,,recon/ruction ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york4 ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company #aibj ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company ,! ,qu9n ,bod5 ,company ,,book ,,manufactur]s ,,rahway ,,new ,,j]sey ,,prefatory ,,note ,be+ invit$ to lecture at ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity ( ,japan 9 ,tokyo dur+ ,febru>y & ,m>* ( ! pres5t ye>1 ,i attempt$ an int]pretation ( ! recon/ruction ( ideas & ways ( ?\ght n[ go+ on 9 philosophy4 ,:ile ! lectures _c avoid reveal+ ! m>ks ( ! p>ticul> /&po9t ( _! au?or1 ! aim is to exhibit ! g5]al contra/s betwe5 old] & new] types ( philosophic problems r ?an to make a p>tisan plea 9 behalf ( any "o specific solution ( ^! problems4 ,i h tri$ = ! mo/ "p to set =? ! =ces :i* make intellectual recon/ruction inevitable & to prefigure "s ( ! l9es ^u :i* x mu/ proce$4 ,any "o :o has enjoy$ ! unique hospitality ( ,japan w be ov]:elm$ ) confusion if he endeavors to make an ackn[l$gm5t 9 any way comm5surate to ! k9dnesses he receiv$4 ,yet ,i mu/ set d[n 9 ! b>e/ ( black & :ite my grateful appreciation ( !m1 & 9 p>ticul> record my ineffaceable impressions ( ! c\rtesy & help ( ! memb]s ( ! dep>tm5t ( philosophy ( ,tokyo ,univ]sity1 & ( my de> fri5ds ,dr4 ,ono & ,dr4 ,nitobe4 ,j4 ,d4 ,septemb]1 #aiai4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,*ang+ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,philosophy #a ,orig9 ( philosophy 9 desire & imag9ation4 ,influ5ce ( community traditions & au?ority4 ,simultane\s developm5t ( matt]-(-fact k4 ,incongruity & conflict ( ! two types4 ,respective values ( ea* type4444 ,classic philosophies 7i7 comp5satory1 7ii7 dialectically =mal1 & 7iii7 conc]n$ ) sup]ior ,reality4 ,contempor>y ?9k+ accepts primacy ( matt]-(-fact k & assigns to philosophy a social function r ?an t ( absolute k4 ,,ii ,,"s ,,hi/orical ,,factors ,,9 ,,philosophical ,,recon/ruction #bh ,francis ,bacon exemplifies ! new] _s4444 ,he conceiv$ k z p[]4 ,z dep5d5t ^u organiz$ coop]ative rese>*4444 ,z te/$ by promotion ( social progress4 ,! new ?\ght reflect$ actual social *anges1 indu/rial1 political1 religi\s4444 ,! new idealism4 ,,iii ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,factor ,,9 ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,philosophy #ec ,sci5ce has revolutioniz$ our conception ( ,nature4 ,philosophy has to be trans=m$ because no long] dep5d+ ^u a sci5ce :i* accepts a clos$1 f9ite _w4 ,or1 fix$ species4 ,or1 sup]iority or re/ to *ange & motion4 ,contra/ ( feudal ) democratic conceptions4 ,elim9ation ( f9al causes4 ,me*anical sci5ce & ! possibility ( control ( nature4 ,respect = matt]4 ,new temp] ( imag9ation4 ,influ5ce ?us f> te*nical r ?an human & moral4 ,,iv ,,*ang$ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,reason #gg ,traditional conception ( nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,limits ( anci5t civilization4 ,effect ( classic idea on mod]n empiricism4 ,:y a diff]5t conception is n[ possible4 ,psy*ological *ange emphasizes vital factor us+ environm5t4 ,effect ^u traditional ideas ( s5sation & k4 ,factor ( organization4 ,socially1 exp]i5ce is n[ m inv5tive & regulative4444 ,correspond+ *ange 9 idea ( ,reason4 ,intellig5ce is hypo!tical & inv5tive4 ,weakness ( hi/oric ,rationalism4 ,kantianism4 ,contra/ ( ,g]man & ,briti% philosophies4 ,recon/ruction ( empirical lib]alism4 ,v ,,*ang$ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,& ,,! ,,real #ajc ,idealization root$ 9 av]sion to ! disagreeable4444 ,?is fact has affect$ philosophy4444 ,true reality is ideal1 & h5ce *angeless1 complete4 ,h5ce contemplative k is high] ?an exp]im5tal4 ,contra/ ) ! mod]n practise ( k4444 ,significance ( *ange4444 ,! actual or reali/ic signifies conditions effect+ *ange4444 ,ideals become me?ods r ?an goals4 ,illu/ration f elim9ation ( di/ance4 ,*ange 9 conception ( philosophy4444 ,! significant problems = philosophy4444 ,social und]/&+ & conciliation4 ,! practical problem ( real & ideal4 ,,vi ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,logical ,,recon/ruction #acb ,pres5t confusion z to logic4 ,logic is regulative & normative because empirical4 ,illu/ration f ma!matics4 ,orig9 ( ?9k+ 9 conflicts4 ,confrontation ) fact4 ,response by anticipation or pr$iction4 ,importance ( hypo!ses4 ,imp>tial inquiry4 ,importance ( d$uctive function4 ,organization & classification4 ,nature ( tru?4 ,tru? is adv]bial1 n a ?+4 ,,vii ,,recon/ruction ,,9 ,,moral ,,conceptions #afa ,common factor 9 traditional !ories4 ,e moral situation unique4 ,supremacy ( ! specific or individualiz$ case4 ,fallacy ( g5]al ends4 ,wor? ( g5]alization ( ends & rules is intellectual4 ,h>mfulness ( division ( goods into intr9sic & in/rum5tal4 ,into natural & moral4 ,moral wor? ( natural sci5ce4 ,importance ( discov]y 9 morals4 ,aboli%+ ,ph>iseeism4444 ,gr[? z ! end4 ,optimism & pessimism4 ,conception ( happ9ess4 ,criticism ( utilit>ianism4 ,all life moral 9 s f> z educative4 ,,viii ,,recon/ruction ,,z ,,affect+ ,,social ,,philosophy #ahg ,defects ( curr5t logic ( social ?\ght4 ,neglect ( specific situations4 ,defects ( organic concept ( society4 ,evils ( notion ( fix$ self or individual4 ,doctr9e ( int]e/s4 ,moral & in/itutional re=m4 ,moral te/ ( social in/itutions4 ,social pluralism4 ,political monism1 dogma ( ,national ,/ate4 ,primacy ( associations4 ,int]national humanism4 ,organization a subord9ate conception4 ,fre$om & democracy4 ,intellectual recon/ruction :5 habitual w affect imag9ation & h5ce poetry & religion4 ,,index #bag ,,recon/ruction ,,9 ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,i ,,*ang+ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,philosophy ,man diff]s f ! l[] animals because he pres]ves 8 pa/ exp]i5ces4 ,:at happ5$ 9 ! pa/ is liv$ aga9 9 memory4 ,ab\t :at goes on today hangs a cl\d ( ?\ghts conc]n+ simil> ?+s und]gone 9 bygone days4 ,) ! animals1 an exp]i5ce p]i%es z x happ5s1 & ea* new do+ or suff]+ /&s alone4 ,b man lives 9 a _w :]e ea* occurr5ce is *>g$ ) e*oes & rem9isc5ces ( :at has gone be=e1 :]e ea* ev5t is a rem9d] ( o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce he lives n1 l ! bea/s ( ! field1 9 a _w ( m]ely physical ?+s b 9 a _w ( signs & symbols4 ,a /one is n m]ely h>d1 a ?+ into :i* "o bumps2 b x is a monum5t ( a deceas$ ance/or4 ,a flame is n m]ely some?+ :i* w>ms or burns1 b is a symbol ( ! endur+ life ( ! h\sehold1 ( ! abid+ s\rce ( *e]1 n\ri%m5t & %elt] to :i* man returns f 8 casual w&]+s4 ,in/ead ( be+ a quick =k ( fire :i* may /+ & hurt1 x is ! he>? at :i* "o wor%ips & = :i* "o fights4 ,& all ?is :i* m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 be/iality & humanity1 betwe5 culture & m]ely physical nature1 is because man rememb]s1 pres]v+ & record+ 8 exp]i5ces4 ,! revivals ( memory are1 h[ev]1 r>ely lit]al4 ,we naturally rememb] :at int]e/s u & because x int]e/s u4 ,! pa/ is recall$ n because ( itself b because ( :at x adds to ! pres5t4 ,?us ! prim>y life ( memory is emotional r ?an intellectual & practical4 ,savage man recall$ ye/]day's /ruggle ) an animal n 9 ord] to /udy 9 a sci5tific way ! qualities ( ! animal or = ! sake ( calculat+ h[ bett] to fight tomorr[1 b to escape f ! t$ium ( today by rega9+ ! ?rill ( ye/]day4 ,! memory has all ! excitem5t ( ! combat )\t its dang] & anxiety4 ,to revive x & revel 9 x is to enhance ! pres5t mom5t ) a new mean+1 a mean+ diff]5t f t :i* actually belongs ei!r to x or to ! pa/4 ,memory is vic>i\s exp]i5ce 9 :i* !re is all ! emotional values ( actual exp]i5ce )\t its /ra9s1 vicissitudes & tr\bles4 ,! triumph ( battle is ev5 m poignant 9 ! memorial w> dance ?an at ! mom5t ( victory2 ! consci\s & truly human exp]i5ce ( ! *ase comes :5 x is talk$ ov] & re-enact$ by ! camp fire4 ,at ! "t1 att5tion is tak5 up ) practical details & ) ! /ra9 ( unc]ta9ty4 ,only lat] d ! details compose into a /ory & fuse into a :ole ( mean+4 ,at ! "t ( practical exp]i5ce man exi/s f mom5t to mom5t1 preoccupi$ ) ! task ( ! mom5t4 ,z he re-surveys all ! mom5ts 9 ?\ght1 a drama em]ges ) a beg9n+1 a middle & a movem5t t[>d ! climax ( a*ievem5t or defeat4 ,s9ce man revives 8 pa/ exp]i5ce because ( ! int]e/ add$ to :at w\ld o!rwise be ! empt9ess ( pres5t leisure1 ! primitive life ( memory is "o ( fancy & imag9ation1 r ?an ( accurate recollection4 ,aft] all1 x is ! /ory1 ! drama1 :i* c\nts4 ,only ^? incid5ts are select$ :i* h a pres5t emotional value1 to int5sify ! pres5t tale z x is rehe>s$ 9 imag9ation or told to an admir+ li/5]4 ,:at does n add to ! ?rill ( combat or contribute to ! goal ( success or failure is dropp$4 ,incid5ts are re>rang$ till !y fit into ! temp] ( ! tale4 ,?us e>ly man :5 left to himself1 :5 n actually engag$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 liv$ 9 a _w ( memories :i* 0 a _w ( sugge/ions4 ,a sugge/ion diff]s f a recollection 9 t no attempt is made to te/ its correctness4 ,its correctness is a matt] ( relative indiff]5ce4 ,! cl\d sugge/s a camel or a man's face4 ,x c\ld n sugge/ ^! ?+s unless "s "t !re _h be5 an actual1 lit]al exp]i5ce ( camel & face4 ,b ! real lik5ess is ( no acc\nt4 ,! ma9 ?+ is ! emotional int]e/ 9 trac+ ! camel or foll[+ ! =tunes ( ! face z x =ms & dissolves4 ,/ud5ts ( ! primitive hi/ory ( mank9d tell ( ! enorm\s "p play$ by animal tales1 my?s & cults4 ,sometimes a my/]y is made out ( ?is hi/orical fact1 z if x indicat$ t primitive man 0 mov$ by a diff]5t psy*ology f t :i* n[ animates humanity4 ,b ! explanation is1 ,i ?9k1 simple4 ,until agriculture & ! high] indu/rial arts 7 develop$1 long p]iods ( empty leisure alt]nat$ ) comp>atively %ort p]iods ( en]gy put =? to secure food or safety f attack4 ,because ( our own habits1 we t5d to ?9k ( p z busy or occupi$1 if n ) do+ at lea/ ) ?9k+ & plann+4 ,b !n m5 7 busy only :5 engag$ 9 ! hunt or fi%+ or fight+ exp$ition4 ,yet ! m9d :5 awake mu/ h "s fill+2 x _c rema9 lit]ally vacant because ! body is idle4 ,& :at ?\ghts %\ld cr[d into ! human m9d except exp]i5ces ) animals1 exp]i5ces trans=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( dramatic int]e/ to make m vivid & coh]5t ! ev5ts typical ( ! *ase8 ,z m5 9 fancy dramatically re-liv$ ! int]e/+ p>ts ( _! actual lives1 animals inevitably became !mselves dramatiz$4 ,!y 7 true dramatis p]son & z su* assum$ ! traits ( p]sons4 ,!y too _h desires1 hopes & fe>s1 a life ( affections1 loves & hates1 triumphs & defeats4 ,moreov]1 s9ce !y 7 ess5tial to ! support ( ! community1 _! activities & suff]+s made !m1 9 ! imag9ation :i* dramatically reviv$ ! pa/1 true %>]s 9 ! life ( ! community4 ,al?\gh !y 7 hunt$1 yet !y p]mitt$ !mselves aft] all to be caught1 & h5ce !y 7 fri5ds & allies4 ,!y devot$ !mselves1 q lit]ally1 to ! su/5ance & well-be+ ( ! community gr\p to :i* !y belong$4 ,?us 7 produc$ n m]ely ! multitude ( tales & leg5ds dwell+ affectionately ^u ! activities & features ( animals1 b also ^? elaborate rites & cults :i* made animals ance/ors1 h]oes1 tribal figure-heads & div9ities4 ,i hope t ,i d n seem to y to h gone too f> afield f my topic1 ! orig9 ( philosophies4 ,= x seems to me t ! hi/oric s\rce ( philosophies _c be und]/ood except z we dwell1 at ev5 great] l5g? & 9 m detail1 ^u su* consid]ations z ^!4 ,we ne$ to recognize t ! ord9>y consci\sness ( ! ord9>y man left to himself is a creature ( desires r ?an ( intellectual /udy1 inquiry or speculation4 ,man ceases to be prim>ily actuat$ by hopes & fe>s1 loves & hates1 only :5 he is subject$ to a discipl9e :i* is =eign to human nature1 :i* is1 f ! /&po9t ( natural man1 artificial4 ,naturally our books1 our sci5tific & philosophical books1 are writt5 by m5 :o h subject$ !mselves 9 a sup]ior degree to intellectual discipl9e & culture4 ,_! ?\ghts are habitually reasonable4 ,!y h le>n$ to *eck _! fancies by facts1 & to organize _! ideas logically r ?an emotionally & dramatically4 ,:5 !y d indulge 9 rev]ie & day-dream+--:i* is probably m ( ! "t ?an is conv5tionally ackn[l$g$--!y are aw>e ( :at !y are do+4 ,!y label ^! excursions1 & d n confuse _! results ) objective exp]i5ces4 ,we t5d to judge o!rs by ourselves1 & because sci5tific & philosophic books are compos$ by m5 9 :om ! reasonable1 logical & objective habit ( m9d pr$om9ates1 a simil> rationality has be5 attribut$ by !m to ! av]age & ord9>y man4 ,x is !n ov]look$ t bo? rationality & irrationality are l>gely irrelevant & episodical 9 undiscipl9$ human nature2 t m5 are gov]n$ by memory r ?an by ?\ght1 & t memory is n a rememb]+ ( actual facts1 b is association1 sugge/ion1 dramatic fancy4 ,! /&>d us$ to measure ! value ( ! sugge/ions t spr+ up 9 ! m9d is n congruity ) fact b emotional cong5iality4 ,d !y /imulate & re9=ce feel+1 & fit into ! dramatic tale8 ,are !y consonant ) ! prevail+ mood1 & c !y be r5d]$ into ! traditional hopes & fe>s ( ! community8 ,if we are will+ to take ! ^w dreams ) a c]ta9 lib]ality1 x is h>dly too mu* to say t man1 save 9 8 occasional times ( actual "w & /ruggle1 lives 9 a _w ( dreams1 r ?an ( facts1 & a _w ( dreams t is organiz$ ab\t desires ^: success & fru/ration =m its /uff4 ,to treat ! e>ly beliefs & traditions ( mank9d z if !y 7 attempts at sci5tific explanation ( ! _w1 only errone\s & absurd attempts1 is ?us to be guilty ( a great mi/ake4 ,! mat]ial out ( :i* philosophy f9ally em]ges is irrelevant to sci5ce & to explanation4 ,x is figurative1 symbolic ( fe>s & hopes1 made ( imag9ations & sugge/ions1 n significant ( a _w ( objective fact intellectually confront$4 ,x is poetry & drama1 r ?an sci5ce1 & is ap>t f sci5tific tru? & falsity1 rationality or absurdity ( fact 9 ! same way 9 :i* poetry is indep5d5t ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is orig9al mat]ial has1 h[ev]1 to pass ?r\gh at lea/ two /ages be=e x becomes philosophy prop]4 ,"o is ! /age 9 :i* /ories & leg5ds & _! accompany+ dramatizations are consolidat$4 ,at fir/ ! emotionaliz$ records ( exp]i5ces are l>gely casual & transitory4 ,ev5ts t excite ! emotions ( an individual are seiz$ ^u & liv$ ov] 9 tale & pantomime4 ,b "s exp]i5ces are s frequ5t & recurr5t t !y conc]n ! gr\p z a :ole4 ,!y are socially g5]aliz$4 ,! piecemeal adv5ture ( ! s+le individual is built out till x becomes repres5tative & typical ( ! emotional life ( ! tribe4 ,c]ta9 incid5ts affect ! weal & woe ( ! gr\p 9 its entirety & !reby get an exceptional emphasis & elevation4 ,a c]ta9 texture ( tradition is built up2 ! /ory becomes a social h]itage & possession2 ! pantomime develops into ! /at$ rite4 ,tradition ?us =m$ becomes a k9d ( norm to :i* individual fancy & sugge/ion con=m4 ,an abid+ framework ( imag9ation is con/ruct$4 ,a communal way ( conceiv+ life gr[s up into :i* individuals are induct$ by education4 ,bo? unconsci\sly & by def9ite social requirem5t individual memories are assimilat$ to gr\p memory or tradition1 & individual fancies are accommodat$ to ! body ( beliefs *>act]i/ic ( a community4 ,poetry becomes fixat$ & sy/ematiz$4 ,! /ory becomes a social norm4 ,! orig9al drama :i* re-enacts an emotionally important exp]i5ce is in/itutionaliz$ into a cult4 ,sugge/ions previ\sly free are h>d5$ into doctr9es4 ,! sy/ematic & obligatory nature ( su* doctr9es is ha/5$ & confirm$ ?r\gh conque/s & political consolidation4 ,z ! area ( a gov]nm5t is ext5d$1 !re is a def9ite motive = sy/ematiz+ & unify+ beliefs once free & float+4 ,aside f natural accommodation & assimilation spr++ f ! fact ( int]c\rse & ! ne$s ( common und]/&+1 !re is (t5 political necessity :i* leads ! rul] to c5tralize traditions & beliefs 9 ord] to ext5d & /r5g!n 8 pre/ige & au?ority4 ,judea1 ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,i presume all o!r c\ntries hav+ a long hi/ory1 pres5t records ( a cont9ual work+ ov] ( e>li] local rites & doctr9es 9 ! int]e/s ( a wid] social unity & a m ext5sive political p[]4 ,i %all ask y to assume ) me t 9 ?is way ! l>g] cosmogonies & cosmologies ( ! race z well z ! l>g] e?ical traditions h aris54 ,:e!r ?is is lit]ally s or n1 x is n necess>y to inquire1 mu* less to demon/rate4 ,x is en\gh = our purposes t "u social influ5ces !re took place a fix+ & organiz+ ( doctr9es & cults :i* gave g5]al traits to ! imag9ation & g5]al rules to conduct1 & t su* a consolidation 0 a necess>y antec$5t to ! =mation ( any philosophy z we und]/& t t]m4 ,al?\gh a necess>y antec$5t1 ?is organization & g5]alization ( ideas & pr9ciples ( belief is n ! sole & suffici5t g5]ator ( philosophy4 ,!re is /ill lack+ ! motive = logical sy/em & intellectual pro(4 ,?is we may suppose to be furni%$ by ! ne$ ( reconcil+ ! moral rules & ideals embodi$ 9 ! traditional code ) ! matt] ( fact positivi/ic k :i* gradually gr[s up4 ,= man c nev] be :olly ! creature ( sugge/ion & fancy4 ,! requirem5ts ( cont9u$ exi/5ce make indisp5sable "s att5tion to ! actual facts ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh x is surpris+ h[ little *eck ! environm5t actually puts ^u ! =mation ( ideas1 s9ce no notions are too absurd n to h be5 accept$ by "s p1 yet ! environm5t does en=ce a c]ta9 m9imum ( correctness "u p5alty ( ext9ction4 ,t c]ta9 ?+s are foods1 t !y are to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 places1 t wat] dr[ns1 fire burns1 t %>p po9ts p5etrate & cut1 t heavy ?+s fall unless support$1 t !re is a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ! *anges ( day & night & ! alt]nation ( hot & cold1 wet & dry3--su* prosaic facts =ce !mselves ^u ev5 primitive att5tion4 ,"s ( !m are s obvi\s & s important t !y h next to no fanciful context4 ,augu/e ,comte says some:]e t he kn[s ( no savage p :o _h a ,god ( weight al?\gh e o!r natural quality or =ce may h be5 deifi$4 ,gradually !re gr[s up a body ( homely g5]alizations pres]v+ & transmitt+ ! wisdom ( ! race ab\t ! obs]v$ facts & sequ5ces ( nature4 ,?is k is especially connect$ ) indu/ries1 arts & crafts :]e obs]vation ( mat]ials & processes is requir$ = successful action1 & :]e action is s cont9u\s & regul> t spasmodic magic w n suffice4 ,extravagantly fanta/ic notions are elim9at$ because !y are br\ght into juxtaposition ) :at actually happ5s4 ,! sailor is m likely to be giv5 to :at we n[ t]m sup]/itions ?an say ! weav]1 because 8 activity is m at ! m]cy ( sudd5 *ange & un=ese5 occurr5ce4 ,b ev5 ! sailor :ile he may reg>d ! w9d z ! uncontrollable expression ( ! caprice ( a great _s1 w /ill h to become acqua9t$ ) "s purely me*anical pr9ciples ( adju/m5t ( boat1 sails & o> to ! w9d4 ,fire may be conceiv$ z a sup]natural dragon because "s "t or o!r a swift1 bright & dev\r+ flame call$ be=e ! m9d's eye ! quick-mov+ & dang]\s s]p5t4 ,b ! h\sewife :o t5ds ! fire & ! pots :]e9 food cooks w /ill be compell$ to obs]ve c]ta9 me*anical facts ( draft & repl5i%m5t1 & passage f wood to a%4 ,/ill m w ! work] 9 metals accumulate v]ifiable details ab\t ! conditions & consequ5ces ( ! op]ation ( heat4 ,he may reta9 = special & c]emonial occasions traditional beliefs1 b ev]yday famili> use w expel ^! conceptions = ! great] "p ( ! "t1 :5 fire w be to him ( uni=m & prosaic behavior1 controllable by practical relations ( cause & effect4 ,z ! arts & crafts develop & become m elaborate1 ! body ( positive & te/$ k enl>ges1 & ! sequ5ces obs]v$ become m complex & ( great] scope4 ,te*nologies ( ?is k9d give t common-s5se k ( nature out ( :i* sci5ce takes its orig94 ,!y provide n m]ely a collection ( positive facts1 b !y give exp]tness 9 deal+ ) mat]ials & tools1 & promote ! developm5t ( ! exp]im5tal habit ( m9d1 z soon z an art c be tak5 away f ! rule ( %e] cu/om4 ,= a long "t ! imag9ative body ( beliefs closely connect$ ) ! moral habits ( a community gr\p & ) its emotional indulg5ces & consolations p]si/s side by side ) ! gr[+ body ( matt] ( fact k4 ,:]ev] possible !y are int]lac$4 ,at o!r po9ts1 _! inconsi/5cies =bid _! int]weav+1 b ! two ?+s are kept ap>t z if 9 diff]5t comp>tm5ts4 ,s9ce "o is m]ely sup]-impos$ ^u ! o!r _! incompatibility is n felt1 & !re is no ne$ ( reconciliation4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! two k9ds ( m5tal products are kept ap>t because !y become ! possession ( sep>ate social classes4 ,! religi\s & poetic beliefs hav+ acquir$ a def9ite social & political value & function are 9 ! keep+ ( a high] class directly associat$ ) ! rul+ elem5ts 9 ! society4 ,! work]s & craftsm5 :o possess ! prosaic matt] ( fact k are likely to occupy a l[ social /atus1 & _! k9d ( k is affect$ by ! social dise/eem ent]ta9$ = ! manual work] :o engages 9 activities useful to ! body4 ,x d\btless 0 ?is fact 9 ,greece :i* 9 spite ( ! ke5ness ( obs]vation1 ! extraord9>y p[] ( logical reason+ & ! great fre$om ( speculation atta9$ by ! ,a!nian1 po/pon$ ! g5]al & sy/ematic employm5t ( ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,s9ce ! indu/rial craftsman 0 only j above ! slave 9 social rank1 8 type ( k & ! me?od ^u :i* x dep5d$ lack$ pre/ige & au?ority4 ,nev]!less1 ! "t came :5 matt] ( fact k increas$ to su* bulk & scope t x came into conflict ) n m]ely ! detail b ) ! _s & temp] ( traditional & imag9ative beliefs4 ,)\t go+ into ! vex$ "q ( h[ & :y1 !re is no d\bt t ?is is j :at happ5$ 9 :at we t]m ! sophi/ic movem5t 9 ,greece1 )9 :i* orig9at$ philosophy prop] 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! we/]n _w und]/&s t t]m4 ,! fact t ! sophi/s _h a bad "n giv5 !m by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 a "n !y h nev] be5 able to %ake (f1 is evid5ce t ) ! sophi/s ! /rife betwe5 ! two types ( belief 0 ! emphatic ?+1 & t ! conflict _h a disconc]t+ effect ^u ! traditional sy/em ( religi\s beliefs & ! moral code ( conduct b\nd up ) x4 ,al?\gh ,socrates 0 d\btless s9c]ely int]e/$ 9 ! reconciliation ( ! two sides1 yet ! fact t he approa*$ ! matt] f ! side ( matt] ( fact me?od1 giv+ its canons & crit]ia primacy1 0 en\gh to br+ him to ! condemnation ( dea? z a contemn] ( ! gods & a corrupt] ( y\?4 ,! fate ( ,socrates & ! ill-fame ( ! sophi/s may be us$ to sugge/ "s ( ! /rik+ contra/s betwe5 traditional emotionaliz$ belief on "o h& & prosaic matt] ( fact k on ! o!r3--! purpose ( ! comp>ison be+ to br+ out ! po9t t :ile all ! advantages ( :at we call sci5ce 7 on ! side ( ! latt]1 ! advantages ( social e/eem & au?ority1 & ( intimate contact ) :at gives life its deep] ly+ values 7 on ! side ( traditional belief4 ,to all appe>ances1 ! specific & v]ifi$ k ( ! environm5t _h only a limit$ & te*nical scope4 ,x _h to d ) ! arts1 & ! purpose & good ( ! artisan aft] all did n ext5d v f>4 ,!y 7 subord9ate & almo/ s]vile4 ,:o w\ld put ! art ( ! %oemak] on ! same plane z ! art ( rul+ ! /ate8 ,:o w\ld put ev5 ! high] art ( ! physician 9 heal+ ! body1 ^u ! level ( ! art ( ! prie/ 9 heal+ ! s\l8 ,?us ,plato con/antly draws ! contra/ 9 8 dialogues4 ,! %oemak] is a judge ( a good pair ( %oes1 b he is no judge at all ( ! m important "q :e!r & :5 x is good to we> %oes2 ! physician is a good judge ( heal?1 b :e!r x is a good ?+ or n to be well or bett] to die1 he kn[s n4 ,:ile ! artisan is exp]t z long z purely limit$ te*nical que/ions arise1 he is helpless :5 x comes to ! only really important que/ions1 ! moral que/ions z to values4 ,consequ5tly1 8 type ( k is inh]5tly inf]ior & ne$s to be controll$ by a high] k9d ( k :i* w reveal ultimate ends & purposes1 & ?us put & keep te*nical & me*anical k 9 its prop] place4 ,moreov]1 9 ,plato's pages we f9d1 because ( ,plato's adequate dramatic s5se1 a lively depict+ ( ! impact 9 p>ticul> m5 ( ! conflict betwe5 tradition & ! new claims ( purely intellectual k4 ,! cons]vative is %ock$ beyond measure at ! idea ( tea*+ ! milit>y art by ab/ract rules1 by sci5ce4 ,"o does n j fight1 "o fights = "o's c\ntry4 ,ab/ract sci5ce _c convey love & loyalty1 nor c x be a sub/itute1 ev5 ^u ! m te*nical side1 = ^? ways & means ( fight+ 9 :i* devotion to ! c\ntry has be5 traditionally embodi$4 ,! way to le>n ! fight+ art is ?r\gh association ) ^? :o h !mselves le>n$ to def5d ! c\ntry1 by becom+ saturat$ ) its ideals & cu/oms2 by becom+ 9 %ort a practical adept 9 ! ,greek tradition z to fight+4 ,to attempt to d]ive ab/ract rules f a comp>ison ( native ways ( fight+ ) ! enemies' ways is to beg9 to g ov] to ! enemies' traditions & gods3 x is to beg9 to be false to "o's own c\ntry4 ,su* a po9t ( view vividly realiz$ enables u to appreciate ! antagonism ar\s$ by ! positivi/ic po9t ( view :5 x came into conflict ) ! traditional4 ,! latt] 0 deeply root$ 9 social habits & loyalties2 x 0 sur*>g$ ) ! moral aims = :i* m5 liv$ & ! moral rules by :i* !y liv$4 ,h5ce x 0 z basic & z compreh5sive z life itself1 & palpitat$ ) ! w>m gl[+ colors ( ! community life 9 :i* m5 realiz$ _! own be+4 ,9 contra/1 ! positivi/ic k 0 conc]n$ ) m]ely physical utilities1 & lack$ ! ard5t associations ( belief hall[$ by sacrifices ( ance/ors & wor%ip ( contempor>ies4 ,because ( its limit$ & concrete "* x 0 dry1 h>d1 cold4 ,yet ! m acute & active m9ds1 l t ( ,plato himself1 c\ld no long] be cont5t to accept1 along ) ! cons]vative citiz5 ( ! "t1 ! old beliefs 9 ! old way4 ,! gr[? ( positive k & ( ! critical1 inquir+ _s und]m9$ ^! 9 _! old =m4 ,! advantages 9 def9it5ess1 9 accuracy1 9 v]ifiability 7 all on ! side ( ! new k4 ,tradition 0 noble 9 aim & scope1 b unc]ta9 9 f\ndation4 ,! unque/ion$ life1 said ,socrates1 0 n "o fit to be liv$ by man1 :o is a que/ion+ be+ because he is a rational be+4 ,h5ce he mu/ se>* out ! reason ( ?+s1 & n accept !m f cu/om & political au?ority4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,develop a me?od ( rational inve/igation & pro( :i* %\ld place ! ess5tial elem5ts ( traditional belief ^u an un%akable basis2 develop a me?od ( ?\ght & k :i* :ile purify+ tradition %\ld pres]ve its moral & social values unimpair$2 nay1 by purify+ !m1 add to _! p[] & au?ority4 ,to put x 9 a ^w1 t :i* _h re/$ ^u cu/om 0 to be re/or$1 re/+ no long] ^u ! habits ( ! pa/1 b ^u ! v metaphysics ( ,be+ & ! ,univ]se4 ,metaphysics is a sub/itute = cu/om z ! s\rce & gu>antor ( high] moral & social values--t is ! lead+ !me ( ! classic philosophy ( ,europe1 z evolv$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle--a philosophy1 let u always recall1 r5ew$ & re/at$ by ! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( ,m$ieval ,europe4 ,out ( ?is situation em]g$1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ! entire tradition reg>d+ ! function & (fice ( philosophy :i* till v rec5tly has controll$ ! sy/ematic & con/ructive philosophies ( ! we/]n _w4 ,if ,i am "r 9 my ma9 !sis t ! orig9 ( philosophy lay 9 an attempt to reconcile ! two diff]5t types ( m5tal product1 !n ! key is 9 our h&s z to ! ma9 traits ( subsequ5t philosophy s f> z t 0 n ( a negative & het]odox k9d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 philosophy did n develop 9 an unbias$ way f an op5 & unprejudic$ orig94 ,x _h its task cut out = x f ! />t4 ,x _h a mission to p]=m1 & x 0 sworn 9 advance to t mission4 ,x _h to extract ! ess5tial moral k]nel out ( ! ?reat5$ traditional beliefs ( ! pa/4 ,s f> s good2 ! "w 0 critical & 9 ! int]e/s ( ! only true cons]vatism--t :i* w cons]ve & n wa/e ! values wr\ght out by humanity4 ,b x 0 also precommitt$ to extract+ ?is moral ess5ce 9 a _s cong5ial to ! _s ( pa/ beliefs4 ,! association ) imag9ation & ) social au?ority 0 too intimate to be deeply di/urb$4 ,x 0 n possible to conceive ( ! cont5t ( social in/itutions 9 any =m radically diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y _h exi/$ 9 ! pa/4 ,x became ! "w ( philosophy to ju/ify on rational gr\nds ! _s1 ?\gh n ! =m1 ( accept$ beliefs & traditional cu/oms4 ,! result+ philosophy seem$ radical en\gh & ev5 dang]\s to ! av]age ,a!nian because ( ! diff]5ce ( =m & me?od4 ,9 ! s5se ( prun+ away excresc5ces & elim9at+ factors :i* to ! av]age citiz5 7 all "o ) ! basic beliefs1 x 0 radical4 ,b look$ at 9 ! p]spective ( hi/ory & 9 contra/ ) diff]5t types ( ?\ght :i* develop$ lat] 9 diff]5t social environm5ts1 x is n[ easy to see h[ pr(\ndly1 aft] all1 ,plato & ,ari/otle reflect$ ! mean+ ( ,greek tradition & habit1 s t _! writ+s rema91 ) ! writ+s ( ! great dramati/s1 ! be/ introduction ( a /ud5t into ! inn]mo/ ideals & aspirations ( di/9ctively ,greek life4 ,)\t ,greek religion1 ,greek art1 ,greek civic life1 _! philosophy w\ld h be5 impossible2 :ile ! effect ( t sci5ce ^u :i* ! philosoph]s mo/ prid$ !mselves turns out to h be5 sup]ficial & negligible4 ,?is apologetic _s ( philosophy is ev5 m app>5t :5 ,m$ieval ,*ri/ianity ab\t ! twelf? c5tury s\ght = a sy/ematic rational pres5tation ( itself & made use ( classic philosophy1 especially t ( ,ari/otle1 to ju/ify itself to reason4 ,a n unsimil> occurr5ce *>act]izes ! *ief philosophic sy/ems ( ,g]many 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ,hegel assum$ ! task ( ju/ify+ 9 ! "n ( rational idealism ! doctr9es & in/itutions :i* 7 m5ac$ by ! new _s ( sci5ce & popul> gov]nm5t4 ,! result has be5 t ! great sy/ems h n be5 free f p>ty _s ex]cis$ 9 behalf ( preconceiv$ beliefs4 ,s9ce !y h at ! same "t pr(ess$ complete intellectual indep5d5ce & rationality1 ! result has be5 too (t5 to imp>t to philosophy an elem5t ( ins9c]ity1 all ! m insidi\s because :olly unconsci\s on ! "p ( ^? :o su/a9$ philosophy4 ,& ?is br+s u to a second trait ( philosophy spr++ f its orig94 ,s9ce x aim$ at a rational ju/ification ( ?+s t _h be5 previ\sly accept$ because ( _! emotional cong5iality & social pre/ige1 x _h to make mu* ( ! app>atus ( reason & pro(4 ,because ( ! lack ( intr9sic rationality 9 ! matt]s ) :i* x dealt1 x lean$ ov] backw>d1 s to speak1 9 p>ade ( logical =m4 ,9 deal+ ) matt]s ( fact1 simpl] & r\gh] ways ( demon/ration may be resort$ to4 ,x is en\gh1 s to say1 to produce ! fact 9 "q & po9t to x--! fundam5tal =m ( all demon/ration4 ,b :5 x comes to conv9c+ m5 ( ! tru? ( doctr9es :i* are no long] to be accept$ ^u ! say-s ( cu/om & social au?ority1 b :i* also are n capable ( empirical v]ification1 !re is no rec\rse save to magnify ! signs ( rigor\s ?\ght & rigid demon/ration4 ,?us arises t appe>ance ( ab/ract def9ition & ultra-sci5tific argum5tation :i* repels s _m f philosophy b :i* has be5 "o ( its *ief attractions to its devotees4 ,at ! wor/1 ?is has r$uc$ philosophy to a %[ ( elaborate t]m9ology1 a hair-splitt+ logic1 & a fictiti\s devotion to ! m]e ext]nal =ms ( compreh5sive & m9ute demon/ration4 ,ev5 at ! be/1 x has t5d$ to produce an ov]develop$ atta*m5t to sy/em = its own sake1 & an ov]-pret5ti\s claim to c]ta9ty4 ,bi%op ,butl] decl>$ t probability is ! guide ( life2 b few philosoph]s h be5 c\rage\s en\gh to av[ t philosophy c be satisfi$ ) any?+ t is m]ely probable4 ,! cu/oms dictat$ by tradition & desire _h claim$ f9ality & immutability4 ,!y _h claim$ to give c]ta9 & unv>y+ laws ( conduct4 ,v e>ly 9 its hi/ory philosophy made pret5sion to a simil> conclusiv5ess1 & some?+ ( ?is temp] has clung to classic philosophies ev] s9ce4 ,!y h insi/$ t !y 7 m sci5tific ?an ! sci5ces--t1 inde$1 philosophy 0 necess>y because aft] all ! special sci5ces fail 9 atta9+ f9al & complete tru?4 ,!re h be5 a few diss5t]s :o h v5tur$ to ass]t1 z did ,william ,james1 t philosophy is vision & t its *ief function is to free m5's m9ds f bias & prejudice & to enl>ge _! p]ceptions ( ! _w ab\t !m4 ,b 9 ! ma9 philosophy has set up mu* m ambiti\s pret5sions4 ,to say frankly t philosophy c pr(f] no?+ b hypo!ses1 & t ^! hypo!ses are ( value only z !y r5d] m5's m9ds m s5sitive to life ab\t !m1 w\ld seem l a negation ( philosophy itself4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! body ( beliefs dictat$ by desire & imag9ation & develop$ "u ! influ5ce ( communal au?ority into an au?oritative tradition1 0 p]vasive & compreh5sive4 ,x 01 s to speak1 omnipres5t 9 all ! details ( ! gr\p life4 ,its pressure 0 unremitt+ & its influ5ce univ]sal4 ,x 0 !n probably inevitable t ! rival pr9ciple1 reflective ?\ght1 %\ld aim at a simil> univ]sality & compreh5siv5ess4 ,x w\ld be z inclusive & f>-rea*+ metaphysically z tradition _h be5 socially4 ,n[ !re 0 j "o way 9 :i* ?is pret5sion c\ld be accompli%$ 9 conjunction ) a claim ( complete logical sy/em & c]ta9ty4 ,all philosophies ( ! classic type h made a fix$ & fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 two realms ( exi/5ce4 ,"o ( ^! corresponds to ! religi\s & sup]natural _w ( popul> tradition1 :i* 9 its metaphysical r5d]+ became ! _w ( highe/ & ultimate reality4 ,s9ce ! f9al s\rce & sanction ( all important tru?s & rules ( conduct 9 community life _h be5 f\nd 9 sup]ior & unque/ion$ religi\s beliefs1 s ! absolute & supreme reality ( philosophy af=d$ ! only sure gu>anty ( tru? ab\t empirical matt]s1 & ! sole rational guide to prop] social in/itutions & individual behavior4 ,ov] aga9/ ?is absolute & n\m5al reality :i* c\ld be appreh5d$ only by ! sy/ematic discipl9e ( philosophy itself /ood ! ord9>y empirical1 relatively real1 ph5om5al _w ( ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 ) ?is _w t ! practical affairs & utilities ( m5 7 connect$4 ,x 0 to ?is imp]fect & p]i%+ _w t matt] ( fact1 positivi/ic sci5ce ref]r$4 ,?is is ! trait :i*1 9 my op9ion1 has affect$ mo/ deeply ! classic notion ab\t ! nature ( philosophy4 ,philosophy has arrogat$ to itself ! (fice ( demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( a transc5d5t1 absolute or inn] reality & ( reveal+ to man ! nature & features ( ?is ultimate & high] reality4 ,x has !re=e claim$ t x 0 9 possession ( a high] organ ( k ?an is employ$ by positive sci5ce & ord9>y practical exp]i5ce1 & t x is m>k$ by a sup]ior dignity & importance--a claim :i* is und5iable if philosophy leads man to pro( & intuition ( a ,reality beyond t op5 to day-by-day life & ! special sci5ces4 ,?is claim has1 ( c\rse1 be5 d5i$ by v>i\s philosoph]s f "t to "t4 ,b = ! mo/ "p ^! d5ials h be5 agno/ic & sceptical4 ,!y h cont5t$ !mselves ) ass]t+ t absolute & ultimate reality is beyond human k54 ,b !y h n v5tur$ to d5y t su* ,reality w\ld be ! appropriate sph]e = ! ex]cise ( philosophic k provid$ only x 7 )9 ! rea* ( human intellig5ce4 ,only comp>atively rec5tly has ano!r conception ( ! prop] (fice ( philosophy aris54 ,?is c\rse ( lectures w be devot$ to sett+ =? ?is diff]5t conception ( philosophy 9 "s ( its ma9 contra/s to :at ?is lecture has t]m$ ! classic conception4 ,at ?is po9t1 x c be ref]r$ to only by anticipation & 9 cursory fa%ion4 ,x is impli$ 9 ! acc\nt :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! orig9 ( philosophy out ( ! backgr\nd ( an au?oritative tradition2 a tradition orig9ally dictat$ by man's imag9ation work+ "u ! influ5ce ( love & hate & 9 ! int]e/ ( emotional excitem5t & satisfaction4 ,common frankness requires t x be /at$ t ?is acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( philosophies claim+ to deal ) absolute ,be+ 9 a sy/ematic way has be5 giv5 ) malice prep5se4 ,x seems to me t ?is g5etic me?od ( approa* is a m effective way ( und]m9+ ?is type ( philosophic !oriz+ ?an any attempt at logical refutation c\ld be4 ,if ?is lecture succe$s 9 leav+ 9 y\r m9ds z a reasonable hypo!sis ! idea t philosophy orig9at$ n out ( intellectual mat]ial1 b out ( social & emotional mat]ial1 x w also succe$ 9 leav+ ) y a *ang$ attitude t[>d traditional philosophies4 ,!y w be view$ f a new angle & plac$ 9 a new light4 ,new que/ions ab\t !m w be ar\s$ & new /&>ds = judg+ !m w be sugge/$4 ,if any "o w comm5ce )\t m5tal res]vations to /udy ! hi/ory ( philosophy n z an isolat$ ?