file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #djjhj-;h4htm  
or #djjhj-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#djjhj_/pg#djjhj-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#djjh
j_/djjhj-;h4zip7      ,a ,,pictorial    
,,booklet ,,on ,,e>ly ,,jame/[n         
,,commodities ,,& ,,indu/ries  by  ,j4  
,,paul ,,hudson  ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia     
,illu/rat$ by ,sidney ,e4 ,k+           
,virg9ia #cej? ,anniv]s>y ,celebration  
,corporation ,williamsburg1 ,virg9ia    
#aieg  ,copyright1 #aieg by ,j4 ,paul   
,hudson1 ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia  ,jame/[n   
#cej? ,anniv]s>y ,hi/orical ,booklet    
,numb] #bc     ,,introduction   ,9 !    
pages :i* foll[ only a few ( _m goods & 
commodities made1 collect$1 or gr[n at  
or ne> ,jame/[n dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury w
 be discuss$4 ,no pret5se is made to d m
 ?an t\* lightly on ! ones m5tion$ mo/  
frequ5tly by ! e>ly settl]s4 ,) !       
exception ( tobacco1 grape v9es1 & h]bs1
 agricultural products are omitt$4      

,jame/[n has nev] receiv$ prop]         
recognition z ! place :]e _m ,am]ican   
indu/ries 7 born 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,few p   
are aw>e t boatbuild+1 timb]+1          
glassmak+1 tobacco-cultivation1         
w9e-mak+1 iron-smelt+1 & ! mak+ ( pit*1 
t>1 pota% & soap-a%es1 7 c>ri$ on 9     
,virg9ia's colonial capital2 nor is x   
g5]ally kn[n t !re 0 production (       
pott]y1 bricks & tile1 ( consid]able    
volume4  ,besides ! products m5tion$ 9  
?is booklet1 attempts 7 made to gr[ or  
produce o!r items at or ne> ,james      
,citty--includ+ cordage1 silk-grass1    
dyes1 salt1 flax1 hemp1 alum1 :ite e>?1 
walnut-oil1 m9]als1 sweet-gums1 madd]1  
sug> cane1 cotton1 citrus fruits1       
olives1 b>k1 roots1 & b]ries4 ,a few    
br\ght pr(its to ! plant]s :ile o!rs1 l 
indigo1 cotton1 sug> cane1 & citrus     
fruits1 result$ 9 failure4 ,! tropical  
plants f ! ,we/ ,indies c\ld n1 ( c\rse1
 )/& ! cold ,virg9ia w9t]s4  ,attempts  
made by ! e>ly plant]s to f9d           
commodities & raw mat]ials reveal$ to a 

l>ge degree ! indu/rial & agricultural  
res\rces ( ! new colony4 ,! lessons     
le>n$ at ,jame/[n--ev5 in=mation d]iv$ f
 ! failures--7 invaluable ones4 ,= f !  
successful activities c>ri$ out 9 !     
small huts1 9 ! fields1 & 9 ! woodl&    
areas1 w\ld lat] develop indu/ries &    
agricultural pursuits undream$ ( by !   
e>ly settl]s4  ,! hi/ory ( ,am]ican     
commodities1 l ! hi/ory ( ! nation1 is  
no long] a brief "o4 ,?ree hundr$ &     
fifty ye>s h n[ pass$ s9ce ! fir/       
adv5tur\s ,engli%man1 ) musket 9 h& &   
e>s al]t$ to ! s\nd ( moccas9$ feet1    
se>*$ ! wild]ness area up & d[n ! ,james
 ,riv] = ,new ,_w weal?4 ,z "t p]mitt$1 
he work$ 9 8 small %op mak+ utilit>ian  
?+s out ( clay1 wood1 s&1 &             
metal--objects n entirely lack+ 9       
beauty4 ,busy z he 0 ) ^! tasks1 he /ill
 f\nd "t to t5d 8 small v9ey>d & tobacco
 field4 ,z he work$ he may h dream$ ( ! 
day :5 8 hogs-heads ( sweet-sc5t$       
tobacco & casks ( r$ w9e w\ld rea*      
,engl& safely & be sold = a pr(it4 ,try+

 to bett] 8 condition 9 a new l&1 he    
nev] dream$ t ! se$s ( 8 incessant      
labors1 :i* he 0 unconsci\sly plant+1   
w\ld "s day fl[] into a great indu/rial 
& agricultural nation4     ,,cont5ts    
,introduction                       iii 
,boatbuild+                         #a  
,timb]+                            #d   
,b>rels & ,casks 7,coop]+7        #h    
,pota% & ,soap-,a%es               #aa  
,pit* & ,t>                       #ad   
,iron                                #af
    ,a ,jame/[n ,blacksmi? ,%op         
#ah    ,glassmak+                       
#bc    ,furs & ,hides                   
#bf    ,build+                          
#cj    ,tobacco                         
#dj    ,w9e                             
#db    ,silk                            
#df    ,pott]y                          
#dh    ,metalwork+                      
#eb    ,fi%+                            
#ef    ,brew+                           
#fj    ,h]bs & ,m$ic9al ,plants         
#fd    ,furniture                       

#fh    ,! ,box-,mak] & ,turn]           
#ga    ,c>riages & ,:eel$ ,vehicles     
#gb    ,sp9n+                           
#gc    ,bread-,bak+                     
#gd    ,h>ve/+ ,ice                     
#gf    ,a ,happy ,home 9 ,jame/[n       
#gg    ,select$ ,bibliography           
#gh     ,,boatbuild+   ,on ,april #bg1  
#afjg1 ! day aft] ! ,jame/[n coloni/s   
l&$ at ,cape ,h5ry1 "s ( ! settl]s began
 to build or assemble a small boat4     
,george ,p]cy1 "o ( ! orig9al coloni/s1 
report$ t x 0 complet$ & laun*$ on      
,april #bh4  ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t #cej   
ye>s ago--on ! s&y bea* ne> ,cape       
,h5ry--! ,jame/[n b\nd coloni/s made _! 
fir/ important commodity by h& 9 ! ,new 
,_w4  ,contempor>y records reveal t _m  
small boats 7 built at ,jame/[n f !     
e>lie/ ye>s ( ! settlem5t4 ,!y af=d$ !  
be/ means ( transportation ?r\gh !      
un*>t$ wild]ness1 & 7 us$ = fi%+1 trade1
 & exploration4  ,! conjectural         
illu/ration %[s coloni/s build+ a small 
boat at ,jame/[n ,isl&--ne> ,back       

,riv]--ab\t #afej4  ,illu/ration3       
,rese>* on pa9t+ by au?or4 ,photo       
c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4         
,boatbuild+ ,at ,jame/[n ,ov] #cjj ,ye>s
 ,ago ,conjectural ,pa9t+  ,illu/ration3
 ,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 
,boatbuild+ ,tools ,une>!d at ,jame/[n  
,all tools 9 ! picture 7 h& wr\ght dur+ 
! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,"s may h be5 =g$ at 
,jame/[n4     ,,timb]+   ,timb]+ 0 "o ( 
! fir/ activities und]tak5 by ! ,jame/[n
 coloni/s & 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,engli%       
indu/ries 9 ,am]ica4 ,! day ! settl]s   
arriv$ !y began cutt+ d[n trees1 = timb]
 0 ne$$ to build _! =t & t[n z well z to
 export to ! "m c\ntry4 ,?omas ,/udley1 
a memb] ( ! fir/ colony1 report$ t      
clapbo>ds 7 made = load+ on ! %ips :i* 7
 to return to ,engl&3  ,n[ falle? e man 
to worke1 ! ,c\ncell contrive ! =t1 !   
re/ cut d[ne trees to make place to pit*
 _! t5ts2 "s provide clapbo>d to relade 
! %ips1 "s make g>d5s1 "s nets1 c4      
,capta9 ,newport left ,jame/[n 9 ,june1 
#afjg & abo>d 8 two %ips 7 clapbo>ds &  

o!r wood5 products4  ,! virg9 =e/s gr[+ 
9 ! vic9ity ( ,jame/[n furni%$ planks1  
ma/s1 clapbo>d1 wa9scot+1 & o!r wood5   
products ne$$ by ! "m c\ntry4 ,z ,engl& 
_h run %ort ( timb] & 0 pay+ exorbitant 
prices to ,european c\ntries = naval    
/ores & timb] products1 ! supply furni%$
 by ! ,jame/[n colony help$ greatly to  
relieve ! situation4 ,! ,virg9ians 7    
also help$1 = timb] 0 "o ( ! few        
products :i* br\ght pr(its to ! /ruggl+ 
colony4  ,! conjectural pa9t+ %[s       
settl]s c>ry+ out timb]+ activities at  
,jame/[n4 ,"s ( ! pil$ up lumb] w be us$
 9 ! colony1 "s w be %ipp$ to ,engl&4   
,illu/ration3 ,rese>* on pa9t+ by au?or4
 ,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 
,timb]+ ,at ,jame/[n ,?ree ,c5turies    
,ago ,conjectural ,pa9t+  ,illu/ration3 
,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4  
,tools ,us$ ,by ,! ,e>ly ,jame/[n       
,settl]s ,= ,timb]+ ,a few ( _m tools   
excavat$ at ,jame/[n :i* 7 us$ = timb]+ 
ov] #cjj ye>s ago3 fell+ axes1 a hew+   
axe1 adze1 hat*et1 w$ge1 & saw fragm5t4 

,illu/ration3 ,! ,c>p5t]4 ,fab]         
,lign>ius4  ,we h se5 ,m5s food &       
cloa?+2 n[ 8 dwell+ foll[e?4 ,at fir/ !y
 dwelt 9 ,caves #a !n 9 ,boo?s or ,huts 
#b & !n aga9 9 ,t5ts #c at ! la/ 9      
,h\ses4 ,! ,woodm5 felle? & hewe? d[n   
,trees #e ) an ,ax #d ! ,b\ghs #f       
rema9+4 ,he cleave? ,knotty wood ) a    
,w$g #g :i* he =ce? 9 ) a ,beetle #h &  
make? ,wood-/acks #i4 ,! ,c>p5t] squ>e? 
,timb] ) a ,*ip-,ax #aj :5ce ,*ips #aa  
fall1 & sawe? x ) a ,saw #ab :]e !      
,saw-du/ #ac falle? d[n4 ,aft]w>ds he   
lifte? ! beam ^u tressels #ad by ! help 
( a ,pulley #ae fa/5e? x ) ,cramp-,irons
 #af & m>ke? x out ) a ,l9e #ag4 ,!n he 
frame? ! ,walls toge!r & fa/5e? ! great 
pieces ) ,p9s #ai4           ,c\rtesy   
,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4
 ,c4           ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,timb]+
 & ,build+  ,! #afhe engrav+ %[s        
activities relat+ to timb]+ & h\se      
build+4 ,simil> practices 7 c>ri$ out at
 ,jame/[n dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4  ,f   
,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus by ,johann    

