1 ! result ( its "w ( cond5sation1 nay1 to a c]ta9 ext5t !y are m]ely solidifi$1 or1 z x 71 clott$ or cry/allis$ blood2 = !y h tak5 up into !mselves1 almo/ unalt]$1 its fibr9 7cruor7 & its col\r+ matt] 7,burda*'s ,physiologie1 ,bd4 v4 #fhf74 ,b ! =ce :i* =ms ! muscle out ( ! blood mu/ n be assum$ to be diff]5t f t :i* aft]w>ds moves x z irritability1 ^u n]ve /imulus1 :i* ! bra9 supplies2 9 :i* case x !n pres5ts itself 9 self-consci\sness z t :i* we call w4 ,! close connection betwe5 ! blood & irritability is also %[n by ?is1 t :]e1 on acc\nt ( imp]fection ( ! less] circulation1 "p ( ! blood returns to ! he>t unoxidis$1 ! irritability is also uncommonly weak1 z 9 ! batra*ia4 ,moreov]1 ! movem5t ( ! blood1 l t ( ! muscle1 is indep5d5t & orig9al2 x does n1 l irritation1 require ! influ5ce ( ! n]ve1 & is ev5 indep5d5t ( ! he>t1 z is %[n mo/ cle>ly by ! return ( ! blood ?r\gh ! ve9s to ! he>t2 = "h x is n propell$ by a vis a t]go1 z 9 ! case ( ! art]ial circulation2 & all o!r me*anical explanations1 su* z a p[] ( suction ( ! "r v5tricle ( ! he>t1 are q inadequate4 7,see ,burda*'s ,physiologie1 ,bd4 #d1 #gfc1 & ,rs*1 ,ueb] die ,b$eutung des ,blutes1 ,,ii1 seq47 ,x is rem>kable to see h[ ! ,fr5*1 :o recognise no?+ b me*anical =ces1 controv]t ea* o!r ) insuffici5t gr\nds ^u bo? sides2 & ,bi*at ascribes ! fl[+ back ( ! blood ?r\gh ! ve9s to ! pressure ( ! walls ( ! capill>y tubes1 & ,mag5die1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! cont9ue action ( ! impulse ( ! he>t 7,prcis de ,physiologie p> ,mag5die1 vol4 ii4 p4 #chi74 ,t ! movem5t ( ! blood is also indep5d5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 at lea/ ( ! c]ebral n]v\s sy/em1 is %[n by ! fetus1 :i* 7accord+ to ,mll]'s ,physiologie71 )\t bra9 & sp9al cord1 has yet circulation ( ! blood4 ,& ,fl\r5s also says3 8,le m\vem5t du cur1 pris en soi1 et ab/raction faite de t\t ce qui n'e/ pas ess5tiellem5t lui1 comme sa dure1 son n]gie1 ne dp5d ni immdiatem5t1 ni co9/antanm5t1 du sy/me n]veux c5tral1 et consquemm5t c'e/ dans t\t autre po9t de ce sy/me que dans les c5tres n]veux eux-mmes1 qu'il faut *]*] le pr9cipe primitif et immdiat de ce m\vem5t0 7,annales des sci5ces naturelles p4 ,aud\9 et ,br\gni>d1 #ahbh1 vol4 #ac74 ,cuvi] also says3 8,la circulation survit la d/ruction de t\t l'encphale et de t\te la molle p9iaire 7,mm4 de l'acad4 d4 sc41 #ahbc1 vol4 #f2 ,hi/4 d4 l'acad4 p4 ,cuvi]10 p4 cxxx74 8,cor primum viv5s et ultimum mori5s10 says ,hall]4 ,! beat+ ( ! he>t ceases at la/ 9 dea?4 ,! blood has made ! vessels !mselves2 = x appe>s 9 ! ovum e>li] ?an !y d2 !y are only its pa?1 volunt>ily tak51 !n beat5 smoo?1 & f9ally gradually cond5s$ & clos$ up2 z ,kasp> ,wolff has already taught3 8,!orie d] ,g5]ation10 #cj-ce4 ,! motion ( ! he>t also1 :i* is insep>able f t ( ! blood1 al?\gh occasion$ by ! necessity ( s5d+ blood into ! lungs1 is yet an orig9al motion1 = x is indep5d5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ( s5sibility1 z ,burda* fully %[s4 8,9 ! he>t10 he says1 8appe>s1 ) ! maximum ( irritability1 a m9imum ( s5sibility0 7loc4 cit41 #gfi74 ,! he>t belongs to ! muscul> sy/em z well z to ! blood or vascul> sy/em2 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x is cle> t ! two are closely relat$1 inde$ con/itute "o :ole4 ,s9ce n[ ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( ! =ce :i* moves ! muscle1 ?us ( irritability1 is ! w1 ! w mu/ also be ! metaphysical sub/ratum ( ! =ce :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! movem5t & ! =mations ( ! blood1 z t by :i* ! muscles are produc$4 ,! c\rse ( ! art]ies also det]m9es ! =m & size ( all ! limbs2 consequ5tly ! :ole =m ( ! body is det]m9$ by ! c\rse ( ! blood4 ,?us 9 g5]al ! blood1 z x n\ri%es all ! p>ts ( ! body1 has also1 z ! prim>y fluidity ( ! organism1 produc$ & fram$ !m out ( itself4 ,& ! n\ri%m5t :i* confess$ly con/itutes ! pr9cipal function ( ! blood is only ! cont9uance ( t orig9al production ( !m4 ,?is tru? w be f\nd ?or\ghly & excell5tly expla9$ 9 ! "w ( ,rs* ref]r$ to above3 8,ueb] die ,b$eutung des ,blutes10 #ahci4 ,he %[s t ! blood is t :i* fir/ has life & is ! s\rce bo? ( ! exi/5ce & ( ! ma9t5ance ( all ! p>ts2 t all ! organs h sprung f x ?r\gh secretion1 & toge!r ) !m1 = ! managem5t ( _! functions1 ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* appe>s n[ z pla/ic1 ord]+ & arrang+ ! life ( ! p>ticul> p>ts )91 n[ z c]ebral1 controll+ ! relation to ! ext]nal _w4 8,! blood10 he says1 p4 #be1 80 fle% & n]ve at once1 & at ! same mom5t at :i* ! muscle fre$ itself f x ! n]ve1 sev]$ 9 l mann]1 rema9$ oppos$ to ! fle%40 ,"h x is a matt] ( c\rse t ! blood1 be=e ^? solid p>ts h be5 secret$ f x1 has also a some:at diff]5t "* f aft]w>ds2 x is !n1 z ,rs* def9es x1 ! *aotic1 animat$1 slimy1 primitive fluid1 z x 7 an organic emulsion1 9 :i* all subsequ5t p>ts are implicite conta9$3 moreov]1 x has n ! r$ col\r q at ! beg9n+4 ,?is disposes ( ! objection :i* might be drawn f ! fact t ! bra9 & ! sp9al cord beg9 to =m be=e ! circulation ( ! blood is visible or ! he>t appe>s4 ,9 ?is ref]5ce also ,s*ultz says 7,sy/em d] ,circulation1 #big73 8,we d n believe t ! view ( ,bamgrt51 accord+ to :i* ! n]v\s sy/em is =m$ e>li] ?an ! blood1 c consi/5tly be c>ri$ out2 = ,bamgrt5 reckons ! appe>ance ( ! blood only f ! =mation ( ! corpuscles1 :ile 9 ! embryo & 9 ! s]ies ( animals blood appe>s mu* e>li] 9 ! =m ( a pure plasma40 ,! blood ( inv]tebrate animals nev] assumes ! r$ col\r2 b we d n !re=e1 ) ,ari/otle1 d5y t !y h any4 ,x is well wor?y ( note t1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,ju/9us ,k]n] 7,ges*i*te zwei] ,somnambul51 #gh71 a somnambuli/ ( a v high degree ( clairvoyance1 says3 8,i am z deep 9 myself z ev] a man c be l$2 ! =ce ( my mortal life seems to me to h its s\rce 9 ! blood1 :]eby1 ?r\gh ! circulation 9 ! ve9s1 x communicates itself1 by means ( ! n]ves1 to ! :ole body1 & to ! bra91 :i* is ! noble/ "p ( ! body1 & above ! blood itself40 ,f all ?is x foll[s t ! w objectifies itself mo/ imm$iately 9 ! blood z t :i* orig9ally makes & =ms ! organism1 p]fects x by gr[?1 & aft]w>ds con/antly ma9ta9s x1 bo? by ! regul> r5ewal ( all ! p>ts & by ! extraord9>y re/oration ( any "p t may h be5 injur$4 ,! fir/ productions ( ! blood are its own vessels1 & !n ! muscles1 9 ! irritability ( :i* ! w makes itself kn[n to self-consci\sness2 b ) ?is also ! he>t1 :i* is at once vessel & muscle1 & !re=e is ! true c5tre & primum mobile ( ! :ole life4 ,b = ! individual life & subsi/5ce 9 ! ext]nal _w ! w n[ requires two assi/ant sy/ems3 "o to gov]n & ord] its inn] & out] activity1 & ano!r = ! con/ant r5ewal ( ! mass ( ! blood2 ?us a controll] & a su/a9]4 ,x !re=e makes = itself ! n]v\s & ! inte/9al sy/ems2 ?us ! functiones animales & ! functiones naturales associate !mselves 9 a subsidi>y mann] ) ! functiones vitales1 :i* are ! mo/ orig9al & ess5tial4 ,9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 accord+ly1 ! w only objectifies itself 9 an indirect & second>y way2 = ?is sy/em appe>s z a m]e auxili>y organ1 z a contrivance by means ( :i* ! w atta9s to a k ( ^? occasions1 int]nal & ext]nal1 ^u :i*1 9 con=mity ) its aims1 x mu/ express itself2 ! int]nal occasions are receiv$ by ! pla/ic n]v\s sy/em1 ?us by ! sympa!tic n]ve1 ?is c]ebrum abdom9ale1 z m]e /imuli1 & ! w !reupon reacts on ! spot )\t ! bra9 be+ consci\s2 ! outw>d occasions are receiv$ by ! bra91 z motives1 & ! w reacts ?r\gh consci\s actions direct$ outw>dly4 ,!re=e ! :ole n]v\s sy/em con/itutes1 z x 71 ! ant5n ( ! w1 :i* x /ret*es t[>ds )9 & )\t4 ,! n]ves ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord sep>ate at _! roots into s5sory & motory n]ves4 ,! s5sory n]ves receive ! k f )\t1 :i* n[ accumulates 9 ! ?rong+ bra91 & is !re work$ up into ideas1 :i* arise prim>ily z motives4 ,b ! motory n]ves br+ back1 l c\ri]s1 ! result ( ! bra9 function to ! muscle1 ^u :i* x acts z a /imulus1 & ! irritability ( :i* is ! imm$iate manife/ation ( ! w4 ,presumably ! pla/ic n]ves also divide into s5sory & motory1 al?\gh on a subord9ate scale4 ,! "p :i* ! ganglia play 9 ! organism we mu/ ?9k ( z t ( a dim9utive bra91 & ?us ! "o ?r[s light ^u ! o!r4 ,! ganglia lie :]ev] ! organic functions ( ! vegetative sy/em require c>e4 ,x is z if !re ! w 0 n able by its direct & simple action to c>ry out its aims1 b requir$ guidance1 & consequ5tly control2 j z :5 9 "s bus9ess a man's own memory is n suffici5t1 & he mu/ con/antly take notes ( :at he does4 ,= ?is end m]e knots ( n]ves are suffici5t = ! int]ior ( ! organism1 because ev]y?+ goes on )9 its own compass4 ,= ! ext]ior1 on ! o!r h&1 a v complicat$ contrivance ( ! same k9d is requir$4 ,?is is ! bra9 ) its feel]s1 :i* x /ret*es into ! out] _w1 ! n]ves ( s5se4 ,b ev5 9 ! organs :i* are 9 communication ) ?is great n]ve c5tre1 9 v simple cases ! matt] does n ne$ to be br\ght be=e ! highe/ au?ority1 b a subord9ate "o is suffici5t to det]m9e :at is ne$$2 su* is ! sp9al cord1 9 ! reflex actions discov]$ by ,m>%all ,hall1 su* z sneez+1 yawn+1 vomit+1 ! second half ( swall[+1 c4 c4 ,! w itself is pres5t 9 ! :ole organism1 s9ce ?is is m]ely its visible =m2 ! n]v\s sy/em exi/s ev]y:]e m]ely = ! purpose ( mak+ ! direction ( an action possible by a control ( x1 z x 7 to s]ve ! w z a mirror1 s t x may see :at x does1 j z we use a mirror to %ave by4 ,h5ce small s5soria arise )9 u = special1 & consequ5tly simple1 functions1 ! ganglia2 b ! *ief s5sorium1 ! bra91 is ! great & skilfully contriv$ app>atus = ! complicat$ & multif>i\s functions :i* h to d ) ! ceaselessly & irregul>ly *ang+ ext]nal _w4 ,:]ev] 9 ! organism ! n]ve ?reads run toge!r 9 a ganglion1 !re1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 an animal exi/s = itself & %ut (f1 :i* by means ( ! ganglion has a k9d ( weak k1 ! sph]e ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 limit$ to ! "p f :i* ^! n]ves directly come4 ,b :at actuates ^! p>ts to su* quasi k is cle>ly ! w2 inde$ we are utt]ly unable to conceive x o!rwise4 ,^u ?is dep5ds ! vita propria ( ea* "p1 & also 9 ! case ( insects1 :i*1 in/ead ( a sp9al cord1 h a d\ble /r+ ( n]ves1 ) ganglia at regul> int]vals1 ! capacity ( ea* "p to cont9ue alive = days aft] be+ sev]$ f ! head & ! re/ ( ! trunk2 & f9ally also ! actions :i* 9 ! la/ in/ance d n receive _! motives f ! bra91 i4e41 in/9ct & natural me*anical skill4 ,m>%all ,hall1 ^: discov]y ( ! reflex movem5ts ,i h m5tion$ above1 has giv5 u 9 ?is ! !ory ( involunt>y movem5ts4 ,"s ( ^! are normal or physiological2 su* are ! clos+ ( ! places ( +ress to & egress f ! body1 ?us ( ! sph9ct]es vesic et ani 7proce$+ f ! n]ves ( ! sp9al cord72 ! clos+ ( ! eyelids 9 sleep 7f ! fif? pair ( n]ves71 ( ! l>ynx 7f ,n4 vagus7 if food passes ov] x or c>bonic acid tries to ent]2 also swall[+1 f ! ph>ynx1 yawn+ & sneez+1 respiration1 entirely 9 sleep & p>tly :5 awake2 &1 la/ly1 ! erection1 ejaculation1 z also conception1 & _m m4 ,"s1 aga91 are abnormal & pa?ological2 su* are /amm]+1 hicc\gh+1 vomit+1 also cramps & convulsions ( e k9d1 especially 9 epilepsy1 tetanus1 9 hydrophobia & o!rwise2 f9ally1 ! convulsive movem5ts produc$ by galvanic or o!r /imuli1 & :i* take place )\t feel+ or consci\sness 9 p>alys$ limbs1 i4e41 9 limbs :i* are out ( connection ) ! bra91 also ! convulsions ( behead$ animals1 &1 la/ly1 all movem5ts & actions ( *ildr5 born )\t bra9s4 ,all cramps are a rebellion ( ! n]ves ( ! limbs aga9/ ! sov]eignty ( ! bra92 ! normal reflex movem5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! legitimate