+ b z a *apt] 9 ! developm5t ( civilization & culture2 if "o w connect ! /ory ( philosophy ) a /udy ( an?ropology1 primitive life1 ! hi/ory ( religion1 lit]ature & social in/itutions1 x is confid5tly ass]t$ t he w rea* 8 own indep5d5t judgm5t z to ! wor? ( ! acc\nt :i* has be5 pres5t$ today4 ,consid]$ 9 ?is way1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy w take on a new significance4 ,:at is lo/ f ! /&po9t ( w\ld-be sci5ce is rega9$ f ! /&po9t ( humanity4 ,in/ead ( ! disputes ( rivals ab\t ! nature ( reality1 we h ! sc5e ( human cla% ( social purpose & aspirations4 ,in/ead ( impossible attempts to transc5d exp]i5ce1 we h ! significant record ( ! ef=ts ( m5 to =mulate ! ?+s ( exp]i5ce to :i* !y are mo/ deeply & passionately atta*$4 ,in/ead ( imp]sonal & purely speculative endeavors to contemplate z remote behold]s ! nature ( absolute ?+s-9-!mselves1 we h a liv+ picture ( ! *oice ( ?\ghtful m5 ab\t :at !y w\ld h life to be1 & to :at ends !y w\ld h m5 %ape _! intellig5t activities4 ,any "o ( y :o arrives at su* a view ( pa/ philosophy w ( necessity be l$ to ent]ta9 a q def9ite conception ( ! scope & aim ( future philosophiz+4 ,he w inevitably be committ$ to ! notion t :at philosophy has be5 unconsci\sly1 )\t kn[+ or int5d+ x1 &1 s to speak1 "u cov]1 x mu/ h5ce=? be op5ly & delib]ately4 ,:5 x is ackn[l$g$ t "u disguise ( deal+ ) ultimate reality1 philosophy has be5 occupi$ ) ! preci\s values emb$d$ 9 social traditions1 t x has sprung f a cla% ( social ends & f a conflict ( inh]it$ in/itutions ) incompatible contempor>y t5d5cies1 x w be se5 t ! task ( future philosophy is to cl>ify m5's ideas z to ! social & moral /rifes ( _! own day4 ,its aim is to become s f> z is humanly possible an organ = deal+ ) ^! conflicts4 ,t :i* may be pret5ti\sly unreal :5 x is =mulat$ 9 metaphysical di/9ctions becomes int5sely significant :5 connect$ ) ! drama ( ! /ruggle ( social beliefs & ideals4 ,philosophy :i* surr5d]s its some:at b>r5 monopoly ( deal+s ) ,ultimate & ,absolute ,reality w f9d a comp5sation 9 enlight5+ ! moral =ces :i* move mank9d & 9 contribut+ to ! aspirations ( m5 to atta9 to a m ord]$ & intellig5t happ9ess4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"s ,,hi/orical ,,factors ,,9 ,,philosophical ,,recon/ruction ,francis ,bacon ( ! ,elizabe?an age is ! great =]unn] ( ! _s ( mod]n life4 ,?\gh slight 9 accompli%m5t1 z a prophet ( new t5d5cies he is an out/&+ figure ( ! _w's intellectual life4 ,l _m ano!r prophet he suff]s f confus$ int]m+l+ ( old & new4 ,:at is mo/ significant 9 him has be5 r5d]$ m or less famili> by ! lat] c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,b page aft] page is fill$ ) matt] :i* belongs to ! pa/ f :i* ,bacon ?\ght he _h escap$4 ,caught betwe5 ^! two s\rces ( easy disp>agem5t1 ,bacon h>dly receives 8 due z ! real f\nd] ( mod]n ?\ght1 :ile he is prais$ = m]its :i* sc>cely belong to him1 su* z an alleg$ au?or%ip ( ! specific me?ods ( induction pursu$ by sci5ce4 ,:at makes ,bacon memorable is t breezes bl[+ f a new _w caught & fill$ 8 sails & /irr$ him to adv5ture 9 new seas4 ,he nev] himself discov]$ ! l& ( promise1 b he proclaim$ ! new goal & by fai? he descri$ its features f af>4 ,! ma9 traits ( 8 ?\ght put be=e our m9d ! l>g] features ( a new _s :i* 0 at "w 9 caus+ intellectual recon/ruction4 ,!y may sugge/ ! social & hi/orical =ces out ( :i* ! new _s 0 born4 ,! be/ kn[n aphorism ( ,bacon is t ,k is ,p[]4 ,judg$ by ?is pragmatic crit]ion1 he condemn$ ! great body ( le>n+ !n extant z n-k1 z pseudo- & pret5ti\s-k4 ,= x did n give p[]4 ,x 0 otiose1 n op]ative4 ,9 8 mo/ ext5sive discussion he classifi$ ! le>n+ ( 8 day "u ?ree heads1 delicate1 fanta/ic & cont5ti\s4 ,"u delicate le>n+1 he includ$ ! lit]>y le>n+ :i* ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! revival ( anci5t languages & lit]atures occupi$ s important a place 9 ! intellectual life ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,bacon's condemnation is ! m effective because he himself 0 a ma/] ( ! classics & ( all ! graces & ref9em5ts :i* ?is lit]>y /udy 0 int5d$ to convey4 ,9 sub/ance he anticipat$ mo/ ( ! attacks :i* educational re=m]s s9ce 8 "t h made ^u "o-sid$ lit]>y culture4 ,x contribut$ n to p[] b to ornam5t & decoration4 ,x 0 o/5tati\s & luxuri\s4 ,by fanta/ic le>n+ he meant ! quasi-magical sci5ce t 0 s rife all ov] ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--wild developm5ts ( al*emy1 a/rology1 etc4 ,^u ?is he p\r$ 8 greate/ vials ( wra? because ! corruption ( ! good is ! wor/ ( evils4 ,delicate le>n+ 0 idle & va91 b fanta/ic le>n+ ap$ ! =m ( true k4 ,x laid hold ( ! true pr9ciple & aim ( k--control ( natural =ces4 ,b x neglect$ ! conditions & me?ods by :i* alone su* k c\ld be obta9$1 & ?us delib]ately l$ m5 a/ray4 ,= our purposes1 h[ev]1 :at he says ab\t cont5ti\s le>n+ is ! mo/ important4 ,= by ?is1 he means ! traditional sci5ce :i* _h come d[n1 9 scanty & di/ort$ measure to be sure1 f antiquity ?r\gh s*ola/icism4 ,x is call$ cont5ti\s bo? because ( ! logical me?od us$ & ! end to :i* x 0 put4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se x aim$ at p[]1 b p[] ov] o!r m5 9 ! int]e/ ( "s class or sect or p]son1 n p[] ov] natural =ces 9 ! common int]e/ ( all4 ,bacon's conviction ( ! qu>relsome1 self-display+ "* ( ! s*ol>%ip :i* _h come d[n f antiquity 0 ( c\rse n s mu* due to ,greek sci5ce itself z to ! deg5]ate h]itage ( s*ola/icism 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 philosophy _h fall5 into ! h&s ( disputati\s !ologians1 full ( hair-splitt+ argum5tativ5ess & quirks & tricks by :i* to w9 victory ov] somebody else4 ,b ,bacon also br\ght 8 *>ge aga9/ ! ,ari/otelian me?od itself4 ,9 its rigor\s =ms x aim$ at demon/ration1 & 9 its mild] =ms at p]suasion4 ,b bo? demon/ration & p]suasion aim at conque/ ( m9d r ?an ( nature4 ,moreov] !y bo? assume t "s "o is already 9 possession ( a tru? or a belief1 & t ! only problem is to conv9ce "s "o else1 or to tea*4 ,9 contra/1 8 new me?od _h an exce$+ly slight op9ion ( ! am\nt ( tru? already exi/5t1 & a lively s5se ( ! ext5t & importance ( tru?s /ill to be atta9$4 ,x w\ld be a logic ( discov]y1 n a logic ( argum5tation1 pro( & p]suasion4 ,to ,bacon1 ! old logic ev5 at its be/ 0 a logic = tea*+ ! already kn[n1 & tea*+ meant indoctr9ation1 discipl+4 ,x 0 an axiom ( ,ari/otle t only t :i* 0 already kn[n c\ld be le>n$1 t gr[? 9 k consi/$ simply 9 br++ toge!r a univ]sal tru? ( reason & a p>ticul> tru? ( s5se :i* _h previ\sly be5 not$ sep>ately4 ,9 any case1 le>n+ meant gr[? ( k1 & gr[? belongs 9 ! region ( becom+1 *ange1 & h5ce is inf]ior to possession ( k 9 ! syllogi/ic self-revolv+ manipulation ( :at 0 already kn[n--demon/ration4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is po9t ( view1 ,bacon eloqu5tly proclaim$ ! sup]iority ( discov]y ( new facts & tru?s to demon/ration ( ! old4 ,n[ !re is only "o road to discov]y1 & t is p5etrat+ inquiry into ! secrets ( nature4 ,sci5tific pr9ciples & laws d n lie on ! surface ( nature4 ,!y are hidd51 & mu/ be wre/$ f nature by an active & elaborate te*nique ( inquiry4 ,nei!r logical reason+ nor ! passive accumulation ( any numb] ( obs]vations--:i* ! anci5ts call$ exp]i5ce--suffices to lay hold ( !m4 ,active exp]im5tation mu/ =ce ! app>5t facts ( nature into =ms diff]5t to ^? 9 :i* !y famili>ly pres5t !mselves2 & ?us make !m tell ! tru? ab\t !mselves1 z torture may compel an unwill+ witness to reveal :at he has be5 conceal+4 ,pure reason+ z a means ( arriv+ at tru? is l ! spid] :o sp9s a web out ( himself4 ,! web is ord]ly & elaborate1 b x is only a trap4 ,! passive accumulation ( exp]i5ces--! traditional empirical me?od--is l ! ant :o busily runs ab\t & collects & piles up heaps ( raw mat]ials4 ,true me?od1 t :i* ,bacon w\ld u%] 91 is comp>able to ! op]ations ( ! bee :o1 l ! ant1 collects mat]ial f ! ext]nal _w1 b unlike t indu/ri\s creature attacks & modifies ! collect$ /uff 9 ord] to make x yield its hidd5 treasure4 ,along ) ?is contra/ betwe5 subjugation ( nature & subjection ( o!r m9ds & ! elevation ( a me?od ( discov]y above a me?od ( demon/ration1 w5t ,bacon's s5se ( progress z ! aim & te/ ( g5u9e k4 ,accord+ to 8 criticisms1 ! classic logic1 ev5 9 its ,ari/otelian =m1 inevitably play$ into ! h&s ( in]t cons]vatism4 ,= 9 accu/om+ ! m9d to ?9k ( tru? z already kn[n1 x habituat$ m5 to fall back on ! intellectual atta9m5ts ( ! pa/1 & to accept !m )\t critical scrut9y4 ,n m]ely ! m$ieval b ! r5aissance m9d t5d$ to look back to antiquity z a ,gold5 ,age ( ,k1 ! =m] rely+ ^u sacr$ scriptures1 ! latt] ^u secul> lit]atures4 ,& :ile ?is attitude c\ld n fairly be *>g$ up aga9/ ! classic logic1 yet ,bacon felt1 & ) ju/ice1 t any logic :i* id5tifi$ ! te*nique ( kn[+ ) demon/ration ( tru?s already possess$ by ! m9d1 blunts ! _s ( inve/igation & conf9es ! m9d )9 ! circle ( traditional le>n+4 ,su* a logic c\ld n avoid hav+ = its sali5t features def9ition ( :at is already kn[n 7or ?\ght to be kn[n71 & its sy/ematization accord+ to recogniz$ canons ( or?odoxy4 ,a logic ( discov]y on ! o!r h& looks to ! future4 ,receiv$ tru? x reg>ds critically z some?+ to be te/$ by new exp]i5ces r ?an z some?+ to be dogmatically taught & ob$i5tly receiv$4 ,its *ief int]e/ 9 ev5 ! mo/ c>efully te/$ ready-made k is ! use :i* may be made ( x 9 fur!r inquiries & discov]ies4 ,old tru? has its *ief value 9 assi/+ ! detection ( new tru?4 ,bacon's own appreciation ( ! nature ( induction 0 highly defective4 ,b 8 acute s5se t sci5ce means invasion ( ! unkn[n1 r ?an repetition 9 logical =m ( ! already kn[n1 makes him nev]!less ! fa!r ( induction4 ,endless & p]si/5t uncov]+ ( facts & pr9ciples n kn[n--su* is ! true _s ( induction4 ,cont9u$ progress 9 k is ! only sure way ( protect+ old k f deg5]ation into dogmatic doctr9es receiv$ on au?ority1 or f imp]ceptible decay into sup]/ition & old wives' tales4 ,ev]-r5ew$ progress is to ,bacon ! te/ z well z ! aim ( g5u9e logic4 ,:]e1 ,bacon con/antly dem&s1 :]e are ! works1 ! fruits1 ( ! old] logic8 ,:at has x done to ameliorate ! evils ( life1 to rectify defects1 to improve conditions8 ,:]e are ! inv5tions t ju/ify its claim to be 9 possession ( tru?8 ,beyond ! victory ( man ov] man 9 law c\rts1 diplomacy & political adm9i/ration1 !y are nil4 ,"o _h to turn f admir$ sci5ces to despis$ arts to f9d works1 fruits1 consequ5ces ( value to human k9d ?r\gh p[] ov] natural =ces4 ,& progress 9 ! arts 0 z yet int]mitt5t1 fitful1 accid5tal4 ,a true logic or te*nique ( inquiry w\ld make advance 9 ! indu/rial1 agricultural & m$ical arts cont9u\s1 cumulative & delib]ately sy/ematic4 ,if we take into acc\nt ! suppos$ body ( ready-made k ^u :i* le>n$ m5 re/$ 9 sup9e acquiesc5ce & :i* !y recit$ 9 p>rot-l *orus1 we f9d x consi/s ( two p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! p>ts is made up ( ! errors ( our ance/ors1 mu/y ) antiquity & organiz$ into pseudo-sci5ce ?r\gh ! use ( ! classic logic4 ,su* tru?s are 9 fact only ! sy/ematiz$ mi/akes & prejudices ( our ance/ors4 ,_m ( !m orig9at$ 9 accid5t2 _m 9 class int]e/ & bias1 p]petuat$ by au?ority = ?is v reason--a consid]ation :i* lat] actuat$ ,locke's attack ^u ! doctr9e ( innate ideas4 ,! o!r portion ( accept$ beliefs comes f in/9ctive t5d5cies ( ! human m9d t give x a dang]\s bias until c\nt]act$ by a consci\s & critical logic4 ,! m9d ( man spontane\sly assumes great] simplicity1 uni=mity & unity among ph5om5a ?an actually exi/s4 ,x foll[s sup]ficial analogies & jumps to conclusions2 x ov]looks ! v>iety ( details & ! exi/5ce ( exceptions4 ,?us x weaves a web ( purely int]nal orig9 :i* x imposes ^u nature4 ,:at _h be5 t]m$ sci5ce 9 ! pa/ consi/$ ( ?is humanly con/ruct$ & impos$ web4 ,m5 look$ at ! "w ( _! own m9ds & ?\ght !y 7 see+ realities 9 nature4 ,!y 7 wor%ipp+1 "u ! "n ( sci5ce1 ! idols ( _! own mak+4 ,s-call$ sci5ce & philosophy consi/$ ( ^! anticipations ( nature4 ,& ! wor/ ?+ t c\ld be said ab\t traditional logic 0 t in/ead ( sav+ man f ?is natural s\rce ( error1 x _h1 ?\gh attribut+ to nature a false rationality ( unity1 simplicity & g5]ality1 sanction$ ^! s\rces ( delusion4 ,! (fice ( ! new logic w\ld be to protect ! m9d aga9/ itself3 to tea* x to und]go a pati5t & prolong$ appr5tice%ip to fact 9 its inf9ite v>iety & p>ticul>ity3 to obey nature intellectually 9 ord] to comm& x practically4 ,su* 0 ! significance ( ! new logic--! new tool or organon ( le>n+1 s nam$ 9 express opposition to ! organon ( ,ari/otle4 ,c]ta9 o!r important oppositions are impli$4 ,ari/otle ?\ght ( reason z capable ( solit>y communion ) rational tru?4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( 8 celebrat$ say+ t man is a political animal1 is t ,intellig5ce1 ,n\s1 is nei!r animal1 human nor political4 ,x is div9ely unique & self-enclos$4 ,to ,bacon1 error _h be5 produc$ & p]petuat$ by social influ5ces1 & tru? mu/ be discov]$ by social ag5cies organiz$ = t purpose4 ,left to himself1 ! individual c d little or no?+2 he is likely to become involv$ 9 8 own self-spun web ( misconceptions4 ,! great ne$ is ! organization ( co-op]ative rese>*1 :]eby m5 attack nature collectively & ! "w ( inquiry is c>ri$ on cont9u\sly f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,bacon ev5 aspir$ to ! r absurd notion ( a me?od s p]fect$ t diff]5ces 9 natural human ability might be disc\nt$1 & all be put on ! same level 9 production ( new facts & new tru?s4 ,yet ?is absurdity 0 only ! negative side ( 8 great positive prophecy ( a comb9$ & co-op]ative pursuit ( sci5ce su* z *>act]izes our own day4 ,9 view ( ! picture he draws 9 8 ,new ,atlantis ( a ,/ate organiz$ = collective inquiry1 we readily =give him 8 exagg]ations4 ,p[] ov] nature 0 n to be individual b collective2 ! ,empire1 z he says1 ( ,man ov] ,nature1 sub/itut$ = ! ,empire ( ,man ov] ,man4 ,let u employ ,bacon's own words ) _! v>iety ( picturesque metaphor3 ,m5 h ent]$ into ! desire ( le>n+ & k1444 seldom s9c]ely to give a true acc\nt ( _! gift ( reason1 to ! b5efit & use ( m51 b z if !y s\ght 9 k a c\* :]eon to re/ a se>*+ & w&]+ _s2 or a t]race = a w&]+ & v>iable m9d to walk up & d[n ) a fair prospect2 or a t[] = a pr\d m9d to raise itself ^u2 or a =t or comm&+ gr\nd = /rife & cont5tion2 or a %op = pr(it & sale2 & n a ri* /oreh\se = ! glory ( ! creator & ! relief ( man's e/ate4 ,:5 ,william ,james call$ ,pragmatism a ,new ,"n = an ,old ,way ( ,?9k+1 ,i d n "k t he 0 ?9k+ expressly ( ,francis ,bacon1 b s f> z conc]ns ! _s & atmosph]e ( ! pursuit ( k1 ,bacon may be tak5 z ! prophet ( a pragmatic conception ( k4 ,_m misconceptions ( its _s w\ld be avoid$ if 8 emphasis ^u ! social factor 9 bo? ! pursuit & ! end ( k 7 c>efully obs]v$4 ,?is some:at ov]-long rsum ( ,bacon's ideas has n be5 gone into z a matt] ( hi/oric retrospect4 ,! summ>y is r meant to put be=e our m9ds an au!ntic docum5t ( ! new philosophy :i* may br+ into relief ! social causes ( intellectual revolution4 ,only a sket*y acc\nt c be "h attempt$1 b x may be ( "s assi/ance ev5 b>ely to rem9d y ( ! direction ( t indu/rial1 political & religi\s *ange ^u :i* ,europe 0 ent]+4 ,^u ! indu/rial side1 x is impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( travel1 exploration & new comm]ce :i* fo/]$ a romantic s5se ( adv5ture into novelty2 loos5$ ! hold ( traditional beliefs2 creat$ a lively s5se ( new worlds to be inve/igat$ & subdu$2 produc$ new me?ods ( manufacture1 comm]ce1 bank+ & f9ance2 & !n react$ ev]y:]e to /imulate inv5tion1 & to introduce positive obs]vation & active exp]im5tation into sci5ce4 ,! ,crusades1 ! revival ( ! pr(ane le>n+ ( antiquity & ev5 m p]haps1 ! contact ) ! advanc$ le>n+ ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 ! increase ( comm]ce ) ,asia & ,africa1 ! introduction ( ! l5s1 compass & gunp[d]1 ! f9d+ & op5+ up ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica--mo/ significantly call$ ,! ,new ,_w--^! are "s ( ! obvi\s ext]nal facts4 ,contra/ betwe5 peoples & races previ\sly isolat$ is always1 ,i ?9k1 mo/ fruitful & influ5tial = *ange :5 psy*ological & indu/rial *anges co9cide ) & re9=ce ea* o!r4 ,sometimes p und]go emotional *ange1 :at might almo/ be call$ a metaphysical *ange1 ?r\gh int]c\rse4 ,! inn] set ( ! m9d1 especially 9 religi\s matt]s1 is alt]$4 ,at o!r times1 !re is a lively ex*ange ( goods1 an adoption ( =eign tools & devices1 an imitation ( ali5 habits ( clo?+1 habitation & production ( commodities4 ,"o ( ^! *anges is1 s to speak1 too int]nal & ! o!r too ext]nal to br+ ab\t a pr(\nd intellectual developm5t4 ,b :5 ! creation ( a new m5tal attitude falls toge!r ) ext5sive mat]ial & economic *anges1 some?+ significant happ5s4 ,?is co9cid5ce ( two k9ds ( *ange 01 ,i take x1 *>act]i/ic ( ! new contacts ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,cla% ( cu/oms & traditional beliefs dispell$ m5tal in]tia & sluggi%ness2 x ar\s$ a lively curiosity z to diff]5t & new ideas4 ,! actual adv5ture ( travel & exploration purg$ ! m9d ( fe> ( ! /range & unkn[n3 z new t]ritories geographically & comm]cially speak+ 7 op5$ up1 ! m9d 0 op5$ up4 ,new contacts promot$ ! desire = /ill m contacts2 ! appetite = novelty & discov]y grew by :at x f$ ^u4 ,cons]vative adh]5ce to old beliefs & me?ods und]w5t a /eady attrition ) e new voyage into new p>ts & e new report ( =eign ways4 ,! m9d became us$ to exploration & discov]y4 ,x f\nd a delight & int]e/ 9 ! revelations ( ! novel & ! unusual :i* x no long] took 9 :at 0 old & cu/om>y4 ,moreov]1 ! v act ( exploration1 ( exp$ition1 ! process ( ent]pris+ adv5ture into ! remote1 yield$ a peculi> joy & ?rill4 ,?is psy*ological *ange 0 ess5tial to ! bir? ( ! new po9t ( view 9 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,yet alone x c\ld h>dly h produc$ ! new me?od ( kn[+4 ,b positive *anges 9 ! habits & purposes ( life gave objective con=mation & support to ! m5tal *ange4 ,!y also det]m9$ ! *annels 9 :i* ! new _s f\nd ex]cise4 ,newf\nd weal?1 ! gold f ! ,am]icas & new articles ( consumption & enjoym5t1 t5d$ to wean m5 f preoccupation ) ! metaphysical & !ological1 & to turn _! m9ds ) newly awak5$ int]e/ to ! joys ( nature & ?is life4 ,new mat]ial res\rces & new m>kets 9 ,am]ica & ,india und]m9$ ! old dep5d5ce ^u h\sehold & manual production = a local & limit$ m>ket1 & g5]at$ quantitative1 l>ge scale production by means ( /eam = =eign & exp&+ m>kets4 ,capitalism1 rapid transit1 & production = ex*ange aga9/ money & = pr(it1 in/ead ( aga9/ goods & = consumption1 foll[$4 ,?is cursory & sup]ficial rem9d] ( va/ & complicat$ ev5ts may sugge/ ! mutual int]dep5d5ce ( ! sci5tific revolution & ! indu/rial revolution4 ,^u ! "o h&1 mod]n indu/ry is s mu* appli$ sci5ce4 ,no am\nt ( desire to make money1 or to enjoy new commodities1 no am\nt ( m]e practical en]gy & ent]prise1 w\ld h effect$ ! economic trans=mation ( ! la/ few c5turies & g5]ations4 ,improvem5ts 9 ma!matical1 physical1 *emical & biological sci5ce 7 pr]equisites4 ,bus9ess m5 ?r\gh eng9e]s ( diff]5t sorts1 h laid hold ( ! new insights ga9$ by sci5tific m5 into ! hidd5 en]gies ( nature1 & h turn$ !m to acc\nt4 ,! mod]n m9e1 factory1 railway1 /eam%ip1 telegraph1 all ( ! appliances & equipm5t ( production1 & transportation1 express sci5tific k4 ,!y w\ld cont9ue unimpair$ ev5 if ! ord9>y pecuni>y accompanim5ts ( economic activity 7 radically alt]$4 ,9 %ort1 ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( inv5tion1 ,bacon's wat*word t k is p[] & 8 dream ( cont9u\s empire ov] natural =ces by means ( natural sci5ce h be5 actualiz$4 ,! indu/rial revolution by /eam & electricity is ! reply to ,bacon's prophecy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally true t ! ne$s ( mod]n indu/ry h be5 trem5d\s /imuli to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! dem&s ( progressive production & transportation h set new problems to inquiry2 ! processes us$ 9 indu/ry h sugge/$ new exp]im5tal appliances & op]ations 9 sci5ce2 ! weal? roll$ up 9 bus9ess has to "s ext5t be5 div]t$ to end[m5t ( rese>*4 ,! un9t]rupt$ & p]vasive int]action ( sci5tific discov]y & indu/rial application has fructifi$ bo? sci5ce & indu/ry1 & has br\ght home to ! contempor>y m9d ! fact t ! gi/ ( sci5tific k is control ( natural en]gies4 ,^! f\r facts1 natural sci5ce1 exp]im5tation1 control & progress h be5 inextricably b\nd up toge!r4 ,t up to ! pres5t ! application ( ! new] me?ods & results has influ5c$ ! means ( life r ?an its ends2 or1 bett] put1 t human aims h s f> be5 affect$ 9 an accid5tal r ?an 9 an intellig5tly direct$ way1 signifies t s f> ! *ange has be5 te*nical r ?an human & moral1 t x has be5 economic r ?an adequately social4 ,put 9 ! language ( ,bacon1 ?is means t :ile we h be5 reasonably successful 9 obta9+ comm& ( nature by means ( sci5ce1 our sci5ce is n yet su* t ?is comm& is sy/ematically & pre-em95tly appli$ to ! relief ( human e/ate4 ,su* applications occur & 9 great numb]s1 b !y are incid5tal1 sporadic & ext]nal4 ,& ?is limitation def9es ! specific problem ( philosophical recon/ruction at ! pres5t "t4 ,= x emphasizes ! l>g] social defici5cies t require intellig5t diagnosis1 & projection ( aims & me?ods4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem9d y h[ev] t m>k$ political *anges h already foll[$ ^u ! new sci5ce & its indu/rial applications1 & t 9 s f> "s directions ( social developm5t h at lea/ be5 m>k$ out4 ,! gr[? ( ! new te*nique ( indu/ry has ev]y:]e be5 foll[$ by ! fall ( feudal in/itutions1 9 :i* ! social patt]n 0 =m$ 9 agricultural occupations & milit>y pursuits4 ,:]ev] bus9ess 9 ! mod]n s5se has gone1 ! t5d5cy has be5 to transf] p[] f l& to f9ancial capital1 f ! c\ntry to ! city1 f ! f>m to factory1 f social titles bas$ on p]sonal allegiance1 s]vice & protection1 to ^? bas$ on control ( labor & ex*ange ( goods4 ,! *ange 9 ! political c5tre ( gravity has result$ 9 emancipat+ ! individual f bonds ( class & cu/om & 9 produc+ a political organization :i* dep5ds less ^u sup]ior au?ority & m ^u volunt>y *oice4 ,mod]n /ates1 9 o!r words1 are reg>d$ less z div9e1 & m z human works ?an !y us$ to be2 less z necess>y manife/ations ( "s supreme & ov]-rul+ pr9ciples1 & m z contrivances ( m5 & wom5 to realize _! own desires4 ,! contract !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! /ate is a !ory ^: falsity may easily be demon/rat$ bo? philosophically & hi/orically4 ,nev]!less ?is !ory has _h great curr5cy & influ5ce4 ,9 =m1 x /at$ t "s "t 9 ! pa/ m5 volunt>ily got toge!r & made a compact ) "o ano!r to obs]ve c]ta9 laws & to submit to c]ta9 au?ority & 9 t way br\ght ! /ate & ! relation ( rul] & subject into exi/5ce4 ,l _m ?+s 9 philosophy1 ! !ory1 ?\gh wor?less z a record ( fact1 is ( great wor? z a symptom ( ! direction ( human desire4 ,x te/ifi$ to a gr[+ belief t ! /ate exi/$ to satisfy human ne$s & c\ld be %ap$ by human int5tion & volition4 ,ari/otle's !ory t ! /ate exi/s by nature fail$ to satisfy ! ?\ght ( ! sev5te5? c5tury because x seem$ by mak+ ! /ate a product ( nature to remove its con/itution beyond human *oice4 ,equally significant 0 ! assumption ( ! contract !ory t individuals by _! p]sonal decisions express+ _! p]sonal wi%es br+ ! /ate into exi/5ce4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! !ory ga9$ a hold all ov] we/]n ,europe %[$ ! ext5t to :i* ! bonds ( cu/om>y in/itutions _h relax$ _! grip4 ,x prov$ t m5 _h be5 s lib]at$ f absorption 9 l>g] gr\ps t !y 7 consci\s ( !mselves z individuals hav+ rights & claims on _! own acc\nt1 n simply z memb]s ( a class1 guild or social grade4 ,side by side ) ?is political individualism w5t a religi\s & moral individualism4 ,! metaphysical doctr9e ( ! sup]iority ( ! species to ! individual1 ( ! p]man5t univ]sal to ! *ang+ p>ticul>1 0 ! philosophic support ( political & ecclesia/ical in/itutionalism4 ,! univ]sal *ur* 0 ! gr\nd1 end & limit ( ! individual's beliefs & acts 9 spiritual matt]s1 j z ! feudal hi]>*ical organization 0 ! basis1 law & fix$ limit ( 8 behavior 9 secul> affairs4 ,! nor!rn b>b>ians _h nev] completely come "u ! sway ( classic ideas & cu/oms4 ,t :i* 0 indig5\s :]e life 0 prim>ily d]iv$ f ,lat9 s\rces 0 borr[$ & m or less ext]nally impos$ 9 ,g]manic ,europe4 ,prote/antism m>k$ ! =mal break+ away f ! dom9ation ( ,roman ideas4 ,x effect$ lib]ation ( individual consci5ce & wor%ip f control by an organiz$ in/itution claim+ to be p]man5t & univ]sal4 ,x _c truly be said t at ! outset ! new religi\s movem5t w5t f> 9 promot+ fre$om ( ?\ght & criticism1 or 9 d5y+ ! notion ( "s supreme au?ority to :i* individual intellig5ce 0 absolutely 9 bonds4 ,nor at fir/ did x g f> 9 fur!r+ tol]ance or respect = div]g5cy ( moral & religi\s convictions4 ,b practically x did t5d to dis9tegration ( e/abli%$ in/itutions4 ,by multiply+ sects & *ur*es x enc\rag$ at lea/ a negative tol]ation ( ! "r ( individuals to judge ultimate matt]s = !mselves4 ,9 "t1 !re develop$ a =mulat$ belief 9 ! sacr$ness ( individual consci5ce & 9 ! "r to fre$om ( op9ion1 belief & wor%ip4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out h[ ! spread ( ?is conviction increas$ political individualism1 or h[ x accel]at$ ! will+ness ( m5 to "q receiv$ ideas 9 sci5ce & philosophy--to ?9k & obs]ve & exp]im5t = !mselves4 ,religi\s individualism s]v$ to supply a mu* ne$$ sanction to initiative & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght 9 all sph]es1 ev5 :5 religi\s movem5ts (ficially 7 oppos$ to su* fre$om :5 c>ri$ beyond a limit$ po9t4 ,! greate/ influ5ce ( ,prote/antism 01 h[ev]1 9 develop+ ! idea ( ! p]sonality ( e human be+ z an end 9 himself4 ,:5 human be+s 7 reg>d$ z capable ( direct relation%ip ) ,god1 )\t ! int]m$i>y ( any organization l ! ,*ur*1 & ! drama ( s91 r$emption & salvation 0 some?+ enact$ )9 ! inn]mo/ s\l ( individuals r ?an 9 ! species ( :i* ! individual 0 a subord9ate "p1 a fatal bl[ 0 /ruck at all doctr9es :i* taught ! subord9ation ( p]sonality--a bl[ :i* _h _m political rev]b]ations 9 promot+ democracy4 ,= :5 9 religion ! idea ( ! intr9sic wor? ( e s\l z su* 0 proclaim$1 x 0 difficult to keep ! idea f spill+ ov]1 s to say1 into secul> relation%ips4 ,! absurdity is obvi\s ( try+ 9 a few p>agraphs to summ>ize movem5ts 9 indu/ry1 politics & religion ^: influ5ce is /ill f> f exhau/$ & ab\t :i* hundr$s & ?\s&s ( volumes h be5 writt54 ,b ,i %all c\nt ^u y\r =be>ance to recall t ^! matt]s are allud$ to only 9 ord] to sugge/ "s ( ! =ces t op]at$ to m>k out ! *annels 9 :i* new ideas ran4 ,fir/1 !re is ! transf] ( int]e/ f ! et]nal & univ]sal to :at is *ang+ & specific1 concrete--a movem5t t %[$ itself practically 9 c>ry+ ov] ( att5tion & ?\ght f ano!r _w to ?is1 f ! sup]naturalism *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages to delight 9 natural sci5ce1 natural activity & natural int]c\rse4 ,secondly1 !re is ! gradual decay ( ! au?ority ( fix$ in/itutions & class di/9ctions & relations1 & a gr[+ belief 9 ! p[] ( individual m9ds1 guid$ by me?ods ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t & reflection1 to atta9 ! tru?s ne$$ = ! guidance ( life4 ,! op]ations & results ( natural inquiry ga9$ 9 pre/ige & p[] at ! exp5se ( pr9ciples dictat$ f high au?ority4 ,consequ5tly pr9ciples & alleg$ tru?s are judg$ m & m by crit]ia ( _! orig9 9 exp]i5ce & _! consequ5ces ( weal & woe 9 exp]i5ce1 & less by crit]ia ( sublime orig9 f beyond ev]yday exp]i5ce & indep5d5t ( fruits 9 exp]i5ce4 ,x is no long] en\gh = a pr9ciple to be elevat$1 noble1 univ]sal & hall[$ by "t4 ,x mu/ pres5t its bir? c]tificate1 x mu/ %[ "u j :at conditions ( human exp]i5ce x 0 g5]at$1 & x mu/ ju/ify itself by its works1 pres5t & pot5tial4 ,su* is ! inn] mean+ ( ! mod]n appeal to exp]i5ce z an ultimate crit]ion ( value & validity4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 great /ore is set ^u ! idea ( progress4 ,! future r ?an ! pa/ dom9ates ! imag9ation4 ,! ,gold5 ,age lies ahead ( u n beh9d u4 ,ev]y:]e new possibilities beckon & ar\se c\rage & ef=t4 ,! great ,fr5* ?9k]s ( ! lat] eighte5? c5tury borr[$ ?is idea f ,bacon & develop$ x into ! doctr9e ( ! indef9ite p]fectibility ( mank9d on e>?4 ,man is capable1 if he w b ex]cise ! requir$ c\rage1 intellig5ce & ef=t1 ( %ap+ 8 own fate4 ,physical conditions (f] no insurm\ntable b>ri]s4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! pati5t & exp]im5tal /udy ( nature1 be>+ fruit 9 inv5tions :i* control nature & subdue h] =ces to social uses1 is ! me?od by :i* progress is made4 ,k is p[] & k is a*iev$ by s5d+ ! m9d to s*ool to nature to le>n h] processes ( *ange4 ,9 ?is lecture z 9 ! previ\s "o1 ,i c h>dly close bett] ?an by ref]5ce to ! new responsibilities impos$ ^u philosophy & ! new opportunities op5$ to x4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! greate/ effect ( ^! *anges up to date has be5 to sub/itute an ,idealism bas$ on epi/emology1 or ! !ory ( k1 = ! ,idealism bas$ on ! metaphysics ( classic antiquity4 ,e>li] mod]n philosophy 7ev5 ?\gh unconsci\sly to itself7 _h ! problem ( reconcil+ ! traditional !ory ( ! rational & ideal basis1 /uff & end ( ! univ]se ) ! new int]e/ 9 individual m9d & ! new confid5ce 9 its capacities4 ,x 0 9 a dilemma4 ,on ! "o h&1 x _h no int5tion ( los+ itself 9 a mat]ialism :i* subord9at$ man to physical exi/5ce & m9d to matt]--especially j at ! mom5t :5 9 actual affairs man & m9d 7 beg9n+ to a*ieve g5u9e rule ov] nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! conception t ! _w z x /ood 0 an embodim5t ( a fix$ & compreh5sive ,m9d or ,reason 0 uncong5ial to ^? ^: ma9 conc]n 0 ) ! defici5cies ( ! _w & ) an attempt to rem$y !m4 ,! effect ( ! objective !ological idealism t _h develop$ out ( classic metaphysical idealism 0 to make ! m9d submissive & acquiesc5t4 ,! new individualism *af$ "u ! re/rictions impos$ ^u x by ! notion ( a univ]sal reason :i* _h once & = all %ap$ nature & de/9y4 ,9 break+ away f antique & m$ieval ?\ght1 accord+ly1 e>ly mod]n ?\ght cont9u$ ! old] tradition ( a ,reason t creates & con/itutes ! _w1 b comb9$ x ) ! notion t ?is ,reason op]ates ?r\gh ! human m9d1 individual or collective4 ,?is is ! common note ( idealism s\nd$ by all ! philosophies ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :e!r belong+ to ! ,briti% s*ool ( ,locke1 ,b]keley & ,hume or ! ,cont95tal s*ool ( ,desc>tes4 ,9 ,kant z ev]ybody kn[s ! two /ra9s came toge!r2 & ! !me ( ! =mation ( ! kn[able _w by means ( a ?\ght t op]at$ exclusively ?r\gh ! human kn[] became explicit4 ,idealism ceas$ to be metaphysical & cosmic 9 ord] to become epi/emological & p]sonal4 ,x is evid5t t ?is developm5t repres5ts m]ely a transitional /age4 ,x tri$1 aft] all1 to put ! new w9e 9 ! old bottles4 ,x did n a*ieve a free & unbias$ =mulation ( ! mean+ ( ! p[] to direct nature's =ces ?r\gh k--t is1 purposeful1 exp]im5tal action act+ to re%ape beliefs & in/itutions4 ,! anci5t tradition 0 /ill /rong en\gh to project itself unconsci\sly into m5's ways ( ?9k+1 & to hamp] & compromise ! expression ( ! really mod]n =ces & aims4 ,ess5tial philosophic recon/ruction repres5ts an attempt to /ate ^! causes & results 9 a way fre$ f incompatible inh]it$ factors4 ,x w reg>d intellig5ce n z ! orig9al %ap] & f9al cause ( ?+s1 b z ! purposeful en]getic re-%ap] ( ^? phases ( nature & life t ob/ruct social well-be+4 ,x e/eems ! individual n z an exagg]at$ly self-suffici5t ,ego :i* by "s magic creates ! _w1 b z ! ag5t :o is responsible ?r\gh initiative1 inv5tiv5ess & intellig5tly direct$ labor = re-creat+ ! _w1 trans=m+ x into an in/rum5t & possession ( intellig5ce4 ,! tra9 ( ideas repres5t$ by ! ,baconian ,k is ,p[] ?us fail$ 9 gett+ an emancipat$ & indep5d5t expression4 ,^! become hopelessly entangl$ 9 /&po9ts & prepossessions t embodi$ a social1 political & sci5tific tradition ) :i* !y 7 completely incompatible4 ,! obscurity1 ! confusion ( mod]n philosophy is ! product ( ?is attempt to comb9e two ?+s :i* _c possibly be comb9$ ei!r logically or morally4 ,philosophic recon/ruction = ! pres5t is ?us ! endeavor to undo ! entanglem5t & to p]mit ! ,baconian aspirations to come to a free & unh9d]$ expression4 ,9 succe$+ lectures we %all consid] ! ne$$ recon/ruction z x affects c]ta9 classic philosophic anti!ses1 l ^? ( exp]i5ce & reason1 ! real & ! ideal4 ,b fir/ we %all h to consid] ! modify+ effect ex]cis$ ^u philosophy by t *ang$ conception ( nature1 animate & inanimate1 :i* we owe to ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,factor ,,9 ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,philosophy ,philosophy />ts f "s deep & wide way ( respond+ to ! difficulties life pres5ts1 b x gr[s only :5 mat]ial is at h& = mak+ ?is practical response consci\s1 articulate & communicable4 ,accompany+ ! economic1 political & ecclesia/ical *anges :i* 7 allud$ to 9 an e>li] lecture1 0 a sci5tific revolution enorm\s 9 scope & leav+ un*ang$ almo/ no detail ( belief ab\t nature1 physical & human4 ,9 "p ?is sci5tific trans=mation 0 produc$ by j ! *ange 9 practical attitude & temp]4 ,b z x progress$1 x furni%$ t *ange an appropriate vocabul>y1 cong5ial to its ne$s1 & made x articulate4 ,! advance ( sci5ce 9 its l>g] g5]alizations & 9 its specific detail ( fact suppli$ precisely t intellectual equipm5t ( ideas & concrete fact t 0 ne$$ 9 ord] to =mulate1 precipitate1 communicate & propagate ! new disposition4 ,today1 accord+ly1 we %all deal ) ^? contra/+ conceptions ( ! /ructure & con/itution ( ,nature1 :i* :5 !y are accept$ on ! au?ority ( sci5ce 7alleg$ or real71 =m ! intellectual framework ( philosophy4 ,contra/+ conceptions ( anci5t & mod]n sci5ce h be5 select$4 ,= ,i see no way 9 :i* ! truly philosophic import ( ! picture ( ! _w pa9t$ by mod]n sci5ce c be appreciat$ except to exhibit x 9 contra/ ) t e>li] picture :i* gave classic metaphysics its intellectual f\ndation & confirmation4 ,! _w 9 :i* philosoph]s once put _! tru/ 0 a clos$ _w1 a _w consi/+ int]nally ( a limit$ numb] ( fix$ =ms1 & hav+ def9ite b\nd>ies ext]nally4 ,! _w ( mod]n sci5ce is an op5 _w1 a _w v>y+ indef9itely )\t ! possibility ( assignable limit 9 its int]nal make-up1 a _w /ret*+ beyond any assignable b\nds ext]nally4 ,aga91 ! _w 9 :i* ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t m5 ( old5 times ?