,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74     ,,b>rels 
,,& ,,casks  7,,coop]+7   ,z e>ly z     
#afjg b>rel /aves 7 made at ,jame/[n =  
export+ to ,engl&4 ,lat]1 :5 tobacco &  
o!r crops 7 gr[n successfully--& a few  
commodities 7 produc$ 9 ,virg9ia =      
export--b>rels1 casks1 & o!r wood5      
conta9]s 7 made by ! coop] 9 l>ge       
numb]s4  ,john ,lewes 0 ! fir/ coop] to 
rea* ,jame/[n1 arriv+ 9 ,janu>y1 #afjh4 
,o!rs foll[$ him ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5?     
c5tury2 & = almo/ a hundr$ ye>s _! craft
 0 an important "o 9 ! ,capital ,cittie4
  ,! illu/ration %[s a coop] & 8 help]s 
mak+ b>rels & casks at ,jame/[n1 ab\t ! 
ye> #afbe4  ,illu/ration3 ,rese>* on    
pa9t+ by au?or4 ,photo c\rtesy ,national
 ,p>k ,s]vice4  ,mak+ ,b>rels & ,casks  
,at ,jame/[n--,ab\t #afbe ,conjectural  
,pa9t+  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,coop]4  ,!    
,coop] #a1 hav+ an ,apron #b ti$ ab\t   
him1 make? ,hoops ,( ,haslel-rods #c1 ^u
 a ,cutt+-block1 #d ) a ,spoke-%ave1 #e 
& ,lags #f ( ,timb]4 ,he make?          
,hogs-heads #g & ,pipes1 #h ) two       

,heads1 & ,tubs #i1 ,soes #aj1 ,flaskets
 #aa1 ,buckets #ab1 ) "o ,bottom (      
,lags4  ,!n he b9de? !m ) ,hoops #ac1   
:i* he tie? fa/ ) small ,twigs #ae1 by  
means ( a ,cramp-,iron #ad1 & he fitte? 
!m on ) a ,mallet #af1 & a ,driv]4 #ag4 
,c\rtesy ,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y1     
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4             ,mak+     
,b>rels 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury  ,!       
engrav+1 made 9 #afhe1 %[s two coop]s   
mak+ a b>rel4 ,a coop]'s %op at ,jame/[n
 may h be5 some:at simil> to ! "o %[n4  
,f ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus by ,johann 
,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74     ,,pota%  
,,& ,,soap-,,a%es   ,soap-a%es & pota% 7
 among ! fir/ commodities produc$ by !  
,engli% 9 ,am]ica4 ,pota% 0 made f      
soap-a%es 7wood a%es1 especially ^?     
obta9$ f burn+ a% & elm7 & 0 us$ at     
,jame/[n = mak+ bo? soap & glass4       
,soap-a%es 7 export$ to ,engl& z e>ly z 
#afjh1 & ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ! c5tury x 
appe>s t bo? pota% & soap-a%es 7 %ipp$  
to ! "m c\ntry1 ,z e>ly z #afba         
soap-a%es 7 sell+ = six %ill+s to eight 

%ill+s p] hundr$ weight1 :]eas pota% 0  
br++ betwe5 ?irty-five %ill+s & =ty     
%ill+s p] hundr$ weight4  ,al?\gh few   
contempor>y records are available :i*   
m5tion ! pr(it made f ! sale ( soap-a%es
 & pota% by ! ,virg9ia plant]s1 x is    
kn[n t "s small returns 7 made f "t to  
"t ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,:ile     
tobacco 0 ! important money-mak+ crop1 !
 "p play$ 9 ! economy ( ! ,jame/[n      
settlem5t & environs by o!r             
commodities--includ+ soap-a%es &        
pota%--%\ld n be ov]look$4  ,9 !        
conjectural picture ,jame/[n settl]s are
 %[n mak+ pota%4 ,five /eps 7 necess>y3 
#a4 ,a pile ( firewood 7billet-wood7 0  
burn$ until grey a%es      7 =m$4 ,! be/
 woods 7 oak1 a%1 popl>1 hickory1 elm1  
hazel1 & bee*4 ,old holl[ trees1 if n   
dead1 7 especially      desirable4      
#b4 ,aft] sev]al p\nds ( a%es _h        
accumulat$1 !y 7 lea*$      7boil+ wat] 
0 p]colat$ ?r\gh ! a%es71 result+ 9 a   
v /rong alkali solution kn[n z ley or   
lye4       #c4 ,! alkali solution 7or   

ley7 0 /ra9$ ?r\gh a co>se l95      clo?
 to keep out any co>se mat]ials 7su* z  
small pieces (      half-burnt wood71 t 
might happ5 to rema9 9 ! a%es4       #d4
 ,! /ra9$ ley solution 0 p\r$ 9 an iron 
pan1 &      evaporat$ ov] a quick       
fire--almo/ to dryness4       #e4 ,!    
residue rema9+ 9 ! bottom ( ! pan 0     
remov$ &      put into an iron pot4 ,!  
pot 0 put ov] a /rong fire till !       
matt] 0 melt$4 ,imm$iately ! melt$ matt]
 0 p\r$ out ^u      an iron plate1 :]e x
 soon cool$ & appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a         
solid lump ( pota%4  ,illu/ration3 ,mak+
 ,pota% at ,jame/[n--,ab\t #afjh        
,conjectural sket*  ,to a *emi/ !       
some:at primitive me?ods describ$ are v 
obvi\s ones 9 mak+ an impure =m ( pota%4
 ,! combu/ion ( h>dwoods result$ 9 an a%
 residue conta9+ ! desir$ potassium     
c>bonate4 ,"s purification 0 obta9$ by  
lea*+ ! a% residue 9 boil+ wat] & !n    
filt]+ ! ley ?r\gh a co>se l95 clo?4 ,! 
filt]$ ley 0 evaporat$ 9 an iron pot to 
dryness4 ,! pota% result+ 0 n[ ready =  

mak+ soap & glass1 z well z = o!r       
indu/rial uses4     ,,pit* ,,& ,,t>     
,pit* & t>--us$ by %ipbuild]s f "t      
immemorial = caulk+ & cov]+ seams (     
vessels--7 made at ,jame/[n z e>ly z    
#afjh4 ,aft] ! second supply %ips rea*$ 
,jame/[n 9 ,octob]1 #afjh1 "o ( !       
settl]s wrote3  ,no soon] 7 we l&$1 b ! 
,presid5t disp]s$ z _m z 7 able1 "s =   
glasse1 o!rs = pit*1 t>re1 & sope a%es4 
,a mon? lat] trials ( pit* & t> 7 c>ri$ 
to ,engl& by ,capta9 ,*ri/oph] ,newport1
 z report$ by ,?omas ,/udley1 "o ( !    
orig9al plant]s3  ,capta9e ,newport be+ 
dispat*$ ) ! tryals ( pit*1 t>re1 glass1
 frank9c5se & sope a%es1 ) t clapbord & 
wa9scot :i* c\ld bee provid$ 444 return$
 = ,engl&4  ,z pit* & t> 7 made 9       
,virg9ia ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury1     
ma9ly = export+ to ,engl&1 x appe>s t ! 
coloni/s made "s pr(it f ! sale ( su*   
products4  ,pit* & t> 7 obta9$ f p9e    
trees1 "o ( ! common trees 9 ! ,tidewat]
 ,virg9ia woods4 ,t> is an oily1 d>k    
color$1 product obta9$ 9 ! de/ructive   

di/illation ( p9e wood4 ,9 ,virg9ia x 0 
commonly made f ! res9\s roots & wood ( 
v>i\s p9es4 ,! wood 0 heap$ into a      
conical /ack depress$ at ! c5t]1 cov]$ )
 e>?1 & fir$4 ,! t> ran into a          
holl[$-out place 9 ! soil b5ea? ! /ack (
 wood4 ,pit* 0 a d>k-color$ visc\s      
sub/ance obta9$ z a residue 9 di/ill+   
p9e t>1 & widely us$ = caulk+ seams (   
boats4  ,x is ( int]e/ t ! e>ly settl]s 
nam$ ! l>ge swamp nor? ( ! t[n area     
,pit* & ,t> ,swamp4 ,und\bt$ly ! l>ge   
p9e trees :i* bord]$ ! swamp 7 us$ =    
mak+ pit* & t>1 z well z turp5t9e &     
res94  ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ ,t> ,at      
,jame/[n ,f ,p9e ,wood ,conjectural     
sket*     ,,iron   ,x is possible t     
small am\nts ( iron 7 smelt$ at ,jame/[n
 9 e>? ov5s or ,catalan-type furnaces   
dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! colony4 ,9 #aiee   
ar*eologi/s une>!d a circul>-%ap$ pit   
:i* conta9$ *>coal1 burn$ oy/] %ell1    
iron ore1 pieces ( smelt$ iron1 & slag4 
,x is kn[n t "s iron 0 made 9 e>? ov5s 9
 ,engl& dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5?   