autocracy ( ! subord9ate (ficials4 ,^! movem5ts are ?us all involunt>y1 because !y d n proce$ f ! bra91 & !re=e d n take place 9 accordance ) motives1 b foll[ ^u m]e /imuli4 ,! /imuli :i* occasion !m ext5d only to ! sp9al cord or ! m$ulla oblongata1 & f !re ! reaction directly takes place :i* effects ! movem5t4 ,! sp9al cord has ! same relation to ^! involunt>y movem5ts z ! bra9 has to motive & action1 & :at ! s5ti5t & volunt>y n]ve is = ! latt] ! incid5t & motor n]ve is = ! =m]4 ,t yet1 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 t :i* really moves is ! w is br\ght all ! m cle>ly to light because ! involunt>ily mov$ muscles are = ! mo/ "p ! same :i*1 "u o!r circum/ances1 are mov$ f ! bra9 9 ! volunt>y actions1 9 :i* _! primum mobile is intimately kn[n to u ?r\gh self-consci\sness z ! w4 ,m>%all ,hall's excell5t book 8,on ! ,diseases ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em0 is peculi>ly fitt$ to br+ out cle>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 volition & w1 & to confirm ! tru? ( my fundam5tal doctr9e4 ,= ! sake ( illu/rat+ all t has be5 said1 let u n[ call to m9d t case ( ! orig9ation ( an organism :i* is mo/ accessible to our obs]vation4 ,:o makes ! *ick5 9 ! egg8 ,"s p[] & skill com+ f )\t1 & p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! %ell8 ,oh no6 ,! *ick5 makes itself1 & ! =ce :i* c>ries out & p]fects ?is "w1 :i* is complicat$1 well calculat$1 & design$ beyond all expression1 breaks ?r\gh ! %ell z soon z x is ready1 & n[ p]=ms ! outw>d actions ( ! *ick51 "u ! "n ( w4 ,x _c d bo? at once2 previ\sly occupi$ ) ! p]fect+ ( ! organism1 x _h no c>e = )\t4 ,b aft] x has complet$ ! =m]1 ! latt] appe>s1 "u ! guidance ( ! bra9 & its feel]s1 ! s5ses1 z a tool prep>$ be=eh& = ?is end1 ! s]vice ( :i* only beg9s :5 x gr[s up 9 self-consci\sness z intellect1 :i* is ! lant]n to ! /eps ( ! w1 its 1 & also ! support] ( ! objective ext]nal _w1 h[ev] limit$ ! horizon ( ?is may be 9 ! consci\sness ( a h54 ,b :at ! h5 is n[ able to d 9 ! ext]nal _w1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is organ1 is1 z accompli%$ by means ( some?+ second>y1 inf9itely less important ?an :at x did 9 its orig9al =m1 = x made itself4 ,we became acqua9t$ above ) ! c]ebral n]v\s sy/em z an assi/ant organ ( ! w1 9 :i* x !re=e objectifies itself 9 a second>y mann]4 ,z ?us ! c]ebral sy/em1 al?\gh n directly com+ )9 ! sph]e ( ! life-functions ( ! organism1 b only gov]n+ its relations to ! out] _w1 has yet ! organism z its basis1 & is n\ri%$ by x 9 return = its s]vices2 & z ?us ! c]ebral or animal life is to be reg>d$ z ! production ( ! organic life1 ! bra9 & its function1 k1 ?us ! intellect1 belong indirectly & 9 a subord9ate mann] to ! manife/ation ( ! w4 ,! w objectifies itself also 9 x1 z w to appreh5d ! ext]nal _w1 ?us z w to "k4 ,!re=e great & fundam5tal z is ! diff]5ce 9 u betwe5 will+ & kn[+1 ! ultimate sub/ratum ( bo? is yet ! same1 ! w1 z ! real inn] nature ( ! :ole ph5om5on4 ,b kn[+1 ! intellect1 :i* pres5ts itself 9 self-consci\sness entirely z second>y1 is to be reg>d$ n only z ! accid5t ( ! w1 b also z its "w1 & ?us1 al?\gh 9 a circuit\s mann]1 is yet to be ref]r$ to x4 ,z ! intellect pres5ts itself physiologically z ! function ( an organ ( ! body1 metaphysically x is to be reg>d$ z a "w ( ! w1 ^: objectification or visible appe>ance is ! :ole body4 ,?us ! w to "k1 objectively p]ceiv$1 is ! bra92 z ! w to g1 objectively p]ceiv$1 is ! foot2 ! w to grasp1 ! h&2 ! w to dige/1 ! /oma*2 ! w to beget1 ! g5itals1 c4 ,?is :ole objectification c]ta9ly ultimately exi/s only = ! bra91 z its p]ception3 9 ?is ! w exhibits itself z organis$ body4 ,b s f> z ! bra9 kn[s1 x is itself n kn[n1 b is ! kn[]1 ! subject ( all k4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z 9 objective p]ception1 i4e41 9 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 ?us second>ily1 x is kn[n1 x belongs1 z an organ ( ! body1 to ! objectification ( ! w4 ,= ! :ole process is ! self-k ( ! w2 x />ts f ?is & returns to x1 & con/itutes :at ,kant has call$ ! ph5om5on 9 opposition to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,!re=e t :i* is kn[n1 t :i* is idea1 is ! w2 & ?is idea is :at we call body1 :i*1 z ext5d$ 9 space & mov+ 9 "t1 exi/s only by means ( ! functions ( ! bra91 ?us only 9 x4 ,t1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* kn[s1 :i* has t idea1 is ! bra91 :i* yet does n "k itself1 b only becomes consci\s ( itself subjectively z intellect1 i4e41 z ! kn[]4 ,t :i* :5 reg>d$ f )9 is ! faculty ( k is :5 reg>d$ f )\t ! bra94 ,?is bra9 is a "p ( t body1 j because x itself belongs to ! objectification ( ! w1 ! w's w to "k is objectifi$ 9 x1 its t5d5cy t[>ds ! ext]nal _w4 ,accord+ly ! bra91 & !re=e ! intellect1 is c]ta9ly condition$ imm$iately by ! body1 & ?is aga9 by ! bra91 yet only indirectly1 z spatial & corporeal1 9 ! _w ( p]ception1 n 9 itself1 i4e41 z w4 ,?us ! :ole is ultimately ! w1 :i* itself becomes idea1 & is t unity :i* we express by ,i4 ,! bra9 itself1 s f> z x is p]ceiv$--?us 9 ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 & h5ce second>ily--is only idea4 ,b 9 itself1 & s f> z x p]ceives1 x is ! w1 because ?is is ! real sub/ratum ( ! :ole ph5om5on2 its w to "k objectifies itself z bra9 & its functions4 ,we may take ! voltaic pile z an illu/ration1 c]ta9ly imp]fect1 b yet to "s ext5t ?r[+ light ^u ! nature ( ! human ph5om5on1 z we "h reg>d x4 ,! metals1 toge!r ) ! fluid1 are ! body2 ! *emical action1 z ! basis ( ! :ole effect1 is ! w1 & ! electric curr5t result+ f x1 :i* produces %ock & sp>k1 is ! intellect4 ,b omne simile claudicat4 ,q rec5tly ! physiatrica po9t ( view has at la/ prevail$ 9 pa?ology4 ,accord+ to x diseases are !mselves a curative process ( nature1 :i* x introduces to remove1 by ov]com+ its causes1 a disord] :i* 9 "s way has got into ! organism4 ,?us 9 ! decisive battle1 ! crisis1 x is ei!r victori\s & atta9s its end1 or else is defeat$4 ,?is view only ga9s its full rationality f our /&po9t1 :i* %[s ! w 9 ! vital =ce1 t "h appe>s z vis natur m$icatrix1 ! w :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( all organic functions 9 a heal?y condition1 b n[1 :5 disord] has ent]$1 ?reat5+ its :ole "w1 assumes dictatorial p[] 9 ord] to subdue ! rebelli\s =ces by q extraord9>y measures & entirely abnormal op]ations 7! disease71 & br+ ev]y?