\ght !y liv$ 0 a fix$ _w1 a realm :]e *anges w5t on only )9 immutable limits ( re/ & p]man5ce1 & a _w :]e ! fix$ & unmov+ 01 z we h already not$1 high] 9 quality & au?ority ?an ! mov+ & alt]+4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 ! _w :i* m5 once saw ) _! eyes1 portray$ 9 _! imag9ations & repeat$ 9 _! plans ( conduct1 0 a _w ( a limit$ numb] ( classes1 k9ds1 =ms1 di/9ct 9 quality 7z k9ds & species mu/ be di/9ct7 & arrang$ 9 a grad$ ord] ( sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,x is n easy to recall ! image ( ! univ]se :i* 0 tak5 = grant$ 9 ! _w tradition4 ,9 spite ( its dramatic r5d]+ 7z 9 ,dante71 ( ! dialectical elaborations ( ,ari/otle & ,/4 ,?omas1 9 spite ( ! fact t x held m5's m9ds captive until ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & t its ov]?r[ involv$ a religi\s upheaval1 x is already dim1 fad$ & remote4 ,ev5 z a sep>ate & ab/ract ?+ ( !ory x is n easy to recov]4 ,z some?+ p]vasive1 int]wov5 ) all ! details ( reflection & obs]vation1 ) ! plans & rules ( behavior1 x is impossible to call x back aga94 ,yet1 z be/ we c1 we ne$ to put be=e our m9ds a def9itely enclos$ univ]se1 some?+ :i* c be call$ a univ]se 9 a lit]al & visible s5se1 hav+ ! e>? at its fix$ & un*ang+ c5tre & at a fix$ circumf]5ce ! heav5ly ar* ( fix$ />s mov+ 9 an et]nal r\nd ( div9e e!r1 hemm+ 9 all ?+s & keep+ !m =ev] at "o & 9 ord]4 ,! e>?1 ?\gh at ! c5tre1 is ! co>se/1 grosse/1 mo/ mat]ial1 lea/ significant & good 7or p]fect7 ( ! p>ts ( ?is clos$ _w4 ,x is ! sc5e ( maximum fluctuation & vicissitude4 ,x is ! lea/ rational1 & !re=e ! lea/ notable1 or kn[able2 x (f]s ! lea/ to rew>d contemplation1 provoke admiration & gov]n conduct4 ,betwe5 ?is grossly mat]ial c5tre & ! immat]ial1 spiritual & et]nal heav5s lie a def9ite s]ies ( regions ( moon1 planets1 sun1 etc41 ea* ( :i* ga9s 9 rank1 value1 rationality & true be+ z x is f>!r f e>? & ne>] ! heav5s4 ,ea* ( ^! regions is compos$ ( its own appropriate /uff ( e>?1 wat]1 air1 fire 9 its own dom9ant degree1 until we rea* ! heav5ly firmam5t :i* transc5ds all ^! pr9ciples1 be+ con/itut$1 z 0 j said1 ( t immat]ial1 inalt]able en]gy call$ e!r4 ,)9 ?is tight & p5t 9 univ]se1 *anges take place ( c\rse4 ,b !y are only ( a small numb] ( fix$ k9ds2 & !y op]ate only )9 fix$ limits4 ,ea* k9d ( /uff has its own appropriate motion4 ,x is ! nature ( e>?ly ?+s to be heavy1 s9ce !y are gross1 & h5ce to move d[nw>d4 ,fire & sup]ior ?+s are light & h5ce move upw>d to _! prop] place2 air rises only to ! plane ( ! planets1 :]e x !n takes its back & =? motion :i* naturally belongs to x1 z is evid5t 9 ! w9ds & 9 respiration4 ,e!r be+ ! highe/ ( all physical ?+s has a purely circul> movem5t4 ,! daily return ( ! fix$ />s is ! close/ possible approximation to et]nity1 & to ! self-involv$ revolution ( m9d ^u its own ideal axis ( reason4 ,^u ! e>? 9 virtue ( its e>?ly nature--or r its lack ( virtue--is a sc5e ( m]e *ange4 ,m]e flux1 aimless & mean+less1 />ts at no def9ite po9t & arrives at no?+1 am\nts to no?+4 ,m]e *anges ( quantity1 all purely me*anical *anges1 are ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are l ! %ift+s ( ! s&s by ! sea4 ,!y may be s5s$1 b !y _c be not$ or und]/ood2 !y lack fix$ limits :i* gov]n !m4 ,!y are contemptible4 ,!y are casual1 ! sport ( accid5t4 ,only *anges :i* lead to "s def9$ or fix$ outcome ( =m are ( any acc\nt & c h any acc\nt--any logos or reason--made ( !m4 ,! gr[? ( plants & animals illu/rates ! highe/ k9d ( *ange :i* is possible 9 ! sublun>y or mundane sph]e4 ,!y g f "o def9ite fix$ =m to ano!r4 ,oaks g5]ate only oaks1 oy/]s only oy/]s1 man only man4 ,! mat]ial factor ( me*anical production ent]s 91 b ent]s 9 z accid5t to prev5t ! full consummation ( ! type ( ! species1 & to br+ ab\t ! mean+less v>iations :i* div]sify v>i\s oaks or oy/]s f "o ano!r2 or 9 extreme cases to produce freaks1 sports1 mon/]s1 ?ree-h&$ or f\r-to$ m54 ,aside f accid5tal & undesirable v>iations1 ea* individual has a fix$ c>e] to pursue1 a fix$ pa? 9 :i* to travel4 ,t]ms :i* s\nd mod]n1 words l pot5tiality & developm5t ab\nd 9 ,ari/otelian ?\ght1 & h misl$ "s into read+ into 8 ?\ght mod]n mean+s4 ,b ! significance ( ^! words 9 classic & m$ieval ?\ght is rigidly det]m9$ by _! context4 ,developm5t holds m]ely ( ! c\rse ( *anges :i* takes place )9 a p>ticul> memb] ( ! species4 ,x is only a "n = ! pr$et]m9$ movem5t f ! acorn to ! oak tree4 ,x takes place n 9 ?+s g5]ally b only 9 "s "o ( ! num]ically insignificant memb]s ( ! oak species4 ,developm5t1 evolution1 nev] means1 z 9 mod]n sci5ce1 orig9 ( new =ms1 a mutation f an old species1 b only ! monoton\s trav]s+ ( a previ\sly plott$ cycle ( *ange4 ,s pot5tiality nev] means1 z 9 mod]n life1 ! possibility ( novelty1 ( inv5tion1 ( radical deviation1 b only t pr9ciple 9 virtue ( :i* ! acorn becomes ! oak4 ,te*nically1 x is ! capacity = movem5t betwe5 opposites4 ,only ! cold c become hot2 only ! dry c become wet2 only ! babe c become a man2 ! se$ ! full-gr[n :eat & s on4 ,pot5tiality in/ead ( imply+ ! em]g5ce ( any?+ novel means m]ely ! facility ) :i* a p>ticul> ?+ repeats ! recurr5t processes ( its k9d1 & ?us becomes a specific case ( ! et]nal =ms 9 & ?r\gh :i* all ?+s are con/itut$4 ,9 spite ( ! almo/ inf9ite num]ical div]sity ( individuals1 !re are only a limit$ numb] ( species1 k9ds or sorts4 ,& ! _w is ess5tially a _w :i* falls into sorts2 x is pre-arrang$ into di/9ct classes4 ,moreov]1 j z we naturally arrange plants & animals into s]ies1 ranks & grades1 f ! l[] to ! highe/1 s ) all ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,! di/9ct classes to :i* ?+s belong by _! v nature =m a hi]>*ical ord]4 ,!re are ca/es 9 nature4 ,! univ]se is con/itut$ on an ari/ocratic1 "o c truly say a feudal1 plan4 ,species1 classes d n mix or ov]lap--except 9 cases ( accid5t1 & to ! result ( *aos4 ,o!rwise1 ev]y?+ belongs 9 advance to a c]ta9 class1 & ! class has its own fix$ place 9 ! hi]>*y ( ,be+4 ,! univ]se is inde$ a tidy spot ^: purity is int]f]$ ) only by ^? irregul> *anges 9 individuals :i* are due to ! pres5ce ( an obdurate matt] t refuses to yield itself :olly to rule & =m4 ,o!rwise x is a univ]se ) a fix$ place = ev]y?+ & :]e ev]y?+ kn[s its place1 its /ation & class1 & keeps x4 ,h5ce :at are kn[n te*nically z f9al & =mal causes are supreme1 & effici5t causes are relegat$ to an inf]ior place4 ,! s-call$ f9al cause is j a "n = ! fact t !re is "s fix$ =m *>act]i/ic ( a class or sort ( ?+s :i* gov]ns ! *anges go+ on1 s t !y t5d t[>d x z _! end & goal1 ! fulfilm5t ( _! true nature4 ,! supralun> region is ! end or f9al cause ( ! prop] movem5ts ( air & fire2 ! e>? ( ! motions ( crass1 heavy ?+s2 ! oak ( ! acorn2 ! mature =m 9 g5]al ( ! g]m9al4 ,! effici5t cause1 t :i* produces & in/igates a movem5t is only "s ext]nal *ange z x accid5tally gives a k9d ( pu% to an immature1 imp]fect be+ & />ts x mov+ t[>d its p]fect$ or fulfill$ =m4 ,! f9al cause is ! p]fect$ =m reg>d$ z ! explanation or reason ( prior *anges4 ,:5 x is n tak5 9 ref]5ce to ! *anges complet$ & br\ght to re/ 9 x1 b 9 itself x is ! =mal cause3 ,! inh]5t nature or "* :i* makes or con/itutes a ?+ :at x is s f> z x truly is1 namely1 :at x is s f> z x does n *ange4 ,logically & practically all ( ! traits :i* h be5 enum]at$ coh]e4 ,attack "o & y attack all4 ,:5 any "o is und]m9$1 all g4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! intellectual modification ( ! la/ few c5turies may truly be call$ a revolution4 ,x has sub/itut$ a conception ( ! _w diff]+ at e po9t4 ,x makes little matt] at :at po9t y comm5ce to trace ! diff]5ce1 y f9d y\rself c>ri$ into all o!r po9ts4 ,in/ead ( a clos$ univ]se1 sci5ce n[ pres5ts u ) "o inf9ite 9 space & "t1 hav+ no limits "h or !re1 at ?is end1 s to speak1 or at t1 & z inf9itely complex 9 int]nal /ructure z x is inf9ite 9 ext5t4 ,h5ce x is also an op5 _w1 an inf9itely v>iegat$ "o1 a _w :i* 9 ! old s5se c h>dly be call$ a univ]se at all2 s multiplex & f>-rea*+ t x _c be summ$ up & grasp$ 9 any "o =mula4 ,& *ange r ?an fixity is n[ a measure ( reality or en]gy ( be+2 *ange is omnipres5t4 ,! laws 9 :i* ! mod]n man ( sci5ce is int]e/$ are laws ( motion1 ( g5]ation & consequ5ce4 ,he speaks ( law :]e ! anci5ts spoke ( k9d & ess5ce1 because :at he wants is a correlation ( *anges1 an ability to detect "o *ange occurr+ 9 correspond5ce ) ano!r4 ,he does n try to def9e & delimit some?+ rema9+ con/ant 9 *ange4 ,he tries to describe a con/ant ord] ( *ange4 ,& :ile ! ^w con/ant appe>s 9 bo? /atem5ts1 ! mean+ ( ! ^w is n ! same4 ,9 "o case1 we are deal+ ) some?+ con/ant 9 exi/5ce1 physical or metaphysical2 9 ! o!r case1 ) some?+ con/ant 9 function & op]ation4 ,"o is a =m ( indep5d5t be+2 ! o!r is a =mula ( description & calculation ( int]dep5d5t *anges4 ,9 %ort1 classic ?\ght accept$ a feudally arrang$ ord] ( classes or k9ds1 ea* hold+ f a sup]ior & 9 turn giv+ ! rule ( conduct & s]vice to an inf]ior4 ,?is trait reflects & p>allels mo/ closely ! social situation we 7 consid]+ at ! la/ h\r4 ,we h a fairly def9ite notion ( society z organiz$ ^u ! feudal basis4 ,! family pr9ciple1 ! pr9ciple ( k9%ip is /rong1 & especially is ?is true z we asc5d 9 ! social scale4 ,at ! l[] end1 individuals may be lo/ m or less 9 ! mass4 ,s9ce all are p>ts ( ! common h]d1 !re is no?+ especial to di/+ui% _! bir?4 ,b among ! privileg$ & rul+ class ! case is q diff]5t4 ,! tie ( k9%ip at once m>ks a gr\p (f ext]nally & gives x di/9ction1 & int]nally holds all its memb]s toge!r4 ,k9%ip1 k9d1 class1 g5us are synonym\s t]ms1 />t+ f social & concrete facts & go+ to ! te*nical & ab/ract4 ,= k9%ip is a sign ( a common nature1 ( some?+ univ]sal & p]man5t runn+ ?r\gh all p>ticul> individuals1 & giv+ !m a real & objective unity4 ,because su* & su* p]sons are k9 !y are really1 & n m]ely conv5tionally1 m>k$ (f into a class hav+ some?+ unique ab\t x4 ,all contempor>y memb]s are b\nd into an objective unity :i* includes ance/ors & desc5dants & excludes all :o belong to ano!r k9 or k9d4 ,assur$ly ?is p>cell+ out ( ! _w into sep>ate k9ds1 ea* hav+ its qualitatively di/9ct nature 9 contra/ ) o!r species1 b9d+ num]ically di/9ct individuals toge!r1 & prev5t+ _! div]sities f exce$+ fix$ b\nds1 may )\t exagg]ation be call$ a projection ( ! family pr9ciple into ! _w at l>ge4 ,9 a feudally organiz$ society1 moreov]1 ea* k9%ip gr\p or species occupies a def9ite place4 ,x is m>k$ by ! possession ( a specific rank high] or l[] ) respect to o!r grades4 ,?is position conf]s ^u x c]ta9 privileges1 enabl+ x to en=ce c]ta9 claims ^u ^? l[] 9 ! scale & entail+ ^u x c]ta9 s]vices & homage to be r5d]$ to sup]iors4 ,! relation%ip ( causation1 s to speak1 is up & d[n4 ,influ5ce1 p[]1 proce$s f above to bel[2 ! activities ( ! inf]ior are p]=m$ ) respect1 q lit]ally1 to :at is above4 ,action & reaction are f> f be+ equal & 9 opposite directions4 ,all action is ( "o sort1 ( ! nature ( lord%ip1 & proce$s f ! high] to ! l[]4 ,reaction is ( ! nature ( subjection & def]5ce & proce$s f l[] to high]4 ,! classic !ory ( ! con/itution ( ! _w corresponds po9t by po9t to ?is ord]+ ( classes 9 a scale ( dignity & p[]4 ,a ?ird trait assign$ by hi/orians to feudalism is t ! ord]+ ( ranks c5tres ab\t arm$ s]vice & ! relation%ip ( arm$ def5se & protection4 ,i am afraid t :at has already be5 said ab\t ! p>allelism ( anci5t cosmology ) social organization may seem a fanciful analogy2 & if a comp>ison is also drawn 9 ?is la/ reg>d1 !re w be no d\bt 9 y\r m9ds t a metaphor is be+ =c$4 ,su* is truly ! case if we take ! comp>ison too lit]ally4 ,b n s1 if we conf9e our att5tion to ! notion ( rule & comm& impli$ 9 bo?4 ,att5tion has already be5 call$ to ! mean+ t is n[ giv5 ! t]m law--a con/ant relation%ip among *anges4 ,nev]!less1 we (t5 he> ab\t laws :i* gov]n ev5ts1 & x (t5 seems to be ?\ght t ph5om5a w\ld be utt]ly disord]ly 7 !re n laws to keep !m 9 ord]4 ,?is way ( ?9k+ is a survival ( read+ social relation%ips into nature--n necess>ily a feudal relation%ip1 b ! relation ( rul] & rul$1 sov]eign & subject4 ,law is assimilat$ to a comm& or ord]4 ,if ! factor ( p]sonal w is elim9at$ 7z x 0 9 ! be/ ,greek ?\ght7 /ill ! idea ( law or univ]sal is impregnat$ ) ! s5se ( a guid+ & rul+ influ5ce ex]t$ f above on :at is naturally inf]ior to x4 ,! univ]sal gov]ns z ! end & model :i* ! artisan has 9 m9d gov]ns 8 movem5ts4 ,! ,middle ,ages add$ to ?is ,greek idea ( control ! idea ( a comm& proce$+ f a sup]ior w2 & h5ce ?\ght ( ! op]ations ( nature z if !y 7 a fulfilm5t ( a task set by "o :o _h au?ority to direct action4 ,! traits ( ! picture ( nature drawn by mod]n sci5ce fairly spr+ by contra/ into high relief4 ,mod]n sci5ce took its fir/ /ep :5 d>+ a/ronom]s aboli%$ ! di/9ction ( high1 sublime & ideal =ces op]at+ 9 ! heav5s f l[] & mat]ial =ces actuat+ t]re/rial ev5ts4 ,! suppos$ het]og5eity ( sub/ances & =ces betwe5 heav5 & e>? 0 d5i$4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ! same laws hold ev]y:]e1 t !re is homog5eity ( mat]ial & process ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t nature4 ,! remote & e/hetically sublime is to be sci5tifically describ$ & expla9$ 9 t]ms ( homely famili> ev5ts & =ces4 ,! mat]ial ( direct h&l+ & obs]vation is t ( :i* we are sure/2 x is ! bett] kn[n4 ,until we c conv]t ! gross] & m sup]ficial obs]vations ( f>-away ?+s 9 ! heav5s into elem5ts id5tical ) ^? ( ?+s directly at h&1 !y rema9 bl9d & n und]/ood4 ,in/ead ( pres5t+ sup]ior wor?1 !y pres5t only problems4 ,!y are n means ( enlight5m5t b *all5ges4 ,! e>? is n sup]ior 9 rank to sun1 moon & />s1 b x is equal 9 dignity1 & its occurr5ces give ! key to ! und]/&+ ( cele/ial exi/5ces4 ,be+ at h&1 !y are also capable ( be+ br\ght "u our h&2 !y c be manipulat$1 brok5 up1 resolv$ into elem5ts :i* c be manag$1 comb9$ at w 9 old & new =ms4 ,! net result may be t]m$1 ,i ?9k1 )\t any great =c+1 ! sub/itution ( a democracy ( individual facts equal 9 rank = ! feudal sy/em ( an ord]$ gradation ( g5]al classes ( unequal rank4 ,"o important incid5t ( ! new sci5ce 0 ! de/ruction ( ! idea t ! e>? is ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 ! idea ( a fix$ c5tre w5t1 !re w5t ) x ! idea ( a clos$ univ]se & a circumscrib+ heav5ly b\nd>y4 ,to ! ,greek s5se1 j because its !ory ( kn[+ 0 dom9at$ by e/hetic consid]ations1 ! f9ite 0 ! p]fect4 ,lit]ally1 ! f9ite 0 ! f9i%$1 ! end$1 ! complet$1 t ) no ragg$ edges & unacc\ntable op]ations4 ,! inf9ite or limitless 0 lack+ 9 "* j because x 0 9-f9ite4 ,be+ ev]y?+1 x 0 no?+4 ,x 0 un=m$ & *aotic1 uncontroll$ & unruly1 ! s\rce ( incalculable deviations & accid5ts4 ,our pres5t feel+ t associates inf9ity ) b\ndless p[]1 ) capacity = expansion t kn[s no end1 ) ! delight 9 a progress t has no ext]nal limit1 w\ld be incompreh5sible 7 x n t int]e/ has %ift$ f ! e/hetic to ! practical2 f int]e/ 9 behold+ a h>moni\s & complete sc5e to int]e/ 9 trans=m+ an inh>moni\s "o4 ,"o has only to read ! au?ors ( ! transition p]iod1 say ,giordano ,bruno1 to realize :at a p5t-91 suffocat+ s5sation !y associat$ ) a clos$1 f9ite _w1 & :at a feel+ ( exhil>ation1 expansion & b\ndless possibility 0 ar\s$ 9 !m by ! ?\ght ( a _w inf9ite 9 /ret* ( space & "t1 & compos$ int]nally ( inf9itesimal inf9itely num]\s elem5ts4 ,t :i* ! ,greeks )drew f ) repulsion !y welcom$ ) an intoxicat$ s5se ( adv5ture4 ,! inf9ite meant1 x 0 true1 some?+ =ev] untrav]s$ ev5 by ?\ght1 & h5ce some?+ =ev] unkn[n--no matt] h[ great atta9m5t 9 le>n+4 ,b ?is =ev] unkn[n in/ead ( be+ *ill+ & repell+ 0 n[ an inspir+ *all5ge to ev]-r5ew$ inquiry1 & an assurance ( inexhau/ible possibilities ( progress4 ,! /ud5t ( hi/ory kn[s well t ! ,greeks made great progress 9 ! sci5ce ( me*anics z well z ( geometry4 ,at fir/ sight1 x appe>s /range t ) ?is advance 9 me*anics s little advance 0 made 9 ! direction ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! seem+ p>adox impels u to ask :y x 0 t me*anics rema9$ a sep>ate sci5ce1 :y x 0 n us$ 9 description & explanation ( natural ph5om5a aft] ! mann] ( ,galileo & ,newton4 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! social p>allelism already m5tion$4 ,socially speak+1 ma*9es1 tools1 7 devices employ$ by artisans4 ,! sci5ce ( me*anics _h to d ) ! k9d ( ?+s employ$ by human me*anics1 & me*anics 7 base fell[s4 ,!y 7 at ! l[] end ( ! social scale1 & h[ c\ld light on ! heav5s1 ! highe/1 be d]iv$ f !m8 ,! application ( consid]ations ( me*anics to natural ph5om5a w\ld moreov] h impli$ an int]e/ 9 ! practical control & utilization ( ph5om5a :i* 0 totally incompatible ) ! importance atta*$ to f9al causes z fix$ det]m9]s ( nature4 ,all ! sci5tific re=m]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies /rik+ly agree 9 reg>d+ ! doctr9e ( f9al causes z ! cause ( ! failure ( sci5ce4 ,:y8 ,because ?is doctr9e taught t ! processes ( nature are held 9 bondage to c]ta9 fix$ ends :i* !y mu/ t5d to realize4 ,nature 0 kept 9 lead+ /r+s2 x 0 cramp$ d[n to production ( a limit$ numb] ( /]eotyp$ results4 ,only a comp>atively small numb] ( ?+s c\ld be br\ght into be+1 & ^! few mu/ be simil> to ! ends :i* simil> cycles ( *ange _h effect$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! scope ( inquiry & und]/&+ 0 limit$ to ! n>r[ r\nd ( processes ev5tuat+ 9 ! fix$ ends :i* ! obs]v$ _w (f]$ to view4 ,at be/1 inv5tion & production ( new results by use ( ma*9es & tools mu/ be re/rict$ to articles ( transi5t dignity & bodily1 n intellectual1 use4 ,:5 ! rigid clamp ( fix$ ends 0 tak5 (f f nature1 obs]vation & imag9ation 7 emancipat$1 & exp]im5tal control = sci5tific & practical purposes enorm\sly /imulat$4 ,because natural processes 7 no long] re/rict$ to a fix$ numb] ( immovable ends or results1 any?+ might conceivably happ54 ,x 0 only a "q ( :at elem5ts c\ld be br\ght into juxtaposition s t !y w\ld "w ^u "o ano!r4 ,imm$iately1 me*anics ceas$ to be a sep>ate sci5ce & became an organ = attack+ nature4 ,! me*anics ( ! lev]1 :eel1 pulley & incl9$ plane told accurately :at happ5s :5 ?+s 9 space are us$ to move "o ano!r dur+ def9ite p]iods ( "t4 ,! :ole ( nature became a sc5e ( pu%es & pulls1 ( cogs & lev]s1 ( motions ( p>ts or elem5ts to :i* ! =mulae ( movem5ts produc$ by well-kn[n ma*9es 7 directly applicable4 ,! bani%+ ( ends & =ms f ! univ]se has seem$ to _m an ideal & spiritual impov]i%m5t4 ,:5 nature 0 reg>d$ z a set ( me*anical int]actions1 x app>5tly lo/ all mean+ & purpose4 ,its glory dep>t$4 ,elim9ation ( diff]5ces ( quality depriv$ x ( beauty4 ,d5ial to nature ( all inh]5t long+s & aspir+ t5d5cies t[>d ideal ends remov$ nature & natural sci5ce f contact ) poetry1 religion & div9e ?+s4 ,!re seem$ to be left only a h>%1 brutal despiritualiz$ exhibition ( me*anical =ces4 ,z a consequ5ce1 x has seem$ to _m philosoph]s t "o ( _! *ief problems 0 to reconcile ! exi/5ce ( ?is purely me*anical _w ) belief 9 objective rationality & purpose--to save life f a degrad+ mat]ialism4 ,h5ce _m s\ght to re-atta9 by way ( an analysis ( ! process ( kn[+1 or epi/emology1 t belief 9 ! sup]iority ( ,ideal ,be+ :i* _h anci5tly be5 ma9ta9$ on ! basis ( cosmology4 ,b :5 x is recogniz$ t ! me*anical view is det]m9$ by ! requirem5ts ( an exp]im5tal control ( natural en]gies1 ?is problem ( reconciliation no long] vexes u4 ,fix$ =ms & ends1 let u recall1 m>k fix$ limits to *ange4 ,h5ce !y make futile all human ef=ts to produce & regulate *ange except )9 n>r[ & unimportant limits4 ,!y p>alyze con/ructive human inv5tions by a !ory :i* condemns !m 9 advance to failure4 ,human activity c con=m only to ends already set by nature4 ,x 0 n till ends 7 bani%$ f nature t purposes became important z factors 9 human m9ds capable ( re%ap+ exi/5ce4 ,a natural _w t does n subsi/ = ! sake ( realiz+ a fix$ set ( ends is relatively malleable & pla/ic2 x may be us$ = ?is end or t4 ,t nature c be kn[n ?r\gh ! application ( me*anical =mulae is ! prime condition ( turn+ x to human acc\nt4 ,tools1 ma*9es are means to be utiliz$4 ,only :5 nature is reg>d$ z me*anical1 is sy/ematic inv5tion & con/ruction ( ma*9es relevant to nature's activities4 ,nature is subdu$ to human purpose because x is no long] ! slave ( metaphysical & !ological purpose4 ,b]gson has po9t$ out t man might well be call$ ,homo ,fab]4 ,he is di/+ui%$ z ! tool-mak+ animal4 ,?is has held good s9ce man 0 man2 b till nature 0 con/ru$ 9 me*anical t]ms1 ! mak+ ( tools ) :i* to attack & trans=m nature 0 sporadic & accid5tal4 ,"u su* circum/ances x w\ld n h occurr$ ev5 to a ,b]gson t man's tool-mak+ capacity 0 s important & fundam5tal t x c\ld be us$ to def9e him4 ,! v ?+s t make ! nature ( ! me*anical-physical sci5ti/ e/hetically blank & dull are ! ?+s :i* r5d] nature am5able to human control4 ,:5 qualities 7 subord9at$ to quantitative & ma!matical relation%ips1 color1 music & =m disappe>$ f ! object ( ! sci5ti/'s inquiry z su*4 ,b ! rema9+ prop]ties ( weight1 ext5sion1 num]able velocity ( movem5t & s on 7 j ! qualities :i* l5t !mselves to ! sub/itution ( "o ?+ = ano!r1 to ! conv]sion ( "o =m ( en]gy into ano!r2 to ! effect+ ( trans=mations4 ,:5 *emical f]tiliz]s c be us$ 9 place ( animal manures1 :5 improv$ gra9 & cattle c be purposefully br$ f inf]ior animals & grasses1 :5 me*anical en]gy c be conv]t$ into heat & electricity into me*anical en]gy1 man ga9s p[] to manipulate nature4 ,mo/ ( all he ga9s p[] to frame new ends & aims & to proce$ 9 regul> sy/em to _! actualization4 ,only indef9ite sub/itution & conv]tibility reg>dless ( quality r5d] nature manageable4 ,! me*anization ( nature is ! condition ( a practical & progressive idealism 9 action4 ,x ?us turns out t ! old1 old dread & dislike ( matt] z some?+ oppos$ to m9d & ?reat5+ x1 to be kept )9 ! n>r[e/ b\nds ( recognition2 some?+ to be d5i$ s f> z possible le/ x encroa* ^u ideal purposes & f9ally exclude !m f ! real _w1 is z absurd practically z x 0 impot5t intellectually4 ,judg$ f ! only sci5tific /&po9t1 :at x does & h[ x functions1 matt] means conditions4 ,to respect matt] means to respect ! conditions ( a*ievem5t2 conditions :i* h9d] & ob/ruct & :i* h to be *ang$1 conditions :i* help & fur!r & :i* c be us$ to modify ob/ructions & atta9 ends4 ,only z m5 h le>n$ to pay s9c]e & p]si/5t reg>d to matt]1 to ! conditions ^u :i* dep5ds negatively & positively ! success ( all endeavor1 h !y %[n s9c]e & fruitful respect = ends & purposes4 ,to pr(ess to h an aim & !n neglect ! means ( its execution is self-delusion ( ! mo/ dang]\s sort4 ,education & morals w beg9 to f9d !mselves on ! same road ( advance t say *emical indu/ry & m$ic9e h f\nd = !mselves :5 !y too le>n fully ! lesson ( :olehe>t$ & unremitt+ att5tion to means & conditions--t is1 to :at mank9d s long despis$ z mat]ial & me*anical4 ,:5 we take means = ends we inde$ fall into moral mat]ialism4 ,b :5 we take ends )\t reg>d to means we deg5]ate into s5tim5talism4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ideal we fall back ^u m]e luck & *ance & magic or exhortation & prea*+2 or else ^u a fanaticism t w =ce ! realization ( preconceiv$ ends at any co/4 ,i h t\*$ 9 ?is lecture ^u _m ?+s 9 a cursory way4 ,yet !re has be5 b "o po9t 9 m9d4 ,! revolution 9 our conceptions ( nature & 9 our me?ods ( kn[+ x has br$ a new temp] ( imag9ation & aspiration4 ,x has confirm$ ! new attitude g5]at$ by economic & political *anges4 ,x has suppli$ ?is attitude ) def9ite intellectual mat]ial ) :i* to =mulate & ju/ify itself4 ,9 ! fir/ lecture x 0 not$ t 9 ,greek life prosaic matt] ( fact or empirical k 0 at a great disadvantage z comp>$ ) ! imag9ative beliefs t 7 b\nd up ) special in/itutions & moral habitudes4 ,n[ ?is empirical k has gr[n till x has brok5 its l[ & limit$ sph]e ( application & e/eem4 ,x has itself become an organ ( inspir+ imag9ation ?r\gh introduc+ ideas ( b\ndless possibility1 indef9ite progress1 free movem5t1 equal opportunity irrespective ( fix$ limits4 ,x has re%ap$ social in/itutions1 & 9 s f> develop$ a new morale4 ,x has a*iev$ ideal values4 ,x is conv]tible into creative & con/ructive philosophy4 ,conv]tible1 h[ev]1 r ?an already conv]t$4 ,:5 we consid] h[ deeply emb$d$ 9 cu/oms ( ?\ght & action ! classic philosophy came to be & h[ cong5ial x is to man's m spontane\s beliefs1 ! ?roes t att5d$ its bir? are n to be wond]$ at4 ,we %\ld r wond] t a view s upsett+1 s und]m9+1 made its way )\t m p]secutions1 m>tyrdoms & di/urbances4 ,x c]ta9ly is n surpris+ t its complete & consi/5t =mulation 9 philosophy has be5 long delay$4 ,! ma9 ef=ts ( ?9k]s 7 inevitably direct$ to m9imiz+ ! %ock ( *ange1 eas+ ! /ra9s ( transition1 m$iat+ & reconcil+4 ,:5 we look back ^u almo/ all ( ! ?9k]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ^u all except+ ^? :o 7 av[$ly sceptical & revolution>y1 :at /rikes u is ! am\nt ( traditional subject-matt] & me?od t is to be f\nd ev5 among ^? :o 7 reg>d$ z mo/ advanc$4 ,m5 _c easily ?r[ (f _! old habits ( ?9k+1 & nev] c ?r[ (f all ( !m at once4 ,9 develop+1 tea*+ & receiv+ new ideas we are compell$ to use "s ( ! old ones z tools ( und]/&+ & communication4 ,only piecemeal1 /ep-by-/ep1 c\ld ! full import ( ! new sci5ce be grasp$4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! sev5te5? c5tury witness$ its application 9 a/ronomy & g5]al cosmology2 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 physics & *emi/ry2 ! n9ete5? c5tury und]took an application 9 geology & ! biological sci5ces4 ,x 0 said t x has n[ become extremely difficult to recov] ! view ( ! _w :i* univ]sally obta9$ 9 ,europe till ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,yet aft] all we ne$ only recur to ! sci5ce ( plants & animals z x 0 be=e ,d>w9 & to ! ideas :i* ev5 n[ are dom9ant 9 moral & political matt]s to f9d ! old] ord] ( conceptions 9 full possession ( ! popul> m9d4 ,until ! dogma ( fix$ un*angeable types & species1 ( arrangem5t 9 classes ( high] & l[]1 ( subord9ation ( ! transitory individual to ! univ]sal or k9d _h be5 %ak5 9 its hold ^u ! sci5ce ( life1 x 0 impossible t ! new ideas & me?od %\ld be made at home 9 social & moral life4 ,does x n seem to be ! intellectual task ( ! tw5tie? c5tury to take ?is la/ /ep8 ,:5 ?is /ep is tak5 ! circle ( sci5tific developm5t w be r\nd$ out & ! recon/ruction ( philosophy be made an accompli%$ fact4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,*ang$ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,reason ,:at is exp]i5ce & :at is ,reason1 ,m9d8 ,:at is ! scope ( exp]i5ce & :at are its limits8 ,h[ f> is x a sure gr\nd ( belief & a safe guide ( conduct8 ,c we tru/ x 9 sci5ce & 9 behavior8 ,or is x a quagmire z soon z we pass beyond a few l[ mat]ial int]e/s8 ,is x s %aky1 %ift+1 & %all[ t in/ead ( af=d+ sure foot+1 safe pa?s to f]tile fields1 x misleads1 betrays1 & engulfs8 ,is a ,reason outside exp]i5ce & above x ne$$ to supply assur$ pr9ciples to sci5ce & conduct8 ,9 "o s5se1 ^! que/ions sugge/ te*nical problems ( ab/ruse philosophy2 9 ano!r s5se1 !y conta9 ! deepe/ possible que/ion+s reg>d+ ! c>e] ( man4 ,!y conc]n ! crit]ia he is to employ 9 =m+ 8 beliefs2 ! pr9ciples by :i* he is to direct 8 life & ! ends to :i* he is to direct x4 ,mu/ man transc5d exp]i5ce by "s organ ( unique "* t c>ries him into ! sup]-empirical8 ,fail+ ?is1 mu/ he w&] sceptical & disillusion$8 ,or is human exp]i5ce itself wor? :ile 9 its purposes & its me?ods ( guidance8 ,c x organize itself into /able c\rses or mu/ x be su/a9$ f )\t8 ,we "k ! answ]s ( traditional philosophy4 ,!y d n ?or\ghly agree among !mselves1 b !y agree t exp]i5ce nev] rises above ! level ( ! p>ticul>1 ! cont+5t1 & ! probable4 ,only a p[] transc5d+ 9 orig9 & cont5t any & all conceivable exp]i5ce c atta9 to univ]sal1 necess>y & c]ta9 au?ority & direction4 ,! empirici/s !mselves admitt$ ! correctness ( ^! ass]tions4 ,!y only said t s9ce !re is no faculty ( ,pure ,reason 9 ! possession ( mank9d1 we mu/ put up ) :at we h1 exp]i5ce1 & make ! mo/ possible out ( x4 ,!y cont5t$ !mselves ) sceptical attacks ^u ! transc5d5tali/1 ) indications ( ! ways 9 :i* we might be/ seize ! mean+ & good ( ! pass+ mom5t2 or l ,locke1 ass]t$ t 9 spite ( ! limitation ( exp]i5ce1 x af=ds ! light ne$$ to guide m5's foot/eps mode/ly 9 conduct4 ,!y affirm$ t ! alleg$ au?oritative guidance by a high] faculty _h practically hamp]$ m54 ,x is ! function ( ?is lecture to %[ h[ & :y x is n[ possible to make claims = exp]i5ce z a guide 9 sci5ce & moral life :i* ! old] empirici/s did n & c\ld n make = x4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! key to ! matt] may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! old notion ( exp]i5ce 0 itself a product ( exp]i5ce--! only k9d ( exp]i5ce :i* 0 !n op5 to m54 ,if ano!r conception ( exp]i5ce is n[ possible1 x is precisely because ! quality ( exp]i5ce z x may n[ be liv$ has und]gone a pr(\nd social & intellectual *ange f t ( e>li] times4 ,! acc\nt ( exp]i5ce :i* we f9d 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle is an acc\nt ( :at ,greek exp]i5ce actually 04 ,x agrees v closely ) :at ! mod]n psy*ologi/ kn[s z ! me?od ( le>n+ by trial & error z di/9ct f ! me?od ( le>n+ by ideas4 ,m5 tri$ c]ta9 acts1 !y und]w5t c]ta9 suff]+s & affections4 ,ea* ( ^! 9 ! "t ( its occurr5ce is isolat$1 p>ticul>--its c\nt]p>t is transi5t appetite & transi5t s5sation4 ,b memory pres]ves & accumulates ^! sep>ate incid5ts4 ,z !y pile up1 irregul> v>iations get cancell$1 common features are select$1 re9=c$ & comb9$4 ,gradually a habit ( action is built up1 & correspond+ to ?is habit !re =ms a c]ta9 g5]aliz$ picture ( an object or situation4 ,we come to "k or note n m]ely ?is p>ticul> :i* z a p>ticul> _c /rictly be kn[n at all 7= n be+ class$ x _c be *>act]iz$ & id5tifi$7 b to recognize x z man1 tree1 /one1 lea!r--an individual ( a c]ta9 k9d1 m>k$ by a c]ta9 univ]sal =m *>act]i/ic ( a :ole species ( ?+4 ,along ) ! developm5t ( ?is common-s5se k1 !re gr[s up a c]ta9 regul>ity ( conduct4 ,! p>ticul> incid5ts fuse1 & a way ( act+ :i* is g5]al1 z f> z x goes1 builds up4 ,! skill develops :i* is %[n by ! artisan1 ! %oemak]1 ! c>p5t]1 ! gymna/1 ! physician1 :o h regul> ways ( h&l+ cases4 ,?is regul>ity signifies1 ( c\rse1 t ! p>ticul> case is n treat$ z an isolat$ p>ticul>1 b z "o ( a k9d1 :i* !re=e dem&s a k9d ( action4 ,f ! multitude ( p>ticul> illnesses enc\nt]$1 ! physician 9 le>n+ to class "s ( !m z indige/ion le>ns also to treat ! cases ( ! class 9 a common or g5]al way4 ,he =ms ! rule ( recomm5d+ a c]ta9 diet1 & prescrib+ a c]ta9 rem$y4 ,all ?is =ms :at we call exp]i5ce4 ,x results1 z ! illu/ration %[s1 9 a c]ta9 g5]al insight & a c]ta9 organiz$ ability 9 action4 ,b ne$less to insi/1 ! g5]ality & ! organization are re/rict$ & fallible4 ,!y hold1 z ,ari/otle 0 fond ( po9t+ out1 usually1 9 mo/ cases1 z a rule1 b n univ]sally1 ( necessity1 or z a pr9ciple4 ,! physician is b\nd to make mi/akes1 because individual cases are b\nd to v>y unacc\ntably3 su* is _! v nature4 ,! difficulty does n arise 9 a defective exp]i5ce :i* is capable ( rem$y 9 "s bett] exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce itself1 z su*1 is defective1 & h5ce default is inevitable & irrem$iable4 ,! only univ]sality & c]ta9ty is 9 a region above exp]i5ce1 t ( ! rational & conceptual4 ,z ! p>ticul> 0 a /epp+-/one to image & habit1 s ! latt] may become a /epp+-/one to conceptions & pr9ciples4 ,b ! latt] leave exp]i5ce beh9d1 unt\*$2 !y d n react to rectify x4 ,su* is ! notion :i* /ill l+]s 9 ! contra/ ( empirical & rational z :5 we say t a c]ta9 ar*itect or physician is empirical1 n sci5tific 9 8 proc$ures4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! classic & ! mod]n notion ( exp]i5ce is reveal$ 9 ! fact t su* a /atem5t is n[ a *>ge1 a disp>ag+ accusation1 br\ght aga9/ a p>ticul> ar*itect or physician4 ,) ,plato1 ,ari/otle & ! ,s*ola/ic1 x 0 a *>ge aga9/ ! call+s1 s9ce !y 7 modes ( exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 an indictm5t ( all practical action 9 contra/ ) conceptual contemplation4 ,! mod]n philosoph] :o has pr(ess$ himself an empirici/ has usually _h a critical purpose 9 m9d4 ,l ,bacon1 ,locke1 ,condillac & ,helvetius1 he /ood face to face ) a body ( beliefs & a set ( in/itutions 9 :i* he pr(\ndly disbeliev$4 ,8 problem 0 ! problem ( attack ^u s mu* dead weight c>ri$ uselessly by humanity1 cru%+ & di/ort+ x4 ,8 readie/ way ( und]m9+ & dis9tegrat+ 0 by appeal+ to exp]i5ce z a f9al te/ & crit]ion4 ,9 e case1 active re=m]s 7 empirici/s 9 ! philosophical s5se4 ,!y made x _! bus9ess to %[ t "s curr5t belief or in/itution t claim$ ! sanction ( innate ideas or necess>y conceptions1 or an orig9 9 an au?oritative revelation ( reason1 _h 9 fact proce$$ f a l[ly orig9 9 exp]i5ce1 & _h be5 confirm$ by accid5t1 by class int]e/ or by bias$ au?ority4 ,! philosophic empiricism initiat$ by ,locke 0 ?us dis9tegrative 9 int5t4 ,x optimi/ically took x = grant$ t :5 ! burd5 ( bl9d cu/om1 impos$ au?ority1 & accid5tal associations 0 remov$1 progress 9 sci5ce & social organization w\ld spontane\sly take place4 ,its "p 0 to help 9 remov+ ! burd54 ,! be/ way to lib]ate m5 f ! burd5 0 ?r\gh a natural hi/ory ( ! orig9 & gr[? 9 ! m9d ( ! ideas connect$ ) objectionable beliefs & cu/oms4 ,santayana ju/ly calls ! psy*ology ( ?is s*ool a malici\s psy*ology4 ,x t5d$ to id5tify ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( c]ta9 ideas ) an acc\nt ( ! ?+s to :i* ! ideas ref]--an id5tification :i* naturally _h an unfavorable effect on ! ?