c5tury1 :]e iron 0 smelt$ 9 holes dug 9 
! gr\nd4 ,! fires 7 f$ ) logs & *>coal1 
& ! heat 0 increas$ by use ( l>ge foot  
bell[s4 ,! same me?od may h be5 us$ at  
,jame/[n2 or x is possible t ! e>? ov5  
may h be5 us$ = h>d5+ b> iron import$ f 
,engl&1 z mu* b> iron receiv$ f ! "m    
c\ntry 0 v s(t & unsatisfactory = mak+  
tools4  ,! conjectural sket* %[s        
,jame/[n coloni/s mak+ iron 9 a         
primitive e>? ov5 or furnace4           
,illu/ration3 ,small ,quantities ,(     
,iron ,may ,h ,be5 ,made ,at ,jame/[n   
,dur+ ,! ,e>ly ,ye>s ,( ,! ,settlem5t   
,conjectural sket*     ,a ,,jame/[n     
,,blacksmi? ,,%op   ,a blacksmi?1 ,james
 ,read by "n1 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ gr\p ( 
coloni/s :o plant$ ! ,jame/[n settlem5t 
9 #afjg4 ,p]haps he help$ =ge ! small   
*isels :i* ,capta9 ,john ,smi? m5tion$  
7writ+ ( ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #afjg73  ,z
 yet we h no h\ses to cov] u1 our t5ts 7
 rott51 & our cabb9s worse ?an n\ght3   
our be/ commoditie 0 iron :i* we made   
into little *issels4  ,_m small *isels h

 be5 une>!d at ,jame/[n1 & "o may wond] 
:e!r any 7 made dur+ ! h>d autumn (     
#afjg1 :5 ! /ate ( ! new colony 0 at su*
 a l[ ebb4  ,ano!r e>ly ,jame/[n        
blacksmi? 0 ,ri*>d ,dole1 :o arriv$ on !
 supply %ip ,pho5ix1 ,april #bj1 #afjh4 
,read & ,dole 7 ! vangu>ds ( _m         
ironwork]s :o emigrat$ to ,virg9ia at   
v>i\s p]iods ( "t ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5?    
c5tury4  ,9 #aiee ar*eologi/s discov]$ !
 site ( an e>ly sev5te5? c5tury =ge or  
smi!ry ne> hi/oric ,jame/[n *ur*4 ,l>ge 
quantities ( slag 7 une>!d toge!r )     
pieces ( b> iron1 weapons1 tool         
fragm5ts1 & sev]al p>tially-complet$    
iron h&les1 *isels1 & nails4 ,a few     
blacksmi?s' tools & a small anvil 7 also
 f\nd4 ,associat$ cultural mat]ial f\nd 
indicat$ t ! =ge op]at$ betwe5 #afaj &  
#afbe1 & !re 0 good evid5ce t x may h   
be5 locat$ 9 an arm\r]'s %op4 ,! =ge    
site appe>s to be ! olde/ "o us$ by !   
,engli% :i* has be5 discov]$ 9 ,am]ica4 
,! sket* %[+ ! ,jame/[n blacksmi? at "w 
is bas$ on a #afhe engrav+ by ,johann   

,com5ius4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,jame/[n    
,blacksmi? ,work+ ,9 ,a ,=ge ,%op       
,conjectural sket*  ,illu/ration3 ,photo
 c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,iron  
,objects ,excavat$ ,at ,jame/[n ,ne> ,! 
,site ,( ,an ,e>ly ,sev5te5?-,c5tury    
,=ge  ,%[n are blacksmi?s' tools1 b>    
iron1 sword gu>ds1 slag1 & a few        
incomplete iron objects4 ,x appe>s t !  
=ge1 locat$ a %ort di/ance we/ ( hi/oric
 ,jame/[n *ur*1 0 9 op]ation z e>ly z   
#afbe4  ,illu/ration3 ,! ,indian        
,massacre ,at ,fall+ ,creek1 ,m>* #bb1  
#afbb                                   
,conjectural sket*  ,9 #afbj-ba !       
,jame/[n coloni/s e/abli%$ an iron      
furnace at ,fall+ ,creek--ab\t eighty   
miles upriv] f ,jame/[n4 ,x 0 ! fir/    
ironworks built 9 ,am]ica by ,engli%m51 
& ! furnace 0 ! fir/ "o 7( :i* !re is   
def9ite record7 9 :i* iron 0 smelt$4 ,! 
contempor>y records also indicate t a   
few tools 7 made 9 ! =ge %op4 ,!        
ent]prise 0 %ort-liv$1 h[ev]1 = 9 #afbb 
! ,indians massacr$ ! ironwork]s & _!   

families & de/roy$ ! furnace4 ,al?\gh   
nev] rebuilt1 its importance _c be      
ov]/ress$1 = ! ,fall+ ,creek site c     
rightfully claim ! honor ( be+ !        
bir?place ( ! ,am]ican iron indu/ry4    
,illu/ration3 ,! ,black-,smi?4  ,!      
,black-,smi? #a 9 8 ,smi?ie 7or ,=ge7 #b
 bl[e? ! fire ) a pair ( ,bell[s1 #c :i*
 he bl[e? ) 8 ,feet1 #d & s heate? !    
,iron2 ,& !n he take? x out ) ! ,tongs  
#e laye? x ^u ! ,anvile1 #f & /rike? x )
 a ,hamm]1 #g :]e ! ,sp>ks #h flie (f4  
,& ?us are hamm]$ out ,nails #i1        
,hor%oos #aj1 ,c>t-/rakes #aa1 ,*a9s    
#ab1 ,plates1 ,locks & ,keys1 ,h9dges1  
c4 ,he qu5*e? ,hot-,irons 9 !           
,cool-tr\gh4  ,c\rtesy ,folg] ,%akespe>e
 ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4             
,a ,sev5te5?-,c5tury ,blacksmi? ,at ,"w 
,a =ge or smi!ry at ,jame/[n may h      
resembl$ ! "o 9 ?is #afhe engrav+4  ,f  
,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus by ,johann    
,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74              
,,glassmak+   ,glass 0 made at ,jame/[n 
9 #afjh-afji1 & aga9 9 #afba-afbd1 its  

manufacture be+ "o ( ! fir/ ,engli%     
indu/ries 9 ! ,new ,_w4  ,among !       
coloni/s :o rea*$ ,jame/[n 9 ,octob]1   
#afjh1 7 eight ,dut*m5 & ,poles1 "s (   
:om 7 glassmak]s4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,*ri/oph] 
,newport sail$ = ,engl& a few weeks lat]
 he c>ri$ ) him tryals ( pit*1 t>re1    
glasse1 frank9c5se1 sope a%es2 ) t      
clapbo>d & waynscot t c\ld be provid$4  
,x is n kn[n :at k9ds ( glass 7 tak5 to 
,engl& by ,newport4 ,john ,smi?1 writ+ (
 ! ye> #afji1 /at$3 444 wee made ?ree or
 f\re lotts ( t>re1 pit*1 & sope a%es2  
produc$ a tryall ( glass4444 ,aga91 !   
records d n reveal :at k9ds ( glass 7   
produc$4  ,9 #afba six ,italian         
glassmak]s arriv$ at ,jame/[n1 & dur+ ! 
next ?ree ye>s attempts 7 made to       
manufacture glass1 b x appe>s t only    
small am\nts 7 bl[n4  ,oddly en\gh1     
ar*eological excavations did n disclose 
:at k9ds ( glass 7 made at ,jame/[n dur+
 ! two v5tures4 ,:5 ! glas%\se site 0   
excavat$ 9 #aidh only small fragm5ts &  
dripp+s--d>k gre5 9 color--7 f\nd4 ,x   

appe>s t ! t9y fragm5ts c\ld h be5      
pieces f w9d[ panes1 bottles & vials1 & 
simple dr9k+ glasses4 ,no glass beads 7 
f\nd at or ne> ! furnace site4  ,!      
conjectural sket* %[s a ,jame/[n        
glassbl[] at "w4  ,illu/ration3 ,mak+   
,glass ,at ,jame/[n ,9 #afjh            
,conjectural sket*  ,illu/ration3 ,photo
 c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4        
,artifacts ,relat+ ,to ,glassmak+--,f\nd
 ,ne> ,! ,site ,( ,! ,jame/[n ,glas%\se 
,9 ! picture are %[n a small melt+ pot1 
"p ( a work+ hole1 fragm5t f a l>ge     
melt+ pot1 cullet 7! brok5 or refuse    
glass 9 ! l[] left corn]71 & gre5 glass 
fragm5ts 7l[] c5t] & l[] "r7     ,,furs 
,,& ,,hides   ,%ortly aft] ! ,jame/[n   
colony 0 plant$ ! ,engli% adv5tur]s     
explor$ ! riv]s & bays 9 ! vic9ity ( !  
settlem5t1 visit$ _m ,indian villages1 &
 trad$ colorful articles to ! natives 9 
ex*ange = foods1 furs1 & o!r            
commodities4  ,! fir/ explor+ p>ty left 
,jame/[n a week aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( !   
colony4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ! settl]s sail$ up 

! ,james ,riv] z f> z ! falls1 a di/ance
 ( ab\t n9ety miles4 ,at ,arahatteak    
7ne> pres5t-day ,ri*mond7 ! explor]s    
gave ! ,indians p5ny knyves1 %e]es1     
belles1 beades1 glass toyes c4444 =     
mulb]ries1 :eat1 beans1 tobacco1 & a    
cr[ne :i* 0 ( de>es hayre1 dy$ r$d4     
,be=e leav+ ! village ,capta9 ,newport  
pres5t$ ! ,indian *ief ) a hat*et & a r$
 wai/coat4  ,on ! return trip to        
,jame/[n ! explor+ p>ty visit$ o!r      
,indian t[ns on ! ,james ,riv]1 includ+ 
"o ^: *iefta9 0 ,p[hatan's bro!r--! wily
 & crafty ,ope*ancan\gh4 ,gabriel ,ar*]1
 a memb] ( ! gr\p1 record$ t ! *ief's   
kyngdome is full ( de>e 7s also is mo/ (
 all ! kyngdomes37 he ha? 7z ! re/      
likewise7 _m ry*e furres4  ,_m ( ! e>ly 
settl]s li/$ ! fur-be>+ animals t       
inhabit$ ! d5se woods ne> ,jame/[n4     
,george ,p]cy1 an orig9al plant]1 obs]v$
 t3  ,!re is also great /ore ( de]e bo? 
r$ & fall[4 ,!re are be>es1 foxes1      
ott]s1 bev]s1 muskats1 & wild bea/s     
unkn[ne4  ,john ,smi?1 9 "o ( 8 e>ly    

books describ+ ,virg9ia 7,a ,map (      
,virg9ia1 ,) a ,description ( ! ,c\ntry1
 ,ox=d1 #afab71 gives brief descriptions
 ( de]1 squirrels1 opossums1 muskrats1  
be>s1 beav]s1 ott]s1 foxes1 & o!rs4 ,) !
 exception ( be>s1 ^! fur-be>+ animals  
/ill inhabit ,jame/[n ,isl&--protect$ by
 ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4              
,illu/ration3 ,jame/[n ,settl]s ,trad+  
,) ,! ,indians ,conjectural sket*  ,=   
inexp5sive beads & tr9kets ! coloni/s   
receiv$ furs1 foods1 & o!r commodities f
 ! aborig9es  ,x appe>s t e>ly 9 !      
c5tury "s pr(it 0 be+ made f ! sale (   
furs 9 ,engl&1 = ,?omas ,/udley1 :o 0 9 
*>ge ( ! fir/ /oreh\se at ,jame/[n1     
wrote t "o m>9] 9 "o voyage ha? got s _m
 furs z he confess$ to h solde 9 ,engl& 
= #cj4  ,william ,/ra*ey1 :o liv$ at    
,jame/[n 9 #afaj-afaa1 describ$ a trad+ 
exp$ition made by ,capta9 ,samuel       
,argall 9 #afaj3  ,)9 ?is riv]1         
,captayne ,samuell ,argoll 9 a smale    
riv] :i* ! ,indians call ,oquiho4 ,anno 
#afaj4 trad+ 79 a b>k call$ ! ,discov]y7