+ back to ! "r track4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t ! w itself is sick1 z ,br&is repeat$ly expresses himself 9 8 book1 8,ueb] die ,anw5dung d] ,klte10 :i* ,i h quot$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( my essay1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 is a gross misund]/&+4 ,:5 ,i weigh ?is1 & at ! same "t obs]ve t 9 8 e>li] book1 8,ueb] die ,leb5skraft10 ( #agie1 ,br&is betray$ no suspicion t ?is =ce is 9 itself ! w1 b1 on ! contr>y1 says !re1 page #ac3 8,x is impossible t ! vital =ce c be t :i* we only "k ?r\gh our consci\sness1 = mo/ movem5ts take place )\t our consci\sness4 ,! ass]tion t ?is1 ( :i* ! only *>act]i/ic kn[n to u is consci\sness1 also affects ! body )\t consci\sness is at ! lea/ q arbitr>y & unprov$20 & page #ad3 8,hall]'s objections to ! op9ion t all liv+ movem5ts are ! effect ( ! s\l are1 z ,i believe1 q unansw]able20 :5 ,i fur!r reflect t he wrote 8 book1 8,ueb] die ,anw5dung d] ,klte10 9 :i* all at once ! w appe>s s decid$ly z ! vital =ce1 9 8 sev5tie? ye>1 an age at :i* no "o z yet has conceiv$ = ! fir/ "t orig9al fundam5tal ?\ghts2 :51 la/ly1 ,i be> 9 m9d t he makes use ( my exact expressions1 8w & idea10 & n ( ^? :i* are f> m commonly us$ by o!rs1 8! faculties ( desire & ( k10 ,i am n[ conv9c$1 contr>y to my e>li] supposition1 t he borr[$ 8 fundam5tal ?\ght f me1 & ) ! usual hone/y :i* prevails at ! pres5t day 9 ! le>n$ _w1 said no?+ ab\t x4 ,! p>ticul>s ab\t ?is w be f\nd 9 ! second 7& ?ird7 edition ( my "w1 8,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur10 p4 #ad4 ,no?+ is m fitt$ to confirm & illu/rate ! !sis ) :i* we are occupi$ 9 ?is *apt] ?an ,bi*at's ju/ly celebrat$ book1 8,sur la vie et la mort40 ,8 reflections & m9e reciprocally support ea* o!r1 = 8 are ! physiological comm5t>y on m9e1 & m9e are ! philosophical comm5t>y on 81 & "o w be/ und]/& u bo? by read+ u toge!r4 ,?is ref]s specially to ! fir/ half ( 8 "w1 entitl$ 8,re*]*es physiologiques sur la vie40 ,he makes ! f\ndation ( 8 expositions ! opposition ( ! organic to ! animal life1 :i* corresponds to m9e ( ! w to ! intellect4 ,:oev] looks at ! s5se1 n at ! words1 w n all[ himself to be l$ a/ray by ! fact t he ascribes ! w to ! animal life2 = by w1 z is usual1 he only und]/&s consci\s volition1 :i* c]ta9ly proce$s f ! bra91 :]e1 h[ev]1 z 0 %[n above1 x is n yet actual will+1 b only delib]ation ^u & e/imation ( ! motives1 ! conclusion or product ( :i* at la/ appe>s z ! act ( w4 ,all t ,i ascribe to ! w prop] he ascribes to ! organic life1 & all t ,i conceive z intellect is ) him ! animal life3 ! latt] has ) him its seat 9 ! bra9 alone1 toge!r ) its app5dages3 ! =m]1 aga91 9 ! :ole ( ! rema9d] ( ! organism4 ,! complete opposition 9 :i* he %[s t ! two /& to ea* o!r corresponds to t :i* ) me exi/s betwe5 ! w & ! intellect4 ,z anatomi/ & physiologi/ he />ts f ! objective1 t is1 f ! consci\sness ( o!r ?+s2 ,i1 z a philosoph]1 />t f ! subjective1 self-consci\sness2 & x is a pleasure to see h[1 l ! two voices 9 a duet1 we advance 9 h>mony ) ea* o!r1 al?\gh ea* expresses some?+ diff]5t4 ,!re=e1 let e "o :o wi%es to und]/& me read him2 & let e "o :o wi%es to und]/& him1 bett] ?an he und]/ood himself1 read me4 ,bi*at %[s u1 9 article #d1 t ! organic life beg9s e>li] & ends lat] ?an ! animal life2 consequ5tly1 s9ce ! latt] also re/s 9 sleep1 has ne>ly twice z long a duration2 !n1 9 articles #h & #i1 t ! organic life p]=ms ev]y?+ p]fectly1 at once1 & ( its own accord2 ! animal life1 on ! o!r h&1 requires long practice & education4 ,b he is mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! six? article1 :]e he %[s t ! animal life is completely limit$ to ! intellectual op]ations1 !re=e goes on coldly & indiff]5tly1 :ile ! emotions & passions h _! seat 9 ! organic life1 al?\gh ! occasions ( !m lie 9 ! animal1 i4e41 ! c]ebral1 life4 ,"h he has t5 valuable pages :i* ,i wi% ,i c\ld quote entire4 ,on page #ej he says3 8,il e/ sans d\te tonnant1 que les passions n'ay5t jamais leur t]me ni leur orig9e dans les div]s organs de la vie animale2 qu'au contraire les p>ties s]vant aux fonctions int]nes1 soi5t con/amm5t affectes p> elles1 et mme les dt]m95t suivant l'tat o elles se tr\v5t4 ,tel e/ cep5dant ce que la /ricte obs]vation n\s pr\ve4 ,je dis d'abord que l'effet de t\te espce de passion1 con/amm5t trang] la vie animale1 e/ de faire natre un *angem5t1 une altration quelconque dans la vie organique40 ,!n he %[s 9 detail h[ ang] acts on ! circulation ( ! blood & ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 !n h[ joy acts1 & la/ly h[ fe>2 next1 h[ ! lungs1 ! /oma*1 ! inte/9es1 ! liv]1 gl&s1 & pancreas are affect$ by ^! & k9dr$ emotions1 & h[ grief dim9i%es ! nutrition2 & !n h[ ! animal1 t is1 ! bra9 life1 is unt\*$ by all ?is1 & quietly goes on its way4 ,he ref]s to ! fact t to signify intellectual op]ations we put ! h& to ! head1 b1 on ! contr>y1 we lay x on ! he>t1 ! /oma*1 ! b[els1 if we wi% to express our love1 joy1 sorr[1 or hatr$2 & he rem>ks t he mu/ be a bad actor :o :5 he spoke ( 8 grief w\ld t\* 8 head1 & :5 he spoke ( 8 m5tal ef=t w\ld t\* 8 he>t2 & also t :ile ! le>n$ make ! s-call$ s\l reside 9 ! head1 ! common p always indicate ! well-felt diff]5ce betwe5 ! affections ( ! intellect & ! w by ! "r expression1 & speak1 = example1 ( a capable1 clev]1 f9e head2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 say a good he>t1 a feel+ he>t1 & also 8,ang] boils 9 my ve9s10 8,/irs my gall10 8,my b[els leap ) joy10 8,jeal\sy poisons my blood10 c4 8,les *ants sont le langage des passions1 de la vie organique1 comme la p>ole ord9aire e/ celui de l'ent5dem5t1 de la vie animale3 la dclamation1 ti5t le milieu1 elle anime la langue froide du c]veau p> la langue expressive des organes intrieurs1 du cur1 du foie1 de l'e/omac10 c4 ,8 conclusion is3 8,la vie organique e/ le t]me o ab\tiss5t1 et le c5tre d'o p>t5t les passions40 ,no?