+s4 ,b ,mr4 ,santayana neglects to notice ! social zeal & aim lat5t 9 ! malice4 ,he fails to po9t out t ?is malice 0 aim$ at in/itutions & traditions :i* _h lo/ _! usefulness2 he fails to po9t out t to a l>ge ext5t x 0 true ( !m t an acc\nt ( _! psy*ological orig9 0 equival5t to a de/ructive acc\nt ( ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b aft] ,hume ) debonair cl>ity po9t$ out t ! analysis ( beliefs into s5sations & associations left natural ideas & in/itutions 9 ! same position 9 :i* ! re=m]s _h plac$ artificial ones1 ! situation *ang$4 ,! rationali/s employ$ ! logic ( s5sationali/ic-empiricism to %[ t exp]i5ce1 giv+ only a heap ( *aotic & isolat$ p>ticul>s1 is z fatal to sci5ce & to moral laws & obligations z to obnoxi\s in/itutions2 & conclud$ t ,reason mu/ be resort$ to if exp]i5ce 0 to be furni%$ ) any b9d+ & connect+ pr9ciples4 ,! new rationali/ic idealism ( ,kant & 8 successors seem$ to be necessitat$ by ! totally de/ructive results ( ! new empirical philosophy4 ,two ?+s h r5d]$ possible a new conception ( exp]i5ce & a new conception ( ! relation ( reason to exp]i5ce1 or1 m accurately1 ( ! place ( reason 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! prim>y factor is ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! actual nature ( exp]i5ce1 its cont5ts & me?ods1 z x is actually liv$4 ,! o!r is ! developm5t ( a psy*ology bas$ ^u biology :i* makes possible a new sci5tific =mulation ( ! nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,let u beg9 ) ! te*nical side--! *ange 9 psy*ology4 ,we are only j n[ comm5c+ to appreciate h[ completely explod$ is ! psy*ology t dom9at$ philosophy ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 m5tal life orig9at$ 9 s5sations :i* are sep>ately & passively receiv$1 & :i* are =m$1 ?r\gh laws ( ret5tion & association1 into a mosaic ( images1 p]ceptions1 & conceptions4 ,! s5ses 7 reg>d$ z gateways or av5ues ( k4 ,except 9 comb9+ atomic s5sations1 ! m9d 0 :olly passive & acquiesc5t 9 kn[+4 ,volition1 action1 emotion1 & desire foll[ 9 ! wake ( s5sations & images4 ,! intellectual or cognitive factor comes fir/ & emotional & volitional life is only a consequ5t conjunction ( ideas ) s5sations ( pleasure & pa94 ,! effect ( ! developm5t ( biology has be5 to rev]se ! picture4 ,:]ev] !re is life1 !re is behavior1 activity4 ,9 ord] t life may p]si/1 ?is activity has to be bo? cont9u\s & adapt$ to ! environm5t4 ,?is adaptive adju/m5t1 moreov]1 is n :olly passive2 is n a m]e matt] ( ! m\ld+ ( ! organism by ! environm5t4 ,ev5 a clam acts ^u ! environm5t & modifies x to "s ext5t4 ,x selects mat]ials = food & = ! %ell t protects x4 ,x does some?+ to ! environm5t z well z has some?+ done to itself4 ,!re is no su* ?+ 9 a liv+ creature z m]e con=mity to conditions1 ?\gh p>asitic =ms may approa* ?is limit4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ! ma9t5ance ( life !re is trans=mation ( "s elem5ts 9 ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,! high] ! =m ( life1 ! m important is ! active recon/ruction ( ! m$ium4 ,?is increas$ control may be illu/rat$ by ! contra/ ( savage ) civiliz$ man4 ,suppose ! two are liv+ 9 a wild]ness4 ,) ! savage !re is ! maximum ( accommodation to giv5 conditions2 ! m9imum ( :at we may call hitt+ back4 ,! savage takes ?+s z !y are1 & by us+ caves & roots & occasional pools leads a meagre & prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,! civiliz$ man goes to di/ant m\nta9s & dams /reams4 ,he builds res]voirs1 digs *annels1 & conducts ! wat]s to :at _h be5 a des]t4 ,he se>*es ! _w to f9d plants & animals t w ?rive4 ,he takes native plants & by selection & cross-f]tilization improves !m4 ,he introduces ma*9]y to till ! soil & c>e = ! h>ve/4 ,by su* means he may succe$ 9 mak+ ! wild]ness blossom l ! rose4 ,su* trans=mation sc5es are s famili> t we ov]look _! mean+4 ,we =get t ! inh]5t p[] ( life is illu/rat$ 9 !m4 ,note :at a *ange ?is po9t ( view entails 9 ! traditional notions ( exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce becomes an affair prim>ily ( do+4 ,! organism does n /& ab\t1 ,micawb]-l1 wait+ = some?+ to turn up4 ,x does n wait passive & in]t = some?+ to impress itself ^u x f )\t4 ,! organism acts 9 accordance ) its own /ructure1 simple or complex1 ^u its surr\nd+s4 ,z a consequ5ce ! *anges produc$ 9 ! environm5t react ^u ! organism & its activities4 ,! liv+ creature und]goes1 suff]s1 ! consequ5ces ( its own behavior4 ,?is close connection betwe5 do+ & suff]+ or und]go+ =ms :at we call exp]i5ce4 ,disconnect$ do+ & disconnect$ suff]+ are nei!r ( !m exp]i5ces4 ,suppose fire encroa*es ^u a man :5 he is asleep4 ,"p ( 8 body is burn$ away4 ,! burn does n p]ceptibly result f :at he has done4 ,!re is no?+ :i* 9 any in/ructive way c be nam$ exp]i5ce4 ,or aga9 !re is a s]ies ( m]e activities1 l twit*+s ( muscles 9 a spasm4 ,! movem5ts am\nt to no?+2 !y h no consequ5ces = life4 ,or1 if !y h1 ^! consequ5ces are n connect$ ) prior do+4 ,!re is no exp]i5ce1 no le>n+1 no cumulative process4 ,b suppose a busy infant puts 8 f+] 9 ! fire2 ! do+ is r&om1 aimless1 )\t int5tion or reflection4 ,b some?+ happ5s 9 consequ5ce4 ,! *ild und]goes heat1 he suff]s pa94 ,! do+ & und]go+1 ! rea*+ & ! burn1 are connect$4 ,"o comes to sugge/ & mean ! o!r4 ,!n !re is exp]i5ce 9 a vital & significant s5se4 ,c]ta9 important implications = philosophy foll[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! int]action ( organism & environm5t1 result+ 9 "s adaptation :i* secures utilization ( ! latt]1 is ! prim>y fact1 ! basic category4 ,k is relegat$ to a d]iv$ position1 second>y 9 orig91 ev5 if its importance1 :5 once x is e/abli%$1 is ov]%ad[+4 ,k is n some?+ sep>ate & self-suffic+1 b is involv$ 9 ! process by :i* life is su/a9$ & evolv$4 ,! s5ses lose _! place z gateways ( kn[+ to take _! rightful place z /imuli to action4 ,to an animal an affection ( ! eye or e> is n an idle piece ( in=mation ab\t some?+ indiff]5tly go+ on 9 ! _w4 ,x is an invitation & inducem5t to act 9 a ne$$ way4 ,x is a clue 9 behavior1 a directive factor 9 adaptation ( life 9 its surr\nd+s4 ,x is urg5t n cognitive 9 quality4 ,! :ole controv]sy betwe5 empiricism & rationalism z to ! intellectual wor? ( s5sations is r5d]$ /rangely obsolete4 ,! discussion ( s5sations belongs "u ! head ( imm$iate /imulus & response1 n "u ! head ( k4 ,z a consci\s elem5t1 a s5sation m>ks an int]ruption 9 a c\rse ( action previ\sly ent]$ ^u4 ,_m psy*ologi/s s9ce ! "t ( ,hobbes h dwelt ^u :at !y call ! relativity ( s5sations4 ,we feel or s5se cold 9 transition f w>m? r ?an absolutely2 h>dness is s5s$ ^u a backgr\nd ( less resi/ance2 a color 9 contra/ ) pure light or pure d>k or 9 contra/ ) "s o!r hue4 ,a cont9u\sly un*ang$ tone or color _c be att5d$ to or s5s$4 ,:at we take to be su* monoton\sly prolong$ s5sations are 9 tru? con/antly int]rupt$ by incursions ( o!r elem5ts1 & repres5t a s]ies ( excursions back & =?4 ,?is fact 01 h[ev]1 miscon/ru$ into a doctr9e ab\t ! nature ( k4 ,rationali/s us$ x to discr$it s5se z a valid or high mode ( kn[+ ?+s1 s9ce accord+ to x we nev] get hold ( any?+ 9 itself or intr9sically4 ,s5sationali/s us$ x to disp>age all pret5ce at absolute k4 ,prop]ly speak+1 h[ev]1 ?is fact ( ! relativity ( s5sation does n 9 ! lea/ belong 9 ! sph]e ( kn[+4 ,s5sations ( ?is sort are emotional & practical r ?an cognitive & intellectual4 ,!y are %ocks ( *ange1 due to int]ruption ( a prior adju/m5t4 ,!y are signals to r$irections ( action4 ,let me take a trivial illu/ration4 ,! p]son :o is tak+ notes has no s5sation ( ! pressure ( 8 p5cil on ! pap] or on 8 h& z long z x functions prop]ly4 ,x op]ates m]ely z /imulus to ready & effective adju/m5t4 ,! s5sory activity incites automatically & unconsci\sly its prop] motor response4 ,!re is a pre=m$ physiological connection1 acquir$ f habit b ultimately go+ back to an orig9al connection 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,if ! p5cil-po9t gets brok5 or too blunt & ! habit ( writ+ does n op]ate smoo?ly1 !re is a consci\s %ock3--! feel+ ( some?+ ! matt]1 some?+ gone wrong4 ,?is emotional *ange op]ates z a /imulus to a ne$$ *ange 9 op]ation4 ,"o looks at 8 p5cil1 %>p5s x or takes ano!r p5cil f "o's pocket4 ,! s5sation op]ates z a pivot ( readju/+ behavior4 ,x m>ks a break 9 ! prior r\t9e ( writ+ & ! beg9n+ ( "s o!r mode ( action4 ,s5sations are relative 9 ! s5se ( m>k+ transitions 9 habits ( behavior f "o c\rse to ano!r way ( behav+4 ,! rationali/ 0 ?us "r 9 d5y+ t s5sations z su* are true elem5ts ( k4 ,b ! reasons he gave = ?is conclusion & ! consequ5ces he drew f x 7 all wrong4 ,s5sations are n p>ts ( any k1 good or bad1 sup]ior or inf]ior1 imp]fect or complete4 ,!y are r provocations1 incitem5ts1 *all5ges to an act ( inquiry :i* is to t]m9ate 9 k4 ,!y are n ways ( kn[+ ?+s inf]ior 9 value to reflective ways1 to ! ways t require ?\ght & inf]5ce1 because !y are n ways ( kn[+ at all4 ,!y are /imuli to reflection & inf]5ce4 ,z int]ruptions1 !y raise ! que/ions3 ,:at does ?is %ock mean8 ,:at is happ5+8 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,h[ is my relation to ! environm5t di/urb$8 ,:at %\ld be done ab\t x8 ,h[ %all ,i alt] my c\rse ( action to meet ! *ange t has tak5 place 9 ! surr\nd+s8 ,h[ %all ,i readju/ my behavior 9 response8 ,s5sation is ?us1 z ! s5sationali/ claim$1 ! beg9n+ ( k1 b only 9 ! s5se t ! exp]i5c$ %ock ( *ange is ! necess>y /imulus to ! inve/igat+ & comp>+ :i* ev5tually produce k4 ,:5 exp]i5ce is align$ ) ! life-process & s5sations are se5 to be po9ts ( readju/m5t1 ! alleg$ atomism ( s5sations totally disappe>s4 ,) ?is disappe>ance is aboli%$ ! ne$ = a syn!tic faculty ( sup]-empirical reason to connect !m4 ,philosophy is n any long] confront$ ) ! hopeless problem ( f9d+ a way 9 :i* sep>ate gra9s ( s& may be wov5 into a /rong & coh]5t rope--or into ! illusion & pret5ce ( "o4 ,:5 ! isolat$ & simple exi/5ces ( ,locke & ,hume are se5 n to be truly empirical at all b to answ] to c]ta9 dem&s ( _! !ory ( m9d1 ! necessity ceases = ! elaborate ,kantian & ,po/-,kantian ma*9]y ( a priori concepts & categories to syn!size ! alleg$ /uff ( exp]i5ce4 ,! true /uff ( exp]i5ce is recogniz$ to be adaptive c\rses ( action1 habits1 active functions1 connections ( do+ & und]go+2 s5sori-motor co-ord9ations4 ,exp]i5ce c>ries pr9ciples ( connection & organization )9 itself4 ,^! pr9ciples are none ! worse because !y are vital & practical r ?an epi/emological4 ,"s degree ( organization is indisp5sable to ev5 ! l[e/ grade ( life4 ,ev5 an amoeba mu/ h "s cont9uity 9 "t 9 its activity & "s adaptation to its environm5t 9 space4 ,its life & exp]i5ce _c possibly consi/ 9 mom5t>y1 atomic1 & self-enclos$ s5sations4 ,its activity has ref]5ce to its surr\nd+s & to :at goes be=e & :at comes aft]4 ,?is organization intr9sic to life r5d]s unnecess>y a sup]-natural & sup]-empirical syn!sis4 ,x af=ds ! basis & mat]ial = a positive evolution ( intellig5ce z an organiz+ factor )9 exp]i5ce4 ,nor is x entirely aside f ! subject to po9t out ! ext5t 9 :i* social z well z biological organization ent]s into ! =mation ( human exp]i5ce4 ,probably "o ?+ t /r5g!n$ ! idea t ! m9d is passive & receptive 9 kn[+ 0 ! obs]vation ( ! helplessness ( ! human infant4 ,b ! obs]vation po9ts 9 q ano!r direction4 ,because ( 8 physical dep5d5ce & impot5cy1 ! contacts ( ! little *ild ) nature are m$iat$ by o!r p]sons4 ,"m & nurse1 fa!r & old] *ildr51 det]m9e :at exp]i5ces ! *ild %all h2 !y con/antly in/ruct him z to ! mean+ ( :at he does & und]goes4 ,! conceptions t are socially curr5t & important become ! *ild's pr9ciples ( int]pretation & e/imation long be=e he atta9s to p]sonal & delib]ate control ( conduct4 ,?+s come to him clo!d 9 language1 n 9 physical nak$ness1 & ?is g>b ( communication makes him a %>] 9 ! beliefs ( ^? ab\t him4 ,^! beliefs com+ to him z s _m facts =m 8 m9d2 !y furni% ! c5tres ab\t :i* 8 own p]sonal exp$itions & p]ceptions are ord]$4 ,"h we h categories ( connection & unification z important z ^? ( ,kant1 b empirical n my?ological4 ,f ^! elem5t>y1 if some:at te*nical consid]ations1 we turn to ! *ange :i* exp]i5ce itself has und]gone 9 ! passage f anci5t & m$ieval to mod]n life4 ,to ,plato1 exp]i5ce meant enslavem5t to ! pa/1 to cu/om4 ,exp]i5ce 0 almo/ equival5t to e/abli%$ cu/oms =m$ n by reason or "u intellig5t control b by repetition & bl9d rule ( ?umb4 ,only reason c lift u above subjection to ! accid5ts ( ! pa/4 ,:5 we come to ,bacon & 8 successors1 we discov] a curi\s rev]sal4 ,reason & its bodygu>d ( g5]al notions is n[ ! cons]vative1 m9d-enslav+ factor4 ,exp]i5ce is ! lib]at+ p[]4 ,exp]i5ce means ! new1 t :i* calls u away f adh]5ce to ! pa/1 t :i* reveals novel facts & tru?s4 ,fai? 9 exp]i5ce produces n devotion to cu/om b endeavor = progress4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 temp] is ! m significant because x 0 s unconsci\sly tak5 = grant$4 ,"s concrete & vital *ange mu/ h occurr$ 9 actual exp]i5ce z t is liv$4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! ?\ght ( exp]i5ce foll[s aft] & is modell$ ^u ! exp]i5ce actually und]gone4 ,:5 ma!matics & o!r rational sci5ces develop$ among ! ,greeks1 sci5tific tru?s did n react back into daily exp]i5ce4 ,!y rema9$ isolat$1 ap>t & sup]-impos$4 ,m$ic9e 0 ! art 9 :i* p]haps ! greate/ am\nt ( positive k 0 obta9$1 b x did n rea* ! dignity ( sci5ce4 ,x rema9$ an art4 ,9 practical arts1 moreov]1 !re 0 no consci\s inv5tion or purposeful improvem5t4 ,work]s foll[$ patt]ns t 7 h&$ d[n to !m1 :ile dep>ture f e/abli%$ /&>ds & models usually result$ 9 deg5]ate productions4 ,improvem5ts came ei!r f a sl[1 gradual1 & unackn[l$g$ accumulation ( *anges or else f "s sudd5 inspiration1 :i* at once set a new /&>d4 ,be+ ! result ( no consci\s me?od1 x 0 fitt+ly attribut$ to ! gods4 ,9 ! social arts1 su* a radical re=m] z ,plato felt t exi/+ evils 7 due to ! abs5ce ( su* fix$ patt]ns z controll$ ! productions ( artisans4 ,! e?ical purport ( philosophy 0 to furni% !m1 & :5 once !y 7 in/itut$1 !y 7 to be consecrat$ by religion1 adorn$ by art1 inculcat$ by education & en=c$ by magi/rates s t alt]ation ( !m w\ld be impossible4 ,x is unnecess>y to repeat :at has be5 s (t5 dwelt ^u z to ! effect ( exp]im5tal sci5ce 9 enabl+ man to effect a delib]ate control ( 8 environm5t4 ,b s9ce ! impact ( ?is control ^u ! traditional notion ( exp]i5ce is (t5 ov]look$1 we mu/ po9t out t :5 exp]i5ce ceas$ to be empirical & became exp]im5tal1 some?+ ( radical importance occurr$4 ,a=etime man employ$ ! results ( 8 prior exp]i5ce only to =m cu/oms t h5ce=? _h to be bl9dly foll[$ or bl9dly brok54 ,n[1 old exp]i5ce is us$ to sugge/ aims & me?ods = develop+ a new & improv$ exp]i5ce4 ,consequ5tly exp]i5ce becomes 9 s f> con/ructively self-regulative4 ,:at ,%akespe>e s pregnantly said ( nature1 x is made bett] by no mean1 b nature makes t mean1 becomes true ( exp]i5ce4 ,we d n m]ely h to repeat ! pa/1 or wait = accid5ts to =ce *ange ^u u4 ,we use our pa/ exp]i5ces to con/ruct new & bett] ones 9 ! future4 ,! v fact ( exp]i5ce ?us includes ! process by :i* x directs itself 9 its own bett]m5t4 ,sci5ce1 reason is n !re=e some?+ laid f above ^u exp]i5ce4 ,sugge/$ & te/$ 9 exp]i5ce1 x is also employ$ ?r\gh inv5tions 9 a ?\s& ways to exp& & enri* exp]i5ce4 ,al?\gh1 z has be5 s (t5 repeat$1 ?is self-creation & self-regulation ( exp]i5ce is /ill l>gely te*nological r ?an truly arti/ic or human1 yet :at has be5 a*iev$ conta9s ! gu>anty ( ! possibility ( an intellig5t adm9i/]+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,! limits are moral & intellectual1 due to defects 9 our good w & k4 ,!y are n inh]5t metaphysically 9 ! v nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,reason z a faculty sep>ate f exp]i5ce1 introduc+ u to a sup]ior region ( univ]sal tru?s beg9s n[ to /rike u z remote1 un9t]e/+ & unimportant4 ,reason1 z a ,kantian faculty t introduces g5]ality & regul>ity into exp]i5ce1 /rikes u m & m z sup]flu\s--! unnecess>y creation ( m5 addict$ to traditional =malism & to elaborate t]m9ology4 ,concrete sugge/ions aris+ f pa/ exp]i5ces1 develop$ & matur$ 9 ! light ( ! ne$s & defici5cies ( ! pres5t1 employ$ z aims & me?ods ( specific recon/ruction1 & te/$ by success or failure 9 accompli%+ ?is task ( readju/m5t1 suffice4 ,to su* empirical sugge/ions us$ 9 con/ructive fa%ion = new ends ! "n intellig5ce is giv54 ,?is recognition ( ! place ( active & plann+ ?\ght )9 ! v processes ( exp]i5ce radically alt]s ! traditional /atus ( ! te*nical problems ( p>ticul> & univ]sal1 s5se & reason1 p]ceptual & conceptual4 ,b ! alt]ation is ( mu* m ?an te*nical significance4 ,= reason is exp]im5tal intellig5ce1 conceiv$ aft] ! patt]n ( sci5ce1 & us$ 9 ! creation ( social arts2 x has some?+ to d4 ,x lib]ates man f ! bondage ( ! pa/1 due to ignorance & accid5t h>d5$ into cu/om4 ,x projects a bett] future & assi/s man 9 its realization4 ,& its op]ation is always subject to te/ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! plans :i* are =m$1 ! pr9ciples :i* man projects z guides ( recon/ructive action1 are n dogmas4 ,!y are hypo!ses to be work$ out 9 practice1 & to be reject$1 correct$ & exp&$ z !y fail or succe$ 9 giv+ our pres5t exp]i5ce ! guidance x requires4 ,we may call !m programmes ( action1 b s9ce !y are to be us$ 9 mak+ our future acts less bl9d1 m direct$1 !y are flexible4 ,intellig5ce is n some?+ possess$ once = all4 ,x is 9 con/ant process ( =m+1 & its ret5tion requires con/ant al]tness 9 obs]v+ consequ5ces1 an op5-m9d$ w to le>n & c\rage 9 re-adju/m5t4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is exp]im5tal & re-adju/+ intellig5ce1 x mu/ be said t ,reason z employ$ by hi/oric rationalism has t5d$ to c>elessness1 conceit1 irresponsibility1 & rigidity--9 %ort absolutism4 ,a c]ta9 s*ool ( contempor>y psy*ology uses ! t]m rationalization to d5ote ^? m5tal me*anisms by :i* we unconsci\sly put a bett] face on our conduct or exp]i5ce ?an facts ju/ify4 ,we excuse ourselves to ourselves by introduc+ a purpose & ord] into t ( :i* we are secretly a%am$4 ,9 l fa%ion1 hi/oric rationalism has (t5 t5d$ to use ,reason z an ag5cy ( ju/ification & apologetics4 ,x has taught t ! defects & evils ( actual exp]i5ce disappe> 9 ! rational :ole ( ?+s2 t ?+s appe> evil m]ely because ( ! p>tial1 incomplete nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,or1 z 0 not$ by ,bacon1 reason assumes a false simplicity1 uni=mity & univ]sality1 & op5s = sci5ce a pa? ( fictiti\s ease4 ,?is c\rse results 9 intellectual irresponsibility & neglect3--irresponsibility because rationalism assumes t ! concepts ( reason are s self-suffici5t & s f> above exp]i5ce t !y ne$ & c secure no confirmation 9 exp]i5ce4 ,neglect1 because ?is same assumption makes m5 c>eless ab\t concrete obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,contempt = exp]i5ce has _h a tragic rev5ge 9 exp]i5ce2 x has cultivat$ disreg>d = fact & ?is disreg>d has be5 paid = 9 failure1 sorr[ & w>4 ,! dogmatic rigidity ( ,rationalism is be/ se5 9 ! consequ5ces ( ,kant's attempt to buttress an o!rwise *aotic exp]i5ce ) pure concepts4 ,he set out ) a laudable attempt at re/rict+ ! extravagant pret5sions ( ,reason ap>t f exp]i5ce4 ,he call$ 8 philosophy critical4 ,b because he taught t ! und]/&+ employs fix$1 a priori1 concepts1 9 ord] to introduce connection into exp]i5ce & !reby make kn[n objects possible 7/able1 regul> relation%ips ( qualities71 he develop$ 9 ,g]man ?\ght a curi\s contempt = ! liv+ v>iety ( exp]i5ce & a curi\s ov]e/imate ( ! value ( sy/em1 ord]1 regul>ity = _! own sakes4 ,m practical causes 7 at "w 9 produc+ ! peculi>ly ,g]man reg>d = drill1 discipl9e1 ord] & docility4 ,b ,kant's philosophy s]v$ to provide an intellectual ju/ification or rationalization ( subord9ation ( individuals to fix$ & ready-made univ]sal1 pr9ciples1 laws4 ,reason & law 7 held to be synonyms4 ,& z reason came into exp]i5ce f )\t & above1 s law _h to come into life f "s ext]nal & sup]ior au?ority4 ,! practical correlate to absolutism is rigidity1 /iffness1 inflexibility ( disposition4 ,:5 ,kant taught t "s conceptions1 & ^! ! important ones1 are a priori1 t !y d n arise 9 exp]i5ce & _c be v]ifi$ or te/$ 9 exp]i5ce1 t )\t su* ready-made injections into exp]i5ce ! latt] is an>*ic & *aotic1 he fo/]$ ! _s ( absolutism1 ev5 ?\gh te*nically he d5i$ ! possibility ( absolutes4 ,8 successors 7 true to 8 _s r ?an 8 lett]1 & s !y taught absolutism sy/ematically4 ,t ! ,g]mans ) all _! sci5tific compet5cy & te*nological pr(ici5cy %\ld h fall5 into _! tragically rigid & sup]ior /yle ( ?\ght & action 7tragic because involv+ !m 9 inability to und]/& ! _w 9 :i* !y liv$7 is a suffici5t lesson ( :at may be involv$ 9 a sy/ematical d5ial ( ! exp]im5tal "* ( intellig5ce & its conceptions4 ,by common cons5t1 ! effect ( ,engli% empiricism 0 sceptical :]e t ( ,g]man rationalism 0 apologetic2 x und]m9$ :]e ! latt] ju/ifi$4 ,x detect$ accid5tal associations =m$ into cu/oms "u ! influ5ce ( self- or class-int]e/ :]e ,g]man rational-idealism discov]$ pr(\nd mean+s due to ! necess>y evolution ( absolute reason4 ,! mod]n _w has suff]$ because 9 s _m matt]s philosophy has (f]$ x only an arbitr>y *oice betwe5 h>d & fa/ opposities3 ,dis9tegrat+ analysis or rigid syn!sis2 complete radicalism neglect+ & attack+ ! hi/oric pa/ z trivial & h>mful1 or complete cons]vatism idealiz+ in/itutions z embodim5ts ( et]nal reason2 a resolution ( exp]i5ce into atomic elem5ts t af=d no support to /able organization or a clamp+ d[n ( all exp]i5ce by fix$ categories & necess>y concepts--^! are ! alt]natives t conflict+ s*ools h pres5t$4 ,!y are ! logical consequ5ces ( ! traditional opposition ( ,s5se & ,?\ght1 ,exp]i5ce & ,reason4 ,common s5se has refus$ to foll[ bo? !ories to _! ultimate logic1 & has fall5 back on fai?1 intuition or ! exig5cies ( practical compromise4 ,b common s5se too (t5 has be5 confus$ & hamp]$ in/ead ( enlight5$ & direct$ by ! philosophies pr(f]$ x by pr(essional intellectuals4 ,m5 :o are ?r[n back ^u common s5se :5 !y appeal to philosophy = "s g5]al guidance are likely to fall back on r\t9e1 ! =ce ( "s p]sonality1 /rong lead]%ip or on ! pressure ( mom5t>y circum/ances4 ,x w\ld be difficult to e/imate ! h>m t has result$ because ! lib]al & progressive movem5t ( ! eighte5? & e>li] n9ete5? c5turies _h no me?od ( intellectual articulation comm5surate ) its practical aspirations4 ,its he>t 0 9 ! "r place4 ,x 0 humane & social 9 int5tion4 ,b x _h no !oretical in/rum5talities ( con/ructive p[]4 ,its head 0 sadly defici5t4 ,too (t5 ! logical import ( its pr(ess$ doctr9es 0 almo/ anti-social 9 _! atomi/ic individualism1 anti-human 9 devotion to brute s5sation4 ,?is defici5cy play$ into ! h&s ( ! reaction>y & obscuranti/4 ,! /rong po9t ( ! appeal to fix$ pr9ciples transc5d+ exp]i5ce1 to dogmas incapable ( exp]im5tal v]ification1 ! /rong po9t ( reliance ^u a priori canons ( tru? & /&>ds ( morals 9 opposition to dep5d5ce ^u fruits & consequ5ces 9 exp]i5ce1 has be5 ! unimag9ative conception ( exp]i5ce :i* pr(ess$ philosophic empirici/s h ent]ta9$ & taught4 ,a philosophic recon/ruction :i* %\ld relieve m5 ( hav+ to *oose betwe5 an impov]i%$ & truncat$ exp]i5ce on "o h& & an artificial & impot5t reason on ! o!r w\ld relieve human ef=t f ! heavie/ intellectual burd5 x has to c>ry4 ,x w\ld de/roy ! division ( m5 ( good w into two ho/ile camps4 ,x w\ld p]mit ! co-op]ation ( ^? :o respect ! pa/ & ! in/itutionally e/abli%$ ) ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 e/abli%+ a fre] & happi] future4 ,= x w\ld det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* ! fund$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ & ! contriv+ intellig5ce :i* looks to ! future c effectually int]act ) ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld enable m5 to glorify ! claims ( reason )\t at ! same "t fall+ into a p>alyz+ wor%ip ( sup]-empirical au?ority or into an (f5sive rationalization ( ?+s z !y are4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,*ang$ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,,& ,,! ,,real ,x has be5 not$ t human exp]i5ce is made human ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( associations & recollections1 :i* are /ra9$ ?r\gh ! me% ( imag9ation s z to suit ! dem&s ( ! emotions4 ,a life t is humanly int]e/+ is1 %ort ( ! results ( discipl9e1 a life 9 :i* ! t$ium ( vacant leisure is fill$ ) images t excite & satisfy4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t poetry prec$$ prose 9 human exp]i5ce1 religion ant$at$ sci5ce1 & ornam5tal & decorative art :ile x c\ld n take ! place ( utility e>ly rea*$ a developm5t out ( proportion to ! practical arts4 ,9 ord] to give cont5tm5t & delight1 9 ord] to fe$ pres5t emotion & give ! /ream ( consci\s life int5sity & color1 ! sugge/ions :i* spr+ f pa/ exp]i5ces are work$ ov] s z to smoo? out _! unpleasantnesses & enhance _! enjoyabl5ess4 ,"s psy*ologi/s claim t !re is :at !y call a natural t5d5cy to oblivisc5ce ( ! disagreeable--t m5 turn f ! unpleasant 9 ?\ght & recollection z !y d f ! obnoxi\s 9 action4 ,e s]i\s-m9d$ p]son kn[s t a l>ge "p ( ! ef=t requir$ 9 moral discipl9e consi/s 9 ! c\rage ne$$ to ackn[l$ge ! unpleasant consequ5ces ( "o's pa/ & pres5t acts4 ,we squirm1 dodge1 evade1 disguise1 cov] up1 f9d excuses & palliations--any?+ to r5d] ! m5tal sc5e less uncong5ial4 ,9 %ort1 ! t5d5cy ( spontane\s sugge/ion is to idealize exp]i5ce1 to give x 9 consci\sness qualities :i* x does n h 9 actuality4 ,"t & memory are true arti/s2 !y rem\ld reality ne>] to ! he>t's desire4 ,z imag9ation becomes fre] & less controll$ by concrete actualities1 ! idealiz+ t5d5cy takes fur!r flights unre/ra9$ by ! re9 ( ! prosaic _w4 ,! ?+s mo/ emphasiz$ 9 imag9ation z x re%apes exp]i5ce are ?+s :i* are abs5t 9 reality4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* life is placid & easy1 imag9ation is sluggi% & bov9e4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* life is uneasy & tr\bl$1 fancy is /irr$ to frame pictures ( a contr>y /ate ( ?+s4 ,by read+ ! *>act]i/ic features ( any man's ca/les 9 ! air y c make a %rewd guess z to 8 und]ly+ desires :i* are fru/rat$4 ,:at is difficulty & disappo9tm5t 9 real life becomes conspicu\s a*ievem5t & triumph 9 rev]y2 :at is negative 9 fact w be positive 9 ! image drawn by fancy2 :at is vexation 9 conduct w be comp5sat$ = 9 high relief 9 idealiz+ imag9ation4 ,^! consid]ations apply beyond m]e p]sonal psy*ology4 ,!y are decisive = "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ traits ( classic philosophy3--its conception ( an ultimate supreme ,reality :i* is ess5tially ideal 9 nature4 ,hi/orians h m ?an once drawn an in/ructive p>allel betwe5 ! develop$ ,olympian ,pan!on ( ,greek religion & ! ,ideal ,realm ( ,platonic philosophy4 ,! gods1 :atev] _! orig9 & orig9al traits1 became idealiz$ projections ( ! select$ & matur$ a*ievem5ts :i* ! ,greeks admir$ among _! mortal selves4 ,! gods 7 l mortals1 b mortals liv+ only ! lives :i* m5 w\ld wi% to live1 ) p[] int5sifi$1 beauty p]fect$1 & wisdom rip5$4 ,:5 ,ari/otle criticiz$ ! !ory ( ,ideas ( 8 ma/]1 ,plato1 by say+ t ! ,ideas 7 aft] all only ?+s ( s5se et]naliz$1 he po9t$ out 9 effect ! p>allelism ( philosophy ) religion & art to :i* allusion has j be5 made4 ,& save = matt]s ( m]ely te*nical import1 is x n possible to say ( ,ari/otle's ,=ms j :at he said ( ,plato's ,ideas8 ,:at are !y1 ^! ,=ms & ,ess5ces :i* s pr(\ndly influ5c$ = c5turies ! c\rse ( sci5ce & !ology1 save ! objects ( ord9>y exp]i5ce ) _! blemi%es remov$1 _! imp]fections elim9at$1 _! lacks r\nd$ out1 _! sugge/ions & h9ts fulfill$8 ,:at are !y 9 %ort b ! objects ( famili> life div9iz$ because re%ap$ by ! idealiz+ imag9ation to meet ! dem&s ( desire 9 j ^? respects 9 :i* actual exp]i5ce is disappo9t+8 ,t ,plato1 & ,ari/otle 9 some:at diff]5t fa%ion1 & ,plot9us & ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ,sp9oza & ,hegel all taught t ,ultimate ,reality is ei!r p]fectly ,ideal & ,rational 9 nature1 or else has absolute ideality & rationality z its necess>y attribute1 are facts well kn[n to ! /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,!y ne$ no exposition "h4 ,b x is wor? po9t+ out t ^! great sy/ematic philosophies def9$ p]fect ,ideality 9 conceptions t express ! opposite ( ^? ?+s :i* make life unsatisfactory & tr\blesome4 ,:at is ! *ief s\rce ( ! compla9t ( poet & morali/ ) ! goods1 ! values & satisfactions ( exp]i5ce8 ,r>ely is ! compla9t t su* ?+s d n exi/2 x is t al?\gh exi/+ !y are mom5t>y1 transi5t1 fleet+4 ,!y d n /ay2 at wor/ !y come only to annoy & tease ) _! hurri$ & disappe>+ ta/e ( :at might be2 at be/ !y come only to inspire & in/ruct ) a pass+ h9t ( tru] reality4 ,?is commonplace ( ! poet & morali/ z to ! imp]man5ce n only ( s5su\s enjoym5t1 b ( fame & civic a*ievem5ts 0 pr(\ndly reflect$ ^u by philosoph]s1 especially by ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! results ( _! ?9k+ h be5 wr\ght into ! v fabric ( we/]n ideas4 ,"t1 *ange1 movem5t are signs t :at ! ,greeks call$ ,non-,be+ someh[ infect true ,be+4 ,! phraseology is n[ /range1 b _m a mod]n :o ridicules ! conception ( ,non-,be+ repeats ! same ?\ght "u ! "n ( ! ,f9ite or ,imp]fect4 ,:]ev] !re is *ange1 !re is in/ability1 & in/ability is pro( ( some?+ ! matt]1 ( abs5ce1 defici5cy1 incomplet5ess4 ,^! are ! ideas common to ! connection betwe5 *ange1 becom+ & p]i%+1 & ,non-,be+1 f9itude & imp]fection4 ,h5ce complete & true ,reality mu/ be *angeless1 unalt]able1 s full ( ,be+ t x always & =ev] ma9ta9s itself 9 fix$ re/ & repose4 ,z ,bradley1 ! mo/ dialectially +5i\s ,absoluti/ ( our own day1 expresses ! doctr9e ,no?+ t is p]fectly real moves4 ,& :ile ,plato took1 comp>atively speak+1 a pessimi/ic view ( *ange z m]e lapse & ,ari/otle a complac5t view ( x z t5d5cy to realization1 yet ,ari/otle d\bt$ no m ?an ,plato t ! fully realiz$ reality1 ! div9e & ultimate1 is *angeless4 ,?\gh x is call$ ,activity or ,en]gy1 ! ,activity knew no *ange1 ! en]gy did no?+4 ,x 0 ! activity ( an army =ev] m>k+ "t & nev] go+ any:]e4 ,f ?is contra/ ( ! p]man5t ) ! transi5t arise o!r features :i* m>k (f ! ,ultimate ,reality f ! imp]fect realities ( practical life4 ,:]e !re is *ange1 !re is ( necessity num]ical plurality1 multiplicity1 & f v>iety comes opposition1 /rife4 ,*ange is alt]ation1 or o!r+ & ?is means div]sity4 ,div]sity means division1 & division means two sides & _! conflict4 ,! _w :i* is transi5t mu/ be a _w ( discord1 = 9 lack+ /ability x lacks ! gov]nm5t ( unity4 ,did unity completely rule1 ^! w\ld rema9 an un*ang+ totality4 ,:at alt]s has p>ts & p>tialities :i*1 n recogniz+ ! rule ( unity1 ass]t !mselves indep5d5tly & make life a sc5e ( cont5tion & discord4 ,ultimate & true ,be+ on ! o!r h&1 s9ce x is *angeless is ,total1 ,all-,compreh5sive & ,"o4 ,s9ce x is ,"o1 x kn[s only h>mony1 & !re=e enjoys complete & et]nal ,good4 ,x is ,p]fection4 ,degrees ( k & tru? correspond ) degrees ( reality po9t by po9t4 ,! high] & m complete ! ,reality ! tru] & m important ! k t ref]s to x4 ,s9ce ! _w ( becom+1 ( orig9s & p]i%+s1 is defici5t 9 true ,be+1 x _c be kn[n 9 ! be/ s5se4 ,to "k x means to neglect its flux & alt]ation & discov] "s p]man5t =m :i* limits ! processes t alt] 9 "t4 ,! acorn und]goes a s]ies ( *anges2 ^! are kn[able only 9 ref]5ce to ! fix$ =m ( ! oak :i* is ! same 9 ! entire oak species 9 spite ( ! num]ical div]sity ( trees4 ,moreov]1 ?is =m limits ! flux ( gr[? at bo? ends1 ! acorn com+ f ! oak z well z pass+ into x4 ,:]e su* unify+ & limit+ et]nal =ms _c be detect$1 !re is m]e aimless v>iation & fluctuation1 & k is out ( ! "q4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z objects are approa*$ 9 :i* !re is no movem5t at all1 k becomes really demon/rative1 c]ta91 p]fect--tru? pure & unalloy$4 ,! heav5s c be m truly kn[n ?an ! e>?1 ,god ! unmov$ mov] ?an ! heav5s4 ,f ?is fact foll[s ! sup]iority ( contemplative to practical k1 ( pure !oretical speculation to exp]im5tation1 & to any k9d ( kn[+ t dep5ds ^u *anges 9 ?+s or t induces *ange 9 !m4 ,pure kn[+ is pure behold+1 view+1 not+4 ,x is complete 9 itself4 ,x looks = no?+ beyond itself2 x lacks no?+ & h5ce has no aim or purpose4 ,x is mo/ emphatically its own excuse = be+4 ,inde$1 pure contemplative kn[+ is s mu* ! mo/ truly self-enclos$ & self-suffici5t ?+ 9 ! univ]se t x is ! highe/ & inde$ ! only attribute t c be ascrib$ to ,god1 ! ,highe/ ,be+ 9 ! scale ( ,be+4 ,man himself is div9e 9 ! r>e mom5ts :5 he atta9s to purely self-suffici5t !oretical insight4 ,9 contra/ ) su* kn[+1 ! s-call$ kn[+ ( ! artisan is base4 ,he has to br+ ab\t *anges 9 ?+s1 9 wood & /one1 & ?is fact is ( itself evid5ce t 8 mat]ial is defici5t 9 ,be+4 ,:at condemns 8 k ev5 m is ! fact t x is n dis9t]e/$ly = its own sake4 ,x has ref]5ce to results to be atta9$1 food1 clo?+1 %elt]1 etc4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ?+s t p]i%1 ! body & its ne$s4 ,x ?us has an ult]ior aim1 & "o :i* itself te/ifies to imp]fection4 ,= want1 desire1 affection ( e sort1 indicate lack4 ,:]e !re is ne$ & desire--z 9 ! case ( all practical k & activity--!re is incomplet5ess & insuffici5cy4 ,:ile civic or political & moral k rank high] ?an d ! conceptions ( ! artisan1 yet intr9sically consid]$ !y are a l[ & untrue type4 ,moral & political action is practical2 t is1 x implies ne$s & ef=t to satisfy !m4 ,x has an end beyond itself4 ,moreov]1 ! v fact ( association %[s lack ( self-suffici5cy2 x %[s dep5d5ce ^u o!rs4 ,pure kn[+ is alone solit>y1 & capable ( be+ c>ri$ on 9 complete1 self-suffic+ indep5d5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! measure ( ! wor? ( k accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ^: views are "h summ>iz$1 is ! degree 9 :i* x is purely contemplative4 ,! highe/ degree is atta9$ 9 kn[+ ultimate ,ideal ,be+1 pure ,m9d4 ,?is is ,ideal1 ! ,=m ( ,=ms1 because x has no lacks1 no ne$s1 & exp]i5ces no *ange or v>iety4 ,x has no desires because 9 x all desires are consummat$4 ,s9ce x is p]fect ,be+1 x is p]fect ,m9d & p]fect ,bliss2--! acme ( rationality & ideality4 ,"o po9t m & ! argum5t is complet$4 ,! k9d ( kn[+ t conc]ns itself ) ?is ultimate reality 7:i* is also ultimate ideality7 is philosophy4 ,philosophy is !re=e ! la/ & highe/ t]m 9 pure contemplation4 ,:atev] may be said = any o!r k9d ( k1 philosophy is self-enclos$4 ,x has no?+ to d beyond itself2 x has no aim or purpose or function--except to be philosophy--t is1 pure1 self-suffic+ behold+ ( ultimate reality4 ,!re is ( c\rse su* a ?