 = corne1 ) ! great k+ ( ,patawomeck1 f 
him obteyn$ well ne]e #djj4 bu%ells (   
:eat1 pease & beanes 7besyde _m k9d (   
furrs7 = #i4 p[ndes ( copp]1 #d4 bun*es 
( beades1 #h doz5 ( hat*etts1 #e doz5 ( 
knives1 #d bun*es ( bells1 #a4 doz5     
,siz]s1 all n mu* m wor? ?an #djs4      
,engli%4444  ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t !   
,jame/[n coloni/s :o trad$ _! colorful  
beads & tr9kets to ! woodl& ,indians 9  
ex*ange = food & o!r                    
commodities--includ+ furs & hides--7 !  
pione] ,engli% fur trad]s 9 ! ,new ,_w4 
,! exp]i5ces :i* adv5tur]s l ,*ri/oph]  
,newport1 ,john ,smi?1 & ,samuel ,argall
 _h ) ! cunn+ ,virg9ia aborig9es 7 j z  
excit+ & /irr+ z ^? %>$ by ! h>d5$      
trapp]s & trad]s :o se>*$ ! ,rocky      
,m\nta9 /reams = beav] two hundr$ ye>s  
lat]4 ,! hunt = furs :i* began at       
,jame/[n 9 #afjg did n dim9i% until !   
we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h exp&$ 
to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean dur+ !   
middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4              
,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy ,national  

,p>k ,s]vice4 ,objects ,f\nd ,at        
,jame/[n ,:i* ,7 ,us$ ,= ,trad+ ,) ,!   
,indians ,%[n are glass beads1 bell     
fragm5ts1 a hat*et1 scissors1 knives1 & 
an incomplete brass pan4     ,,build+   
,! day ! coloni/s l&$ at ,jame/[n1 ,may 
#ad1 #afjg1 !y began build+ a           
triangul>-%ap$ =t 7a pallizado (        
planckes & /rong po/s1 f\re foote deepe 
9 ! gr\nd1 ( yong oakes1 walnuts1 c471 a
 setl$ /reete ( h\ses1 a *ur*1 a        
gu>dh\se1 & a /oreh\se4 ,x is app>5t t  
all m5 famili> ) tools & build+ skills 7
 extremely busy dur+ ! fir/ few weeks1  
especially ! f\r c>p5t]s 9 ! gr\p       
7,william ,laxon1 ,edw>d ,pis+1 ,?omas  
,emry1 & ,rob]t ,small71 two bricklay]s 
7,john ,h]d & ,william ,g>ret71 & mason 
7,edw>d ,br9to74 ,z brick h\ses 7 n     
built at ,jame/[n until ab\t #afbe1 !   
bricklay]s :o came to ,virg9ia ) ! fir/ 
gr\p ( coloni/s und\bt$ly aid$ !        
c>p5t]s4 ,p]haps x 0 !y :o made ! fir/  
/one foot+s & mud & /ick *imneys = !    
frame h\ses :i* 7 built inside ! =t4  ,z

 timb] 0 pl5tiful 9 ,virg9ia dur+ ! e>ly
 ye>s ( ! settlem5t1 mo/ ( ! h\ses 7 (  
frame con/ruction4 ,dur+ ! fir/ decade  
or two h\se con/ruction reflect$ a      
primitive use1 n ( mat]ials br\ght f    
,engl& b ^? t 7 f\nd ready at h&1 su* z 
sapl+s = a sort ( fram+1 use ( bran*es1 
leafage1 b>k & animal sk9s4 ,dur+ ^!    
e>ly ye>s1 :5 ! settl]s 7 hav+ a        
difficult "t /ay+ alive1 mud walls1     
wattle & daub1 & m>% grass ?at* ( a     
co>se sort 7 us$4 ,out ( ^! ye>s (      
improvis+ ! con/ruction ) squ>$ po/s1   
lat] ) qu>t]+s 7/uds71 came into        
practice4 ,!re probably 0 little ?\ght (
 pla/]+ walls dur+ ! fir/ two decades1 &
 :5 x 0 done1 clay1 or clay mix$ ) oy/] 
%ell lime1 0 fir/ us$4 ,! e>ly floors 7 
( clay1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t clay     
floors cont9u$ to be us$ 9 ! humbl]     
dwell+s ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x c 
be assum$ t mo/ ( ! dwell+s1 or %elt]s1 
( ! ,jame/[n settl]s1 c]ta9ly until ab\t
 #afcj1 _h ! primitive appe>ance (      
settl]s h\ses1 & 7 r\gh on ! ext]ior4   

,illu/ration3 ,! ,l&+ ,may #ad1 #afjg4  
,! day ! coloni/s l&$ at ,jame/[n 7,may 
#ad1 #afjg7 !y began build+ a           
triangul>-%ap$ =t 7a pallizado (        
planckes & /rong po/s1 f\re foote deepe 
9 ! gr\nd1 ( yong oakes1 walnuts1 471 ,a
 setl$ /reete ( h\ses1 a *ur*1 a        
gu>dh\se1 & a /oreh\se ,conjectural     
sket*  ,f ,a ,pictorial ,/ory ( ,jame/[n
 ,virg9ia3 ,! ,voyage & ,se>* = a       
,settlem5t ,site1 by ,j4 ,paul ,hudson4 
,n to be reproduc$ )\t p]mission ( !    
au?or4  ,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy    
,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,rese>* by ,a4  
,lawr5ce ,ko*]4  ,a ,small ,jame/[n     
,h\se ,built ,ab\t #afcj  ,conjectural  
,pa9t+  ,! frame h\se %[n is believ$ to 
be typical ( _m built by ! yeom5 settl]s
 aft] #afcj4 ,a co>se m>% grass ?at*    
cov]s ! ro( & r\gh clapbo>ds cov] !     
sides ( ! build+4 ,! few casem5t w9d[s  
us$ h diamond-%ap$ panes1 & heavy wood5 
doors sw+ on h& wr\ght iron /rap h+es4  
,9 ! =egr\nd is a l>ge brick *imney1    
ov51 & wood%$4 ,! %$ & recess$ nook 9   

front ( ! ov5 are cov]$ ) r$ e>!nw>e    
pantiles4 ,jame/[n has tak5 on a degree 
( p]man5cy1 & _m ( ! ,coloni/s are      
realiz+ small pr(its f ! sale ( tobacco4
  ,aft] ! settlem5t _h become fairly    
well e/abli%$ ! coloni/s began build+ a 
few brick h\ses4 ,9 ! picture ,engli%   
artisans are %[n erect+ a small brick   
/ructure at ,jame/[n ab\t ! ye> #afcj4  
,x is q cle> f ! docum5t>y records & !  
ar*eological rema9s t ! coloni/s n only 
made _! own bricks--& probably _m ( _!  
ro(+ tiles--b t ! process1 z well z !   
f9i%$ product1 foll[$ closely ! ,engli% 
tradition4  ,an old acc\nt1 relat+ to   
brick-mak+ 9 ,engl& ?ree hundr$ ye>s    
ago1 is summ>iz$3  #a4 ,be=e ,*ri/mas we
 beg9 to dig ! e>? & let x lie to mell[ 
till ,ea/]4  #b4 ,!n we wat] ! e>? well 
& temp] x ) a n>r[ spade4  #c4 ,! m\ld] 
cuts (f a piece ( e>?1 ?r[s x into !    
m\ld made ( bee*1 levell+ x (f ) a wood5
 implem5t call$ a /rike4  #d4 ,! c>ri]  
c>ries ! m\ld to ! dry+ gr\nd1 :]e he   
adroitly turns x ov]1 lay+ ! bricks on !

 gr\nd1 & lifts up ! m\ld4  #e4 ,:5 !   
bricks are dry1 !y c>ry !m to a place   
:]e !y r[ !m up l a wall4 ,!y are cov]$ 
) /raw1 till !y are dry en\gh to be     
c>ri$ to ! kiln4  #f4 ,!n !y are /ack$ 9
 ! kiln1 a fire kept till !y are at !   
top r$ fire hot4  #g4 ,!n we let !m     
cool1 & sell !m z we c = z mu* money z  
we c get1 b usually ab\t #ac or #ad     
%ill+s ! ?\s&4  ,simil> me?ods may h be5
 us$ at ,jame/[n dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4
  ,illu/ration3 ,build+ ,a ,small ,brick
 ,h\se ,at ,jame/[n1 ,ab\t #afcj        
,conjectural sket*  ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ 
,brick ,at ,jame/[n ,ab\t #afej         
,conjectural sket*  ,illu/ration3 ,photo
 c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,ov]all
 ,view ,( ,brick ,kiln ,une>!d at       
,jame/[n ,9 addition to bricks1 flat    
ro(+ tiles 7 f\nd 9 ?is kiln--plac$ !re 
= fir+ ) ! bricks4 ,f\r brick kilns 7   
discov]$ at ,jame/[n dur+ ar*eological  
explorations4  ,9 ord] to build brick   
h\ses lime 0 ne$$ by ! bricklay]s &     
pla/]]s = mak+ pla/] & mort>4           