+ is bett] fitt$ ?an ?is excell5t & ?or\gh book to confirm & br+ out cle>ly t ! body is only ! embodi$ 7i4e41 p]ceiv$ by means ( ! bra9 functions1 "t1 space1 & causality7 w itself1 f :i* x foll[s t ! w is ! prim>y & orig9al1 ! intellect1 z m]e bra9 function1 ! subord9ate & d]iv$4 ,b t :i* is mo/ wor?y ( admiration1 & to me mo/ pleas+1 9 ,bi*at's ?\ght is1 t ?is great anatomi/1 on ! pa? ( 8 purely physiological inve/igations1 actually got s f> z to expla9 ! unalt]able nature ( ! moral "* f ! fact t only ! animal life1 ?us ! functions ( ! bra91 are subject to ! influ5ce ( education1 practice1 culture1 & habit1 b ! moral "* belongs to ! organic life1 i4e41 to all ! o!r p>ts1 :i* _c be modifi$ f )\t4 ,i _c refra9 f giv+ ! passage2 x occurs 9 article #i1 #b3 8,telle e/ donc la gr&e diffr5ce des deux vies de l'animal0 7c]ebral or animal & organic life7 8p> rapport l'9galit de p]fection des div]s sy/mes de fonctions1 dont *acune rsulte2 savoir1 que dans l'une la prdom9ance ou l'infriorit d'un sy/me relativem5t aux autres1 ti5t presque t\j\rs l'activit ou l'in]tie plus gr&es de ce sy/me1 l'habitude d'agir ou de ne pas agir2 que dans l'autre1 au contraire1 cette prdom9ance ou cette infriorit sont immdiatem5t lies a la texture des organes1 et jamais leur ducation4 ,voil p\rquoi le tempram5t physique et le ,,*>act,,re ,,moral ne sont po9t susceptible de *ang] p> l'ducation1 qui modifie si prodigieusem5t les actes de la vie animale2 c>1 comme n\s l'avons vu1 t\s deux ,,app>ti5n5t ,,la ,,vie ,,organique4 ,la *>actre e/1 si je puis m'exprim] a9si1 la physionomie des passions2 le tempram5t e/ celle des fonctions int]nes3 or les unes et les autres tant t\j\rs les mmes1 ayant une direction que l'habitude et l'ex]cice ne drang5t jamais1 il e/ manife/e que le tempram5t et le *>actre doiv5t tre aussi s\/raits l'empire de l'ducation4 ,elle peut modr] l'influ5ce du second1 p]fectionn] assez le jugem5t et la rflection1 p\r r5dre leur empire suprieur au si51 =tifi] la vie animal af9 qu'elle rsi/e aux impulsions de l'organique4 ,mais v\loir p> elle dnatur] le *>actre1 ad\cir ou exalt] les passions dont il e/ l'expression habituelle1 agr&ir ou ress]r] leur sphre1 c'e/ une entreprise analogue a celle d'un mdec9 qui essai]ait d'lev] ou d'abaiss] de quelque degrs1 et p\r t\te la vie1 la =ce de contraction ord9aire au cur dans l'tat de sant1 de prcipit] ou de ral5tir habituellem5t le m\vem5t naturel aux artres1 et qui e/ ncessaire leur action1 etc4 ,n\s obs]v]ions ce mdec91 que la circulation1 la respiration1 etc41 ne sont po9t s\s le doma9e de la volont 7volition71 quelles ne peuv5t tre modifies p> l'homme1 sans pass] l'tat maladif1 etc4 ,faisons la mme obs]vation ceux qui croi5t qu'on *ange le *>actre1 et p>-l1 mme les ,,passions1 puisque celles-ci sont un ,,produit ,,de ,l',,action ,,de ,,t\s ,,les ,,organes ,,int]nes1 ou qu'elles y ont au mo9s spcialem5t leur sige40 ,! read] :o is famili> ) my philosophy may imag9e h[ great 0 my joy :5 ,i discov]$1 z x 71 ! pro( ( my own convictions 9 ^? :i* 7 arriv$ at ^u an entirely diff]5t field1 by ?is extraord9>y man1 s e>ly tak5 f ! _w4 ,a special au!ntication ( ! tru? t ! organism is m]ely ! visibility ( ! w is also af=d$ u by ! fact t if dogs1 cats1 dome/ic cocks1 & inde$ o!r animals1 bite :5 viol5tly angry1 ! w\nds become mortal2 nay1 if !y come f a dog1 may cause hydrophobia 9 ! man :o is bitt51 )\t ! dog be+ mad or aft]w>ds becom+ s4 ,= ! extreme/ ang] is only ! mo/ decid$ & vehem5t w to annihilate its object2 ?is n[ appe>s 9 ! assumption by ! saliva ( an injuri\s1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t magically act+1 p[]1 & spr+s f ! fact t ! w & ! organism are 9 tru? "o4 ,?is also appe>s f ! fact t int5se vexation may rapidly imp>t to ! "m's milk su* a p]nici\s quality t ! suck+ *ild dies =?) 9 convulsions 7,mo/1 ,ueb] sympa!tis*e ,mittel1 p4 #af74 ,note ,on ,:at ,has ,be5 ,said ,ab\t ,bi*at4 ,bi*at has1 z we h %[n above1 ca/ a deep glance into human nature1 & 9 consequ5ce has giv5 an exce$+ly admirable exposition1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd works 9 ! :ole ( ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,n[1 sixty ye>s lat]1 ,m4 ,fl\r5s sudd5ly appe>s ) a polemic aga9/ x 9 8 "w1 8,de la vie et de l'intellig5ce10 & makes s bold z to decl>e )\t c]emony t all t ,bi*at has br\ght to light on ?is important subject1 :i* 0 q 8 own1 is false4 ,& :at does he oppose to him 9 ! field8 ,c\nt] reasons8 ,no1 c\nt] ass]tions7#cg7 & au?orities1 inde$1 :i* are z inadmissible z !y are rem>kable--,desc>tes & ,gall6 ,m4 ,fl\r5s is by conviction a ,c>tesian1 & to him ,desc>tes1 9 ! ye> #aheh1 is /ill 8le philosophe p> excell5ce40 ,n[ ,desc>tes 0 c]ta9ly a great man1 yet only z a =]unn]4 ,9 ! :ole ( 8 dogmas1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is n a ^w ( tru?2 & to appeal to ^! z au?orities at ?is "t ( day is simply absurd4 ,= 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury a ,c>tesian 9 philosophy is j :at a foll[] ( ,ptolemy w\ld be 9 a/ronomy1 or a foll[] ( ,/ahl 9 *emi/ry4 ,b = ,m4 ,fl\r5s ! dogmas ( ,desc>tes are articles ( fai?4 ,desc>tes has taught1 les volonts sont des p5ses3 !re=e ?is is ! case1 al?