+ z philosophic /udy :i* falls %ort ( ?is p]fection4 ,:]e !re is le>n+1 !re is *ange & becom+4 ,b ! function ( /udy & le>n+ ( philosophy is1 z ,plato put x1 to conv]t ! eye ( ! s\l f dwell+ cont5t$ly ^u ! images ( ?+s1 ^u ! inf]ior realities t are born & t decay1 & to lead x to ! intuition ( sup]nal & et]nal ,be+4 ,?us ! m9d ( ! kn[] is trans=m$4 ,x becomes assimilat$ to :at x kn[s4 ,?r\gh a v>iety ( *annels1 especially ,neo-,platonism & ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ^! ideas f\nd _! way into ,*ri/ian !ology2 & great s*ola/ic ?9k]s taught t ! end ( man is to "k ,true ,be+1 t k is contemplative1 t ,true ,be+ is pure ,immat]ial ,m9d1 & to "k x is ,bliss & ,salvation4 ,:ile ?is k _c be a*iev$ 9 ?is /age ( life nor )\t sup]natural aid1 yet s f> z x is accompli%$ x assimilates ! human m9d to ! div9e ess5ce & s con/itutes salvation4 ,?r\gh ?is tak+ ov] ( ! conception ( k z ,contemplative into ! dom9ant religion ( ,europe1 multitudes 7 affect$ :o 7 totally innoc5t ( !oretical philosophy4 ,!re 0 bequea!d to g5]ations ( ?9k]s z an unque/ion$ axiom ! idea t k is intr9sically a m]e behold+ or view+ ( reality--! spectator conception ( k4 ,s deeply engra9$ 0 ?is idea t x prevail$ = c5turies aft] ! actual progress ( sci5ce _h demon/rat$ t k is p[] to trans=m ! _w1 & c5turies aft] ! practice ( effective k _h adopt$ ! me?od ( exp]im5tation4 ,let u turn abruptly f ?is conception ( ! measure ( true k & ! nature ( true philosophy to ! exi/+ practice ( k4 ,n[adays if a man1 say a physici/ or *emi/1 wants to "k some?+1 ! la/ ?+ he does is m]ely to contemplate4 ,he does n look 9 h[ev] e>ne/ & prolong$ way ^u ! object expect+ t !reby he w detect its fix$ & *>act]i/ic =m4 ,he does n expect any am\nt ( su* alo( scrut9y to reveal to him any secrets4 ,he proce$s to d some?+1 to br+ "s en]gy to be> ^u ! sub/ance to see h[ x reacts2 he places x "u unusual conditions 9 ord] to induce "s *ange4 ,:ile ! a/ronom] _c *ange ! remote />s1 ev5 he no long] m]ely gazes4 ,if he _c *ange ! />s !mselves1 he c at lea/ by l5s & prism *ange _! light z x rea*es ! e>?2 he c lay traps = discov]+ *anges :i* w\ld o!rwise escape notice4 ,in/ead ( tak+ an antagoni/ic attitude t[>d *ange & d5y+ x to ! />s because ( _! div9ity & p]fection1 he is on con/ant & al]t wat* to f9d "s *ange ?r\gh :i* he c =m an inf]5ce z to ! =mation ( />s & sy/ems ( />s4 ,*ange 9 %ort is no long] look$ ^u z a fall f grace1 z a lapse f reality or a sign ( imp]fection ( ,be+4 ,mod]n sci5ce no long] tries to f9d "s fix$ =m or ess5ce beh9d ea* process ( *ange4 ,r1 ! exp]im5tal me?od tries to break d[n app>5t fixities & to induce *anges4 ,! =m t rema9s un*ang$ to s5se1 ! =m ( se$ or tree1 is reg>d$ n z ! key to k ( ! ?+1 b z a wall1 an ob/ruction to be brok5 d[n4 ,consequ5tly ! sci5tific man exp]im5ts ) ?is & t ag5cy appli$ to ?is & t condition until some?+ beg9s to happ52 until !re is1 z we say1 some?+ do+4 ,he assumes t !re is *ange go+ on all ! "t1 t !re is movem5t )9 ea* ?+ 9 seem+ repose2 & t s9ce ! process is veil$ f p]ception ! way to "k x is to br+ ! ?+ into novel circum/ances until *ange becomes evid5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! ?+ :i* is to be accept$ & paid he$ to is n :at is orig9ally giv5 b t :i* em]ges aft] ! ?+ has be5 set "u a great v>iety ( circum/ances 9 ord] to see h[ x behaves4 ,n[ ?is m>ks a mu* m g5]al *ange 9 ! human attitude ?an p]haps appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,x signifies no?+ less ?an t ! _w or any "p ( x z x pres5ts itself at a giv5 "t is accept$ or acquiesc$ 9 only z mat]ial = *ange4 ,x is accept$ precisely z ! c>p5t]1 say1 accepts ?+s z he f9ds !m4 ,if he took !m z ?+s to be obs]v$ & not$ = _! own sake1 he nev] w\ld be a c>p5t]4 ,he w\ld obs]ve1 describe1 record ! /ructures1 =ms & *anges :i* ?+s exhibit to him1 & leave ! matt] !re4 ,if p]*ance "s ( ! *anges go+ on %\ld pres5t him ) a %elt]1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,b :at makes ! c>p5t] a build] is ! fact t he notes ?+s n j z objects 9 !mselves1 b ) ref]5ce to :at he wants to d to !m & ) !m2 to ! end he has 9 m9d4 ,fitness to effect c]ta9 special *anges t he wi%es to see accompli%$ is :at conc]ns him 9 ! wood & /ones & iron :i* he obs]ves4 ,8 att5tion is direct$ to ! *anges !y und]go & ! *anges !y make o!r ?+s und]go s t he may select t comb9ation ( *anges :i* w yield him 8 desir$ result4 ,x is only by ^! processes ( active manipulation ( ?+s 9 ord] to realize 8 purpose t he discov]s :at ! prop]ties ( ?+s are4 ,if he =egoes 8 own purpose & 9 ! "n ( a meek & humble subscription to ?+s z !y really are refuses to b5d ?+s z !y are to 8 own purpose1 he n only nev] a*ieves 8 purpose b he nev] le>ns :at ! ?+s !mselves are4 ,!y are :at !y c d & :at c be done ) !m1--?+s t c be f\nd by delib]ate try+4 ,! outcome ( ?is idea ( ! "r way to "k is a pr(\nd modification 9 man's attitude t[>d ! natural _w4 ,"u diff]+ social conditions1 ! old] or classic conception sometimes br$ resignation & submission2 sometimes contempt & desire to escape2 sometimes1 notably 9 ! case ( ! ,greeks1 a ke5 e/hetic curiosity :i* %[$ itself 9 acute not+ ( all ! traits ( giv5 objects4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole conception ( k z behold+ & not+ is fundam5tally an idea connect$ ) e/hetic enjoym5t & appreciation :]e ! environm5t is beautiful & life is s]5e1 & ) e/hetic repulsion & depreciation :]e life is tr\bl$1 nature morose & h>d4 ,b 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! active conception ( k prevails1 & ! environm5t is reg>d$ z some?+ t has to be *ang$ 9 ord] to be truly kn[n1 m5 are imbu$ ) c\rage1 ) :at may almo/ be t]m$ an aggressive attitude t[>d nature4 ,! latt] becomes pla/ic1 some?+ to be subject$ to human uses4 ,! moral disposition t[>d *ange is deeply modifi$4 ,?is loses its pa?os1 x ceases to be haunt$ ) melan*oly ?r\gh sugge/+ only decay & loss4 ,*ange becomes significant ( new possibilities & ends to be atta9$2 x becomes prophetic ( a bett] future4 ,*ange is associat$ ) progress r ?an ) lapse & fall4 ,s9ce *anges are go+ on anyway1 ! great ?+ is to le>n en\gh ab\t !m s t we be able to lay hold ( !m & turn !m 9 ! direction ( our desires4 ,conditions & ev5ts are nei!r to be fl$ f nor passively acquiesc$ 92 !y are to be utiliz$ & direct$4 ,!y are ei!r ob/acles to our ends or else means = _! accompli%m5t4 ,9 a pr(\nd s5se kn[+ ceases to be contemplative & becomes practical4 ,un=tunately m51 educat$ m51 cultivat$ m5 9 p>ticul>1 are /ill s dom9at$ by ! old] conception ( an alo( & self-suffic+ reason & k t !y refuse to p]ceive ! import ( ?is doctr9e4 ,!y ?9k !y are su/a9+ ! cause ( imp>tial1 ?or\gh-go+ & dis9t]e/$ reflection :5 !y ma9ta9 ! traditional philosophy ( intellectualism--t is1 ( kn[+ z some?+ self-suffic+ & self-enclos$4 ,b 9 tru?1 hi/oric intellectualism1 ! spectator view ( k1 is a purely comp5satory doctr9e :i* m5 ( an intellectual turn h built up to console !mselves = ! actual & social impot5cy ( ! call+ ( ?\ght to :i* !y are devot$4 ,=bidd5 by conditions & held back by lack ( c\rage f mak+ _! k a factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 !y h s\ght a refuge ( complac5cy 9 ! notion t kn[+ is some?+ too sublime to be contam9at$ by contact ) ?+s ( *ange & practice4 ,!y h trans=m$ kn[+ into a morally irresponsible e/heticism4 ,! true import ( ! doctr9e ( ! op]ative or practical "* ( kn[+1 ( intellig5ce1 is objective4 ,x means t ! /ructures & objects :i* sci5ce & philosophy set up 9 contra/ to ! ?+s & ev5ts ( concrete daily exp]i5ce d n con/itute a realm ap>t 9 :i* rational contemplation may re/ satisfi$2 x means t !y repres5t ! select$ ob/acles1 mat]ial means & ideal me?ods ( giv+ direction to t *ange :i* is b\nd to occur anyway4 ,?is *ange ( human disposition t[>d ! _w does n mean t man ceases to h ideals1 or ceases to be prim>ily a creature ( ! imag9ation4 ,b x does signify a radical *ange 9 ! "* & function ( ! ideal realm :i* man %apes = himself4 ,9 ! classic philosophy1 ! ideal _w is ess5tially a hav5 9 :i* man f9ds re/ f ! /orms ( life2 x is an asylum 9 :i* he takes refuge f ! tr\bles ( exi/5ce ) ! calm assurance t x alone is supremely real4 ,:5 ! belief t k is active & op]ative takes hold ( m51 ! ideal realm is no long] some?+ alo( & sep>ate2 x is r t collection ( imag9$ possibilities t /imulates m5 to new ef=ts & realizations4 ,x /ill rema9s true t ! tr\bles :i* m5 und]go are ! =ces t lead !m to project pictures ( a bett] /ate ( ?+s4 ,b ! picture ( ! bett] is %ap$ s t x may become an in/rum5tality ( action1 :ile 9 ! classic view ! ,idea belongs ready-made 9 a n\m5al _w4 ,h5ce1 x is only an object ( p]sonal aspiration or consolation1 :ile to ! mod]n1 an idea is a sugge/ion ( some?+ to be done or ( a way ( do+4 ,an illu/ration w1 p]haps1 make ! diff]5ce cle>4 ,di/ance is an ob/acle1 a s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,x sep>ates fri5ds & prev5ts int]c\rse4 ,x isolates1 & makes contact & mutual und]/&+ difficult4 ,?is /ate ( affairs provokes discont5t & re/lessness2 x excites ! imag9ation to con/ruct pictures ( a /ate ( ?+s :]e human int]c\rse is n injuri\sly affect$ by space4 ,n[ !re are two ways out4 ,"o way is to pass f a m]e dream ( "s heav5ly realm 9 :i* di/ance is aboli%$ & by "s magic all fri5ds are 9 p]petual transp>5t communication1 to pass1 ,i say1 f "s idle ca/le-build+ to philosophic reflection4 ,space1 di/ance1 x w !n be argu$1 is m]ely ph5om5al2 or1 9 a m mod]n v]sion1 subjective4 ,x is n1 metaphysically speak+1 real4 ,h5ce ! ob/ruction & tr\ble x gives is n aft] all real 9 ! metaphysical s5se ( reality4 ,pure m9ds1 pure spirits1 d n live 9 a space _w2 = !m di/ance is n4 ,_! relation%ips 9 ! true _w are n 9 any way affect$ by special consid]ations4 ,_! int]communication is direct1 flu5t1 unob/ruct$4 ,does ! illu/ration involve a c>icature ( ways ( philosophiz+ ) :i* we are all famili>8 ,b if x is n an absurd c>icature1 does x n sugge/ t mu* ( :at philosophies h taught ab\t ! ideal & n\m5al or sup]iorly real _w1 is aft] all1 only ca/+ a dream into an elaborate dialectic =m ?r\gh ! use ( a speci\sly sci5tific t]m9ology8 ,practically1 ! difficulty1 ! tr\ble1 rema9s4 ,practically1 h[ev] x may be metaphysically1 space is /ill real3--x acts 9 a def9ite objectionable way4 ,aga91 man dreams ( "s bett] /ate ( ?+s4 ,f tr\blesome fact he takes refuge 9 fantasy4 ,b ?is "t1 ! refuge does n rema9 a p]man5t & remote asylum4 ,! idea becomes a /&po9t f :i* to exam9e exi/+ occurr5ces & to see if !re is n among !m some?+ :i* gives a h9t ( h[ communication at a di/ance c be effect$1 some?+ to be utiliz$ z a m$ium ( spee* at long range4 ,! sugge/ion or fancy ?\gh /ill ideal is treat$ z a possibility capable ( realization 9 ! concrete natural _w1 n z a sup]ior reality ap>t f t _w4 ,z su*1 x becomes a plat=m f :i* to scrut9ize natural ev5ts4 ,obs]v$ f ! po9t ( view ( ?is possibility1 ?+s disclose prop]ties hi!rto undetect$4 ,9 ! light ( ^! asc]ta9m5ts1 ! idea ( "s ag5cy = spee* at a di/ance becomes less vague & float+3 x takes on positive =m4 ,?is action & reaction goes on4 ,! possibility or idea is employ$ z a me?od = obs]v+ actual exi/5ce2 & 9 ! light ( :at is discov]$ ! possibility takes on concrete exi/5ce4 ,x becomes less ( a m]e idea1 a fancy1 a wi%$-= possibility1 & m ( an actual fact4 ,inv5tion proce$s1 & at la/ we h ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 fir/ ?r\gh wires1 & !n ) no artificial m$ium4 ,! concrete environm5t is trans=m$ 9 ! desir$ direction2 x is idealiz$ 9 fact & n m]ely 9 fancy4 ,! ideal is realiz$ ?r\gh its own use z a tool or me?od ( inspection1 exp]im5tation1 selection & comb9ation ( concrete natural op]ations4 ,let u pause to take /ock ( results4 ,! division ( ! _w into two k9ds ( ,be+1 "o sup]ior1 accessible only to reason & ideal 9 nature1 ! o!r inf]ior1 mat]ial1 *angeable1 empirical1 accessible to s5se-obs]vation1 turns inevitably into ! idea t k is contemplative 9 nature4 ,x assumes a contra/ betwe5 !ory & practice :i* 0 all to ! disadvantage ( ! latt]4 ,b 9 ! actual c\rse ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 a trem5d\s *ange has come ab\t4 ,:5 ! practice ( k ceas$ to be dialectical & became exp]im5tal1 kn[+ became preoccupi$ ) *anges & ! te/ ( k became ! ability to br+ ab\t c]ta9 *anges4 ,kn[+1 = ! exp]im5tal sci5ces1 means a c]ta9 k9d ( intellig5tly conduct$ do+2 x ceases to be contemplative & becomes 9 a true s5se practical4 ,n[ ?is implies t philosophy1 unless x is to und]go a complete break ) ! au?oriz$ _s ( sci5ce1 mu/ also alt] its nature4 ,x mu/ assume a practical nature2 x mu/ become op]ative & exp]im5tal4 ,& we h po9t$ out :at an enorm\s *ange ?is trans=mation ( philosophy entails 9 ! two conceptions :i* h play$ ! greate/ rle 9 hi/oric philosophiz+--! conceptions ( ! real & ideal respectively4 ,! =m] ceases to be some?+ ready-made & f9al2 x becomes t :i* has to be accept$ z ! mat]ial ( *ange1 z ! ob/ructions & ! means ( c]ta9 specific desir$ *anges4 ,! ideal & rational also ceas$ to be a sep>ate ready-made _w incapable ( be+ us$ z a lev] to trans=m ! actual empirical _w1 a m]e asylum f empirical defici5cies4 ,!y repres5t intellig5tly ?\ght-out possibilities ( ! exi/5t _w :i* may be us$ z me?ods = mak+ ov] & improv+ x4 ,philosophically speak+1 ?is is ! great diff]5ce involv$ 9 ! *ange f k & philosophy z contemplative to op]ative4 ,! *ange does n mean ! l[]+ 9 dignity ( philosophy f a l(ty plane to "o ( gross utilit>ianism4 ,x signifies t ! prime function ( philosophy is t ( rationaliz+ ! possibilities ( exp]i5ce1 especially collective human exp]i5ce4 ,! scope ( ?is *ange may be realiz$ by consid]+ h[ f> we are f accompli%+ x4 ,9 spite ( inv5tions :i* enable m5 to use ! en]gies ( nature = _! purposes1 we are /ill f> f habitually treat+ k z ! me?od ( active control ( nature & ( exp]i5ce4 ,we t5d to ?9k ( x aft] ! model ( a spectator view+ a f9i%$ picture r ?an aft] t ( ! arti/ produc+ ! pa9t+4 ,?us !re arise all ! que/ions ( epi/emology ) :i* ! te*nical /ud5t ( philosophy is s famili>1 & :i* h made mod]n philosophy 9 especial s remote f ! und]/&+ ( ! ev]yday p]son & f ! results & processes ( sci5ce4 ,= ^! que/ions all spr+ f ! assumption ( a m]ely behold+ m9d on "o side & a =eign & remote object to be view$ & not$ on ! o!r4 ,!y ask h[ a m9d & _w1 subject & object1 s sep>ate & indep5d5t c by any possibility come into su* relation%ip to ea* o!r z to make true k possible4 ,if kn[+ 7 habitually conceiv$ ( z active & op]ative1 aft] ! analogy ( exp]im5t guid$ by hypo!sis1 or ( inv5tion guid$ by ! imag9ation ( "s possibility1 x is n too mu* to say t ! fir/ effect w\ld be to emancipate philosophy f all ! epi/emological puzzles :i* n[ p]plex x4 ,= ^! all arise f a conception ( ! relation ( m9d & _w1 subject & object1 9 kn[+1 :i* assumes t to "k is to seize ^u :at is already 9 exi/5ce4 ,mod]n philosophic ?\ght has be5 s preoccupi$ ) ^! puzzles ( epi/emology & ! disputes betwe5 reali/ & ideali/1 betwe5 ph5om5ali/ & absoluti/1 t _m /ud5ts are at a loss to "k :at w\ld be left = philosophy if !re 7 remov$ bo? ! metaphysical task ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! n\m5al & ph5om5al worlds & ! epi/emological task ( tell+ h[ a sep>ate subject c "k an indep5d5t object4 ,b w\ld n ! elim9ation ( ^! traditional problems p]mit philosophy to devote itself to a m fruitful & m ne$$ task8 ,w\ld x n enc\rage philosophy to face ! great social & moral defects & tr\bles f :i* humanity suff]s1 to conc5trate its att5tion ^u cle>+ up ! causes & exact nature ( ^! evils & ^u develop+ a cle> idea ( bett] social possibilities2 9 %ort ^u project+ an idea or ideal :i*1 in/ead ( express+ ! notion ( ano!r _w or "s f>-away unrealizable goal1 w\ld be us$ z a me?od ( und]/&+ & rectify+ specific social ills8 ,?is is a vague /atem5t4 ,b note 9 ! fir/ place t su* a conception ( ! prop] prov9ce ( philosophy :]e x is releas$ f va9 metaphysics & idle epi/emology is 9 l9e ) ! orig9 ( philosophy sket*$ 9 ! fir/ h\r4 ,& 9 ! second place1 note h[ contempor>y society1 ! _w ov]1 is 9 ne$ ( m g5]al & fundam5tal enlight5m5t & guidance ?an x n[ possesses4 ,i h tri$ to %[ t a radical *ange ( ! conception ( k f contemplative to active is ! inevitable result ( ! way 9 :i* inquiry & inv5tion are n[ conduct$4 ,b 9 claim+ ?is1 x mu/ also be conc$$1 or r ass]t$1 t s f> ! *ange has influ5c$ = ! mo/ "p only ! m te*nical side ( human life4 ,! sci5ces h creat$ new indu/rial arts4 ,man's physical comm& ( natural en]gies has be5 indef9itely multipli$4 ,!re is control ( ! s\rces ( mat]ial weal? & prosp]ity4 ,:at w\ld once h be5 miracles are n[ daily p]=m$ ) /eam & coal & electricity & air1 & ) ! human body4 ,b !re are few p]sons optimi/ic en\gh to decl>e t any simil> comm& ( ! =ces :i* control man's social & moral welf>e has be5 a*iev$4 ,:]e is ! moral progress t corresponds to our economic accompli%m5ts8 ,! latt] is ! direct fruit ( ! revolution t has be5 wr\ght 9 physical sci5ce4 ,b :]e is !re a correspond+ human sci5ce & art8 ,n only has ! improvem5t 9 ! me?od ( kn[+ rema9$ s f> ma9ly limit$ to te*nical & economic matt]s1 b ?is progress has br\ght ) x s]i\s new moral di/urbances4 ,i ne$ only cite ! late w>1 ! problem ( capital & labor1 ! relation ( economic classes1 ! fact t :ile ! new sci5ce has a*iev$ wond]s 9 m$ic9e & surg]y1 x has also produc$ & spread occasions = diseases & weaknesses4 ,^! consid]ations indicate to u h[ undevelop$ are our politics1 h[ crude & primitive our education1 h[ passive & in]t our morals4 ,! causes rema9 :i* br\ght philosophy into exi/5ce z an attempt to f9d an intellig5t sub/itute = bl9d cu/om & bl9d impulse z guides to life & conduct4 ,! attempt has n be5 successfully accompli%$4 ,is !re n reason = believ+ t ! release ( philosophy f its burd5 ( /]ile metaphysics & /]ile epi/emology in/ead ( depriv+ philosophy ( problems & subject-matt] w\ld op5 a way to que/ions ( ! mo/ p]plex+ & ! mo/ significant sort8 ,let me specify "o problem q directly sugge/$ by c]ta9 po9ts 9 ?is lecture4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! really fruitful application ( ! contemplative idea 0 n 9 sci5ce b 9 ! e/hetic field4 ,x is difficult to imag9e any high developm5t ( ! f9e arts except :]e !re is curi\s & lov+ int]e/ 9 =ms & motions ( ! _w q irrespective ( any use to :i* !y may be put4 ,& x is n too mu* to say t e p t has atta9$ a high e/hetic developm5t has be5 a p 9 :i* ! contemplative attitude has fl\ri%$--z ! ,greek1 ! ,h9doo1 ! m$ieval ,*ri/ian4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5tific attitude t has actually prov$ itself 9 sci5tific progress is1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 a practical attitude4 ,x takes =ms z disguises = hidd5 processes4 ,its int]e/ 9 *ange is 9 :at x leads to1 :at c be done ) x1 to :at use x c be put4 ,:ile x has br\ght nature "u control1 !re is some?+ h>d & aggressive 9 its attitude t[>d nature unfavorable to ! e/hetic enjoym5t ( ! _w4 ,surely !re is no m significant "q be=e ! _w ?an ?is "q ( ! possibility & me?od ( reconciliation ( ! attitudes ( practical sci5ce & contemplative e/hetic appreciation4 ,)\t ! =m]1 man w be ! sport & victim ( natural =ces :i* he _c use or control4 ,)\t ! latt]1 mank9d might become a race ( economic mon/]s1 re/lessly driv+ h>d b>ga9s ) nature & ) "o ano!r1 bor$ ) leisure or capable ( putt+ x to use only 9 o/5tati\s display & extravagant dissipation4 ,l o!r moral que/ions1 ?is matt] is social & ev5 political4 ,! we/]n peoples advanc$ e>li] on ! pa? ( exp]im5tal sci5ce & its applications 9 control ( nature ?an ! ori5tal4 ,x is n1 ,i suppose :olly fanciful1 to believe t ! latt] h embodi$ 9 _! habits ( life m ( ! contemplative1 e/hetic & speculatively religi\s temp]1 & ! =m] m ( ! sci5tific1 indu/rial & practical4 ,?is diff]5ce & o!rs :i* h gr[n up ar\nd x is "o b>ri] to easy mutual und]/&+1 & "o s\rce ( misund]/&+4 ,! philosophy :i*1 !n1 makes a s]i\s ef=t to compreh5d ^! respective attitudes 9 _! relation & due balance1 c\ld h>dly fail to promote ! capacity ( peoples to pr(it by "o ano!r's exp]i5ce & to co-op]ate m effectually ) "o ano!r 9 ! tasks ( fruitful culture4 ,inde$1 x is incr$ible t ! "q ( ! relation ( ! real & ! ideal %\ld ev] h be5 ?\ght to be a problem belong+ di/9ctively to philosophy4 ,! v fact t ?is mo/ s]i\s ( all human issues has be5 tak5 possession ( by philosophy is only ano!r pro( ( ! disa/]s t foll[ 9 ! wake ( reg>d+ k & intellect z some?+ self-suffici5t4 ,nev] h ! real & ! ideal be5 s clamor\s1 s self-ass]tive1 z at ! pres5t "t4 ,& nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w h !y be5 s f> ap>t4 ,! _w w> 0 c>ri$ on = purely ideal ends3--= humanity1 ju/ice & equal lib]ty = /rong & weak alike4 ,& x 0 c>ri$ on by reali/ic means ( appli$ sci5ce1 by high explosives1 & bomb+ airplanes & blockad+ m>vels ( me*anism t r$uc$ ! _w well nigh to ru91 s t ! s]i\s-m9d$ are conc]n$ = ! p]petuity ( ^? *oice values we call civilization4 ,! peace settlem5t is l\dly proclaim$ 9 ! "n ( ! ideals t /ir man's deepe/ emotions1 b ) ! mo/ reali/ic att5tion to details ( economic advantage di/ribut$ 9 proportion to physical p[] to create future di/urbances4 ,x is n surpris+ t "s m5 are br\ght to reg>d all idealism z a m]e smoke-scre5 beh9d :i* ! se>* = mat]ial pr(it may be m effectually c>ri$ on1 & are conv]t$ to ! mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory4 ,reality is !n conceiv$ z physical =ce & z s5sations ( p[]1 pr(it & enjoym5t2 any politics t takes acc\nt ( o!r factors1 save z elem5ts ( clev] propag&a & = control ( ^? human be+s :o h n become reali/ically enlight5$1 is bas$ on illusions4 ,b o!rs are equally sure t ! real lesson ( ! w> is t humanity took its fir/ great wrong /ep :5 x ent]$ ^u a cultivation ( physical sci5ce & an application ( ! fruits ( sci5ce to ! improvem5t ( ! in/rum5ts ( life--indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,!y w sigh = ! return ( ! day :51 :ile ! great mass di$ z !y 7 born 9 animal fa%ion1 ! few elect devot$ !mselves n to sci5ce & ! mat]ial dec5cies & com=ts ( exi/5ce b to ideal ?+s1 ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,yet ! mo/ obvi\s conclusion w\ld seem to be ! impot5cy & ! h>mfulness ( any & e ideal t is proclaim$ :olesale & 9 ! ab/ract1 t is1 z some?+ 9 itself ap>t f ! detail$ concrete exi/5ces ^: mov+ possibilities x embodies4 ,! true moral w\ld seem to lie 9 en=c+ ! trag$y ( t idealism :i* believes 9 a spiritual _w :i* exi/s 9 & by itself1 & ! tragic ne$ = ! mo/ reali/ic /udy ( =ces & consequ5ces1 a /udy conduct$ 9 a m sci5tifically accurate & complete mann] ?an t ( ! pr(ess$ ,real-politik4 ,= x is n truly reali/ic or sci5tific to take %ort views1 to sacrifice ! future to imm$iate pressure1 to ignore facts & =ces t are disagreeable & to magnify ! endur+ quality ( :atev] falls 9 ) imm$iate desire4 ,x is false t ! evils ( ! situation arise f abs5ce ( ideals2 !y spr+ f wrong ideals4 ,& ^! wrong ideals h 9 turn _! f\ndation 9 ! abs5ce 9 social matt]s ( t me?odic1 sy/ematic1 imp>tial1 critical1 se>*+ inquiry into real & op]ative conditions :i* we call sci5ce & :i* has br\ght man 9 ! te*nical realm to ! comm& ( physical en]gies4 ,philosophy1 let x be repeat$1 _c solve ! problem ( ! relation ( ! ideal & ! real4 ,t is ! /&+ problem ( life4 ,b x c at lea/ light5 ! burd5 ( humanity 9 deal+ ) ! problem by emancipat+ mank9d f ! errors :i* philosophy has itself fo/]$--! exi/5ce ( conditions :i* are real ap>t f _! movem5t into some?+ new & diff]5t1 & ! exi/5ce ( ideals1 _s & reason indep5d5t ( ! possibilities ( ! mat]ial & physical4 ,= z long z humanity is committ$ to ?is radically false bias1 x w walk =w>d ) bl9d$ eyes & b\nd limbs4 ,& philosophy c effect1 if x w1 some?+ m ?an ?is negative task4 ,x c make x easi] = mank9d to take ! "r /eps 9 action by mak+ x cle> t a sympa!tic & integral intellig5ce br\ght to be> ^u ! obs]vation & und]/&+ ( concrete social ev5ts & =ces1 c =m ideals1 t is aims1 :i* %all n be ei!r illusions or m]e emotional comp5sations4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,logical ,,recon/ruction ,logic--l philosophy itself--suff]s f a curi\s oscillation4 ,x is elevat$ into ! supreme & legislative sci5ce only to fall into ! trivial e/ate ( keep] ( su* /atem5ts z ,a is ,a & ! s*ola/ic v]ses = ! syllogi/ic rules4 ,x claims p[] to /ate ! laws ( ! ultimate /ructure ( ! univ]se1 on ! gr\nd t x deals ) ! laws ( ?\ght :i* are ! laws accord+ to :i* ,reason has =m$ ! _w4 ,!n x limits its pret5sions to laws ( correct reason+ :i* is correct ev5 ?\gh x leads to no matt] ( fact1 or ev5 to mat]ial falsity4 ,x is reg>d$ by ! mod]n objective ideali/ z ! adequate sub/itute = anci5t ontological metaphysics2 b o!rs treat x z t bran* ( rhetoric :i* tea*es pr(ici5cy 9 argum5tation4 ,= a "t a sup]ficial compromise equilibrium 0 ma9ta9$ :]e9 ! logic ( =mal demon/ration :i* ! ,middle ,ages extract$ f ,ari/otle 0 supplem5t$ by an inductive logic ( discov]y ( tru? t ,mill extract$ f ! practice ( sci5tific m54 ,b /ud5ts ( ,g]man philosophy1 ( ma!matics1 & ( psy*ology1 no matt] h[ mu* !y attack$ "o ano!r1 h made common cause 9 attack ^u ! or?odox logics bo? ( d$uctive pro( & inductive discov]y4 ,logical !ory pres5ts a sc5e ( *aos4 ,!re is little agreem5t z to its subject-matt]1 scope or purpose4 ,?is disagreem5t is n =mal or nom9al b affects ! treatm5t ( e topic4 ,take su* a rudim5t>y matt] z ! nature ( judgm5t4 ,reputable au?ority c be quot$ 9 behalf ( e possible p]mutation ( doctr9e4 ,judgm5t is ! c5tral ?+ 9 logic2 & judgm5t is n logical at all1 b p]sonal & psy*ological4 ,if logical1 x is ! prim>y function to :i* bo? conception & inf]5ce are subord9ate2 & x is an aft]-product f !m4 ,! di/9ction ( subject & pr$icate is necess>y1 & x is totally irrelevant2 or aga91 ?\gh x is f\nd 9 "s cases1 x is n ( great importance4 ,among ^? :o hold t ! subject-pr$icate relation%ip is ess5tial1 "s hold t judgm5t is an analysis ( some?+ prior into !m1 & o!rs ass]t t x is a syn!sis ( !m into some?+ else4 ,"s hold t reality is always ! subject ( judgm5t1 & o!rs t reality is logically irrelevant4 ,among ^? :o d5y t judgm5t is ! attribution ( pr$icate to subject1 :o reg>d x z a relation ( elem5ts1 "s hold t ! relation is int]nal1 "s t x is ext]nal1 & o!rs t x is sometimes "o & sometimes ! o!r4 ,unless logic is a matt] ( "s practical acc\nt1 ^! contr>ieties are s num]\s1 s ext5sive1 & s irreconcilable t !y are ludicr\s4 ,if logic is an affair ( practical mom5t1 !n ^! inconsi/5cies are s]i\s4 ,!y te/ify to "s deep-ly+ cause ( intellectual disagreem5t & incoh]5cy4 ,9 fact1 contempor>y logical !ory is ! gr\nd ^u :i* all philosophical diff]5ces & disputes are ga!r$ toge!r & focuss$4 ,h[ does ! modification 9 ! traditional conception ( ! relation ( exp]i5ce & reason1 ! real & ideal affect logic8 ,x affects1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! nature ( logic itself4 ,if ?\ght or intellig5ce is ! means ( int5tional recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce1 !n logic1 z an acc\nt ( ! proc$ure ( ?\ght1 is n purely =mal4 ,x is n conf9$ to laws ( =mally correct reason+ ap>t f tru? ( subject-matt]4 ,nei!r1 on ! contr>y1 is x conc]n$ ) ! inh]5t ?\ght /ructures ( ! univ]se1 z ,hegel's logic w\ld h x2 nor ) ! successive approa*es ( human ?\ght to ?is objective ?\ght /ructure z ! logic ( ,lotze1 ,bosanquet1 & o!r epi/emological logicians w\ld h x4 ,if ?9k+ is ! way 9 :i* delib]ate reorganization ( exp]i5ce is secur$1 !n logic is su* a cl>ifi$ & sy/ematiz$ =mulation ( ! proc$ures ( ?9k+ z w enable ! desir$ recon/ruction to g on m economically & effici5tly4 ,9 language famili> to /ud5ts1 logic is bo? a sci5ce & an art2 a sci5ce s f> z x gives an organiz$ & te/$ descriptive acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ?\ght actually goes on2 an art1 s f> z on ! basis ( ?is description x projects me?ods by :i* future ?9k+ %all take advantage ( ! op]ations t lead to success & avoid ^? :i* result 9 failure4 ,?us is answ]$ ! dispute :e!r logic is empirical or normative1 psy*ological or regulative4 ,x is bo?4 ,logic is bas$ on a def9ite & executive supply ( empirical mat]ial4 ,m5 h be5 ?9k+ = ages4 ,!y h obs]v$1 inf]r$1 & reason$ 9 all sorts ( ways & to all k9ds ( results4 ,an?ropology1 ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( my?1 leg5d & cult2 l+ui/ics & gramm>2 rhetoric & =m] logical compositions all tell u h[ m5 h ?\ght & :at h be5 ! purposes & consequ5ces ( diff]5t k9ds ( ?9k+4 ,psy*ology1 exp]im5tal & pa?ological1 makes important contributions to our k ( h[ ?9k+ goes on & to :at effect4 ,especially does ! record ( ! gr[? ( ! v>i\s sci5ces af=d in/ruction 9 ^? concrete ways ( inquiry & te/+ :i* h l$ m5 a/ray & :i* h prov$ efficaci\s4 ,ea* sci5ce f ma!matics to hi/ory exhibits typical fallaci\s me?ods & typical efficaci\s me?ods 9 special subject-matt]s4 ,logical !ory has ?us a l>ge1 almo/ inexhau/ible field ( empirical /udy4 ,! conv5tional /atem5t t exp]i5ce only tells u h[ m5 h ?\ght or d ?9k1 :ile logic is conc]n$ ) norms1 ) h[ m5 %\ld ?9k1 is ludicr\sly inept4 ,"s sorts ( ?9k+ are %[n by exp]i5ce to h got n[h]e1 or worse ?an n[h]e--into sy/ematiz$ delusion & mi/ake4 ,o!rs h prov$ 9 manife/ exp]i5ce t !y lead to fruitful & endur+ discov]ies4 ,x is precisely 9 exp]i5ce t ! diff]5t consequ5ces ( diff]5t me?ods ( inve/igation & ratioc9ation are conv9c+ly %[n4 ,! p>rot-l repetition ( ! di/9ction betwe5 an empirical description ( :at is & a normative acc\nt ( :at %\ld be m]ely neglects ! mo/ /rik+ fact ab\t ?9k+ z x empirically is--namely1 its flagrant exhibition ( cases ( failure & success--t is1 ( good ?9k+ & bad ?9k+4 ,any "o :o consid]s ?is empirical manife/ation w n compla9 ( lack ( mat]ial f :i* to con/ruct a regulative art4 ,! m /udy t is giv5 to empirical records ( actual ?\ght1 ! m app>5t becomes ! connection betwe5 ! specific features ( ?9k+ :i* h produc$ failure & success4 ,out ( ?is relation%ip ( cause & effect z x is empirically asc]ta9$ gr[ ! norms & regulations ( an art ( ?9k+4 ,ma!matics is (t5 cit$ z an example ( purely normative ?9k+ dep5d5t ^u a priori canons & supra-empirical mat]ial4 ,b x is h>d to see h[ ! /ud5t :o approa*es ! matt] hi/orically c avoid ! conclusion t ! /atus ( ma!matics is z empirical z t ( metallurgy4 ,m5 began ) c\nt+ & measur+ ?+s j z !y began ) p\nd+ & burn+ !m4 ,"o ?+1 z common spee* pr(\ndly has x1 l$ to ano!r4 ,c]ta9 ways 7 successful--n m]ely 9 ! imm$iately practical s5se1 b 9 ! s5se ( be+ int]e/+1 ( ar\s+ att5tion1 ( excit+ attempts at improvem5t4 ,! pres5t-day ma!matical logician may pres5t ! /ructure ( ma!matics z if x _h sprung all at once f ! bra9 ( a ,zeus ^: anatomy is t ( pure logic4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ?is v /ructure is a product ( long hi/oric gr[?1 9 :i* all k9ds ( exp]im5ts h be5 tri$1 9 :i* "s m5 h /ruck out 9 ?is direction & "s 9 t1 & 9 :i* "s ex]cises & op]ations h result$ 9 confusion & o!rs 9 triumphant cl>ifications & fruitful gr[?s2 a hi/ory 9 :i* matt] & me?ods h be5 con/antly select$ & work$ ov] on ! basis ( empirical success & failure4 ,! /ructure ( alleg$ normative a priori ma!matics is 9 tru? ! cr[n$ result ( ages ( toilsome exp]i5ce4 ,! metallurgi/ :o %\ld write on ! mo/ highly develop$ me?od ( deal+ ) ores w\ld n1 9 tru?1 proce$ any diff]5tly4 ,he too selects1 ref9es1 & organizes ! me?ods :i* 9 ! pa/ h be5 f\nd to yield ! maximum ( a*ievem5t4 ,logic is a matt] ( pr(\nd human importance precisely because x is empirically f\nd$ & exp]im5tally appli$4 ,s consid]$1 ! problem ( logical !ory is none o!r ?an ! problem ( ! possibility ( ! developm5t & employm5t ( intellig5t me?od 9 inquiries conc]n$ ) delib]ate recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce4 ,& x is only say+ aga9 9 m specific =m :at has be5 said 9 g5]al =m to add t :ile su* a logic has be5 develop$ 9 respect to ma!matics & physical sci5ce1 intellig5t me?od1 logic1 is /ill f> to seek 9 moral & political affairs4 ,assum+1 accord+ly1 ?is idea ( logic )\t argum5t1 let u proce$ to discuss "s ( its *ief features4 ,fir/1 light is ?r[n by ! orig9 ( ?9k+ ^u a logic :i* %all be a me?od ( intellig5t guidance ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 l9e ) :at has already be5 said ab\t exp]i5ce be+ a matt] prim>ily ( behavior1 a s5sori-motor matt]1 is ! fact t ?9k+ takes its dep>ture f specific conflicts 9 exp]i5ce t occasion p]plexity & tr\ble4 ,m5 d n1 9 _! natural e/ate1 ?9k :5 !y h no tr\bles to cope )1 no difficulties to ov]come4 ,a life ( ease1 ( success )\t ef=t1 w\ld be a ?\ghtless life1 & s also w\ld a life ( ready omnipot5ce4 ,be+s :o ?9k are be+s ^: life is s hemm$ 9 & con/rict$ t !y _c directly c>ry ?r\gh a c\rse ( action to victori\s consummation4 ,m5 also d n t5d to ?9k :5 _! action1 :5 !y are amid difficulties1 is dictat$ to !m by au?ority4 ,soldi]s h difficulties & re/rictions 9 pl5ty1 b qua soldi]s 7z ,ari/otle w\ld say7 !y are n notori\s = be+ ?9k]s4 ,?9k+ is done = !m1 high] up4 ,! same is too true ( mo/ work+m5 "u pres5t economic conditions4 ,difficulties occasion ?9k+ only :5 ?9k+ is ! imp]ative or urg5t way out1 only :5 x is ! indicat$ road to a solution4 ,:]ev] ext]nal au?ority reigns1 ?9k+ is suspect$ & obnoxi\s4 ,?9k+1 h[ev]1 is n ! only way 9 :i* a p]sonal solution ( difficulties is s\ght4 ,z we h se51 dreams1 rev]ies1 emotional idealizations are roads :i* are tak5 to escape ! /ra9 ( p]plexity & conflict4 ,accord+ to mod]n psy*ology1 _m sy/ematiz$ delusions & m5tal disord]s1 probably hy/]ia itself1 orig9ate z devices = gett+ fre$om f tr\blesome conflict+ factors4 ,su* consid]ations ?r[ into relief "s ( ! traits ess5tial to ?9k+ z a way ( respond+ to difficulty4 ,! %ort-cut solutions allud$ to d n get rid ( ! conflict & problems2 !y only get rid ( ! feel+ ( x4 ,!y cov] up consci\sness ( x4 ,because ! conflict rema9s 9 fact & is evad$ 9 ?\ght1 disord]s arise4 ,! fir/ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ?9k+ !n is fac+ ! facts--inquiry1 m9ute & ext5sive scrut9iz+1 obs]vation4 ,no?+ has done great] h>m to ! successful conduct ( ! ent]prise ( ?9k+ 7& to ! logics :i* reflect & =mulate ! und]tak+7 ?an ! habit ( treat+ obs]vation z some?+ outside ( & prior to ?9k+1 & ?9k+ z some?