,contempor>y records reveal t lymeburn]s
 emigrat$ to ,jame/[n z e>ly z #afaj4 ,z
 f\r lime kilns 7 f\nd dur+ ar*eological
 excavations1 x is evid5t t ! lime us$  
by ! ,jame/[n build]s 0 made on !       
hi/oric isl&4 ,9 ! kilns oy/] %ells f ! 
,james ,riv] 7 burn$ & conv]t$ into lime
 by ! limeburn]s4  ,! une>?+ ( l>ge     
quantities ( pla/] & mort> at ,jame/[n  
indicates t ! majority ( ! brick h\ses  
7z well z _m frame /ructures7 _h pla/]$ 
walls & ceil+s1 especially aft] #afce4  
,"s pla/] excavat$ _h be5 :ite-wa%$ :ile
 o!r bore its natural :iti%-gray color4 
,all pla/] & mort> f\nd 0 made f oy/]   
%ell lime1 s&1 & clay4  ,ornam5tal or   
decorative pla/] 0 f\nd ne> a few ( !   
h\se f\ndations4 ,! pla/]work1 decorat$ 
9 rais$ ornam5tal designs1 0 us$ =      
enhanc+ ! beauty ( bo? ! int]ior &      
ext]ior ( a build+4 ,designs on ! pla/] 
includ$ ,roman num]als1 lett]s1 mottos1 
cre/s1 ve9$ leaves1 rosettes1 geometric 
patt]ns1 a lion1 & a face or mask4 ,_m  
fragm5ts ( m\ld$ pla/] cornices 7 also  

recov]$4 ,brok5 oy/] %ells are          
di/+ui%able 9 ! ornam5tal pla/]work1    
indicat+ t ! p>gett+ 0 made at ,jame/[n4
  ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ ,lime ,f ,oy/]    
,%ells1 ,ab\t #afbe ,conjectural sket*  
,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy ,national  
,p>k ,s]vice4 ,ornam5tal ,pla/] ,made   
,at ,jame/[n ,ar*eological explorations 
reveal$ t ornam5tal pla/] 0 us$ on a few
 ,jame/[n build+s--= enhanc+ ! beauty ( 
bo? ! ext]ior & int]ior4 ,brok5 oy/]    
%ells are imb$d$ 9 ! decorat$ pla/]1    
indicat+ t ! p>gett+ 0 made at ,jame/[n4
     ,,tobacco   ,:5 ,jame/[n 0 e/abli%$
 9 #afjg ! ,indians liv+ 9 ,tidewat]    
,virg9ia 7 smok+ a leaf f ! native      
tobacco plant1 ,nicotiana ru/ica4 ,x 0 a
 bitt] ta/+ leaf ( r poor quality1 &    
nev] cultivat$ on a l>ge scale by ! e>ly
 plant]s4  ,ab\t #afaa1 se$s ( a ,we/   
,indies tobacco plant1 ,nicotiana       
tabacum1 7 introduc$ into ,virg9ia4 ,a  
ye> lat] ,john ,rolfe exp]im5t$ ) ! se$s
 f ! ,we/ ,indies plant1 toge!r )       
tobacco se$s f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! exact   

nature ( ,rolfe's te/s1 c>ri$ on at or  
ne> ,jame/[n1 is unkn[n1 b ! plant he   
seem+ly develop$ 0 "o ) a mild1         
sweet-sc5t$1 leaf4  ,! new sweet-sc5t$  
leaf became popul> ov]night1 & dur+ !   
rema9d] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x prov$ !   
economic salvation ( ! colony4 ,to a    
l>ge degree1 ! new crop det]m9$ !       
economic1 social1 & political life ( !  
plant]s4 ,! dem& 9 ,engl& = ! new leaf 0
 also responsible1 9 a l>ge measure1 = !
 spread ( settlem5t & increase (        
population 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! tobacco plant 
develop$ by ,rolfe 0 ! fir/ crop gr[n by
 ! ,virg9ia settl]s :i* made a pr(it4   
,! conjectural illu/ration %[s ,jame/[n 
coloni/s h>ve/+ tobacco ab\t ! ye>      
#afej4  ,illu/ration3 ,rese>* on pa9t+  
by au?or4 ,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k 
,s]vice4  ,h>ve/+ ,tobacco ,at ,jame/[n 
,ab\t #afej ,conjectural ,pa9t+         
,,w9e   ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,jame/[n  
settlem5t ! ,virg9ia ,company ( ,london 
enc\rag$ _m agricultural pursuits1      
includ+ ! plant+ & cultivation ( grape  

v9es & ! mak+ ( w9e4 ,! reasons seem$ to
 h be5 tw(old3 fir/1 to make money = !  
,virg9ia ,company1 ^: /ock-hold]s _h    
inve/$ mu* capital 9 ! new colony2 &    
secondly1 to insure ! "m c\ntry a /eady 
fl[ ( inexp5sive w9e--:i* 0 impossible z
 long z cont95tal m]*ants *>g$          
exorbitant prices = w9es s5t to ,engl&4 
,!n1 too1 if w9e c\ld be made           
successfully 9 ,virg9ia1 ! p liv+ 9 !   
new settlem5t w\ld pr(it accord+ly4     
,v9ey>ds 7 plant$ on ,jame/[n ,isl& at  
v>i\s p]iods ( "t dur+ ! sev5te5?       
c5tury1 & quantities ( good w9es 7 made1
 b f> too (t5 inf]ior w9e 0 f]m5t$4     
,because ( ! long sea j\rney f ,virg9ia1
 casks ( good w9e s5t to ,engl&         
frequ5tly arriv$ 9 a spoil$ condition4  
,aft] #afge ! hope ( produc+ good       
,virg9ia w9e = export purposes wan$4    
,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! c5tury1 :5      
,jame/[n decl9$1 ! v9ey>ds 7 neglect$1  
fell prey to de] & ! elem5ts1 & soon    
became engulf$ 9 ! wild]ness4  ,!       
illu/ration %[s a man & woman press+    

grapes at ,jame/[n ab\t #afej4 ,! woman 
is trampl+ !m1 :]eas ! man is us+ a     
primitive grape press4  ,illu/ration3   
,rese>* on pa9t+ by au?or4 ,photo       
c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4  ,mak+  
,w9e ,at ,jame/[n ,ab\t #afej           
,conjectural ,pa9t+  ,illu/ration3      
,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4  
,items ,f\nd ,at ,jame/[n ,relat+ ,to   
,w9e  ,w9e 0 a popul> bev]age 9 ,virg9ia
 dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,a few items   
une>!d at ,jame/[n :i* relate to w9e    
consumption are %[n3 a w9e bottle1 w9e  
glass1 glass bottle seals 7:i* 7 atta*$ 
to ! %\ld]s ( _m w9e bottles71 a bronze 
spigot1 & wood5 b>rel /aves4 ,9 #afaj   
,francisco ,maguel1 :o _h sp5t eight    
mon?s 9 ,virg9ia1 wrote t ,!re gr[ 9 t  
c\ntry ,virg9ia wild _m =e/ grapes1 (   
:i* ! ,engli% make a w9e t resembles mu*
 ! w9e ( ,alicante1 accord+ to ! op9ion 
( ! n>rator :o has ta/$ bo?4            
,illu/ration3 ,! ,v9tage4 ,v9demia4     
,w9e gr[e? 9 ! ,v9e-y>d #a1 :]e ,v9es   
are propagat$1 & ti$ ) ,twigs to ,trees 

#b1 or to ,props #c1 or ,frames #d4 ,:5 
! "t ( grape-ga!r+ is come1 !y cut (f ! 
,bun*es1 & c>ry !m 9 measures ( ?ree    
bu%els #e1 & ?r[ !m into a ,vat #f1 &   
tread !m ) _! ,feet #g1 or tramp !m ) a 
wood5 ,pe/il #h1 & squese out ! juice 9 
! ,w9e-press #i1 :i* is call$ ,mu/ #aa1 
& be+ receiv$ 9 a great ,tub #aj1 x is  
p[r$ into ,hogs-heads #ab1 x is /opp$ up
 #ae & be+ laid close 9 ,cell>s ^u      
,settles #ad x becomme? ,w9e4 ,x is     
drawn out ( ! ,hog%ead1 ) a ,cock #ac1  
or ,faucet #af1 79 :i* is a ,spigot7 !  
,vessel be+ unbung$4                    
,c\rtesy ,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y      
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4                       
,mak+ ,w9e ,9 #afhe  ,! int]e/+ engrav+ 
entitl$ ,! ,v9tage 0 made 9 #afhe4 ,a   
w9e mak+ e/abli%m5t at ,jame/[n may h   
resembl$ ! "o 9 ! illu/ration4  ,f      
,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus by ,johann    
,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74      ,,silk  
,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury   
,engl& 0 pay+ exorbitant prices = silk4 
,mo/ ( x 0 pur*as$ f ! ,m$it]ranean     

c\ntries--,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa94 ,"s 
0 import$ f ! ,ne> ,ea/1 & small am\nts 
f ! ,ori5t 7 b\ght f ,dut* sea capta9s4 
,z extremely high prices 7 be+ paid = ! 
preci\s clo?1 ! ,virg9ia ,company decid$
 to exp]im5t ) silk culture 9 ! new     
colony4  ,silk 0 made at ,jame/[n dur+ !
 sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! ent]prise seldom  
br\ght pr(it to ! plant]s4 ,! majority (
 ! coloni/s _h to /ruggle to gr[ crops &
 produce goods ) :i* !y 7 famili>1 & 7  
reluctant to exp]im5t ) a commodity :i* 
requir$ a special skill t !y did n      
possess4 ,a few settl]s1 h[ev]1 made    
s]i\s ef=ts to raise silkworms1 & at    
times small quantities ( silk 7 made &  
%ipp$ to ,engl&4  ,! silk-mak+ v5ture   
di$ a h>d dea?1 b ! l>ge mulb]ry trees  
:i* /ill gr[ 9 _m places 9 ,tidewat]    
,virg9ia 7p]haps scions ( sev5te5?      
c5tury ones7 are rem9d]s ( a day :5 a   
few ,virg9ia coloni/s f$ & nurtur$      
silkworms & w\nd (f silk ?read onto     
primitive wood5 reels4  ,9 ! conjectural
 illu/ration a woman is draw+ silk ?read

 f ! cods2 ! man is w9d+ ! ?read on a   
wood5 reel4  ,illu/ration3 ,rese>* on   
pa9t+ by au?or4 ,photo c\rtesy ,national
 ,p>k ,s]vice4  ,draw+ ,& ,w9d+ ,silk   
,?read1 ,ab\t #afej  ,conjectural ,pa9t+
     ,,pott]y   ,!re is def9ite evid5ce 
t pott]y 0 made at ,jame/[n ov] #cjj    
ye>s ago4 ,a kiln site 0 uncov]$ 9      
#aiee1 & ne>by 7 f\nd ov]fir$ pots1     
mis%ap$ vessels1 & mis-glaz$            
pieces--und\bt$ly f ! wa/] pile4 ,also  
f\nd ne> ! kiln site 7 two complete     
pots1 & hundr$s ( fragm5ts f local-made 
vessels :i* 7 us$ 9 ! colony betwe5     
#afbe & #afej--;indisputable evid5ce t  
crude1 utilit>ian1 lead-glaz$ e>!nw>e 0 
made at ,jame/[n dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4
  ,al?\gh made = ev]yday use1 _m ( !    
pieces une>!d at ! ,jame/[n kiln site   
are symmetrical 9 =m & n entirely lack+ 
9 beauty4 ,"o c easily see t ! craftsman
 took pride 9 %ap+ ! pieces1 z ?ree     
c5turies lat] ! crude w>es are /ill     
pleas+ to behold4  ,! ,jame/[n pott]1   
inde$1 0 no "y appr5tice or m]e f>m] :o 

pott$ on ! side4 ,! pott]'s art1 !n z   
n[1 0 a highly specializ$ "o1 root$ 9 a 
long tradition4 ,our pott] 0 an artisan1
 tra9$ 9 ! my/]ies ( a m$ieval craft1 & 
x 0 probably he :o fir/ transplant$ 8   
anci5t skills to ! ,virg9ia wild]ness4  
,! conjectural illu/ration %[s a        
,jame/[n pott] %ap+ a vessel on 8 crude 
kick :eel4  ,illu/ration3 ,rese>* on    
pa9t+ by au?or4 ,photo c\rtesy ,national
 ,p>k ,s]vice4  ,mak+ ,pott]y ,at       
,jame/[n ,ab\t #afbe  ,conjectural      
,pa9t+  ,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy    
,national ,p>k ,s]vice4  ,examples ,(   
,lead-,glaz$ ,e>!nw>e ,made ,at ,jame/[n
 ,betwe5 #afbe & #afdj  ,! pott]y       
vessels %[n 7 f\nd ne> ! site ( an e>ly 
sev5te5?-c5tury pott]y kiln discov]$ on 
,jame/[n ,isl& 9 #ahcc4  ,illu/ration3  
,! ,pott]3  ,! ,pott] #a1 sitt+ ov] a   
,:eel #b1 make? ,pots #d1 ,pit*]s #e1   
,pipk9s #f1 ,platt]s #g1 ,pudd+-,pans   
#h1 ,juggs #i1 ,lids #aj1 c (           
,pott]s-clay #c1 aft]w>ds he bake? !m 9 
an ,ov5 #aa1 & glaze? !m ) ,:ite-,lead4 