\gh e "o feels )9 himself t will+ & ?9k+ are z diff]5t z :ite & black4 ,h5ce ,i h be5 able above1 9 *apt] #ai1 to prove & expla9 ?is fully & ?or\ghly1 & always "u ! guidance ( exp]i5ce4 ,b above all1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 ! oracle ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 !re are two fundam5tally diff]5t sub/ances1 body & s\l4 ,consequ5tly ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 z an or?odox ,c>tesian1 says3 8,le premi] po9t e/ de sp>]1 mme p> les mots1 ce qui e/ du corps de ce qui e/ de l'me0 7i4 #gb74 ,he in=ms u fur!r t ?is 8me rside uniquem5t et exclusivem5t dans le c]veau0 7ii4 #acg72 f :5ce1 accord+ to a passage ( ,desc>tes1 x s5ds ! spiritus animales z c\ri]s to ! muscles1 yet c only itself be affect$ by ! bra92 !re=e ! passions h _! seat 7sige7 9 ! he>t1 :i* is alt]$ by !m1 yet _! place 7place7 9 ! bra94 ,?us1 really ?us1 speaks ! oracle ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 :o is s mu* edifi$ by x1 t he ev5 utt]s x twice aft] him 7i4 #cc & ii4 #ace71 = ! unfail+ conque/ ( ! ignorant ,bi*at1 :o kn[s nei!r s\l nor body1 b m]ely an animal & an organic life1 & :om he !n "h condesc5d+ly in=ms t we mu/ ?or\ghly di/+ui% ! p>ts :]e ! passions h _! seat 7sig5t7 f ^? :i* !y affect4 ,accord+ to ?is1 !n1 ! passions act 9 "o place :ile !y are 9 ano!r4 ,corporeal ?+s are wont to act only :]e !y are1 b ) an immat]ial s\l ! case may be diff]5t4 ,b :at 9 g5]al may he & 8 oracle really h ?\ght 9 ?is di/9ction ( place & sige1 ( sig] & affect]8 ,! fundam5tal error ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s & ,desc>tes spr+s really f ! fact t !y conf\nd ! motives or occasions ( ! passions1 :i*1 z ideas1 c]ta9ly lie 9 ! intellect1 i4e41 9 ! bra91 ) ! passions !mselves1 :i*1 z movem5ts ( ! w1 lie 9 ! :ole body1 :i* 7z we "k7 is ! p]ceiv$ w itself4 ,m4 ,fl\r5s' second au?ority is1 z we h said1 ,gall4 ,i c]ta9ly h said1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is tw5tie? *apt] 7& already 9 ! e>li] edition73 8,! greate/ error 9 ,gall's phr5ology is1 t he makes ! bra9 ! organ ( moral qualities also40 ,b :at ,i c5sure & reject is precisely :at ,m4 ,fl\r5s praises & admires1 = he be>s 9 8 he>t ! doctr9e ( ,desc>tes3 8,les volonts sont des p5ses40 ,accord+ly he says1 p4 #add3 8,le premi] s]vice que ,gall a r5du la physiologie 787 a te de ramm5] le moral l'intellectuel1 et de faire voir que les facults morales et les facults intellectuelles sont du mme ordre1 et de les plac] t\tes1 autant les unes que les autres1 uniquem5t et exclusivem5t dans le c]veau40 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t my :ole philosophy1 b especially ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ?is volume1 consi/s ( ! refutation ( ?is fundam5tal error4 ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 on ! contr>y1 is nev] tir$ ( extoll+ ?is z a great tru? & ,gall z its discov]]2 = example1 p4 #adg3 8,si j'en tais class] les s]vices que n\s a r5du ,gall1 je dirais que le premi] a t de ramm5] les qualits morales au c]veau20--p4 #aec3 8,le c]veau seul e/ l'organe de l'me1 et de l'me dans t\te la plnitude de ses fonctions0 7we see ! simple s\l ( ,desc>tes /ill always lurks 9 ! backgr\nd1 z ! k]nel ( ! matt]72 8il e/ le sige de t\tes les facults intellectuelles4444 ,gall a ramm5 ,,le ,,moral ,a ,l',,intellectuel1 il a ramm5 les qualits morales au mme sige1 au mme organe1 que les facults intellectuelles40 ,oh h[ mu/ ,bi*at & ,i be a%am$ ( ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( su* wisdom6 ,b1 to speak s]i\sly1 :at c be m di%e>t5+1 or r m %ock+1 ?an to see ! true & pr(\nd reject$ & ! false & p]v]se extoll$2 to live to f9d t important tru?s1 deeply hidd51 & extract$ late & ) difficulty1 are to be torn d[n1 & ! old1 /ale1 & late conqu]$ errors set up 9 _! place2 nay1 to be compell$ to fe> t ?r\gh su* proc$ure ! advances ( human k1 s h>dly a*iev$1 w be brok5 (f6 ,b let u quiet our fe>s2 = magma e/ vis v]itatis et prvalebit4 ,m4 ,fl\r5s is unque/ionably a man ( mu* m]it1 b he has *iefly acquir$ x ^u ! exp]im5tal pa?4 ,j ^? tru?s1 h[ev]1 :i* are ( ! greate/ importance _c be br\ght out by exp]im5ts1 b only by reflection & p5etration4 ,n[ ,bi*at by 8 reflection & p5etration has "h br\ght a tru? to light :i* is ( ! numb] ( ^? :i* are unatta9able by ! exp]im5tal ef=ts ( ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 ev5 if1 z a true & consi/5t ,c>tesian1 he tortures a hundr$ m animals to dea?4 ,b he ought betimes to h obs]v$ & ?\ght some?+ ( ?is3 8,take c>e1 fri5d1 = x burns40 ,! presumption & self-suffici5cy1 h[ev]1 su* z is only imp>t$ by sup]ficiality comb9$ ) a false obscurity1 ) :i* ,m4 ,fl\r5s und]takes to refute a ?9k] l ,bi*at by c\nt] ass]tions1 old wives' beliefs1 & futile au?orities1 inde$ to reprove & in/ruct him1 & ev5 almo/ to mock at him1 has its orig9 9 ! nature ( ! ,academy & its fauteuils4 ,?ron$ ^u ^!1 & salut+ ea* o!r mutually z illu/re confrre1 g5tlem5 _c avoid mak+ !mselves equal ) ! be/ :o h ev] liv$1 reg>d+ !mselves z oracles1 & !re=e fit to decree :at %all be false & :at true4 ,?is impels & entitles me to say out pla9ly = once1 t ! really sup]ior & privileg$ m9ds1 :o n[ & !n are born = ! enlight5m5t ( ! re/1 & to :om c]ta9ly ,bi*at belongs1 are s 8by ! grace ( ,god10 & accord+ly /& to ! ,academy 79 :i* !y h g5]ally occupi$ only ! =ty-fir/ fauteuil7 & to its illu/res confrres1 z born pr9ces to ! num]\s