file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #djjhj-;h4htm or #djjhj-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#djjhj_/pg#djjhj-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#dj jhj_/djjhj-;h4zip7 ,a ,,pictorial ,,booklet ,,on ,,early ,,jamestown ,,commodities ,,and ,,industries by ,j4 ,,paul ,,hudson ,jamestown1 ,virginia ,illustrated by ,sidney ,e4 ,king ,virginia #cejth ,anniversary ,celebration ,corporation ,williamsburg1 ,virginia #aieg ,copyright1 #aieg by ,j4 ,paul ,hudson1 ,jamestown1 ,virginia ,jamestown #cejth ,anniversary ,historical ,booklet ,number #bc ,,introduction ,in the pages which follow only a few of many goods and commodities made1 collected1 or grown at or near ,jamestown during the seventeenth century will be discussed4 ,no pretense is made to do more than touch lightly on the ones mentioned most frequently by the early settlers4 ,with the exception of tobacco1 grape vines1 and herbs1 agricultural products are omitted4 ,jamestown has never received proper recognition as the place where many ,american industries were born in the ,new ,world4 ,few people are aware that boatbuilding1 timbering1 glassmaking1 tobacco-cultivation1 wine-making1 iron-smelting1 and the making of pitch1 tar1 potash and soap-ashes1 were carried on in ,virginia's colonial capital2 nor is it generally known that there was production of pottery1 bricks and tile1 of considerable volume4 ,besides the products mentioned in this booklet1 attempts were made to grow or produce other items at or near ,james ,citty--including cordage1 silk-grass1 dyes1 salt1 flax1 hemp1 alum1 white earth1 walnut-oil1 minerals1 sweet-gums1 madder1 sugar cane1 cotton1 citrus fruits1 olives1 bark1 roots1 and berries4 ,a few brought profits to the planters while others1 like indigo1 cotton1 sugar cane1 and citrus fruits1 resulted in failure4 ,the tropical plants from the ,west ,indies could not1 of course1 withstand the cold ,virginia winters4 ,attempts made by the early planters to find commodities and raw materials revealed to a large degree the industrial and agricultural resources of the new colony4 ,the lessons learned at ,jamestown--even information derived from the failures--were invaluable ones4 ,for from the successful activities carried out in the small huts1 in the fields1 and in the woodland areas1 would later develop industries and agricultural pursuits undreamed of by the early settlers4 ,the history of ,american commodities1 like the history of the nation1 is no longer a brief one4 ,three hundred and fifty years have now passed since the first adventurous ,englishman1 with musket in hand and ears alerted to the sound of moccasined feet1 searched the wilderness area up and down the ,james ,river for ,new ,world wealth4 ,as time permitted1 he worked in his small shop making utilitarian things out of clay1 wood1 sand1 and metal--objects not entirely lacking in beauty4 ,busy as he was with these tasks1 he still found time to tend his small vineyard and tobacco field4 ,as he worked he may have dreamed of the day when his hogs-heads of sweet-scented tobacco and casks of red wine would reach ,england safely and be sold for a profit4 ,trying to better his condition in a new land1 he never dreamed that the seeds of his incessant labors1 which he was unconsciously planting1 would some day flower into a great industrial and agricultural nation4 ,,contents ,introduction iii ,boatbuilding #a ,timbering #d ,barrels and ,casks 7,coopering7 #h ,potash and ,soap-,ashes #aa ,pitch and ,tar #ad ,iron #af ,a ,jamestown ,blacksmith ,shop #ah ,glassmaking #bc ,furs and ,hides #bf ,building #cj ,tobacco #dj ,wine #db ,silk #df ,pottery #dh ,metalworking #eb ,fishing #ef ,brewing #fj ,herbs and ,medicinal ,plants #fd ,furniture #fh ,the ,box-,maker and ,turner #ga ,carriages and ,wheeled ,vehicles #gb ,spinning #gc ,bread-,baking #gd ,harvesting ,ice #gf ,a ,happy ,home in ,jamestown #gg ,selected ,bibliography #gh ,,boatbuilding ,on ,april #bg1 #afjg1 the day after the ,jamestown colonists landed at ,cape ,henry1 some of the settlers began to build or assemble a small boat4 ,george ,percy1 one of the original colonists1 reported that it was completed and launched on ,april #bh4 ,it appears1 therefore1 that #cej years ago--on the sandy beach near ,cape ,henry--the ,jamestown bound colonists made their first important commodity by hand in the ,new ,world4 ,contemporary records reveal that many small boats were built at ,jamestown from the earliest years of the settlement4 ,they afforded the best means of transportation through the uncharted wilderness1 and were used for fishing1 trade1 and exploration4 ,the conjectural illustration shows colonists building a small boat at ,jamestown ,island--near ,back ,river--about #afej4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,boatbuilding ,at ,jamestown ,over #cjj ,years ,ago ,conjectural ,painting ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,boatbuilding ,tools ,unearthed at ,jamestown ,all tools in the picture were hand wrought during the seventeenth century4 ,some may have been forged at ,jamestown4 ,,timbering ,timbering was one of the first activities undertaken by the ,jamestown colonists and was one of the first ,english industries in ,america4 ,the day the settlers arrived they began cutting down trees1 for timber was needed to build their fort and town as well as to export to the mother country4 ,thomas ,studley1 a member of the first colony1 reported that clapboards were made for loading on the ships which were to return to ,england3 ,now falleth every man to worke1 the ,councell contrive the fort1 the rest cut downe trees to make place to pitch their tents2 some provide clapboard to relade the ships1 some make gardens1 some nets1 c4 ,captain ,newport left ,jamestown in ,june1 #afjg and aboard his two ships were clapboards and other wooden products4 ,the virgin forests growing in the vicinity of ,jamestown furnished planks1 masts1 clapboard1 wainscoting1 and other wooden products needed by the mother country4 ,as ,england had run short of timber and was paying exorbitant prices to ,european countries for naval stores and timber products1 the supply furnished by the ,jamestown colony helped greatly to relieve the situation4 ,the ,virginians were also helped1 for timber was one of the few products which brought profits to the struggling colony4 ,the conjectural painting shows settlers carrying out timbering activities at ,jamestown4 ,some of the piled up lumber will be used in the colony1 some will be shipped to ,england4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,timbering ,at ,jamestown ,three ,centuries ,ago ,conjectural ,painting ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,tools ,used ,by ,the ,early ,jamestown ,settlers ,for ,timbering ,a few of many tools excavated at ,jamestown which were used for timbering over #cjj years ago3 felling axes1 a hewing axe1 adze1 hatchet1 wedge1 and saw fragment4 ,illustration3 ,the ,carpenter4 ,faber ,lignarius4 ,we have seen ,mens food and cloathing2 now his dwelling followeth4 ,at first they dwelt in ,caves #a then in ,booths or ,huts #b and then again in ,tents #c at the last in ,houses4 ,the ,woodmen felleth and heweth down ,trees #e with an ,ax #d the ,boughs #f remaining4 ,he cleaveth ,knotty wood with a ,wedg #g which he forceth in with a ,beetle #h and maketh ,wood-stacks #i4 ,the ,carpenter squareth ,timber with a ,chip-,ax #aj whence ,chips #aa fall1 and saweth it with a ,saw #ab where the ,saw-dust #ac falleth down4 ,afterwards he lifteth the beam upon tressels #ad by the help of a ,pulley #ae fasteneth it with ,cramp-,irons #af and marketh it out with a ,line #ag4 ,then he frameth the ,walls together and fasteneth the great pieces with ,pins #ai4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,seventeenth ,century ,timbering and ,building ,the #afhe engraving shows activities relating to timbering and house building4 ,similar practices were carried out at ,jamestown during the seventeenth century4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,,barrels ,,and ,,casks 7,,coopering7 ,as early as #afjg barrel staves were made at ,jamestown for exporting to ,england4 ,later1 when tobacco and other crops were grown successfully--and a few commodities were produced in ,virginia for export--barrels1 casks1 and other wooden containers were made by the cooper in large numbers4 ,john ,lewes was the first cooper to reach ,jamestown1 arriving in ,january1 #afjh4 ,others followed him throughout the seventeenth century2 and for almost a hundred years their craft was an important one in the ,capital ,cittie4 ,the illustration shows a cooper and his helpers making barrels and casks at ,jamestown1 about the year #afbe4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,making ,barrels and ,casks ,at ,jamestown--,about #afbe ,conjectural ,painting ,illustration3 ,the ,cooper4 ,the ,cooper #a1 having an ,apron #b tied about him1 maketh ,hoops ,of ,haslel-rods #c1 upon a ,cutting-block1 #d with a ,spoke-shave1 #e and ,lags #f of ,timber4 ,he maketh ,hogs-heads #g and ,pipes1 #h with two ,heads1 and ,tubs #i1 ,soes #aj1 ,flaskets #aa1 ,buckets #ab1 with one ,bottom of ,lags4 ,then he bindeth them with ,hoops #ac1 which he tieth fast with small ,twigs #ae1 by means of a ,cramp-,iron #ad1 and he fitteth them on with a ,mallet #af1 and a ,driver4 #ag4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,making ,barrels in the ,seventeenth ,century ,the engraving1 made in #afhe1 shows two coopers making a barrel4 ,a cooper's shop at ,jamestown may have been somewhat similar to the one shown4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,,potash ,,and ,,soap-,,ashes ,soap-ashes and potash were among the first commodities produced by the ,english in ,america4 ,potash was made from soap-ashes 7wood ashes1 especially those obtained from burning ash and elm7 and was used at ,jamestown for making both soap and glass4 ,soap-ashes were exported to ,england as early as #afjh1 and throughout the remainder of the century it appears that both potash and soap-ashes were shipped to the mother country1 ,as early as #afba soap-ashes were selling for six shillings to eight shillings per hundred weight1 whereas potash was bringing between thirty-five shillings and forty shillings per hundred weight4 ,although few contemporary records are available which mention the profit made from the sale of soap-ashes and potash by the ,virginia planters1 it is known that some small returns were made from time to time throughout the seventeenth century4 ,while tobacco was the important money-making crop1 the part played in the economy of the ,jamestown settlement and environs by other commodities--including soap-ashes and potash--should not be overlooked4 ,in the conjectural picture ,jamestown settlers are shown making potash4 ,five steps were necessary3 #a4 ,a pile of firewood 7billet-wood7 was burned until grey ashes were formed4 ,the best woods were oak1 ash1 poplar1 hickory1 elm1 hazel1 and beech4 ,old hollow trees1 if not dead1 were especially desirable4 #b4 ,after several pounds of ashes had accumulated1 they were leached 7boiling water was percolated through the ashes71 resulting in a very strong alkali solution known as ley or lye4 #c4 ,the alkali solution 7or ley7 was strained through a coarse linen cloth to keep out any coarse materials 7such as small pieces of half-burnt wood71 that might happen to remain in the ashes4 #d4 ,the strained ley solution was poured in an iron pan1 and evaporated over a quick fire--almost to dryness4 #e4 ,the residue remaining in the bottom of the pan was removed and put into an iron pot4 ,the pot was put over a strong fire till the matter was melted4 ,immediately the melted matter was poured out upon an iron plate1 where it soon cooled and appeared in the form of a solid lump of potash4 ,illustration3 ,making ,potash at ,jamestown--,about #afjh ,conjectural sketch ,to a chemist the somewhat primitive methods described are very obvious ones in making an impure form of potash4 ,the combustion of hardwoods resulted in an ash residue containing the desired potassium carbonate4 ,some purification was obtained by leaching the ash residue in boiling water and then filtering the ley through a coarse linen cloth4 ,the filtered ley was evaporated in an iron pot to dryness4 ,the potash resulting was now ready for making soap and glass1 as well as for other industrial uses4 ,,pitch ,,and ,,tar ,pitch and tar--used by shipbuilders from time immemorial for caulking and covering seams of vessels--were made at ,jamestown as early as #afjh4 ,after the second supply ships reached ,jamestown in ,october1 #afjh1 one of the settlers wrote3 ,no sooner were we landed1 but the ,president dispersed as many as were able1 some for glasse1 others for pitch1 tarre1 and sope ashes4 ,a month later trials of pitch and tar were carried to ,england by ,captain ,christopher ,newport1 as reported by ,thomas ,studley1 one of the original planters3 ,captaine ,newport being dispatched with the tryals of pitch1 tarre1 glass1 frankincense and sope ashes1 with that clapbord and wainscot which could bee provided 444 returned for ,england4 ,as pitch and tar were made in ,virginia throughout the seventeenth century1 mainly for exporting to ,england1 it appears that the colonists made some profit from the sale of such products4 ,pitch and tar were obtained from pine trees1 one of the common trees in the ,tidewater ,virginia woods4 ,tar is an oily1 dark colored1 product obtained in the destructive distillation of pine wood4 ,in ,virginia it was commonly made from the resinous roots and wood of various pines4 ,the wood was heaped into a conical stack depressed at the center1 covered with earth1 and fired4 ,the tar ran into a hollowed-out place in the soil beneath the stack of wood4 ,pitch was a dark-colored viscous substance obtained as a residue in distilling pine tar1 and widely used for caulking seams of boats4 ,it is of interest that the early settlers named the large swamp north of the town area ,pitch and ,tar ,swamp4 ,undoubtedly the large pine trees which bordered the swamp were used for making pitch and tar1 as well as turpentine and resin4 ,illustration3 ,making ,tar ,at ,jamestown ,from ,pine ,wood ,conjectural sketch ,,iron ,it is possible that small amounts of iron were smelted at ,jamestown in earth ovens or ,catalan-type furnaces during the early years of the colony4 ,in #aiee archeologists unearthed a circular-shaped pit which contained charcoal1 burned oyster shell1 iron ore1 pieces of smelted iron1 and slag4 ,it is known that some iron was made in earth ovens in ,england during the early years of the seventeenth century1 where iron was smelted in holes dug in the ground4 ,the fires were fed with logs and charcoal1 and the heat was increased by use of large foot bellows4 ,the same method may have been used at ,jamestown2 or it is possible that the earth oven may have been used for hardening bar iron imported from ,england1 as much bar iron received from the mother country was very soft and unsatisfactory for making tools4 ,the conjectural sketch shows ,jamestown colonists making iron in a primitive earth oven or furnace4 ,illustration3 ,small ,quantities ,of ,iron ,may ,have ,been ,made ,at ,jamestown ,during ,the ,early ,years ,of ,the ,settlement ,conjectural sketch ,a ,,jamestown ,,blacksmith ,,shop ,a blacksmith1 ,james ,read by name1 was a member of the first group of colonists who planted the ,jamestown settlement in #afjg4 ,perhaps he helped forge the small chisels which ,captain ,john ,smith mentioned 7writing of the month of ,september1 #afjg73 ,as yet we have no houses to cover us1 our tents were rotten1 and our cabbins worse than nought3 our best commoditie was iron which we made into little chissels4 ,many small chisels have been unearthed at ,jamestown1 and one may wonder whether any were made during the hard autumn of #afjg1 when the state of the new colony was at such a low ebb4 ,another early ,jamestown blacksmith was ,richard ,dole1 who arrived on the supply ship ,phoenix1 ,april #bj1 #afjh4 ,read and ,dole were the vanguards of many ironworkers who emigrated to ,virginia at various periods of time throughout the seventeenth century4 ,in #aiee archeologists discovered the site of an early seventeenth century forge or smithery near historic ,jamestown church4 ,large quantities of slag were unearthed together with pieces of bar iron1 weapons1 tool fragments1 and several partially-completed iron handles1 chisels1 and nails4 ,a few blacksmiths' tools and a small anvil were also found4 ,associated cultural material found indicated that the forge operated between #afaj and #afbe1 and there was good evidence that it may have been located in an armourer's shop4 ,the forge site appears to be the oldest one used by the ,english which has been discovered in ,america4 ,the sketch showing the ,jamestown blacksmith at work is based on a #afhe engraving by ,johann ,comenius4 ,illustration3 ,a ,jamestown ,blacksmith ,working ,in ,a ,forge ,shop ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,iron ,objects ,excavated ,at ,jamestown ,near ,the ,site ,of ,an ,early ,seventeenth-,century ,forge ,shown are blacksmiths' tools1 bar iron1 sword guards1 slag1 and a few incomplete iron objects4 ,it appears that the forge1 located a short distance west of historic ,jamestown church1 was in operation as early as #afbe4 ,illustration3 ,the ,indian ,massacre ,at ,falling ,creek1 ,march #bb1 #afbb ,conjectural sketch ,in #afbj-ba the ,jamestown colonists established an iron furnace at ,falling ,creek--about eighty miles upriver from ,jamestown4 ,it was the first ironworks built in ,america by ,englishmen1 and the furnace was the first one 7of which there is definite record7 in which iron was smelted4 ,the contemporary records also indicate that a few tools were made in the forge shop4 ,the enterprise was short-lived1 however1 for in #afbb the ,indians massacred the ironworkers and their families and destroyed the furnace4 ,although never rebuilt1 its importance cannot be overstressed1 for the ,falling ,creek site can rightfully claim the honor of being the birthplace of the ,american iron industry4 ,illustration3 ,the ,black-,smith4 ,the ,black-,smith #a in his ,smithie 7or ,forge7 #b bloweth the fire with a pair of ,bellows1 #c which he bloweth with his ,feet1 #d and so heateth the ,iron2 ,and then he taketh it out with the ,tongs #e layeth it upon the ,anvile1 #f and striketh it with a ,hammer1 #g where the ,sparks #h flie off4 ,and thus are hammered out ,nails #i1 ,horshoos #aj1 ,cart-strakes #aa1 ,chains #ab1 ,plates1 ,locks and ,keys1 ,hindges1 c4 ,he quencheth ,hot-,irons in the ,cool-trough4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a ,seventeenth-,century ,blacksmith ,at ,work ,a forge or smithery at ,jamestown may have resembled the one in this #afhe engraving4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,,glassmaking ,glass was made at ,jamestown in #afjh-afji1 and again in #afba-afbd1 its manufacture being one of the first ,english industries in the ,new ,world4 ,among the colonists who reached ,jamestown in ,october1 #afjh1 were eight ,dutchmen and ,poles1 some of whom were glassmakers4 ,when ,captain ,christopher ,newport sailed for ,england a few weeks later he carried with him tryals of pitch1 tarre1 glasse1 frankincense1 sope ashes2 with that clapboard and waynscot that could be provided4 ,it is not known what kinds of glass were taken to ,england by ,newport4 ,john ,smith1 writing of the year #afji1 stated3 444 wee made three or foure lotts of tarre1 pitch1 and sope ashes2 produced a tryall of glass4444 ,again1 the records do not reveal what kinds of glass were produced4 ,in #afba six ,italian glassmakers arrived at ,jamestown1 and during the next three years attempts were made to manufacture glass1 but it appears that only small amounts were blown4 ,oddly enough1 archeological excavations did not disclose what kinds of glass were made at ,jamestown during the two ventures4 ,when the glasshouse site was excavated in #aidh only small fragments and drippings--dark green in color--were found4 ,it appears that the tiny fragments could have been pieces from window panes1 bottles and vials1 and simple drinking glasses4 ,no glass beads were found at or near the furnace site4 ,the conjectural sketch shows a ,jamestown glassblower at work4 ,illustration3 ,making ,glass ,at ,jamestown ,in #afjh ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,artifacts ,relating ,to ,glassmaking--,found ,near ,the ,site ,of ,the ,jamestown ,glasshouse ,in the picture are shown a small melting pot1 part of a working hole1 fragment from a large melting pot1 cullet 7the broken or refuse glass in the lower left corner71 and green glass fragments 7lower center and lower right7 ,,furs ,,and ,,hides ,shortly after the ,jamestown colony was planted the ,english adventurers explored the rivers and bays in the vicinity of the settlement1 visited many ,indian villages1 and traded colorful articles to the natives in exchange for foods1 furs1 and other commodities4 ,the first exploring party left ,jamestown a week after the establishment of the colony4 ,twenty-four of the settlers sailed up the ,james ,river as far as the falls1 a distance of about ninety miles4 ,at ,arahatteak 7near present-day ,richmond7 the explorers gave the ,indians penny knyves1 sheeres1 belles1 beades1 glass toyes c4444 for mulberries1 wheat1 beans1 tobacco1 and a crowne which was of deares hayre1 dyed redd4 ,before leaving the village ,captain ,newport presented the ,indian chief with a hatchet and a red waistcoat4 ,on the return trip to ,jamestown the exploring party visited other ,indian towns on the ,james ,river1 including one whose chieftain was ,powhatan's brother--the wily and crafty ,opechancanough4 ,gabriel ,archer1 a member of the group1 recorded that the chief's kyngdome is full of deare 7so also is most of all the kyngdomes37 he hath 7as the rest likewise7 many ryche furres4 ,many of the early settlers listed the fur-bearing animals that inhabited the dense woods near ,jamestown4 ,george ,percy1 an original planter1 observed that3 ,there is also great store of deere both red and fallow4 ,there are beares1 foxes1 otters1 bevers1 muskats1 and wild beasts unknowne4 ,john ,smith1 in one of his early books describing ,virginia 7,a ,map of ,virginia1 ,with a ,description of the ,country1 ,oxford1 #afab71 gives brief descriptions of deer1 squirrels1 opossums1 muskrats1 bears1 beavers1 otters1 foxes1 and others4 ,with the exception of bears1 these fur-bearing animals still inhabit ,jamestown ,island--protected by the ,national ,park ,service4 ,illustration3 ,jamestown ,settlers ,trading ,with ,the ,indians ,conjectural sketch ,for inexpensive beads and trinkets the colonists received furs1 foods1 and other commodities from the aborigines ,it appears that early in the century some profit was being made from the sale of furs in ,england1 for ,thomas ,studley1 who was in charge