,a brok5 pot1 af=de? ,pot-%e>ds1 #ab4   
,c\rtesy ,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y1     
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4                 ,mak+ 
,pott]y ,9 ,! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury  ,! kick
 :eel us$ by ! ,jame/[n pott] may h     
resembl$ ! "o 9 ! sev5te5?-c5tury       
engrav+4  ,f ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus  
by ,johann ,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74   
,,metalwork+   ,z e>ly z #afjh two      
goldsmi?s--,william ,johnson & ,ri*>d   
,belfield--emigrat$ to ,jame/[n4 ,) !m 7
 two ref9]s & a jewel]4 ,al?\gh ,john   
,smi? wrote t ^! artisans nev] _h       
occasion to ex]cise _! craft1 x is      
possible t !y made a few small objects (
 silv]1 pewt]1 & latt5 metal 7a brass-l 
alloy74  ,9 spite ( ! fact t few        
specim5s ( silv] & pewt] 7 f\nd at      
,jame/[n1 sev5te5? c5tury records &     
inv5tories indicate t _m ,virg9ia       
families own$ su* w>es1 includ+ cups1   
beak]s1 di%es1 salts1 salv]s1 tank>ds1  
porr+]s1 b[ls1 & plates4  ,a pewt]] :o  
liv$ ?irty miles f ,jame/[n--,joseph    
,copel& by "n--made ! olde/ dat$ piece (

 ,am]ican pewt] :i* has be5 f\nd4 ,9 !  
#aicj's1 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice         
ar*eologi/s1 work+ at ,jame/[n1 recov]$ 
! significant specim5--an incomplete    
pewt] spoon :i* is a v>iant ( ! trifid  
or split-end type common dur+ !         
#afej-afij p]iod4 ,impress$ on ! h&le1 9
 ! trefoil f9ial ( ! /em is ! m>k ( !   
mak]1 giv+ 8 "n1 ! ,virg9ia t[n :]e he  
work$1 & ! ye> he />t$ bus9ess4 ,!      
mat*less spoon be>s ! sole surviv+ t\*  
or m>k ( an ,am]ican pewt]] ( ! sev5te5?
 c5tury4 ,! complete leg5d1 encircl+ a  
he>t1 reads3 ,,ioseph                   
,,copel&_/#afge_/;,,*uckatuck4          
7,*uckatuck is a small ,virg9ia village 
locat$ ab\t ?irty miles s\!a/ (         
,jame/[n47 ,copel& lat] mov$ to         
,jame/[n1 & z he work$ 9 ! /ateh\se f   
#afhh-afia he may h made pewt] 9        
,virg9ia's capital ,citty4  ,!          
conjectural sket* %[s a ,jame/[n        
metalwork] mak+ spoons4  ,illu/ration3  
,mak+ ,pewt] ,spoons ,at ,jame/[n ,ab\t 
#afge ,conjectural sket*  ,illu/ration3 

,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice   
,a ,unique ,pewt] ,spoon ,h&le ,f\nd ,at
 ,jame/[n ,! r commonplace & incomplete 
spoon fragm5t illu/rat$ is significant =
 _m reasons4 ,its prime importance is t 
x is ! olde/ kn[n pewt] object (        
,am]ican manufacture4 ,! m>k on ! h&le  
is ! sole surviv+ "o ( an ,am]ican      
pewt]] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! m>k      
reveals t ! spoon 0 made 9 #afge by     
,joseph ,copel&1 :o work$ at ,*uckatuck1
 ,virg9ia 7locat$ ?irty miles s\!a/ (   
,jame/[n74  ,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy
 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4                
,items ,left ,at ,jame/[n ,by ,e>ly     
,metalwork]s ,! brass weights1 +ot (    
scrap brass1 & silv] spoon %[n1 :i* 7   
une>!d at ,jame/[n1 are rem9d]s ( a     
bygone day :5 metalwork]s made beautiful
 ?+s 9 ,virg9ia's colonial capital ov]  
?ree c5turies ago4 ,contempor>y records 
indicate t _m metalwork]s emigrat$ to   
,virg9ia dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4        
,,fi%+   ,:5 ! fir/ settl]s plant$ _!   
small colony at ,jame/[n ! tidewat]     

riv]s & bays teem$ ) _m k9ds ( fi% &    
seafood4 ,v>ieties :i* soon appe>$ on ! 
coloni/s' tables includ$ %eep%ead1 %ad1 
/urgeon1 h]r+1 sole1 :ite salmon1 bass1 
fl\nd]1 pike1 bream1 p]*1 rock1 & drum2 
z well z oy/]s1 crabs1 & mussels4  ,!   
day aft] ! coloni/s rea*$ ,virg9ia1     
,april #bg1 #afjg1 ,george ,p]cy obs]v$ 
t ! oy/]s 7 l>ge & ta/y3  ,we came to a 
place :]e !y ! ,indians _h made a great 
fire1 & _h be5e newly a ro/+ oy/]s4 ,:5 
!y p]ceiv$ our comm+1 !y fl$ away to !  
m\nta9es1 & left _m ( ! oy/]s 9 ! fire4 
,we eat "s ( ! oy/]s1 :i* 7 v l>ge &    
delicate 9 ta/e4  ,! foll[+ day1 ,april 
#bh1 ,p]cy not$ t "s ( ! oy/]s _h pe>ls3
  444 we got good /ore ( mussels &      
oy/]s1 :i* lay on ! gr\nd z ?icke z     
/ones4 ,wee op5$ "s1 & f\nd 9 _m ( !m   
pe>les4  ,! ,jame/[n plant]s :o wrote   
acc\nts ( ! new colony comm5t$ on !     
abundance & v>iety ( fi% & %ellfi% 9 !  
riv]s & creeks ne> ! capital citty4 ,x  
seems r surpris+1 !re=e1 t s _m coloni/s
 di$ dur+ ! fir/ autumn ( me]e fam9e1 z 

report$ by ,p]cy1 :5 ! ,james ,riv]     
teem$ ) fi%1 oy/]s1 & crabs4  ,capta9   
,gabriel ,ar*]1 ,g5tleman1 m5tion$ a    
sev5 foot /urgeon :i* 0 caught on ,june 
#ac1 #afjg3 ,our ,admiralls m5 gatt a   
/urgeon ( #g foote long :i* ,captayne   
,newport gave u4 ,george ,p]cy comm5t$  
on ! excell5ce ( ! /urgeon 9 ! ,james   
,riv]3  ,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy    
,national ,p>k ,s]vice4                 
,fi%hooks1 ,fi%-gigs1 ,lead             
,net-,weights ,! artifacts %[n 7        
excavat$ at ,jame/[n4 ,^! objects & _m  
o!rs f\nd1 are rem9d]s ( a day :5 fi% & 
%ellfi% liv$ 9 abundance 9 e creek1     
riv]1 & bay1 9 ,tidewat] ,virg9ia4  ,!re
 are _m bran*es ( ?is riv]1 :i* runne   
fl[+ ?r\gh ! woods ) great pl5tie ( fi% 
( all k9des2 z = /urgeon1 all ! _w _c be
 comp>$ to x4444  ,john ,smi? & ,william
 ,/ra*ey also li/$ ! delici\s &         
palatable v>ieties ( fi% & %ellfi% :i* 7
 f\nd 9 ,virg9ia wat]s1 reveal+ t       
seafood 0 an important s\rce ( food = ! 
coloni/s4 ,at times1 especially dur+ !  

e>ly ye>s1 x 0 "o ( ! ma9 s\rces4       
,illu/ration3 ,repair+ ,nets ,at        
,jame/[n ,ab\t #afbj ,conjectural sket* 
,seafood 0 an important food = ! e>ly   
coloni/s4 ,at times1 especially dur+ !  
fir/ ye>s ( ! settlem5t1 x 0 "o ( ! ma9 
food/uffs4     ,,brew+   ,"o sev5te5?   
c5tury build+ une>!d at ,jame/[n appe>s 
to h be5 us$ z a place :]e be]1 ale1    
br&y1 & o!r alcoholic bev]ages 7 made4  
,ne>by 7 f\nd pieces ( lead1 :i* may h  
be5 "p ( a lead ci/]n :i* held b>ley1 & 
inside ! build+ 7 ?ree brick ov5s1 :i*  
may h be5 us$ = dry+ malt4 ,a h&le f a  
copp] kettle 0 discov]$ ne> "o ( ! ov5s1
 & pieces ( copp] & lead pipes 7 recov]$
 n f> f ! build+4 ,hi/orical objects    
excavat$ ne> ! site reveal$ t ! /ructure
 0 us$ betwe5 #afbe & #affj4  ,a #afhe  
acc\nt relat+ to brew+ c\ld v well ref] 
to a ,jame/[n e/abli%m5t :]e be] & o!r  
bev]ages 7 made ne>ly #cjj ye>s ago3    
,:]e w9e is n to be _h !y dr9k be]1 :i* 
is brew$ ( malt & hops1 9 a caldron4    
,aft]w>ds x is p[r$ into vatts1 & :5 x  