repres5tatives ( ! p1 *os5 f ! cr[d4 ,!re=e a secret awe %\ld w>n ^! g5tlem5 ( ! ,academy 7:o always exi/ by ! score7 be=e !y attack su* a man1--unless !y h mo/ cog5t reasons to pres5t1 & n m]e contradictions & appeals to placita ( ,desc>tes1 :i* at ! pres5t day is q absurd4 ,,footnotes #a ,bruno & ,sp9oza are "h entirely to be except$4 ,!y /& ea* = himself & alone1 & belong nei!r to _! age nor _! qu>t] ( ! globe1 :i* rew>d$ ! "o ) dea? & ! o!r ) p]secution & insult4 ,_! mis]able exi/5ce & dea? 9 ?is ,we/]n _w is l t ( a tropical plant 9 ,europe4 ,! banks ( ! sacr$ ,ganges 7 _! true spiritual home2 !re !y w\ld h l$ a peaceful & hon\r$ life among m5 ( l m9d4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es1 ) :i* ,bruno beg9s 8 book ,della ,causa ,pr9cipio et ,uno1 = :i* he 0 br\ght to ! /ake1 he expresses cle>ly & beautifully h[ lonely he felt himself 9 8 age1 & he also %[s a pres5tim5t ( 8 fate :i* l$ him to delay ! publication ( 8 views1 till t incl9ation to communicate :at "o kn[s to be true1 :i* is s /rong 9 noble m9ds1 prevail$3 8,ad p>tum prop]>e tuum1 m5s gra1 quid ob/at2 ,seclo hc indigno s9t tribu5da licet8 ,umbr>um fluctu t]ras m]g5te1 cacum5 ,adtolle 9 cl>um1 no/] ,olympe1 ,jovem40 ,:oev] has read ?is 8 pr9cipal "w1 & also 8 o!r ,italian writ+s1 :i* 7 =m]ly s r>e1 b are n[ accessible to all ?r\gh a ,g]man edition1 w f9d1 z ,i h done1 t he alone ( all philosoph]s 9 "s degree approa*es to ,plato1 9 respect ( ! /rong bl5d+ ( poetical p[] & t5d5cy along ) ! philosophical1 & ?is he also %[s especially 9 a dramatic =m4 ,imag9e ! t5d]1 spiritual1 ?\ghtful be+1 z he %[s himself to u 9 ?is "w ( 81 9 ! h&s ( co>se1 furi\s prie/s z 8 judges & execution]s1 & ?ank ,"t :i* br\ght a bright] & a g5tl] age1 s t ! aft]-_w ^: curse 0 to fall on ^? fi5di% fanatics is ! _w we n[ live 94 #b ,bay>d ,taylor's translation ( 8,fau/10 vol4 i4 p4 #ad4--,,trs4 #c 8,fau/10 sc5e vi41 ,bay>d ,taylor's translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #acd4--,,trs4 #d ,obs]ve "h t ,i always quote ! 8,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft0 accord+ to ! pag+ ( ! fir/ edition1 = 9 ,ros5kranz's edition ( ,kant's collect$ works ?is pag+ is always giv5 9 addition4 ,besides ?is1 ,i add ! pag+ ( ! fif? edition1 prec$$ by a ,v42 all ! o!r editions1 f ! second onw>ds1 are ! same z ! fif?1 & s also is _! pag+4 #e ,cf4 ,*ri/ian ,wolf's 8,v]nnftige ,g$ank5 von ,gott1 ,welt und ,seele10 #egg-egi4 ,x is /range t he only expla9s z cont+5t :at is necess>y accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( becom+1 i4e41 :at takes place f causes1 & on ! contr>y recognises z necess>y t :i* is s accord+ to ! o!r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason2 = example1 :at foll[s f ! ess5tia 7def9ition71 ?us analytical judgm5ts1 & fur!r also ma!matical tru?s4 ,! reason he assigns = ?is is1 t only ! law ( causality gives inf9ite s]ies1 :ile ! o!r k9ds ( gr\nds give only f9ite s]ies4 ,yet ?is is by no means ! case ) ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 pure space & "t1 b only holds good ( ! logical gr\nd ( k2 b he held ma!matical necessity to be su* also4 ,comp>e ! essay on ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 #ej4 #f ,) my refutation ( ! ,kantian pro( may be comp>$ ! e>li] attacks ^u x by ,f$]1 ,ueb] ,zeit1 ,raum und ,kausalitt1 #bh2 & by ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze1 ,kritik d] !oretis*5 ,philosophie1 ,bd4 ii4 ,s4 #dbb-ddb4 #g ,see ,sext4 ,empir4 ,pyrrhon4 hypotyp41 lib4 i4 c4 #ac1 7intelligibilia app>5tibus opposuit ,anaxagoras74 #h ,t ! assumption ( a limit ( ! _w 9 "t is c]ta9ly n a necess>y ?\ght ( ! reason may be also prov$ hi/orically1 = ! ,h9dus tea* no?+ ( ! k9d1 ev5 9 ! religion ( ! p1 mu* less 9 ! ,v$as1 b try to express my?ologically by means ( mon/r\s *ronology ! inf9ity ( ?is ph5om5al _w1 ?is fleet+ & baseless web ( ,my1 = !y at once br+ out v +5i\sly ! relativity ( all p]iods ( "t 9 ! foll[+ my?us 7,poli]1 ,my?ologie des ,ind\s1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehe74 ,! f\r ages1 9 ! la/ ( :i* we live1 embrace toge!r #d1cbj1jjj ye>s4 ,ea* day ( ! creat+ ,brahma has #ajjj su* p]iods ( f\r ages1 & 8 nights h also #ajjj4 ,8 ye> has #cfe days & z _m nights4 ,he lives #ajj ( 8 ye>s1 always creat+2 & if he dies1 at once a new ,brahma is born1 & s on f et]nity to et]nity4 ,! same relativity ( "t is also express$ 9 ! special my? :i* is quot$ 9 ,poli]'s "w1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eid1 f ! ,puranas4 ,9 x a ,rajah1 aft] a visit ( a few seconds to ,vi%nu 9 8 heav51 f9ds on 8 return to e>? t sev]al millions ( ye>s h elaps$1 & a new age has begun2 = e day ( ,vi%nu is #ajj recurr5ces ( ! f\r ages4 #i ,kant said1 8,x is v absurd to expect enlight5m5t f reason1 & yet to prescribe to h] be=eh& :i* side %e mu/ necess>ily take0 78,critique ( ,pure ,reason10 p4 #gdg2 ,v4 #gge74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ is ! naive ass]tion ( a pr(essor ( philosophy 9 our own "t3 8,if a philosophy d5ies ! reality ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is ei!r false1 or1 ev5 if true1 x is yet useless40 ,t is to say1 = pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,x 0 ! late ,pr(essor ,ba*mann :o1 9 ! ,j5a ,litt]aturzeitung = ,july #ahdj1 ,no4 #abf1 s indiscreetly blurt$ out ! maxim ( all 8 colleagues4 ,h[ev]1 x is wor? notic+1 z reg>ds ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,univ]sity philosophy1 h[ "h ! tru?1 if x w n suit & adapt itself1 is %[n ! door )\t c]emony1 )1 8,be (f1 tru?6 we _c make use ( y4 ,d we owe y any?+8 ,d y pay u8 ,!n be (f60 #aj ,by ! way1 ,ma*iavelli's problem 0 ! solution ( ! "q h[ ! pr9ce1 z a pr9ce1 0 to keep himself on ! ?rone 9 spite ( int]nal & ext]nal enemies4 ,8 problem 0 ?us by no means ! e?ical problem :e!r a pr9ce1 z a man1 ought to w su* ?