+ :i* c g on 9 ! head )\t includ+ obs]vation ( new facts z "p ( itself4 ,e approximation to su* ?9k+ is really an approa* to ! me?od ( escape & self-delusion j ref]r$ to4 ,x sub/itutes an emotionally agreeable & rationally self-consi/5t tra9 ( mean+s = inquiry into ! features ( ! situation :i* cause ! tr\ble4 ,x leads to t type ( ,idealism :i* has well be5 t]m$ intellectual somnambulism4 ,x creates a class ( ?9k]s :o are remote f practice & h5ce f te/+ _! ?\ght by application--a socially sup]ior & irresponsible class4 ,?is is ! condition caus+ ! tragic division ( !ory & practice1 & lead+ to an unreasonable exaltation ( !ory on "o side & an unreasonable contempt = x on ! o!r4 ,x confirms curr5t practice 9 its h>d brutalities & dead r\t9es j because x has transf]r$ ?9k+ & !ory to a sep>ate & nobl] region4 ,?us has ! ideali/ conspir$ ) ! mat]iali/ to keep actual life impov]i%$ & inequitable4 ,! isolation ( ?9k+ f confrontation ) facts enc\rages t k9d ( obs]vation :i* m]ely accumulates brute facts1 :i* occupies itself labori\sly ) m]e details1 b nev] inquires into _! mean+ & consequ5ces--a safe occupation1 = x nev] contemplates any use to be made ( ! obs]v$ facts 9 det]m9+ a plan = *ang+ ! situation4 ,?9k+ :i* is a me?od ( recon/ruct+ exp]i5ce treats obs]vation ( facts1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! indisp5sable /ep ( def9+ ! problem1 ( locat+ ! tr\ble1 ( =c+ home a def9ite1 in/ead ( a m]ely vague emotional1 s5se ( :at ! difficulty is & :]e x lies4 ,x is n aimless1 r&om1 miscellane\s1 b purposeful1 specific & limit$ by ! "* ( ! tr\ble und]gone4 ,! purpose is s to cl>ify ! di/urb$ & confus$ situation t reasonable ways ( deal+ ) x may be sugge/$4 ,:5 ! sci5tific man appe>s to obs]ve aimlessly1 x is m]ely t he is s 9 love ) problems z s\rces & guides ( inquiry1 t he is /riv+ to turn up a problem :]e none appe>s on ! surface3 he is1 z we say1 hunt+ = tr\ble because ( ! satisfaction to be _h 9 cop+ ) x4 ,specific & wide obs]vation ( concrete fact always1 !n1 corresponds n only ) a s5se ( a problem or difficulty1 b ) "s vague s5se ( ! mean+ ( ! difficulty1 t is1 ( :at x imports or signifies 9 subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 ,x is a k9d ( anticipation or pr$iction ( :at is com+4 ,we speak1 v truly1 ( imp5d+ tr\ble1 & 9 obs]v+ ! signs ( :at ! tr\ble is1 we are at ! same "t expect+1 =eca/+--9 %ort1 fram+ an idea1 becom+ aw>e ( mean+4 ,:5 ! tr\ble is n only imp5d+ b completely actual & pres5t1 we are ov]:elm$4 ,we d n ?9k1 b give way to depression4 ,! k9d ( tr\ble t occasions ?9k+ is t :i* is incomplete & develop+1 & :]e :at is f\nd1 already 9 exi/5ce c be employ$ z a sign f :i* to inf] :at is likely to come4 ,:5 we intellig5tly obs]ve1 we are1 z we say appreh5sive1 z well z appreh5d+4 ,we are on ! al]t = some?+ /ill to come4 ,curiosity1 inquiry1 inve/igation1 are direct$ q z truly into :at is go+ to happ5 next z into :at has happ5$4 ,an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! latt] is an int]e/ 9 gett+ evid5ce1 indications1 symptoms = inf]r+ ! =m]4 ,obs]vation is diagnosis & diagnosis implies an int]e/ 9 anticipation & prep>ation4 ,x makes ready 9 advance an attitude ( response s t we %all n be caught unaw>es4 ,t :i* is n already 9 exi/5ce1 t :i* is only anticipat$ & inf]r$1 _c be obs]v$4 ,x does n h ! /atus ( fact1 ( some?+ giv51 a datum1 b ( a mean+1 an idea4 ,s f> z ideas are n fancies1 fram$ by emotionaliz$ memory = escape & refuge1 !y are precisely anticipations ( some?+ /ill to come ar\s$ by look+ into ! facts ( a develop+ situation4 ,! blacksmi? wat*es 8 iron1 its color & texture1 to get evid5ce ( :at x is gett+ ready to pass into2 ! physician obs]ves 8 pati5t to detect symptoms ( *ange 9 "s def9ite direction2 ! sci5tific man keeps 8 att5tion ^u 8 laboratory mat]ial to get a clue z to :at w happ5 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,! v fact t obs]vation is n an end 9 itself b a se>* = evid5ce & signs %[s t along ) obs]vation goes inf]5ce1 anticipatory =eca/--9 %ort an idea1 ?\ght or conception4 ,9 a m te*nical context1 x w\ld be wor? :ile to see :at light ?is logical correspond5ce ( obs]v$ fact & project$ idea or mean+ ?r[s ^u c]ta9 traditional philosophical problems & puzzles1 includ+ t ( subject & pr$icate 9 judgm5t1 object & subject 9 k1 real & ideal g5]ally4 ,b at ?is "t1 we mu/ conf9e ourselves to po9t+ out t ?is view ( ! correlative orig9 & function ( obs]v$ fact & project$ idea 9 exp]i5ce1 commits u to "s v important consequ5ces conc]n+ ! nature ( ideas1 mean+s1 conceptions1 or :atev] ^w may be employ$ to d5ote ! specifically m5tal function4 ,because !y are sugge/ions ( some?+ t may happ5 or ev5tuate1 !y are 7z we saw 9 ! case ( ideals g5]ally7 plat=ms ( response to :at is go+ on4 ,! man :o detects t ! cause ( 8 difficulty is an automobile be>+ d[n ^u him is n gu>ante$ safety2 he may h made 8 obs]vation-=eca/ too late4 ,b if 8 anticipation-p]ception comes 9 season1 he has ! basis = do+ some?+ :i* w av]t ?reat5+ disa/]4 ,because he =esees an imp5d+ result1 he may d some?+ t w lead to ! situation ev5tuat+ 9 "s o!r way4 ,all intellig5t ?9k+ means an increm5t ( fre$om 9 action--an emancipation f *ance & fatality4 ,?\ght repres5ts ! sugge/ion ( a way ( response t is diff]5t f t :i* w\ld h be5 foll[$ if intellig5t obs]vation _h n effect$ an inf]5ce z to ! future4 ,n[ a me?od ( action1 a mode ( response1 int5d$ to produce a c]ta9 result--t is1 to enable ! blacksmi? to give a c]ta9 =m to 8 hot iron1 ! physician to treat ! pati5t s z to facilitate recov]y1 ! sci5tific exp]im5t] to draw a conclusion :i* w apply to o!r cases1--is by ! nature ( ! case t5tative1 unc]ta9 till te/$ by its results4 ,! significance ( ?is fact = ! !ory ( tru? w be discuss$ bel[4 ,"h x is en\gh to note t notions1 !ories1 sy/ems1 no matt] h[ elaborate & self-consi/5t !y are1 mu/ be reg>d$ z hypo!ses4 ,!y are to be accept$ z bases ( actions :i* te/ !m1 n z f9alities4 ,to p]ceive ?is fact is to aboli% rigid dogmas f ! _w4 ,x is to recognize t conceptions1 !ories & sy/ems ( ?\ght are always op5 to developm5t ?r\gh use4 ,x is to en=ce ! lesson t we mu/ be on ! look\t q z mu* = indications to alt] !m z = opportunities to ass]t !m4 ,!y are tools4 ,z 9 ! case ( all tools1 _! value resides n 9 !mselves b 9 _! capacity to "w %[n 9 ! consequ5ces ( _! use4 ,nev]!less1 inquiry is free only :5 ! int]e/ 9 kn[+ is s develop$ t ?9k+ c>ries ) x some?+ wor? :ile = itself1 some?+ hav+ its own e/hetic & moral int]e/4 ,j because kn[+ is n self-enclos$ & f9al b is in/rum5tal to recon/ruction ( situations1 !re is always dang] t x w be subord9at$ to ma9ta9+ "s preconceiv$ purpose or prejudice4 ,!n reflection ceases to be complete2 x falls %ort4 ,be+ precommitt$ to arriv+ at "s special result1 x is n s9c]e4 ,x is "o ?+ to say t all kn[+ has an end beyond itself1 & ano!r ?+1 a ?+ ( a contr>y k9d1 to say t an act ( kn[+ has a p>ticul> end :i* x is b\nd1 9 advance1 to rea*4 ,mu* less is x true t ! in/rum5tal nature ( ?9k+ means t x exi/s = ! sake ( atta9+ "s private1 "o-sid$ advantage ^u :i* "o has set "o's he>t4 ,any limitation :atev] ( ! end means limitation 9 ! ?9k+ process itself4 ,x signifies t x does n atta9 its full gr[? & movem5t1 b is cramp$1 imp$$1 int]f]$ )4 ,! only situation 9 :i* kn[+ is fully /imulat$ is "o 9 :i* ! end is develop$ 9 ! process ( inquiry & te/+4 ,dis9t]e/$ & imp>tial inquiry is !n f> f mean+ t kn[+ is self-enclos$ & irresponsible4 ,x means t !re is no p>ticul> end set up 9 advance s z to %ut 9 ! activities ( obs]vation1 =m+ ( ideas1 & application4 ,inquiry is emancipat$4 ,x is enc\rag$ to att5d to e fact t is relevant to def9+ ! problem or ne$1 & to foll[ up e sugge/ion t promises a clue4 ,! b>ri]s to free inquiry are s _m & s solid t mank9d is to be congratulat$ t ! v act ( inve/igation is capable ( itself becom+ a delightful & absorb+ pursuit1 capable ( enli/+ on its side man's sport+ in/9cts4 ,j 9 ! degree 9 :i* ?\ght ceases to be held d[n to ends fix$ by social cu/om1 a social division ( labor gr[s up4 ,inve/igation has become a dom9ant life occupation = "s p]sons4 ,only sup]ficially1 h[ev]1 does ?is confirm ! idea t !ory & k are ends 9 !mselves4 ,!y are1 relatively speak+1 ends 9 !mselves = "s p]sons4 ,b ^! p]sons repres5t a social division ( labor2 & _! specialization c be tru/$ only :5 su* p]sons are 9 unob/ruct$ co-op]ation ) o!r social occupations1 s5sitive to o!rs' problems & transmitt+ results to !m = wid] application 9 action4 ,:5 ?is social relation%ip ( p]sons p>ticul>ly engag$ 9 c>ry+ on ! ent]prise ( kn[+ is =gott5 & ! class becomes isolat$1 inquiry loses /imulus & purpose4 ,x deg5]ates into /]ile specialization1 a k9d ( intellectual busy "w c>ri$ on by socially abs5t-m9d$ m54 ,details are heap$ up 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 & ab/ruse dialectical developm5ts ( sy/ems occur4 ,!n ! occupation is rationaliz$ "u ! l(ty "n ( devotion to tru? = its own sake4 ,b :5 ! pa? ( true sci5ce is retak5 ^! ?+s are bru%$ aside & =gott54 ,!y turn out to h be5 ! toy+s ( va9 & irresponsible m54 ,! only gu>antee ( imp>tial1 dis9t]e/$ inquiry is ! social s5sitiv5ess ( ! inquir] to ! ne$s & problems ( ^? ) :om he is associat$4 ,z ! in/rum5tal !ory is favorable to high e/eem = imp>tial & dis9t]e/$ inquiry1 s1 contr>y to ! impressions ( "s critics1 x sets mu* /ore ^u ! app>atus ( d$uction4 ,x is a /range notion t because "o says t ! cognitive value ( conceptions1 def9itions1 g5]alizations1 classifications & ! developm5t ( consecutive implications is n self-resid5t1 t !re=e "o makes light ( ! d$uctive function1 or d5ies its fruitfulness & necessity4 ,! in/rum5tal !ory only attempts to /ate ) "s scrupul\sness :]e ! value is f\nd & to prev5t its be+ s\ght 9 ! wrong place4 ,x says t kn[+ beg9s ) specific obs]vations t def9e ! problem & ends ) specific obs]vations t te/ a hypo!sis = its solution4 ,b t ! idea1 ! mean+1 :i* ! orig9al obs]vations sugge/ & ! f9al ones te/1 itself requires c>eful scrut9y & prolong$ developm5t1 ! !ory w\ld be ! la/ to d5y4 ,to say t a locomotive is an ag5cy1 t x is int]m$iate betwe5 a ne$ 9 exp]i5ce & its satisfaction1 is n to depreciate ! wor? ( c>eful & elaborate con/ruction ( ! locomotive1 or ! ne$ ( subsidi>y tools & processes t are devot$ to introduc+ improvem5ts into its /ructure4 ,"o w\ld r say t because ! locomotive is int]m$i>y 9 exp]i5ce1 n prim>y & n f9al1 x is impossible to devote too mu* c>e to its con/ructive developm5t4 ,su* a d$uctive sci5ce z ma!matics repres5ts ! p]fect+ ( me?od4 ,t a me?od to ^? conc]n$ ) x %\ld pres5t itself z an end on its own acc\nt is no m surpris+ ?an t !re %\ld be a di/9ct bus9ess = mak+ any tool4 ,r>ely are ^? :o inv5t & p]fect a tool ^? :o employ x4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical & ! intellectual in/rum5tality4 ,! developm5t ( ! latt] runs f> beyond any imm$iately visible use4 ,! arti/ic int]e/ 9 p]fect+ ! me?od by itself is /rong--z ! ut5sils ( civilization may !mselves become works ( f9e/ art4 ,b f ! practical /&po9t ?is diff]5ce %[s t ! advantage z an in/rum5tality is on ! side ( ! intellectual tool4 ,j because x is n =m$ ) a special application 9 m9d1 because x is a highly g5]aliz$ tool1 x is ! m flexible 9 adaptation to un=ese5 uses4 ,x c be employ$ 9 deal+ ) problems t 7 n anticipat$4 ,! m9d is prep>$ 9 advance = all sorts ( intellectual em]g5cies1 & :5 ! new problem occurs x does n h to wait till x c get a special in/rum5t ready4 ,m def9itely1 ab/raction is indisp5sable if "o exp]i5ce is to be applicable 9 o!r exp]i5ces4 ,e concrete exp]i5ce 9 its totality is unique2 x is itself1 non-r$uplicable4 ,tak5 9 its full concret5ess1 x yields no in/ruction1 x ?r[s no light4 ,:at is call$ ab/raction means t "s phase ( x is select$ = ! sake ( ! aid x gives 9 grasp+ some?+ else4 ,tak5 by itself1 x is a mangl$ fragm5t1 a poor sub/itute = ! liv+ :ole f :i* x is extract$4 ,b view$ teleologically or practically1 x repres5ts ! only way 9 :i* "o exp]i5ce c be made ( any value = ano!r--! only way 9 :i* some?+ enlight5+ c be secur$4 ,:at is call$ false or vici\s ab/ractionism signifies t ! function ( ! deta*$ fragm5t is =gott5 & neglect$1 s t x is e/eem$ b>ely 9 itself z some?+ ( a high] ord] ?an ! muddy & irregul> concrete f :i* x 0 wr5*$4 ,look$ at functionally1 n /ructurally & /atically1 ab/raction means t some?+ has be5 releas$ f "o exp]i5ce = transf] to ano!r4 ,ab/raction is lib]ation4 ,! m !oretical1 ! m ab/ract1 an ab/raction1 or ! f>!r away x is f any?+ exp]i5c$ 9 its concret5ess1 ! bett] fitt$ x is to deal ) any "o ( ! indef9ite v>iety ( ?+s t may lat] pres5t !mselves4 ,anci5t ma!matics & physics 7 mu* ne>] ! gross concrete exp]i5ce ?an are mod]n4 ,= t v reason !y 7 m impot5t 9 af=d+ any insight into & control ov] su* concretes z pres5t !mselves 9 new & unexpect$ =ms4 ,ab/raction & g5]alization h always be5 recogniz$ z close k94 ,x may be said t !y are ! negative & positive sides ( ! same function4 ,ab/raction sets free "s factor s t x may be us$4 ,g5]alization is ! use4 ,x c>ries ov] & ext5ds4 ,x is always 9 "s s5se a leap 9 ! d>k4 ,x is an adv5ture4 ,!re c be no assurance 9 advance t :at is extract$ f "o concrete c be fruitfully ext5d$ to ano!r individual case4 ,s9ce ^! o!r cases are individual & concrete !y mu/ be dissimil>4 ,! trait ( fly+ is deta*$ f ! concrete bird4 ,?is ab/raction is !n c>ri$ ov] to ! bat1 & x is expect$ 9 view ( ! application ( ! quality to h "s ( ! o!r traits ( ! bird4 ,?is trivial in/ance indicates ! ess5ce ( g5]alization1 & also illu/rates ! risk9ess ( ! proce$+4 ,x transf]s1 ext5ds1 applies1 a result ( "s =m] exp]i5ce to ! reception & int]pretation ( a new "o4 ,d$uctive processes def9e1 delimit1 purify & set 9 ord] ! conceptions ?r\gh :i* ?is enri*+ & directive op]ation is c>ri$ on1 b !y _c1 h[ev] p]fect1 gu>antee ! outcome4 ,! pragmatic value ( organization is s conspicu\sly en=c$ 9 contempor>y life t x h>dly seems necess>y to dwell ^u ! in/rum5tal significance ( classification & sy/ematization4 ,:5 ! exi/5ce ( qualitative & fix$ species 0 d5i$ to be ! supreme object ( k1 classification 0 (t5 reg>d$1 especially by ! empirical s*ool1 z m]ely a l+ui/ic device4 ,x 0 conv5i5t = memory & communication to h words t sum up a numb] ( p>ticul>s4 ,classes 7 suppos$ to exi/ only 9 spee*4 ,lat]1 ideas 7 recogniz$ z a k9d ( t]tium quid betwe5 ?+s & words4 ,classes 7 all[$ to exi/ 9 ! m9d z purely m5tal ?+s4 ,! critical disposition ( empiricism is well exemplifi$ "h4 ,to assign any objectivity to classes 0 to enc\rage a belief 9 et]nal species & occult ess5ces & to /r5g!n ! arms ( a decad5t & obnoxi\s sci5ce--a po9t ( view well illu/rat$ 9 ,locke4 ,g5]al ideas are useful 9 economiz+ ef=t1 enabl+ u to cond5se p>ticul> exp]i5ces into simpl] & m easily c>ri$ bun*es & mak+ x easi] to id5tify new obs]vations4 ,s f> nom9alism & conceptualism--! !ory t k9ds exi/ only 9 words or 9 ideas--0 on ! "r track4 ,x emphasiz$ ! teleological "* ( sy/ems & classifications1 t !y exi/ = ! sake ( economy & effici5cy 9 rea*+ ends4 ,b ?is tru? 0 p]v]t$ into a false notion1 because ! active & do+ side ( exp]i5ce 0 d5i$ or ignor$4 ,concrete ?+s h ways ( act+1 z _m ways ( act+ z !y h po9ts ( int]action ) o!r ?+s4 ,"o ?+ is call\s1 unresponsive1 in]t 9 ! pres5ce ( "s o!r ?+s2 x is al]t1 eag]1 & on ! aggressive ) respect to o!r ?+s2 9 a ?ird case1 x is receptive1 docile4 ,n[ diff]5t ways ( behav+1 9 spite ( _! endless div]sity1 may be class$ toge!r 9 view ( common relation%ip to an end4 ,no s5sible p]son tries to d ev]y?+4 ,he has c]ta9 ma9 int]e/s & lead+ aims by :i* he makes 8 behavior coh]5t & effective4 ,to h an aim is to limit1 select1 conc5trate1 gr\p4 ,?us a basis is furni%$ = select+ & organiz+ ?+s accord+ z _! ways ( act+ are relat$ to c>ry+ =w>d pursuit4 ,*]ry trees w be diff]5tly gr\p$ by woodwork]s1 or*>di/s1 arti/s1 sci5ti/s & m]ry-mak]s4 ,to ! execution ( diff]5t purposes diff]5t ways ( act+ & react+ on ! "p ( trees are important4 ,ea* classification may be equally s\nd :5 ! diff]5ce ( ends is borne 9 m9d4 ,nev]!less !re is a g5u9e objective /&>d = ! goodness ( special classifications4 ,"o w fur!r ! cab9etmak] 9 rea*+ 8 end :ile ano!r w hamp] him4 ,"o classification w assi/ ! botani/ 9 c>ry+ on fruitfully 8 "w ( inquiry1 & ano!r w ret>d & confuse him4 ,! teleological !ory ( classification does n !re=e commit u to ! notion t classes are purely v]bal or purely m5tal4 ,organization is no m m]ely nom9al or m5tal 9 any art1 includ+ ! art ( inquiry1 ?an x is 9 a dep>tm5t /ore or railway sy/em4 ,! necessity ( execution supplies objective crit]ia4 ,?+s h to be sort$ out & arrang$ s t _! gr\p+ w promote successful action = ends4 ,conv5i5ce1 economy & effici5cy are ! bases ( classification1 b ^! ?+s are n re/rict$ to v]bal communication ) o!rs nor to inn] consci\sness2 !y conc]n objective action4 ,!y mu/ take effect 9 ! _w4 ,at ! same "t1 a classification is n a b>e transcript or duplicate ( "s f9i%$ & done-= arrangem5t pre-exi/+ 9 nature4 ,x is r a rep]tory ( weapons = attack ^u ! future & ! unkn[n4 ,= success1 ! details ( pa/ k mu/ be r$uc$ f b>e facts to mean+s1 ! few]1 simpl] & m ext5sive ! bett]4 ,!y mu/ be broad en\gh 9 scope to prep>e inquiry to cope ) any ph5om5on h[ev] unexpect$4 ,!y mu/ be arrang$ s z n to ov]lap1 = o!rwise :5 !y are appli$ to new ev5ts !y int]f]e & produce confusion4 ,9 ord] t !re may be ease & economy ( movem5t 9 deal+ ) ! enorm\s div]sity ( occurr5ces t pres5t !mselves1 we mu/ be able to move promptly & def9itely f "o tool ( attack to ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 our v>i\s classes & k9ds mu/ be !mselves classifi$ 9 grad$ s]ies f ! l>g] to ! m specific4 ,!re mu/ n only be /reets1 b ! /reets mu/ be laid out ) ref]5ce to facilitat+ passage f any "o to any o!r4 ,classification trans=ms a wild]ness ( by-ways 9 exp]i5ce into a well-ord]$ sy/em ( roads1 promot+ transportation & communication 9 inquiry4 ,z soon z m5 beg9 to take =esight = ! future & to prep>e !mselves 9 advance to meet x effectively & prosp]\sly1 ! d$uctive op]ations & _! results ga9 9 importance4 ,9 e practical ent]prise !re are goods to be produc$1 & :atev] elim9ates wa/$ mat]ial & promotes economy & effici5cy ( production is preci\s4 ,little "t is left to speak ( ! acc\nt ( ! nature ( tru? giv5 by ! exp]im5tal & functional type ( logic4 ,?is is less to be regrett$ because ?is acc\nt is completely a coroll>y f ! nature ( ?9k+ & ideas4 ,if ! view held z to ! latt] is und]/ood1 ! conception ( tru? foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,if x be n und]/ood1 any attempt to pres5t ! !ory ( tru? is b\nd to be confus+1 & ! !ory itself to seem arbitr>y & absurd4 ,if ideas1 mean+s1 conceptions1 notions1 !ories1 sy/ems are in/rum5tal to an active reorganization ( ! giv5 environm5t1 to a removal ( "s specific tr\ble & p]plexity1 !n ! te/ ( _! validity & value lies 9 accompli%+ ?is "w4 ,if !y succe$ 9 _! (fice1 !y are reliable1 s\nd1 valid1 good1 true4 ,if !y fail to cle> up confusion1 to elim9ate defects1 if !y increase confusion1 unc]ta9ty & evil :5 !y are act$ ^u1 !n are !y false4 ,confirmation1 corroboration1 v]ification lie 9 works1 consequ5ces4 ,h&some is t h&some does4 ,by _! fruits %all ye "k !m4 ,t :i* guides u truly is true--demon/rat$ capacity = su* guidance is precisely :at is meant by tru?4 ,! adv]b truly is m fundam5tal ?an ei!r ! adjective1 true1 or ! n\n1 tru?4 ,an adv]b expresses a way1 a mode ( act+4 ,n[ an idea or conception is a claim or injunction or plan to act 9 a c]ta9 way z ! way to arrive at ! cle>+ up ( a specific situation4 ,:5 ! claim or pret5sion or plan is act$ ^u x guides u truly or falsely2 x leads u to our end or away f x4 ,its active1 dynamic function is ! all-important ?+ ab\t x1 & 9 ! quality ( activity induc$ by x lies all its tru? & falsity4 ,! hypo!sis t works is ! true "o2 & tru? is an ab/ract n\n appli$ to ! collection ( cases1 actual1 =ese5 & desir$1 t receive confirmation 9 _! works & consequ5ces4 ,s :olly does ! wor? ( ?is conception ( tru? dep5d ^u ! correctness ( ! prior acc\nt ( ?9k+ t x is m pr(itable to consid] :y ! conception gives (f5ce ?an to exp\nd x on its own acc\nt4 ,"p ( ! reason :y x has be5 f\nd s obnoxi\s is d\btless its novelty & defects 9 its /atem5t4 ,too (t51 = example1 :5 tru? has be5 ?\ght ( z satisfaction1 x has be5 ?\ght ( z m]ely emotional satisfaction1 a private com=t1 a meet+ ( purely p]sonal ne$4 ,b ! satisfaction 9 "q means a satisfaction ( ! ne$s & conditions ( ! problem out ( :i* ! idea1 ! purpose & me?od ( action1 arises4 ,x includes public & objective conditions4 ,x is n to be manipulat$ by :im or p]sonal idiosyncrasy4 ,aga9 :5 tru? is def9$ z utility1 x is (t5 ?\ght to mean utility = "s purely p]sonal end1 "s pr(it ^u :i* a p>ticul> individual has set 8 he>t4 ,s repulsive is a conception ( tru? :i* makes x a m]e tool ( private ambition & aggr&izem5t1 t ! wond] is t critics h attribut$ su* a notion to sane m54 ,z matt] ( fact1 tru? z utility means s]vice 9 mak+ j t contribution to reorganization 9 exp]i5ce t ! idea or !ory claims to be able to make4 ,! usefulness ( a road is n measur$ by ! degree 9 :i* x l5ds itself to ! purposes ( a highwayman4 ,x is measur$ by :e!r x actually functions z a road1 z a means ( easy & effective public transportation & communication4 ,& s ) ! s]viceabl5ess ( an idea or hypo!sis z a measure ( its tru?4 ,turn+ f su* r sup]ficial misund]/&+s1 we f9d1 ,i ?9k1 ! *ief ob/acle to ! reception ( ?is notion ( tru? 9 an inh]itance f ! classic tradition t has become s deeply engra9$ 9 m5's m9ds4 ,9 j ! degree 9 :i* exi/5ce is divid$ into two realms1 a high] "o ( p]fect be+ & a l[] "o ( seem+1 ph5om5al1 defici5t reality1 tru? & falsity are ?\ght ( z fix$1 ready-made /atic prop]ties ( ?+s !mselves4 ,supreme ,reality is true ,be+1 inf]ior & imp]fect ,reality is false ,be+4 ,x makes claims to ,reality :i* x _c sub/antiate4 ,x is deceitful1 fraudul5t1 inh]5tly unwor?y ( tru/ & belief4 ,beliefs are false n because !y mislead u2 !y are n mi/ak5 ways ( ?9k+4 ,!y are false because !y admit & adh]e to false exi/5ces or subsi/5ces4 ,o!r notions are true because !y d h to d ) true ,be+--) full & ultimate ,reality4 ,su* a notion lies at ! back ( ! head ( e "o :o has1 9 h[ev] an indirect way1 be5 a recipi5t ( ! anci5t & m$ieval tradition4 ,?is view is radically *all5g$ by ! pragmatic conception ( tru?1 & ! impossibility ( reconciliation or compromise is1 ,i ?9k1 ! cause ( ! %ock occasion$ by ! new] !ory4 ,?is contra/1 h[ev]1 con/itutes ! importance ( ! new !ory z well z ! unconsci\s ob/ruction to its acceptance4 ,! old] conception work$ out practically to id5tify tru? ) au?oritative dogma4 ,a society t *iefly e/eems ord]1 t f9ds gr[? pa9ful & *ange di/urb+1 inevitably seeks = a fix$ body ( sup]ior tru?s ^u :i* x may dep5d4 ,x looks backw>d1 to some?+ already 9 exi/5ce1 = ! s\rce & sanction ( tru?4 ,x falls back ^u :at is antec$5t1 prior1 orig9al1 a priori1 = assurance4 ,! ?\ght ( look+ ahead1 t[>d ! ev5tual1 t[>d consequ5ces1 creates uneas9ess & fe>4 ,x di/urbs ! s5se ( re/ t is atta*$ to ! ideas ( fix$ ,tru? already 9 exi/5ce4 ,x puts a heavy burd5 ( responsibility ^u u = se>*1 unremitt+ obs]vation1 scrupul\s developm5t ( hypo!ses & ?or\ghgo+ te/+4 ,9 physical matt]s m5 h sl[ly gr[n accu/om$ 9 all specific beliefs to id5tify+ ! true ) ! v]ifi$4 ,b !y /ill hesitate to recognize ! implication ( ?is id5tification & to d]ive ! def9ition ( tru? f x4 ,= :ile x is nom9ally agre$ ^u z a commonplace t def9itions ought to spr+ f concrete & specific cases r ?an be inv5t$ 9 ! empty air & impos$ ^u p>ticul>s1 !re is a /range unwill+ness to act ^u ! maxim 9 def9+ tru?4 ,to g5]alize ! recognition t ! true means ! v]ifi$ & means no?+ else places ^u m5 ! responsibility = surr5d]+ political & moral dogmas1 & subject+ to ! te/ ( consequ5ces _! mo/ *]i%$ prejudices4 ,su* a *ange involves a great *ange 9 ! seat ( au?ority & ! me?ods ( decision 9 society4 ,"s ( !m1 z fir/ fruits ( ! new] logic1 w be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ lectures4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,recon/ruction ,,9 ,,moral ,,conceptions ,! impact ( ! alt]ation 9 me?ods ( sci5tific ?9k+ ^u moral ideas is1 9 g5]al1 obvi\s4 ,goods1 ends are multipli$4 ,rules are s(t5$ into pr9ciples1 & pr9ciples are modifi$ into me?ods ( und]/&+4 ,e?ical !ory began among ! ,greeks z an attempt to f9d a regulation = ! conduct ( life :i* %\ld h a rational basis & purpose in/ead ( be+ d]iv$ f cu/om4 ,b reason z a sub/itute = cu/om 0 "u ! obligation ( supply+ objects & laws z fix$ z ^? ( cu/om _h be54 ,e?ical !ory ev] s9ce has be5 s+ul>ly hypnotiz$ by ! notion t its bus9ess is to discov] "s f9al end or good or "s ultimate & supreme law4 ,?is is ! common elem5t among ! div]sity ( !ories4 ,"s h held t ! end is loyalty or ob$i5ce to a high] p[] or au?ority2 & !y h v>i\sly f\nd ?is high] pr9ciple 9 ,div9e ,w1 ! w ( ! secul> rul]1 ! ma9t5ance ( in/itutions 9 :i* ! purpose ( sup]iors is embodi$1 & ! rational consci\sness ( duty4 ,b !y h diff]$ f "o ano!r because !re 0 "o po9t 9 :i* !y 7 agre$3 a s+le & f9al s\rce ( law4 ,o!rs h ass]t$ t x is impossible to locate morality 9 con=mity to law-giv+ p[]1 & t x mu/ be s\ght 9 ends t are goods4 ,& "s h s\ght ! good 9 self-realization1 "s 9 hol9ess1 "s 9 happ9ess1 "s 9 ! greate/ possible aggregate ( pleasures4 ,& yet ^! s*ools h agre$ 9 ! assumption t !re is a s+le1 fix$ & f9al good4 ,!y h be5 able to dispute ) "o ano!r only because ( _! common premise4 ,! "q arises :e!r ! way out ( ! confusion & conflict is n to g to ! root ( ! matt] by que/ion+ ?is common elem5t4 ,is n ! belief 9 ! s+le1 f9al & ultimate 7:e!r conceiv$ z good or z au?oritative law7 an intellectual product ( t feudal organization :i* is disappe>+ hi/orically & ( t belief 9 a b\nd$1 ord]$ cosmos1 :]e9 re/ is high] ?an motion1 :i* has disappe>$ f natural sci5ce8 ,x has be5 repeat$ly sugge/$ t ! pres5t limit ( intellectual recon/ruction lies 9 ! fact t x has n z yet be5 s]i\sly appli$ 9 ! moral & social discipl9es4 ,w\ld n ?is fur!r application dem& precisely t we advance to a belief 9 a plurality ( *ang+1 mov+1 individualiz$ goods & ends1 & to a belief t pr9ciples1 crit]ia1 laws are intellectual in/rum5ts = analyz+ individual or unique situations8 ,! blunt ass]tion t e moral situation is a unique situation hav+ its own irreplaceable good may seem n m]ely blunt b prepo/]\s4 ,= ! e/abli%$ tradition tea*es t x is precisely ! irregul>ity ( special cases :i* makes necess>y ! guidance ( conduct by univ]sals1 & t ! ess5ce ( ! virtu\s disposition is will+ness to subord9ate e p>ticul> case to adjudication by a fix$ pr9ciple4 ,x w\ld !n foll[ t submission ( a g5]ic end & law to det]m9ation by ! concrete situation entails complete confusion & unre/ra9$ lic5ti\sness4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 foll[ ! pragmatic rule1 & 9 ord] to discov] ! mean+ ( ! idea ask = its consequ5ces4 ,!n x surpris+ly turns out t ! prim>y significance ( ! unique & morally ultimate "* ( ! concrete situation is to transf] ! weight & burd5 ( morality to intellig5ce4 ,x does n de/roy responsibility2 x only locates x4 ,a moral situation is "o 9 :i* judgm5t & *oice are requir$ antec$5tly to ov]t action4 ,! practical mean+ ( ! situation--t is to say ! action ne$$ to satisfy x--is n self-evid5t4 ,x has to be se>*$ =4 ,!re are conflict+ desires & alt]native app>5t goods4 ,:at is ne$$ is to f9d ! "r c\rse ( action1 ! "r good4 ,h5ce1 inquiry is exact$3 obs]vation ( ! detail$ makeup ( ! situation2 analysis into its div]se factors2 cl>ification ( :at is obscure2 disc\nt+ ( ! m insi/5t & vivid traits2 trac+ ! consequ5ces ( ! v>i\s modes ( action t sugge/ !mselves2 reg>d+ ! decision rea*$ z hypo!tical & t5tative until ! anticipat$ or suppos$ consequ5ces :i* l$ to its adoption h be5 squ>$ ) actual consequ5ces4 ,?is inquiry is intellig5ce4 ,our moral failures g back to "s weakness ( disposition1 "s abs5ce ( sympa?y1 "s "o-sid$ bias t makes u p]=m ! judgm5t ( ! concrete case c>elessly or p]v]sely4 ,wide sympa?y1 ke5 s5sitiv5ess1 p]si/5ce 9 ! face ( ! disagreeable1 balance ( int]e/s enabl+ u to und]take ! "w ( analysis & decision intellig5tly are ! di/9ctively moral traits--! virtues or moral excell5cies4 ,x is wor? not+ once m t ! und]ly+ issue is1 aft] all1 only ! same z t :i* has be5 already ?re%$ out 9 physical inquiry4 ,!re too x long seem$ z if rational assurance & demon/ration c\ld be atta9$ only if we began ) univ]sal conceptions & subsum$ p>ticul> cases "u !m4 ,! m5 :o initiat$ ! me?ods ( inquiry t are n[ ev]y:]e adopt$ 7 d5\nc$ 9 _! day 7& s9c]ely7 z subv]t]s ( tru? & foes ( sci5ce4 ,if !y h won 9 ! end1 x is because1 z has already be5 po9t$ out1 ! me?od ( univ]sals confirm$ prejudices & sanction$ ideas t _h ga9$ curr5cy irrespective ( evid5ce = !m2 :ile plac+ ! initial & f9al weight ^u ! individual case1 /imulat$ pa9/ak+ inquiry into facts & exam9ation ( pr9ciples4 ,9 ! end1 loss ( et]nal tru?s 0 m ?an comp5sat$ = 9 ! accession ( quotidian facts4 ,! loss ( ! sy/em ( sup]ior & fix$ def9itions & k9ds 0 m ?an made up = by ! gr[+ sy/em ( hypo!ses & laws us$ 9 classify+ facts4 ,aft] all1 !n1 we are only plead+ = ! adoption 9 moral reflection ( ! logic t has be5 prov$ to make = security1 /r+5cy & f]tility 9 pass+ judgm5ts ^u physical ph5om5a4 ,& ! reason is ! same4 ,! old me?od 9 spite ( its nom9al & e/hetic wor%ip ( reason disc\rag$ reason1 because x h9d]$ ! op]ation ( scrupul\s & unremitt+ inquiry4 ,m def9itely1 ! transf] ( ! burd5 ( ! moral life f foll[+ rules or pursu+ fix$ ends ov] to ! detection ( ! ills t ne$ rem$y 9 a special case & ! =mation ( plans & me?ods = deal+ ) !m1 elim9ates ! causes :i* h kept moral !ory controv]sial1 & :i* h also kept x remote f helpful contact ) ! exig5cies ( practice4 ,! !ory ( fix$ ends inevitably leads ?\ght into ! bog ( disputes t _c be settl$4 ,if !re is "o summum bonum1 "o supreme end1 :at is x8 ,to consid] ?is problem is to place ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( controv]sies t are z acute n[ z !y 7 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,suppose we take a seem+ly m empirical view1 & say t :ile !re is n a s+le end1 !re also are n z _m z !re are specific situations t require amelioration2 b !re are a numb] ( su* natural goods z heal?1 weal?1 honor or good "n1 fri5d%ip1 e/hetic appreciation1 le>n+ & su* moral goods z ju/ice1 temp]ance1 b5evol5ce1 etc4 ,:at or :o is to decide ! "r ( way :5 ^! ends conflict ) "o ano!r1 z !y are sure to d8 ,%all we resort to ! me?od t once br\ght su* disrepute ^u ! :ole bus9ess ( e?ics3 ,casui/ry8 ,or %all we h rec\rse to :at ,b5?am well call$ ! ipse dixit me?od3 ! arbitr>y pref]5ce ( ?is or t p]son = ?is or t end8 ,or %all we be =c$ to arrange !m all 9 an ord] ( degrees f ! highe/ good d[n to ! lea/ preci\s8 ,aga9 we f9d ourselves 9 ! middle ( unreconcil$ disputes ) no indication ( ! way out4 ,meantime1 ! special moral p]plexities :]e ! aid ( intellig5ce is requir$ g un5light5$4 ,we _c seek or atta9 heal?1 weal?1 le>n+1 ju/ice or k9dness 9 g5]al4 ,action is always specific1 concrete1 individualiz$1 unique4 ,& consequ5tly judgm5ts z to acts to be p]=m$ mu/ be simil>ly specific4 ,to say t a man seeks heal? or ju/ice is only to say t he seeks to live heal?ily or ju/ly4 ,^! ?+s1 l tru?1 are adv]bial4 ,!y are modifi]s ( action 9 special cases4 ,h[ to live heal?ily or ju/ly is a matt] :i* diff]s ) e p]son4 ,x v>ies ) 8 pa/ exp]i5ce1 8 opportunities1 8 temp]am5tal & acquir$ weaknesses & abilities4 ,n man 9 g5]al b a p>ticul> man suff]+ f "s p>ticul> disability aims to live heal?ily1 & consequ5tly heal? _c mean = him exactly :at x means = any o!r mortal4 ,heal?y liv+ is n some?+ to be atta9$ by itself ap>t f o!r ways ( liv+4 ,a man ne$s to be heal?y 9 8 life1 n ap>t f x1 & :at does life mean except ! aggregate ( 8 pursuits & activities8 ,a man :o aims at heal? z a di/9ct end becomes a valetud9>ian1 or a fanatic1 or a me*anical p]=m] ( ex]cises1 or an a?lete s "o-sid$ t 8 pursuit ( bodily developm5t injures 8 he>t4 ,:5 ! endeavor to realize a s-call$ end does n temp] & color all o!r activities1 life is portion$ out into /rips & fractions4 ,c]ta9 acts & times are devot$ to gett+ heal?1 o!rs to cultivat+ religion1 o!rs to seek+ le>n+1 to be+ a good citiz51 a devotee ( f9e art & s on4 ,?is is ! only logical alt]native to subord9at+ all aims to ! accompli%m5t ( "o alone--fanaticism4 ,?is is out ( fa%ion at pres5t1 b :o c say h[ mu* ( di/raction & dissipation 9 life1 & h[ mu* ( its h>d & n>r[ rigidity is ! outcome ( m5's failure to realize t ea* situation has its own unique end & t ! :ole p]sonality %\ld be conc]n$ ) x8 ,surely1 once m1 :at a man ne$s is to live heal?ily1 & ?is result s affects all ! activities ( 8 life t x _c be set up z a sep>ate & indep5d5t good4 ,nev]!less ! g5]al notions ( heal?1 disease1 ju/ice1 arti/ic culture are ( great importance3 ,n1 h[ev]1 because ?is or t case may be br\ght exhau/ively "u a s+le head & its specific traits %ut out1 b because g5]aliz$ sci5ce provides a man z physician & arti/ & citiz51 ) que/ions to ask1 inve/igations to make1 & enables him to und]/& ! mean+ ( :at he sees4 ,j 9 ! degree 9 :i* a physician is an arti/ 9 8 "w he uses 8 sci5ce1 no matt] h[ ext5sive & accurate1 to furni% him ) tools ( inquiry into ! individual case1 & ) me?ods ( =eca/+ a me?od ( deal+ ) x4 ,j 9 ! degree 9 :i*1 no matt] h[ great 8 le>n+1 he subord9ates ! individual case to "s classification ( diseases & "s g5]ic rule ( treatm5t1 he s9ks to ! level ( ! r\t9e me*anic4 ,8 intellig5ce & 8 action become rigid1 dogmatic1 in/ead ( free & flexible4 ,moral goods & ends exi/ only :5 some?+ has to be done4 ,! fact t some?+ has to be done proves t !re are defici5cies1 evils 9 ! exi/5t situation4 ,?is ill is j ! specific ill t x is4 ,x nev] is an exact duplicate ( any?