is cold1 x is c>ri$ 9 soes wood5 pails1 
into ! cell> & is put into vessels4     
,br&y-w9e1 extract$ by ! p[] ( heat f   
dregs ( w9e 9 a pan1 ov] :i* a limbeck  
an app>atus us$ 9 di/illation is plac$1 
droppe? ?or[ a pipe into a glass4  ,w9e 
& be]1 :5 !y turn s[r1 become v9eg>4    
,!y make m$e ( w9e & honey4             
,illu/ration3 ,brew+ ,be] ,conjectural  
sket*  ,illu/ration3 ,draw+4  ,:]e ,w9e 
is n to be _h !y dr9k ,be]1 :i* is brew$
 ( ,malt #a1 & ,hops #b1 9 a ,caldron   
#c1 aft]w>ds x is p[r$ into ,vatts #d1 &
 :5 x is cold1 x is c>ri$ 9 ,soes #e1   
into ! ,cell> #f1 & is put into         
,vessels4 ,br&y-w9e1 extract$ by ! p[] (
 heat f dregs ( ,w9e 9 a ,pan #g1 ov]   
:i* a ,limbeck #h1 is plac$ droppe? ?or[
 a ,pipe #i1 into a ,glass4 ,w9e & ,be]1
 :5 !y turn s[r1 become ,v9eg>4 ,!y make
 ,m$e ( ,w9e & ,honey4                  
,c\rtesy ,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y1     
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4                       
,be]1 ,br&y1 ,mead1 & ,v9eg>  ,^!       
bev]ages may h be5 made at ,jame/[n 9 a 

build+ some:at simil> to ! "o %[n 9 !   
#afhe engrav+4  ,f ,orbis ,s5sualium    
,pictus by ,johann ,com5ius 7,london1   
#afhe74  ,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy   
,national ,p>k ,s]vice4                 
,artifacts ,une>!d ,relat+ ,to ,brew+ ,&
 ,di/ill+ ,%[n are lead & copp] pipes1  
kettle fragm5ts1 a brass spigot1 & scrap
 metal4 ,x is believ$ t mo/ ( ! be] &   
ale brew$ at ,jame/[n aft] #afbj 0 made 
by ! common brew]4 ,"o act1 pass$ 9     
#afbj_/ba = ! repress+e ( ! odi\s 444   
s9ne ( drunk5esse1 /at$ t noe p]son 444 
%all at any tyme 444 brewe anie be]e or 
ale1 & sell ! same aga9e 9 8 or h] h\se 
444 unless x bee 9 t[nes :]e !re is noe 
comon brew]4     ,,h]bs ,,& ,,m$ic9al   
,,plants   ,among commodities :i* ! e>ly
 ,jame/[n settl]s se>*$ = 7 h]bs &      
m$ic9al plants4 ,x is possible t ,?omas 
,wotton & ,w ,wilk9son1 surgeons ) !    
fir/ colony1 7 ! fir/ memb]s ( ! ,engli%
 m$ical pr(ession to collect & exp]im5t 
) ,new ,_w plants4  ,! few coloni/s :o  
wrote ( _! travels 9 ,virg9ia frequ5tly 

made m5tion ( ! h]bs & native plants4   
,george ,p]cy relat$ t five days aft] ! 
settl]s _h plant$ _! colony at ,jame/[n1
 ,may #ai1 #afjg1 t ,"o ( ! savages     
br\ght u on ! way to ! wood-side1 :]e   
!re 0 a g>d5 ( tobacco & o!r fruits &   
h]bes4  ,on an explor+ trip upriv] f    
,jame/[n 9 late ,may1 #afjg1 ,gabriel   
,ar*] record$ t ,"o savage %ew$ u ! h]be
 call$ 9 _! tongue wisacan1 :i* !y say  
heales poyson$ w\ndes1 x is l lyv]wort  
or bl\dwort4  ,john ,smi? m5tion$ ! spr+
 h]bs1 ?\gh he did n "k _! names3 ,_m   
he>bes 9 ! spr+ "t !re are common       
disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! woods1 good = bro!s & 
sallets1 z violets1 pursl91 sorrell1 c4 
,besides _m we us$ ^: names we "k n4  ,!
 fir/ supply1 approximately #abj        
settl]s1 rea*$ ,jame/[n 9 midw9t] & e>ly
 spr+1 #afjh4 ,among ! gr\p 0 a         
physician1 ,dr4 ,walt] ,russell2 a      
surgeon1 ,po/ ,g9natt2 & two apo!c>ies1 
,?omas ,feld & ,john ,h>=d4 ,!re is no  
record1 h[ev]1 indicat+ t ^! m5 us$     
,virg9ia plants & h]bs = m$ic9al        

purposes4  ,! man :o fir/ made int5sive 
exp]im5ts ) native plants 0 ,doctor     
,lawr5ce ,bohun4 ,arriv+ at ,jame/[n 9  
#afaj1 he is m5tion$ sev]al times by    
,william ,/ra*ey1 :o also rea*$ ,jame/[n
 9 #afaj1 9 ,! ,hi/orie ( ,travell into 
,virg9ia ,britania #afab3  ,illu/ration3
 ,doctor ,lawr5ce ,bohun ,exp]im5t+ ,)  
,h]bs ,at ,jame/[n1 #afaj  ,conjectural 
sket*  ,!re gr[e? 9 ! ,isl& (           
,james-t[ne a smale tree ( leaves1 armes
 & fruict1 l ! myrtle-tree1 ! fruict    
!re( ha? a ta/ ) ! mirtle1 b mu* m      
bynd+1 ^! trees gr[ 9 great pl5tye1 r[nd
 ab\t a /&+ pond ( fre% wat] 9 ! middle 
( ! ,isl&2 ! pill or rynd :]e( is ( s   
great =ce aga9/ invet]ate diss5t]icall  
fluxes ( :i* ,doctor ,boh\ne made op5   
exp]im5t 9 _m ( our m5 lab\r+ ) su*     
diseases & !re=e wi%e? all su*          
phisitians z %all goe ?i!r to make use  
!re(4  ,z e>ly z #afaj ! ,virg9ia       
,company ( ,london in/ruct$ ! coloni/s  
to s5d ! foll[+ plants to ,engl&3       
sassafras1 bayb]ries1 poccone to be     

gott5 f ! ,indians1 galbr& galbanum     
gr[e? l f5nell1 s>sap>illa1 & walnut    
oil4 ,o!r plants1 bo? native & exotic1  
:i* 7 cultivat$ at ,jame/[n = m$ic9al   
purposes includ$ ma/ic1 woodb9e1 s5na1  
snak]oot1 dittany1 me*oacan1 pepp]-wort1
 ,jame/[n 7or ,jimson7 we$1 wild *]ry1 &
 rhub>b4  ,mo/ ( ! h]bs :i* 7 cultivat$ 
9 ,engli% g>d5s grew successfully 9     
,virg9ia1 especially ! ones li/$ 9 ,john
 ,g]>d's ,! ,h]bal 7,london1 #aeig71 &  
,william ,lawson's ,! ,c\ntry ,h\sewifes
 ,g>d5 7,london1 #afag74 ,_m contempor>y
 records reveal t sev]al h]bs 7 us$ =   
m$ic9al purposes z well z = improv+ !   
flavor ( c]ta9 foods & bev]ages4  ,a few
 h]bs /ill gr[ on ,jame/[n ,isl&1 &     
toge!r ) ! native sassafras1 bayb]ry1   
wild b]gamot1 & bee balm1 !y rem9d u t !
 wild]ness physicians1 surgeons1 &      
apo!c>ies did ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to keep ! 
,engli% settl]s alive & well ?ree       
c5turies ago4  ,illu/ration3 ,photo     
c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice          
,items ,us$ ,by ,jame/[n ,doctors ,&    

,apo!c>ies ,! drug j>s1 o9tm5t pot1     
vials1 & mort> & pe/le fragm5ts rem9d u 
t physicians1 surgeons1 & apo!c>ies     
exp]im5t$ ) h]bs & native plants ?ree   
c5turies ago--attempt+ to keep !        
,jame/[n coloni/s alive & well4         
,,furniture   ,virg9ia 9 ! sev5te5?     
c5tury 0 a woodsman's p>adise1 & !re is 
e reason to believe t mo/ ( ! furniture 
us$ 9 ,jame/[n h\ses 0 made by colonial 
cab9etmak]s4 ,9 ! =e/s grew magnific5t  
specim5s ( oak1 walnut1 p9e1 cypress1   
c$>1 maple1 & _m o!r v>ieties2 & al?\gh 
contempor>y records are scanty1 x is    
believ$ t ! ,james ,citty furniture     
mak]s made skillful use ( su* woods4    
,william ,/ra*ey1 :o rea*$ ,jame/[n 9   
#afaj1 wrote t ! *ur* furniture 0 made (
 c$> & black walnut3  ,x ! *ur* is 9    
l5g? ?reescore foote1 9 bread? tw5ty    
f\re1 & %all h a *ancell 9 x ( c$>1 & a 
communion table ( blake walnut1 & all ! 
pewes ( c$>1 444 a pulpet ( ! same1 ) a 
font hew5 holl[1 l a canoa4444  ,9 spite
 ( ! fact t few records exi/ reg>d+ !   