+s1 b purely ! political "o h[1 if he s wills1 he c c>ry x out4 ,& ! solution ( ?is problem he gives j z "o writes directions = play+ *ess1 ) :i* x w\ld be folly to mix up ! answ] to ! "q :e!r f an e?ical po9t ( view x is advisable to play *ess at all4 ,to reproa* ,ma*iavelli ) ! immorality ( 8 writ+ is j ! same z to reproa* a f5c+-ma/] because he does n beg9 8 in/ructions ) a moral lecture aga9/ murd] & slaught]4 #aa ,al?\gh ! conception ( legal "r is prop]ly negative 9 opposition to t ( wrong1 :i* is ! positive />t+-po9t1 yet ! explanation ( ^! conceptions mu/ n on ?is acc\nt be entirely negative4 #ab ,i specially recomm5d "h ! passage 9 ,li*t5b]g's 8,miscellane\s ,writ+s0 7,g?+51 #ahja1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ab73 8,eul] says1 9 8 lett]s ^u v>i\s subjects 9 connection ) natural sci5ce 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bbh71 t x w\ld ?und] & light5 j z well if !re 7 no man pres5t :om ! lightn+ might /rike4 ,x is a v common expression1 b ,i mu/ confess t x has nev] be5 easy = me completely to compreh5d x4 ,x always seems to me z if ! conception be+ 7 some?+ d]iv$ f our ?\ght1 & ?us1 if !re are no long] any s5ti5t & ?9k+ creatures1 !n !re is no?+ m :atev]40 #ac ,li*t5b]g says 9 8 8,na*ri*t5 und ,bem]kung5 von und b] si* selb/0 7,v]mis*te ,s*rift51 ,gtt+51 #ahjj1 vol4 i4 p4 #dc73 8,i am extremely s5sitive to all noise1 b x entirely loses its disagreeable "* z soon z x is associat$ ) a rational purpose40 #ad ,t ! ?ree-to$ slo? has n9e mu/ be reg>d$ z a mi/ake2 yet ,ow5 /ill /ates ?is1 8,o/ologie ,comp410 p4 #dje4 #ae ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n excuse a pr(essor ( philosophy :o1 sitt+ 9 ,kant's *air1 expresses himself ?us3 8,t ma!matics z su* conta9s ari?metic & geometry is correct4 ,x is incorrect1 h[ev]1 to conceive ari?metic z ! sci5ce ( "t1 really = no o!r reason ?an to give a p5dant 7sic7 to geometry z ! sci5ce ( space0 7,ros5kranz 9 ! 8,deuts*5 ,museum10 #aheg1 ,may #ad1 ,no4 #bj74 ,?is is ! fruit ( ,hegelism4 ,if ! m9d is once ?or\ghly debau*$ ) its s5seless j>gon1 s]i\s ,kantian philosophy w no long] ent] x4 ,! audacity to talk at r&om ab\t :at "o does n und]/& has be5 inh]it$ f ! ma/]1 & "o comes 9 ! end to condemn )\t c]emony ! fundam5tal tea*+ ( a great g5ius 9 a tone ( p]emptory decision1 j z if x 7 ,hegelian fool]y4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 fail to notice t ^! little p /ruggle to escape f ! track ( great ?9k]s4 ,!y w\ld !re=e h done bett] n to attack ,kant1 b to cont5t !mselves ) giv+ _! public full details ab\t ,god1 ! s\l1 ! actual fre$om ( ! w1 & :atev] belongs to t sort ( ?+1 & !n to h indulg$ 9 a private luxury 9 _! d>k back-%op1 ! philosophical j\rnal2 !re !y may d :atev] !y l )\t con/ra9t1 = no "o sees x4 #af ,?is *apt]1 along ) ! "o :i* foll[s x1 is connect$ ) #h & #i ( ! fir/ book4 #ag ,illg5's 8,zeits*rift fr ,hi/oris*e ,!ologie10 #ahci1 "p i1 p4 #ahb4 #ah ,gall et ,spurzheim1 8,des ,dispositions ,innes10 #ahaa1 p4 #bec4 #ai ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ab ( ! fir/ volume4 #bj ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ac ( ! fir/ volume4 #ba ,?is *apt] & ! "o :i* foll[s x are connect$ ) #i ( ! fir/ volume4 #bb ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) ! conclusion ( #i ( ! fir/ volume4 #bc ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ad ( ! fir/ volume4 #bd ,a pr9cipal use ( ! /udy ( ! anci5ts is t x pres]ves u f v]bosity2 = ! anci5ts always take pa9s to write concisely & pregnantly1 & ! error ( almo/ all mod]ns is v]bosity1 :i* ! mo/ rec5t try to make up = by suppress+ syllables & lett]s4 ,!re=e we ought to pursue ! /udy ( ! anci5ts all our life1 al?\gh r$uc+ ! "t devot$ to x4 ,! anci5ts knew t we ought n to write z we speak4 ,! mod]ns1 on ! o!r h&1 are n ev5 a%am$ to pr9t lectures !y h deliv]$4 #be ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ae ( ! fir/ volume4 #bf ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #af ( ! fir/ volume4 #bg ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ae ( ! fir/ volume4 #bh ,bay>d ,taylor's translation ( ,fau/1 vol4 i4 #ahj4 ,trs4 #bi ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ah ( ! fir/ volume4 #cj ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #ai ( ! fir/ volume4 #ca ,x is rem>kable t ,augu/9e already knew ?is4 ,9 ! f\rte5? book1 8,de ,civ4 ,dei10 c4 #f1 he speaks ( ! affectionibus animi1 :i* 9 ! prec$+ book he _h br\ght "u f\r categories1 cupiditas1 timor1 ltitia1 tri/itia1 & says3 8,voluntas e/ quippe 9 omnibus1 imo omnes nihil aliud1 quam voluntates sunt3 nam quid e/ cupiditas et ltitia1 nisi voluntas 9 eorum cons5sionem1 qu volumus8 et quid e/ metus atque tri/itia1 nisi voluntas 9 diss5sionem ab 81 qu nolumus8 cet40 #cb ,by ^? :o place m9d & le>n+ above all o!r human qualities ?is man w be reckon$ ! greate/ ( 8 c5tury4 ,b by ^? :o let virtue take prec$5ce ( ev]y?+ else 8 memory c nev] be execrat$ en\gh4 ,he 0 ! cruele/ ( ! citiz5s 9 p]secut+1 putt+ to dea?1 & bani%+4 #cc ,! ,times ( #ah? ,octob] #ahde2 f ! ,a!num4 #cd ,?is *apt] is connect$ ) #bj ( ! fir/ volume4 #ce ,spallanzani1 ,risultati di esp]i5ze sopra la riproduzione della te/a nelle luma*e t]re/ri3 9 ! ,memorie di matematica e fisica della ,societ ,italiana1 ,tom4 i4 p4 #eha4 ,voltaire1 ,les colimaons du rvr5d pre l'esc>boti]4 #cf ,cf4 ,*4 #bb4 #cg ,t\t ce qui e/ relatif l'ent5dem5t app>ti5t la vie animale1 dit ,bi*at1 et jusque-l po9t de d\te2 t\t ce qui e/ relatif aux passions app>ti5t la vie organique1 --et ceci e/ absolum5t faux4 ,inde$6--decrevit ,flor5tius magnus4