of the first storehouse at ,jamestown1 wrote that one mariner in one voyage hath got so many furs as he confessed to have solde in ,england for #cj4 ,william ,strachey1 who lived at ,jamestown in #afaj-afaa1 described a trading expedition made by ,captain ,samuel ,argall in #afaj3 ,within this river1 ,captayne ,samuell ,argoll in a smale river which the ,indians call ,oquiho4 ,anno #afaj4 trading 7in a bark called the ,discovery7 for corne1 with the great king of ,patawomeck1 from him obteyned well neere #djj4 bushells of wheat1 pease and beanes 7besyde many kind of furrs7 for #i4 powndes of copper1 #d4 bunches of beades1 #h dozen of hatchetts1 #e dozen of knives1 #d bunches of bells1 #a4 dozen ,sizers1 all not much more worth than #djs4 ,english4444 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the ,jamestown colonists who traded their colorful beads and trinkets to the woodland ,indians in exchange for food and other commodities--including furs and hides--were the pioneer ,english fur traders in the ,new ,world4 ,the experiences which adventurers like ,christopher ,newport1 ,john ,smith1 and ,samuel ,argall had with the cunning ,virginia aborigines were just as exciting and stirring as those shared by the hardened trappers and traders who searched the ,rocky ,mountain streams for beaver two hundred years later4 ,the hunt for furs which began at ,jamestown in #afjg did not diminish until the western boundary of the ,united ,states had expanded to the shores of the ,pacific ,ocean during the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,objects ,found ,at ,jamestown ,which ,were ,used ,for ,trading ,with ,the ,indians ,shown are glass beads1 bell fragments1 a hatchet1 scissors1 knives1 and an incomplete brass pan4 ,,building ,the day the colonists landed at ,jamestown1 ,may #ad1 #afjg1 they began building a triangular-shaped fort 7a pallizado of planckes and strong posts1 foure foote deepe in the ground1 of yong oakes1 walnuts1 c471 a setled streete of houses1 a church1 a guardhouse1 and a storehouse4 ,it is apparent that all men familiar with tools and building skills were extremely busy during the first few weeks1 especially the four carpenters in the group 7,william ,laxon1 ,edward ,pising1 ,thomas ,emry1 and ,robert ,small71 two bricklayers 7,john ,herd and ,william ,garret71 and mason 7,edward ,brinto74 ,as brick houses were not built at ,jamestown until about #afbe1 the bricklayers who came to ,virginia with the first group of colonists undoubtedly aided the carpenters4 ,perhaps it was they who made the first stone footings and mud and stick chimneys for the frame houses which were built inside the fort4 ,as timber was plentiful in ,virginia during the early years of the settlement1 most of the houses were of frame construction4 ,during the first decade or two house construction reflected a primitive use1 not of materials brought from ,england but those that were found ready at hand1 such as saplings for a sort of framing1 use of branches1 leafage1 bark and animal skins4 ,during these early years1 when the settlers were having a difficult time staying alive1 mud walls1 wattle and daub1 and marsh grass thatch of a coarse sort were used4 ,out of these years of improvising the construction with squared posts1 later with quarterings 7studs71 came into practice4 ,there probably was little thought of plastering walls during the first two decades1 and when it was done1 clay1 or clay mixed with oyster shell lime1 was first used4 ,the early floors were of clay1 and it should be remembered that clay floors continued to be used in the humbler dwellings throughout the seventeenth century4 ,it can be assumed that most of the dwellings1 or shelters1 of the ,jamestown settlers1 certainly until about #afcj1 had the primitive appearance of settlers houses1 and were rough on the exterior4 ,illustration3 ,the ,landing ,may #ad1 #afjg4 ,the day the colonists landed at ,jamestown 7,may #ad1 #afjg7 they began building a triangular-shaped fort 7a pallizado of planckes and strong posts1 foure foote deepe in the ground1 of yong oakes1 walnuts1 471 ,a setled streete of houses1 a church1 a guardhouse1 and a storehouse ,conjectural sketch ,from ,a ,pictorial ,story of ,jamestown ,virginia3 ,the ,voyage and ,search for a ,settlement ,site1 by ,j4 ,paul ,hudson4 ,not to be reproduced without permission of the author4 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,research by ,a4 ,lawrence ,kocher4 ,a ,small ,jamestown ,house ,built ,about #afcj ,conjectural ,painting ,the frame house shown is believed to be typical of many built by the yeomen settlers after #afcj4 ,a coarse marsh grass thatch covers the roof and rough clapboards cover the sides of the building4 ,the few casement windows used have diamond-shaped panes1 and heavy wooden doors swing on hand wrought iron strap hinges4 ,in the foreground is a large brick chimney1 oven1 and woodshed4 ,the shed and recessed nook in front of the oven are covered with red earthenware pantiles4 ,jamestown has taken on a degree of permanency1 and many of the ,colonists are realizing small profits from the sale of tobacco4 ,after the settlement had become fairly well established the colonists began building a few brick houses4 ,in the picture ,english artisans are shown erecting a small brick structure at ,jamestown about the year #afcj4 ,it is quite clear from the documentary records and the archeological remains that the colonists not only made their own bricks--and probably many of their roofing tiles--but that the process1 as well as the finished product1 followed closely the ,english tradition4 ,an old account1 relating to brick-making in ,england three hundred years ago1 is summarized3 #a4 ,before ,christmas we begin to dig the earth and let it lie to mellow till ,easter4 #b4 ,then we water the earth well and temper it with a narrow spade4 #c4 ,the moulder cuts off a piece of earth1 throws it into the mould made of beech1 levelling it off with a wooden implement called a strike4 #d4 ,the carrier carries the mould to the drying ground1 where he adroitly turns it over1 laying the bricks on the ground1 and lifts up the mould4 #e4 ,when the bricks are dry1 they carry them to a place where they row them up like a wall4 ,they are covered with straw1 till they are dry enough to be carried to the kiln4 #f4 ,then they are stacked in the kiln1 a fire kept till they are at the top red fire hot4 #g4 ,then we let them cool1 and sell them as we can for as much money as we can get1 but usually about #ac or #ad shillings the thousand4 ,similar methods may have been used at ,jamestown during the seventeenth century4 ,illustration3 ,building ,a ,small ,brick ,house ,at ,jamestown1 ,about #afcj ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,making ,brick ,at ,jamestown ,about #afej ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,overall ,view ,of ,brick ,kiln ,unearthed at ,jamestown ,in addition to bricks1 flat roofing tiles were found in this kiln--placed there for firing with the bricks4 ,four brick kilns were discovered at ,jamestown during archeological explorations4 ,in order to build brick houses lime was needed by the bricklayers and plasterers for making plaster and mortar4 ,contemporary records reveal that lymeburners emigrated to ,jamestown as early as #afaj4 ,as four lime kilns were found during archeological excavations1 it is evident that the lime used by the ,jamestown builders was made on the historic island4 ,in the kilns oyster shells from the ,james ,river were burned and converted into lime by the limeburners4 ,the unearthing of large quantities of plaster and mortar at ,jamestown indicates that the majority of the brick