+ else4 ,consequ5tly ! good ( ! situation has to be discov]$1 project$ & atta9$ on ! basis ( ! exact defect & tr\ble to be rectifi$4 ,x _c intellig5tly be inject$ into ! situation f )\t4 ,yet x is ! "p ( wisdom to comp>e diff]5t cases1 to ga!r toge!r ! ills f :i* humanity suff]s1 & to g5]alize ! correspond+ goods into classes4 ,heal?1 weal?1 indu/ry1 temp]ance1 amiability1 c\rtesy1 le>n+1 e/hetic capacity1 initiative1 c\rage1 pati5ce1 ent]prise1 ?or\ghness & a multitude ( o!r g5]aliz$ ends are ackn[l$g$ z goods4 ,b ! value ( ?is sy/ematization is intellectual or analytic4 ,classifications sugge/ possible traits to be on ! look\t = 9 /udy+ a p>ticul> case2 !y sugge/ me?ods ( action to be tri$ 9 remov+ ! inf]r$ causes ( ill4 ,!y are tools ( insight2 _! value is 9 promot+ an individualiz$ response 9 ! individual situation4 ,morals is n a catalogue ( acts nor a set ( rules to be appli$ l drug/ore prescriptions or cook-book recipes4 ,! ne$ 9 morals is = specific me?ods ( inquiry & ( contrivance3 ,me?ods ( inquiry to locate difficulties & evils2 me?ods ( contrivance to =m plans to be us$ z work+ hypo!ses 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,& ! pragmatic import ( ! logic ( individualiz$ situations1 ea* hav+ its own irreplaceable good & pr9ciple1 is to transf] ! att5tion ( !ory f preoccupation ) g5]al conceptions to ! problem ( develop+ effective me?ods ( inquiry4 ,two e?ical consequ5ces ( great mom5t %\ld be rem>k$4 ,! belief 9 fix$ values has br$ a division ( ends into intr9sic & in/rum5tal1 ( ^? t are really wor? :ile 9 !mselves & ^? t are ( importance only z means to intr9sic goods4 ,inde$1 x is (t5 ?\ght to be ! v beg9n+ ( wisdom1 ( moral discrim9ation1 to make ?is di/9ction4 ,dialectically1 ! di/9ction is int]e/+ & seems h>mless4 ,b c>ri$ into practice x has an import t is tragic4 ,hi/orically1 x has be5 ! s\rce & ju/ification ( a h>d & fa/ diff]5ce betwe5 ideal goods on "o side & mat]ial goods on ! o!r4 ,at pres5t ^? :o w\ld be lib]al conceive intr9sic goods z e/hetic 9 nature r ?an z exclusively religi\s or z intellectually contemplative4 ,b ! effect is ! same4 ,s-call$ intr9sic goods1 :e!r religi\s or e/hetic1 are divorc$ f ^? int]e/s ( daily life :i* because ( _! con/ancy & urg5cy =m ! preoccupation ( ! great mass4 ,ari/otle us$ ?is di/9ction to decl>e t slaves & ! work+ class ?\gh !y are necess>y = ! /ate--! commonweal--are n con/itu5ts ( x4 ,t :i* is reg>d$ z m]ely in/rum5tal mu/ approa* drudg]y2 x _c comm& ei!r intellectual1 arti/ic or moral att5tion & respect4 ,any?+ becomes unwor?y :5ev] x is ?\ght ( z intr9sically lack+ wor?4 ,s m5 ( ideal int]e/s h *os5 = ! mo/ "p ! way ( neglect & escape4 ,! urg5cy & pressure ( l[] ends h be5 cov]$ up by polite conv5tions4 ,or1 !y h be5 relegat$ to a bas] class ( mortals 9 ord] t ! few might be free to att5d to ! goods t are really or intr9sically wor? :ile4 ,?is )drawal1 9 ! "n ( high] ends1 has left1 = mank9d at l>ge & especially = en]getic practical p ! l[] activities 9 complete comm&4 ,no "o c possibly e/imate h[ mu* ( ! obnoxi\s mat]ialism & brutality ( our economic life is due to ! fact t economic ends h be5 reg>d$ z m]ely in/rum5tal4 ,:5 !y are recogniz$ to be z intr9sic & f9al 9 _! place z any o!rs1 !n x w be se5 t !y are capable ( idealization1 & t if life is to be wor? :ile1 !y mu/ acquire ideal & intr9sic value4 ,e/hetic1 religi\s & o!r ideal ends are n[ ?9 & meagre or else idle & luxuri\s because ( ! sep>ation f in/rum5tal or economic ends4 ,only 9 connection ) ! latt] c !y be wov5 into ! texture ( daily life & made sub/antial & p]vasive4 ,! vanity & irresponsibility ( values t are m]ely f9al & n also 9 turn means to ! enri*m5t ( o!r occupations ( life ought to be obvi\s4 ,b n[ ! doctr9e ( high] ends gives aid1 com=t & support to e socially isolat$ & socially irresponsible s*ol>1 speciali/1 e/hete & religioni/4 ,x protects ! vanity & irresponsibility ( 8 call+ f obs]vation by o!rs & by himself4 ,! moral defici5cy ( ! call+ is trans=m$ into a cause ( admiration & gratulation4 ,! o!r g5]ic *ange lies 9 do+ away once = all ) ! traditional di/9ction betwe5 moral goods1 l ! virtues1 & natural goods l heal?1 economic security1 art1 sci5ce & ! l4 ,! po9t ( view "u discussion is n ! only "o :i* has deplor$ ?is rigid di/9ction & endeavor$ to aboli% x4 ,"s s*ools h ev5 gone s f> z to reg>d moral excell5cies1 qualities ( "* z ( value only because !y promote natural goods4 ,b ! exp]im5tal logic :5 c>ri$ into morals makes e quality t is judg$ to be good accord+ z x contributes to amelioration ( exi/+ ills4 ,& 9 s do+1 x en=ces ! moral mean+ ( natural sci5ce4 ,:5 all is said & done 9 criticism ( pres5t social defici5cies1 "o may well wond] :e!r ! root difficulty does n lie 9 ! sep>ation ( natural & moral sci5ce4 ,:5 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 m$ic9e1 contribute to ! detection ( concrete human woes & to ! developm5t ( plans = rem$y+ !m & reliev+ ! human e/ate1 !y become moral2 !y become "p ( ! app>atus ( moral inquiry or sci5ce4 ,! latt] !n loses its peculi> flavor ( ! didactic & p$antic2 its ultra-morali/ic & hortatory tone4 ,x loses its ?9ness & %rillness z well z its vagu5ess4 ,x ga9s ag5cies t are efficaci\s4 ,b ! ga9 is n conf9$ to ! side ( moral sci5ce4 ,natural sci5ce loses its divorce f humanity2 x becomes itself humani/ic 9 quality4 ,x is some?+ to be pursu$ n 9 a te*nical & specializ$ way = :at is call$ tru? = its own sake1 b ) ! s5se ( its social be>+1 its intellectual indisp5sabl5ess4 ,x is te*nical only 9 ! s5se t x provides ! te*nique ( social & moral eng9e]+4 ,:5 ! consci\sness ( sci5ce is fully impregnat$ ) ! consci\sness ( human value1 ! greate/ dualism :i* n[ weighs humanity d[n1 ! split betwe5 ! mat]ial1 ! me*anical1 ! sci5tific & ! moral & ideal w be de/roy$4 ,human =ces t n[ wav] because ( ?is division w be unifi$ & re9=c$4 ,z long z ends are n ?\ght ( z individualiz$ accord+ to specific ne$s & opportunities1 ! m9d w be cont5t ) ab/ractions1 & ! adequate /imulus to ! moral or social use ( natural sci5ce & hi/orical data w be lack+4 ,b :5 att5tion is conc5trat$ ^u ! div]sifi$ concretes1 rec\rse to all intellectual mat]ials ne$$ to cle> up ! special cases w be imp]ative4 ,at ! same "t t morals are made to focus 9 intellig5ce1 ?+s intellectual are moraliz$4 ,! vexati\s & wa/eful conflict betwe5 naturalism & humanism is t]m9at$4 ,^! g5]al consid]ations may be amplifi$4 ,fir/3 ,inquiry1 discov]y take ! same place 9 morals t !y h come to occupy 9 sci5ces ( nature4 ,validation1 demon/ration become exp]im5tal1 a matt] ( consequ5ces4 ,reason1 always an honorific t]m 9 e?ics1 becomes actualiz$ 9 ! me?ods by :i* ! ne$s & conditions1 ! ob/acles & res\rces1 ( situations are scrut9iz$ 9 detail1 & intellig5t plans ( improvem5t are work$ out4 ,remote & ab/ract g5]alities promote jump+ at conclusions1 anticipations ( nature4 ,bad consequ5ces are !n deplor$ z due to natural p]v]sity & unt[>d fate4 ,b %ift+ ! issue to analysis ( a specific situation makes inquiry obligatory & al]t obs]vation ( consequ5ces imp]ative4 ,no pa/ decision nor old pr9ciple c ev] be :olly reli$ ^u to ju/ify a c\rse ( action4 ,no am\nt ( pa9s tak5 9 =m+ a purpose 9 a def9ite case is f9al2 ! consequ5ces ( its adoption mu/ be c>efully not$1 & a purpose held only z a work+ hypo!sis until results confirm its rightness4 ,mi/akes are no long] ei!r m]e unavoidable accid5ts to be m\rn$ or moral s9s to be expiat$ & =giv54 ,!y are lessons 9 wrong me?ods ( us+ intellig5ce & in/ructions z to a bett] c\rse 9 ! future4 ,!y are indications ( ! ne$ ( revision1 developm5t1 readju/m5t4 ,ends gr[1 /&>ds ( judgm5t are improv$4 ,man is "u j z mu* obligation to develop 8 mo/ advanc$ /&>ds & ideals z to use consci5ti\sly ^? :i* he already possesses4 ,moral life is protect$ f fall+ into =malism & rigid repetition4 ,x is r5d]$ flexible1 vital1 gr[+4 ,9 ! second place1 e case :]e moral action is requir$ becomes ( equal moral importance & urg5cy ) e o!r4 ,if ! ne$ & defici5cies ( a specific situation indicate improvem5t ( heal? z ! end & good1 !n = t situation heal? is ! ultimate & supreme good4 ,x is no means to some?+ else4 ,x is a f9al & intr9sic value4 ,! same ?+ is true ( improvem5t ( economic /atus1 ( mak+ a liv+1 ( att5d+ to bus9ess & family dem&s--all ( ! ?+s :i* "u ! sanction ( fix$ ends h be5 r5d]$ ( second>y & m]ely in/rum5tal value1 & s relatively base & unimportant4 ,any?+ t 9 a giv5 situation is an end & good at all is ( equal wor?1 rank & dignity ) e o!r good ( any o!r situation1 & des]ves ! same intellig5t att5tion4 ,we note ?irdly ! effect 9 de/roy+ ! roots ( ,ph>iseeism4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k+ ( ?is z delib]ate hypocrisy t we ov]look its intellectual premises4 ,! conception :i* looks = ! end ( action )9 ! circum/ances ( ! actual situation w n h ! same measure ( judgm5t = all cases4 ,:5 "o factor ( ! situation is a p]son ( tra9$ m9d & l>ge res\rces1 m w be expect$ ?an ) a p]son ( backw>d m9d & uncultur$ exp]i5ce4 ,! absurdity ( apply+ ! same /&>d ( moral judgm5t to savage peoples t is us$ ) civiliz$ w be app>5t4 ,no individual or gr\p w be judg$ by :e!r !y come up to or fall %ort ( "s fix$ result1 b by ! direction 9 :i* !y are mov+4 ,! bad man is ! man :o no matt] h[ good he has be5 is beg9n+ to det]iorate1 to gr[ less good4 ,! good man is ! man :o no matt] h[ morally unwor?y he has be5 is mov+ to become bett]4 ,su* a conception makes "o sev]e 9 judg+ himself & humane 9 judg+ o!rs4 ,x excludes t arrogance :i* always accompanies judgm5t bas$ on degree ( approximation to fix$ ends4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! process ( gr[?1 ( improvem5t & progress1 r ?an ! /atic outcome & result1 becomes ! significant ?+4 ,n heal? z an end fix$ once & = all1 b ! ne$$ improvem5t 9 heal?--a cont9ual process--is ! end & good4 ,! end is no long] a t]m9us or limit to be rea*$4 ,x is ! active process ( trans=m+ ! exi/5t situation4 ,n p]fection z a f9al goal1 b ! ev]-endur+ process ( p]fect+1 matur+1 ref9+ is ! aim 9 liv+4 ,hone/y1 indu/ry1 temp]ance1 ju/ice1 l heal?1 weal? & le>n+1 are n goods to be possess$ z !y w\ld be if !y express$ fix$ ends to be atta9$4 ,!y are directions ( *ange 9 ! quality ( exp]i5ce4 ,gr[? itself is ! only moral end4 ,al?\gh ! be>+ ( ?is idea ^u ! problem ( evil & ! controv]sy betwe5 optimism & pessimism is too va/ to be "h discuss$1 x may be wor? :ile to t\* ^u x sup]ficially4 ,! problem ( evil ceases to be a !ological & metaphysical "o1 & is p]ceiv$ to be ! practical problem ( r$uc+1 alleviat+1 z f> z may be remov+1 ! evils ( life4 ,philosophy is no long] "u obligation to f9d +5i\s me?ods = prov+ t evils are only app>5t1 n real1 or to elaborate s*emes = expla9+ !m away or1 worse yet1 = ju/ify+ !m4 ,x assumes ano!r obligation3--,t ( contribut+ 9 h[ev] humble a way to me?ods t w assi/ u 9 discov]+ ! causes ( humanity's ills4 ,pessimism is a p>alyz+ doctr9e4 ,9 decl>+ t ! _w is evil :olesale1 x makes futile all ef=ts to discov] ! rem$iable causes ( specific evils & !reby de/roys at ! root e attempt to make ! _w bett] & happi]4 ,:olesale optimism1 :i* has be5 ! consequ5ce ( ! attempt to expla9 evil away1 is1 h[ev]1 equally an incubus4 ,aft] all1 ! optimism t says t ! _w is already ! be/ possible ( all worlds might be reg>d$ z ! mo/ cynical ( pessimisms4 ,if ?is is ! be/ possible1 :at w\ld a _w :i* 0 fundam5tally bad be l8 ,meliorism is ! belief t ! specific conditions :i* exi/ at "o mom5t1 be !y comp>atively bad or comp>atively good1 9 any ev5t may be bett]$4 ,x enc\rages intellig5ce to /udy ! positive means ( good & ! ob/ructions to _! realization1 & to put =? endeavor = ! improvem5t ( conditions4 ,x ar\ses confid5ce & a reasonable hopefulness z optimism does n4 ,= ! latt] 9 decl>+ t good is already realiz$ 9 ultimate reality t5ds to make u gloss ov] ! evils t concretely exi/4 ,x becomes too readily ! cre$ ( ^? :o live at ease1 9 com=t1 ( ^? :o h be5 successful 9 obta9+ ?is _w's rew>ds4 ,too readily optimism makes ! m5 :o hold x call\s & bl9d to ! suff]+s ( ! less =tunate1 or ready to f9d ! cause ( tr\bles ( o!rs 9 _! p]sonal vici\sness4 ,x ?us co-op]ates ) pessimism1 9 spite ( ! extreme nom9al diff]5ces betwe5 ! two1 9 b5umb+ sympa!tic insight & intellig5t ef=t 9 re=m4 ,x beckons m5 away f ! _w ( relativity & *ange into ! calm ( ! absolute & et]nal4 ,! import ( _m ( ^! *anges 9 moral attitude focusses 9 ! idea ( happ9ess4 ,happ9ess has (t5 be5 made ! object ( ! morali/s' contempt4 ,yet ! mo/ ascetic morali/ has usually re/or$ ! idea ( happ9ess "u "s o!r "n1 su* z bliss4 ,goodness )\t happ9ess1 valor & virtue )\t satisfaction1 ends )\t consci\s enjoym5t--^! ?+s are z intol]able practically z !y are self-contradictory 9 conception4 ,happ9ess is n1 h[ev]1 a b>e possession2 x is n a fix$ atta9m5t4 ,su* a happ9ess is ei!r ! unwor?y selfi%ness :i* morali/s h s bitt]ly condemn$1 or x is1 ev5 if labell$ bliss1 an insipid t$ium1 a mill5nium ( ease 9 relief f all /ruggle & labor4 ,x c\ld satisfy only ! mo/ delicate ( molly-coddles4 ,happ9ess is f\nd only 9 success2 b success means succe$+1 gett+ =w>d1 mov+ 9 advance4 ,x is an active process1 n a passive outcome4 ,accord+ly x includes ! ov]com+ ( ob/acles1 ! elim9ation ( s\rces ( defect & ill4 ,e/hetic s5sitiv5ess & enjoym5t are a l>ge con/itu5t 9 any wor?y happ9ess4 ,b ! e/hetic appreciation :i* is totally sep>at$ f r5ewal ( _s1 f re-creation ( m9d & purification ( emotion is a weak & sickly ?+1 de/9$ to spe$y dea? f />vation4 ,t ! r5ewal & re-creation come unconsci\sly n by set int5tion b makes !m ! m g5u9e4 ,^u ! :ole1 utilit>ianism has m>k$ ! be/ 9 ! transition f ! classic !ory ( ends & goods to t :i* is n[ possible4 ,x _h def9ite m]its4 ,x insi/$ ^u gett+ away f vague g5]alities1 & d[n to ! specific & concrete4 ,x subord9at$ law to human a*ievem5t in/ead ( subord9at+ humanity to ext]nal law4 ,x taught t in/itutions are made = man & n man = in/itutions2 x actively promot$ all issues ( re=m4 ,x made moral good natural1 humane1 9 t\* ) ! natural goods ( life4 ,x oppos$ une>?ly & o!r worldly morality4 ,above all1 x acclimatiz$ 9 human imag9ation ! idea ( social welf>e z a supreme te/4 ,b x 0 /ill pr(\ndly affect$ 9 fundam5tal po9ts by old ways ( ?9k+4 ,x nev] que/ion$ ! idea ( a fix$1 f9al & supreme end4 ,x only que/ion$ ! curr5t notions z to ! nature ( ?is end2 & !n ins]t$ pleasure & ! greate/ possible aggregate ( pleasures 9 ! position ( ! fix$ end4 ,su* a po9t ( view treats concrete activities & specific int]e/s n z wor? :ile 9 !mselves1 or z con/itu5ts ( happ9ess1 b z m]e ext]nal means to gett+ pleasures4 ,! uphold]s ( ! old tradition c\ld !re=e easily accuse utilit>ianism ( mak+ n only virtue b art1 poetry1 religion & ! /ate into m]e s]vile means ( atta9+ s5su\s enjoym5ts4 ,s9ce pleasure 0 an outcome1 a result valuable on its own acc\nt indep5d5tly ( ! active processes t a*ieve x1 happ9ess 0 a ?+ to be possess$ & held onto4 ,! acquisitive in/9cts ( man 7 exagg]at$ at ! exp5se ( ! creative4 ,production 0 ( importance n because ( ! intr9sic wor? ( inv5tion & re%ap+ ! _w1 b because its ext]nal results fe$ pleasure4 ,l e !ory t sets up fix$ & f9al aims1 9 mak+ ! end passive & possessive1 x made all active op]ations m]e tools4 ,labor 0 an unavoidable evil to be m9imiz$4 ,security 9 possession 0 ! *ief ?+ practically4 ,mat]ial com=t & ease 7 magnifi$ 9 contra/ ) ! pa9s & risk ( exp]im5tal creation4 ,^! defici5cies1 "u c]ta9 conceivable conditions1 might h rema9$ m]ely !oretical4 ,b ! disposition ( ! times & ! int]e/s ( ^? :o propagat$ ! utilit>ian ideas1 end[$ !m ) p[] = social h>m4 ,9 spite ( ! p[] ( ! new ideas 9 attack+ old social abuses1 !re 7 elem5ts 9 ! tea*+ :i* op]at$ or protect$ to sanction new social abuses4 ,! re=m+ zeal 0 %[n 9 criticism ( ! evils inh]it$ f ! class sy/em ( feudalism1 evils economic1 legal & political4 ,b ! new economic ord] ( capitalism t 0 sup]s$+ feudalism br\ght its own social evils ) x1 & "s ( ^! ills utilit>ianism t5d$ to cov] up or def5d4 ,! emphasis ^u acquisition & possession ( enjoym5ts took on an unt[>d color 9 connection ) ! contempor>y enorm\s desire = weal? & ! enjoym5ts x makes possible4 ,if utilit>ianism did n actively promote ! new economic mat]ialism1 x _h no means ( combat+ x4 ,its g5]al _s ( subord9at+ productive activity to ! b>e product 0 indirectly favorable to ! cause ( an unadorn$ comm]cialism4 ,9 spite ( its int]e/ 9 a ?or\ghly social aim1 utilit>ianism fo/]$ a new class int]e/1 t ( ! capitali/ic prop]ty-own+ int]e/s1 provid$ only prop]ty 0 obta9$ ?r\gh free competition & n by gov]nm5tal favor4 ,! /ress t ,b5?am put on security t5d$ to consecrate ! legal in/itution ( private prop]ty provid$ only c]ta9 legal abuses 9 connection ) its acquisition & transf] 7 aboli%$4 ,beati possid5tes--provid$ possessions _h be5 obta9$ 9 accord ) ! rules ( ! competitive game--)\t1 t is1 extrane\s favors f gov]nm5t4 ,?us utilit>ianism gave intellectual confirmation to all ^? t5d5cies :i* make bus9ess n a means ( social s]vice & an opportunity = p]sonal gr[? 9 creative p[] b a way ( accumulat+ ! means ( private enjoym5ts4 ,utilit>ian e?ics ?us af=d a rem>kable example ( ! ne$ ( philosophic recon/ruction :i* ^! lectures h be5 pres5t+4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x reflect$ ! mean+ ( mod]n ?\ght & aspirations4 ,b x 0 /ill ti$ d[n by fundam5tal ideas ( t v ord] :i* x ?\ght x _h completely left beh9d3 ,! idea ( a fix$ & s+le end ly+ beyond ! div]sity ( human ne$s & acts r5d]$ utilit>ianism incapable ( be+ an adequate repres5tative ( ! mod]n _s4 ,x has to be recon/ruct$ ?r\gh emancipation f its inh]it$ elem5ts4 ,if a few words are add$ ^u ! topic ( education1 x is only = ! sake ( sugge/+ t ! educative process is all "o ) ! moral process1 s9ce ! latt] is a cont9u\s passage ( exp]i5ce f worse to bett]4 ,education has be5 traditionally ?\ght ( z prep>ation3 z le>n+1 acquir+ c]ta9 ?+s because !y w lat] be useful4 ,! end is remote1 & education is gett+ ready1 is a prelim9>y to some?+ m important to happ5 lat] on4 ,*ildhood is only a prep>ation = adult life1 & adult life = ano!r life4 ,always ! future1 n ! pres5t1 has be5 ! significant ?+ 9 education3 ,acquisition ( k & skill = future use & enjoym5t2 =mation ( habits requir$ lat] 9 life 9 bus9ess1 good citiz5%ip & pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,education is ?\ght ( also z some?+ ne$$ by "s human be+s m]ely because ( _! dep5d5ce ^u o!rs4 ,we are born ignorant1 unv]s$1 unskill$1 immature1 & consequ5tly 9 a /ate ( social dep5d5ce4 ,in/ruction1 tra9+1 moral discipl9e are processes by :i* ! mature1 ! adult1 gradually raise ! helpless to ! po9t :]e !y c look out = !mselves4 ,! bus9ess ( *ildhood is to gr[ into ! indep5d5ce ( adul?ood by means ( ! guidance ( ^? :o h already atta9$ x4 ,?us ! process ( education z ! ma9 bus9ess ( life ends :5 ! "y h arriv$ at emancipation f social dep5d5ce4 ,^! two ideas1 g5]ally assum$ b r>ely explicitly reason$ out1 contrav5e ! conception t gr[+1 or ! cont9u\s recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce1 is ! only end4 ,if at :atev] p]iod we *oose to take a p]son1 he is /ill 9 process ( gr[?1 !n education is n1 save z a by-product1 a prep>ation = some?+ com+ lat]4 ,gett+ f ! pres5t ! degree & k9d ( gr[? !re is 9 x is education4 ,?is is a con/ant function1 indep5d5t ( age4 ,! be/ ?+ t c be said ab\t any special process ( education1 l t ( ! =mal s*ool p]iod1 is t x r5d]s its subject capable ( fur!r education3 m s5sitive to conditions ( gr[? & m able to take advantage ( !m4 ,acquisition ( skill1 possession ( k1 atta9m5t ( culture are n ends3 !y are m>ks ( gr[? & means to its cont9u+4 ,! contra/ usually assum$ betwe5 ! p]iod ( education z "o ( social dep5d5ce & ( maturity z "o ( social indep5d5ce does h>m4 ,we repeat ov] & ov] t man is a social animal1 & !n conf9e ! significance ( ?is /atem5t to ! sph]e 9 :i* sociality usually seems lea/ evid5t1 politics4 ,! he>t ( ! sociality ( man is 9 education4 ,! idea ( education z prep>ation & ( adul?ood z a fix$ limit ( gr[? are two sides ( ! same obnoxi\s untru?4 ,if ! moral bus9ess ( ! adult z well z ! "y is a gr[+ & develop+ exp]i5ce1 !n ! in/ruction t comes f social dep5d5cies & int]dep5d5cies are z important = ! adult z = ! *ild4 ,moral indep5d5ce = ! adult means arre/ ( gr[?1 isolation means induration4 ,we exagg]ate ! intellectual dep5d5ce ( *ildhood s t *ildr5 are too mu* kept 9 lead+ /r+s1 & !n we exagg]ate ! indep5d5ce ( adult life f intimacy ( contacts & communication ) o!rs4 ,:5 ! id5tity ( ! moral process ) ! processes ( specific gr[? is realiz$1 ! m consci\s & =mal education ( *ildhood w be se5 to be ! mo/ economical & effici5t means ( social advance & reorganization1 & x w also be evid5t t ! te/ ( all ! in/itutions ( adult life is _! effect 9 fur!r+ cont9u$ education4 ,gov]nm5t1 bus9ess1 art1 religion1 all social in/itutions h a mean+1 a purpose4 ,t purpose is to set free & to develop ! capacities ( human individuals )\t respect to race1 sex1 class or economic /atus4 ,& ?is is all "o ) say+ t ! te/ ( _! value is ! ext5t to :i* !y educate e individual into ! full /ature ( 8 possibility4 ,democracy has _m mean+s1 b if x has a moral mean+1 x is f\nd 9 resolv+ t ! supreme te/ ( all political in/itutions & indu/rial arrangem5ts %all be ! contribution !y make to ! all-ar\nd gr[? ( e memb] ( society4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,recon/ruction ,,z ,,affect+ ,,social ,,philosophy ,h[ c philosophic *ange s]i\sly affect social philosophy8 ,z f> z fundam5tals are conc]n$1 e view & comb9ation appe>s to h be5 =mulat$ already4 ,society is compos$ ( individuals3 ?is obvi\s & basic fact no philosophy1 :atev] its pret5sions to novelty1 c "q or alt]4 ,h5ce ^! ?ree alt]natives3 ,society mu/ exi/ = ! sake ( individuals2 or individuals mu/ h _! ends & ways ( liv+ set = !m by society2 or else society & individuals are correlative1 organic1 to "o ano!r1 society requir+ ! s]vice & subord9ation ( individuals & at ! same "t exi/+ to s]ve !m4 ,beyond ^! ?ree views1 none seems to be logically conceivable4 ,moreov]1 :ile ea* ( ! ?ree types includes _m subspecies & v>iations )9 itself1 yet ! *anges seem to h be5 s ?or\ghly rung t at mo/ only m9or v>iations are n[ possible4 ,especially w\ld x seem true t ! organic conception meets all ! objections to ! extreme individuali/ic & extreme sociali/ic !ories1 avoid+ ! errors alike ( ,plato & ,b5?am4 ,j because society is compos$ ( individuals1 x w\ld seem t individuals & ! associative relations t hold !m toge!r mu/ be ( coequal importance4 ,)\t /rong & compet5t individuals1 ! bonds & ties t =m society h no?+ to lay hold on4 ,ap>t f associations ) "o ano!r1 individuals are isolat$ f "o ano!r & fade & )]2 or are oppos$ to "o ano!r & _! conflicts injure individual developm5t4 ,law1 /ate1 *ur*1 family1 fri5d%ip1 indu/rial association1 ^! & o!r in/itutions & arrangem5ts are necess>y 9 ord] t individuals may gr[ & f9d _! specific capacities & functions4 ,)\t _! aid & support human life is1 z ,hobbes said1 bruti%1 solit>y1 na/y4 ,we plunge into ! he>t ( ! matt]1 by ass]t+ t ^! v>i\s !ories suff] f a common defect4 ,!y are all committ$ to ! logic ( g5]al notions "u :i* specific situations are to be br\ght4 ,:at we want light ^u is ?is or t gr\p ( individuals1 ?is or t concrete human be+1 ?is or t special in/itution or social arrangem5t4 ,= su* a logic ( inquiry1 ! traditionally accept$ logic sub/itutes discussion ( ! mean+ ( concepts & _! dialectical relation%ip to "o ano!r4 ,! discussion goes on 9 t]ms ( ! /ate1 ! individual2 ! nature ( in/itutions z su*1 society 9 g5]al4 ,we ne$ guidance 9 deal+ ) p>ticul> p]plexities 9 dome/ic life1 & are met by diss]tations on ! ,family or by ass]tions ( ! sacr$ness ( individual ,p]sonality4 ,we want to "k ab\t ! wor? ( ! in/itution ( private prop]ty z x op]ates "u giv5 conditions ( def9ite "t & place4 ,we meet ) ! reply ( ,pr\dhon t prop]ty g5]ally is !ft1 or ) t ( ,hegel t ! realization ( w is ! end ( all in/itutions1 & t private own]%ip z ! expression ( ma/]y ( p]sonality ov] physical nature is a necess>y elem5t 9 su* realization4 ,bo? answ]s may h a c]ta9 sugge/iv5ess 9 connection ) specific situations4 ,b ! conceptions are n pr(f]$ = :at !y may be wor? 9 connection ) special hi/oric ph5om5a4 ,!y are g5]al answ]s suppos$ to h a univ]sal mean+ t cov]s & dom9ates all p>ticul>s4 ,h5ce !y d n assi/ inquiry4 ,!y close x4 ,!y are n in/rum5talities to be employ$ & te/$ 9 cl>ify+ concrete social difficulties4 ,!y are ready-made pr9ciples to be impos$ ^u p>ticul>s 9 ord] to det]m9e _! nature4 ,!y tell u ab\t ! /ate :5 we want to "k ab\t "s /ate4 ,b ! implication is t :at is said ab\t ! /ate applies to any /ate t we happ5 to wi% to "k ab\t4 ,9 transf]r+ ! issue f concrete situations to def9itions & conceptual d$uctions1 ! effect1 especially ( ! organic !ory1 is to supply ! app>atus = intellectual ju/ification ( ! e/abli%$ ord]4 ,^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 practical social progress & ! emancipation ( gr\ps f oppression h turn$ a cold %\ld] to ! organic !ory4 ,! effect1 if n ! int5tion1 ( ,g]man idealism z appli$ 9 social philosophy 0 to provide a bulw>k = ! ma9t5ance ( ! political /atus quo aga9/ ! tide ( radical ideas com+ f revolution>y ,france4 ,al?\gh ,hegel ass]t$ 9 explicit =m t ! end ( /ates & in/itutions is to fur!r ! realization ( ! fre$om ( all1 8 effect 0 to consecrate ! ,prussian ,/ate & to en%r9e bureaucratic absolutism4 ,0 ?is apologetic t5d5cy accid5tal1 or did x spr+ f some?+ 9 ! logic ( ! notions t 7 employ$8 ,surely ! latt]4 ,if we talk ab\t ! /ate & ! individual1 r ?an ab\t ?is or t political organization & ?is or t gr\p ( ne$y & suff]+ human be+s1 ! t5d5cy is to ?r[ ! glamor & pre/ige1 ! mean+ & value atta*$ to ! g5]al notion1 ov] ! concrete situation & !reby to cov] up ! defects ( ! latt] & disguise ! ne$ ( s]i\s re=ms4 ,! mean+s :i* are f\nd 9 ! g5]al notions are inject$ into ! p>ticul>s t come "u !m4 ,q prop]ly s if we once grant ! logic ( rigid univ]sals "u :i* ! concrete cases h to be subsum$ 9 ord] to be und]/ood & expla9$4 ,aga91 ! t5d5cy ( ! organic po9t ( view is to m9imize ! significance ( specific conflicts4 ,s9ce ! individual & ! /ate or social in/itution are b two sides ( ! same reality1 s9ce !y are already reconcil$ 9 pr9ciple & conception1 ! conflict 9 any p>ticul> case c be b app>5t4 ,s9ce 9 !ory ! individual & ! /ate are reciprocally necess>y & helpful to "o ano!r1 :y pay mu* att5tion to ! fact t 9 ?is /ate a :ole gr\p ( individuals are suff]+ f oppressive conditions8 ,9 reality _! int]e/s _c be 9 conflict ) ^? ( ! /ate to :i* !y belong2 ! opposition is only sup]ficial & casual4 ,capital & labor _c really conflict because ea* is an organic necessity to ! o!r1 & bo? to ! organiz$ community z a :ole4 ,!re _c really be any sex-problem because m5 & wom5 are indisp5sable bo? to "o ano!r & to ! /ate4 ,9 8 day1 ,ari/otle c\ld easily employ ! logic ( g5]al concepts sup]ior to individuals to %[ t ! in/itution ( slav]y 0 9 ! int]e/s bo? ( ! /ate & ( ! slave class4 ,ev5 if ! int5tion is n to ju/ify ! exi/+ ord] ! effect is to div]t att5tion f special situations4 ,rationali/ic logic =m]ly made m5 c>eless 9 obs]vation ( ! concrete 9 physical philosophy4 ,x n[ op]ates to depress & ret>d obs]vation 9 specific social ph5om5a4 ,! social philosoph]1 dwell+ 9 ! region ( 8 concepts1 solves problems by %[+ ! relation%ip ( ideas1 in/ead ( help+ m5 solve problems 9 ! concrete by supply+ !m hypo!ses to be us$ & te/$ 9 projects ( re=m4 ,mean:ile1 ( c\rse1 ! concrete tr\bles & evils rema94 ,!y are n magically waiv$ out ( exi/5ce because 9 !ory society is organic4 ,! region ( concrete difficulties1 :]e ! assi/ance ( intellig5t me?od = t5tative plans = exp]im5tation is urg5tly ne$$1 is precisely :]e intellig5ce fails to op]ate4 ,9 ?is region ( ! specific & concrete1 m5 are ?r[n back ^u ! crude/ empiricism1 ^u %ort-sight$ opportunism & ! mat*+ ( brute =ces4 ,9 !ory1 ! p>ticul>s are all neatly dispos$ (2 !y come "u _! appropriate head+ & category2 !y are labell$ & g into an ord]ly pigeon-hole 9 a sy/ematic fil+ cab9et1 labell$ political sci5ce or sociology4 ,b 9 empirical fact !y rema9 z p]plex+1 confus$ & unorganiz$ z !y 7 be=e4 ,s !y are dealt ) n by ev5 an endeavor at sci5tific me?od b by bl9d rule ( ?umb1 citation ( prec$5ts1 consid]ations ( imm$iate advantage1 smoo?+ ?+s ov]1 use ( co]cive =ce & ! cla% ( p]sonal ambitions4 ,! _w /ill survives2 x has !re=e got on someh[3--s mu* _c be d5i$4 ,! me?od ( trial & error & competition ( selfi%nesses has someh[ wr\ght out _m improvem5ts4 ,b social !ory nev]!less exi/s z an idle luxury r ?an z a guid+ me?od ( inquiry & plann+4 ,9 ! "q ( me?ods conc]n$ ) recon/ruction ( special situations r ?an 9 any ref9em5ts 9 ! g5]al concepts ( in/itution1 individuality1 /ate1 fre$om1 law1 ord]1 progress1 etc41 lies ! true impact ( philosophical recon/ruction4 ,consid] ! conception ( ! individual self4 ,! individuali/ic s*ool ( ,engl& & ,france 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies 0 empirical 9 int5t4 ,x bas$ its individualism1 philosophically speak+1 ^u ! belief t individuals are alone real1 t classes & organizations are second>y & d]iv$4 ,!y are artificial1 :ile individuals are natural4 ,9 :at way !n c individualism be said to come "u ! animadv]sions t h be5 pass$8 ,to say ! defect 0 t ?is s*ool ov]look$ ^? connections ) o!r p]sons :i* are a "p ( ! con/itution ( e individual is true z f> z x goes2 b un=tunately x r>ely goes beyond ! po9t ( j t :olesale ju/ification ( in/itutions :i* has be5 criticiz$4 ,! real difficulty is t ! individual is reg>d$ z some?+ giv51 some?+ already !re4 ,consequ5tly1 he c only be some?+ to be cat]$ to1 some?+ ^: pleasures are to be magnifi$ & possessions multipli$4 ,:5 ! individual is tak5 z some?+ giv5 already1 any?+ t c be done to him or = him x c only be by way ( ext]nal impressions & belong+s3 s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 com=ts1 securities4 ,n[ x is true t social arrangem5ts1 laws1 in/itutions are made = man1 r ?an t man is made = !m2 t !y are means & ag5cies ( human welf>e & progress4 ,b !y are n means = obta9+ some?+ = individuals1 n ev5 happ9ess4 ,!y are means ( creat+ individuals4 ,only 9 ! physical s5se ( physical bodies t to ! s5ses are sep>ate is individuality an orig9al datum4 ,individuality 9 a social & moral s5se is some?+ to be wr\ght out4 ,x means initiative1 inv5tiv5ess1 v>i$ res\rcefulness1 assumption ( responsibility 9 *oice ( belief & conduct4 ,^! are n gifts1 b a*ievem5ts4 ,z a*ievem5ts1 !y are n absolute b relative to ! use t is to be made ( !m4 ,& ?is use v>ies ) ! environm5t4 ,! import ( ?is conception comes out 9 consid]+ ! =tunes ( ! idea ( self-int]e/4 ,all memb]s ( ! empirical s*ool emphasiz$ ?is idea4 ,x 0 ! sole motive ( mank9d4 ,virtue 0 to be atta9$ by mak+ b5evol5t action pr(itable to ! individual2 social arrangem5ts 7 to be re=m$ s t egoism & altrui/ic consid]ation ( o!rs w\ld be id5tifi$4 ,morali/s ( ! opposite s*ool 7 n backw>d 9 po9t+ out ! evils ( any !ory t r$uc$ bo? morals & political sci5ce to means ( calculat+ self-int]e/4 ,consequ5tly !y ?rew ! :ole idea ( int]e/ ov]bo>d z obnoxi\s to morals4 ,! effect ( ?is reaction 0 to /r5g!n ! cause ( au?ority & political obscurantism4 ,:5 ! play ( int]e/ is elim9at$1 :at rema9s8 ,:at concrete mov+ =ces c be f\nd8 ,^? :o id5tifi$ ! self ) some?+ ready-made & its int]e/ ) acquisition ( pleasure & pr(it took ! mo/ effective means possible to re9/ate ! logic ( ab/ract conceptions ( law1 ju/ice1 sov]eignty1 fre$om1 etc4--all ( ^? vague g5]al ideas t = all _! seem+ rigidity c be manipulat$ by any clev] politician to cov] up 8 designs & to make ! worse seem ! bett] cause4 ,int]e/s are specific & dynamic2 !y are ! natural t]ms ( any concrete social ?9k+4 ,b !y are damn$ beyond recov]y :5 !y are id5tifi$ ) ! ?+s ( a petty selfi%ness4 ,!y c be employ$ z vital t]ms only :5 ! self is se5 to be 9 process1 & int]e/ to be a "n = :atev] is conc]n$ 9 fur!r+ its movem5t4 ,! same logic applies to ! old dispute ( :e!r re=m %\ld />t ) ! individual or ) in/itutions4 ,:5 ! self is reg>d$ z some?+ complete )9 itself1 !n x is readily argu$ t only int]nal morali/ic *anges are ( importance 9 g5]al re=m4 ,in/itutional *anges are said to be m]ely ext]nal4 ,!y may add conv5i5ces & com=ts to life1 b !y _c effect moral improvem5ts4 ,! result is to ?r[ ! burd5 = social improvem5t ^u free-w 9 its mo/ impossible =m4 ,moreov]1 social & economic passivity are enc\rag$4 ,individuals are l$ to conc5trate 9 moral introspection ^u _! own vices & virtues1 & to neglect ! "* ( ! environm5t4 ,morals )draw f active conc]n ) detail$ economic & political conditions4 ,let u p]fect ourselves )91 & 9 due season *anges 9 society w come ( !mselves is ! tea*+4 ,& :ile sa9ts are engag$ 9 introspection1 burly s9n]s run ! _w4 ,b :5 self-hood is p]ceiv$ to be an active process x is also se5 t social modifications are ! only means ( ! creation ( *ang$ p]sonalities4 ,in/itutions are view$ 9 _! educative effect3--) ref]5ce to ! types ( individuals !y fo/]4 ,! int]e/ 9 individual moral improvem5t & ! social int]e/ 9 objective re=m ( economic & political conditions are id5tifi$4 ,& inquiry into ! mean+ ( social arrangem5ts gets def9ite po9t & direction4 ,we are l$ to ask :at ! specific /imulat+1 fo/]+ & nurtur+ p[] ( ea* specific social arrangem5t may be4 ,! old-"t sep>ation betwe5 politics & morals is aboli%$ at its root4 ,consequ5tly we _c be satisfi$ ) ! g5]al /atem5t t society & ! /ate is organic to ! individual4 ,! "q is "o ( specific causations4 ,j :at response does ?is social arrangem5t1 political or economic1 evoke1 & :at effect does x h ^u ! disposition ( ^? :o engage 9 x8 ,does x release capacity8 ,if s1 h[ widely8 ,among a few1 ) a correspond+ depression 9 o!rs1 or 9 an ext5sive & equitable way8 ,is ! capacity :i* is set free also direct$ 9 "s coh]5t way1 s t x becomes a p[]1 or its manife/ation spasmodic & caprici\s8 ,s9ce responses are ( an indef9ite div]sity ( k9d1 ^! inquiries h to be detail$ & specific4 ,are m5's s5ses r5d]$ m delicately s5sitive & appreciative1 or are !y blunt$ & dull$ by ?is & t =m ( social organization8 ,are _! m9ds tra9$ s t ! h&s are m deft & cunn+8 ,is curiosity awak5$ or blunt$8 ,:at is its quality3 is x m]ely e/hetic1 dwell+ on ! =ms & surfaces ( ?+s or is x also an intellectual se>*+ into _! mean+8 ,su* que/ions z ^! 