k9ds ( furniture made 9 ! sev5te5?      
c5tury by ,virg9ia cab9etmak]s1 ! pieces
 extant reveal t ! ,engli% /yles 7      
foll[$ closely4 ,:ile x is true t !     
weal?y plant]s import$ "s ornam5t$      
furniture f ,london1 mu* ( _! furniture 
0 made on ! plantations4 ,x is believ$ t
 practically all furniture us$ by !     
yeom5 settl]s 0 locally made4           
,illu/ration3 ,a ,jame/[n ,cab9etmak]   
,at ,"w ,conjectural sket*              
,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy ,national  
,p>k ,s]vice4 ,tools ,une>!d ,at        
,jame/[n ,:i* ,7 ,us$ by ,coop]s1       
,c>p5t]s1 ,& ,furniture ,mak]s  ,%[n are
 g\ges1 aug]s1 *isels1 bits & hamm]s2 an
 adze1 hew+-axe1 pun*1 race-knife1      
scrib]1 & w$ge4 ,all 7 h& wr\ght dur+ ! 
sev5te5? c5tury4     ,! ,box-,mak] &    
,vehicles   ,illu/ration3 ,! ,box-,mak]1
 & ! ,turn]4  ,! ,box-,mak] #a1 smoo!?  
hew5-,bo>ds #b1 ) a ,pla9 #c1 ^u a      
,"w-bo>d #d1 he make? !m v smoo? ) a    
little pla9 #e1 he bo>e? !m ?or[ ) an   
,augre #f1 c>ve? !m ) a ,knife #g1      

fa/5e? !m toge!r ) ,glew1 &             
,cramp-,irons #h1 & make? ,tables #i1   
,bo>ds #aj1 ,*e/s #aa1 c4 ,! ,turn] #ab1
 sitt+ ov] ! tr$dle #ac1 turne? ) a ?r[ 
#ad1 ^u a ,turn]s-b5* #ae1 ,b[ls #af1   
,tops #ag1 ,puppets #ah1 & su* l ,turn]s
 "w4  ,c\rtesy ,folg] ,%akespe>e        
,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4  ,! ,box     
,mak] ,& ,turn]  ,_m tools simil> to ^? 
9 ! #afhe engrav+ h be5 une>!d at       
,jame/[n4  ,f ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus 
by ,johann ,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74   
,illu/ration3 ,c>riages4 ,vehicula3  ,we
 are c>ri$ on a ,sl$ #a1 ov] ,sn[1 &    
,ice4 ,a ,c>riage ) "o ,:eel is call$ a 
,:eel-b>r[2 #b1 ) two ,:eels a ,c>t2 #c1
 ) f\r ,:eels a ,wagon1 :i* is ei!r a   
,timb]-wagon #d1 or a ,load-wagon #e4 ,!
 p>ts ( a ,wagon1 are1 ! ,neep1 7or     
draught-tree17 #f1 ! ,beam #g1 ! ,bottom
 #h1 & ! ,sides #i1 #aj4 ,!n !          
,axle-trees #aj1 ab\t :i* ! ,:eels run !
 ,l9-,p9s #aa1 & ,axletree-/aves #ab1   
be+ fa/5$ be=e !m4 ,! ,nave #ac1 is !   
gr\nd-fa/ ( ! ,:eel #ad1 f :i* com      

twelve ,spokes2 #ae4 ,! ,r+ encompasse? 
^!1 :i* is made ( six ,fell[s #af1 & z  
_m ,/rakes #ag1 ,hampi]s1  ,hurdles #ah1
 are set 9 a ,wagon4  ,c\rtesy ,folg]   
,%akespe>e ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4   
,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,c>riages  ,:eel$     
vehicles us$ at ,jame/[n #cjj ye>s ago 7
 probably simil> 9 appe>ance to ! ones  
%[n 9 ! #afhe engrav+4 ,a :eelb>r[1 c>t1
 timb] wagon1 load wagon1 & sl$ are     
illu/rat$4  ,f ,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus
 by ,johann ,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74  
,sp9n+   ,illu/ration3 ,sp9n+  ,l9e &   
,hemp1 be+ rat$ 9 wat]1 & dri$ aga9 #a1 
are brak$ ) a wood5 ,brake #b1 :]e !    
,%ives #c1 fall d[n1 !n !y are heckl$ ) 
an ,iron ,heckle #d1 :]e ! ,t[ #e1 is   
p>t$ f x4 ,flax is ti$ to a ,di/aff #f1 
by ! ,sp9/] #g1 :i* ) h] left h& pulle? 
out ! ,?r$ #h1 & ) h] righte h& turne? a
 ,:eel #i1 or a ,sp9dle #aj1 ^u :i* is a
 ,:>l #aa4 ,! ,spool receive? ! ,?r$    
#ac1 :i* is drawn !nce ^u a ,y>n-w9dle2 
#ad1 h5ce ei!r ,clewes #ae1 are w\nd up1
 or ,hanks #af1 are made4  ,c\rtesy     

,folg] ,%akespe>e ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4
 ,c4  ,mak+ ,l95 ,?read  ,! v>i\s /eps  
depict$ 9 ! mak+ ( l95 ?read 7 us$ at   
,jame/[n dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4  ,f    
,orbis ,s5sualium ,pictus by ,johann    
,com5ius 7,london1 #afhe74              
,bread-,bak+   ,illu/ration3            
,bread-,bak+4  ,! ,bak] #a1 sifte? !    
,meal 9 a ,r9dge #b1 & putte? x into !  
,knead+-tr\gh #c4 ,!n he p[re? wat] to  
x1 & make? ,d\gh #d1 & kneade? x ) a    
wood5 slice #e4 ,!n he make? ,loaves #f1
 ,cakes #g1 ,cimnels #h1 ,rolls #i4 c4  
,aft]w>ds he sette? !m on a ,peel #aj1 &
 putte? !m ?or[ ye ,ov5-m\? #ab1 into ! 
,ov5 #aa4 ,b fir/ he pulle? out ! fire1 
& ! coals ) a ,coal-rake #ac1 :i* he    
laye? on a heap und]nea? #ad4 ,& ?us is 
,bread bak$1 hav+ ! ,cru/ )\t #ae1 & ye 
,crumb )9 #af4  ,c\rtesy ,folg]         
,%akespe>e ,libr>y1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4   
,bak+ ,bread ,9 #afhe  ,! sev5te5?      
c5tury engrav+ %[s h[ bread 0 bak$ almo/
 #cjj ye>s ago4  ,f ,orbis ,s5sualium   
,pictus by ,johann ,com5ius 7,london1   

#afhe74  ,illu/ration3 ,photo c\rtesy   
,national ,p>k ,s]vice4           ,bak+ 
,ov5 ,us$ ,at ,jame/[n ,?ree ,c5turies  
,ago ,! e>!nw>e bak+ ov5 %[n 0 re/or$ f 
ov] #bjj fragm5ts f\nd dur+ ar*eological
 excavations at ,jame/[n4 ,9 use1 heat$ 
/ones 7 plac$ inside & left until !     
walls ( ! ov5 7 hot en\gh = bak+4       
,sometimes ! ov5 0 plac$ directly on !  
emb]s4 ,) ! small ?ick door 9 place1    
heat 0 reta9$ = consid]able "t--! dom$  
top reflect+ ! heat d[n on ! bread or   
cakes t 7 be+ bak$4     ,h>ve/+ ,ice    
,illu/ration3 ,rese>* on pa9t+ by au?or4
 ,photo c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 
,h>ve/+ ,ice ,at ,jame/[n ,ab\t #afdj   
,conjectural ,pa9t+  ,al?\gh n a        
commodity 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 an     
iceh\se 0 indisp5sable 9 pres]v+ c]ta9  
products4 ,ar*eological explorations at 
,jame/[n reveal$ t iceh\ses 7 built on !
 isl& ov] #cjj ye>s ago4 ,ice 0 h>ve/$  
dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & (t5 rema9$ 9 /orage
 z late z ,septemb] or ,octob]4 ,x 0 us$
 = cool+ bottl$ w9es1 firm+ butt]1 &    

keep+ fre% c]ta9 foods1 su* z fi%1      
meats1 & dairy products4 ,9 !           
illu/ration m5 are c>ry+ ice to !       
circul>-%ap$1 brick1 iceh\se4 ,9 !      
di/ance a man is saw+ ice4     ,a ,happy
 ,home ,9 ,jame/[n   ,illu/ration3      
,rese>* on pa9t+ by au?or4 ,photo       
c\rtesy ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4         
,a ,happy ,home ,9 ,jame/[n ,conjectural
 ,pa9t+ ,! e>ly ,jame/[n settl]s 7      
self-suffici5t to a l>ge degree :5 !y   
arriv$ 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & s !y rema9$4 ,cut
 (f f communication ) ! "m c\ntry = long
 p]iods ( "t1 !y _h to rely ^u _! own   
res\rces4 ,if !y ne$$ a ?+ !y usually _h
 to make x ) _! own h&s or d )\t4 ,^!   
homemade objects--includ+ clo?1 pott]y1 
tools1 wood5w>e1 furniture1 brick &     
tiles1 & _m h\sehold accessories--7     
well-made & extremely practical4 ,_m    
items made 9 ! home 7 n entirely lack+ 9
 beauty4     ,,select$ ,,bibliography   
,bailey1 ,wor?4 ,joseph ,copel&1        
,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,pewt]]4              
,antiques1 ,april1 #aich4 #ahh-aij4     

----,lime prep>ation at ,jame/[n 9 !    
,sev5te5? ,c5tury4     ,william & ,m>y  
,college ,qu>t]ly ,hi/orical ,magaz9e1  
#bnd     s]ies4 ,janu>y1 #aich4 #a-ab4  
,bruce1 ,philip ,alex&]4 ,economic      
,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia 9 !     ,sev5te5?    
,c5tury4 ,new ,york1 #aice4 #b vols4    
,=man1 ,h5ry ,*&lee4 ,jame/[n & ,/4     
,m>y's3 ,buri$ ,cities (     ,romance4  
,baltimore1 #aich4  ,h>r+ton1 ,j4 ,c4   
,glassmak+ at ,jame/[n4 ,ri*mond1 #aieb4
 #dh p4  ----,sev5te5?-,c5tury          
,brickmak+ & ,tilemak+ at ,jame/[n1     
,virg9ia4 ,! ,virg9ia ,magaz9e ( ,hi/ory
 & ,biography1     ,janu>y1 #aiej4      
#af-ci4  ----,"s ,delft ,tiles ,f\nd at 
,jame/[n4 ,antiques1 ,janu>y1     #aiea4
 #cf1 #cg4  ,hudson1 ,j4 ,paul4 ,! ,/ory
 ( ,iron at ,jame/[n1 ,virg9ia1 :]e     
,iron ,objects ,7 ,wr\ght by ,engli%m5  
,almo/ #cej ,ye>s ,ago4 ,!     ,iron    
,work]1 ,summ]1 #aief4 #b-ad4  ----& ,c4
 ,malcolm ,watk9s4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,kn[n     
,engli% ,colonial     ,pott]y 9 ,am]ica4
 ,antiques1 ,janu>y1 #aieg4 #ea-ed4     

,innoc5t1 ,c4 ,f4 ,! ,developm5t (      
,engli% ,build+ ,con/ruction4           
,cambridge1 ,engl&1 #aiaf4 #bid p4      
,pet]son1 ,h>old ,l4 ,arms & ,armor 9   
,colonial ,am]ica1 #aebf-aghc4          
,h>risburg1 ,pa41 #aief4 #cej p4        
,salzman1 ,l4 ,f4 ,engli% ,indu/ries ( !
 ,middle ,ages4 ,ox=d1     ,engl&1      
#aibc4 #cfj p4           99      99     
99      99      99      99              
,transcrib]'s note3  ,! spell+ &        
punctuation ( ! orig9al publication has 
be5 reta9$4 ,obvi\s extracts (          
quotations h be5 m>k$ ) quotation m>ks4