houses 7as well as many frame structures7 had plastered walls and ceilings1 especially after #afce4 ,some plaster excavated had been white-washed while other bore its natural whitish-gray color4 ,all plaster and mortar found was made from oyster shell lime1 sand1 and clay4 ,ornamental or decorative plaster was found near a few of the house foundations4 ,the plasterwork1 decorated in raised ornamental designs1 was used for enhancing the beauty of both the interior and exterior of a building4 ,designs on the plaster included ,roman numerals1 letters1 mottos1 crests1 veined leaves1 rosettes1 geometric patterns1 a lion1 and a face or mask4 ,many fragments of moulded plaster cornices were also recovered4 ,broken oyster shells are distinguishable in the ornamental plasterwork1 indicating that the pargetting was made at ,jamestown4 ,illustration3 ,making ,lime ,from ,oyster ,shells1 ,about #afbe ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,ornamental ,plaster ,made ,at ,jamestown ,archeological explorations revealed that ornamental plaster was used on a few ,jamestown buildings--for enhancing the beauty of both the exterior and interior4 ,broken oyster shells are imbedded in the decorated plaster1 indicating that the pargetting was made at ,jamestown4 ,,tobacco ,when ,jamestown was established in #afjg the ,indians living in ,tidewater ,virginia were smoking a leaf from the native tobacco plant1 ,nicotiana rustica4 ,it was a bitter tasting leaf of rather poor quality1 and never cultivated on a large scale by the early planters4 ,about #afaa1 seeds of a ,west ,indies tobacco plant1 ,nicotiana tabacum1 were introduced into ,virginia4 ,a year later ,john ,rolfe experimented with the seeds from the ,west ,indies plant1 together with tobacco seeds from ,south ,america4 ,the exact nature of ,rolfe's tests1 carried on at or near ,jamestown1 is unknown1 but the plant he seemingly developed was one with a mild1 sweet-scented1 leaf4 ,the new sweet-scented leaf became popular overnight1 and during the remainder of the seventeenth century it proved the economic salvation of the colony4 ,to a large degree1 the new crop determined the economic1 social1 and political life of the planters4 ,the demand in ,england for the new leaf was also responsible1 in a large measure1 for the spread of settlement and increase of population in ,virginia4 ,the tobacco plant developed by ,rolfe was the first crop grown by the ,virginia settlers which made a profit4 ,the conjectural illustration shows ,jamestown colonists harvesting tobacco about the year #afej4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,harvesting ,tobacco ,at ,jamestown ,about #afej ,conjectural ,painting ,,wine ,during the early years of the ,jamestown settlement the ,virginia ,company of ,london encouraged many agricultural pursuits1 including the planting and cultivation of grape vines and the making of wine4 ,the reasons seemed to have been twofold3 first1 to make money for the ,virginia ,company1 whose stock-holders had invested much capital in the new colony2 and secondly1 to insure the mother country a steady flow of inexpensive wine--which was impossible as long as continental merchants charged exorbitant prices for wines sent to ,england4 ,then1 too1 if wine could be made successfully in ,virginia1 the people living in the new settlement would profit accordingly4 ,vineyards were planted on ,jamestown ,island at various periods of time during the seventeenth century1 and quantities of good wines were made1 but far too often inferior wine was fermented4 ,because of the long sea journey from ,virginia1 casks of good wine sent to ,england frequently arrived in a spoiled condition4 ,after #afge the hope of producing good ,virginia wine for export purposes waned4 ,during the last ten years of the century1 when ,jamestown declined1 the vineyards were neglected1 fell prey to deer and the elements1 and soon became engulfed in the wilderness4 ,the illustration shows a man and woman pressing grapes at ,jamestown about #afej4 ,the woman is trampling them1 whereas the man is using a primitive grape press4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,making ,wine ,at ,jamestown ,about #afej ,conjectural ,painting ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,items ,found ,at ,jamestown ,relating ,to ,wine ,wine was a popular beverage in ,virginia during the seventeenth century4 ,a few items unearthed at ,jamestown which relate to wine consumption are shown3 a wine bottle1 wine glass1 glass bottle seals 7which were attached to the shoulders of many wine bottles71 a bronze spigot1 and wooden barrel staves4 ,in #afaj ,francisco ,maguel1 who had spent eight months in ,virginia1 wrote that ,there grow in that country ,virginia wild many forest grapes1 of which the ,english make a wine that resembles much the wine of ,alicante1 according to the opinion of the narrator who has tasted both4 ,illustration3 ,the ,vintage4 ,vindemia4 ,wine groweth in the ,vine-yard #a1 where ,vines are propagated1 and tied with ,twigs to ,trees #b1 or to ,props #c1 or ,frames #d4 ,when the time of grape-gathering is come1 they cut off the ,bunches1 and carry them in measures of three bushels #e1 and throw them into a ,vat #f1 and tread them with their ,feet #g1 or tramp them with a wooden ,pestil #h1 and squese out the juice in the ,wine-press #i1 which is called ,must #aa1 and being received in a great ,tub #aj1 it is powred into ,hogs-heads #ab1 it is stopped up #ae and being laid close in ,cellars upon ,settles #ad it becommeth ,wine4 ,it is drawn out of the ,hogshead1 with a ,cock #ac1 or ,faucet #af1 7in which is a ,spigot7 the ,vessel being unbunged4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,making ,wine ,in #afhe ,the interesting engraving entitled ,the ,vintage was made in #afhe4 ,a wine making establishment at ,jamestown may have resembled the one in the illustration4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,,silk ,during the early years of the seventeenth century ,england was paying exorbitant prices for silk4 ,most of it was purchased from the ,mediterranean countries--,france1 ,italy1 and ,spain4 ,some was imported from the ,near ,east1 and small amounts from the ,orient were bought from ,dutch sea captains4 ,as extremely high prices were being paid for the precious cloth1 the ,virginia ,company decided to experiment with silk culture in the new colony4 ,silk was made at ,jamestown during the seventeenth century1 but the enterprise seldom brought profit to the planters4 ,the majority of the colonists had to struggle to grow crops and produce goods with which they were familiar1 and were reluctant to experiment with a commodity which required a special skill that they did not possess4 ,a few settlers1 however1 made serious efforts to raise silkworms1 and at times small quantities of silk were made and shipped to ,england4 ,the silk-making venture died a hard death1 but the large mulberry trees which still grow in many places in ,tidewater ,virginia 7perhaps scions of seventeenth century ones7 are reminders of a day when a few ,virginia colonists fed and nurtured silkworms and wound off silk thread onto primitive wooden reels4 ,in the conjectural illustration a woman is drawing silk thread from the cods2 the man is winding the thread on a wooden reel4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,drawing ,and ,winding ,silk ,thread1 ,about #afej ,conjectural ,painting ,,pottery ,there is definite evidence that pottery was made at ,jamestown over #cjj years ago4 ,a kiln site was uncovered in #aiee1 and nearby were found overfired pots1 misshaped vessels1 and mis-glazed pieces--undoubtedly from the waster pile4 ,also