7z well z ! m obvi\s ones ab\t ! qualities conv5tionally labell$ moral71 become ! />t+-po9ts ( inquiries ab\t e in/itution ( ! community :5 x is recogniz$ t individuality is n orig9ally giv5 b is creat$ "u ! influ5ces ( associat$ life4 ,l utilit>ianism1 ! !ory subjects e =m ( organization to cont9ual scrut9y & criticism4 ,b in/ead ( lead+ u to ask :at x does 9 ! way ( caus+ pa9s & pleasures to individuals already 9 exi/5ce1 x inquires :at is done to release specific capacities & co-ord9ate !m into work+ p[]s4 ,:at sort ( individuals are creat$8 ,! wa/e ( m5tal en]gy due to conduct+ discussion ( social affairs 9 t]ms ( conceptual g5]alities is a/oni%+4 ,h[ f> w\ld ! biologi/ & ! physician progress if :5 ! subject ( respiration is "u consid]ation1 discussion conf9$ itself to b&y+ back & =? ! concepts ( organ & organism3--,if = example "o s*ool ?\ght respiration c\ld be kn[n & und]/ood by insi/+ ^u ! fact t x occurs 9 an individual body & !re=e is an individual ph5om5on1 :ile an opposite s*ool insi/$ t x is simply "o function 9 organic int]action ) o!rs & c be kn[n or und]/ood !re=e only by ref]5ce to o!r functions tak5 9 an equally g5]al or :olesale way8 ,ea* proposition is equally true & equally futile4 ,:at is ne$$ is specific inquiries into a multitude ( specific /ructures & int]actions4 ,n only does ! solemn reit]ation ( categories ( individual & organic or social :ole n fur!r ^! def9ite & detail$ inquiries1 b x *ecks !m4 ,x deta9s ?\ght )9 pomp\s & sonor\s g5]alities :]e9 controv]sy is z inevitable z x is incapable ( solution4 ,x is true en\gh t if cells 7 n 9 vital int]action ) "o ano!r1 !y c\ld nei!r conflict nor co-op]ate4 ,b ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( an organic social gr\p1 in/ead ( answ]+ any que/ions m]ely m>ks ! fact t que/ions exi/3 ,j :at conflicts & :at co-op]ations occur1 & :at are _! specific causes & consequ5ces8 ,b because ( ! p]si/5ce )9 social philosophy ( ! ord] ( ideas t has be5 expell$ f natural philosophy1 ev5 sociologi/s take conflict or co-op]ation z g5]al categories ^u :i* to base _! sci5ce1 & condesc5d to empirical facts only = illu/rations4 ,z a rule1 _! *ief problem is a purely dialectical "o1 cov]$ up by a ?ick quilt ( empirical an?ropological & hi/orical citations3 ,h[ d individuals unite to =m society8 ,h[ are individuals socially controll$8 ,& ! problem is ju/ly call$ dialectical because x spr+s f antec$5t conceptions ( individual & social4 ,j z individual is n "o ?+1 b is a blanket t]m = ! imm5se v>iety ( specific reactions1 habits1 dispositions & p[]s ( human nature t are evok$1 & confirm$ "u ! influ5ces ( associat$ life1 s ) ! t]m social4 ,society is "o ^w1 b inf9itely _m ?+s4 ,x cov]s all ! ways 9 :i* by associat+ toge!r m5 %>e _! exp]i5ces1 & build up common int]e/s & aims2 /reet gangs1 s*ools = burgl>y1 clans1 social cliques1 trades unions1 jo9t /ock corporations1 villages & int]national alliances4 ,! new me?od takes effect 9 sub/itut+ inquiry into ^! specific1 *ang+ & relative facts 7relative to problems & purposes1 n metaphysically relative7 = solemn manipulation ( g5]al notions4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ! curr5t conception ( ! /ate is a case 9 po9t4 ,= "o direct influ5ce ( ! classic ord] ( fix$ species arrang$ 9 hi]>*ical ord] is ! attempt ( ,g]man political philosophy 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury to enum]ate a def9ite numb] ( in/itutions1 ea* hav+ its own ess5tial & immutable mean+2 to arrange !m 9 an ord] ( evolution :i* corresponds ) ! dignity & rank ( ! respective mean+s4 ,! ,national ,/ate 0 plac$ at ! top z ! consummation & culm9ation1 & also ! basis ( all o!r in/itutions4 ,hegel is a /rik+ example ( ?is indu/ry1 b he is f> f ! only "o4 ,_m :o h bitt]ly qu>rell$ ) him1 h only diff]$ z to ! details ( ! evolution or z to ! p>ticul> mean+ to be attribut$ z ess5tial ,begriff to "s "o ( ! enum]at$ in/itutions4 ,! qu>rel has be5 bitt] only because ! und]ly+ premises 7 ! same4 ,p>ticul>ly h _m s*ools ( ?\ght1 v>y+ ev5 m widely 9 respect to me?od & conclusion1 agre$ ^u ! f9al consummat+ position ( ! /ate4 ,!y may n g z f> z ,hegel 9 mak+ ! sole mean+ ( hi/ory to be ! evolution ( ,national ,t]ritorial ,/ates1 ea* ( :i* embodies m ?an ! prior =m ( ! ess5tial mean+ or conception ( ! ,/ate & consequ5tly displaces x1 until we arrive at t triumph ( hi/orical evolution1 ! ,prussian ,/ate4 ,b !y d n "q ! unique & supreme position ( ! ,/ate 9 ! social hi]>*y4 ,inde$ t conception has h>d5$ into unque/ionable dogma "u ! title ( sov]eignty4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! trem5d\sly important rle play$ by ! mod]n t]ritorial national /ate4 ,! =mation ( ^! /ates has be5 ! c5tre ( mod]n political hi/ory4 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 ,spa9 7 ! fir/ peoples to atta9 nationali/ic organization1 b 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury _! example 0 foll[$ by ,japan1 ,g]many & ,italy1 to say no?+ ( a l>ge numb] ( small] /ates1 ,greece1 ,s]via1 ,bulg>ia1 etc4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 "o ( ! mo/ important phases ( ! rec5t _w w> 0 ! /ruggle to complete ! nationali/ic movem5t1 result+ 9 ! erection ( ,bohemia1 ,pol&1 etc41 into indep5d5t /ates1 & ! accession ( ,arm5ia1 ,pale/9e1 etc41 to ! rank ( c&idates4 ,! /ruggle = ! supremacy ( ! ,/ate ov] o!r =ms ( organization 0 direct$ aga9/ ! p[] ( m9or di/ricts1 prov9ces1 pr9cipalities1 aga9/ ! disp]sion ( p[] among feudal lords z well z1 9 "s c\ntries1 aga9/ ! pret5sions ( an ecclesia/ic pot5tate4 ,! ,/ate repres5ts ! conspicu\s culm9ation ( ! great movem5t ( social integration & consolidation tak+ place 9 ! la/ few c5turies1 trem5d\sly accel]at$ by ! conc5trat+ & comb9+ =ces ( /eam & electricity4 ,naturally1 inevitably1 ! /ud5ts ( political sci5ce h be5 preoccupi$ ) ?is great hi/oric ph5om5on1 & _! intellectual activities h be5 direct$ to its sy/ematic =mulation4 ,because ! contempor>y progressive movem5t 0 to e/abli% ! unifi$ /ate aga9/ ! in]tia ( m9or social units & aga9/ ! ambitions ( rivals = p[]1 political !ory develop$ ! dogma ( ! sov]eignty ( ! national /ate1 int]nally & ext]nally4 ,z ! "w ( integration & consolidation rea*es its climax1 ! "q arises1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! national /ate1 once x is firmly e/abli%$ & no long] /ruggl+ aga9/ /rong foes1 is n j an in/rum5tality = promot+ & protect+ o!r & m volunt>y =ms ( association1 r ?an a supreme end 9 itself4 ,two actual ph5om5a may be po9t$ to 9 support ( an affirmative answ]4 ,along ) ! developm5t ( ! l>g]1 m inclusive & m unifi$ organization ( ! /ate has gone ! emancipation ( individuals f re/rictions & s]vitudes previ\sly impos$ by cu/om & class /atus4 ,b ! individuals fre$ f ext]nal & co]cive bonds h n rema9$ isolat$4 ,social molecules h at once recomb9$ 9 new associations & organizations4 ,compulsory associations h be5 replac$ by volunt>y ones2 rigid organizations by ^? m am5able to human *oice & purposes--m directly *angeable at w4 ,:at ^u "o side looks l a movem5t t[>d individualism1 turns out to be really a movem5t t[>d multiply+ all k9ds & v>ieties ( associations3 ,political p>ties1 indu/rial corporations1 sci5tific & arti/ic organizations1 trade unions1 *ur*es1 s*ools1 clubs & societies )\t numb]1 = ! cultivation ( e conceivable int]e/ t m5 h 9 common4 ,z !y develop 9 numb] & importance1 ! /ate t5ds to become m & m a regulator & adju/] among !m2 def9+ ! limits ( _! actions1 prev5t+ & settl+ conflicts4 ,its supremacy approximates t ( ! conductor ( an or*e/ra1 :o makes no music himself b :o h>monizes ! activities ( ^? :o 9 produc+ x are do+ ! ?+ intr9sically wor? :ile4 ,! /ate rema9s highly important--b its importance consi/s m & m 9 its p[] to fo/] & co-ord9ate ! activities ( volunt>y gr\p+s4 ,only nom9ally is x 9 any mod]n community ! end = ! sake ( :i* all ! o!r societies & organizations exi/4 ,gr\p+s = promot+ ! div]sity ( goods t m5 %>e h become ! real social units4 ,!y occupy ! place :i* traditional !ory has claim$ ei!r = m]e isolat$ individuals or = ! supreme & s+le political organization4 ,pluralism is well orda9$ 9 pres5t political practice & dem&s a modification ( hi]>*ical & moni/ic !ory4 ,e comb9ation ( human =ces t adds its own contribution ( value to life has = t reason its own unique & ultimate wor?4 ,x _c be degrad$ into a means to glorify ! ,/ate4 ,"o reason = ! increas$ demoralization ( w> is t x =ces ! ,/ate into an abnormally supreme position4 ,! o!r concrete fact is ! opposition betwe5 ! claim ( indep5d5t sov]eignty 9 behalf ( ! t]ritorial national /ate & ! gr[? ( int]national & :at h well be5 call$ trans-national int]e/s4 ,! weal & woe ( any mod]n /ate is b\nd up ) t ( o!rs4 ,weakness1 disord]1 false pr9ciples on ! "p ( any /ate are n conf9$ )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,!y spread & infect o!r /ates4 ,! same is true ( economic1 arti/ic & sci5tific advances4 ,moreov] ! volunt>y associations j spok5 ( d n co9cide ) political b\nd>ies4 ,associations ( ma!maticians1 *emi/s1 a/ronom]s2 bus9ess corporations1 labor organizations1 *ur*es are trans-national because ! int]e/s !y repres5t are worldwide4 ,9 su* ways z ^!1 int]nationalism is n an aspiration b a fact1 n a s5tim5tal ideal b a =ce4 ,yet ^! int]e/s are cut across & ?r[n out ( ge> by ! traditional doctr9e ( exclusive national sov]eignty4 ,x is ! vogue ( ?is doctr9e1 or dogma1 t pres5ts ! /ronge/ b>ri] to ! effective =mation ( an int]national m9d :i* alone agrees ) ! mov+ =ces ( pres5t-day labor1 comm]ce1 sci5ce1 art & religion4 ,society1 z 0 said1 is _m associations n a s+le organization4 ,society means association2 com+ toge!r 9 jo9t int]c\rse & action = ! bett] realization ( any =m ( exp]i5ce :i* is augm5t$ & confirm$ by be+ %>$4 ,h5ce !re are z _m associations z !re are goods :i* are enhanc$ by be+ mutually communicat$ & p>ticipat$ 94 ,& ^! are lit]ally indef9ite 9 numb]4 ,inde$1 capacity to endure publicity & communication is ! te/ by :i* x is decid$ :e!r a pret5d$ good is g5u9e or spuri\s4 ,morali/s h always insi/$ ^u ! fact t good is univ]sal1 objective1 n j private1 p>ticul>4 ,b too (t51 l ,plato1 !y h be5 cont5t ) a metaphysical univ]sality or1 l ,kant1 ) a logical univ]sality4 ,communication1 %>+1 jo9t p>ticipation are ! only actual ways ( univ]saliz+ ! moral law & end4 ,we insi/$ at ! la/ h\r ^u ! unique "* ( e intr9sic good4 ,b ! c\nt]p>t ( ?is proposition is t ! situation 9 :i* a good is consci\sly realiz$ is n "o ( transi5t s5sations or private appetites b "o ( %>+ & communication--public1 social4 ,ev5 ! h]mit communes ) gods or spirits2 ev5 mis]y loves company2 & ! mo/ extreme selfi%ness includes a b& ( foll[]s or "s p>tn] to %>e 9 ! atta9$ good4 ,univ]salization means socialization1 ! ext5sion ( ! area & range ( ^? :o %>e 9 a good4 ,! increas+ ackn[l$gm5t t goods exi/ & endure only ?r\gh be+ communicat$ & t association is ! means ( conjo9t %>+ lies back ( ! mod]n s5se ( humanity & democracy4 ,x is ! sav+ salt 9 altruism & philan?ropy1 :i* )\t ?is factor deg5]ate into moral condesc5sion & moral int]f]5ce1 tak+ ! =m ( try+ to regulate ! affairs ( o!rs "u ! guise ( do+ !m good or ( conf]r+ ^u !m "s "r z if x 7 a gift ( *>ity4 ,x foll[s t organization is nev] an end 9 itself4 ,x is a means ( promot+ association1 ( multiply+ effective po9ts ( contact betwe5 p]sons1 direct+ _! int]c\rse into ! modes ( greate/ fruitfulness4 ,! t5d5cy to treat organization z an end 9 itself is responsible = all ! exagg]at$ !ories 9 :i* individuals are subord9at$ to "s in/itution to :i* is giv5 ! noble "n ( society4 ,society is ! process ( associat+ 9 su* ways t exp]i5ces1 ideas1 emotions1 values are transmitt$ & made common4 ,to ?is active process1 bo? ! individual & ! in/itutionally organiz$ may truly be said to be subord9ate4 ,! individual is subord9ate because except 9 & ?r\gh communication ( exp]i5ce f & to o!rs1 he rema9s dumb1 m]ely s5ti5t1 a brute animal4 ,only 9 association ) fell[s does he become a consci\s c5tre ( exp]i5ce4 ,organization1 :i* is :at traditional !ory has g5]ally meant by ! t]m ,society or ,/ate1 is also subord9ate because x becomes /atic1 rigid1 in/itutionaliz$ :5ev] x is n employ$ to facilitate & enri* ! contacts ( human be+s ) "o ano!r4 ,! long-"t controv]sy betwe5 rights & duties1 law & fre$om is ano!r v]sion ( ! /rife betwe5 ! ,individual & ,society z fix$ concepts4 ,fre$om = an individual means gr[?1 ready *ange :5 modification is requir$4 ,x signifies an active process1 t ( release ( capacity f :atev] hems x 94 ,b s9ce society c develop only z new res\rces are put at its disposal1 x is absurd to suppose t fre$om has positive significance = individuality b negative mean+ = social int]e/s4 ,society is /rong1 =ceful1 /able aga9/ accid5t only :5 all its memb]s c function to ! limit ( _! capacity4 ,su* function+ _c be a*iev$ )\t all[+ a leeway ( exp]im5tation beyond ! limits ( e/abli%$ & sanction$ cu/om4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( ov]t confusion & irregul>ity is likely to accompany ! grant+ ( ! m>g9 ( lib]ty )\t :i* capacity _c f9d itself4 ,b socially z well z sci5tifically ! great ?+ is n to avoid mi/akes b to h !m take place "u conditions su* t !y c be utiliz$ to increase intellig5ce 9 ! future4 ,if ,briti% lib]al social philosophy t5d$1 true to ! _s ( its atomi/ic empiricism1 to make fre$om & ! ex]cise ( rights ends 9 !mselves1 ! rem$y is n to be f\nd 9 rec\rse to a philosophy ( fix$ obligations & au?oritative law su* z *>act]iz$ ,g]man political ?9k+4 ,! latt]1 z ev5ts h demon/rat$1 is dang]\s because ( its implicit m5ace to ! free self-det]m9ation ( o!r social gr\ps4 ,b x is also weak int]nally :5 put to ! f9al te/4 ,9 its ho/ility to ! free exp]im5tation & p[] ( *oice ( ! individual 9 det]m9+ social affairs1 x limits ! capacity ( _m or mo/ individuals to %>e effectively 9 social op]ations1 & !reby deprives society ( ! full contribution ( all its memb]s4 ,! be/ gu>antee ( collective effici5cy & p[] is lib]ation & use ( ! div]sity ( individual capacities 9 initiative1 plann+1 =esight1 vigor & endurance4 ,p]sonality mu/ be educat$1 & p]sonality _c be educat$ by conf9+ its op]ations to te*nical & specializ$ ?+s1 or to ! less important relation%ips ( life4 ,full education comes only :5 !re is a responsible %>e on ! "p ( ea* p]son1 9 proportion to capacity1 9 %ap+ ! aims & policies ( ! social gr\ps to :i* he belongs4 ,?is fact fixes ! significance ( democracy4 ,x _c be conceiv$ z a sect>ian or racial ?+ nor z a consecration ( "s =m ( gov]nm5t :i* has already atta9$ con/itutional sanction4 ,x is b a "n = ! fact t human nature is develop$ only :5 its elem5ts take "p 9 direct+ ?+s :i* are common1 ?+s = ! sake ( :i* m5 & wom5 =m gr\ps--families1 indu/rial companies1 gov]nm5ts1 *ur*es1 sci5tific associations & s on4 ,! pr9ciple holds z mu* ( "o =m ( association1 say 9 indu/ry & comm]ce1 z x does 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! id5tification ( democracy ) political democracy :i* is responsible = mo/ ( its failures is1 h[ev]1 bas$ ^u ! traditional ideas :i* make ! individual & ! /ate ready-made entities 9 !mselves4 ,z ! new ideas f9d adequate expression 9 social life1 !y w be absorb$ into a moral backgr\nd1 & w ! ideas & beliefs !mselves be deep5$ & be unconsci\sly transmitt$ & su/a9$4 ,!y w color ! imag9ation & temp] ! desires & affections4 ,!y w n =m a set ( ideas to be exp\nd$1 reason$ out & argum5tatively support$1 b w be a spontane\s way ( envisag+ life4 ,!n !y w take on religi\s value4 ,! religi\s _s w be revivifi$ because x w be 9 h>mony ) m5's unque/ion$ sci5tific beliefs & _! ord9>y day-by-day social activities4 ,x w n be oblig$ to lead a timid1 half-conceal$ & half-apologetic life because ti$ to sci5tific ideas & social cre$s t are cont9u\sly eat5 into & brok5 d[n4 ,b especially w ! ideas & beliefs !mselves be deep5$ & int5sifi$ because spontane\sly f$ by emotion & translat$ into imag9ative vision & f9e art1 :ile !y are n[ ma9ta9$ by m or less consci\s ef=t1 by delib]ate reflection1 by tak+ ?\ght4 ,!y are te*nical & ab/ract j because !y are n z yet c>ri$ z matt] ( c\rse by imag9ation & feel+s4 ,we began by po9t+ out t ,european philosophy arose :5 intellectual me?ods & sci5tific results mov$ away f social traditions :i* _h consolidat$ & embodi$ ! fruits ( spontane\s desire & fancy4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t philosophy _h ev] s9ce _h ! problem ( adju/+ ! dry1 ?9 & meagre sci5tific /&po9t ) ! ob/9ately p]si/+ body ( w>m & ab\nd+ imag9ative beliefs4 ,conceptions ( possibility1 progress1 free movem5t & inf9itely div]sifi$ opportunity h be5 sugge/$ by mod]n sci5ce4 ,b until !y h displac$ f imag9ation ! h]itage ( ! immutable & ! once-=-all ord]$ & sy/ematiz$1 ! ideas ( me*anism & matt] w lie l a dead weight ^u ! emotions1 p>alyz+ religion & di/ort+ art4 ,:5 ! lib]ation ( capacity no long] seems a m5ace to organization & e/abli%$ in/itutions1 some?+ t _c be avoid$ practically & yet some?+ t is a ?reat to cons]vation ( ! mo/ preci\s values ( ! pa/1 :5 ! lib]at+ ( human capacity op]ates z a socially creative =ce1 art w n be a luxury1 a /rang] to ! daily occupations ( mak+ a liv+4 ,mak+ a liv+ economically speak+1 w be at "o ) mak+ a life t is wor? liv+4 ,& :5 ! emotional =ce1 ! my/ic =ce "o might say1 ( communication1 ( ! miracle ( %>$ life & %>$ exp]i5ce is spontane\sly felt1 ! h>dness & crud5ess ( contempor>y life w be ba!d 9 ! light t nev] 0 on l& or sea4 ,poetry1 art1 religion are preci\s ?+s4 ,!y _c be ma9ta9$ by l+]+ 9 ! pa/ & futilely wi%+ to re/ore :at ! movem5t ( ev5ts 9 sci5ce1 indu/ry & politics has de/roy$4 ,!y are an out-fl[]+ ( ?\ght & desires t unconsci\sly conv]ge into a disposition ( imag9ation z a result ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( daily episodes & contact4 ,!y _c be will$ into exi/5ce or co]c$ into be+4 ,! w9d ( ! _s bl[e? :]e x li/e? & ! k+dom ( ,god 9 su* ?+s does n come ) obs]vation4 ,b :ile x is impossible to reta9 & recov] by delib]ate volition old s\rces ( religion & art t h be5 discr$it$1 x is possible to exp$ite ! developm5t ( ! vital s\rces ( a religion & art t are yet to be4 ,n inde$ by action directly aim$ at _! production1 b by sub/itut+ fai? 9 ! active t5d5cies ( ! day = dread & dislike ( !m1 & by ! c\rage ( intellig5ce to foll[ :i!r social & sci5tific *anges direct u4 ,we are weak today 9 ideal matt]s because intellig5ce is divorc$ f aspiration4 ,! b>e =ce ( circum/ance compels u onw>ds 9 ! daily detail ( our beliefs & acts1 b our deep] ?\ghts & desires turn backw>ds4 ,:5 philosophy %all h co-op]at$ ) ! c\rse ( ev5ts & made cle> & coh]5t ! mean+ ( ! daily detail1 sci5ce & emotion w int]p5etrate1 practice & imag9ation w embrace4 ,poetry & religi\s feel+ w be ! un=c$ fl[]s ( life4 ,to fur!r ?is articulation & revelation ( ! mean+s ( ! curr5t c\rse ( ev5ts is ! task & problem ( philosophy 9 days ( transition4 ,,index ,absolute reality1 #bc1 #bg ,absolutism1 #ig1 #aij2 ,kant &1 #ii ,ab/ract def9ition1 #bj ,ab/ractions1 #adi-aej1 #agd ,absurdities1 #aj ,a*ievem5ts1 #aid ,action1 k9d (1 #hj ,adult life1 #ahe1 #ahf ,am]ica1 #da ,amoeba1 #ia ,animals1 dramatisation 9 primitive life ( man1 #d ,antiquity1 #cc ,appreh5sion1 #adb ,aqu9as1 #ee1 #ajf ,argum5tation1 #ca1 #acb ,ari/otle1 #ac1 #ag1 #ai1 #ee2 ,bacon's *>ge aga9/1 #cj-ca1 #cf2 di/9ction 9 ends1 #aga2 exp]i5ce1 #gi1 #hj2 =ms1 #aje2 on *ange1 #ajg2 on philosophy z contemplation1 #aji1 #aaj2 on slav]y1 #aia2 !ory ( ! /ate1 #dd2 ultimate reality1 #ajf ,art1 #cd1 #ajc1 #baa1 #bab ,artisan1 #ae2 k1 #aaj ,associations1 #bje2 volunt>y1 #bjc ,a/ronom]s1 #fe1 #aac ,a/ronomy1 #ge ,a!nians1 #ac1 #ai ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #aaa ,au?ority1 #dh1 #aci1 #aie2 f9al1 #afa2 seat (1 #afj4 ,see also ,f9al good ,bacon1 ,francis1 #bh1 #ha1 #ig2 criticism ( ! le>n+ ( 8 day1 #bi-cj2 exp]i5ce1 #ig-ih2 k is p[]1 #bi2 summ>y ( ideas1 #bi ,be+1 p]fect1 #aaa ,be+ & non-be+1 #ajg ,beliefs & facts1 #ab ,b5?am1 #aff1 #ahb1 #ahh ,b]gson1 #ga ,b]keley1 #ej ,biology1 #ge1 #hd ,bliss1 #aaa1 #aab ,bosanquet1 #acd ,bradley1 #ajg ,bruno1 #ff ,bus9ess1 #da1 #dc1 #ahc ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 #ba ,capital1 #dc ,capital & lab\r1 #aia ,capitalism1 #da1 #ahb ,ca/es1 mat]ial1 #ei ,casui/ry1 #aff ,causation1 #fc ,causes1 #ei1 #fj ,c]ta9ty1 #ba1 #bb ,*ange1 anci5t idea (1 #eg2 exi/+ view1 #aac2 law ( ! univ]se1 #fa2 ,plato & ,ari/otle on1 #ajg2 progress &1 #aaf ,*emi/ry1 #ge ,*ild life1 #ia-ib1 #ahd ,*ri/ian m$iaeval philosophy1 #ag1 #ai ,*ri/ian !ology1 #aaa ,*ur*1 #dg2 univ]sal1 #de ,classes1 #ge1 #aeb1 #aee2 9 ! anci5t conception ( ! _w1 #ei ,classic conception ( philosophy1 #ag1 #bb1 #bd1 #gd1 #aje ,classification1 #aeb1 #afi ,common s5se1 #ajj ,communication at a di/ance1 #aah1 #abj ,comte1 ,augu/e1 #aj ,conceptions1 #ha1 #add1 #ade2 recon/ruction 91 moral1 #afa2 tru?1 #aef ,concrete cases1 9 morals1 #afa2 9 social philosophy1 #ahh ,concret5ess1 #aej ,condillac1 #ha ,conduct1 #hj2 "r c\rse1 #afc ,conflict1 #ajh1 #ach1 #adj2 ( ends1 #aff ,consci5ce1 #df ,consequ5ces1 inve/igat+1 #afc-afd ,cons]vatism1 #ah1 #cc1 #dj1 #ajj ,con/ant1 #fa ,contemplation1 #aji1 #aaa ,contract !ory ( ! /ate1 #de ,control1 #db1 #fd ,co-op]ation 9 rese>*1 #cg ,cosmogonies & cosmologies1 #i ,cosmology1 #gj1 #ge ,craftsm51 #ab1 #ac ,crit]ia1 #gg ,crusades1 #ci ,cults1 #h2 consolidation1 #i ,cu/om1 #ag1 #afa ,dante1 #ee ,d>w91 #ge ,d$uction1 #adh ,delusions1 #aci ,democracy1 #dg1 #ahf1 #bjf2 ( facts1 #ff2 significance1 #bji ,demon/ration1 #bj1 #ba1 #ca2 discov]y vs41 #cb ,desc>tes1 #ej ,desires1 #aaj1 #aaa2 fru/ration1 #ajd ,details1 #ada ,developm5t1 ,ari/otle's use ( t]m1 #eg1 #eh ,diagnosis1 #adb ,direction1 #agf ,disagreeable1 #ajc ,discipl9e1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ahd ,discord1 #ajh ,discov]y1 contacts ( #af? & #ag? c5turies1 #ci2 demon/ration vs41 #cb2 logic (1 #ca1 #cc2 moral1 #agd ,di/ance1 #aah-aai1 #abj ,doctr9es1 #h2 consolidation1 #i ,dogma1 #ade1 #aei ,dreams1 #aai1 #abj1 #aci2 _w (1 #g ,dualism1 #agc ,duties & rights1 #bjg ,e>?1 anci5t conception1 #ee2 relation to univ]se1 #ff ,economic ends1 #aga-agb ,education1 #abe1 #ahc1 #bji ,effici5t cause1 #ei1 #fj ,emotion1 #ajc1 #baj ,empirical & rational1 #ha1 #hg ,empirici/s1 #gh1 #hb ,ends1 conflict+1 #aff2 fix$1 #gj2 intr9sic & in/rum5tal1 #agj1 #agb-agc2 means &1 #gb-gc2 values1 #age ,engli% empiricism1 #ii ,environm5t1 #aj2 life &1 #hd ,epi/emology1 #di1 #gj1 #abc1 #abf ,errors1 #ce ,e/hetic & practical1 #ff ,e/heticism1 #aae-aaf1 #aag1 #ahj2 sci5ce &1 reconcil+1 #abg ,e!r1 #ee1 #ef ,e?ical !ory1 #afa ,europe1 nationali/ic movem5t1 #bja2 social cause ( intellectual revolution 9 #af? & #ag? c5turies1 #ch-ci ,evil1 problem (1 #agg ,evolution1 9 ,ari/otle1 #eh2 ( ! /ate1 #bjj-bja ,exi/5ce1 two realms1 #bb ,exp]i5ce1 #cb2 z a guide 9 sci5ce & moral life1 #gh2 basis ( old notion (1 #gi2 *ang$ conceptions1 #gg2 classic notion & mod]n1 #ha2 comb9$ do+ & suff]+1 #hf2 evil result ( unimag9ative conception (1 #ajj-aja2 ,greek1 #gi2 mod]n appeal to1 #dh2 new conception1 #hc2 ,plato1 #ib2 pr9ciples &1 #dh2 self-regulative1 #id-ie2 true /uff (1 #ia ,exp]im5tal me?od1 #ac ,exp]im5tation1 #db ,exploration1 #ci1 #dj ,fac+ facts1 #adj1 #ada1 #adc ,facts1 #aj1 #ih ,falsity1 #aeh ,family pr9ciple1 #ahi2 9 ! _w at l>ge1 #fa-fb ,fanaticism1 #afh ,fancy4 ,see ,imag9ation ,fe>1 #dj ,feudalism1 #dc1 #de2 ( ! univ]se 9 anci5t conception1 #ei1 #fa-fb ,fight+1 #ae ,f9al cause1 #ei1 #fj1 #fh ,f9al good1 #afa-afb1 #ahc2 exi/5ce ( a s+le good que/ion$1 #afb ,f9e arts1 #abf ,f9ite1 #ajg ,f9ite & inf9ite1 #ff ,fire1 #aa1 #ef1 #hf ,fix$ ends1 #afe ,flux1 #eg1 #ajh ,=mal cause1 #ei1 #fj ,=ms ( ,ari/otle1 #aje ,free w1 #aif ,fre$om1 law &1 #bjg2 religi\s1 #df ,future1 #dh ,future aim ( philosophy1 #bf ,g5]al notions1 9 morals1 #afa2 9 social philosophy1 #ahh ,g5]alities1 #agd2 social affairs &1 #aih ,g5]alisations1 #aj1 #aea ,geology1 #ge ,g]man political philosophy1 #bjj1 #bjh-bji ,g]man rationalism1 #ii ,g]mans1 sy/em1 ord]1 docility1 #ih-ii ,g]many1 #ai ,god1 #aj1 #aji ,gold5 ,age1 #dh ,good4 ,see ,f9al good ,goodness1 #agi ,greeks1 #i1 #ac1 #ai1 #ff1 #fg1 #abf2 e?ical !ory1 #afa2 religion1 #aje2 sci5ce & arts1 #ic ,gr[?1 #ahd2 ( k1 #ca2 moral1 #agg ,happ9ess1 #agi ,heal?y liv+1 #aff1 #afg1 #agg ,heav5s1 anci5t conception1 #ef ,hegel1 #ai1 #ajf1 #ahi1 #aij2 conception ( ! /ate1 #bjj1 #bja2 logic1 #acd ,helvetius1 #ha ,hi]>*ical ord]1 #ei ,high] ends1 #agb ,h9doos1 #abf ,hi/ory1 ,hegel's conception1 #bja ,hi/ory ( philosophy1 #be ,hobbes1 #hh1 #ahh ,homo fab]1 #ga ,human aims1 #db1 #dc ,human life1 real & ideal1 a live issue1 #abh ,humanism & naturalism1 #agd ,humanity1 #bjf ,hume1 #ej1 #hc1 #hi ,hypo!ses1 #bb1 #ade ,hy/]ia1 #aci ,ideal1 *ang$ conceptions1 #ajc2 problem ( relation to ! real1 #acj2 real &1 a human issue1 #abh ,ideal realm1 classic & mod]n conceptions contra/$1 #aah ,idealism1 #abi2 epi/emological1 #di1 #ea2 !ological1 #ej2 tragic k9d1 #abi-acj ,ideality1 "o ) reality1 #aaa2 philosophic conception1 #ajf ,ideas ( ,plato1 #aje ,idols1 #cf ,ills1 #afi2 philosophy &1 #agg-agh ,imag9ation1 #baa2 empirical k &1 #gc1 #gd2 re%ap+ p[]1 #ajc1 #ajf ,indep5d5ce1 #aaj2 social1 #ahe ,india1 #da ,individual1 #cf1 #de1 #ea2 concept z some?+ giv51 #aic2 9 social & moral s5se1 #aid2 social &1 #aii2 /ate &1 #aij1 #aia ,individualism1 #ej2 political1 #de1 #df2 religi\s1 #df2 religi\s & moral1 #df ,induction1 #cd ,indu/rial revolution & sci5tific revolution1 #ch1 #da ,indu/ry1 movem5ts1 #dg2 sci5ce &1 #ch1 #da1 #db ,inf9ite1 #ff1 #fg ,initiative #df1 #bji ,innate ideas1 #ce1 #hb ,inquiry1 #agd2 free1 #adf2 imp>tial1 #adg2 me?ods 9 moral ills1 #agj ,ins9c]ity1 #bj ,in/ability1 #ajg ,in/itutions1 #aif2 true />t+-po9ts ( inquiry ab\t1 #aig ,in/rum5tal ends1 #aga ,intellect1 #f ,intellectual somnambulism1 #adj ,intellectualism1 #aag ,intellig5ce1 #cf1 #ea2 z inquiry into consequ5ces1 #afc-afd2 def9ition1 #if ,int]e/1 #aid-aie ,int]national int]e/s1 #bjd1 #bje ,intr9sic good1 #agj1 #bjf ,introspection1 #aif ,inv5tion1 #ci1 #db1 #di1 #abb ,inve/igation1 #adg ,ipse dixit me?od1 #aff ,irresponsibility1 #ig ,james1 ,william1 #ba2 ,pragmatism1 #ch ,judea1 #i ,judgm5t1 #acc2 moral1 #agf2 /&>ds1 #age ,kant1 #ej1 #hc1 #ih1 #bjf2 8 philosophy & ,g]man "*1 #ih-ii ,k9%ip1 #fb ,k1 conception z behold+1 #aae2 degrees1 #ajh2 empirical z organ ( imag9ation1 #gc1 #gd2 exi/+ practice1 #aab2 mod]n view ( "r way to get x1 #aac2 positive1 #ab2 positive vs4 tradition1 #af2 practical & op]ative1 #aba1 #abb2 s5sations &1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi2 spectator conception1 #aab1 #aag ,k is p[]1 #bi1 #db1 #ea ,law1 #fa1 #fd2 fre$om &1 #bjg2 reason &1 #ih4 ,see also ,f9al good ,le>n+1 ,bacon's ?ree k9ds1 #bi ,lic5ti\sness1 #afc ,life1 #afg1 #baa2 environm5t &1 #hd-he ,lit]>y culture1 #ci ,locke1 #ce1 #ej1 #ha1 #hi1 #aeb2 philosophic empiricism1 #hb ,logic1 a sci5ce & an art1 #ace2 app>atus1 #bj1 #ba2 "*1 #acb1 #acd2 importance1 #ach2 9 morals & politics1 #ach2 inconsi/5cies1 #acd2 new1 #cf2 ( discov]y1 #cc2 ( discov]y vs4 t ( argum5tation1 #ca2 !ory1 *aotic /ate1 #acc ,logical sy/em1 #i ,lotze1 #acd ,mak+ a liv+1 #baa ,man1 p]fectibility1 #di2 primitive1 #d1 #e2 savage & civiliz$1 #he2 tool-mak]1 #ga ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #ajf ,mat]ialism1 #ej1 #gj1 #gc1 #aga1 #ahb ,ma!matics1 #acg1 #adi ,matt]1 #gb1 #baa ,means & ends1 #gb-gc ,me*anics1 #fg1 #fi2 ,greeks &1 #fg ,me*anism1 #baa ,me*anisation ( nature1 #ga-gb ,m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity1 #ag1 #ai1 #abf ,meliorism1 #agh ,memory1 #a1 #f1 #ajc2 emotional "*1 #b2 individual & gr\p1 #h2 primitive1 #c ,metaphysics1 #ag1 #abd1 #abf ,me?ods1 #adi2 social philosophy1 #aic2 true1 #cb ,middle ,ages1 #dg1 #fd1 #acb ,milit>y art1 #ae ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #acb ,m9d1 pure1 #aaa ,miracles1 #abe ,mi/akes1 #age ,mod]n ?\ght1 #eb2 ,bacon z f\nd]1 #bh2 e>ly1 #di1 #ej4 ,see also ,?\ght ,mohamm$ans1 #ci ,moral ends1 #afi ,moral life1 #afe ,moral sci5ce4 ,see "u ,sci5ce ,morality1 pragmatic rule1 #afc2 /&>d ( judgm5t1 #agf ,morals1 #abf1 #afi2 politics &1 #aig ,national /ate1 #bjj2 end or in/rum5t1 #bjb-bjc2 rle ( ! mod]n1 #bja ,nationali/ic movem5t1 #bja ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,see "u ,sci5ce ,naturalism & humanism1 #agd ,nature1 contra/ ( anci5t & mod]n conceptions1 #ec-ed2 inquiry into1 #cb1 #cg1 #dh1 #di2 loss ( poetry :5 consid]$ z me*anism1 #fi2 pr(\nd *ange 9 man's attitude to1 #aae2 value ( me*anisation1 #ga-gb2 web impos$ on1 #ce-cf ,neglect1 #ig ,neo-,platonism1 #aaa ,new ,_w1 #ci ,non-be+1 #ajg ,n\m5al reality1 #bc ,n\s1 #cf ,oblivisc5ce ( ! disagreeable1 #ajc ,obs]vation1 #adj ,optimism1 #agh ,opportunity1 #baa ,organic society1 #ahg ,organisms1 #hf ,organisation1 #bjf-bjg ,ori5tal nations1 #abg ,orig9 ( philosophies1 #e1 #ah1 #bd1 #be ,pan!on1 ,greek1 #aje ,pa/1 #bab ,p]fectibility ( mank9d1 #di ,p]fection1 #agg ,p]sonality1 #dg1 #ahi1 #bji ,p]suasion1 #ca ,pessimism1 #agh ,ph>iseeism1 #agf ,ph5om5al reality1 #bc ,philosophy1 emancipation1 #abc2 function1 #aaa1 #abb2 future aim & scope1 #bf2 h>d & fa/ alt]natives ( ,engli% & ,g]man s*ools1 #ii-ajj2 hi/ory1 #be2 opportunities1 #di2 orig91 #e1 #ah1 #bd1 #be2 practical nature1 #aba2 prop] prov9ce1 #ba1 #abd2 "w1 #ah ,physician1 #afh ,physics1 #ge ,plato1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #ahh1 #bje2 dramatic s5se1 #ae2 exp]i5ce1 #gi1 #ib2 ideas1 ideal realm1 #aje2 on *ange1 #ajg2 social arts1 #id2 ultimate reality1 #ajf ,pleasure1 #aha ,plot9us1 #ajf ,pluralism1 #bjd ,poetry1 #g1 #h1 #ajc1 #bab ,political *anges1 #dc ,political organisation1 #dd ,politics1 #abe2 morals &1 #aig2 movem5ts1 #dg ,possession ( k1 #ca ,pot5tiality1 ,ari/otle's use ( t]m1 #eg1 #eh ,practical & e/hetic1 #ff ,pragmatism1 #ch ,pret5sions1 #ba ,primitive man1 #d ,pr9ciples1 #ha1 #afc2 crit]ia ( exp]i5ce1 #dh ,probability1 #ba ,production1 #aha ,progress1 #db1 #dh1 #aaf1 #baa2 ,bacon &1 #cb1 #cd2 economic & moral1 contra/1 #abe ,pro(1 #bj ,prop]ty1 #ahb1 #ahi ,prote/antism1 #df ,pr\dhon1 #ahi ,prussian ,/ate1 #aij1 #bja ,psy*ology1 #hc1 #ace2 *ange 91 #hd2 malici\s1 #hb ,pure reason1 #gh ,que/ion+1 #ag4 ,see also ,inquiry ,radicalism1 #ah1 #ai1 #ajj ,rank1 #fc ,rationalism1 #ig2 rigidity1 #ih ,rationali/s #hg1 #hh1 #hi ,rationalisation1 #ig1 #ajb ,real1 *ang$ conceptions1 #ajc2 ideal &1 a human issue1 #abh2 problem ( relation to ! ideal1 #acj ,reality1 #bc1 #bg2 classic conception1 #aje2 nom5al vs4 ph5om5al1 #bc2 ultimate1 #ajf2 ultimate1 "o ) ideality1 #aaa ,reason1 #hc1 #agd2 z a faculty sep>ate f exp]i5ce1 #ie2 z re-adju/+ intellig5ce1 #if2 *ang$ conceptions1 #gg ,reason+1 #cb ,recon/ruction ( philosophy1 #eb2 ess5tial1 #ea2 hi/orical factors1 #bh2 9 moral conceptions1 #afa2 sci5tific factor1 #ec2 social philosophy &1 #ahg2 specific pres5t problem1 #dc2 value ( a solution ( ! dilemma ( reason & exp]i5ce1 #aja ,re-creation1 #ea1 #ahj ,re=m1 #agi1 #ahj2 />t+-po9t1 #aif ,relativity ( s5sations1 #hh ,religion1 #ajc1 #baa1 #bab2 movem5ts1 #dg ,religi\s fre$om1 #df ,religi\s _s1 #baj ,r5aissance1 #bi ,rese>*1 #db2 co-op]ative1 #cg ,responsibility1 #afc ,revolution ( ?\ght1 #fj ,rights & duties1 #bjg ,rome1 #i ,rul] & subject1 #dd2 9 nature1 #fd ,rules ( conduct1 #afe ,sailors1 #aa ,salvation1 #aab ,santayana1 ,george1 on ,locke1 #hb ,satisfaction1 #aeg ,savage1 #he1 #agf ,s*ola/icism1 #cj ,sci5ce1 #aa1 #bc2 advance 91 #ec2 co-op]ative pursuit1 #cg2 e/heticism &1 reconcil+1 #abg2 human value1 #agc2 indu/ry &1 #ch1 #da1 #db2 natural1 #db1 #dh2 op5 _w (1 #fa2 orig91 #ab2 picture ( univ]se1 #fd-fe2 relation to exp]i5ce1 #ie2 sep>ation ( natural & moral1 #agc2 s-call$1 #cf2 traditional1 #cj ,sci5tific revolution1 #ec ,self-delusion1 #adj ,self-int]e/1 #aid-aie ,s5sations1 #hd2 z po9ts ( readju/m5t1 #hi2 relativity1 #hh ,s5ses1 #hd1 #hg ,s5tim5talism1 #gc ,%akespe>e1 #id ,slav]y1 #aia ,social belief1 #bf ,social developm5t1 #dc ,social evils1 #ahb4 ,see also ,ills ,social philosophy1 recon/ruction1 #ahg2 recon/ructive impact1 #aic ,social unit1 real1 #bjd ,social welf>e1 #ahj ,sociality1 #ahe ,society1 #bjj1 #bje2 defect ( usual !ories ab\t1 #ahh2 individuals &1 ?ree views1 #ahg-ahh2 philosophy &1 #abd ,socrates1 #ad1 #ag ,soldi]s1 #aci ,sophi/s1 #ac1 #ad ,space1 #aah-aai1 #abj ,sp9oza1 #ajf ,/&>ds1 #age ,/ate1 ,ari/otle's !ory1 #dd2 contract !ory1 #de2 curr5t conception1 #bjj2 importance1 #bjd2 individual &1 #aij1 #aia2 mod]n1 #dd2 orig91 #dd2 supremacy1 #bjb1 #bjc ,subject & rul]1 #dd2 9 nature1 #fd ,success1 #agi ,sugge/ions1 #c1 #f1 #g ,summum ,bonum4 ,see ,f9al good ,sup]naturalism1 #dg ,sy/em1 #ih1 #ii ,telegraph1 #abj ,telephone1 #abj ,t]m9ology1 #ba ,!ories1 #add1 #ade2 validity1 #aef ,!ory & practice1 #adj ,?+s z !y are1 #aae ,?9k+1 habits1 #gd1 #ge4 ,see also ,?\ght ,?omas1 ,/4 ,see ,aqu9as ,?\ght1 #aag2 good & bad ?9k+1 #acf2 in/rum5tal nature1 #ade-adf2 its orig9 9 difficulties1 #ach-aci2 k9ds1 #ace2 logic &1 #acd2 place1 #if2 sy/ems1 #ade ,tol]ance1 #df ,tradition1 #ad2 positive k vs41 #af ,transitori\sness1 #ajf ,travel1 #ci1 #dj ,tr\ble1 #ach1 #adj ,tru?1 z utility1 #aeg2 def9+1 #aei-afj2 logical conception1 #aef-aeg2 old & new1 #cc1 #cd2 pragmatic conception1 #aef1 #aei2 te/ (1 nature (1 #aee1 #aff2 :y ! mod]n conception is (f5sive1 #aeg1 #aeh ,unity1 #ajh ,univ]sal1 #fd ,univ]se1 clos$ conception1 #ed ,utilit>ianism1 defects1 #aha2 m]it1 #ahj2 ne$ ( recon/ruction1 #ahc ,utility1 #aeg ,valves1 #ae ,v]ification1 #aef ,virtues1 #afd ,vision1 #ba ,w>1 #bjd ,w>1 _w1 lesson1 #abi2 nationali/ic phase1 #bja2 real & ideal 91 #abh ,weal?1 #dj1 #db1 #abe ,w9d1 #aa ,"w1 #aha ,work+m51 #aci ,_w1 clos$ & op5 conceptions1 #ed1 #fj-fa2 mod]n conception z mat]ial = *ange1 #aad2 nom5al & ph5om5al1 #bc ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,phrases 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,typos correct$3 7,*apt] ,,iii7 ,home ,fab] to ,homo ,fab] 7,index entry7 ,summum ,conum to ,summum ,bonum ,! text is 9 ,am]ican-,engli% b ! ,index seems to be done 9 ,briti%-,engli%4 ,bel[ are "s words 9 ! ,index :i* are diff]5t f ! text3 ,,index ,,text ----- ---- dramatisation dramatization lab\r labor m$iaeval m$ieval ,g5]alisations ,g5]alizations me*anisation me*anization 7#b in/ances7 organisation organization 7#b in/ances7 ,rationalisation ,rationalization nom5al n\m5al 7#b in/ances7