found near the kiln site were two complete pots1 and hundreds of fragments from local-made vessels which were used in the colony between #afbe and #afej--;indisputable evidence that crude1 utilitarian1 lead-glazed earthenware was made at ,jamestown during the seventeenth century4 ,although made for everyday use1 many of the pieces unearthed at the ,jamestown kiln site are symmetrical in form and not entirely lacking in beauty4 ,one can easily see that the craftsman took pride in shaping the pieces1 as three centuries later the crude wares are still pleasing to behold4 ,the ,jamestown potter1 indeed1 was no young apprentice or mere farmer who potted on the side4 ,the potter's art1 then as now1 was a highly specialized one1 rooted in a long tradition4 ,our potter was an artisan1 trained in the mysteries of a medieval craft1 and it was probably he who first transplanted his ancient skills to the ,virginia wilderness4 ,the conjectural illustration shows a ,jamestown potter shaping a vessel on his crude kick wheel4 ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,making ,pottery ,at ,jamestown ,about #afbe ,conjectural ,painting ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,examples ,of ,lead-,glazed ,earthenware ,made ,at ,jamestown ,between #afbe and #afdj ,the pottery vessels shown were found near the site of an early seventeenth-century pottery kiln discovered on ,jamestown ,island in #ahcc4 ,illustration3 ,the ,potter3 ,the ,potter #a1 sitting over a ,wheel #b1 maketh ,pots #d1 ,pitchers #e1 ,pipkins #f1 ,platters #g1 ,pudding-,pans #h1 ,juggs #i1 ,lids #aj1 c of ,potters-clay #c1 afterwards he baketh them in an ,oven #aa1 and glazeth them with ,white-,lead4 ,a broken pot1 affordeth ,pot-sheards1 #ab4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,making ,pottery ,in ,the ,seventeenth ,century ,the kick wheel used by the ,jamestown potter may have resembled the one in the seventeenth-century engraving4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,,metalworking ,as early as #afjh two goldsmiths--,william ,johnson and ,richard ,belfield--emigrated to ,jamestown4 ,with them were two refiners and a jeweler4 ,although ,john ,smith wrote that these artisans never had occasion to exercise their craft1 it is possible that they made a few small objects of silver1 pewter1 and latten metal 7a brass-like alloy74 ,in spite of the fact that few specimens of silver and pewter were found at ,jamestown1 seventeenth century records and inventories indicate that many ,virginia families owned such wares1 including cups1 beakers1 dishes1 salts1 salvers1 tankards1 porringers1 bowls1 and plates4 ,a pewterer who lived thirty miles from ,jamestown--,joseph ,copeland by name--made the oldest dated piece of ,american pewter which has been found4 ,in the #aicj's1 ,national ,park ,service archeologists1 working at ,jamestown1 recovered the significant specimen--an incomplete pewter spoon which is a variant of the trifid or split-end type common during the #afej-afij period4 ,impressed on the handle1 in the trefoil finial of the stem is the mark of the maker1 giving his name1 the ,virginia town where he worked1 and the year he started business4 ,the matchless spoon bears the sole surviving touch or mark of an ,american pewterer of the seventeenth century4 ,the complete legend1 encircling a heart1 reads3 ,,ioseph ,,copeland_/#afge_/;,,chuckatuck4 7,chuckatuck is a small ,virginia village located about thirty miles southeast of ,jamestown47 ,copeland later moved to ,jamestown1 and as he worked in the statehouse from #afhh-afia he may have made pewter in ,virginia's capital ,citty4 ,the conjectural sketch shows a ,jamestown metalworker making spoons4 ,illustration3 ,making ,pewter ,spoons ,at ,jamestown ,about #afge ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service ,a ,unique ,pewter ,spoon ,handle ,found ,at ,jamestown ,the rather commonplace and incomplete spoon fragment illustrated is significant for many reasons4 ,its prime importance is that it is the oldest known pewter object of ,american manufacture4 ,the mark on the handle is the sole surviving one of an ,american pewterer of the seventeenth century4 ,the mark reveals that the spoon was made in #afge by ,joseph ,copeland1 who worked at ,chuckatuck1 ,virginia 7located thirty miles southeast of ,jamestown74 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,items ,left ,at ,jamestown ,by ,early ,metalworkers ,the brass weights1 ingot of scrap brass1 and silver spoon shown1 which were unearthed at ,jamestown1 are reminders of a bygone day when metalworkers made beautiful things in ,virginia's colonial capital over three centuries ago4 ,contemporary records indicate that many metalworkers emigrated to ,virginia during the seventeenth century4 ,,fishing ,when the first settlers planted their small colony at ,jamestown the tidewater rivers and bays teemed with many kinds of fish and seafood4 ,varieties which soon appeared on the colonists' tables included sheepshead1 shad1 sturgeon1 herring1 sole1 white salmon1 bass1 flounder1 pike1 bream1 perch1 rock1 and drum2 as well as oysters1 crabs1 and mussels4 ,the day after the colonists reached ,virginia1 ,april #bg1 #afjg1 ,george ,percy observed that the oysters were large and tasty3 ,we came to a place where they the ,indians had made a great fire1 and had beene newly a rosting oysters4 ,when they perceived our comming1 they fled away to the mountaines1 and left many of the oysters in the fire4 ,we eat some of the oysters1 which were very large and delicate in taste4 ,the following day1 ,april #bh1 ,percy noted that some of the oysters had pearls3 444 we got good store of mussels and oysters1 which lay on the ground as thicke as stones4 ,wee opened some1 and found in many of them pearles4 ,the ,jamestown planters who wrote accounts of the new colony commented on the abundance and variety of fish and shellfish in the rivers and creeks near the capital citty4 ,it seems rather surprising1 therefore1 that so many colonists died during the first autumn of meere famine1 as reported by ,percy1 when the ,james ,river teemed with fish1 oysters1 and crabs4 ,captain ,gabriel ,archer1 ,gentleman1 mentioned a seven foot sturgeon which was caught on ,june #ac1 #afjg3 ,our ,admiralls men gatt a sturgeon of #g foote long which ,captayne ,newport gave us4 ,george ,percy commented on the excellence of the sturgeon in the ,james ,river3 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,fishhooks1 ,fish-gigs1 ,lead ,net-,weights ,the artifacts shown were excavated at ,jamestown4 ,these objects and many others found1 are reminders of a day when fish and shellfish lived in abundance in every creek1 river1 and bay1 in ,tidewater ,virginia4 ,there are many branches of this river1 which runne flowing through the woods with great plentie of fish of all kindes2 as for sturgeon1 all the world cannot be compared to it4444 ,john ,smith and ,william ,strachey also listed the delicious and palatable varieties of fish and shellfish which were found in ,virginia waters1 revealing that seafood was an important source of food for the colonists4 ,at times1 especially during the early years1 it was one of the main sources4 ,illustration3 ,repairing ,nets ,at ,jamestown ,about #afbj ,conjectural sketch ,seafood was an important food for the early colonists4 ,at times1 especially during the first years of the settlement1 it was one of the main foodstuffs4 ,,brewing ,one seventeenth century building unearthed at ,jamestown appears to have been used as a place where beer1 ale1 brandy1 and other alcoholic beverages were made4 ,nearby were found pieces of lead1 which may have been part of a lead cistern which held barley1 and inside the building were three brick ovens1 which may have been used for drying malt4 ,a handle from a copper kettle was discovered near one of the ovens1 and pieces of copper and lead pipes were recovered not far from the building4 ,historical objects excavated near the site revealed that the structure was used between #afbe and #affj4 ,a #afhe account relating to brewing could very well refer to a ,jamestown establishment where beer and other beverages were made nearly #cjj years ago3 ,where wine is not to be had they drink beer1 which is brewed of malt and hops1 in a caldron4 ,afterwards it is powred into vatts1 and when it is cold1 it is carried in soes wooden pails1 into the cellar and is put into vessels4 ,brandy-wine1 extracted by the power of heat from dregs of wine in a pan1 over which a limbeck an apparatus used in distillation is placed1 droppeth thorow a pipe into a glass4 ,wine and beer1 when they turn sowr1 become vinegar4 ,they make mede of wine and honey4 ,illustration3 ,brewing ,beer ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,drawing4 ,where ,wine is not to be had they drink ,beer1 which is brewed of ,malt #a1 and ,hops #b1 in a ,caldron #c1 afterwards it is powred into ,vatts #d1 and when it is cold1 it is carried in ,soes #e1 into the ,cellar #f1 and is put into ,vessels4 ,brandy-wine1 extracted by the power of heat from dregs of ,wine in a ,pan #g1 over which a ,limbeck #h1 is placed droppeth thorow a ,pipe #i1 into a ,glass4 ,wine and ,beer1 when they turn sowr1 become ,vinegar4 ,they make ,mede of ,wine and ,honey4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,beer1 ,brandy1 ,mead1 and ,vinegar ,these beverages may have been made at ,jamestown in a building somewhat similar to the one shown in the #afhe engraving4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,artifacts ,unearthed ,relating ,to ,brewing ,and ,distilling ,shown are lead and copper pipes1 kettle fragments1 a brass spigot1 and scrap metal4 ,it is believed that most of the beer and ale brewed at ,jamestown after #afbj was made by the common brewer4 ,one act1 passed in #afbj_/ba for the repressinge of the odious 444 sinne of drunkenesse1 stated that noe person 444 shall at any tyme 444 brewe anie beere or ale1 and sell the same againe in his or her house 444 unless it bee in townes where there is noe comon brewer4 ,,herbs ,,and ,,medicinal ,,plants ,among commodities which the early ,jamestown settlers searched for were herbs and medicinal plants4 ,it is possible that ,thomas ,wotton and ,will ,wilkinson1 surgeons with the first colony1 were the first members of the ,english medical profession to collect and experiment with ,new ,world plants4 ,the few colonists who wrote of their travels in ,virginia frequently made mention of the herbs and native plants4 ,george ,percy related that five days after the settlers had planted their colony at ,jamestown1 ,may #ai1 #afjg1 that ,one of the savages brought us on the way to the wood-side1 where there was a garden of tobacco and other fruits and herbes4 ,on an exploring trip upriver from ,jamestown in late ,may1 #afjg1 ,gabriel ,archer recorded that ,one savage shewed us the herbe called in their tongue wisacan1 which they say heales poysoned woundes1 it is like lyverwort or bloudwort4 ,john ,smith mentioned the spring herbs1 though he did not know their names3 ,many hearbes in the spring time there are common dispersed throughout the woods1 good for brothes and sallets1 as violets1 purslin1 sorrell1 c4 ,besides many we used whose names we know not4 ,the first supply1 approximately #abj settlers1 reached ,jamestown in midwinter and early spring1 #afjh4 ,among the group was a physician1 ,dr4 ,walter ,russell2 a surgeon1 ,post ,ginnatt2 and two apothecaries1 ,thomas ,feld and ,john ,harford4 ,there is no record1 however1 indicating that these men used ,virginia plants and herbs for medicinal purposes4 ,the man who first made intensive experiments with native plants was ,doctor ,lawrence ,bohun4 ,arriving at ,jamestown in #afaj1 he is mentioned several times by ,william ,strachey1 who also reached ,jamestown in #afaj1 in ,the ,historie of ,travell into ,virginia ,britania #afab3 ,illustration3 ,doctor ,lawrence ,bohun ,experimenting ,with ,herbs ,at ,jamestown1 #afaj ,conjectural sketch ,there groweth in the ,island of ,james-towne a smale tree of leaves1 armes and fruict1 like the myrtle-tree1 the fruict thereof hath a tast with the mirtle1 but much more bynding1 these trees grow in great plentye1 rownd about a standing pond of fresh water in the middle of the ,island2 the pill or rynd whereof is of so great force against inveterate dissentericall fluxes of which ,doctor ,bohoune made open experiment in many of our men labouring with such diseases and therefore wisheth all such phisitians as shall goe thither to make use thereof4 ,as early as #afaj the ,virginia ,company of ,london instructed the colonists to send the following plants to ,england3 sassafras1 bayberries1 poccone to be gotten from the ,indians1 galbrand galbanum groweth like fennell1 sarsaparilla1 and walnut oil4 ,other plants1 both native and exotic1 which were cultivated at ,jamestown for medicinal purposes included mastic1 woodbine1 senna1 snakeroot1 dittany1 mechoacan1 pepper-wort1 ,jamestown 7or ,jimson7 weed1 wild cherry1 and rhubarb4 ,most of the herbs which were cultivated in ,english gardens grew successfully in ,virginia1 especially the ones listed in ,john ,gerard's ,the ,herbal 7,london1 #aeig71 and ,william ,lawson's ,the ,country ,housewifes ,garden 7,london1 #afag74 ,many contemporary records reveal that several herbs were used for medicinal purposes as well as for improving the flavor of certain foods and beverages4 ,a few herbs still grow on ,jamestown ,island1 and together with the native sassafras1 bayberry1 wild bergamot1 and bee balm1 they remind us that the wilderness physicians1 surgeons1 and apothecaries did everything in their power to keep the ,english settlers alive and well three centuries ago4 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service ,items ,used ,by ,jamestown ,doctors ,and ,apothecaries ,the drug jars1 ointment pot1 vials1 and mortar and pestle fragments remind us that physicians1 surgeons1 and apothecaries experimented with herbs and native plants three centuries ago--attempting to keep the ,jamestown colonists alive and well4 ,,furniture ,virginia in the seventeenth century was a woodsman's paradise1 and there is every reason to believe that most of the furniture used in ,jamestown houses was made by colonial cabinetmakers4 ,in the forests grew magnificent specimens of oak1 walnut1 pine1 cypress1 cedar1 maple1 and many other varieties2 and although contemporary records are scanty1 it is believed that the ,james ,citty furniture makers made skillful use of such woods4 ,william ,strachey1 who reached ,jamestown in #afaj1 wrote that the church furniture was made of cedar and black walnut3 ,it the church is in length threescore foote1 in breadth twenty foure1 and shall have a chancell in it of cedar1 and a communion table of blake walnut1 and all the pewes of cedar1 444 a pulpet of the same1 with a font hewen hollow1 like a canoa4444 ,in spite of the fact that few records exist regarding the kinds of furniture made in the seventeenth century by ,virginia cabinetmakers1 the pieces extant reveal that the ,english styles were followed closely4 ,while it is true that the wealthy planters imported some ornamented furniture from ,london1 much of their furniture was made on the plantations4 ,it is believed that practically all furniture used by the yeomen settlers was locally made4 ,illustration3 ,a ,jamestown ,cabinetmaker ,at ,work ,conjectural sketch ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,tools ,unearthed ,at ,jamestown ,which ,were ,used by ,coopers1 ,carpenters1 ,and ,furniture ,makers ,shown are gouges1 augers1 chisels1 bits and hammers2 an adze1 hewing-axe1 punch1 race-knife1 scriber1 and wedge4 ,all were hand wrought during the seventeenth century4 ,the ,box-,maker and ,vehicles ,illustration3 ,the ,box-,maker1 and the ,turner4 ,the ,box-,maker #a1 smootheth hewen-,boards #b1 with a ,plain #c1 upon a ,work-board #d1 he maketh them very smooth with a little plain #e1 he boareth them thorow with an ,augre #f1 carveth them with a ,knife #g1 fasteneth them together with ,glew1 and ,cramp-,irons #h1 and maketh ,tables #i1 ,boards #aj1 ,chests #aa1 c4 ,the ,turner #ab1 sitting over the treddle #ac1 turneth with a throw #ad1 upon a ,turners-bench #ae1 ,bowls #af1 ,tops #ag1 ,puppets #ah1 and such like ,turners work4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,box ,maker ,and ,turner ,many tools similar to those in the #afhe engraving have been unearthed at ,jamestown4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,illustration3 ,carriages4 ,vehicula3 ,we are carried on a ,sled #a1 over ,snow1 and ,ice4 ,a ,carriage with one ,wheel is called a ,wheel-barrow2 #b1 with two ,wheels a ,cart2 #c1 with four ,wheels a ,wagon1 which is either a ,timber-wagon #d1 or a ,load-wagon #e4 ,the parts of a ,wagon1 are1 the ,neep1 7or draught-tree17 #f1 the ,beam #g1 the ,bottom #h1 and the ,sides #i1 #aj4 ,then the ,axle-trees #aj1 about which the ,wheels run the ,lin-,pins #aa1 and ,axletree-staves #ab1 being fastened before them4 ,the ,nave #ac1 is the ground-fast of the ,wheel #ad1 from which com twelve ,spokes2 #ae4 ,the ,ring encompasseth these1 which is made of six ,fellows #af1 and as many ,strakes #ag1 ,hampiers1 ,hurdles #ah1 are set in a ,wagon4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,seventeenth ,century ,carriages ,wheeled vehicles used at ,jamestown #cjj years ago were probably similar in appearance to the ones shown in the #afhe engraving4 ,a wheelbarrow1 cart1 timber wagon1 load wagon1 and sled are illustrated4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,spinning ,illustration3 ,spinning ,line and ,hemp1 being rated in water1 and dried again #a1 are braked with a wooden ,brake #b1 where the ,shives #c1 fall down1 then they are heckled with an ,iron ,heckle #d1 where the ,tow #e1 is parted from it4 ,flax is tied to a ,distaff #f1 by the ,spinster #g1 which with her left hand pulleth out the ,thred #h1 and with her righte hand turneth a ,wheel #i1 or a ,spindle #aj1 upon which is a ,wharl #aa4 ,the ,spool receiveth the ,thred #ac1 which is drawn thence upon a ,yarn-windle2 #ad1 hence either ,clewes #ae1 are wound up1 or ,hanks #af1 are made4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,making ,linen ,thread ,the various steps depicted in the making of linen thread were used at ,jamestown during the seventeenth century4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,bread-,baking ,illustration3 ,bread-,baking4 ,the ,baker #a1 sifteth the ,meal in a ,rindge #b1 and putteth it into the ,kneading-trough #c4 ,then he powreth water to it1 and maketh ,dough #d1 and kneadeth it with a wooden slice #e4 ,then he maketh ,loaves #f1 ,cakes #g1 ,cimnels #h1 ,rolls #i4 c4 ,afterwards he setteth them on a ,peel #aj1 and putteth them thorow ye ,oven-mouth #ab1 into the ,oven #aa4 ,but first he pulleth out the fire1 and the coals with a ,coal-rake #ac1 which he layeth on a heap underneath #ad4 ,and thus is ,bread baked1 having the ,crust without #ae1 and ye ,crumb within #af4 ,courtesy ,folger ,shakespeare ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,baking ,bread ,in #afhe ,the seventeenth century engraving shows how bread was baked almost #cjj years ago4 ,from ,orbis ,sensualium ,pictus by ,johann ,comenius 7,london1 #afhe74 ,illustration3 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,baking ,oven ,used ,at ,jamestown ,three ,centuries ,ago ,the earthenware baking oven shown was restored from over #bjj fragments found during archeological excavations at ,jamestown4 ,in use1 heated stones were placed inside and left until the walls of the oven were hot enough for baking4 ,sometimes the oven was placed directly on the embers4 ,with the small thick door in place1 heat was retained for considerable time--the domed top reflecting the heat down on the bread or cakes that were being baked4 ,harvesting ,ice ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,harvesting ,ice ,at ,jamestown ,about #afdj ,conjectural ,painting ,although not a commodity in the strict sense of the word1 an icehouse was indispensable in preserving certain products4 ,archeological explorations at ,jamestown revealed that icehouses were built on the island over #cjj years ago4 ,ice was harvested during the winter months1 and often remained in storage as late as ,september or ,october4 ,it was used for cooling bottled wines1 firming butter1 and keeping fresh certain foods1 such as fish1 meats1 and dairy products4 ,in the illustration men are carrying ice to the circular-shaped1 brick1 icehouse4 ,in the distance a man is sawing ice4 ,a ,happy ,home ,in ,jamestown ,illustration3 ,research on painting by author4 ,photo courtesy ,national ,park ,service4 ,a ,happy ,home ,in ,jamestown ,conjectural ,painting ,the early ,jamestown settlers were self-sufficient to a large degree when they arrived in the ,new ,world1 and so they remained4 ,cut off from communication with the mother country for long periods of time1 they had to rely upon their own resources4 ,if they needed a thing they usually had to make it with their own hands or do without4 ,these homemade objects--including cloth1 pottery1 tools1 woodenware1 furniture1 brick and tiles1 and many household accessories--were well-made and extremely practical4 ,many items made in the home were not entirely lacking in beauty4 ,,selected ,,bibliography ,bailey1 ,worth4 ,joseph ,copeland1 ,seventeenth ,century ,pewterer4 ,antiques1 ,april1 #aich4 #ahh-aij4 ----,lime preparation at ,jamestown in the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,william and ,mary ,college ,quarterly ,historical ,magazine1 #bnd series4 ,january1 #aich4 #a-ab4 ,bruce1 ,philip ,alexander4 ,economic ,history of ,virginia in the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,new ,york1 #aice4 #b vols4 ,forman1 ,henry ,chandlee4 ,jamestown and ,st4 ,mary's3 ,buried ,cities of ,romance4 ,baltimore1 #aich4 ,harrington1 ,j4 ,c4 ,glassmaking at ,jamestown4 ,richmond1 #aieb4 #dh p4 ----,seventeenth-,century ,brickmaking and ,tilemaking at ,jamestown1 ,virginia4 ,the ,virginia ,magazine of ,history and ,biography1 ,january1 #aiej4 #af-ci4 ----,some ,delft ,tiles ,found at ,jamestown4 ,antiques1 ,january1 #aiea4 #cf1 #cg4 ,hudson1 ,j4 ,paul4 ,the ,story of ,iron at ,jamestown1 ,virginia1 where ,iron ,objects ,were ,wrought by ,englishmen ,almost #cej ,years ,ago4 ,the ,iron ,worker1 ,summer1 #aief4 #b-ad4 ----and ,c4 ,malcolm ,watkins4 ,the ,earliest ,known ,english ,colonial ,pottery in ,america4 ,antiques1 ,january1 #aieg4 #ea-ed4 ,innocent1 ,c4 ,f4 ,the ,development of ,english ,building ,construction4 ,cambridge1 ,england1 #aiaf4 #bid p4 ,peterson1 ,harold ,l4 ,arms and ,armor in ,colonial ,america1 #aebf-aghc4 ,harrisburg1 ,pa41 #aief4 #cej p4 ,salzman1 ,l4 ,f4 ,english ,industries of the ,middle ,ages4 ,oxford1 ,england1 #aibc4 #cfj p4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,the spelling and punctuation of the original publication has been retained4 ,obvious extracts of quotations have been marked with quotation marks4